MINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 ENTOMOLOOY 
 
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 For Reference 
 
 NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM 
 
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 LIBRARY OF 
 
 I8S5-IQ56 
 
Preliminary Introduction 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Study of Entomology. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH A CHAPTER ON 
 
 REMEDIES, OR METHODS THAT CAN BE USED IN FIGHTING INJURIOUS 
 
 INSECTS; INSECT ENEMIES OF THE APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT, 
 
 AND THE INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 LAWRENCE BRUNER, 
 
 Professor of Entomology in the University of Nebraska, 
 
 Acting State Entomologist, Experiment 
 
 Station Entofnologist, Etc. 
 
 LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, 1894. 
 
 ^ — 
 
 Jacob North & Co., Printers. 
 
 
PRRFAGR. 
 
 This book has been prepared for the purpose of partially supplying a 
 demand that seems to exist here in the West for an elementary work on 
 entomology such as can be used in the public schools and on the farm. 
 It is not an original production, but comprises notes from many sources 
 as they have been gathered by the writer and presented from time to time in 
 talks to his classes in the University of Nebraska and before audiences at 
 farmers' institutes throughout the state. 
 
 The chapters on remedies and on apple and small grain insects have 
 been compiled and rearranged from the writings of such eminent economic 
 entcmoligists as Professors C. V. Riley, A. S. Forbes, L. O. Howard, J. H. 
 Comstock. J. A. Lintner, Herbert Osborn, Otto Lugger, C. M. Weed, H. E. 
 Weed, H. Garman, C. P. Gillett, F. M. Webster, Chancellor F. H. Snow, 
 and a number of other.s. The illustrations also have, in most instances, 
 been obtained from the same sources and are credited to their authors. 
 
 The first part of this book is practically the same as his report for 
 1893 as entomologist to the State Board of Agriculture. The appendix on 
 the insect enemies of the apple tree and its fruit was printed in the Hor- 
 ticultural Society's report for the year 1894. The paper on insect ene- 
 mies of small grains was contained in last year's Agricultural report, and 
 is reproduced here so as to bring together under one cover accounts of 
 as many of our common injurious insects as can conveniently be done at 
 this time without adding anything to the cost of the book. 
 
 It is hoped by the writer that the work will meet with the approval of 
 those for whom it was intended. If this proves true, he will feel amply 
 repaid for the time spent in its preparation. 
 
 LAWRENCE BRUNER. 
 
 Lincoln, Neb., June 1, 1894. 
 
A 
 
 PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Study of Entomology. 
 
 For Use in Schools and on the Farm. 
 
 The study of insects, or entomology, as the subject is more frequently 
 called, is becoming more and more essential each succeeding year as the 
 country grows older and the injuries caused by these creatures increase. 
 The old-time feeling of contempt for all creeping things has gradually 
 died away, so that at present it is seldom entertained by any but the most 
 ignorant. So great has been the change in this respect that even the in- 
 dividual who " stoops so low " as to make a special study of " bugs " is 
 allowed to mingle with " sane " people upon an equal footing. True, he 
 must still frequently submit to a little good-natured jeering by those of 
 higher ambitions with whom he may venture to associate. All this indi- 
 cates a rapid advance for the science, as well as for its votaries, in the 
 eyes of the public. 
 
 From the standpoint of the teacher, no other subject of natural history 
 offers as great advantages for aiding the development of the powers of 
 observation in children as does entomology. The vast amount and at the 
 same time varied material that is always at hand in every region and 
 clime renders the subject of great importance for this feature alone. 
 
 Although a very important study to the agriculturist at least, Ento- 
 mology is still in its infancy as a distinct branch of natural history when 
 compared with Botany or Ornithology. In fact it has been so little taught 
 in our colleges even that we are practically without suitable text-books 
 on the subject. It is true that a number of publications have appeared 
 within the past ten or twelve years that in part fulfill the needs of the 
 would-be student of insects. These, however, are the productions of 
 systematists and not of teachers, and consequently contain such an array 
 of technical or "scientific" names as to discourage at the outset most of 
 the aspiring students in insect lore. The result is practically the opposite 
 of what was intended when these books were prepared and presented to 
 the student world. 
 
 While the writer of this paper may be a little self-reliant, he is not so 
 presumptuous as to imagine that he can supply the deficiency at this 
 
6 A PBELIMINABY INTBODUCTION 
 
 time nor in the near future. He is willing, though, to at least try to pre- 
 sent a short general outline of the subject for this occasion. 
 
 The study of entomology, like that of a number of other subjects, can 
 be made interesting to the student from different standpoints. It can be 
 taught as a mere science in which the systematic collecting and classify- 
 ing of an indefinite number of widely distant forms are pinned and the 
 technical or '• Latin '* names are attached. It can be made a study in 
 which the transformations and growth of the creatures under considera- 
 tion occupy the time of the pupiL Again, by choosing to follow the life- 
 histories of various forms much interest may be aroused. In addition 
 to the above, a careful study of the habits, both remarkable and interest- 
 ing, of many of our most common species will reward the teacher as 
 weU as the scholar for the time thus spent. Add to these the application 
 of preventives and remedies by which to check or lessen the ravages of 
 injurious species, and we have a study which 'is both pleasing and 
 profitable. 
 
 What is an insect, then, and in what respect does it differ from the 
 many other "creeping things" that literally fill the world about us? 
 This is a question, the answer to which many may desire to learn. 
 Briefiy, an insect is a representative of the class Tnsecta among the 
 branch Articulata (or as more recent writers would have us say, the 
 Arthropopoda) of the animal kingdom. As in all other articulates an 
 insect's body is made up of rings or " joints," which are fastened one be- 
 hind the other. Its legs and other appendages also partake of this same 
 jointed nature. It is also provided with a system of air tubes or trachea 
 that ramify the body and open to the air by means of little holes along 
 its sides. These breathing pores are called sjyiracles or stomata, and rep- 
 resent the nostrils of higher animals. An insect proper has but six legs 
 (three pairs), while spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, etc., (class Arach- 
 NiD.v), are provided with eight, and the centipedes and millipedes (class 
 Mtbiapoda) have more than fourteen. An insect differs further from all 
 of these in having its body separated into three well-defined rigions, viz. : 
 Tiead, thorax, and abdomen. It is from this last mentioned characteristic 
 that the name "In'Secta" is derived, the word- meaning to cut into. 
 
 Insects also pass through successive transformations that are quite 
 marked and characteristic of the group. These are: first, the egg; sec- 
 ond, the larva; (which takes on different names in the various orders, as 
 for example, "maggots''' of flies, '■'■caterpillars''' of butterflies and moths, 
 "grubs" of beetles, and '■'nymphs'' of mayflies; grasshoppers, etc.); third, 
 pupa; fourth, the imn.go. The first or "beginning" stage of an insect's 
 life, in common with that of a great many other animal forms, is the egg. 
 The second or larval stage of an insect's life may be called the "stage of 
 growth," for it is during this period that most if not all of the growth is 
 made— when the food is taken and assimilated that carries the creature 
 through the next and frequently also through the last stage. The pupal, 
 or third stage, should be called the " stage of rest " in an insect's life, al- 
 though it is by no means entirely one of inactivity save with but compar- 
 atively few forma. The last or fourth stage is that of the imago or mature 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. i 
 
 insect. Daring this stage the first and foremost object in its life is pro- 
 viding for the continuation of the species when it is dead and gone. It 
 might therefore well be termed the " stage of reproduction." Aside from 
 these different stages of existence an insect grows or increases in size by- 
 molts or successive sheddings of its skin. When one skin becomes too 
 small to contain the rapidly growing larva it cracks open and the occu- 
 pant wriggles out enveloped in a new and looser covering. This also in 
 turn soon becomes too small and is likewise cast off, the operation being 
 repeated four or more times during the growth of the larva after leaving 
 the egg and before entering the resting (pupa) stage. In like manner the 
 change from the pupa to the imago stage is made by a shedding process. 
 
 Some insects feed continuously while passing through the larval stage. 
 ■• It is doubtful whether some ever sleep or rest except during molting 
 periods or when disturbed. Some flesh-eating larvae have been know to 
 consume two hundred times their original weight in twenty-four hours, 
 and there are caterpillars which, during their progress to maturity, in- 
 crease in size ten thousand times inside of thirty days." Imagine, then, 
 the amount of food that must be consumed by an insect in order that it 
 can increase so greatly in weight. 
 
 Right here considerable time might profitably be spent in studying the 
 great variety of conditions under which these four stages occur among 
 different insects; and to learn something of the senses as they are 
 exhibited by these creatures— how instinct, or perhaps reason, directs 
 their movements when selecting the proper means for insuring the safety 
 of future generations of their kind. Some time might also be given to 
 following the gaudy butterfly as it flits over the greensward in quest of 
 the proper food-plant upon which to leave its eggs so that the larvae when 
 hatched would not find the food distasteful and die of starvation. Later, 
 we might spend a little time in watching the caterpillar carefully creep- 
 ing to some secluded spot wherein to rest as a pupa or "chrysalis." 
 Truly, " the first law of nature is self preservation " as exhibited in all 
 life, both animal and vegetable. 
 
 Insects occur in all countries, at all times of the year, and under 
 nearly every condition. They infest our homes, fields, woods, and prai- 
 ries ; they occur upon and within the bodies of domestic and wild ani- 
 mals, as well as in the air, water, and earth. No region is without one or 
 more forms of these creatures. They enter into and affect our daily lives 
 more or less prominently everywhere and under nearly every condition. 
 We are more or less dependent upon them, or at least utilize many of them 
 or their products in our food, clothing, and the arts almost every day of 
 our existence. In fact, among the insect world we find both friend and 
 foe, be our calling in life what it may. They come across our pathway as 
 enemies to all kinds of useful vegetation, as parasites that attack and in- 
 fest usefxil animals. We may meet them on the other hand as friends 
 that assist in the fertilization of, and in gathering honey from flowers, 
 make wax, spin silk, act as scavengers by removing decaying animal and 
 vegetable substances, or in the form of parasites upon and within the 
 bodies of the enemies mentioned above. 
 
8 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 If the distinct species or kinds of other animals are numerous, those 
 of the class Insecta are very much more numerous. Various estimates 
 by competent authorities have placed their numbers as high as from two 
 to ten millions of species. In comparison it is estimated that all the 
 other animal forms which probably occur upon the globe will scarcely 
 reach one million species. No wonder, then, that the entomologist is 
 often credited with being " crazy." It is quite enough to make him so if 
 he only keeps track of one-fourth or at most one-third of these in all 
 their changes, food habits, haunts, names, relationships, etc., without 
 being obliged also to "keep posted" in reference to such other "creep- 
 ing things" as the Myriapoda, Arachxida, some of the Crustacea along 
 with the Vermes, and a few of the other forms to the number of about 
 a half million species, or fully one-half of the remaining forms of ani- 
 mal life. 
 
 Since there are so very many distinct species or kinds of these crea- 
 tures with which we must deal, it is quite necessary that something 
 should be known of their relationships one to another in order to make 
 their study at all possible from the economic or any other standpoint. 
 To do this the most readily they have been arranged or classified into 
 major and minor groups. These groups have been established or based 
 upon the structure of the various forms of which they are made up. 
 Other classifications of the class Insecta can and have been suggested, 
 taking for their basis food-habits, haunts, and the presence or absence of 
 wings. The former classification is a more or less natural one, and 
 actually exists in nature, the latter are altogether artificial and are used 
 chiefly for convenience, by those who sometimes have occasion to employ 
 them. 
 
 While it is not absolutely essential for one to know the systematic re- 
 lations of an insect that may come under bis or her notice, it certainly 
 facilitates matters if references are to be made to books with a view of 
 learning what has been published about the species. By knowing the 
 order to which your insect belongs you are one step closer towards the 
 information sought. With a knowledge of the order in mind to which 
 your specimen belongs, you can at once refer to the literature treating of 
 that group ; and then by the aid of analytical keys there is but little 
 difficulty experienced in "running your insect down" to the family, 
 genus, and possibly even to the species. Now, with the name of the speci- 
 men at hand, it is easier to find a record of its life history, provided this 
 is known and has been recorded, than would be the case without this 
 knowledge. It is, therefore, quite evident that even the work of the sys- 
 tematist must be acknowledged as of some value to the ordinary student 
 of " bugs " and " bug lore " If pursued entirely from the economic 
 standpoint. 
 
 Originally insects were separated into seven orders by Linnaeus, which 
 arrangement, with but slight modifications, has been in use for many 
 years. These orders as generally accepted were as follows, commencing 
 with the most simple in structure and proceeding towards the highest or 
 most complex in structure : 1. — Neuroptera ; 2.— Orthoptera ; 3.— Dip- 
 tera ; 4.— Hemiptera ; 5.— Lepidoptera ; 6.— Coleoptera ; 7. — Hymenop- 
 tera. If, however, we are to begin with the highest and proceed to the 
 simplest, the numbering of the orders should be reversed. More re- 
 cently Friederich Brauer has remodeled or reconstructed this classifica- 
 tion upon the basis of sixteen instead of seven orders. This change was 
 decided upon only after very much careful study of insect structure and 
 development from the egg to maturity. The following, with some modi- 
 fications, is Brauer's classification as given by Hyatt and Arms in their 
 admirable little book entitled " Insecta : " 
 
TO THE STUD'S OP ENTOMOLOGY. » 
 
 I. Thtsanuba. (Spring-tails, Fish-moths, Snow-fleas, etc.) 
 
 II. Ephemeroptera. (May -flies, Day-flies.) 
 
 III. Odonata. (Dragon-flies, Darning-needles.) 
 
 IV. Plecoptera. (Stone-flies.) 
 
 V. Platyptera, (Biting-lice, Book-lice, White ants or Termites.) 
 
 VI. Dermaptera. (Earwigs.) 
 
 VII. Orthoptera. (Cockroaches, Mantides, Walking-sticks, Grass- 
 hoppers, Locusts, Katydids, and Crickets.) 
 
 VIII. Thysanoptera. (Thrips or Fringe-wings.) 
 
 IX. Hemipteba. (Tree-bugs, Tree-hoppers, Plant-lice, etc.) 
 
 X. Coleoptera. (Beetles.) 
 
 XL Neuroptera. (Lace-wings, Ant-lions, Shad-flies, etc.) 
 
 XII. Mecoptera. (Scorpion-flies.) 
 
 XIII. Triohoptera, (Caddis-flies.) 
 
 XIV. Lepidoptera. (Butterflies, Moths.) i^" 
 
 XV. Hymenoptera. (Saw-flies, Ants, Bees, Wasps.) 
 
 XVI. Diptera. (Mosquitos, Flies, Fleas.) 
 
 This arrangement also proceeds from the simpler to the more complex 
 or specialized forms, as will readily be seen by any one who knows just a 
 little about our common insects and is acquainted with the popular 
 names of these creatures. The appended arrangement will also show at 
 a glance the changes that have been made and the relations which the 
 two classifications bear to each other : 
 
 1. Hymenoptera. — Hymenoptera, XV. 
 
 2. Coleoptera. — Coleoptera, X. 
 
 3. Lepidoptera.— Lepidoptera, XIV. 
 
 4. Hemiptera.- \ Hemiptera, XI - j heSo Jtera. 
 
 ( Thysanoptera, VIII. 
 ^ Dtptfra — Dtptpra XVI — \ Including Aphaniptera, or 
 
 a. UIPTERA.-UIPTERA, AVI.— | gipHONAPTERA of SOmC authorS. 
 
 fi Ortttoptpra \ Orthoptera, VII. 
 
 b. URTHOPTERA.- j DerMAPTERA, VI. 
 
 'Trichoptera, XIII. 
 
 Mecoptera, XII. [ Neuroptera. 
 
 Neuroptera, XI. 
 
 Platyptera, V. 
 
 Plecoptera, IV. 
 
 Odonata, III. J-Pseudoneuroptera. 
 
 Ephemeroptera, II. 
 
 Thysanura, I. 
 
 By referring to the above chart it will be seen that the changes are 
 not so great after all as one would naturally suppose them to be. The 
 orders Diptera,Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera remain unchanged. From 
 the Hemiptera have been separated a smali group of diminutive forms 
 as a distinct order, viz., the Thysanoptera. The old order Orthoptera 
 included also the forms that are now set aside under the name Der- 
 maptera. From the old Neuroptera, however, we notice a great change. 
 Here we find six new orders made from what before were considered only 
 families belonging to the one order. These changes, instead of adding 
 confusion to the classification, greatly simplify matters. We are no 
 longer compelled to mass into one group forms with a diversity of struc- 
 
 7. Nedbopteba.— 
 
10 A PEELIMINAKY INTRODUCTION 
 
 ture, metamorphosis, and habits as belong to the various creatures that 
 
 TS-TSU.? 
 
 
 
 TaiiT-a- 
 
 •^--etei^iU 
 
 Fig. l.—MelanopJns spretna (Rocky Mountain Locnst), dlseected eo as to 
 Bhow the different parts — from above, [After Kingsley.) 
 
 were thrown together into the one order Neueoptera simply because 
 they would not fit into any of the other six recognized divisions. Some 
 of these insects have a very complete metamorphosis, as the Caddis-flies, 
 (Trichopteea) for example ; others have scarcely any indication of 
 change in form from the time of leaving the egg until arriving at ma- 
 turity, as is the case in the members of the order Thysanuba. In still 
 others we find greatly different degrees of metamorphosis. These differ- 
 ences can best be presented to the student by taking up the orders into 
 which the class Insecta is divided and describing them one by ona 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 11 
 
 The Coarse Anatomy of In- 
 sects. — A reference to the ac- 
 companying outline figures of 
 the Rocky Mountain Locust 
 will give the student some 
 idea of the structure of an 
 insect. The various parts of 
 this insect have the same 
 names as like parts in other 
 insects, hence if they are 
 learned for this one, the names 
 will apply equally well to all 
 others. In glancing the names 
 over carefully it will be seen 
 that they are very similar to 
 those used for like parts in 
 other animals. In addition 
 to the terms in use for the 
 various parts of the human 
 body there are, of course some 
 special names that are used 
 in connection with insects 
 alone. This is likewise true 
 of all other special branches 
 of natural history, and there" 
 fore the would-be student of 
 ly Entomology should not be 
 discouraged on account of 
 this array of new and special 
 names that accompany the 
 subject. 
 
 If we take any grown grass- 
 hopper, or, more properly 
 speaking, locust, and examine 
 it, we will find that it is made 
 up of a number of rings at- 
 tached one behind the other. 
 These rings are grouped into 
 three well-marked regions 
 which have -already been 
 mentioned as head^ thorax, 
 and abdomen. The head is 
 provided with a number of at- 
 tachments as for example the 
 
 ^ „ „ t. ^r"""!^- r + 1 1- „i ^ =»,„„i^„ antennce, lahrum, mandibles^ 
 Fio. 2.— Rocky Monntain Locust— side view Bhowing ' ' 
 
 anatomy of outside. [After Kingsley.] maxillcB, labium, and eyes- 
 
12 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Some of these also bear additional parts, 
 which add to the seeming complexity of the 
 region. To the thorax we find attached the 
 organs for locomotion, viz., the legs and 
 wings. The abdomen is the region devoted 
 to digestion, assimilation, and is the location 
 of the organs of reproduction. 
 
 Examining the insect again, we find that 
 the outside is composed of hardened walls 
 so as to form a sort of protection for the 
 softer internal parts. In other words, the 
 insect's skeleton is on the outside and the 
 muscles and other tissues on the inside. 
 The muscles are attached to the inner sur- 
 face of the skeleton-like rings of which the 
 outside is composed. In this way a much 
 greater strength is developed in an animal 
 of correspondingly smaller size. 
 
 By examining the anatomy of an insect 
 a little more fully, we find the following 
 conditions: Kea-d. — Antennce, the two 
 many-jointed, thread-like attachments that 
 project forwards from the face in front of 
 and between the eyes. These are called 
 feelers, and possibly serve the purpose of 
 some special sense that we know nothing 
 about. The labrum or upper lip is a sort of 
 curtain that hangs in front of the mandi- 
 bles or true jaws, which are used for biting 
 and chewing the food. Behind these latter 
 are located a secondary pair of jaws, the 
 maxillce, which also assist in the mastica- 
 tion of food, and to each of which is at- 
 tached a five-jointed appendage known as 
 palpce or feelers. Still back of these ac- 
 cessory jaws is the labium or lower lip, 
 which also is composed of two parts, to 
 each of which is attached still another of- 
 these jointed appendages similar to the ones 
 connected with the maxillce. Thobax.— The 
 thorax is composed of three joints, which are 
 commonly called the pro-thorax, mesa-tho- 
 rax, and meta-thorax respectively. Each of 
 
 Fio. 's.— Section thronp:h body of these joints bears a pair of legs, and the meso- 
 
 female Kocky Mountain Locust, 
 showing internal anatomy. [After 
 Burgess], 
 
 and meta-thorax also bear a pair of wings 
 each. The pro-thorax is moderately free 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 13 
 
14 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTEODUCTION 
 
 Fig. 5.— Female R. M. Locust from 
 above, showing distribution of 
 nerve centera.— [After Emerton.] 
 
 from the other two joints as well ds from 
 the head. Each of the six legs that an in- 
 sect possesses is also made up of a number 
 of joints that have special names applied to 
 them. Beginning at the body we first have 
 the coxa, or the movable, ball-like joint 
 that works in a socket within the body. 
 Next in rotation is a small joint called the 
 trochanter, after which follows the femur 
 or thigh, and then the tibia and tarsus re- 
 spectively. The wings are called by dif- 
 ferent names, and are more or less divided 
 into regions by principal veins that bear 
 special names and that often are brought 
 into use by the systematist as a basis for 
 classifying the different genera and species. 
 The front pair, called tegmina in the pres- 
 ent insect and its allies, are used partly for 
 flight and partly as a protection to the hind 
 pair, which are more delicate, and that are 
 folded lengthwise like a fan, as can be seen 
 by examining first figure given on page 284. 
 
 Abdomen. — The abdomen of a locust is 
 composed of ten segments or joints, and 
 contains the intestines, ovaries, etc., and 
 ends in the ovipostor qr male claspers ac- 
 cordingly as the specimen is male or female. 
 The ovipositor is composed of four horny 
 plates that are pointed and curved so that 
 the insect can dig into the ground for the 
 deposition of her eggs. (See Fig. 1, B, r at 
 right hand lower corner). 
 
 As the external anatomy of an insect dif- 
 fers greatly from that of higher animals, so 
 does also its internal structure differ much 
 from that of them. The circulatory apparatus 
 is composed of a long tube-like sac that is lo- 
 cated along the upper side of the body and 
 which is provided with a number of valves. 
 This vessel which is shown in Fig, 3 at 5, 
 beats in a similar manner to the heart of 
 higher animals. The nervous system is not 
 nearly so complicated nor so centralized in 
 its location as we find it in mammals, etc. 
 It is confined near the lower surface, and in- 
 stead of being centralized in the head it has 
 a number of enlargements along its course 
 as can be seen by reference to the illustra 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 15 
 
 tion, Fig. 5. The breathing arrangement of insects can be seen in figure 
 4 and differs materially from what we are accustomed to see in other and 
 higher animals. Imagine a number of holes along both sides of the body 
 through which air is obtained directly into tubes which follow the courses 
 of the principal blood vessels, and you have a pretty fair idea of what 
 the breathing apparatus of an insect is like. 
 
 ORDER I. THYSANURA.—( TasseZ Tails.) 
 That the many different forms of insect life may be presented to the 
 reader, it will be best to take for our first example a few of those belong- 
 ing to the order Thysanura mentioned in a former paper. As stated 
 there these insects are all very simple in their structure, are rather small 
 as compared with many others, are all without wings, and are the same 
 form when leaving the egg as when mature. Many of the Thysanura are 
 nearly or quite blind, living as they do in the earth and under stones 
 away from the light. Not only do the members of this group of insects 
 represent creatures of comparatively simple structure, but they also ex- 
 hibit much variation among themselves as will be seen by a reference to 
 the six accompanying illustrations. In the order are found forms that 
 show close relationship to the Myriapoda or "thousand legs." The dif- 
 ferent species of Scolopendrella. which name is the diminutive of Scolo- 
 pendra, the Centipede, and which are considered by many systematists 
 as the very lowest representatives of the class Insecta, are provided with 
 accessory abdominal legs like the Myriapods; but differ from the latter 
 by having the legs five-jointed and ending in two claws instead of a single 
 one. Their bodies also resemble those of the next group (see Fig. 6) more 
 than they do those of the Myriapods. 
 
 So greatly do these simple, minute creatures differ 
 among themselves that they have been separated into 
 three suborders, viz.: Symphyla, Cinura, and Collemhola. 
 Of the first suborder we have no illustration for an ex- 
 ample, but refer the reader to the description of Scolo- 
 pendrella above. In the next suborder we meet with 
 creatures that also bear the jointed abdominal ap- 
 pendages upon the seven basal segments at least. These, 
 however, are quite short and are not used in walking. 
 Like the others these live in dark localities. The thread- 
 like, jointed, anal appendages are very similar to those 
 on the head end, and possibly serve similar purposes in 
 the economy of their possessors— in the absence of the 
 eyes very likely acting as guides for feeling the insect's 
 way and in notifying it of the approach of an enemy from 
 behind. 
 
 Another type of this order is shown in Fig. 7, and is 
 Fig. Q.-Campodea,. known as Jajyyx. These insects are also blind and live 
 in dark, damp places. The one illustrated herewith is one-half inch or 
 more in length, and occurs in Mexico where it is not at all rare in the 
 vicinity of Orizaba and Cordova. In the United States a smaller species 
 occurs where it inhabits caverns and like localities. These insects are 
 characterized by their caudal appendages, which resemble those of the 
 earwigs and form a pair of horny forceps or pincers. 
 
16 
 
 A rEELIMINAEY INTRODUCTION 
 
 A third type of Thysanuran insect belonging to this suborder is 
 shown in Fig. 8. This latter is known as Lepisma to the entomologist, 
 and as Fish-moth to the average mortal. It is a 
 common household pest, and often does consider- 
 / ^ i^lK \ ^^^^ iiij'iry by feeding upon the paste used in the 
 
 / Ttolni%ft^^^ \ ^^°^di^S o^ books. Its form is quite similar to the 
 I ..,^ ^^^^" ■ ^ I Campodea, but the appendages and scales with 
 I jljH||]^$)iiij|_'ilff°^ I which it is provided change its appearance not a 
 little. It also has eyes, and in length exceeds 
 one-quarter of an inch. These three insects are 
 types of the families that comprise the sub- 
 order Cinura. 
 
 By far the largest number of species among the 
 order belong to the family Poduridae or Spring- 
 tails of the suborder Collembola. The latter are 
 usually very small— often not more than one- 
 tenth of an inch or less in length— and like most 
 of the other representatives of the order are 
 found in damp places where they occur in large 
 numbers. Three of these "spring-tails" are 
 shown in Figs. 9, 10, and 11. Several species of 
 these are often seen jumping about upon snow 
 during early spring, even when the temperature 
 of the air is below the freezing point, hence the 
 name " Snow-fleas " that is sometimes applied to 
 them, 
 the Thysanurans are to be 
 classed among the non-injurious insects, since their 
 food consists for the most part of decaying vegetation, 
 as of various molds and other microscopic vegetable 
 forms. A few of them are, however, directly injurious, 
 as for example the Fish-moth and one or two allied 
 genera. 
 
 Aside from their being interesting as the simplest 
 types among insects, these little creatures in them- 
 selves present a rich field for study to the student who 
 cares to examine little things. They are admirable sub- 
 jects for testing the use and possibilities of the micro- 
 scope. Taking the world over there are very many 
 genera and species of Thysanuran insects. 
 
 Fig. l.—Japyx, 
 
 Generally speaking. 
 
 Fig. i.—Tomocerna. 
 
 Pio. i.—Leplama, 
 
 19 
 
TO THE STUDY QF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 17 
 
 Fig. lO.—Degeerla. 
 
 FiQ. ll.—Smyntbnrns. 
 
 ORDER II. F,PB.EMEROFTEB,A.— {May -flies, Day flies.) 
 
 If the Thysanarans are the lowest or most primitive among insects, as 
 is now generally acceded by the students of natural history, the May-flies 
 must certainly be placed next in order. Their simple structure and but 
 slight change in form from the time of leaving the egg until attaining 
 wings and maturity alike indicate a low position in the scale of advance- 
 ment towards the very complex insect as found among the Hymenoptera 
 and Diptera. 
 
 A reference to the illustration given in 
 figure 12 will indicate at once to the reader 
 what the insects are like which are placed 
 in this order. Although there are many 
 species of May-flies to be met with in the 
 United States, they are very much more 
 numerous both in species and individuals 
 about large bodies of water than in other 
 localities. Of course this is quite evident to 
 anyone when he has learned that they live 
 in water during their growing or larval an(J 
 pupal stages. While the various species djf 
 fer considerably one from the other in size 
 and appearance, they all have in common 
 certain characteristics which at once distin- 
 guish them from all other insects. They 
 are very delicate and f ragil, with large, many- 
 veined front wings that are usually carried 
 folded with their upper surfaces together 
 and held at right angles with the body when 
 at rest. The hind wings are rather small or 
 entirely absent in some forms; and the ab- 
 domen ends in either two or three long, 
 many-jointed thread-like appendages, as is 
 shown in the figure. Unlike some of the 
 Fio. 12.— May-fly and larva, Thysanura their bodies are smooth, i. e., they 
 
18 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 are not clothed with scales or hairs. The head is free and provided 
 with rather large, compound eyes. The antennae are short and in- 
 conspicuous, and the mouth-parts but poorly developed or atrophied. 
 This condition being due to the fact that no food is taken by the insects 
 during their existence as imagoes. Other characteristics might be men- 
 tioned as belonging to these insects exclusively, but will be left for some 
 future time or some other writer to describe. 
 
 Aside from the scientific interest which attaches to these creatures, 
 May-flies have received much attention from non-scientific writers on 
 account of their short-lived existence as adult insects. In fact, their 
 name signifies "of short life." While these popular notions as to the 
 lives of the different representatives of the order are not very clear, they 
 have some foundation. Taking the entire life cycle of any particular 
 May -fly into consideration, these insects are rather long-lived than other- 
 wise. Some species appear twice each year — in spring and autumn ; but 
 others require one, two, or even three years for a generation. When we 
 take into consideration the fact that the greater part of this time is 
 spent under water, the time in the air certainly is short. " With many 
 species the individuals leave the water, undergo two transformations, 
 mate, lay their eggs, and die in the course of an evening or early morn- 
 ing." (Comstock.) 
 
 The immature stages of most May-flies resemble in body somewhat 
 that of their parents. With these insects the skin is cast or shed quite 
 often during the growth, being changed a dozen or more times ; and in 
 some instances as often as twenty-one of such molts take place during 
 their growth from the egg to the imago. At first these little nymphs 
 breathe directly through the skin of the body at large, but after the first 
 few molts rudiments of tracheal gills appear at the outer rear edges of 
 the abdominal segments. These gill-like appendages become much modi- 
 fied during the growth of the larva and in different genera ; and in some 
 forms are also attached to the front legs, head, and tip of abdomen. 
 These appendages, which are used for breathing purposes, may be either 
 thread-like, tufted, or plate-like in their form. In Pig. 12 one of these 
 May-flies, or, rather, May-fly nymphs, is illustrated, in which the tufts at 
 the side of the body represent the gills by means of which the insect ex- 
 tracts the oxygen from the water. 
 
 May-fly nymphs, according to Eaton, " feed upon either mud or minute 
 aquatic vegetation, such as cover stones and the larger water plants " 
 under water. If, however, we are to judge from the structure of the 
 well developed mandibles and maxillae with which some of them are pro- 
 vided, certain species are very probably predaceous in their food-habits. 
 In the imago stage no food is taken as has been stated above, hence the 
 mouth-parts are rudimentary in their structure ; and in fact the short 
 duration of this stage renders it unnecessary that food should be taken 
 by them. 
 
 The Ephemeroptera often appear suddenly in very large numbers, 
 when they are attracted to lights by the millions — sometimes to such an 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 19 
 
 extent that they have been known at such times to extinguish the flames 
 of a gas light with their numbers. So regular is their appearance that 
 each year in a given locality the corresponding date will usually herald 
 their appearance and disappearance. All the individuals of a given 
 species also mature nearly simultaneously, hence it is seldom more 
 than a few days during each year that any single species can be taken by 
 the collector. 
 
 While these insects might be made the basis for much interesting 
 study by any one who would care to take them up for this purpose, they 
 still remain but poorly worked so far as this country is concerned. 
 Still, Eaton in his monograph of these insects enumerates nearly one 
 hundred species, which he separates into more than twenty genera. In 
 the classification of these insects the wing venation is much used. 
 
 Aside from the interest which attaches to the May-flies on account of 
 their ephemeral existence as adults, they are of much economic value 
 as food for many of our fishes — furnishing, as some of our authorities 
 would have us believe, fully one-half of their food supply. 
 
 ORDER III. ODO'^ AT A.— {Dragon-flies, Darning-needles, Snake-feeders, 
 Snake-doctors, etc.) 
 
 Following the Ephemeroptera in the order of their ancientness or 
 time of appearance upon the earth, as well as in their structure, are the 
 insects which are known by the above mentioned popular names. All 
 of the representatives of the order are rather large in size when com- 
 pared with many other insects, but small in comparison with some of the 
 ancient giants of the order that are said to have reached nearly two feet 
 in their wing expanse. 
 
 As will be seen by a reference to Figs. 13 and 14, the members of this 
 order have a very characteristic form. The body is long and spindle- 
 shaped, the four wings are long, narrow, powerful, and supplied with a 
 network of veins. The two pairs of these organs are about equal in size 
 and form. The head is large, broad, and often semi-globose in form, with 
 the hind part concave. It is taken up for the most part by the very large 
 compound eyes and is attached to the prothorax by a slender neck upon 
 which it moves quite freely. The antennae are small and bristle-like, and 
 barely visible unless especially looked for. The mouth-parts are very 
 well developed; both the mandibles and maxillae are strongly toothed, 
 while the labrum and labium, or lips, nearly inclose the jaws while at 
 rest. The thorax is large, as must necessarily be the case in order to con- 
 tain the necessary muscles to move the powerful wings with which the 
 insects are provided, and which they know so well how to use. The abdo- 
 men is long and slender and is provided at the extremity with a pair of 
 claspers or cerci. The venation of the wings, which appears to be very 
 complicated, is the chief basis for classification in the order. 
 
 Like the Ephemeroptera the members of the Odonata spend their 
 earlier existence in the water, where they dwell as nymphs that occupy 
 
20 A PRELIMINAEY INTEODUOTION 
 
 much of their time in capturing and devouring such various kinds of 
 animal life as they can capture and overcome. It is needless to state that 
 the "bill of fare" of these insects includes not only the various aquatic 
 insects that occupy the same waters with them, but also many young 
 fishes, worms, and crustaceans fall before them and go to satisfy their 
 ravenous appetites. If we were to see these nymphs for the first time 
 moving about on the bottoms of aquaria or in their native haunts in 
 their characteristic sluggish manner little would we think that they 
 were such ferocious creatures. Although the nymphs or larvae of these 
 insects vary considerably among themselves in form, their general ap- 
 pearance is quite characteristic. While some of them are very slender, 
 others are nearly as broad as long. Still the structure of the mouth- 
 parts will readily distinguish them from all other insects. They are pro- 
 vided with well-developed maxillae and mandibles, all of which are armed 
 with sharp, strong teeth. By a peculiar arrangement of the lips none of 
 these are visible when the insect is at rest and not feeding. The lower 
 lip or labium is greatly enlarged and so formed as to cover all of the 
 other mouth-parts like a mask. In fact, when we look at one of these 
 creatures from the side we cannot help but think of the "knights of old" 
 as we remember them in our picture books. In addition to covering the 
 other mouth-parts this lip is used both as a weapon of defense and for 
 seizing and holding the prey. 
 
 If the mouth-parts of the young Odonata are peculiar when compared 
 to those of other insects, their breathing apparatus is even more queer. 
 Imagine, if you can, the organs of respiration to be formed by a modifi- 
 cation of the rectum at the tail end of the body. Tbis is somewhat en- 
 larged and the walls well supplied with tracheal tubes. By the water 
 being alternately taken in and forced out through the anal opening the 
 air in the trachea becomes purified. This arrangement for " breathing " 
 is also made use of by the nymphs as an organ for locomotion. By grad- 
 ually drawing water into the organ mentioned and expelling it forcibly 
 the insect is enabled to move forward quite rapidly. It is thus provided 
 with a hydraulic motor of no mean design. 
 
 When fully grown and ready to transform these nymphs leave the 
 water, and climbing to some object where they cling, they crack open 
 along the back of the thorax and head to disclose the perfect insect. Now 
 that the insect has finally obtained its powerful wings and knows how to 
 use them, it is a dread enemy to weaker insects of many kinds. It is 
 especially inclined to search for and devour flies, gnats, and mosquitos, 
 hence the popular name " Mosquito-haw," that is so often bestowed upon 
 it. It is, therefore, more or less due to the abundance or scarcity of these 
 Odonata in certain localities as to whether or not mosquitos are trouble- 
 some. 
 
 Dragon-fiies or "mosquito-hawks" are divided into several well- 
 marked families ; but for ordinary purposes they can be separated into 
 two groups, the one in which the wings are all alike and folded vertically 
 in repose, and the other where the wings are somewhat unlike and car- 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 21 
 
 ried horizontally when in repose. The former type is shown in Fig 13, 
 while the latter is presented by the illustration at 14. 
 
 Dragon-flies usually require one year for each generation. Some 
 species appear very early in spring ; and unlike the Ephemeroptera, many 
 of them live several weeks or even months before dying of old age. The 
 eggs of these insects are laid in the water, sometimes singly, sometimes in 
 masses. Some of the species deposit their eggs on the under side of the 
 abdomen, where they are carried until the insect chances to come to a 
 suitable body of water, when they are soaked loose and allowed to settle 
 to the bottom upon the mud, where they remain until hatched. This ar- 
 rangement enables the insects to wander far away from the bodies and 
 streams of water in search of food. 
 
 Several species of these insects have often been known to gather in 
 large numbers or swarms and then to migrate like birds. In the wake of 
 such flights of dragon-flies it has been noticed that mosquitoes and other 
 small, soft-bodied insects are always scarce for 
 several days. 
 
 Before leaving the order Odonata for good, it 
 might be well to state that many other interest- 
 ing features in connection with their anatomy 
 and habits might be mentioned; but these can 
 best be learned by reference to a more systematic 
 Fio. 13.— Agrion. treatise on the order. 
 
 Fio. 14.— I,/fce;;D7a.— lAfter Packard]. 
 
 Fio. K.~ Agrion 
 larva. 
 
 Fio. 16.— Larva of ^sehna. 
 —[After Packard]. 
 
 ORDER rV. PLECOPTERA.— (Sfone-y^tes). 
 
 A reference to Fig. 17 will show the reader at a glance the type of a fourth 
 order of hexapod insects. As will be seen the illustration pictures a 
 quite different creature from any of those mentioned as belonging to 
 
22 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 either of the preceding orders. As indicated above, the members of this 
 group have received the popular name of " stone-flies." This name is de- 
 rived from the habits of the insects both as nymphs and imagoes, since 
 they are, for the most part, found about stones and in stony places along 
 streams. The larvaa or nymphs are found most numerously in swift run- 
 ning streams with stone bottoms. As indicated by the figure of the 
 nymph at the right in the illustration, they have flattened bodies fitted 
 for living under stones or other flat-lying objects. These nymphs are to 
 be recognized, then, by their very flattened bodies from which radiate the 
 limbs, antennae, and anal setae. The latter are as long or longer than the 
 antennae, many-jointed, and are retained in most of the forms in their 
 imago stage. The legs and thoracic segments of many of them are pro- 
 vided with fringes or tufts of hair-like gills by means of which they 
 " breathe " from the water such air as is required by them. In a few of 
 the forms it is said that these gill-like appendages are retained by the 
 imagoes throughout life. 
 
 Like other aquatic insects these stone-fly nymphs leave the water 
 when about to transform to the perfect stage. Climbing upon some ob- 
 ject they cling fast by means of their hooked feet and crack open along 
 the back of the thorax and head as described above in connection with 
 the nymph of the dragon-fly, and disclose the imago. 
 
 The food of these creatures is supposed to be chiefly of a vegetable 
 nature; and in turn they form quite an important item in the food sup- 
 ply of fishes. 
 
 Fio. 17.— Stone-fly, wlng8, and nymph.— [H. G. Barber.] 
 
 In the perfect insects we find the body somewhat flattened, elongate, 
 with the sides nearly parallel. There are four wings, the hind pair much 
 larger than the front ones, and folded upon themselves once. When at 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 ?3 
 
 rest the wings are folded upon the body one over the other in a plaited 
 manner, hence the name Plecoptera, meaning "plaited wings." The tarsi 
 are three-jointed; and, as stated before, in most species the anal setae 
 are retained during the imago existence. 
 
 The order comprises but a single family, viz., Perlidae; and most of 
 our species are placed in the genus Peria by systomatists. Some of these 
 insects transform to the perfect stage very early in the spring, so early 
 in fact, that they can often be seen crawling upon snow. They vary in 
 size from less than one-fifth to over an inch in length exclusive of the 
 wings; and a few of them have abbreviated wings. Like some of the mem- 
 bers of the previous order, these insects carry their eggs about with them 
 attached in a mass to the end of the body until they are finally dropped 
 into the water. Some of these stone-flies are considered excellent fish-bait. 
 On account of their economic importance in connection with the fish in- 
 dustry of the country these insects deserve to be better known than they 
 are at present. Should any of my readers become interested in them 
 they will find some valuable aids by which they will be enabled to carry 
 on their investigations. 
 
 ORDER V. PLATYPTERA.— (rer??iiYes, or White Ants, Book-Lice, and 
 Biting-Lice.) 
 
 Very similar to the imagoes of the last order are certain small insects 
 that are known as Termites or White Ants, since they bear a slight re- 
 semblance to the true ants 
 that will be described among 
 the Hymenoptera near the 
 end of this paper. These 
 Termites, on account of their 
 social habits, occur in many 
 special forms within a single 
 colony. The great injury 
 which they commit, along 
 with their modes of life, have 
 made them noted among in- 
 sects. The accompanying 
 figure represents our com- 
 mon species in this region — 
 Termes flavipes or the Yel- 
 low-Footed Termite. As most 
 b, male: e, worker; of these Termites have simi- 
 
 -enlarged.-[After ^^^ j^^^.^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 our common species will answer for all of them. In presenting this 
 sketch of its life history, permit us to quote from Hyatt and Arms' little 
 work entitled "Insecta," which, by the way, is one of the very best 
 elementary works on entomology extant. 
 
 " The Termites have become well known in Massachusetts of late years 
 from their depredations * * * at the state house. A colony of these 
 
 Fip. 18. Termes Bavipes; i 
 d, soldier; e, queen; 
 Kiley.] 
 
 , larva; 
 f, pupa 
 
24 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 insects illustrates the fact that social habits tend to the production of 
 diflferent kinds of individuals fitted to perform different kinds of work. 
 The worker of our common species Termes flavipes (Fig. 18, c) has a 
 light-colored body and a brown head of medium size. The color of the 
 head shows that the insect performs the hardest work with this part of 
 the body. The thorax and abdomen are broadly connected, while in the 
 Hymenopterous ants the abdomen has a slender stem or peduncle. 
 
 " The mandibles are not large, but are strong and horny, while in the 
 soldiers (Fig. 18, d), which perform greater labors for the protection of the 
 colony, the head and mandibles are greatly developed, and the latter 
 deeply colored. The difference in structure between these two individ- 
 uals is, in fact, exactly proportioned to the amount and kind of work 
 they perform. It is also interesting to note that the worker obliged to 
 work below has its head turned downward at right angles with the body, 
 while the soldier, using his mandibles in fighting in narrow places, has 
 its head extending forward or in a line with the body. Both workers and 
 soldiers may be of either sex, but the reproductive organs are (only) 
 slightly developed. They are blind, the eyes being absent, and they 
 never have wings, the name Platyptera referring to the wings of the 
 male and female. They are in reality larvae which never pass through 
 the pupal stage, but are arrested in development, and in the soldier the 
 head is abnormally developed to accomplish the special work of attack 
 and defense. The larvae proper, or young Termite, is white ; even the 
 tips of the mandibles are only slightly tinted, while the hooks of the 
 feet are entirely colorless. * * * The larval Termites are nursed by 
 the workers who prepare their food and tend them with great care. The 
 resemblance of these larvae to the Thysanuran insects is seen in the shape 
 of the body and the distinct thoracic rings. Those forms that are des- 
 tined to develop into males and females are kept longer under the care 
 of the workers, and pass through the pupa stage. The pupae are color- 
 less like the larvae, but have eyes and wing-pads fringed with hairs. They 
 are active, and therefore the metamorphosis of Termites is direct. 
 
 "There are two castes of males and females. The complemental males 
 and females, as they are called, are supposed never to leave the nest. 
 They are of light color, like the workers. In case of need several of 
 these females are substituted for a true, prolific queen. They can pro- 
 duce but few eggs, however, and do not enlarge as does the queen. The 
 king and queen caste arises in the spring. They fly out in clouds from 
 the nests for their marriage flight. They then alight on the ground and 
 loose their wings. The workers select from these a "pair for each nest, 
 and the rest soon die. The royal pair are housed in a special apartment. 
 In Termes flavipes this caste is dark chestnut or black, but the royal pair 
 have never yet been found in any nest. 
 
 "The colorlessness of the Termites is interesting, since it correlates 
 with their habits. They are more exclusively confined to their nests than 
 the ants, and, like cave animals, being protected from the action of the 
 atmosphere and light, they are colorless or only slightly colored. The 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 25 
 
 exceptional coloring of the jaws in larvsB before they begin to feed is prob- 
 ably due to inheritance, the vestiges of a time when they lived an open and 
 freer existence, and had not yet arrived at the remarkable stage of spe- 
 cialization which they now exhibit." 
 
 The number of eggs that are laid by a single Termite are simply won- 
 derful, since as many as sixty eggs per minute have been counted, or up- 
 wards of eighty thousand per day, if that rate were kept up continuously. 
 
 Termites are exceedingly numerous in the warmer regions of the earth 
 and in these localities do much injury to property. They work into wood 
 of all kinds, and by eating out the interior of the boards and timbers and 
 leaving the outside untouched, buildings often collapse suddenly when 
 they are apparently sound from outward appearance. 
 
 In Mexico where the writer had an opportunity to study these insects 
 much injury was observed in the city of Orizaba, where great beams in a 
 building had become so weakened by their attacks as to require propping 
 or renewing in a very few years. Railroad ties of wood are soon destroyed 
 by them, and are now substituted by ties of iron upon the roads running 
 through the " tierra calientes " or hot country. When a large forest tree 
 falls these insects immediately attack it, and along with others and 
 the action of fungi of various kinds, soon reduce it to vegetable mold. 
 Still further south Termites are said to be much more numerous and also 
 correspondingly more destructive to everything wooden. Even articles 
 of furniture left standing in darkened or poorly lighted rooms for several 
 months at a time have been known to receive their attention and col- 
 lapsed when used for the first time after such a rest. One species of Afri- 
 can Termite constructs for itself hillocks of clay from ten to twelve feet 
 in height. "In the center of these and near the surface of the ground is 
 the royal chamber occupied by the king and queen. Extending a foot or 
 more around this chamber on all sides are the apartments of the workers 
 and soldiers, and beyond these the storehouses. It is a significant fact 
 that while all other chambers are built of clay, the nurseries are ' totally 
 different,' being made of wooden materials, apparently cemented together 
 with gum." In the Mexican species that came under our notice the nest 
 appeared to be made entirely of this wood fibre mixed with saliva or some 
 insoluble gum-like substance that made the nest very strong and at the 
 same time very light. 
 
 PsooiDiEi. 
 
 The insect shown in Fig. 19 is known as a "Book-louse." It is suf- 
 ficiently similar in its structure to the Termites to be placed along with 
 them in the same order. As will be seen by studying the illustration, 
 these Psocids are small and remind one of the plant-lice, as will be seen 
 by reference to those insects further on in the paper. Their head is 
 large in comparison to the size of the body; and the wings when present 
 are ample and reach beyond the tip of the abdomen. The compound 
 eyes are small though prominent, and when examined under a high 
 
26 
 
 A PEELIMINAEY INTKODUCTION 
 
 power lens appear like a blackberry. The antennse are long and slender. 
 
 The mouth-parts are for biting. 
 The food of these insects is some- 
 what variable, being either vege- 
 table or animal, according to the 
 species under consideration. Those 
 that live out-of-doors feed for the 
 most part upon lichens and other 
 dry vegetation, while some of the 
 indoor forms are museum pests by 
 infesting and feeding upon botani- 
 cal and entomological specimens. 
 They also infest books, hence the 
 name "book-lice." 
 
 These insects are very active and 
 
 run either backward or forward 
 
 seemingly with equal facility. Their 
 
 small size and light colors render 
 
 them protection where large insects 
 
 Fio. l9.-P8ocid.-[After Packard.] ^^^^^ ^e detected and destroyed or 
 
 routed. They can be kept out of collections of plants and insects by the 
 
 use of napthalin crystals if these are strewn about the cabinets. 
 
 Mallophagid^. 
 
 Still others of the six-footed insects are classed in the order Platyp- 
 
 tera, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying nine cuts which 
 
 represent certain parasitic animals known as biting lice. Most of these 
 
 Fia. 20.— The Chicken Goniodee. 
 Goniodea dissimiUs Nitzsch.— 
 [After Denny.] 
 
 Fio. 21. Pigeon Goniodes. 
 
 Goniodes damicoruia Nitzsch. 
 —[After Osborn.] 
 
 Fia. 22,— Peacock Gon- 
 iodes.— Goniodes fa/cJ- 
 cornia Nitzsch.— [Af- 
 ter Denny.] 
 
 are parasites of birds, though a considerable number of them are also 
 known to infest mammals. Some species of birds are known to harbor 
 more than a half dozen kinds of these biting lice, and most kinds have 
 
TO THE STUDY QF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 27 
 
 23.— Squalid Dack 
 louse, Lipiurus sqa- 
 alidus Nitzsch.— [Af- 
 ter Oeborn.] 
 
 FiQ. 24.— Biting louse of cattle. 
 Tricbodectes scalaria Nitzsch. 
 -[After Oeborn.] 
 
 FlO. 25.— Biting louse of 
 as8. Tricbodectes 
 pilosua GiebeU [After 
 Piaget.] 
 
 Fio. 26. — Common Hen 
 I^ouse. Menopon pal- 
 lidum, Nitzsch.— [After 
 Denny.] 
 
 Fio. 27.— Guinea-Pis Louse. 
 Gyropns ovalis, Nitzsch. — 
 [After Denny.] 
 
 Fio. 28.— Variable 
 Chicken Louse. 
 Ljpeurns vari- 
 ablia, Nitzsch.— 
 [After Denny,] 
 
28 
 
 A PRELIMINAKY INTEODUCTION 
 
 at least one species that is characteristic to it alone. Unlike the Ter- 
 mitidge and Psocidse, which are terrestrial the Mallophagidae are wholly 
 parasitic, "and possess the usual specializations noticeable in such 
 groups." They are all wingless, and possess biting mouth-parts in contra- 
 distinction to the sucking mouth-parts of the " true " lice. Instead of 
 living upon the blood of their hosts these lice feed upon dandruff, feath- 
 ers, etc. 
 
 These lice can be killed by using grease upon the animals which they 
 infest. The kerosene emulsion which is described in the chapter devoted 
 to " remedies " is one of the very best remedies that can be used against 
 these and other lice. The plan upon which grease works in the destruc- 
 tion of these animals is that of suffocation; it chokes up the breathing 
 pores. 
 
 ORDER VI. DERMAPTERA.— (^arwt». 
 
 In this order we find a repetition of the form of the Thysanuran 
 known as Japyx which is mentioned and figured in connection with that 
 order. (See Fig. 7.) It will be seen by a reference to the accompanying 
 Figs. 29 and 30, that these insects possess at the tips of their bodies a 
 pair of forceps or pincers. It is this character which gives them the 
 family name Foeficulid^, the word " f orflcula " signifying scissors. The 
 nam« " earwig " is harder to trace to its origin, although there is a super- 
 stitious notion extant that these insects enter the ears of sleeping per- 
 sons and cause injury to those organs. It is needless to state that such a 
 notion as this in connection with the representatives of the order under 
 consideration has no foundation whatever. A much better interpretation 
 of the origin of this name might be suggested by the supposition that 
 the name as originally written was " ear-wing " on account of the re- 
 semblance of their unfolded hind wing to the human ear. A reference to 
 the illustration will at once indicate why this suggestion is offered as a 
 solution of the name " ear-wing " which could very easily be rendered 
 " ear-wig " by abbreviation. 
 
 Fib. 29.— Earwig: 1, matnre male; 2, nymph; 3, wing unfolded. Fig. 30.— Forffcula tmni&ta. 
 
 The members of the order are all terrestrial in their haunts. In form 
 
 they are elongate, with the bodies more or less flattened, and the legs 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 adapted for running. The first or front pair of wings is leathery, and 
 when folded form a protection to the second and very delicate flying 
 wings. These latter, as would be imagined both from their appearance 
 and from the fact of their being so snugly tucked away underneath the 
 small front pair, must be much folded, A second and more careful ex- 
 amination of the figure will give the reader some sort of an idea as to 
 how this folding is done. They are first folded like a fan and then laid 
 back upon themselves in the middle before being tucked away beneath 
 the leathery pair. It is thought that for this purpose the anal forceps are 
 used to some extent. 
 
 The food-habits of these insects, as far as known, are entirely of a 
 vegetable nature. The mass of the species are confined to the warmer 
 parts of the earth where they often do much injury to showy plants by 
 gnawing their blossoms full of unsightly holes. They are nocturnal in 
 their habits, and during daytime remain hidden away from view in all 
 kinds of nooks and crannies. In this state there are but three of the ear- 
 wigs known, and these are very rare and seldom seen by anyone except 
 the entomologist who knows where and how to look for them. 
 
 The female Dermaptera lays but few eggs and then watches or broods 
 over them until they are hatched, after which she sometimes cares for the 
 young as an old hen does for her brood of chicks. Such a sight as this is 
 of very common occurrence in the southern part of our country if the 
 individual takes the trouble to lift the loose bark from fallen trees. 
 
 Less than five hundred species of these insects have been described 
 from the entire world; and some of them show much variation in their 
 form from the typical earwig as shown in the illustration (Fig, 29). Many 
 of them are wingless throughout their lives. One of our Nebraska species 
 is shown in Fig, 30. 
 
 ORDER VII. OB.TE.OFTF.B.A.— {Straight-winged Insects.) 
 The insects which comprise this order are among some of our com- 
 monest and best known forms. They are such as the Cockroaches, Crick- 
 ets, Walking-sticks, Grasshoppers, Locusts, and Katydids, All of these 
 insects, it will be seen, are quite readily separated from other forms, 
 such as we have already noticed, as well as from such others as will be 
 described in the succeeding pages. 
 
 In writing of the members of this order Comstock says : " Although 
 the song of the katydid and chirp of the cricket are most often asso- 
 ciated with recollections of pleasant evenings spent in the country, we 
 cannot forget that to the members of this order are due some of the 
 most terrible insect scourges man has known. The devastations caused 
 by great swarms of migratory locusts are not only matters of historical 
 record, but are too painfully known to many of our own generation in the 
 western states." Certainly many of us here in Nebraska have had occa- 
 sion to know what a " grasshopper " plague signifies. 
 
 As a rule the food-habits of these insects are such as to make them 
 directly injurious to man. They are vegetable eating, or as it is more 
 
30 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 commonly called, herbivorous, and many of them are so numerous as to 
 become of great economic importance. If, therefore, rather more space 
 is given here to their treatment than to that of a few of the less injurious 
 orders, it is for the purpose of becoming better acquainted with them. 
 
 These insects are provided with four wings, the two pairs being quite 
 different in structure. The front pair is leathery in texture and serves 
 as a protection to the more delicate hind pair. They have received the 
 special name tegmina for the order in distinction to that of elytra of 
 beetles and bugs, and •primaries of the butterflies and moths. In most 
 of the representatives of the order the tegnina are thickly reticulated 
 with a net-work of veins. Their structure and position differ considerably 
 in the different families and afford excellent characters for separating 
 them. The hind wings are also quite thickly netted with veins, the prin- 
 cipal ones being arranged somewhat like the ribs or bars of a folding 
 fan, and like a fan they are similarly folded when not in use. In fact, the 
 name " Orthoptera " has its origin from this manner of folding the wings. 
 
 A number of different characters are used in the classification of 
 the Orthoptera by systematists who have made the group a special study. 
 Some of these are variations in the form and position of the eyes and 
 antennae, structure of the vertex of the head, form of the pronotum or 
 upper part of the front ring of the thorax, the form and venation of the 
 tegmina, the number and arrangement of the spines on the bind tibiae, 
 form of terminal segment of the abdomen, and in the presence or ab- 
 sence of a spine between the bases of the front pair of legs. In some 
 groups one, and in others other of these characters are employed for 
 separating the genera and species. 
 
 Like the members of all the preceding orders that have thus far been 
 characterized, the Orthoptera have an incomplete metamorphosis. Hence 
 the young grasshopper, cockroach, or cricket, is of much the same form 
 when it first leaves the egg as are its parents. It also remains active and 
 feeds throughout most of its growing stage. Some forms are without 
 wings throughout their lives, but others begin to show signs of these 
 appendages after the third moult. The nymphs, as the young of these 
 insects are usually called, can at once be recognized from the imagoes by 
 the structure of these appendages, even in such species as have rudimen- 
 tary wings in maturity. In the immature insects the wing-pads are in- 
 verted, as "shown by the curving down of the extremities of the wing- 
 veins instead of up, as with the adults; and the rudimentary wings are 
 outside of the wing-covers, instead of beneath them. There is also the 
 distinction that these rudiments of the second pair of wings are triangu- 
 lar in outline, and are flat, not folded; while the wings of the adults are 
 more or less folded, even when too small to be of use as organs of flight." 
 
 It is in the order Orthoptera also that we find nearly all of the insects 
 which are said to be provided with a "voice." Many of the representa- 
 tives of the three higher families Acrididse, Locustidae, and Gryllidae are 
 very characteristic musicians; and one fairly well acquainted with these 
 .nsects can readily recognize the different species by their song. Queerly 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 enough is the fact that in these three families we also find what are sup- 
 posed to be well-developed ears. In the Acrididse these ears are located 
 on the sides of the body at the base of the abdomen; and in the katydids 
 and crickets— representative forms of the two other families referred to 
 above — these organs are located near the upper extremities of the front 
 tibiae. If these are ears, as they certainly appear to be, would not this 
 suggest the thought that each form of life is created for itself alone? 
 Otherwise why not have ears to hear the voices of birds, of man and other 
 forms of life? Each seems to struggle for itself alone at the expense of 
 all others. 
 
 The order is separated into six super-families, which in turn are 
 divided into smaller groups. For convenience these insects have been 
 grouped as follows with reference to certain leading characteristics be- 
 longing to them: 
 
 I. CuKSOJSiA, or Runners, which includes the Blattidse or Cockroaches. 
 II. Raptobia, or Graspers, which includes the Mantidae or Rearhorses. 
 
 IIL Ambulatoria or Walkers, which includes the Phasmidae or Walk- 
 ing-sticks. 
 
 IV. Saltatoria or Jumpers, which include the Acrididae or Locusts 
 or short-horned Grasshoppers, the Locustidae or long-horned Grasshop- 
 pers and Katydids, and the Gryllidae or Crickets. 
 
 Family 1. Blattid^. — {Cockroaches.) 
 Nearly everybody will recognize the insects that are shown in Figures 
 31 and 32 as old acquaintances, even if they do not know the names by 
 which they are known to entomologists. Cockroaches are fiat-bodied, 
 spiny-legged, quick-running creatures that love darkness rather than 
 light; and which are almost omnivorous in food-habits. The two forms 
 shown here frequent houses in this part of the country where they make 
 themselve at home in the kitchens and pantries. They are also very nu- 
 merous about basements and in bakeries, in which places they gather in 
 warm, damp nooks. The holds of ships are also very much infested by 
 these and several other species which have become almost cosmopolitan in 
 their distribution by means of commerce. If these few species of com- 
 paratively small cockroaches are such a nuisance to housekeepers in the 
 temperate regions of the earth, what must be true of the many species 
 that swarm in the tropics? In ^hose countries these insects are much 
 
 Fig. 31— The German Cockroach, Ectobia germanlca.—lAtter Rlley.] 
 larger, and are to be found everywhere both indoors and out. Some of 
 the species are two inches or more in length, and half as wide. More than 
 five hundred distinct species have been described by entomologists. 
 
32 A PRELIMINAEY INTBODUCTION 
 
 'As above stated, these insects are flat-bodied, swift running creatures, 
 with the head nearly or quite hidden beneath the front edge of the large, 
 shield-like pronotum. The head is so bent backwards as to be nearly- 
 horizontal, with the mouth parts to the rear. The antennae are long and 
 thread-like, and the apex of the abdomen terminates with a pair of jointed 
 appendages called cerci. 
 
 A very curious fact in connection with the life-history of cockroaches 
 is that the female lays all her eggs at once, they being enclosed in a purse- 
 like pod one of which is shown in figure 31 at g. This pod or " odtheca " 
 as it is called, varies somewhat in form for the different 'genera and 
 species, but is sufliciently characteristic of each to be used in the classifi- 
 cation of the insects themselves. These egg-pods are double, i. e., they 
 contain a division through the middle separating the two series or rows 
 of chambers in which the eggs are placed. Most species carry these pods 
 about them until the eggs hatch, when the empty cases are dropped upon 
 the ground or wherever they chance to fall never to 
 be used again. One tropical species of Cockroach 
 {Panchlora viridis) that is of a beautiful light green 
 color has been known to give birth to living young. 
 Whether that is the regular method of reproduction 
 with the species is not known. 
 
 In many of these creatures we find the two sexes 
 quite different in appearance, the one being well 
 equipped for flight and the other entirely without 
 wings or apterous. In others the wings may be un- 
 equally developed. When this is the case, the male 
 is the one that has the complete wings. 
 
 The one shown in figure 31 is called the German 
 Cockroach and also " Croton-bug." It is by far the most 
 common species in cities and towns in the United 
 
 „..„_, ^ . States. It has been introduced from Europe, as has 
 Fia.-ii.—Perplaneta on- . .. ,• i, • i. • xi. -n i. i.- i. -n- 
 
 ezjtaT/s.— [Flint,] also the One which is shown m the illustration at Fig. 
 
 32. This latter insect is sometimes called the Oriental Cockroach as well 
 
 as "Black Beetle." The figure represents the male insect, the female 
 
 having much shorter wings. 
 
 Quite a number of species of cockroaches occur within the limits of 
 
 the United States, where most of them are confined to the fields, woods, 
 
 and swampy regions. 
 
 Family 2. Mantid-e.— (i2ear-7iorse«. Preying Insects, etc.) 
 Among the Orthoptera we find a group of very interesting insects 
 that have been separated from all others and placed in a family them- 
 selves under the name Mantid^e. These insects are characterized by 
 their triangular heads, the very long prothorax, and the peculiar struc- 
 ture of the front pair of legs which is very strong and constructed for 
 grasping and holding fast other insects upon which the Mantids feed. 
 Their wings, too, are quite frequently imitative in their structure and 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 33 
 
 appearance, resembling leaves of plants of different kinds. Their bodies 
 are long and stick-like, or broad and more or less flattened. This struc- 
 ture, along with their brown and green colors, it is needless to state, is a 
 protection to them by causing them to be mistaken for parts of the plants 
 
 -The Carolina Mantle, female.— [Riley.] 
 
 Fio. Zi.—Stagmomantis Minor. Fio. 35.— Eggs of Carolina Man- 
 
 — [Original.] tis.— [After Riley.] 
 
 upon which they may be resting. Unlike the members of the preceding 
 family, which are very active, the Mantidse are slow in their motions and 
 have the habit of waiting for their prey to come within reach. The posi- 
 tion assumed by these insects while waiting for their prey is shown in 
 Fig. 33. Like the Blattidae, the female Mantis lays her eggs in clusters 
 which are attached to twigs, stone walls, and the bark of trees. (See 
 Fig. 35.) 
 
 The development of these creatures is direct, i. e., there is no quiet 
 pupa stage intervening between the larva and imago. These insects are 
 also much more abundant both in individuals and species in tropical 
 countries than they are elsewhere. Over five hundred distinct species of 
 them have been described for the entire world. 
 
 Family 3. FbxsiiIIdm.— (Walking-sticks, Leaf-insects, Spectres, etc.) 
 Perhaps the oddest and most grotesque of all insects are the " Walk- 
 ing-sticks" or "Leaf Insects" among the Orthoptera. As the popular 
 names signify, these creatures resemble sticks and leaves; and, since they 
 
34 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 frequent plants, these resemblances are very useful to them as a means 
 of affording protection from birds, reptiles, and like predaceous animals. 
 
 These insects are 
 long and linear, with 
 long ic^s and an- 
 tennae. The three 
 pairs of legs are very 
 similar in form, and 
 the wings when pres- 
 ent are either folded 
 longitudinally upon 
 the body or they are 
 broad and leaf-like. 
 With them the front 
 pair is very small, 
 and hence the front 
 edge of the hind pair 
 is transformed so as 
 to afford the neces- 
 sary protection for 
 the more delicate 
 hind portion. While 
 the family is chiefly a 
 tropical one, a few of 
 the species occur 
 within the more tem- 
 perate regions. In 
 Nebraska four or five 
 distinct forms are oc- 
 casionally met with. 
 The one figured here- 
 with (Fig. 36) is known 
 as Diajjheromera fe- 
 viorata, and some- 
 times becomes suffi- 
 ciently numerous to 
 cause much destruc- 
 tion to forest trees. 
 Other species of the 
 same genus occur 
 upon the prairies. 
 
 The eggs of the 
 Phasmidse, or '■'■ Sx)ec- 
 tres " as the family 
 name signifies, are 
 laid singly, and allowed by the female to fall upon the ground at random, 
 where they lie until the following spring. These are hard and of the 
 form shown in the illustration at a and b. 
 
 Fig. Z&.—Diapherowera feworata: i 
 young; t/, male; e, female insect.- 
 
 , b, the eKR; c. eg^s and 
 -(.\fter liiley.) 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 35 
 
 One of these insects in parts of Texas and Indian Territory has re- 
 ceived the popular name of " Mule Killer " through some superstitious 
 notion for which I am unable to account. 
 
 Family 4. Agribiibm.— [Locusts or Short-Jiorned Grasshoppers.) 
 
 The representatives of this family of the order Orthoptera are perhaps 
 by far the most important of all insects if we look at them from the side 
 of the agriculturist. They are also of interest to us for other reasons. 
 The exact meaning of the word "locust" is very vaguely impressed upon 
 the minds of the general reader, since but few persons seem to know de- 
 finitely what insect is meant by it. Even the earlier naturalists were 
 more or less confused in the matter, since the family name Locustidse 
 has been given to the long-horned grasshoppers instead of to the short- 
 horned ones or the "locusts" of scriptural times, as it should have prop- 
 erly been done, in order to remove the confusion that exists. 
 
 In a recent report to the United States entomologist, the writer made 
 a statement that "If one were to describe or even mention all of the lo- 
 custs that are injurious to vegetation in this country every species would 
 have to be included in such a list. Taken as a group there are no excepr 
 tions to the rule in this particular case. Every member of the family is 
 a vegetable feeder, hence is to be considered as harmful from the agricul- 
 tural standpoint. * * * 
 
 Fig. 37.— Melanoplua apretus, laying eggs.— [After Riley]. Fio. 38.— Young locust just be- 
 fore hatching.— [After Uiley]. 
 
 "Every warm or temperate country of any extent of which a con.sider- 
 able portion is arid or semidesert, or where the climate is liable to varia- 
 tion, has its locust swarms. Of all insect pests these swarms of locus!s 
 are generally most dreaded, because of their manner of attack, and the 
 rapidity with which they can and do lay waste a country or district. 
 Other insect enemies may do an equal amount of injury during the year • 
 but, as it is not done ' right before our very eyes,' we do not think so 
 much of it. 
 
36 
 
 A PBELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 " These destructive locusts may be divided into two classes with respect 
 to their habits, viz., thoy are either migratory or they are non-migratory. 
 When the former, they move about over the country from ono region to 
 another and drop upon us without much warning. When the latter, they 
 simply multiply, do their injury, and remain where they are." 
 
 While the family is divided into a number (nine) of subfamilies, the 
 most important of them belong to four such subfamilies here in the 
 United States, Tettigince, Tryxalince, Oedipodince, and Acridiince. The 
 members of the Tettiginae are small insects that are readily distinguish- 
 able from the others by having the pronotum extending backwards so as 
 to cover the entire body ; and the tegmina are greatly abbreviated and in 
 the form of little lobes at the side of the body. These little locusts also 
 differ from the other locusts in the cushions of the feet being entirely 
 absent. The members of the Oedipodinae are recognizable by their colored 
 hind wings, the unarmed prosterum of the thorax, and in having the 
 cushions between the claws of the feet very small. The Tryxalinae can 
 be distinguished by having their head advanced forward at the apex 
 
 Fio. 39.— Kocky Mountain Locust— dif- 
 ferent stases of young.— [After Itiley]. 
 
 Fig. 40. — Steuobothoua macuUpen- 
 D7S.— [After Kiley]. 
 
 Fio. 41.-Rocky Mountain Locust, Illustrating molt of the pupa.-[After Riley]. 
 
 somewhat in the form of a cone. They also possess other characters that 
 will be learned by reference to some of the special publications devoted 
 to these insects. On the other hand the Acridiinae are characterized by 
 the strong spine upon the breast between the front pair of legs, the large 
 cushions between the claws of the feet, etc. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 37 
 
 The operation of egg-laying as performed by these insects is illus- 
 trated in Fig. 37, where several Rocky Mountain or migratory locusts are 
 exhibited as they appear when engaged in this necessary feature in their 
 life cycle. At Fig. 38 is shown the developed embryo just before it 
 hatches. The various stages of growth in the young of this same species 
 can be seen by a reference to the illustration at 39. The life-history of 
 this locust is practically the same as that of all others of our locusts. 
 Although this life-history has been but very briefly given here, it need 
 not be entered into more fully at present. Usually but a single genera- 
 tion of locusts is raised each year— some of the species, however, appear- 
 ing at .different seasons of the year. Occasionally it is seen that this 
 rule is forsaken and two generations are hatched and grow to maturity,- 
 
 Fio. ii.—Hippicns discoideus, female.— [After Riley], Fio. ii.—Tettigidoa late ralii 
 
 Some typical species belonging to the several subfamilies of our 
 locusts are shown in Figs. 37 to 48. These represent some of our com- 
 mon Nebraska species. The Tettigidea lateralis, Say, which is shown in 
 Fig. 43, is a very fair example of what are termed " Grouse locusts," 
 These small 'hoppers usually live over winter in the mature stage, and 
 are found in sheltered places in wooded regions and along the margins 
 of streams where they conceal themselves beneath leaves, dead grasses, 
 etc. These locusts love to frequent muddy localities, and in some of the 
 tropical forms we find an almost aquatic habit. Several hundreds of 
 these peculiar little insects have l^een described. The subfamily Oedi- 
 podinae is represented by three distinct species which are shown in Figs. 42, 
 44, and 46. CMmarocephala viridifasciata, DeG,, is one of our earliest 
 spring locusts, and occurs in similarly sheltered localities to those fre- 
 quented by the "grouse locusts," It occurs in two color variations, 
 brown and green. It lives over winter in the larval and pupal stages. 
 The large, mottled Hippisciis discoideus. which is figured at 42, is also 
 one of these wintering species. At Fig. 44 is shown the insect known as 
 the Long-winged Locust of the plains {Dissosteira longipennis, Thos.) 
 which a few years ago suddenly appeared as a destructive species in 
 parts of Colorado, western Kansas, and northern New Mexico, It is 
 rather closely related to our common "Dusty Road Locust'* {Dissosteira 
 Carolina, Linn.), which is common over the entire United States, and has 
 become almost a part of the childhood days of every one. In Fig. 45 is 
 shown one of the very characteristic locusts of the middle and western 
 portions of this state. In fact, it is the characteristic species for the 
 region mentioned. It is known by a number of popular names, but the 
 
38 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 most appropriate of these are the "Lubber Grasshopper" and "Buffalo 
 Grasshopper." Scientifically it is Brachystola magna, Girard. This in- 
 
 Fio. 45.— Bracfijsto/a magna. 
 —[Alter Riley.] 
 
 Fia. 48.— Acrid/Dm ft-ontaliB. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 39 
 
 sect exhibits some of the shrewdness belonging to man himself, for on 
 hot, sunshiny days these lubber 'hoppers seek the shade where they ap- 
 pear to enjoy themselves. They also know enough to shift as the sun 
 moves around. In the illustration numbered 40 the reader will find de- 
 picted one of the Tryxalinae. It is known in this country as Stenobothrus 
 raacuKpennis, Scudd,, but, perhaps, should be placed in the genus Or- 
 phula instead of Stenobothrus. Lastly two additional species of the 
 subfamily Acridiinae are shown in figures 47 and 48. Both of these 
 latter insects are common in Nebraska. 
 
 3. 50.— Angular winged Katydid— female laying egga. 
 —[After Riley.] 
 
 Fio. 51.— EggB of Angu'^r 
 winged Katydid.— [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 Family V. L.30U3TId.e.— (£'a^7/c^^V7s, Long-horned Grasshopper, 
 Stone-crickets, etc.) 
 
