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 J%M^ 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 on 
 
 The Culture and Management 
 
 oS 
 
 FRUIT TREES. 
 
1^ 
 
V 
 
 r 
 
 A 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 THE CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 FRUIT TREES; 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 A NEW METHOD OF PRUNING AND TRAINING 
 
 IS FULLY DE:^CRIBhD. 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON 
 
 THE DISEASES, DEFECTS AND INJURIES, IN ALL 
 KINDS OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES; 
 
 AS ALSO, 
 AN ACCOUNT OF A PARTICULAR METHOD OF CURE, 
 
 MADE PUBLIC BY ORDER OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. 
 
 BY WILLIAM FORSYTH, F. A. S.& F. S. A. 
 
 Gardener to his Majefty at Kenfiogton and St. James'. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, 
 
 ADAPTING THE RULES OF THE TREATISE TO THE 
 
 Climates and Seafons of the United States of America* 
 
 BY WILLIAM COBBETT. 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 PRINTED FOR AND SOLD BY D. & S. WHITING, 
 
 AT THE ALBANY BOOK STORE, NO. 45, ST AT E- ST R EET . 
 
 lOLD ALSO BY THOMAS & ANDREWS, BOSTON ; A. & A, STANSBURY, 1J» 
 
 YORK; O. PENNIMAN &C CO. TROY ; S. P GOODRICH, UTICA J J, 
 
 CLOVER & CO, OXFORD, AND H. CHAPIN, C AN A ND AI CU A. 
 
 1803. 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 ADDRESSED 
 
 To Mr. James Paiilf Senior, 
 
 OF BUSTLETON, IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 DEAR FRIEND, 
 
 JL/URING the many happy days which I pa (Ted at your 
 hofpitable raanfion, my obfervation was occafionaily direQ- 
 ed to the ftate of your orchards, and your rnetliod of culti- 
 vation ; and I have not unfrequently perceived, that you, as 
 well as other perfons, in the dates of Pennfylvania, New- 
 Jerfey, and New-York, experienced no fmall difappoint- 
 ment, vexation, and lofs, from the failure in the crops, and 
 from the premature death of your fruit trees. The fmal!- 
 nefs and inferior quality of the fruit of the Peach-Tree, in 
 particular, and the fwift decay of the tree itfeif, have, for 
 many years paft, been a fubje£l of general regret in the 
 middle dates of America ; and, it appears to me, that who- 
 ever ihall fiift communicate to you a method of removing 
 this evil, will render you no unacceptable fervice. Under 
 this perfuafion it is, that I have, for a moment, withdrawn 
 my felt from the noife and ftrife of politics, in order to ad- 
 drefs to you a fev/ introduffory remaiks on a work, which, 
 I think, is extremely well calculated to aflford you a great 
 deal of new and ufef'ul information, on the culture and 
 management of thofe trees, which are at once the comfort 
 ^d the ornament of your country. 
 
 38131 
 
vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The work Is, as you will fee by the title page, the pro- 
 duftion of Mr. Forfyth, the King's gardener at KenHngion 
 and St. James'. He, fome years ago, made public his 
 method ot curing dife&fed and decayed fruit and foreft trees, 
 ior which difclofure, alter a very minute exariiination, made 
 by men of great flciil, his Majefty, at the recommendation 
 ol both Houfes oi Parliament, granted him a reward ot lour 
 thf.ufand pounds. A full account of this examination, to- 
 g^-ther with its refult, you will find in the appendix to the 
 pre Tent work. 
 
 Daring the laft fimimer, (1801) I went with a party of 
 iiiends, to be an eye wiinefs ot the cflcBs (of which I had 
 heard fucU wonders relatedj of this gentleman's mode of 
 cultivating and curing trees ; and, though my mind had re- 
 ceived a ftrong prepciiefTion in its favor, v.'hat 1 faw very 
 far iurpaffed my expeftation. Mr. Forfyth, v/hofe book 
 \v?s not then publiPfied, did us the favor to fnew us the manu- 
 fcript of it, and alfo the drawings for the plates, which are 
 now to be found at the end of the work. After having read 
 thofe parts of the manufcript, which more immediately re- 
 ferred to the drawings, we went into the gardens, and there 
 faw every tree which the drawings were intended to repre- 
 fent, and of which we found them to be a moft exaft repre-. 
 fenfation. 
 
 We e>:amined thefe trees from the ground to tlie topmoH; 
 branches ; we counted the joints in the v.'ooJ, afcertained 
 the time and extent of its growth, and, in thort, verified eve- 
 ry fatf that the book related. To raife fine flouriOjing wood 
 from an old cankered, gummy, decayed liem ; to raife as 
 much wood onihat (lem, in three years, as could have been 
 railed on the fined young tree, in twelve years ; to take the 
 j'otten wood from the trunk, to replace it with found wood, 
 jjBually to {il! up the hollows, and, of a mere fltell, to make 
 
INTRODUCTION. v\\ 
 
 9 lull, rouncl, and folid trunk ; all this feems incrcclible j 
 but of all this we fdw indubitable proof. The fuperioriiy 
 of Mr, Forfyth's mode ot pruning might have been very 
 fairly interred from the abundance and excellence of the 
 fruit, with wliich every tree in his gardens was loaned, while 
 thofe in other gardens had but a partial and fcanty crop, and 
 that much inferior in quality ; but Forfyth has ieitthe merit 
 of no part of his fyftem to be gathered from inference* and, 
 therefore, not content with fJiewing the efifefts of bis art by 
 the contrail exhibited between his ov.'n garden and thofe of 
 other perfons, not content even with this contraft as exhib- 
 ited between different trees in his cwn garden, and [landing 
 clofe to one another, he has mod fuccefsfully exhibited it 
 between different branches of the fdnie tree. By turning to 
 the chapter on Pears, and by referring to plate 7, you will 
 fee the portrait of a Pear-Tree, one branch of which we 
 found pruned in the common way, and the other branches 
 according to the method taught by this book. The fruit on 
 the former we found fmall, hard, knotted, and tafting almofl 
 as bad as the fruit, which, in America, is called the C/ica/l- 
 Pear ; on the other branches, the fruit was large and cleaPj 
 and of an excellent flavor. 
 
 To enter into an analyfis of the feveral parts of the work 
 is by no means my intention. Indeed, all I intend, by this 
 introduflion, is to call your attention to a work, which, I 
 am fully perfuaded, you will find a mofl valuable affiftant, 
 in your rural purfuits. The detail of my remarks, altera- 
 tions, and additions, you will find fcattered through the fev- 
 eral chapters of the book ; but, I cannot, even here, refrain 
 from recommending to your particular notice, the dire£f ions 
 for planting, rcftoring, and perpetuating your Apple Orch- 
 ards ; for preferving your Peach-Trees from thofe mi (chic v- 
 
viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ous infe£ls, which now render them fo very fhort-lived • 
 and for the propagating and training of your vines ; on 
 which three important heads, you appear to me to ftand in 
 need of the very intoimati.>n that is herein communicated. 
 
 That Providence may I'inile on all your labors, give 
 abund -nee to your fields and happinefs to your family^ is 
 the fincere and eainefl piayer of, 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 Your moft faithful friend, 
 
 And moll obedient Servant, 
 WILLIAM COBBETTi 
 
PREFACE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 X o the many publications that have appeared on the man- 
 agement of Fruit and Foreft Trees, it may be thought 
 fuperfluous to add ; and, indeed, fo Uttle am I accuftomed 
 to the praflice of writing, that 1 feel no fmall degree of re- 
 luftance in ofFermg any thing to public infpeftion ; but an 
 entire conviftion of the advantages to be' derived from the 
 obfervations and dire61ions contamed in the following pages, 
 joined to the importunity of many of the mofl competent 
 judges, has determined me to make my method of pruning 
 and training, and the fuccefs attending it, as public as poflible. 
 
 Having long obferved the fcanty crops, both on wall and 
 iiandard trees, that have followed the ufual mode of prun- 
 ing and training, I was led to make many experiments, in 
 order to dilcover, it it were pofTible, a more fuccefsful 
 method. Nor have my endeavors been in vain ; for, after 
 following a new mode tor feveral years, I can v/ith pleafure 
 affirm, that the quantity of fruit has been remarkably in- 
 creafed, and the quality greatly improved. 
 
 I have, in the following pages, (fated many faffs, to evince 
 the utility of the compofition recommended, and to induce 
 others to make a fair trial, which may be done at a very 
 trifling expence. 
 
 I only requeft of thofe who entertain any doubts, that 
 they will make choice of two trees of the fame kind, as near 
 as may be in the fame ftate of health or decay, and having 
 equal advantages of foil and fituation ; let the dead, decayed, 
 and injured parts be cut out ; then to one of the trees apply 
 the compontion as direfted in this treatife, an^ leave the 
 
 B 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 other to nature : if proper attention be paid to the former, 
 no great length of time will be necelTary to Ihevv which 
 method ought to be purfued in future. 
 
 I hope the candid reader will pardon me for dwelling a 
 Ihtle on this fubjeft. It has been faid, that there is nothing 
 new either in the compuhtion or its application. It is cer- 
 tainly true, that compofuions of various kinds have been 
 tried ; but no one has been attended with fuch great fuccefs 
 as that which is defcnbed in the following pages : Indeed, 
 they were generally made up in a flovenly manner, and ap- 
 plied without properly preparing the trees ; fo that little good 
 could have been expefted, even if tlie corapofition had con- 
 fifled of proper materials. In thefe particulars I am per- 
 fuaded, that every impartial perfon will acknowledge that I 
 have made great improvement. Former compofitions have 
 been made up of loam and co\v^ or horfe-dung, of bees- wax, 
 pitch, tar, chalk, rofin mixed with greafe, gums, &c. It is 
 granted, that fuch as thefe may fometimes be of ufe, but not 
 in general ; moll of them being liable to become hard, and 
 to crack and peel off. I have tried them all, with but very 
 little fuccefs. I have alfo tried a compofition of tarras 
 (which is ufed as a cement for building under water:} This 
 alfo cracked and peeled off after it became hard. Some of 
 thefe compofitions become fo hard, that, in (lead of giving 
 way to the new bark as it is produced, they cut and tear it, 
 to the great injury of the tree. 
 
 The compofition which I recommend is not liable to thefe 
 inconveniences ; it pofleffes an abforbent and adhefive 
 quality, and is moreover of fuch a nature as not in the leaft 
 to hurt the new and tender bark ; for it eafily gives wav to 
 it and to the new wood as they advance. On apply inor it to 
 trees which contain a ftrong acid, fuch as oaks, apple-trees, 
 apricots, &c. when infefted with the canker, that difeafe 
 may be feen oozing through the compofition and adhering 
 to the outfide, like copper duft, or ruft of iron, and may be 
 eafily rubbed off with the hand. This appearance I never 
 could obferve on the application of any other compofition ; 
 which confirms my belief that it ads as a ftrong ftimulant. 
 When the wounds in fruit trees are fo large as not to heal 
 «p in the courfe of a twelvemonth, I renew the compofition 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 annually, wlvichj^o its application, invigorates the trees, 
 and fceinsto liave^? fame effetl on their as a top.drefling 
 of dung has on land. 
 
 I have been foiiciied by fome of my friends to add a chap- 
 ter on forcing grapes, peaches, and neftarines ; and to give 
 a defcription of a houfe for that purpofe ; but as it would 
 fwell the book, to too great a fize, and as the fubjeft is fully 
 treated of by many others, it fcems unnecefTary to fay any 
 thing farther here, than juff to obfcrve, that the meihod of 
 pruning and training recommended in this book, is equally 
 applicable to trees in a forcing-houfe as tothofe on a natural 
 wall. When vines are trained ftraight up the raiters of hot- 
 ■houfes, they throw out a few eyes only at top, and all the 
 refl of the branch becomes naked ; but when trained in a 
 Terpentine manner, they break equally. 
 
 Dwarf peaches and neftarines planted in the pits of forc- 
 ing houfes fhould be trained horizontally; in which mode 
 they v\'ill produce much more fruit than when they are 
 trained fan-falhion. 
 
 It mufl be obferved, that the dire£lions, &c. in the fol- 
 lowing pages are calculated ior the neighborhood of Lon- 
 don ; it will, therefore, be necefTary to make allowance, in 
 other climates, for the earlinefs or latenefs of their feafons, 
 both with regard to the time of fruit being in perte£lion, and 
 alfo for planting, pruning, &c. 
 
 For the information of thofe who are not acquainted with 
 praflical gardening, the following explanation of what is 
 called heading-down is given. 
 
 ^Vhen young trees are planted out from the nurfery, as 
 loon as they begin to break in the fpring, they are cut down 
 to three or four eyes, according to their Itrength, to furnifh 
 them with bearing wood : If this were not done, they would 
 run up in long naked branches, and would not produce one 
 quarter of the fruit which they do when this operation is 
 properly performed. The fame holds good in heading all 
 kinds of old trees. 
 
 An opinion prevails, particularly in thofe parts where ap- 
 ple-trees are cultivated to any confiderable extent, that trees 
 never bear well after heading-down, and that it frequently 
 kills them. This may, no doubt, fotnetimes happen when 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 they are improperly headed-down all at once, by giving a fud- 
 den check to the fap, the few weak (hoots not having ftrength 
 to draw up what is fupplied by the roots ; and moreover, 
 rot being capable of fheltering one another, they are chill- 
 ed bv the cold, and fo rendered at leail unproduftive, if they 
 are not totally killed. But if heading were done gradually, 
 .that is, if every other branch all over the tree were headed at a 
 proper length, cutting as near to thofe parts where the fhoots 
 appear as poflible, in the month of February or March, or 
 even as late as May ;* in the courfe of the fummer they 
 would throw out fine long ihoots. Thefe fliould not be 
 fhortened the firft year, unlefs it be necefTary to fhorten a 
 few to fill up the head of the tree with bearing wood, and 
 that (hould be done in the following fpring ; cutting them 
 to fix or eight inches long, according to their ftrength. In 
 the next Tpring after the fir ft branches are headed, the remain- 
 ing old branches may be cut out ; and thefe will fot)n fill 
 the head of the tree with fine bearing wood. In three years, 
 it properly managed, trees fo headed will produce a much 
 greater quantity of fruit, and of a better quality than they 
 did before the operation was performed. 
 
 * In the Middle States of America this operation (hould never be per. 
 formed till the middle of March, and not later than the 20th of April, 
 
TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 THE CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 FRUIT TREES, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF APRICOTS.* 
 
 Si'}_fftrcnt Sorts defcribed— Planting and Heading — The Man' 
 a-ffement of decayed Trees — Pruning of Apricots, and hozo to 
 Jhelter them from cold. 
 
 i HE Apricot, we are told, came originally from Armenia 
 whence it takes the name ot Armeniaca, and was introduced 
 into this country in 1562. 
 
 Linnaeus, according to the Sexucl Syftem, arranges it in 
 the twelfth clafs Icofandna Monogvnia ;t and comprehends in 
 the genus Prunus.tlie Apricct, the Cheny, and the Bird-Cher- 
 ry ; making them only different fpecies of the fame genus. 
 
 Although the above-mentioned plants are arranged under 
 the fame genus, yet the Cherry and Plum will never lake upon 
 
 * We fhall enuinerafe, under iheir refpeftive heads, the principal forlt 
 of fruit that are propigated in this country ; wi h the time of thrir ripening, 
 as near as poflible It is to be obfcrved, hoAever, that the diveifity cf fca- 
 fons, together with that of foil and fiiiiation, will fometimes make a month 
 cf difference in the ripening of the fruit. 
 
 + Mod of our eatab'e fruits are arranged under this cJafs ; and it is re- 
 markable, that there is net one poifonous fruit to be found in it. 
 
 Library 
 N,' C. State College 
 
i4 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 each other, nor the Apricot upon the Cherry ; but the Apricot 
 will take upon all forts of Plums, except the Bruflels. 
 
 The Names and Q^ualiiies of Apricots commonly cultivated in 
 England, with the Time oj their Ripening. 
 
 1. The Mafculine. This is a fmall rounrtifh fruit. It is 
 the earlieft of all the Apricots, ripening about the latter end of 
 July, and is chirfly elleemed tor its tait tafle ; when iully ripe, 
 it is of a red colour towards the fun, and of a gieenilh yellow 
 on the other fide. 
 
 2. The Orange. This is pretty large, but rather dry and 
 infipid, and fitter for tarts than for the table. It is of a deep 
 yellow colour when ripe, which is about the latter end of Au- 
 gufl. This is confidered as the beft for preferving. 
 
 3. The Algiers. This is a flatted oval-fhaped fruit, of a 
 ftraw colour, juicy and high flavoured. It ripens about the 
 middle of Auguff. 
 
 4. The Roman. This is larger than the Algiers, round- 
 er, of a deep yellow, and not quite {o juicy. It is ripe about 
 the middle or lattet end of Auguft. 
 
 ^. The Turkey. This is a larger, and of a deeper colour, 
 than the Roman ; its fhape tnore globular, and the flefh firmer 
 and drier. It ripens about the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 6. The Breda (brought from thence to England) is orig- 
 inally from Africa. It is large, round, and of a deep yellow 
 colour; the flefh is foil and juicy. This is an excellent fruit, 
 efpecially if ripened on a flandard. It ripens about the latter 
 end of Auguff. 
 
 7. The BrufTels. This is held in very great efleetn on 
 account of its bearing fo well on ftandards, or large dwarfs. 
 It is of a middling fize, red towards the fun, with many dark 
 fpots, and of a greenifli yellow on the other fide. This has 
 a brifk flavour, is not liable to be mealy or doughy, and is pre- 
 ferred by many to the Breda ; but when the Breda is planted 
 as a flandard, the fruit is more juicy and of a richer flavour. 
 This ripens in Augufl on a wall, but not before the latter end 
 of September on ftandards. 
 
 8. The Moor Paik, called alfo Anfon, Temple, and Dun- 
 more's Breda. This is a fine fruit, and ripens about the latter 
 end of Auguft. 
 
 g. The Peach Apricot. This was introduced fromParis, 
 by his grace the Duke of Northumberland, at Sion-houfe, in 
 1767. It is the fineft and largeft of all Apricots, and is gener- 
 ally thought to be the fame as the Moor Park ; but upon a 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 
 
 minute examination the leaves will be found to differ. It rip- 
 ens in Auguft. 
 
 lo. The Black Apricct, This has been very lately in- 
 troduced, by Sir Jofcph Banks, from France, in which coun- 
 try it is highly eileemed. 
 
 The trees that Sir Jofeph planted at his feat in Spring 
 Grove, near Hounflow, bore truit lalt feafon, ior the firlttime 
 in this country ; but, in confequence of the wet and unfavour- 
 able weather, it did not arrive at perfection.* It ripens about 
 the fecond week in Auguft. 
 
 To the foregoing may be added : 
 
 The Great Apricot, The Dutch Apricot, 
 
 Holland ditto, Grover's Breda, 
 
 Piovence ditto, Perhan, 
 
 Alberge, Royal Orange, 
 
 Angumoife, Tranfparent, 
 
 Blotched- leaved, Portugal Apricot, (a fraall 
 
 Nancy Apricot, (a fine fruit.J 
 large truit,] 
 
 For the accommodation of thofe who have fmall gardens, 
 and yet wifh to have a regular fuccefTion of fruit, we fhall 
 give abffratts of the larger feIe8ions j retaining thofe kinds 
 only which are beft adapted for that purpofe ; and of which 
 one or more trees of a fort may be planted, according to the 
 fize ot the garden, or the demand ot the famdy. 
 
 A SekQion of Apricots for a fmall Garden. 
 
 The Mafculine, the Roman, the Orange, the Breda, and 
 the Moor Park. 
 
 Of the Planting, Pruning, and Training of Apricots. 
 
 The befl time for planting Apricots is in Autumn, as foon 
 as the leaf begins to tall. The perfon who goes to the nurfery 
 
 ♦ I have had the honour of paying Sir |ofeph a vifit at Spring Grove, 
 vherc I had the pleafure of tafting one of theie Apricots ; and I think it will 
 prove an acquifition well worth cultivating The bhck colour of the fruit 
 may, perhaps, prejudice fome perfons arainftit; but the flavour, in my 
 opinion, is very good ; and if it be coi fidered, that the wood of 1799 was not 
 wtll ripened, owing to the ".et feafon, there is little doubt, that, next year, 
 if the leafon (hjuld be favr.urable, the flavour of rhe fruit wil! be greatly im- 
 proved, and continue imprcviug till the tiee comes to maturity. The {"cant- 
 loefsof the prefent crop of Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, &c. may be attri- 
 buted to the wood iiof being propeily ripened laft year. 
 
 In Mayer's «' Pomona Franconia," will be found a very good figure 0\ 
 the Black Apricot, called aUo the Aleiandriao Apricot, 
 
r 
 
 l6 treatise on the culture and 
 
 for the plants fliould make choice of thofe which have tlie 
 ilronge{t and cleanell items ; and it he can procure fuch as 
 have been headed down, (to ufe the phrafe ot the nurfery- 
 men) ot two or three years growth, they will bear and fill the 
 walls nu.ch fooner than thole which have not been fo treated. 
 He fliould make choice ol treeb with one Hem ; or, it they 
 have two, one ot then Ihould be cut off; tor by planting thofe 
 with two items the middle ot the tiee is left naked, and, of 
 coarfe, one third ot the wail remains unc covered. 
 
 1 know that it is the prattice ot many to make choice of 
 trees with the imallelt items ; but thefe always produce weak- 
 er flioots than -.he others. 
 
 Ofi preparing the Borders.^ 
 
 If the borders wherein the trees aie to be planted be new, 
 they ihould be made two teet and a halt, or ihice teet detp, of 
 jm;od light frefh loam. It the trees are la be planted in old 
 borders, wheie the earth has been injured by the roots ot the 
 former trees, it will be neceiTaiy to take* out the old moukl at 
 le..dt ihice feet deep, and tour ieet wide, filling up the hole 
 Vi'Mh trelh loam, and taking care to plant the trees about eight 
 jf)( lies higher than the level ot the old border, to allow tor the 
 f'. /''.mg ot the earih, that they may not be too deep in the 
 gtound ; but tliis will be more fully treated of in the chapter 
 on l\ai ti' cs. 
 
 > When the trees ;;re planted, they fhould by no means be 
 headed down 'ili tbev begm to thiow out trelhi ihoots. Strong 
 tret s fhoulo be cut a toot irom the ground ; and thofe that are 
 wtak, il:)out hall thai length, 
 
 \\: tidckward feaions, they fhould not be headed down fo 
 early ; never until the buds aie fairly broken ; always obferv- 
 ing/to cut floping towards the wall, and as near to an eye as 
 poiTible, that the young leading flioot may cover the cut; [See 
 Plate 1. tig. t.3 which operation fliould be tigain perlormed 
 in the ne:Lt March or Apr:l t The ihoots that are then thrown 
 out mult be trained horizontally, to cover the wall. The num- 
 ber ot thefe to be leit out ought to be trom three to fix on each 
 
 * The American reader will not readily know what is here meant by the 
 word Borden ; 11 is ihr-efore ueccff^ry to oblVive to him, th<it (he finer kujds 
 of tiUit tiees ^rc, in England, trained apaii ft walls, and tl.at theie is general- 
 Jy a ■walk goes roumi ihc garden, running \n a parallel line with the wall, at 
 the diftaiite of abmit ten feet horn it ; 'he fpace •■ etwccn the walk and the 
 ■wail, is called the Bordo ; fo thz'., when .hi suth r fpcaks of die foil and 
 tillage of the Lordtn, he is uicrey ipcakibg of the toil and tillage of the laud, 
 lu which the ieveral trees are, or may, be pla:ued. 
 
 i The hme l"cal"o;j will do for the Middle States of .*.merica. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, ^c. t)\ 
 
 S(je, according to the (Irength of the main flioot ; taklncr care 
 to rub off, with the finger and thumb, the fore- right (hoots all 
 over the tree, except a tew which may be wanted to fill up th^ 
 wall, near the body of it. [^See Plate i. Fig. i.*] 
 
 In the fecond year, the horizontal (hoots mud be fhort* 
 ened in the fame manner, according to their growth ; and fo 
 on every year till the wall (hall be completely covered from 
 top to bottom. 
 
 It is a frequent praftice with fome gardeners, to hea.l 
 down the trees at the time of planting; which very often 
 proves fatal to them. 
 
 Of old and decayed Trees. 
 
 When a tree becomes thin of bearing wood It will bs 
 tiecefTarv to cut down the whole of it. as near to the places 
 where it was budded as poflTible ; remembermg always to cut 
 at an eye or a joint. If there lliould be any young fhoots oti 
 the lower part of the tree, it will be proper to leave them, 
 training them horrzontally, which will check the flow of the 
 fap, and thereby render them much more fruitful. 
 
 Very frequently, when large branches have been c.U ofF 
 in a carelefs manner, and the wounds left to nature, the whole 
 tree is infecfed with the gum and canker ; which, if not check- 
 ed, will in a (hort time totally ruin it. 
 
 The bed remedy in this cafe is, carefully to pare off the 
 cankered part of the bark with a knife, or other convenient in- 
 ffrument. You will frequently find the white inner bark in- 
 fefled, which muft alfo be cut away, till no appearance of in- 
 fe6Hon remains; this may be eafily known by the brown or 
 black fpots, like dots made with a pen, of which not one mult 
 be fuffered to remain. 
 
 All the branches fo cut and pared fhould be immediately- 
 covered with the compodtion in a liquid (fate ; the preparation 
 and application of which will be particularly delcribed in an- 
 other place. 
 
 When trees are in a very bad condition, they (lionld be 
 cut in a partial manner, taking off the word branches fiid, par- 
 ticularly thole in the middle of ihe tree, always cutting as near 
 to the grait as poffible ; or tway other branch may at firll be 
 
 *The direflions which are given for fr?es a^ain(l a wal', wili apply, with 
 <«jual foice, to rtandard trees, except that the llctr.s, or trunltf, < f tJi? fe latter 
 /)iould be higher, and, conrcqucntly. they P.iould not be headed dov/n fo near 
 the ground. The Apricots, wliich 1 have teen in \nier-ca, a^e hird, and not 
 above cne.ihiid part as large as the fame fruit '•>: Eoijiaiid, a 'iiffercncc which 
 it euiifeiy ow'.iig ta want oi attention to nues fuch as are here laiJ d^Au. 
 
 c 
 
i8 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 taken out, leaving the reft to bear ; by which means there will 
 be a fupplv of fruit while the other parts oi the tree are reno- 
 vating. It {hould be remetnbered, however, thatal! the cank- 
 ered bark muit be cut off without lofs ot time ; otherwife the 
 new v/ood will be infeOed. 
 
 Old trees thus headed down will fometimes throw out very 
 ftrong and vigorous fhoots, which it may be neceffary to top, as 
 it will caufe them to throw out fide-fl-iools ; but they fhouki nev- 
 er be fuffered to have any Fore-right fpurs, except little dugs. 
 The topping fhould be done in the beginning ot June, which 
 iviil caufe the tree to produce fine bearing wood tor the next 
 year. Thofc trees mult be pruned in March following,* fhort- 
 ening the {lioots from fii teen to fjx inches, but according to 
 their ftrength, always leaving the ftrongeft ("hoots longeft. 
 
 Wherever the knife has been ufed, the compofition muH 
 be immediately applied.- 
 
 I have a great diflike to Autumnal pruning of fruit trees ; 
 of all kinds of ftone truit in particular ; for by pruning at that 
 feafon you feldomtail to bring on the canker ; and no fruit 
 trees are more liable to this difeafe than the Apricot. The rea- 
 fon is obvious : The great acidity in thefe trees, the expofure 
 of the wounds, and the dormant ftate ot the fap, pre-difpofe 
 to mortification ; whereas, in fpring, when the fap is beginning 
 to flow, and will follow the knife, the lips will quickly grow. 
 It the branches are fmall, a frefh bark and frefh wood will in 
 one feafon completely cover the v,found; but it large, a time 
 proportionate to their fize will be occupied ; this procefs, how- 
 ever, is manifeftly much accelera'.ed by the application of the 
 compofition, which excludes the air and wet from the air and 
 fap vefTels of the tree. 
 
 Of the Sorts. 
 
 The Breda is the beft and richeft flavoured for a ftand- 
 ard, although the BufTels is frequently preferred. 
 
 The Breda, the iiruffels, and the Moor- Park, fhould al- 
 ways be planted on an Eaft or Weft afpe£l. Others may 
 have a South afpeft.t 
 
 ♦ The latter e nd of June and March fliould be taken, in America for this 
 bufinefs I will here obferve, once for all, that I confine my obfervations to 
 the Middle States of the Unioa. 
 
 + Apricots bear pretty well as ftandardj, even in England, and it caenot 
 be fuppoled, that, if the above direilions were well attended tOj they woull 
 sot produce great quantities of fine fiuit m America. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec 19 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 OF PLUiMS. 
 
 X)\fftnnt Sorts of Plums cultivated in England— Of Plant' 
 heading and training them — OJ Standards in Orchards, and 
 Dzoarjs in Garden^ — The Management of old decayed Trees. 
 
 JL HE Plum is generally fuppofed to be a native of Afia, and 
 the Damafcene to take its name from Damafcus, a city ot 
 Syria. 
 
 This Genus ot Plants is arranged by Linnaeus in the 
 twellth clafs ot his Syftem. 
 
 The Names and Qualities of thofe Plums which are commonly 
 cultivated in England^ with their Time of ripening. 
 
 1. The Jaunhative, or White Primordlan, is a fmall 
 plum, ot a yellow colour, and. mealy. It ripens in the latter 
 end ot July, or beginning ot Auguft. One tree will be fuf- 
 ficient lor a garden. 
 
 2. The Early Damafli, commonly called the Morocco 
 Plum, is middle-fized, and the flefli good. It ripens about the 
 beginning ot Auguft. 
 
 3. The Little Black Damafl^ Plum is a rich fruit, a good 
 bearer, and is ripe about tlie latter end ot Auguft. 
 
 4. The Daniiuk V^iolet of Tours. This is a fine rich 
 plum of a bluifh colour, and is ripe in Augu'*. 
 
 5. The Red Orleans Plum '\s large, ot a rich juice, and is 
 ripe in the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 6. The Fotheringham is an excellent plum, of a dark red, 
 and the juice rich ; there is hardly any plum that excels it. 
 
 7. The Blue Perdjigon Plum is ot a very good talte, and 
 ripens in x\uguit. 
 
 8. The White Perdrigon Plum is a pretty good fruit, and 
 has a fweetith tafte mixed with tarincfs. It ripens in the be- 
 ginning of September. 
 
 9. The lied Imperial Plum, or Red Bonum Magnum, is 
 3 great bearer, and moftiy ufed tor baking. It \% ripe about 
 the latter erid oi September. 
 
r.0 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 10. The White Imperial Boniini Macrnum, or Egg Piuru, 
 White Holbnd, or xMogul Plum, is a large huit, and, like the 
 red, niollly r.lcd tor bdking. This is a great bearer, and rip- 
 ens about the beginning oi Ofclober. 
 
 11. La Pvoyal is a fine plurn, equal to the Green Gage, 
 but a (hy bearer. It is oi a red colour, and ripens in the lat- 
 ter end ot September. 
 
 12. Little Queen Claudia is a fmall rich fruit, ripe in 
 September. 
 
 13. Large Queen Claudia, or Dauphiny. This Is an ex- 
 cellent plum, ot a yellowilh green, and ripens about the be- 
 ginning ot 06lober. 
 
 14. The Green Gage Plum* is of an exquifite tafte, and 
 eats like a Iweetmeat. Its colour and fize fulliciently diftinguilh 
 it from anv other. It ripens in Auguft and September. 
 
 15. Draps d'Or is a good plum, and a plentiful bearer. 
 It is ripe about the latter end of September. 
 
 16. The Cheller Plum is rich, and a great bearer. It is 
 ripe about the latter end ot September. 
 
 17. The Apricot Plum is large and Tweet, and is ripe in 
 the beginning ot Oflober. 
 
 >8. The Maitre Claud is a large round whitlfh plum ; 
 the juice is very brifk, though fweet. It is accounted among 
 the belt white plums that we have, and ripens about the be- 
 ginning of Oftober. 
 
 19. The Myrobalans, or Cherry Plum, is a middle-fiz- 
 ed fweet fruit, and ripens about the beginning ot September. 
 This pluna is frequently planted for ornanient, as it bloflums 
 early. 
 
 20, La Mirabeile, of an amber colour, and fmall, is lull 
 of juice, and excellent for fweetmeats. It bears well, and is 
 ripe about the beginning ot September. 
 
 2 1. The Brignole Plum. This is efleemed the bell plurn 
 of any tor fweetmeats ; tl..e flefli is dry, but ot a rich flavour. 
 It is ripe about the latter end of September. 
 
 2.;. The Red Diaper Plum is large, and ot a very high 
 flavour. It ripens about the beginning ot Septeniber. 
 
 23. The Saint Catharine Plum is one ot the heft, and is 
 much ufed for confectionary ; it is alfo very good tor the ta- 
 ble, having a rich fweet juice ; and is a good bearer, hanging 
 the longeft ot any upon the tiee. I have had them in gather- 
 ing fix weeks. It ripens about tlie latter end of September, 
 
 24. The Imperatrice, or Emprefs Plum, has an agreeable 
 flavour, and ripens about the middle ot 06tobcr. This is one 
 
 ** There aie fevers! varieties of this plum, and ail gocd. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, S:c. !ti 
 
 of the latefl; plums, and fliould not be gathered till it begins 
 tofhrivel ; it will then eat like a fwcetmeat, and make a great 
 addition to the table in the latter end ot Otlober and beginning 
 of November. 
 
 25. Monfieur's, or the Wentworth Plum, is a large fruit 
 refembling the Bonum Magnum. It ripens about the begin- 
 ning oi Oftober, and is good tor preferving, but too Iharp to 
 be eaten raw. 
 
 26. The Winefour, a Yorkdiire plum, is one ot the beft 
 for preferving. It is ripe in Ofclober. 
 
 ^ 
 
 To (he above 
 
 Admirable, 
 
 BlackJDamafcene, 
 
 Black Pear, 
 
 Blue Matchlefs, 
 
 Damas noir de Tours, 
 
 Don Carlos's, 
 
 Double-flowered, 
 
 Early Blue Primordian, 
 
 Early Red Piimurdian, 
 
 Early Amber, 
 
 Early Tours, or Precoce 
 
 de Tours, 
 Early Violet, 
 St. Julian, 
 Semina, 
 
 Small White Damafcene, 
 Spanilh Damafcene, 
 Striped- leaved, 
 True Prune, 
 
 may be added : 
 
 Early Orleans, 
 
 Fine Early Plum, 
 
 Jacinthe, or Hyacinth, 
 
 Koa's Imperial, 
 
 La Prune Suiffe, 
 
 La Prune valeur Valentia, 
 
 Matchlefs, 
 
 Maugeron, 
 
 Mufcle, 
 
 Perfian, 
 
 Red Queen Mother, 
 
 Royal Pea, 
 
 Royal Dauphin, 
 
 Verte-dock, or Verdock, 
 
 Whitton, or Nutmeg, 
 
 White Bui lace, 
 
 White Orleans, 
 
 White Pear, 
 
 White Perdrigon. 
 
 A Sel'Mion oj Plums for afmall Garden. 
 
 The Jaunhative ; Early Damafk ; the Orleans ; La Roy- 
 al ; Green Gage (different forts ;) Drapsd'Or; Saint Catha- 
 rine ; and Imperatrice. The Magnum Bonum for baking, 
 and the Winefour for preferving. 
 