 The members of this family differ from the Locusts or " Short-horned 
 Grasshoppers " in having their antennae very long and thread like. They 
 also differ in having the ovipositor of the females compressed and sword- 
 
40 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 shaped; and in the tarsi being four instead of three-jointed. In the 
 males the wing covers or tegmina are provided with a musical apparatus 
 which is located near their base so that when these are closed it occupies 
 a position just back of the pronotum. The tegmina when at rest are held 
 with their inner sides approximating. 
 
 As in the preceding family, this one is also subdivided by systematists 
 into a number (15) subfamilies. Of these the first to be mentioned is the 
 Phaneropterince which is made up of the true katydids. 
 
 Fio. 52.—Scudderia p/sW77ata.— [Original.] 
 
 F.G. 5S.—CyrtopbyllnB concaruB.— [Al- 
 ter Riley. 
 
 Several of these insects are shown in 
 Figs. 49 to 52. This is a very extensive 
 family if we take into consideration all 
 the varied forms that occur in the dif- 
 ferent countries on the globe. The an- 
 gular-winged katydid is shown in Figs. 
 49 and 50. In the former the male is 
 shown in one of its characteristic posi- 
 tions during the daytime, while the fe- 
 male is shown in 50 in the act of laying 
 her eggs which, as will be seen, are glued 
 to a twig in two overlapping rows. This 
 insect is more of a southern insect 
 than the one which is shown as Scud- 
 deria pifstillata, Bruner, and which is 
 shown in Fig. 52. The one figured at 53 
 belongs to a different subfamily {Pseu- 
 dophyllince) from the other katydids that 
 have just been mentioned, but neverthe- 
 less is the true katydid if we are to class 
 them by the noise they produce. This 
 last mentioned species is also more 
 abundant at the south than here in Ne- 
 braska, where it is rather a rare insect. 
 
 The Cone-headed Grasshoppers, one 
 of which is figured at 54, belong to the 
 subfamily ConocephalincB. Many of 
 these latter are the characteristic slen- 
 der meadow grasshoppers so familiar to 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 41 
 
 all of us. The one which is figured is called the Conocephalus crepitans, 
 Scudd. This is also a very extensive group of Orthoptera. These in- 
 sects, feeding in company as they do the summer through, commit a great 
 deal of damage to our meadows and even to fields of grain. Many of 
 
 them could be de- 
 stroyed by drag- 
 ging over the 
 meadow once or 
 twice during the 
 summer with the 
 "hopper dozer," 
 described in con- 
 nection with the 
 destructive lo 
 
 F.o. 54.-Cone.headed Grasshopper. ^^^^g j^ ^^^ g^^. 
 
 Mcultural Report for 1894. 
 
 In the figure 55 is shown a "wingless cricket," of the subfamily 
 Dccticince of authors. This group contains many very queer looking 
 creatures, and also some that occasionally increase in such numbers as 
 to become pests. Our large "Mormon cricket,'' the one shown in the il- 
 lustration, is an 
 example of the 
 latter kind. 
 
 Still another 
 
 subfamily of 
 
 ^^^/f (2: " ^ %»-«^ ^^® Locustidce 
 
 ~^ "is shown by the 
 
 ,p/ex.-[After Riley .1 flg^j.,, gg ^j^j^j^ 
 
 is a type of those called Stenopelviatince. While many of this last group 
 are provided with wings, many others are wingless and live in burrows in 
 
 the ground, under stones, in dark, 
 damp places, as caverns, etc. 
 These wingless creatures belong- 
 ing here are sometimes called 
 "Camel-crickets" on account of 
 the upward curve of their backs. 
 They also frequently receive the 
 -crickets." 
 
 m"^^-^' 
 
 Fig. h^.—Anabrus 
 
 Fio. 56.— Camel Cricket.— [Flint.] 
 
 names of "Stone-crickets" and 
 
 'Cav( 
 
 Family 6. Giayjaadm.— {Crickets.) 
 
 The last family of the order Orthoptera, like the two preceding, is 
 quite extensive, and is composed of jumping insects. If we include the 
 four quarters of the globe there are many distinct forms and even sub- 
 families of these insects; but if we confine ourselves to the United States 
 or Nebraska we will find but few true crickets as compared with either 
 the short or long-horned grasshoppers. 
 
42 
 
 A PKELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Grtllid^ are to be distinguished from the Locustidse, which they 
 resemble by having long antennae, by their three-jointed tarsi, in the 
 music organs of the males which occupy the greater part of the tegmina, 
 also in their food habits being omnivorous rather than herbivorous. 
 
 FiQ. 57.— Mole Cncket—GoyllotaJpa vulgaris. 
 
 Most of the Gryllidse are nocturnal in their habits, hiding away in the 
 earth or dark nooks during daytime and venturing forth only after night- 
 fall to seek their food and mates. Some of them always live hidden 
 away in burrows which they construct for themselves, or else they live as 
 guests in the nests of ants. One of these latter is^shown in Fig. 62. The 
 Mole-crickets are odd looking creatures as will be seen by reference to 
 the illustration (see Fig. 57). Again our common field crickets are shown 
 by the figure of a female of Oryllus abbreviatiis which has the tegmina 
 and wings abbreviated (Fig. 63). The Tree-crickets differ from other 
 crickets in their mode of life. While field crickets and their allies, most 
 of which are dull brown, or black in color, live upon and in the grouna, 
 tree-crickets, as their name implies, live above ground among vegetation 
 the colors of which these more or less closely resemble. Many of these 
 latter are known to feed upon plant-lice, hence are to be looked upon as 
 our friends. On the other hand some of these insects deposit their eggs 
 in the stems of plants which they kill unintentionally. 
 
 Perhaps the habits of the little wingless cricket that is shown in Fig. 
 62, a, representing the female and h, the male, will be a surprise to many 
 when they learn what these are. Imagine a very soft bodied creature of 
 only the length and width shown by the cross lines in the cut, living in 
 the nests of ants larger than itself. Yet such are the facts in connection 
 with this insect's life. It lives in the " thickest " of the nest, unmolested 
 by the ants. Just what its food- habits are, and why it is here entomolo- 
 gists have thus far failed to learn. It is one of the largest of these '• ant- 
 nest-inhabiting" crickets, species of which are found in both hemispheres. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 43 
 
 y 
 
 Fio. 58.— Snowy-win?eJ Fia. 
 Tree-cricket— male. — 1 
 
 -Snowy-winsed Tree-cricket 
 After Harris]. 
 
 Fio. 60.— Oroc/iarissa/tafor; a, female; ft, male. [After Riley]. Fio. 61.— Twip: sliowinK 
 
 ecRs and punctur.'H of 
 (Ecanthus. [After Kiley] 
 
 + 
 
 Fio. ^i.—Myrmecopbila pergantfol.- [Original.] 
 
 Fig. 63.— Field Cricket. 
 
44 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORDER VIII. TRYSA'^OFT'ERA.— {Trips, Fringe-wings.) 
 Following the Orthoptera in the series of orders as we have adopte.l 
 the classification, we come to a number of vei-y minute insects tliat dif- 
 fer greatly from all others in the structure of their wings, mouth-parts, 
 and feet. The wings are four in number and both pairs very similar in 
 form, being long and narrow and either veinless or with but few veins. 
 The margins of the wings are fringed with long, delicate hairs as seen in 
 the illustration Fig. 65; and when at rest these members are folded 
 lengthwise upon the body. The feet (tarsi) are only two-jointed and are 
 inflated or "blown up," hence the name Physopoda "bladder-foot" which 
 jc sometimes given them instead of Thysanoptera. 
 
 All the members of the order are quite small — seldom exceeding a 
 firth, and oftener being less than one-tenth, of an inch in length. Al- 
 though so small, these insects are not at all rare; on the contrary, they 
 are very common, for almost every clover, apple, rose, daisy, and other 
 blossom contains numbers of them. When disturbed thrips are very 
 active and readily take to flight. 
 
 Pio. 64.— GrasB Thrips. 
 
 Fio. 65.— Green-honse Thrips.— [Original.] 
 
 A reference to the illustrations (Figs. 64 and 65) will at once indicate 
 to the reader the appearance of these little creatures. Their body is long, 
 and the head narrower than the prothorax to which it is attached with- 
 out a distinct neck. The eyes are large and composed of comparatively 
 few distinct ocelli; and there are usually three simple eyes upon the fore- 
 head between the compound eyes. The lower part of the head is some- 
 what drawn out into the form of a cone or beak and directed backwards 
 upon the prosternum. Within this beak -like projection the mouth-parts 
 are concealed and can only be made out with the aid of a rather high- 
 power microscope. This arrangement of the mouth parts reminds us not 
 a little of the Thysanura, and has been the cause for not a little uncer- 
 tainty among naturalists as to their location in the system of classification. 
 Even at this late date various ideas are entertained by naturalists 
 as to their aflSnities with other groups. Their active larvae with similar 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 45 
 
 formed bodies to those of their parents, of course, at once suggests their 
 relationship to some of the ametabola series, i. e., those in which there is 
 no complete transfoi mation in their growth from the larva to imago. 
 Among these forms the Thysanoptera have been considered at various 
 times and by different authors as belonging with the Orthoptera, the 
 Neuroptera (the old order Neuroptera), and the Hemiptera. A. careful 
 study of their mouth-parts has finally resulted in their being placed just 
 before the Hemiptera, as possibly representing one of the stages in the 
 long line of development from the Thysanuran type to that of the Hem- 
 ipteran type of mouth-parts. 
 
 In their food-habits these insects differ greatly. Some of them are 
 carnivorous, while others are herbivorous. The carnivorous forms feed 
 upon mites, eggs of other insects, etc.; and the herbivorous forms attack 
 the parts of blossoms and often occur upon delicate and juicy plants the 
 leaves of which they injure more or less by wounding the lower surfaces 
 and causing them to turn brown and wither. 
 
 The order has been but comparatively little studied ; and our best 
 paper upon the group is one that was written by Haliday over fifty-six 
 years ago. Only about one dozen species have thus far been described 
 from this country ; and, judging from number of species now in collec- 
 tions, it is likely that there are more than one hundred distinct species 
 in the United States alone. For a further study of the interesting little 
 creatures the reader is referred to Comstock's "Introduction to Ento- 
 mology." 
 
 ORDER IX. HEMIPTERA.— (Zwsecfs with sucking-mouths.) 
 
 The order Hemiptera is composed of those insects which are properly 
 called " bugs " by the " bug man." It is needless to say here that not 
 everything small that creeps and that is commonly called by this name 
 belongs to the order. Some of these bugs are also called by other names, 
 as "plant-lice," " leaf -hoppers," "tree-hoppers," "scale-insects," and 
 "water-boatmen." These latter are, however, group names, instead of 
 general ones applicable to all the members of the order. 
 
 This order, Hemiptera, is divided into three well-marked suborders, 
 Heteropteba, Parasitica, and Homoptera. The first of these suborders 
 contains forms in which the two pair of wings, when present, are unlike 
 in texture ; the second are without wings and comprise the sucking lice 
 of man and mammals ; and the third have the two pairs of wings alike in 
 texture. 
 
 The order is one of great extent as well as of much importance from 
 the economic standpoint. The food-habits of its members are various — 
 some being predaceous and others vegetable feeders. Unlike the mem- 
 bers of the previous orders which have been described, these insects live 
 upon liquid food, which they take through a jointed, tube-like beak, 
 which is composed of the usual mouth-parts that have undergone the 
 necessary change to form this tube. Those that attack plants live on 
 sap, those that attack animals feed upon the life-blood. Some of these 
 Insects are directly or indirectly of great value commercially. The 
 
4G A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Cochineal is utilized for the coloring matter which it produces ; some of 
 the scale-insects are the producers of lacs, which are used in the manu- 
 facture of varnishes. 
 
 The various members of this order, with a single exception, do not 
 possess a complete metamorphosis, but they develop direct. The young 
 when they hatch from the eggs are very similar in form to their parents. 
 There is no quiet pupa stage as in the other orders that will be taken up 
 one after the other bey on 1 this point in the classification. The wing- 
 pads show after the second or third molt, and are quite large before the 
 final one ; but tbey are not inverted, and seemingly transposed, in their 
 position as they appear to be in the jumping Orthoptera. 
 
 SuBORDEK Heteboptera. — (True Bugs.) 
 
 The representatives of this suborder are quite readily recognized from 
 other insects by the structure of their front pair of wings. These have 
 the basal half thickened so as to resemble the elytra of beetles, the re- 
 maining portion being membranous or wing-like. These front "half- 
 wings" cover and protect the second pair which is entirely membranous. 
 The name " hemelytra " has been given the front wings of Heteropterous 
 Hemiptera, it meaning half elytra. In addition to their peculiar wing 
 structure, most of these insects are provided with glands for the secretion 
 of pungent or offensive odors that protect them more or less completely 
 from the attacks of most birds and insectivorous mammals. 
 
 Among the representatives of the sub- 
 order we find those that are aquatic, as 
 well as those that are terrestrial. In Fig. 
 G6 is shown one of the insects that are 
 commonly called "water-boatmen." 
 These Notonectid^, or back-swimmers, 
 as the name signifies, are very common 
 
 insects that occur in all waters and at 
 
 Fig. G6.— Water BoatmaD.— [After C. M. „ .. „ ,, _ „! ;i. 
 
 Weed.] all times of the year. There are quite a 
 
 number of species and several genera of them in this state. They feed 
 upon the blood of very young fishes, snails, crustaceans, and insects. 
 Unlike the different representatives of such other orders as are provided 
 in their larval stages with gill-like attachments, these water-boatman 
 must frequently come to the surface for air. Another species of water 
 bug is figured herewith (Fig. G7). It is known variously as the "Giant 
 Water-bug," the " Electric-light bug," etc. It is one of the largest repre- 
 sentatives of the order in this part of the country, and is very destruct- 
 ive to minnows and young- fishes of other kinds which it captures and 
 holds fast while sucking their blood. This and most of our other repre- 
 sentatives of the order are capable of inflicting very painful wounds by 
 means of their short, sharp beak. When they do this they at the same 
 time inject a whitish fluid that produces numbness and fever. 
 
TO THE (STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 47 
 
 After uight, both in spring and fall, these water bugs leave the wa'.er 
 and fly about in search of new waters, and possibly, also, of mates, be- 
 fore laying eggs for another generation. At such times many of them 
 are attracted to lights, where they become dazed and die. Since the ad 
 vent of electric lights especially has this been true of them, and conse- 
 quently many formerly rare forms to collections have become commou- 
 place, the entomologists having taken advantage of this method for 
 viirichiug their cabinets. 
 
 Fio. 68.— Zaitha— [After 
 C. M. Weed.] 
 
 Kio G7.—BeI()stoma, Americana.— [Mter C. 
 M. Weed]. 
 
 A number of moderately large, rather slender, dark brown, dull-black, 
 and. other colored bugs that feed upon caterpillars and other soft-bodied 
 insects are found in most parts of our country. These are represented 
 by the species shown in Fig. G9. They belong to a family which ento- 
 mologists call Reduviid^ ; while in Pig. 70 we see another type of a 
 family called PuYMAxiDiE. This last mentioned bug often makes its home 
 upon flowers of different kinds where its yellow, green, white, and black 
 colors assist it in sneaking upon and seizing various insects which it kills. 
 It is said to be quite a caterpillar destroyer. 
 
 The Squash-bug, which everybody is familiar with, but of which we have 
 no figure to present, belongs to the family CoREioiE. The insects shown 
 herewith, in Figs. 73 and 74, are also quite familiar to most of us who 
 have eaten berries under the name of " stink-bugs." They belong to the 
 family Pentatomid^. Both of the insects which are figured here are 
 known to destroy the young of the Colorado Potato beetle and many- 
 other insects. Some species of the family do not, however, destroy in- 
 sects, but live upon the juices of various plants instead. 
 
48 
 
 A PltELIMINAKY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Fig. 70.— Pbywateus erosa; a, dorsal view; 
 b, side view; rf, beak; c, front leg. All 
 enlarged.— [After Kiley.] 
 
 FiQ. 69.— iVabis /asca.— [Original.] Fio. 71.— a and ft. Two true bugs.— [Aiter 
 
 RUey.] 
 
 Fio. 72.- Euthoctha 
 galeator. — [linb- 
 bard.] 
 
 3.— Young of Podl- 
 spinosna. 
 
 Fio. li.—PodiBUB 
 spinosns. 
 
 Fio. 75.—PerUus 
 clandns. 
 
 A number of other families of Heteroptera are represented within the 
 state. Of these a few are such as CAPSiDiE, Tingidje, etc. One of the 
 Capsidge is shown in Fig. 76. It is the insect that is known as the Four- 
 ined Leaf-bug {Poecilocapsus lineatus). TheChinch-bug and various 
 'false'chinch-bugs " belong to the family Jj^qmidm. Two of the latter ar^ 
 shown in Figs 78 and 79. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 49 
 
 It would be slighting one of our old acquaintances too much were we 
 to pass without notice the representative of this suborder that is shown 
 in Fig. 77. Everybody will at once recognize the likeness at first glance, 
 
 Fig. 75.—Poecl/ocapana linea- Fio. 77.- 
 
 tua, enlarged.— [After Lint- 
 ner]. 
 
 -Bed-bugs; a, larva; b, imago,— [After Rlley]. 
 
 Fio. 7%.—Tr&pezonotas nebtr 
 /osQS.— [Original]. 
 
 Fio. 79 —Embletbis arenarius.— [Orig- 
 inal] . 
 
 hence it would hardly be necessary to say it is the insect known by the 
 name Bed-bug. As old, perhaps, as man himself in its love for human 
 habitations, this insect has spread over the greater part of the civilized 
 world. It occasionally also takes up its abode in hen houses and the 
 rookeries of birds where it obtains nourishment in the form of blood. 
 Not all of the reported cases of bed-bugs having been found in new lum- 
 ber, and even in logs before they had been sawed into lumber, should be 
 accepted as truth. Many of these so-called bed-bugs are, no doubt, the 
 young cock-roaches shown in Fig. 31, at 6. 
 
50 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 SUBORDER PARASITICA.— (Sucking Lice). 
 
 The "sucking lice," as distinguished from the "biting lice," are so 
 greatly different in thoir habits and appearances from the other Hemip- 
 terous insects that they have been separated from them as a distinct 
 group. While not nearly so numerous in species as the Mallophagidse, 
 there are many kinds of these disgusting creatures. Man is subject to 
 the attacks of at least three distinct forms, viz., the "head-louse" 
 (Pediculus capitis), Fig. 80, the "body-louse" (Pediculus vestimenti), Fig. 
 81, and the "crab-louse" {Phthirius inguinalis), Fig. 82. The sucking 
 lice of cattle, horses, swine, dogs, cats, squirrels, etc., some of which are 
 shown herewith, Figs. 83-85, belong to other genera. 
 
 KiQ. 80.— Head-louse. Fio. 81.— Body-louse. 
 
 Fiq. 82.— Crab-louse. 
 
 
 Fig. 83 — Short-uozed O.k -louse Uaematopinvs eurysternna : a fu'ina^e, b rostrnm, c ventral 
 surface of last sefinients of uiale, cl do, female, e ej?>r, f surface of egg greatly eularged. — 
 [After Osborii]. 
 
 Remedies.— Various remedies have been suggested and used with suc- 
 cess against these lice. Some form of grease if so placed as to come in 
 contact with them will kill most kinds of lice. An ointment, therefore, 
 composed of vaseline, lard, etc., when smeared upon the bodies of cattle 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 51 
 
 and other domestic animals will usually rid them of their lice. A much 
 more expeditious remedy, discovered in recent years, is the kerosene 
 emulsion which has been so often recommended for the destruction of all 
 kinds of lice and sucking insects. This wash can either be applied in the 
 form of a spray by means of a force-pump, or it can be used as a dip. 
 
 [P^ 
 
 Fig. 84. — f-ouse of the fieh] mouae 
 {Hsematopinusacantbopus)—\_After 
 Osborn]. 
 
 Fir. S5.— Sucking louse of the rocket Gopher 
 (Hwmatopinus sqaamosvs): 1, portion of 
 abdomen showing scales.— [After Osborn]. 
 
 The remedy kills by contact, i. e., the breathing holes or stomota of the 
 insects are choked up and they die of suffocation. Strong decoctions of 
 tobacco are also sometimes used with like results; while fresh insect 
 powder, which is made from the pulverized flower-heads and stems of 
 several species of plants belonging to the genus Pyrethrum, will also kill 
 these lice if sprinkled freely over the animals to be protected from them. 
 
 SUBORDER UOMOPTERA.— {Tree-hoppers, Cicadas, Plant-lice, Scale 
 Insects, etc.) 
 
 The representatives of this suborder of the Hemiptera, while varying 
 greatly among themselves in habits, structure, and modes of develop- 
 ment, form a rather well-marked group. In fact, these insects seem to be 
 so well marked and distinct from the Heteroptera that some entomolo- 
 gists make a distinct order of them. Their wings are of the same thick- 
 ness throughout, and when folded usually rest roof-like over the body. 
 The beak and mouth-parts are attached at the hind part of the lower 
 side of the head. Sometimes it is so far to the rear that it appears to 
 arise from the sternum of the prothorax, instead of from the head. 
 There is no prolongation of the back portion of the head into a neck, and 
 the front coxae or basal joints of the first pair of legs sometimes touch 
 the cheeks. 
 
 The suborder is divided into ten or a dozen families, nearly all of 
 which are of sufficient economic importance to call for a much more ox- 
 tended account than can be given here. Some of the most interesting 
 
52 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 features belonging to the subject of entomology are also found in con- 
 nection with the life-histories and development of some of these insects. 
 Family Coocidm.— {Scale-insects, Bark-lice, Mealy-bugs, etc.) 
 
 The insects which have been separated from other Homoptera and 
 placed in the family now under consideration, are very peculiar creatures 
 indeed. In writing of them Professor J. H. Comstock, who has made a 
 special study of the family, says: "In many respects this is a very anom- 
 alous group, the species differing greatly in appearance, habits, and meta 
 morphosis from those of the most closely allied families. Not only do the 
 members of this family appear very unlike other insects, but there is a 
 wonderful variety of forms within the family; and even the two sexes of 
 the same species differ as much in the adult state as members of distinct 
 orders." 
 
 The males of these insects alone are provided with wings and undergo 
 a complete metamorphosis. The wings are limited to a single pair— the 
 front ones. In place of the hind wings we find small club-like "halters," 
 each of which is provided with a hooked bristle that joins it with the 
 wing on the same side of the body. In this sex the mouth-parts have dis- 
 appeared and their place taken by a second pair of eyes. The females 
 are always "scale-like or gall-like in form, or grub-like and clothed with 
 wax." This waxy covering varies greatly in different forms. It may be 
 in the form of powder, thread-like filaments, large tufts or plates, Or it 
 
 ^'^V^Ir'^S'^''?* ''^''^'- ^"'- ^--Dactylopias destructor. Fio. fiS.-Dactj'Ioplns loBgiWis. 
 -[After Packard.] -[After Comstock.] -[After Comstock ] 
 
 may comprise a continuous layer or scale under which the insect lives a 
 more or less protected life. Many of them are serious pests to cultivated 
 plants, and have become spread over much of the civilized world by 
 means of commerce. Most of our fruit trees are subject to the attacks 
 of one or more species, and numbers of forms occur in every green-house 
 of any size where they have been introduced by shipments of plants 
 from different countries. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 53 
 
 Fio. S^.—Ortbesia, enlarged.- 
 [After Comstock.] 
 
 There are also a number or species of 
 this family that might be termed " useful 
 insects " on account of the uses to which 
 they are put by man in the arts. Several 
 species produce dye-stuffs. One of these 
 is known as Coccus cacti, and is shown in 
 Fig. 86. Its dried bodies are called 
 Cochineal, and can be purchased in al- 
 most any drug store. This insect lives 
 in tropical countries where it feeds on 
 the various species of cactus called Prick- 
 ley-pear. Another species secretes the 
 substance that is used in the prepara- 
 tion of shellac. It is called Carteria 
 lacca by the entomologist. It also is a 
 native of tropical countries where it 
 clusters upon the young branches of sev- 
 
 Fta. 90.— femes ep. Adnit femaleB on etem; Immatare males on leaTes.— [After Comstock.] 
 
54^ 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 eral kinds of trees. Others of these coccids produce different kinds of 
 wax in quantities that render them of economic value. 
 
 The " Mealy-bugs," two of which are shown in Figs. 87 and 88, are too 
 well known to require a description at this time. They are green- 
 house pests at the north, but in tropical regions occur out-of-doors. The 
 insect which is shown in Fig. 89 also belongs in this family, and may 
 quite frequently be obtained in the spring by sifting over fallen leaves 
 in open woods. The white plates or tufts upon this insect's body are 
 lime-like Perhaps the different species of Kermes as found on our 
 various oaks are the most abnormal of all these bark-lice that we have in 
 this country. In figure 90 the large gall-like females are shown attached 
 to the twigs and the immature males on the leaves. 
 
 The Pulvinaria innumerdbilis, which is shown in Fig. 91, is the insect 
 commonly known as the Cottony Maple-scale, although it is by no means 
 confined to the maple tree as a food-plant. It also attacks many other 
 trees and shrubs, all of which are at times more or less severely injured 
 by it. The life-history of this scale insect is practically the same as that 
 of other species of coccids, and can be best given in the following words, 
 which are quoted from the Annual Report of the U. S. Entomologist for 
 year 1884: 
 
 "The young lice hatch in spring or early summer, walk about actively 
 as soon as born, and settle along the ribs of the leaves (very rarely on the 
 young twigs). They then insert their beaks and begin to pump up the 
 sap and to increase in size, a thin layer of a waxy 
 secretion immediately beginning to cover the dorsum. 
 In a little more than three weeks they have increased 
 to double their size at birth, and undergo their first 
 molt, shedding the skin, it is supposed, in small frag- 
 ments. After this first molt the waxy secretion in- 
 creases in abundance, and a differentiation between 
 the sexes is observable. The males grow more slen- 
 der and soon cease to increase in size, covering them- 
 selves with a thick coating of whitish wax. The pupa 
 then begins to form within the larval skin, the ap 
 pendages gradually taking shape, the head separat- 
 ing from the thorax, the mouth-parts being replaced 
 by a pair of ventral eyes. A pair of long wax fila- 
 ments is excreted from near the anus, and these con- 
 tinue to grow during the life of the insect. It is thu 
 protrusion of these filaments from beneath the waxy 
 scale which indicates the approaching exclusion of 
 the male. The posterior end of the scale is in this 
 manner raised up, and the perfect insect backs out 
 with its wings held close to the sides of its body. 
 
 " Meanwhile the female larvae have been under- 
 going but slight changes of form. They grow larger 
 and also broader across the posterior portion, but re- 
 main flat. * * * Just before the appearance of 
 
 ^IG. 91— The Cottony 
 Mnple Scale (Pulvi- 
 naria innu m era h His ) : 
 the mature (einales 
 after the epRS huvo 
 been depositod. — [Af- 
 ter Comstock.] 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 55 
 
 the adult males, they uadergo another molt, and change in color from a 
 uuiform pale yellow to a somewhat deeper yellow with deep red markings. 
 "The males make their appearance from August 1st to September 15th, 
 issuing most abundantly about the middle of the former month, and their 
 life is short, seldom exceeding two or three days. They copulate with 
 the females and then die. The latter, soon after the disappearance of the 
 males, gradually lose their bright-red markings and change to a deep 
 brown color. They grow more convex, and the dorsal layer of wax be- 
 comes thicker and more cracked. Before the falling of the leaves they 
 migrate to the twigs and there fix themselves, generally on the under 
 side. After feeding as long as the sap flows, they become torpid and re- 
 main in this condition until spring. 
 
 " At the opening of spring the eggs develop with great rapidity and 
 distend the body greatly, causing it to become convex instead of flat. 
 The color is now yellowish, marked with dark brown, and the insect now 
 absorbs sap with great rapidity and ejects drops of honey-dew. Prom the 
 middle of May to the first of June the egg-laying commences. The eggs 
 are deposited at the end of the body, in a nest of waxen fibers secreted 
 from pores situated around the anus. This nest is attached to the pos- 
 terior ventral portion of the body, and adheres 
 § somewhat to the twig. As the eggs are protruded 
 into the waxy mass the posterior portion of the 
 body is gradually raised up until it often reaches 
 5 an angle of forty-five degrees with the bark. The 
 F.a. 92.-Pariatoria per- ^gg-laying continues until on into July, and, aftei 
 gfindei: a. female; b. one or two thousand eggs have been deposited the 
 
 male scMle.— [After Com- , i j- ta • i l i -i-, ■ ,-, ■ . , 
 
 Btock] female dies. It is almost always within this period 
 
 of egg -laying that the insect is noticed, on account 
 
 of its large size, but more particularly from the 
 
 conspicuous white cushion at the end of its body. 
 
 After the death of the female, her beak breaks off 
 
 and her body shrivels up, but remains attached to 
 
 the twig by the cottony mass for a long time, often 
 
 a year or more." ''lo- ss.—Mftilaapia ep.; fe- 
 
 ™, . . . J « 1 i. i. j.i_ ™"'e scale.— [After Com- 
 
 This insect spreads from one plant to another stock.] 
 in various ways, but chiefly by the aid of winds which carry the very light 
 young just after batching, and also upon the bodies of the various insects 
 that are attracted by the honey-dew, and also upon the feet and legs of 
 birds which alight upon the trees that are occupied by the young lice. 
 Then, too, they migrate by walking. Only the males of these Bark-lice 
 are provided with wings. What is true of this bark-louse is also true of 
 other species. 
 
 Remedies.— The very best direct remedy against these bark-lice is the 
 use of kerosene emulsion at the time when the young are hatching and 
 wandering about over the trees. One or two careful sprayings at such 
 times will effectually destroy the insects. The use of alkali washes is 
 also strongly recommended as remedies for scale-insects. 
 
56 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Others of these scale-insects are figured at 92 and 93, also in several of 
 my reports to the State Horticultural Society. 
 
 The family ALEYRODiDiE is comprised of minute insects, which in their 
 immature stages somewhat resemble the scale-insects ; but which after 
 maturing have four wings in both sexes. As these insects are all small 
 and differ but little in color they are rather diflBlcult to separate The 
 species are quite numerous and seem to be pretty closely confined to cer- 
 tain special host plants, which they often injure by their presence in 
 imniense numbers. 
 
 Family Afuwivm.— (Plant-lice.) 
 
 There is perhaps no other group of insects that attracts an equal 
 amount of attention with the plant-lice belonging to the family Aphidid^. 
 No year passes without one or more of the species appearing in damaging 
 numbers in different portions of the country. Neither is there an impor- 
 tant crop grown but that suffers more or less from the ravages of some 
 member of this family. Notable examples of such injury are to be cited 
 in the species that infest the small grains, corn, sorghum, cabbage, apple 
 trees, plum trees, the hop vine; and, in fact, almost any other plant that 
 is grown for food or ornament, as well as those that are native and un- 
 cultivated. Every housekeeper who has tried to grow a few plants for 
 ornament during the long, dreary winter months, is familiar with one or 
 more of these insects from seeing them on her tender charges; while the 
 professional gardener and horticulturist is too well acquainted with the 
 ♦'green-fly" of the hot house to need instructions concerning its injuri- 
 ous nature. 
 
 Fio. 94— Apple tree LeaMonse. Fio. 95.— Grain Plant-louBe. 
 
 Briefly these plant-lice or "Aphides," as they are quite commonly 
 called, can be characterized as small soft-bodied insects which receive 
 their nourishment in the form of juices pumped up by means of a jointed 
 beak which the owner inserts into the tender portions of growing plants. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 57 
 
 .....^^^^few^ 
 
 They are provided with six legs, and are winged or not, as happens. 
 When the former, they have two pairs of these members. One of each 
 form is shown in the accompanying illustrations— the winged figure repre- 
 senting the Apple tree Leaf-louse, and the other the Grain Plant-louse. 
 
 In their mode of life these lice differ greatly one from another; but 
 roughly speaking, they can be classed as root-feeders or as above-ground 
 feeders. They may also be separated into gall- makers and non-gall- 
 makers, accordingly as each species attacks its host plant. 
 
 In their modes of re- 
 production, the major- 
 ity of the members of 
 the family are both ovi- 
 parous and viviparous, 
 i. e., they multiply both 
 by means of eggs and 
 by a sort of " budding " 
 process. The group is 
 further specialized by 
 containing members 
 which occur in two or 
 more distinct forms, 
 each of which works on 
 different portions of 
 the same plant or upon 
 
 Fio. ^^.-Pempbigus popuU-monUis; a. winged female; g, different plants during 
 
 galls.— [After Kiiey.] different seasons of the 
 
 year. The egg-laying females are also distinct from the viviparous fe- 
 males. In fact, taken as a whole, the family Aphididae is composed of 
 a large number of species that vary greatly among themselves in life-his- 
 tory and food habits; and it be- 
 comes quite necessary for the 
 economic entomologist to ac- 
 quaint himself with these facts 
 in order to prescribe remedies 
 for any particular species. 
 
 In writing of the life-history 
 of Boxelder plant-louse I have 
 said: "This insect begins its 
 work just as soon as, or before, 
 the leaves appear in spring, 
 with the viviparous, agamous 
 female, or stem mother. She 
 becomes full grown in a few 
 days, and begins the process of 
 reproduction by 'budding' in- 
 ternally and expelling small „,„ o^ r. „ . „ ... ^ ^ 
 
 ,, ,.,,., ^\o.^T.—qa.\\ol Pemphigus vagabondue.— 
 
 lice of her kind, which in turn, [After Riiej.] 
 
58 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 after maturity, repeat the operation. The successive generations con- 
 tinue without interruption during spring and summer, some of them 
 being furnished with wings, which enable them to migrate from place to 
 place. In this manner new localities become infested, damp weather 
 
 favoring and very dry 
 weather retarding their ex- 
 cessive increase." By this 
 method of reproduction it 
 has been estimated that at 
 the end of the twelfth genera- 
 tion alone there could be 
 alive ten sextillions of indi- 
 viduals, not to mention those 
 of former generations. Of 
 course this could never oc- 
 
 FiG. 98. — Aphis br.issiras: n, so-called male; d, wing- 
 kas viviparous female.— [After CurtiH.] 
 
 cur in nature, since there are too many counter checks which prevent 
 the greatest possible increase in any insect. 
 
 "Like many others of the family to which it belongs, the Box-elder 
 louse is provided with a pair of 'honey-tubes,' or nectaries, as they are 
 sometimes called. These are the two short tubular projections which 
 arise from the sixth abdominal segment above, and on each side of the 
 middle. They are connected with internal glands, which secrete a sweet 
 or saccharine fluid, that flows continually while the insect feeds. The 
 'honoydew' has its source here, and is nothing more or less than the 
 secretions of some aphid. Wherever any of the nectar-bearing aphids 
 occur in large numbers, and sometimes even in small numbers, there are 
 many species of different insects congregated about, having been enticed 
 thither by the 'honey dew' upon which they are fond of feeding. Chief 
 among these 'camp followers' of plant-lice are a number of species 
 of ants, that live upon the fluid secreted from the 'honey tubes' of 
 the lice. So fond are these ants of this saccharine fluid that many 
 species of them are known to stand guard over their 'cows,' driving away 
 parasites and other insects where this is possible. Some of the different 
 kinds of ants even make the lice captives, carrying them down into their 
 nests, where they feed them so as to be able to milk them at their leisure." 
 
 Remedies.— Usually there is no need of making special war against 
 these tiny creatures, for they are held in check by natural enemies in the 
 shape of predaceous and parasitic insects. Climatic conditions, too, are 
 usually such as to prevent their greatest possible increase. Occasion- 
 ally, however, when all the conditions favoring their increase are present, 
 these natural checks fail to do their work, and it becomes necessary for us 
 to resort to artificial means to accomplish the desired end. When this is 
 the case, the use of kerosene emulsion, strong soap-suds, pyrethrum, 
 tobacco decoction, tobacco smoke, etc., all prove very effectual. All of 
 these remedies, natural and artificial, have been several times described 
 by me, as well as by nearly every other entomological writer in the 
 country, therefore will not be repeated here. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 59 
 
 Family PsYhhioM.— {Jumping Plant-lice.) 
 This family is made up of a number of small insects that remind one 
 
 not a little of the Seventeen- 
 year Locust or Cicada in their 
 form, if we examine the ima- 
 goes alone. They are called 
 "Jumping Plant-lice " orPsyl- 
 lids, in order to distinguish 
 them from other plant-lice. 
 They also feed entirely upon 
 the juices of plants, and many 
 of them form galls. Others 
 of them- live without these 
 protections, ''out of doors," 
 either upon the leaves or 
 twijjs, as do the aphids. The 
 hackberry seems to suffer 
 most from the attacks of these 
 jumping lice, at least ten spe- 
 cies having been found thus 
 far. Pigs. 99 and 100 will give 
 the reader some idea of the 
 appearance of these insects, 
 
 Fio. 99.-GaIl of Pachypsyihi c. mamma:' a, leaf with ^^ well as their mode of at- 
 Kalls from underHide— natural size; b, 8ection of tack. Like Other gall-form- 
 
 pall showinK cup-like depression, am 
 cavity; c. pupa— eularp;ed. — [After Kiley.] 
 
 ing insects, each species of 
 
 ^r^- 
 
 i-t-- 
 
 these psyllids forms a char- 
 acteristic gall and infests 
 some particular portion of the 
 infested plant. 
 
 The family MEMBRACiOiE 
 embraces a number of small 
 jumping bugs that usually re- 
 ceive the name of "Tree- 
 hoppers." Of these insects we 
 
 . , e J- L- 1. I^'<5- 100.— PaeZij'/Jsj//,-! c. mamma; imago— enlarged. 
 
 have a number of distinct — (After luiey.] 
 
 forms within the state of Nebraska ; and not a few of them are remarka- 
 ble on account of the peculiar and grotesque forms of their large pro- 
 notum. Our Buffalo Tree-hopper is a characteristic form that will at 
 once indicate to the reader what these insects are like. Some of the spe- 
 cies have their backs greatly humped, and others are provided with spines 
 and angles which render them very ferocious in appearance at least if not 
 in reality. In general they remind one of the Tettiginao among the Or- 
 thoptera. 
 
 Th6r family CiOADiD^ or "Harvest- flies," as they are sometimes called, 
 is well represented by the illustration numbered 101, where our common 
 large species in Nebraska is shown in different positions and sexes. 
 
60 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 These insects are interesting on account of their peculiar mode of life; 
 and because of the great length of time that is required for some^of the 
 species to complete their life-cycle. The Seventeen-year Cicada {Cicada 
 septendecim), as the name implies, requires^eventeen years for a single 
 generation; while the Thirteen-year species VCtcada tredecim) is thirteen 
 years in attaining its full growth. Some of our other species are also 
 evidently quite long in reaching maturity; but, as these latter do not ap- 
 pear in such overwhelming numbers as do those just mentioned, it is a 
 more difficult matter to trace their life- cycles. The female cicada is pro- 
 vided with a horny ovipositor with which her eggs are inserted in the 
 stems of various plants. These eggs soon hatch, and the young drop to 
 the ground where they burrow quite deeply and attach themselves to the 
 roots of various plants where they subsist upon sap and gradually in- 
 crease in size. When full-grown they come to the surface of the ground, 
 creep up the stems of plants, shed their skins, and appear as winged in- 
 sects ready to provide for a succeeding generation. 
 
 1 —Cicarla sp • a, nymph; 6, male; c, female; d, male abdomen from below; e, do, 
 female; /, front of head showing beak.— [Original H, G. Barber.] 
 
 The males of this family are provided with a musical apparatus (see 
 Pig. 101 at d 1) by means of which they are enabled to produce very loud 
 noises. Each species produces a characteristic "song" by which it can 
 be distiuguised from all others. When present in large numbers the 
 din produced by the host of males stridulating in unison is almost deafen- 
 ing. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 61 
 
 •a * 
 
 The family Fulqoridae, while very well represented in the state by a 
 number of rather small insects, is really more characteristic of the 
 tropics. No type form can be figured that would illustrate the group. 
 The Lantern-fly of Brazil and the Candle-flies of China and the Indian 
 Empire are among the interesting examples that belong to the family. 
 Some of these insects resemble those of the following family, others remind 
 one a little of butterflies and moths, while still others might be mistaken 
 for members of the orders Neuroptera and Trichoptera. The Fulgoridse 
 are vegetable feeders, but none of our species have thus far proved to be 
 especially injurious. Some of the tropical species are phosphorescent, 
 hence their na^aes. 
 
 The family Cercopidae is composed of jumping bugs which bear a 
 
 sort of general resemblance to the 
 members of the families Mem- 
 bracidaB and Jassidae; and, like 
 those insects, are sap-suckers. 
 Unlike them, though, the " Spittle- 
 insects," or "Frog-hoppers," as 
 they are sometimes called, are pro- 
 tected under a mass of froth 
 which the growing insects cover 
 themselves with while feeding. 
 This family is very well repre- 
 sented by the illustration at Fig. 
 102, the larva at a, the " spittle " at 
 Some of these insects often do considerable injury 
 
 .«^#-\^ 
 
 larva enlarsed, 
 adult enlarged. 
 
 Fio 102.— Spittle Insect: a 
 natural size of larva, c 
 [After Pu.ckard]. 
 
 b, and the imago at c. 
 
 to vegetation upon which they cluster and pump up the sap. 
 
 By far the largest family of these jumping bugs is that known to the 
 entomologist as Jassid^ ; and it contains a number of representatives 
 that are very destructive to different kinds of vegetation. Unlike the 
 Aphiddiae and Psyllidse which are pretty closely restricted in their food- 
 habits to particular plants, the Jassidae are more general feeders. 
 
 The form of the body in these insects "is commonly long and slender, 
 often spindle-shaped, with a large transverse prothorax not much wider 
 than the head. The front is generally an oblique, cross-ribbed, inflated 
 prominence, with the cheeks touching the anterior coxae, but rarely if 
 ever, restraining their movement. They have a rather large triangular 
 scutellum ; the wing-covers curve over the sides of the abdomen, appear 
 as tapering towards the tip, and the membrane is distinguished from the 
 more leathery corhini''' (Uhler). 
 
 These insects have received the popular name " Leaf-hoppers '' since 
 they are powerful jumpers and are most frequently found on leaves and ' 
 grasses. The family is subdivided into smaller groups by different 
 writers; but for our present purposes no subdivision need be made. 
 Several of these Leaf -hoppers are shown in the accompanying figures. 
 (See Figs. 103, 104, and 105.) 
 
62 
 
 A PKELIMlNAliY INTEODUCTION 
 
 Professor Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa, who has made a special 
 study of theso insects, says they are accountable for fully one-half of the 
 insect injury to meadows. As a remedy he suggests the use of a form of 
 
 O Fig, i03.— Diedrocephala mollipes—lAtteT O Fia. ^04r—Agalia Sic-C^Fia. W5-DeHocei>b- 
 Osborn]. eJ/"o7;a, enlarged — alusinimicus—lAt- 
 
 [Original]. ter 0.sborn]. 
 
 "hopper dozer '' similar to that described for fighting the various species 
 of destructive locusts and grasshoppers. The species that attack trees 
 and vines can be reduced in numbers by the use of kerosene emulsion. 
 
 ORDER X. COLEOFTERA.— {Beetles.) 
 
 The insects which comprise this order are, for the most part, very 
 well marked in their characters, and have always been the favorites with 
 young entomologists. They have also been studied more as perfect in- 
 sects than have any of the other orders, unless we except the Lepidop- 
 tora. Their compactness and hard bodies also render them more readily 
 cared for in collections than are those of other orders. If, however, we 
 should include the larval forms also in this cate ; )ry, we must acknowledge 
 that some of the oth r orders are better known than are the beetles. 
 This is due to the fact that their larval forms are more difficult to find 
 than are those of some of the other groups. There are upwards of 100,- 
 000 species of these insects described and now contained in the various 
 large collections of the world. 
 
 In writing of these insects Prof. A. S. Packard says :* "The most pro- 
 ductive places for the occurrence of beetles are alluvial loams covered 
 with woods, or with rank vegetation, where at the roots of plants or upon 
 their flowers, under leaves, logs, and stones, under the bark of decaying 
 trees, and in ditches, and by the banks of streams, the species occur in 
 the greatest numbers. Grass lands, mosses, and fungi, the surfaces of 
 trees and dead animals, bones, chips, pieces of board, and excrement, 
 should be searched diligently. Many are thrown ashore in sea- wrack, or 
 occur under the debris of freshets on river banks. Many Carabidas run 
 on sandy shores. Very early in spring stones can be upturned, ants' 
 
 •Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 427. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 63 
 
 iffests searched, and the muddy waters sifted for species not met with at 
 other times of the year." 
 
 Beetles have the front pair of win?s horny and of little or no use in 
 flight. These " wing-covers " or elytra, as they are called, cover the two 
 hind joints of the thorax, and the greater part of the abdomen. The 
 hind wings are membraneous and are tucked away under the front pair, 
 where they are protected. In their development these insects pass 
 through a complete metamorphosis, i. e., they have a quiet pupa stage. 
 The larvae, which are called " grubs,'' vary greatly in form, ranging from 
 the Thysanuriform larva as found in the Carabidae and several other 
 families, to that of the footless grubs of the snout beetles. A few of the 
 families of beetles possess both the active and inactive larval forms in 
 the same species during the different ages of these immature stages. In 
 the Meloidae and Stylopidae the larvae are at first provided with six legs 
 and are very active, but later they become footless and inactive. In their 
 general structure beetles are also just as variable as they are in size aud 
 food-habits. The characters that are used by systematists in the class- 
 ification of beetles are also numerous and variable. Some of these are 
 the form and relative position of the various mouth-parts, eyes, antennae, 
 prothorax, sterna, coxae, tibiae, etc. 
 
 Fig. 106.— Various forms of beetle antennaB: 1, filiform; 2, 3, serrate; 4, pectinate 
 or oomb-toothed; 5, capitate or knol)bed; 6, 7, 8, clavate or club-shaped- 
 9, 10. lamellate or pkated.— [After Le Comte.] 
 
 Some of the forms of beetle antennae are shown in the accompanying 
 illustration. (See Fig. 106.) 
 
 The family Cicindelid.e is composed of a number of 
 brightly colored active species that live for the most part on 
 the ground where they pursue and capture other insects of 
 various kinds upon which they feed. On account of their 
 bright colors and predaceous habits they have received the 
 name of "Tiger-beetles." Some of our tiger-beetles prefer to 
 make their homes upon mud flats, others choose hardly beaten 
 roads and paths, and still others frequent sandy localities. 
 The larvae of these beetles live in perpendicular burrows 
 which they construct for themselves. Like the mature 
 beetles these larvae are also predaceous, and lie in wait for- 
 their prey at the top of their burrows. These grubs or larv^ 
 are enabled to hang in their burrows by means of a pair of tubercles with 
 hooks that arise from the ninth segment of their bodies. The head of 
 
64 
 
 A PKELIMINAEY INTRODUCTION 
 
 these larvae is large and ungainly and is usually covered with dirt sb 
 as to resemble the surrounding earth and render 
 its presence vmobserved by the unsuspecting prey. 
 When disturbed these tiger-beetle larvae drop to 
 the bottom of their holes; and by this means we 
 are often surprised when walking along a mud 
 flat to suddenly see a number of round, clean-cut 
 holes appear, and then again just as suddenly dis- 
 appear as the insects come to the surface and 
 thrust their heads into the openings. While most 
 of our native tiger-beetles are ground dwellers, 
 there are many species in tropical countries that 
 live on the trunks of trees and among their 
 branches where they find their prey. 
 
 Immediately following the "Tiger-beetle" 
 family, and closely related to it, we have a second 
 group of these predaceous beetles. These are the 
 ones that are usually known as " Ground-beetles." 
 The family is a very extensive one since in -the 
 United States alone it contains upwards of 1,000 
 distinct species that have already been de- 
 scribed. Without exception these ground beetles 
 are predaceous or feeders upon such other 
 insects, snails, and crustaceans as they can capture and kill. The best 
 haunts for the beetles of the family Carabidae is th6 margins of streams, 
 among fallen leaves and other vegetation lying upon the ground, where 
 they can hide away during daytime. Like most other predaceous animals 
 these "ground-beetles" are chiefly nocturnal in their prowlings. The 
 larvae, as well as the imagoes of this family, are predaceous in their food- 
 habits. Several species of Carabidae are figured in the illustrations 
 
 Fio. 108.— The Bordered 
 Tiger beetle {Cicindpla 
 Jiwbatti,.) — [From In- 
 sect Life.] 
 
 fe® ill^ J^ 
 
 Fio. 109.— Larva of Gronnd beetle {Harpalaa pennsylvauicaa). 
 [After lliley]. 
 
 Fio. 110.— Qrotind beetle 
 ( Harpa las caVgiii osus). 
 —[After Kiley]. 
 
 numbered 100 to 103. A number of exceptions as to habits, at least, 
 might be mentioned here if the writer had the time and space for doing 
 this. The members of both this and the preceding family are, therefore, 
 of much interest economically. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 65 
 
 There are several species of water beetles found within the state that 
 are also of more or less importance on account of their food- habits. 
 Some of these latter play very important parts in the equalization of the 
 
 FiQ. 111.— The Fiery Calosoma 
 ( Calosoma calidum.)— [After 
 Kiley]. 
 
 Fia. 112. — Elons^ated Ground 
 Beetle ( Pasimacbns elonga- 
 «QS.)— [After Riley.] 
 
 Fio. 113.— Ground beetle. 
 —[After Riley]. 
 
 aquatic life of our lakes and streams. Examples of three families of 
 these water beetles are shown in the figures from 114 to 116. The first of 
 these (Pig. 114) is one of the Dztiscid^ or "Water-tigers," as these 
 beetles are called. The members of this family are readily distinguished 
 from the other water beetles by the antennae which are long and thread- 
 like. The second insect, which is shown in Fig. 115, is a representative of 
 
 Fig. \U.—DytiBcu8 marginalis: a, larva devourinc larva of Agrion; b, 
 pupa; c, male beetle. — [After Riley]. 
 
 the family Htdrophilid^. In this family we find the antennae short and 
 with a knob on the end. The larvae of this family aie carnivorous, but 
 the imagoes are vegetable feeders, living for the most part upon the 
 decaying vegetable matter found in water. The remaining figure shows 
 
66 
 
 A PRELIMINAEY INTEODUCTION 
 
 to the reader the insects that ordinarily are called " Whirligig beetle " or 
 "Lucky-bugs." They bear the family name Gyrinidjs. 
 
 Fig. 115. — Hydrophilus triangularis: a, larva; b, male beetle; c, pupa. — [Alter Riley]. 
 
 Many of these aquatic beetles aid greatly in reducing the number of 
 fishes in our waters by attacking and destroying 
 both the spawn and the young fishes before they are 
 able to care for themselves. They also do a little 
 good on the other hand by feeding upon the larval 
 forms of various gnats and mosquitoes. If we wish 
 to observe the nicety in which Nature works, we 
 need only to notice how admirably these creatures 
 are formed for the lives which they lead. 
 ^\^' The family Staphylinid^ is a very extensive 
 
 ' one indeed, and its representatives quite variable 
 
 Fio.116 -Grrin us: l.beetle: . .,.,,,,., , n i ■ i.u • 
 
 2,iarva.-[ArteiPackaiU] in their food-habits and consequently also m their 
 haunts. These insects which are known popularly as "Rove beetles" 
 are well illustrated by Fig. 117. The elytra of the Staphy- 
 linidae are short, and only cover one or two of the basal 
 segments of the abdomen. Under these short wing-covers 
 the membranous wings are tucked away in a manner some- 
 what similar to that adopted by the Dermaptera and de- 
 scribed on a preceding page. These insects have a peculiar 
 habit of carrying the tip of the abdomen elevated when 
 running about or even when resting. Several other small 
 families possess a similar habit in this re.spect. Since 
 many species of these rove-beetles feed upon decaying 
 vegetable and animal matter, as well as the droppings of 
 various animals, they are to be included among the scavengers belonging 
 to the class insecta. Others are found in the nests of ants, and still 
 others infest the different species of "toad-stools." 
 
 Several other families of beetles with abreviated elytra occur within 
 the state ; but as these latter are not especially destructive, neither bene- 
 
 Fio.117.— P/J/70D- 
 tliua apicalis — 
 [After Kiley]. 
 
_ PROPER, 
 
 ^ P. METCALF 
 
 TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 07 
 
 ficial, in their relations to man,they will be omitted from the present paper. 
 
 There are two families that systematists place immediately after the 
 
 water beetles which include minute forms that live as parasites upon the 
 
 bodies or within the nests of certain Rodents. One of these, the Beaver 
 
 parasite {Platypsyllus castoris), is 
 shown herev^^ith in Fig. 118 greatly 
 magnified. This insect lives upon 
 the animal among the fur just as 
 lice do. Its larvae are also found 
 in the same place ; but the pupa 
 stage and eggs have not, as yet, 
 been located. The insect, although 
 of no apparent importance eco- 
 nomically, is of much interest to 
 the working entomologist who de- 
 v\ sires to learn the relationship ex- 
 y> isting between the various insects 
 that occur about him. To find a 
 representative of an order like the 
 Coleoptera living the life of a Mal- 
 lophagous insect seems very diflB- 
 cult for the entomologist to account 
 for. 
 
 The "carrion-beetles," families 
 Fig. UB.-Piatypsyiius easfor/s.-cinsect Life.] SiLPHiDyE, and allies, as the Com- 
 mon name indicates, are devourers of decaying animal and vegetable 
 matter of various kinds. The large " Burying-beetles " that are so famil- 
 iar to most of us, have the habit of burying dead animals in which they 
 first lay their eggs. Later, when the eggs have hatched, the larvae feed 
 upon the food thus provided by their parents. These beetles are black 
 and red in color. Other representatives of the family are flattened beetles 
 of dull black and browish colors. 
 
 Several additional families of these carrion-infesting beetles occur in 
 almost every region of the earth. They are the Histerid^, or "Pill- 
 beetles," NiTiDULiD^, and Dermestid^. The Histerdiye also frequent 
 decaying vegetation and droppings of animals as well 
 as carrion. They are small, oval, hard-shelled beetles 
 with shining bodies. Some of them are bright green, 
 bronzy, black, or pitchy in color ; and a few of them 
 have blotches of red upon their wing-covers. The Nitid- 
 ulidae are usually found upon dry carrion; and are 
 small, flat-bodied beetles that are variously marked and 
 mottled with yellow, dull brown, and gray. A few of 
 them also infest decaying vegetable substances. One 
 of these latter is shown in Fig. 119. The third family, 
 Dermestidae, often attack various dried meats, skins, collections of insects, 
 etc., and make themselves generally detested by man. The insect figured 
 
 Fig. 119— 7pA- tascia- 
 tus, larva and bee- 
 tle enlarged —[Af- 
 ter Packard]. 
 
68 
 
 A PEELIMINAEY INTRODUCTION 
 
 at 120 is a common household pest where it enters pantries, kitchens, and 
 other places in which stores are kept. It is also quite a dreaded museum 
 pest that must be guarded against if we would preserve our specimens in- 
 tact. The name of this insect is Dermestes lar- 
 darius. Other species of the genus are seldom 
 found indoors but are very plentiful out of 
 doors where they can be found in early spring 
 upon carrion of different kinds. Other forms 
 are especially known as museum pests ; and 
 one is known as the " Buffalo-moth " of carpets. 
 It often gathers about the edges of carpets in 
 rooms that are kept dark and there does much 
 injury by eating the carpets full of holes. The 
 insect also infests different articles of woolen 
 clothing when stored for any great length of 
 Fio. 120— Derm estos lardarius: time. Sometimes the larvae and imagoes of 
 
 larva and beetle.— [After .,.,,, « n • ^ j_i ^^•, j 
 
 itiiey.] this beetle are found in feather pillows, and 
 
 when this is the case they soon reduce the entire contents into a pow- 
 dery mass. 
 
 The "Lady-bugs" or "Lady-birds," as the insects are called which en- 
 tomologists have grouped together under the family name Cocoinellid.e, 
 are none of them very large; neither are any of them among the smallest 
 representatives of the order Coleoptera. 
 These insects are oval in form and can 
 be very well represented by the nine- 
 spotted Lady-bird which is shown in ¥ig. 
 122, along with its larva at 121. The il- 
 lustrations are both much enlarged. 
 These insects are among our best friends, 
 since they occupy most of their time in 
 feeding on various kinds of plant-lice 
 and the eggs and young larvas of many 
 injurious insects, such as the Colorado 
 Potato-beetle and various other leaf feed- 
 ing beetles of the family Chrysomelidae. 
 Recent importations of several Australian Lady-birds have greatly re- 
 duced a scale-insect in California, where it had become a very dangerous 
 
 Fio. 121.— Larva 
 of Lady-bird. — 
 [Ater Smith.] 
 
 Fio. 122.— Coccin- 
 ella, 9-notata,. — 
 [After Smitli.] 
 
 The family CucujiD.a2 contains a number of rather small, brownish 
 bsetles that are very general feeders. Sometimes they become injurious 
 to stored grains, meal, and even to drugs and groceries of various sorts. 
 A. few of them are also known to be museum pests. Several of these in- 
 sects have been described by me as small grain pests. One of these 
 beetles is shown in Fig. ]23, 
 
TO THE STtJl)Y OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 69 
 
 The insects known as " Snapping-bugs," Click-beetles, etc., family 
 Elatebidj];, are very well represented by the illustration (Fig. 121) which 
 is intended for Melanotus communis, one of our com- 
 monest species in Nebraska. The larvae of these beetles 
 are known as " wire-worms," and are among the most 
 troublesome pests the farmer has to deal with. Some of 
 these wire-worms require several years in which to at- 
 tain their growth ; and others are phosphorescent, show- 
 ing as beautiful objects after night. One of our largest 
 beetles of this kind here in Nebraska is known as Al lus 
 oculatus, or the Eyed Snapping-beetle. It is gray and 
 black, with eye-like spots upon the prothorax. Its larvae 
 live in rotten wood. 
 Fia. 123.— snvanus Immediately following the " Snapping-beetles" we 
 
 surinameosis. — , j • /. •, ^ . , , 
 
 [uriginai.] have a very extensive family of insects known as the 
 
 BuPRESTiD.aE. These beetles bear a general 
 resemblance to the Elateridae ; but instead 
 of working in the ground the larvae of these 
 latter insects are borers, and work within 
 the stems and trunks of trees and various 
 other plants. Their larvae have the tho- 
 racic joints greatly enlarged and somewhat 
 flattened so as to give the front end of the body 
 a flattened appearance. It is this feature that 
 has given them the name of Flat-headed borers 
 in distinction to the larvae of the Cerambycidae 
 which are sometimes called " round-headed " 
 borers. These Buprestidae are very destructive 
 to various kinds of fruit, shade, ornamental, 
 and forest trees in the trunks, limbs, and twigs fig. 124.— The Common Snap- 
 of which they bore. The beetles are all more PJ^SiS' J \a^a; t" beetle: 
 or less metallic in color, have hard, flattened —[Original] 
 bodies with very short antennse, and their legs are rather short and 
 folded close to the body. While some of the species naturally select 
 strong, healthy trees upon which to work, most of them attack those 
 that have been injured in some way or other. A few of the species 
 are confined in their attacks to certain kinds of trees and shrubs, but 
 others of them are quite general in their selection of their host-plants. 
 The Buprestidae have been treated in a general way in several of my 
 annual reports to the State Horticultural Society, where remedies for 
 their suppression have also been suggested. 
 
 The Fire-flies or Lampyrid.e are represented by the illustration given 
 herewith. (See Fig. 125.) Most of the beetles bear a rather strong re- 
 semblance to the Elateridae, but are soft-bodied instead of hard as in 
 the snapping-beetles. The larvae of this family are also soft-bodied, and 
 
70 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 instead of being vegetable feeders are predaceous in their food habits. 
 In some forms the larvae are phosphorescent, and in others the per- 
 fect insects possess this chacteristic. A few of the species are wingless 
 during their entire lives. The insect which is figured is known as Photi- 
 nus pyralis, and the food of the larva is said to be earth-worms and soft- 
 bodied insects. Another insect that belongs in this family is a very com- 
 mon one here in Nebraska, 
 and occurs in late summer 
 and during fall upon the 
 blossoms of various plants. 
 It is the slender ochraceous 
 beetle with an oblong black 
 patch upon each elytron that 
 we so often see in numbers in 
 
 Fin.l25.—Pliotinu8 pyralis: a, larva; ft, pupa; c. SUCh localities as those men- 
 beetIe.-[After Riley.] ^.^^^^ ^^^^^ j^^ j^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 something like the one figured, but a trifle more robust, of a dirty brown 
 color, and has the entire upper surface covered with a soft velvety bloom. 
 
 There are several other families of beetles that are closely related to 
 the LampyridsB, in food habits at least, that follow closely. The Mala- 
 CHiD^ are all small species and may be found upon various plants which 
 they frequent for the sake of obtaining food. This food consists of vari- 
 ous small insects, mites, etc. The Clerid^ also have carnivorous habits, 
 some of the species living in the nests of bees, and others making their 
 home under bark of dead trees, where they feed u^pon the larvae of bor- 
 ing beetles. The members of both families are rather bright in color. 
 
 The large " Stag-beetles " or " Pinch-bugs " that most of us as boys 
 played with, belong to the family Lucanid.e. The larvae of these large 
 beetles which closely resemble those of the next family that are some- 
 times called " Grub- worms " and " White Grubs " live in decaying logs 
 and stumps where they work between the wood and bark. They are very 
 likely several years in attaining their growth. The members of this 
 family can be readily recognized by the form of the antennae which is a 
 little like that of the next family and like the illustration numbered 9 in 
 Fig. 106. The club or head is less compact than that of the members of 
 the family Scarabaeidae. No illustration of the family is given. 
 
 Perhaps the family Soarab^eid^ is the most interesting one in the 
 order Coleoptera, since it contains so many giants among the forms that 
 are classed here. Its representatives also include forms of very varied 
 food-habits. It is a group that is easily limited notwithstanding that 
 some of its representatives are less than one-tenth of an inch in length 
 and others fully six inches long and one-third as wide. The attennae have 
 the club composed of thin, plate-like joints as shown at 10 in Fig. 106. 
 The family contains many odd looking creatures in which the head and 
 pronbtum are provided with horns and spine-like projections that render 
 them formidable in appearance if not in reality. The true home of these 
 insects is the tropics, but even here in Nebraska many of them are 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 71 
 
 to be fouud. A few of the beetles that belong to the family and that are 
 familiar to most of us are such as the " May-beetles," the " Rose-chafer," 
 
 the " Rhinoceros beetle," 
 "Tumble bugs," and the 
 •' Goldsmith beetle." Some of 
 the manure-infesting beetles 
 of this family are beautiful 
 in color, being bright green 
 varied with various shades of 
 red and yellow bronze. Some 
 of the leaf-feeding forms also 
 possess beautiful hues of 
 green, yellow, brown, and 
 red. A rather large per cent 
 of these insects are carrion 
 eaters, while others are 
 known to live a sort of para- 
 sitic life in the nests of vari- 
 ous ants. Some of these ant- 
 
 FiG. 12i. -/vy.Jwo/.i imiiLt.Ua: a, larva; 6, pnpn; c, . , ,, 
 
 imaRo.-[Aftor iijiey]. nest dwellers as perfect 
 
 insects have their mouth-parts protected by a sort of shield-like piece 
 that fits in the mouth like an oval lid. One of the leaf-feeding species (PeZ- 
 idnota punctata), and also a coprophagous form are shown herewith. 
 The former is represented by 
 Fig. 126, while the latter 
 {Copris Carolina) is shown at 
 127. This latter insect is 
 known popularly as a "tum- 
 ble-bug " because of its habit 
 of forming pellets of dung 
 in which it lays its eggs and 
 afterwards rolls them about 
 until a hard shell is formed 
 on their outside and then 
 buries them in the ground. 
 The egg soon hatches, the 
 grub feeds upon the food 
 that has been supplied, grows 
 rapidly, and soon changes to 
 the pupa stage within the 
 hard outer shell of the ball 
 that now furnishes a com- 
 pact cell that protects it 
 
 until mature. When it has Fig. 127.— Copris caro/yna; a. larva; h, a section of excre 
 ., , , IT 1.1. mentltioua ball; c, pupa; d, female beetle.— [A ftei 
 
 thoroughly hardened, the Kiiey]. 
 
 young beetle eats its way out of the cell and burrows to the surface of 
 
 the ground and soon begins life by rolling balls for itself.. Some kinds 
 
72 
 
 A PKELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 of these beetles do not roll the food supply intended for their young into 
 pellets, but burrow into the ground and pack the substance, among which 
 eggs are laid, away in gallaries. The larva of Pelidnota punctata, which 
 is shown in Pig. 126, have been taken by me from rotten apple tree 
 stumps; and the beetles reported as doing considerable injury to the 
 foliage of grape-vines. A couple other beetles that belong to this family 
 have been described in my various reports to the Horticultural and Agri- 
 cultural societies of the state, where the reader is referred for a presenta- 
 tion of their life-histories, etc. 
 
 Fio. 128.— Work of Hickory Borer, showing: longitudinal and cross section of stick 
 with burrows. One-half natural size,— [After Osborn, in Garden and ForeBt.\ 
 
 Among the insects that are considered very injurious are the long- 
 horned boring beetles (family Cerambyoid^). These insects are known 
 as the " round-headed " borers in distinction to those of the family Bu- 
 prestidae which are called the "flat-headed borers." While most of the 
 representitives of the other family attack trees that have become injured 
 in some way and have their vitality lessened, the Cerambycidae on the 
 
 other hand, mostly attack 
 healthy trees and often 
 kill them outright in a 
 short time. Several of 
 these insects have been 
 described in reports al- 
 ready referred to in pre- 
 ^^ ceding pages of this paper. 
 
 Jq? 3 ^^ C^ ^ The reader will find the 
 
 „ ,„. „^. rr- , ^ . description of these in- 
 
 FiG, 129. — Cbion cinctus, Hickorv Borer: a, epgs; c, larva; 
 d, pupa; e, imago.— [After OsboVn iu Garden and Forest.] sects recorded there. A 
 
 few of these insects are quite general in their attacks, but most of them 
 are confined to certain trees. Some of the borers become full-grown in a 
 single year, but others require several years in which to attain their 
 growth. The members of one genus of these beetles have been know to 
 live as larvae for a dozen or more years. Some idea of the destructiveness 
 
to THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 78 
 
 of these insects can be had by a reference to the accompanying cut (Fig. 
 128) illustrating the work of the Banded Hickory borer [Chion cinctus.) 
 The beetle is also shown at Fig. 129. This is one of the species that 
 works in wood that has been killed. Since it is a typical insect and very 
 common wherever the hickory grows, I will therefore give the following 
 brief mention of it here: 
 
 "Hickory wood, one or two years after cutting, is often badly infested 
 with a borer that may so riddle it as to reduce its value even for fire wood, 
 and render it entirely worthless for any purpose of manufacture. One 
 of the most common of the borers infesting it is the one here mentioned, 
 and the cuts will give an idea of its character and the appearance of its 
 work. The beetles issue in May and the eggs are deposited soon after, 
 and it is evident that they select cut timber rather than standing trees. 
 The larvae work into the wood and before becoming full grown penetrate 
 the hardest heart-wood. They probably require two or three years to 
 complete their growth, and some instances are recorded of the adults 
 issuing from wood years after it had been made into articles of furniture, 
 showing that growth may be retarded so as to carry the length to a 
 number of years. 
 
 "For firewood it is sufficient to see that the wood is used the first year 
 after cutting, but for timber to be used in manufacturing implements or 
 tools some method of protection during June and July of the first season 
 after cutting must be resorted to. Storing in sheds, the openings of 
 which are protected with wire screen, would be effectual. Stripping the 
 bark is considered by many as a preventive, and as it doubtless hastens 
 the drying of the outer portions of the wood and avoids the presence of 
 any sap as an attraction, it would seem to be based on good grounds. 
 Probably cutting the timber in late summer or autumn so as to allow 
 pretty thorough drying before the time of appearance of the beetles the 
 following year would also be an advantage." — ^Osborn.) 
 
 Fio. 130.— The Hackberry GrapMsnnjs: a. larva; ft. pupa; c, female beetle— all 
 enlargi'd. — [After Riley.] 
 
 Another of these long-horn borers is shown herewith in Fig. 130. 
 
74 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 The family of "Leaf-beetles, Chrysomelid.e, contains a large number 
 of quite destructive insects. They are all rather small, roundish, or ob- 
 long, bright green, yellowish, brown, black, and metallic blue, beetles 
 
 Fig. 131. — Cbrysomela multipunc- 
 tatu, beetle and larva — Slightly 
 enlarged.— [Original.] 
 
 Fig. 132.— The Spotted Cottonwood 
 Beetle {Lina Lapponica) showing 
 variation in the markings. — 
 [Original.] 
 
 Fig. 133.— The 
 F i V e-1 i n e d 
 Flea-beetle, 
 Slightly en- 
 larged. — 
 [Original.] 
 
 Jh rJn,f» r ?°'^^^-S''''f "^ (Cbalmys plhBta): 1. egg: 2. larva; 3. larva Jn case; 4 
 and 5 pupa, front and side views; 6 and 7. the beetle, seen from above and the side-all 
 greatly enlarged; 8. sycamore leaf, showing two cases and work of larvffi.-[After G L 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 75 
 
 that are variously mottled and striped in their coloration. They feed 
 upon vegetation exclusively, both as larvae and mature insects. f:'ome 
 examples of the family are the Colorado potaio-bestle, the Cucumber 
 flea-beetle, and the Grape-vine Colaspis. A few of these insects are shown 
 in the illustrations from Figs. 131 to 138. 
 
 Fig. 136. — Colaspia 
 brunnea. — [Copied 
 after lliley.] 
 
 Fio. 137.— Grape-viT.e Tien 
 beetle, beetle and larva.- 
 [After Comstonk.] 
 
 Fio. 135.— The Penn- 
 sylvania Flea-beetle, 
 eligrhtly enlarged. — 
 [OriKinal.] 
 
 The family Bruohid.e contains a number of* rather small insects that 
 make their homes in the seeds of various plants, and especially in those 
 of the Leguminos3B or pulse family. The Bean and Pea-weevils are ex- 
 amples of this family that all of us are familiar with. No figures of these 
 insects are given simply because we do 
 not happen to have them on hand. 
 
 The family Tenebrion'd^ is also a 
 very extensive one and contains a great 
 many variations as to habits among its 
 members. Some are plant-eaters and 
 attack growing herbs of different kinds. 
 Others live under bark of dead trees, 
 and still others infest houses where they 
 ■meal" beetles belong here, as do also the 
 often see running along roads and paths 
 
 Fio. 
 
 Cassidn bivittata,; 2, larva; 
 3, pupa; 4, imago,— [Aftep Kiley.] 
 
 feed on meal and grains. The 
 large black beetles that we sc 
 
 during late summer and early fall. These latter insects can be recog- 
 nized from the habit they have of standing upon 
 their heads and elevating their tails into the air 
 when disturbed. They belong to the genera Ele- 
 odes and Asida. Another one of these beetles 
 that is interesting on account of its peculiar 
 form, frequently occurs in cellars and other dark, 
 damp places. This peculiarity consists of a rather 
 high, wall-like ridge which borders its pronotum 
 and wing-covers. Its scientific name is Eviba- 
 phion muricatum. 
 
 The insects that are popularly known as 
 "Blister-beetles" are members of the family 
 
 Fin. 13!).— American Meal- 
 worm; a, larva: ft, pupa; 
 c, beetle.— [After Riley.] 
 
76 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 Meloid^. These insects have various food-habits, and are interesting 
 from different standpoints to the entomologist. 
 
 These blister-beetles are among our most interesting forms of insect 
 
 Fig. 140 — The One-colored Fio. 141.— The Spotted Fio. 142.— The Striped 
 
 Blister-beetle (.Vatrofiasis Blister-beetle (i57picau«a Blister-beetle (Epicau- 
 
 uflJco;o7-.)— [Original.] njacn7afa.— [OriRinal.] ta Wtfa/a.— [OriKinal.] 
 
 life, both as regards their life-histories and their economic importance ; 
 and it is quite difficult for us to decide whether their existence is really 
 more of a benefit than a detriment to us, or vice versa. They appear 
 during the months of June and July, and are both diurnal and nocturnal 
 in their habits. Prof. C. V. Riley, who has been our most energetic 
 American entomologist in working out the life-history of insects of eco- 
 nomic importance, published an account of the life-histories of several 
 species of the genus Epicauta on pages 297 to 302 of the First Report of 
 the United States Entomological Commission. In that work he shows 
 how the eggs are laid, hatched, and the young larvaB, which at first are 
 very active, search for locust or grasshopper eggs upon which they feed. 
 The life-history of these little triungulins, as they are called, is an inter- 
 esting one as portrayed by that author, but not more so than are the suc- 
 ceeding stages through which the same insect must pass before it can 
 issue into the world as a full-grown blister-beetle. Were it not for the 
 lack of space I would quote the author's paper entire. Those who would 
 like to read the account for information can do so by referring to the 
 above named report. 
 
 As a rule, these blister-beetles are gregarious in their habits, and feed 
 in company— sometimes by the thousands. When they gather upon any 
 particular plant or plants they are not long in finishing such portions of 
 it as they can devour. Juicy plants are special favorites of theirs at 
 times, while at other times these are passed by and they seem to prefer 
 just the opposite qualities in their food-plants. Just as they are in their 
 comings and goings, so they are in the selection of what they subsist 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 77 
 
 upon as mature insects. They come and go mysteriously, sometimes 
 only as a few stragglers, but more frequently in large swarms. One year 
 they prefer one food-plant, and another year another; so that they will 
 include most of our common plants in their bill of fare inside of a dozen 
 years. 
 
 The family contains a number of other forms, some of which are par- 
 asitic in bees' nests and others that we are ignorant as to where the 
 preparatory stages are passed. The name " Oil-beetles " which is fre- 
 quently bestowed upon members of the group, is derived from the 
 
 Fio. liS.—Tjloderma fragarix: a.larva; b, beetle aide view; 
 c, same from above.— [After Riley]. 
 