 On the Choice, Planting, Pruning, &c. of Plum-Trees, 
 
 When you choofe your trees, let the fame diic£lions be 
 obferved as in the choice ot Apricots. Choofe clean flraight 
 plants with fingle ffems ; as thofe with two never make hand- 
 fome trees for walls or llandards. Manage the border as be- 
 fore directed for Apricots ; digging the holes the fame width 
 and depth, and loofcning the bottom j then fill up the holes 
 
82 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 vith fine frcfh loam, or the mculd that was uled the precedin^^ 
 year lor melon and cucumber beds ; and be careful to keep 
 the mould a proper height above the border, and the roots ot 
 your trees as near the furiace as poflible, fpreading them hori- 
 zontally. If there are any tap-roots they fhould always be cut 
 off, as fl-jould alfo the fine hairy roots, as they are liable to gei 
 mouldy and rot, and thereby bring on a putrelaflicn of the 
 mould about the root ot the tree. It the roots are not fpread 
 near the furtace of the ground, it will prevent the fun and air 
 from penetrating to them j and the fruit, of courfe, will not 
 have fo fine a flavour. 
 
 Never cut the ftems of young Plum-trees when firft plant- 
 ed, but leave them till the buds begin to break ; then you may 
 liead them down to five or more eyes, always obferving to 
 leave an odd one for the leading fhoot : remember to cut (lop- 
 ing towards the wall, and as near to an eye as pofiTible, Thus 
 managed, the fhoots will foon fill the wall with fine wood. It 
 you find that fome of the fhoots are too luxuriant, you may 
 pinch the tops off with your finger and thumb, about the be- 
 ginning of June in the firfl year after planting ; by doing which 
 you will obtain plenty of wood to fill the bottom of the wall. 
 A great deal depends on the firft and fccond year's manage- 
 ment of your trees. 
 
 The diflance from each other at which Plum-trees fhould 
 be planted againfl a wall depends on the height of the wall. It 
 the wall be len feet high, which is the common height, they 
 may be planted at eight yards diflance from tree to tree ; but 
 if the wall be twelve feet high, or more, feven yards will he 
 fufficient. For my part, I prefer a wall of ten or twelve feet, 
 which will be found high enough, if the branches are trained 
 horizontally ; by which means your trees will be much more 
 fruitful, and not grow fo luxuriantly. 
 
 By training an upright flioot on your Plums, as direfled 
 for Pears, you will get fine kind fhoots from the fides. The 
 leading fhoot fhould be (hortened, leaving it from one to two 
 feet long, according to its flrength. If the leading fhoot be 
 very ftrong, yen may top it twice in the fummer, as dire6led 
 for Fears, and at the fame time that you top them ; repeating 
 the fame every year till the wall is filled to the top. 1 would 
 always recommend, where it is convenient, to allot one wall 
 for Plums and another for Cherries, as they always thrive beil 
 by ihcnifclves. 
 
 As you will have Plum-trees to fpare, that were planted 
 between Pear-trees, when they begin to meet, they fhould be 
 I)lantcd agai^iR anptber wall, or ^ilanted out as Puarf Stand- 
 
};IANAGLMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. sjj 
 
 ards. Thofe which you intend for StanrJards fhould be pre- 
 pared in the following manner. The year before you mean to 
 tranfplant them, cut in the fide-fhoots at different lengths, trom 
 one toot to three, according to the fize ol the trees ; fuffering 
 them to grow rude all the fummer, neither nailing-in nor cut- 
 ting the nde and fore-right fnoots. Some time during the win- 
 ter open the ground round their roots, and cut in the ftrong 
 ones (which will caufe them to put torth fine young Fibres;) 
 then fill in the earth. In the following autumn, or during the 
 •A-inter (the fooner the better.) you may tranfplant them out as 
 Standards.* It you intend to plant them againft a wall, never 
 cut the fide-ftoots, but only the roots ; by this method the 
 trees will bear fruit the firft year after tranfplanting, and there 
 will be a great faving of time and money. I have often tranf- 
 planted old Plum-trees that have been headed dov/n, that have 
 inade very fine roots, which I have divided, and thereby ob- 
 tained four or five trees from one, cutting them fo as to form 
 them into fine heads. Some that were tranfplanted in 1798, 
 were in full bloffom in 1799, producing fome fruit, and this 
 year (1800) bearing a full crop. 
 
 The ground in the borders and quarters where frelli trees 
 are to be planted fhould be well trenched, two fpits deep at 
 leaft, to give the roots room to run into the frefh-ftirred 
 ground. 
 
 When you plant trees without flirring the mould, they 
 feldom thrive well. 
 
 When Plum-trees are planted for Standards in an orcharri 
 ■which is to be kept for grafs, they fhould be in rows at the dif- 
 tance of tw^enty yards from each othcr.f If in the kitchen gar- 
 den for Standards, I would always recommend the planting of 
 Dwarfs. You may train the tree up to have a fiem of about 
 three feet high, at the diftance of feventecn yards. If the 
 garden is laid out wiih crofs- walks, or foot-paths, about three 
 ieet wide, make the borders fix feet broad, and plant the treejt 
 in the middle of them. In the Royal gardens at Kenfing- 
 ton, which are very long and narrow, and where the winds 
 
 * In tranfplantirg of trees, cfpecially large one?, I confider it to be of 
 great confequence, ih«t they be placed in «he fame pofijion {that is, having 
 the fame parts facing the fame points of the tompafs) as formerly. If you 
 take notice vih^n a tree is cut down, you v.ill find' that ihjee parts in fcur of 
 the growth are on the North fide. 
 
 + The dire«Sions contained in this paragraph exaflly apply (o America : 
 but almoft all the rules relative to planting and pruning wall tree?, appty^ 
 equally to ftandards ; and as the author has, in general, given his dire<Sions 
 in fpeaking of wp.il-Jreej, the American reader will be careful not to overloc'c 
 them, merely btcaufe they are not repeated in fpeaking of {landard-trcc.-.. 
 
>.4 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 are very huFtful, I have planted two rows of Apple-trees, in* 
 termixed with other fruit trees, alternately, one row on each 
 fide of the middle walk (which runs the whole length of the 
 garden,) at the diftance of feventeen yards from eacli other, 
 I have alfo made crofs-walls of three feet broad, at the dif- 
 tance of Icventy yards, with borders on each fide fix feet 
 wide, havinff two rows of trees in each border, about twelve 
 or fourteen feet afunder. Thefe Dwarf trees are very ufeful 
 in breaking the force of high winds, and are at the fame time 
 of fuch a height that a man (landing on the ground may gath- 
 er the fruit. As Plum-trees may be planted m the fame man- 
 ner, and for the fame purpofe as the above, you can have the 
 quarters clear for crops lor the kitchen, and a free air will be 
 admitted, which you can never have if you plant Efpaliers : 
 Dwarf Standards can be kept to what fize you pleafe ; they 
 look much handfomer than Efpaliers, and produce a greater 
 quantity of fruit. 
 
 On pruning and rcjioring old and decayed Plum-Trees. 
 
 I have reftored Plum-trees, fome of which were ^o far 
 decayed as to have only from one to tvvo or three inches of 
 bark left ; they are now completely filled up with found wood, 
 with large heads, which at four yeai's growth filled a wall fix- 
 teen feet high, and are at this time taW of fine fruit ; fome of 
 the ifems are feveral inches in circumference, bearing treble 
 the crops produced by young trees that have been planted 
 three times as long as they have been headed down. 
 
 Where the trunks are become hollow, I always cut out all 
 the loofe rotten parts, and alfo examme the roots, cutting ofF 
 what is rotten, injured, or decayed. This method fliould be 
 purfued with all hollow and decayed trees ; and, it properly- 
 executed, they may be fo completely filled up, as fcarcely to 
 leave a mark behind, even where the wood is totally decayed.* 
 
 I have had fhoots from Plum-tiees which have been head- 
 ed, that have grown upwards of (even feet long, and as large as 
 a walking- ifick, in one fummer ; this fliould never be (ufTered ; 
 but ihey fliould be pinched off with the finger and thumb, in 
 the beginning of June ;t clofe to an eye or a bud ; unlefs the 
 wall be filled up to the top ; in which cafe they fliould never 
 be cut while they continue to bear handfome fruit. Before they 
 begm to ceafe from bearing, you muft always begin with fhort- 
 enmg every other Ihoot, leaving them only from fix inches to 
 
 * Aftonifhing as this really is, I was witr.efs of the truth of the ftate- 
 ment, 
 
 + The middle, or latter end of June, for America. 
 
 Library 
 N^ C State College 
 
Management of frltit treess, 
 
 o.:c. 
 
 A foot long, and nail them in till ihe fecond year, taking care to 
 rub off the faperfliious and ftron^ fore-right (boots ; hv that 
 time they will begin to bear ; then cutout the others that have 
 clone bearing; By this method you will keep tl)e trees in a 
 fl.)urifhing iiate. When the branches arc thus managed, thcv 
 will fiequently throw out fmall dugs, or fore-right fhoots, a- 
 bout an inch or two long, which will flower next year. Thev 
 fhould never be fliortened till after the fruit is fet and become 
 about the fize of a large pea ; by that time the leaves will have 
 covered the truit, and be able to proteti it from the inclemency 
 of the weather. You may^now Oiorten thefe (hoots clofe to 
 (he fruit, which will leave them from one to two inches lone. 
 This method I have praflifed with great fuccefs for feveral 
 years. Bv leaving tlicfe fhort fore-right (hoots, the fruit is 
 protefcled till it is out of danger of being killed by the froft, or 
 flunted by the cold north and north- weft winds that happea 
 about the latter end of March and beginning of April. The 
 cold chilling rain and [now, which are alfo very injurious to 
 the fruit, will be thrown out by the branches (landing out irom 
 the trees. I, by no means, like to fee fpnrs (landing out from 
 the wall ; for they are always fure to be injured by the frolt 
 and cold winds. [Sa Plate 2. Fig. 2.] When the (boots are 
 left naked, I have ohen feen the plums turn yellow, and drop 
 after they have grown to a ccnfiderable f/ze, from their beini^, 
 expofed to the cold hofiy winds and rain. Plutns are more 
 tender than anv other fort of Hone fruit, owing to the flower- 
 cup dropping fooner than that of the Peaches, and Neftarines, 
 &c.* They are very liable to deca^ after cutting off large 
 limbs or branches, w-hich always bring^on the gum and cank- 
 er, if it be left to Nature to perform the cure. I would, there- 
 fore, recommend the application o[ the compofition (in the 
 fame manner as direOed tor other forts of fruit treesj to everv 
 Ihoot where the knife touches, as (oon as the trees are cut. 
 
 If you with your Iruit to be large and fine, you nnift take 
 care to thin it where it is too thick ; but that mufl not be done 
 too foon, left it fliould be pinched by the cold. The fruit 
 ought to be of the fize of a fmall matble, and well flicltered 
 by the leaves, before you attempt to do this. Never puil off 
 the leaves that (helter the fruit, till it is full grown and be* 
 
 * Some of the direif\ion* liere given apply eyclufively to wall-trees ; but 
 it" the manner of pruning here recommended were obferved in America, che 
 fruit of the Plum would be much larger, finer fljvcured, and in greater abu;:* 
 dance than it now is. Mr. Forfyth prunes hisftjindaids by the help of a dou- 
 ble ladder, which might alfo be dore in America. 
 
 D 
 
26 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 gins to turn. This will be more fully treated of, when we 
 come to the management ot Peaches anfl Nectarines. 
 
 I have taken up feveral old trees irom the walls, when 
 thev h.ive prown too near each other, and planted thetn out as 
 Standird':, at ihe fame time fhortening their branches to lorni 
 handfome hearls, which are ni>w tull ot fine fruir. Thefe 
 trees would, bv aiiy other peilon, have been throv/n to the 
 fagot- pile.* 
 
 * Several of tliffe trees 1 f^vi', in iSco. loaded with fruit fo heavily aj 
 ^o req'iir: props U> fupp.irt the branches. The 'id ftuinps out of which Mr. 
 Tjriyih Iiad brought liie utw am) pacfic branches, preierveJ their cronkerl 
 and canl^rcd ih'pe, while tin, new wood wa-- extremely hixurtaDl and clear. 
 The lame 1 ubierved with r<"(peifl to pears, apples, and other fruit trees, which 
 were bendin?, under the weii^h' of iheir !rui(, while, in the neighbouring gar- 
 dens, '.hfujjih only on the o'.her fide of ihe wall, the owners had hardly tsuii 
 enoui'h fur their t.bies. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 27 
 
 CHAPTER Iir. 
 
 OF PEACHES. 
 
 J)ijftrmt Sorts of Peaches dejcribed — Of the Soil—Of PLmtin^^ 
 Heading, Prum/ig, and Training— Mdhod cf making hicu 
 Jions—OJ covering P.ack-Trces, Jfatenng, &c. 
 
 1 HE Peach, Perfica, is a native o\ Peffu, and was introduc- 
 ed tronj thence into Europe, h. belon-'S to the tv/elhh clafs of 
 4-.innasiis. 
 
 The following are the Sorts cultivated in this Country. 
 
 [N B. Thofe marked with an Allenfk (*j adhere to ths 
 flone, and are, by the French, called Pavies, and by the Amer- 
 icans, Chng Stones ] 
 
 1. The White Nutmeg Peach. This peach is fmall.and 
 the juice fugary. It is only elleemed as being firll ripe. It 
 is in eating in July, and loon grows mealy. 
 
 2. The Red Nutmeg is a great bearer, and valued for its 
 early maturity. It is ot a bright vermilion colour, and has a 
 fine mufky tafte. This peach is much efteemed, and ripens 
 about the beginning ot Auguft. 
 
 3. 1 he Early Avant has an agreeable flavour, and ripens 
 in Auguft ; but is apt to be ilringy. 
 
 4. The Small iVlignonne is very red on the fide next the 
 fun, and the tle.fh has a rich vinous juice. It is ripe about the 
 middle ot Au guft. 
 
 5. The Anne Pc:ach (which is faid to have taken its 
 name from Mrs. Anne Dunch, of Pufey, in Beikfhire, where 
 it was firft railed) is a fine early fruit. It is ripe about the mid- 
 dle or latter end of Auguft. 
 
 6. The Royal George Peach comes in foon after the 
 former ; the flower is Ijvge and white ; the fruit ol a dark red 
 towards the fun, and full ot a fiae rich juice. It is ripe about 
 the latter end of Auauft. 
 
 7. The Royal Kenhngton is of one the befl peaches that 
 v/e have j ot a high red colour next the fun, and ot a yelloA- 
 
'^8 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 fh colour next the wall ; it is a good bearer and not liable ts 
 be blighted. The flefli is tull ol rich juice. It ripens about 
 the latter end of Auguft, or beginning ut September.* 
 
 8. The Yellow Alberge is of a tolerable fize and good 
 tafte, but (hould be periedly jipe before it is gathered ; oilier- 
 wil'e it is good for nothing. It is ripe about the middle ol 
 Auguft. 
 
 g. The White Magdalen. This peach is feldom high- 
 flavoured, unlefs it be torced, and then it is excellent. It rip- 
 ens about the middle ot Auguft. 
 
 10. The Early Purple. This fruit is large, of a fine red 
 colour, and full of rich vinous juice. It is an excellent peach, 
 and is ripe about the latter end oi Auguft. 
 
 11. The Large, or French Mignonne, is a beautiful large 
 red peach, and has a fweet high-tlavoured juice. This is 
 one of the beft Erench peaches, and is ripe the latter end ot 
 Auguft. 
 
 12. The Eourdine is a pretty large fruit, of a fine red 
 towards the fun ; the juice is rich and vinous; the tree is a 
 good bearer, elpecially when old, and the iruit highly efteem- 
 ed. It is ripe about the middle of September. This tree 
 will do very well in ftandards, and produces plenty of good 
 Iruit. 
 
 13. The Chevreufe, or Belle Chevreufe. This is a good 
 peach : it is of a middling fize, and of a beautiful red colour ; 
 the juice is rich and iweet. It ripens about the beginning of 
 September, and is a plentiful bearer. 
 
 14. The Red Magdalen is large, and full of rich fugary 
 juice of excellent flavour. It is a very good peach, and ripens 
 an the beginning of September. 
 
 15. The Early Newingtcn, or Smith's Newington, is ot 
 a beautiful red colour towards the fun, full of a fpgary juice, 
 0nd ripens in the beginning of September. 
 
 16. The Mountauban is ot a deep red, inclining to pur- 
 ple, next the fun ; but pale towards the wall. It fias a fine 
 jnelting flefii, with a rich juice; and the tree is a plentiful 
 bearer. It is ripe in the latter end ot Auguft. 
 
 17. The Malta Peach. This is of a fine led next the fun, 
 and has a white melting fleili ; the tree is a good bearer, and 
 Hhe fruit ripens in the beginning ot Septeoibcr. 
 
 * This handlome peach, t am told, was, wiih fome others, fent from 
 Jrance coher Majclty, upwaiUs of twcDty years ago. I have thcreroic takc/i 
 Xhe liberty to give it the al ve name, that it may not le cocfoiiudsd wish Mr. 
 GrimwooU's Kenfingiyu Peach. When 1 came to KenfHiston, in 17)54, I 
 fflUBd it oientioced ia (he Catalcgue as a new pe^ch from f raa.'e. 
 
Management of fruit trees, &c. 29 
 
 i8. The Nobleffe. This is a large peach, oT a bright 
 red colour tov/ards the fun ; the flefh is melting, and the juice 
 very rich in a good fealon. This irce is a good bcarci, and 
 the truit is ripe in the beginning ot September. 
 
 19. *The Old Newington Peach is o[ a fine red colour, 
 has a high vinous tailed juice, and is eflceliied a good Pavie. 
 It ripens about the latter end ol September. 
 
 20. The Chancellor is one of the belt fort ot peaclies, 
 and ot a fine red colour next the fun ; the fkin is thin, the 
 flefh melting, and the juice very rich. It ripens about the be- 
 ginning of September. 
 
 21. The Bellegrade Peach, or Gallande, is very large, 
 and ot a deep purple colour towards the i'un ; the fielh melt- 
 ing and lull oi a very rich juice. This is a fine peach, and 
 rioens about the middle of September. 
 
 22. * The Lifle Peach is ot a middling fize, and of a fine 
 violet colour next the fun ; the flefn is melting, and full ot a 
 vinous juice It ripens about the middle ot September. 
 
 23. The Rofanna is of a fine puiple colour next the fun, 
 and has a rich vinous juice. It is reckoned a good peach, and 
 is ripe about the middle ot September. 
 
 24. The Rambouillet (commonly called the Rumbullion) 
 is pretty large, and a fine red colour next *he fun ; the flcfh is 
 melting, and tiie juice vinous and rich. It ripens about the 
 latter end ot September. 
 
 25. The Admirable is a very large and beautiful peach, 
 finely coloured with red towards '.he fun ; the flefh is melting, 
 and the juice fugary, and ot an cxquifite tafle. It ripens about 
 the middle ot September. 
 
 26. * The Belhs (La Belle de Vitry.) This fruit is ot a 
 pale red towards the fun ; the flefli is wliite, and the juice vin- 
 ous and rich. It is ripe in the Ltter end of September. 
 
 27. * The Portugal is ot a beautiful red towards the fun, 
 and generally fpotted ; the flefh is firm, and the juice rich and 
 vinous. It ripens late in September. 
 
 28. La Teton de Venus (Venus' Breafi.) This is a mid- 
 dle fized fruit, fomewhat longifli ; the fide next the fun is of a 
 pale red, the flelh melting, and the juice fugary and rich. It 
 ripens about the latter endot September. 
 
 29. La Pourpree (ihe late Purple.) This fruit is large, 
 and oi a purple colour ; the flcih is melting, and the juice fu- 
 gary and rich. It ripens the beginning ol October. 
 
 30. The Nivcttc is of a bright red next the fun, and of a 
 yellowifh cafl towards the wall ; the flcfl) is melting, and lull 
 
30 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 of a rich juice. This is an excellent peach, and ripens about 
 the middle of September. 
 
 31. *The Monflrous Pavy of Pomponne. This peach 
 is very large, and of a round form ; the flefli is wliite and 
 melting ; it is ot a fine red colour towards the fun. This rip- 
 ens in the laiter end 01 OBobcr. 
 
 32. *The Catharine Peach is a fine large fruit ol a round 
 make, and ot a beautiful red colour towards the fun. The 
 flelh is melting, and full ol a rich juice. The palp is im- 
 proved bv its laying three or four days before it be eaten. It 
 ripens about the latter end ot 0£tober : but there are not many 
 fituations where it ripens well. It is a plentiful bearer. 
 
 33. The Bloody Peach. This is of a deep red next the 
 fun ; the flefii is alfo ot a deep red. It feldom ripens in Eng- 
 land without forcing ; but is reckoned excellent tor baking 
 and preferving. 
 
 34. The Royal (La Royale.) This is a large round peach, 
 of a deep red next the fun ; the flelh is melting and tuU ot a 
 rich juice. It ripens in the latter end ot September. 
 
 35. The Cherry Peach (Pcche-cerife, ot Duhamel,} is 
 fmail and globular. It is of a beautiful red colour towards the 
 fun, and ot a whitifli wax colour on the other fide. Its colour, 
 which refembles that of the Pomme d'Api, gives this little 
 peach a beautiful appearance. The fleJh is melting, and the 
 juice has a tolerably good flavour. On a dry foil and good ex- 
 pofure, it ripens about the beginning of O6lober. 
 
 36. Grimv/ood's New Royal George is a high coloured 
 peach, and of a fine flavour. It ripens in the latter end ct 
 Auguft, or beginning of September. t 
 
 37. The Superb Royal is a fine large peach ol a red col- 
 our towards the fun, and pale on the other fide. It ripens in 
 September. 
 
 38. The Queen Chitrlotte nearly refembles the fmall 
 Mignon, and ripens about the fame titne. 
 
 39. The Late Violet is elleemed a very fine peach, and 
 ripens m September. 
 
 To the foregoing ?nay be added : 
 
 Allen's Royal, Low's Large Melting, 
 
 Bourdeaux, Mallacotan, 
 
 Buckingham Mignonne, Millet's Migndnne, 
 
 Carlifle, * Pavie Admirable, 
 
 Pouble Swalcb, * Pavie Royal, 
 
 •( This peach lec-ns to fee the fams as the Royal Gcorg^. 
 
MANAGK?^ENT OF FRUIT TREES, g:c. 3I 
 
 Double Blo{rt)med, Peclic de Pau, 
 
 Double Mountagne, Ronald's early Gallande, 
 
 Dwait Orleans, Sion, 
 
 Eaion, Smooth-leaved Royal GeorgCj 
 
 Fairfcot's, Steward's late Gallande^ 
 
 Ford's Seedling, Vanguard, 
 
 Heinflciik. Violctte hativp, 
 
 * Incomparable, While Bloiromed. 
 
 Lord Falconberg's Migiinone, 
 
 Peaaus proper for a [mall Garden, 
 
 The Early Evant ; Small Mignonne ; the Anne Pe?ch ; 
 Royal George ; Royal Kenlington ; Noblefle; Early New- 
 ington ; G^liande ; Eaily Purple ; Chancellor; Nivette; the 
 Catharine ; the late Newiington. 
 
 • Of the Plarding, Pruning, Training, &c, cf Pcack-Trees. 
 
 Peaches require a lighter foil than Pears and Plums ; and 
 a li^ht tnellow loam is be!h It the natural ground Qiould b<i 
 a iiroiig brick mould, or rather inclinable to clay, it will hz 
 neccfTiiy to take out fome of it, particularly when you firft 
 make the borders, and nn'x with it fome light mould, fand, or 
 old lime rubbifh. At firft making the borders, you ftiould 
 take. out the earth where the trees are to be planted, as before 
 dirc61ed for i\pricots ; and keep working the reft with rot- 
 ten leaves, or ftreet dung, and the above ntixture ; throwing 
 them up, as early as you can foare them, in ridges rough from 
 the fpade^ which will let the iroll and fun penetrate and meli- 
 qrate the ground. 
 
 It the ground Hiould be wet, make fome drains acrofs tlic 
 borders, to lead the water from the roots of the trees to a 
 drain made along the middle walk. If the ground fhould 
 have a flope, you can very eafily convey the water off wlien 
 the fprings are near the furface ; but if the wet be occafioned 
 by rains, and the ftiffncfs of the ground holds the water, }ou 
 fhould give the border a proper flope to carry it off from the 
 rOo!s of the trees. Fill the crofs drains, leading to that along 
 the middle of the walk, vv-ith old bricks or ftones at bottom, 
 and at top with rough gravel, which will keep the ground 
 dry ; at the fame time laying it floping from the wall, fo as to 
 throw the water that falls in heavy rains toward the middle 
 Walk, where it will foon foak into the ground. When water 
 is fuffered to (land about thC' roots of tender trees in ftrong 
 fand, it is I'^ure to bring on the mildew, which will fpoil and 
 render them good for nothing but the fagot-pile. Sometime." 
 
32 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 indeed, I have recovered them, by moving them to another 
 afpeft. All the French Peaches are very liable to mildew oni 
 flrong land.* 
 
 Where there is not a proper defcent (o carry off the water, 
 the bottom oi" the main walk (hould be filled up with brick-bats 
 or flones, and the fmall Hones raked iiom the quarters ol the 
 garden, making a dry drain along the middle 9 inches wide, or 
 more, covered with bricks or ftones. The walk, when finiOi- 
 ed, (hould have a gentle rife in the middle, in order to throw 
 the rain water toward the edges. 
 
 Where the foil is a four wet clay, it will be neceflary to 
 thro^v into the bottom of the border, brick-bats, covered with 
 lime rubbifh, or core from the ikreenings of lime ; then water 
 it, and when nearly dry, ram it well, which will convert it into 
 a hard folid furface, and prevent the roots of the trees from 
 penetrating the wet earth below. It will alfo ferve to cany 
 off the water to the drains. 
 
 With regard to the choice of Peach-Trees, the dire£l!oniS 
 already given for Apricots will ferve. They fhould be pro- 
 cured in the latter end of OQober, or beginning of November, 
 as foon as the leaf begins to tall j and, if polhble, the ground 
 be ready beforehand. 
 
 The ground, if new borders, fl'ould be well trenched to 
 receive the trees ; if to fupply the places of others which have 
 been removed, or where trees have died, all the old roots 
 iliould be carefully taken out, and trefh mould put in where 
 the old was taken away 5 remembering to raifethe new mould 
 a proper height above the old ; as it is a very great hurt to 
 fruit trees, when they are planted too deep : iftheyarenot 
 kept up above the level of the old ground at firft, they feldom 
 thrive well.t When the trees are planted, water the roots 
 well to fettle the mould, letting it remain for fome days till 
 the water is abforbcd ; then tread the mould, and fill the holes 
 up to the top ; obferving the fame rules as before given in cafe 
 of dry weather, letting trefh- planted trees remain unpruned 
 till the fpi;ing. 
 
 When you fee the buds begin to fhoot, if the trees be 
 maiden trees of one year's growth, you may head them to five 
 
 * Though ihe author is here fpeaking of -wall trees alone, his direfticns 
 ■will fuiniQi the American planter «' ith tvevy information relpefting the foil, 
 lituaticn, &c. which he ought to choofe tor his ftandards. 0*ing to the 
 •want of fiich information it is, that we fee Pe»ch-Trees in Peacfylvauia, &c, 
 ptrifli at fo early an age 
 
 + I have obferved this error of planting too deep to be very prevalent 
 in Acicrica, It fhould be carefully avoided. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRtJlt TREES, &c. 33 
 
 or more eyes,* according to their flrenf^th ; then ruh on a 
 littie o[ the compofition where you cut ou the top, obferving 
 to cut it fiopin/T, as before direBed, and as near the top buds 
 as may be, and alio to rub ofF the fore- right (hoots, it the 
 leading fhoot be very llrong, pinch off tt^c top of it about 
 the beginning of June, v/hich will make it throw out fome 
 fine ftrong (hoots. None of the (hoots (hould be fufL-red to 
 grow too long during the firit and fecond years ; which may 
 ■jlways be prevented by pinching the ends of them ; but they 
 fhould never be topp'^^d, when the tree fends out fine kind 
 fhoots, till the fpring following, when you may prune them, 
 according to the ftrength of the tree, and the quantity of 
 wood it has made during the preceding fummer, leaving your 
 flioots from fix to twelve inches long : It is too common a 
 pra8ice to lay in the fnoots at full length, taking off only 
 the points of the branches, which generally, after a tew years, 
 leaves the tree quite naked : Whereas if attention were paid 
 to the tr^iining, efpecially for the firft four years, you could 
 always fill the tree with fine bearing v/ood from top to bottom, 
 and they could produce a great deal more fruit, and of much 
 finer quality, than when they are run up in the former way ; 
 for thofe trees, in general, are fo weak that they have not 
 ffrength to bear good fruit. The third year, if care be takea 
 to manage the trees properly in fummer, you may bring then! 
 into a bearing (fate. It the ground be ftrong, thev will grow" 
 very vigoroufiy ; in that cafe you muft pinch all the ftrong 
 fhoots about the month of June,t which will make them 
 throw out fide-flioots ; thefe, it not laid-in too thick, will 
 r:iake fine bearing wood for the fucceeding year. It you 
 fuffer the ftrong fhoots to grow to their full length, they will 
 be large and fpongy, and will neither produce iruit nor good 
 wood tor the tollowing year."! Sometimes v*eakly trees are 
 covered over with bloifom ; but it two much truit be fuffer- 
 ed to remain^on them, they will be weakened fo much that 
 they will never recover. In that cafe, I would recommend 
 picking off the greater part of the fruit, to let the tree re- 
 
 * This is for a *all-tree. Standards muft, of courfc; not be headed 
 down fo low. 
 
 + Latter end of June, for America. 
 
 X This is one great caule of the batnefs of the peachfJ ia Amerisa, 
 No atteotion n (here ever pa\d to Ihe diretlion hzn g'.vco. 
 
34 
 
 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 cover its Orength.- When you prune trees in the above 
 flate, obferve never to prune at a Tingle flower-bud ; it you 
 flo, you will be fure to kill the iitoot ; or, at lealt, it will die 
 as lar as the next wood- bud. \_Sce Plats 3. Fig. 2. } 
 
 On obferving, you will find feme ihoots, and fometimes 
 Vvhole trees, with nothing but finglc flower-buds. Thefe forts 
 ot {hoots (liould be laid- in at full length. Always obferve 
 the next branch that has got fome wood- buds, and cut them 
 clofc, that they may produce fine wood to fupply the place oV 
 thofe that have only flower-buds, which may be cut out next 
 yeaivf 
 
 When peaches come into a bearing fiate, you will, in 
 freneral, fee two fiower-buds clofe together ; it you look be- 
 tween thefe flower-buds, you will fee what is called a wood- 
 bud ; vou fhould always cut at fuch double buds ; as from be- 
 tv\\?en them cooie out the fhools that produce the fruit fcr 
 next year. 
 
 It you obferve the above rules, yoa cannot mlftake In 
 pruning ycur peaches. \^See Plate 3. Fig. 2.] 
 
 When the trees come into a bearing llate, you may keep 
 them in a flouriO-iing one by proper management, and atten- 
 tion to the fummer pruning. 1 have olten topped the ftrong 
 Ihoots twice in the courfe of the fumrner, before I could get 
 them to produce fine kind bearing wood. I have oiten had 
 fhoots that grew, in the courfe of one fummer, upwards of 
 fix feet in length, and as thick as my thumb. When fuch 
 flroots as thefe are fuffered to grow to their full length, the 
 lower part of the wall (or of the ffandard tree) will be left 
 'ndLk&A\_See the Plate. Fig. \.;'\ befides, thefe ftrong flioot.s 
 exhaull the tree of its ffrength, and never produce good wood, 
 when you negleft to top them in fummer. 1 would recom- 
 mend to cut out fuch flioots when the trees are pruned in the 
 fpring, and to leave only the fine kind bearing wood, which 
 you may know bv two fmall leaves where the flower-buds will 
 be in the following year ; the flrong flioots have only one leaf 
 bud at each eye. You fhould always rub off all the ufelefs 
 little fhoots, leaving only the belf, and thefe not too near to- 
 gether. Be very particular to pick oflTall the fide- flioots that 
 come out near the tops of the branches ; which, if left, would 
 weaken the fruit-bearing branches for next year. This fhould 
 be done as foon as you can lay hold of thefe {hoots with your 
 
 * This precaution, alfo, is almoft entirely neglefled ia America. 
 + All thefe dircdiions arc of the greated importaccc. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF i-RUlT TREES, &c. 35 
 
 fSnqcr and thumb : it you fuffor them to grow ftrong, they 
 will hurt the Iruit- bearing fnoot. 
 
 Of Pruning and Training old Peack-Tnes, 
 
 When the trees run up too high and thin, [^Sce Plate 3. 
 Fig. 3] the heft way is to cut them as far back as you can 
 find any young (iioots or buds* You mull always leave fome 
 youno (hoots or buds on Peach-trees, otheivvife you endan- 
 ger the life ol them. Never head them as you would Apri- 
 cot, Apple, or Pear-trees. If you cuter head down Peach- 
 trees without aUending to the caution given above, you 
 run a great rilk ot killing them ; but il there are a lew 
 young llioots, the top may with fatefy be cut off, jufl a- 
 bove them, as they will lead the fap up and produce Itrong 
 branches, which Ihould be topped as you would ^io a young 
 tree. 
 
 It is more difficult to procure new wood from old Peach- 
 trees than from any other, except Ne£larines. I have orten 
 made incifions in the old branches, about the joint, cutting 
 out a piece trom one to thiec inches according to the fize ot 
 the branches. \_Sse Plate xi. Fig. 2.'] This Ihould be done 
 in levera! places ot the tree, to turnifh it with young wood ; 
 always rounding the edges where the incifion is made which 
 fhouid be above the joint, and as near to it as may be. 
 The operation niould be pertormed in the month ot April, 
 (May, for America) but never cut off the old branches, un- 
 iefs you perceive fome young (hoots making their appear- 
 ' ance. When they are about three or tour inches long, cut 
 off the old branch, which v/ill caufe the trefh young wood 
 to make a rapid progrefs the fird fummer, and you will have 
 fine Iruit on them the tollowing year. 
 
 Always ufe the coinpofuion vvhere you cut offold branch- 
 es ; obferving to round the edges, and cut out the canker 
 which you find in the old baik v/he.'-e the branch was ampu- 
 tated. 
 
 In peaches, the canker is of a brown colour ; and in the 
 bark, it appears in fmall fpecks or dots, as it made with a pen. 
 Ail (hefe fhouid be cut out clean ; tor if any part ot the can- 
 ker remain, it will affecl the new wood as it begins to grow. 
 
 * This plale leprefents a tree ae-iinft a wal!, hut the cbfervations apply 
 equally (o d ftandard-tree Whenever a ftaniiard fh'>ots up high, wi(h ut 
 having a number of fioe-flinois. to form a proporlion.'.te head, it fti>u;il be 
 cut down iu the manner above defcribcd. This rtmarlc applies to trees that 
 have already bsea fuffcreil to run up too high and thia. Trees heieattc; 
 planted will not, of courfe, be permitted I'o to do. 
 
^6 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 "Wherever you fee the gnm oozing, 3^011 may be certain that 
 the canker is not quite eradicated. — [^Ses the Chapter on tin 
 Canker.'^ 
 
 It will frequently be necefTary to look over your trees, 
 and rub ofFwhat fuperfl'ious fhoots remained after going over 
 them the fii It time. Indeed, if you were to examine the trees 
 once every fortnight, it would be fo much the better, as by fo 
 doing they can be kept in pei tetl order. I have fo acciiftom- 
 ed mvfeli to look over my trees, that I do it as I walk about 
 my ord;:'.aiy bufmefs, which faves a great deal ol time. 
 
 When the peaches are about the fize of a fmall marble, 
 begin to thin them ; which operation muft belelt to ihejudg- 
 HJent ot the perfon who does it ; but it Ihould be according to 
 the fliength of the tree. This ought to be done very regu- 
 larly, that ihe fruit may be equally difperfed over the tree. \l 
 lelt too thick, it will not have room to fwell : this frequently 
 iiappens. II the tree be very Ttrong, you may leave Irom three 
 to fix peaches on each (hoot ; according to the ilrength and 
 length ot the branch. 
 
 I have obferved, that where the compofition was applied 
 to prevent the lap from being exhaled by the fun and air, all 
 the trees that were very much loaded with iruit v/cre not in 
 the leaif hurt ; while the trees that were treated in the com- 
 mon way were greatly injured, and olten killed, when they 
 have had a great crop. 
 
 In very dry feafons, it will be necelTary to make a large 
 bafon round each tree ; or, rather, make up an edge along 
 the whole bolder with mould, as you would tor a bed to bed 
 out pUnts in a nurfery ; then give the trees a good watering, 
 and mulch the border (which (hould be trom two ieet and a 
 halt to three Ieet broad) with lome very rotten dung or leaves, 
 which will keep the roots ot the trees moift, and prevent the 
 ground trom cracking. Water the trees once a week during 
 dry weather, and ipvinkle the branches and leaves every other 
 day in the afiernoon, with the engine, pre'fling your fore-fin- 
 ger over the mouth of the pipe, in order to fpread the water 
 very fine. By thefe m.eans you will keep the trees clean and 
 free trom infefts ; always remembeiing not to fpi inkle them 
 v;hen the fun is on them, nor too late in the evening, as the 
 former fcorches the leaves, and the latter is apt to bring the 
 mildev/ on the tender f<nt ol peaches. If you find any of the 
 trees infecfed, leave off fprinkling them, or water them with 
 clear lime-water, as hereatter directed ; but this fhould always 
 be done in warm weather. By trequently fpjinkling the trees 
 with lime-v/ater, and throwing it plentifully on the underfidc 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 37 
 
 of the leaves, where the Acarus, or Red Spider, is moflly 
 found, you will in a fliort time extirpate that deftruttive in- 
 
 fea.^- 
 
 It is a bad praftice to pick off the leaves of peaches. The 
 fliade ot the leaves nourifhes the fruit very much ; and if you 
 obferve, wherever the leaves are picked ofi'the iruit will be 
 fmall, flunted, and ill- flavoured. Reirjember to hang up the 
 bean-ftalk (as hereafter defcribed) beiore the fruit begins to 
 ripen, in order to get rid of the earwigs, &c. otherwife they 
 will greatly injure the peaches. — \_See the Chapter on Infc8s.r\ 
 
 I would reconnmend planting fome trees of the early 
 peaches in an Eafl or North afpetl, for, by fo doing, you 
 will have a regular fuccefhonof fine peaches till the late forts, 
 to the South and Weft, come in ; but never plant late forts to 
 the North or Eaft. 
 
 The folio win gate the Sorts that I would recommend to he plant- 
 ed in North and Eaft JJpeds. 
 
 Early Avant, Early Ann, Early Mignonne, Royal George, 
 Red Magdalen, Royal Kenfmgton, Nobleire, Grofs Mignon- 
 ne, and Millet's Mignonne. 
 
 * The direflicns here given cannot poflibljbe obffrved in the msnagc- 
 jnent of large peach-orthards in America ; but it will be no great difficultv 
 or espence to obferve them in gardens, where gentlemen fet great value oa 
 their trees, particLlariy in Philadelphia, and other cities and tcwns. 
 
 + The American planter vtiM not fail to profit from (he direftions given 
 for the deftru£\ion of thcfe noxious little vermin, which Ipoil both the ap<. 
 |)ejrance and the tafte of no iroall part of every crop of his neachej. 
 
^S TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OF NECTARINES. 
 
 A Defcription of Ne&arines cultivated in England, and tkt 
 Method oj Planting, Pruning, and Training them. 
 
 X HE Ne6^arine (properly fo called from Ne£lar, the po- 
 etical drink, oi the Gods) was introduced here about the year 
 3562, and belongs to the tvveltth clafs ot Linnaeus. 
 
 This truit differs Irom tite peach in nothing more than in 
 having a fmooth rind, and the fiefh being firmer.t 
 
 The Varieties which are cultivated in this Country are, 
 
 1. Fairchild's Early Nefiarine. This is one of the earJi- 
 efl ; it is a Imall round iruit, ot a beautiiul red colour, and 
 well flavoured ; and is ripe about the middle ot AugulL 
 
 2. *Newington Nedtarine. This is a fine iruit, ot a beau- 
 tiful red colour next the fun, and yellow on the other fide. It 
 has an excellent rich juice, and ripens about the middle of 
 September. 
 
 3. The Ehuge Ne.Elarine is faid to have ben firft culti- 
 vated by Gurle.aNurferymanat Hoxton, in the timeot Charles 
 the Second. It is ot a middle fize, of a dark red or purple 
 next the fun, and of a pale green on the other fide. It has a 
 fuft melting pulp and vinous juice, and is ripe in the latter 
 end ot Aii.ouft, or begir.ning ot September. 
 
 4. Tiie Scarlet NeQarine is of a fine fcarlet colour next 
 the fun, but of a pale red next the wall. It ripens in tlie latter 
 end of Auguft, or beginning ot September. 
 
 5. *Brugnun, or Italian Neftarine, is of deep red next 
 the fun, and of a pale yellow on the other fide ; it has a rich 
 flavour in a good year, and ripens in the ktter end ot Augull, 
 or beginning of September. 
 
 6. *The Roman Red Neftarine is a large fruit, of a dark 
 red colour next the fun, but of a yellow colour on the other 
 fide ; and when full ripe it fiirivels ; the pulp is then replete 
 with a rich juice. It is ripe in September. — This nettarine has 
 
 4- Thofe majked with an aftsrifk (*) adhere to the ftonc. 
 
MANAGEMENT O^" FRUIT TREES, S:c. 39 
 
 a fmooth leaf, and the Newington a jagged one, which is one 
 of the tnoft efl'eniial differences by which thefc two excellent 
 iiLiits are diIHngui(hable from each other. 
 
 7. Murry Nectarine is ot a reddifli colour toward the 
 fun, and ol a pale green toward the wall. This iruit has a 
 tolerably good flavour, and ripens about the middle ot Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 8. Temple's Neftarine is of a middle fize, of a pale red 
 colour toward the fun, and of a yellowilh calt next the wall. 
 This Iruit, when quite ripe, flirivels ; the pulp is then full ot 
 rich juice ot a fine flavour. It ripens about the middle of Sep- 
 tember, or beginning ol OSiober. 
 
 9. ^Golden Nedarine. This is a handfome fruit, of a 
 foft red colour toward the fun, and yellow on the other fide. 
 It has a rich flavour, and is ripe about the beginning ot Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 10. The Peterborough, or Late Green Ne61arine (called 
 alfo the Vermafii,) is of a middle fize, round fliape, and al- 
 ways of a green colour ; the flelh is firm, and in a good feafon, 
 tolerably well flavoured. It ripens about the middle ot Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 1 1 . The Violet Ne6iarine is of a middle fize, and a purple 
 colour next the fun, but pale on the other fide ; it has a vinous 
 flavour, and ripens in the latter end of Auguft, or beginning of 
 September. 
 
 To the foregoing may he added: 
 
 Anderfon's Neftarine, Newfoundland, 
 
 Aromatic, New White, 
 
 *Black Newington, Princefs Royal, 
 
 Clermont, *Rogers' Seedling, 
 
 De la Taille, Royal Chair d'Or, 
 
 *Early Pavie, *St. Omer's, 
 
 *Genoa, Tawny, ripe in September, 
 
 Luncomb's Black, White, ripe in Auguft and 
 *Mufk Violet, September. 
 
 A Sek&ion of Ne&arinesfor a fmall Garden. 
 
 Fairchild's Early Neflarine, Elruge, Scarlet, Newington, 
 Red Roman, and Murry. 
 
 Of the Management of NeBarines, 
 
 It is unneceflary to fay much on this head, as the man- 
 agement ot netfarines is almoft the fame as that of peaches. 
 
40 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE ANt? 
 
 The fame rules mufl be obferved with regard to pruning 
 and cutting out difeafed parts ; and the fame attention will be 
 necelTary during the fummer ; obferving, in particular, not 
 to leave the wood too thick. 
 
 On account ot the fmoothnefs of the fkin of the neflar- 
 ine, it fufFers much more from millepedes (or wood-lice,) ear- 
 wigs, &c. than the peach ; it will, therefore, be neceffary to 
 hang up a greaternumberof bundles of bean-ftalks about thefe 
 than about other fruit trees. Wafps are alfo very deflruflive 
 to neftarines, and the trees are very liable to be intefted with 
 the red fpider ; thefe are to be deflroyedas hereafter direfted. 
 [5;<r the Chapter on Infe&s.~\ 
 
 Do not omit to thin the fruit when grown to a tolerable 
 fize ; but never pick off the leaves till the fruit be full-grown ; 
 obferving the rules already laid down for peaches. It will an- 
 fwer equally well with neftarines as with peaches, to plant fome 
 trees in an Eaft afpe£f, which will continue the fuccefTion 
 much longer than if all were planted in the ufual afpecls. 
 
 In the fummer of 1800, which was dry and hot, we had a 
 Weft afpeft which was fo much infefted with the red fpider 
 that I expefted the trees would have been totally deftroyed. 
 In February following, I had the wall well wafhed with t'oap 
 and urine mixed, as alfo the ftems and branches of the trees. 
 (This mull be done before the buds begin to open, and in the 
 forepart of the day, that the trees may get dry before the even- 
 ing ; but never in frofty weather.) Afterwards, wherever I 
 faw any appearance of the fpider, I watered the trees with 
 clear lime water, as dire£led in chapters 3 and 28. Thefe 
 trees are now in a perfeftly healthy flate ; but in fome gardens 
 where thefe precautions have been neglefted, many of the trees 
 are entirely killed. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 41 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 OF CHERRIES. 
 
 Different Sorts ; and the Propagation, Planting, Pruning and 
 Training of them — How to prejerve them from Inftds, 
 
 C^HERRiES are faid to hive come originally from Cerafus, 
 a city oF Pontus, from which LucuUus brought them after the 
 Mithridatic war, into Italy. They fo generally pleafed there, 
 and were fo eafily propagated in all climates into which the 
 Romans extended their arms, that, within the fpace of a hun- 
 dred years, they grew common as far as the Rhine, and were 
 introduced into Britain about Ann. Dom. 55.* 
 
 Cherries belong to the twelfth clafs ot Linnaeus' Syftem ; 
 Icofandria Monogynia. 
 
 A fliort Defcription of the principal Cherries cultivated 
 in Eng-land. 
 
 o 
 
 1. The Small May Cherry is the firfl ripe, and requires 
 a good wall. One or two trees of this kind may be lufficient 
 for a large garden. It is ripe in June. 
 
 2. The May Duke comes in about the fame time as the 
 former, but is larger. It is an excellent cherry, and bears 
 well againft a wall. 
 
 3. The Archduke, if permitted to ripen properly, is an 
 excellent cherry. It is ripe in June and July. 
 
 4. The H ear t ford fh ire Cherry is a fort of Heart, but firm- 
 er and ol a finer flavour than Hearts in general. It does 
 
 * It is fuppofed by many, that Cherries were fird introduced into this 
 country io the reign of Henry the Eighth ; but Lydgate, who wrote his poem 
 called " Lickpenny," before the middle of the fifteenth century, or probably 
 before the year 1415, mentions them in the following lines, as being com- 
 monly fold at that time by the hawkers in Londou ftreels : 
 
 " Hot pefcode own began to cry, 
 
 " Straberys ripe, and Cherryes in the ryfe." 
 
 Ryce, rice, or ris, properly means a long branch ; and the word il ftili 
 ufcd in tlwt leofe in the Weft of England. 
 
42 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 not ripen till the latter enJ o\ July, or beerinning of Augufi, 
 whicli renders it the more vala.-ble, as it Ibcceeds more early 
 cherries, 
 
 ,5. The B'eediiTT Hoart, or G-ifcoign's, is a very large 
 chen'v of a long form, snd dark col<jur ; it has a pleafant tafte,- 
 and ripens in the latter end of Julv. 
 
 6. Hanifon's Heart is a fine Cherry. It was introduced 
 from the Ea'l Indie? by G H'crnor iiinifon/^* grandfather to 
 the prefent Earl of Leiceller, and firli cuhivated at his feat 
 of Balls in Hertfordfhire : So'iie ot the trees, I am informed, 
 he prefented to George the Firft ; and they aie at this time, in 
 a floinifhing ftate, bearing fine fruit, in Kenfington Gardens. 
 This Cherry is ripe in July and Augufi. 
 
 7. The Black Heart is a fine Cherry, too well known to 
 require defcription. 
 
 8. The Morello, or Milan Cherry, is a very fine fruit 
 when kept till (he month o! October, and makes a very great 
 addition to the defart at that time of the year. This is the 
 bell Cherry that we have tor preferving, and for making Cher- 
 ry-Brandy. 
 
 9. The Carnation takes its name from its colour, being 
 red and white. It is a large round Cherry, but not fo fweet 
 as the Duke Cherry. It ripens in the latter end of July. 
 
 10. Tlie yellow Spanilh Cherry is of an oval fhape and 
 amber colour, and is a fweet pleafant fruit. It is ripe in Au- 
 gufi and September. 
 
 1 1. The Corone, or Coroun Cherry, refembles the Black 
 Heart. This is an excellent fruit, and a good bearer. It 
 ripens about the beginning of Augufi. 
 
 i2. The Lukeward comes in foon after the former, and 
 is alfo a fine pleafant fruit, and a good bearer. It ripens in 
 the beginning of Augufi. 
 
 13. The Graffion. This is fuppofed by many to be the 
 fame with Harrifon's Heart ; but upon a ciofe examination, I 
 find it to be a different cherry : Its flefii is firmer and the 
 ilone flatter. It ripens in July and Augufi, 
 
 14. Ronald's Large Black Heart Cherry, introduced into 
 this country in the year 1794 from CircafTia. Mr. Ronalds, 
 nurferyman at Brentford, and the only perfon, to the bed of 
 my knowledge, who has cultivated it in England, fent me 
 fome of the fruit this fummer, 1801. It is a fine large cher- 
 
 * Governor Harrifon went out Governor of Fort St. George in Decem- 
 ber, 1710, and returned home in 1719 ; ard.it is probable that he brought 
 this cherry heme wiih him ; if fo, {"o!nc ef th:fc lr';es in Kenfington Gardens 
 muft be upwards of eighty ycsrs old. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 43 
 
 ry, a great bearer, and will, without doubt, be valuable as a 
 forcing fort. This cherry, in my opinion, is well worth cul- 
 tivating. It ripens in the beginning of July. 
 
 1^. Fra.f"er's Black Tdiiaiidn Cherr)* is a fine large 
 fruit. 
 
 16. Frafer's White Tartarian Cherry is white and tranf- 
 parent. Thefe cherries are excellent bearers, but particu- 
 larly the black kind : The iruit is of a fine brifk flavour, and 
 they ripen early, 
 
 17. The Liindie Gean, cultivated at Lord Vifcount Dun- 
 can's, near Dundee, is black, and almoi't as large as a Black 
 Heart Cherry. It is now common in the nurferies about 
 Edinburgh ; and MtfTis. Gray and Wear have had it lor fome 
 years in their nurfery at Brcmpicn-park. 
 
 18 The Tranfparent Gean is a fmall delicious fruit. 
 From the Black Cherry, which is fuppofed to be a na- 
 tive of England, are raifed, by feeds, the black Coroun, and 
 the Small Wild Cherry, of which there are two or three varie- 
 tie.«, differing in the fize and colour of their fruit. I would 
 recommend planting thefe in parks and pleafure grounds, as 
 the trees grow to a great fize, and have a beautiful appear- 
 ance. The fruit will be food for birds, and fo the means of 
 preferving the finer fruit, in the garden and orchard, from 
 their depredations, llie wood aifo of thefe trees is very ufe- 
 ful for turners and pifture-frame makers. Stocks to , graft 
 upon are generally raifed from the feed of this fort. Thefe 
 trees will thrive in poor land, wliere fcarcely any other forts 
 will. 
 
 The Clufler Cherry is planted more for ornament, or cu- 
 riofity, than for any other purpofe. 
 
 To the above may be added : 
 
 Amber Heart, Ox Heart, 
 
 Black Ma.^ard, Purple Heart, 
 
 Church-hills, Red Heart, 
 
 Double-blofTomed, Spanifh Black, 
 
 * The Tartarian Cherries were brought from Ruflla in the autumn of 
 the year i 796, by Mr. John Fiafer, of Sloane-fquare, CheHca ; well know i 
 for ills iiideiaiigjble ioduftry in coliei^ine many curious plants, anJ othi r 
 natural cunofities, in Ametica and the V/cft-Indie?. He iays, that thete 
 cherries are natives of the Crimea, and that he purchafed ihein of a Ger- 
 man, who cultivated them in a Garden near St. Peterflaur?. This man hail 
 but few plants of them at that time, and fold them as a favour at ten roubles 
 a plant. Mr. Frafcr afterwards law them ia the Impsrial gaidens, where 
 they were fuccefsfuUy forced in pots. 
 
44 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Flemifh H^art, South's large Black, 
 
 Grofs Goblet, Swedifh Black Heart, 
 
 Holman's Duke, Tradefcant's, 
 
 Jeffrey's Royal, Turkey Heart, 
 
 Kenfington Duke, Weeping, 
 
 Large Spanifh Cherry, Wentworth Heart, 
 
 Late Large Morello, White Heart. 
 Montmorency, 
 
 Proper Kinds of Cherries for a [mall Garden. 
 
 The May Duke, the Large Duke Cherry, Archduke, the 
 Black Heart, Harrifon's Heart, Ox Heart, Turkey Heart, 
 and Kenfington Duke Cherry. 
 
 Planting, Pruning, and Training oj Cherry-Trees. 
 
 In the choofing and planting of young cherry-trees, the 
 fame rules are to be obfeived as are given tor Apricot,«, 
 Peaches, and Ne6tarincs ; and they mult in like manner be 
 headed down the firft year. 
 
 In pruning cherries, never fliorten their fhoots ; for 
 moft ot them produce their Iruit at the extremities, the Ihort- 
 ening, or cuiting-off of which very frequently occafions the 
 death of the flioot, at leaft of a great part ot it. The 
 branches, therefore, fhould be trained at lull length. I have 
 often feen the whole tree killed by injudicious pruning. 
 Wherever the knife is applied, it is fuve to bring on (he gum» 
 and afterwards the canker, which will inevitably kill the tree 
 if no remedy be applied to the wounds. 
 
 I have headed down a great many cherry-trees which 
 were ahnoft pad bearing, and fo eaten up with the gum and 
 canker, that what lew cherries they bore upon old cankered 
 <purs v/ere not fit to he lent to the table. 
 
 In the years 1790 and 1791, I cut, or headed down, fifty 
 trees. The operation v^as performed in the months of April 
 '»nd May (in May for Ame;icaJ in each year, Thefe trees 
 made (hoots from three to five feet the fame fummer, bore fine 
 cherries the next year, and have continued to bear good crops 
 over fince. 
 
 To the above trees I applied the compoOtion. At the 
 f^mc time I rut down twelve trees in the fame row, but did 
 not apply the compofition : Thefe twelve trees all died in the 
 fecond and third years after. We nov^^ gather more cherries 
 from one tree where the compofition was applied, than we did 
 irom the whole number formerly ; being alio much finer and 
 hra;er Iruit. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 45 
 
 When Cherry-trees are very old, and much injured by 
 large limbs having been cut or blown off (which will inlallibly 
 bring on the canker and gum, and, if no remedy be applied, in 
 a fhort time kill the trees ;) or if there are great fpuis leit 
 Handing a fool perhaps from the branch [^See Plate 4. Fig. a.T 
 the beft way to bring them to have fine heads, and to fill the 
 vacatit fpace, is to head them down as low as pofhble, taking 
 care to leave fome fmall fiioots, if there are any ; if not, leave 
 a bud or two at the ends of fome of the Ihoots. Sometimes 
 you will have a great difficulty to find any buds. It that be 
 the cafe, in the fpring, before you mean to head the trees, make 
 fome incifions in the branches. [^See Plate 9.] This fhould be 
 done on different branches, at the mofl convenient places for 
 filling the tree with good wood. The fize of the incifions 
 ihould be from one to two inches, according to the largencfs 
 of the branches ; obferving to make them juft above the joint 
 where the buds Ihould come out. If you cut juft below a 
 joint, the (hoot will die as far as the next bud or joint ; and, 
 of courfe, injure the tree, if no remedy be applied. 
 
 The time for performing this operation is in March, April, 
 or May. (In America, April will be the beft month.) The 
 above method of making incifions is only recommended where 
 there are no young fhoots or buds, and when the tree is in the 
 lalt ftage of the canker. 
 
 Where you have a few young (hoots, or buds, cut down 
 the head as near to them as you can, and take great care to 
 cut out the canker till you come to the found bark. The can- 
 ker makes its appearance in cherry-trees in the fame manner 
 as it does in peach and neftarine trees, and may be eafily dif- 
 covered by an attentive obferver. Jl any gum remains, it muft 
 be cut or fcraped off : The beft time for doing this is when it 
 is moiftened with rain ; you can then fcrape it off eafily with- 
 out bruifing the bark. This operation is very neceffary ; and 
 il it be neglefled, the difeafe will increafe rapidly. 
 
 Wherever the bark or branches have been cut off, the 
 edges fliould be rounded, and the compofition applied. 
 
 The general wav of pruning cherry-frees has been to leave 
 great fpurs, which continue to increafe till they become as thick 
 as a man's arm : But be it obferved, that cutting off, from 
 year to year, the flioots that are produced from ihe fpurs, in- 
 creafes the canker, till large protuberances, like wens, are 
 formed on the branches, becoming veiy unfightiy ; and thefc 
 occafion them to pioduce only fmall and ill-flavouied fruit, at 
 a great diftance from each other [See Plate 4. Fig. 2. J When 
 this is the cafe, the method I purfue i?, to head the trees down 
 as before direfted. 
 
46 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 If the young fiioots are properly trained, they will pro- 
 duce iruit the tollowing year ; and in the fecond year thry 
 will produce more and finer truit than a young tree that ha:; 
 been planted ten or twelve years. 
 
 It has been a general complaint, that Heart Cherries are 
 bad bearers when trained up as wall-trees ; but, by pruning 
 them as Duke Chenies, I hive brought them to bear in the 
 fame manner. 
 
 Never make ufe of the knife in fummer,* if it be pofTi- 
 ble to avoid it, as the rnoots die Irom the place where they are 
 cut, leaving ugly dead ftubs, which will infallibly bring on the 
 canker. Theie fhoots may be cut in the fpring to about a 
 couple of eyes, as Duke Cherries, which will form a number 
 of flower biads, as appears in P/^/e 4. F^g. 1. Fjg. 2, is an 
 old branch, to (hew the manner in which the fpurs are formed 
 when the old method of pruning is followed, and the barren 
 unprodu6live (fate of the tree.i 
 
 When cherry-trees begin to produce fpurs, cut out every 
 other fhoot to make the tree tlirow out frefh wood : When 
 that comes into a bearing ftate, which will be in the following 
 year, cut out the old branches that remain ; by that method 
 you will be able to keep the trees in a conflant fta*e of bear- 
 ing, taking the fame method as betore direffed with the fore- 
 right fhoots. 
 
 Great care (liould be taken to rub oft many ol them in tlie 
 month of May, (middle of June tor America) leaving only 
 fuch a number as you think will iijl the tree. By fo doing 
 yoLtr trees will continue in a fine healthy Hate, and not be in 
 the leaft weakened by bearing a plentiful crop of Iruit, The 
 reafon is obvious, the great exhalation which vvould be occa- 
 fioned by the fun and air in the common mode of pruning 
 is prevented, by the conjpofition keeping in the fdp which 
 nourifhes the branches and truit. 
 
 I cut (ome trees, as dire61ed above, more than twelve 
 years ago, that are now in as good a {fate of bearing as they 
 were^ the third year after the operation, and likely to contin- 
 ue fo for many years. 
 
 * As Moicllo Cherries teir ihflr fruit on the fecocd year's woaj, fiom 
 Iwo to five in a cli fter, aniS not on i'puis as other cherries do, the ftror.gell 
 and cleaned wood ftiouid be left at full length in the iummer, and all fuoer- 
 £uous {hoots be rubbed cff".. 
 
 + At Alhted Park, the feat of Richard Bngot Howard, Efq. near Ep- 
 fom, there is a cherry-tiee t>etween fifty and fixty (eet high : and, at four 
 feet from the ground, nine feet fix it.ches in circumference. This tree, with 
 many others of the fame kind, was p!z,2tjd feverai years after the/chefautSj 
 :fn;niioned ia chaptrr zz . 
 
Management of iruit trees, stc. 47 
 
 In 1797, I pruned foTne very old trees In the month of 
 May, which were lett, to fliew the old method of pruning ; I, 
 at the Tame time, cut iome branches off the fame trees accord- 
 ing to the new method, to fhew the difference ct the fruit, 
 which was taken by ail who faw it for a different fort of cher- 
 ry- The cherries from the old fpurs were not huVi the fize of 
 the others, and were at at leaft three weeks later. 
 
 I am forry to fay, tiiat many v.^lio have feen the improved 
 ftate oi the fruit trees in Kenfington Gardens, ilill have their 
 own managed accordin,{T to the old melhod of pruning. Sev- 
 eral, however, have adopted the new method with great fuc- 
 cefs. One gentleman in this neighbourhood, by renovating 
 thirty-nine Old Moreilos, planted on a North wall 176 yards 
 long, and ten ieet high, was in a few years able to fell yearly, 
 on an average, from thiity to ioriy pounds worth of fruit pro- 
 duced from them, befides fupplying his own family. In feme 
 years the Market- Gardener who fold them allowed him three 
 Ihillings per pound weight. 
 
 A row of Dwarf Cherry-trees that flood agamil an old 
 paling in Kenfington Gardens, with an old thorn hedge at the 
 back of it, (which every year fo infe6ied them with a blight 
 accompanied with an immenfe number of caterpillars and other 
 infetls, that even in a fine year we could not gather eight 
 bafi-cets from the whole row) became fo fruitful alter the hedge 
 and paling were removed, that we gathered Icrty-two pounds 
 a-day lor fix fucceffive weeks, behde what the birds, wafps, 
 and flies deftroycd. 
 
 This efliinate is v.'ithin the bounds of trufh ; and I men- 
 tion the fact to ffimulate Market-Gardeners and Farmers, who 
 have large orchards and gardens, to exert t'-.emfclves in try- 
 ing every method, however unimportant it may at Sril appear, 
 to improve and render them more fruitful. 
 
 The Duke and Heart Cherries from ihefc trees were as 
 fine as any that were produced from wall-trees ; and as they are 
 much more produtlive, 1 have been induced to take up many 
 of the old renovated trees from the Wf.'lis, and plant them out 
 for dwarf ftandards, fupplying their places with pears, pi urns, 
 peaches, &c. 
 
 In all old gardens and orchards throughout the kingdom, 
 and particularly in Kent, whence the London Markets are 
 chiefly fupplied with apples and cherries, the greater part ot 
 the old trees will hardly bear fruit fufncient to pay the expence 
 of gathering it; but if the above method of pruning, &c. were 
 prattifed, the owner would foon tind his account in it, and 
 be amply repaid lor his trouble : The fruit will be much finer, 
 
48 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 and would have five times the quantity that the trees produce 
 in their prefent condition ; the trees would be more fightly, 
 and always keep in a flourifhing and bearing ftate.* 
 
 When old Standard Cherry-trees become decayed and 
 hollow, 1 would recommend heading them down, as direfted 
 for wall trees and dwarts. Scoop out all the rotten, loofe, and 
 decayed parts ot the trunk, till you come to the folid wood, 
 leaving the furlace Imooth ; then ufe the compofition as here- 
 »her direfted, 
 
 * I do conjure the American planter to pay attention to the fadls and 
 jreafons here advanced. He may reft aflured, that, if he follows the direc- 
 tions here laid down, he will open to himfelf a new fource of pleafure and of 
 profit. The increaled qu.itiriiy of the fruit is not fo material, in cherries, as 
 the increafe in the Jixe and in tlie richnefs of the Jiavtur, In this refpeft 
 the method of pruning here laid down, is invaluable. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 49 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 OF APPLES. 
 
 Different Sorts of Apples defcribed. — Of Heading Apple Trees. 
 — OfEjpaliers and Divarjs. — Grafting Old Apple Trees; and 
 of the Advantage oj ujing the Compofition in that Operation* 
 
 i_<iNNiEUS has joined the Pear, the Apple, and the Quince 
 together, making them ail ot the fame genus, and has reduced 
 all the varieties ot each to one fpecies. They belong to the 
 twelfth cldfs, Icofandria Pentagynia. 
 
 The Species are, 
 
 1. The Wild Apple with a very four fruit, commonly 
 called Crjb. 
 
 2. Wild Crab of Virginia, with a fweet fcented flower. 
 
 3. The Dwari Apple, which is rather a fhrub than a 
 tree ; commonly called Paradife Apple. 
 
 IfJiall give a Lift of the be ft Apples that have been introduced 
 from France. 
 
 1. The Rambour is a large fruit, of a fine red next the 
 fun, and ftriped with a yellowilh green. It ripens about the 
 middle of September. 
 
 2. The Corpendu, or Hanging Body. This is a very 
 large apple, and has a red caft on the lide towards the fun, but 
 is pale on the other. It takes its name from always hanging 
 downwards ; and ripens in September. 
 
 3. The White, or French Rennet, is a large fruit, of a 
 yellowifh green colour, with feme gley fpots. It has a fugary 
 juice, and is good either tor eating or baking. 
 
 4. The Rennette-Giife is a middle fized fruit, of a grey 
 colour next the fun : It is a very good juicy apple, of a quick 
 flavour, and ripens about the latter end of 0'':tober. 
 
 5. Pomroe d'Api is much valued for its col<>ur, being of 
 a bright red. The tree is a good bearer, and the Iruit is not 
 
 G 
 
^,0 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 fiibjeft to be iliaken by liij^b winds. Tbis fruit fliould be fuf- 
 ieied to bang on the tree till 0<^lober or November, iF the frofl 
 f'b not fet in. It comes into eating in February and March, 
 and keeps long ; but io mo.e admired ior its beauty than its 
 lliyour. 
 
 6. Le Cdlville d'An'omne, the Autumn Calville. Tliis 
 is a large fruit, of an oblong figure, and of a fine red colour 
 towards the fun. The juice is vinous, and much efteemed by 
 the French. 
 
 7. Fenouillat, ou Pomme d'Anis, the Fennel or Anife 
 Apple, is a middle {':^ed fruit, of a grey colour ; the pulp is 
 tender, and has a fpicy talle like anife-feed. It ripens in Sep- 
 tember, 0£lober, &c. 
 
 8. Pomme Violette, the Violet Apple, is a pretty large 
 Iruit, of a pale green, driped with a deep red towards the fun. 
 It has a fugary juice, and a flavour of violets, from which it 
 takes its name. It ripens in 06lober, and continues in eating 
 till February. 
 
 The forts above men^oned are what have been introduced 
 from France ; but there are not above two or three of them 
 that are much efleemed iti England, viz. the French Rennet, 
 the Rennette-Grife, and the Violet Apple; the others are 
 mentioned for the convenience of thofe who wifh to have a 
 great variety. \ 
 
 IJhall now give a Lijl of thofe Sorts of Apples which are m^ft 
 ejiecined in England. 
 
 9. The Juneting, or Jenneting, is a fmallyellowifh apple, 
 red on one fide. It is a pretty fruit tor early variety, andrin- 
 ens about the latter end of June and beginning of July. 
 
 10. The Codlin is generally the firft apple that is brought 
 to market. This fruit is fo well known, that it needs no de- 
 fcription. It is in eating from July to December, and is good 
 either for baking or boiling. 
 
 1 1. The Margaret Apple is a fine and beautiful fruit, yel- 
 low Itriped with red, of a delicate tafle, fweet fcent, and is 
 generally eaten off the tiee. It is ripe in Augulf. 
 
 12. The Summer Pearraain is itriped with red next the 
 fun ; the flefii is foft, but foon turns mealy ; fo that it is not 
 much efteemed. It ripens in Auguft and September. 
 
 13. The Kentifii Fill-Baiket is a fpecies of Codlin, of a 
 Jarge (ize, and is generally ufed for bak-ing. It is in eating 
 iroin Auguil to Oftober. 
 
M/^NAGEMENT OF FHUIT TREES, S:c. 51 
 
 14. TlieTranfparcnt Apple was introduced from St. Pe- 
 t^rfbnrgU ; but is moie curious than uJelul ; a tree or two, 
 tb.eretore, will bQ furticient tor a garden. It lipcns in Sep- 
 tember and Odober. 
 
 1,3. Loan's Pe.irmain is a be::utifp.l fruit ; the fide next the 
 fun is of ^ fine red, and the other fide {Iriped with the fame 
 colour : the flelh has a vinous tafle, but fcon grows mealy, 
 which leiTens its value. It ripens in September and October. 
 
 16. The Quince Apple is fehioni larger than the Golden 
 Pippin, and the fide next the fun is of a ruffet colour. This 
 is an excellent apple for about three weeks or a month, and 
 ripens in September. 
 
 17. The Nonfuch is a good bearer, and very fit either for 
 the table or kitchen ; the cooks however complain that it 
 makes but a very fmall proportion of fauce. It is ripe in Sep- 
 tember and O6i:ober. 
 
 18. The Golden Rennet is too well known to need any 
 defcription ; it ripens about A4ichaelmas, and will continue 
 good a month. 
 
 19. The Aromatic Pippin is a very good apple, of a 
 bright ruffet next the fun ; and the flelh has a fine aromatic 
 flavour. It ripens in Oftober. 
 
 20. The Hertfordihire Pearmain, or Winter Pearmain, 
 is of a fine red next the fun, and ilriped with red on the ot'her 
 fide ; the flefl) is juicy and ilews well. It is fit for ufe in No- 
 vember and December. 
 
 21. The Kentifh Pippin is a handfome fruit, of a pale 
 green colour, and the flelh lull of a quick acid juice. This 
 is a good kitchen fruit; it ripens in November and will keep 
 till February, 
 
 22. The Holland Pippin. This fruit is larger than the 
 former, the colour darker, and the flefh juicy. It ripens in 
 06fober, and will keep long, and is a good kitchen apple. 
 
 23. The Mcnflrous Rennet is a very large apple, turning 
 red towards tire fun, and of a dark green on the other fide. It 
 is generally preferved on account oi its magnitude, as the flefli 
 is apt to be mealy. It ripens in Oclober. 
 
 24. The Embroidered Apple is pretty l3rge, and the 
 Ilripes of red very broad, from which circumfUnce it takes 
 its name. It is commonly ufed as a kitchen apple, and is ripe 
 in Otlober. 
 
 25. The Royal Rudet, or Leather Coat Riifiet, is a larg;^ 
 fruit, and one of the belt kitchen apples that we have. It ;=; 
 alfo a pleafant eating apple, and a great bearer ; and is in ulo 
 from O6lober to April. 
 
52 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 26. Wheeler's Ruffet is of a middling fize, the flefh firm 
 and of a quick acid flavour ; it is an excellent kitchen fruit, 
 and will keep long. It ripens in Oftober. 
 
 27. pile's Ruffet is a very firm iruit, of a (harp acid fla- 
 vour, but is much efieemed tor baking. It ripens in Ofctober, 
 and wi,l keep till April. 
 
 28. The Nonpareil is a fruit defervedly valued for the 
 biifknefs of its tafle. It is feldom ripe before Chriftmas, and 
 if well preferved, will keep till May. This is juftly efteemed 
 one of the heft apples that have been yet known. 
 