 Fio. 144. — Plum gonger; a.pnnc- 
 ture in fruit.— [Original.] 
 
 Fig. MQ.-Sphenopborna 
 imago.- [Insect Life.] 
 
 ocbreus: larva and 
 
 Fig. 145.— c Calandra oryzse: a, larva; 
 pupa; c.Calandra granaria—aW enlarged 
 —[After Packard.] 
 
 peculiar habit that most of them have of excreting an oil-like fluid from 
 the knee joints, sometimes in large quantities. This oil frequently pro- 
 duces a blister when it comes in contact with the bare skin. It is this 
 feature in the beetles that has brought the "Spanish-fly" into medicinal 
 
 A number of families of the Coleoptera have been grouped under the 
 name of Rhyncophora and placed at the top of the order. These insects 
 
78 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 are to be distinguished from the other beetles by their bealc-like pro- 
 longation of the mouth parts. Under the group several well defined 
 families are recognizable. Some of these are the Rhtnchitid^ with the 
 red Rose-weevil as a type; the Otiobhtnohid^ with the Imbricated Snout 
 
 Fio. 147.— Hellgraraite P'ly: 3, larva; ft, pupa; c, male imago; rf, head of female.— [Redrawn 
 for Uiley.] 
 
 beetle as a type; the Cubculionid^ with the Plum Curculio and Gouger 
 as types; the Calandrid.e with the Grain and Rice weevils and the "Bill- 
 bugs" as types; and the Scolytid^ with the Bark-beetles as types. Some 
 of these insects are shown in the illustrations from 143 to 146. Others 
 are described and figured in my various reports made to the state socie- 
 tias of Horticulture and Agriculture. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 79 
 
 ORDER XL NEVROFTERA.— {Nerve-winged Insects) 
 
 This order as now limited by most systematic writers is composed 
 of comparatively few species. These are distinguished from the other in- 
 ^ ects which are usually classed here by having the larvas active, the pupa 
 quiescent, and the imago provided with two pairs of rather large many- 
 veined wings. A good type of the order is shown herewith in Pig. 147. 
 It is shown life size as larva, pupa, and imago. The mouth parts of this 
 insect, which is called Conjdalis cornutus, are well developed for seizing 
 and killing its prey which consists of other insects and even fishes of 
 small size. The larvae live in swift running streams where they hide 
 under stones and other objects that afford shelter to them. As will be 
 seen by reference to the illustration, this larva is provided with gill-like 
 appendages for extracting air from the water. When full grown, which 
 requires nearly three years' time, these larvae leave the water and crawl 
 upon the bank where they construct earthern cocoons and transform to 
 the pupa state (See Fig. 147, 6), and in about ten days to two weeks later 
 to the perfect insect. The two sexes of the Hellgramite Fly, as the in- 
 sect is called, are quite different. The male has its mandibles changed 
 into the form of strong, curved horns, while in the female they remain 
 normal. 
 
 A number of others of these large, aquatic Neuroptera are to be met with 
 in different parts of the country. In some localities they are quite numer- 
 ous and are used by anglers as bait for trout and other fish. In Colorado 
 and on the Pacific slope are found some very peculiar appearing repre- 
 sentatives of this same family (Sialid^) of Neuropterous insects. They 
 have the prothorax long and cylindrical, the head broad and quite large, 
 and the female is provided with a long curved ovipositor. These in- 
 sects are much smaller than the one figured above, and the larvae are 
 said to live under bark of trees instead of in the water. This assertion 
 however, may be a mistake since the insects are far too common to per- 
 mit of such a habit in their larvae. 
 
 The "Mealy-winged" Neuroptera (CoMOPTEEYGiDiE) are all rather 
 small creatures, the larva? of which are supposed to feed upon plant-lice. 
 The imagoes are fairly common during the months of June and July 
 when they can be collected by beating the foliage of trees of various 
 kinds. 
 
 In the family (Hemerobiinid^) are several divisions of the larval hab- 
 its which differ much although they are probably carnivorous. Some of 
 them live in the water while others live upon land and make a business 
 of eating plant-lice. We have no illustration of any of these insects to 
 present here for the reader's inspection. One form of these insects is 
 known by the popular name " Shad-fly." 
 
 Probably one of the most characteristic as well as common forms of 
 the Neuroptera is shown in Fig. 148. It is known as "Laeewing" or 
 
80 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 "Aphis-lion.'" There are quite a large number of these lace-wings to be 
 found in this country. Professor Comstock has the following to say of 
 these insects in his introduction to Entomology, pa.?e 225: " The lace- 
 winged flies are very 
 common insects through- 
 out the summer months 
 upon herbage and the foli- 
 age of trees. They are 
 usually a light green or 
 yellowish. While alive 
 
 Fio. 148.— Lace-wing: a, egga on leaf; b, larva; c, d, mature ... i • ui. 
 
 insect.— [After Riley.] their eyes are very bright; 
 
 and on this account they have also received the popular name of Golden- 
 eyed Flies. Some species, when handled, emit a very disagreable odor. A 
 remarkable fact in the history of these insects is the way in which the fe- 
 male cares for her eggs. When about to lay an egg she emits from the 
 end of her body a minute drop of a tenacious substance; this is drawn out 
 into a slender thread by lifting the abdomen; then an egg is placed on the 
 summit of this thread. The thread dries at once and firmly holds the 
 egg in mid air. These threads are usually .4 to .6 of an inch in length, 
 and occur singly or in groups. It is probable that this placing of the eggs 
 on stalks protects them from the ravages of predaceous insects, includ- 
 ing the Aphis-lions themselves. When the young Aphis-lion hatches it 
 crawls down the thread that held the egg up, and starts in quest of some 
 small insect or egg which it can feed upon. While doing so it may 
 wander through a forest of egg-stalks, not observing the eggs far above it. 
 The larvae are spindle-form, and have long, sickle-shaped mandibles. 
 They feed chiefly on plant-lice, but will eat such other insects as they can 
 overcame. The cocoon in which the pupa state is passed is spherical, and 
 composed of dense layers of silk. In order to emerge the insect cuts a 
 circular lid from one side of the cocoon." 
 
 The " Ant-lions " comprise another family of the Neuroptera, viz., 
 Mykmeleonid^. These are also very interesting creatures for study. As 
 will be seen by a reference to the figure (No. 149) it will be seen that the 
 imago bears some re- 
 semblance to this stage 
 of the Odonata ; but of 
 course this resemblance 
 is only accidental, as 
 will be seen by a closer 
 examination of the fig- 
 ures or of specimens of 
 
 the insects themselves. F>»- 149.— Ant-llon and larva.— [After Packard.] 
 
 More than twenty-five of these insects have been described from North 
 America. The larvae bear a general resemblance in their appearance to 
 those of the "Lace-wings" and allied groups; but their habits differ 
 greatly from those of the larvae of groups referred to. These " Ant-lion " 
 larvae live in sandy places where they burrow into the loose sand an4 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 81 
 
 construct pits for themselves by digging away the sand until the least 
 disturbance will cause the loose particles to roll to the bottom. When a 
 wandering ant chances to step over the brink of this pit some particles 
 give way and roll to the bottom, notifying the hidden proprietor of the 
 approach of prey. A vigorous digging on the part of the ant-lion now 
 draws down sand and the ant into the jaws of the enemy. When these 
 Ant-lions are ready to transform they spin for themselves spherical 
 cocoons, which are composed of sand and silk. A very interesting ob- 
 ject lesson can be had by securing some of these Ant-lions and placing 
 them in a shallow dish of sand. 
 
 The last of the representatives of the order Neuroptera that will be 
 mentioned here is the one shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 
 150.) This insect, as will at once be seen, resembles the MantidaD among 
 
 Fio. 150.— i»/aDt;spa.— [After Packard.] Fig. 151.— Larva of AfanWspa.— [After Packard.] 
 
 the Orthoptera. Like them it is also predacious in food-habits, using 
 its front pair of legs for grasping and holding its food. Aside from this 
 resemblance in the front legs aud the prothorax the other structure is 
 distinctly neuropteroid. The larvse are more or less "grub-like " (see Fig. 
 151) during part of their existence. The life-history of Mantispa has 
 been studied by Brauer, who obtained eggs from a female kept in a breed- 
 ing cage. "These eggs were rose-red in color and fastened upon stalks 
 like the eggs of Chrysopa. The eggs were laid in July, and the larvae 
 emerge twenty-one days later. The young larvae are very agile creatures, 
 with a long, slender body, well developed legs, and long, slender antennas. 
 They pass the winter without food. In the spring they find their way 
 into the egg-sacks of the above named spiders (Lycosa). Here they feed 
 upon the young spiders, and the body becomes proportionately thicker. 
 Later the larva molts and undergoes a remarkable change in form, be- 
 coming what is known as the second larva. In this stage the body is 
 much swollen, resembling in form the larva of a bee. The legs are much 
 
8'2 
 
 A PKELlMINAliY INTKODUCTION 
 
 reduced in size, the antennae are short, and the head is very small. When 
 fully grown this larva measures three to four inches in length. It then 
 spins a cocoon and changes to a pupa within the skin of the larva. Later 
 the laival skin is cast; and, finally, after being in the cocoon about a 
 month, the pupa becomes active, pierces the cocoon and the egg-sack, 
 crawls about for a time, and then changes to the adult state." 
 
 ORDER XII. MKCOPTERA.—iScorpion Flies.) 
 The illustration presented herewith represents the small order of 
 insects that has been separated from the old Neuroptera under the name 
 of Mecoptera. These insects are known by the popular name of " Scor- 
 pion-flies." They can be described as bearing some resemblance to the 
 " Daddy Long Legs " among the Diptera, only that they are provided with 
 four instead of two wings. They have both pairs of wings similar, long 
 and narrow, and provided with rather many longitudinal and a few cross- 
 veins. The prothorax is small; 
 the middle and hind wingg 
 are much larger and bear the 
 wings. The abdomen is rather 
 long and slender, with the last 
 joint enlarged and bearing at 
 the extremity a clasping ar- 
 rangement in the male of 
 Panorpa whence the name of 
 " Scorpion-fly." The terminal 
 segments of the female body 
 are small and tapering, and 
 bear a pair of short, thread- 
 like organs. The insect which 
 is shown in the figure belongs 
 to the genus Bittacus, and has 
 Fio. i52.-iJ,ttar«s.-[Originai.] ^^^ abdomen the same shape 
 
 in both sexes. It is the representatives of this last named genus that 
 most resemble the "daddy long legs." 
 
 The mouth-parts of these insects are arranged for biting, but are at 
 the end of a kind of beak not unlike that to be seen in the " weevils " or 
 snout beetles. A number of other characters might be mentioned as 
 belonging to these insects. 
 
 "The larvae * * are caterpillar-like, with the bead small, the feet 
 short and small, and there are eight abdominal feet. * * The 
 metamorphoses are complete, the pupa being somewhat like those of the 
 lowest moths, the limbs being free." — (Packard). 
 
 There is but little said in our American books about the food-habits of 
 the different members of the order. It is supposed, however, that the 
 imagoes at least are predaceous, feeding u^pon other insects which they 
 capture. Of the larval food not so much is known. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 83 
 
 Some of the species of the genus Boreus are found upon the snow in 
 midwinter. 
 
 ORDER XIII TRlCnOFTBRk.— {Hairy-winged Insects-Caddis flies.) 
 The members of this rather small order are very interesting insects 
 because of the habits of the larvae. These latter live in the water, and 
 are both vegetable and animal feeders. They construct cases of different 
 kinds and forms, each species making a particular pattern. In fact, 
 
 Fig. 153.— Caddis Fly: a. case; b, larva; c. pupa.— [a, 6, d. after Packard; c, after Hyatt 
 and Arms.] 
 
 the cases are sufficiently permanent in form with these insects to per- 
 mit of their being used as a means for classifying the larval forms. 
 
 The Caddis Flies, as the perfect insects are called, resemble some of 
 the moths in their general appearance. They have the wings provided 
 with but few cross-veins, and more or less thickly covered with hairs, 
 hence the name " Trichoptera " which signifies " hair- wings," The head 
 is small, with widely separated eyes; the three thoracic rings are distinct, 
 the meso-thorax being largest in conformity with the greatest use of the 
 front wings in flight. The mouth-parts, although of the biting type, are 
 small and weak, the insects probably taking but little, if any, food in this 
 stage. It has been observed that some of the more delicate white forms 
 found here in Nebraska show indications of having their abdomen more 
 or less filled with green vegetable matter. The antennae are very long 
 and thread-like. 
 
 The larvae of these Caddis-flies, as stated above, are aquatic, and con- 
 struct cases of bits of sticks, hollow grass, and weed-stems, grains of 
 coarse sand and small gravel, in which they live. These cases are either 
 fastened to some object or are carried or dragged about by their occu- 
 pants over the bottoms of quiet pools and even rapid-running streams. 
 The larvae are distantly caterpillar-like in their appearance, but, as will 
 be seen by reference to the illustration (Fig. 153, b) have rather long legs 
 all of which are directed forwards. The anal or tail end is provided with 
 a pair of strong, jointed pro-legs which are used by the insect in retain- 
 ing a hold upon the case in which it lives. These larvae are provided 
 along their sides with gill-like tufts of hair or filaments for extractino 
 
84 
 
 A rilELIMINAEY INTliODUCTION 
 
 the necessary oxygen from the water. Various devices are resorted to 
 by different species of Caddis fly larva9 in the construction of their cases 
 and for the securing of tlieir food. In some instances much intelligence 
 seems to be displayed by them. Hyatt and Arms, in their little book, 
 'Insecta," describe and figure one species that occurs in streams about 
 Boston, Massachusetts. They say of it that "One of these makes appar- 
 ently a tunnel and attaches it to a stone. The insect, however, econo- 
 mizes material by allowing the stone to serve as the lower part of the 
 tunnel. Close to the opening, which is towards the current, the larva 
 erects a vertical frame-work and across it stretches a net. The food 
 brought down by the current is caught in the meshes of the net, and the 
 insect, without wholly leaving the protection of its house, is able to en- 
 joy the meal its ingenuity has secured." When ready to transform to 
 the pupa stage, these larvae close the end of the case and sometimes spin 
 a light cocoon of silk. The pupa stage of Caddis flies resembles that of 
 the moths, only the limbs are always free, while in the moths they are 
 not. 
 
 155.— Fanessa ant/opa.— [After J. G, Wood.] 
 
 Fig. 156.— a, larva, and b, 
 
 pupa of Vanessa aatiopa, 
 —[a after Scudder; b, af- 
 ter Harris.] 
 
 and Moths. — Scale- 
 
 ORDER XIV. LEPIDOPTERA.— (BM«er^z 
 
 winged Insects.) 
 The members of this order can readily be separated from all other in- 
 sects by means of their scale-covered wings and bodies, the peculiar de- 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 85 
 
 velopment of the mouth parts, and the form and transformations of their 
 larvae. The group is almost without exception plant-feeding, and its 
 members are therefore to be classed as injurious. 
 
 These insects on account or their attractive colors and the compara- 
 tive ease with which their larvaB can be reared in confinement have been 
 studied more than those of any other order. Their life period, too, is com- 
 
 Fio. 157.— Hackberry Butterfly.— [After Riley] Fipr. i5S.—Tbecl,i calanus.- 
 
 [After Scudder.] 
 
 paratively short in the majority of cases; which, in addition to their above- 
 ground habits, also adds to the ease with which they can be studied. A 
 few of the forms are to be considered of commercial value; as for exam- 
 ple, the silk-worms. A very few also destroy scale insects and plant-lice, 
 and for this reason must be admitted among beneficial insects. Aside 
 from these few exceptions we are compelled to look upon the Lepidoptera 
 as enemies, notwithstanding their beautiful colors and graceful forms as 
 imagoes. 
 
 The order is readily separable into two well-defined groups know as 
 
 -PierlB rapae: a, larva; 
 -[Riley]. 
 
 b, chrysalis. 
 
 female.— [After 
 
 Rhopalocera and Heteeooera. The former includes those forms known 
 popularly as " moths " and the latter those which have received the name 
 " butterflies." 
 
86 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 The metamorphosis in these insects is complete, i. e., the larvae or 
 caterpillars are active, the pupae or chrysalids inactive, and the changes 
 between the different stages great. The caterpillars vary much among 
 themselves in appearances. Some are smooth, others tuberculated and 
 covered with hairs and spines. Some feed in colonies, other are solitary. 
 Many of them feed openly upon the foliage, while some draw leaves to- 
 gether and in that manner protect themselves to a certain extent from 
 enemies. When mature, the devices adopted by lepidopterous larvae pre- 
 paratory to pupating are also variable. Some spin cocoons of silk, some 
 enter the earth and construct neat cells for themselves, and still others 
 make the change in the open air without any protection whatsoever. 
 
 In the selection of food-plants for their larvae the parent insects also 
 exhibit various degrees of intelligence. Some butterflies select their 
 host plants unerringly, and in doing this the future life of their progeny 
 is assured, so far at least as their food supply is concerned. Others drop 
 their eggs upon the ground and trust to the larvae for finding their food. 
 
 -Coliaa enrvtbeme, male, both surfaces.- 
 [After Scudder.] 
 
 Fig. 102. — Colias eurytheme, fe- 
 male.— [After Scndder.] 
 
 The Lepidoptera probably suffer from the attacks of parasites more 
 than any other group of insects. They are attacked both in the Qgg state 
 and as larvae by a host of Hymenoptera, and as larvae by Diptera. For 
 this reason these insects seldom become excessively numerous. One or 
 two exceptions are the plagues of "army- worms" and ■"web-worms." 
 
 Fio. 163 — Anthocbaria genutia.—\_Klter I 
 der.] 
 
 Fio. 1G4.— Hcsperia montirag'a.— [After 
 Scudder.] 
 
 HYiOVKLiOGERk.— {Butterflies.) 
 
 The "Butterflies" or day -flying Lepidoptera can be readily distin- 
 guished from the "Moths" or night-fliers by several well-marked charac- 
 teristics where typical forms from each group are selected for the pur- 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 87 
 
 pose. When this is true the butterfly is an insect with knobbed antennae, 
 rather small and smooth abdomen, and that folds its wings with their 
 upper faces touching above the body. They are principally diurnal in 
 their movements and frequenters of flowers which they visit for nectar. 
 
 The division is separated into a 
 <N fi ^^^^ number of families, and the United 
 
 \ y jt^t^^S ^^^^^^ ^^^ '(h-A.t portion of America 
 ^ >^u>/ ^ ,^k M |»agp north of us contains about 650 de- 
 ^^ ^^^^BfmJB^Sm scribed species. 
 HL^H^^H^SB^ I'be family Nymphalid^ con- 
 
 i^B '■^^BHI^^ tains a number of our well-known 
 
 /^B wi^^^^^^P butterflies and is well represented 
 
 ^B T ^^^^^p ^^ ^^^ insect shown herewith in 
 
 ^M ^^K^ ^^^' ^^^' ^^ '^^ known as Euptoieta 
 
 W ^^P Claudia to the entomologist. Both 
 
 -[After Scudder.] Surfaces of the wings are shown 
 in the illustration. The detached 
 wings represent the under side. Another member of the family, along 
 with its larva and chrysalis, is shown in Figs. 155 and 156. This last spe- 
 cies is occasionally quite numerous, at which times it becomes destruc- 
 tive to the foliage of the willows and elms. Still another representative 
 of the family is the one known as the "Hackberry Butterfly." It is 
 shown in Fig. 157. These butterflies have been described more fully in 
 several of my former reports to the Horticultural and Agricultural 
 societies. 
 
 The family Lyc^nid^ is made up of rather small butterflies that are 
 somewhat varied in their appearance. The one figured at 158 will, how- 
 ever, give the reader a general idea as to their identity. It is called 
 Thecla calanus. The larvaB of this family of butterflies are usually 
 brightly colored and slug-like in form. Their food-habits are also quite 
 variable. The little blue butterflies belong here. 
 
 The family of butterflies known as Papilionid^ contains a number of 
 
 Fio. \Qf>.—Epargyrevs tltyrua.- 
 
 Fio. 16G.— Larva of P. «nrnas.— [After Sanndera.] Fio. 167.— Pnpa or 
 
 chrvsalis of P. 
 
 tarous. [After 
 
 Glover.] 
 
 familiar forms in this country. The various kinds of "cabbage- worms" 
 (Pieris), the sulphur-yellow butterflies and the swallow-tails are classed 
 here. Some of the forms are shown in the illustrations numbered 159 to 
 163. The Rape Butterfly {Pieris rapce), which is one of our most destruc- 
 tive cabbage pests, is shown as larva and chrysalis at Fig. 159, and as 
 
88 A PEELIMINAEY INTRODUCTION 
 
 imago in Fig. 160. The Sulphar-yellow butterflies so common about 
 clover fields and upon the prairies, are very well represented by the 
 species which is figured in 161 and 162. The larvae of these butterflies 
 belonging to the genus Colias feed on leguminous plants, which they 
 sometimes greatly injure. Still another of these butterflies is shown in 
 
 Fio. 16S.—Papilio turaus.— [After Saunders.] 
 
 Fig. 163. This last mentioned is known as Antliocharis genutia, one of 
 our early spring forms, that occurs along the Missouri river bluffs in the 
 timbered portion of the state. Its larvae feed on various kinds of pep- 
 pergrass and other Cruciferae. The swallow-tails that are generally 
 placed in the genus Papilio are rather common insects in most parts of 
 the state. The one shown herewith (Fig. 168) is our commonest species 
 and has been described several times in former reports and in bulletins 
 from the Experiment Station.^ Its larva feeds upon a number of our 
 trees. Other species are fond of the various umbelliferae, hence their 
 striped caterpillars can often be found on parsnips, carrots, and allied 
 garden plants. 
 
 The " Skipper butterflies " (family Hesperid^) are well represented by 
 the two illustrations numbered 164 and 165. The former of these is 
 Hesperia monfivaga, the common gray and white skipper; and the latter 
 theTityrus Skipper (Epargyreus tityrus). The larva of the first feeds on 
 hollyhock and other plants belonging to the Mallow family; that of the 
 latter chooses the foliage of various locust trees and their allies for food. 
 Most of the " skippers," however, are grass feeders in their caterpillar 
 state. 
 
 HETEROCERA.— (Jlfo^/is.) 
 
 The moths or night fliers among Lepidoptera are separated from 
 butterflies by a number of characters. Some of these are the thread- 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 89 
 
 like, feathered, and other shaped autennae that end in a point instead of 
 a knob; the hairy bodies, etc. A good type of the group, and one that can 
 most readily be obtained, is the Cecropia Silk-worm Moth {Attacus cecro- 
 
 Fio. lS9.—Attacu8 cecropia, male moth.— [After Riley.] 
 pia) which is shown natural size in Fig. 169. It is a member of the family 
 SATUBNiiD^i:, one of the group of silk-spinning Lepidoptera. Its larva is 
 
90 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 the very large, rough green "worm" that is so often met with upon Maple 
 and Boxelder trees. The cocoon of an allied species in which the larva 
 
 [After 
 
 Fif}. 171. — Chrysalis of American 
 Silk-worm.— [After Riley.] 
 
 changes to the chrysalis and remains during winter is figured at 170, 
 while the chrysalis of the same species is shown in the illustration num- 
 bered 171. 
 
 The large " hawk-moths '' that are the parents of "tobacco-worms" 
 belong to the family Sphingid^. These insects can at once be recognized 
 by referring to the accompanying figure (Pig. 172) in which the larva and 
 
 Fig. 172.— The Osnge-Oronfie Sphinx (Ceratomia Hageni): a, larvae; b, moth, pale or normal 
 form; c, front wing of dark variety, natural size.- [After lliley.] 
 
 imago of one of our common species is illustrated. There are upwards 
 Oi seventy distinct species of this family found in America north of the 
 Mexican boundary. Some of the species are very destructive to the 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 91 
 
 plants upon which they feed, and hence are to bo classed among the in- 
 jurious insects of the country. 
 
 The moths that belong to the family Sesiid^ are very beautiful objects, 
 and may readily be mistaken by the untrained individual for wasps or 
 
 ^m^^^^ 
 
 Fio. 173.— The Sixteen-lepged Maple Fig. 174.— The Green-striped Maple Worm, or Ro.sy 
 
 Borer {^geria acerni): a, larva; b. Forest Caterpillar {Anisota rubicunda): a, larva; 
 
 cocoon; c, male moth; r/, pupa case b, pupa; c, female moth, all natural size — [After 
 
 —natural size —[After Kiley.] Kiley], 
 
 bees on account of their bright colors and clear wings. The larvae of all 
 of them are borers in the stems of plants. Some of them being confined 
 
 Fig. 175 —The Forest Tent-caterpillar: a, effsrs; b, 
 female moth; c, maKnified upper view of eggr; d, 
 same, side view. — [After Kiley.] 
 
 Fio. 176. -Larva of Forest Tent^ 
 caterpillar.- [After Saunders.] 
 
 in their attacks to herbaceous, while others work in the hardest of wood. 
 One of these latter (the Sixteen-legged Maple Borer) is shown in Fig. 173. 
 The squash and peach-tree borers belong in this family. 
 
92 
 
 A TRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 The family known as AROTiiDiE is represented in this state by a num- 
 ber of species. The larvae of these insects are more or less hairy and the 
 moths are rather compact, and well covered by tufts of hair. They are 
 
 Fio. 177.— Cocoon of Forest Tent-caterpillar.— [After Saunders.] 
 
 rather prettily colored as moths and caterpillars, and are very general 
 feeders. The Isabella Moth is figured along with its larva and pupa in 
 the illustration numbered 185. 
 
 ^^^"^^W^/S^S^..*^!^ 
 
 f 
 
 FiQ. 178.— PrioDjxtos robinise: larva, chrysalis, pnpa, imago— male and female.— [After Riley.] 
 
 We have in this country several species of moths that belong to a 
 family called BoMBYCiDiE by the entomologists. The caterpillars of these 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 93 
 
 insects are well represented by the species known as the Forest Tent 
 Caterpillar (CUsiocampa distria) which is shown in figures 175, 176, and 
 177. These tent caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of trees 
 when ever they appear in large numbers. Some species are social, and 
 spin unsightly webs in the forks of the trees which they infest. 
 
 In the illustration numbered 178 is shown one of the most destructive of 
 all our moths. It is known as the Locust Carpenter Moth (family Cossid^), 
 although it is by no means confined to this one tree in its injuries. 
 It also attacks numerous other trees, the trunks and larger branches of 
 which it bores full of large holes that greatly weaken them. A single 
 borer ofter kills a large tree in the course of its life. These borers are 
 at least three years in attaining their growth. A reasonably full account 
 of this insect's life-history has been given in the fifth report of the United 
 States Entomological Commission. 
 
 The family of " Owlet Moths " (Noctuid^) is a very extensive one in 
 this country. It can be represented by one of our "cut-worms" that are 
 so destructive that they have not escaped the vigilance of any of us even 
 
 though we live in cities and towns 
 instead of the country. Many of 
 them have been mentioned from 
 time to time in the various reports 
 of the Experiment Station and the 
 state societies. One of them is 
 illustrated herewith (see Fig. 179). 
 The Army-worm and allies also are 
 representatives of the family. 
 
 The family Geometric^ con- 
 tains certain moths, the larvae of 
 which are known popularly as 
 " measuring-worms," on account of 
 their peculiar looping locomotion. 
 The Canker-worms and Span- 
 worms are also typical examples 
 of the group. 
 
 The ToRTRiciD^ or " leaf-roll- 
 ers " is also quite a large family 
 of moths that is of considerable 
 Fio. V!9.-Mamestra cbenopodii: a. b, larva; economic importance here in the 
 c, pupa; d. moth; e. wing of same-eniarKBd. state as well as elsewhere. The 
 
 —[After Riley.] 
 
 TiNEiDJS and Pyralid^ should also be represented in a work of this 
 kind ; but I have already taken up too much of the space allotted to me 
 for this paper. 
 
 ORDER XV. HYMENOPTERA.— (Sees, Wasps, Ants, Parasites 
 and Saw-flies.) 
 
 The insects which comprise this order can be distinguished at once 
 from all others by their four membranous wings which are furnished 
 
94 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 with comparatively few veins ; their well developed mouth-parts, their 
 hard, compact bodies, and their sharp stings and ovipositors. The order, 
 as a whole, is one of great interest both to the systematist and to the 
 
 economic entomologist, and 
 should be given much more 
 attention than it is possible 
 to give it here. The seem- 
 ing intelligence exhibited by 
 many of its members in their 
 life-habits might be made the 
 theme for an extended paper 
 alone ; while the great varia- 
 tion in structure that is to be 
 observed among the forms 
 found even in the species of 
 a single family could be made 
 to supply very interesting reading. While the order contains avast num- 
 ber of species that are of moderately large size, and which are more or 
 
 Fio, ISO.— PlutelJa cruciferarum: a, larva; cf, pnpa; e, 
 cocoon; f, imago — all enlarged. — [After Riley.] 
 
 Fio. 181. — Copidryaa gloveri: a, moth; 
 larva.— [Geo. Marx.] 
 
 Fig. 1S2.— Las-oa opercularis aud cocoon.— [Af- 
 ter Hubbard.] 
 
 less familiar to most of us, by far the greater proportion of these insects 
 are very small and are known only to a few specialists even among en- 
 tomologists. 
 
 The order Hymenoptera is divided naturally into two sections, viz., 
 Teeebrantia and Aculeata. The members of the former group are dis- 
 tinguished by " having the abdomens of the females furnished with an 
 instrument employed as a saw or borer for depositing the eggs." Those 
 of the latter by "having the abdomen of the females (and workers) 
 armed with a sting connected with a poison reservoir, the antennae of the 
 males thirteen-jointed, and of the females twelve-jointed." — (Cresson.) 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 95 
 
 The family Tenthredinid.e or " saw-flies " comprises a rather exten- 
 sive group of leaf -feeding Hymenoptera, the larvae of which are provided 
 with legs and resemble more or less closely some of the caterpillars of 
 the Lepidoptera. Cresson says ''The anterior tibiae have two apical spurs, 
 
 Fig. 183.— Scale-eating Tineid.— [Af- 
 ter Hubbard. J 
 
 Fig. 1S4. — Pionea rimosellis: a, larva; 
 b, pupa; c, uioth. — [After JUIey.] 
 
 1S5 —A ret in Isabella; a. larva; b, pupa; c, 
 female moth.— [After Kiley.] 
 
 and the ovipositor consists of two compressed saw-like plates applied 
 against each other, and inclosed in a pair of outer sheaths. In the larva 
 state these insects are the most injurious of all hymenoptera, feeding 
 upon the leaves of trees and various plants and often completely destroy- 
 ing the foilage." The large Willow Saw-fly which is shown in Fig. 186 in 
 its various stages is one of our most common and injurious species in the 
 state. This insect reminds one not a little of a bumble-bee in its general 
 appearance. In Fig. 187 is shown a second, but much smaller, species of 
 saw-fly. This last insect is an enemy to the black locust tree, and is 
 known to the entomologist as Nematus siinilaris, Norton. 
 
 Asa remedy against these pests I would recommend the arsenites, 
 London purple and Paris green, sprayed upon the foilage as directed for- 
 leaf-feeding caterpillars, beetles, etc. 
 
 The family Urocerid^ includes several species of saw-flies usually 
 known as "horn-tails " that are well represented by the "Pigeon Tremex " 
 figured herewith. (See Fig. 188). These insects differ from the " leaf- 
 eating " species (Phyllophaga) by having the front tibiae provided with 
 but a single instead of two apical spurs, and having the ovipositor fitted 
 for boring into solid wood. Although the larvae of these "horn-tails" 
 work in and do much harm to wood they seldom attack healthy trees, but 
 rather select sickly or dead timber in which to deposit their eggs. They 
 
96 
 
 A rEELIMINAKY INTRODUCTION 
 
 are usually kept in check by several species of parasites with exceed- 
 ingly long ovipositors belonging to the family Ichneumonidje mentioned 
 on a succeeding page. 
 
 Fio. 181).— The Larse Willow Saw-fly (Cimbex americana): a, willow leaves showing egK- 
 blisters from above and below; b, twiff showinj? girdliugs; c, egg; d, newly hatched larva; 
 e, e, full-grown larvie; /; cocoon; g, cocoon cut open, with pupa; b, pupa, side view; ;, 
 male fly; J, saw of female detached, side view; k, tip of do.; c, d, j, k, enlarged, the rest 
 natural size.— [After Uiley.] 
 
 The "Gall flies" belonging to the family Cynipid^, are all rather small 
 sized insects that can be described as creatures which sting and cause 
 unnatural growths or galls to form upon different plants in which their 
 larvaa live. The family is rather an extensive one and contains a large 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 97 
 
 variety of forms, some of which are wingless. A few species are" dimor- 
 
 phic," i. e., they occur in two forms. 
 (Fig. 189 and 190) will give the reader 
 
 fly: a, eggs; b, c, worms; 
 e, cocoon; /, fly.— [After 
 
 The accompanying illustrations 
 a fair idea as to the apearance of 
 these insects and their galls. A 
 study of the galls and their oc- 
 cupants belonging to this 
 family is an interesting one. 
 Each species of the flies pro- 
 duces its own charasteristic 
 gall. The various kinds of oak 
 seem to be most subject to their 
 attacks; but a number of other 
 plants are also chosen as host 
 plants by some of the repre- 
 sentatives of the family. The 
 roses are among the plants that 
 are most molested by them. 
 These insects are best con- 
 trolled by gathering and de- 
 stroying the galls. They are 
 also kept in check by represent- 
 atives of the families Chaloid- 
 ID^ and Proototrypid^ men- 
 tioned beyond. 
 
 The very extensive family 
 ICHNEUMONiD^ of parasites is 
 one of great importance since 
 the larvae of these insects live 
 
 Fig. 187.— Locust S 
 a, tail of the same; 
 Comstock.] 
 
 within the bodies of caterpillars and other larvae which they destroy. 
 A couple of them are illustrated herewith. (See Figs. 191 and 192.) 
 
 The family Braconid^ is another group of these parasitic Hymenop- 
 tera which is of especial interest to us on account of the great amount of 
 good which its representatives do towards keeping down the insect 
 plagues of the country. The members of the present family are, as a 
 rule, much smaller than those belonging to the previous one; and very 
 frequently a number of individuals of a species are reared from a single 
 host insect. One of these parasites is shown along with its cocoon in 
 Fig. 196, while in Fig. 195 is represented a caterpillar that has been killed 
 by the larvae of HJwgas intermedins, one of these parasites, and from 
 which the winged or perfect insects have issued through round holes 
 which they first made in the skin of their host. 
 
 In Figs. 197 and 198 are shown two species belonging to the very ex- 
 tensive family of parasites known as Chaloidid^. These insects are gen- 
 erally very small and many of them are brilliantly metallic in their 
 colors. The larger of the two, the Mary Chalcis fly, is a parasite of several 
 
98 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 of the large silk-worm moths, and the other a parasite of the Grain 
 Aphis. Some of these Chalcid parasites are enemies of other parasites, 
 and others destroy the gall- makers belonging to the family Cynipidse. 
 Cresson says of the Chalcididae, " The antennae are exceedingly variable 
 
 Fia. 18S.- 
 imaso.- 
 
 Tremex columha: a, mature larva; c, female pupa; d, male pupa; e, female 
 
 -[After Insect Life.] 
 
 in form in this family, and are often curiously developed in the males of 
 some genera, being sometimes short and clubbed, or the joints nodose 
 and ciliated with long hairs; sometimes they are beautifully branched, 
 the number of joints varying from six to fourteen. The posterior femora 
 are sometimes enormously swollen and toothed beneath, and in some 
 genera the intermediate legs are very long and saltatorial, the tibial 
 spurs being unusually developed; the tarsi although generally five-jointed, 
 have sometimes only three or four joints. The abdomen is of varied shap3, 
 both in the different species and in the sexes of the same species; 
 sometimes it is petiolate, but usually sessile or subsessite, or rather 
 connected to the tliorax by a very short narrowed portion of its base; the 
 ovipositor is generally concealed, although occasionally it is exserted 
 and longer than the body." 
 
 A second very extensive family of these minute parasitic Hymenop- 
 tera is that known as Proctotrtpid^. It has been recently monographed 
 for this country by William H. Ashmead, who has made a special study 
 of these interesting minute creatures. 
 
TO THE iSTUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 99 
 
 Fig. 189.—" Oak Apple," or gall of Cynipsquercus 
 apoDgiSca: a, larva; b, exit of imago. — [After Riley.] 
 
 Passing to the Hymenoptera Aculeata we will now take up only a few 
 examples from among the many that are classed here by entomologists. 
 Being larger on au averige than the representatives of the Terebrantia, 
 they are more familiar to us. 
 
 At the very beginning 
 of this subdivision of the 
 order are placed several 
 families the representa- 
 tives of which are popu- 
 larly termed ants. These 
 ants "are known by their 
 habit of residing in more 
 or less numerous societies 
 under ground, whence 
 arises the necessity for a 
 great number of individ- 
 uals (workers or neuters) 
 having the sexual organs 
 and instincts rendered 
 abortive, whereby, being 
 freed from the latter, 
 they are the better fitted to perform the labors of the community, for 
 which purpose they are moreover destitute of wings; whilest the males 
 and females are much less numerous, possessing wings, and are produced 
 only for the propagation of their species."— (Westwood.) Besides the 
 workers, some species also have 
 warriors and other special forms 
 for the performance of certain du- 
 ties belonging to the economy of 
 the colony that could not so well be 
 attended to by the workers alone. 
 These ants have been studied by 
 many special students, and the 
 wonderful stories that have been 
 published regarding their life-his- 
 tories and habits would fill many fio. VM.—Csuips q. pmn us. — [After Uiley.] 
 
 large volumes. The "leaf -cutting" and "agricultural" ants of tropical 
 and sub-tropical countries are objects of great interest to the naturalist ; 
 but we need not go beyond our own state to learn much of interest that 
 pertains to some kinds of these insects. We can study the little brown 
 ant (see Fig. 199), the "mound-building" ant, and other species, each of 
 which will give us many surprises during the year. The slave-making 
 habit is common among ants, while several species keep "covvs"whicb 
 they milk. These cows are various species of plant-lice which they often 
 hold captive within their nests where they provide them with the propei 
 food. Like their allies, ants are also very fond of sweets, and couse 
 
100 
 
 A PRELIMINAKY INTRODUCTION 
 
 quently many of them are always to be found frequenting plants in- 
 fested with aphids, where they feed upon the "honey-dew" produced by 
 the latter. Several examples of forethought as exhibited by insects are 
 to be found among ants here in Nebraska. The Corn-root Louse (Aphis 
 
 Fio. 191.— The Lons-tailed Ophion{0pbion ma,- 
 cru rum). —[Alter Kiley.] 
 
 Fig. 192.— The Cecropia Cryptus (Cryptus 
 nuDcins; a, female fly; b, abdomen of C. 
 samise,) , male abdomen. — [After Riley.] 
 
 maidi-radicis) lays its eggs about the roots of corn-stalks of the year. 
 These eggs are gathered by a common small brown ant and stored away 
 for the winter. The following spring, after special galleries have been 
 
 Fio. 193.— Larva of the Long-tailed Ophion. 
 —[After lliley.] 
 
 Fio. 194.— Transverse section of 
 Cecropia cocoon, showing co- 
 coons of the Cryptns fly.— 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 dug near the surface of the ground, these eggs are taken from the re- 
 cesses of the nests and placed in these galleries to hatch. Should cold, 
 wet weather intervene the eggs are carried back until warm weather 
 returns, when they are replaced. After hatching the young lice are 
 placed by the ants upon the roots of various weeds, and finally upon the 
 young corn. In return for this care on the part of the ants, they are 
 repaid with a bountiful supply of honey-dew by their proteges. 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 101 
 
 Following the several families of true ants we have certain bright- 
 colored, hairy, wingless, ant-like wasps which belong to the family Mu- 
 TiLLiDiE. These are provided with exceedingly long stings, and the males 
 
 I'lG. 195. — Acronycta larva killpd by 
 Rbogas intermed/us.— [Original]. 
 
 Fia. 196.— The Meteorus Parasite {Meteorus 
 byphantrise): a.adultfly; 6, cocoon— enlarKed. 
 —[After Kiley.] 
 
 alone are winged. They are not "social" in their habits, so far as known* 
 and at least some of the species belonging to the genus Mutilla are 
 parasitic on the different species of bumble-bees, while it is to be pre- 
 sumed that other genera of the family possess like habits. 
 
 The insect known as the White-grub Parasite {TipMa inornata, Say) 
 
 which is illustrated in Fig. 
 200, belongs to the family of 
 wasps called Scoliid^ by en- 
 tomologists. The female wasp 
 finds a grub and lays an egg 
 upon it. This egg hatches and 
 the larva at first feeds exter- 
 nally, where it hangs fast by 
 means of strong hooks with 
 which it is provided. Finally 
 it kills the grub, matures, and 
 spins for itself a cocoon, and 
 the following spring issues as an imago. 
 
 The many species of black, blue, and other unattractively colored 
 wasps belonging to the family Pompilid^ are also parasitic in a certain 
 
 Fio. 197.— The Mary Chalcis fly {Cbalcis maHae) 
 female.— [After Riley]. 
 
102 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 measure. These insects burrow in sandy soil and provision their nests 
 with spiders and the larvre of various insects, which they first paralyze 
 by stinging them. The different 
 species of the family resemble 
 one another very closely, and, 
 therefore, are rather difficult 
 to determine save by the spe- 
 cialist. 
 
 The members of the family 
 SPHECiDiE have similar habits 
 with the preceding, and can be 
 recognized by having the basal 
 segment of the abdomen 
 
 usually narrowed "into along, . , , rAftpr 
 
 ^^l 1 ,. , ■, X, Fig. 198— PacftjnenrOD njjcans. enlarged.— [After 
 
 smooth, round petiole, and the Howard ] 
 
 head and thorax usually clothed with long, thin pubescence." Several 
 additional families of "digger" wasps occur within the region, and 
 possess similar habits with the above. All of these occur only as males 
 and females, while the true wasps sometimes are social and occur as 
 males, females, and workers, like the social ants, bees, and termites. 
 
 Fia. 199.— The Little lied Ant (Monomohum phnraovis): a, female; 6, worker.— [After Riley.] 
 
 The true wasps are usually bright colored insects, and can at once be 
 distinguished from those of the preceding families by having their wings 
 folded longitudinallj'. Some of these insects are known popularly as 
 "yellow-jackets," "paper- wasps," and "hornets." Some of the solitary 
 species make "their nests in sandy banks, in the crevices of stone walls, 
 in holes bored by other insects in wood, etc., using their powerful mandi- 
 bles in excavating" since their legs are not constructed for burrowing. 
 Some genera make " mud nests, in the open air. on stems of weeds, or 
 under leaves, or loose bark of trees." The social wasps are paper makers 
 and construct their nests of wood fibres which they scrape off and manu- 
 facture into a delicate grayish paper. These nests are familiar objects to 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 103 
 
 most every one of us. The " Bald-faced Hornet " (Ves2}a maculata) builds 
 large globular nests on trees and bushes. The different species oi Polistes 
 make comb-like structures which they attach to the eaves and gables of 
 buildings, old fences, stone walls, etc. The food-habits of the paper-wasiJ^ 
 are not so well known as are those of the digging wasps, perhaps for the 
 reason of their agressive natures ; but it is supposed that they are preda- 
 ceous rather than otherwise, capturing and devouring flies and other soft- 
 bodied insects. They are also exceedingly fond of meats of all kinds. 
 Wasps sometimes frequent blossoms where they feed upon nectar ; and 
 they also have a decided fondness for honey-dew, and hence can be taken 
 where plant-lice abound. 
 
 Passing to the Anthophila or group of the Hymenoptera known as 
 
 " bees," we find a very large num- 
 ber of Species that are of great 
 benefit to the horticulturist, since 
 it is chiefly through their agencies 
 that most fruit blossoms are fertil- 
 ized. Bees are the marriage priests 
 for the flowering portion of the 
 FiG.200.-whiteGrubParasite:a.imae:o;fc.beadPl^'^t kingdom. They are readily 
 of larva: c, larva; d, cocoon.- [After Riie.v.] separated from other Hymenoptera 
 by having the basal joint ofithe hind tarsi more or less dilated, flattened, 
 generally hirsute and furnished with an apparatus for collecting and con- 
 veying pollen. A few of the 
 parasitic species, however* 
 lack this last named charac- 
 teristic. The group is sep- 
 arated into two families, viz., 
 the Andrenid^ and Apidje, 
 the members of which are 
 distinguished from each 
 other by differences chiefly 
 in their mouth structure^ 
 All of the first family are 
 solitary, while some of the 
 second family are social in their habit, as for example, bumble-bees and 
 the honey-bee. Much of interest might be written about these insects ; 
 but no attempt will be made to treat of special forms in the present paper. 
 
 ORDER XVI. DIPTERA.— ( rtTO-zwwr/ed Insects.) 
 
 The flies or two-winged insects appear to be most widely removed from 
 the original Thysanuran type of all orders ; and hence the order Diptera 
 has been placed at the very head of the class Insecta by -aX least a few of 
 our most recent writers on systematic entomology. This decision has 
 been reached only after some very careful research on the part of these 
 writers ; and it is on this authority that this arrangement has been 
 
 Fin. 201.— Honey bee: drone, queen, and worker— drone 
 enlarged. 
 
104 A PRELIMINAEY INTRODUCTION 
 
 adopted. Hyatt and Arms, whom we have already quoted several times, 
 maintain that modifications in any direction from the normal types is 
 an indication of advance in the scale of development. lu the present 
 order we find more examples of such specialization than in any of the 
 orders previously treated. I quote the following from their book " In- 
 secta ": 
 
 "The young of even the generalized forms of Diptera are, as a whole, 
 farther removed from the Thysanuriform type than those of any other 
 group. The secondary larval form, which in the case of the Diptera is 
 always. footless and often an almost headless maggot, has complete pos- 
 session of the younger stages. As Friedrich Brauer has pointed out, 
 the general absence in the larvae of Diptera of the thoracic legs, even 
 although living in situations that seem to demand their development, 
 shows that they must have inherited this peculiarity from an ancestral 
 form whose larva had lost them. This comparative inflexibility of 
 the larval stage is sufficient of itself to show that there is now a wide gap 
 between the existing Diptera and all other insects, and that this chasm 
 is not closed by the resemblances of the parts in the adult to those of 
 the Lepidoptera or isolated forms in other orders." 
 
 " There is in this order also marks of extreme specialization in the 
 mouth parts of the adult, which are, as a rule, modified for the office of 
 sucking. The abdomen has not the flexibility of the pedunculated abdo- 
 men of the Hymenoptera Aculeata, no stinging apparatus present, but is, 
 nevertheless, narrowly pedunculated in some forms.. The aspect of the 
 highly complicated and concentrated thorax accompanies the reduction 
 of the wings to one functional pair. This last characteristic and the ten- 
 dency to reduce the useless pair of wings is carried to an extreme 
 throughout this order, and can thus be compared as a whole with such 
 isolated specialized types in other orders as the Coccidce among the Hem- 
 iptera, and the Stylopidce among Coleoptera." 
 
 The common house-fly can be taken as the type for the order. Its 
 eggs are laid in the manure of stables and barn yards, and in about 
 twenty-four hours hatch to legless maggots that attain their growth in a 
 week or even less. When full-grown the larval skin contracts and hard- 
 ens, at the same time separating from and serving as a protection for the 
 pupa within. In about a week more the perfect insect issues. 
 
 The order Diptera is composed of a large number of families, the 
 members of which vary greatly in habits and appearance. None of them 
 are very large when compared with some of the representatives of the 
 other orders. Only a very few of these families can be mentioned in this 
 little work. Packard has estimated that there are probably as many as 
 10,000 distinct species of flies in the United States alone. 
 
 The family Tipulid.e is composed of rather large, long-legged insects 
 that are variously known as "Crane-flies," "Daddy Long-legs," " Giant 
 mosquitoes," etc. Their larvae are known as " leather jaocets " on ac- 
 count of their tough or leathery skins, and in some parts of the country 
 are considered great pests to clover and grass meadows. They live in the 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 105 
 
 6 
 
 Fio. 202.— R o b b e r-fl y. 
 Brax Bastarriii; a, fe- 
 male fly; b, pupa. — [Af- 
 ter Riley.] 
 
 ground and work upon the roots of the different plants which are at- 
 tacked by them. Some of these insects have been described by me in my 
 report on " Insect Enemies of Small Grains " published in the annual re- 
 port for 1893. 
 
 The members of the mosquito family (Culioid-E) are similar in appear- 
 ance to the crane-flies, only that they are much smaller than the forms of 
 that family with which we are most familiar. In these insects, it is needless 
 to state, the mouth-parts are well developed. The 
 females feed upon the blood of animals and the 
 juices of plants, preferring the former when it can be 
 obtained. The mouth-parts of the mosquito, like 
 those of other Diptera, are very complex. Their 
 eggs are laid in boat-shaped masses that float upon 
 stagnant or standing water and soon hatch into " wig- 
 gle-tails " such as so frequently occur in rain bar- 
 rels. One of these mosquitoes is illustrated in Fig. 
 203 where the insect is shown as larva, pupa, and 
 imago. 
 
 The AsiLiD^ or "Robber-flies" are very well 
 shown by the accompanying illustration of Erax 
 bastardii (See Fig. 202). These robber-flies are very 
 voracious creatures, and do much good by capturing and destroying 
 many injurious insects such as locusts, moths, butterflies, etc. Even the 
 larvse of some of these flies are known 
 to be of value by destroying various 
 ground-inhabiting grubs. 
 
 The large flies commonly known as 
 "horse-flies," "deer-flies," and 
 ''breeze-flies" belong to the family 
 TABANID.S;. This is a rather well-de- 
 flned group composed of species that 
 have a taste for blood. The larvae of 
 these horse-flies are aquatic in their 
 habits, hence the reason for the 
 greater abundance of flies in the vi- 
 cinity of ponds, streams, and other FiO- 203.— a Mosquito (Culex plppn.i); a 
 , J. c 4. adult male; b, bend oj female; /, larva; e- 
 
 bodies of water. pupa.-[After Westwood.] 
 
 There is a family of rather small, gnat-like flies known as the Geoid- 
 OMTID.E. These are known as " gall-gnats " because many of them produce 
 galls or swellings upon various plants which they infest. The Hessian- 
 fly is an example of this family, and will give the reader a fair idea of 
 what these insects are like. Each species produces its characteristic gall, 
 inside of which the maggots live and seemingly absorb most of the sub- 
 stance used in their growth. 
 
 The family Bombtliid^, or as they are commonly known, the " Bee- 
 flies " are quite an interesting group on account of their parasitic habits. 
 
 ^».^^ 
 
106 
 
 A PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 One of these flies is figured herewith which has been bred from cut- 
 worms. Other species are known to feed upon the eggs of different species 
 of locusts or grasshoppers. Several of these latter species are described 
 at length in the Second Annual Report of the United States Entomo- 
 logical Commission. These bee-flies are beautiful creatures and some of 
 
 Fig. 204.— a Bee-fly (Anthrax bypomelas): a, larva from Bide; b, pupal ekln protruding 
 from cutworm chrysalis; c, pupa; d, imago— all enlarged.— [Froni Insect Mfe.] 
 
 them remind one not a little of the insects from which they have taken 
 their common name. They vary much in general appearance, but most 
 of them bear sufficient resemblance to the one here^ figured (Fig. 204) to 
 enable any one to decide the family relations at least of any specimen 
 that may come into bis or her possession. 
 
 The families that have been mentioned thus far are separated from 
 
 Fio. Z(S^.—Mesograpia polita: a, larva; b, pupa: c, imago— all enlarged.— [Insect I.ife.] 
 
 other Diptera under the group name Orthorhapha, Those which follow 
 are placed in the group Cyclorhapha by systematists. The grounds for 
 this separation are based on the manner in which the several forms be 
 longing to the different families form their pupa cases. 
 
 The family SYRPHTca: or "Sun-flies" is very extensive. Prof. S. W. 
 Williston, in his synopsis of the family for North America, says of them: 
 ''The family of Syrphidse is one of the most extensive in the order of 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 107 
 
 Diptera. Nearly or quite two thousand species are known from through- 
 out the world, and many new forms are constantly being added. Thej 
 contain among them many of the brightest colored flies, and numerous 
 specimens are sure to appear in every general collection of insects. None 
 
 Fio. 20Q.—MaUota posticata and puparia.— [After Lintner]. 
 
 are injurious in their habits to man's economy, and many of them are 
 very beneficial." The larvge of these flies are predaceous in their food 
 habits — feeding for the most part on plant-lice of different kinds. A 
 few of them are aquatic in their larval state. One of these is shown in 
 Pig. 206, where it is figured both as imago and larva. 
 
 The family Anthomyid.e, of which the accompanying illustration rep- 
 resents one species, is composed of moderately small flies that bear a 
 
 general resemblance to 
 the house-fly and some 
 of the flesh-flies that 
 are known to live as 
 parasites within the 
 bodies of other insects. 
 Most of the representa- 
 tives of this family are 
 known to be vegetable 
 ^^ feeders. A few of 1 hem 
 4 are, however, destroy- 
 ers of locust eggs. The 
 one figured being of 
 this latter class. 
 
 The 'flesh-flies" belonging to the family Tachinid^ is a very exten- 
 sive group. Most of the species are parasitic within the bodies of other 
 
 Fig. 207.— Anthotnjia sp.: a. fly, b, pnparia; c, larva; i 
 larged.— [After Kiley.] 
 
108 
 
 A PEELIMINARY INTRODUCTION 
 
 insects. Several of these flies have been figured and described in vari- 
 ous of my reports published during former years. A single species is 
 figured herewith (see Fig. 208). 
 
 The "bot-fiies " (family CEstrid^) are among the most interesting of the 
 
 Diptera, living as they do within the bodies of 
 
 various mammals and varying their habits to 
 
 suit each host upon which any one of them is 
 
 parasitic. The horse bots live in the stomach 
 
 as larvae; those of the cattle and allied animals 
 
 under the skin upon the back; and that of the 
 
 Fio. 208-Tachina Fly.-[After ^lieep within the nose cavity. Some species 
 
 t^Wey.] infest the bodies of rabbits, squirrels, and 
 
 other rodents; and an African species is the enemy of the elephant, and 
 
 Fig. 209.— aS7s«rus ovis: Sheep Bot.— [After Riley.] 
 
 Fia. 210.— Hypoderma llneatva.- 
 [After Packard.] 
 
 Fio. 211.— iT, lineatua: a. egg; 6, c, larva —[Insect life.] Fia. 212.— Sheep Tick. 
 
 lives within its trunk. Some of these bots are shown in Figs. 209, 210, 
 and 211. 
 
 The fieas (Fig. 213) are included among the Diptera by most syste- 
 matists, but by others are made a separate order, viz., Aphanipteba. These 
 
TO THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 109 
 
 insects are very peculiar creatures, living as they do upon the blood of 
 various animals. The larvae feed upon vegetable and other substances. 
 Fleas can be killed by the use of " flea-powder " or pyrethrum. A wash 
 made by diluting the kerosene emulsion will also kill these insects if 
 used upon cats and dogs. 
 
 Lastly, we come to a very peculiar group of insects called the Pupipara, 
 that is included among the Diptera. These insects are parasitic in their 
 habits and are peculiar on account of their larvae being retained within 
 
 Fia. 213.— Flea: a, larva; b, pupa.— [After Westwood.] 
 
 the bodies of the parent insects until they arrive at the pupa stage, 
 when they are expelled. The group is separated into three families, viz., 
 Bbaulinid^, known as "bee-lice," Nyctebibid^, "bat-ticks," and Hippo- 
 BOSciD^, " sheep-ticks " and " forest-flies." The illustration shown at Fig. 
 212 is the sheep-tick. 
 
REMEDIES, OR METHODS 
 
 THAT CAN BE USED IN 
 FIGHTING 
 
 INJURIOUS INSECTS, 
 
REMEDIES, OR METHODS THAT CAN BE USED 
 IN FIGHTING INJURIOUS INSECTS. ' 
 
 After having learned something about the appearance, life habits, and 
 classification of the insects in the world about us, it naturally follows 
 that we wish also to know something concerning the various methods that 
 can be adopted for getting rid of such of them as prove injurious. The 
 following suggestions are therefore given on this topic, with a hope that 
 they will be of some use to the reader. 
 
 A number of remedies have been suggested and tried in the past with 
 varied success by divers persons in different localities. Some of these, 
 while successfully destroying the insects against which they have been or 
 might be used, are not practical on account of the great cost and amount 
 of labor required in their application. Others, again, have been very 
 successfully employed with financial gain, as well as in the destruction of 
 the pests against which used. Here, as elsewhere, we must always aim at 
 profit to the parties interested. A remedy that requires more expense 
 for its application than the value of the article to be protected is no 
 remedy at all. Such remedies should, therefore, be practical, easily ap- 
 plied, effective, and also of comparatively little cost in labor and money. 
 There are a few of such remedies known to us, and these might be termed 
 "standard." These remedies should also be applied in accordance with 
 the nature, methods of attack, and the life-habits of the insects that are 
 to be fought. Unless this be done, much labor and money are liable to 
 be expended uselessly; this, too, even in the use of these "standard" 
 remedies which are described hereafter. 
 
 In order to fight an enemy intelligently and at t he same time success- 
 fully, we must be more or less familiar with its modes of action — with 
 its tactics, as it were. So in attempting to wage war with insects we 
 can do it best if we first learn something of their nature and life-habits. 
 We should study about them in schools, both public and private. 
 
 After having carefully studied the life histories and habits of the dif- 
 ferent insects that attack our trees, shrubs, herbs, etc., externally, we find 
 that they all belong to either the one or the other of two classes as re- 
 gards their mode of attack ; i. e., they either take their food solidly or 
 else in fluid form. The former devour the foliage, and the latter suck the 
 sap from the leaves and bark of the smaller limbs and twigs. Therefore, 
 Ln the choice of our remedies we must take these habits into considera- 
 tion. Those that devour the foliage can be killed by poisons taken into 
 the digestive canal with the food, while such as live upon the juices of the 
 plant only must be reached and destroyed otherwise. The first essential, 
 then, in the selection of a remedy against an insect enemy must be based 
 
114 
 
 KEMEDIES, OR METHODS USED 
 
 upon its food-habits— the manner in which its food is taken. Insects 
 also feed openly upon the surface of the plants attacked, or they feed 
 while concealed within the tissues of the leaf, stem, limb, trunk, or root. 
 Or while buried beneath the surface of the ground. It stands to reason 
 ^hat the representatives of the former class can be reached more readily 
 than those of the latter. It is also quite evident that the remedies that 
 would effectually combat the one class could not reach those of the other. 
 
 SPRAYING. 
 
 Chief among the many methods that can be adopted for controlling 
 insect enemies is the application of certain insecticides in the form of 
 fine sprays upon the food-plants attacked. These insecticides th it can 
 be thus applied are many, embracing mineral poisons, oils, acids, alkalies, 
 plant decoctions, etc. 
 
 How Applied. — The method of applying these insecticides has much 
 to do with their efficacy upon the insects which are intended to be de- 
 stroyed. It is, therefore, quite as necessary for us to choose the best 
 methods of applying the poisons as it is to secure the best and most sure 
 insecticides. A loose, careless application of the very best material will 
 
 often prove an entire failure, besides 
 a waste of material and time; whereas, 
 if properly applied with a good force- 
 pump in the form of a fine spray the 
 work will be all that could be desired. 
 A number of different pumps have 
 been devised and placed upon the 
 market for this purpose. These can 
 be obtained from the manufacturers 
 or through local dealers. For con- 
 venience to the reader some forms of 
 these pumps and machines are illus- 
 trated herewith in Figs. 214 to 228. 
 Figs. 214 and 215 show a couple of 
 the smaller general-purpose pumps 
 that can be carried about and used 
 for spraying in the garden, flower 
 beds, shrubbery, etc., as well as for 
 window washing and buggy cleaning. 
 The first is manufactured and sold by 
 the Field Force Pump Co., of Lock- 
 port, N. Y., and the second by Henion 
 & Hubbell, of Chicago, 111. In the il- 
 lustrations numbered 216 and 217 are shown two styles of knapsack 
 sprayers for garden, vineyard, and orchard use. The Gallway sprayer is 
 made and sold by Henion & Hubbell and the Garfield Knapsack 
 Sprayer by the Field Force Pump Co. In the figure numbered 218 
 one of these knapsack machines is shown in use. For spraying large 
 
 Fig. 214. — " Little Gem " spraying pump. 
 
IN FIGHTING INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
 
 115 
 
 orchards and high trees pumps of greater power are required. One that 
 comes between the first class and these latter is shown in Fig. 219. It is 
 manufactured by P. C. 
 Lewis, of Catskill, N. Y., 
 who calls it the Combi- 
 nation Spray Pump. Of 
 the more powerful ma- 
 chines for use from wag- 
 ons the pumps illus- ^lo. 228.— The Woodason Powder Bellows. 
 
 trated in Figs. 220 and 221 are good representatives. That 
 shown in Fig. 220 is placed on the market by Henion & 
 Hubbell, of Chicago, under the name of the Improved 
 Spray Pump, while the one represented in Fig. 221 is the 
 production of Gould's Manufacturing Co., of Seneca Falls, 
 N. Y. The use of these pumps in orchard work is well rep- 
 resented in Figs. 222 and 223. Still other spray machines 
 are made and sold for special uses. One of these, the 
 Steitz Potato-bug Sprinkler, made by J. R. Steitz, of Cudahy, 
 Wis., is shown in Fig. 225; and still another sold by the 
 Field Force Pump Co., in Fig. 226. 
 
 Fig 215— The "^^ ^^^ above might be added a number of other pumps 
 Victor Force for applying insecticides in liquid form, as well as contriv- 
 ion'&'Hubben^ ances for the application of powders and gases. To these 
 Chioapo. .^g could also add machines for capturing and destroying 
 
 different ones of the pests that belong to the class Insecta. 
 
 Fio. 216.— The Galloway Knap- Fig. 217.— The Garfield Knapsack 
 
 Back Sprayer. — Henion & Sprayer.— Field Force Pump Co. 
 
 Hubbell, Chicago. 
 
 The Arsenites. — Under the name of arsenites we have several very 
 effective insecticides. These are the Paris green and London purple of 
 commerce, and arsenite of lead. The first is an arsenite of copper, and the 
 
116 
 
 REMEDIES, OR METHODS USED 
 
 Fig 218.— V Kaapaack Sprajer in nse, 
 
 second an arsenite of lime. The first two are preferable to white arsenic 
 itself for use as insecticides on account of their color, which acts as a 
 sort of a safeguard against accidents, and also from the fact that they 
 are more readily held in suspension in the liquid while being used. The 
 
 Fig. 219.— The Combination Spray- Fio. 220.— The Improved Spray-pump— 
 
 pump— P. C. Lewis, Catsliill, N. Y. Henlon & Hubbell. Chicago. 
 
 London purple made by Hemingway's London Purple Co., of London, 
 England, is much cheaper than the Paris green and is just as effective in 
 its work on the many insects for which the latter has been recommended 
 and used. It is less liable to adulteration, and its purplish color renders 
 
IN FIGHTING INJUEIOUS INSECTS. 
 
 117 
 
 its detection quite easy; and it is also more finely pulverized and hence 
 more readily kept in suspension. The arsenite of lead is a new insecti- 
 cide of which we know comparatively little in a practical way. Recent ex- 
 periments at the Hatch Station in Massachusetts, however, tend to show 
 that it is less destructive to foliage than either of the other poisons. 
 
 How Strong to Use. — None of these poisons should be used stronger 
 than one pound to 150 or 200 gallons of water, as arsenic is quite destruc- 
 tive to vegetation if applied stronger than this. 
 Even these mixtures will injure the foliage of 
 some trees and shrubs. These poisons should 
 also be kept quite thoroughly stirred during 
 spraying so as to keep them from settling to 
 the bottom. Nor should the liquid be applied 
 in such quantities as to run off the tree or 
 other vegetation in streams. Merely enough 
 should be used to wet the foliage thoroughly. 
 
 Time to Spray. — The proper time to spray is 
 when the insects to be fought begin to feed, 
 since young larvae and caterpillars are more 
 susceptible to the action of insecticides than 
 when they are older. Do not, however, spray 
 trees or other plants with either London purple 
 
 Fig. 221. — Force-nuniD maile for -i-, . i .i xi • i i -n -i^ 
 
 applying insecticides to trees, or Paris green while they are m bloom if it 
 
 ®*'^- can be helped. The blossoms must be visited 
 
 by bees in order to insure their proper fertilization. Blossoms that 
 
 have been sprayed with these poisons will kill bees. Besides, the in- 
 
 Fig. 222.— ShowinK use of Spray- 
 pnmp from wagon. 
 
 Fig. 223.— Showins use of Force-pump for spraying 
 insecticides from wagon. 
 
 sects that are usually fought in this manner do not begin their attacks 
 until several days after the blossoms have fallen and the young fruit 
 has set. In case of heavy rains falling soon after spraying has been 
 done, it will often be necessary to spray a second time a week or ten 
 days later. 
 
118 HEMEDlES, OR METHODS USED 
 
 Insects That Can be Destroyed with Aksemtes. — It might also be 
 of benefit to mention just what kinds of insects can be destroyed by 
 means of these arsenical sprays. All kinds of caterpillars, beetles, saw- 
 flies, and other insects that attack the foliage and external portions of 
 
 Fig. 224.— Attachment for underspraying certain garden plants. 
 
 the plants with their .jaws, and also a few that work in the fruit. Always 
 avoid the use of these poisons upon plants that are to be used as articles 
 of food for man or beast unless the poison is sure to be washed off later 
 by rains. 
 
 Kerosene Emulsion. — Next to the " arsenites,'\ as London purple, 
 Paris green, and the arsenite of lead are called, possibly the best insecti- 
 cide is "kerosene emulsion." This has, perhaps, even more varied uses 
 than they, being, as it is, non-poisonoiis. It is also about the only practi- 
 cal remedy that we have for fighting the sticking insects It kills by con- 
 tact, instead of entering the digestive canal and circulation as do the 
 poisons. It suffocates the insects by choking up their breathing pores. 
 
 Pure kerosene or coal oil would be just as destructive to the vegeta-, 
 tion as it is to insect life. It must therefore be diluted with water be- 
 fore using — a rather diflQcult matter to do, you will say; yet, by going at 
 it in the proper manner this can be done. The following directions, if 
 carefully followed, will give the desired result. It is the formula known 
 as Hubbard's because first used by that gentleman in his experiments 
 with orange insects, and is the one used by the United States Division of 
 Entomology: 
 
 Kerosene (the common lamp oil) 2 gallons. 
 
 Water 1 gallon. 
 
 Common washing soap ■ }{ pound. 
 
 Heat the solution of soap, and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. 
 Churn or agitate the mixture by means of a force pump and spray-nozzle 
 for five or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream which 
 thickens on cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of 
 glass. Dilute, before using, one part of the emulsion with nine parts of 
 
IN FIGHTING INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
 
 119 
 
 cold water. The above formula gives three gallons of emulsion and 
 makes, when diluted, thirty gallons of wash. 
 
 How Applied.— Professor Cook says: "Many have complained of a 
 lack of success in the use of kerosene emulsion. In such cases I pre- 
 sume the explanation lies in the manner of making the application. We 
 must bear in mind that the lice are well concealed and protected by the 
 thousand leaves from which they are sucking the life and a livlihood. 
 Often the leaves curl up and thus make the protection more sure. But 
 we must strike every louse or insect with the liquid. We cannot, then, 
 turn on or sprinkle the liquid gently, we must dash it on with force, that 
 every insect may be struck; then there will be no complaint of ill suc- 
 cess. Thus the kerosene emulsion should always be applied with a good 
 force-pump. It is doubtless better to throw all liquid insecticides in 
 
 Fig. 225.— Steitz Potato-bu;; Sprinklpr, 
 spraying for injurious insects; with the kerosene'emnlsion it is absolutely 
 essential to success. The kerosene emulsion is superior to any other 
 insecticide, so far as I have experimented, in destroying plant lice, scaly 
 bark lice, many of the bags, and not a few caterpillars, grubs, and slags." 
 
 With the above facts before him the intelligent individual will be able 
 to apply these several insecticides to the destruction of a great variety 
 of injurious insects that attack other plants than the trees growing upon 
 his premises. Of course, bearing in mind that the poisonft should never lie 
 used to destroy insects that work upon vegetables or other articles of 
 food. For these latter he can resort to the kerosene emulsion and also 
 to the 
 
 Persian Insect Powder, or Pyrethrum as it is generally called. 
 This last named insecticide is composed of the finely pulverized flower- 
 
120 
 
 REMEDIES, OR METHODS USED 
 
 heads and stems of a composite plant which bears some resmblance to 
 the daisy and is known botanically by the generic name Pyrethrum. 
 Most of the home-made ''insect powder " is the product of a California 
 firm, and is put up for the market as "Buhach." It is better to use this 
 Buhach than to buy that of foreign make, for it loses its strength with 
 age. Like the arsenites this may be used as a powder and dusted on the 
 plants, but it is perhaps best to put it in water in the proportion of a 
 heaping tablespoonful to two gallons of water. This insecticide kills by 
 contact and not by being eaten. It is a splendid household article that 
 should be kept on hand for emergencies in the warfare against fleas, flies, 
 lice, bed-bugs, etc. To be kept as fresh as possible, a tight box or bottle 
 is absolutely necessary. For house use a small bellows is essential so 
 that the powder can be forced into the cracks and nooks where the insects 
 take refuge. This insect powder is also a splendid remedy against fleas 
 upon the bodies of pets, as cats and dogs. It is also a good plan for trav- 
 elers to carry some of the powder along to use in self-protection against 
 vermin of all kinds upon the body as well as in sleeping quarters. 
 
 Fio. 22G.— The Wheelbarrow Potato Sprayer. 
 
 Carbolic Acid in the crude form is also sometimes used as an insecti- 
 cide, and is especially useful in destroying vermin about stables, hen 
 coops, and such like places as long as it is kept out of the food of the ani- 
 mals that are kept there. It soon evaporates and becomes harmless. It 
 is also used in connection with soap as a wash for trunks of trees as a 
 protection against certain scales and borers.— Hard soap. 1 lb.; water, 2 
 gallons ; crude carbolic acid, 1 pt. 
 
 Bisulphide of Carbon.— This is a very volatile liquid, the fumes cf 
 which are destructive to animal life of all kinds, hence it is of much im- 
 portance for the destruction of certain kinds of insects that cannot so 
 well be destroyed by any of the other remedies that we know of. It is 
 
IN FIGHTING INJURIOUS INSECTS. 
 
 121 
 
 especially effective when used against insect enemies in stored grains. It 
 is also quite effective in killing ants and other ground-living insects that 
 withdraw from our view below the surface. In killing grain insects the 
 best way to use it is to have the grain in tight bins, then pour the liquid 
 over the top and allow it to penetrate to the bottom. If the grain be cov- 
 vered with a canvass sheet less of the liquid will answer the purpose 
 than if left uncovered. For use in killing ants holes should first be 
 punched into the ground a foot or more and several ounces of the liquid 
 poured into these and the holes afterwards closed. In the use of the 
 bisulphide of carbon it is quite necessary that great precaution be taken 
 to keep it away from fire, for it is very explosive. It is also dangerous to 
 breathe the fumes of it. 
 
 White Hellbobe. — This is a vegetable poison made from the roots of 
 the Indian Poke or Veratimm album, as it is known botanically. It is both 
 an external irritant and an internal poison. It is applied in the same 
 manner as the pyrethrum, and is especially fatal to the slugs of saw-flies. 
 
 Fig. 227.— Kerosene Pan or •• Hopper Dozer," for capturing and destroying locnsts and 
 leaf-hoppers.— [After Riley.] 
 
 Tobacco.— This is used both as a decoction and as a fumigating ma- 
 terial for killing lice upon animals and plants. As a " sheep-dip " it has 
 been in use for a long time. The decoction has also been regularly used 
 for sprinkling house plants for destroying various vermin that at times 
 infest them. For the latter purpose, however, it is best to use it in the 
 form of a smudge. 
 
 Soap-suds AND Soft-soap. — These are frequently used as insecticides 
 when other kinds are not at hand. Strong soap-suds, if applied to vege- 
 tation covered with " green-flies " or plant-lice, will often kill the insects 
 and save any further warfare necessary. Soap in the shape of soft-soap 
 is an excellent tree wash for the protection from flat-head borers. 
 
122 BEMEDIES, OR METHODS USED 
 
 Hot Watee. — Even hot water is sometimes a very excellent remedy 
 against many of these creatures. It can be used for killing the various 
 caterpillars that attack cabbages and like plants. Boiling water can 
 also be used against the box elder bug and other insects when they gather 
 in bunches. 
 
 In addition to these " standard " insecticides that we know, there are 
 dozens of patent ones that can be bought in the market. These latter 
 may be good, or they may be worthless. Just which ones are to be relied 
 upon and which are to be avoided I cannot say. Like many other 
 "patent" nostrums, some of them are put up and sold on their merits, 
 while others are put up and sold for the money there is in them tempor- 
 arily. I find that it is always safest to rely upon such things as we our- 
 selves know to be good; and then we are sure not to be "duped." 
 
 Pruning and Hand-picking.— Careful pruning away of injured twigs 
 and limbs that contain insect enemies or their eggs and afterwards burn- 
 ing them will destroy large numbers of destructive insects. Much good 
 can also be done towards keeping down these pests by merely gathering 
 their eggs, crushing their larvae, picking their cocoons during fall, winter, 
 and early spring; and even by hand picking the imagoes or perfect in- 
 sects themselves and destroying them. This includes also catching and 
 destroying them by means of machines, etc., as the " hopper dozers," for 
 catching and killing the various leaf-hoppers, destructive locusts, and 
 other grass insects, torches for killing tent caterpillars, etc. 
 