 29. The Golden Pippin is well known ; and the French 
 own it to be of Englifh origin. It is almofl peculiar to Eng- 
 land ; for there are few countries abroad where it fucceeds 
 well. It is yellow as gold ; the juice is very fweet ; the fkin 
 (cfpecially where expofed to the fun) is often freckled with 
 dark yellow fpots. It is certainly the moft ancient as well as 
 the moft excellent apple that we have. It ripens in O6iober, 
 and will keep through the winter. There are feveral varieties 
 of this fruit; 
 
 30. The Pomroy, or King's Apple, ripens nearly as fooa 
 as the Juneting ; and though not fo beautifully coloured, is 
 larger and much better tafled. 
 
 31. The Red and White Calville are good apples, of a 
 vinous tafte. Some have a red, and fome a white pulp ; and 
 the white is reckoned of a moft delicious tafte. They are in 
 eating in September and Oftober. 
 
 32. The Kirton, or Cracked Pippin, is a good apple for 
 the table. It ripens in September and 06fober. 
 
 33. The Ribfton Pippin* is a fine apple from Ribfton- 
 Hall, near Knarefborougb, in Yorkfl-.ire. It is a little ftreak- 
 ed with red towards the fun, and yellow on the other fide. It 
 is one of the beft apples for eating and baking, and continues 
 in ufe from the end of O^lober till April. It bears very well 
 as a dwarf, and no garden fhould be without it. 
 
 34. The Margin is an excellent apple, and continues in 
 •ufe from November till the latter end of March. It is otten 
 fold in the London markets for a Nonpareil. 
 
 35. Kit k's Scarlet Admirable, a good apple for baking, 
 and of a beautiful fcarlet colour, is in eating about the month 
 of January. 
 
 36. The French Crab is good for baking ; and when it is 
 a favourable ieafon, will make a pretty good fliow at the table. 
 
 ♦ Th« fiift tree of this foil was fcucd growing in Sir Harry Goodiick's 
 Park. 
 
■ MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 53 
 
 It keeps the longed of any apple that we know, being in eat» 
 ing from April to Chi id mas 
 
 37. The Pomme Grec,* a fine apple from Canada, is of 
 a flattilh form, and rullet colour, {freaked btautifnlly wjiu red. 
 It ripens late and keeps till March. 
 
 38. Svkehoufc Ruflet, a fine eating apple, from S) ke- 
 houfe, in Yorkfhire. 
 
 39. The Godolphin Apple is a very handfome Urge fine 
 fruit, {freaked with red on the fide next the fun, and ot a yel- 
 lowifh colour on the other fide. It is in eating from the latter 
 end of September to December. I found this apple growing 
 in the garden of the late Lord Godolphin, in St. Jrimcs' Park ; 
 and have given it the name of the Godolphin Apple, as 1 have 
 not been able to find it in any catalogue. 
 
 ^o. Pearfon's Pippin is a nice apple, about the fizc of a 
 large Golden Pippin, of a yellowifli colour, and the form a 
 little flat. In Devonfhire they put thele pippins into the uvea 
 jufl after the bread is drawn, laying a weight over them to flat- 
 ten them, in the fame manner as they do the Beefin in Norlolk, 
 and bring them to table as a fweetmeat. I brought fome cut- 
 tings of this tree from Nutwell, near Exeter, which I grafted 
 on fome trees in Kenfington Gardens. 
 
 41. The New-Town Pippin is a fine apple in a good fca- 
 fon ; but feldom ripens with us. It is held m great efteem in 
 America. 
 
 42. Fearn's Pippin is of the fhape and fize of a Nonpa- 
 reil. It is of a beautiful fcarlet colour next the fun, and ot a 
 golden yellow on the other fide. It makes a fine {how at ta- 
 ble, and will keep till the latter end of February. 
 
 43. Hay's Fine Large Baking Apple. 
 
 44 Queen's Apple is a beautiful fruit, red towards the 
 fun, and ot a fine yellow on the other fide. This is a very 
 fine apple ; in my opinion, next in perfethon to the Golden 
 Pippin, and about the fame fize. It is in eating from Novem- 
 ber to the end of March. 
 
 The above are the beft apples that have come to my knowl- 
 edge ; but, for the convenience ot thofe who are tond of great 
 variety, 1 lliall add a few, with their charafcters, from the cat- 
 alogue of Meffrs. Andeifon, Leflie and Co. Nurfcrymen at 
 Edinburgh ; and alfo a lilf collected from the catalogues of 
 
 * The Pomme Grec was introduced into this country by Mr. AlcxanJar 
 Barclay, of Bromptoa, well known lor his ingenuity in ble^th'.ng ot wax. 
 He IS a great lover of horticulture, and has railed Teveral ucw Joru of gooU* 
 berries from feed. 
 
54 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 ihe rnoft eminent Nurferymen in the neighbourhood of Lon- 
 don, and other parts ot England. 
 
 Van Pippin, firit ripe, little flavour, or Dutch origin. 
 
 Orzelon Pippin, a (mall early yellow apple. 
 
 Gogar, or Stone Pippin, good, and will keep till May. 
 
 Whitemore Pippin. 
 
 Faradife Pippin, a beautiful long apple, but foon grows 
 mealy. 
 
 Thorle Pippin, a pretty flat early apple oF great beauty. 
 
 Orange Pippin. 
 
 Dalmahoy Pippin. 
 
 Hamilton Pippin, good. 
 
 Bridgewater Pippin, for kitchen ufe. 
 
 Carberry Pippin, very good. 
 
 Lifijon Pippin. 
 
 Commin"ary Pippin. 
 
 Grafton Pippin, an Irifli defart apple, and much recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Lufnefs Pippin. 
 
 Balgown Pippin, is a true Golden Pippin ; but by foil 
 and culture rendered larger. 
 
 Scarlet Rennet, beautiful, but does not keep long. 
 
 Striped Nonpareil, a new Iruit, the wood of which is 
 firiped. 
 
 Dutch Pearmaln. 
 
 Royal Pearmain, a beautiful large apple. 
 
 German Pearmain. 
 
 White Pearmain. 
 
 Summer Leadington. The Leadingfons are all of Scotch 
 produftion, and excellent baking apples ; but are foon apt 
 to fpoil, except the Grey. 
 
 Large Stoup Leadington. 
 
 Scarlet Leadington. 
 
 White Leadington, 
 
 Grey Leadington. This is among the bell of our Scotch 
 Apples, and keeps well, but of little beauty. 
 
 Royal Codlin, a large fine iruit. 
 
 Carlifle Codlin, much elteetned in the North of England 
 for baking. 
 
 Summer Queening. 
 
 Winter Queening. 
 
 Summer feuchet Egg, a fmail early Clydefdale Apple, 
 oi a rerldifh yellow colour. 
 
 Wmter Teuchet Egg. 
 
 Sweener's July-Flower, good. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 55 
 
 Epbrow, or Lady Apple, a very (rood keeping apple. 
 
 Role Apple, or dealer Api, a ticnch Apple, ol fweet 
 t-afle and great beauty. 
 
 Wine Apple, one of the bcfl Scotch Autumn Apples, 
 
 Golden Monday, or Pear Rullct, good and beautilul, 
 
 Yofkiliirc Green, ior baking. 
 
 Strawberry, very good. 
 
 Suuimer Marygoid. 
 
 Fulwood, keeps long, fit only for baking. 
 
 Lady Wemyfs. 
 
 Puifemuuih, well flavoured, but dry ; a fine orchard 
 apple. 
 
 Naked Apple, very good and keeps long ; a Clydeidale 
 Apple. 
 
 Red Ruby, an orchard apple. 
 
 Jerufalem Apple, is red all over, and has a firm pulp, 
 but little tafte. 
 
 Queen of England. 
 
 Datchefs of Haaiilton. 
 
 Salmon i\pple, bright red and yellow colour, briiic 
 juice, and keeps many months. 
 
 Whidleberry, very good. 
 
 Harvey Apple, from Cambridgefhire. 
 
 White Apple of Hawihornden, an orchard apple, 
 
 Carfe ot Gowrie, do. 
 
 Long Apple of Ganon, ' do. 
 
 Winter Eli, do. 
 
 Summer E!i, do. 
 
 Pigeon Apple, or Pigionette, a French defart apple. 
 
 Tower oi Glanimis, an orchard apple. 
 
 White Apple of MoncriefF, do. 
 
 Patridge Apple, a good (ort for kitchen ufe. 
 
 Thojt in the following Lijl marked thus,^ arc mojl ejleemtd for 
 eating raw ; lhofc,\ for baking or boiling ; and thcfc,\ for 
 making of Cyder. The Words in Itulick are names by zchiik 
 the preceding Fruit is frequently known. 
 
 *Ackl3m's RufTet, iBeaunn, 
 
 Aged Pippin, Lmcolnjhire lleaufin. 
 
 Aromatic Broading, Y01 kjlare Bcaufia, 
 
 Summer Broadivg, Norjolh Beaajin, 
 
 Autumn Pe-irmain, , l^cdutv of Kent, 
 
 + Barcel()n.i Peaimain, Belle Gridelin, 
 
 -fBaxter's Pe«rmain, iScll Pool, 
 
55 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 ton Pippin, 
 
 Black Pippin, 
 
 :|:Biack Moore, 
 
 Bontradue, 
 
 Braddock's Seek no furlher, 
 
 +Cat's Head, 
 
 *Cawood Timely, 
 
 *Chardln's Sans-pareil, 
 
 Chei'er PeariTsain, 
 
 :|:Ci)ckajee or Coccagee, 
 
 tCoftard, 
 
 Cott 
 
 Covadles, 
 
 Darling Pippin, 
 
 Derbyfhire Crab, 
 
 Devc)afi.iire ''uckland. 
 
 Double- blofibm Scarlet Crab, 
 
 Dowfen's, 
 
 Dutch Paradife, 
 
 *£aily Nonpareil, 
 
 ^Everlafling Hanger, 
 
 ■{"Eyer's Greening, 
 
 ^Fox Whelps; 
 
 Erank Rambour, 
 
 Frazer's, 
 
 French Pippin, 
 
 French Paradife, 
 
 :j:GenneiMoy!e, 
 
 Golden Doucet, 
 
 Golden Mundi, 
 
 Golden Noble, 
 
 Golien Luftre, 
 
 *Golden Pearmain, 
 
 Golden Ruffet, 
 
 Grey Noble, 
 
 Grav's Pippin, 
 
 tGrecn Blundrel, 
 
 tGreen Pearmain, 
 
 Hall Door, 
 
 Havers' Monfter, 
 
 + Heri[ord{hire Under-leaf , 
 
 Hollow-crowned Pippin, 
 
 *Hubbard's Pearmain, 
 
 Rnjftt Pearmain^ 
 
 H'uj'hes' New Golden Pippin, 
 
 tjohn, 
 
 Deux Ann, 
 
 July-Flower, 
 
 June Keeping, 
 
 Kipling's Pippin, 
 
 King of the Pippins, 
 
 Kuke's Incomparable, 
 
 +Kitchen Rennet, 
 
 Lady's Finger, 
 
 +Lanca{hire Houfewife, 
 
 Large Yellow Pippin, 
 
 *Large Golden Pippin, 
 
 Baker's Golden Pippin, 
 
 Large Apple Wiiliamfonj 
 
 Lawman's, * 
 
 Lemon Pippin, 
 
 tLincolnlhire Rennet, 
 
 London Pippin, 
 
 Five Crowned Pippin, 
 
 Lord Iflay's Pippin, 
 
 Mansfield Tart, 
 
 tMlnehall, 
 
 Neal's Summer Kentifli, 
 
 New- York Pippin, 
 
 New-England Pippin, 
 
 Norfolk Paradife, 
 
 Norfolk Storing, 
 
 Nutmeg, 
 
 Old Pearmain, 
 
 Orgeline, or Orjeline, 
 
 Oxford Oak Peg, 
 
 Oaken Pin, 
 
 *Oxhead Pearmain, 
 
 Earl of Yarmouth'' s Pearmain^ 
 
 Pie Pie, 
 
 Pine-Apple Ruffet, 
 
 Pipy Ruffet, 
 
 *Pomphilia, 
 
 Queen's, 
 
 Queen's Pearmain, 
 
 Red-flefiied Beaufin, 
 
 Red Streak, 
 
 Red Vacaii, 
 
 Ronald's Queen Charlotte, 
 
 iRobine, 
 
 :i'Royfl Wilding, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. ^-j 
 
 Tankard Apple, 
 Ten Shillincrs, 
 Tom Two Years Old, 
 tTranfparent Codlin, 
 Virj;in, 
 
 *Whitc Pippin, 
 White Sour, 
 Welch Lemon Pippin, 
 Why kins' Pippin, 
 Wine Sop, 
 +Winter Redftreak, 
 tWinter Colman, 
 tWinter Broading, 
 Winter Majetin, 
 :|: Woodcock's, 
 Yellow Buckland. 
 
 Scarlet Pearmain, 
 
 Sheppard's Rufl'et, 
 
 Siberian Crab, 
 
 Sir Charles Wagers, 
 
 Skerm's Kernel, 
 
 Spencer's Pippin, 
 
 Spice Apple, 
 
 Spit, 
 
 Stout Buckland, 
 
 fStriped Beaufin, 
 
 Stubbard, 
 
 +Styre, 
 
 +Summer Redftreak, 
 
 Summer Pippin, 
 
 Summer RufFet, 
 
 tSummer Colman, 
 
 Summer Majetin, 
 
 N. B. The Siberian Crab and the Double Bloflbm Crab 
 are good ior preferving. 
 
 Sorts of Apples proper for afmall Garden. 
 
 The Juneting, Golden Pippins, Nonefuch, Ribftone 
 Pippin, Nonpareils, Queen's Apple, Sykehoufe, Golden Ren- 
 net, Aromatic Pippin, Grey Leadington, Scariet Pearmain, 
 Lemon Pippin, Pomme Gree, and French Crab, different forts 
 of Ruffetins and Codlins, for baking. 
 
 1 have taken all the pains that 1 could toafcertain the real 
 names of the beft apples ; but the varieties are almoft infi- 
 nite : It is, therefore, hoped, that it the fame apple Ihould, 
 in fome tew inftances, tie found under different names, it 
 being almolt impoffible, amid fuch a variety, to avoid a mif- 
 take of that kind, the candid reader will have the goodnefs 
 to view it with indulgence. 
 
 On the Choofing, Planting, Pruning, and Training of 
 Apple-Trees. 
 
 In choofing Apple-trees from the Nurfery, it may be 
 fufficient to obferve, that they, as well as Apricot and Peach- 
 trees, fhould have Itrong, ftraight, and clean Items. 
 
 H 
 
^8 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Sufficient inftru6lions have already been given for pre- 
 paring the borders* and planting the trees ; which will alfo 
 be applicable here. The lame cliie£iions for heading muft 
 be obferved, according to the feafon and time of the buds 
 breaking forth, leaving the number according to the llrength 
 of each tree ; cutting as clofe as pofhble to the top bud, that 
 the leading fhoot may the more eahly cover the wound ; and 
 conftantly obferving to rub off all the buds that come up by 
 the fide of the leading fhoot, which would otherwife rob it ot 
 its nourifliment and llrength, and fo prevent it from making 
 a fine leader. '[See Plate 6. Fig. i.] Remember to cut it 
 annually to the length of from nine to eighteen inches, ac- 
 cording to its f^rength, till the tree is got to that height to 
 which you would have it run, and according to the extent 
 of the ground ; which height may be from eight to twelve 
 feet. By thefe means the trees will throw out horizontal 
 branches on every fide, and foon form handfome heads for 
 Dwarfs. 
 
 I would advife not to fuffer the Dwarf-trees to run high- 
 er than twelve feet ; otherwife they will become naked at bot- 
 tom, the Iruit will be liable to be blown down, and the tops 
 broken by high winds. 
 
 In heading old decayed apple-trees, for the fake ol 
 fymmetry, it will be neceffary to cut at the forked branches 
 as near as can be to the upper fide ot the fork, cutting them 
 in a floping manner to carry off the wet, at the fame time 
 rounding the edges. You may begin at the lower branches, 
 cutting juft above the lower fork ; and, proceeding upwards, 
 cut the refl of the branches from one to fix joints, or forks, 
 according to their ftrengih, till you have finifhed cutting-in 
 the whole head. If any of thefe branches fhould have the 
 canker, all the intefted part muft be cut out. When the 
 tree is all prepared, apply the compofition immediately, be- 
 ginning at the top of the tree, and finifhing with the pow- 
 der of wood-athes and burnt bone;!, as you defcend ; which 
 will prevent it from being rubbed off during the operation ; 
 and the compofition will prevent the fun and air from injur- 
 ing the naked inner bark. A tree thus prepared, will, in the 
 courfe of three our tour years, produce more and finer fruit 
 
 * He is here fpeaking of the grounds for Dwarf-Apples, ia gardens; 
 but, nearly the fame rules will apply toothers. He treats of orchards here- 
 after, though he may not, perhaps, repeat all the direftions, which are com- 
 mon to all apple.trees, ia all forms and fuuadons. 
 
MANAGEMENT Of l-RUIT TREES. &c. 59 
 
 than a maiden-tree that has been plantc.l upwards ol twenty 
 years.* 
 
 It is hoped that the above dire^ions, if properly attended 
 to, will be fufficient to enable any one to bring old decayed 
 trees into a healthy bearing (late. 
 
 In large orchaids and gardens, it may be necefTary, at 
 firft, to head down only every other tree ; cutting fofne of the 
 branches of the rell, which are in a decayed and cankcry ftate 
 and will bear no fruit. This will be preparing them to throw 
 out new wood, and furnifh the tree much fooner with bearing 
 branches. In fuch a (eafon as the prelent (1800,) when there 
 is a blight and general iaikireof crop throughout the kingdom, 
 the operation may be perlormed in fummer, in the months of 
 May, June, and Julv, (May for America) and even fo late as 
 Augult, which would fave a feafon. I would, however, re- 
 commend the performing the operation as early as poflible ; 
 for by fo doing the wood will be the ilronger. 
 
 When the trees are become hollow, the like method fhould 
 be followed as is dije£led for plums ; but by no means cut 
 them down unlefs the tops are quite decayed ; obferving to 
 cut the loofe rotten wood clean out of the hollow and other 
 decayed parts, applying the compofition. At the fame time 
 remember to open the ground, and cut out all the rotten parts 
 that may be found in tlie lower part of the Item, together witfi 
 all the decayed roots, which, if this be not done, will infalli- 
 bly injure the frelh wood and bark, and prevent a cure from 
 being efFefted. 
 
 I would recommend heading down ail apple-trees that are 
 much cankered and have ill-fhaped heads ; for by fo doing 
 much labour will be laved, and the trees will amply pay ths 
 proprietor. 
 
 Never fhorten the young branches, except they are very 
 thin, when it will be necefTary to do fo to fill the trees with 
 young wood ; nor prune any of the young fhoots the fecond 
 year (1 mean the year after they are cut,] as many of the eyes, 
 almoll to the end o' the Ihoot, will, it it be ftrong, become 
 fruit-buds next year ; and fo on every year. 
 
 In the month of May in the firfl year after the trees have 
 been fo cut, it will be neceffary to go over them, and rub oB, 
 
 * Upon reading this paragraph, how many American orchards prefent 
 themfelves to my view ! How many orchards have I feen, without a angle ap- 
 ple, while, with the help of this operation, would fooD be loaded ^ith fruit ! 
 How foon are trees in that country regarded as worn out, and are, as fuch, 
 cut down, which trees by the aid of this fyftsm would laft for twenty or forty 
 yean longer, and would be infinitely preferible to a youn^ orchard, bsfiJej 
 the advantsge which would be lier; vcj fiom pi-cvcutin; th; loh of time, 
 
6o TREATISE OiM THE CULTURE AND 
 
 with your fiager and thumb, all the fuperfluous young (hoots ; 
 leaving trom three to fix eyes on each flioot, according to the 
 fize and ftrength ot the branch cut. Thefe fiioots will bear 
 from three to tour years ; by which time they will be pretty- 
 much exhaufted by the great quantity o{ fruit produced from 
 them ; they fliould then be cut down to two eyes to produce 
 new wood. 
 
 I always leave three dififerent years' branches on the tree, 
 •when the firft (hoot d, is cut off at e. [_Sce Plate 6. Fig. 2.] 
 You will obferve the next (booty, to be full ot fruit-buds, if 
 it has not been (liortened ; when it begins to grow weak, cut 
 it off at ^, The next cutting rauft be at i, when the branch h 
 is tired ot bearing. Proceed thus all over the tree with care 
 gnd attention, and you will foon perceive the advantages ot this 
 method of pruning above the common mode ; for by it you 
 will be able to keep your trees in a conilant (late ot bearing, 
 which if left to nature, would only produce a crop ot fruit 
 once in two or tree years.* Always remember, when the 
 fhoot that has done bearing is cut off, to apply the compofi- 
 tion immediately, and to rub off the (hoots where they are too 
 numerous. 
 
 The beft time to prune apple-trees is in the month ot 
 April, or in May, after the peaches, ne6larines, and cherries 
 are pruned. t 
 
 The fmall fiioots that crcfs each other fiiould be cut off, 
 leaving the flrongeft to fill up the tree, and make a fine hand- 
 fome head. The fuckers that fpsing from the root (liould be 
 carefully grubbed up, and the fiue-ihoots fiom the (leui cut 
 off; for, it left to grow, they will greatly weaken the tree. 
 The knobs, where old branches have been cut off, (iiould aifo 
 be pared away, leaving the I'^urfacc ot the tree as fmooth as 
 poffible; then apply the compofition ; the young bark will foou 
 begin to grow, and by degrees cover the old wounds with a 
 
 * This is the caufe of the frequent failure in crop^, and not any pesverfc- 
 nefs in the ftars, as the old women imagine. Mr. t'orlyth's trees never J.'.il. 
 His trees, of all forts, were lull of fruit, while it feemcd in other gardens, to 
 be a matter of chance. 
 
 + Soon after this pruning, about the middle cf May (fame time for A- 
 merica) it will be proper to look over liie trees, and lo j-ick off any caterpil- 
 lars that irny be on thcni. 
 
 You will then lee what (hoots are iiifcflcd v/ith tlie cankti, and wliich 
 Wiight have efcaped year notice at (he time of priming ; and, wherever you 
 obferve ihe leaft appearance of inledtion, wl^ich may l<e known by the viood 
 appearing of a browifli colour, the fhoot muft be cut d^v.-a tili you come to 
 the found white wood. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, S:c. 6i 
 
 frefti fmooth furface, and thus prevent the canker (rom gain- 
 ing ground on the tree. 1 have feen feme old wounds ot 
 coniiderable {ize healed over in one year. 
 
 The trees which 1 pruned and dreiTcd, as above directed, 
 in the couiTe of the fummer 1795, are ail pertetlly cuu-d, the 
 wounds being filled up with lound wood, and covered over 
 with new bark : I'hey all continue in a healthy ilate, and bear 
 fine handfome iruit. 
 
 1 have advifed feveral Nurferymen about London, partic- 
 ularly McflVs. Gray and W^ear, at Biompfon Park Nurfery, 
 Kenfington Gore, and the late Mr. Malcolm, ot Stockvi^ei), to 
 head down their apple-trees alter the feafon ot drawing ior fale 
 is over. 
 
 MelTrs. Gray and Wear iiave headed a great many oi 
 fuch trees as were formerly thrown to the taggot-pilc, and 
 have been amply recompenfed for their trouble. Trees thus 
 headed down, provided the flems be ifrong, will, in the firlt 
 and fecond year, produce as much fruit as will refund the piir- 
 chafe-money; befides, a great deal of time will be favcd, 
 which would be loil by planting vourigcr trees. 
 
 It you can procure trees of tlie above defcription that 
 have been headed down three or more years, they will be ail 
 covered v.'ith fruit-buds, and, if carelully taken up a:-.d planted 
 in the autumn, it the feafon proves iavourable, ybuWill have 
 a tolerable crop of fruit the firll year. Such tices nuWt not 
 be headed down like maiden-trees, but only thinned off where 
 the branches run acrofs and rub againll one ancther, which 
 fhould never be fufFered. 
 
 FroiTi what has been faid, I hope that gentlemen and 
 others will not be blind to their own intereil ; but that they will 
 give the praftice a fair trial, which, if properly executed, will 
 not fail to turn out to their fatisfadion. Independent of the 
 great advantage to be derived from the increafe ot crops, in- 
 itead of decayed, mofs-grown trees, bearing only a tew fmall 
 hard and kernelly fruit, they will have the pleafure oi feeing 
 fine healthy clean trees, loaded with large beautiful and well- 
 flavoured fruit ; which, to thofe who have a taile lor garden- 
 ing and rural affairs, will be no fmall conlideration. 
 
 The borders where you make your croffings in gardens, 
 fliould be fix or eight feet broad at lea If, to let the trees 
 fpread on each fide, at the diflance ot twelve feet from tree 
 to tree, and they fliculd be v/ell trenched, two ieet and a halt 
 deep at lealf. if there fliould be gravel, or four clay, it mull 
 be taken out, and good mould put in its place ; leaving the 
 ground as rough as potTible, for the frofl and rain to mellov/ 
 
62 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 it. When you level the ground, it fliould be done after rain ; 
 you may then fuw feme fmall crops in the borders, fuch as 
 Lettuce or Spinage, or Cabbage tor tranfplanting ; but let 
 not any of the Braflica tribe coine to full growth. Leav- 
 ing Cabbage and Broccoli on borders, near fruit trees, draws 
 the ground very much, fills the borders with infe£ls, and alfo 
 prevents the fun and air from penetrating into the ground. 
 
 When the fun can have free accefs to the border, it adds 
 much to the flavour of the fruit. If you can fpare the ground 
 on the crofs- borders in winter, it will be of great fervice to 
 the trees to ridge it up as loofe as you can, and let it lie in that 
 fiate all winter to mellow and fweeten. 
 
 II the foil be ftrong, I would recommend planting of 
 apple-trees that are grafted on Paradife Stocks ; but if the foil 
 be light. Free Stocks will do much better. 
 
 When the ground is a flrong clay or brick earth, mix it 
 with old lime-rubbifh or coal-afhes, ftreet-dung or fand ; but 
 what I ufe for the borders againft the walls, and which 1 pre- 
 fer to every other manure, is a vegetable mould produced from 
 leaves of trees, which mav be obtained in the following manner : 
 
 Colleft annually as many loads of leaves as you con- 
 veniently can, which make up into hot-beds for late melons 
 and cucumbers, and for early potatoes, &c. Firft plant the 
 beds with early potatoes ; at the fame time fovv radifli and 
 lettuce feeds mixed together. When the radifhes are pulled, 
 thin the lettuces, leaving a fufficient quantity for a crop ; by 
 the time the lettuces are fit for cutting, the potatoes begin to 
 cover the bed. After the lettuces are all cut, you fliould put 
 fome of the leaf-mould clofe up to the flems of the potatoes, 
 which will run verv faff into the frefh manure, and produce a 
 fine early crop. When you have dug up the potatoes, take off 
 all the fine vegetable mould till you come to the leaves that are 
 not yet rotten ; then with a fork turn up the leaves, adding 
 fome frefli leaves at the fame time, which will caufe a frefh 
 heat to come up in the bed ; when this is done, put on the 
 lights and keep them clofe for three or fotir days : If the wea- 
 ther be fine and clear, there will, by that lime, be a fine fweet 
 gentle heat.* 
 
 You may then fow or plant melons or cucumbers in the 
 beds. 
 
 • What is hcrefaid about the ufc of leaves in the courfe of their rotting 
 is net altogeiher applic^ibie to America ; but it will be very ufeful for the 
 American planter lo know, that rotten leaves are fo ufeful, as he can always 
 get enough of them. Nor would hot-beds of leaves be alicgether ufekfs in 
 t^mcrica for Ipring lettuces, cucuir.bjrs, radifhes, &c. &c. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF TRUIT TREES, &c. 63 
 
 When the heat begins to decline, and the iruit to fvvell, 
 put a tre(h lining of leaves, two teet and a halt broad, round 
 the beds. The beds may be broken up the fecond winter ; by 
 which time you will find the top part ot them rotted to a fine 
 black vegetable mould, which willbe thebeft manure for trees. 
 
 A good coat ot this manure once in tu'o or three years 
 will be fufficient for the borders where the walUtrees ftand, 
 and much better than dung, which I by no means approve 
 ot for trees, unlefs it be perfe6lly rotten and mixed up with 
 mould. 
 
 Some of the leaves will be found not quite rotten at the 
 bottom of the beds ; thefe may be mixed up with frefh dry 
 leaves from the park, garden, &c. and ufed tor making new 
 beds. 
 
 Of Grafting old Apple-Trees. 
 
 It frequently happens, that, through fome miftake or 
 other, after waiting ten or twelve years for a tree to come into 
 a bearing ftate, it is then found that the fruit is neither fit for 
 the table nor kitchen ; in fuch cafe, we always graft them the 
 following fpring, obfervingto graft on the lined and healthieft 
 flioots, and as near as pofTib'.e to the old graft, and where the 
 crofs-(hoots break out ; by fo doing, you will have fome fruit 
 the fecond year ; and in the third, it properly managed, you 
 will have as much as on a raaiden-tree ot fifteen years Itand- 
 ing.* 
 
 The canker, if any, mufl be carefully pared off the branch, 
 and the fcion muft be taken from a found healthy tree. 
 
 Whenever an incifion is made tor budding or grafting, 
 from that moment the canker begins. 1 would, therefore, re- 
 commend to thofe employed in budding or grafting, as foon 
 as the incifion is made, and the bud or graft inferted, to rub 
 in with the finger, or brufh, fome of the compofition before 
 the bafs is tied on ; then cover the bafst all over with the 
 compofition as thick as it can be laid on whh a brufli, working 
 it well in. If this operation be performed in a proper manner, 
 and in a moift feafon, it will anfwer every purpofe, without 
 applying any grafting clay. 
 
 This I have frequently done, and found it fucceed per- 
 feftly to my wifiies. Obferve not to flacken too foon the 
 
 * Th'u rule muft be of great ufe, and I find it to have been praflifed 
 with great fuccefs at Kenfiagton. 
 
 f Bafs is the ftufF or" which are made the mats that are put rounH trunk?, 
 &c. ia the (hipping of goods. It is a nice foft ligament, ad is much better 
 than any other, as it never refills the fwslling of the wood. 
 
64 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 matting (or bafs) which is wrapped round the bud ; for in that 
 cafe you will find the incifion opened, which very often oc- 
 cafions the death oi: the bud. 
 
 If Nurferymen and Gardeners would give this method a 
 fair trial, and ule the fame corapofition as I ufe for curing de- 
 feBs in trees, inflead of loam and horfe-dung (which binds fo 
 hard as to prevent the rain and moifture from penetrating to 
 the graft to moilien tiie wood and bar!;) they would find that 
 the grafts \vould fucceed much better. The corapofition, for 
 this purpofe, fliould be rather fcfter than grafting-clay gener- 
 ally is ; and inftead of applying fo large a mafs as is generally- 
 done oi clay, it need not, in moft cafes, be more than two or 
 three inches in circumference. 
 
MANAGExMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 65 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 OF PEARS. 
 
 Different Sorts of Pears defer ibid.— Of Planting, Heading, 
 
 / Pruning, &c. — Experiments on old Trees. — A comparative 
 
 State?/ient oj the Produce of Pear-Trees, by the old and new 
 
 way of Pruning and Training. — Of Trees headed dozLn. — 
 
 Remedy for the Canker^ &c. 
 
 1 HE cultivation of the Pear is, undoubtedlv, of confiderable 
 antiquity ; for Pliny mentions no lefs than twenty kinds, and 
 Virgil five or fix. 
 
 Linnaeus arranges pears in the fourth Teftion of his ivveHth 
 clafs, along wiih apples and quinces. 
 
 The pear tree comprehends fevcral varieties, ripening in 
 fucceflive order from July to Otlober. 
 
 The Pears commonly propagated in England arc as follow : 
 
 1. The Little Mufk Pear, commonly called the Supreme. 
 This truit, when ripe, is of a yellow colour; the juice is fome■^ 
 what mufky ; and, it gathered before it be too ripe, it is a 
 good pear. It ripens about the latter end ol July, and con- 
 tinues good only a few days. 
 
 2.' The Chio Pear, or Little Baflard Muflc Pear. This 
 15 pretty much like the other, but fmaller. The fkin, when 
 ripe, has a lev/ itreaks ot red next the fun. 
 
 3. The Green Chiflel, or Mailings Pear, is a middle 
 lized truit ; it always remains green, and is full of juice when 
 ripe. It ripens in the beginning ot Augult. 
 
 4. The Red Mufcadelle is a large early pear, of great 
 beauty ; tlie (kin is ot a beautitul yellow {liinedwith red, and 
 the fleih has a rich flavour. This fome'imes produces two 
 crops in a year ; the firft about the end ot July, and the fec- 
 ond in September. 
 
 5. The Little Mufcat is a fraall Pear, the fkin very thin, 
 and of a yellowilh colour when ripe. This fruit has a rich 
 
66 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 ir.uiky flavour, but will not keep long. It is ripe about the 
 beginning of Augulh 
 
 6. The Lady's Thigh, commonly called in England Jar- 
 gonelle, is c\ a ruffet green colour from the fun, but towards 
 it inclining to an iron colour ; the flefli is breaking, and has a 
 rich niufky flavour. It is ripe about the middle ot Auguft. 
 
 7. The Windfor Pear has a fmooth fl<.in, and, when ripe, 
 is of a yeilowilh green colour ; the flefh is very foSt, ar,d, it 
 permitted to hang but two or three days after it is ripe, grows 
 mealy and is good for noihing. It becomes ripe about the lat- 
 ter end of Auguft. 
 
 8. Jargonelle, commonly called CuifTe Madame. This 
 is ceitainiy the true French Jargonelle ; and the pear v;hicli 
 commonly goes by that name in England is the real Cuifle 
 Madame, or Lady's Thigh ; and it is very probable that the 
 names have been changed in coming to this country. This 
 pear is fomewhat like the Windfor ; the fkin is fmooth, and 
 ot a pale green colour. This is a plentiful bearer; but the 
 flefli is apt to be mealy it it Hands to be ripe, which is about 
 the middle of Augufl, 
 
 9. The Orange Muflc is ot a yellow colour fpotted with 
 black ; the flefli is mufky, but very apt to be dry. It ripens 
 about the hitter end of Auguft. 
 
 10. The Great Blanquet, or Bagpipe of Anjou. This 
 pear has a fmooth fkin of a pale green colour ; the flefli is foft, 
 and full of juice of a rich flavour. It ripens about the mid- 
 ule of Auguft. 
 
 11. The Little Blanquet Pear is much lefs than the form- 
 er ; ot a pale colour, and the flefli tender and full ot a rich 
 mufky juice. It ripens about the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 12. The Long-ftalked Blanquet Pear has a very fmooth 
 fkin, white, and a little coloured towards the fun, and is full 
 of a rich fugary juice. It is ripe at the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 13. The Skinlefs Pear, or Early Ruflelet, is of a reddifli 
 colour, the fkin extremely thin, and the flefh melting and full 
 of a rich fugary juice. It ripens in the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 14. The Mufk Robine Pear, or Queen's Pear (alfo called 
 the Amber Pear) is fmall, and ot a yellow colour when ripe ; 
 it has a rich mufky flavour, and is a great bearer. This pear 
 ripens about the latter end of Auguft. 
 
 15. The Mufk Drone Pear has a fkin of a yellow colour 
 when ripe, and a rich mufky tafte ; but is .apt to grow mealy 
 it left too long on the tree. It ripens about the beginning ot 
 September. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, S:c. 67 
 
 16. The Orange Pear is of a grccnini colour ; but the 
 fide next the fan changes to a purple colour when ripe ; the 
 flerti is melting, and the juice fugary, with a little pertume. 
 It ripens in the beginning ot AiiTuft. 
 
 17. The CafTvilette, or Grcen Mafcat, is a fmall green- 
 iflj pear with fome fpecks in the fkin. It is full of a rich per- 
 fumed juice, and ripens in the latter end of September. 
 
 i8. The Great Onion Pear, Brown Admired, or King of 
 Summer, is of a brownifh colour next the fun, and is ripe in 
 the beginning of September. 
 
 19. The Mufk Orange Pear. The fkin is green, and the 
 flefh melting. It ripens in the beginning of September. 
 
 20. Avorat, or Augufl Mufcat. This pear has a fmooth 
 fkin ot a whitifli yellow colour ; the juice is richly fugared 
 and perfumed, and it is effeemed one ot the befl fummer 
 pears yet known. It is a great bearer, and ripens in the be- 
 ginning ot September. 
 
 21. The Rofe Pear, or Thorny Rofe. This is fliaped 
 like the Great Onion Pear, but much larger, of a yellowifh- 
 green colour, but a little inclining to red next the fun. The 
 flefh is breaking, and the juice raufky. This ripens in the 
 beginning of September. 
 
 22. Poire du Puchet. The flcHr of this pear is foft and 
 tender, and the juice fugary. It ripens in the beginning ot 
 September. 
 
 23. The Perfumed Pear is of a deep red colour fpotted 
 with brown ; the flefh is melting, but dry, and has a perfum- 
 ed flavour. It ripens in the beginning of September. 
 
 24. The Salvidti Pi ;r. This pear is red nnd yellow next 
 the fun, but whitifh on the ctlier fide ; the flefh is tender, and 
 the juice fugary and perlumed. It rjpens about the middle of 
 September. 
 
 25. The Rofe-water Pear, The fkin of this pear is 
 rough, and of a brown colour, the juice is very fweet, and 
 taftes like rofe-water. It ripens in the latter end ot Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 26. The RuiTelet Pear. The flefh ot this pear is foft 
 and tender, and the juice is agreeably perfumed. It ripens in 
 the latter end ot September. 
 
 27. The Great Mouth-water Pear. The flefh of this 
 pear is melting and full of juice. It ripens about the latter 
 end ot September. 
 
 28. The Prince's Pear has a highly flavoured juice. It 
 is a great bearer, and ripens about tl-e i.^tter end of Scd- 
 teraber. 
 
68 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 29. The Summer Bergamot. This is foraetimes called 
 Hamden's Bergamot. The flefh is melting, and the juice 
 highly perfumed- It ripens about the latter end of September. 
 
 30. The Autumn Bergamot is fmaller than the lormer ; 
 the flefh is melting, and the juice highly perlumed. It is a 
 great bearer, and ripens in the beginning ot 06lober. 
 
 31 . The Summer Bonchretien is very full of juice, which 
 is of a rich perfumed flavour. It ripens about the middle of 
 September. 
 
 32. Beurre Rouge (the Red Butter Pear.) The flefii is 
 very melting and lull of a rich iugary juice. It ripens in the 
 beginning ot Oftober, and, when firft gathered from the tree, 
 is one of the very bell fort of pears that we have. 
 
 33. The Dean's Pear. The flefli ot this pear is melting 
 and lull ot juice, which is veiy cold. This is a great bearer, 
 and ripens in the beginning of O6lober. 
 
 34. The Swifs Bergamot has a melting flefh and is full 
 of juice. It ripens in the beginning ot Oclober. 
 
 35. The Long Green Pear. The flefli is melting and lull 
 of juice. It ripens in the latter end of October. This, by 
 feme, is reckoned the fame with the Mouth-water. 
 
 36. The White and Grey Monficur John. Thefe are the 
 fame ; the difference of their colour proceeding from the dif- 
 ferent foils and fituations wherein they grow, or the flocks on 
 ivhich they are grafted. If this pear be rightly managed, there 
 are not many forts in the fame feafon to be compared with it. 
 The flefli is breaking, and full ot a rich fugared juice. It ri. 
 pens in the latter end of Oftober or begum ing ot November. 
 
 37. The Flowered Mufcat is an excellent pear ; the flefli 
 is very tender, and of a delicate flavour. It ripens in No- 
 vember. 
 
 38. The Vine Pear is of a ddrk red colour ; the fiefh is 
 very melting, and full of a clammy juice. It comes into eat- 
 ing in November. 
 
 39. The RouiTeline Pear is of a deep red colour, with 
 fpots of grey ; the flefli is very tender and delicate, and the 
 juice very fweet, with an agreeable perfume. It ripens about 
 the latter end of Odober, but vn!l not keep. 
 
 40. The Knave's Pear. The fleih of this pear is fine and 
 tender, and the juice very much fugared. It ripens in the lat- 
 ter end of Oftober. 
 
 41. The Marquifs Pear. If this pear do not change yel- 
 low in ripening, it is feldom good ; but it it does, the flclh will 
 be tender and dedicate, very full ot juice, v.hich is fugared. 
 It comes into eatinp in November. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &. 
 
 "9 
 
 42. The Crafane Pear. The flefh ot this pear is ex- 
 tremely tender and buttery, and full of a rich fugared juice. 
 It is the very beft pear o^ ihe fcafon, and cornes into Cuting 
 about the latter end ot December. 
 
 43. The Lanfac, or Dauphin Pear. The flcfii oi this 
 pear is yellow, tender, and mehing ; the juice is Incrarcd and 
 a little periumed. It is in eating the beginning nt Deccn-.bcr. 
 
 44. The Martin See (the Dry Martin) is alnioil like the 
 Ruflelet in (hape and colour ; the fleui is breaking and fine ; 
 and the juice is fugared, with a little periurae. It is in eating 
 about the beginning ol December. 
 
 45. The Amadot is rather dry, but high flavoured. It is 
 in eating about the iriiddle of December. 
 
 46. The Little Lard Pear is extremely fine ; the flv-ni 
 melting ; the juice is much fugared, and has an agreeable 
 mufky flavour. It is in eating the latter end ci December, 
 and is elteeraed one ol the belt fruits in that feafon. 
 
 47. Louifbonne (the Good Lewis Pear.) The ficfh of 
 this pear is extremely tender, and full ot a very fwect juice. 
 It is in eating about the middle of December. 
 
 48. The Colmar Pear is very tender, and the juice great- 
 ly fugared. It is in eating about the beginning ot January, 
 and is efteemed an excellent truit. 
 
 49. L'Efchafferie. The flefii of this pear is mel'.inir and 
 buttery ; the juice is fngary, with a little perlume. It is in 
 eating about the fird of January. 
 
 50. The Virgouleule Pear is eflecmed by t'crae as one of 
 the beft trults ot the feafon ;"* the flefli is melting, and full of 
 a rich juice. It is in eating about the fiift ot January. 
 
 51. The Ambrette is efteemed a very good pear ; the 
 flefh IS quite melting, and full ot fweet perfumed juice. It 
 comes into eating about the beginning ot January. 
 
 52. Epine d'Hyver (the Winter Thorn Pear) has a very 
 tender buttery pulp, of an agreeable tafte, v,-ith a fweet juice 
 highly pertumed. It is in eating about the latter end oi De- 
 cember. 
 
 ,53. The St. Germain Peart is a fine Iruit, keeps long ; 
 the flclh is melting, and very lull of juice, which in a dry iea- 
 
 * Iq dry and cold feafons this pear Is very .ipt to crack, which grcally 
 ditninifhes il» value. 
 
 + This pear, owir.g to the hot anJ dry funin-.er, has come into ca'ipg Cit 
 weeks looser this feafon than I ever remember ; and, ot coiiil-e, will be Itj 
 much fooner out than udial. 
 
 It is to l>e obferved, that in dry fear.>ns, frtit fhoiild not be fiiffired to 
 fweat fo long in the heaps, (as direifteJ in the chapter • t^a Gat!ierii:g and 
 laying up Fruit ;') perhaps a fortnipht will bi lorj enc-.igli. 
 
70 ' TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 fon, or it planted on a warm dry foil, is very fweet. This is 
 in eating from December till February. 
 
 54. St. Auftin. This pear is pretty full of juice, which 
 is often a little fharp ; the flelh is tender, but not buttery. It 
 is in eating in the latter end ot December, and will continue 
 good two months. 
 
 .55. The Spanifli Bonchrctien is a large fine pear; the 
 flefii is breaking, and the juice fweet. It is in eating in Janu- 
 
 56. The Wilding ol CalToy, called alfo the Small Win- 
 ter Butter Pear, is a fmall fruit ; the flefh is melting, and the 
 juice very rich. It is in eating in January. This is an ex- 
 traordinary good bearer. There was a tree of this kind at 
 Cambden-houfe, near Kenlington, which generally produced 
 a great quantity of fruit. 
 
 57. The Martin Sire, or the Lord Martin Pear, is a good 
 fruit ; the flefh is breaking and full oF juice, which is very 
 fweet and a little perfumed. It is in eating in January. 
 
 58. The Winter Ruffelet. The flefh of this pear is but- 
 tery and melting, and generally full of a fweet juice. It is in 
 eating in the latter end of January. 
 
 Ajg. Franc-real, or the Golden End of Winter, is only 
 efleemed for baking. 
 
 60. The Brown Beurre. Thispear is of areddifhbrown 
 colour on the fide next the fun, and yellowifh on the other fide. 
 The flefh is melting, and full of a rich juice. It ripens in Oc- 
 tober, and is juflly effeemed an excellent pear. 
 
 61. The Holland Bergamot, Amofelle, or Lord Che- 
 ney's, is a very good pear, the flefh is half buttery and tender, 
 and the juice is highly flavoured ; it will keep from the end 
 of January till April. 
 
 62. The German Mufcat is an excellent pear ; it is but- 
 tery and tender, and the juice is highly flavoured. It is in 
 eating from February till April or May. 
 
 63. The Pear of Naples, or Ealfer St. Germain, is half 
 breaking ; the juice is fweet, and a little vinous. It is in eat- 
 ing in March. 
 
 64. The Winter Bonchretien Pear is very large ; the 
 flefli is tender and breaking, and is very full of a rich fugared 
 juice. This is in eating from the end of March till June. 
 
 6j. La Paftorelle is tender and buttery, and the juice 
 fweet. This is in eating in March. 
 
 66. St. Martial, or the Angelic Pear.' The flefh of this 
 is tender and buttery, and the juice is very fweet. This is in 
 eating in March. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 8cc. 71 
 
 6j. The Wilili'ig ot Chaumontelle is mehing, the juice 
 is very rich, and a little perfumed. It is in eating in January. 
 
 68. The Brown St. Germain is a very fine high flavoured 
 pear on dwarfs and flandards, and comes in after the Wall St. 
 Germain. It continues in eating from December to the end of 
 March. 
 
 69. Pear D'Auch was introduced by the late Duke of 
 Northumberland. It much refenibles the Colmar, but is fuller 
 towards the ifalk.. It is in eating from Chrillmas to April, 
 and is, without exception, the bell of all the winter pears. 
 
 70. The Swan's Egg is a middle fized pear, in flrape like 
 an egg ; is of a deeper green colour, thinly covered with 
 brown ; the flelh is melting and full of a pleal.int inuflcy 
 juice. It comes in eating in November. The tree is healthy, 
 and bears well either as a ftandard or any other way. 
 
 71. The Bergamot de Pafque goes alTo bv the following 
 names, viz. the Tcrling, the Amoielle, the Paddinglon, and 
 the Tarquin. This is a handfome fruit, grecii when gathered, 
 and of a yellowifli or ilraw colour when ripe. It comes into 
 eating about the month of April, continues till June, and makes 
 a very handlome appearance at table.* 
 
 72. The Golden Bcurre is a very fine pear. It is of a 
 beautiful fcarlet colour next the fun, and of a gold colour on 
 the other fide. The flelh is melting and the juice high fla- 
 voured. It ripens in Odober. This tree fucceeds beft on an 
 Eafl afpeft, and a loamy foil. It is a plentiful bearer.t 
 
 A Sdcdion of Pears, from the Catalogue of Mejfrs. Anderfon^ 
 Lefuc andCo. Nurfirymen^ Edinburgh. 
 
 SUMMER PEARS. 
 
 Pear James ; fcon ripe, foon rotten ; has a little flavour, 
 and is the earlied pear that we have in Scotland. 
 
 Early Carnock ; indifferent, of a yellow colour, and 
 bright red towards the fun ; makes a beautiful ftandard. 
 
 Lemon, Lady's Lemon, or Lady Lament ; indifferently 
 good ; principally valued for coming early, and being a good 
 
 * This pear has come into eating above fix weeks fooner this feafcn than 
 in any other in my memory. 
 
 + This pear v/at introduced from Burgundy by the late Maifhall Con- 
 way, and was firft railed in this country, at his leat of Park Place, near 
 Henley, upon Thames, i»<-.w the leat of Lord Malmefliury. The above de- 
 I'eiiption y/as traiifanittsd to me by Mr. Copland, his Loiiirtiip's gaiJeoer, 
 
72 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 bearer. Green Pear of Pinkey ; a {m^\\ green pear, nearly 
 round, oi a fweetifh tafle. 
 
 Forrow Cow, a Clydefdale Pear ; a large pear with a 
 flioJ t lialk ; flat tow irds the eye ; its colour red and yellow ; 
 its tlfw tender and mufked. 
 
 Pear Sauch, a Clydefdale Pear, a big-bellied beautiful 
 pear ; the tree large, a great bearer, and fit tor an orchard ; the 
 pear but indifferent. 
 
 Gray Honey, pretty good. 
 
 Green Orange Pear, or Orange Vert ; a very good pear. 
 
 Brute Bone, Chaw Good, or the Pope's pear; indifferent. 
 
 Golden Knap, fuppoled Scotch, is a fmall fummer Pear 
 of tolerably good qualities. 
 
 Early Achan, an indifferent fruit, greatly inferior to the 
 Winter Pear ol that name. 
 
 Hanging Leaf ; this is its name in Clydefdale; good and 
 beautiful, alraolt round, its colour red and yellow ; a delicious 
 fweetnefs is is iound in its tafle. 
 
 Scots Bergaraot, a large good pear, of a yellow and red 
 colour ; its flelh tender and juicy. 
 
 Longueville, very good, but a precarious bearer; fup- 
 f cfed French, but not in their catalogues by that name. 
 
 Mufked Boncietien, Gratioli, Cucumber, or Spinola's 
 Pear ; a very good pear, if graited on a Iree flock ; its pulp is 
 fomewhat between Ihort and tender, with a great deal ot per- 
 fumed juice ; its colour red on one fide, and white on the 
 other. 
 
 Saffron Pear ; a pretty large well fhaped pear, fit for an 
 orchard. 
 
 AUTUiMN PEARS. 
 
 Keatber, a Clydefdale Pear, of middling fize, and oblong 
 fnape, its juice agreeable. 
 
 French Cavnock : tolerably good. 
 
 EHhin Haff, or Good-man Pear; a long Pear, flat to- 
 wards the eye ; its colour green and yellow ; its flefh hard, 
 dry, and fweet. 
 
 Drummond, or late Scotch Carnock ; very good, if eaten 
 before it grours mealy ; its colour a bright red and yellow. 
 
 Vicar, an oblong pear, its colour yellow, red, and flriped, 
 tender, fweet, and mufked, but dry. 
 
 Rcyal Orange Bergamot ; this differs from the Orange 
 Bergamot in being yellower, and fometimes having a faint red 
 on one fide. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 73 
 
 Green Pear of Yalr ; fvveet, juicy, and mehing ; of a 
 moderate fize ; takes its name from Yair, on Tweed-fide, 
 wfiere it was firft difcovered. 
 
 Rob Hind ; very indifferent. 
 
 Le Befideri, the Wilding of the forefl of lleri in Bre- 
 tagne ; a yellovvifh pear of a middle fize ; indifferent. 
 
 Unicorn Pear ; of a beautiful red and yellow colour, but 
 rather auftere in tafte. 
 
 WINTER PEARS. 
 
 Winter Achan, a Scotch Pear ; among the beft early win- 
 ter pears, and equal to mofl of thofe of French origin. 
 
 Brier Brufh, Scotch ; a good pear, and will ripen in moft 
 feafons ; it is a fmall pear, of a firm fubftance and fweet talte. 
 
 Brompton Park ; a feedling fent by Jeffery by that name. 
 
 Round Winter, a Clydefdaie Pear ; a very excellent win- 
 ter pear, as defcribed in Dr. Gibfjn's Fruit Gardener. 
 
 Poir Portrail, or Gate Pear; for baking. 
 
 La Double Fleur, or the Double Flowering Pear ; a larag 
 flat beautiful pear, with a fmojth fkin, and bluih colour on 
 one fide, and yellow on the other ; the beft pear to preferve 
 taking a beatiful red colour from the fire. 
 
 In the following additional Lifl, thofe marked * are hefl for bak" 
 tng orfhwing, and thofe ifor making of Perry. 
 
 Ambrofia Pear, 
 
 Afhton Town, 
 
 Autumn Mufk Bonchretien, 
 
 Bifhop's Thumb, 
 
 *Bloody Pear, 
 
 Brocas Bergamot, 
 
 tBarland; 
 
 *Befideri, 
 
 Beaurre de Roi, 
 
 *Black Pear of Worcefler, 
 
 Britannia, 
 
 Burdelieu, 
 
 *Catillac, 
 
 Doyenne, or St. Michael, 
 
 Eafter St. Germain, 
 
 Ganfel's Bergamot, 
 
 Golden Beurre, 
 
 Gray Beurre, 
 
 Gray Goodwife, 
 
 Green Sugar, 
 
 Green Bergamot, 
 
 Huntingdon Pear, 
 
 t HuflTcap, 
 
 King's Catharine, 
 
 Lammas, 
 
 London Sugar, 
 
 Mufcat Almain, 
 
 Mufk Blanquet, 
 
 tOldfield, 
 
 Orange Bergamot, 
 
 Pear Piper, 
 
 Pirus Pollveria, 
 
 Red Admirable, 
 
 Scotch Bergamot, 
 
 Seven Angled, 
 
 Silver Striped, 
 
 * Spanifh Red Warden, 
 
 t Squafh, 
 
 Striped Verte Longe, 
 
 White Beurr^. 
 
 K 
 
74 TREAT15E ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 To tiioft wiij have fmiil QarcUns, andro.om only for a few Trees, 
 I zoould recommend the Jotlowmg as the mojt ufcful, viz. 
 
 Summer Pears — The Mufk Pear, the Green Chi del, Jar- 
 gonelle, Summer Ber^jramot, Summer Bonch^-etien. 
 
 Autumn Pears. — The Orange Bergamot, Autumn Berga- 
 mot, Ganfel's Bergamo', Brown Buerrc, Doyenne or St. Mi- 
 chael, and Swan's Egg. 
 
 Winter Pears. — Crafane, Chaumontelle. S^ Germain, 
 Colraar, D'Anch, L'EfchaiTerie, Winter Bonchictien, and 
 Bcrganict de Prirque. 
 
 The above will (iirnifh a regular fuccelTion of fruit. 
 
 Of the Managemejit of Pear-Trees. 
 
 It will be unnecefTary to fay much here on tl^.e choice of 
 young pear-trees, as the rules aheady laid down are fufficicnt 
 tor thit purpofe. 
 
 I would advife ihofe who intend to plant pear-trees, in- 
 flead ol choofing young ones, to look out tor the oldeft that 
 they can find in the nurfery. and with flrong ftems ; to have 
 them caretully taken up, with as muchot the roots as pofhble, 
 and caretully planted, alter cutting in the roots a 'little, fpread- 
 ing them as horizontally as you can. Then fill up all round 
 the roots with light dry mould ; forcing it in about thofe which 
 lie hollow, with a lliaip pointed ftick ; filling the hole up to 
 the top without trending the mould, till you havefirft filled the 
 hole with as much water as it will contain, leaving it a day or 
 two until the ground has abforbed the water ; then throw on 
 fome frefh dry mould, and tread it as hard as you can ; fill the 
 hole up again with mould to within an inch ol^ the top, and give 
 it a fecond watering, leaving the mould about three inches 
 higher than the border, to lettle of itfelt, and to receive the 
 rain that falls, for at lead a month. When the mould has be- 
 col'iie quite dry, you may tread it a fecond ti;ne ; then make a 
 large bafon all round the tree, and give it another watering ; 
 then mulch the top over with fome rotten leaves or dung, ob- 
 ferving to water the trees once a week in dry weather, and 
 fprinkle the tops frequently with a pot, or hand- engine, to 
 keep the wood from fliriveling till the trees have taken frefii 
 root. 
 
 The method ot pruning pear-trees is very different from 
 that practifed tor apple-trees in general, Theconftant praftice 
 has been, to leave great fpurs, as big as a man's arm, from one 
 foot to \^ inches long. [See Plate 7. Letter C] The conilant 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &:c. 75 
 
 pruning inevitably bilngs on the canker ; and, by tlie fours 
 itanding out fo lar, the bUilIoin and liuit aic bable to be much 
 injured by troll and blighting winds, and thus the fap will not 
 have a tree circulation all over the tree. The lap will alwavs 
 find its way fiifi to ilie extremities ol the flioots ; and the fpuVs 
 will only receive it in a Tmall proportion, as it returns iroiu 
 the endsnl the bratiches. The iruit {landing at fo great 3 dif- 
 tance Irom the branch, is liable to be hard, (potted, and ker- 
 iiclly ; as LetUrD. Plate-]. 
 
 1 have adopted the following method when the trees were 
 i\\\ over cankered, and the fruit fmall, and not fit to be fent to 
 the table. I cut the tops off as near as poffible to where thev 
 were grafted ; always oblerving to cut as clofe to a joint orbud 
 as poflible. The buds are haidly perceptible; but you can 
 always know where the joints, or forks are, by the branches 
 breaking out of the fides. 
 
 Finding '.he peai-irees in Kenfington Gardens in a very 
 cankery and unhuitful flate, in the years 1784 and 5, 1 took 
 out the old mould from the borders again fl the walls, and put 
 in frefh loa.Ti in its fiead ; at the fame time I pruned ami nailed 
 tlie trees in the common way, and left them in that ftate up- 
 wards of eighteen months, to fee what effeft tlie Ireui mould 
 would have' on th.?m ; but to ray great furprife, I found thai 
 it had no good effect. 
 
 After I had tried the frefli mould as above, I began to 
 conhder what was be ft to be done with fo many old pear-trees 
 that were worn out. The fruit that they produced 1 could not 
 fend to his Majcfiy's table v/ith any credit to rnvfelf, it being 
 fmall, hard, and kernelly. 1 thought it would be a great re- 
 fkiiion on me as a prclefTional man, that, a'tcr I liad put his 
 ]\lajefly to fo great an expeace, no advantage was likely to be 
 derived from it, 1 fiw that fome new method mud be tried 
 to reftore thefe old trees, or that next year they mull be grub- 
 bed up, and was loth to give them entirely w;^ hef.>re 1 had 
 tried loine experiments, i conhdered, that it mufl be between 
 twelve and fourteen years hefoie I could liive any fruit from 
 young trees; and theiciore determined to try an experiment, 
 with a view of recovering the old ones, 
 
 1 begin with cutting down four old decayed pear-trees ol: 
 different kinds, near to the place where they had been grafted : 
 This operation was performed on the 15th of iNUy, 1786. — • 
 Finding tint they put foith fine flioots, 1 headed down lour 
 more on the 2cib of June in the fame year (tor by this time 
 the former had IIiools of a foot long,) which did evq.ully well, 
 and bore fome fruit iu the following ve.ir. O.ie of t!ie fii (I 
 
76 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 four that 1 headed down was a St. Germain, which produced 
 ninetetn fine large well flavoured pears next year, \_See Letter 
 B Plate 7, J and in the third bore more fruit than it did m its 
 iormer Hate when it was four times the fize. 
 
 I left feven trees upon an Eaft afpe6>, treated according 
 to the common method of pruning, which bore the following 
 number ot pears upon each tree : 
 
 Epine d'Hyver produced eighty-fix pears, and the tree 
 fpread fifteen yards. 
 
 A Crafane produced one hundred pears, and the tree 
 fpread fourteen yards. 
 
 Another Cralane produced fixteen pears, and the tree 
 fpread ten yards. 
 
 A Virgouleufe produced one hundred and fifty pears, and 
 the tree fpread nine yards. 
 
 A Colmar produced one hundred and fifty pears, and the 
 tree fpread nine yards. 
 
 Another Colmar produced feventy-nine pears, and the 
 tree fpread ten yards. 
 
 A L'Efchaderie produced (ixty pears. 
 
 Seven trees, headed down and pruned according to my 
 method, leaving the fore-right flioots in fummer, bore aa fol- 
 lows, in the fourth year after heading : 
 
 A Louifbonne bore four hundred and fixty-three pears, 
 and the tree fpread nine yards. 
 
 Another Louifbonne bore three hundred and ninety- one 
 pears, and fpread eight yards. 
 
 A Colmar bore two hundred and tb.irieen pears, and 
 fpread fix yards. 
 
 A Brown Beurre bore five hundred and three pears. 
 
 Another Brown Beurie bore five hundred and fifty pears. 
 
 A Crafane bore five hundred and twenty pears. 
 
 A Virgouleufe bore five hundred and eighty pears. 
 
 The branches of the four laft trees fpread nearly in the 
 fame proportion as the^rft three. 
 
 A young Beurie the fecond year after beagling, bore two 
 hundred and thirty pears ; and a St. Germain four hundred. 
 
 All the above trees flood upon the fame afpetl and the 
 fame wall, and the fruit was num'Tcrcd in the fame year. A 
 great raar;y pears which dropped from the trees are not reck- 
 oned. The trees that were pruned according to the old prac- 
 tice covered at lead one-third more wall I'nan the otheis. 
 
 By the above fiateinent it appears, that the trees headed 
 down bore upwards ot five times the quantity ot fruit that the 
 others did ; and it keeps inereafing in proportion to the pro- 
 giefs of the trees. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREEwS, &c. 7; 
 
 On the 20th of June, (fame month will do lor America,) 
 I headed feveral flandards that were ahnoft deflioyed by the 
 canker ; fome ok them were fo loaded with Iruijthe lollowing 
 year, that 1 was obliged to prop the branches, to jirevent their 
 being broken down by the weight of it. In the fouith year af- 
 ter thefe llandards were headed down, one of them bure two 
 thoufand cght hundred and forty pears. There were three 
 llandards on the fame border with the above, two of which 
 were St. Germains ; the old tree was of the fame kind. One 
 of thefe trees,* twenty years old, had five hundred pears on it, 
 which was a gieat crop ior its fize : So that there were on the 
 old tree, which had been headed down not quite four years, 
 two thoufand three hundred and iorty pears more than on the 
 tree of twenty } ears growth. 
 
 When the men numbered the pears, there was near a bar- 
 row full of wind-ialls at the bottom of the old tree, which were 
 not included. 
 
 Plate 8 is a correft drawing of an old decayed Beurie 
 pear-tree, (reliored from an inch and a halt ot bark) which 
 now covers a wall fixteen feet high i In the year 1796, it 
 bore lour hundred and fitty fine large pears, and has continued 
 in a flourilhing flate ever fince. T!ie letters a, a, c, rcprefent 
 the truit buds tor the prefcnt year; I?, b, b, are thofe iorming 
 for next year ; and c, c, c, the old toot-ftalks ihjt bore the 'ruu 
 laft year: The finail buds are beginning to torm, which pro- 
 duce fruit the fecond year ; and d, d, are the fore- right (lioots 
 as they appear belore they are cut, which muft be at /', clofe to 
 a bud, leaving them as regular as pofuble all over the tree ; 
 you will then have a regular crop of fruit from the ffeni to 
 the extremities of the branches ; but if this be not obiervcd, 
 you will have hardly any Iruit next year. 
 
 The following is the method which I purfue in training 
 trees that are cut near the place where they were grafted. 
 
 Every year, in the month or Marcli (middle ot April lor 
 Annerica,) I fhorten the leading fiioot to a foot or eighteen 
 inches, according to its lliength ; this flioot will, if the tree 
 be flrong, grow irora five to feven feet long in one fcafon ; 
 
 • This tree was about lix years old y.hen I planicd it, icmtfen yeati 
 ago. 
 
 + I faw this tree, as, indeed, 1 did al! the others that are repicfcrited in 
 the plates, at tlie end of the wcxk ; and a moft graiiiyinR (1 :l.t it was to r/.e. 
 The rem4insof t))e old bark "/ere e8fi:y diftir.guiflubie from tlie iip\» baik, 
 which Icoked prccifely like that of a young tree — The fame operation 
 would pioduce the fame cff.fls ia ftaadsrtis as well as wai! tr-ts, and in A- 
 inciica as well as in £ng!a.nJ. 
 
78 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 and, if left to nature, would run up without llirovving out 
 Tide fhoots. The reafon for thus {horicring the leading ilioot 
 is, to make it throw out fide fho;ts ; and it il be dune clofe 
 to a bud, it will ticquently coxerthe cut in one (eafon, leaving 
 only a cicatrix, as at y^y, j, in plate 8, which fliew every 
 year's grow.h and cicatrix. When the (hoots aie very (Irong, 
 1 cut the leading flioot twice in one feafon ; by this method 1 
 get two lets ot fvie fhoots in one year, which enable me the 
 fooner to fill the tree. The firff cutting is pciiormed any 
 time during the fpiing, and the fecond about the middle of 
 June. 
 
 When you prune the trees, and cut the foie-right fhoots, 
 which fliould be done in February or March (not ioouer than 
 the middle ol March in A.m-;rica,) always cut clofe to an eye 
 or bud, obferving where you fee the gie^teft. number ot leaves 
 at the lower bud, and cut at them ; tor at the toot-fiaik of every 
 one of thefe will be produced a flower bud. You will have in 
 feme forts of pears, in a favourable feafon, from five to nine 
 pears in a clufler. This cuuing fhould not be later than March 
 or the beginning of April, (it may be done till the middle q\ 
 April in America] on account of the leading fhoot beginning 
 to grow ; the ncxi tapping, when tlie leading fhoot grows 
 quick enough to admit of it, fliould be about the middle of 
 June (latter end of J'lne in Ameiica,) and the length ot the 
 ihoots fhould be according to their ilrength, having from 
 three eyes, or buds, to fix on a fide. Plate 8, will better 
 explain the diffeicnt years' growth, &c. than I can do by 
 words. The lowelty, is the place where we began 10 cut the 
 top off; and g^ the old decayed flump, with very little bark 
 left. 
 
 The cankery part beginning to efTeft the new bark, 1 cut 
 ofFali tne canker at the bottom lall jear, and plalieied the 
 place with fotr.e cow-dung mixed with wood-anie s and powder 
 of burnt bones, put into as much uiine and fosp-iuds as 
 wou.d make it of the confi Hence ot tliick paint ; this 1 laid on 
 With a painter's brufli. After it had been applied about three 
 liours, 1 patted it gently riovv-n, with my hand, dole to the 
 tree. By fo dv'iiig i get rid of all the air bubbles that may be 
 under the compuluion, and make it adheie to the ti^e, pre- 
 venting it from being wafiied off by heavy rains. 
 
 In the beginning ot Augull (fame feafon in America,) 
 we fliorten the foie-nght fhoots to about four inches long ; 
 by this time the fhoot wiil have made its full growth for 
 the feafon, and will produce fit^e ftrong eyes tor the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF iRUIT TREES, S^c. 
 
 The tree above mentione 1 had a deciy^^d rotten root, the 
 deaJ part ot which 1 cut all away, till I came to the found 
 woad. Whenever the trunk is hollow, you mufl follow it 
 under ground till you have cut out all the decayed parts and 
 rotten roots ; otherwife yci will lofe the tree. 
 
 By procc£din<T according to the foregoing direQion?, 
 tlie root will bo renewed, while the tree is forming a fine 
 handlome head. In the mean time trench your borders, tak- 
 ing up all the old roots, and ad I fome trelh mould to them, 
 if vou can conveniently get it ; if yon cannot, remove all the 
 four mould that is about the roots of the trees, and put in 
 fome taken from the border, at a di (lance froii the wall ; 
 always remembering to lay the top fpit next to the roots of 
 the trees ; alfo, mix fome vegetable moulti, from the melon 
 and cucumber beds, v/itli rotten leaves, as a manure for the 
 borders. 
 
 1 have headed down many trees thjt had net this pre- 
 paration ; and yet they throve very well, but did not fend 
 to;th luch fine roots and (hoots as thof^e that v.'cre (b pre- 
 pared. 
 
 If the above dire£l;ons be followed, you v/iil get more 
 pears in three or four years than you can in twenty-five years 
 by planting young trees, and pruning and managing them in 
 the common way. 
 
 If pears are grafted on free Hocks, fuch as Cohnars, Pear 
 D'Auch, Crafanes, L'El'chaire ries, Virgouleufes, and Winter 
 and Slimmer Bonch'etiens. 
 
 The dopih of the mould for pear-trees fiiould 'never be 
 lefs than three tect, laying the bell mould at top, to encourage 
 the roots to come as near the furface as poflible. If the bot- 
 tom be clay it will be very necefFary, once in every five or fix 
 years, to open the ground round the roots of the trees, and cut 
 cfFall the large ones that ate inclining to run into the clay ; by 
 fo doing your trees will throw out freih roots that will run near 
 the furlacc, provided the mould is good near the top. 
 
 You may have a crop of early peas, lettuce, or Ipinach, or 
 any other fnicdl crops on the ground, during the winter and 
 fpring ; but no late crops by any means. If the ground can be 
 [pared, I would advifc to have no fummer crops ; but keep 
 the boidcis hoed, in particular alter rain, otherwife the ground, 
 if" a flrong loamcy or clayey foil, will be apt to crack in dry 
 weather ; but by fiequent (fiinng between wet and dry this will 
 be in a great meafure prevented, and the fun's rays admitted 
 into the mjuld, v.hich will greatly heighten the flavour of the 
 fruit. When you can conveniently f^iaic the ground in winter. 
 
no TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 it fhould be ridged up to fweeten the mould ; which you may- 
 very well do, if you fow early peas on the fides of the ridges ; 
 which is by far the heft way to preferve the peas from the 
 froft, and to prevent them from rotting, which will fometimes 
 happen, if the land be ftrong, before they begin to vegetate. 
 Or, you may fow an early crop of carrcfs or fpinach in the 
 ground. 
 
x/ 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OF VINES. 
 
 Different Sorts of Vines cultivated in England. — Of their Pro- 
 pagation. — Experiments on Training and Pruning, zoith full 
 DireBions Jor the right Performance of both. — Ufi oj the. 
 Compofition in Pruning. — OflVatering. — Preferving Grapes 
 from Flies, IFafps, and Birds. — OJ gathering Grapes, and 
 keeping them in Winter* 
 
 X. HE Vine is a native of mod of the temperate parts of the 
 world, and has been cuhivated ever fince the flood. It belongs 
 to the firll order of Linnaeus' fifth cUfs, Pentandiia Mono- 
 
 I fiiall here felefl thofe vines which are mof! eReemed in 
 this country, for the houhoufe, vinery, and natural wail ; and 
 give a fhort defcripiion ol each. 
 
 N. B. The letter A diftinguifiies the proper forts -for a 
 hot-houfe; the letter z/ for a vinery; and the letter tw for a 
 common wall. 
 
 1. The July Grape, or Morilion Noir Hatif, is a fmall 
 round black berry, of afugary juice, and is principally efteem- 
 ed for being early ripe, which is in September, v. w. 
 
 2. The Royal Mufcadine, D'Arboyce, or ChafTelas 
 Blanc, is an excellent grape ; the bunches are large and com- 
 pofed of round amber-coloincd berries of a rich vinous tafle. 
 In a fine fealon it ripens in September, h. v. 
 