 Agricultural Methods. — In many instances it is possible for us to ^o 
 a great deal in the way of protecting our crops from the ravages of insect 
 pests by simple agricultural methods without any or but little additional 
 cost. By this I mean plowing, .harrowing, rolling, and cultivating the land 
 at particular times or in certain ways so as to disturb the enemy while in 
 some critical condition. Burying deeply the eggs or newly hatched young 
 of some insects by plowing will often save an entire crop. Rolling and 
 crushing will destroy others, while harrowing frequently prevents others 
 from gaining in numbers sufficiently large to do harm. Cleaning hedge 
 rows, fence corners, and ravines by removing the lodged weeds and other 
 debris will also aid greatly in keeping these pests within bounds. In 
 other words, clean farming is one of the very best remedies against in- 
 sect increase and consequent loss. Weeds often afford a bountiful food- 
 supply to a certain class of insect pests that when once present in excessive 
 numbers turn their attention to cultivated plants botanically related. 
 For examples of this we need only cite the reader to a list of insect ene- 
 mies of the sugar beet and potato. 
 
 Parasites and Other Natural Enemies.— Most all insect pests are 
 naturally kept within bounds by parasitic and predaceous insects that 
 busy themselves in feeding upon them. They are also subject to diseases 
 of various kinds, as well as to the attacks of birds, reptiles, and small 
 mammals. By encouraging and aiding these natural checks to the in- 
 crease of insect pests, we can do much towards keeping them within 
 
IN riGHTING INJURIOUS INSECTS. 123 
 
 bounds. We can also often introduce from distant regions parasites that 
 by themselves may soon do the good work. 
 
 Pkoteot the B[rd3. — Of all things to be urged towards this end, that 
 of protecting our song birds is of the utmost importance. Do not allow 
 boys with guns to stalk abroad in the land shooting everything in the 
 shape of a bird that comes in sight. Out of the 400 or more species of 
 birds that visit our state during the year but two or three are to be classed 
 as nuisances. They all, perhaps with these exceptions, many times repay 
 us for the few grains of wheat, corn, and other cereals which they may 
 eat, by destroying insects and the seeds of noxious weeds. 
 
 Mechanical Mixture OF Water AND Kerosene.— An attachirfent has 
 been designed and perfected by Prof. E. S. Goff, of the Wisconsin station, 
 with which kerosene and water can be mechanically mixed. Experiments 
 that have been conducted at several of the agricultural stations, and 
 especially at the Mississippi station, tend to show that this mechanical 
 mixture of kerosene and water is fully as satisfactory as kerosene emul- 
 sion when applied as an insecticide. It has even been claimed that the 
 mixture has an advantage over the emulsion, which is sometimes difficult 
 to make and regulate so as not to injure the foliage of plants upon which 
 applied. 
 
 This kerosene attachment has been applied to the " Perfected Gallo- 
 way " Knapsack Pump, made by the Deming Company, of Salem, Ohio 
 It is also made by the W. B. Douglas Co., of Middletown, Conn., as an at- 
 tachment to go with their "Perfection Knapsack Sprayer." Both ma- 
 chines are now in market and sell at the low price of eighteen dollars each, 
 complete. The knapsack pump without the kerosene attachment is $15. 
 
 "This attachment can also be used for many purposes other than the 
 mechanical mixture of kerosene and water. In many cases it may be 
 best to dilute fungicides only when applied to the foliage in the act of 
 pumping, and for this purpose it will Drove useful." — H. E. Weed. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Apple Tree and its Fruit. 
 
 Extracted from the Nebraska State Horticultural Report 
 for i8g4.—pp. 154-223. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In accordance with the expressed desire of the Society to make 
 the present report an "Apple Report," I have prepared my paper 
 upon the insect enemies of this particular tree and its fruit. While 
 the number of species that have been detected feeding upon this tree 
 appears to be very large, the present list is, no doubt, very incom- 
 plete, since but a small proportion of the entomological literature 
 of our country has been gone over during its preparation. The com- 
 pilation of this list is the work of Miss Maysie Ames, a special stu- 
 dent of mine, who has been paying some attention to the insect 
 enemies of the apple during the past four or five months. From 
 among the large number of insects thus affecting the apple there have 
 been chosen a number of the most injurious. These latter are de- 
 scribed more in detail along with their modes of attack, life-history, 
 and remedies. 
 
 It is but just here to acknowledge the liberality of the Society in 
 the way of voting special funds for the purchase of cuts to be used in 
 illustrating this and former reports. In addition to this, I wish also 
 to take the present opportunity for thanking such of my colleagues as 
 Forbes, Lintner, Riley, Osborn, Popenoe, and others for the use of 
 cuts belonging to them. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Lawrence Bruner, 
 Entomologist University of Nebraska. 
 
INSECTS THAT HAVE BEEN FOUND TO FEED UPON 
 THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 In presenting this subject for publication, I can do no better than to 
 take Lintuer's list, which was published in 1882, as a basis, and add- 
 ing to it such references as have been recorded since. The introduc- 
 tion to Lintner's list will also apply here, hence "The following are 
 all the United States species (281) that are known to me, or have 
 been reported upon accepted authority, as depredating upon the apple 
 tree. * * * An entire exploration of our entomological literature 
 might add nearly or quite fifty species, and careful observation would 
 unquestionably give us no inconsiderable number which have not yet 
 been recognized as apple insects. 
 
 "It is hardly necessary to state that not all the species here recorded 
 are to be included among those injurious to the apple tree, but as each 
 one is known to make it, at times, its food-plant from choice (many 
 others will feed upon it in confinement), the least harmful among them 
 may at any time, through such sudden and inexplicable multiplication 
 as is often witnessed in the insect world, become seriously injurious. 
 
 "The authority for including the species in the list is giveu in each 
 instance." * * * 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 mUENALS. 
 Papilio turnus Linn. Tumus mvallotoiail, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 268. 
 Limenitis dissipus GODT. Dissipus butterfly, Scadd., Ball. Buflf. Soc, II, 250. 
 Limenitis Ursula (Fabr.). Ursula butterfly, Riley, Amer. Ent., II, 27fi. 
 Thecla liparops Le CONTE. Streaked thecla, Scudd., Bull. Buflf. Soc, III, 111. 
 Thecla calanus Hueb. Banded hair streak, Scudd., Psyche, 1889, 276. 
 
 NOCTURNALS. 
 
 Deilephila lineata Fabb. White lined 
 sphinx... Riley, Amer. Ent., I, 206. 
 
 Paonias excajcatus (Sm. & A.). Blind-eyed 
 sphinx Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 327. 
 
 Smerinthus fieminatus Say Beut., Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, 203. 
 
 Sphinx drupiferarum (Sm. & A.) Plum 
 
 sphinx Lintner, Proc. E. S. Ph., Ill, 658. 
 
 Sphinx gordius Cram. Apple sphinx Harris, Ins. luj. Veg., 328. 
 
 Spilosoma virginica (Fabb.). Virginia er- 
 mine moth Walsh, Pract. Ent., II, 103. 
 
 Arctiid sp Riley, Ins. Life, V, 17. 
 
 Hyphantria cunea Deu. Fall web-tvorm.... Fitch, N. Y. Kept, III, 19. 
 
128 ^ INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Hyphantria sp. ? Riley, Ins. Life, V, 17. 
 
 Halesidota caryge (Haub. ). Hickory tussock- 
 moth Fitch, N. Y. Kept., Ill, 19. 
 
 Halesidota maculata (Hare.). Spotted 
 tussock-moth Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Halesidota sp. ? Riley, Ins. Life, V, 17. 
 
 Orgyia leucostigma (Sm. & A.). White- 
 marked tussock-moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 366. 
 
 Parorgyia parallela Gk.-Rb Coquillett, 111. Rept., X, 166. 
 
 Lagoa opercularis (Sm. & A.) Walsh, Amer. Ent., II, 29. 
 
 Lagoa crispata Pack Beat., Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, 207. 
 
 Euclea cippus Cram Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Ocneria dispar Linn. Gipsy moth Riley, Ins. Life, II, 209. 
 
 Porasa chloris Her. Sch. Green hag-moth, Riley, Amer. Ent., II, 307. 
 
 Empretia stimulea Clem. Saddle-back cat- 
 erpillar Riley, Amer. Ent., I, 40. 
 
 Phobetron pithecium (Sm. & A.). Hag- 
 moth Riley, Amer. Ent., II, 340. 
 
 Limacodes scapha Harr. Skiff timacodes, Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Limacodes flexuosa Grt Beut., Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, 207. 
 
 Lithacodes fasciola Her. Sch. Banded lith- 
 
 acodes Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis (Haw.). 
 
 Bag-ioorm Riley, Amer. Ent, II, 38. 
 
 Sesia pyri Harr. Pear-tree borer Weed, Ins. Life, IV,-34. 
 
 Zeuzera pyrina LiNN. European Leopard- 
 moth : Clark, T. R., Ins. Life, IV, 77. 
 
 Datana ministra (Drury). Yellow-necked 
 apple-tree moth Fitch, N. Y. Repts., I-II, 235. 
 
 Datana integerrima Gr. & R Gr. & Rob., Proc. E. S. Ph., VI, 12. 
 
 Datana con tracta Walk Forbes, 111. Rept, 1884, 95. 
 
 Xyleutus robinise Peck. Locust carpenter 
 moth Forbes, 111. Rept, 1884, 95. 
 
 CEdemasia concinna (S. & A.). Red-humped 
 apple-tree caterpillar Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 425. 
 
 CEdemasia eximia Gkote Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Ccelodasys unicornis (Sm. & A.). Unicorn 
 prominent Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 424. 
 
 Callosamia promethia (LiNN.). Promethia 
 moth Minot, Can. Ent, 11,100. 
 
 Ptelea polyphemus Cram. American silk- 
 worm Beut, Ann. N. Y. Acad.,V, 209. 
 
 Attacus cecropia Linn. Cecropia moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 388. 
 
 Callimorpha fulvicosta Clem Riley, Mo. Rept, III, 132. 
 
 Hemileuca maia Dru. Maia moth Marten, 111. Rept, X, 128. 
 
 Hypercheria io Fabr. Io emperor moth Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fr., 388. 
 
 Clisiocampa disstria Hbn. Forest tent-cat- 
 erpillar Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 373. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 129 
 
 Clisiocampa americana Hare. Apple tent- 
 
 caterpiUar Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 375. 
 
 Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch Koebele, Bull, U. S. Div. Ent., 23, 42. 
 
 Clisiocampa erosa Stretch " " « 
 
 Clisiocampa sp " " « 
 
 Clisiocampa sp. ? Stretch, Papilio, III, 19. 
 
 Clisiocampa sp. ? " «' 20. 
 
 Gastropacha americana Harr. American 
 lappet-moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 377. 
 
 Tolype vellida (Stoll). Veleda Lappet- 
 moth , Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 379. 
 
 Acronycta occidentalis G. &K Lintner, Ent. Contrib., I, 62. 
 
 Acronycta morula G. & R " " 11,137. 
 
 Acronycta luteicoma G. & R Thaxter, Papilio, III, 17. 
 
 Acronycta radcliffei Harvey " " 17. 
 
 Acronycta hamamelis Gden " " 17. 
 
 Acronycta brumosa GUEN Beat., Ann., N. Y. Acad., V, 210. 
 
 Acronycta oblinita Sm. & A " " 211. 
 
 Agrotis clandestina Hare. W-marked cut- 
 worm Riley, Mo. Rept., I, 79. 
 
 Agrotis messoria Harr. Dark-sided cut- 
 worm Riley, Mo. Rept., I, 74. 
 
 Agrotis scandens Riley. Climbing cut- 
 worm Eiley, Mo. Rept., I, 76. 
 
 Agrotis saucia (Huebn.). Variegated cut- 
 worm Riley, Mo. Rept., I, 72. 
 
 Agrotis ypsilon ROTT Thomas, 111. Rept., 1880, 134. 
 
 Mamestra assimilis Morr Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Mamestra confusa Huebn Dyar, Ins. Life., Ill, 63. 
 
 Mamestra picta Hare. Zebra caterpillar... CoqaiWett, Ins. Life, V, 287. 
 
 Tseniocampa sp Koebele, Bull. U. S. Div. Ent., 23, 43, 
 
 Laphygma frugiperda Guen. Fall army 
 worm Riley, Amer. Ent., II, 364. 
 
 Chamyris cerintha Tr .... Beut, Ann. N. Y Acad., V, 216. 
 
 Microgonia limbaria Ha w " " 220. 
 
 Plagodis keutzingaria Grt " " 200. 
 
 Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. Pyramid 
 
 grape-vine caterpillar Guenee, Noct. , III, 398. 
 
 Orthosia instabilis SCHIFF. Unstable drab- 
 moth Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, 25. 
 
 Xylina bethunei Gr. & R. Bethune^s xylina... Thaxter, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Xylina antennata Walk. Ash-gray pinion, Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 135. 
 
 Nolophana malana (Fitch). Shoulder- 
 striped tortrix Fitch, N. Y. Rept., I-II, 241. 
 
 Aletia argillacea Huebn. Cotton-worm Riley, Amer. Ent., Ill, 68. 
 
 Catocala grynea Cram Coquillett, III. Rept., X, 184. 
 
 Amphydasis cognitaria Huebn. Currant 
 amphydasis Lintner, N. Y. Rept., II, 101. 
 
130 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Biston ypsilon Forbes Forbes, 111. Kept., XIV, 96. 
 
 Semasia sp. ? Riley, Ins. Life, V, 17. 
 
 Heliothis sp. ? Riley, Ins. Life, V, 18. 
 
 Eumacaria brunnearia Pack Bent, Aun. N. Y. Acad., V, 221. 
 
 Boarmia pampinaria GuEN " " 222. 
 
 Boarmiacrepuscularia Tb " " 222. 
 
 Operopbtera boreata HuEBN " " 222. 
 
 Ennomos subsigaaria Huebn. Snow-white 
 
 linden-mofh Dodge, Can. Eufc., XIV, 30. 
 
 Corycia vestaliata GuEN. Vestal (or^/cia. ...Perkins, G, H., in lit. to Liutner. 
 
 Hyberuia tiliaria Hare. Lime-'.ree winter- 
 moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 472. 
 
 Phigalia strigat.aria Minot. Banded phi- 
 galia Frencb, 111. Kept., VII, 24L 
 
 Anisopteryx vernata Peck. Spring canker- 
 worm Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 463. 
 
 Anisopteryx pometaria Harb. Autumn 
 
 canker-worm Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 463. 
 
 Teras minuta RoB. Apple-leaf tyer Le Baron, 111. Rept., II, 20. 
 
 Teras cindrella Riley. Oreen apple-leaf 
 
 tyer Riley, Mo. Rept., IV, 46. 
 
 Teras oxycoccana Pack. Apple-leaf folder, Riley, Bui. Div. Ent., 31, 15. 
 
 Cacoecia rosaceana Hare. Oblique-banded 
 
 leaf roller Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 480. 
 
 Caccecia argyro.spila (Walk.) Riley, Trans. Am. E. Soc, X, 12. 
 
 Cacoecia rosana Linn Beut., Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, 226. 
 
 Lopboderus triferana (Walk.) Murtfeldt, Trans. Am. E. S., X, 15. 
 
 Eccopsis malana Feenald. Apple bud- 
 worm Coquillett, Trans. Am. E. S., X, 72. 
 
 Eccopsis permundana (Clem.). Neat straw- 
 berry leaf-roller Coquillett, Papilio, III, 102. 
 
 Tmetocera ocellana (Sciiiff.). Eye-spotted 
 
 bud-moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 482. 
 
 Grapbolitba prunivora (Walsh). Flum 
 
 moth Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 
 Phoxopteris nebuculana (Clem.). Apple- 
 leaf fohhr Riley, Agr. Rept. for 1878, 239. 
 
 Carpocapsa pomonella (LiNN.). Codling 
 
 moth Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., X, 538. 
 
 Eurycreou rantalis Guen. Garden web- 
 worm Popenoe, Kas. R. B. A., 1880, 100. 
 
 Canarsia hammondi Riley. Apple-leaf 
 
 skeletonizer Riley Mo. Rept., IV, 44. 
 
 Pbycis indigenella (Zeller). Leaf-crump- 
 
 ler Riley, Mo. Rept., IV, 38. 
 
 Anarcia lineatella Zeller Beut., Ann. N. Y. Acad., V, 228, 
 
 Argyrestbia andereggiella F. V. R " " 228. 
 
 Lyonetia saccatella Pack. Apple Zyoneita.. Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fr., 119. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 131 
 
 Ypsolophus pomoteljua (Harr.). Palmer 
 
 worm Fitch, N. Y. Kept., 1-11,221. 
 
 Ypsolophus contubernalellus (Fitch). 
 
 Comrade plum-ivorm Fitch, N. Y. Kept., 1-11,233. 
 
 Ypsolophus malifoliellus (Fitch.) Striped 
 
 Palmer-worm Fitch, N. Y. Kept., 1-11,231. 
 
 Coleophora fletcherella Feknald Fernald, Can. Ent., XXIV, 122. 
 
 Coleophora malivorella Kilky. Apple-tree . 
 
 case-bearer Riley, Agr. Kept, for 1878, 253. SA» 
 
 LithocoUetis pomifoliella Zell. Thorn- •,, «^,- 
 
 apple leaf-miner Clem., P. A. N. S. Ph., 1860,208. ^ ,ff 
 
 Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Apple leaf " ,- -l 
 
 , miner Clem., P. A. N. S. Ph., 1860, 208. ' ' 
 
 Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. Eesplend- ," ' 
 
 ent shield-bearer Comstock, Agr. R. for 1879, 210. .. : ] 
 
 Ornix gemiuatella Pack. Wild-cherry leaf- f' "^ '- 
 
 miner Chambers, Can. Eot., V, 50. Q '^ - 
 
 Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf Q^ • 
 
 bucculnirix Clem., P. A. N. S. Ph., 1860, 214^. iL 
 
 Micropteryx pomivorella Pack. Apple mi- , 
 
 cropieryx Packard, Inj. Ins , etc., 1870, 6. ^f 
 
 COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Silvanas surinamensis (LiNN.). Grain sil- 
 
 vanus Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1870, 66. 
 
 Tenebrioides corticalis (Mels.) Hopkins, Bui. W. Va. Exp.Sta., 32,180. 
 
 Tenebrioides nana Melsh. Dnmf Une- 
 
 briodes • Riley, Mo. Rept., 111,6. 
 
 Ips fasciatns Oliv. Banded ips Thomas, 111. Rept., VI, 91 
 
 Lncanus dama Thunb. Stag beetle Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 45. 
 
 Serica iricolor (Say). Iridescent serica Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 87. 
 
 Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr. ). Rose 
 
 chafer Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 36. 
 
 Macrodactylus uniformis Horn. Rose-beetle, Riley, Ins. Life, II, 115. > 
 
 Lachnosterna prunina Leg Townsend, Ins. Life, II, 43. 
 
 Lachnosterna fusca (Fkohl ). May beetle..G\oyeT, Agr, Rept. for 1868, 104. 
 
 Lachnosterna micans Knoch " " " 104. 
 
 Lachnosterna fraterna (Harris). June 
 
 beetle Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 32. 
 
 Lachnosterna hirticnla (Knoch). Hairy 
 
 May beetle. Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 88. 
 
 Lachnosterna crenulata (Fkohl.) " " " 88. 
 
 Lachnosterna tristis (Fabk.) Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 33. 
 
 Lachnosterna rugosa Mels Bruner, collected on apple. 
 
 Lachnosterna affinis Leg " " " 
 
 Pelidnota punctata Linn Bruner, breeding in apple stumps. 
 
 Cotalpa lanigera Linn. Goldsmithbrelle.... " collected on apple. 
 
132 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Anomala marginata Fabr. Margined 
 
 Anomala Riley, Ins. Life, V, 45. 
 
 Anomala varians Fabr. {Anomala undulata 
 
 Mels.) I-e Baron, 111. Kept., V, 89. 
 
 Macronoxia variolosa (Hentz.). Scarred 
 
 Melolontha Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 33. 
 
 Euphoria melancholica (G.-P.). Melancholy 
 
 chafer Amer. Entom., II, 61. 
 
 Euphoria inda (LiNN.). Indian Ce/onia. ...Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 Osmoderma eremicola (Knoch). Hermit 
 
 Osmoderma Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 42. 
 
 Osmoderma scabra (Beauv.). Bough Os- 
 moderma Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 90. 
 
 Dicerca divaricata (Say). Divaricated Bu- 
 
 prestis Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 91. 
 
 Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.). Flat- 
 headed apple- tree borer Fitch, N. Y. Rept., 1,25. 
 
 Chrysobothris semisculpta Leg Blaisdell, Ins. Life, V, 33. 
 
 Chrysobothris californica Leg '* " 33. 
 
 Alaus oculatus (Linn.). Eyed snapping 
 
 beetle ....Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, IL 
 
 A\a.usmyops {¥ ABU.). Blind click-beetle " " 12. 
 
 Melanotus incertus (Leg.). Uncertain snap- 
 ping beetle Riley, Mo. Rept.-III, 6. 
 
 Melanotus communis (Gyll.). Common 
 
 snapping-beetle Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 
 Sinoxylon basilare (Say). Red-shouldered 
 
 Sinoxylon Riley, Mo. Rept., IV, 54. 
 
 Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say). Apple-twig 
 
 borer Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, 12. 
 
 Bostrichus bicornis Web. Two-horned Bos- 
 
 irichus Hopkins, Bui. W. Va. Exp. Sta.,32,lJ 
 
 Polycaon confertus Leg Riley, Amer. Nat, XVI, 747. 
 
 Prionus laticoUis (Drury). Broad-necked 
 
 Prionus Amer. Ent., I, 233. 
 
 Prionus imbricornis (LiNN.). Tyle-horned 
 
 Prionus Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 
 Chion garganicus (Fabr.) Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, 8. 
 
 Chion cinctus (Drury). Banded Chion " " 8. 
 
 Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.). Apple-tree 
 
 pruner Riley, Amer. Ent. , III, 239. 
 
 Elaphidion parallelum Newm. Parallel 
 
 Elaphidion Riley, Amer. Ent., 111,239. 
 
 Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr Hopkins, W. Va. Exp. Sta., 32, 195. 
 
 Psenocerus supernotatus (Say) Packard, Guide St. Ins., 500. 
 
 Leptostylus aculifer (Say). Prickly lep- 
 
 tostyJus Fitch, N. Y. Kept., 111,8. 
 
 eternidius alpha (Say.) Riley, Amer. Ent., Ill, 270. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT, 133 
 
 Liopus facetua Say. Facetious Liopus Fitch, N. Y. Eept., IV, 65. 
 
 Hyperplatya maculatua Hald Riley, Amer. Ent. Ill, 271. 
 
 Eupogonius toQieatosus Hald Smith, las. Life, IV, 43. 
 
 Oncideres cingulatus (Say). Twigffirdler..Ri\ey, Amer. Ent., Ill, 271. 
 
 Saperda Candida Fabe. Round-headed ap- 
 ple-tree horer Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 107. 
 
 Saperda cretata Nkwm Osborn, Amer. Nat., XV, 244. 
 
 Saperda calcarata Say Kiley, Prairie Farmer, 1867, 397. 
 
 Glyptosceliscrypticus(SAY). Cloaked Chry- 
 somela Fitch, N. Y. Kept., Ill, 18. 
 
 Diabrotica vittata (Fabe.). Striped cu- 
 
 ctiviier beetle Riley, Mo. Rept., III., 6. 
 
 Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. 12-spoVed 
 
 cucumber beetle Riley, Ins. Life, IV, 107. 
 
 Diabrotica longicornis Say. Long horned 
 
 Diabrotica Forbes, 111. Rept., XII, 23. 
 
 Odontota dorsalis Thunb Hopkins, Bui. W. Va. Exp. Sta., 32, 202. 
 
 Odontota nervosa Panz. Rosy Eispa Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 120. 
 
 Xauthonia 10-notata Say. Ten- spotted 
 Xanthoma Riley, Bui. Dept. Ent, 31, 17. 
 
 Graptodera chalybea Ilijgek. Grape flea- 
 beetle McMillan, Bui. Neb. Exp. Sta., 2, 43. 
 
 Graptodera foliacea Leg. Apple-tree flsa- 
 
 beetle Popence, Bui. Kas. Exp. Sta., 3, 37. 
 
 Crepidodera helxines Linn Forbes, 111. Rept., XIV. 98. 
 
 Crepidodera cucumeris Haee. Cucumber 
 
 flea-beetle Forbes, 111. Rept., XIV, 98. 
 
 Haltica punctipennis Leg Riley, Sc. Amer., 56, 384. 
 
 Notoxus calcaratus HoEN Insect Life, V, 197. 
 
 Syneta albida Leg " " IV, 396. 
 
 Hymenorus obscuras (Say) Lintner, Count. Gent., 1882, 605. 
 
 Macrobasis uuicolor (Kieby). Ash-gray 
 blister-beetle Glover, Ag. Rept. for 1868, 105. 
 
 Pomphopcea senea (Say). Pear-tree blister- 
 beetle. Riley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 
 Epicserus imbricatua (Say). Imbricated 
 
 snout-beetle Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1870,71. 
 
 Ithycerus noveborascensis (FoE.ST.). New 
 
 York weevil Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, 13. 
 
 Anthonomus crataegi Walsh. Thorn cur- 
 
 culio Riley, Amer. Ent., II, 308. 
 
 Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say. Apple cur- 
 
 culio Walsh, Amer. Ent , I, 36. 
 
 Coccotorua prunicida Walsh. Plum ganger, Bruner, collected on apple. 
 
 Conotrachelus nenuphar (Heubst). Plum 
 
 curculio Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 76. 
 
 Anametis grisea HoEN Riley, Amer. Nat., XVI, 915. 
 
 Otiorhynchus picipes (Fabe.). Pitchy- 
 legged weevil Packard, Rep. Geol. Surv., 1875, 757. 
 
134 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Monarthrnm mali (Fitch). Apple-bark 
 beetle Fitch, N. Y. Rept. 111,8. 
 
 Pityophthorus sp. ? Hopkins, Bui. W. Va. Exp. Sta., 31,132. 
 
 Hypothenemus sp. ? " " 132. 
 
 Hypothenemus sp. ? " '* 133. 
 
 Coscinoptera dominicana (Fabu.). Domin- 
 ican case-bearer Riley, Mo. Rept., VI, 127. 
 
 Xyleborus pyri (Peck). Pear-blight beetle, Harris, In-s. luj. Veg., 90. 
 
 Xyleborus xylographus Say Hopkins, Bol. W. Va. Exp. Sta., 31, 136. 
 
 Xyleborus obesus Lec Riley, N. Y. Trbune, 1877, 231. 
 
 Scolytus rugulosus Ratz Webster, Ins. Life, III, 299. 
 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 HETEEOPTEKA. 
 Nysius angu.statu3 Uhl. False chinch-bug, Riley, Mo. Rept., V, 112. 
 Lygus pratensis LiNN. Tarnished plant- 
 bug Riley, Mo. Rept, II, 114. 
 
 Trapezonotus sp.? " Ins. Life, V, 18. 
 
 Leptocorus trivittatus Say. Box-elder bug, " " IV, 273. 
 
 Brochymeua carolinensis West Bruner, collected on apple. 
 
 Brochymena annulata Fabb Walsh-Riley, Amer. Nat., I, 237. 
 
 HOMOPTERA. 
 
 Cicada tibicen Linn. Dog-day cicada Uhler, in lit. to Lintner. 
 
 Cicada septendecim Linn. Seventeen-year 
 cicada Fitch, N. Y. Rept., I, 45. 
 
 Cicada tredecim Riley. Thirteen-year ci- 
 cada Kiley, Mo. Rept., Ill, 6. 
 
 Ceresa bnbalus (Fabr.). Buffalo tree-hop- 
 per. Riley, Mo. Rept., V, 122. 
 
 Ceresa taurina FiTCH. Calf tree-hopper Fitch, N. Y. Rept., Ill, 17. 
 
 Thelia cratseigi Fitch. Thorn-bush tree- 
 hopper Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, 46. 
 
 Empoasca albopicta Walsh. Apple leaf- 
 hopper Riley, Ins. Life, II, 340. 
 
 Empoasca obtusa Walsh, Prairie Farmer, 1862, 147. 
 
 Empoasca viridescens " " 1863,212. 
 
 Typhlocyba rosse Riley, Ins. Life, V, 18. 
 
 Enchenopa binotata Say Goding, Ins. Life, V, 93. 
 
 Jassus irroratus Say \]h\er, inlit. to Lintner. 
 
 Psylla pyrisuga FoRST. Pear-tree psylla... .G\ower, Agr. Rept. for 1876, 33. 
 
 Aphis mali Fabr. Apple-tree aphis Fitch, N. Y. Rept., I, 49. 
 
 Aphis malifoliae Fitch. Apple-leaf aphis... " " " 1, 56. 
 
 Schizoneura lanigera Haus. Apple-root 
 plant-louse Fitch, N. Y. Rept, 1,5. 
 
 Callipterus mncidus Fitch. Mouldy aphis, " " " 111,16. 
 
 Aleurodessp. ? Walsh, Pract Ent, II, 58. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT, 135 
 
 Lachnus dentatus Le Baron. Spotted wil- 
 low aphis Thomas, 111. Kept., VIII, 116. 
 
 Chionaspis fufnrus (Fitch). ScurJ)/ hark- 
 loiise Walsh, Pract. Eut, II, 31. 
 
 Diaspis ostreseformis (CuRTis). Circular 
 lark-louse....^ Comstock, Agr. Rept. for 1880, 312. 
 
 Mytilaspis pomicorticis Rilky. Apple bark- 
 louse Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 252. 
 
 Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock. Perni- 
 cious scale Comstock, sitp. cii., 304. 
 
 Aspidiotus rapax Comst. Greedy scale Coquillett, Bui, Div. Ent., 2G, 25. 
 
 Lecanium olese Bernard. Black scale of 
 
 California Comstock, sup. cit., 336. 
 
 Lecanium pruinosum Coqttii.lktt. Pow- 
 dered lecanium Coquillett, Ins. Life, III, 384. 
 
 Ceroplastes floridensis CoMSTK Wax-scale 
 of Florida .,„. Riley, Ins. Life, I, 326. 
 
 THYSANOPTERA. 
 
 Thripa tritici Fitch. Wheat fhrips Osborn, la. Hort. R., 1892, 122. 
 
 Phlceothrips mali Fitch. Ajyple Ihrips Fitch, N. Y., Rept., I, 102. 
 
 Heliothrips hsemorihoidalisBoucHE Pergande, Psyche, III, 381, 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 fficanthusniveusSERV. Snowy tree-cricket, Riley, Mo. Rept., V, 120. 
 
 Orchelimum glaberriraura BuRM Dodge, in lit. 
 
 Tragocephala viridifasciata De G. Green- 
 faced locust Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, 158. 
 
 Camnula pellucida Scudd U. S. Ent. Com. Rep., I, 415. 
 
 Schistocerca americana (Drury). American 
 
 loctist Liutner, in lit. 
 
 Schistocerca sho.shone Thomas Townsend, in lit. 
 
 Melanoplus femur-rubrum Dk G U. S. Ent. Com. Rep., T, 445. 
 
 Melanoplus spretus Thos. Rocky mountain 
 
 locust U. S. Eut. Com. Rep., I, 2.53. 
 
 Melanoplus atlanis Rilky. Lesser migratory 
 
 locust U. S. Ent. Com. Rep., I, 445. 
 
 Melanoplus diflferentialis Thos. Differcnti il 
 
 locust Rruner, collected on apple. 
 
 Melanoplus bivittatus Say. Two-striped 
 
 locust Briiner, collected on apple. 
 
 Melanoplus herbaceus Brun'ER Townsend, in lit. 
 
 Melanoplus cinereus ScuDD 
 
 Melanoplus cyaneipes Mss 
 
 Melanoplus devastator Scudd. Devastating 
 
 locust 
 
 Pezotettix chenopodii BkUNER ...Bruner, in lit. to Riley. 
 
136 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 Formica Doveboracensis Fitch. New York 
 
 ant Fitch, N. Y. Rept.,I-II, 63. 
 
 Vespa maculata Linn. White faced hornet, Authors. 
 
 Vespa vulgaris Linn. Yellow jacket " 
 
 Polistes fuscata Fabr. The common wasp.. " 
 
 Tremex columba Linn. Pigeon tremex Amer. Entom., 11, 128. 
 
 PLATYPTERA. 
 
 Termes flavipes Kollak. White ants or 
 termites Insect Life, V, 20L 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 Sciaria mali Fitch. The apple midge Fitch, N. Y. Rept., I-II, 252. 
 
 Trypeta pomonella "Walsh. Apple maggot, Walsh, III. Rept., I, 29. 
 Drosophila ampelophila LoEW. Pickled- 
 fruit fly Comstock, Agr. R. for 1881, 199. 
 
 Drosophila amoena LoEW. Pretty pomace fiy, " " 201. 
 
 Ampelophila sp. ? Lintner, N. Y. Rept., II, 23. 
 
 Euxesta notata O. S Riley, Ins. Life, VI, 270. 
 
 Helops micans " Prairie Farmer, 1867,397. 
 
 ACARINA. 
 
 Bryobia speciosa (Koch) Webster, Ins. Life, I, 363. 
 
 MYRIAPODA. 
 
 Julus marginatus Say Riley, Prairie Farmer, 1867, 397. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 137 
 
 A KEY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF APPLE IN- 
 SECTS, BASED IN PART UPON THEIR METHOD OF 
 ATTACK. 
 
 A. Attacking the roots. 
 
 (a.) Causing swellings on smaller roots Apple Root-louse 
 
 (6.) Cutting off roots in nursery Tyle-horned Borer 
 
 B. Attacking the trunk and branches. 
 (a.) Internally, boring in the wood. 
 
 (1.) At or near the surface of ground. 
 
 * Legless borer of moderate size Round-headed Borer 
 
 ** Large borer with legs Moth Borers 
 
 (2.) Usually in upper trunk and branches Flat-headed Borer 
 
 (3.) In the twigs at axils Apple-twig Borer 
 
 (4.) In twigs at base of buds Pear-blight Beetle 
 
 (6.) Internally, between bark and wood. 
 
 (1.) Attacking young trees, causing bark to loosen, 
 
 Apple-bark Beetle 
 (2.) Attacking trees of various ages Fruit Bark Beetle 
 
 (c.) Amputating smaller limbs. 
 
 (1.) Larva working internally Apple-tree Pruner 
 
 (2). Beetle gnawing around outside Twig Girdler 
 
 {d.) Attacking the bark. 
 
 (1.) Gnawing off from new growths Grasshoppers or Locusts 
 
 (2.) Gnawing off in patches. Beetle Epicserus imbricatus 
 
 (e.) Piercing and laying eggs in twigs. 
 (L) Entering and injuring the wood. 
 
 * In summer Dog-day Cicada, 17-year Cicada 
 
 ** In fall Tree Crickets 
 
 (2.) Piercing bark only. 
 
 * Making triangular slit Buffido Tree-hopper 
 
 (/.) Piercing the twigs loith beak for food. 
 
 * Gathering in clusters on new growths.. .Buffalo Tree-hopper 
 [g.) Immovably fixed to bark. 
 
 * Mussel-shaped scale Oyster-shell Bark-louse 
 
 ** Irregular flat scale .....Scurfy Bark-louse 
 
 C. Attacking the buds. 
 
 (a.) Living within before it opens Leaf-rolling Caterpillars 
 
 (6.) Eating them out Bud-worms 
 
 (c.) Piercing with sucking tube and causing to wither and drop, 
 
 Tarnished Plant-bug 
 
138 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 D. Attacking the leaves. 
 
 (a.) Feeding in colonies. Gregarious. 
 (1.) Protected by a web. Caterpillars. 
 
 * Web in forks of branches. Spring Ten! Caterpillars 
 
 ** Web covering leaves. Summer Fall Web-woini 
 
 *** Leaves partly eaten and drawn together with web, 
 
 Palmer- worm 
 (2.) Not protected by a web. Caterpillars. 
 
 * Gathering in clnsters on limbs and trunks, 
 
 Yellow-necked Caterpillars 
 
 ** Red hump on fourth ring Trim Prominent 
 
 *** Horn on fourth ring Unicorn prominent 
 
 (3.) Not protected by a web: Beetles. 
 
 * Eating holes in leaves. Nurstries. 
 
 Apple-tree Flea-beetle 
 
 ** Eating entire leaf. Gray beetle Imbricated Snout-beetle 
 
 (4.) Not protected by web. With sucking mouth. 
 
 * Green, soft-bodied, wingless bugs in colonies Plant-lice 
 
 ** Gray, winged bugs on uur.sery stock False Chinch-bug 
 
 (6.) Solitary or scattered over tree. 
 (1.) Protected caterpillars. 
 
 * By web over single leaf, Leaf Skeletonizer 
 
 ** In tortuous tube Leaf Grumpier 
 
 *** In folded leaves. Leaf Rollers Several species 
 
 **** Cases made from piece of leaf. 
 
 Resplendent Case-bearers ■ 
 ***** Cases made of silk, leaf- fragments, etc.. 
 
 Apple-tree Case-bearer 
 ****** Case of silk covered with sticks, 
 
 Basket- worm. Bag- worm 
 (2.) Unprotected Caterpillars. 
 * In spring. 
 
 t Working in the day-time Canker-worms 
 
 ft Working in the night Cut-worms 
 
 ** In summer. Caterpillars. 
 
 t Large, green, covered with spiney tubercles, 
 
 Cecropia Silk-worm 
 ft Apple green, striped obliquely on sides with white, 
 
 American Silk- worm 
 ff f Similar to above but with bluish caudal horn. 
 
 Blind-eyed Sphinx 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 130 
 
 lift Green or gray above, pink below, 
 
 Larva of Turnus Butterfly 
 ttf ft Hairy, long tufts over head and tail. 
 
 White-marked Tussock 
 (3.) Unprotected. Beetles. 
 
 * In spring. 
 
 f Feeding at night. Large brown May-Beetles 
 
 ft Feeding at night. Smaller brown. 
 
 Other Leaf-beetles 
 tit Feeding during day. Small gray-brown, 
 
 Rose-chafer 
 f ttt Feeding during day. Large whitish, 
 
 Goldsmith Beetle 
 ■■ ttttt Feeding during day. Small grayish-black, 
 
 Dominican Case-bearer 
 (4.) Jumping insects with sucking mouth. 
 
 * Working in axils of leaves Jumping Plant-lice 
 
 ** Attacking the foliage promiscuously. 
 
 Various tree-hoppers 
 (5.) Stripping off leaves and gnawing bark from twigs. 
 
 Various Grasshoppers 
 
 E. Attacking the blossoms. 
 
 (a.) Entering before open and gnawing so as to shrivel Thrips 
 
 (6.) Piercing after open and killing Tarnished Plant-bug 
 
 F. Attacking the fruit. 
 
 (a.) Eating channels through it. 
 
 (1.) Channels very irregular aud numerous Apple Maggot 
 
 (2.) Channels chiefly about core, single, 
 
 Apple-worm, Codling Moth 
 
 (3.) Insect eating into it from outside Ash-gray Pinion 
 
 (6.) Gouging into it for food or to lay eggs Snout Beetles 
 
 (L) Puncture marked with crescent Plum Curculio 
 
 (2.) Puncture plain, causing fruit to distort. 
 
 * Insect with four humps on wing-covers. ..Apple Curculio 
 ** Insect without humps on wing-covers Plum Gouger 
 
 *** Small insect living within enlarged cavity... Apple Thrips 
 
 (3.) Puncturing ripe fruit with beak for food. Box-elder Bug 
 
 (4.) Puncturing with ovipositor. Grasshopper Orcheliranm 
 
 (c.) Attacking and eating holes in ripe fruit Ind ian Ceton ia 
 
140 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 THE APPLE-TREE ROOT LOUSE. 
 
 {Schizoneura lanigera Hausra.) 
 This plant louse, which appears in two forms, has become quite 
 plentiful in portions of the state within the past few years. One of 
 these forms (Fig. 1) works upon the roots of the tree from one to sev- 
 eral inches below the surface, where it does much injury. It is espe- 
 cially destructive to nursery stock where it is permitted to multiply from 
 year to year. The presence of this root form is readily detected by 
 the wart-like swellings which its attacks produce upon the roots; also 
 by the "moldy" appearance of the root and surrounding earth. The 
 lice insert their beaks into the bark of the roots and extract the juices 
 which would otherwise go to nourish the tree. When they are very 
 numerous their injuries cause the roots to gradually decay'; and if 
 they continue in th^ir nftacks the trees evonHnl^'- die. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Tlie Api>Ic-uee Root Louse; a, rooUet showing 
 gail.-; b, wingless or apterous louse; c, winged insect; 
 d, e,f, and g, parts of louse showing structure. Figs. 
 all magnified except a. [Afier Riley.] 
 
 If upon examination you should discover these irregularities upon 
 the finer roots of your apple trees, and at the same time notice the moldy 
 looking spots, you may be sure that this louse is present, and needs 
 looking after. A closer examination will reveal the small pale-yellow 
 lice, which sit concealed beneath their flaky covering in the crevices 
 of the root deformities which their attacks have produced. These are 
 also frequently accompanied by winged individuals of larger size. 
 The wingless lice have their bodies covered with a bluish-white cot- 
 tony substance, already mentioned as the " moldy " substance, which is 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 141 
 
 secreted from the upper portion of the bodies of the wingless lice and 
 hangs to their bodies in a tuft of filaments which are frequently five 
 or six times the length of the lice themselves. In Fig. 1, a repre- 
 sents the affected root, b a wingless louse, and c one with wings. The 
 size of these insects is indicated by hair lines alongside of the figures. 
 Saunders speaks of this insect as follows in his work entitled " In- 
 sects Injurious to Fruits": "The apple-root plant louse is believed by 
 some entomologists to be a native insect, while others hold to the 
 opinion that it has been imported from Europe. It is nourished by 
 sucking the juices of the tree, piercing the tender roots with its pro- 
 boscis. In the very young lice this instrument, when at rest and 
 folded under the abdomen, is longer than the body, but in the mature 
 specimens it is only about two-thirds the length of the body. While 
 it usually confines itself to the roots of trees, it is sometimes found on 
 the suckers that spring up around them, and sometimes also about the 
 stump of an amputated branch, but in every instance it may be recog- 
 nized by the bluish-white cottony matter with which its body is cov- 
 ered. If this cottony covering be forcibly removed, it will be found 
 that in two or three days the insect will have again produced suffi- 
 cient to envelop itself completely. Occasionally the mature lice crawl 
 up the branches of the trees during the summer, where they also 
 form colonies, and then are known as the Woolly Aphis of the apple." 
 In speaking of this form of the louse now under consideration the 
 same author says : " They are often found about the base of twigs 
 or suckers springing from the trunk, and also about the base of the 
 trunk itself, and around recent wounds in the bark. In autumn 
 they commonly affect the axils of the leaf stalks, towards the ends of 
 twigs, and sometimes multiply to such an extent as to cover the whole 
 under surface of the limbs and also of the trunk, the tree looking as 
 though whitewashed. They are said to affect most those trees which 
 yield sweet fruit. This woolly louse is very common in Europe, es- 
 pecially in Germany, the north of France, and England, where it is 
 more destructive than in this country, and, although generally known 
 there under the name of the 'American blight,' it is believed to be 
 indigenous to Europe, and to have been originally brought from Eu- 
 rope to America. It appears to thrive only in comparatively cold 
 climates, and in this country occurs in this [above ground] form most 
 abundantly in the New England states. 
 
Ii2 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 "Under each of the little patches of down there is usually fouud 
 one large female with her young. When fully grown the female is 
 nearly one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, with black head and 
 feet, dusky legs and antennae, and yellowish abdomen. She is cov- 
 ered with a white mealy powder, and has a tuft of white down grow- 
 ing upon the hinder part of her back which is easily detached. Dur- 
 ing the summer the insects are wingless, and the young are produced 
 alive, but about the middle of October, among the wingless specimens 
 appear a considerable number with wings, and these have but little of 
 the downy substance upon their bodies, which are nearly black and 
 rather plump. The fore wings are large and about twice as long as 
 the narrower hind wings. Late in the autumn the females deposit 
 eggs for another generation the following spring, a fact which should 
 induce fruit growers to take particular pains to destroy these lice 
 wherever fouud, for the colony that is permitted to establish itself 
 upon some worthless tree, or on the shoots or suckers at its base, will 
 furnish the parents of countless hosts that may establish themselves 
 next year on the choicest trees in the orchard. The insects are ex- 
 tremely hardy and will endure a considerable amount of frost, and it 
 is quite probable that some of them survive the winter in the perfect 
 state in the cracks of the bark of the trees. 
 
 "The eggs are so small that they require a magnifying glass to en- 
 able one to see them, and are deposited in the crevices of the bark at 
 or near the surface of the ground, especially about the base of suckers, 
 where such are permitted to grow. 
 
 "The young, when first hatched, are covered with very fine down, 
 and appear in the spring of the year like little specks of mold on the 
 trees. As the season advances, and the insect increases in size, its 
 cottony coating becomes more distinct, the fibers increasing in length 
 and apparently issuing from all the pores of the skin of the abdomen. 
 This coating is very easily removed, adhering to the fingers when 
 touched. Both young and old derive their nourishment from the sap 
 of the tree, and the constant punctures they make give rise to warts 
 and excrescences on the bark, and openings in it, and, where very nu- 
 merous, the limbs attacked become sickly, the leaves turn yellow and 
 drop off, and sometimes the tree dies." 
 
 This louse was noticed as early as 1848, at which time it was found 
 upon thousands of small trees in such large numbers that the destruc- 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FEUIT. 
 
 143 
 
 tiou of the trees was necessary. Since that time it has been gradually 
 spreading over the country until it has become quite general, save in 
 isolated localities. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Like all other plant lice, the present species is preyed upon by a 
 large number of predaceous and parasitic insects, such as lady-birds, 
 lace-wing flies, syrphus flies, and several very minute hymenopterous 
 l)arasites. Some of these are shown in Figs. 2 to 8. 
 
 Fig. 2.— The Root-louse Syrphus-fly {Pipiza radicum): 
 a, larva or maggot; b, puparia; c, fly. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 5.— Hippodamia IS- 
 punctata. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 7 — Hippodamia macu- 
 [Afier Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 8.— Lace-wings: o, eggs on leaf; ft, larva ; c, d, mature insect. [After Riley.] 
 
 When artificial means must be employed, and this should be done 
 just as soon as the lice first appear, the " kerosene emulsion " remedy 
 should be applied to the above ground form, while for the root form 
 Saunders writes : " The most successful means yet devised for destroy- 
 
144 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 ing these root lice is the use of scalding hot water freely poured 
 around the roots of the trees. If the trees are to remain in the soil, 
 the roots may be laid bare, and the water used nearly boiling without 
 injury; but where they have been taken up for the purpose of trans- 
 planting, and are to be dipped in the hot water, the temperature should 
 not exceed 150° Fahr.; under these circumstances, from 120° to 150° 
 would Liffice for the purpose. A mulch placed around the trees for 
 some time previous to treatment has been found useful in bringing the 
 lice to the surface, where they can be more readily reached by the hot 
 water. Drenching the roots with soap-suds has also been recom- 
 mended, to be followed by a liberal dressing of ashes on the surface." 
 
 THE APPLE-TREE APHIS. 
 
 {Aphis mail Fabr.) 
 
 Recently another plant louse has been doing considerable injury to 
 the apple trees in some portions of eastern and southeastern Nebraska. 
 This latter insect is the one commonly known as the Apple-tree Aphis. 
 It differs considerably from the root louse of the apple in several 
 points, as will be seen by reference to figures 9 and 10, the former 
 representing a wingless and the latter a winged louse. As will be 
 seen in the figures, this louse of both forms is provided with a pair of 
 
 Fig. 9— The Apple-tree Aphis (^pftjsmaH), winged Fig. 10.— The Apple-tree Aphis 
 
 viviparous lemale. [Original, drawing by T. A. (Aphis mail), apterous vivipar- 
 
 Williams.] ous female. [After Weed.] 
 
 honey tubes, which issue from the upper surface of the abdomen near 
 its apex. It also has the body destitute of any covering like that 
 found upon the root louse; and its antennae or feelers are as long as 
 its body, while the legs are also long and slender. In color the Ap- 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 145 
 
 pie-tree Aphis is green or greenish yellow, the winged specimens, as 
 well as the apterous, being marked to some extent with black. 
 
 The presence of this louse in an orchard can be readily detected by 
 the curled appearance of the leaves which it infests. When the in- 
 sects attack a leaf it curls or twists around so as to shelter them from 
 rain, as well as to afford a partial protection against its natural ene- 
 mies. The life-history of this plant louse is given briefly as follows 
 by the author already quoted : 
 
 "During the winter there may often be found in the crevices and 
 cracks of the bark of twigs of the apple tree, and also about the base 
 of the buds, a number of very minute, oval, shining black eggs. 
 These are the eggs of the Apple-tree Aphis, known also as the Apple- 
 leaf Aphis, Aphis malifolice Fitch. They are deposited in the autumn, 
 and when first laid are of a light yellow or green color, but gradually 
 become darker, and finally black. 
 
 "As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, these eggs 
 hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves upon the swelling buds 
 and the small, tender leaves, and, inserting their beaks, feed on the 
 juices. All the lice thus hatched at this period of the year are [vivi- 
 parous] females, and i^ach maturity in ten or twelve days, when they 
 commence to give birth to living young, producing about two daily 
 for two or three weeks, after which the older ones die. The young 
 locate about the parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and 
 they also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and are 
 as prolific as their predecessors. They thus increase so rapidly that as 
 fast as new leaves expand colonies are ready to occupy them. As the 
 season advances, some of the lice acquire wings, and, dispersing, found 
 new colonies on other trees. When cold weather approaches, males as 
 well as females are produced, and the season closes with the deposit of 
 a stock of eggs for the continuance of the species another year." 
 
 The habits of this aphis are very similar to that of the Box-elder 
 Plant-louse, mentioned in the report for 1889; and it is usually kept 
 within bounds by the same insect enemies that attack that and other 
 plant lice. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 The kerosene emulsion, if sprayed over the trees at the time of 
 batching or afterwards, will kill all the lice that it reaches. If strong 
 
146 INSECT ENEMIES OE THE 
 
 soap-suds are sprayed upon the trees at the time the buds are opening, 
 or if weak lye or tobacco water be used instead, many of the young 
 lice will be destroyed. Sounders says : "A frost occurring after a few 
 days of warm weather will kill millions of them; in the egg state the 
 insects can endure any amount of frost, but the young aphides quickly 
 perish when the temperature falls below the freezing-point." 
 
 Fig. 11.— The Apple Aphis parasite Fig. 12.— The Comely La<iy-bird 
 
 (Aphdinvs mdi)—en\eLTge6. [Af- (Coccinella wji»s/(i) — slightly 
 
 terRlley.l enlarged. L^tier Kiley.] 
 
 The predaceous insects that attack this and other plant lice are 
 shown in Figs. 3 to 8 and also Figs. 11 and 12. All of these are our 
 friends and should become familiar to us so that we can protect and 
 assist them in their good work. 
 
 OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE. 
 
 [Mytilaspis pomorum Bouch6.) 
 
 The common Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the apple is too well known 
 by orchardists to require any extended description here. The illus- 
 trations of the insect 'in figures 13 and 14 will at once call to mind 
 the insect which is meant. Unlike the Maple Scale, this insect de- 
 
 po.sits her eggs during late sum- 
 mer, where they remain con- 
 cealed beneath the shell during 
 
 fall and winter. Nor is this 
 Fig. 13.— Piece of bark containing scales of Oyster- , , , . „ . 
 
 shell Bark-Louse. [After Kiiey.] scale nearly SO proline as tlie 
 
 one just referred to, since but from sixty to seventy-five eggs are laid by 
 
 each female, whereas the other species is known to deposit from one 
 
 to two thousand. Aside from this the life-histories of the two insects 
 
 are near enough alike to need no further mention here. The male 
 
 alone is winged, and issues during the summer. 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 The very best direct remedy against this bark louse is the use of 
 
APPLE TEEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 147 
 
 kerosene emulsion at the time when the young are hatcliing and wan- 
 dering about over the trees. One or two careful sprayings at such 
 
 Fig. 14.— Oyster-sheU Bark-louse {Mytilaspis pomorum): 1, egg; 2, larva 
 when first hatched ; 3, larva when forming scale ; 4, scale after second 
 plate is formed ; 5, 6, forms of louse taken from scale; 7, fully formed 
 scale— all greatly enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
 times will effectually destroy the insects. The use of alkali washes is 
 also strongly recommended as remedies for this and other coccids. 
 
 THE SCURFY APPLE-TREE BARK-LOUSE. 
 
 {Chionaspis furfurus Fitch.) 
 
 A second species of scale also works on our apple trees here in the 
 state. It is the one known to the entomologist as Chionaspis furfurus. 
 This second Apple-tree Bark-louse can be distinguished from the one 
 just treated, which is brownish, by its dirty white color. Still other 
 species of scale insects are known to attack the apple in other regions. 
 (See list of apple insects on preceding pages.) 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 As a rule these lice are kept pretty well within bounds by a large 
 number of parasites and predaceous insects that prey upon both the 
 young and old. Of these the Twice- wounded Ladybird (CAiVocorws 
 bivulnerus) is the most important, since it works upon the lice both as 
 old and young; and often occurs in such numbers as to completely dot 
 the infested tree-trunks with their glossy-black bodies. I have counted 
 as many as 200 of this beetle upon a single small limb of a tree that was 
 infested by the Maple-tree Scale. Several other " lady-birds " are also 
 known to destroy these lice. Among the true parasites that infest 
 these insects I have bred at least four or more distinct species from 
 specimens of the Maple Scale taken here in the city of Lincoln. 
 
148 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Whether or not any of these are the same as those mentioned by other 
 writers, I am unable to state, since I have not taken time to look them 
 up or send them away for determination. 
 
 THE BUFFALO TREE-HOPPER. 
 
 (Ceresa bvhalus Fabr.) 
 
 One of our most troublesome 
 insect pests here in the west is 
 the one known to the general 
 public by the name of Buffalo 
 Tree-hopper; and to the ento- 
 mologist as the Ceresa huhalus. 
 The insect certainly does bear 
 a striking likeness to the ani- 
 mal for which it is named. 
 (See Fig. 15, d.) 
 
 The insect may be known by 
 the following brief description : 
 The insect is green in color, is 
 hunchbacked, about one-fourth 
 to one-third of an inch in 
 length, and is a great jumper. 
 In its movements it is very ac- 
 tive, and at the appearance of 
 an enemy will very quickly 
 dart around to the opposite 
 side of the twig upon which it 
 is perched. Like all the rep- 
 resentatives of the order to which it belongs, it is a sucker, i. e., it 
 takes its nourishment by means of a beak which it inserts into the 
 stems of tender and growing plants. The injury inflicted by this and 
 other tree-hoppers when feeding is sometimes very great; but in this 
 particular case the greatest damage is occasioned by the female in the 
 deposition of its eggs. Professor Riley has described these egg-punct- 
 ures as follows in his Fifth Missouri Report: "The punctures consist 
 of a row, more or less straight, of little raised slits in the bark, in each 
 of which, upon careful examination, may be found an oval, dark-col- 
 ored egg. These eggs hatch about the middle of May, and the young 
 
 cUttliuaTc. 
 
 Fig. 15.— Ceresa bubalus: a, natural size ; b, enlarged ; 
 c, punctures on twig ; d, n dull tree-hopper; e, same 
 from above. L-A-fter Poponoe.] 
 
APPLE TBEE AND ITS FKUIT. 149 
 
 are at first browuish, with a formidable row often pairs of compound 
 spines, and looking totally unlike the mature insect." 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 Professor Herbert Osborn, of the Iowa Agricultural College, has 
 quite recently treated this insect in the Orange Judd Former, and in 
 the article under consideration has the following to say about handling 
 it: " The insect is a difficult one to deal with, as it lives by punctur- 
 ing the plants upon which it feeds with its suctorial mouth-parts, so 
 that it cannot be reached by arsenical applications ; and they are scat- 
 tered over such a variety of plants that the application of kerosene 
 emulsion is not practicable. It often happens that the punctures oc- 
 cur in great numbers on certain trees, or on certain branches of a tree, 
 and in such cases some degree of protection is secured for the follow- 
 ing year by trimming off the injured twigs and burning them." 
 
 Various other tree-hoppers also frequently attack the apple trees 
 and by their combined efforts do much injury. When these are found 
 upon young trees in the nursery, kerosene emulsion, if sprayed upon 
 them, will do much towards remedying the evil. 
 
 THE TARNISH PLANT-BUG. 
 
 {Lygus pratensis Linn.) 
 
 Another of the insects that appears on almost 
 every list of insect enemies is the one figured here- 
 with (Fig. 16). It is known as the Tarnish Plant- 
 bug, Lygus pratensk, and often is the cause of 
 considerable damage during early spring by gath- 
 ering in great numbers upon opening buds and 
 blossoms from which it sucks the vitality by 
 inserting its beak and extracting the sap. It hi- 
 bernates in all kinds of sheltered places, and as pi''^ le.-Tamish piam 
 soon as vegetation starts in the spring comes forth [Tfter^Kfieyr"'^'""'^' 
 hungry and prepared for work. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Since it breeds on weeds of various kinds in large numbers, clean 
 culture is one of the best preventive measures that we can recomm-nd. 
 The kerosene emulsion, if applied to the trees when the insect is at work, 
 will also prove beneficial. 
 
150 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 THE FALSE CHINCH-BUG. 
 
 {Nysius angustatus Uhl.) 
 
 The insect which is shown herewith in Fig. 17, 
 quite frequently becomes very numerous during fall 
 and spring and then gathers upon young trees in the 
 nursery where it does much injury by sucking the 
 sap and killing the new growths. It naturally feeds 
 upon a number of our most common weeds, and 
 therefore is most frequently destructive in localities 
 where these weeds have been allowed to grow up dur- 
 ing late summer and fall. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Clean culture throughout the summer and fall is, of course, the most 
 sure remedy for this and several other weed^feeding bugs. When 
 present and causing their injury the kerosene emulsion will act as a 
 safeguard. 
 
 THE PEAK-TREE PSYLLA. ' 
 
 ( Psylla i^yri Sch m id b. ) 
 
 An insect that sometimes occurs upon the apple tree is shown here- 
 with (See Fig. 18). It is known as the "Pear-tree Psylla" because 
 
 Fig. n.—Nytius 
 angustatus. [After 
 Kiley.] 
 
 Fig. 18.— The Pear-tree Psylla {Psijlla pyri). [After Sauuderg.] 
 
 t is more frequently found as an enemy of that tree than of the apple. 
 In describing this insect Saunders uses the following language:* 
 
 "During the middle of May, when growth is rapid, the smaller limbs 
 and twigs of pear trees are sometimes observed to droop; a close ex- 
 amination reveals copious exudation of sap from about the axils of 
 *'• Insects Injurious to Fruits," by Wm. Saunders. J. B. Lippencott & Co. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 151 
 
 the leaves, so abundant that it drops upon the foliage below, and some- 
 times runs down the branches to the ground. FJies and ants gather 
 around in crowds to sip the sweets, and by their busy bustle draw at- 
 tention to the mischief progressing. With a magnifying lens the 
 authors of the injury may be observed immersed in the sap about the 
 axils of the leaves." 
 
 The insect is "a small, yellow, jumping creature, flattened in form 
 and provided with short legs, a broad head, and sharp beak." Like 
 the Aphididse this insect lives upon the sap of the tree and when 
 numerous causes it to wither and droop. 
 
 The kerosene emulsion, if applied as directed for other plant lice, 
 will be quite effective in ridding trees of this insect. 
 
 THE BOX-ELDER BUG. 
 
 {Leptocoris trivittatus Say.) 
 
 Everyone in this western country is familiar with 
 the insect of which the accompanying figure is an en- 
 larged drawing. However familiar many of us may 
 be with this insect, most of us are undoubtedly ig- 
 norant as to its habits, mode of life, enemies, etc. To 
 include all of this here would, of course, occupy too 
 much space. Suffice it at present then for me to give 
 a few of the general points in connection with its life 
 history. 
 
 This is the dark slate-colored bug, with red border 
 and median line of same color, that is so common 
 about houses and out-buildings during fall, when it 
 frequently becomes a nuisance on account of its habit 
 of crawling over and into different things left standing about the 
 house. In form it is somewhat flattened, about one-third as broad as 
 long. Its length, as will be seen by the hair line at the right of the 
 figure, is about one-half of an inch. Wlien handled or disturbed it 
 emits a pungent or disagreeable odor, adding to its odiousness. 
 
 Aside from the box-elder tree, it also frequently gathers upon ap- 
 ples and other fruit which it j)nnctures with its beak and renders un- 
 palatable if it does not destroy them. 
 
 Fig. 19.— The Box- 
 elder Bust (Lrp- 
 tncoris trivittiUui:). 
 [Original.] 
 
152 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 EEMEDY. 
 
 On account of its habit of gathering into great clusters, it is not 
 difficult to wage war against this bug. When thus gathered upon the 
 ground, on walls of buildings, or upon the trunks of trees, it can 
 readily be destroyed by the use of kerosene or boiling water. Birds 
 and other insectivorous animals are not very partial to it, nor to any 
 of the members of the order to which it belongs, all of which are very 
 " odoriferous," and presumably not especially delightful to the taste. 
 
 BORING BEETLES. 
 
 Very prominent among the insect enemies of the apple tree in this 
 country are a number of kinds of boring beetles. These may be sep- 
 arated into three groups, viz., flat-head, round-head, and bark- 
 borers. These bori\ig beetles belong to several distinct families and 
 work upon the trees which they attack in different ways. Some of 
 them bore directly into the heart of the larger limbs and the trunk, 
 others work immediately under the bark upon the sap wood, while 
 still others work in and destroy the twigs and smaller branches. 
 
 FLAT-HEADED WOOD-BORERS. 
 
 (Buprestidce.) 
 
 Very prominent among these wood boring 
 insects of the apple tree are those known as 
 the flat-headed wood-borers (Buprestidce). 
 This name is given them on account of the 
 structure of their larvfe. One of these is 
 FiQ. 20— chrysobothris fcmoratus : showu in the accompanying: illustration 
 
 beetle and larva. [After Riley.] ,^, ^^. , . , .,, ^ , , „ 
 
 (Fig. 20) at the right. All of the larvfe of 
 the representatives of this family are thus characterized, though they 
 vary much in size and general appearance. Several of the others of 
 these flat-headed boring beetles are shown in Figures 21, 22, and 23. 
 All of them are more or less metallic in their colors and sculptured 
 with ridges, lines, and depressions as are shown by the illustrations. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Most of these flat-headed borers can be kept in check by washing 
 the trunks of the trees which they infest with a strong soap solution, 
 
 H 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 153 
 
 or by whitewashing them about the time the insects' eggs are laid 
 The borers can also be grubbed out with a sharp knife and destroyed 
 after they have entered the bark. In the woods and away from cities 
 
 Fig. 21.— Chnlcophora vir- 
 giniensis. [Marx.] 
 
 Fig. i2.—Chalcophora lib- 
 nata. [Marx.] 
 
 Fia. iS.—Dicerca divericata. 
 [Marx.] 
 
 and towns they are greatly infested by parasites tiiat kill them oif, 
 and they are also eagerly sought out and devoured by the different 
 species of woodpeckers that make this sort of work their special busi- 
 ness. Much good can also be done at times in the way of capturing 
 and destroying the mature beetles as they are found basking in the 
 bright sunshine upon their favorite trees. 
 
 ROUND-HEADED WOOD-BORERS. 
 
 (Cerambycidce.) 
 
 Certain others of the wood-boring beetles have been called " Round- 
 headed " as distinguished from the "Flat-headed" borers referred to 
 above. These round-headed borers are the larvae of the Long-horn 
 
 12 3 
 
 Fig. 24.— Round-headed Apple-tree Borer {Saperda Candida) : 1, larva; 2, pupa; 3, imago. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 beetles of the family Cerambycidce. They are shown in figure 24. 
 These borers usually bore directly into the heart of the wood and there 
 
154 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 do much injury to the trees which they infest. Some of these borers 
 are described more fully below, where the remedies are given for each. 
 
 Fig. 25.— Oviposition and exit of the Round-Headed Apple-irce Borer : a, wound where esg is 
 deposited ; b, s ime, with the wood split lengthwise along the line (a, e), and turned so as to 
 show an ejrg in place; c, same, with ihe bark split on the same line and removed to the left, 
 80 as to show Ihe manner in which the egg is commonly thrust to one side under ihe bark; d, 
 the egg, enlari;ed ; e, hole of exit of beetle ; /, (he same, as it appears from the side when split 
 along the line (a, t); g, ihe burrow, as il appears while the insect is in the pupa state, and be- 
 fore the baik is perforated. [After Riley.] 
 
 TWIG GIRDLER AND TWIG PRUNERS. 
 
 Not unfrequently do we find limbs and small branches of our fruit 
 trees lying upon the ground where they have fallen during ordinary 
 wind storms. An examination shows that they have been cut off by 
 something or other, but "just what this something has been is a mys- 
 tery to most of us. A reference to the accompanying illustrations 
 (Figs. 26 and 27), will at once explain the mystery. Both the "Twig 
 Girdler " and several species of the pruners occur within the state where 
 I hey cause more or less injury. In the case of the girdler (Fig. 26), 
 it appears that the larva must feed upon dead wood, and that this 
 dead wood must be in a special condition. To this end the female 
 l)eetle punctures the twigs and lays her eggs as shown in the illustra- 
 tion at 6. She then proceeds to gnaw a groove around the branch be- 
 low the point where the egg was deposited. The branch dies and the 
 borer has dead wood upon which to feed. The further growth and 
 transformations of tiie insect take place within the stick upon the 
 !i,round. With the pruners the eggs of the female insects are laid in 
 the living branches and the cutting off is done by the borers when 
 
APPLE TEEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 155 
 
 just about fully grovvu. They cut off the woody portion, leaving 
 only a small part of the bark intact. The result is that with the fall 
 
 Fig. 26.— The Twig Girdler (On- 
 cideres ciiigulata): a, beetle; 6, 
 puncture showing where ihe 
 egg is laid ; c, girdling lo cause 
 upper portion to die; e, egg. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 27 —Twig Pruner : a, larva; 6, pupa; 
 c, beetle. [Riley.] 
 
 winds the limbs fall to the ground and the insect finds a shelter anaong 
 the fallen leaves, as well as protection from birds and parasites. The 
 figure, 27, will explain this sufficiently well. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Gather the fallen limbs during fall, 
 burn them. 
 
 'inter, or early spring, and 
 
 THE BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS. 
 
 {Prionus laticoUis Drury.) 
 
 Among the different species of long-horned boring beetles that at- 
 tack the apple tree the one herewith illustrated is the largest. 
 
 It 
 
 Fig. 28.— The Broad-necked Prionus {Pi 
 
 shown in the larva, pupa, and imago stages in Figs 28, 29, and 30, 
 respectively, all natural size. In color the larva is yellowish white, 
 with its small horny head reddish brown. The pupa is also light col- 
 
156 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 ored, while the beetle is dark mahogany brown, inclining to black in 
 some specimens. 
 
 The larvae of this and allied species bore in the roots of the plants 
 which they injure; and it is supposed that they are three years in 
 attaining their growth. These borers, although so very large, often 
 work upon roots smaller than their own diameter, and in consequence 
 are often plowed up in breaking prairie. 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 These underground 
 borers are the most diffi- 
 cult of all our insect en- 
 emies to fight, and must 
 be dealt with singly. In 
 other words each larva 
 must be searched for and 
 and destroyed. Happily 
 for us the insects are not 
 very numerous, and hence 
 rarely become a pest. 
 
 Fig. 29.— The Broad- Fio. 30— The Broad-necked Pri- rnt • •. 
 
 necked Prionus: onus: beetle, female. [After Ihcir presence Cau qUltC 
 
 ley.]' ' readily be detected by 
 
 the sudden death of the plants which have been attacked. (It also 
 destroys young apple and other trees growing in nursery rows which 
 it follows and takes one after the other.) 
 
 THE APPLE-TWIG BORER. 
 
 (Amphicei'us bicaudatus Say.) 
 
 The insect that is figured herewith (Fig. 31) in all its stages of 
 growth, is, perhaps, one of the best known insects that attack apple 
 trees here in the west. The beetle, which is shown in the illustration 
 at a and b, is known by its methods of attack from all other enemies 
 of the tree. In winter it is found in the twigs, where it enters at the 
 axils and bores down the center a half inch or more, and remains over 
 winter. The point beyond the attack usually dies. Although so often 
 found in twigs of the apple and pear trees the insect breeds in other 
 localities. Its life-history has been studied by Prof. Popenoe, of the 
 Kansas Agricultural College. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 157 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Gathering and burning the twigs containing the insects seems to be 
 about the only remedy that we have for this species. It is also at- 
 tacked by several parasites that do much towards keeping it in check. 
 
 Fig. 31. — The Apple-twig Borer (Amphicerus Mcaudahis) : a, female beetle from above; b, ouiliue 
 side view of male; c, antenna; d, full-growu larva ; e, head and antenna of do.; /, right legs 
 of do.; g, front view of pupa, in outline; h, twig showing, above, the larval burrow packed 
 with castings, and below, the pupa in its cell. The figures, excepting h, which is na ural size, 
 are enlarged, the hair-lines at the side showing natural size. [After Popenoc— drawings by 
 C. L. Marlatt.] 
 
 THE RED-SHOULDERED SINOXYLON. 
 
 {Sinoxylon basilare Say.) 
 
 A not uncommon insect in portions of eastern and middle Ne- 
 braska is the one shown in its different stages of larva, pupa, and 
 imago in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 32). As will be noticed 
 by the comparison of the figures, it is related to the beetle so com- 
 monly known as the Apple-twig Borer. Like that insect it also at- 
 tacks the grapevine and various fruit trees in the stems and limbs of 
 which it bores, often doing a vast amount of injury to these plants. 
 
158 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 The grub, or larva, which is shown 
 at a in the illustration, is about three- 
 tenths of an inch in length, of a dirty 
 yellowish-white color, and has the 
 anterior end somewhat enlarged. Its 
 normal position is that shown in the 
 Fig. 32.— The Red-shouldered sinoxyion (s. picture, L c, with the body arched 
 
 6asi7are): a, larva; b, pupa; e, imago— all , i mi • r> .i 
 
 enlarged. [After Riley.] Or boweU. ihe pupa IS 01 the Same 
 
 general color as that of the larva, and is to be found in the burrows 
 made by it. The beetle is of the length of the line at its right in the 
 illustration, and is black in color, with the basal portion of the elytra 
 or wing-covers red. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Like the Twig Borer, this beetle is more or less frequently destroyed 
 by several kinds of four-winged parasites, which generally keep the 
 insect within reasonable control. Occasionally, however, it gets a 
 start in an orchard or vineyard ; especially is this the case where neg- 
 lect is the rule of the owner. Then the heroic remedy only can be 
 recommended, viz., the pruning and burning of the infested canes and 
 branches along with their contents. 
 
 BARK-BORING BEETLES. 
 
 (Scolytidce.) 
 
 A reference to figures 33 and 34 will show the readers of this paper 
 the appearance and method of attack of another group of boring 
 beetles that occasionally do much harm to trees of various kinds. 
 These insects not only work on trees grown for shade and ornamental 
 purposes, but also upon those in the orchard and forests. 
 ' While these insects usually attack dead or dying trees, they some- 
 times do considerable injury to living trees also. Their mode of at- 
 tack is as follows: The mature insects bore into the bark until they 
 reach the wood, when they dig a longitudinal burrow between the bark 
 and wood, or rather partly in the bark and partly in the sap-wood. 
 Along the edges of this gallery eggs are laid and the young larvae be- 
 gin feeding and growing, digging as they advance lateral galleries of 
 increasing size as shown in the accompanying illustrations (Figs. 34 
 and 35, c). When mature some species of these beetles enter the wood 
 
APPLE TltEE AND ITS FEUIT. 
 
 159 
 
 quite deeply, others simply remain between the wood and bark when 
 they transform. 
 
 The Fruit Bark-beetle (Scolytus rugulosus), which is shown along 
 with its work (See Fig. 35, a, b, e.), has become quite a pest in some 
 
 Fig. 33— Tomwus ca ographus. 
 [Marx.' 
 
 Fig. 34.— Mine of Scolytus unispino- 
 sus. [After J. B. Smith.] 
 
 parts of the United States, and certainly needs to be watched in this 
 state. It is especially liable to attack- such of our trees as have suf- 
 fered from blight. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 It is quite a difficult matter to fight these bark borers, and we are 
 obliged to depend mostly on their natural enemies for keeping them 
 in check. Professor A. S. Packard, in treating of one of these insects, 
 writes (5th Kept. U. S. Entomological Commission, p. 710) as follows, 
 when speaking of remedies: 
 
 "This, and the other bark-beetles of the pine, have numerous insect 
 enemies which wage incessant war upon them. Various species of 
 small beetles pertaining to the families Staphylinidce, Hiakridce, etc., 
 are always to be met with under the loose worm-eaten bark of pines, 
 and M. Perris has ascertained that these insects resort to this situation 
 for the purpose of rearing their young, their larvae being predaceous 
 and subsisting upon the larvse and pupae of the bark beetles." 
 
160 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Aside from the good work that is done by the above mentioned 
 friendly insects in keeping these bark-borers in check, it is a good plan 
 to gather all dead or dying limbs, branches, and even trees that con- 
 tain these borers and burn them during the winter months. 
 
 ¥iG.35.—Scolyiusruguloms: a, beetle, enlarged twenty diameters; 6, small branch, showing 
 perforations of bark, natural size ; c, denuded branch showing work of insect, natural size. 
 [After Forbes] 
 
 THE NEW YORK WEEVIL. 
 
 [Idhycerus noveborascensis Forst.) 
 