 3. The Malmfey Mi'.fcadine fomewbat refembles the 
 picceding ; tlie juice is very fweet, and of a big!; flavour. — 
 This is a good bearer and a very fine grape, zc. v. 
 
 4. The Black Mulcadine. This'is a good bearer, and the 
 berries are beautifully powdered with a bUuih bloom, h. v. 
 
 5. The White, or Common Mufcadine, by fome called 
 the ChafTelas, This refembles the Royal Mufcadine, but the 
 berries are fmaller ; and. although it is not fo fwcet as the 
 
82 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Royal, it is the befl grape that we have for a common wall, 
 and a great bearer, zo. 
 
 6. The White Mufcat (A Alexandria, or Alexandrian 
 Trontinjc. Tnt berries are oval, and the bunclies long This 
 grape has a rich vinous juice, and is efteemed an exceeding 
 good grape tor the hot houfe. k. 
 
 7. The Red Mufcat of Alexandria refembles the former ; 
 only the benifs are red A, 
 
 8. The White Mufcat, from Lunel, This grape has large 
 oval berries o^ an am.jer-co!<jur, and tall iA a vinous juice. 
 This vine is a plentiful bearer, and h;^h!v eitcemed k. v. 
 
 9. The Bidck Mufcadel has large uval berries ot a black 
 colour, and ple^fant juice, h. ' 
 
 10. The Red Mufcadel has large red berries of an oval 
 Ihape, and si pens late. The bunches are very large, k. 
 
 11. The Black Damafcus has large, round, black col- 
 oured berries ; the flclh is rich, and well flivouicd. This is 
 an excellent late gr.)pe h. 
 
 12. 1 he Black Grape from Tripoli has large black ber- 
 ries, and is an excellent grape, k 
 
 13 The Black Spanifh, or Alicant Grape. This grape 
 has black berries of a pleafant flavour, h v. 
 
 J4. The Black Grape Ir^m Lfbon. This grape has 
 large round juicy berries, and the bunches refembie the Black 
 Hamburgh This is a good grape h. v. 
 
 \^. The B'ack Fiontinac, or M.rfcai N oir. This grape 
 has pretty large round berries, black when ripe, and covered 
 with a mealy powder. It has a rich vinous juice, and lipens 
 in Otiober. v. h. 
 
 lb. The Red Frontinac, or Mufcat Rouge, is a very fine 
 grape, and greatly efteemed. Ii has large bnck-coloured ber- 
 ries, and the juice is of a highly vinous flavour, ■u. 
 
 17. The White Frominac, or Muiot Bl mc, has large 
 bunches compofed of round berries. The juice of this grape, 
 when fully ripe, is exq ufise. h. v w. 
 
 1 8. Gi izzly Frontinac has round berries, of a colour com- 
 pofed ot brown, red and yellow. This grape has an excellent 
 flavour, h. v. 
 
 19. The White Sweet Water. The berry is large, ot a 
 white colour and very agreeable juice. This is efleenied an 
 excellent grape, and ripens in September, h. v. xi. 
 
 20. The Black Sv^eet Water has a fmall round fli berry, 
 of a fweet talle ; but, being apt to crack, is nc^t much in re- 
 pute. The buds are very fond ot this grape, which ripens in 
 September, v. w. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 83 
 
 21. The Bhi k Hdnihuigh. The buricb.es ot this grape 
 are large, cotDf-olerl of iaige oval bluck heme';, ol a plcrifunt 
 fweet juice ani vinoi's flavour. It ripens in November, h. v. 
 
 22.' The Rorl Hamburgh has tliin fkimied berries of a 
 dark red. The\ h.^ve a rich vinous flavour, and ripens about 
 the fame time wuh the former k. v. 
 
 23. The While Hanibuigh. This grape has large oval- 
 Ihaped bernes. and is >\ prett. good bearer, h. 
 
 24. The- Small BLck Cluitei his Imall oval ben ies The 
 leaves are coveied with a hoaiv down. This is a very pleaf- 
 ant fruit, v. w. 
 
 25. The Lirge Black CluUer is larger titan the former, 
 and has a very lough harlh taile. Mr. SpecchI) fays, that he 
 had this grape lioin Lifbon, and was allured that it is the grape 
 of which they rucjke Red Port Wine, i have had the fame 
 grape eight or ten years, v. 
 
 26. The White Grajre from Alcobaca. This grape bears 
 large bunches ot white juicy berries, v. 
 
 27. The White Monlion has an oval-fhaped juicy berry. 
 The leaves are downv on the un ier fide, k. v. 
 
 s:8. Early White Grape from TcnerifTe. The berries 
 are of a middling fizc, and the flvifli remaikably fweet and 
 jnicy. V. w. 
 
 29. The White Parfley-Ieav'd Grape, or Ciotat. This 
 grape has round berries, white, juicy, and fwect. There is a 
 fortot the paifl v-leav'd grape with red fruit, v. 
 
 30. The White Corinth Grape has a fmall round berrv, 
 with a fine juicy flefli of an agreeable flavour, v. 
 
 31. The Aleppi Grape has middle fized berries, with a 
 juicy flefh or a very fine fldvour. This is a curious grape, fre- 
 quently Itriped bUck and white, k. v. 
 
 32. The Red Grape from Syracufe. This is a very fine 
 large giape. h. 
 
 33. L'Cceur Grape, or Morocco Grape. This grape has 
 berries ot a tawney colour, and is highly eilcemed. /i. 
 
 34 The Golden Galician Grape has large oval berries, 
 ot a yellow colour, and tolerable flavour, k. 
 
 35. The Black Raifin Giaiie. Tfiis fpecies has large 
 black berries of an oval form. The fkin is thick, and the 
 flelh firm. k. 
 
 36 The White Raifin Grape refembles the preceding, 
 only iliat the berries are white, /i. 
 
 37. The Malvoife, fometimes called the Blue Tokay, has 
 fmall brownifli berries, powdered with a blue bioom. The 
 juice is vinous, h. v. 
 
§4 TREATISE ON THE CULTUR 
 
 38. The Genuine Tokay is a white grape, with a thiji 
 fkin, delicate fiefli, and agreeable juice, h. v. 
 
 39. The Lombardy Grape has fine large flame-coloured 
 berries full of a fine juice ; and the bunches grow to a great 
 lize, frequently weighing more than fix pounds, k. v. 
 
 40. The Smyrna Grape. This has a large red berry of a 
 very fine flavour, and is eRecmed a very good grape, k. v. 
 
 41. The Brick Grape, fo called Irom its colour, has fmail 
 berries, but the juice is fwect. v. w. 
 
 42. The Claret Grape has fmall black berries, with a 
 blood-red juice ; but the grape is very harfli, it not perfeftly 
 ripe. h. V. 
 
 43. The Syrian Grape. This has large, white, oval ber- 
 ries, with a thick flcin and hard flefh. It is a good bearer, h. 
 
 44. The Auverna, or True Burgundy Grape, fometimes 
 called the Black Morillon, is an indifferent fruit for the table j 
 but is efieemed one of the bell for making wine. v. w. 
 
 45. Cat's Grape. This grape has fraall berries of a pale 
 green colour. The flefli is (oft and juicy, but of a very difa. 
 greeablt t.iffe, unlets quite ripe. h. v. 
 
 46. 1 he Damfon Grape has very large berries of a pur- 
 ple colour, h, 
 
 47. St. Peter's Grape has a large oval berry, of a deep 
 black colour when ripe; the bunches are large, and the flefli 
 juicy ; it ripens late. v. 
 
 48. The Greek Grape. The berries are of a bluifii white 
 colour ; and it is efieemed a fine giape. h, v. 
 
 49. The Black Corinth, or Currant Grape, is a fmall 
 roundifh berry, generallv without a Itone, of a deep black 
 colour. It has a fweet juice, and ripens in October, h. v, 
 
 50. The Cornichon Grape has berries of a remarkable 
 fhape, long and narrow, of a white colour, with a firm fweet 
 flefh. h. 
 
 51. The Red ChafTelas is very like the ChafTelas Blanc 
 in fize and fhape, but is of a dark red colour. It is a very 
 good grape, but ripens later than the white, 
 
 |2. The New Mufcat of Jerufalem was introduced by 
 Mr. Philip Miller, a vine of which is now in the Botanic 
 Gardens at Chelfea. It has large round berries of a red col- 
 our : fome of which I have, in fine feafons, feen as large as 
 a goofeberry ; but, as it does not ripen well on the natural 
 wall in this country, it might be worth while to try it in a hot- 
 houfe, or vinery. It was introduced here about thirty- fix years 
 ago. h, V. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUlT TREES, .&c. 85 
 
 ^3. The Black Prince. This has fine large berries, and 
 the bunches grow to a large fize : 1 have had tiiem, in a la- 
 vourable fealon, on the natural wall, wei^;h a pound and a 
 half. This grape very well deferves a place in the houhoufc 
 and vinery. 
 
 To the foregoing may he added : 
 
 Black Frankindale. Red Conflantia, 
 
 Black Gibraltar, Red Raifin, 
 
 Black Mufcatol' Akxanujia, Sir Abraham Pitcher's Fine 
 
 The Miller Grape, Black, 
 
 New White Sweet Water, Weft's St. Peter, 
 
 PafFe xMufk, White Conftantia. 
 
 Pearl Mufcadine, 
 
 From the Red and White Conftantia is made the famous 
 ConRantia Wine, fo called from a place near the Cape ot 
 Good Hope. 
 
 My worthy friend. Colonel Patterfon,* informs mc, iliat 
 this vine, whcri tranfplr.ntcd to but a fmal! diftance {"roin that 
 fpot, produces a very interior wine. In his narrative he iays, 
 " Conftantia produces excellent wine, though the fituation 
 is ratlier low. It is, hov.-ever, preferable to ail other parts of 
 this diftrift ; not only becaufe it is rather more elevated, but 
 on account ot the nature of the foil, which is a light Tandy 
 loam."* 
 
 SeleS Vines for a [mall Garden. 
 
 The White Mufcadine; White Sweet Water: Black 
 Sweet Water; Large Black Cluflcr ; Small Black Clufter ; 
 the Miller Grape. 
 
 St. Peter's, and the Black Hamburgh, will do very wcli 
 in favourable feafons. 
 
 Of the Propagation of Vines. 
 
 The vine is propagated by feeds, cuttings, and layers ; 
 and by grafting and inoculation. 
 
 When vines are to be railed from feed, it fhould be fown 
 about the latter end of February, or beginning of March, in 
 pots filled with light frefh mould, and plunged in a moderately 
 warm hot-bed, gently fprinkling the mould from a watering- 
 pot having a fine rofe. About fix or eight feeds, if good, will 
 
 * This gentleman is v.ell known in the Literary World, by his Nara- 
 tive of Four Jouraies into the ('ountry of the Hottentots, and Caffraria ; 
 from whence he fent a great many new plants ai;d feeds to England. He al- 
 fo brought home M/jth him l\iir,e cuiious (kins; and good drawings of maBy 
 plants, animals, &c. 
 
86 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 be fufficient for a fmall flower-pot; tor, if fown too thick, the 
 plants are apt to be drawn, and thereby become very weak. 
 In dry weather, the pots (hould be watered gently every day ; 
 but in wet or moift weather this may frequently be omitted, 
 giving them fo much only as will keep the mould moift till 
 the plants begin to vegetate. The proper time ior watering 
 is in the atternoon, when the fun is going off the frame. Ob- 
 ferve to fhut the frame down immediately after watering ; and 
 if the heat be not too great, it may remain (hut during the 
 night. As the heat of the bed begins to decay, you muft 
 add a lining of horfe-dung and frelh leaves ; which, when 
 occafion requires, may be fhaken up and repaired by adding 
 fome frefh leaves and dung to it, and thus keep up a proper 
 warmth till the plants have got a fufficient ftrength to do with- 
 out any bottom heat. 
 
 About the latter end of Auguft it will be necelTary to 
 take the lights off, that the plants may be hardened before 
 winter, taking care to fhelter them in frames covered with 
 mats, which will prevent the froft in the laUer end of 0£lo- 
 ber and beginning of November from injuring the tender 
 Ihoots. 
 
 When the plants are about fix inches high, they fhould 
 be tranfplanted fingly into deep pots, filled with the fame fort 
 of vegetable mould as is direfted to be ufed for vines ; taking 
 great care not to hurt the roots, nor to break the leaders ; then 
 plunge them again into the hot-bed ; but if the heat of the old 
 bed be too much decayed, it will be neceflary to have a new 
 one prepared before hand to receive the pots as foon as the 
 plants are tranfplanted. If they grow vigoroufly, it will be 
 necelfary to fhilt them into flill larger pots. 
 
 When the plants are above fix inches high, they fhould 
 be carefully tied to fmall rods, leaving only one ftem for the 
 firft year. The rods fhould be as high as the frames will per- 
 mit. 
 
 When the leaves begin to drop, they Ihould be carefully 
 picked ofFthe pots, to prevent the plants from getting mouldy, 
 which would very much injure them. 
 
 The plants fhould be kept under frames, or put into the 
 green-houfe, in hard winters, to fhelter them from fevere 
 frofis. In the fpring, about March or the beginning of April, 
 (middle of May in America) if from feed ripened in this 
 country, they may be planted out againft the walls where they 
 are to remain ; but, it trom feed imported from vine coun- 
 tries, I would advife not to plant above one or two againfl 
 the wall, or in the hot-houfe, before you have obtained a fpe- 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. 87 
 
 cimen of the fruit, and be fatisfied that they are worth culti- 
 vating. 
 
 After they are planted, they fhould be cut at the third 
 eye,* if ftrong ; but at the fecond, if weakly : At the fame 
 time remember to rub oiF the lower bud wiih your finger and 
 thumb, as hereafter directed. 
 
 It vines are to be propagated from cuttings, they fhould 
 be chofen from the (hoots that are beft ripened, and have the 
 {liorteft joints ; always having one or two joints of the lafl 
 year's wood, cutting it peile6ily fmooth, and a little rounding 
 at the lower end, and as near to a joint of the old wood as 
 poITible. The upper end fhould alfo be cut fmooth and (lop- 
 ing towards the wall ; but if they are planted in beds or bor- 
 ders, let the cut always face towards the North. When cut- 
 tings are planted againft piers or walls, let it be at about a foot 
 diliant from each other, according to the vacant fpace, and fo 
 deep as to have the fecond eye level with thtgiound ; remem- 
 bering always to rub off the lower eye. By fo doing, if no 
 accident happens to the top bud, there will be a (hoot produc- 
 ed irom each eye, with a little one under, which (hould al- 
 ways be rubbed off as foon as it begins to fwell ; for if fufFered 
 to grow to any confiderable fize, you will be in danger of in- 
 juring the large one in rubbing the fmall one off. Remember 
 alfo to pick off all the runners and fide-fhoots, as before di- 
 refted, leaving only two (hoots, which (liould be trained at 
 their full length. About January or February ihey may be 
 pruned,t leaving one or two eyes on each accordmg to the 
 llrength of the (hoot, which (liould be managed as (hall be 
 more fully explained hereafter. 
 
 In the firll year, efpecially if the fummer be drv, and 
 proper attention be not paid to the watering of them, they will 
 make but little progrefs ; but in the fecond year you will plain- 
 ly difcern which is the flrongeft plant, which (hould only be 
 left to fill up the vacant fpace on the wall : The reft fhould be 
 taken up and planted in other fituations where they are wajited. 
 
 Mr. Speechly and others praftife a method of propagat- 
 ing the vine from one eye and a tew inches of the preceding 
 
 ♦ That is, ihree eyes from the ground. 
 
 + In America the pruning of vines fhould be performed, not in the fall* 
 for the hard froll is then apt to kill the joints which are cut, and, fomctimei 
 it kills the whoie branch. Neither fhculd it be done loo late in the fpiing, 
 for the vegetatica is fo r.;pid, aiid the fap mounts in fuch abundacce, that 
 the vines are in great danger of bleeding to death. The iatter end of Febru- 
 ary, or the fiift week in Match, leems to be (he beft time; btit, as the fca- 
 fous differ fo widely in different years, much mufl, oa this point, be IcTt to 
 the obfervation aad judgn;c.it of the cultivator. 
 
88 TREATISE OrsT THE CULTURE AND 
 
 3'ear's wood, which he prefers to thofe raifed by cuttings in 
 the common way, lor the following reafons : " They have 
 more abundant roots, grow fliorter jointed, are more pioHfic, 
 and will, if permitted, come into bearing the fecond year." 
 
 You fliouid make choice ot the cuttings after a warm dry 
 feafon, fuch as laft year (1800;) but not after fiich as the year 
 before, when the wood did not ripen properly, ov^ing to the 
 wet and cold feafon. Each cutting ihould have two inches 
 of the old wood, with one eye of the new. When you prune 
 your vines you will have great choice; you fhould then fele61 
 your cuttings of a middling lize, the wood round and per- 
 ie6tly ripened. 
 
 If, however, my friend, MonGeur Le Geau, of Spring 
 Mills, will have the goodnefs to add his opinion at the bottom 
 of this note, the reader will, I am certain, derive great ad- 
 vantace from it. 
 
 Vines are alfo propagated by layers in the following man- 
 ner : Take layers irom walls or palings, obferving to train the 
 Ihoots at full length during the fummer. Then, about the 
 month ot February, take Tome of the fineft and ftrongefl 
 fhoots, and lay them in the ground about fix inches below the 
 furface ; at the fame time making an incifion or two in the old 
 wood, or giving it a twiftjuft below a joint : Thay will gen- 
 erally take without notching or twilling ; yet, as it is the lar- 
 er way, I would advife it to be done. The tops ot the layers 
 Ihould ihen be cut off, leaving two or three ffrong eyes upon 
 each. 
 
 When the fhoots begin to run, they fhould be tied to long 
 flakes, to prevent their being broken by the wind. All the 
 runners and fide-fhoots are to be picked off, leaving only two 
 or three fine ftrong fhoots on each plant, which fhould be 
 trained at full length during the fummer. 
 
 After the fhoots are laid, it will be necefTary to mulch 
 them with good rotten dung, or rotten leaves, which will keep 
 the mould raoift ; and in very dry fuinmers, fuch as the laft, 
 (1800) it will be necefTary to give them a good watering once 
 or twice a v.'eek : this will wafh in the dung or leaves about 
 the roots, and caufe the layers to llioot more vigoroufly. 
 
 In choofing vines from thenurfery, I would recommend 
 thole which have the ffrongefl and longefl flioots. 
 
 If the foregoing direfciions are properly aiiended to, the 
 plants will be rooted and fit well for planting out in the au- 
 tumn. 
 
 When any are to be planted out, they fhould be careful- 
 ly cut off from the mother vine and cariied without fliaking 
 the eaiih from their roots, to the fpot where they are to be 
 planted. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. 89 
 
 If the feafon be warm and fine, the grapes oF early kinds 
 ripen very well on thefe layers before they are taken up ; dnd, 
 if properly managed, they will bear fonie fruit the firil year 
 aiier planting. One ot the ftrongeft Ihoots muft be leb nearly 
 at full length, cutting it as high as the uppermoft full bud, 
 leaving nothing but round well-ripened wood. It there are 
 three Ihoots, the remaining two (hould be cut fo as to leave 
 only two full eyes upon each, which fhould be trained at full 
 length, as before diietled, to produce fine wood for next year. 
 The fhoot which was trained the preceding year fhould then 
 be cut dowr.', leaving only two flrong eyes to produce wood 
 for the following year ; and fo on every year, cutting the 
 branches alternately ; by fo doing, you will be able to keep 
 your walls always covered with fine healthy bearing wood. 
 
 This method of laying is praflifed with great fuccefs b; 
 many Nurferymen in the neighborhood of London ; «« par- 
 ticular by Meflis. Gray and Wear, at Brompton-P »»i nurfe- 
 ry, and by MefTrs. Kirke, at Brompton ; each oi whom raifes 
 annually teveral hundred plants, for whir!- they find a great 
 demand. - ' 
 
 If any vines that have-te^ti raifeJ from feed fhould not 
 prove to be of a goqr? fl;?\uur, they will be very fit to graft or 
 inarch the finer forts of vines on : As the coarfer forts grow 
 more vigorous than the finer, they are, for that reafon, filter 
 for grafting or inarching. 
 
 The beff m:mure for vines is a mixtureof vegetable mould,* 
 rotten fpit dung, and frefh loam (turf and all ;) this (hould be 
 thrown in a heap, and frequently turned, for a year or two be- 
 fore it is ufed. 
 
 Obfervations and Experiments on the Training and Pruning 
 of Vines. 
 
 The fol'owlng is the method that 1 purfued with fome 
 vines which were planted againft the pio"S of a South wall, 
 and among old peaches, netlarines, plums, &c. 
 
 When I took them in hand, the iruii was fo final! and 
 hard as to render it unfit to be fent to the table. The vines 
 were trained upright, which cai)fed them to grow io lux- 
 uriantly that the fap flowed into the branches in {lead of the 
 fruit. ' - 
 
 * For producing vegetable mould, fee the direilions for the maniscment 
 of apple-tiets. 
 
 M 
 
go TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 In the year 1780), I let two flrong branches grow to their 
 full length without t( pping them in the fummer. In 1790 I 
 trained them in a ferpentinr form, \_See Plate 10.] leaving about 
 thiity eyes on each fhoot, which produced one hundred and 
 twenty-five bunches ot grapes, weighing from one pound to 
 a pound and a quarter each. Every one that faw them faid, 
 that the large ones were as fine as forced grapes ; while the 
 fmall ones produced ironi branches o\ the fame vme, 
 trained and pruned in the old way, weie bad natuial grapes, 
 and not above twice the fize of large currants.* 
 
 More fully to prove the fuccefs attending this experiment, 
 I next year tiained five plants in the fame way, allowing the 
 fiioots intended tor bearing wood to run to their full length 
 in fummer, training them wherever there was a vacancy be- 
 tween the old trees ; where there was none, I ran ihem along 
 the top of the wall, without topping them. In winter I train- 
 ed then>in a ferpeniine manner fo as to fill the wall as regu- 
 lai ly as poflihle : They were as produfciive as thofe in the for- 
 mer year. 
 
 Alter a three year'." trial, 1 thought I was warranted to 
 follow the fame praftice wnrr-'hf! whole ; and in the year 1793 
 I fent, tor the ufe ot his Mtjelly ar.H the Royal family, thiee 
 hundred and feventy-eight bafkeis of grapes, each weighing 
 about three pounds, without planting a fingle vine more than 
 there were the pteceding year, in which i was able to fend 
 only fitty-fix bafkets of the fame weight; and thofe fo bad 
 and ill-npened that I was afliamed ot them, as they were not 
 fit to be feen to the table. 
 
 In this year there was more than a quarter of the crop 
 deflroyed by birds and infetts, and rotted by the wet. 
 
 Although the above flaternent is within the bounds ot 
 truth, it may appear to the reader like an exaggeration ; but 
 it is in the power ot every one, who will foilow the diietlions 
 here given, to prove the advantage that will accrue from this 
 method of training. 
 
 rheabove experiments were all made on the natural walls, 
 and I hope will be fuflBcient to convince every unprejudired 
 perfon ot the great advantage that the ferpentine method of 
 training vines polTelfes above the common way. 
 
 It may be proper to obferve, that the Ihoot.'s flinuld be 
 brought as near as pullible from the bottom ot the vine, that 
 
 * I corjurc the American planter to read th'S with attenticsn. Wifh a 
 £ue cbfervancc of the dircflions here laid down, hew r'ertitul ir.ight good 
 gfapss become in Pcnnfylvania, New-Jcrfey, and Ncw-York ! 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 91 
 
 (he wall mav be well covered. When the walls are high, and 
 the {hoots from the ferpentine branches flrong, we fometimcs 
 let them remain ; but it the walls are low, and the fcrpent^ne 
 branches produce wejk flioots, we cut them out in the au- 
 tumnal pruning, and train up the Urongeft of the young wood 
 in their room ; as duetled in the explanation ot plate 10. 
 
 On the Pruning and Training of Vines. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that the wood mult be flrong, or the 
 vines will produce fmall bunches. It that be the cafe, cut 
 them down to two or three eyes, in order to have Itrong wood 
 lor ne-it year. Vines bear their fiuit on the -".vood that was 
 produced the preceding year. It there be a great deal of old 
 naked wood on them, as generally is the cafe, with fome fmall 
 weak flioots at the extremities, always cut them down as near 
 to the ground as poffiblc ; you will then have no truit tor that 
 year.* Or you may cut every other flioot, leaving the old ones 
 to produce fume fmall grapes. The next year you will have 
 plenty ot fine wood, provided you take care to nail in the 
 flrongefl (hoots, and pick oflP all the fide flioots that are pro- 
 duced from the eyes, pinching them off with the finger and 
 thumb, or cutting them out with a (harp pen-knife cloic to the 
 bud or e) e ; but never twift them ; tor by twifting them you 
 \vill hurl the bud that produces the grapes next year ; always 
 obferving to cut as near to the bud as pofTible, and taking care 
 to lay in the v/ood very thin in fummer, that the fun and air 
 may be freely admitted to ripen it : By thefe means it will grow 
 very llrong. Take care alfo to keep the Ihoots nailed to the 
 v/a!i, which will prevent their being broken by the high winds ; 
 obferving to pick off all the fide fhoots every time you nail 
 them, which ought to be done feveral times during the fummer 
 months, according to the quicknefs ot their growth. In fine 
 weather they wili grow fo very quick, that )ou will have oc- 
 cafion to look over them once every fortnight or three weeks, 
 iiyou with to have them in good order. Never fuffer the vines 
 
 * It is generally thou^hr, in America, that when the vine ceafes to bear, 
 it if vvorn out, and ftiould bis thrown aw.iy. This is a great error, ihe failure 
 in the crop ariies lolely froia the want ot proper management. A vine will 
 Jive as long, and, peihaps, longer, than an oak ; and (he older it is, the be\tcr 
 it 1«, b ih as t> ilie .ibiutdance and the quality of iti fruit. As a proof of this 
 I need only men'ion the farmers vine at Hampton Court Palacj, which is 
 oneol the curiofuies tha: are Ihewa ro liraiij^crs at (hat p. ace. This vine was 
 T^lanted in the reign o( King VViiliam. and it bore, in 1800, nearly two tons 
 weight cfgrjpes. Mai.y gemumen now in Philadelphia have fe n ihis vine, 
 and have received the fame account of its produa, the (ruih of which is well 
 koown in England. The fttm is about thiee /eel in gift, ai.d the branches 
 caterd about Czty feet from the ftem. 
 
92 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 to run together in a clufter, and to mat, which will infallibly- 
 ruin them for bearing the fuccceding year. Top the {hoots 
 that have been trained in a Terpentine manner, as loon as the 
 grapes come to the fize of very fmall green peas, a joint or 
 two above the Iruit ; but never top the leading {hoot, nor that 
 which you intend fhould bear fruit next year. 
 
 I ihall now give fome dire61ions for the fecond year's 
 pruning. 
 
 I would never recommend the pruning of vines till the be- 
 ginning of February, except in fuch a feafon as the rrefent ; 
 tor they are more forward now (in the middle of January) 
 than they were la{l year in the latter end of March : This is 
 owmg to the fine autumn and mild winter, and the wood being 
 fo well ripened in the preceding fummer. It is, however, 
 very common with fome to begin pruning foon after the fall 
 of the leaf, before the wood becom.es hard ; but if a Irofl fets 
 in before the wood is hard, in particular after wet fummers 
 and autumns, it will be very much injured ;* 1 have frequently 
 feen it almo{f killed after autumnal pruning. We often have 
 fine weather in the months of Ocfober, November, and De- 
 cember, with fun and drying winds, which helps to ripen the 
 wood after wet autumns. 
 
 When the vine leaves begin to fall, remember always to 
 take a foft broom and fweep them off upwards in a gentle man- 
 ner, which will be of great fervice in afTifting to harden the 
 w^ood. 
 
 When you begin to prune in February,f always make 
 choice of the flrongeft and longeft fhoots, leaving them as long 
 as you find the eyes good and plump, and the wood round ; 
 but by no means leave them when they become fiat ; as in that 
 cafe they feldom bear fruit ; and if they do, it will be very 
 fmall. I never lay in any that has lefs than fifteen, and from 
 that to thirty good eyes, according to the ff rength of the fhoot, 
 which will produce two bunches Irom every good eye. I have 
 had feventy bunches of grapes from one flicot. The fhoots 
 that have borne fruit in the preceding year fhould be cut out 
 next year, except when you want to fill the wall, and the fihoots 
 are very" ftrong. You will always get plenty of fine healthy 
 young wood iT you are careful when }ou prune in the winter ; 
 
 * This is the cafe in a much greater degree in America, where the 
 weathei isfo much more inctofe. Great attenlion Ihould be paid to this part 
 of the djreflions. 
 
 t The reader will recur to vihat I have before faid, refptiljng ihe/«/.« 
 for pruning in America. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 93 
 
 therefore never leave any but fine ftrong %vood, always cutting 
 at the fecond, third, or fourth eye ; remembering to rub the 
 lowell bud off, and that which comes out at the joint between 
 the new and laft year's wood. By ihefe means you will get as 
 much fruit from thefe fhort fhoots as you would have by the 
 common way of pruning. Yon muft always obferve to leave 
 two or three'ol the ftrongefl (hoots for next year's bearing 
 wood, and never top them. It you have not room to train 
 them, you may lead them over the tops of the other trees, if 
 the vines are planted againft piers; or you may run them be- 
 hind the ftandards, if there be any, which is generally the cafe 
 when the wallsare high : thus you will cover all the wall, which 
 will have a very beautiful appearance when the fruit is ripe, 
 befidesturnifhinga plentiful fupplyof fine gi apes for the table. 
 You may run the flioots over the top of the wall on the other 
 fide, provided the walls are low.* I alfo train them over the 
 tops of trees en each fide ; which never does any harm to the 
 trees below, provided you keep them nailed to the wall. I 
 have alfo planted vines between trees on North and Eafl af- 
 pefls, and trained them over the tops of the South and Weft 
 walls to fill the upper parts, till the peaches and ne6tarines 
 cover them. I then cut away part of the vines, leaving only 
 as many fhoots as I may think necellary. 
 
 Two years ago I removed fomc old apricots that covered 
 a wall about one hundred and fixty-five feet long, and planted 
 them againff a new wall, leaving five vines that were planted 
 againft the piers. Thefe five plants have, in the courfe of 
 two years, covered the above wall from top to bottom, and 
 bear plenty of fine grapes every year. I alfo moved an old 
 vine on a wall near to the above, and cut it in pretty clofe ; it 
 has in three years fpread twenty-fix yards, and bears very fine 
 fruit. 
 
 Againft one of the piers had been planted a Black Ham» 
 burgh Grape, and at the other fide of the fame pier was plant- 
 ed a Mufcadine, at the di (lance of about two feet from each 
 other ; I pruned them both according to my method, and the 
 fecond year after, they produced one thoufand one hundred 
 bunches of fine grapes. 
 
 * I faw au inftancs of this in Kenfing'OD Gardens, where the vines hav- 
 ing filled the fide of ihe walls, on which ihey weie planted, had been (rained 
 iQ the manner above defcribed, over the other fide of the wall, whcucc the 
 fruit was hanging down in great abundance ; and I uudcrllaod it ripened very 
 v^ell, though to Eaft and Well afpefts. la America grapes will ripen iu al- 
 inoft any afpeft, provided the ftcm ot the vite has an »i]>i& towaids and 
 foint between South- Eaft and Souih-Wcft. 
 
94 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 I alfo tried an experiment by taking fome (hoofs from a 
 South wall, opening the ground deep enough to lay them in 
 acrofs the loot path, at thedillance ut ab ut tour feet fiom the 
 xvall, and tied them to iiakes, training them as elpaliejs,* lay- 
 ing in the wood as diretkd tor walls, and keeping them as 
 low as pi'lTible, that they might not (hade the bottom of the 
 wall ; 1 alio pruned them as I do thofe againft walls, laymg 
 the flioois in very long, except thofe that were intended to 
 bear truir next year, from which I took off all the fide fhoots 
 and runners agamft the wall and efpaliers. In a tavoiable 
 leafon ihele hear very fine truit, better than what is got troci 
 the walls by the old method ot pruning + 
 
 Always obferve to ufe the compoluion as foon after prun- 
 ing as pudible. A.s the vine is very porous, it foon imbibes 
 the wet and moiflure, which brings it quickly to decay. 
 
 If at any time a vine fhould be cut late m the feafon, it 
 will be apt to bleed much ; in that cafe the powder muft be 
 applied, repeating the application till the bleeding (lops + 
 
 I cut two ftrong vine-branches in the month ot June and 
 three more in July, in very hot weather, on purpofe to try the 
 efFeft ot the powder in flopping the bleeding. The fap roie 
 fo ftrong that it worked out at (he top in a troth ; I applied the 
 powder, which in a fhorJ time entirely flopped it. 
 
 IJhali now give fame DireBionsfor th: Watering of Vines. 
 
 Alter the grapes are fet and begin to fwell, you may water 
 them with the Barrow Engine, fprinkling them all over the 
 leaves and truit, prefTing your tore-finger over the top of the 
 pipe ; by doing this you can throw the water as fine as fmall 
 rain, which will wafh all the dull off the vines and leaves, that 
 are frequently covered with it, efpecially if the garden be near 
 a public road, a^ is the cafe at Kenfington. You fliould alfo 
 wafh the infedls off the trees. In fine weather I fprinkle all 
 the wall-trees thiee times a week, which keeps them clear 
 
 * An efpalier is a tice, which is pliined out in the open ground, and the 
 brancl'cs ot wliich are trained in a horizontal dire£l)ou, and lied to (lakes. 
 Thele trees aie never fufrered lo grow more thi(n tour or five feet higii. Such 
 a fjllem ot XxiXTAX.^'vines would do very well for America. 
 
 J The fiuit would always ripen well on efpaliers in America, where 
 there is rio waut <if fun ai:d hear, which are fo much wanted in England. I 
 am pe-f'jaded that efpalier vine>. would, were all the precautiocs taken, pro- 
 duce very well in any part ot the Middle States. 
 
 \ In America i!>e vIjfs bleed much morecopioufly than in England. If, 
 the-e!ore, the pruning be drnc aiiei ihe lap begins tu rife, great attention 
 ihould be paid to the lules heieliid down. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 95 
 
 from infefls, and promotes the fwelling ot the Iruit ; but this 
 operation mud never be pertornitd when the nights are cold 
 and holly. Yuu ihouid begin to fpi inkle the iites when the 
 fun is in an oblique dirc6hon, or gone (ff he wall, which may 
 be about tour o'clock on a South afpett ; by doing it at this 
 time, the leaves will liavetimefo diy betoie night, and fo pre- 
 vent the troll, it there ftiould be any in the night, trom injur- 
 ing them In very hot and diy weather, give the trees a good 
 boitom watering once a week, which will toiwaid the (wedmg 
 of the fruit. Vines jequire a great deal of watering; but when 
 the fruit is fully fwellcd, you (hould leave it off; particularly 
 when the nights begin to get cold, as it would huit the flavour 
 of the fruit. 
 
 We (hall fay fomething in this place refpeBing the pref- 
 ervation of grapes Irom flies, wafps, and birds ; but for more 
 full direftions on that head, fee the chapter ' On InfeQs, &c.' 
 
 As foon as the large fly makes its appearance, you muft 
 provide plenty of bottles a little more than bA\ filled with fome 
 fweet liquor to entice the flies to enter ihtm, where they will 
 be drowned. You muft hang the bottles on the nails at proper 
 di fiances all over the vines, and alfo place Ibme of them at the 
 bottom of the walls. The blue fly comes much earlier than 
 the wa(p, and you will find it no lefs deftru6live to the fruit. 
 It will therefore be necefl'ary to hang up the bottles beiimes,' 
 in order to deflroy as mary of them as poflible before the 
 wafp makes its appearance, and have the bottles ready for this 
 fecond enemy. 
 
 When the grapes begin to ripen, you will be troubled with 
 other enemies ; the birds will now begin to at'ack the fruit ; 
 it will then be necefl^ary to bag fome of your fine handfome 
 bunches, but to bag them all would be an endlefs job, if you 
 have a full crop and a large garden. I have had five men 
 bagging for three weeks, and yet could not bag the half of 
 Vihdt were on one wall. 
 
 Where the bunches are very thick, the quickeft way is to 
 cover the trees with nets, or buritine (a kind of fluff ot which 
 fhips' colours are made) which will admit a free air to the 
 grapes, and will dry foon after rain. They will alfo be a good 
 covering for the trees in the fpring, iu cold, wet, or fnowy 
 weather. Always obferve, that the bunches of grapes fliould 
 be kept under the fliade of the leaves till they begin to ripen ; 
 then you may begin to pick off the leaves which cover the fruit, 
 leaving ihofe a little above it to be a (belter from the wet and 
 frod in the nights; this will afhft the lipeningof the fruit; anil 
 take off only a tew leaves at a time, according to the quaniiiv 
 
96 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 of grapes to be gathered at once : By thefe means your fruit 
 will continue three times, as long in fucceflion as it would if 
 the leaves were picked off all at one time. 
 
 I have often fcen all the leaves taken ofT from the fruit 
 foon after it was fet, which prevents it from fwelling, and the 
 fruit will become hard and fmall, and will generally crack. 
 
 When the leaves are not too thick, thev admit the rays of 
 the fun to pafs through, and a warm glow of heat will be re- 
 fle61ed Irom the wall* 
 
 You may find it convenient to let the grapes hang as long 
 on the walls as vou can : I have often let them hang till the 
 middle ot November, only covering them with nets or bun- 
 tine. 
 
 When the frofl begins to fet in fharp, you fhould then 
 gather the grapes. Where there are feveral bunches on one 
 branch, you may cut it off, leaving about fix inches in length, 
 or more, ot the vvood, according to the diflance between the 
 bunches, and a little on the outfide of the fruit at each end ; 
 feal both ends with fome common fealing-wax, fuch as Wine 
 Merchants ufe for fealing their bottles with, which you may 
 buy at the Wax Chandlers ; then hang them acrofs a line in a 
 dry room, taking care to clip out, with a pair of fciffars, any of 
 the berries that begin to decay or become mouldy, which if 
 left would taint the others : In this way I have kept grapes till 
 the 6th of February ; but, if they are cut before the bunches 
 are too ripe, they may be kept much longer. 
 
 Having plenty of grapes in the winter makes a great ad- 
 dition for tfie table ; and if properly kept, they will be of a 
 much finer flavour than the Portugal grapes, which are gener- 
 ally at a very high price during the winter and fpring. 
 
 Grapes may alfo be kept by packing ihem in jars (every 
 bunch being firlt wrapped up in a folt paper) and covering every 
 layer with bran, which fhould be well dried belore it is ufed, 
 laying a little of it in 'he bottom ot the jar ; then a layer of 
 grapes, and fo on, a layer of bran and of grapes alternately, 
 till you have filled the jar ; then fhake it gently, and fill it to 
 the top with bran, laying fome paper ovet it, and covering the 
 top with a bladder tied firmly on to exclude the air ; then put 
 on the top or cover of the jar, obferving that it fits as clofe as 
 poflible. Thefe jars fhould be kept in a room where you can 
 have a fire in wet or damp weather. 
 
 • The leaves iruft never be picked off, in America, where (hefuoitfelf 
 ^urcs them up but too faft. 
 
Mx\NAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Scc.j^i^f 
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 
 OF FIGS. 
 
 hijfcrcnt Sorts defcrihed.--Of Rai/ing, Pruning, Training, 
 and Sheltering Fig-Trees.^' 
 
 1 HE Fi;^ has been cn1tiv:itecl in En;;land ever fince the year 
 1762. S >!ne o\ the oldefl tlut we know of in this kingdom 
 are in the Arclibiihdp ot Canterbury's gardens at Limbeth. 
 
 This genus of plants is arranged in tfie third or^er ot Lin- 
 naeus' twenty-third clafs, entitled Polygamid Tiicfecia. 
 
 Thefollozving arc the Sorts bejl worth Cultivating in this 
 
 Country. 
 
 1. The Brown, or Chefnut-cploured Ifchia Fig. This is 
 one of the largeft that we have: It is of a brown or chehmt 
 colour on the outfjde, and purple within ; the grains are large, 
 and the pulp f.veet and high flavoured. It ripens in Augutl ; 
 and, if planted agaiillt a hot wall, tv/o crops may be obtained 
 annually. 
 
 2. The Black Genoa Fig is a long fruit of a dark purple 
 colour, the ini'ide being ot a bright red, and the ti^{h very high 
 flavoured. It ripens in the latter end of Augult. 
 
 3. The Small White Early Fig. The'iKin of this fruit 
 is ot a pale yellow when ripe ; the fltffh is white nnA fweet. It 
 is ripe about the latter end ot Auguit, or beginning of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 4. The Large White Genoa Figi This is a large fruit, 
 the fkin is thin and yellow when ripe, and red within. It is a 
 good fruit, and is ripe ab )Ut the latter end ot Augufl. This 
 and the preceding bear two crops annually. 
 
 5. The Black Kchia Fig is a middle fiscd fruit ; the ficin 
 is almoft black when ripe, and the inHde of a deep led. Thei 
 fleih is high flavoured, and the trees good beaieis. 
 
 • I have never foen any fi?- trees in America ; but I hav» no doubt but^ 
 with ihe prtcautioDS hcte dift^ud, they wouli do very well. 
 
 N 
 
.♦ TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 % 
 
 6 The Brown anrl Black Small Italian Figs are cultivate 
 ei] in pots ; the fruit is fiDalJ, round, and very delicious. I 
 have n,ithered rionn one plant, in a twenty-four pot, two dozen 
 cf figs at one gathering. 
 
 7. The Malta Fig. This is a fmall brown fig ; the fkin 
 of a pale brown, the infide ol the fame colour ; the flefh is 
 fuect and high flavoured. It is lipe ni Auguit and Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 8. Ti^-e Murrey, or Brown Naples Fig, is a pretty large 
 Iruit of a i-.ght brown colour, and the infide neaily of the iame 
 colour ; tlie fklli is well fLvouied ; and it ripens about the 
 middle of September. 
 
 9. The Giecn Ifchia Fig is an oblong fiuit wiib a green 
 fk'.n ; but being thin, is ffained through with a brownifli cait 
 by the puip when lull ripe. The infide is purple, and the 
 llcih high flavoured. It is ripe about she middle of September. 
 
 10. The Madonna Fig, commonly called the Brunlv/ick, 
 or Hanover Fig, is a large pyramidal fruit ; the fkin brown, 
 the flefh a lighter brown, coarfe, and has but iittle flavour. It 
 ripens about the middle of September. 
 
 1 1. The Comirich Blue or Purple Fig is a large obloncr 
 fruit, ripens in Augufl, and is a good bearer. 
 
 12. The Long Brown Naples Fig. The fl<.in of this fruit 
 is or a dzik brown when ripe, the flei'h inclining to red. It 
 has large grains and a good Ihvour, and ripens about the be- 
 gmningof 06)ober. 
 
 13. The Small Brown Ifchia Fig is a fmail pyramidal 
 fruit ; the fi::n of a light brown ; the flelh of a purple caft, 
 and oi high flavour. I1 ripens in October. 
 
 14. The Yeibw Ifchia Fig is a large fruit, the ficin yel- 
 lo'.v, and tl;e flclli purple and well flavoured. It ripens in 
 Oclobcr. 
 
 1.5. The Gentile ^ig is ol a middle fize, roundifii fruit, 
 the fiiin yellow, and the flefh inclining to the lame colour. 
 It h.as large grains, and a good flavour ; ripens very late, and 
 the tjees arc but indifferent bearers. 
 
 There are aljo llit following : 
 
 Befi Early White, Large Blue, 
 
 Black P.ovence, Marfeiilcs, 
 
 Cyprian, Mil ward. 
 
 Ford's Seedling, Small Black Ifchia, 
 
 Green Naples, White Lochia, 
 
 Large Black, Yellow Celar. 
 
MANx\GEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, S:c. 99 
 
 Figs proper jor a fmaU Garden. 
 
 The Large White Genoa ; Eavly White ; Murrey Fig ; 
 Small Brownlfrhia, and the Black Ifchia. 
 
 In a /rood feafun, the Htown or Chefnut-rolourcrl Ifclna, 
 the Black Genoa, the Small White E-ii ly,thp Muriey "r Biowa 
 Naples, and the Common Blue or Purple Tig, will iipen on 
 llandards. 
 
 Fitrs are rDifed fiom fuckers, layers, or cutlings. and will 
 thrive in almoU any fo:l, but do not like a wet bottom ; they 
 generally produce mere iruit on a ftronjj loamy foil than on a 
 drv one. Layers, or cuttings, are pi elerable tofuckeis. 
 
 Oi'firvations, &c. on Vrumng Figs. 
 
 They fliould never he pruned in autumn or durinjr the 
 tvinter : the bell time is at the latter end of April or beginning 
 of May ; by that time you will fee what fiioots have been kill- 
 ed by the Iroil in winter. The end ot thofe bianches mors 
 particularly will be huit where the wood has not ripened well 
 in autunm : They fiiould be cut into ilic found wood, and as 
 near to an eye as pofiible. When the branches have been ful- 
 iered to run up leaving the bottom q;ji;e naked, you ihould 
 cut out every other branch as near to ihe ground as you can, 
 which will turndli the wall with fine young wood ; obferving 
 to flop the ends ot the fhoots in the beginning ot June ; this 
 will caufe them to throw out fide fhoots which will bear truit 
 the next fummer. By that time you will have plenty ot fine 
 wood ; you may then cut down the reft of the old branches 
 that were lett the preceding year, obferving to prune them a- 
 bout the fame time as you pruned laft year : Always remem- 
 ber to pinch off the ends of die {frongelt flioots, except the 
 leading ones, at the top bud. 
 
 When you prune in the fpring, never Hiortcnthe fiioots, 
 as the truit is produced near the tops. There will be a great 
 many fine fliort fide and fore-right Ihoots which fhould never 
 be cut off but when they are decayed. Thefe fhoots will ripen 
 much better than the long ftrong ones, and will not be fo liable 
 to be killed by the troll in winter. By following this method, 
 you will have the trees covered with fruit trom the top to the 
 bottom of the walls, inflead of having a tew truit only at the 
 top, which is the cafe when the common method ot pruning 
 is praflifed. 
 
 When the figs are about the fize ot fmoil nutmegs, you 
 fhould pinch off the point of the top bud with your finger and 
 tJiumb, or cut it with a (harp pen-knite ; and always lemem- 
 |?er to ufe the powder, wherever you cut or pinch, to Hop th;^ 
 
soo TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 oozing of the milk, which, if fuffered, would greatly exhauft 
 and injure the trees. 
 
 Take care not to lay in the branches too thick ; they 
 fliould be from a loot to eighteen inches djftant. 
 
 The trees muft be covered in the beginning of winter 
 before the froft fets in, oihervvife the ends of the fhoots will 
 be huit by the fir ft (harp troll, belore the wood is ripened and 
 hardened, which will oblige you to cut them as before. When 
 fig-trees are very much injured in hard winters, the beft way 
 will be to cut as near the ground as poflfible ; and the fecond 
 \ear you may get them into a fine bearing Hate, if you man- 
 age them as above dire£led. 
 
 1 fhall now give fome dire£lions as to the beft method oJ 
 covering them. 
 
 1 generally cover them with bentings, or fhort grafs, 
 from the pleafure ground ; which I find anlwers the purpofe 
 very w-ell : Alter it is thoroughly dry, it may be put in a cock, 
 covering it with ftraw to prevent the rain from penetrating in- 
 to it, which will caufe it to heat and rot; or it may be put mto 
 one of the flieds. If you cannot procure gra's, get Tome diy 
 mofs. Firft cover the trees with huiel, yew, fir, or fpruc® 
 boughs, and then tuck in the Oiort giafs or mofs among the 
 {jranches, beginning at the top of the tree, tucking in the 
 grafs, &c. as you defccnd, till you come to tlie bottom. Fern, 
 when well dried, makes an excellent covering. You may 
 thatch the tree on the ou'fide with the long leaves of the 
 common fern ; when you can get thefe, there will be noocca- 
 iion for fliort grafs. Fern, when it can be procuied, which 
 jl may in moft country places, will . be found preferable to 
 laurel. 
 
 Figs may alfo be fheltered in v/inter by wrapping hay or 
 ilraw-bands round the branches of the trees ; then open the 
 o-round, lay in the branches, and cover them over with mould 
 about nine inches deep, leaving the ends of the flioots about 
 three inches out of the ground, and covering the ground over 
 with fome rotten leaves, or old tan, &c. to keep out the 
 iroff : You may alfo cover the roots of the trees in the fame 
 jnanner. 
 
 If the walls are low, and the borders broad, you may 
 bring all the branches front ways ; but when the v.'alls are high 
 you can only bring the fi^de branches forward in the above 
 manner. 
 
 Some cover with reeds and ftraw ; the latter I by no 
 jneans approve of, as it is very apt to harbour rats and roiceoa 
 (JGCpunt pf fome of the grain being left in it. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, £:c. lox 
 
 Be caieful to obfervc, when you put on the jziafs, tliat 
 aO' mice, &c. have got amongft it ; and. ex-jmine during the 
 winici th.it no rats or mice get among the branches o\ the trees 
 that are covered agdinlL the v/alls ; it they do, they wih infai- 
 liM) bjrkthe branches, and in thai cale you will be under the 
 necefTuy ot heading the trees down. 
 
 1 would recommend fetting traps, fuch as fha!l be de- 
 fcribed herealter, near the roots ot tlie trees, as foon as they 
 are covered. 
 
 Take care not to uncover the figs too foon in the Tpring ; 
 and it fhould be done jjariially, as iiequently there are {rolls 
 and cutting winds in the monihs ot April and May, which 
 will intallibly kill the young iruit as they make their appear- 
 ance in the fpring. 
 
 Thofe branches which have been laid into the ground 
 fliouid be taken up in the month ot ApriL taking off the iiay 
 and iiravv-bdnds, and then nailed to the wall. Stick in among 
 the branches fome tein-leaves, or any other light covering, 
 to protect them from the drying winds and trofts, till the truit 
 comes to the fize of a large walnut, or rather till the leaves; 
 are iufficiently large to protect the truit. 
 
 The itahans, when they \v\(h to forward the ripening ot 
 {igs, drop in a litile fwcet oil, from a quill, into the eye ot the 
 Iruit ; but care mutt be taken not to hurt the f!-:in, which 
 would make the fig burft. This will make a diffes ence at 
 leaft ot a lortnight in the ripening. 
 
 As foon as the leaves begin to fall, brufh them o(T Vvith a 
 broom, but by no means till they will come offeafily. It they 
 are forced off before they begin to wither and decay, the trees 
 will bleed at the foot- (talks. At the fame time you Oiould 
 clear the ftalks of the fmall late Iruit, which, it iuffeied to 
 remain during the winter, will rot, and injure the tree (o as to 
 prevent it from I'caring the enuiing fummer. It ycu obfcrve 
 any milk oozing horn the foot-fialks, ufe a little ot the com- 
 poGtion, u'h'.cli will ftop ir, and heal tiie injured pan. I^y 
 doing this, you will affift the ripening and hardening the wood 
 before the winter tVoiis fct in. 
 
 When you plant fig-trees, let themi be from twenty to 
 twenty-tour feet apart, and train them horizontally, which 
 will render them much more truitiul than when il)ey art' 
 trained upright, which caufes them to run up in long naked 
 wood, 
 
 Obferve alfo to leave fpurs, or fl)Ort flioots, all over the 
 branches ; and when the buds begin to fvvcil, all the n.ioit 
 ihpois fhould be pinched, as before (iirefled. 
 
162 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 As the branches of ftandard fig-trees are very liable to be 
 killed in fevere winters, it will be neceirary to lay them alfo 
 in the ground, wrapping them up in hay or llraw bands, as 
 before direfted for wall-trees. It will be fometimes imprac- 
 ticable to lay down the middle branches ; they muft, there- 
 fore, be well covered with hay or ftraw-bands, and theou'fide 
 ones laid down, going regularly round the tree, and taking 
 particular care not to hurt them with the fpade ; then mulch 
 them with rotten leaves, &c. 
 
 After hard winters, I have frequently been obliged to cut 
 fig-trees down very near to the ground, and aj ply the compo- 
 fition : In the courfe of two years the new wood has covered 
 over the old ftump, and tlie branches filled up the former 
 fpace, bearing alfo plenty of fine fruit. 
 
 In a plentiful year, when there are more than you wan* 
 for the fupply of tke table, the remainder may be dried for 
 winter ufe. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 103 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 OF QUINCES. 
 
 The hefl Sort for the Kitchen Garden. — Of their Propagation^ 
 Planting, and Pru-ning. — Of Bark-bound Trees, and oj ihofc 
 which have rough Bark. 
 
 JL HE Quince is called Cydonia, irom Cydon, a town ot 
 Crete, famous tor-this fruit. 
 
 It belongs to the fourth order of the twelvth clafs of the 
 Sexiial Syflem, Icofandria Pentagynia. Ltnnceus has joined 
 it to the apple and pear. 
 
 This is a very beautiful tree when in flower, and when 
 the fruit is ripe in autumn. It was cultivated in this country 
 in Gerard's time. 
 
 The befl fort for planting in the kitchen garden is tha 
 Portugal, being ihe fitteft for baking or ftewing. It is of a 
 fine purple colour when drelled, and is much better for Mar- 
 mahde than any of the other forts. The oblong kind, and the 
 Apple Quince, are alfo. planted in fruit gardens; and there 
 are feveral other forts cultivated in the narferies about town, 
 and planted in fhrubberies tor variety and ornament. The 
 Portugal fort is very ufeful to mix with apples for making pies 
 and puddings ; for when the apples are flat, and have loll their 
 flavour, they add a quicknefs to them. 
 
 Of the Propagation and Pruning of Qjuince-Trtes. 
 
 They are eafily raifed by layers, or by cuttings taken irom 
 the tree in March (April lor America.} They lliould be 
 planted in a Oiady place, in rows at about a foot diRance Irom 
 each other, and about three inches from plant to plant in the 
 rows. Mulch them v/ith rotten leaves, or rotten dung, which 
 will keep the ground about them moiil ; and water them fre- 
 quently in hot weather. About Michaelmas thofc that ar« 
 well rooted may be planted out, and thofe that are net fhould 
 remain another year. They may aifo be propagated by bud- 
 ding or grafting ; and thefe trees will bear fooner, and be more 
 Iruitiul, than thofc railed by any other method. 
 
104 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 The Quince-tree may be pruned much in the fame way 
 as you would prune an apple-tree, taking caie to cut out all 
 the old deceafed and de?d wood, and the crofs branches in the 
 middle of the tree, vvliich are apt to injure each other by fric- 
 tion. In general you will find old tiees much hurt by inju- 
 dicious pruning : In that cafe you muir head them down, cut 
 cut all the cankery par's, and alio all the deceafed and dead 
 wood where the tree is hollow, or where large branches have 
 been cut or broken ofT, applying the compofition as for apple- 
 trees. 
 
 Quince-trees are very apt to have rough bark, and to be 
 bark-bound ; In that cafe, it will be necelfary to fhave off the 
 rough bark with a draw- knife, and to fcarify them when bark- 
 bound ; then brufii them over with the compofition, as here- 
 after directed. 
 
 I would, however, advife to plant qirince- trees at a proper 
 di fiance from apples and pears, as bees and the wind might 
 mix the i'arina, and occafion the apples or pears to degenerated 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. lo^ 
 
 CHAPTER XI, 
 
 OFMEDLARS. 
 
 Different Sorts. — Their Propagation and Manner oj 
 Treut?nent, 
 
 J. HE Medlar is ranged in the fourth order of Linnasui' 
 tweltth clafs. Icofandria Pentagynia. 
 
 The Differeyit Sorts cultivated in this Country are. 
 
 The Great Medlar with bay leaves, and the Dutch Med- 
 lar. Thefe, being the largcd fruit, are generally cultivated ia 
 England. There is a (mailer fort, which is a variety of that 
 called the German or Dutch Medlar; the Iruit is fmall, and 
 the tree is more frequently planted in pleafure grounds than 
 gardens. 
 
 The oriental fort, according to Mr. Philip Miller, is call- 
 ed the Dwarf Cherry of Mount Ida, in Crete, where the (hep- 
 herds teed upon the fruit. It is large, roundifh, and of a fine 
 red colour when ripe. 
 
 There are feveral fpecies now growing in the gardens o£ 
 this country, that have been introduced from North-America, 
 which are very ornamental in pleafure grounds and parks, and 
 to whofe fruit the deer and birds are very partial. 
 
 They are raifed from feed, or by grafting ; thofe who 
 wifh to keep the forts true, (hould propagate them by gralting 
 on their own (locks. 
 
 The Medlar requires much the fame fort of treatment as 
 the quince- tree. Cut out all the dead and cankery wood ; and, 
 when they begin to get Ifunted, head them down, and apply 
 the compofition, as diretted tor apple-trees. 
 
 Medlars fliould hang upon the tree till they begin to rot, 
 as thofe who are fond of this fruit never eat it till the pulp is 
 quite fofl. It may be proper to obferve here, that thofe who 
 with to have their medlars large and fine, muft keep the tree 
 thin of wood. 
 
 As manv people are fond of the fruit of the medlar, I 
 would recommend planting fome trees of the large Dutch fort 
 
 o 
 
%c6 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 in the kitchen garden ; the otherforts may be planted in pleaf- 
 ure grounds and parks. 
 
 There is a fort called the Nottingham Medlar, which Is 
 very much efteemed by feme for its fharp and poignant tafte; 
 
 Medldis, as well as quinces, ftiould be planted at a prop- 
 er diflance from apple and pear-trees. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 107 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 OF GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Different Sorts cf Goqfeberries : and the Weight of many hrgc 
 new ones from Manckefier. — The. Propagation^ Planting, and 
 Pruning oj Goof berries. — A Method of Dejlroying Cater' 
 pillars. 
 
 X HE Goofeberry and Currant are ranged by Linnaeus in the 
 firft order ot his fifth clafs, Pentandria Monogynia. 
 
 The Goofeberries common in this Country are. 
 
 Green Gafcoin, Hairy and Smooth Red, 
 
 Smooth Green, Lirge Smooth Yellow, 
 
 Early Black, Large Rough Yellow, 
 
 Small Early Red, Common and Large White, 
 
 Large Smooth Dutch Yellow, Champalgne. 
 
 A Lift of the large/l new Sorts Piown in Lancafhire lafl Summer 
 (1800.) with their Colour and ll' eight, communicated by 
 Meffts. MWliven, Nurferymen, Manchejler. 
 
 Rfd GojJeber'Ut. dw. gr. jvv. gr. 
 
 Alcock's King ...161$ Robinfon's Crudus, ..... ij 17 
 
 Uuke o( Yirk, - • 16 1 Withington's Sceptre, — - - 13 7 
 
 B'>ardman'a Roya! Oak, - - - 'S 4 Green Gocffberr'iet. 
 
 Brundrii's Atlaj ...--. 17 i Biakeley's Chiffei, - ... 17 o 
 
 Chapman's Peeilels, • - . - . ij 41 Bjdrdm<in'» ijieeii Oak,- - « 14 I 
 
 Dien'b Glory of Englajd,- - - 16 z Brundrit's Tickle Toby, - - - 14 6 
 
 Fairlow's Lord Hood, - - - - 14 5 Chadwick's Hero, ....-- ij 10 
 
 Fifher's Conqueror, . - - - • 17 -9 Dean's Lord Hood, - - . - « . ij 10 
 
 Fox's jolly Smoker, --.- - i? 8 Mill's Langley Greeu, .-.- 16 % 
 
 Hall's Poicupine, ------ IJ 20 Read's Satisfa'Tion, - . . - - ij 4 
 
 Lnmax's Vjdtory, --..-- 16 11 Robinfon's Stump, ----- 13 21 
 
 Malon's Hercules, . . - . - - IJ 16 Smith's Green M (k, - - - - 13 20 
 
 Taylor's Vjlunieer, - - ... 16 17 Yaies' Duke ot Brdi .rd, ■ . - 14 11 
 
 Worthingion's Glory oF Eccles, 14 10 While G'jojeberriei. 
 
 Yeiloiv Goofeberries. Adims* S ;ow Bji!, - . . - - 12 2£ 
 
 Brundrit's Sir Sidney,- . . - 15 22 A^kmlo '5 White Hail. - - - J4 8 
 
 D J venpor t 's D.' fender, - ... 15 12 Cnapman's Highland White, - 12 O 
 
 Cieeping Ceres,. 16 o Davenprt's Lady, .... - 15 o 
 
 Harnnct's Kiiion, ......15 9 Gib/oii's Apollo, .---.- 14 20 
 
 Hill's G-ildcn Gourd, - ... 13 17 H .Ming's White Miflin, - - IJ o 
 
 Roval Sjvereicrn, ... 17 10 Kei^yon's White N ,b!c, - - . 13 6 
 
 Leigh's Ptirceof Orange, - . IJ o Vl„or's White Boar, . - 14 <9 
 
 Pdfkinlon's GjlJfi.ider, . - - 14 5 Woodward's White Smith, - - 17 » 
 
id8 treatise on the CULTURE AND 
 
 In favourable feafons, many ot the forts In the foregoing 
 lift have been known to weigh more by feveral penny-weights. 
 
 The following Lift is taken from the Catalogue of Meffrs, Kirk, 
 
 Nurftrymen, at Brompton, near London. 
 
 Supreme Red, Golden Eagle, 
 
 Perfefction Red, Royder's Triumph, 
 
 High Sheriff of Lancafliire, Wiliiamfon's Yellow Hornet, 
 
 Royal George, Swingham, 
 
 "Unicorn, Jackion's Golden Orange, 
 
 Rough Amber, Goliah Champion, 
 
 White Walnut, Warrington Red, 
 
 Ackerley's Double Bearer, Golden Drop, 
 
 Royal Oak, Cofterdiner Goliah Champion, 
 
 Mils Bold's, Hairy Amber, 
 
 Sparkler, Nixon's Golden Eagle, 
 
 Ackerley's Rodney, Worthington's White Lilly, 
 
 Hampfon's Caefar, Laylord's Seedling, 
 
 Monk's Charles Fox, Nixon's White Heart, 
 
 St. John, Riding's Old England, 
 
 Pigeon Egg, Bakeley's Swingham, 
 
 Worthinglowe's Conqueror, Tillotfon's St. John. 
 
 On the Cultivation^ &c. of Goofeberries, 
 
 Goofeberries are raifed from cuttings, or from feed, and 
 fome raife them from fuckers ; but this lafl is not a good way, 
 as bufhes raifed in this manner are more liable to throw out 
 fuckers than thofe which are raifed from cuttings or feed. 
 
 The beft time tor planting cuttings is about Michaelmas, 
 always cutting them from the fliongeft and cleaned (hoots. 
 The length ol the cuttings (hould be trom fix to eight inches, 
 planting them to an Eall or North afpetl, at the diftance of 
 one toot trom row to row, leaving them about three inches 
 above ground. By planting at this diftance, you will be able 
 to hoe and keep them clear ot weeds. Water them trcquent- 
 ]y in dry weattier during the fpring. 
 
 The Methods of Planting Goofeberries are various. 
 
 The Market Gardeners about London plant them in rows 
 from eight to ten teet apaii trom row to row, and fix teet from 
 plant to plant in the rows. In that cafe, I advife pruning them 
 in the beginning o( Ottober, and the ground between may be 
 planted with Coleworts or Beans for a ipring crop; by fo doing. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 109 
 
 there will be no occafion to tread over the ground and hurt 
 the coleworts in pruning the bufhes ; for, before the gool'e- 
 berries begin to Ihoot, the coleworts will be all cleared off 
 the ground. 
 
 Atter this time (or before if you find it convenient) lay a 
 good coat of rouen dung on the ground ; then dig it and plant 
 early potatoes ; but not fo near to tlie goofeberries as to hurt 
 them. 
 
 The roots of goofeberries (hould always be kept clear to 
 admit the fun and air. In fmall gardens I would recommend 
 planting ihem in a quarter by themfelves, at the didance ot fix 
 feet between the rows, and tour feet from plant to plant ; or 
 you may plant them round the edges of the quarters, about 
 three feet from the puth ; you will then have the ground clear 
 for cropping, and a man, by fetting one toot on the border, 
 can ga'her the goofeberries without injuring the crop. 
 
 A:^ goofeberries love a rich foil, they fhould be dunged 
 every year, or at leaft have a good coat of dung once in two 
 years. 
 
 Never plant them under the fliade of other trees, as it will 
 injure the flavour ot the fruit. 
 
 Of Pruning Goofeberry-BuJJies. 
 
 It is a praftice too common in pruning goofeberries, to 
 let them branch out with great naked flems, fuiTerin^i them 
 to remain in that {fate for years. When that is already the 
 cafe, they fliouid be cut down near to the ground in the winter 
 pruning ; this will make them throw out fine ftrong healthy 
 fhoots which will bear fruit the fecond year. Goofeberry- 
 bufhes, in general, bear their fruit on the fecond year's wood. 
 Care fhould be taken in fummer to keep the middle ot ilic 
 bufh clear to admit a free air into them ; leaving the fined 
 and ftrongefl fhoots from fix to ten inches diflant from each 
 other. This will help to ripen and harden the wood. It is a 
 praftice with fome to fhorten the flioots in the autumn or win- 
 ter pruuing : This fiiould be always near to a wood-bud; 
 ■which may be known by its being finglc, whereas fruit-buds 
 are in clutters. The fhoots may be fhortened to eight or ten 
 inches, according to their Hrength. Some leave them at full 
 length tor three or tour years, thinning out thote that are fu- 
 peifluous. Always leave a proper number to be trained up 
 between the full length fhoots, to fucceed them when they 
 are tired ot hearing ; then cut the old ones down ro the young 
 ones that are to fucceed theiTi. By thtte means you will al- 
 ways keep the bufhes in a confta:.i Hate of bearing. 
 
410 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 You may obferve, that thofe branches which were cut 
 the firlt year, will in the fecond throw out fliort dugs, or fpurs, 
 xvhich produce ihe fruit ; and thefe (hould by no me^^ns be cut 
 Off, unlefs the Oianches are in a fickly ftatc, and requiie to 
 be cut clofe down (as is the cafe this year, 1800,} when the 
 bufhes are overloaded with fruit. It will then be necefTaiy to 
 cut out a good deal of the old wood, toafTiff nature to recover 
 heifelt after producing fo great a quantity of Iruit. This year 
 the bufhes are fo loaded that the branches are bent down to 
 the ground. 
 
 Goofebcrries are well worth paying attention to, as they 
 fuppiy the table fo amply till the other fiuits come in. 
 
 There have been confiderable additions made to them, of 
 late years, from the great attention that has been paid, by the 
 Gardeners, and others of Manchefter and its neighbourhood, 
 to raifing goofcberries from feed.''* 
 
 Their catalogues now contain between four and five hun- 
 dred forts or varieties; but fome are lo near each other as 
 hardly to be diftinguifhed. By mixing up a rich foil to 
 plant thofe in which have been raifed troin feed, and by wa- 
 tering, fhading, and thinning the fruit, they have grown to a 
 fjze much larger than any that had ever been leen in this 
 country. They have made it their principal ft udy to improve 
 this valuable fruit, and have given great encouragement, by 
 eftablifliing focieties for dilfribuiing prizes annually to thofe 
 who raife the largeft and fineft new furls. But it mud be al- 
 lowed, that fome of the largeft are much thicker in the ikin, 
 and net fo well flavoured as fome of the old forts. 
 
 I enquired of MelTrs. M^Niven, Nurferymen at Manchef- 
 ter, how many good and diftinft forts they could fend me out 
 of their numerous catalogue; they told me, that they could 
 fend about eighteen or twenty forts, which they could anfvver 
 for being good and fliftinft. 1 accordingly gave an order, and 
 received all the forts that they could warrant good, which turn- 
 ed out to my fat is faction. 
 
 Great attention fhould be paid to the cultivation of the 
 early and late fons. In fome old gardens, in particular, there 
 are very valuable forts that have been of late too much neg- 
 
 * Such is the fuccefs of thefe unwearied endeavours, that it is now no 
 iincosnnioii thing to tee gocl'jberrics as laijie as puliets' eggs. It is very 
 rare to fee any oT this fuiii in America, where the fun is, indeed, raiher 
 «ov> iiot for ihem ; but I have feeii very tolerable gocfcbemes from the 
 {(.irdeii ot" Mr. Clifton in Philadelphia, and 1 am cci tain, thai ii the mode of 
 puhivaiion hcie laid down wcie well attended lo, and good Ids got ftoin 
 Englai.d, prcat plenty of this valuable fjuit might be raifed ia all tjje Misi-* 
 (J!e jnii L'lillcri) Staus. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 8cc. m 
 
 lefled : I would therefore recommend to thofe who live in 
 the neighbourhood ot fuch gardens, to obferve their time o? 
 ripening, and to cultivate thofc elpecially which are early and 
 late. 
 
 It is a practice with fome to clip the tops of goofcberries 
 with a pair ot garden fiiears, as they would clip a thorn hedge ; 
 this I by no means approve ot, as the fruit will not be halt the 
 fize, noi ot fo fine a flavour, as v/hen the buflies are kept clear 
 ot fupeifluous wood. 
 
 Cdie (hould be taken in fpring and fummcr to ftock, or 
 grub up, all the fuckers from the roots ct the bulhes, leaving 
 their Items clear and unencumbered. 
 
 Many ot the Lancafhire forts are apt to grow horizontal- 
 ly, and the branches frequently trail on the ground, which 
 renders them liable to be broken by high vvinds, efpecially 
 when they are loaded v/ith truit. In that cafe I would recom- 
 mend two or three hoops to be put round them, to which the 
 branches may be tied, to fupport them, and prevent their be- 
 ing broken by the wind. 
 
 Thofe who wifh to have their goofcberries very late, 
 fhould plant on North walls and palings, between the other 
 trees, and they may be removed when the trees begin to 
 meet. It laid in thin, they will bear very fine and handfome 
 fruit. I would advife to plant the fineft late forts; as by this 
 method the table will be fupplied much longer than by the 
 common cuftom ot planting in quarters. 
 
 Immediately alter pruning, I always apply the corapofi- 
 tion to the ends of the fhoots and cuttings ; and I find it of 
 great ufe in preventing the exhalation ot the fap, and pieferv- 
 ing the cuttings till they take root. 
 
 Goofcberries are very much infefled with a fmaU 
 green caterpillar, which frequently devours both leaves anti 
 fruit. 
 
 You mud, therefore, be very attentive, and obferve their 
 firff appearance on the buthes; for, it not defiroyed early, 
 they will increafe fo faft, that they will foon devour all the 
 leaves, and the truit will then be good for nothing. Thev 
 make their firfl appearance generally on the edges and under- 
 fides ot the leaves. 
 