 An insect that frequently occurs in our orchards, and one that some- 
 times does considerable injury to different fruit-trees, is what has been 
 called the New York Weevil. This insect, as will be seen by refer- 
 ence to the accompanying figure, is a snout-beetle of large size. It is 
 an early arrival in spring, and frequently does much harm by eating 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 161 
 
 the buds and bark of the twigs. It also gnaws into the bases of 
 twigs and causes them to fall, as well as eats off the leaves later in the 
 season. Besides all this, it has the habit of devouring the tender 
 shoots or new growths. 
 
 Like the Imbricated Snout Beetle, this weevil 
 is gray. Saunders, in speaking of this insect, in 
 his work entitled " Insects Injurious to Fruits," 
 says, " The beetle is said to be more active at 
 night than in day, and seems to show a prefer- 
 erence for the tender, succulent shoots of the 
 apple, although it makes quite free with those 
 of the peach, pear, plum, and cherry. Some- 
 times it occurs in swarms in nurseries, when it 
 seriously injures the young trees. In the east 
 it is seldom present in sufficient numbers 
 to prove injurious, but it is very common 
 in the valley of the Mississippi. The larva 
 is found in the twigs and tender branches 
 of the bur-oak, and probably also in those of 
 the pig-nut hickory." The female, when about 
 to deposit her egg, first gnaws a slit in the twig, 
 as shown .at a in the figure. This egg soon hatches, and the larva 
 works in the stem. It is a rather large, yellowish, fleshy, footless 
 grub. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 The beetles can be jarred from the trees into some sort of a recep- 
 tacle and then destroyed; or they can be poisoned by spraying with 
 the arsenites. 
 
 Fig. 36.— The New York 
 Weevil [IcthycertLS novebor- 
 ascensis): a, twig showing 
 slit for egg; b, larva; c, 
 beetle— uatural size. [Af- 
 ter Riley.] 
 
 TREE-CRICKETS. 
 
 Few if any of our injurious insects are more widely and generally 
 distributed over the state, and for that matter over North America, 
 than the common Snowy Tree-cricket {(Ecanthus niveus) which is 
 herewith figured. Figure 37 represents the female and Fig. 38 the 
 male, both natural size. This cricket, as the name implies, is whitish 
 or greenish-white. It is a very common insect, and can readily be 
 recognized by the accompanying illustrations; therefore a description 
 of it is unnecessary here. , 
 
162 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 While this particular cricket is less injurious to trees and shrubs 
 than are many other indigenous noxious insects, its peculiar mode of 
 attack brings it into notice much more frequently than they. By ref- 
 erence to the accompanying figure (Fig. 39) which is intended to rep- 
 resent a raspberry cane that has been iujuied by this cricket, its mode 
 
 Fig. 37.— Suowy Tree-cricket {CEcauthus nivcus): 
 female. [After Harris.] 
 
 Fig. 38.— Snowy Tree-cricket (CEcanthus nivcus): 
 male. [After Harris.] 
 
 Si i 
 
 Fig. 39.— Snowy Tree-cricket: o, raspberry 
 caue showing egg punctures; 6, trans- 
 verse section; c and d, magnified view 
 of egg. [After Kiley.] 
 
 of attack can be seen. Instead of destroying the plant by devouring 
 the foliage or twigs, as is usually the case with insect depredators, this 
 species unintentionally becomes an enemy by using the stems of vari- 
 ous pithy plants as receptacles for its eggs during the winter — the re- 
 sult being alike favorable for the parent and progeny, whether the 
 twigs or stems die or live. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 When it is thought necessary to fight this insect its eggs should be 
 gathered and burnt. Usually it is a benefit rather than an injury to 
 the fruit-raiser, since the food of this and allied species is various 
 plant-lice and other small soft-bodied insects. 
 
APPLE THEE AND IT8 FKUIT. 
 
 163 
 
 MOTH WOOD-BORERS. 
 
 (Cossidw and Sesiidce.) 
 
 Some of our most destructive borers that attack fruit and other 
 trees are those belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Of these moth- 
 borers there are two well-defined families, Sesiidce and Cossidce. The 
 cossids are all large-bodied insects, and their larvse are correspondingly 
 large. It is supposed that they live in the caterpillar stage three 
 years. 
 
 Fig. 40.— The Leopird Moth (Zcuzrra pyrinn): a, larva, dorsal view; h, larva, side view; 
 moth; d, female moth; e, larval bu. row— natural size. [Inject Life.] 
 
 The insect shown in figure 40 is an imported one, and is known as 
 tl>e Leopard moth on account of its color — white and black with 
 brown head and abdomen. Scientifically it is known as Zeuzera py- 
 rina. It is a very general feeder, having been known to attack maples, 
 mulberry, hackberry, hickory, thorn-apple, sweet gum, tulip tree, oaks, 
 basswood, elms, mountain ash, apple, pear, and even currant bushes. 
 The eggs of this moth are said to be laid near the crotch of a tree in 
 a group, and are covered by a loose, fluflpy substance. 
 
164: 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Where these insects are known to be working in trees they can be 
 destroyed by injecting a small quantity of bisulphide of carbon into 
 each burrow, after which the opening should be closed with clay. The 
 fumes of this will kill the borers, while it is claimed it will not injure 
 the tree. 
 
 THE APPLE-TREE CASE-BEARER. 
 
 {Coleophora malivorella Riley.) 
 
 Among the many insect enemies that attack the apple tree in the 
 United States are to be mentioned certain species that are known as 
 "case-bearers," from the fact that the larvae live within cases or cov- 
 erings, which they construct for themselves of silk, fragments of 
 leaves and bark, intermingled with their own excrement. One of 
 these case-bearers is shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 41). 
 
 Fig. 41 —The Apple tree Case-bearer (Coleophora m-Uvorella): a, 
 apple twig showing case of larvse, and the work on leaves; b, 
 larva; c, pupa; d, moth— 5, c, and d enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
 It is known as the Apple-tree Case-bearer, and has been known to 
 greatly injure this tree in portions of the eastern and middle states. 
 As yet it has not been reported as especially injurious in this or ad- 
 joining states, although it is known to occur in all of them, where it 
 has been introduced on nursery stock. 
 
 This case-bearing moth lays its eggs upon the leaves during the 
 month of July. The eggs soon hatch and the larvae feed upon the 
 leaves until they drop, when they migrate to the twigs and fasten their 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FHUIT. 165 
 
 cases to the bark, where they remain during winter. The following 
 spring they feed upon the leaves, which they skeletonize, and when 
 full-fed abandon them and again repair to the twigs, where the case is 
 firmly attached a second time. They now completely reverse their 
 position within their cases and transform to chrysalids. About three 
 weeks later the moths issue through the anal opening. 
 
 They are usually kept in check by a minute Chalcid which is para- 
 sitic upon them. They can also be destroyed with the arsenites which 
 are so frequently recommended for killing other leaf-fectiing insects. 
 
 THE RESPLENDENT CASE BEARER. 
 
 {Aspidisca splendor iferella Clem.) 
 
 A second species of these Case-bearing apple tree moths is herewith 
 illustrated in its different stages of growth. Like the preceding, it 
 has also made its appearance within the state, where it has probably 
 been introduced on nursery stock. Although an exceedingly small 
 insect for a moth, it makes up in numbers, as will be seen from the 
 following quotation from the annual report of the U. S. Entomologist 
 for the year 1879 : * * "The first brood was quite numerous, 
 but when the second brood began to make their cases, about the end of 
 September, the apple trees were a sorry sight to the orchardist. I 
 have frequently counted from twenty-five to thirty separate mines in 
 a single leaf, from which one can see what a great drain this insect 
 must have caused upon the vitality of the plant. In early October, 
 when permanent hibernating quarters had been taken up, the tree 
 trunks and larger branches were fairly covered with the clustering 
 cases. I have counted forty-seven on a spot of bark not larger than 
 a dime. In the crotches of the limbs, in the crevices of knots, and 
 in similar places, they were particularly abundant. They were also 
 to be found upon the grass and sticks at the base of the tree." 
 
 Before transforming to the chrysalis stage, this larva, like that of 
 the preceding species, reverses its position inside the case. There are 
 two broods annually ; and it also attacks the pear and thorn-apples, as 
 well as the wild cherry. The larvae of the first brood transform al- 
 most immediately after fastening their cases permanently ; but those of 
 the second brood hibernate and transform the following spring. 
 
166 
 
 IIJSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 NATURAL, ENEMIES AND REMEDIES. 
 
 This little case-bearer is attacked and destroyed by ants and at least 
 two distinct hymenopterous parasites, the one a Microgaster, which is 
 
 Fig. 42.— The Resplendent Case Rearer (Aspidisca splendoriferella): 
 a, lei\f of apple showing work; 6, summer larva; c, larva incase 
 traveling; d, cases tied up for winter; e, hibernating larva ; /, 
 pupa ; g, moth ; h, parasite— all enlarged but a and d. [After 
 Comstock.l 
 
 figured in the illustration (Fig. 42 at h), and the other a Chaloid. 
 These evidently keep it pretty well within bounds, but occasionally it 
 may become sufficiently numerous to cause injury. In such a case a 
 spraying of the trees with kerosene emulsion is thought to be an ef- 
 fectual remedy. 
 
APPLE TKEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 167 
 
 Fig. 43.— The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar (Datana 
 
 viinislra): a, maiure larva at rest; 6, moth; c, eggs; d, a sin- 
 gle egg greatly enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
 THE YELLOW-NECKED .^PPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR. 
 
 {Datana ministra Drury.) 
 The insect shown 
 herewith in figure 
 43, a, larva, 6, moth, 
 is commonly found 
 in our orchards du- 
 ring late summer 
 and early fall. The 
 caterpillars are ra- 
 ther large, more or 
 less hairy, dark- 
 colored with light stripes, and live in colonies. When about to molt 
 they gather in clusters upon the larger branches or the trunk, where 
 they remain for several days, clinging together by means of webs 
 spun by the individual caterpillars. The position of the caterpillar 
 in the cut is a common one for the insect when disturbed. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 This insect and other web-spinning 
 caterpillars, such as are shown in figures 
 55 and 56, can very readily be controlled 
 by hand-picking at molting times, and 
 when first hatched, since at such times 
 they are massed together. All the spe- 
 cies of this and a couple other genera 
 are very apt to be attacked by several 
 
 Anny^vmm showing eggs. [After j^j^j^ ^^ g^^j^ gj^^ ^j^^^ ^^^^jj^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Fig. 44.— Army-worm Tachina 
 larva, pupa, imago, and front end of 
 
 insects within due bounds, 
 with (Fig. 44). 
 
 One of these flesh flies is shown here- 
 
 LEAF-FEEDING CATERPILLARS. 
 
 ( Various lands.) 
 In addition to the several 
 species of lepidopterous lar- 
 vae that are treated of at 
 some length in the preceding 
 pages there are a number of 
 
 others that are always more ^o.^b.-naleBldotamaculala. [Afler Emerton.] 
 
1C8 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 or less numerous upon our trees. These, while possibly less injurious 
 than the former, when working together do a vast amount of injury. 
 Sometimes there will be a dozen or more kinds working at once upon 
 a single tree. Some of them are figured herewith at Figs. 45-56. 
 
 Fig. 46.— White Marked Tussock Moth: a, female moth with eggs; 6, young larva ; c, female 
 pupa ; d, male pupa ; e, male moth. [After Riley.] 
 
 Of these a very troublesome one in our state appears to be the White 
 Marked Tussock Moth, which is shown in its different stages in fig- 
 ures 46 and 47. Although the female moths are without wings it 
 
 Fig. 47.— Mature larva of White Marked Tussock Moth. [After Riley.] 
 
 has managed to spread over the greater part of the country. Another 
 of these wingless moths, the Canker Worm {Anisopieryx vernata) is 
 also frequently quite a pest in localities away from the guardianship 
 of the feathered tribe, or at least that portion of it that feeds upon 
 these creeping vermin. 
 
 6 
 
 Fig. 48.— Canker Worm. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 -Canker Worm: a, male moth; 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 All of these leaf-feeders are readily kept under control by resorting 
 to the arsenical sprays. They also suffer greatly from the attacks of 
 many predaceous insects and dipterous and hymenopterous parasites. 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 169 
 
 Fig. 50.— Larva of the American Silk-worm moth (Antherea polyphemus), [After Riley. ] 
 
 Fig. 52.— Bag-worm : a, bag cut open to show the manner in which the female works from her 
 puparium and reaches the end of the bag; b, female extracted from her case— enlarged. [Af 
 ter Riley.] 
 
170 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Fig. 53.— The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar 
 
 iClisiocampa americana): female moth 
 After Riley. 1 
 
 Fig. 54.— Eggs of Apple-tree Tent- 
 caterpillar, [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 55.— Apple- tree Tent-caterpillar; a, and b, ma- 
 ture larvae; c, twig with eggs; d, cocoon. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 56.— The Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria euvea); a, dark larva from side; b, light larva from 
 above; c, dark larva from above; d, pupa, central view; e, pupa, from side; /, adult— all 
 slightly enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 171 
 
 THE LEAF SKELETONIZER. 
 
 {PempeUa hammondi Riley.) 
 
 The insect which is shown in Fig. 57, although not very abundant 
 within the state as yet, has been observed on several occasions at 
 widely separated points. According 
 to Osborn " the moths appear in early 
 summer, and the caterpillars are de- 
 structive from early summer till in 
 autumn. They eat only the upper por- 
 tion of the leaf, leaving the ribs and 
 the under epidermis, though portions of 
 the pulpy part may remain and thus 
 turn a rusty brown, and give the in- 
 fested trees a burnt appearance. The 
 leaf is covered with a thin web and 
 under this the worm is slightly pro- 
 tected, and here will be found a mass 
 of black excrement." 
 
 Fin 57.— The Leaf Skeletonizer (Pern- 
 pdia hamniondi). [After Riley.] 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 The arsenical sprays are sufficient to destroy the insect. 
 
 BUD WORMS. 
 
 In most localities apple trees are attacked by one or more species of 
 very small caterpillars that are known as "bud- worms" because of 
 their methods of attack. These insects begin their work very early 
 in the season by eating into the unopened buds. Where very numer- 
 ous it is evident that much injury can result to the trees. Two species 
 of these insects are moderately common, viz., the Eye-spotted Bud- 
 moth [Tmetocera oce^/ana), and the "Apple-bud Worm" {Eccopsis 
 malana). Both of these insects belong to the "leaf- rollers" or family 
 Tortricidee among the moths, and as caterpillars protect themselves in 
 some way by tying the new or dead leaves with silk. 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 Although the caterpillars begin their work quite early in spring, 
 they continue to feed until after the fruit has formed and spraying 
 
172 INSECT ENEMIES OF THfi 
 
 has begun. They can usually be kept within bounds by the applica- 
 tion of London purple or Paris green when used against the Codling 
 moth and leaf-feeding caterpillars. 
 
 "CUT-WORMS.' 
 
 {Agrotis, Mamestra, etc.) 
 
 The cut-worms are moderately large, fleshy worms tapering 
 gently towards both ends. When full grown they average from 
 one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches in length, are dull 
 yellowish-white or gray, sometimes inclining to greenish, and clouded 
 and striped or variously marked with dull black or smoky brown ; 
 sometimes, though rarely, with deep black and pure white. One of 
 these {Agrotis dandestina) is figured herewith (Fig. 58), the illustra- 
 tion showing it as curled, a position taken by them when disturbed. 
 This species is about an average in size — some species being larger 
 and others smaller than this. 
 
 The name "cut-worm" embraces the numerous species of cater- 
 pillars that have the habit of concealing themselves during day-time, 
 either beneath some object lying on the ground, or by directly bury- 
 
 FiQ. 58.— The W-marked Cut- Worm 'tg. 59.— Agrotis dandestina : moth. [After 
 
 (Agrotis dandestina): larva. [Af- Riley.] 
 
 ter Riley.] 
 
 ing themselves just below the surface, and coming forth after night to 
 feed upon various kinds of vegetation. Many of them confine their 
 attacks to garden products and other low succulent plants, but others 
 are known to climb up the trunks of trees, grape vines, and a variety 
 of the taller kinds of vegetation belonging to garden, vineyard, and 
 orchard, where they cause great havoc by eating the buds and tender 
 leaves in early spring. Cut-worms are the young of a certain group 
 of "Owlet" moths, which are also nocturnal in their habits. Both 
 the larvae and mature insects are, as a rule, inconspicuous in color, be- 
 
APPLE TKEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 173 
 
 ing usually dull gray, brown, or black, or have these colors com- 
 bined. 
 
 There are upward of three hundred distinct species of cut- worms 
 found within the limits of the United States; and perhaps fully one- 
 third that number occur within our state. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 The very best remedy that has thus far been suggested and tried 
 against cut-worms is the use of poisoned grasses, cabbage leaves or 
 clover. This is done by taking these substances and tying them into 
 loose bunches, and then sprinkling them with a solution of Paris green, 
 or London purple, say a tablespoonful to a bucket of water. Then in 
 
 Fig. 60.— Tachlna 
 or Flesh Fly. 
 
 Fig. 61.— Army Worm Tachina fly: 
 larva, pupa, imago, and front end 
 of an Army Worm showing eggs. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 the evening scatter these poisoned baits over the field between the rows 
 of beets, cabbage, etc., and about the bases of trees. The worms will 
 .be attracted to them, eat, and die. These baits should be renewed 
 several times, at intervals of two to four days, according to the state 
 of the weather and the abundance of the worms. All of these cut- 
 worms are attacked by several kinds of parasites, both hymenopterous 
 and dipterous. They are also devoured by a number of predaceous 
 beetles, while birds of many kinds are especially fond of them. One 
 of these dipterous parasites is shown in Fig. 60, and another at Fig. 
 61. 
 
 THE LEAF CKUMPLER. 
 (Phycis indigenella Zeller.) 
 
 This is an insect that causes much more injury to the apple and al- 
 lied trees than is usually admitted by tho.se who suffer loss from its 
 ravages. Much has been written concerning the insect, which was first 
 described in this country by Mr. Walsh. Later, Professor Riley gave 
 
174 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 a very full account of it along with the admirable figures of the insect 
 and its work (see 4th Missouri Report, p. 38), which are copied here- 
 with — Fig. 62. The following condensed account of the insect, taken 
 chiefly from Riley's report, is copied from Osborn.* *' It affects apple, 
 
 plum, cherry, pear, crab, and other 
 trees. The result of its labors is 
 seen during fall and winter in the 
 blackened, crumpled leaves firmly 
 fastened to the branches. These 
 branches will be found to contain 
 one or more long tortuous tubes, and 
 in these tubes will be found the half- 
 grown worms, which become very 
 destructive in the spring. The bunch 
 of leaves containing tubes is shown 
 in the figure at 6; a single tube or case 
 with head of worm protruding at a; 
 the head of the worm alone at c. If 
 these branches are left upon the tree 
 ^^i^T'^^Ttu^i^ till the following spring, the worms, 
 d, moth. [After ^hich are then naturally quite hungry 
 from their winter fast, begin upon the opening Ibliage, and the damage 
 it is capable of doing at this time is very great. The tube in which 
 it spends most of its time is an excellant protection against birds and^ 
 other natural enemies, while the crumpled leaves surrounding it serve 
 to deceive the orchardist and induce him not to trouble it. The larva 
 pupates within the tube, and hence remains protected on the tree. The 
 moth issues, and the eggs for the coming generations are laid during 
 the summer. The eggs hatch shortly after being laid, and the worms 
 begin feeding, and also the construction of a tube for their shelter. 
 This is enlarged as occasion requires, and leaves are fastened to the 
 outside, so that by winter time we have the bunch of crumpled dry 
 leaves characteristic of the species." 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 " It is obvious that the insect can be destroyed by collecting the 
 bunches of crumpled leaves during the winter when they are conspic- 
 uous, but probably the remedy that would prove most satisfactory now 
 
 * Transaclious of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, 1892, p. 109. 
 
 Fig. 62, 
 Jarva protruding 
 leaves ; c, head of larva 
 Riley.] 
 
APPLE TKEE AND ITS FRUIT, 
 
 175 
 
 would be the use of Londou purple or Paris green sprayed early in the 
 spring, as soon as tiie worms begin their work. For this purpose it 
 might be well to spray before the trees blossom. Where spraying is 
 generally practiced for the Codling moth and other insect pests this is 
 not at all likely to become troublesome, as the worms will, for the 
 most part, I think, be killed by the later sprayings, and consequently 
 few adults will appear to deposit eggs in summer." 
 
 LEAF-ROLLING CATERPILLARS. 
 
 {TortricidcB.) 
 
 Under the general heading of "Leaf-Rolling Caterpillars" can be 
 grouped quite a number of species that are more or less partial to the 
 apple tree. The principal character by which these insects are to be 
 recognized is the manner in which the larvae protect themselves by 
 
 •^y^^iH^ 
 
 Fig. 63.— CaecEc/a rusaceana: im- 
 ago, larva, and pupa. [After 
 Forbes.] 
 
 Fig. 64.— Apple-leaf Tytr {Teras cin- 
 drella): a, larva; b, pupa; c, imago. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 65.— The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Phozopteria 
 comptana): a, larva, natural size; b, mugnifled; c, 
 moth, a little enlarj,'ed. [EuKraved after cut in 
 Saunders' "Insects Injurious to Fruits."] 
 
 constructing tubes of the leaves by rolling or drawing them together 
 by means of a web. Within this protection the larvse feed or else r^^- 
 treat during day-time. One of these Leaf-rollers {Cacoecia rosaceana) 
 
176 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 is shown herewith as imago, larva, and pupa. It is known as the 
 Oblique-banded Leaf-roller. A second species, the Apple-leaf Tyer 
 {Teras cindrella) is also figured herewith (Fig. 64).- A third is also 
 shown in the illustration at 65. In addition to these three species a 
 number of others are known to attack the apple. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Since these insects are always more or less protected within their 
 leaf burrows they are rather more difficult to handle than is commonly 
 the case with leaf-feeding species. The arsenical sprays will, however, 
 reach many of the caterpillars and keep them from increasing to any 
 great extent. They are also quite subject to the attacks of hymenop- 
 terous parasites. 
 
 GRASSHOPPERS OR LOCUSTS. 
 
 (Aciididce.) 
 Quite prominent among the insect enemies of the apple tree are to 
 be mentioned certain kinds of locusts or grasshoppers. Of these 
 there are at least a dozen species that at times are especially injurious 
 to the tree by eating off the leaves and even the bark from the smaller 
 branches and twigs. Among these species our commonest are the fol- 
 lowing: The Differential, Two-lined, American, Large Green, Migra- 
 tory, Lesser Migratory, Red-legged, and Devastating, some of which 
 are figured herewith. (See Figs. 66 to 71.) 
 
 Fig. 67.— The DiflFerential Locust (Melanoplus differentialis): female. [After Riley. J 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 177 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 These grasshoppers or locusts are usually kept within bounds by 
 their insect enemies, but when the weather has been such as to kill off 
 these parasites the locusts become numerous. When this is the case 
 
 Fig. 68.— The Red-legged Locust 
 (Melanoplusfemur-rubrum): female. 
 [After Kiley.] 
 
 Fig. 69.— Rocky Mountain Locust 
 (Melanoplus spretus): male. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 70.— if. devastator. 
 
 Fig. 71.— The Two-lined Locust (Melanoplus Mvit- 
 tatus). [After Riley.] 
 
 some artificial measures must be resorted to if we wish to keep the 
 'hoppers within bounds and prevent their injury to crops. Such 
 remedies have been numerous, but the ones that have proved the most 
 efficient are plowing under deeply the eggs before they should have had 
 time to hatch, and the capturing of the unfledged locusts by means of 
 " hopper dozers." (See Fig. 72.) These latter are shallow sheet-iron 
 pans in which are put coal tar or kerosene oil and drawn over the ground 
 
 Fio. 72.— "Hopper Dozer" for capturtug and destroying grasshoppers or locusts. [After Riley.] 
 
178 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 by horses in such a manner that the 'hoppers will hop into the pan and 
 be killed by coming in contact with the oil. This latter remedy has 
 been described very fully in several of the United States Entomologi- 
 cal Commission reports, as well as in the reports of the Department 
 of Agriculture. 
 
 THE IMBRICATED SNOUT-BEETLE. 
 
 [Epiccerus imbrioatus Say.) 
 
 The accompanying figure (Fig. 73) represents one of the weevils or 
 snout-beetles that sometimes attacks various fruit trees, the twigs, 
 
 fruit, and leaves of which it gnaws. 
 Here in Nebraska this beetle is quite 
 common; and at times, in certain lo- 
 calities, has been known to do consid- 
 erable injury to these trees as well as 
 to a variety of other plants. Among 
 
 Fig. 73.— Imbricated Suout-beetle {Epicse- those plants Upon which it feeds, the 
 rus imbncaUis): dorsal and side view. . \ . iii.^ 
 
 [After Riley.] following have been mentioned by dif- 
 
 ferent writers: apple, cherry, gooseberry, onions, radishes, cabbage, 
 beans, watermelons, muskmelons, cucumbers, squashes, beets, and 
 potatoes. 
 
 Up to the present time its life-history is not known, nor has it been 
 very regular in its arrival at all points within its range each year. 
 It is one of a few of our insect enemies that comes and goes by starts 
 — sometimes appearing in great numbers several years in succession, 
 and then again being almost entirely absent for one or more years — a 
 regular Bohemian, as it were. 
 
 When numerous, an application of Paris green or London purple 
 will eiFectually check them, if used as for the Colorado potato beetle. 
 
 THE ROSE CHAFER. 
 
 [Macrodaciylus subspinosus Fabr.) 
 
 A very prominent injurious insect in which the liortieulturists are 
 very much interested is the one shown in Figs. 74 and 75, and which 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FEUIT. 
 
 179 
 
 is known as the Rose 
 Beetle or Rose Chafer, 
 from the fact that it ap- 
 pears to be especially fond 
 of the various kinds of 
 roses, both wild and cul- 
 tivated. It is also very 
 fond of most of our fruit 
 trees and shrubs. It also 
 is a grape pest. Prof. C. 
 y. Riley, Entomologist \\ 
 of the United States, pub- 'R 
 lished a very complete ar- w 
 tide on the history of ' <^ 
 
 this insect in which be Fig. 74.— The Rose Beetle (3/acrodac/2/Zus SM&spMios?ts):o, fe- 
 
 ' male beetle; b, c, d, e, f, aud g, outline figures showing 
 
 treated the subject from characters of the sexes, etc.— all enlarged. [After Kiley.] 
 
 all standpoints.* He says it is one of the insects most frequently 
 treated in horticultural literature ; that it is native to America ; and 
 that it has become injurious to cultivated plants within the present 
 century. He also describes the larva and pupa, aud shows how the 
 former is also very injurious by feeding upon the roots of various 
 grasses, herbs, and perhaps trees too. 
 
 NATUEAL HISTORY. 
 
 The natural history of 
 this insect can be briefly 
 stated as follows: "Ac- 
 cording to Harris the fe- 
 rf/j male beetle lays her eggs 
 *^^*«'^-^/. to the number of about 
 thirty, about the middle 
 of July, at a depth of 
 from one to two inches 
 beneath the surface of the 
 ground. He does not 
 
 Fig. 75.-The Rose Beetle (il/acrodarfy^MS swftspmosMs) : o, full- State the faVOritC place for 
 
 oviposition, but in our 
 experience the larvse are 
 
 jrown larva, side view; b, head of larva, from vifW ; 
 left mandible or jaw of larva from below; /, pupa, below- 
 all mHgnitied. [After Riley.] 
 
 • Insect Life, Apr., 1890, pp. 295-302, 
 
180 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 especially abundant in low, open meadow land or in cultivated fields, 
 particularly where the soil is light and sandy. Harris states that the 
 eggs hatch in about twenty days, and while the period will vary with the 
 temperature, the larvae is found fully grown during the autumn months. 
 With the approach of cold weather it works deeper into the ground, but 
 in the spring will frequently be found near the surface or under stones 
 and other similar objects, where it forms a sort of cell in which to 
 pupate. In confinement the pupa state has lasted from two to four 
 weeks. The perfect beetle issues in the New England states about 
 the second week of June, while in the latitude of Washington it 
 is seen about two weeks earlier. It appears suddenly in great num- 
 bers, as has often been observed and commented upon, but this is 
 in conformity with the habits of other Lamellicorn beetles, e. g., our 
 common May-beetles {Lachnosterna), and this habit is still more 
 marked in certain species of Hoplia and Serica. It remains active 
 a little over a month, and then soon disappears. The species produces, 
 therefore, but one annual generation, the time of the appearing of the 
 beetle, in greatest abundance, being coincident with the flowering of 
 the grapevine." [Riley, 1. c] 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 This beetle occurs from the New England states westward to the 
 eastern foot hills of the Rocky mountains, and is found from the In- 
 dian Territory northward to the British possessions. Its greatest 
 numbers, however, are to be found near the Atlantic coast in Mary- 
 land, Delaware, and New Jersey, where horticulture and farming have 
 been carried on for many more years than farther to the westward. 
 It is also spreading to some extent into new regions. 
 
 ENEMIES AND REMEDIES. 
 
 Unless they appear in too great numbers the beetles can be de- 
 stroyed to some extent by the use of London purple and Paris green. 
 They can also be gathered by beating the plants upon which they 
 have congre^ted over an inverted umbrella, and afterwards destroyed. 
 The larvse are more diflftcult to reach, but over small areas can be 
 destroyed by drenching the surface with the kerosene emulsion and 
 allowing it to soak in. Both the imago and the larva are eagerly 
 devoured by a number of birds; and domestic fowls are remarkably 
 expert in the art of getting away with the beetles. Reptiles and some 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 181 
 
 of the smaller mammals are also very fond o'f them, while many a 
 one is killed by Carabid beetles. 
 
 THE DOMINICAN CASE-BEARER. 
 
 {Coscinoptera dominicana Fabr.) 
 
 While this insect, which is figured below, is not considered one of 
 our injurious fruit pests, it is nevertheless known to feed upon both 
 the apple and plum in addition to a number of our other trees 
 and shrubs. It is, however, included here to show the readers that 
 there are other case-bearers among insects besides those belonging to 
 the Lepidoptera. This beetle, for such it is, belongs to the extensive 
 family of leaf-beetles known to the entomologist as Chrysomelidae. 
 The case which adorns the back of the larva is composed of mud 
 which it attaches from time to time to the open or lower edge as the 
 growth of its owner requires it. This case is adorned with longitu- 
 dinal ridges, as shown in the illustration b. 
 
 The beetle is plain black, and covered with a thin coating of short 
 gray hairs, which give it a sort of a grizzled appearance. The eggs 
 are covered with a coating of excrementitious matter that is worked 
 into the form of cones or seed-pods of some evergreen, and are ele- 
 vated upon slender thread-like 
 stalks as shown at e and i. 
 
 There are quite a number of 
 these case-bearing beetles to be 
 met with in any part of our 
 country, and some of them are 
 even quite injurious to the veg- 
 etation upon which they feed. 
 When remedies are required 
 against them, they can be de- 
 stroyed by jarring them off and 
 collecting them in an inverted umbrella, or by spraying the foliage 
 with London purple or Paris green in the proportion so often recom- 
 mended. 
 
 
 Fig. 76.— The Dominican Case-bcarer (Coscinop- 
 tera dumiviciina): a, larva removed from case; 
 b, samo, Will) casi-; c, beetle showing punctures; 
 d, do,, natural size ; e, egg magnified ; i, cluster 
 of same, natural size ; /, g, h,j,k, I, figures show- 
 ing anatomy of parts. [Alter Riley.] 
 
182 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 "MAY BEETLES." 
 
 (^Lachnosterna.) 
 
 The common May-beetles, Lachnosterna fusca and allies, are among 
 
 the most troublesome of all insect pests with which the tree-grower 
 
 has to deal. Here in the west these large and voracious insects are 
 
 / -v equally as numerous upon 
 
 i^^M^I ^^^^^^^ the prairies as they are in 
 
 ^MHf JKB^^^KM^ ^^^ vicinity of timber. In 
 
 i^HM^t. "li^^^^^^V^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ appear to be even 
 
 i/^HB \ ^^— \.K,,^^*^^^ more plentiful in these new 
 
 L ^tS^ ^ Mmw ' regions than in older ones, 
 
 because the tree growths in 
 these newly cultivated dis- 
 tricts are so scant that a 
 moderate number of the 
 beetles will very quickly 
 entirely strip off the leaves, 
 while they would make but 
 little show if working on 
 the foliage of many trees 
 and those of moderate or large size. All of these May-beetles are 
 nocturnal in their habits and feed while we are asleep; and during 
 day-time lie hidden away in the ground, where they burrow during 
 early morning, only to come forth again the following evening to con- 
 tinue their destruction among our fruit, shade, and forest trees. 
 
 These different species of May and June beetles are usually about 
 the size of the one shown in the accompanying figure (77), though 
 some are larger and others smaller. They are mahogany-brown or 
 yellowish-brown in color, and either smooth or slightly roughened ; 
 and some of them have a covering of short hairs, among which are 
 several longitudinal rows of longer ones upon the elytra, while a few 
 are more or less pruinose— i. e., covered with a bluish-white powdery- 
 like substance similar to that covering ripe or nearly ripe plums. 
 So common and destructive are these insects {fusca and allied forms) 
 
 YiQ. 77 —The common May beetle (Lachnosterna fv sea) 
 the pupa ; 2, the larva or White grub in ita ground cell , 
 3 and 4, the beetle, side and dorsal view. [After Riley.] 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 183 
 
 throughout the country that, next to the Colorado Potato-beetle, 
 Chinch-bug, Codling-moth, Rocky Mountain Locust, and a few others 
 of our most injurious insects, they have received more attention than 
 most of our insect pests. 
 
 LIFE-HISTORY. 
 
 The life-history of these beetles, although differing slightly among 
 themselves, may be summed up practically as follows : Shortly after 
 pairing, the female beetles creep into the earth, especially wherever the 
 soil is rough and loose and more or less covered by vegetation, and 
 after depositing their eggs to the number of forty or fifty, die. These 
 eggs hatch in from three to five weeks, and produce grubs that feed 
 upon the roots of various plants and grow slowly for a little upwards 
 of two years, when they change to the pupa stage within cells in the 
 ground which they construct for themselves. Within these cells the 
 beetles remain during the remainder of the summer, fall, and winter 
 into the following spring, when they crawl to the surface and are ready 
 to take active part in the destruction of all kinds of tree foliage and 
 to prepare for the propagation of future generations. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 On account of their underground life the larvse or grubs of the 
 May beetle are very difficult to reach and destroy. They are not 
 without their natural enemies, both 
 vertebrate and invertebrate, and /I 
 by far the greater majority of^^f 
 them are thus destroyed between 
 the time of hatching from the eggs 
 and issuing as beetles. A large . ^ v, t, ^ ,, ^ 
 
 ° " Fig. 78.— Wiute Grub Para'ite : a, imago ; 6, head 
 
 number of our birds are especially of larva; c larva; d, cocoon. [After Riley.l 
 
 fond of the fat grubs, and can be seen industriously following the plow 
 as it turns them up with the fresh loose soil. All kinds of domestic 
 fowls eat them greedily, while hogs industriously search for them by 
 rooting over the ground where they occur in abundance. Mice, shrews, 
 moles, ground squirrels, and skunks are also remarkably fond of both 
 the grubs and beetles. Among their insect enemies the wasp known 
 as Tiphia inornata Say, is the greatest. This insect is shown in its 
 
184 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 several stages at Fig. 78. The larva of this black or 
 bluish-black wasp attacks and destroys the grubs, af- 
 ter which it spins a pale brown elongate silken cocoon 
 of the kind so frequently dug up when working the 
 ground, and transforms to the pupa state, and later to 
 the perfect fly. Last spring, and in fact for several 
 successive years, here in the city of Lincoln these 
 May-beetles were attracted to the electric lights by 
 the thousands, and also along with these, two large 
 black ground beetles, Calosoma externum and C. lu- 
 gubre, in moderate numbers. These latter beetles 
 would pounce upon a May-beetle as it lay floundering 
 upon the walk under the lights, as a cat would upon 
 a mouse, and very quickly kill and partly devour it. 
 
 The grubs are frequently attacked and destroyed by 
 a peculiar whitish fungus. This fungus issues near 
 the head of the grubs and occasionally attains the 
 length of three or four inches, when it has near the 
 appearance of the accompanying illustration (Fig. 79). 
 Another fungus has been experimented with during 
 the past few years with a view to destroying the grubs, 
 but without success, I am sorry to say. 
 
 Many of the beetles can be destroyed by jarring 
 the trees over sheets and gathering them as they fall, 
 after which they can be drowned in boiling water or 
 thrown into the fire and burnt. Other methods can 
 be devised by those who have the insects to fight, — 
 circumstances, of course, directing these forays against 
 the enemy. In some instances the beetles can also be 
 destroyed by spraying the foliage of trees with either 
 
 Pig. 79.— White Grub _ , i -r» • 
 
 Fungus. [Aft. Riley] London purple or Faris green. 
 
 APPLE-TREE FLEA-BEETLE. 
 
 {Crraptodera foliacea Liec.) 
 
 This insect, which is represented in Fig. 81, magnified, can be 
 readily recognized from the following description: In size it is some- 
 what variable, ranging from four to five millimeters in length; it is 
 oval in its outline, and of a highly polished brassy-green color. An- 
 
APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 185 
 
 tennse dull brownish black beyond the three basal joints, which are 
 somewhat obscured by a coating of short fine hairs or gray pubescence. 
 The feet are dull brownish, or reddish brown, and, with the legs and 
 under parts generally, are also somewhat pubescent. 
 
 Fig. 80.— The Apple-tree Flea-beetle {Orapto- Fig. 81.— Apple-tree Flea-beetle— greatly en- 
 
 derafoliacea), showing beetle natural size, larged. [After Popenoe, drawing by C. L. 
 
 and mode of attack. [After Popenoe, Marlatt.] 
 drawing by C. L. Marlatt] 
 
 We are indebted to Prof. E. A. Popenoe for a pretty full life his- 
 tory of this beetle,* and in treating of it here I will quote his lan- 
 guage largely. 
 
 " Throughout its range, so far as noted, it usually occurs upon 
 plants of the evening primrose family {Onangracece), being especially 
 partial to the silky gaurus {Oaura parviflora), and otiiers, the leaves 
 of which are often riddled by it. * * * 
 
 "For several years past the beetle in question has attracted atten- 
 tention on the college grounds (at Manhattan, Kan.) by its attacks 
 during May and June upon the apple tree, the leaves being the por- 
 tions injured. In orchard trees the lower branches only, near the 
 ground, have suffered, and these but slightly. The greatest injury 
 has been done in the nursery, where the beetle has often completely 
 defoliated the spring-set root-grafts, and the yearling trees, and has 
 seriously injured even two-year-old trees. The insects are most active 
 
 • Bulletin No. 3 of the Experimental Station of Kansas Agricultural College, pp. 37-39. 
 
lob INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 in bright, warm weather, and are then attracted to the trees in great 
 abundance, where they feed upon the parenchyma [green pulp between 
 the veins] of the leaf (Fig. 80), avoiding the veins and midrib, these 
 being sometimes all that remains after a few days' presence of the 
 beetle. It is on the young shoots of the root-grafts that their work 
 is the most injurious. In these they keep the new growth cut so 
 close that the graft sometimes fails to recover. While the injury to 
 yearlings is considerable, yet the trees, though denuded, usually re- 
 co ver and throw out new leaves after the season of attack is past." 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 While this beetle does not appear to be quite as susceptible to the 
 effects of poisons as are some of the other insect enemies of the apple, 
 it can very readily be destroyed by using the arsenites, London pur- 
 ple or Paris green, in the proportions of one pound of the poison to 
 150 gallons of water. 
 
 Fig. 82.—Thrips 
 tritici. 
 
 THE APPLE THRIPS. 
 
 {Thrips tritici Fitch.) 
 
 The insect which is shown herewith in Fig. 82 is 
 a very minute and slender creature of a light straw-yel- 
 low color that sometimes gathers upon apple blossoms in 
 large numbers which it easily enters even before they 
 have opened. When such is the case they often do con- 
 siderable injury to the blossoms by gnawing the delicate 
 parts and causing them to dry up and fall without pro- 
 ducing fruit. 
 
 One or more additional species of thrips have also 
 been found to frequent apple blossoms in a similar man- 
 ner. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 As yet no remedy has been suggested by which to prevent these 
 injuries by thrips. 
 
i 
 
 APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 187 
 
 THE INDIAN CETONIA. 
 
 (Euphoria inda Linn.) 
 
 This beetle which is figured herewith is a very common insect in all 
 
 parts of the country to the eastward of the great plains. 
 
 It is one of our earliest spring visitors, and may often be 
 
 seen flying about in sheltered localities before the snow has 
 
 entirely disappeared from the more open places. It is 
 
 very frequently seen here in Nebraska during early April, 
 
 as it skims over the surface a foot or two above the earth, 
 
 iiidiarT cl producing a buzzing noise very similar to that produced by 
 
 phoriainda). a bumble-bec. When flying, this and other members of 
 
 the sub-family, instead of lifting the elytra, the wings are merely thrust 
 
 out at the sides. 
 
 All of the Cetoniidoe are lovers of flowers, and also of the sweet 
 juices of plants of various kinds. This beetle is, therefore, quite in- 
 jurious to different kinds of ripe fruit upon which it gathers in large 
 numbers, often entirely devouring apples, peaches, and pears. It is 
 also a corn insect here in the west, feeding upon the ends of the ears 
 while still soft. I have also taken many of the beetles upon the 
 trunks of apple and other fruit trees, where they had gathered about 
 "bleeding" wounds produced by wind-breaks or pruning. Just 
 what the larval habits of this beetle are I do not know; but I have 
 taken the beetle on several occasions from ants' nests in company with 
 Eu. hirtipes' ^i^hich I have never taken anywhere else. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 The beetle should be gathered and destroyed at all times and places ; 
 for should its larval habits be such as to permit of its increase in great 
 numbers it can become a dangerous pest. 
 
 THE CODLING MOTH. 
 
 (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.) 
 
 All fruit growers, and especially those who have apple orchards, 
 know the insect only too well to make it necessary for me to describe 
 
188 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THfi 
 
 Fig. 84.— The Codlin; Moih ( Carpocapsa pomon- 
 
 it here. In Nebraska the insect is double brooded — i. e., there are 
 two broods annually, the first being that of early spring, resulting 
 
 from the eggs deposited in the 
 forming fruit during May and 
 very early June. These first 
 worms are only about four weeks 
 in attaining their growth after the 
 eggs have hatched. When full- 
 grown they gnaw to the surface, 
 crawl out, and seek some refuge 
 upon the trunk of the tree, or 
 other favorable position, in which 
 to spin their slight cocoon, in 
 which to transform. In about 
 two weeks more these first pupae 
 ^ of the year have issued as moths, 
 tn^^^^T^^^Z^^"^ pup'ir.! a°d soon commence the deposition 
 Sah:4.rSnific^d^liet^ofhfad"c?^!4;;;^f of eggs for the second generation. 
 
 pupa cocoon. [After Kiley.] ^^^^ ^^^^^^ deposits about fifty 
 
 eggs during her egg-laying season, which usually is extended over a 
 period of a week or ten days. The eggs for this second generation 
 are placed indiscriminately over different parts of the fruit, although 
 the calyx end oiFers the best location, and receives by far the greater 
 per cent of them. These last larvae usually hibernate as such, espe- 
 cially northward — some in the orchard, others in storerooms, barns, 
 cellars, and barrels, where they have been carried in the fruit from 
 the orchards, this being the chief manner in which the insect has be- 
 come so widely disseminated over the civilized world. 
 
 Although confined principally to the apple, the Codling moth also 
 breeds in a variety of other fruits — peaches, apricots, plums, and allied 
 stone fruits sometimes suifering greatly from its attacks; but its prin- 
 cipal haunts, outside of the apple, are among the seeded fruits of the 
 Rosaceoe, as the pear, quince, hawthorn, and perhaps the seed buds of 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 On account of the miscellaneous food habits of the Codling moth, 
 there is no single remedy that will suffice to keep in check and prevent 
 
APPLE TEEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 189 
 
 its injuries to our apple crop. We must, therefore, adapt our reme- 
 dies to the habits of the insect by meeting it on all sides, and at dif- 
 ferent seasons of the year. Tiie best remedy now known, and the only 
 one by which the first brood is killed and a large per cent of the fruit 
 saved from their ravages, is the use of one or the other of the arseni- 
 cal sprays, composed of London purple or Paris green, with water. 
 These are to be applied just after the fruit has "set" and before it has 
 become heavy enough to droop or the calyx end to turn downward. 
 One or two thorough sprayings at this time will, it has been proved, 
 save at least seventy per cent of the loss otherwise experienced. The 
 ratio of these poisons best adapted for the purpose has not been defi- 
 nitely ascertained, since this varies with conditions of climate, latitude, 
 etc. About four ounces of the Paris green and three of the London 
 purple to the barrel of water will probably be sufficiently strong to 
 kill the worms and at the same time not injure or kill the foliage dur- 
 ing ordinary weather at this time of year. 
 
 Such other remedies as the gathering of "wind falls," and destroy- 
 ing them, or turning liogs and sheep into the orchard to either feed 
 upon or trample upon the creeping worms ; the jarring or picking of 
 infested fruit from the trees; the gathering and destruction of the 
 cocoons containing larvae and chrysalids from the trunks and branches 
 of trees; the killing of moths in various ways; and the trapping of 
 the larvse by using bandages, shingles, etc.; all of these remedies with 
 which every fruit grower is more or less 
 familiar, through personal experience, 
 do of course come in play as the oppor- 
 tunities permit during the year, and 
 combined, do much good. 
 
 Like all other injurious insects, the 
 Codling moth is preyed upon by cer- 
 tain of the birds, and also has certain 
 true parasites that destroy many of the 
 worms, which otherwise would be per- 
 mitted to mature. Quite a number ot 
 the predaceous beetles are also known 
 to feed upon the worms while the latter 
 are creeping about preparatory to spinning in, as well as afterward. 
 
 Fig. 85.— The Banded-legged Pimpla 
 {Pimpla annuZipcs)— enlarged. [After 
 Kiley.] 
 
190 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OE THE 
 
 But do not let us stop here, 
 even if we know that a 
 dozen or more species of 
 friendly insects are aiding 
 (o destroy this moth. Let 
 us lend a hand by doing our 
 "share of destruction." 
 
 Two of the hymenojite- 
 rous parasites that attack 
 and kill the larva of the 
 Codling moth are shown 
 herewith. They are known 
 as the Ring-legged or 
 Banded-legged Pimpla (Fig. 
 85), and the Delicate Long- 
 sting [Macrocentrus delicat- 
 ulus), Fig. 86. The larvje 
 of several of the Lampyridse 
 or Fire-flies are known also 
 
 FIG. 86.-The Delicate LonJ-sUMg (Macrocentrus delicatu^^ ^id in this gOod WOrk. 
 ius)— enlarged. [Alter Kiley.] 
 
 THE APPLE GOUGER OR CURCULIO. 
 
 {Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say.) 
 
 Until quite recently the insect known as the four-humped Curculio, 
 or Gouger, has been absent from the state, as an injurious species at 
 least. During the past three or four years, however, it has been quite 
 a pest in the older orchards of 
 the southeastern part. In writ- 
 ing of this insect Professor Os- 
 born says, "Apples are often 
 very much stunted in growth 
 and distorted in form by the 
 
 attacks of this insect, and it j-^q sT.-A. Apple infested by Apple Curculio; b, 
 
 may be considered one of the flfte'roi^eue'r""^ "'"'"' '' '^'' "'""'' '"'''°''' 
 serious apple pests. The beetle is recognized by the four sharp humps 
 on the back portion of the wing-covers (see Fig. 89). The beak is 
 long and the body enlarges toward the posterior end." 
 
APPLE TKEE AND ITS FRUIT. 
 
 191 
 
 The method of attack and injury is shown in the above illustration 
 at Fig. 87. The insect punctures the fruit with its beak both in feed- 
 
 FiQ. 8S.—AnthoTiomus quadrigibbus: h, larva; 
 a, pupa. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 89. — Aiithonomus quadrigibbus : 
 beetle, a, natural size; 6, side view; c, 
 top view. [Afier Riley.] 
 
 iug and when laying its eggs. When the apples thus injured do not 
 fall from the tree they become greatly distorted as seen in the picture; 
 but most of the fruit injured drops. 
 
 EEMEDY. 
 
 Spray with the arsenites as directed for Codling moth and leaf-feed- 
 ing caterpillars during time of egg-laying. 
 
 THE PLUM CURCULIO. 
 
 (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst.) 
 insect is essentially a 
 
 While this 
 plum, peach, and cherry enemy, it 
 also frequently confers its attention 
 to the apple. When this is the 
 case it is the cause of some injury, as 
 can be seen \)y reference to the illustra- 
 tion as presented in Fig. 91. This il- 
 lustration shows simply the punctures 
 made by the insect while feeding. Its 
 egg punctures are always further indi- 
 cated by the crescent mark which partly 
 surrounds them. 
 
 Fig. 90. — Plum curculio; a, larva; b, 
 pupa ; c, beetle ; d, young plum show- 
 ing puncture and crescent. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
192 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 THE PLUM GOUGER. 
 
 [Coccotorus primicida Walsh.) 
 In addition to the two insects named above as apple enemies, the 
 Plum Gouger, which is shown in Fig. 92, has also been known to 
 attack apples in a similar manner with the above. Whether or no it 
 ever breeds here I have not learned; but, judging from its habit oi 
 entering the pit of the plum as a larva, I imagine that it does not. 
 
 Fig. 91.— Apples showing Plum Curcullo punctures— natural size. [Prom Insect Life 1 
 
 Fig. 93 represents still another species of these gougers that may in 
 future be found to attack the apple, viz., the Sand-cherry Gouger. 
 
 Fig. 92.— Plum Gouger. [Insect Life.] Fig. 93.— Sand-cherry 
 
 Gouger. [Insect Life.] 
 
 EEMEDY. 
 
 The remedy suggested for the Apple Gouger will apply equally 
 well for fighting both the curculio and gouger of the plum when they 
 are found attacking the apple. 
 
[ "v^ APPLE TREE AND ITS FRUIT. 193 
 
 THE APPLE-MAGGOT. 
 
 {Trypeta pomonella Walsh.) 
 
 Possibly one of the most troublesome apple pests that the orehardist 
 has to deal with is the one known as the Apple Maggot. Although 
 not reported from the state thus far, it can be but a matter of time 
 when it will be with us and require our attention. It is now pretty 
 well distributed over the states further east and south, and could very 
 readily be introduced in shipments of fruit from such localities. Os- 
 born has given us a very condensed account of this insect in the 
 Transactions of the Iowa Horticultural Society for 1892, and Prof. 
 F. L. Harvey, of the Maine Experiment Station, a very full treatise 
 upon it in a bulletin from that station. For our present purposes the 
 condensed account by Osborn will answer best. The illustrations 
 used here are those used by Harvey. 
 
 " The flies that deposit the eggs from 
 which the maggots are developed appear 
 in June, and from that time on till late 
 in fall. The eggs are deposited by 
 
 puncturing the skin of the fruit. Fio.^i.— Trypeta pomon€Ua,pup&. [Af- 
 
 ™, . 1 . 11 [> ter Harvey.] 
 
 "The eggs are deposited m all parts of 
 the apple, but most commonly upon the cheeks and less on the calyx 
 and stem ends. They hatch in four or five days, and the maggots be- 
 gin at once to work in the pulp of the fruit, and, as they grow, fill it 
 full of channels and burrows, and as these are extended they coalesce 
 and reduce the pulp to a series of cavities. This work does not show 
 on the outside perceptibly, and the fruit may be shipped as good, but 
 soon rots and gives up its horde of larvae. These enter the ground to 
 become pupse, and in this stage the insect remains overwinter to emerge 
 the following season sometime between May and autumn. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 "The remedies most strongly recommended are the immediate de- 
 struction of the wind-falls in infested orchards, which can be done by 
 gathering tnem every day and feeding them to swine, or throwing 
 them into pits, that should be covered with a foot or two of earth af- 
 ter the season is over. Or, where it can be done, hogs or sheep may be 
 
194 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF THE 
 
 Fig, 1 
 
 Kg. 3. 
 
 Fig. ^.— Trypelapomonella: 1, female; 2 n^ale; 3 maggot, [After Harvey.] 
 
APPLE TKEE AND ITS FEUIT. 
 
 195 
 
 allowed to range for a time each day in the orchard to gather up the 
 wind-falls, and if enough to collect them thoroughly this would be the 
 most feasible plan. 
 
 "A matter requiring special attention here is to prevent their intro- 
 duction from other localities, and particularly states further south, 
 from which we get a large supply of early apples." 
 
THE INSECT 
 
 ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS, 
 
 Extracted from the Animal Report of the Nebraska State Board 
 of Agricidture for i8g2.—pp. J60-466. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Although " corn is king " in Nebraska, our crops of small 
 grains are not insignificant. The insect enemies of wheat, oat), 
 barley, and rye therefore demand our attention nearly or quite as 
 much as do those which attack corn. Accordingly, during the 
 past year much time has been given to the study of this class of 
 insect pests. While many of the species are identical for the 
 different crops, the nature of the plants themselves being unlike, 
 it necessarily follows that the mode of attack among these ene- 
 mies must vary somewhat in each case. This being true, some 
 pains has been taken to treat of them according to their host- 
 plants. 
 
 While it is not claimed that this paper is complete or even 
 original, it cannot strictly be termed a compilation. All that the 
 writer hopes in its presentation is that it may be of some little 
 value to those for whom it is intended, and that through its in- 
 fluence some efforts may be made towards protecting our crops 
 from the ravages of these insect pests. 
 
 It is but just that credit should be given here to the various 
 persons who have aided in its preparation. First of all, I wish 
 to thank Mr. H. G. Barber, a special student and assistant of 
 mine, for the pains with which he has gone over the literature at 
 our command and searched out the insects here treated. I wish 
 also to thank him for the drawings for some of the original fig- 
 ures contained in the body of the work. Mr. David Grifiith, 
 Mr. Fred Clements, and Miss Maysie Ames should be remem- 
 bered for like services rendered. 
 
 LAWRENCE BRUNER, 
 Entomologist to State Board. 
 
LIST OF THE SPECIES OF INSECTS TREATED. 
 
 Hessian Fly [Cecydomyia destructor Say.) 
 Unfriendly Midge [Cecydomyia inimica Fitch.)* 
 Wheat Stem Midge [Cecydomyia culmicola Morr.) 
 Spotted- Winged Midge {Cecydomyia caliptera Fitch.) 
 Grain Midge {Cecydomyia granaria Oliv.) 
 Rye Gall Gnat {Cecydomyia secalina Loew.) 
 Wheat Midge [Diplosis tritici Kirby). 
 Two-Horned Crane Fly {Tipula hicorms Loew.) 
 Narrow-Winged Crane Fly [Tipida angustipennis Loew.) 
 Border- Winged Crane Fly {Tipula costalis Say.) 
 Thick-Nosed Crane Fly {Pachyrrhina Sp. ?) 
 Wheat-Stem Maggot {Meromyza americana Fitch.) 
 Variable Wheat Fly [Oscinis variabilis? Loew.) 
 Shank-Banded Oscinis ( Oscinis tibialis Fitch. ) 
 Yellow-Hipped Oscinis [Oscinis coxendix Fitch.) 
 Thick-Legged Oscinis [Oscinis crassiformis Fitch.) 
 
 Companion Wheat Fly Oscinis Sp. ?) 
 
 Common Chlorops [Chlorops vulgaris Fitch.) 
 Feather- Horned Chlorops [Chlorops antennalis Fitch.) 
 Wheat Chlorops [Chlorops proxima Say.) 
 Obese Siphonella [Siphonella obesa Fitch.) 
 Wheat Mow Fly [Agromyza tritici Fitch.) 
 Deceiving Wheat Fly [Hylemyia deceptiva Fitch.) 
 Similar Wheat Fly [Hylemyia sinilis Fitch.) 
 
 hymenoptera. 
 Wheat Saw-Fly [Nematus 7narylandicus 'Norton) . 
 Grass Saw-Fly [Dolerus arvensis Say. ) 
 Collared Saw-Fly [Dolerus collaris Say.) 
 Wheat-Stem Saw-Fly [Cephus pygmams Linn.) 
 Western Stem Saw-Fly [Cephus occidentalis Riley). 
 
 * Possibly some of the names of insects presented herewitli are synonyms. I have not had 
 the time to work out the synonymy of these myself; and without going over all the literature 
 myself I feel justihed in leaving the names stand as they are. 
 
200 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Wheat Joint Woem {Isosoma hordei Harr.) 
 
 Wheat Straw Worm {Isosoma iritici Riley). 
 
 Larger Wheat Straw Worm {Isosoma grande Riley). 
 
 Rye Straw Worm {Isosoma elymi Fitch.) 
 
 Yellow-Legged Joint Worm {Eurytoma fulvipes Fitch.) 
 
 Ant {Formica schauffusii Mayer.) 
 
 lepidoptera. 
 Dingy Cut-Worm {Agrotis siibgothica Haw.) 
 Granulated Cut-Worm {Agrotis annexa Treat.) 
 W-Marked Cut- Worm (^^rofis clandestina B-arr.) 
 Variegated Cut- Worm {Agrotis saucia Huebn ) 
 Clay-Colored Cut- Worm {Agrotis Morrisoniana Riley). 
 Bronzy Cut- Worm {Nephelodes viola.ns Guen6.) 
 Glassy Cut- Worm {Hadena devastatrix Boisd.) 
 Yellow-Headed Cut-Worm {Hadena arctica Boisd.) 
 Wheat Cut- Worm {Prodenia commelince Guen. ) 
 Fall Army Worm {Laphygma frugvperda Guen.) 
 Stalk Borer ( Gortyna nitela Gn. ) 
 Army Worm {Leucania unipunda Haw. ) 
 Wheat-Head Army Worm {Leucania alhilinea Guen.) 
 Garden Web- Worm {Laxostegc similis Guen.) 
 Meal Snout Moth {Pyralis farinalis Linn.) 
 Mediterranean Flour Moth {Ephestia kuehniella Zeller). 
 Ephestia interpunotella Huebn. 
 Vagabond Crambus {Crambus vulgivagellus Clem.) 
 Burrowing Web-AVorm {Pseudanophora acarnella Clem.) 
 Grain Moth ( Tinea granella Linn. ) 
 Angoumois Grain Moth {Oelechia cerealella Oliv.) 
 Wheat Leaf-Miner {Elachista prcematurella Clem. ) 
 
 coleoptera. 
 Lesser Grain Beetle {Silvanus Surinamensis Linn.) 
 L^mophl^us alternans Er. 
 Tenebeioides mauritanica Linn. 
 Tenebrioides dubia Mels. 
 Ageiotes mancus Say. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 201 
 
 Pubescent Wire Worm [Agriotes piihescens Melsh.) 
 
 Drastekius dorsalis Say. 
 
 Drasterius elegans Fabr. 
 
 Common Wire Worm [Melanotiis communis Gyll.) 
 
 Melanots fissilis Say. 
 
 SiTODEEPA panicea Linn. 
 • Rose Chafer [Macrodadylus suhspinosus Fabr.) 
 
 May Beetles, White Grubs [Lachnosterna) . 
 
 Varying Anomala [Anomnla varians Fabr. ) 
 
 Colorado Potato Beetle [Doryphora 10-lineata Say.) 
 
 Pari A nigrocyanea Cr. 
 
 Twelve-Spotted Diabrotiba [Diahi'oiica 12-pundata Oliv.) 
 
 Ch^tocnemis confinis Cr. 
 
 Ch^toonemis pulicaria Mels. 
 
 Psylliodes insterstitialis Lpc. 
 
 European Meal Worm (Tenebtio molitor Jjinn.) 
 
 American Meal Worm ( Tenebrio ohscurus Fabr. ) 
 
 Feerugineous Flour Beetle ( Tribolium ferrugineum Fabr. ) 
 
 Philethus bifasciatus. 
 
 SiTODREPA panicea Linn. 
 
 Gnathocerus cornutus Fabr. 
 
 Palorus depressus Fabr. 
 ■ Oat Weevil [Macrops porcellus Say.) 
 
 Grain Weevil [Calandra granaria Linn.) 
 
 Remote-Punctured Grain Weevil {Calandra remotepunc- 
 fa/a Gyll.) 
 
 Rice Weevil [Calandra oryza Linn.) 
 
 Small Bill-Bug [Sphenoplwrus parvulus Gyll.) 
 
 Stored Grain Rhyncophorid [Brachytarsus variegatus Say.) 
 
 Hemipteea. 
 
 Chinch Bug (Blissus leucopfcrus Say.) 
 Fa] se or Bogus CHI^CH Bug {Nysius angustatus Uhl.) 
 Flea-Like Negro Bug [CorimelcEna pulicaria Germ.) 
 Tarnish Plant Bug {Lygus pratensis Linn. ) 
 Large-Eyed Ground Bug [Geocoris hullata Say.) 
 
202 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 EucHisTis nssiLis Uhl. 
 Dr^ocoris rapidus Say. 
 
 PODISUS Sp ? 
 
 Sub-Order Homopetra. 
 
 Jassus inimicus Say. 
 
 Black-Fronted Leaf-Hopper [Cicadula nigrifons Forbes.) 
 Four- Lined Leaf-Hopper [Cicadula quadrilineatus Forbes.) 
 Destructive Leaf-Hopper [Cicadula exitosa Uhl.) 
 
 DiEDROCEPHALA FLAVICEPS Eiley. 
 
 Tender Foot Leaf-Hopper [Diedrocephala mollipes Say.) 
 
 Stictocephala lutea Walk. 
 
 Stictocephala inermis Fabr. 
 
 Atynia viridis Emons. 
 
 Wheat Aphis [Siphonophora avence.) 
 
 Grain Aphis [Siphonophora granaria Kirby. ) 
 
 Apple Aphis [Aphis mali Linn. ) 
 
 Aphis sp. ? 
 
 Myzus sp. ? 
 
 Megoura — — sp. ? 
 Toxoptera graminum Kond. 
 
 Callipterus sp. ? 
 
 Rhopalosiphum sp. ? 
 
 Toxares sp? 
 
 Schizoneura sp. ? 
 
 Thysanoptera. 
 
 Wheat Thrips ( Thrips triiici Fitch. ) 
 Three-Banded Thrips [Coleothrips trifasciata Fitch.) 
 
 Orthoptera. 
 
 Western Cricket [Anabrus simplex Hald. ) 
 Cone- Headed Grasshopper [Conocephalus attenuatus Scudd. ) 
 Red-Legged Locust [Melanojilus femur-rmhr urn DeG.) 
 Lesser Migratory Locust [Melanoplus atlanis Riley). 
 Rocky Mountain Locust [Melanoplus spretus Thos.) 
 Devastating Locust [Melanoplus devastator Scudd.) 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 203 
 
 Asa-Colored Locust [Melanoplus cinereus Scucld.) 
 Detestible Locust {Melanoplus foedus ^cvlM.) 
 KoBUST Locust {Melanoplus rohustus Scudd. ) 
 Differential Locust [Melanoplus differenUalis Thos.) 
 Two-Lined Locust [Melanoplus bivittatiis Say.) 
 American Locust (Schistocerca americana Drury.) 
 Pellucid-Winged Locust ( Camnula j^ellucida Scudd. ) 
 Long-Winged Locust [Dissosteira longipennis Thos.) 
 Green-Striped Locust (Chimm'ocepliala viridifasciata De 
 Geer.) 
 
 Field Cricket [Gryllus ahhreviatus Serv.) 
 Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. 
 Gryllus luctuasus Serv. 
 
 THYSS.NURA. 
 
 Garden Flea [Smynthurus hortensis Fitch.) 
 Pretty Ground Flea (^Smynthurus elegans Fitch.) 
 Marked Ground Plea (Smynthurus signifer Fitch.) 
 
 Acarina. 
 
 Stored Grain Mite (Tyroglyphus longior Gervais.) 
 Eed Spider ( Tetranychus telarius Linu. ) 
 
 THE HESSIAN FLY. 
 
 [Ceadomyia destructor Say.) 
 
 The Hessian Fly is possibly quite as important an insect 
 enemy of the small grains as the Chinch Bug. Certainly it has 
 occupied the attention of entomological writers to as great an 
 extent as has that insect. 
 
 Briefly summed up: "The Hessian fly is a small, two-winged 
 fly about one-eighth of an inch long and of a dusky color (see 
 illustrations), and appears during May and June and again in 
 September and October. The eggs are deposited on the upper 
 side of the leaves, and the young, as soon as they hatch, make 
 
204 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Pig. 1.— Hessian Fly: f, female; gr, male fly; a, egg; &, larva; e, puparial^ 
 or flaxseed; d, pupa — enlarged; e, fly natural size, laying eggs; 7i, injured 
 plant showing flaxseeds; i, parasite of Hessian fly. [After Riley.] 
 
Il^SEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 205 
 
 their way clown the plant, behind the sheath, to near the lower 
 joints and there become imbedded in the soft part of the stem. 
 Here they pass the winter and also the summer, in the former 
 case in young wheat, and in the latter case in the stubble. The 
 adults appear and the eggs are deposited at dates varying with 
 the latitude, being earlier in the fall to the northward and later 
 to the southward."* 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 This insect is best fought by choosing preventives rather than 
 remedies after the insect has made the attack. Such as waiting 
 until after the flies have issued and laid their eggs in fall, the 
 selection of the very best seed that will produce strong, healthy 
 plants, etc. Professor Webster, in writing of remedies, says: 
 
 "After the fly has gained possession of a field, I know of no 
 application that can be made which will destroy it. Doubtless 
 pasturing the field, if early sown, will often result in reducing 
 the numbers of the pest, besides giving to the ground that com- 
 pact, pulverized nature, which it should have had at the first. 
 No doubt many larvse and 'flax seeds' by this means would be 
 crushed, but very few would enter into the food of the animals 
 grazing thereon, unless the plants were pulled up both stem and 
 roots." 
 
 This is chiefly an enemy of winter or fall wheat, and for that 
 reason has been mostly absent from our state. 
 
 Several other species of these Cecidomyiid larvae have been 
 mentioned by different writers as working upon wheat. They 
 are such as 
 
 The Unfriendly Midge. Cecidomyia inimica Fitch. 
 The Wheat Stem Midge. Cecidomyia culmicola Morr. 
 The Spotted- Winged Midge. Cecidomyia calipiera Fitch . 
 The Grain Midge. Cecidomyia graminis Oliv. and 
 The Rye Gall Gnat. Cecidomyia secalina Loew. 
 
 • F. M. Webster. In Bui. Ohio Agr. Expr. Station, Vol. IV.. No. 7, pp. 157-58, Nov., ISOl. 
 
206 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS, 
 
 THE WHEAT MIDGE 
 
 AINS.y 
 
 [Di-plosis 
 A second wheat pest that 
 
 Fig. 2.— The Wheat Midge: a, 
 male; 6, female; 7i, flower of 
 wheat showing larva on kernal. 
 Other figures showing various 
 parts of insect more highly mag- 
 nified. [After Fitch.] 
 
 iritici, Kirby). 
 
 is of very great importance in this 
 country is that shown herewith. 
 (Fig. 2). It belongs in the same 
 family with the preceding, but 
 differs in its mode of attack. The 
 Midge attacks the heads where 
 the little red colored larvse often 
 occur in such numbers as to give 
 these heads a rusty appearance. 
 It has also been pretty definitely 
 settled that these larvae are also oc- 
 casionally found under the 
 sheaths of growing young plants. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 On this subject Professor Web- 
 ster, our best authority on the in- 
 sect enemies of small grains, says, 
 " The only thoroughly practical 
 preventive, and also the one prom- 
 ising the best results, is deep 
 plowing of wheat stubble in the 
 fall, thereby covering the midges 
 so deep in the earth that they are 
 unable to reach the surface in the 
 spring. This should be done as 
 soon after harvest as possible. 
 Burning the stubble before plow- 
 ing will also destroy any which 
 have remained therein, and a rota- 
 tion of crop will add greatly to 
 the efficiency of deep plowing. 
 Sowing the wheat in the fall, at a 
 distance from stubble fields, 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 207 
 
 obliges the adult midges to travel from one field to another, dur- 
 ing which change more or less are likely to be destroyed." 
 
 CEANE-FLY LARV^. 
 
 ( Tipidicke. ) 
 
 We have, among other insects common to most localities in 
 the United States, a number of species of two- winged flies that 
 are known popularly as "Crane-flies," "Daddy Long-legs," 
 "Giant mosquitoes," etc. These flies in their larval or maggot 
 state are vegetable feeders, and live in the ground where they 
 attack the roots of various plants. In European countries these 
 insects have long been known as injurious to agriculture. Ee- 
 cently they have also been ascertained to injure small grains in 
 portions of this country. In Indiana where they were studied 
 
 Fia. 3. — Tipula hebes; a, larva, 6, pupa; c, imago. [After Weed.] 
 
 by Prof. F. M. 'Webster, they have been destroyed to a consider 
 able degree by a fungus disease of some kind. 
 
208 . INSECT ENEMIES OE SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 In a recent bulletin issued from the Ohio Experiment Station, 
 Professor Webster has devoted considerable space to a discussion 
 of these crane-flies. He mentions no less than four distinct 
 species that have appeared as wheat and clover pests in this 
 country, They are 
 
 The Two-Hoened Crane-Fly ( Tipula hicornis Loew. ) 
 The Narrow- Winged Crane-Fly {Tipula angusUpennis 
 Loew.) 
 
 The Border- Winged Crane-Fly ( Tipula costalis Say. ) 
 
 The Thick-Nosed Crane-Fly [Pachyrrhina sp?) 
 
 In his summary of the matter he says: *"With the increas- 
 ing popularity of clover-growing, both for pasture, meadow, seed. 
 
 Fig. 4. — Pachyrrhina sp? [After Webster.l 
 and fertilizer, it would appear that we are on ihe verge of a 
 new era with respect to the effects of these insects in our clover 
 
 •Bui. Ohio Agric. Exper. Station, Vol., V., p. 239. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 209 
 
 fields; and even now one who watches them carefully and notes 
 the numbers of adults which are often to be observed about our 
 clover fields cannot help but suspect that they are working an 
 injury which we either fail to observe, or, observing, attribute 
 the loss occasioned thereby to other causes. So far as grain 
 crops are concerned, the indications are that the American hus- 
 bandman will have little trouble in preventing serious ravages 
 in his fields. What the future of our clover lands is to be, es- 
 pecially if allowed to remain intact for a number of years, is yet 
 to be seen. Of the species studied, there is not one the ravages of 
 which cannot be almost entirely prevented in young wheat by 
 plowing the ground during late August or early September, and 
 there is every reason to believe that if the fall growth of clover 
 is kept mowed or- grazed off during September and October lit- 
 tle trouble will likely follow from the depredations of the larvae 
 the following spring." Figures 3 and 4 give the reader an idea 
 of the appearance of these " Gallinippers," as they are also fre- 
 quently called. 
 
 THE WHEAT STEM MAGGOT. ^„..-«^ 
 
 [Meromyza americana Fitch.) 
 Possibly the most widely distributed of all our wheat stem 
 
 worms, is the one herewith 
 illustrated (Figs 5 to 7), 
 and known by the name 
 of Wheat Stem Maggot. 
 It works in the stem. 
 There are at least three 
 broods of the flies each 
 year in this part of the 
 country. Possibly what 
 Fio. 5.—Meromyza americana imago.— Professor F. M. Webster, 
 
 of the Ohio agricultural 
 experiment station has to say of it will be most to the point. He 
 writes,* "In the ordinary course of things, then, it must be said 
 
 • Bui. OMo Agric. Expr. Station, Vol. V., No. 5, p. 78. 
 
210 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 that in Ohio there are three generations of the insect each year. 
 Further south there may be more, as we have found all stages of 
 the insect in central Texas late in February. With us, however, 
 
 a. b. c. 
 
 Fig. 6. — Meromyza 
 americana; a, egg; b, 
 larva; c, puparia — en- 
 larged.— [After Forbes] 
 
 Fig. 7." Young wheat plant; «, 
 showing location of Stem Maggot 
 and dead central leaf. — [Webster] 
 
 we may looli for the flies in our wheat fields in Sep- 
 tember and October, where the eggs (Fig. 6, a) are 
 deposited upon the plants, the young maggots mak- 
 ing their way downward to a point indicated by a 
 in Fig. 7, where they feed upon the central part of 
 the stem, cutting it entirely ofp, causing it to discolor 
 and die. Here the larvae pass the winter, emerging 
 as adults (see Fig. 5) in the spring. These flies 
 deposit eggs in such a position that the young mag- 
 gots will readily reach the succulent part of the straw 
 just above the upper joint. The maggots remain 
 here, feeding upon the stem, eventually killing it, 
 thereby causing the upper portion of the straw and 
 head to wither and die. From these straws the adults fig. 7a. - The 
 
 W he a t-s t e m 
 
 emerge in July and deposit eggs in volunteer wheat fa°1fa°turai' eiZ' 
 and grass, the maggots working now precisely as c.'pCJXenlarled! 
 later in the fall, and developing in time to escape [^fter Fitch.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 211 
 
 again, as flies, and deposit on young wheat in the fields in the fall." 
 The insect occurs throughout the wheat belt of eastern North 
 America, from Canada to Texas, where it appears to be quite 
 common at most every locality where investigated. 
 
 Professor Webster further states that "the pest is not so de- 
 structive as the Hessian fly, yet sometimes works serious de- 
 struction, and probably in this respect ranks with the Joint- 
 worm and Wheat Straw Worms. It is, however, vastly more 
 difficult to destroy, and, feeding as it does in both grain and 
 grasses, total destruction is impossible. As the adults emerge 
 soon after harvest, it is clear that if the infested straw is left in 
 the fields, they will soon escape to deposit their eggs; but if the 
 grain is stacked or threshed and the straw stacked or burned, 
 the number escaping would be greatly reduced, as it is not likely 
 that those in the center of the stacks would be able to make their 
 way out, and the threshing machine would likely destroy many. 
 If plats of grain were sown immediately after the harvest in the 
 vicinity of such stacks, many of the females could no doubt be 
 induced to deposit their eggs therein and these could be de- 
 stroyed by plowing under. How much could be accomplished 
 by late sowing of grain is uncertain, as the females are known to 
 occur abundantly up to October." 
 
 These flies are also attacked by a species of hymenopterous par- 
 asite and by a mite, both of which destroy the larvse or maggots. 
 THE VAEIABLE WHEAT FLY. 
 [Oscinis variabilis, Loew. ) 
 
 Fig, 8. — Oscinis variabilis, larva — enlarged. — 
 [Garman.] 
 
 Fig. 9.— Do. Pupa- 
 enlarged. — [ G arman. ] 
 
 An insect that' is quite closely related to the Wheat Bulb 
 
212 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Worm described above, so far as its mode of attack is concerned 
 at least, and one that will answer as a type for a number of allied 
 species that have been mentioned as attacking small grains in 
 
 this country, is shown herewith 
 in figures 8, 9, and 10. The fig- 
 ureswill show the difference be- 
 tween these two little flies, so no 
 description will be necessary. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Fig. 10.— Oscinis variabilis? Im- In case of the European frit- 
 ago-enlarged.-[Garman.] ^^ .^ ^^^ y^^^^ suggested that the 
 
 application of "stimulating dressing" to the soil would in some 
 degree counteract the injuries of the insect by securing a stand 
 of grain over and above that killed by its grubs. Whether or 
 not such a remedy will have to be resorted to in this country re- 
 mains to be seen. The " stimulating dressing " might not hurt 
 the grain even if the frit-fly fails to appear in hurtful numbers. 
 
 Mr. Garman states * that ' ' our insect has thus far proved most 
 abundant on volunteer plants. The greater exemption from in- 
 jury of late sown wheat seems to be due to the fact that many of 
 the flies deposit their eggs on the volunteer plants, and disap- 
 pear before the sown wheat appears above ground. Late plant- 
 ing may consequently be expected to enable farmers to avoid in- 
 jury during the fall of the year. 
 
 "Another matter which I am satisfied is of importance in con- 
 nection with injuries of insects such as this is the destruction in 
 the fall or winter of volunteer wheat and oats with the pests they 
 harbor. In getting specimens of the grain insects for examina- 
 tion I have always found these plants to yield the most. They 
 accumulate on them in some cases in great numbers, the Wheat 
 bulb worm, the Hessian fly, the Grain louse, and the American 
 frit-fly sometimes occurring on the same plants. If such plants 
 can be destroyed, they form a bait to attract pests from the sown 
 grain. If they are permitted to grow during the winter, they 
 are an encouragement to the insects and a menace to the wheat 
 the next spring." 
 
 • Bui. Kentucky Agr. Expr. Station, No. 30, p. 19, Aug. 1890, 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GBAINS. 213 
 
 The Shank-banded Oscinis, Oscinis tibialis Fitch. 
 
 The Yellow-hipped Oscinis, Osciriis coxendix Fitch, 
 
 The Thick-legged Oscinis, Oscinis crassifemoris Fitch. 
 
 The Common Chloeops, Chlorops vulgaris Fitch. 
 
 The Feather-hoened Chlorops, Chlorops antennalis Fitch. 
 
 The Wheat Chlorops, Chlorops p>roxima Say. 
 
 The Companion Wheat Fly, Oscinis Sp. 
 
 The Obese Siphonella, Siphonella abesa Fitch. 
 
 The Wheat Mow Fly, Agromyza tritici Fitch. 
 
 The Deceiving Wheat Fly, Hylemyia deceptiva Fitch. 
 
 The Similar Wheat Fly, Hylemyia similis Fitch. 
 
 The above named are 
 
 some additional species of 
 
 diptera recorded as wheat 
 
 insects. They are all more 
 
 or less closely related to the 
 
 Wheat Bulb Worm and the 
 
 Variable Wheat worm or 
 Fig. 11. — Hylemyia deceptiva — enlarged . . p •, a 
 
 about four times, with a hind leg still American trit-tly. 
 more enlarged. — [After Fitch.] 
 
 WHEAT SAW-FLY.^-^ 
 [Nematus marylandicus Norton. ) 
 
 The insect which is figured herewith (Fig. 12) has been ascer- 
 tained to attack wheat in different parts of the country. It is 
 also known as a grass insect in some localities. 
 
 The eggs are laid by the females in the edges of the blades as 
 shown at a, a. These hatch in the course of two weeks to six- 
 teen days. "The newly hatched larva (Fig. 12 6) is from 3 to 
 4 mm. long, rather slender and elongate and tapering gradually 
 from the head to the last segment; head yellowish, eyes black. 
 Full growth is attained in about five weeks." When full grown 
 they measure from 17 to 20 mm. in length and are of a dirty green- 
 ish yellow color. They then enter the ground where they con- 
 struct elongate cocoons of brownish silk mixed with dirt. Here 
 they remain until the following spring when they transform to 
 
214 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 the pupa, and later to the imago or perfect stage, about May 1st. 
 The perfect insect (e, /, Fig. 12) varies greatly in color, the 
 
 Fig. 12. — Nematus marylandicus : a a, eggs in wheat blades; 6, 
 young larvae; c, full-grown larva; d, cocoon from which fly has es- 
 caped: e and /, adult insects — e, male; /, female; a and b, nat. size; 
 c to /, enlarged. [Insect Life.] 
 
 male being almost black', 
 
 and the female yellowish 
 
 with dark markings. 
 
 Other species of saw- 
 flies that have been ob- 
 served to attack small 
 grains are — 
 
 DOLERUS AVENSIS Say, 
 and 
 
 DoLERUS COLLARIS Say, 
 both of which have been 
 reared, and at least three 
 others that have not yet 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 sect Life. 
 
 Dolerus arvensis, female. [In 
 been reared to maturity. One of those bred [Dolerus avensis) 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 215 
 
 is figured herewith — Fig. 13. It is blue-black in color with 
 the part between the wings more or less rufous or reddish- 
 brown. The male is smaller, slenderer than the female, and is 
 uniformly blue-black throughout. 
 
 THE WHEAT-STEM SAW-FLY.^^''^ 
 
 [Cephus pygmceus Linn.) 
 
 The insect that has been known 
 for years in European countries 
 as the "Corn Saw-fly" has re- 
 cently been introduced into the 
 eastern portions of this country 
 where it has been doing some in- 
 juries in grain fields. It has 
 been quite carefully studied and 
 reported upon by Prof. J. H. 
 Comstock in the Bulletin of the 
 Cornell University Experiment 
 Station for November, 1889. Pro- 
 fessor Webster, of the Ohio sta- 
 tion, also gives us a full account 
 of this insect in which he con- 
 cludes about as follows: "Pro- 
 fessor Comstock found that in the 
 latitude of central New York the 
 [After adults (Fig. 14 e) emerged from 
 the stubble about or a little before 
 the middle of June, just as the heads of wheat were being put 
 forth from the terminal sheath. The eggs were deposited almost 
 anywhere in the stem, but chiefly in the upper portion. In 
 whatever part of the straw the larva happened to hatch, it ulti- 
 mately worked its way downward, and by the 19th of July all 
 appeared to have reached the base, and nearly all had passed be- 
 low the lower joint by the 15th. The larva, or worm (Fig. 14 a, b) 
 does not pass out of the straw, but, at the extreme bottom, 
 it constructs a cocoon, but before doing this it girdles the straw 
 
 Pig. 14. — Cephus X)ygmcens: a. 
 outline of larva — nat. size; 6, lar- 
 va enlarged; c, larva in wheat stalk 
 — nat. size; e, adult female; /, fe- 
 male parasite — enlarged. 
 Curtis.] 
 
216 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 from within, some distance above, in order to facilitate its exit 
 after it has transformed to the adult." 
 
 PBEVENTIVES OR REMEDIES. 
 
 From the above, it will be seen that this species is very simi- 
 lar to the other stem-infesting insects. It can, therefore, be got- 
 ten rid of by burning the stubble between harvest and next 
 spring — the earlier the better so as to get the larvae before they 
 get too far down. Deep plowing might also be of value. The 
 insect is also subject to the attacks of parasitic insects of several 
 kinds. One of these, a European species, is shown in the fig- 
 ure at /. 
 
 A second species of the genus. 
 
 The Western Stem Saw-Fly (Cephus occidenfalis Eiley) is 
 illustrated herewith (Fig. 15). It has been reared from the 
 stems of a hollow-stemmed grass, probably a wild rye. It is 
 met with in California, Oregon, and Montana. A third species 
 of this genus (not determined) has been taken upon wild rye 
 here in Nebraska upon several occasions. At least fourteen dis- 
 tinct species of these insects have been described from various 
 portions of North America. 
 
 Fig. 15. — Cephus occidentalis: a, larva; b, imago, female; c, 
 base of grass gtalk showing excavation of larva — all enlarged. 
 [Insect Life.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 THE WHEAT JOINT- WOEM. 
 
 217 
 
 Fig. 16. — Isosoma hordei: a, wheat straws 
 showing injury; 6, female insect.— [After Eiley.] 
 
 {Isosoma hordei Harr. ) 
 By refereuce to figure 16 the reader will see illustrated a small 
 
 four - winged insect 
 enemy of small grains 
 together with its mode 
 of attack. It is what 
 entomologists know as 
 the Wheat Joint- 
 worm, originally de- 
 scribed by Harris. It 
 is quite destructive 
 in some parts of the 
 country. 
 
 The female lays her 
 eggs in the wheat stem 
 near the joints. These hatch into larva which are yellowish- 
 white with brown-tipped jaws, similar in form to those of the 
 next species, which are figured in 19 a, b. Then, by their pres- 
 ence in the plant, cause a more or less abnormal growth in the 
 straw near the joints as shown in figure 16 a. So far as is known 
 this insect is single brooded, the larva hibernating in the stubble 
 and transforming the following spring. The mature insect which 
 is quite small, the size being represented in figure 16 by hair 
 lines at left of the figure of the insect, is black with the excep- 
 tion of a spot on the shoulders and the legs, which are black and 
 yellowish, and the eyes which are reddish brown. 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 Since the insect winters in the stubble the remedy is simple. 
 By burning the stubble at any time during fall, winter, or spring 
 before the 1st of March, all the insects will be destroyed. 
 
 The Wheat Straw Worm, Isosoma tritici, Riley. 
 
 A second species of these hymenopterous enemies of small 
 grain is figured herewith. It differs somewhat from the preced- 
 ing in its mode of attack, as well as in habits and life history. 
 
218 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Fig. 18— Wheat plant 
 showing work of Isos- 
 oma hordei. — [After 
 Webster.] 
 
 Fig. 17.— Wheat plant show- 
 ing work of Isosoma hordei. — 
 [After Webster.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 219 
 
 Prof. F. M. Webster has recently studied these wheat-stem 
 insects and sums up as follows when speaking of tritici: " It 
 
 Fig. 19. — Isosoma tritici; a, b, larva; /, adult female; g, fore 
 wing; h, hind wing. — [Riley.] 
 
 may be said that the Wheat Straw-worm is two brooded — an 
 exceptional character with this group of insects — the adults of 
 the second brood being small, almost wholly wiugless, and there- 
 fore, non- migratory, composed almost exclu- 
 sively of females. These appear in early 
 spring and deposit their eggs in the grow- 
 ing wheat, placing them, usually, in or near 
 the embryo head. These produce worms 
 which, in June, develop a brood (the first) 
 composed wholly of females (so far as 
 known), which are robust, and provided 
 with fully developed wings, and, therefore, 
 compose the migratory brood, and through 
 them the insect is diffused over the country. 
 These deposit their eggs in or near the joints 
 of the straw, more frequently the second 
 below the head. The worms from these 
 reach maturity and pass to the pupal stage 
 in fall to emerge in early spring as adults."' 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 As this insect hibernates in the stubble, 
 burning will be a remedy. Then, too, by rotating crops the 
 
 Fig. 20 . — Isosoma 
 grande.— [After Riley.] 
 
220 INSECT ENEMIES OP SMALL GRAINS, 
 
 wingless spring brood will be prevented from depositing their 
 
 The three following species, viz., the Laeger Wheat Straw 
 Worm [Isosoma grande Riley), the Rye Straw Worm {^Iso- 
 soma ehjmi French), and the Yellow- Legged Joint Worm 
 {Eurytoma fulvipes Fitch) are claimed by Professor Webster to 
 be synonyms of the two species described above. 
 
 Ant. [Formica shanffusii Mayer. ) 
 
 Occasionally ants are known to feed upon grain of different 
 kinds. The present species has been observed by Professor 
 Webster to eat kernels of seed wheat that had not been suf- 
 ficiently covered in sowing. Other species could undoubtedly 
 be added were their injuries of sufficient importance to warrant 
 looking them up. 
 
 CUT WORMS, l^^ 
 
 (Agrotis, Mamestra, and Hadena.) 
 
 It is needless for me to tell the farmers of Nebraska that cut- 
 worms are among our most dreaded insect pests, for everybody 
 who has tried to raise corn, or garden crops of any description, 
 for several years in succession, has had experience of his own 
 concerning their powers of destruction. These insects are just 
 as apt to attack small grains and grasses as they are to pay their 
 attention to corn, garden products, etc. This being the case, we 
 must include these insects here. The following account of these 
 insects extracted from the report on "Corn Insects" will give a 
 sort of generalization for the group : 
 
 The cut-worms are moderately large, fleshy worms tapering 
 gently towards both ends. When full grown they average from 
 one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches in length, are dull 
 yellowish-white or gray, sometimes inclining to greenish, and 
 clouded and striped or variously marked with dull black or smoky 
 brown; sometimes, though rarely, with deep black and pure 
 white. One of these [Agrotis clandestina) is figured herewith 
 (Fig. 21), the illustration showing it has curled, a position taken 
 by them when disturbed. This species is about an average in 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 221 
 
 size — some species being larger and others smaller than this. 
 
 The name "out-worm " embraces the numerous species of 
 
 caterpillars that have the habit of concealing themselves during 
 
 day time, either beneath some object lying on the ground, or by 
 
 Fig. 21.— The W-marked Cut- Fig. 22,.— Agrotis clavdestina; 
 
 Worm {Agrotis claadestina); moth.— [After Riley.] 
 
 larva. — [After Riley.] 
 
 directly burying themselves just below the surface, and coming 
 forth after night to feed upon various kinds of vegetation. IMany 
 of them confine their attacl^s to garden products and other low 
 succulent plants, but others are known to climb up the trunks of 
 trees, grape vines, and a variety of the taller kinds of vegetation 
 belonging to garden, vineyard, and orchard, where they cause 
 great havoc by eating the buds and tender leaves in early spring. 
 Cut- worms are the young of a certain group of "Owlet" moths, 
 which are also nocturnal in their habits. Both the larvae and 
 mature insects are, as a rule, inconspicuous in color, being 
 usually dull gray, brown, or black, or have these colors com- 
 bined. 
 
 There are upward of three hundred distinct species of cut- 
 worms found within the limits of the United States ; and perhaps 
 fully one-third that number occur within our state Of these 
 the following species have been ascertained to work on the small 
 grains : 
 
 The Dingy Cut-Worm. (Agrotis subgothica Haw.) 
 The Granulated Out- Worm. {Agj^otis annexa Treat.) 
 The W-IMarked Cut- Worm. [Agrotis clandestina Harr.) 
 The Variegated Cut- Worm. [Agrotis saiicia Huebn.) 
 The Clay-Colored Cut- Worm. [Agrotis Morrisoniana^iley). 
 The Bronzy Cut- Worm. {Nephelodes violans Guend ) 
 
222 
 
 INSECT ElSfEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 The Glassy Cut-AVorm. {Hadena devastatrix Boisd.) 
 The Yellow-Headed Cut-Worm. {Hadena arctica Boisd. ) 
 The Wheat Out-Wokm. {Prodenia commelmcB Guen.) 
 
 Fig. 2i.— Hadena devasta- 
 trix: larva. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 2S.—Nephelodes vio- 
 lans : caterpillar. [ After 
 Lintner.] 
 
 Fig. 26. — Hadena devasta- 
 trix : moth. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 25. — Nephelodes vio- 
 lans : moth. [After Lintner.] 
 
 As my time and space are limited I shall not try to describe 
 these different kinds separately, nor can I figure all of them 
 now. The remarks — which are herewith presented — will, there- 
 fore, be general. 
 
 BEMEDIES. 
 
 It is a rather difficult matter to name any single, or even two 
 or three, remedies that will apply to all cut- worm depredations. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 22. 
 
 Bifore the various species had been separately studied, it was, 
 and eyea now is, supposed by many that what is true of one is 
 
 Fig. 27.— The Granulated Cut-worm 
 {Agrotis annexa): a, larva; /, pupa; h, 
 moth. [After Riley.] 
 
 Pig. 28.— The Shagreened Cut- 
 worm. {Agrotis malefida): a, larva; 
 /,moth. [After Riley .1 
 
 also true of all species of cut- worms. The different kinds ap- 
 pear at different seasons, and work in different ways, hence must 
 be fought in various ways. 
 
 In the garden many of the worms can be taken by supplying 
 artificial hiding places for them in the form of blocks, chips, or 
 boards, which can be examined each morning, and the worms 
 crushed. Digging about hills of coro, stalks of cabbage, and 
 other plants showing recent disturbance, will usually result in 
 the finding of the culprit. Cones of tar-paper set about plants 
 will act as safeguards against their attacks, provided the paper 
 
 Fig. 29.— Dark-sided Cut-worm „ „^ . ,^^ ^ 
 
 (Agrotis messoria): moth. [After Fig. 30.-Army Worm Ta- 
 
 Riiey.l china fly: larva, pupa, im- 
 
 ago, and front end of the 
 Army Worm showing eggs. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 projects an inch above ground. Salt is also said to be repulsive 
 to the worms. This latter mode of fighting injurious insects is 
 
224 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Fig. 31.— Tachina 
 or Flesh Fly. 
 
 not to be too highly recommended, since salt is also more or less 
 detrimental to the growth of many kinds of vegetation, 
 
 The very best remedy that has thus far been suggested and 
 tried against cut-worms is the use of poisoned grasses, cabbage 
 leaves, or clover. This is done by taking these substances and 
 tying them into loose bunches, and then sprinkling them with a 
 solution of Paris green, or London purple, say a tab^espoon- 
 ful to a bucket of water. Then in the evening scatter these 
 poisoned baits over the field between the rows 
 of beets, cabbage, etc. The worms will be at- 
 tracted to them, eat, and die. These baits 
 should be renewed several times, at intervals 
 of two to four days, according to the state of 
 the weather and the abundance of the worms. 
 All of these cut- worms are attacked by sev- 
 eral kinds of parasites, both hymenopterous and dipterous. 
 They are also devoured by a number of predaceous beetles, 
 while birds of many kinds are especially fond of them. One of 
 these dipterous parasites is shown in Fig. 30, and another at 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 THE FALL ARMY WORM./X"'^ 
 
 [Laphygma frugiperda Guen.) 
 
 Very closely related to the cut-worms, 
 and resembling them much in general 
 appearance and habits, is an insect that 
 has received the popular name of Grass 
 Worm or Fall Army Worm. This in- 
 sect is shown in Fig. 32, where the ma- 
 ture insect is figured. This insect is fre- 
 quently very numerous, and is accord- 
 ingly very destructive. Although called 
 the Grass Worm, it is by no means con- 
 fined to grasses as its diet. Corn and 
 other grain crops are just as eagerly at- 
 tacked and devoured by it. 
 
 Fig. 32. — Lapkygma fru- 
 giperda : moth, showing 
 variations. [After Riley.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 225 
 
 Since this is such an important insect, and as I have not treated 
 of it before in any of my reports to the Society, I will give a 
 quite full description of it here. The following characteriza- 
 tions of the insect are copied from Prof. S. A. Forbes's accouni 
 of the insect in the fourteenth report of the entomologist of 
 Illinois: 
 
 Moth.— "Front wings narrow, apex broadly rounded. General 
 color brownish-gray, varied with bluish white, dusky and fulvous. 
 A bluish white patch at the apex of the wing, usually containing a 
 few black points. Subterminal line arcuate, of the same color, con- 
 tinuous, with this patch in front, sometimes obsolete at the terminal 
 point of the wing, but sometimes complete. Before the subtermi- 
 nal line, and within the apical patch, is a dark blotch upon the mid- 
 dle of the wing, which sometimes contains one or two triangular 
 black points. Transverse anterior and transverse posterior lines 
 sometimes obsolete, when present double, zigzag. Base of wing 
 slightly paler, with a longitudinal black blotch in the middle. • 
 Orbicular spot obliquely oval, pale, testaceous, with an oblique 
 mark of same color immediately without. Beniform spot ob- 
 scure, distinguished in front and behind by small whitish 
 blotches, the posterior linear, often shaped like the letter 'e, 
 the anterior variable. Upon the costal margin, a series of 
 whitish dashes, four of them between the reniform spot and the 
 apex, and as many more, obsolete, between that and the base. 
 Terminal line pale, subterminal space dark, divided into quad- 
 rate blotches by the nervures. Fringe paler gray, the scales 
 tipped with black between the nervures. Under surface smoky 
 but paler anteriorly and terminally, and fulvous along the costa. 
 Posterior wings translucent, nearly white in some lights, roseate 
 in others, dusky on anterior margin and on anterior half of outer 
 margin. Head, thorax, and abdomen nearly uniform gray ; tho- 
 rax with a V-shaped black mark in front." 
 
22G 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Fig. 33. — Laphygmafm- 
 giperda: a, larva; 6, head 
 of same. [After Riley.] 
 
 Caterpillar or larva. — "The larvae are 
 dark, the general effect being that of a 
 nearly black insect with a broad buff band 
 below the stigmata, and a narrow yellow 
 subdorsal line. The dorsum is black or a 
 very dark brown with a yellow median 
 lioe, and irregular white lineations along 
 the border of the dorsal space. The sub- 
 dorsal band is also black, slightly mottled 
 along the lower margin, bordered above 
 by a yellow line which is itself bordered 
 above and below by a shade of deeper 
 black. The stigmatal band is drab, 
 mottled with pale brown; the stigmata black, partly within the 
 stigmatal band and partly within the subdorsal band. In one 
 specimen the dorsum is pale chocolate brown with scarcely a 
 trace of the median line. The heads in all are jet black except on 
 the sides, behind the eyes, where they are somewhat mottled with 
 whitish. The Y-shaped mark upon the front is white and deeply 
 impressed. The cervical shield is black, with the median line 
 and subdorsal yellow lines continued upon it. Upon the caudal 
 shield the median line widens to a more or less triangular blotch. 
 The labrum is brown, the basal joint of the antennae is wholly 
 white, the second joint white with a black ring at the base, and 
 the third joint brown. The venter is greenish brown beneath 
 the buff lateral band, becoming nearly yellow towards the bases 
 of the prolegs. Each of the latter has a glossy black patch 
 upon its outer surface. Between these legs the surface is a 
 brownish green. The whole ventral area is finely mottled with 
 yellow." 
 
 Judging from the notes that have been accumulated by differ- 
 ent authors in reference to this insect, it would appear that there 
 ar§ at least two broods of the worms northward and three south- 
 ward in the United States. The first brood northward often 
 attacks the young corn, and by eating the leaves and burrowing 
 into the heart of the plants kills them. Later in the summer 
 the leaves and the tender ears are damaged. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 227 
 
 REMEDHES. 
 
 As it is ill the case of other cut- worms and the true Army 
 Worm, so it is with reference to the present species. They are 
 all usually held in check by their natural enemies, certain dip- 
 terous and hymenopterous parasites. Sometimes, however, these 
 from some cause or other fail to do their work and the moth 
 gains the ascendency. When such is the case artificial means 
 must be resorted to if we would protect our crops from their 
 ravages. In writing on this feature of the subject Professor 
 Forbes has the following to say: 
 
 "The female moths, when searching for a proper place of de- 
 posit for their eggs, are evidently attracted to the ground upon 
 which the larvae do their damage by the presence of an abun- 
 dance of green food for the latter, a fact which immediately sug- 
 gests early plowing of ground intended for winter wheat, as a 
 preventive measure. Doubtless, except for the allurement of 
 o-rowing vegetation, the eggs of the imago would be planted 
 elsewhere, or so widely scattered as to effect no appreciable dam- 
 age. 
 
 " Certainly in that region where the grass worm prevailed last 
 year it would be prudent to plow early after oats when it is in- 
 tended to plant wheat. 
 
 "If, however, this precaution has been neglected and hordes 
 of the larvte appear in the wheat field, it will doubtless prove 
 difficult to arrest their ravages. No opportunities for experi- 
 ment have as yet offered, notice of the appearance of the larvse 
 in the wheat field having been received too late to permit trial of 
 remedial measures; but it may be worth while to suggest heavy 
 rolling as a measure likely to be practicable and efficient in some 
 instances. This has occasionally been found useful for the de- 
 struction of the true Army Worm. One farmer in Mason county, 
 who noticed that the grass worms were extending their ravages 
 rapidly from the central area in which he first noticed them, be- 
 lieved that he had destroyed the brood and prevented further in- 
 jury by plowing under the infested area and rolling it heavily 
 immediately thereafter. If a disposition to migration, like that 
 
228 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GKAINS. 
 
 of the Army Worm, is apparent, the march of the host may be 
 arrested by measures which have been found more or less effi- 
 cient in the case of the last named insect; that is, a furrow may 
 be plowed across the line of their march, when the worms col- 
 lecting therein may be destroyed by dragging a log along the 
 furrow. If their appearance is easily detected while they are 
 quite small, it might not be unprofitable to destroy them with 
 Paris green or other form of insect poison, but in most instances 
 it will doubtless be less expensive to resow the ground than to 
 attempt the somewhat doubtful remedies here proposed." 
 
 THE STALK BOEEE. 
 
 nitela Guen.) 
 
 While the insect that 
 is figured herewith (Fig. 
 34) is chiefly an infestor 
 of the stems of pithy 
 plants, it is also a feeder 
 ji z o^i other plants among 
 
 Fig. 34.— Gorfywam^eZa; 1, moth; 2, larva, which are the small 
 ^'^"""^i^^y-^ grains. It is described 
 
 at some length as a corn insect in last year's report where 
 remedies are given. The reader is therefore referred to that 
 paper for an account of its habits, etc. 
 
 THE AEMY WOEM./-^^ 
 
 {Leucania imipuncta Haw.) 
 
 The name "Army Worm" has been indiscriminately applied 
 in this country to several species of widely separated insects that 
 at times have appeared in great numbers, and moved apparently 
 with a single impulse as of an army. Among these can be men- 
 tioned the Cotton Worm {Aletia xylina Say.), which devastates 
 the cotton crop of southern states; the Grass Worm [Laphygma 
 frugiperda Sm. & Abb.), also a southern insect, mentioned on 
 preceding pages of this paper; the Tent Caterpillar {Clisiocampa 
 
INSEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 229 
 
 sylvatica Harr.) ; the Fall Web Worm [Hyphantria textor Harr.) ; 
 and one or two others. 
 
 Fio. 35. — The Army Worm (ieMcawia unipuncta: 
 rt, male moth; b, abdomen of female, natural size; 
 c. eye; d, antennal joints of male; e, do. of female, 
 enlarged. [After Kiley.] 
 
 Fig. 36.— Army 
 Worm, the full 
 grown larva. [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 Here in Nebraska the larva of a species of saw-fly is some- 
 times " dubbed " with the name of Army Worm; 
 one of the Myaiapods (a Polydesmid) is also 
 Fig. 37. —Army called by that name. There is perhaps an ex- 
 
 ^ft^'Rifey.r^'''' ^^^® ^°^ *^^^ " ^any-foot " receiving the name 
 because it frequently appears in veritable armies 
 upon low ground. Unlike the true Army Worm [Leucania 
 unipuncta), of which this article treats, this " thousand- leg " does 
 no particular damage to growing vegetation. It is an under- 
 ground feeder, and only comes to the surface during excessively 
 wet weather, and when mating. 
 
 The Army Worm is almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, 
 but nowhere except in the United States does it appear to be a 
 pest. Here, too, its ravages are confined chiefly to the middle 
 and northern portions east of the Rocky mountain. In Nebraska 
 it was first observed by me in injurious numbers during the sum- 
 mer of 1888, and then only over a limited area in our extreme 
 northwestern counties. Of course it may have been present in 
 hurtful numbers prior to this, and its ravages not have come to 
 my notice. This is hardly probable, however, since I have been 
 
230 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 carefully watching the coming and going of insect pests within 
 the state for upward of fifteen years. 
 
 This insect can readily be recognized by a comparison with the 
 above figures (35, 36, and 37). The moth is reddish -brown, 
 more or less thickly sprinkled with minute black specks over the 
 front wings ; and it also has a small white spot near the center of 
 each, from which it takes its specific name. The larva or "worm " 
 is striped with light clay brown, which colors vary somewhat 
 in different individuals. 
 
 REMEDIES AND NATURAL ENEMIES. 
 
 Chief among the remedies adopted for keeping in check the in- 
 crease of this pest is the burning of old grass, stubble, and other 
 like receptacles for the eggs and hibernating larvae. Perhaps 
 this accounts for the absence of the pest from our frontier set- 
 tlements in this and other western states for the past twenty 
 years and more, the customary fall and early spring prairie fires 
 having destroyed such eggs and larvae as would otherwise have 
 entered vipon the spring and summer campaigns. This is a pre- 
 
 FiG. 38.— Colsoma colidum; a, the beetle; b, the larva. [After Riley.] 
 
 ventive before the pest has "materialized." The burning should 
 be postponed until spring has well advanced to be of mo^t 
 benefit. During late years the increase of area cultivated and 
 the prevention of starting fires on the prairies, especially in the 
 '•cattle district" of the northwest, has perhaps been the direct 
 cause for the presence of this insect in injurious numbers. 
 
 Now that it is with us, and liable to remain, we must be ready 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 231 
 
 to meet it face to face. Ditchiug, rolling, plowing, etc., are 
 remedies that can be used advantageously. Ditching and fenc- 
 ing can be resorted to in preventing the worms from passing 
 from one field to another. Fence boards set on edge and satu- 
 rated with kerosene will effectually check an advancing column, 
 after which they can be destroyed by crushing. Ditching, with 
 
 Fig. 39. — Cicindela Fig. -LO.—Harpalus calig- Fig. 41.—Exorista leuca- 
 6-guttata. [After inosus. [After Riley.] 7iice. [After Walsh.] 
 
 Riley.] 
 
 the opposite side of the ditch from the advancing host "dug un- 
 der," will "corral" the worms for the time being, when they can 
 be destroyed by crushing, or by covering with hay or straw and 
 setting fire to it. Poisoning with London purple and Paris 
 green has also been resorted to with good results; but as long as 
 other and less dangerous methods do not fail it is advisable not 
 to resort to these. Grass or grain that has been sprayed with 
 these poisons should never be fed to stock, as there is danger of 
 poisoning animals so fed. 
 
 During ordinary years this, as well as most all other injurious 
 insects, is kept in check by its natural enemies; but occasionally, 
 from various cause these of themselves are not sufficient to do 
 the work. Among the enemies of the Army Worm are to be 
 mentioned the insectivorous birds, poultry, reptiles, and when 
 hard pressed for food they even devour one another. Quite a 
 number of the predaceous beetles and their larvse destroy hun- 
 dreds of the worms. Three of these beetles are figured here. 
 Fig. 39 represents Cicindela 6-guttata; Fig. 40 is Harpalus cn- 
 liginosus Fabr. ; and Fig. 38, a and h, are larva and imago of 
 
232 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 THE 
 
 the Fiery Calosoma, Calosomn calidum. There are also a large 
 number of true parasites that work upon this insect in one or 
 the other of its stages. One of these [Exorista leucanice), a 
 Tachina fly, is figured at Fig. 41. Besides the several species 
 of two-winged flies that are parasitic upon Leucania unipiincta, 
 there are certain Ichneumonids and other parasitic Hymenoptera 
 that attack the worms by laying their eggs within their hosts' 
 bodies, where their young eat away their vitals. 
 
 WHEAT-HEAD ARMY WORm/**-*^ 
 
 [Leucania alhilinea Guen. ) 
 
 The insect that is illustrated herewith, 
 both as larva and imago, is known as the 
 Wheat-head Army Worm. "Wheat-head," 
 because of its feeding upon the heads of 
 the grain, as shown in Fig. 44, a, a, and 
 "Army Worm," because of its sometimes 
 a appearing in great numbers. Although 
 it is not a constant species against which 
 the grower of grains is obliged to wage 
 war, it has on several occasions been 
 known to do considerable injury in dif- 
 ferent parts of the country. 
 
 As will be noticed by reference to the 
 scientific name, this insect is classed with 
 
 Fig. 42.— Wheat-head Army 
 Worm: a, a, larva; h, eggs — 
 uat. size; c,d,egg,top and side 
 view — enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 4:.3.--Wheat-head Army 
 Worm; moth. [After Riley.] 
 
 the true "Army Worm" in the genus Leucania. Its appearance 
 in armies is therefore not to be wondered at, since very often re- 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 233 
 
 lated forms have similar habiis. Xhe following description of 
 the insect is copied from the 9th report of the state Entomolo- 
 gist of Missouri: 
 
 '■'■Maiure larva. — Average length rather more than an inch. 
 Colors pale yellow and brown. The brighter marked specimens 
 have the dorsum brown with a narrow medio-dorsal yellow line, 
 obsolete posteriorly; then a sub-dorsal sulphur-yellow line one- 
 half as wide and suffused in middle with carneous; then a still 
 narrower brown line, ill-defined, beneath ; then a yellow line of 
 same width as preceding; then a somewhat broader brown-black 
 stigmated line; then a stigmatal sulphur-yellow line as broad as 
 subdorsal and generally relieved below with pale brown — all the 
 dark parts, except the black stigmatal line, speckled with yel- 
 lowish. Venter dull white. Head large, wider than body, pale 
 yellow — almost white, with brown-tipped jaws, mottlings on the 
 cheeks, and two broad, brown marks (with a tendency to fade in 
 the middle) on top, narrowing each side of V-shaped sutures. 
 Stigmata white, with black annulus. (In unipwida they are 
 dark with a pale annulus.) Piliferous spots, though more con- 
 spicuous than in unipunda [true Army Worm] in first stage, 
 now less so. Varies considerably, some being quite dark and 
 others greatly suffused with rosaceous ; but the pale head, dark 
 stigmatal line, and bright yellow lines are constant." 
 
 The imago, which is shown in Fig. 43, is dull straw color on 
 front wings and marked with white and darker streaks as shown 
 in the illustration. The hind wings are satiny- white with a 
 faint dusky tint posteriorly. 
 
 In some parts of the country, especially southward, there are 
 two broods of the larvsG or caterpillars; while northward the rule 
 is but one brood. 
 
 REMEDIES AND ENEMIES. 
 
 The insect is quite subject to the attack of several species of 
 parasitic diptera and hymeuoptera. It is these that usually keep 
 them within due bounds. Birds and other insectivorous verte- 
 
234 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 brates also do much iu the way of destroying both the caterpillars 
 and moths. 
 
 Professor Riley states that "it cannot be successfully 'fought 
 in the worm state, and the wheat grower who has been troubled 
 with it should direct his attention to the destruction of the 
 chrysalids by late plowing and harrowing and to the capture of 
 the moths in spring by means of lights and sweetened and 
 poisoned fluids."* 
 
 THE GARDEN WEB-WORM. 
 
 {Loxostege similis Guen.) 
 
 Although this insect has been quite well described in several 
 of the other reports within the past two or three years, I con- 
 sider it of sufficient importance even as a small grain pest to treat 
 of it in this connection quite fully. I will therefore repeat what 
 has been said of it as a corn insect. It is one of our more recent 
 iusect enemies and is an especially characteristic western species. 
 From its already large food-plant list we need to watch it in the 
 future. 
 
 It is known by the name of the Garden Web- Worm, from the 
 fact that it spins a web while feeding; and "Garden," because 
 it is a garden frequenter rather than a field inhabitant. System- 
 atically, it belongs to the family of moths which bear the name of 
 Fyralidce, the members of which are all more or less injurious. 
 It has been quite thoroughly treated in Professor Riley's annual 
 report to the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1885, pp. 
 265-270. I will therefore quote quite largely from that source. 
 It might be well to state here that it is quite variable and has 
 been several times described and has a large synonomy. 
 
 In referring to the distribution of this insect that author writes 
 as follows: "■Eurycreon rantalisjf is quite a widespread species, 
 occurring all over the United States. It has been captured in 
 South America, and the original description of the species wa, 
 from a specimen from Montevideo." 
 
 *C. V. Riley, Ninth Missouri Kept., p. 5.5. 
 fThis is one of the synonyinicnames that have been given to Loxostogc stintiealis.—BTUJieT. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 235 
 
 c 
 
 Fig. 44. — Garden Web-Worm (Loxo- 
 stege): a, larva; d, pupa; /, moth — all 
 slightly enlarged. [After Riley.] 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 44, /) has an average expanse of 18 mm. 
 
 The general color is either 
 orange or reddish yellow, in- 
 clining to buff, or more com- 
 monly a lighter or darker 
 shade of gray, having, in cer- 
 tain lights, either a copperish 
 or greenish reflection very 
 similar to that on the well 
 known Cotton Worm Moth 
 [Aletia xylinci). The char- 
 acteristic markings, as shown in the figure, are the darker reni- 
 form and obicular spots, with a paler shade between them; two 
 irregular transverse pale lines, generally relieved by darker 
 shade, most intense posteriorly on the anterior line and basally 
 or interiorly on the posterior line. The terminal space may be 
 either paler or darker than the ground color. The markings are 
 very variable, however, dark specimens [rantalis) having them 
 all well defined, paler specimens {communis) less so, while in 
 others {a-inisalis) the anterior line and inner portion of poste- 
 rior line may be lacking." 
 
 " The larva * * * is also somewhat variable in color, be- 
 ing either pale or dark-yellow, or even greenish -yellow. It is 
 marked with rather distinct jet-black piliferous spots, as illus- 
 trated in the figure. The piliferous spots are also more or less 
 distinctly relieved by a pale border. 
 
 " The pupa is of the normal brown color and characterized by 
 the tip of the body having two prominences, each furnished with 
 stout, short spines." 
 
 Although this insect is known to extend over a remarkably 
 large area, its injuries have thus far been confined to the region 
 between the Missouri river and the Kocky mountains; nor has it 
 been observed here to. any great extent — at least, north of the 
 Platte river. This area is, however, quite liable to be increased 
 with the general -cultivation of the soil in the beet belt. 
 
286 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 FOOD PLANTS. 
 
 Like many of our more injurious insect pests, the "Garden 
 Web Worm" is quite a general feeder. It is especially one that 
 will need our watchful care if we hope to keep it within bounds, 
 for it is one of the very few species that is a genuine weed-feeder. 
 In fact, it is more partial to some of the weeds than it is to cul- 
 tivated plants. Professor Riley speaks of the food habits of this 
 insect as follows in the report ali-eady referred to: " There is no 
 question but that the preferred food of this species is the foliage 
 oi: plants of the genns Amarantus, called indifferent parts of the 
 country Amaranth, Pig-weed, and Careless weed. This was very 
 noticeable in our observations in 1873, and its next preference 
 seemed to be Purslane. Professor Snow also mentions Lamb's 
 Quarter (also called "Pig- weed" Chenoj)odiiim) as a favorite 
 food plant. Prof. C. E. Bessey, writing from Lincoln, Nebraska, 
 August 11, mentioned an unusual abundance of these larvae upon 
 Amarantus retroflexus and A. bWoides. Another correspondent 
 mentions finding them the present year (1885) upon the common 
 Cocklebur [Xanfhmm sirumarium) , but this was probably due 
 to their excessive abundance and want of proper food. This, 
 also, is probably the case with the common Burdock [Lappa), 
 which is mentioned by another correspondent. Professor Popenoe 
 mentions, among the weeds injured, Amarantus alba, Chenopo- 
 dium album. Ambrosia trifida, Apocynum cannabinum, and Grin- 
 delia squarrosa, He also mentions the fact that they injured a 
 bed of scarlet verbenas." 
 
 The following are the cultivated plants that it has been ob- 
 served to feed upon: Corn, cotton, cabbage, cucumber, castor 
 beans, melon, squash,, pea, beans, red clover, alsike, al- 
 falfa, pumpkin, sweet potato, Irish potato, egg plant, tomato, 
 orchard grass, timothy, meadow oat grass, millet, flax, tobacco, 
 sugar cane, lettuce, onions, and beets, besides others. Thus it 
 will be seen that the insect is a more general feeder than might 
 be at first supposed. In fact it appears to be able to feed on 
 almost anything. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 237 
 
 HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Under this heading Professor Riley, whom I have already 
 quoted largely, says: " The full natural history of the species 
 has not yet been made out. The eggs have not yet been de- 
 scribed, the method of hibernation is not positively known, and 
 the number of annual generations has not been carefully de- 
 termined." 
 
 The insect is evidently a many-brooded species, since indica- 
 tions point to at least three or four sets of the moths during the 
 spring, summer, and fall. The larva is a web-maker, and always 
 spins as it goes and constructs a sort of retreat in which it re- 
 mains during the day time at rest. It is described by Professor 
 Popenoe in the second quarterly report for 1880 of the Kansas 
 State Board of Agriculture. He says: "The following points 
 in its history are the partial result of my study of the insect. 
 Although I made a careful search for the egg, I failed to discover 
 it in situ, but it is without doubt deposited on the lower side of 
 the leaf, or low down among the bases of a cluster of leaves, as 
 newly hatched larvae are found in both these situations, from 
 which they soon wander to other parts of the plant. As soon as 
 it (the larva) begins to move about it begins to spin the web, 
 and this is increased in extent as the movements of the larva are 
 
 Fig. 45. — Colsoma colidum; a, the beetle; b, the larva. [After Riley.] 
 
 extended. It is very active in all stages of growth as a larva, 
 and springs aside quickly when touched, sometimes throwing 
 itself into a coil, but more often running rapidly away. At least 
 in early life the larva, when thrown off a leaf, will hang by a 
 
238 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 thread of silk. In case a single leaf is of sufficient size, as in the 
 sweet potato, the well-growu larva is generally found on the 
 upper side in a shelter formed by drawing partly together the 
 edges of the leaf by the silk of its web. In this shelter it is 
 
 Fig. 4:6.—Harpalus caliginosus. Fig. 47. — Pasimachus elongatus. 
 
 [After Riley.] [After Riley.] 
 
 usually found at rest during the day, hanging by its feet, back 
 downward, to the lower surface of the web. In other plants sev- 
 eral leaves may be drawn together for a place of concealment. 
 If, indeed, the larvae are not partially gregarious, they are at 
 least not disturbed with proximity to each other, as several may 
 be found at times in a common web, although I believe this is 
 exceptional. As they are forced to move to new parts of the 
 plant for fresh food their webs are extended until finally the en- 
 tire plant is covered. The young devour only the surface and 
 substance of the leaf on the side where they are, leaving the 
 veins and the opposite epidermis untouched, producing a " skele- 
 ton " leaf. As they grow older, however, they devour all por- 
 tions of the leaf, and often eat also the petioles and tender stems. 
 Opportunity has not been given to determine the exact length 
 of the larval life of this insect, but judging from observations 
 made, this cannot greatly exceed a week. Parties living in the 
 region where the insect was present in great numbers give ten 
 days as the length of time in which the chief destruction was 
 accomplished." 
 
 Although I have never paid personal attention to this insect, 
 it is learned from the records of others that, when full grown. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 239 
 
 the larva spins for itself a delicate silken cocoon among the de- 
 bris on the ground at the base of its food plant, and transforms 
 to the pupa or chrysalis stage. It remains in this last from one 
 to two weeks. 
 
 NATURAL ENEMIES. 
 
 Like all other injurious insects, this one is quite certain to 
 have its insect enemies, both parasitic and predacoous. Some 
 of the ground-beetles, like those illustrated in Figs. 45, 4G, and 
 47, feed upon the larvae, while a Tachina fly has been bred from 
 ihem both here and in Kansas. A number of hymenopterous 
 parasites have also been reared from the closely related Loxos- 
 tege sticticalis. 
 
 THE MEAL SNOUT MOTH. 
 
 {Pyralis farinalis Linn.) 
 
 While this insect is not directly a grain pest, it can with pro- 
 priety be included here on the grounds of its being a "flour 
 feeder." 
 
 The moth is a member of the Deltoids or Paralidae family — a 
 name given to the group on account of the shape of these 
 insects when at rest. This meal moth has the front pair of 
 wings light brown, " crossed by two curved white lines, and with 
 a dark chocolate-brown spot on the base and tip of each." 
 These moths are often seen upon ceilings of rooms and out- 
 buildings, and can easily be destroyed at such times. When 
 they infest flour bins and barrels these can be ransacked and the 
 larvae and pupae destroyed. It is one of the "household" pests 
 that must be guarded against along with such others as the 
 Clothes moths, Carpet beetle, etc. 
 
 THE SO-CALLED MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH. 
 
 [Ephestia kuhniella Zeller. ) 
 
 The insect which is herewith figured in larva, pupa, and 
 imago (Fig. 48) certainly deserves mention here, since it has 
 
240 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 become a great pest in some parts of the couatry. The edit- 
 ors of Insect Life in an article on this insect, after giving some 
 references to its probable origin, resume as follows : 
 
 " That the insect is with us now, however, in destructive 
 numbers, and that it is a pest of no small magnitude cannot be 
 doubted. The condition of affairs in Canada, as stated by Mr. 
 
 Fig. 48. — Ephestia kuhniella: a, larva; b, pupa; c, imago — enlarged; 
 d, head and thoracic joints of larva; e, abdominal joints of same 
 more enlarged; /, moth from side, resting ; g, front wing, showing more 
 important markings; h, venation of fore-wing; i, venation of hind- 
 wing — somewhat enlarged. — [Ins. Life.] 
 
 Fletcher in his letter, is by no means exaggerated. Mr. How- 
 ard was in Canada the latter part of August and accompanied 
 Mr. Fletcher on a tour of inspection to the worst infested estab- 
 lishment, and the entire building was completely overrun by 
 these creatures. Hardly a crack or a nail hole was to be found 
 without the cocoons (Fig. 49), and every bit of flour or grain 
 remaining was spun together by their webs. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY. 
 
 The life history of this insect can be given briefly as follows: 
 The eggs are laid by the parent moth upon grain or flour bags^ 
 in crevices about mills, elevators, store houses, etc. These soon 
 hatch and the young begin crawling about and feeding upon 
 both the flour and grain, spinning a web as they go. There are 
 Jwo broods each year. The larvae forsake the food and wander 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GllAINS. 241 
 
 about when full grown, crawling into cracks and crevices of all 
 kinds preparatory to spinning up to enter the pupa stage. The 
 
 Fig. 49. — Ex>hestia Tculiniella : a, cocoon from 
 below, showing pupa through the thin silk at- 
 taching the cocoon to a beam; &, same from 
 above— enlarged. [Insect Life.] 
 
 insect, besides being double -brooded, is also exceedingly prolific, 
 there having been 678 eggs counted in a single female. 
 
 KEMEDIES. 
 
 In the article referred to above it is stated that " The moths 
 were still flying about in numbers, although great efforts had al- 
 ready been made to destroy them. The government of Ontario 
 made strenuous efforts to stamp out the pest. ***** 
 The machinery was taken down and steamed, the walls were 
 scraped down, and the elevator spouts and loose wooden work, 
 together with pipes, bags, and quantities of stock, were burned 
 up; belts, cups, and cloth bags were boiled, and the whole place 
 was subjected to sulphur fumes. Every inch of space about the 
 machinery was subjected to the flames of a kerosene torch." 
 White-washing the walls and subjecting them to steam heat did 
 not effectually destroy the pest. Moving and airing the wheat 
 is claimed to have little or no effect against it. 
 
242 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 From the above statements it at ouce becomes apparent that 
 we must be on the lookout for the insect in the mills. These 
 should be thoroughly cleaned several times during the year, 
 especially in spring and fall; and at all times the accumulating 
 dust should be swept up and disposed of in such a manner as to 
 destroy such insects as it may contain. 
 
 Ephestia inteepunctella Huebn. 
 
 Very closely related to the pre- 
 ceding is a second species of Ephes- 
 tia that is quite important as a small 
 grain and flour pest. It is the one 
 that sometimes goes by the name of 
 "Indian Meal Moth," {Ephestia in- 
 terpunctella), but is distinct from the 
 insect that is known as the "Meal 
 Snout Moth which is mentioned on 
 a preceding page. 
 
 While the present species has very 
 similar habits with those of the Med- 
 iterranean Flour Moth, it is prob- 
 ably less to be dreaded than its ally. Still, the present species 
 is capable of becoming an exceedingly dangerous pest in gran- 
 aries and mills, and it should be carefully guarded against. The 
 accompanying illustration (Fig. 50), when compared with that 
 of the former, will show the differences between the two insects. 
 eemedies. 
 
 What is said under this head in reference to kuhniella will 
 apply equally well here. Whenever these insects are recognized 
 they should immediately be attacked with energy. They can 
 best be controlled by sprays of benzine or gasoline; but great 
 care should be taken in the use of these highly inflammable and 
 explosive liquids. 
 
 THE VAGABOND CEAMBUS. 
 
 {Crambus vulqivagellus Clem.) 
 The insect which is figured herewith, although normally a 
 
 Fig. 50. — Ephestia inter- 
 punctella: a, larva; 6, pupa; 
 c, imago — enlarged; d, head 
 and thoracic joints of larva 
 still more enlarged,— [Insect 
 Life.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GKAINS. 
 
 243 
 
 <^rass-feediug species, is nevertiieless at times quite an enemy 
 of small grains. It is very well represented in the accompany- 
 ing illustration in its different stages of growth, hence will not 
 be described in detail. Like others of the "web- worms," this 
 species conceals itself in a web when not feeding, and in which 
 it retreats during daytime. This web is well illustrated in Fig. 
 51 at b. Dr. J. A. Lintuer, in his first report as entomologist of 
 the state of New York, in speakiug of the family characteristics 
 of this insect says (p. 139): "To those who are not familiar 
 with that division of the pyralid moths to which this species be- 
 longs — the Cr'amhidce — it may be of interest to state that they 
 
 Fig. 51.~Cramlms vulghiagellus: a, larva; b, web of • 
 same; c, cocoon; d, moth, wings expanded; f, same, wings 
 closed; g, egg— greatly enlarged. [After Riley.] Larva 
 more highly magnified at left. [After Linter.] 
 
 are small moths, usually less than an inch in spread of wings, 
 and presenting in general the following feature: The antennae 
 are thread-like ; the palpi projecting like a beak for some dis- 
 tance in front of the head; body and legs long and slender; the 
 front wings are narrow and long and are often ornamented with 
 dots and lines in silver or gold; the hind wings are semi -circu- 
 lar and plain, and in repose are folded like a fan under the front 
 wings; both pairs, when the insect is at rest, are wrapped tightly 
 around the body in cylindrical form. They frequent meadows 
 
244 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 and pastures during the latter part of summer, and when driven 
 up by approaching footsteps, they fly for a short distance with 
 a staccato flight, when they alight and hide beneath a leaf or 
 upon a blade of grass, head downward, where, from their man- 
 ner of folding their wings about them, they almost escape ob- 
 servation. This attitude, at rest, is the explanation of the name 
 "Close- wings," sometimes applied to them in England. 
 
 NATURAL ENEMIES AND REMEDIES. 
 
 Several of the beetles that are figured in connection with the 
 garden Web Worm are also known to destroy the caterpillars of 
 this insect. Several parasitic insects of the orders Hymenoptera 
 and Diptera have also been reared from it, so that ordinarily it 
 will be held in check by these natural enemies and no special 
 pains need be taken in the way of preventive remedies. 
 
 Rolling the infested fields will crush many of the caterpillars 
 and numbers of the parent moths can be attracted by lights and 
 destroyed. 
 
 THE BURROWING WEB- WORM. 
 
 {^Pseudonophara arcanella Clem.) 
 
 Another of the "Web- worms" that sometimes attacks the 
 small grains is the species known as the "Burrowing Web-worm." 
 While I am unable to give an illustration of it, I can at least say 
 a few words about its method of living. Prof. S. A. Forbes who 
 has studied this insect has published an account of the result of 
 that study in the sixteenth report of the entomologist of the state 
 of Illinois (pp. 98-100, PI. YL, Figs. 2, 3, 5). 
 
 He writes of this insect as follows: " This larva constructs a 
 silk-lined burrow in the earth, commonly terminating in a little 
 chamber, and opening above in a webbed mass of earth or rub- 
 bish, into which its silken lining is extended. This web-worm 
 is commonest in meadows, but most easily detected in cultivated 
 lands the first year after grass. We have taken it from both corn 
 and wheat following sod, and from gardens, hedge rows, and the 
 like. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 ^45 
 
 "This web- worm is described as a slender caterpillar frora one 
 and one-eighth to one and one-fourth inches in length. General 
 color, a soft dusky-gray, with a peculiar silky look, darkening 
 forward to the head and first thoracic segment, which are shining 
 black. Distinguished especially by large, irregular, shining 
 white or dusky areas on the thorax. The imago or parent insect 
 is a thick-bodied, heavily-tufted, and wooly-looking moth of 
 rather dark brownish -gray color, with distinct purple gloss, when 
 fresh, on all the wings, the fore wings with lighter median shades, 
 and indistinct spot and fine transverse lineatious." 
 
 THE GRAIN MOTH. 
 
 ( Tinea grcmella, Linn. ) 
 
 Although this insect is 
 principally a wheat pest it 
 also feeds on shelled corn 
 and other grains when 
 stored for any length of 
 time. When such is the 
 case the outside of the ker- 
 nels are attacked and fast- 
 ened together with webs 
 of silk. The insect has 
 been described by a num- 
 ber of different American 
 writers, most of whom 
 
 have given an account of its habits and mode of life, 
 this grain insect can be described as follows: 
 
 The moth, which is about one-third of an inch in length when 
 its wings are folded, is creamy white, with six brown spots on 
 the costa of each front wing, and with a long brown fringe at 
 their ends. It is commonly found about old granaries during 
 summer, and at such times should be killed. 
 
 REMEDIES, 
 
 While not the easiest amoug insects to get rid of, the grain 
 
 Fig. 52. — Tinea granella: larva, pupa, 
 imago, natural size and enlarged; also 
 grain fastened together by web of larva. 
 [After Packard.] 
 
 Briefly, 
 
246 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 moth is not as difficult an enemy to control as is the preceding. 
 Usually granaries are sufficiently tight to permit the use of some 
 such a remedy as the bisulphide of carbon alluded to above. 
 When this is the case it will be quite an easy matter to pour some 
 of the liquid into a vessel and place in the bin containing the in- 
 fested grain. Now cover this with some heavy sheet or blanket 
 so as to retain all the fumes and allow them to penetrate the en- 
 tire contents of the bin. Be very careful not to bring a lighted 
 lamp, lantern, cigar, pipe, or any other fire in contact with the 
 fumes, for they are very inflammable. Neither should this be 
 used in places where any animal or person will be confined with 
 it for any length of time, for it is quite as destructive to higher 
 animals as it is to insects. After the fumes have penetrated the 
 whole contents of the bin or granary for a considerable time, 
 open and let it air. No poisonous effects are left behind, and 
 grain thus treated does not appear to be materially injured for 
 planting. 
 
 THE ANGOUMOIS GEAIN MOTH. 
 
 [Gelechia cerealella, Oliv.) 
 
 "A very important insect in the south to-day is the so-called 
 Angoumois Grain Moth. It abounds in the southern corn fields 
 and granaries to an alarming extent; but as we go north its num- 
 bers lessen and its injuries decrease. It is difficult to give its 
 native home with certainty, but the probabilities are that it was 
 originally a south European insect. It has been known in this 
 country since 1728, and was probably introduced by the early 
 settlers of Virginia and the Carolinas. No insect is more easily 
 carried from one country to another, as it will breed for years 
 without intermission in a bottle of grain kept as a sample, or 
 will remain unsuspected in kernels in parcels of seed." 
 
 Professor Riley, in his report as United States entomologist 
 for the year 1884, has devoted considerable space to this insect's 
 injuries, habits, and history in this country; and in treating 
 it here that paper will be largely quoted. He writes of its 
 natural history and habits as follows: "The old state- 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 247 
 
 ment concernirig eggs is: 'The female moth lays a cluster of 
 from twenty to thirty eggs upon a single grain, in lines or little 
 oblong masses in the longitudinal channel.' Our own experi- 
 ments on the moth in confinement show that the eggs are pre- 
 ferably laid (in ears of corn) under the membrane which 
 adheres to the basal portion of the seed, and although the mem- 
 brane adheres very closely the moth manages to insert her ovi- 
 positor under it. They are also deposited in both the longitu- 
 
 FiG. 53.—Gelechia cerealella; a, larva; 6, pupa; 
 c, moth; /, mode of attack. [After Kiley.] 
 
 dinal and transverse grooves between the grains. Sometimes there 
 is only a single egg, though usually they occur in batches of as 
 many as twenty-five. The eggs are delicate, flat, and oval, and 
 are pale red in color, with prismatic reflections (Fig. 53 e). 
 
 "The young larvse are very active and crawl rapidly about, 
 sustaining themselves by silken threads. They soon find tender 
 places and bore into fhe kernels, leaving almost impreceptible 
 openings. With wheat it is stated that a single grain has never 
 more than one occupant, but with corn two or more are usually 
 found. The larva is smooth and white, with a brownish head 
 and prothoracic plate (Fig. 53 a). With the smaller grains, it 
 has been inferred, from the fact that the quantity of excrement 
 in the grain seems less with the full grown larvse than with the 
 younger ones, that the larvae eat their own excrement once or 
 twice. At full growth the larva cuts a circular hole in the cortex 
 of the seed for the exit of the future moth, without, however, dis- 
 placing the stopper thus formed. It then spins a delicate cocoon 
 
248 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 within the grain, in which it transforms to pupa (Fig. 53 6). 
 The moth issues through the previously prepared hole, and is of 
 a very light grayish-brown color, more or less spotted with 
 black, and with an expanse of wing of about half an inch." 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 This insect, along with several other species that attack stored 
 grain, are readily killed by means of fumes of bisulphide of car- 
 bon, which remedy is more carefully described under the grain 
 weevils. It also is infested by a small parasitic hymenoptera 
 that is of some value in keeping it in check. 
 
 WHEAT LEAF-MINEE. 
 
 [Elachista prcemaiurella, Clem.) 
 A little insect that has been discovered attacking wheat in 
 some parts of the country is one of the Tineidse or leaf-mining 
 moths. While it probably never will become of sufficient im- 
 portance as a wheat enemy to require special attention, it is an 
 excellent example of the many insects that are known to work 
 upon plants without becoming specially injurious. Of this kind, 
 each plant has many distinct species that have been detected 
 upon it. 
 
 Prof. F. M. Webster, of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment 
 Station, writes of this insect as follows: "Early in November, 
 in a small plat of wheat sown on the grounds of the Experi- 
 ment Station, at Columbus, Ohio, on July 20, a single larva was 
 observed mining in one of the largest leaves of one of the plants, 
 near the upper extremity. The infected plant was transferred 
 to the insectary, where the larva continued to feed, working its 
 way downward near the edge of the leaf, toward the base. No- 
 vember 16 it abandoned the plant and was placed in a small 
 glass tube. The length of the larva at this time was about 10 
 mm., the color yellowish, with dorsal transverse dark bands. Af- 
 ter spinning a very thin white cocoon, through which its every 
 movement could be clearly observed, it passed into the chrysalis 
 stage on the 18th. The chrysalis was 4 mm. in length, and 
 from it the imago emerged December 1."* 
 
 •Insect Life, Vol. IV., Nos. 7 and 8, p, 290.— April, 1S92. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 249 
 
 THE LESSER GRAIN BEETLE. 
 
 [Silvanus surinamensis Linn.) 
 
 ''^Ji^^j^^ at^ -A- very common insect that occurs in stored 
 
 ^ JpW grain of various kinds is that herewith illustrated 
 
 I' ^^^j and known by the above name. It is a small 
 
 1 ^^^P^^ brown beetle about one-eighth of an inch in length, 
 
 >Bp^if^ and is characterized by having its thorax toothed 
 
 ^l^lilrk along the sides, while the top is provided with 
 
 /l^rilllx grooves and intervening ridges. Both the ma- 
 
 ■^^|/ ture insect and its larvae feed upon the grain. 
 
 Pig 54 —Sil- ^^^^ insect also attacks a large number of other 
 
 vanus Surinam- substances. It is especially troublesome to dried 
 
 ensis. [H. G. „ .^ , • , i , , . ., 
 
 Barber.] iruits, seeds, grains, tobacco, and other similar 
 
 substances. There are also two additional species 
 of the genus which have been known to feed upon grain. They 
 are 
 
 SiLVANUS CASSIA Reich., and 
 
 SiLVANUS ADVENA Waltl. 
 
 Both of these have similar habits with the surinamensis , 
 hence need not be described separately. All three of them can 
 be destroyed by the use of bisulphide of carbon in the manner 
 described for several other stored grain pests. 
 
 L^MOPHL^us ALTEENANS Er. is another representative of the 
 family Cucujidse that has been found feeding in flour and grain- 
 Like the preceding species it is a small brownish beetle, less than 
 one-twelfth of an inch in length. If not very numerous. Dr. 
 Linter suggests that they may be caused to leave by putting gum 
 camphor or naphthalin crystals in cloth and placing it within the 
 flour. 
 
 Tenebrioides mauritanica Linn. 
 
 A reference to Fig. 55 will give the reader some idea of the 
 general appearance of the members of a small group of insects 
 that frequently infest granaries, where they feed upon stored 
 grain to some extent at least. 
 
 These insects can be described briefly as " oblong, somewhat 
 
250 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 depressed or flattened beetles, of a black or reddish-black color," 
 which are usually found under the bark of dead trees. The one 
 figured is of an average size. While feeding to some extent 
 upon grain and grain products, most of the species are carniv- 
 orous in their food habits. Evidently these species found in 
 granaries, corn cribs, and even on ears of corn while on the 
 stalks, and on the ground in fields, also live to some extent upon 
 the larvae of other insects. 
 
 Tenebkioides dubia Mels. 
 
 >&% 
 
 Fig. 55. — Tenebrioides corticalis: a, larva; 
 6, beetle. [After Riley.] 
 
 WIRE WORMS. 
 
 The insects which bear the above 
 
 name are so very prominent among the „ ^^ ^^^. „^ ^^ ^ 
 . , 1 . Fig. 56.— Wu-e Worm, Nat. 
 
 farm pests belonging to this class of Size. 
 
 animal life that, although quite thoroughly described in my last 
 year's report, I will repeat what was said there. Professor J. 
 H. Comstock, one of our best authorities on the subject of insect 
 depredations, has the following to say of this group of insects: 
 
 "Wire worms occur in all parts of our country; there is 
 hardly a cultivated plant that they do not infest; and, working 
 as they do beneath the surface of the ground, they are ex- 
 tremely difl&cult to reach and destroy. Not only do they infest a 
 great variety of plants, but they are very liable to attack them 
 at the most susceptible period of their growth, before they 
 have attained sufficient size and strength to withstand the at- 
 tacks; and often seed is destroyed before it has germinated. 
 Thus fields of corn or other grain are ruined at the outset," 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 251 
 
 Professor Comstock in another place writes of these insects: 
 "In our studies of the life history of wire worms an interesting 
 point was determined, which is of more practical importance, and 
 will therefore be mentioned here. Wire worms live for several 
 years in the worm or larval state. When the worms are grown 
 they change to pupae. This takes place in the species that com- 
 monly infests field crops during the summer. The pupa state 
 lasts only a short time, the insect assuming the adult form in the 
 latter part of the summer. But, strange to say, although the 
 adult state is reached at this time, the insect remains in the cell 
 in the ground in which it has undergone its transformation till 
 the following spring, nearly an entire year. With most insects 
 only a very short time is required, after the change from the 
 pupa to the adult state, to allow the body to harden, and the 
 insect to become fitted for active life. But in this case the qui- 
 escent period after the adult form is reached is not only of lono- 
 duration, but appears to be necessary to the life of the insect; 
 for in every case where the soil in the breeding cages was dis- 
 turbed after the insects had transformed, the beetles perished in 
 the soil. The only way in which we have been able to rear 
 active adults has been to leave the soil in the breeding cages un- 
 disturbed from midsummer till the following spring. 
 
 "This experience clearly indicates that by fall plowing we can 
 destroy the beetles in the soil, and thus prevent their maturing 
 and depositing eggs the following spring." 
 
 These wire worms are quite numerous in Nebraska, as well as 
 in other portions of the country. They are the young of the 
 insects popularly known as "click beetles," "snapping beetles," 
 and "skip-jacks," so common everywhere. 
 
 These wire worms are rather hard, smooth, cylindrical larvae of 
 a light brownish-yellow or straw-yellow color. They live, as a 
 rule, in the ground, where they feed upon the roots of various 
 plants. In the case of corn, they sometimes bore into the root, 
 or they eat away the small fibrous rootlets, and in that manner 
 cause the plant to shrivel up and die. They cannot bore into 
 the roots of the small grains, but they eat away the entire root, 
 
252 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 and iu that manner kill the plants. Wire worms are said to be 
 rather long-lived, some of them remaining in that stage for sev- 
 eral years, as stated above. 
 
 Agriotes mancus Say. 
 
 Our commonest species in grain fields is the one known to 
 entomologists by the above name. The beetle is a small, short, 
 thick insect, measuring about three-tenths of an inch in length, 
 and is of a dark brown color, covered with dirty yellowish-gray 
 hairs, which are arranged in rows upon the wing covers. 
 
 Agriostes pubescens Melsh., and several other species of the 
 same genus, along with 
 
 Drasterius dorsalis Say, and 
 
 Drasterius elegans Fabr. are very common in fields. The 
 species of Drasterius are pretty beetles. They are testaceous in 
 color and marked along the middle of the thorax and across the 
 wing covers with black. 
 
 Fig. 51.-— Melan- 
 osis comviunis. 
 Nat. size and 
 enlarged. 
 
 Fig. 58. — The common 
 Snapping-beetle [Melan- 
 otus communis): a, larva; 
 b, beetle. [Original.] 
 
 Melanotus communis Gyll. 
 
 The insect which is figured herewith (Figs. 57 and 
 
 a, the 
 
 larva, b, the beetle) is even more common than either of the pre- 
 ceding; but instead of working so much in corn fields is more 
 of a grass and small grain insect. The line between the larva 
 and beetle (Fig. 58) indicates the length of the latter, which is 
 usually of a dull brown color. This is one of the few insects of 
 
INSEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 253 
 
 the family that are attracted by lights at night, and often enter 
 houses. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Melanotus fissilis Say. 
 
 As remarked above, fall plowing will be beneficial by destroy- 
 ing the immature beetles in their cells. Another method which 
 will undoubtedly prove of some value in checking the ravages 
 of these insects is trapping the beetles in spring before they 
 have deposited their eggs. This has been successfully accom- 
 plished in New York state by Professor Comstock, from whose 
 writings I have already quoted considerably. 
 
 "The results of our efforts to trap wire- worms were very dif- 
 ferent from what we had expected. A few were taken in traps 
 baited with sweetened dough, not enough, however, to be of much 
 practical importance. But to our surprise, large numbers of 
 click- beetles were taken. This at once opened a new line of in- 
 vestigation. If it is possible to trap and destroy the beetles be- 
 fore they have laid their eggs, we have at our command a much 
 more effectual method of preventing the ravages of wire-worms 
 than by destroying the larvae after they are partially grown. 
 * * * Of the substances used as baits, clover attracted by 
 far the larger number of beetles. It should be noted in this con- 
 nection that a neighboring field, separated from the corn field 
 only by a lane, is a clover-meadow. The average distance of our 
 traps from the meadow was less than ten rods. It is a matter to 
 be questioned whether the beetles spread from the clover field, 
 or whether the proximity of this field lessened the number in the 
 corn field on account of the greater attractions of the clover. The 
 clover baits were small bunches, about one-quarter pound weight, 
 of freshly cut clover." 
 
 That this method of trapping is feasible, can be judged from 
 the fact that Professor Comstock took over 500 of the beetles in 
 a single night in twenty-four traps — tin pie and cake dishes 
 placed in the field above ground. 
 
 SITODEEPA PANICEA Linn. 
 This is another of the small reddish -brown beetles that often 
 
254 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GEAINS. 
 
 attack stored grain. It measures about one-eiglith of an inch 
 in length, and its larva is a bare, thick, "grub- worm-like" affair. 
 It also is a somewhat general feeder — being found sometimes as 
 a museum pest. It can be destroyed by the use of bisulphide of 
 carbon as directe I for several other species of similar habits. 
 
 THE EOSE- CHAFER. 
 
 [3Iacrodactylus suhspinosus Fabr.) 
 
 The insect which bears the above name has become one of our 
 most generally distributed injurious insects of the country. 
 Like many of the others, it is also a very general feeder. As a 
 corn insect it works mostly in the mature stage, but as a small 
 grain enemy works also in the grub or larva state. 
 
 This species has been treated very fully by Prof. C. V. Riley 
 in the April number of Insect Life (Vol. IL, pp. 295-302, 1890); 
 also by Prof. J. B. Smith, in a special bulletin issued from the 
 
 Fig. 59. — The Rose Beetle (Macrodaetylus siib- 
 spinosus): a, female beetle; b, c, d, e, f, and g, 
 outline figures showing character of the sexes, 
 etc.— all enlarged. [After Riley.[ 
 
 New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, and in my report 
 on "Corn Insects" issued last year as part of the annual report 
 of this society. The following account of the insect is taken 
 mostly from the article by Professor Riley: 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 25? 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The natural history of this insect can be briefly stated as fol- 
 lows: "According to Harris, the female beetle lays her eggs, to 
 the number of about thirty, about the middle of July, at a depth 
 of from one to two inches beneath the surface of the ground. 
 He does not state the favorite place for oviposition, but in our ex- 
 perience the larv88 are especially abuudant in low, open maadow 
 land or in cultivated fields; particularly where the soil is light 
 and sandy. Harris states that the eggs hatch in about twenty 
 days, and, while the period will vary with the temperature, the 
 larva is found fully grown during the autumn mouths. With 
 the approach of cold weather it works deeper into the ground, 
 but in the spring will frequently be found near the surface or 
 under stones and other similar objects, where it forms a sort of 
 cell in which to pupate.' In confinement the pupa state has 
 lasted from two to four weeks. The perfect beetle issues in the 
 New Ed gland states about the second week of June, while in the 
 
 Fia. 60. — The Rose Beetle (Macrodactylus 
 Siihapinosus) : a, full grown larva, side view; 6, 
 heal of larva, front view; e, left mandible of 
 jaw of larva from below; /, pupa, below— all 
 magnified. [After Riley.] 
 
 latitude of Washington it is seen about two weeks earlier. It 
 appears suddenly in great numbers, as has often been observed 
 and commented upon, but this is in conformity with the habits 
 of other Lamellicorn beetles, e. g., our common May beetles 
 
250 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 [Lachnosterna) , and this habit is still more marked in certain 
 species of Hoplia and Serica. It remains active a little over a 
 month, and then soon disappears. The species produces, there- 
 fore, but one annual generation, the time of the appearing of 
 the beetle in greatest abundance being coincident with the flower- 
 ing of the grape vine." 
 
 DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 This beetle occurs from the New England states westward to 
 the eastern foot hills of the Rocky mountains, and is found from 
 the Indian Territory northward to th e British possessions. Its 
 greatest numbers, however, are to be found near the Atlantic 
 coast in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey, where horticul- 
 ture and farming have been carried on for many more years than 
 farther to tha westward. It is also spreading to some extent into 
 new regions. 
 
 ENEMIES AND REMEDIES. 
 
 Unless they appear in too great numbers the beetles can be 
 destroyed to some extent by the use of London purple and Paris 
 green. They can also be gathered by beating the plants upon 
 which they have congregated, over an inverted umbrella and af- 
 terwards destroyed. The larvae are more difficult to reach, but 
 over small areas can be destroyed by drenching the surface with 
 the kerosene emulsion and allowing it to soak in. Both the 
 imago and the larva are eagerly devoured by a number of birds, 
 and domestic fowls are remarkably expert in the art of getting 
 away with the beetles. Reptiles and some of the smaller mam- 
 mals are also very fond of them; while many an one is killed by 
 Carabid beetles. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 257 
 
 MAY BEETLES, WHITE GEUBS. 
 
 [Lachnosterna.) 
 
 The common May-beetles, Lachnosterna fusca, and allies, are 
 
 among the most trouble- 
 some of all insect pests 
 with which the agricul- 
 turist has to deal. They 
 are accordingly to be 
 added to a list of small 
 grain pests. Here in the 
 west these large and vor- 
 acious insects are equally 
 as numerous upon the 
 prairies as they are in the 
 vicinity of timber. Id 
 fact, they appear to be 
 even more plentiful about 
 new farms than old ones, 
 because the tree-growth 
 on the newly cultivated grounds is so scant that a moderate num- 
 ber of the beetles will very quickly entirely strip off the leaves, 
 while they would make but very little show if working on the 
 foliage of trees of moderate or large size. All of these May- 
 beetles are nocturnal in their habits and feed while we are asleep; 
 and during day time lie hidden away in the ground, where they 
 burrow during early morning, only to come forth again the fol- 
 lowing evening to continue their work of destruction among our 
 fruit, shade, and forest trees. 
 
 One of these beetles (Lachnosterna fusca) is represented in 
 Fig. 61, where the pupa, mature larva or grub, and the imago 
 are all shown natural size. 
 
 These different species of May and June beetles are usually 
 about the size of the one shown in the accompanying figure, 
 though some are larger and others smaller. They are mahogany- 
 brown or yellowish brown in color, and either smooth or slightly 
 
 Fig. 61.— The Common May-beetle {Lach- 
 nosterna fusca): 1, the pupa; 2, the larva or 
 white grub in its ground cell; 3 and 4, the 
 beetle, side and dorsal views. [After Riley.] 
 
258 
 
 INSEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 roughened; and some of them have a covering of short hairs, 
 among which are several longitudinal rows of longer ones upon 
 the elytra, while a few are more or loss pruinose — /. e., covered 
 with a bluish-white powdery-like substance similar to that cov- 
 ering ripe or nearly ripe plums. 
 
 So common and destructive are these insects [fuscn and allied 
 forms) throughout the country that, next to the Colorado Po- 
 tato-beetle, Chinch-bug, Codling-moth, Eocky Mountain Locust, 
 and a few others of our most injurious insects, they have received 
 more attention thau most of our insect pests. Their work as 
 small grain enemies is done chiefly in the grub state, although 
 much injury is also committed by the beetles themselves to these 
 crops. 
 
 LIFE-HISTORY. 
 
 The life-history of these beetles has been given in the follow- 
 ing summary by Professor 
 Riley (First Eeport Insects of 
 Missouri, p. 157): "Soon 
 after pairing, the female beetle 
 creeps into the earth, espe- 
 cially wherever the soil is loose 
 and rough, and after deposit- 
 ing her eggs, to the number 
 of forty or fifty, dies. These hatch in the course of a month, 
 and the grubs, growing slowly, do not attain full size until late 
 summer of the second year, when they construct an ovoid cham- 
 ber, lined with a gelatinous fluid, change into the pupa (see Fig 
 6i, 1), and soon after into beetles. These last are first white^ 
 and all the parts soft, as in the pupa, and they frequently remain 
 in the earth for weeks at a time, until thoroughly hardened, and 
 then on some favorable night in May they rise in swarms and fill 
 the air. It is very probable that under favorable conditions 
 some of the grubs become pupaj, and even beetles, the fall sub- 
 sequent to their second spring; but growing torpid on approach 
 of winter, remain in this state in the earth, and do not quit it any 
 sooner than those transformed in the spring. On this hypothesis. 
 
 Fig. G2.— White Grub Parasite: a, 
 imago; h, head of larva; c, larva; d, 
 cocoon. [After Riley.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 259 
 
 their being occasionally turned up in the fresh beetle state at 
 
 fall plowing becomes intelligible." 
 
 From this summary then we are led to believe 
 that the grub or larval state lasts more than a 
 year — a long time when we take into considera- 
 tion the comparatively short life of the beetle. The 
 actual life of which, after it has once left the 
 ground, is but a few days — not more than two 
 weeks, and of tener less. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 On account of their underground life the larvae 
 or grubs of the May- beetles are very dif3&cult to 
 reach and destroy. They are not without their 
 natural enemies, both vertebrate and invertebrate, 
 and the majority of them are thus destroyed be- 
 tween the time of hatching from the eggs and 
 issuing as beetles. A large number of our birds 
 are especially fond of the fat grubs, and can be 
 seen industriously following the plow as it turns 
 them up with the fresh, loose soil. All kinds of 
 domestic fowls eat them greedily, while hogs in- 
 dustriously search for them by rooting over the 
 ground where they occur in abundance. Mice, 
 shrews, moles, ground squirrels, and skunks are 
 also remarkably fond of both the grubs and 
 beetles Among their insect enemies the wasp 
 known as Tiphia inornafa Say, is the greatest. 
 This insect is shown in it several stages in Fig. 
 62. The larva of this black or bluish-black wasp 
 attacks and destroys the grubs, after which it 
 spins a pale brown elongated silken cocoon of the 
 kind so frequently dug up when working the 
 ground, and transforms to the pupa state, and 
 later to the perfect fly. During the spring of 
 1889, here in the city of Lincoln, these May -beetles were at- 
 tracted to the electric lights by thousands, as were also two large 
 
 Fig. G.3~-Wliite 
 Grub Fungus. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
260 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 black ground beetles, Calosoma externum and C. lugubre, iu 
 moderate numbers. These latter beetles would pounce upon a 
 May- beetle as it lay floundering upon the walk under the lights, 
 as a cat would upon a mouse, and very quickly kill and partly 
 devour it. 
 
 The grubs are also frequently attacked and destroyed by a pe- 
 culiar whitish fungus. This fungus issues near the head of the 
 grubs and occasionally attains a length of three or four inches, 
 when it has near the appearance of the accompanying illustra- 
 tion (Fig. 6B). 
 
 Many of the beetles can be destroyed by jarring the trees over 
 sheets and gathering them as they fall, after which they can be 
 drowned in boiling water or thrown into the fire and burnt. 
 Other methods can be devised by those who have the insects to 
 fight — circumstances, of course, directing these forays against 
 the enemy. 
 
 THE VAE^ING ANOMALA. 
 
 {Anomala varians Fabr.) 
 
 A beetle belonging in the same family with the May or June 
 beetles, but a much smaller insect, has been reported as causing 
 much injury to wheat in parts of Kansas. A Mr. Eugene F. 
 Barnes, from whom specimens of this insect were received by the 
 United States Department of Agriculture, said of its mode of at- 
 tack that the insect appeared in his wheat field about June 15th, 
 1884, but on inquiry he found that it had been at work in the 
 neighborhood for nearly two weeks previously, destroying some 
 heads of wheat and leaving others amongst them uninjured. 
 They began work as soon as the wheat was in the dough. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Possibly this insect may never become a serious pest, and there- 
 fore need not be fought. Should it continue to increase and 
 normally become a wheat pest, by studying its life-history some 
 remedy may be suggested by which it can be kept in check. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 2Gi 
 
 LEAF BEETLES. 
 
 {Chrysomelidce. ) 
 
 Aside from the few "Flea Beetles" mentioned below, but com- 
 paratively few species of the large family of "Leaf Beetles" 
 known as the Ohrysomelidse to entomologists have been found to 
 attack small grains. Of these the two following have been re- 
 corded: 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle. Doryphora lO-lineata Say., 
 and 
 
 POEIA nigeocyanea Cr. 
 
 The first of these probably only accidental, and the latter not in 
 great numbers. Unless we find them of more importance in the 
 future than they have been in the past, no attention need be given 
 them in the way of fighting them as small grain pests. 
 
 THE TWELVE-SPOTTED SQUASH BEETLE. 
 
 [Diabrotica 12-pundaiaO liv. ) 
 
 Fig. 64.— The 12-Spotted Diabrotica. [Insect Life.] 
 The insect that is herewith figured in all its stages of growth 
 
262 
 
 INSEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 (Fig. 64) was described quite fully in last year's report as a 
 corn insect. I am sorry to be obliged to state that it also is to 
 be included as a small grain enemy. It is one of our most com- 
 mon insects in all parts of middle and eastern United States, 
 where it makes itself known, in the beetle state at least, as an 
 enemy of a great variety of plants. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 On account of its great range in food plants, and its being a 
 double-brooded insect, the Twelve-spotted Diabrotica is a rather 
 difficult pest to handle. (See last year's Report.) 
 
 FLEA BEETLES. 
 
 {Chcetomemis and PsylUodes.) 
 
 The insect which is shown in the ac- 
 companying ilustration (Fig. 65), while 
 not on record as an enemy to the small 
 grains, will give the readers of this re- 
 port an idea of the appearance of several 
 species of "Flea Beetles" that have been 
 taken while doing considerable injury to 
 wheat. Most of these Flea Beetles are 
 rather fastidious in their tastes and con- 
 fine their attention to one, or at most, but 
 few food-plants. A few of them are, 
 however, less particular in this respect, 
 and will eat almost anything. Among these 
 latter we have 
 
 Ch^tocnemis confinis Lee, 
 
 Ch^etocnemis pulcaeia Mels, and 
 
 PSYLLIODES INTERSTITIALIS Cr., 
 
 All of these attack the grain by eating the leaves full of small 
 holes ; and when very numerous, by almost completely devouring 
 them. Of course the result is injury to the plants thus af- 
 fected. 
 
 Fig. 65. ^ The Pale 
 Flea- beetle (Sy sie n a 
 blanda.) [Original.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 263 
 
 Fig. G6. — Tenebrio 
 obscurus; a, larva; b, 
 pupa; c, beetle, natu- 
 ral size. [After Riley.] 
 
 THE EUROPEAN MEAL WORM. 
 
 ( Tenebrio molitor Linn. ) 
 
 The ordinary meal worm is too well known 
 ^^ t^ /£^ -■4, ^° require a lengthy description here. Every 
 sN^^y/i j^©^ housekeeper has seen both the parent beetle 
 ^Br fh XE ^^^ ^*^ larvfie. Packard states of this insect 
 /^K\A ^g in his Guide to the Study of Insects: ''Ten- 
 /mH\ ^^ eb7-io molUor Linn., the meal worm, is found 
 /(^ K X*^ in a^i i*^s stages about corn and rye meal ; it 
 is sometimes swallowed with food. * * * 
 The larva is about an inch long, cylindrical, 
 smooth,' and glossy, with the terminal seg- 
 ment semicircular, slightly serrated on the 
 edges, and terminated in a single point." These beetles also 
 gather in large numbers in granaries and corn cribs, where they 
 feed upon the stored grain ; especially are they to be found in 
 these places if they are not rain-tight and the grain becomes wet 
 and rots. This species is also the most characteristic of mill-in- 
 festing insects both in this country and Europe. 
 
 The beetles have become thoroughly "domesticated" and are 
 seldom found away from the habitations or storehouses of man. 
 They are nocturnal and move about after nightfall, when they 
 can often be seen flying and creeping about the walls of build- 
 ings which they enter whenever an opportunity is presented. 
 In houses they soon seek out the pantry and attack all kinds of 
 flour and meal. 
 
 The American Meal Worm. ( Tenebrio obscurus Fabr. ) 
 Very similar to the above is a second species of meal worm. 
 This latter, a native of America, is darker colored than the 
 European insect and of the same size. Our insect is less numer- 
 ous also than the foreigner, but its habits are the same. It is 
 shown herewith (Fig. 66) in its different stages of development. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 Meal worms are very retiring in their nature, and feed and 
 breed only in dark retreats where they are seldom disturbed. To 
 
264 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 l)ievent their increase about mills and such other places where 
 their food occurs, these should be kept well lighted and cleaned. 
 No heaps of rubbish should be left to lie about under which the 
 beetles and larvae could gather, while flour and meal bins should 
 be made tight and kept closed during night-time when the insects 
 are moving about. 
 
 THE FERRUGINEOUS FLOUR-BEETLE. 
 
 (Tribolium Ferrugineum Fabr.) 
 
 The little beetle that is illustrated here- 
 with (Fig. 67) is a rather common pest 
 about gianaries and store houses, as well as 
 in dwellings. It frequents meal chests, 
 flour bins, and is also quite a general 
 feeder, occurring as a museum pest in 
 many of the large museums of the country. 
 
 In speaking of these insects Dr. J. A. Lint- 
 
 FiG. Ql. — Tribolmm ^ /oi -o . xt t7 i oi. x t^ ^ 
 
 ferrugineum: a, beetle; ner says (2d Kept. JSfew York State Ento- 
 
 Lnonkr'Jaii^enlatS: '"'"l^gi'''. P- l^^): "They ^.ere quite rapid 
 [F, Clements.] in their movements, and could hardly be 
 
 taken from the flour, from the facility they displayed in bury- 
 ing themselves and eluding capture. The beetles were far more 
 active in the evening by gas-light, when they would come to the 
 surface of the flour in the glass vessel in which they were con- 
 fined, where for some reason, a marked tendency was shown to 
 collect in clusters, clambering over the backs of one another for 
 the purpose. During the several days that they were under my 
 observation, not a single individual was seen to take wing for 
 flight, or to climb up the outwardly sloping side of the glass 
 vessel. " 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 When occurring as a house pest this insect can be destroyed 
 by heat. In its role as a museum pest and also as a stored- 
 grain pest it can be destroyed by using the bisulphide of carbon. 
 
 Philethus bifasciatus. 
 
 Another of these flour and grain pests that should be included 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 265 
 
 here is the small beetle known as Philethus bifasciatns. It is 
 almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, and if allowed to increase 
 unmolested might become a very troublesome pest. 
 
 SiTODREPA PANICEA (Linn.) 
 • Another of the cosmopolitan, omnivorous beetles that fre- 
 quently makes attacks upon grain and grain products is known 
 by the above name. It is less than one-tenth of an inch in 
 length, rather robust and of a dark-brownish color, with short 
 antonnfe. 
 . Gnathoceeus coenutus, Fabr. and 
 
 Paloeus depressus, Fabr. are both insects of like nature with 
 the above, that can be destroyed by artificial heat or by the use 
 of fumes of bisulphide of carbon. 
 
 THE OAT WEEVIL. 
 
 {^Maycrops po7'cellus Say.) 
 
 " A white, legless maggot, burrowing in the bases of the 
 stems of oats, leaving the plant when full grown and penetrating 
 into the ground a short distance to pupate, emerging three 
 weeks later as a small, brown weevil with mottled wing covers." 
 
 In writing about the attack of this insect Mr, James Fletcher, 
 the Dominion Entomologist, says in his report for 1891: "In 
 walking through an oat field on the 10th of July I noticed that 
 several of the stems had a faded and yellow central leaf, an 
 attack similar to that of Merornyza americana upon manj^ grasses. 
 This latter insect is reported by Prof. Cook as injuring oats 
 severely in the state of Michigan, so I was very curious to see if 
 I had at last found it here, where, although it is a very active 
 enemy of grasses, barley, wheat, and rye, I had never found it 
 in oats. Upon taking up some of these stems I was much in- 
 terested in finding an attack quite unknown to me. The base of 
 the stem had been entirely eaten out by a footless, yellowish- 
 white grub, one-fourth of an inch in length, with a chest nut- 
 brown head and the posterior end of the body becoming rapidly 
 smaller at the last two rings. On taking the grub from the oat 
 stem it progressed quickly across a table, working itself along 
 
266 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 by moving the rings of its body like a dipterous larva and at 
 the same time making use of its slightly extensile tail to push 
 itself along." 
 
 Mr. Fletcher does not consider the insect to be one that will 
 ever become a destructive grain pest, as it seems to prefer -to 
 work upon the grass Panicum criis-galli instead. 
 
 THE GEAIN WEEVILS. 
 
 {Cdlcmdra granaria Linn, and others.) 
 
 This is the true grain weevil, 
 concerning which so much has 
 been written, both in this and Eu- 
 ropean countries. It is a blackish 
 snout- beetle very similar in form 
 to the difPerent species of "bill- 
 bugs" described or mentioned in 
 my paper on " Corn Insects," but 
 much smaller — being about one- 
 fifth of an inch in length. It is well 
 illustrated in the accom[)anying 
 illustration (Fig. 68) at e, en- 
 larged and natural size. In this' 
 country the insect is less common than in Europe, and occurs 
 chiefly in old granaries and corn cril)S, where it feeds upon the 
 stored grain. It attacks both corn and wheat, as well as some of 
 the other grains. The mature beetles, as well as the larvae, feed 
 upon the grain. As a remedy, the use of bisulphide of carbon, 
 as directed under several others of the species that attack stored 
 grain, will be found very efficient. 
 
 The Kice Weevil. ( Calandra oryzce Linn. ) 
 The insect which bears the name of " Eice Weevil," is natur- 
 ally an enemy of that grain, but also attacks grains of various 
 kinds. It is distinguishable from the granaria in having two 
 large red spots on each elytron or wing cover. It is shown in 
 the figure at c. 
 
 Fig. GH. — Calandra oryzce: a 
 larva; h, pupa; c, Calandra gran 
 aria — all enlarged. [After Pack 
 arc!.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SM A-LL GRAINS. 2G7 
 
 The Remote Punctured Grain Weevil. [Calandra remote- 
 pimcfta Gyll.) 
 
 Still a third species of these grain weevils is occasionally to be 
 met with in stored grain in this country. Its ti'uo home, how- 
 ever, appears to be farther south, or within the tropics, where it 
 is very numerous and troublesome. 
 
 THE SMALL BILL-BUG. 
 
 [Sphenopliorus parvidus Gyll.) 
 
 In my report to the Board last year I spoke of this and sev- 
 eral other species of the same genus under the general title of 
 "Corn Bill-Bugs." Although but a single one of the species 
 
 Fig. QQ.—Sphenoplwrus parvu- Fig. 70. — Sphenopliomis 
 
 his; enlarged. [H. G. Barber.] ochreus: larva, [insect 
 
 Life.] 
 
 there mentioned has thus far been found to attack the small grains, 
 
 it is a well known fact that nearly if not quite all of them are 
 
 grass enemies. 
 
 Professor Forbes writes of the injuries to these "Bill-Bugs" 
 
 as follows:* "As larvae these species live and feed, as far as 
 
 known, in the roots of grass-like plants, less commonly boring 
 
 also the lower part of the stem. Grasses with bulbous roots, 
 
 like timothy and the club rush, are probably their more normal 
 
 breeding plants. In timothy meadows the hollowing out of the 
 
 root bulb frequently kills the plant — if not outright, then the 
 
 •Sixteenth Rep t. Ills. State Entoniolo«isit, p. CU. 
 
268 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 following year. The larger club rush seems to endure better 
 the attack of the clay-colored Bill-Bug, as several successive 
 bulbs of a series are often found excavated, each having given 
 origin to its plant notwithstanding the injury. 
 
 " The adults of all the species feed in substantially the same 
 manner, as far as observed, and inflict a similar injury on the 
 plants they infest. Standing with the head downward aud the 
 feet embracing the lower part of the stalk, they slowly sink the 
 beak into the plant, using the jaws to make the necessary perfo- 
 ration. At intervals the head is slowly and regularly rolled 
 from side to side as if to pry apart the several tissues, and when 
 the soft interior substance of the plant is penetrated, a pause is 
 made to enable the in'feect to devour the part thus brought within 
 reach of its jaws. By moving forward and backward and twist- 
 ing to the right and left, the beetle will often hollow out a cavity 
 beneath the surface much larger than the superficial injury would 
 indicate. Ochi-eus (and possibly several other species also) 
 elongates the original slit by pulling the head strongly backward 
 with the compressed beak inserted, thus using the latter to split 
 the stem as a boy uses his knife to split a stick. In this way a 
 slit an inch long may be made in the stalk of corn or head of 
 cane beneath which the softer parts will be completely eaten out. 
 Our imprisoned beetles, confined with rapidly growing corn, left 
 the lower part of the stalk as it hardened and fed at the tip of 
 the plant, or searching out the forming ears, penetrated the husk 
 and gouged out the substance of the soft cob. The intestines of 
 these beetles were well filled with the solid tissue of the plant, 
 but I saw no evidence that they sucked the sap, although it is 
 not, perhaps, impossible." 
 
 The species figured herewith (Fig. 68) is a very common blue- 
 grass enemy here in the west, and needs to bo combated more 
 as an enemy of this grass than as a wheat pest. The larva of 
 still another species is shown in Fig. 70. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 No remedy can be given with our present knowledge of this 
 insect that is at all satisfactory. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 2G9 
 
 STOEED GEAIN EHYNCOPHOEID 
 
 {Brachytarsus variegatus, Say.) 
 
 The insect which bears the above scientific name has been taken 
 in the act of feeding upon stored grain in the state of New York, 
 and must, therefore, be mentioned, at least, in this connection. 
 It is one of the snout-beetles, is scarcely more than one-tenth of 
 an inch in length, of a dull ochreous color, varied with blackish. 
 Its occurrence in grain and the injury done in this instance may 
 have been accidental, as other species of the genus BracJiytarsns 
 are known to feed upon scale insects. 
 
 Should the beetle be found to habitually attack grain in the 
 future, it could be destroyed by the use of bisulphide of carbon 
 as directed in cases of injury by several other insects that infest 
 stored grain. A very good way to apply this remedy is to take a 
 piece of gas-pipe or other tube of sufficient length to reach the 
 bottom of the bin containing the infested grain. Choose a stick 
 of the proper size to fill the hollow, and with this in the pipe 
 work the latter into the grain. Now draw out the stick and pour 
 the bisulphide of carbon into the gas-pipe. In this manner you 
 will reach the bottom and the fumes will kill all animal life in 
 the bin. If the grain is covered with some heavy cloth so as to 
 prevent the fumes from escaping the effect will be more perfect. 
 After one or two hours the cover can be removed and the gran- 
 ary thrown open to air. Be very careful about fires of all kinds 
 while using this remedy, as the fumes of the bisulphide of car- 
 bon are very inflammable. 
 
 CHINCH BUG. 
 
 {Blissus cuco2)terus, Say.) 
 
 Although this insect was discussed at length in my last year's 
 report to the State Board, it is of sufficient importance to be 
 mentioned again. Especially is this true in a report embracing 
 the insect pests of small grains — the principal food of the insect. 
 
 The Chinch-bug, which has become one of our most destruc- 
 tive insect pests in the United States, was first noticed in the 
 
270 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 state of North Carolina, where, like all of our injurious insects, 
 it acquired its taste for cultivated crops, and began its attack 
 upon these plants in preference to those grooving wild, and upon 
 which it had probably fed from time very remote. These new 
 food plants being always at hand during the season when the 
 bug lays its eggs and the young are growing and occurring in 
 vastly greater quantity, of course gave the insect advantages for 
 rapid increase. The loose soil about the roots of these culti- 
 vated plants, too, more nearly met the requirements necessary 
 for the work of the young than was to be found upon unculti- 
 vated grounds. 
 
 The Chinch-bug was first scientifically described by Mr. 
 Thomas Say, in the year 1831, from a single specimen captured 
 in eastern Virginia. He called it Lygceus leiicopferiis. Soon 
 after this, and within a few years, its range in injurious numbers 
 began to Aviden, it having made its appearance in grain fields in 
 different localities west of the Alleghany mountains. 
 
 From the year 1839 forward, its spread in the middle and 
 western states has been quite regularly noted, until now it is 
 known to occur very nearly from ocean to ocean. It is more of 
 
 Fig. 72. — Chinch- 
 bug. (Blissus leucop- 
 terus): imago. [Aftex* 
 Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 73. — Chinch-bug: a, &, eggs; c, larva 
 just hatched; e, and /, same, more advanced; 
 gr, pupa; h, d, and J, legs of bug — all enlarged. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 a southern insect than a northern one, although it is often met 
 with north of our boundary line in Canadian territory. While 
 it has been seen and is now known to be a regular resident along 
 our northern border, its depredations have thus far been confined 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GliAINS. 271 
 
 chiefly south of the forty-fifth degree of latitude. lu spoakiug 
 of the geographical distribution of this insect, Mr. Howard 
 says:* "East of the Rocky mountains the Chinch-bug seems to 
 be indigenous, north and south, feeding naturally upon various 
 species of wild grasses, and becoming multiplied wherever the 
 cultivation of wheat has reached its original haunts." In the 
 Rocky mountain region, and over the great interior basin, its 
 jn-esence does not appear to have been noted and recorded; but 
 that it occurs on the Pacific slop-^, in the state of California, is 
 now a well settled fact. It has been reported from Texas, Mexico, 
 and the Island of Cuba. 
 
 LIFE-HISTOEY AND HABITS. 
 
 The Chinch-bug hibernates in the mature or perfect state, 
 (ucked away in various nooks and crannies and underneath all 
 sorts of vegetable debris as well as other things that offer retreats 
 from the cold and snows of winter. When the warm days of 
 spring appear, such of the bugs as have "pulled through" the 
 long, cold winter, issue from their retreats and begin preparations 
 for the summer's campaign. The mature insects are to be seen 
 flying about during both spring and late fall on bright sunshiny 
 days — in fall to seek shelter and in spring to seek suitable 
 grounds for egg-laying. They also fly during the latter part of 
 July and early August, when preparing for the second brood of 
 young. The ;nating of the second or last brood sometimes oc- 
 curs in fall, especially if the weather is pleasant; but usually 
 takes place when the winter quarters are being forsaken. The 
 eggs are then usually laid upon the rogts of the plants chosen by 
 the parent bug to be the food of the young, though sometimes 
 upon the stalks of these just above ground. The average num- 
 ber of eggs laid by each female has been estimated at about 500. 
 These are not all deposited at once, but are laid from time to 
 time, during parts of May and June. Hence the reason for find- 
 ing young of all sizes at the same time. The time required for 
 the full development of the winged insect from the egg as laid is 
 close to sixty days. This being the case, of course those bugs 
 
 •Bulletin No. 17 of the United States Dept. Agri., Diy. Ent, 
 
272 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 hatched from the first eggs will be the first to mature. When 
 the grain has ripened and no longer affords food for the insects, 
 they must necessarily seek it elsewhere; they must therefore 
 migrate. These movements are made on foot, and by all, larvse, 
 papse, and imagoes, until they find some plant upon which to feed. 
 This new food-plant usually proves to be corn, foxtail, Hungarian, 
 or millet, though frequently various of the native or prairie 
 grasses, sorghum, or broom-corn are the plants attacked. Even 
 the weeds of fields are occasionally resorted to by them, as I 
 have myself observed in this state, and have been told by others 
 wild buckwheat being one of these. Upon these grasses and 
 corn the eggs for the second brood are deposited — usually tucked 
 in between the sheath and stalk. 
 
 FALSE OE BOGUS CHINCH-BUGS. 
 
 While this insect is only too common, and occurs generally 
 throughout the regions mentioned, it not unfrequently happens 
 that several other insects are sometimes mistaken for it, and un- 
 necessary alarm caused. The first of these which I will men- 
 tion is the False Chinch-bug {Nysius angustatus Uhl.), which 
 
 Fig. 71— False Chinch- 
 ' bug {Nysius angusta- 
 tus): mature insect, 
 enl'r'd. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fio. 75. — Piesma cin- 
 erea : greatly en- 
 larged. [After Ri- 
 ley.] 
 
 Fig. 76. — Negro - bug 
 (Corimelcena pulic- 
 aria): mature insect, 
 enlarged. [After Ri- 
 ley.] 
 
 is shown in Fig. 74. Like the true Chinch-bug, it is widely 
 distributed over the country, and sometimes does considerable in- 
 jury to grape vines, strawberries, potatoes, young apple grafts, 
 and all cruciferous plants. It is exceedingly fond of purslane 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 273 
 
 weed, and also occurs plentifully upon various species of smart- 
 weed. This bug also becomes quite numerous during certain 
 years. Another of these false Chinch- bugs, which is also very 
 widely spread, is the Ash-gray Leaf -bug (Piesma cinerea Say), 
 which usually occurs upon the foliage of trees. Sometimes in 
 spring it has been known to injure the blossoms of the grape. 1 
 have very frequently seen it upon the " tumble weeds" [Amaran- 
 tus) in numbers sufficiently great to cover them from top to 
 bottom. The Insidious Flower-bug (^Thriphleps insidiosus Say) 
 is another of the bugs frequently mistaken for the " true and 
 only one." This particular insect, however, must be placed 
 among our friends, as it is one of the few insects that destroys 
 the species for which it is sometimes mistaken. A fourth one of 
 these bugs that is a cause of "mistaken identity" is the Flea- 
 like Negro-bug ( Corimelcena pulicaria Germ. ) , of which Mr. 
 Howard writes as follows:* 
 
 " Its appearance is more different from the Chinch-bug than 
 any of the insects mentioned under this head, and is plainly 
 shown by the figure. It feeds abundantly upon the fruit of the 
 raspberry, and punctures also the stems of the strawberry, and 
 the blossoms, leaves, and fruit stems of the cherry and quince 
 It is also injurious to certain garden flowers and to certain weeds. 
 * * " This latter species is well represented in Fig. 76. 
 
 ENEMIES OF THE CHINCH-BUG. 
 
 The Cinch-bug appears to bo one of the few of our insect pests 
 that is comparatively free from the attacks of insects and other 
 natural enemies. Among the species of predaceous insects 
 known to feed upon insect life, only four of the lady bugs, one 
 neuropterous, a single beetle, and several hemiptera, have been 
 known to destroy it. Among the birds the quail stands at the 
 head; while a few other birds follow closely. A few of the rep- 
 tiles, as toads and frogs, also feed upon it, though rather 
 sparingly. 
 
 Among the parasitic fungi there are at least two species known 
 to attack the insect now under consideration. One of them is 
 
 • Bulletin U. S. Division Entomology, No. 17, p. 13. 
 
274: INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 very similar to that which is known to attack the silk worm. It 
 is called the Micrococcus insectoriim, and infests the alimentary 
 canal. A second of these is the one figured herewith (Fig. 77), 
 where a Chinch-bug is shown as he appears after having suc- 
 cumbed to this fungus [Sporotrichum globuUferumY 
 
 Professor Otto Lugger, entomologist and botanist for the Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station of Minnesota, in giving his experi- 
 ence with this fungus upon the Chinch- bug, writes as follows:* 
 
 "The warm weather continued, and the first generation of 
 Chinch-bugs became quite numerous and destructive, and the 
 second brood threatened a repetition of last year's disasters. 
 Oats, rye, wheat, and some grasses were utterly destroyed by 
 them, and the young and promising corn formed now a standing 
 invitation to the hungry hordes. To prevent their inroads, all 
 the infested fields and experimental plats were surrounded by a 
 low board fence, six inches high, and snugly fitting to the ground 
 BO as to prevent insects from crossing under this fence. The 
 upper edges of the boards were painted from time to time with 
 tar, which prevented the bugs from crossing. The insects were 
 at this time of all sizes and ages. Adults of the first brood, 
 eggs, young hatched bugs, and pupae of the second brood, were 
 all mixed together, and all were decidedly hungry, as their in- 
 tense activity and the swarming armies of famishing bugs plainly ' 
 indicated. To gather in this crop of bugs, round holes about six 
 inches in diameter were drilled in the ground close to the fence, 
 and as one hole became filled with insects it was closed and an- 
 other one was opened close by, for the reception of more victims. 
 So matters worked to our satisfaction, when an unexpected assist- 
 ant came to help us, making the structure of more fences unnec- 
 essary. The above-mentioned holes wore qidte deep, and con- 
 sequently were always wet, a condition of things not at all suit- 
 able to starving Chinch-bugs, and they soon became unhealthy 
 and weak, thus presenting the best condition for any disease to 
 claim them as its victims. And such a disease, produced by a 
 fungus, was not slow in making its appearance, as could be seen 
 
 * Bulletin No. 4, Miuuesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 275 
 
 by the numerous dead bugs. The margins of all the holes, but 
 chiefly those more densely crowded with captives, soon became 
 whitened with dead bugs, enshrouded in white mj/celial threads 
 and dust-like spores. In fact, in a few days the upper rims of 
 these holes looked as if recently whitewashed. Nor did the dis- 
 ease stop there. On the contrary, it spread very rapidly to ad- 
 joining fields of timothy, Hungarian grass, millet, etc. Even the 
 course followed by it from the holes could be readily recognized 
 for some time by the more or less numerous white spots left in 
 its wake. The fields invaded by the disease afforded, upon closer 
 examination, a truly edifying spectacle to those not interested in 
 the welfare of the Chinch-bugs. They looked quite panic 
 stricken, and moved about in a slow and dazed way, figuratively 
 speaking, as if badly scared. And well they might be ! The 
 victims of the disease could be seen everywhere by the thou- 
 sands. They had been slaughtered in all kinds of positions; 
 but they were usually fastened to the blades and stems of the 
 grass, or to the leaves of the young clover. All showed plainly 
 that their last and strong determination in life had been to hold 
 on as long as possible. Their legs were firmly planted upon the 
 substances where the bug happened to be; others had only their 
 beaks inserted, and were dangling by them free in the air. But 
 all showed the characteristic white mycelium threads issuing 
 from the spores of the disease. The illustration in Fig. 77 
 shows an enlarged Chich-bug, with white threads issuing from 
 its body, aiid numerous other specimens of natural size killed by 
 the fungus. Although almost exclusively attacking Chinch- 
 bugs, the disease was not slow in slaughtering such small flies 
 as found the society of such malodorous companions to their 
 taste. A story with a moral ! * * * 
 
 "Most, if not all, the Chinch-bugs would have been killed at 
 the experiment station, if the suitable conditions for this disease 
 had lasted a few days longer. But the wet spell, prevailing part 
 of the time the disease was playing such havoc among the bugs, 
 soon passed, and was followed by warm and very dry days, which 
 soon stopped any further spread of the disease. But by arti- 
 
276 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 ficially producing such conditions, the disease was kept at work 
 for some time, but only on a very limited scale. Nor could it be 
 spread, because in nature such artificial conditions could neither 
 be produced nor maintained on any extensive scale, 
 
 "As many parts of the southern portion of this state were 
 overrun with Chinch -bugs, I thought that a good opportunity 
 and an inviting field was presented 
 to purposely spread a disease — an 
 act not usually considered a very 
 kind one to engage in, and one not 
 to be recommended to physicians. 
 This was exceedingly simple, as all 
 that was necessary was to gather a 
 number of the diseased bugs, put 
 them into tight-fitting tin boxes, and 
 mail them to regions infested by 
 Chinch-bugs. Arrived at their des- 
 tination, the contents of the boxes 
 could simply be thrown into any field 
 known to be infested by such bugs. 
 
 This was done with specimens of 
 Pig. 77.— Chinch-bug, show- ,, .. , , n i. i i. ii, 
 
 ing the insect as it appeared the diseased bugs collected at tne 
 
 SLfelrgtdt'd'nTuSE.perimex>t Station, and eighteen 
 size. [After Lugger.] different places in southern Minne- 
 
 sota were thus made centers of distribution for this disease, and, 
 as it seems, with remarkably good results, as the disease has 
 killed off the bugs to such an extent that careful search in a ma- 
 jority of places failed to produce a single living specimen, whilst 
 the traces of the disease were found everywhere. The disease 
 spread so rapidly that even corn fields growing near wheat fields 
 crowded with Chinch -bugs were entirely protected, and no bugs 
 had entered them in all the places visited by myself." 
 
 Professor Snow, of the State University of Kansas, has been 
 very successful in killing off the Chinch- bug by means of these 
 diseases which he succeeds in spreading over the country in in- 
 fested regions. A number of reports that have been printed in 
 
INSEC r ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 277 
 
 the various agricultural and other journals of the country will 
 show how entirely successful his remedy has proved. A short 
 extract from his first annual report on contagious diseases of the 
 Chinch-bug * will give the reader of the present paper in brief 
 the results of Professor Snow's experiments. 
 
 "the white-fungus DISEASE. 
 
 '* [Sporotrichum globuliferum). 
 
 " During the earlier part of the season, especially during the 
 wet period, the larger percentage of the reports observed were 
 obtained by the use of white-fungus infection. This, no doubt, 
 is due to the conditions having been more favorable to this in- 
 fection. 
 
 " As to the behavior of the infected bugs in the field, the fol- 
 lowing notes have been taken : 
 
 "(1) The disease begins to show that it has been communi- 
 cated from the second to the fourth day after infection has been 
 placed in the field. 
 
 " (2) The live bugs, leaving their food plant, show signs of un- 
 easiness by moving rapidly and aimless y about from spot to 
 spot. 
 
 " (3) In the course of another day, the bugs become sluggish 
 and seek protection from the sun's light and heat. The favorite 
 place of shelter is beneath clods and corn stalks, or within some 
 moist and shaded spot. 
 
 " (4) From the sixth to the eighth day, the first dead bugs are 
 found, enveloped with fungus, looking when first dead, as some 
 have put it, 'like little wads of cotton.' From the time the bugs 
 first become sick, they cease to sap the growing stalk. Thus it 
 will be seen that the ingress of the pest into the field may be 
 quickly checked, if the experiment is properly attended to. 
 
 "In some fields, the bugs have been reported dead in bunches. 
 Of the fields visited, no large bunches of white-fungus bugs have 
 been found. In the corn field of Frank Shannon, at Augusta, 
 Butler county, small bunches of dead bugs, perhaps a teaspoon- 
 
 • The University of Kansas Experiment Station, First Annual Report of the Director, for 
 the year 1891, Contagious Uiseases of the Chinch-bug, pp. 31-33. 
 
278 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 ful in a bunch, were seen; but here it was observed that the 
 bunched dead bugs were always found beneath a bunch of grass, 
 where it was moist, or under a clod. In the oat field of John 
 KiDsey, at Douglas, Butler county, the crop had lodged, shad- 
 ing the ground, which was necessarily moist. While the dead, 
 fungus-covered bugs were present in countless numbers, no 
 bunches were found. Each bug had died by himself. 
 
 " Under favorable conditions, it has been observed that the 
 white- fungus infection spreads with considerable rapidity. Near 
 Herington and Solomon City, Dickerson county, there are dis- 
 tricts over which the disease became almost an epidemic. It is 
 a fortunate fact that the more numerously live bugs are present 
 in a field, the more rapidly the disease is communicated and the 
 more malignant it becomes. In the wheat field of Noyes Barber, 
 at Howard, Elk county, although a few dead bugs were placed 
 along the extreme south line, the disease spread of its own ac- 
 cord a quarter of a mile in a little more than one week, killiog 
 the bugs before it as it went. So effective, also, was the same 
 disease when placed in his corn field, that the ravages of the bugs 
 were abruptly ended on the fourth day, when the whole brood 
 was found upon the ground. Despite the fact that thirty or 
 forty rows of corn had been visibly damaged before the infection 
 was introduced, so that the blades were yellow, the hills 'braced 
 up ' and produced a good crop. 
 
 " THE BACTERIAL DISEASE. 
 
 " (^Micrococcus insecioriim.^ 
 
 "While during the earlier part of the season the larger per- 
 centage of successful experiments observed were due to Sporoiri- 
 chum, on the other hand during the latter part of the season the 
 larger percentage was due to bacterial infection. 
 
 "Fortunately conditions unfavorable to the propagation of 
 Sporotric/ium are favorable to successful results with Micrococcus. 
 The bacterial infection raged more strongly during the hot, dry 
 weather, at the time when chinch -bugs o[)erate most destructively- 
 This infection is generally reported, by those seen by me, to have 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 270 
 
 spread under favoring circumstances even more rapidly and with 
 greater destructiveness than does Sporoti'ichum when at its best. 
 The abdomens of bugs sick with this disease appear greatly dis- 
 tended. It is this disease which caues the bugs to bunch. These 
 bunches vary in size from that of a walnut to a teacupful, and, 
 according to some few reports, still greater. However, it has 
 never been my good fortune to see more than a teacupful of dead 
 bugs and shells in a single heap. While the bugs were bunch- 
 ing in fields where infection had been placed, they did not bunch 
 in uninfected fields. This fact was established by repeated ex- 
 aminations. In the fields of Thomas Nichol and of Samuel Gar- 
 ver, both of Abilene, Dickinson county, the extermination was 
 complete, the piles of dead bugs and shells of dead bugs being 
 distributed throughout their fields. The shells have belonged to 
 bugs of all sizes and ages. Bugs and shells were taken by the 
 bunch from the wheat fields of Hon. S. C. Wheeler, of Concorditi, 
 Cloud county, by Chris. Nelson of the same place, for the pur- 
 pose of infecting his field, three miles distant, and a most satis- 
 factory report was obtained." 
 
 THE GRAY-FUNGUS DISEASE. 
 
 • [Empusa aphidis.) 
 
 "Previous to June 10th Empusa had not been found in the 
 fields visited. However, on the date mentioned, a considerable 
 number of E'mpwsa-covered bugs were collected and sent to the 
 station from the wheat field of Hon. Jacob Nixon, at Kellogg, 
 Cowley county. No white fungus-covered bugs were seen in this 
 field. Whether a part of the bugs had been destroyed by 8po- 
 rotrichum or bacteria, it is impossible to say, since no correct 
 memoranda had been kept, and the bugs had evidently been dead 
 S3veral days. 
 
 "The weather for a few days previous to the extermination o^ 
 the bugs had been favorable to successful work with Sporotri- 
 chum. 
 
 "In all other fields in which Empusa has been seen, it has 
 appeared along with white fungus and bacteria. When thus 
 
280 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 found, about every tenth bug was covered with the Empusa 
 'mould.' Such bugs are easily detected in the field, from the 
 fact that they are of a decidedly grayish color. They also pre- 
 sent a moister and usually a larger appearance than those en- 
 shrouded with ^porotrichum. From about June 20th to August 
 1st, Empusa was seen in numerous fields, but in no field in 
 great numbers. While Empusa without a doubt has proven it- 
 self to be a destructive agent in the extermination of Chinch - 
 bugs, the great percentage of favorable results observed by me 
 have been due to Sporotrichum and bacteria." 
 
 My report made to the United States entomologist upon this 
 insect in October, 1887, will perhaps be of some interest here, 
 as in that paper I have given a general outline of this entire 
 subject. It is herewith given in full : 
 
 Great and widespread have been the depredations of this re- 
 pulsive pest, which, next to the Kocky Mountain Locust, is our 
 most injurious species of insect enemy. From its depredations 
 alone throughout the drouth-stricken region of the Mississippi 
 and Missouri valleys during the present season, millions of dol- 
 lars' worth of grain have been destroyed, and in several localities 
 actual privation is liable to follow. 
 
 The annexed crop reports, culled from various daily and weekly 
 newspapers published throughout this region, will give a slight 
 intimation of the true state of the subject under consideration. 
 Still, each region always draws its own afflictions as mildly as 
 possible, while in speaking of those of a neighboring district 
 they are liable to be somewhat overdrawn or exaggerated. 
 
 About the beginning of the second week in July, rumors of 
 Chinch-bug depredations at isolated localities throughout the 
 drouth-stricken area were first circulating through the press. A 
 week later these rumors had been substantiated, and it was defi- 
 nitely known that their distribution and depredations were more 
 widespread and general than was at first supposed; not only in 
 this state, but also in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, portions of Illi- 
 nois, Minnesota, and southeastern Dakota. But not until harvest 
 arrived was the full extent of these depredations known. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 281 
 
 Causes of increase. — When the matter is carefully studied and 
 the causes of the undue increase of this insect are taken into con- 
 sideration, the wonder is that the injury was not greater and 
 more widespread than it actually has been. The long- continued 
 drouth of last year, with large areas of Chinch-bug depredations, 
 followed by a generally close and severe winter, after which came 
 a warm, dry spring, and hot, scorching summer; all these favored 
 in the greatest degree the most complete development of the bug 
 in all its stages. But a comparatively few of its natural enemies 
 were present, and most of these, too, were species that prefer 
 preying upon other insects to feeding on the unsavory rebel under 
 consideration, when insects of any other kind can be found. These 
 predatory species had a plentiful host in the various species of 
 aphides, leaf-beetles, and such-like other depredators that were 
 also present in great numbers. 
 
 One of the most common and by far the chiefest of reasons for 
 the large numbers of the pests that are always ready to take their 
 place when the opportunity offers is the great carelessness prev- 
 alent among farmers in general to "clean up" during late fall 
 and early spring. Especially is this true in portions of Nebraska, 
 Iowa, and Kansas, The bugs winter among rubbish of all kinds, 
 in meadows, along fences, in brush heaps, among fallen leaves, and 
 among the debris collected by hedges, weed patches, and along 
 the outskirts of groves among the underbrush. But there is no 
 use of my going over these points that have been mentioned 
 again and again by all writers upon the subject. 
 
 After the bugs have become a pest, the only effectual remedy 
 is wet, cool weather. For some reason or other their constitu- 
 tion is not suited to a superfluity of moisture, nor can they adapt 
 themselves to it. Humidity has the effect of bringing on disease 
 and final dissolution with them, just as it does with various mi- 
 gratory locusts, the only difference being in favor of the locusts. 
 A good, soaking rain, or at most two or three of such, following 
 in the course of several days, generally ends effectually the most 
 threatening Chinch-bug devastation; while on the other hand, a 
 year, or even two, of such weather is sometimes required to en- 
 tirely obliterate a locust plague. 
 
282 INSECT ENEMIES OP SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 The question, then, naturally comes up, can this insect not be 
 materially kept in check by some other and natural means? My 
 answer to this question is, yes. To a certain degree this is quite 
 possible, and not nearly so difficult a task as one might suppose. 
 A good cleaning up and burning of rubbish of all kinds in late 
 fall, winter, or early spring, will answer the purpose, if the work 
 be general, by reducing the number of hibernating insects. 
 Osage orange and all other very brushy hedges are the most at- 
 tractive retreats, and at the same time most formidable retreats 
 to master. For my part, I would be in favor of removing these, 
 and replacing them with some other kind not so difficult to keep 
 free from the collecting debris carried by winds. Uncultivated 
 prairie lands adjoining fields should also be burned early in the 
 spring. The breaking down and burning of cornstalks in the 
 spring following a Chinch-bug year will also destroy myriads of 
 the insects that have have hibernated between the leaves and 
 stalks. At other times, however, the stalks had better be utilized 
 as a fertilizer by plowing under. If covered deeply, this will be 
 a remedy fully as effectual as if burned. Protect the birds, and 
 above all the quails, for they destroy countless numbers of hiber- 
 nating insects of various kinds that are to picked up about hedges 
 and such- like resorts frequented by these birds throughout the 
 year. Although belonging to the granivorous birds, the quail is 
 essentially insectivorous, except during inclement weather, when 
 insects are not easily obtained. In my profession as taxider- 
 mist, I have dissected many different species of birds in the crops 
 of which were contained injurious insects of various kinds, the 
 Chinch-bug among the others. In no other instance do I remem- 
 ber of the presence of this insect in the crop of a bird in so great 
 numbers as in that of the quail. As a rule, but few birds, mam- 
 mals, reptiles, or rapacious insects seem to relish any of the odor- 
 iferous members of the order Hemiptera or true bugs. In winter, 
 however, this repugnance is partially overcome, and now and 
 then even a Chinch-bug seems a delicate morsel when "meat" is 
 scarce. 
 
 Very few insects are known to prey upon the Chinch -bug; 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OP SMALL GRAINS, 283 
 
 while I myself have never observed any of the species which 
 have been credited with the good work of thus attacking the 
 enemy. True, I have frequently seen different species of Lady- 
 bugs [Coccinella, Hippodamla, etc.), and the Lace-wing fly, upon 
 the same corn stalk with the Chinch-bugs. Upon close observa- 
 tion it was also ascertained that the plant was more or less in- 
 fested with some aphid or plant-louse which had attracted these, 
 their natural enemies, before the bugs arrived. It must not be 
 inferred from what I say here that I discredit the writings of 
 such authorities as Thomas, Le Baron, and others. Such is far 
 from my intentions. 
 
 Various remedies, as plowing, rolling, ditching, fencing, and 
 the use of insecticides have been suggested and used with more 
 or less favorable results, both in this and other states; deep plow- 
 ing immediately after harvest having succeeded in a few in- 
 stances by covering the bugs so deeply that they could not creep 
 out. Rolling at a like season has crushed large numbers, while 
 ditching and fencing have succeeded in "bunching " them and 
 for a time checking their onward movement while migrating 
 from small grain fields to corn fields. At such times the drag- 
 ging forward and backward of a heavy weight of some sort has 
 been the means of causing great slaughter among their contin- 
 ually increasing ranks. Ditches into which water could be 
 turned have formed complete barriers to their creeping migra- 
 tions, but not to the after movements of the winged insects as 
 they were about to mate for the second brood. 
 
 This insect, like all depredators, has its likes and dislikes, and 
 chooses its food plants with considerable daintiness of taste. 
 
 The small grains are the first on the list, after which follow 
 some of the grasses and corn. Among the grasses, millet, Hun- 
 garian, and fox-tail stand at the head, while a few others 
 that usually grow as weeds follow closely. Wild buckwheat is 
 also quite a delicacy Avitli them, and I have noticed several ex- 
 amples where Aveedy fields were less injured than clean ones, 
 notwithstanding the fact that the one contained equally as many 
 bugs as the other. Several farmers in this state have also men- 
 
284 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 tioned the same fact to me. As a rule, grain in a grassy field 
 has the disadvantage alongside of that growing in a clean one. 
 During the past summer I saw several examples in which the 
 scale was turned. One of these in particular attracted my atten- 
 tion at the time. The crop was corn, growing just across the 
 road from a field of wheat which had been so badly damaged as 
 to render its harvest useless. The ground was covered with wild 
 Hungarian or fox-tail grass, which at the time, August 6th, was 
 dead and perfectly dry for a considerable distance in from the 
 road. Upon examination it was found that our old acquaintance 
 was at work here, attacking the fox-tail in preference to the corn. 
 Referring to my notes made on the ground, I find the following: 
 
 "The Chinch -bug is still present in considerable numbers in a 
 few corn fields, but absent from others where there are signs of 
 its work. In these a large per cent of the grass (fox-tail) had 
 been entirely killed before the corn was attacked. In no instance 
 has the corn been greatly damaged, the only perceptible injury 
 being in the drying up of a few of the lower leaves." 
 
 We had several heavy rains just prior to this, so the partial 
 disappearance of the pest could very likely be attributed to that 
 cause. Since that date but a few scattering specimens of the 
 bugs have been noticed. Hence, I imagine our rains of August 
 and September have been of great benefit in their diminution. 
 
 In conclusion, I would state that the only remedy that I know 
 of is in clean farming^burning all rubbish in early spring that 
 has not disappeared during fall and winter; also the protection 
 of our winter birds. 
 
 In regions that depend entirely upon irrigation for moisture, 
 or such as are easily flooded, there never need be any loss of 
 crops from the depredations of this insect. 
 
 As to future possibilities of injury we can say nothing definite, 
 as weather alone will decide the matter, a wet year preventing 
 and a dry one favoring their increase in damaging numbers. 
 
 The False ok Bogus Chinch-Bug. Nysiiis angustatus Uhl. 
 
 Flea-like Negro Bug, Corimelcena pulicaria Germ. 
 
 See figures 74 and 76 on page 434, where these insects are 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 285 
 
 Fig. 78, 
 Plant-bug {Lygus 
 pratensis). [After 
 Riley.] 
 
 described. Both of these have been known to attack grain to 
 some extent. 
 
 THE TARNISH PLANT BUG. 
 
 [Lygus pratensis Linn.) 
 
 Another of the insects that appears on al- 
 most every list of insect enemies is the one 
 figured herewith (Fig. 78). It is known as 
 the Tarnish Plant-bug, Lygus pratensis, and 
 often is the cause of considerable damage dur- 
 ing early spring by gathering in great num- 
 bers upon opening buds and blossoms from 
 which it sucks the vitality by inserting its 
 Tarnish beak and extracting the sap. It hibernates in 
 all kinds of sheltered places, and as soon as 
 vegetation starts in the spring comes forth 
 hungry and prepared for work. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 As a small grain pest this bug is never 
 very bad, but it should nevertheless be 
 destroyed whenever and wherever this is 
 possible. Since it breeds on weeds of 
 various kinds in large numbers, clean cul- 
 ture is one of the best preventive meas- 
 ures to be recommended. 
 
 Large-Eyed Ground-Bug. {Geocoris 
 hullata Say) is another of the Chinch- 
 bug-like insects that occasionally occurs 
 quite plentifully in grain fields here in 
 the west. It is shown in the illustration 
 While it is more of a weed 
 insect than a grain pest, it 
 
 Fig. 79. — Large-eyed 
 Ground-bug {Geocoris 
 bullata), enlarged. [Orig- 
 inal.] 
 
 (Eig. 79). 
 and grass 
 sometimes attacks the latter also. 
 
 EUCHISTUS FISSILIS, UhLER. 
 
 Dr^ocoris rapidus, Say. 
 
 PODISUS — Sp. ? 
 
286 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 LEAF HOPPERS. 
 
 [JassidcB.) 
 
 Jassus inimicus Say. 
 
 There are a number of insects that go by the popular name of 
 leaf -hoppers, which derive their nourishment by means of a beak, 
 which they insert into the leaves and stems of various plants, 
 and from which they extract the juices. Several of these have 
 at different times been known to attack Indian corn in sufficient 
 numbers to cause injury to that crop. One of these, the Jassus 
 inimicus Say (Fig. 81), which is only about one-seventh of an 
 inch in length, was first described in 1831 from specimens col- 
 lected in Virginia. It is a moderately slender, greenish-yellow 
 insect, dotted and marked by a few black points. 
 
 CiCADULA NIGRIFEONS Forbes. 
 
 A reference to the accompa*Viying il- 
 lustration (Fig. 80) will aid the reader 
 of this report in recognizing the insect 
 which has received the above name. 
 The insect which it represents is "a 
 
 ^ „^ ^. moderately slender, yellowish - screen 
 
 Fig. 80. Cicadula mgri- . .,, ^ ,\ , . , . , 
 
 /?-o«s— enlarged. [After species, with tour black points at the 
 
 ^^^^^^•J anterior margin of the vertex. The 
 
 head is sublunate, obtusely rounded in the middle, its antero- 
 posterior diameter next the eyes being about three-fourths its 
 median diameter. Its color is pale yellow, irregularly mottled 
 with white, with an arc of four irregular black points at its an- 
 terior margin, the outer of these just above and within the ocelli. 
 There is a slender impressed median line, black or dark brown, 
 and a depressed spot upon each side appears midway between 
 this and the eye. Total length, .14 inch." — (Forbes, 14th Ills. 
 Rept., p. 67.) Found at Anna, 111., July 14, very common on 
 young corn. Also an enemy of small grains. 
 
 Cicadula quadrilineatus Forbes. 
 
 A third species of these leaf -hoppers that is habitually a small 
 grain enemy is "similar in general appearance to Cicadula nig- 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 287 
 
 rifrons, but differs in wing veins and color markings. Head 
 with two round black spots upon either side of the middle of the 
 base, about equidistant from the median impressed line and from 
 the eyes. In front of these a transverse black line extending 
 from eye to eye, but interrupted at the middle of the vertex, fol- 
 lowed by a second heavier line sometimes interrupted and some- 
 times not, the two being nearly joined by a bar at the ends of 
 the first." 
 
 As. these leaf-hoppers occur upon small grains and grasses 
 they can be best destroyed by the use of some form of the 
 
 Fio. 8L — Jassus in- 
 imicus. [Osborn. 
 
 Fia. 82. 
 Osborn.] 
 
 -Diedrocepliala viollipes. [After 
 
 Fig. 83. — Cicadula 
 exitosa. [Osborn.] 
 
 21 
 
 Fia. M.— Cicadula Fig. S^.—Deltoceph- 
 exitosa. [Marx.] alus debilis. [Osborn. 
 
 "hopper dozer," which has proved so successful in capturing 
 and destroying young grasshoppers or locusts. 
 
 DiEDROCEPHALA FLAVICEPS Eiley. 
 
 Tender-foot Leaf Hopper [Diedrocephala mollipes Say. j 
 This insect is shown in Figure 82 in its different stages of growth. 
 Stictocephala lutea Walk. 
 Stictocephala inermis Fabr. 
 Atynina viridis Emmons, 
 
238 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 Leaf-hopper — Undetermined. 
 
 The Destructive Leaf-Hopper (Cicadula exitosa Uhl. ) 
 Perhaps the most destructive of these "leaf-hoppers" that has 
 thus far been observed to attack the small grains here in the 
 United States is the one jQgured herewith (Figs. 83 and -84). It 
 is a rather small species, being but about one-fifth of an inch in 
 length. In general color it is pale clay-brown, "polished above, 
 but pale beneath." While enjoying a moderately wide distribu- 
 tion, it is most abundant southeastward, where most of its in- 
 juries have occurred to winter wheat. 
 
 THE WHEAT APHIS. 
 
 {Siphonophora avencB.) 
 
 Possibly the insect that is next in importance as a small grain 
 enemy after the chinch-bug, is the one figured herewith (Figure 
 86). It is known as the Wheat Aphis, although it also attacks 
 
 Fia. 86.— The Wheat or Grain Louse, winged viviparous 
 female. [After Smith.] 
 
 other small grains, as well as some of the cultivated and native 
 grasses. While this louse has never been the cause of any great 
 amount of injury in the state, it has been observed to be present 
 
I-NSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS, 289 
 
 in various localities for several years in considerable numbers. 
 That it is on the increase there can be no question, and that it 
 may do damage in the future is also possible. It, therefore, 
 behooves us to acquaint ourselves with its appearance and mode 
 of attack. 
 
 Winter wheat seems to be most favorable to the development 
 of this grain louse, since it provides a means of carrying it 
 through the winter. It can be described as follows:* 
 
 " The fully grown plant lice are rather less than a tenth of an 
 inch long, with the body a little flattened from above downward 
 (depressed), and widest behind. Each bears a pair of slender 
 feelers (antennse), a jointed beak which it holds close against 
 the underside of the body when not in use, three pairs of jointed 
 legs, and toward the hind end of the abdomen are two short 
 tubes (cornicles) with open extremities. The general color is 
 pale green, varyiug sometimes to pale brown. A series of small 
 spots along each side of the abdomen, most of the antennse, the 
 tips of the thighs, the feet, and in winged examples the greater 
 part of the thorax, are black. About the bases of the cornicles 
 a rust-brown color is generally apparent." 
 
 I LIFE HISTOBY. 
 
 The life-history of this plant-louse does not appear to be very 
 well understood. While a sort of general knowledge of the in- 
 sect's life is known, there still remains much to be ascertained. 
 That the insect infests all the small grains, corn, and several of 
 the wild and cultivated grasses, is pretty well established. That 
 it lives through the winter on the roots and down in the ground 
 on the stem of winter wheat is settled; and that it also occurs 
 through late summer and early fall on volunteer grain is quite 
 evident from observations made by different investigators. Just 
 where the true sexes — male and female — are matured and where 
 the eggs are deposited that carry the insect through critical pe- 
 riods, is still a mystery. But that such a state exists at stated 
 intervals I believe there is no doubt. All other, or more defin- 
 itely, a large number of allied plant- lice have such a stage in 
 
 •Qarman, In BuJ. 21, Kentucky Agr. Expr. Sta., p. 22, Sept., 1889. 
 
290 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 their life-cycle. The insect is to be met with both as winged 
 and apterous forms, just as are other species with which entomol- 
 ogists are more or less better acquainted. 
 
 Wherever and in whatever manner the insect passes through 
 winter, in spring it soon reappears upon the plants, where it c'e 
 velops quite rapidly by many generations and spreads over the 
 field and neighboring fields. The winged individuals establish- 
 ing new colonies in distant localities. The methods of reproduc- 
 tion among plant-lice have repeatedly been described by me in 
 different reports, so will not be repeated here. 
 
 ENEMIES OF THE WHEAT APHIS. 
 
 Professor A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural College 
 and Experiment Station, in speaking of these says: "The im- 
 portance of parasitic and predaceous insects in overcoming our 
 insect pests has long been recognized by the practical entomolo- 
 gist. He sees the destroy? rs swept off as by a flood ; and sees in 
 
 Fig. 81 .—Ceraphron triticum. [After Smith.] 
 
 these prolific friends the easy solution of the problem of insect 
 years . He knows that were it not for these friends the destroy- 
 ing hosts would make our earth a desert, and replace plenty with 
 famine. He knows that adversity among these tiny helpers 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SM.iLL GRAINS. 291 
 
 meaDs success to the swarms of insects that devour the crops, 
 and is rejoiced when he sees these little helpers active and nu- 
 merous." 
 
 Among the internal or parasitic enemies of this louse the 
 small, four- winged hymenoptera are chief. Of these there are 
 several. These small creatures attack the lice by laying their 
 eggs in the bodies of the aphides, one in each louse attacked. 
 These soon hatch and the grubs begin feeding upon the tissues 
 of their unwilling hosts. Professor Cook, in his little bulletin 
 above referred to, states that "the lice that are the victims of 
 these eager parasites are easily distinguished. They are short, 
 rounded, and gray in color. After the larva disembowels the 
 louse it uses the dry, thick skin as a cocoon, in which it changes 
 to a pupa. Very soon the mature insect comes forth from a 
 small, round hole in the upper, hinder part of the abdomen, and 
 very soon mates and commences to lay its many eggs in new 
 victims. Of course, these parasitic larvae fairly swim in the 
 rich, nutritious blood of the lice, and so are rapidly developed. 
 Thus we see how it is that the parasites are too much for the 
 lice. Prolific as are the lice, and rapid as are they in develop- 
 ment, yet the parasites are even more so, and thus it is that in 
 ten days the parasites have so outnumbered the lice that the lat- 
 ter have been routed and driven from the field." In describing 
 one of these parasitic flies he uses the following language: "The 
 little flies are just about one-tenth of an inch in length. They 
 are black above and yellowish-brown beneath. The antennae are 
 black, while the front, mouth parts, and legs are yellowish- 
 brown. In some specimens the femora and tarsi are dusky and 
 the underside of the abdomen quite dark. Occasionally we find 
 specimens with the upper part of the abdomen brownish, except 
 the pedicel and tip. There seems much variation in the color of 
 abdomen and legs, though in most cases the dorsal surface is 
 black and the ventral surface and legs brown. The antennae are 
 sixteen-jointed in the female and seventeen in the male. They 
 are cylindrical, recurved, and thickly set with short, light-col- 
 ored hairs. The first two joints are shorter and larger than 
 
292 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 the others. The succeeding joints are nearly cylindrical, close 
 together, and equal in length, except the last, which is longer 
 and conical. The abdomen is lanceolate and all the segments 
 are freely movable on each other, so it can be easily bent beneath 
 the body. The venation of the wings is simple and the first 
 discoidal cell is incomplete." 
 
 The parasitic fly shown in Fig. 87 is 
 also one of the louse destroyers, but it 
 belongs to a different genus from the one 
 mentioned by Professor Cook, as the name 
 will indicate. 
 
 Besides the parasitic insects mentioned 
 above these and other lice are preyed 
 upon by a large number of insects of a 
 different nature. These latter are pre- 
 daceous rather than parasitic, i e. they 
 seize and devour the lice bodily. Among 
 these latter the larvae or maggots of the 
 Syrphus, or flower flies, stand first in 
 rank. "These larvae are generally over- 
 looked, and they are better known by 
 their deeds than their appearance." 
 
 "In shape they are slug-like, tapering 
 toward the head. There are no distinct feet, and the larvae stick 
 rather close to the leaves or on wheat heads, and remain con- 
 cealed among the spears and flowers. When they are hungry, 
 which is generally the case, they lift the head and first segments 
 of the body and extend them out in every direction, the larva 
 nearly doubling in length when stretched out. Any unlucky 
 aphid within reach is pounced upon, caught with the jaws of the 
 larva and lifted high in the air, where it kicks and struggles 
 until its juices are sucked dry. The empty skin is then thrown 
 away, anad the larva is ready for the next victim. In color this 
 creature [which is shown in Fig. 88] is a very pale yellowish- 
 green when young, darkening in color and becoming mottled 
 with reddish purple as it matures. It is then about half an inch 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Fig. 88.— Larva of 
 Syrphus torvus: a, h, 
 larva ; c, pupa. [After 
 Smith.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OP SMALL aRAlNS. 293 
 
 or less in length, transversely wrinkled and with a very rough 
 skin, set with minute, bristly-like hairs. When it is full grown 
 it fastens itself to the leaf or spear of wheat upon which it has 
 lived, and curls itself up, contracting into a curious hard case of 
 a dark gray color, and rather more than one- quarter of an inch 
 long. Fig. 88, c, gives the appearance of one of these pupfc. 
 Not long does it stay in this form, but in about eight or ten days 
 a pretty bronze and yellow fly emerges. 
 
 " This fly is nearly half an inch in length, the head entirely 
 taken up by the large, brown- red eyes, the thorax shining 
 bronze, but covered with a fine, velvety, soft hair, the little lun- 
 ate scutellum at the tip of the thorax yellow. The abdomen is 
 also bronze, but each segment being usually broken in the mid- 
 dle. The figure (No. 89) will give a very good view of the fly 
 
 Fig. 89.—Syrphus torvus, imago enlarged. [After 
 J. B. Smith.] 
 
 as it appears at rest. It hovers about the wheat in the bright 
 sunshine, and the female lays its long, oval, pure-white Qgg 
 wherever she spies a colony of lice large enough to support the 
 young larva when hatched. " * 
 
 A large number of other insects, such as are shown in figures 
 
 • Prof. J. B. Smith, in New Jersey Agric. Col. Expr. Sta. No. 72, pp. 12-14. 
 
294 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 90 to 95 also do much towards keeping this and other plant-lice 
 in check. Most of these latter have been described in various of 
 my former reports, to which the reader is referred. 
 
 Fig. 90.— Hippodamia 
 convergens. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 91.— Larva of Lady- 
 bird. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 92.— Hippoda- 
 mia 13-jiunctata. [Af- 
 ter Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 93. — Coccinnella 
 9-notata. [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig 9^.— Hippo-, 
 damia maculata 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 Fig. 95.— Lace-wing: 
 
 a, eggs on leaf; h, larva; c, d, mature insect. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 Other species of Aphididse that have been taken upon small 
 grain are the following as nearly as they have been determined 
 and reported: 
 
 SiPHONOPHORA GRANARIA Kirby. 
 
 Aphis mali Linn. 
 Aphis — sp. 
 Myzus — sp. 
 Meqouea — sp. 
 
 TOXOPTERA GRAMINUM Rond. 
 
 Callipterus — sp. 
 Rhopalosiphum — sp. 
 
 TOXABES sp. 
 
 SCHIZONEURA Sp. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 295 
 
 THE WHEAT THRIPS. 
 
 [Thrips tritici, Fitch.) 
 
 The insect that is figured herewith is typical of a moderately 
 numerous group of small insects that occur in 
 myriads upon flowers of different kinds. Thej^ 
 are also more or less common upon other kinds 
 of vegetation which they injure to a greater or 
 less degree. Our American species of the group 
 {Thysanopiera — fring- wings) are mostly unde- 
 scribed. There are, however, a few of them that 
 have been known to injure crops to such an ex- 
 tent that entomologists have written about and 
 Ym. QQ--Tlirips published descriptions of the insects themselves. 
 One of these is the insect figured herewith (Fig. 
 96). It is about one-twentieth of an inch in length, of a yel- 
 lowish color, the thorax inclining to orange, with the legs and 
 antennae yellowish-white, the latter becoming darker at their 
 tips. 
 
 The Theee-Banded Theips {Coleothrips trifasciata Fitch.) 
 This second species is nearly twice as long as the tritici, and 
 is correspondingly more robust. Dr. Fitch describes it as being 
 '' of a black color, polished and shining, with the third joint of 
 the antennae white, and its wings black or dark smoky-brown, 
 with three broad, white bands, whereof one is upon the base, an- 
 other across the middle, and the the third, which is somewhat 
 narrower, upon the tip." 
 
 These insects live upon the heads of wheat where they feed 
 upon the juices of the forming kernels. Other species feed 
 upon the tissues of the plants themselves, and some are carnivor- 
 ous and feed upon mites and other microscopic forms of insect 
 life. 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 It is not my intention to mention all of the different species of 
 orthopterous insects that attack small grains, for were I to do so 
 most all of the different kinds known in the country would have 
 
296 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 to be included in the list. The order as a whole is composed of 
 vegetable feeding forms, and most of these feed upon grasses 
 and allied plants in preference to bushes and trees or herbaceous 
 ones. They nearly all attack cultivated crops in preference to 
 wild or uncultivated plants when the former are at hand. In 
 this paper, then, only such species will be mentioned as have been 
 ascertained to injuriously attack these crops. 
 
 The Western Cricket. {Andbrus simplex Hald.) 
 The insect figured herewith (Figure 97) is the famous Buffalo 
 Cricket that has so frequently become sufficiently numerous in 
 the great interior basin country to destroy crops. It has been 
 
 Fig. 97. — Anabrus sivipleoc : a, female; 
 of male abdomen, (Entom. Com.) 
 
 b, clasper of male; c, tip 
 
 treated of in the reports of the United States Entomological 
 Commission, and other government publications. As it is con- 
 fined chiefly to the region lying to the west of the Eocky 
 Mountains and east of the Coast Range, we never need fear its 
 depredations in the Mississippi valley. 
 
 The Cone-Head Grasshopper. {Conocephalus attenuatus. 
 Scudd.) 
 
 Sometimes found in grain fields in moderately large numbers. 
 Especially is this the case during harvest in spring wheat and 
 other spring sown small grain. Other species of the genus were 
 taken by me in Texas several years ago, while running a " hopper 
 dozer" on a wheat field. 
 
 {Melanoplus femur -ruhrum De G. ) 
 Of all our North American locusts 
 or grasshoppers this one enjoys the 
 widest range. It is the common 
 species in all parts of the country 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 
 from the Arctic circle to Central 
 
 The Red-Legged Locust. 
 
 Fig. 98.— The Red-legged Lo- 
 cust (Melanoplus femur-rub- 
 rum); female. [After -Riley.] 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 297 
 
 America. Its devastations, while perhaps not as great as those 
 of some others of our destructive species, have been frequent and 
 extensive at times. 
 
 The Lesser Migratory Locust. {Melanaplus cdlanis Riley.) 
 This locust, which frequently becomes injurious on account of 
 its excessive increase, is somewhat smaller than the Rocky Moun- 
 tain species. It is also migratory in its habits, but to a much 
 less degree than is spretus. In its distribution this insect is 
 much more widely spread than femur -ruhrum, being common in 
 almost all parts of our country from the Mexican boundary to 
 the fifty-third degree or north latitude, and even beyond in some 
 parts of the country. It is the species which most frequently 
 does the locust injury in the New England states, much of that 
 in our northern states, and some in the extreme northwest. It 
 has also been known to become injurious even in the middle and 
 southern states. In its distribution atlanis appears to be more 
 partial to hilly or mountainous country, and especially is this 
 noticeable in reference to its appearance in destructive numbers. 
 It also seems to prefer wooded or mixed country to the open 
 prairie or plains. 
 
 As would naturally be expected from its wide distribution, 
 this particular locust presents some variations in its size, color, 
 and to some extent also, its structure. At any rate there appear 
 to be three well-marked forms of the species to be met with 
 
 Fig. 99.— R. M. Locust: dif- Fig. 100. —Rocky Mountain 
 
 ferent stages of growth of young. Locust (Melanoplus spre- 
 
 I After Riley.] Uis): male. [After Riley.] 
 
 within the confines of North America. It does not differ ma- 
 terially in general appearance from the femur -rubrum which is 
 figured above. 
 Rocky Mountain Locust. {Melanoplus spretus Thos.) 
 
2^8 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 The Rocky Mountain or Migratory Locust is the insect which 
 is generally referred to as the destructive locust of North Amer- 
 ica, and has caused more injury during the past twenty years than 
 any dozen of the other species combined. It is this species 
 which we most fear on account of its migratory habits. So 
 marked is this trait that swarms hatching on the Saskatchewan 
 have been traced to the Gulf of Mexico in one season. Its 
 habits have been so frequently described that further mention is 
 
 unnecessary. It is shown 
 in the accompanying il- 
 lustrations (99, 100, and 
 101) which show the in- 
 sect in its various stages 
 of growth with spread 
 wings and closed. The 
 Kocky Mountain Locust 
 has very probably been 
 studied more than any 
 other species of locust 
 known to science; and 
 the numerous remedies 
 that have been suggested 
 and tried at different times and places have proved that it is pos- 
 sible to handle almost any injurious insect enemy if we go at it 
 in the right manner, and continue our attacks after once having 
 begur. 
 
 The Devastating Locust. [Melanoijlus devastator ^cudd.) 
 This is one of the destructive lo- 
 custs of the Pacific slope, and is well 
 represented in the accompanying fig- 
 ure 102. Its ravages have been con- 
 fined to the small grains and grasses, 
 locusts that should be mentioned in this connection are 
 
 The Ash-Colored Locust. [Melanoplus cinereus Scudd. ) 
 The Detestible Locust. {Melanoplus /oedus Scudd. ) and 
 The Robust Locust. [Melanoplus rohustus Scudd.) 
 
 Locust; female. [After 
 
 Fig. 102.— M. devastator. 
 Several other species of 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 299 
 
 The Differential Locust. [Melanoplus differentialis Thos. 
 
 Fig. 103. — The Differential Locust. {Melanoplus 
 differentialis): female. [After Riloy.] 
 
 Here in the west we are frequently not a little bothered by 
 a rather large, yellowish locust of which the acccompanying 
 illustration is a poor representation. This insect occurs along 
 roadsides, the edges of groves, and at other localities where the 
 vegetation is somewhat rank in growth. When more than com- 
 monly numerous it attacks and injures both garden and field 
 crops. There are two forms of this differential locust here in 
 the state, viz., the ordinary yellow one, and a black one. This 
 latter form does not differ otherwise from the typical specimens. 
 The Two-lined Locust. {Melanoplus bwittatus Say.) 
 The locust which is shown in Figs. 104 and 105 is too well 
 
 Pig. 104. — Melanoplus bivittatus: female. 
 [After RUey.] 
 
 Fig. 105. — M. bivittatus: 
 male. [After Lugger.[ 
 
 known to all of the readers of this report to require any special 
 
300 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GKAINS. 
 
 description here. Like the preceding species it is a lover of 
 rank vegetation, and is oftenest found in weed patches or low 
 grounds. When it becomes more than ordinarily numerous these 
 weed patches are forsaken and it enters grain fields and gardens, 
 where occasionally much injury is done to growing crops. 
 Unlike different ialis, which is confined to the central portion of 
 the United States, bivittafus occurs from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Saskatchewan. Its 
 increase in destructive numbers appears, however, to be confined 
 chiefly to the regions lying between the Eocky Mountains and 
 the Atlantic. This locust also varies somewhat in color, but can 
 always be recognized by the two light- colored lines along the 
 side of thorax and wing covers. Fig. 105 represents a male speci- 
 men that has been killed by a fungous disease that very fre- 
 quently destroys numbers of these insects. 
 
 The American Locust {^Shistocerca americana Drury. ) 
 The locust which is shown herewith in figure 106 is known as 
 the American Locust, to entomologists at least if not to the pop- 
 ulace. It is truly a beautiful insect. In addition to its large 
 size and attractive appearance this insect has become familiar to 
 many of us on account of its ravages to crops. It is the species 
 
 Fig. 106. — SMstocerca americana: female. [After Riley.] 
 which occasionally devastates Yucatan, Central America, and 
 portions of Mexico, and which, on rare occasions, becomes suf- 
 ficiently numerous along the Grulf coast to do injury to crops. It 
 has also been known in dangerous numljers as far northward as 
 the Ohio river, and occurs sparingly as far north as the northern 
 states. 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 301 
 
 Fig, 107. — Camnula pellucida. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 The Pellucid Locust {Camnula pellucida Scudd.) 
 
 The locust that is shown in 
 Fig. 107 is a representative of 
 a different subfamily from the 
 above. It is one of the destruc- 
 tive species that has appeared 
 at different times in California 
 and Nevada. 
 
 Another locust that has re- 
 cently increased to an alarm- 
 ing extent on the plains of 
 Colorado, New Mexico and the 
 extreme western portions of Ne- 
 braska and Kansas is 
 The Long-Winged Locust {Dissosteira longipennis Thos.) 
 The Green- Striped Locust [Chimarocephala viridifasciata 
 De Geer.) 
 
 remedies. 
 
 These grasshoppers or locusts are usually kept within bounds 
 by their insect enemies, but when the weather has been such as 
 to kill off these parasites the locusts become numerous. When 
 this is the case some artificial measures must be resorted to if 
 we wish to keep the 'hoppers within bounds and prevent their in- 
 jury to crops. Such remedies have been numerous, but the ones 
 that have proved the most efficient are plowing under deeply the 
 eggs before they should have had time to hatch, and the captur- 
 ing of the unfledged locusts by means of "hopper dozers." 
 These latter are shallow sheet-iron pans in which are put coal 
 tar or kerosene oil and drawn over the ground by horses in such 
 a manner that the 'hoppers will hop into the pan and be killed 
 by coming in contact with the oil. 
 
 The Field Cricket. {Gryllus abbreviatus Serv.) 
 
302 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 The common field cricket lias on several 
 occasions been caught in the act of cutting 
 off stems of grain in the field. It is also a 
 noted fact that several species of these in- 
 sects are guilty of much damage to shocked 
 grain in the way of cutting the twine bands 
 that hold the grain in sheaves and also by 
 feeding upon the grain inself. They also 
 cut off young growing plants. Several 
 species of these crickets are concerned in 
 this mischief; and in addition to the above 
 we might add 
 
 Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. and 
 
 Gryllus luctuosus Serv. 
 
 The Garden Flea. [Smynthurus hor- 
 
 iensis Fitch. \ 
 
 ^ Fm. 108.— Gryllus ab 
 
 breviatus. [Maysic 
 Ames.] 
 
 In addition to the large list of insects described or mentioned on 
 the preceding pages there are still others that occasionally are 
 to be found in grain fields. Quite prominent among these are 
 several species of small, soft-bodied, wingless insects of very 
 very simple structure, belonging to the t 
 order Thysanura of naturalists. These 
 are closely related to the "Snow Fleas" 
 that are frequently met with in winter 
 and early spring, jumping about on the 
 snow. One of these " garden fleas " is 
 shown in the accompanying illustra- 
 tion, greatly magnified. (See. Fig. 
 109.) 
 
 Dr. Fitch, in writing of this insect, p^^ m.^Smyafhun,shor- 
 says, "This insect is not limited to the tensis. [H. G. Barber.] 
 garden, bui; occurs more or less common everywhere in arable 
 land. In fields of young wheat and rye, in May and June, I 
 have often noticed it as being more numerous than any other in- 
 
INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 303 
 
 sect there." While these little creatures are vegetarians, they 
 feed mostly upon such plants as are found upon the ground in a 
 more or less decayed condition. They do not, therefore, figure 
 among the very destructive forms. Their "jumping" is per- 
 fojmed by means of tail -like attachments that are bent under 
 their bodies and are used as springs, hence the name "Spring- 
 tails " which is frequently applied to them. 
 
 The Pretty Ground-Flea. {Smynthurus elegans Fitch.) 
 The Marked Ground Flea. [Smynthurus signifer Fitch.) 
 
 AEACHNIDA. 
 
 {Mites, Spiders, etc.) 
 
 The Stoeed-Grain Mite. ( Tyroglyphus longior Gervais. ) 
 This is probably one of the most disgusting creatures that we 
 
 have to deal with as a grain pest. 
 It does not confine its attacks en- 
 tirely to grain, but is also known 
 to attack stored drugs, cheese, 
 flour, hams, and a variety of food 
 products. As will be seen by 
 reference to the figure of this 
 creature and a second one (Figs. 
 110 and 111), they are eight- 
 legged instead of six-legged as 
 are the insects proper. They are 
 all small, semi-transparent ani- 
 mals covered with long bristles 
 or hairs. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 This and other mites of sim- 
 ilar habits are subject to the at- 
 FiG. IVd.-Tyroglyphus longior. tracks of several species of pre- 
 [After Murray's Fig.] daceous mites that destroy them. 
 
 The editors of Insect Life, in a reply to a letter in reference to 
 this mite suggest as a remedy "the burning of sulphur all 
 
30i 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL GRAINS. 
 
 through the building, especially where mites abound, and, where 
 they are particularly thick, it might be well to let a little bi-sul- 
 phide of carbon evaporate, remembering that this vapor is heavier 
 than air and that it is exceedingly inflammable."* 
 The Eed Spider {Tetranychus telarius Linn.) 
 The common " red spider" of greenhouses has been taken this 
 past year on wheat plants in Brookings, S. 
 Dak. It is figured in the accompanying illus- 
 tration (Fig. 111.) It is not at all probable 
 that this mite will ever be the occasion of any 
 great amount of injury to grain, but it is men- 
 tioned here as an example of a certain group 
 of Acarina or mites that naturally work upon 
 growing vegetation. As a remedy against 
 
 Ym.lW—Tetrany- these kerosene emulsion is quite effective. 
 chus telarius, en- 
 larged. [Griffiths.] 
 
 • Insect JAte, Vol. I., p. 51. Aug., 1888. 
 
INDRX 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acarina, 136, 203. 
 Acrididae, 30, 31, 35. 
 Acridiinae, 36. 
 Acridium frontalis, 38. 
 Acronycta brumosa, 129. 
 
 hamamelis, 129. 
 
 luteicoma, 129. 
 
 morula, 129. 
 
 oblinita, 129. 
 
 occidentalis, 129. 
 
 radcliffei, 129. 
 Aculeata, 94. 
 ^geria acerni, 91. 
 iEschna, 21. 
 Agalia siccif olia, 62. 
 Agrion, 21. 
 Agrio'tes mancus, 200, 252. 
 
 pubescens, 201, 252. 
 Agromyza tritici, 199, 213. 
 Agrotis, 172, 220. 
 
 annexa, 200, 221, 223. 
 
 clandestina, 129, 172, 200, 220, 221. 
 
 maleflda, 223. 
 
 messorla, 129, 223. 
 
 morrisoniana, 200, 221. 
 
 saucia, 129, 200. 
 
 scandens, 129. 
 
 subgothica, 200, 221. 
 
 ypsilon, 129. 
 Alaus myops, 132. 
 
 occulatus, 69, 132. 
 Aletia argillacea, 129. 
 
 xylina, 228. 
 Aleurodes, 134. 
 Aleyrodidae. 56. 
 American locust, 203, 300. 
 American meal-worm, 263. 
 American silk-worm, 138, 169. 
 Ampelophila, 136. 
 
 Amphicerus bicaudatus, 132, 156, 157. 
 Amphipyra pyramidoides, 129. 
 Amphydasis cognitaria, 129. 
 
 Currant, 129. 
 Anabrus simplex, 41, 202, 296. 
 Anametis grisea, 133. 
 Anarcia lineatella, 130. 
 Andrenidie, 103. 
 Angoumois grain moth, 200. 
 Anisopteryx pome*"aria, 130. 
 
 vernata, 130, 168. 
 Anisota rubicunda, 91. 
 
 Anomala marginata, 132. 
 
 Margined, 132. 
 
 undulata, 132. 
 
 varians, 132. 201, 260. 
 
 Varying, 201, 260. 
 Antennae, Beetle, 63. 
 Anthocharis genutia, 86, 88. 
 Anthomyia, Locust-egg, 107. 
 Anthomyidae, 107. 
 Anthonomus crataegi, 133. 
 
 quadrigibbus, 133, 190, 191. 
 Anthophila, 103. 
 Anthrax hypomelas, 106. 
 Ant, 200, 220. 
 
 Little red, 102. 
 
 New York, 136. 
 Ants, 9, 93. 99. 
 
 accompanying plant-lice, 100. 
 
 agricultural, 99. 
 
 and honey-dew, 100. 
 
 leaf-cutting, 99. 
 
 mound-building, 99. 
 
 slave making, 99. 
 
 White, 9, 23, 136. 
 Ant-lions, 9, 80. 
 Aphaniptera, 9, 108. 
 Aphides, 56 
 Aphididae, 56. 
 Aphis, 202, 294. 
 
 Apple, 201. 
 
 Apple-leaf, 134, 145. 
 
 Apple-tree, 134, 144. 
 
 brassicae, 58. 
 
 Grain, 202. 
 
 madi-radicis, 100. 
 
 mali, 134, 144. 202, 294. 
 
 malifoliae, 134, 145. 
 
 Mouldy, 134. 
 
 Spotted willow, 135, 
 
 Wheat, 202, 288. 
 
 Wooly, of apple, 141. 
 
 Lion, 80. 
 Apidae, 103. 
 Apple aphis, 202. 
 
 parasite, 146. 
 
 curculio. 139, 190. 
 
 gouger, 190. 
 
 insects. List of, 127, 36. 
 
 leaf tier, 175. 
 
 maggot, 136, 139, 193. 
 
 maggot, remedies, 193. 
 
308 
 
 Apple 
 
 thrips, 186. 
 
 worm, 139. 
 
 tree caterpillar, Red-humped, 
 128. 
 
 caterpillar, Yellow-necked, 167. 
 
 flea-beetle, 184, 185. 
 
 leaf-louse, 56. 
 
 moth, Yellow-necked, 128. 
 
 tent-caterpillar, 170. 
 Apple-twig borer, 156, 157. 
 Arachnida, 6, 8, 303. 
 Arctia Isabella, 95. 
 Arctiidae, 91. 
 
 Argyresthia andereggiella, 130. 
 Army-worm, 93, 200, 228, 229. 
 
 Fall, 129, 200, 224. 
 
 Myriapod, 229. 
 
 Saw-fly, 229. 
 
 True, 227. 
 
 Wheat-head, 232 
 
 White-headed, 200. 
 Arsenites, how used, 117. 
 
 insects killed by, 118. 
 Arthropoda, 6. 
 Articulata, 6. 
 Asida, 75. 
 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 135. 
 
 rapax, 135. 
 Aspidisca splendoriferella, ^31, 165, 
 
 166. 
 Asilidee, 105. 
 
 Attacus cecropia, 89, 128. 
 Atynia viridis. 202, 2S7. 
 Bacterial disease, 278. 
 Bag-worm, 128, 138, 169. 
 Banded Hair-streak, 127, 
 Bark-beetle, Fruit, 159, 
 Bark-beetles, 78. 
 Bark-lice, 52. 
 Bark-louse, Apple, 135. 
 
 Circular, 135. 
 
 Oyster- shell, 137, U6, 147. 
 
 Scurfy, 134, 137, 147. 
 Basket-worm, 138. 
 Bat-ticks, 109. 
 Beaver parasite, 67. 
 Bed-bug, 49. 
 Bed-bugs, so-called, 49, 
 Bee-flies, 105, 106. 
 Bee-lice, 109. 
 Bees, 9. 93. 
 
 parasitic, 103. 
 
 social, 103. 
 
 solitary, 103. 
 
 Beetle, Apple-bark, 134, 137. 
 Blind click, 132. 
 Colorado potato. 261. 
 
 Eyed snapping, 132. 
 Fruit bark, 137. 
 
 Goldsmith, 71, 131, 139. 
 
 Imbricated snout, 138. 
 
 June, 131. 
 
 Lesser grain, 200, 249. 
 
 Pear-blight, 134, 137. 
 
 Rose, 254, 255. 
 
 Spotted Cottonwood, 74. 
 
 Stag, 131. 
 
 Striped-cucumber, 133. 
 
 12-spotted cucumber, 133. 
 
 12-spotted squash, 161. 
 
 Uncertain snapping. 132. 
 Beetles, 9, 62. 
 
 bark, 78. 
 
 bark-boring, 158. 
 
 carpet, 239. 
 
 carrion, 67. 
 
 common snapping, 132. 
 
 blister, 75, 76, 
 
 burying, 67. 
 
 click, 69, 251. 
 
 ground, 64. 
 
 lamellicorn, 180, 255. 
 
 leaf. 74. 1.39. 261. 
 
 May. 71, 131, 139, 257. 
 
 meal, 75. 
 
 oil, 77. 
 
 pill, 67. 
 
 rhinoceros, 71. 
 
 rove, 66. 
 
 snapping, 69, 251. 
 
 snout, 139. 
 
 stag, 70. 
 
 tiger, 63, 
 
 whirligig, 66. 
 Belostoma americana, 47. 
 Bill-bug, Clay-colored, 268. 
 
 small, 201, 267. 
 Biston ypsilon, 130. 
 Biting-lice, 9, 23. 
 
 remedy for, 28. 
 Biting-louse of ass, 27. 
 
 of cattle, 27. 
 Bittacus, 82. 
 Black beetle, 32. 
 Bladder-foot, see thrips. 
 Blattida3. 31. 
 
 Blissus leucopterus. 201, 269, 270. 
 Blister-beetle Ash-gray, 133. 
 
 One-colored, 76. 
 
 Pear-tree. 133. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 309 
 
 Blister-beetle, Spotted, 76. 
 
 Striped, 76. 
 Blister-beetles, 75, 76. 
 Boarmia crepuscularia, 130, 
 
 pampinaria, 130. 
 Body-louse, 50. 
 Bombyliidse, 105. 
 Book-lice, 23, 25. 
 Borer, Apple-twig. 132, 137. 
 
 Banded hickory, 73. 
 
 Flat-headed, 137. 
 
 Flat-headed apple-tree, 132. 
 
 Pear-tree, 128. 
 
 Round-headed, 137. 
 
 Round-headed apple-tree, 133, 
 153. 
 
 16-legged maple, 91. 
 
 Stalk, 200, 228. 
 
 Tyle-horned, 137. 
 Borers, flat-headed, 69. 
 
 moth, 137. 
 
 round-headed, 72. 
 Boreus, 83. 
 Boring beetles, 152., 
 
 bark, 158. 
 
 flat-headed, 152. 
 
 round-headed, 152. 
 Bostrichus bicornis, 132. 
 
 Two horned. 132. 
 Bot-fly, sheen, 108. 
 Bot-flies, 108. 
 
 cattle, 108. 
 
 horse, 108. 
 
 rabbit, 108. 
 
 squirrel, 108. 
 Boxelder bug, 134, 139, 151. 
 Brachystola magna, 38. 
 Brachytarsus variegatus, 201, 269. 
 Braconidae, 97. 
 Braulinidse, 109. 
 Breeze-flies, 105. 
 Broad necked prionus, 155, 156. 
 Brochymena annulata, 134. 
 
 carolinensis, 134. 
 Bruchidae, 75. 
 Bryobia speciosa, 136. 
 Bucculatrix, Apple-leaf, 131. 
 
 pomifoliella, 131. 
 Bud-worm, apple, 171. 
 Bud-moth, Eye-spotted, 130, 171, 
 Bud-worms, 137, 171. 
 Buffalo cricket, 296. 
 
 moth, 68. 
 
 tree-hopper, 59, 148. 
 Bug, Boxelder, 134, 139, 151. 
 
 Bugs, 45. 
 
 snapping, 69. 
 Bulb-worm, Wheat, 211, 212. 
 Buprestidae, 69, 152. 
 Buprestis, Divaricated, 132. 
 Burrowing web-worm, 244. 
 Burying beetles, 67. 
 Butterflies, 9, 84, 86. 
 
 skipper, 88. 
 
 swallow-tail, 88. 
 Butterfly, Hackberry, 85, 87. 
 
 Rape, 87. 
 
 Turnus, 139. 
 Caooecia argyrospila, 130. 
 
 rosana, 130. 
 
 rosaceana, 130, 175. 
 Caddis-flies, 9, 83, 
 Calandra granaria, 77, 201, 266. 
 
 oryzae, 77, 201, 266. 
 
 remotepunctata, 201, 267. 
 Calandridae, 78. 
 Calosoma calidum, 65, 230, 232, 337. 
 
 externum, 184, 260. 
 
 Fiery, 65, 232. 
 
 lugubre, 184, 260. 
 C'allimorpha fulvicosta, 128. 
 Callipterus, 202, 294. 
 
 mucidus, 134. 
 Callosamia promethia, 123, 
 Camnula pellucida, 135, 203, 301. 
 Campodea, 15. 
 Canarsia hammondi, 130. 
 Candle-flies, 61. 
 Canker worm, 168. 
 Canker worms, 138. 
 CapsidsB, 48. 
 Carabidae, 64. 
 
 Carpenter moth. Locust, 93, 128. 
 Carpocapsa pomonella, 130, 187, 188. 
 Carteria lacca, 5,3. 
 
 Case-bearer, Apple tree, 131, 138, 
 164. 
 
 Dominican, 134, 139, 181. 
 
 Resplendent, 138, 165, 166. 
 Cassida bivittata, 75. 
 Caterpillar, Pyramid grape-vine, 
 129. 
 
 Yellow-necked, apple-tree, 138, 
 167. 
 
 Zebra, 129. 
 
 Leaf-feeding, 167. 
 
 Leaf-rolling, 137, 175. 
 
 Tent, 138. 
 Catocala grynea, 129. 
 
310 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cecidomyia caliptera, 199, 205. 
 culmicola, 199, 205. 
 destructor, 199, 203. 
 graminis, 205. 
 granaria, 199. 
 inimica, 199, 205. 
 secalina, 199, 205. 
 Cecidomyidse, 105. 
 Cecropia moth, 89, 128, 138, 169. 
 Centipede, 15. 
 Centipedes, 6. 
 Cephas occidentalis, 199, 216. 
 
 pygmsBus, 199, 215. 
 CerambycidaB, 72, 153. 
 Ceraphron triticum, 290. 
 Ceratomia hageni, 90. 
 Cercopidse, 61. 
 Ceroplastes floridensis, 135. 
 Ceresa bubalus, 13i, 148. 
 
 taurina, 134. 
 Cetonia, Indian, 132, 139, 187. 
 Cetoniida;, 187. 
 Chaetocnemis, 262. 
 
 confinis, 201, 262. 
 
 pulicaria, 201, 262. 
 Chafer, Melancholy, 132. 
 Chalcophora liberata, 153. 
 
 virginiensis, 153. 
 Chalcididse, 97. 
 Chalcis fly, Mary, 97, 101. 
 Chamyris cerintha, 129. 
 Chicken goniodes, 26. 
 Chicken louse, Tariable, 27. 
 Chilocorus bivulnurus, 147. 
 Chimarocephala viridifasciata, 37, 
 
 203,301. ^ 
 
 Chinch-bug, 48, 201, 258, 269, 285. 
 
 causes for increase, 281. 
 
 False, 134, 138, 150, 201, 272. 
 
 food-plants, 272. 
 
 habits, 271. 
 
 life history, 271. 
 
 natural enemies, 273, 274, 283. 
 Chion, Banded, 132. 
 
 cinctus, 72, 132. 
 
 garganicus, 132. 
 Chionaspis fufurus, 135, 147. 
 Chlamys plicata, 74. 
 Chlorops, 213. 
 
 antennalis, 199, 213. 
 
 Common, 199, 213. 
 
 Feather-horned, 199, 213. 
 
 proxima, 199, 213. 
 
 vulgaris, 199, 213. 
 
 Wheat, 199, 213. 
 
 Chrysobothris californica, 132. 
 femorata, 132, 152. 
 semisculpta, 132. 
 Chrysomela, Cloaked, 133. 
 
 multipunctata, 74. 
 Chrysomelidae, 181, 261. 
 Chrysopa, 81. 
 Cicada, 60. 
 
 Dog-day, 134, 1.37. 
 
 septendecim, 60, 134. 
 
 Seventeen-year, 60, 134, 137. 
 Thirteen-year, 134. 
 
 tibicen, 134. 
 
 tredecim, ]34. 
 Cicadas, 51. 
 CicadidaB, 59. 
 Cicadula exitosa, 202. 287, 288. 
 
 nigrifrons, 202, 286. * 
 
 quadrilineatus, 202, 286. 
 Cicindela limbata, 64. 
 
 6-guttata, 63, 231. 
 Cicindelidte, 63. 
 Cimbex americana, 96. 
 Cinura, 15. 
 Cleridae, 70. 
 Click-beetles, 251. 
 Clisiocampa, 129. 
 
 americana, 129. 
 
 disstria, 128. 
 
 erosa, 129. 
 
 sylvatica, 229. 
 
 thoracica, 129. 
 Close- wings, 244. 
 Clyclorhapha, 106. 
 Coccidae, 52. 
 Coccinella 9-notata, 68, 143, 294. 
 
 venusta, 146. 
 Coccinellidfe, 68. 
 Coccotorus prunicida, 192. 
 Coccus cacti, 52, 53. 
 Cochineal, 46, 52, 53. 
 Cockroach, German, 31. 
 
 Oriental, 32. 
 Cockroaches, 9, 29, 31. 
 Codling moth, 130, 139, 187, 188, 258 
 
 food-plants, 188. 
 
 parasites, 189. 
 
 remedies, 188. 
 Coelodasys unicornis, 128. 
 Colaspis brunneus, 75. 
 
 Grape-vine, 75. 
 Coleophora fletcherella, 131. 
 
 malivorella, 131, 164. 
 Coleoptera, 8, 9, 62, 131, 200. 
 Coleothrips trifasciata, 202, 295. 
 Colias eurytheme, 86. 
 
311 
 
 CoUembola, 16. 
 
 Colorado potato beetle, 201, 258, 261. 
 Comopterygidse, 79. 
 Cone-headed grasshopper, 40, 296. 
 Conocephalinae, 40. 
 Conocephalus attenuatus, 202, 296. 
 
 crepitans, 41. 
 Conotrachelus nenuphar, 133, 191. 
 Copidryas gloveri, 94. 
 Copris Carolina, 71. 
 CoreidaB, 47. 
 Corimelsena pulicaria, 201, 272, 273, 
 
 284. 
 Corn saw-fly, 215. 
 Corycia, Vestal, 130. 
 
 vestaliata, 130. 
 Corydalis cornutus, 79. 
 Coscinoptera dominicana, 134, 181. 
 Cossidae, 93, 163. 
 Cotalpa lanigera, 131. 
 Cotton-worm, 228. 
 Cottony maple-scale, 54. 
 Crab-louse, 50. 
 CrambidcTB, 243. 
 Crambus, Vagabond, 200. 242. 
 
 vulgivagellus, 200, 242, 243. 
 Crane-flies, 104, 207. 
 Crane-fly, Border-winged, 199, 308. 
 
 larvae, 207. 
 
 Narrow-winged, 199, 208. 
 
 Thick-nosed, 199, 208. 
 
 Two-horned, 199. 
 Crepidodera cucumeris, 133. 
 
 helxines, 133. 
 Cricket, Buflfalo, 296. 
 
 Field, 42, 43, 203, 301. 
 
 Mole, 41. 
 
 Mormon, 41. 
 
 Western, 202, 296. 
 
 Wingless, 41. 
 Crickets, 9, 29, 31, 41. 
 
 camel, 41. 
 
 cave, 41. 
 
 stone, 41. 
 
 tree, 42, 137, 161. 
 Croton-bug, 32. 
 Crustacea, 8. 
 Cryptus, Cecropia, 100. 
 
 nuncius, 100. 
 Cucujidae, 68, 249. 
 Culicidae, 105. 
 Carculio, Apple, 133, 139, 190. 
 
 4-humped, 190. 
 
 Plum-, 133, 139, 191. 
 
 Thorn-apple, 133. 
 Curculionidae, 79. 
 
 Cut-worm. Bronzy, 200, 221. 
 
 Clay-colored. 200, 221. 
 
 Climbing, 129. 
 
 Dark-sided, 129, 223. 
 
 Dingy, 200, 221. 
 
 Glassy, 200, 222. 
 
 Granulated. 200, 221, 223. 
 
 Shagreened, 223. 
 
 Variegated, 129, 200, 221. 
 
 Wheat, 200, 222. 
 
 W-marked, 129, 200, 221. 
 
 Yellow-headed, 200, 222. 
 Cut-worms, 93, 138, 172, 220. 
 
 natural enemies, 224. 
 
 remedies, 222, 223. 
 Cynipidae, 96, 97. 
 Cynips, q. prunus, 99. 
 
 quercus spongiflca, 99. 
 Dactylopius destructor, 52, 54. 
 
 longifllis, 52. 
 Daddy long-legs, 82, 104, 207. 
 Darning-needles, 9, 19, 
 Datana contracta, 128. 
 
 integerrima, 128. 
 
 ministra, 128, 167, 
 Day-flies, 9, 17, 
 Decticinoe, 41. 
 Deer-flies, 105. 
 Degeeria, 11. 
 Deilephila lineata, 127. 
 Deltocephalus debilis, 287. 
 
 inimicus, 62. 
 Deltoids, 239. 
 Dermaptera, 9, 28. 
 Dermestes lardarius, 68. 
 Dermestidge, 67. 
 Devastating locust, 298. 
 Diabrotica, Long-horned, 133. 
 
 longicornis, 133. 
 
 12-punctata, 133, 201, 261. 
 
 12-spotted, 201. 
 
 vittata, 133. 
 Diapheromera femorata, 34. 
 Diaspis ostreaeformis, 135. 
 Dicerca divaricata, 132, 153. 
 Diedrocephala flaviceps, 202, 287. 
 
 mollipes, 62, 202, 287. 
 Diplosis tritici, 199, 206. 
 Diptera,8, 9, 103, 136, 199. 
 Disease, Bacterial, 278. 
 
 Gray fungus, 279. 
 
 White-fungus, 277. 
 Dissipus butterfly, 127. 
 Dissosteira Carolina, 37. 
 
 longipennis, .37, 203, 
 
312 
 
 Dolerus arvensis, 214. 
 
 collaris, 199, 214. 
 Dominican case-bearer, 181. 
 Doryphora 10-lineata, 201, 261. 
 Draeocoris rapidus, 202, 285. 
 Dragon flies, 9, 19. 
 Drasterius dorsalis, 201, 252. 
 
 elegans, 201, 252. 
 Drosophila amoena, 136. 
 
 ampelophila, 136. 
 Dytiscidfe, 65. 
 Dytiscus marginalis, 65. 
 Earwigs, 9, 28. 
 Earwings, 28. 
 Eccopis maiana, 130, 171. 
 
 permundana, 130. 
 Ectobia germanica, 31. 
 Elachista prematurella, 200, 248. 
 Elaphidion, Parallel, 132. 
 parallelum, 132. 
 villosum, 132. 
 Elateridae, 69. 
 Electric-light bug, 46. 
 Eleodes, 75. 
 
 Embaphion rauricatum, 75. 
 Emblethis arenarius, 49. 
 Empoasca albopicta, 134. 
 obtusa, 134. 
 viridescens, 134. 
 Empretia stimulea, 128. 
 Empusa aphidis, 279. 
 Enchenopa binotata, 134. 
 Ennomos subsignaria, 130. 
 Entomology compared with botany, 
 5. 
 Preliminary introduction to 
 
 study of, 5, 109. 
 Scarcity of books on, 5. 
 Epargyreus tityrus, 87, 88. 
 Ephemeroptera, 9, 17. 
 Ephestia interpunctella, 200, 242. 
 kuehniella, 200, 239, 240, 241. 
 Epicaerus imbricatus, 133, 137, 178. 
 Epicauta maculata, 76. 
 
 vittata, 76. 
 Erax bastardii, 105. 
 Ermine moth, Virginia, 127. 
 Euchistis fissilis, 202, 285. 
 Euclea cippus, 128. 
 Eumacaria brunnearia, 130. 
 Euphoria hirtipes, 187. 
 inda, 132, 187. 
 melancholica, 132. 
 Eupogonius tomentosus, 133. 
 Euptoieta claudia, 84, 87. 
 European meal-worm, 263. 
 
 Eurytoma f ulvipes, 200, 220. 
 Eurycreon communis, 235. 
 
 crinisalis, 235. 
 • rantalis, 130, 234, 235. 
 Euthoctha galeator, 48. 
 Euxesta notata, 136. 
 Exorista leucanise, 231, 232. 
 Fall army- worm, 200,234. 
 
 web- worm, 127, 170, 229. 
 False chinch-bugs, 48, 138, 150, 284. 
 Field cricket, 203, 301. 
 Fire-flies, 69, 190. 
 Fish moth, 916. 
 Flea, 109. 
 
 Garden, 203, 302. 
 
 Marked ground. 203. 
 
 Pretty ground, 203. 
 Fleas, 9, lOS. 
 
 remedies for, 109. 
 Flea-beetle, Apple tree, 133, 138, 184. 
 
 Cucumber, 75, 133. 
 
 Five-lined, 74. 
 
 Grape, 133. 
 
 Pale, 262. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 75. 
 Flea-beetles. 261. 
 Flesh-flies, 107, 224. 
 Flies, 9, 103. 
 
 bee, 105. 
 
 bot, 103. 
 
 breeze, 105. 
 
 deer, 105. 
 
 flesh, 107. 
 
 gall. 105. 
 
 gnat-like, 105. 
 
 horse, 105. 
 
 lace-wing, 143. 
 
 robber, 105. 
 
 sun, 106. 
 
 Syrphus, 143. 
 Flour-beetle, Ferrugineous, 201, 
 
 264. 
 Flour-moth, Mediterranean, 239, 240, 
 
 242. 
 Flower-bug, Insidious, 273. 
 Fly, Hessian, 105, 199. 203, 204. 
 
 Pickled-fruit, 136. 
 
 Pretty pomace, 136. 
 
 Variable wheat, 211, 212. 
 
 Wheat mow, 199. 
 Forest-flies, 109. 
 Forflculidae, 28. 
 Forficula tseniata, 28. 
 Formica noveboracensis, 136. 
 
 schauffusii, 200, 220. 
 Fringe-wings, 9, 44. 
 
313 
 
 Frit-fly, America, 212, 213. 
 
 European, 212. 
 Frog-hoppers, 61. 
 Fruit bark-beetle, 139. 
 Fulgoridae, 61. 
 Fungus disease, gray, 279. 
 
 white, 277. 
 
 White-grub, 259, 260. 
 Gall-flies, 96. 
 Gall-gnat, Rye, 199, 205. 
 Gall-gnats, 105. 
 Gallinippers, 209. 
 Garden flea, 203, 302. 
 
 web-worm, 200, 234, 235. 
 enemies, 239. 
 food-plants, 236. 
 Gastropacha americana, 129. 
 Gelechia cerealella, 246, 247. 
 Geocoris bullata, 201, 285. 
 Geometridae, 93. 
 Giant mosquitoes, 207. 
 
 Water-bug, 46. 
 Gypsy moth, 128. 
 Glassy cut-worm, 200. 
 Glyptoscelis crypticus, 133. 
 Gnathocerus cornutus, 201, 265. 
 Gnats, gall-making, 105. 
 Golden-eye fly, 80. 
 Goldsmith beetle, 71. 
 Goniodes damicornis, 26. 
 
 dissimilis, 26. 
 
 falcicornis, 26. 
 Gortyna nitela, 200, 228. 
 Gouger. Apple, 190. 
 
 Plum, 133. 
 
 Sand-cherry, 192. 
 Grain aphis, 202. 
 
 beetle, Lesser, 249. 
 
 louse, 212. 
 
 life-history, 289. 
 Wheat, 288. 
 
 midge. 199, 205. 
 
 mite, Stored, 203. 
 
 moth, 200, 245. 
 
 Angoumois. 200, 246. 
 
 Stored, Rhyncophorid, 201. 
 
 weevil, 201. 
 
 Remote-punctured, 201, 267. 
 
 weevils, 266. 
 Grape-vine flea-beetle, 75. 
 Graphisurus, Hackberry, 73. 
 Grapholitha prunivora, 130. 
 Graptodera chalybea, 133. 
 
 foliacea, 133. 
 Grasshopper, Cone-headed, 40, 41, 
 202, 206. 
 
 Lubber, 38. 
 
 Grasshoppers, 9, 29, 31, 137, 139, 176. 
 
 long-horned, 39. 
 
 meadow, 40. 
 
 remedies, 301. 
 
 short-horned, 35. 
 Grass saw-fly. 199. 
 
 worm, 224, 228. 
 Green-fly, 56. 
 Ground beetle. Elongated. 65. 
 
 bug, Larged-eyed, 201, 285. 
 
 flea. Marked, 203. 302. 
 Pretty, 203, 303. 
 Grouse locusts, -37. 
 Grub-worms, 70. 
 Grubs, White. 257. 
 Gryllid£e, 30, 31, 41. 
 Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 42. 
 Gryllus abbreviatus, 42, 203, 301, 302 
 
 luctuosus, 203, 302. 
 
 pennsylvanicus. 203, 302. 
 Guinea-pig louse, 27. 
 Gyrinidae, 66. 
 Gyrinus, Q6. 
 Gyropus ovalis, 27. 
 Hadena, 220. 
 
 arctica. 200. 
 
 devastatrix, 200, 222. 
 Hsematopinus acanthops, 51. 
 
 eurysternus, 50. 
 
 squamosus, 51. 
 Hag moth, 128. 
 Halesidota caryae, 128. 
 
 maculata, 128, 167. 
 Haltica punctipennis, 133. 
 Harpalus caliginosus, 64, 231, 238. 
 
 pennsylvanicus, 64. 
 Harvest-flies, 59. 
 Hawk-moths, 90. 
 Head-louse, 50. 
 Heliothis, 130. 
 
 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, 135. 
 Hellgramite fly, 78, 79, 
 Helops micans, 136. 
 Hemerobiinidae, 79. 
 Hemileuca maia, 128. 
 Hemiptera, 8, 9, 45, 134, 201. 
 Hen louse. Common, 27. 
 Hesperia montivaga, 86, 88. 
 Hessian fly, 105, 199, 201, 203, 204, 
 212. 
 
 remedies, 205. 
 
 grazing a remedy, 205. 
 Heterocera, 85, 88. 
 Heteroptera, 9, 45, 46, 134. 
 Hippiscus di.scoideus, 37. 
 Hippoboscidae, 109. 
 
31 
 
 Hippodamia convergeus, ii3, 2^1. 
 maculata, li3, 294. 
 13- punctata, 143, 294. 
 Hispa, Rosy, 133. 
 Histeridae, 67, 159. 
 Homoptera, 9, 45, 51, 134, 202. 
 Honey bee, 103. 
 Hoplia, 180, 256. 
 Hornet, Bald-face, 103. 
 
 White-faced, 136. 
 Hornets, 102. 
 Horn -tails, 95, 98. 
 Horse-flies, 105. 
 House fly, 104. 
 Hybernia tiliaria, 130. 
 Hydrophilidae, 65. 
 Hydrophilus triangularis, 66. 
 Hylemyia deceptiva, 199, 213. 
 
 similis, 199, 213. 
 Hymenoptera, 8, 9, 93, 136, 199. 
 Hymenorus obscurus, 133. 
 Hypercheria io, 128. 
 Hyperplatys maculatus, 133. 
 Hyphantria, 128. 
 cuuea, 127. 
 textor, 229. 
 Hypoderma lineatus, 108. 
 Hypothenemus, 134. 
 Ichueumonidse, 96, 97. 
 Ichneumonids, 232. 
 Icthycerus noveborascensis, 160, 
 
 161. 
 Imbricated snout-beetle, 138, 161, 
 
 178. 
 Indian cetonia, 139, 187. 
 
 meal moth, 242. 
 Insect, anatomy, 6, 11-15. 
 definition, 6. 
 enemies of apple, 127-195. 
 
 predaceous, 146. 
 
 small grain, 197-304. 
 powder, Persian, 119. 
 stages, caterpillar, 6. 
 
 chrysalis, 6. 
 
 egg, 6. 
 
 growth, 6, 
 
 grub, 6. 
 
 imago, 6. 
 
 larva, 6. 
 
 maggot, 6. 
 
 nymph, 6. 
 
 pupa, 6. 
 
 reproduction, 7. 
 
 rest, 6. 
 Insecta, 6. 
 
 Insecticides, arsenite of lead, 117. 
 
 arsenites, 115. 
 
 bisulphide of carbon, 120. 
 
 carbolic acid, 120. 
 
 hot water, 122. 
 
 Indian poke, 121. 
 
 kerosene emulsion, 118, 
 
 London purple, 116. 
 
 Paris green, 116. 
 
 pyrethrum, 119. 
 
 soapsuds, 121. 
 
 soft-soap, 121. 
 
 tobacco, 121. 
 
 Veratrum album, 121. 
 
 white hellebore, 121. 
 Insects, apple. Key for determina- 
 tion of, 137. 
 
 classification, 8, 9. 
 
 distribution, 7. 
 
 estimate of numbers, 8. 
 
 importance of study, 5, 113. 
 
 methods of fighting, 113-123. 
 
 transformations, 6. 
 InsidioiTS flower-bug, 273. 
 Ips, Banded, 131. 
 
 fasciatus, 67, 131. 
 Isosoma elymi, 200, 220. 
 
 grande, 200, 219, 220. 
 
 hordei, 200,217, 218. 
 
 tritici, 200, 217, 219. 
 Ithycerus noveborascensis, 133. 
 Japyx. 15, 16. 
 Jassidae, 61. 
 Jassus inimicus, 202, 286, 287. 
 
 irroratus, 134. 
 Joint- worm, Wheat, 217. 
 
 Yellow-legged, 200, 220. 
 Julus marginatus, 136. 
 June-beetle, 131. 
 Katydid, Angular-winged, 39, 40. 
 Katydids, 9, 29, 31, 40. 
 Kermes, 53. 
 
 Kerosene and water, mechanical 
 mixture, 123. 
 
 emulsion, 51. 
 
 formula for, 118. 
 how applied, 119. 
 Lace-wing, 9, 79, 80, 143, 294. 
 Lachnosterna, 180, 182, 201, 256, 257. 
 
 afflnis, 131. 
 
 crenulata, 131. 
 
 fraterna, 131. 
 
 fusca, 131, 182, 257, 258. 
 hirticula, 131. 
 micans, 131. 
 prunina, 131. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 315 
 
 Lachnosterna, 
 rugosa, 131. 
 tristis, 131. 
 Lachnus deatatus, 135. 
 Lady-bird, Comely, 116. 
 larva, 143, 291. 
 Twice- wounded, 147. 
 Lady birds, 68. 143. 
 Australian, 68. 
 Lady-bu2:s, 68. 
 
 LaBmophlaeus alternans, 200, 249. 
 Lagoa crispata, 128. 
 
 opercularis, 94, 128. 
 Lamellicorn beetles, -180. 
 Lampyridae, 69, 190. 
 Lantern fly, 61. 
 Laphygma f rugiperda, 129, 200, 224, 
 
 226, 228. 
 Lappet moth, American, 129. 
 
 Velleda, 129. 
 Large-eyed ground-bug, 285. 
 Leaf-beetle, Sycamore, 74. 
 beetles, 74, 139, 261, 262. 
 bug. Ash-gray, 273. 
 Four-lined, 48. 
 Grumpier, 130, 138, 173. 
 folder, Apple, 1.30. 
 hopper, Apple, 134. 
 Black-fronted, 202. 
 Destructive, 202, 288. 
 Four-lined, 202. 
 Tender- foot, 202, 287. 
 undetermined, 288. 
 hoppers, 45, 61, 286. 
 insects, 33. 
 miner, Apple, 131, 
 Thorn-apple, 131. 
 Wheat, 200, 248. 
 Wild cherry, 131. 
 roller. Neat strawberry, 1.30. 
 Oblique-banded, 130, 176. 
 Strawberry, 175. 
 rolling caterpillars, 137, 175. 
 rollers, 138, L71. 
 skeletonizer, 138, 171. 
 
 Apple, 130. 
 tier, Apple, 130. 
 
 Green apple, 130. 
 Leather jackets, 104. 
 Lecanium oleae, 135. 
 Powdered, 135. 
 pruinosum, 135. 
 Leopard moth, 163. 
 food-plants, 163. 
 Lepidoptera, 8, 9, 84, 127, 200. 
 Lepisma, 16. 
 
 Leptocoris trivittatus, 1.34, 151. 
 Leptostylus aculifer, 132. 
 
 Prickly, 132. 
 Lesser Migratory locust, 297. 
 Leucania albilinea, 200, 232. 
 
 unipuncta, 200, 228, 229. 
 Libellula, 21. 
 Lice, biting, 9, 26, 50. 
 
 ^ouk, 9, 2o, 20. 
 
 remedies for, 50. 
 
 sucking, 50. 
 Limacodes flexuosa, 128. 
 
 scapha, 128. 
 
 SkiflP, 128. 
 Limenitis dissipus, 127. 
 
 Ursula, 127. 
 Liopus, facetus, 133. 
 Lipeurus squalidus, 27. 
 
 variabilis, 27. 
 Lithacodes, Banded, 128. 
 
 fasciola, 128. 
 Lithocolletis pomifoliella, 131. 
 Locust, American, 135, 176, 203, 300. 
 
 Ash-colored, 203, 298. 
 
 Detestible, 202, 298. 
 
 Devastating, 135, 176, 202, 298. 
 
 Differential, 135, 176, 203, 299. 
 
 Dusty-road, 37. 
 
 Green-faced, 135. 
 
 Green-striped, 203, 301. 
 
 Large green, 176. 
 
 Migratory, 176. 
 
 Lesser Migratory, 135, 176, 202, 
 297. 
 
 Long- winged, 37, 203, .301. 
 
 Peilucid-winged, 203, 301. 
 
 Red-legged, 176, 177, 202, 296. 
 
 Robust, 203, 298. 
 
 Rocky Mountain, 36, 135, 177, 
 202, 258, 297, 298. 
 
 Two-lined, 203, 299. 
 
 Two- striped, 135. 
 Locustidae, 30, 31, 39. 
 Locusts, 9, 29, 35, 137, 176. 
 
 Dipterous parasite, 106. 
 Long-legs, Daddy, 207. 
 Long-sting, Delicate, 190. 
 Long-winged locust, 301. 
 Lophoderus triferana, 130. 
 Louse, Corn-root, 100. 
 
 Field mouse, 51. 
 
 Pocket gopher, 51. 
 Loxostege similis, 200, 234, 235. 
 
 sticticalis, 239. 
 Lycaenidag, 87. 
 Lucanidse, 70. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lucanus dama, 131. 
 
 Lucky bugs, 66. 
 
 Lygaeidse, 48. 
 
 Lygaeus leucopterus, 270. 
 
 Lygus pratensis, 134, 149, 201, 285. 
 
 Lyonetia, Apple, 130. 
 
 saccatella, 1.30. 
 Macrobasis unicolor, 76, 133. 
 Macrocentrus delicatulus, 190. 
 Macrodactylus subspinosus, 131, 
 178, 179, 201, 254, 255. 
 
 uniformis, 131. 
 Macronyxia variolosa, 132. 
 Macrops porcellus, 201, 265. 
 Maggot, Apple, 136. 139, 193. 
 
 Wheat-stem, 199, 209, 210. 
 Maia moth, 128. 
 Malachidae. 70. 
 Mallophagidse, 26, 50. 
 Mallota posticata, 107. 
 Mamestra, 172, 220. 
 
 assimilis. 129. 
 
 conf usa, 129. 
 
 picta, 129. 
 Mantides, 9. 
 Mantidee, 31, 32, 33. 
 Mantis, Carolina, 33. 
 Mantispa, 81. 
 Maple -scale. Cottony, 54. 
 
 worm. Green-striped, 91. 
 May-beetle, 131. 
 
 Common, 257. 
 
 Hairy. 131. 
 May-beetles, 71, 139, 180, 182, 201, 257. 
 
 life history, 183, 258. 
 
 remedies, 183. 
 May-flies, 9, 17. 
 Meal beetles, 75. 
 
 moth, Indian, 242. 
 
 Snout-moth, 200, 239. 
 
 worm, American, 75. 201, 263. 
 European. 201, 263. 
 
 worms, remedies, 263, 264. 
 Mealy-bugs, 52. 
 Measuring- worms, 93. 
 Mecoptera, 9, 82. 
 Mediterranean flour moth, 200. 
 Megoura, 202, 294. 
 Melanoplus angustipennis, 38. 
 
 atlauis, 135, 202, 297. 
 
 bivittatus, 133, 177, 203, 299. 
 
 cinereus, 135, 203, 298. 
 
 cyaneipes, 135. 
 
 devastator, 135, 177, 202. 298. 
 
 differentialis, 135, 176. 203, 299. 
 
 femur-rnbrum, 135, 177, 202, 296. 
 
 fcedus, 203, 298. 
 
 Melanoplus 
 
 herbaceus, 135. 
 
 robustus. 203, 298. 
 
 spretus, 35, 135, 177, 202, 297. 
 anatomy, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
 Melanotus communis, 69, 132, 201, 
 252. 
 
 flssilis, 201, 253. 
 
 incertus, 132. 
 MeloidsB, 76. 
 
 Melolontha, Scarred, 132. 
 Membracidae, 59. 
 Menopon pallidum, 27. 
 Meromyza americana, 199, 209, 210, 
 
 265. 
 Mesograpta polita, 103. 
 Microcentrum retinervis 39. 
 Micrococcus insectorum, 278. 
 Microgaster, 166. 
 Microgonia limbaria, 129. 
 Micropteryx, Apple, 131. 
 
 pomivorella, 131. 
 Midge, Apple, 136. 
 
 Grain, 199, 205. 
 
 Spotted-winged, 199, 205. 
 
 Unfriendly, 199, 205. 
 
 Wheat, 199, 206. 
 
 Wheat-stem, 199, 205. 
 Millipedes, 6. 
 
 Mite, Stored grain, 203, 303. 
 Mites, 6, 303. 
 Mole cricket, 42. 
 Monarthrum mali, 134. 
 Monomorium pharaonis, 1C2. 
 Mosquito, 9, 105. 
 
 hawks, 20. 
 Mosquitoes, giant, 104, 207. 
 Moth, Ash-gray pinion, 129. 
 
 Cecropia, 89, 128, 138, 169. 
 
 Codling, 130, 139. 
 
 European Leopard, 128. 
 
 Gipsy, 128. 
 
 Green hag, 128. 
 
 Io,*128. 
 
 Isabella, 92. 
 
 Leopard, 163. 
 
 Lime-tree, Winter, 130. 
 
 Maia, 128. 
 
 Meal snout, 200. 
 
 Mediterranean flour, 200. 
 
 Plum, 130. 
 
 Promethia, 128. 
 
 Snow-white Linden, 130. 
 
 Unstable drab, 129. 
 
 wood-borers, 163. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 317 
 
 Moths, 9, 84, 88. 
 
 clothes, 239. 
 
 leaf roller, 93. 
 
 owlet. 93, 172, 221. 
 Mow fly. Wheat, 213. 
 Mule-killer, 35. 
 Museum pest, 254, 264. 
 Mutilla, 101. 
 Mutilidae, 101. 
 Myriapoda, 6, 8, 15, 136, 229. 
 Myrmecophila pergandei, 43. 
 Myrmeleonidfe, 80. 
 Mytilaspis, 55. 
 
 pomicorticis. 135. 
 
 pomorum. 146, 147. 
 Myzus, 202, 294. 
 Nabis fusca, 48. 
 Negro-bug, Flea-like, 201, 272, 273, 
 
 284. 
 Nitidulidge, 67. 
 Nematus marylandicus, 199, 213, 214. 
 
 similaris, 95. 
 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 132. 
 Nephelodes violans, 200, 221, 222. 
 Neuroptera, 8, 9, 79. 
 New York weevil, 160. 
 Noctuidee, 93. 
 Nolophana malana, 129. 
 Notonectidce, 46. 
 Notoxus calcavatus, 133. 
 Nycteribidse, 109. 
 Nymphalidae, 87. 
 Nysius angustatus, 134, 150, 201,272. 
 
 284. 
 Oak apple. 99. 
 Oat weevil, 265. 
 Ocneria dispar, 128. 
 Odonata, 9, 19. 
 Odontota dorsalis, 133. 
 
 nervosa. 133. 
 CEcanthus, 43. 
 
 niveus, 135, 161, 162. 
 CEdemasia concinna, 128. 
 
 eximia, 128. 
 CEdipodinae, 36, 37. 
 CEstridse, 108. 
 CEstrus ovis, 108. 
 Oil beetles, 77. 
 
 Oncideres cingulatus, 133, 155. 
 Operophtera boreata, 130. 
 Ophion, Long-tailed, 100. 
 
 macrurum, 100. 
 Orchelimum, 139. 
 
 glaberrimum, 135. 
 Orgyia leucostigma, 128. 
 Ornix geminatella, 131. 
 Orocharis saltator, 43. 
 
 Orphula, 39. 
 
 Orthesia, 53. 
 
 Orthoptera, 8, 9. 29, 135, 202, 295. 
 
 Orthorhapba, 106. 
 
 Orthosia instabilis, 129. 
 
 Oscinis coxendix, 199, 213. 
 
 crassiformis, 199. 213. 
 
 Shank- banded, 199, 213. 
 
 Thick-legged, 199, 21.3. 
 
 tibialis, 199, 213. 
 
 variabilis, 199, 211. 212. 
 
 Yellow-hipped, 199, 213. 
 Osmoderma eremicola, 132. 
 
 Hermit, 132. 
 
 Rough, 132. 
 
 scabra, 132. 
 Otiorhynchidae, 78. 
 Otiorhynchus picipes, 133. 
 Owlet moths, 172, 221. 
 Ox-louse, Short-nosed, 50. 
 Oyster-shell bark-louse, 146, 147. 
 Pachyneuron micans, 102. 
 Pachypsylla c. mamma, 59. 
 Pachyrrhina, 199. 208. 
 Palorus depressus, 201, 265. 
 Panchlora viridis, 32. 
 Pauorpa, 82. 
 Paonias excaecatus. 127. 
 Papilio turnus, 87, 88, 127. 
 Papilionidae, 87. 
 Parasite, Apple aphis, 156. 
 
 Meteorus, 101. 
 
 White-grub, 101, 258. 
 Parasitic fungi, 274. 
 Parasitica, 45, 50. 
 Parasites, 93. 
 
 Paria nigrocynea, 201, 261. 
 Parlatoria pergandei, 55. 
 Parorgyia parallela, 128 
 Pasimachus elongatus, 65, 2.38. 
 Peacock goniodes, 26. 
 Pediculus capitis, 50. 
 
 vestimenti, 50. 
 Pelidnota punctata, 71, 131. 
 Pempelia hammondi, 171. 
 Pemphigus populi-monilis, 57. 
 
 vagabondus, 57. 
 Pentatomidae, 47. 
 Periplaneta orientalis, 33. 
 Perla. 23. 
 Perlida?, 23. 
 
 Pezotettix chenopodii, 135. 
 PhaneropteriuEB, 40. 
 Phasmidae, 31, .33. 
 Phigalia, Banded, 130. 
 
 strigataria, 1.30. 
 Philethus bifasciatus, 201, 261. 
 
318 
 
 Philonthus apicalis, 66. 
 Phloeothrips mali. 135. 
 Phobetron pithecium, 1?8. 
 Photinus pyralis, 70. 
 Phoxopteris nebuciilaua, 130. 
 Phthirius inguinalis, 50. 
 Phycis indigenella, 130, 173, 17i. 
 Phyllophaga, 95. 
 Phymaticlee, 47. 
 Pliymateus erosa, 48. 
 Physapoda, 44. 
 Pieris rapae, 85, 87. 
 Piesma cinerea. 272, 273. 
 Pigeon Goniodes. 26. 
 
 Tremex, 95, 98. 
 Pill-beetles, 67. 
 Pimplaannulipes, 189. 
 
 Banded-legged, 189. 
 Pinch-bugs, 70. 
 Pinion, Ash-gray, 139. 
 Pionea rimosellis, 94. 
 Pipiza radicum, 143. 
 Pityophthorus, 134. 
 Plagodis keutzingaria, 129. 
 Plant-bug, Tarnished, 134, 149, 201, 
 
 285. 
 Plant-lice, 9, 45, 51. 56, 138. 
 
 jumping, 59. 139. 
 
 remedies. 58, 143. 
 Plant-louse, Apple-root, 134, 141. 
 
 Boxelder, 57, 58, 145. 
 
 Grain 56. 
 Platypsyllus castoris, 67. 
 Platyptera, 9, 23, 136. 
 Plecoptera, 9, 21. 
 Plum curculio, 78, 133, 139, 191. 
 
 gouger, 77, 78. 133, 139, 192. 
 Plutella cruciferarum, 94. 
 Podisus, 202, 285. 
 
 spinosus, 48. 
 Poduridaj, 16. 
 PcEcilocapsus lineatus, 48. 
 Polistes, 103. 
 
 f uscata, 136. 
 Polycaon confertus, 132. 
 Polydesmid. 229. 
 Pomphopoea aenea, 133. 
 PompilidsB, 101. 
 Porasa chloris, 128. 
 Potato-beetle, Colorado, 201. 261. 
 Potato-bug sprinkler, Steitz, 119. 
 
 sprinkler, Wheelbarrow, 120. 
 Preying insects, 32. 
 Prionus, Broad-necked, 132, 155. 
 
 imbricornis. 132. 
 
 laticollis, 132, 155, 156. 
 
 Tyle-horned, 132. 
 
 Prionyxtus robiniae 92. 
 ProctotrypidsB, 97, 98. 
 Prodenia comraelinee, 200, 222. 
 Promethia moth. 128. 
 Prominent, Trim, 138. 
 
 Unicorn, 138. 
 Pruner, Apple-tree, 132, 137. 
 Psenocerus supernotatu';, 132. 
 Pseudodrepa panicea, 201. 
 Pseudoneuroptera, 9. 
 Pseudonophora arcanella, 200, 244. 
 PseudophyllinsB, 40. 
 Psocid, 26. 
 Psocidce, 25. 
 Psylla, Pear-tree, 134, 150. 
 
 pyri, 150. 
 
 pyrisuga, 134. 
 Psyllidae, 59. 
 Psylliodes, 262. 
 
 interstitialis, 201, 262. 
 Ptelea polyphemus, 128. 
 Pulvinaria inuumerabilis, 54. 
 Pupipara, 109. 
 Pyralidae, 93, 239. 
 Pyralis farinalis, 200, 239. 
 Pyrethrum, 51. 
 Rearhorses, 31, 32. 
 Red-legged locust. 296. 
 Red spider, 203, 304. 
 ReduviidsB, 47. 
 Remedies, 113, 123. 
 
 arsenites, 173, 176. 
 
 attract to lights, 244. 
 
 bacterial disease, 278. 
 
 bisulphide of carbon, 164, 246. 
 264,265,269.304. 
 
 boiling water, 241. 
 
 burning, 122. 216, 217. 
 
 burning rubbish, 284. 
 
 burning sulphur. 304. 
 
 carabid beetles. 256. 
 
 clean culture, 130, 285. 
 
 clean farming, 122, 284. 
 
 clean hedgerows, 122. 
 
 crushing, 231. 
 
 ditching, 231. 
 
 domestic fowls, 256. 
 
 fencing. 231. 
 
 flooding, 284. 
 
 frogs, 274. 
 
 frost, 146. 
 
 gather limbs and burn, 155, 157, 
 160. 
 
 Gray-fungus disease, 379. 
 
 ground-beetles, 260. 
 
 ground squirrels, 259. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 319 
 
 Remedies, hand-picking, 122, 153, 
 
 161, 162, 167, 174. 
 harrowing, 122. 
 hopper dozer, 177, 301. 
 hot water, 122, 144, 152. 
 insectivorous birds, 233. 
 insectivorous vertebrates, 233. 
 jarring over sheets, 183, 260. 
 kerosene emulsion, 51, 119, 145, 
 
 147, 150, 151, etc. 
 kerosene torch, 241. 
 lard, 50. 
 London purple, 116, 172, 175, 
 
 224. 
 mice, 259. 
 
 Micrococcus insectorum, 274. 
 moles, 259. 
 
 natural enemies, 159. 
 parasitic fungi, 273. 
 parasitic insects, 290. 
 Paris green, 116. 172, 175. 
 plowing, 122, 231. 
 poison baits, 253. 
 predaceous insects. 290. 
 predaceous mites, 30.3. 
 protecting birds, 123, 284. 
 protecting parasites, 123. 
 pruning, 122. 
 pruning and burning, 149. 
 quails, 274. 
 reptiles, 256, 274. 
 rolling, 231. 
 rotation of crops, 219. 
 shrews, 259. 
 skunks, 259. 
 small mammals, 256. 
 soap solutions, 152. 
 soapsuds, 144. 
 spraying, 114. 
 Sporotrichum globuliferum,274, 
 
 277. 
 standard, 113. 
 steam-heat, 241. 
 stirring, 241. 
 sulphur fumes, 241. 
 tar-paper cones, 223. 
 toads, 274. 
 tobacco fumes, 121. 
 tobacco water, 121, 146, 
 trapping, 253. 
 vaseline, 50. 
 weak lye, 146. 
 White fungus, 277. 
 white-washing, 152, 241. 
 woodpeckers, 153. 
 Rhinoceros beetles, 71. 
 
 Rhogas intermedins, 97. 
 Rhopalocera, 85. 86. 
 Rhopalosiphum, 202, 294. 
 Rhynchitidae, 78. 
 Rhyncophora, 77. 
 Rhyncophorid. Stored-grain, 269. 
 Rice weevil, 266. 
 Robber flies, 105. 
 Rocky Mountain locust, 258, 297, 
 
 298. 
 Root-louse, Apple-tree, 137, 140. 
 
 Syrphus-flv, 143. 
 Rose-beetle, 131,179. 
 
 distribution, 180. 
 
 enemies, 180. 
 
 remedies, 180. 
 
 chafer. 71, 131, 139, 178, 179, 201, 
 254. 
 natural history, 255. 
 
 weevil. Red, 78. 
 Rove-beetles, 66. 
 Rye Gall-gnat, 205. 
 
 straw-worm^ 200. 
 Saddle-back caterpillar. 128. 
 Sand-cherry gouger, 192. 
 Saperda calcarata, 133. 
 
 Candida, 133, 153. 
 
 cretata, 133. 
 Saturniidge, 89. 
 Saw-fly, Collared, 199. 
 
 Corn, 215. 
 
 Grass, 199. 
 
 Western wheat-stem, 216. 
 
 Wheat, 199, 213. 
 
 Wheat-stem, 215. 
 
 Wheat-stem, Western, 199. 
 
 Willow, 94, 96. 
 Saw-flies, 9, 93, 95. 
 
 remedies, 95. 
 
 small-grain, 214. 
 Scale-insects, 45, 51, 52. 
 
 remedies, 55. 
 Scale, Black California, 135. 
 
 Greedy, 135. 
 
 Maple, 146. 
 
 Pernicious, 135. 
 
 Wax, of Florida, 135. 
 Scarabaeidae, 70. 
 
 Schistocerca americana, 135, 176, 203, 
 300. 
 
 Shoshone, 135. 
 Schizoneura, 202, 294. 
 
 lanigera, 134, 141. 
 Sciaria mali, 136. 
 Scoliidae, 101. 
 Scolopendra, 15. 
 Scolopendrella, 15. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Scolytidae, 78, 158. 
 Scolytus rugulosus, 134, 160. 
 Scorpion flies, 9, 82. 
 Scorpions, 6. 
 Scudderia pistillata, iO. 
 Semasia, 130. 
 Serica, 180, 256. 
 
 iricolor, 131. 
 
 Iridescent, 131, 
 Sesia pyri, 128. 
 SesiidcTe, 91, 163. 
 Shad-fly, 9, 79. 
 Sheep tick, 108, 109. 
 Shellac insect, 53. 
 Shield-bearer, Resplendent, 131. 
 SialidsB, 79. 
 
 Silk-worm, American, 90, 128, 138, 
 169. 
 
 Cecropia, 89, 138. 
 Silphida?, 67. 
 Silvanus advena, 249. 
 
 cassiae, 219. 
 
 Grain, 131. 
 
 surinamensis, 69, 131, 200, 249. 
 Sinoxylon basilare, 132, 157. 
 
 Red-shouldered, 132, 157, 158. 
 Siphonella, 213. 
 
 Obese, 199, 213. 
 Siphonophora aveme, 202, 288. 
 
 granaria, 202, 294. 
 Sitodrepa panicea, 201, 253, 265. 
 Skip-jacks, 251. 
 Small grain. List of insect enemies, 
 
 199-203. 
 Smerinthus geminatus, 127. 
 Smynthurus, 17. 
 
 elegans, 203, 303. 
 
 hortensis, 203, .302. 
 
 signifer, 203, 303. 
 Snake-doctor, 19. 
 Snake-feeders, 19. 
 Snapping-beetle, Common, 252. 
 
 Eyed, 69. 
 Snapping-beetles, 251. 
 Snout-beetle, Imbricated, 78, 133, 
 
 161, 178. 
 Snout-beetles, 139. 
 Snout moth. Meal, 239. 
 Snow fleas, 9, 16, .302. 
 Snowy tree-cricket, 161, 162. 
 Span-worms, 93. 
 Spectres. 33. 
 Sphecidge, 102. 
 Sphenophorus ochreus, 77, 267, 268. 
 
 parvulus, 201, 267, 
 Sphingidae, 90. 
 
 Sphinx, Apple, 127. 
 
 Blind-eyed, 127, 138. 
 
 drupiferarum, 127. 
 
 gordius, 127. 
 
 Osage orange, 90. 
 
 Plum, 127. 
 
 White-lined, 127, 
 Spider, Red, 203, 304. 
 Spiders, 6, 303. 
 Spilosoma virginica, 127. 
 Spiracle, 6. 
 Spittle insects, 61. 
 Sporotrichum globuliferum, 274, 
 Spray pumps. Combination, 116. 
 
 Galloway knapsack, 115. 
 
 Garfield knapsack, 115. 
 
 Gould's, 117. 
 
 Improved, 116. 
 
 Little Gem. 114. 
 
 Perfection knapsack, 123. 
 
 Victor force, 115. 
 Springtails, 9, 16, 302. 
 Squalid duck-louse, 27. 
 Squash-beetle, 12-spotted, 261. 
 
 bug, 47. 
 Stag-beetle, 131. 
 Stag-beetles, 70. 
 Stagmomantis minor, 53. 
 Stalk borer, 200. 228. 
 Staphylinida?, 66, 159. 
 Stenobothrus, 39. 
 
 maculipennis, 36. 
 Stenopelmatinae, 41. 
 Sternidius alpha, 132. 
 Stictocephala inermis, 202, 287. 
 
 lutea, 202, 287. 
 Stomata, 6. 
 Stone-crickets, 39. 
 
 flies, 9, 21. 
 Stored grain mite, 303. 
 Strawberry leaf-roller, 175. 
 Straw-worm, Larger, 220. 
 
 Rye, 220. 
 
 Wheat, 200, 211, 217, 219. 
 Streaked Thecla, 127. 
 Symphyla, 15. 
 Syneta albida, 133. 
 Syrphidae, 106. 
 Syrphus-fiy, Root-louse. 
 
 flies, 143. 
 
 torvus, 292, 293. 
 Sun-flies, 106. 
 Swallow-tail, Turnus, 127. 
 Tabanidae, 105. 107. 
 Tachina fly, 224. 
 
 Army-worm, 167, 173, 223. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 321 
 
 Taeniocampa, 129. 
 
 Tarnish plant- bug, 13i, 137, 139, 203. 
 
 Tassel tails, 15. 
 
 Tenebrio molitor, 201. 263. 
 
 obscurus, 201, 263.' 
 Tenebrioides corticalis, 131, 250. 
 
 dubia, 200, 250. 
 
 Dwarf, 131. 
 
 mauritanica, 200, 219. 
 
 nana, 131. 
 Tenebrionidae, 75. 
 Tent caterpillar, 228. 
 
 Apple, 129. 
 
 Apple-tree, 170. 
 
 Forest, 91, 92, 93, 128. 
 Tent caterpillars, 138. 
 Tenthredinidfe, 95 
 Teras cindrella, 130, 175. 
 
 minuta. 130. 
 
 oxycoccana, 130. 
 Terebrantia, 91. 
 Termes flavipes, 23, 136. 
 Termite, Yellow- footed, 23. 
 Termites, 9, 23. 136. 
 Tetranychus telarius, 203, 304. 
 Tettigidea lateralis, 37. 
 TettiginsB, 36. 
 Thecla calanus. 85, 87, 127. 
 
 liparops, ]27. 
 
 Streaked, 127. 
 Thelia crataegi, 131. 
 Thriphleps insidiosus, 273. 
 Thrips, 9, 44, 139. 
 
 Apple, 135, 139, 186. 
 
 Grape, 44. 
 
 Green-house, 44. 
 
 Three-banded, 202, 295. 
 
 Tritici, 135, 186, 202, 295. 
 
 Wheat, 135, 202, 2U5. 
 Thyridopteryxephemera3formis,128. 
 Thysanoptera, 9, 44, 135, 202. 
 Thysanura, 9, 10, 15, 202, 203. 
 Ticks, 6. 
 
 Tiger beetles, 63. 
 Tinea granella, 200, 245. 
 Tineid, Scale-eating, 95. 
 Tineidae, 93. 
 Tingidae, 48. 
 
 Tiphia inornata, 101, 183, 259. 
 Tipula angustipennis, 199, 208, 
 
 bicornis, 199, 208. 
 
 costalis, 199, 208. 
 
 hebes, 207. 
 Tipulidae, 104. 
 Tischeria malifoliella 131. 
 
 Tmetocera ocellana, 130, 171. 
 Tolype velleda, 129. 
 Tomicus cacographus, 159. 
 
 unispinosus, 159. 
 Tomocerus, 10. 
 Tortricidse, 93, 171, 173. 
 Tortrix, Shoulder-striped, 129. 
 Toxares, 202, 294. 
 Toxoptera graminum, 202, 294. 
 Tragocephala viridifasciata, 135. 
 Trapezonotus, 134. 
 
 nebulosus, 49. 
 Tree cricket. Snowy, 135, 161, 162. 
 
 Snowy-winged, 43. 
 Tree crickets, 42, 43, 137, 161. 
 Tree hopper, Buffalo, 59, 134, 137, 
 148. 
 
 Calf, 134. 
 
 Thorn-bush, 134. 
 Tree hoppers, 9, 45, 51, 59, 139. 
 lYemex Columba, 98, 136. 
 
 Pigeon, 136. 
 Tribolium ferrugineum, 201, 264. 
 Trichodectes pilosus, 27. 
 
 scalaris, 27. 
 Trichoptera, 9, 10, 83. 
 True bugs, 9. 
 Trypeta, Apple, 136. 
 
 pomonella, 136, 193, 194. 
 Tryxalinae, 36. 
 Tumble bugs, 71. 
 Tussock moth, Hickory, 128. 
 
 Spotted, 128. 
 
 White-lined, 128. 
 
 White-marked, 139, 168. 
 Twig-borer, Apple, 156, 157. 
 
 girdler, 133, 137, 154, 155. 
 
 pruner, 154, 155. 
 Two-lined locust, 299. 
 Tyloderma fragariae, 77. 
 Typhlocyba rosae, 134. 
 Tyroglyphus longior, 203, 303. 
 Unicorn prominent, 128. 
 Unfriendly midge, 199. 
 Uroceridse, 95. 
 Ursula butterfly, 127. 
 Vagabond Crambus, 200, 242. 
 Vanessa antiopa, 84. 
 Varying Anomala, 260. 
 Vermes, 8. 
 Vespa maculata, 103, 136. 
 
 vulgaris, 136. 
 Walking-sticks, 9, 29, 31, 33. 
 Wasp, Common, 1.36. 
 
 White-grub parasite, 259. 
 
322 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Wasps, 9, 93, 101. 
 digger, 102. 
 paper, 102, 103. 
 Water boatman, 45, 46. 
 
 tigers, 65. 
 Web-worm, Burrowing. 200, 244. 
 Fall, 170, 229. 
 Garden, 130, 200, 234. 
 Palmer, 13S. 
 Weevil, Bean, 75. 
 Grain, 201, 266. 
 New York, 133, 160. 
 Oat, 201,205. 
 Pea, 75. 
 Pitchy-leg, 133. 
 Remote punctured grain, 267. 
 Rice, 201, 266. 
 Western cricket, 202, 296. 
 Wheat aphis, 202, 288. 
 enemies of, 290. 
 hymenopterus parasite, 291. 
 Bulb-worm, 211, 212, 213. 
 Chlorops, 199, 213. 
 cut-worm, 200, 222. 
 fly, companion, 199, 213. 
 Deceiving, 199, 213. 
 Similar, 199, 213. 
 Variable, 199, 211. 
 Wheat-head Army- worm, 232. 
 Joint-worm, 200, 217. 
 Leaf-miner, 200, 248. 
 Midge, 199, 206. 
 Mow fly, 199, 213. 
 Saw-fly, 199, 213. 
 Stem maggot, 199, 209, 210. 
 midge, 199, 205. 
 saw-fly, 215. 
 saw-fly, Western, 216. 
 Straw-worm, 200, 211, 217. 
 
 larger, 200, 220. 
 Thrips. 202. 295. 
 White ants, 9, 23. 
 
 White fungus disease, 277. 
 .White grubs, 70, 201, 257. 
 enemies, 259. 
 fungus, 184, 259. 
 natural enemies, 183. 
 parasite, 101, 103, 183, 258. 
 Wire-worm, Common, 201. 
 
 Pubescent, 201. 
 
 worms, 69, 250. 
 
 life-history, 251. 
 remedies, 253. 
 Wood-borers, flat-head, 152. 
 
 moth, 163. 
 
 round-headed, 153. 
 Worm, Apple bud, 1.30. 
 
 Autumn canker, 130. 
 
 Comrade plum, 131. 
 
 Cotton, 129, 228. 
 
 Larger wheat- straw, 200. 
 
 Palmer, 131. 
 
 Rye-straw, 200. 
 
 Spring canker, 130. 
 
 Striped palmer, 131. 
 
 Wheat-joint, 200. 
 Worms, bud, 137, 171. 
 Xanthonia 10-notata, 133. 
 
 Ten-spotted, 133. 
 Xyleborus obesus, 134, 
 
 pyri, 134. 
 
 xylographus, 134. 
 Xyleutus robinise, 128. 
 Xylina antenuata, 129. 
 
 bethunei, 129. 
 
 Bethune's, 129. 
 Yellow-jacket, 139. 
 
 jackets, 102. 
 Ypsolophus contubernalellus, 131. 
 
 malifoliellus, 131. 
 
 pomotellus, 131 
 Zaitha, 47. 
 Zeuzera pyrina, 128, 163. 
 
SPRAY PUMP 
 
 COMPLETE, 
 
 EXPRESS PAID, FOR 
 
 $5.50 
 
 60,000 IN USE. 
 
 Automatic Mixer. Barrel Attachment. 
 
 Endorsed by the leading Entomologists of the U.S. 
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 For full particulars and terms address 
 
 CATSKILL, N. Y. 
 
 CO, 
 
 HAMMOND'S SLOG SHOT WORKS, 
 
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 MANUFACTUBE 
 
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 SLUG SHOT KILLS BUGS. 
 
 A cheap powder, destructive to 
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 bulk. 
 
London Purple 
 
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 Hemingway's 
 
 LONDON PURPLE CO., L'D, 
 
 New York. 
 
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 The Victor Spray 
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 The Improved Spray 
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 The Galloway 
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 Bugs and insects annually destroy about $500,000,000 
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THE STEITZ 
 
 Potato Bug Sprinkler. 
 
 PATENT BRUSH SPRINKLER. 
 
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 FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 
 
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 J. R. STEITZ, Manufacturer, 
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THE DEMING CO.'S 
 
 SPRAYING PUMPS ^NOZZLES, 
 
 KNAPSACK SPRAYERS, ETC, 
 
 Fig. 659. 
 
 Fig. 963. 
 
 Fig. 655. 
 
 Ji@"We make the Best Spray Pumps, Nozzles, Etc., in 
 
 the United States, including the " Deming," " Ideal," " Success," 
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 THE DEMING COMPANY, 
 
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 HENION & HUBBELL, 
 
 (General Western Agents) 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
The Garfield Knapsack Sprayer 
 
 FOR VINEYARDS, NURSERIES, FRUIT 
 
 ORCHARDS, AND POTATO FIELDS-CONCAVED TO 
 
 FIT THE BACK. 
 
 This machine consists of a copper tank holding five gallons. 
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 Weight, empty, 14 lbs.; full, 60 lbs. 
 
 Price _ _ _ - 
 With Automatic Agitator 
 
 $10.50 
 12.00 
 
 THE "LITTLE GEM " SPRAYING PUMP. 
 
 It stirs the Liquid Automatically. 
 
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 Price, including Vernnorel Nozzle, two feet of 
 
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 This pump is fitted with metal valves. Additional hose at 12 cents 
 
 Address for either machine 
 
 FIELD FORCE PUMP CO., 
 
 Lockport, New York. 
 
 $4.. 00 
 
 per foot. 
 
KnapsackSprayingMachine 
 
 This machine is made in accordance with directions of Prof, 
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 @ 
 
 Especial attention is called to our AT- 
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 KEROSENE AND WATER are ME- 
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 kerosene emulsion. In this machine the 
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 the pump just below the lower of the two 
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 the nozzle by simply turning the stopcock. 
 
 (§) 
 
 We also make a full line of Hand and Power 
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 Illustrated Catalogue free upon application. 
 
 W. & B. DOUGLAS, 
 
 197 LAKE ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
2. P. MEl GAtP