 Take fome fitted quick-iimeand iay^it under the bullies; 
 but do not at firft let any of it touch the branches or leaves ; 
 then fliake each bufli fuddeniy and fmartly, and the caterpil- 
 lars will tall into the lime ; ii the bufii be not fhakcn fudden- 
 iy, the caterpillars, on being a little diilurbed, will take fo 
 firm a hold as not eafily to be fhaken ofT. After this is done, 
 
112 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 fift fotne of the lime over the bufhes ; this will drive down 
 thofe which may have lodged on the branches. The cater- 
 pillars ought to be fwept up next day, and the bufhes well 
 waGied with clear lime-water mixed with urine ; this will def- 
 troy any caterpillars that may flill remain, and alfo the 
 Aphides, it there are any on the bufhes. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 113 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 OF CURRANTS.* 
 
 Different Sorts of Currants, — Propagation, Planting, and 
 Pruning of them. — How to Prefcrve thanjrom Injeds. 
 
 i^URRANTS, with Goofebciries, are arranged by Lin- 
 naeus in the firft order of his fitth clafs, Pentandria Mono- 
 gynia. 
 
 The forts moft commonly cuhivated in this country are, 
 the Red and White Dutcli Currants, and the Common Black, 
 and American Black Currants. 
 
 The following Sorts are alfo cultivated by the Narftrymen about 
 Town, and in other parts oj England, viz. 
 
 Common Red, Long-bunched Red, 
 
 Champagne Large Pale and Striped-leaved Red, 
 
 Red, White Cryftal, 
 
 Fine New White Dutch, Large Pale and Red Dutch. 
 
 The currant is the mofl ufeful ot all the fmall fruit, either 
 for the table and kitchen, or for preferving, making wine, &c. 
 and continues longer in fuccefTion than any other. With 
 proper management, currants will continue in ufe from June 
 to November. Black Currants are very much eft;eincd by 
 fome ; yet they are feldom fent to the table, but are very ufe- 
 ful tor making jelly, frequently taken for fore throats, colds, 
 
 &C.+ 
 
 * There arc plenty of currants in America ; but for want of attention 
 to the mode of management here laid down, they are greatly iufenor both in 
 fize and flavour to the lame fort of fruit in England. 
 
 \ In Ireland, Black Currants arc frequently (leepcd in wljiiTs-ey, of 
 which they make punch, and recommend u as a good medicine for coughs 
 and colds. I once had two gallons of it fent me by a friend tor that purpofe ; 
 fome of it was taken in a glafs of warm v.atf r by a perfon who was very m;icli 
 afflifted with a fevere cough, and thought to be in a decline, which ellcfled 
 a perfeft cure in three or four nights. 
 
 The currants, for this purpofe. (hould be bruifed and put in a jar, and 
 the whifeey poured over them : Let it ftand for a week or ionni^ht, covering 
 
 P 
 
114 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 On the Frcpagation of Currants. 
 
 Currants may be raifed from feed, layers, &c. When 
 the trees are cut low, ycu may lay down fome of tlie branches 
 either in winter or fpring, when the ground in the quarters or 
 rows is dug, which finMild always he done annually. In the 
 aulunin following, thefe layers will have made fine roots ; 
 you may then plant them out where you wifli them to Hand, 
 and they will bear tine fruit in the follovving fummer. 
 
 Cui rants may alio be propagated by cuttings, as goofe- 
 berries ; always tememuering to make choice of the ftrongell 
 and Ifrdightcft Ihoots. 
 
 Under the bulges that have been covered for late fruit, 
 you will always find plenty of felf-fown plants, which I would 
 advife you to plant out by themfeives. Thofe who make cur- 
 rant wine may (,ivc the feed, after the fruit is fqueezed, and 
 dry it : It may then be fown in autumn, or early jn the fpring, 
 on a bed of fine light eaith ; by which you will, moft proba- 
 bly, obtain fome fine varieties. By no means propagate them 
 from fuckers, as tiny never grow handfotriC, and are very lia- 
 ble to, throw out a gieat many fuckers. 
 
 In many gardens there fliil remains a fmall fort of red and 
 white currant not worth cultivating ; I would therefore advife 
 thofe who have any of them in their gardens to root them up, 
 and plant in their room, the Large Red and White Dutch, 
 the Long-bunched Red, and Champagne Large Pale Red.— 
 Currants may be planted out in the fame manner as goofeber- 
 ries, either in quarters or fingle rows round the edges ot 
 quarters. 
 
 I would particularly recommend planting a few againfl a 
 South or Weft wall, or paling, which will produce fruit much 
 earlier than in the open ground. Alfo to plant fome between 
 other fruit trees on North walls, or palings, for latter crops ; 
 thefe may be covered with double nets, to preferve them from 
 birds ; tucking in a few fern branches between the two nets, 
 which will prevent the heat of the fun and drying winds from 
 fiirivelling the fruit. In open ground they fhould be covered 
 with mats tor the fame purpofe ; at the fame time permitting 
 all the leaves to remain on the bufhes, to ihade the fruit and 
 make it keep the longer. 
 
 it clofe down ; (>ien ftrain it through a fine cloth or fieve, and put it in bot- 
 tles or csfk? for ui'e. Curiants may be uled in this manner with brandy, gin 
 or any other ffirits. They may alio be prelerved as cherries, and fent up to 
 Utble. 
 
 W. EORSYTH. 
 
M/VNAGEMENT OF FP.UIT TREES, Sec. 115 
 
 Pruning of Currant- BuJJics. 
 
 The pruning ot currants is nearly fimilar to tliat of goofc- 
 bcrries. You may begin in the month of November, and 
 continue till March, as it fuits your convenience. 
 
 Currants IhouUl never be lelt too thick ol wood ; and a 
 great deal depends on the management ot them in fumiiier, to 
 have ftrong and fine wood tor the iollowinir feafon. It they 
 have been neglected for fome years, and fafTered to run up to 
 long naked wood, they mufl. be cut down near the ground ; 
 they will then fet forth fine ftrong ihjots. In this cafe 1 would 
 recommend heading down every other tree, and cutting the 
 others pariially, by taking out every other branch as near as 
 can be to the ground, unlefs they are trained up with fiiiglc 
 Items, in which cafe it will be neced'ary to cut them as near 
 as pofFible to where the branches be^in to breal^ out and form 
 the head. 
 
 In the winter pruning, fin America, this may be done any 
 tir:e between November and the middle ot April) you mull 
 preferve the ftrongeft and fineft fhoots, leaving them from 
 nine to eighteen inches long, according to their lirength, and 
 from eight to ten inches apart, and as regular as potlible from 
 top to bottom ot the tree ; taking care to cut out all the dead 
 and weak fhoots. Pay particular attention in fummer, and 
 keep the middle of the bufh open to admit the fun and air ; 
 preieiving the fined and ftrongefl Ihools that are neareft the 
 item. Some are fond of training them up with fingle ftems, 
 to a confiderable height, to form fine round heads, which are 
 very ornamental, it not fuflfered to run up too high ; as in that 
 cafe they are liable to be broken by the wind, it not well fup- 
 ported by ttakes. Care muft be taken not to let the fhoots run 
 to more than fix inches long ; becaufe fuch fhort fhoots will 
 not be fo liable to be damaged by the wind as long and weak. 
 ones are, efpecially when loaded with truit. I prefer dvvarts 
 from three to four feet high. 
 
 The fame manner ot pruning, &c. will do for Black Cur- 
 rants ; but, as they grow flronger than the Red or White, the 
 fhoots fhould be left thinner, and laid in longer, which will 
 make them produce larger and fiaer truit, 
 
 Thofe againtt walls and palings (hould have the fhoots 
 laid in thinner than thofe in the quarters, an 1 trained as hori- 
 zontally as pofTible, Ihortening tiiem in the wmter pruning, 
 to a foot or eighteen inches, according to the ftrength ot tlie 
 (hoots. 
 
 As currants are very liable to be devoured by ear-wigs, 
 v/bith take (helter under their leaves and branches, bundles oi 
 
ii6 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 bean-flalks fhouM be hung up fome time before the bufhesare 
 covered with mats or nets. D proper attention be not paid to 
 this, the truit will generally luffer very much from thefe in- 
 fers. After the bulhes are covered, take the mats off once in 
 three or four days, and kill the ear \v\gs that have got into the 
 bean-ftalks, which it will be neceffary flill to keep hung up. 
 As there is a fweetnefs in the iniide of be^in-flalks, which at- 
 trafts the ear-wigs, they very readily take fhelter in them from 
 rain. 
 
 Bv paying proper attention to the foregoing direCtions, 
 you will be able to keep thefe deftruftive infefls under, and 
 preferve the greater part of the fruit. 
 
 Be particularly careful to pull up all fuckers at the roots 
 of the trees, and keep them as clean as pofTible ; otherwife 
 the fuckers will prevent the (un and air from penetrating to 
 the roots, and greatly weaken the trees. 
 
 What has been faid above will, I hope, be fufficient to 
 dire£l thofe who are fond ot cultivating this valuable and ufe- 
 lul fruit. 
 
 Currants are very liable to be infefled with aphides, and 
 Qt\}et infe£ts, which fnall be taken notice of in another place. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 117 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 OF RASPBERRIES. 
 
 Different Sorts- of Ra/pberries ; and of Propagating, Plantings 
 Watering, Stakng and Pruning tliem. 
 
 XVASPEERRIES are a very ufeful fruit for the (able ; for 
 preferving, tor making of jam, fauce, &c. and continue a long 
 time in bearing. 
 
 The Rdlpberry belongs to the fifth order of Linnaeus' 
 tweltth clals, Icofandria Polygynia, and is a native oi Eng- 
 land. 
 
 The following are the Sorts cultivated in this Country, 
 
 Early White, Large Red Antwerp, 
 
 Double-bearing White, Large White Antwerp, 
 
 Large Common White, Smooth Cane Double bearing. 
 
 Large Red, Woodward's New Rafpberry, 
 
 Of Propagating, Planting, and Pruning Rafpberries. 
 
 Rafpberries are raifed from fuckers and layers. 
 
 They (liould be planted in a piece ot ground by them- 
 felves, and (except the Early White) iit the diftance ot about 
 fix teet trom row to row, and four teet in the rows. 
 
 The ground fiiould firtt be well trenched and dvmged, be- 
 fore the ralpberrics are planted. Make choice of the llrong- 
 eft and finelt plants that come out trom the fides ot the liools, 
 where they have been ffanding for fome years ; or encourage 
 the ttrongeli plants that come out betwixt the rows after dig- 
 ging, v.'hich fhould be done annuallv. In digjjirig the ground, 
 you will frequently happen to cut ihe roots with a fpade, which 
 will occafion a gieat number of fmall plants to come up ; of 
 thefe iele6t the llrongeit and finell, and lioe up all the fuper- 
 fluous ones. But I pieter laying <lown fome of the flrongelt 
 outfide thoots in :he month ot March ; as by tjie following 
 autumn they will make fine roots, and rnay be planted out in 
 fi ouarter or piece oi ground where you iniend irjem to remain. 
 
1j8 treatise on the CULTURE AND 
 
 Thefe will not be fo liable to throw out fuckers as tliofe which 
 aie produced trom fuckers. 
 
 When you plant out frefh pieces of rafpberries, it fiiould 
 be done in moifl weather, as the roots are very delicote, and 
 liable to be hurt when expofed to a dry air. It, however, they 
 are planted in dry weather, take care to moiftcn the roots with 
 water, and cover them with wet litter, cr leaves, during the 
 time ot planting. 
 
 In planting, open a trench with the fpade along the line 
 where the fuckers or layers are to be planted ; cut off all the 
 fmall fibry roots with a knite, leaving only the ftionger roots ; 
 put them into the trench, and cover them with (ome earth ; 
 then water them well, and throw the remainder ot the earth 
 over them, letting them remain till you have finifhed planting 
 the piece; then, wheie you fii ft began to plant, begin and 
 tread the ground with your toot as haid as you can along each 
 ot the trenches, and in the fame direftion as you planted : 
 Then with a fpade, level all the ground fmooth, and run it 
 over with a rake, taking off any flones and rubbith that may 
 be left on the furface. 
 
 In dry weather, the plants fhould be watered tv/o or three 
 times a week till they have taken root. It will be neceffary to 
 flake the Antwerp, and other flrong-growing forts, with flout 
 flakes ; then run a couple of fmall rails at the top, to tie the 
 branches to; which will prevent their being broken by the 
 wind, or beaten down by the rain. The Eai ly White and 
 fmaller forts, may be plaited together at top, tying them round 
 with the fmall yellow willow, which will keep them together. 
 Some ot the early rafpberries may be planted between the trees 
 on a Weft afpe6t, to produce early fruit before thole in the 
 open ground come in. The Antwerp will thrive exceedingly 
 well againft North walls or palings, and will produce late 
 crops. Such as are planted againft walls or palings fliould be 
 tacked to them. 
 
 Where you find any of the Small Red and White Rafp- 
 berries, deftroy them, and plant the following forts in their 
 room, viz. the Large Red, the Smooth Cane Double- bearing, 
 the Large Red and White Antwerps, the Large Common 
 White, the Double-bearing White, and Woodward's New 
 Rafpberry. 
 
 Some prefer pruning rafpberries in autumn, aprafficcof 
 ■which I by no means approve. As they bear the fruit on the 
 wood of the preceding year, they are very liable to be killed 
 by ihe Iroft in fevere winters ; but, by deferring the pruning 
 till the month of February (March, for America,} you will 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. u^ 
 
 have great choice oi fine wood for bearing the lollowing fum- 
 mer ; remenibpritig to root out, OT cut down all ihe wood that 
 boie truit the preceding year, which generally dies ; felefting 
 only irom five to leven ol the nioft vigorous and (Irong (hoots 
 from the lalt year's wood, to bear truit the enfuing feafon. 
 Thefe Ihoots may be piuned to the length ol three or four feet, 
 according to their itrength, it they are ot the Smooth Crine 
 Double-bearing lort, (which generally bears a fecond crop in 
 autumn, atid will, in fine feafons, continue bearing trom June 
 to November) but, it the Large Antwerp, the fhoots {hould be 
 left five or fix feet long. 
 
 The Early White, which never grows fo Itrong as the 
 above forts, fiiould be fhortened to two teet and a halt, or three 
 feet. Thefe iliould be planted in rows about three teet dif- 
 lant from each other, and two teet irom plant to plant in the 
 rows ; always remembeiing to keep them clear ot fuckers, and 
 to cut out the dead, or laU year's wood, as before directed ; 
 making choice of the Rrongefi fhoots tor bearing wood. But 
 be careful not to cut off the little fpurs on the fides, which 
 bear the fruit. 
 
 Rifpberries will continue in bearing five or fix years ; by 
 which time you fliould have a frefli plantation to fucceed 
 them. The young plants will bear fome fruit the firft year, 
 and come into tuli bearing the fecond year after planting. If 
 they be futfered to remain more than five or fix years on the 
 fame ground, they will degenerate and bear fmall fruit. Care 
 fliould be taken not to leave above eight or ten of the ftrong- 
 eit Ihoots, rubbing off or pulling up all tlie fuperfluous ones ; 
 and to keep the ground well hoed and clear oi weeds bctvveea 
 the rows. 
 
120 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XV* 
 
 OF BARBERRIES. 
 
 The Different Sorts, and their Culture, 
 
 1 HE B?.rberry is ufeful for preferving and picklinLf. and 
 for garnifhing of didies ; the trees alfo have a fine effeft in 
 ihrubberies and pleafure grounds, being beautiful flowering 
 fnrubs. In autumn and winter they have a debghtful appear- 
 ance, from their vaiious-coloured fruit. I would, therefore, 
 recommend planting them in all fhrubberies and pieaTure 
 grounds. Thofe who are fond of the natural harmony of 
 linging-birds, will find Barberries well adapted for attratling 
 them to the fpots where they are planted, moil birds being 
 very fond of them. They fliould not, however, be planted 
 near the fides of public walks, as the flowers emit a very 
 firong and rather difagiceable fmell. 
 
 The Barberry is ranged, by Linnaeus, in the firft order of 
 liis fixth clafs, entitled Hexanarid Monogynia. 
 
 TkeJoUozving Sorts are vioji ejlennedjor their Fruit, &c: 
 
 1. The Red Barberry without Hones, which has an agree- 
 able flavour when lull ripe. 
 
 2. The White Barberry. 
 
 3. The Black Sweet; which is the tendereff of them, 
 and fhould be planted in a warm fituation. 
 
 4. The Common Red with flones. This is planted more 
 for ornament than ufe, on account of its beautiful red berries. 
 
 The Barberry is a native of England. 
 
 Of Raifing and 'Pruning Barberries. 
 
 Barberries are very eafily propagated from fuckers and 
 layers, and require the fame management in pruning as other 
 flowering fiirubs. I would always recommend planting them 
 in pleafure grounds, and not in kitchen g.irdens. On grafs 
 lawns, in pleafure grounds of fmall extent, they have a fine 
 appearance, and are frequently planted in fuch fituations as 
 ornamental flowering fhrubs ; they are alfo planted frequently 
 in clumps. 
 
MANAGEMENT Of FRUIT TREES, &c. 121 
 
 When you wifh to increafe them, encourage the fineft 
 and cleaneft fhoots in fummer, by trimming all the lide 
 branches off thin ; and when you drefs the fh:ubbcries in 
 winter, lay down the flrong fhoots, which will take root, and 
 be fit to tranfplant in autumn following. When defigned for 
 ufe, they fhould be trained up as ftandards and half flandards, 
 and they will grow from fix to twelve feet high. In fummer, 
 trim ofF all tfae flraggling and fuperfluous flioots ; fo as that 
 they may make fine handfome heads. 
 
 Barberries may alfo be raifed from feed ; but fuckers and 
 layers are belt tor preferving the forts diflinti. 
 
 Q 
 
122 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 OF MULBERRIES. 
 
 Different Sorts cultivated in England. — Propagating, Plant- 
 ing, and Pruning of them, — Of Rejtoring old and decayed 
 Trees. 
 
 X HE Mulberry, Morus, Is a native oF Perfia ; whence it was 
 introduced into the Southern parts of Euiope, and is now 
 commonly cultivated in England, Germany, and other coun- 
 tries where the winters are not very fevere. It is ranked in 
 the fourth order ot Linnaeus' twenty. fij ft ciais, Moncecia 
 Tetrandria. 
 
 We are informed, that mulberries were firft introduced 
 info this country in 1,596 ; but I have leafon to believe that 
 they were brought hither prior to that period, as many old 
 trees are to be feen ftanding at this d y ibout ancient monafte- 
 ries and abbeys ; from which it is at ieafl probable, that they 
 had been introduced before the difTolution ot thofe houfes. 
 
 Four large mulberry-trees are flill ftanding on the file of 
 an old kitchen garden, now part of the pleafure ground at Si- 
 on-Houfe, which, perhaps, may have ftood there ever fince 
 that houfe was a monaftery. The late Duke ol Noithumber- 
 land has been heard to fay, that thefe trees were above 300 
 years old. 
 
 At the Priory near Stanmore, Middlefex, (ihe feat of the 
 Marquis of Abeicorn) there are alfo fome ancient raulberry- 
 treesv The priory was formerly a religious houfe. 
 
 In a very old garden at Chelfea, which belonged to the 
 late John Browning, Efq. (who was a very good botanift, and 
 had a large colleftion of trees and plants) there is one ot the 
 largeft mulberry-trees that 1 ever faw, and which appears to 
 be extremely old. 
 
 Gerard, who publilhed his Hiftory of Plants in 1597, 
 fays, in that book, that mulberry.trees then grew in fundry 
 gardens in England. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 123 
 
 Thofe commonly cullivated in this Country are, 
 
 1. The Common Black Mulberry-Tree, which is much 
 efteemed tor us delicate iruit. This is now common in moft 
 pans ot Europe, except where the winters arc very fevere. 
 Th;.'re is a vaiieiy ol this wiih j<gged leaves, and fmaller truit; 
 bui Mr. Miller lays, that it is a diUinct Ipecies, a native ot 
 Soil)' ; and that the truit has no flavour, confcqtiently it is 
 not worth cultivating. Tliere weie fome ot tiicfe trees in 
 Ciieifea Gtrdens. 
 
 2. The White Mulberrv. This tree is raifed in great 
 abundance m Italy, and other Southern countries, for the 
 leaves, to teed (ilk-worms ;* though it is faid thit the Per- 
 fians generally ufe the Common Black Mulbeiry for that pur- 
 pofe ; and this latter is the only fbit raifed for the fake of its 
 truit, which is very wholcfome. 
 
 3. The Red or Vuginian Mulberry-Tree, which grows 
 to a confiderable height, and bears reddifh berries. 
 
 The two laft are cultivated, in this country, only for the 
 fake of variety. 
 
 Mulberries are raifed from feed, or propagated from cut- 
 tings and layers. 
 
 Tiiofe raifed from feed have frequently male flowers, and 
 produce no fruit ; thefe, therefore, fliould never be made 
 choice ot for fruit-bearing trees, unlefs they have been feen 
 to bear in the nurfery. 
 
 The btH bearing branches of old trees are to be chofen 
 for cuttings and layers ; for fome branches of thefe trees pro- 
 duce only katkins, and trees raifed from them will never pro- 
 duce truit. If they are to be raifed from layers, they will 
 generally take root fufficiently the firft year to bear feparaiing 
 trom the parent tree, and fhouldthen be planted in a nurfery, 
 and trained up with fingle flems. In four years they will be 
 fit to plant out where they are to remain. They fliould be 
 planted at a proper diftance to admit the fun and air, as the 
 truit, when the trees are too clofe, is very apt 10 turn mouldy ; 
 they fliould alio be flieltered from the Eaft, North, and Well 
 winds. 
 
 But the bed way of raifing mulberries is from cuttings 
 of the lormer year's Ihoots, having one joint of the two years' 
 wood. Plant them out in autumn, if fine weather, or in the 
 month ot March, in rows nine inches apart, and at the dillance 
 
 * This tree pofTclTes the peculiar properly of hreedirg no vermin, eiflier 
 while growing or when cut dov^a ; neither (ioe? it Jiarbour jny caterpilJarj 
 the fiilcwor.-n excepted. Evelyn's Sylva, by Hunter, vol, 2, p. 40. 
 
2 24 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 of two inches in the rows, leavinpr only two or three buds above 
 ground : Mulch the ground with leaves or dung well rotted, 
 to keep it moift, and the plants will require little watering. It" 
 they fucceed well, they may, next fealon, be tranfplanted into 
 a nurfery, and treated as dire6ted for layers. Thefe young 
 trees, while they remain in the nurfery, (hould be tranfplanted 
 every three or four years, 
 
 I would recommend planting of mulberries in grafs or- 
 chards and pleafure grounds, becaufe the fineft of the fruit, 
 when ripe, frequently drops, which, if it fall on dug or plough- 
 ed ground, will be foiled and rendered unfit for ufe, as the earth 
 will adhere fo to the fruit as to render the cleaning of it im- 
 prafticable ; but if planted on lawns, or in grafs orchards, the 
 iruit can be picked up without receiving any injury. Another 
 reafon for planting thefe trees on lawns or in orchards is, that, 
 when full grown, they are too large for a kitchen garden. The 
 foil in which they thrive beft is a rich, light, and deep earth. 
 
 As the fruit is produced on the young wood, you fliould 
 cut out only fuch branches as crofs others, and fuch as are de- 
 cayed, or broken by any accident ; at the fame time apply the 
 compofition. If, however, the heads fliould become too full 
 of wood, it will be neceffary to thin them, as the fruit is larger 
 and better flavoured where the heads are kept thin of wood. 
 
 I have found many of thefe trees in a very decayed ftate, 
 with the trunks quite hollow ; and have tried the efficacy of the 
 compofition on leveral of them, cutting out all the dead wood 
 and cankery parts of fome, and heading down others that were 
 if unted and fickly. Alter thefe operations they put forth vig- 
 orous branches, and bore excellent crops of fruit, more than 
 double the fize of that which they produced in their former 
 flate. 
 
 I would advife thofe who have any old decayed mulber- 
 ry-trees, to treat them in the fame manner ; but thofe which 
 are very much decayed iliould be headed down ; this will 
 throw them into a heaithy bearing ftate, and in two or three 
 years they will produce plenty of fine fruit. 
 
 In the lawn in front ot the houfe of Jf^jhn Grove, Efq. at 
 Little Chelfea, there are tour old mulberry-trees, which a tew 
 years ago were fo very much decayed, and fo tu!l of wounds 
 and dead wood, that they produced very little fruit, and that of 
 a fmall fize. I had all the decayed and rotten wood carefully 
 cut out, and the branches trimmed, and then the compofition 
 applied. In the firfl feafon they fent forth fine fho;.)ts, and in 
 tlie fecond produced plenty of fruit, of a better flavour and 
 double the fize ot that which they formerly bore. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. 
 
 lar. 
 
 As old mulberry-trees produce not only a greater quantity 
 o\ fruit, but alfo much larger and of a finer flavour, than youn^ 
 ones, it is well worih while to take fome pains to rep,nr the 
 injuries which they may have fuftained by accidents or age. 
 
 I am forry to fay, that this pleafant and valuable iruit i$ 
 but very little cultivated in this country.* 
 
 * Gerard, in his defcription of the mulberry- tree, has the following ca« 
 rious paragraph : — " Hexauder in Aiheneus affirmeth, that the mulberry* 
 trees in his time did not bring forth fruit in twenty years togetlier ; and, 
 that fo gieat a plague of the gout reigned and raged fo generally, as r>ot only 
 men, but boys, wenches, eunuchs, and women, were troubled with that dit- 
 pafc." 
 
i2{i TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 SHAPTER XVII. 
 
 OF THE SERVICE. 
 
 The Cultivated Service, the Wild Service, and the Mapk'leaved 
 Service ; with their Culture. 
 
 X HERE are three forts of the Service-Tree cuhivated in 
 Engldnd, viz. the Cultivated Service, the Wild Service, or 
 Mountain Afli, and the Maple- leaved Service. The fiifl is a 
 native ot the warmer climes of Europe ; and the other two 
 grow wild in different parts of England. 
 
 The Service belongs to the twelfth clafs of Linnaeus' 
 Syftem, entitled Icofandria Trig) nia. 
 
 Of the Cultivated Service. 
 
 This tree is well worth cultivating, both for its fruit and 
 for ornament. It is beautiful in the month ot June when in 
 flower, and the fruit in autumn has a fine appearance, and 
 grows to a large fize if the trees be kept thin, and not over- 
 loaded with wood. They may be planted in orchards among 
 ether fruit trees ; for, as they flower much later than apples 
 and pears, there will be no danger of the Farina intermixing 
 with theirs. They may alfo have a place in plantations in the 
 pleafure grounds, or fingly on the lawn, or in the rows by the 
 fides ot gravel- walks : In this cafe, they fhould be trained with 
 fliaight ffems eight or ten feet high, and all the flraggling 
 branches fliould be cut in, to afTifl; them in forming handlcme 
 round heads. Thefe trees may be intermixed with thorns, 
 and will have a very good effeft. 
 
 We have only two forts cultivated in the garden ; viz. 
 the Apple-Shaped, and the Pear-Shaped Service-Tree. 
 
 Thefe trees are propagated from feed, layers, and cut- 
 tings. By raifing them from feed you may perhaps obtain 
 feveral varieties ; but the belt method of preferving the forts, 
 when you have fine varieties, is, by grafting or budding. 
 
 Train the flem, if for flandards, fix or eight feet high ; 
 but if for dwarfs, about three lest high ; which latter may be 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 127 
 
 planted in (lirubberies. The fruit, when ripe, may be gather- 
 ed and put ill the truit-room ; letting it remain till nearly in 
 a ftate of decay : It will make a variety when ferved up to 
 table among the autumn traits. 
 
 The wood of this tree is very ufeful lor making pifture- 
 frames, toys, &c. 
 
 When the trees are pruned, and where there are any de- 
 cayed piits, the compofition Ihould be applied. 
 
 OJ the Wild Service-Tree, or Mountain AjJi. 
 
 The Wild Service is fometimes planted in orchards 
 among fruit trees ; but I would recommend planting it in 
 pleafuregiounds, plantations, or on lawns, tor ornament, where 
 the difTeient varieties ot the truit have a beautiful eflfcfct in au* 
 tumn ; and the fruit gathered, when full ripe, and laid by fome 
 time to foften, hjs a very agreeable acid lade. 
 
 The feeds, when properly dried, may be fown in autumn 
 in beds ot light mould ; taking care to keep them fiee trom 
 weeds in fumtner. In the following autumn they may be 
 tranfplanted into beds, or quarters, (according to the number 
 which you may with to plant) and trained either for dwarfs 
 or (landards. 
 
 By reletting the largeft and fineft fruit, many varieties 
 may be obtained from the feed ; they may alfo be propagated 
 from layers ; but thofe who are fond of having a great variety, 
 and keeping the fcrts true, fhould graft them. 
 
 If trained up with ftraight clean flems, fervice-trees will 
 prrow to the height ot thirty or forty feet ; in that cafe they 
 fhould be planted among forefl trees, or on the back parts of 
 large fhrubberies. But thofe who with to plant them as flow- 
 ering Ihrubs mull head them down when young, to make 
 them throw out horizontal (hoots ; they may ihen be planted 
 among the middling fized fhrubs, which will make a beauti- 
 ful variety, both when in flower and when bearing truit. 
 
 Wild fei vice- trees* grow to a confiderable fize when 
 properly managed, and are very much ufed by wheelers, &c. 
 on account ot the wood being all, what they call, heart-wood. 
 
 Of the Maple-leaved Service-Tree. 
 
 This tree grows wild at Paddington, and in other parts of 
 England, and is trequentlv forty or fitty feet high, with a large 
 fprcading head, making a fine appearance, and deferves a place 
 among torefl tiees, and in extenfive plantations and gardens. 
 
 * The fruit of the wild fervice 13 cscelltnt food for game and other birdj. 
 
128 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 It bears laige bunches ot white flowers, fucceeded by clufters 
 of brown fruit, which, when gathered lull ripe, and laid by 
 lor fome time, till it becomes foft, has a very agreeable tart 
 flavour. 
 
 This tree may be raifed from feed, which fhould be fown 
 in autumn, or by layers ; but thofe who wifh to raife them in 
 the dwarf ftate ftiould graft them very low, and train them 
 from fix to eight feet high. Some graft them on white thorns ; 
 but I prefer their own flocks. If thefe dwarfs are trained up 
 with fine heads, they will have a very good efFeft in fhrubbe- 
 rics. If intended for ftandards, train them up as high as you 
 can : They will have a beautiful appearance in the back parts 
 of fhrubberies. They may alfo be trained without graftmg, 
 and planted on lawns for ornameHt. Some train them as ef- 
 paliers ; but this I do not approve of, as they are not fo orna- 
 mental, neither do they bear fo well. 
 
 The wood of this tree is alfo very ufeful for mechanical 
 purpofes. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 129 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 OF THE ALMOND. 
 
 Different Sets of Almonds ; their Propagation^ and the Me- 
 tliod oj F tuning them. — Hoiu to keep them during Winter, 
 
 1 HE Al'"<^nd belongs to the twelfth clafs of Linnaeus, 
 Icofandria Monogynia, being joined with the Peach, and was 
 introduced here in 1570. 
 
 Almonds are beautiful trees for planting in (hrubberies 
 and plantations, and deferve a place in every pieafure ground, 
 on account of their coming fo early into bloom, and for the 
 ufe of their kernels. 
 
 The following are the Sorts propagated in this Country for Or- 
 nament and Ufe, viz. 
 
 The Tender-fhelled Almond, the Sweet Almond, the 
 Common or Bitter Almond, the Sweet Jordan Almond, the 
 Hard-fhelled Almond, the Dwarf, and the Double- flowering 
 Almontis. The laii two, being beautiful early flowering flirubs, 
 are planted tor ornament only. 
 
 Almonds are propagated by budding them upon plum, 
 almond, or peach (locks. The next fpring you may train them 
 for flandards, or let them grow for half Itandards ; but the 
 common way is, to bud thdHi as high as you wifh the flem to 
 be ; and the fecond year after they may be planted out for 
 good. If you are to tranfphnt them into a dry foil, let it be 
 done in O6fober, when the leaves begin to decay ; but if into 
 wet ground, the month of February is the proper feafon. Al- 
 monds budded on plum flocks thrive belt in a wet foil, and 
 on almond and peach ftocks in a drv. 
 
 When the young trees are brought from the nurfery, they 
 fhould never be cut until the young flioots begin v^ break, as 
 direfted tor peaches and neftarines. 
 
 Almonds require nearly the fame management in prun- 
 ing as ftandard apricots. After wet antumii^, when the wood 
 is not well ripened, hard winters are apt to kill the fhoots ; 
 
 R 
 
130 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 in that cafe, they fV:ouid be cut down to the found wood ; tak- 
 ing care to cut out ibe ciofs fhoots that rub againft others, 
 leaving the tree open in the middle, pruning the {hoots about 
 the fame length as apricots, and according to their ftrength. 
 Never omit cutting out all the cankery parts, and decayed 
 wood. 
 
 Seme plant thefe trees out as ftandards, and others as 
 half flandards, according to the ground and fituation ; always 
 taking care to plant them in a fheltered place facing the South, 
 intermixing them in the back ol the fhrubberies with the taller 
 flowering fhiubs : Or they may be planted on lawns for orna- 
 ment, as they make a very beautiful appearance when in flow- 
 er, or bearing fruit. If planted as dwarfs, they may be cover- 
 ed with poles fluck into the ground, thatching over, the tops 
 of the tiees with fome lern, or any other light covering, which 
 will prevent the bloffom from being killed by the froft in 
 Febiuary and March. After the fruit is fet, and the leaves fo 
 far out as to cover it, if fine weather, the covering may be re- 
 moved in the latter end of April or beginning of May, which 
 will enfure a plentiful crop of Almonds ; a very ufeful fup- 
 ply for the talile in autumn and winter. 
 
 Thofe who have plenty of walling fometimes plant al- 
 mond-trees on walls, and fometimes on efpaliers. 
 
 Almonds may be preferved in dry fand, or bran, for ufe ; 
 but they muff be thoroughly dried on fhelves, or boards, in an 
 airy place, before they are put into the fand or bran, otherwife 
 tbey will get mouldy. They are preferved only for their ker- 
 nels, the other part of the truit being of no fervice. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 131 
 
 CHAPTER XIX, 
 
 OF FILBERTS AND HAZLE-NUTS. 
 
 The Sorts cammonly cultivated in England — Method oj Cul- 
 ture. — How to keep them in JVinter. 
 
 Jb I LB ERTS and Hazle-Nuts grow wild in woods and hedges, 
 and arc brought in great quantities to the London markets, 
 and to thofe of other large towns throughout the kingdom ; 
 employing a great many poor tamilies during the autumn, who 
 otherwife might have very little to do, and ot courfe be a bur- 
 den on the public. 
 
 This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth order ot 
 Linnaeus' twenty-fiift clafs, Monoecia Pulyandria. 
 
 The Sorts generally cultivated in England are thejollowing : 
 
 1. The Large Cob Nut. 
 
 2. The Large Long Nut, which produces very fine large 
 iruit. 
 
 3. The Barcelona, or Spanifh Nut, with large cups. "" 
 
 4. The Common Wood Nut, with red fkmned kernels. 
 
 5. The Filbert with white kernels. 
 
 6. The Filbert with red kernels. 
 
 7. The Large Clufler Wood Nut. 
 
 Of Propagating and Pruning Nut-Trees. 
 
 Filberts and nuts of ail kinds are propaga«ed from feed* 
 layers, and fuckers ; but thofe who wifh to have fine fort' 
 fiiould giatt the trees, or lay down in March fome o\ the 
 ilraighted fhoots, notched at a joint, pegging them into the 
 ground ; then cover them with earth about thit-e inches thick, 
 making bafons round them with edges ot mould about two 
 inches higher than the furface of the ground, to prevent the 
 water's running off; water them foinetimes in drv weather, 
 and mulch them with fome lotten leaves, to keep them moift. 
 By the tollowing autumn they will be fit to take up and plant 
 out in beds in the nurfery, wliere they fhould remain about 
 two years, planting tbcm out in Auguit where you wifh thera 
 
132 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 to remain for good. If any of the layers have not taken prop- 
 er root, they may be left till the autumn following. 
 
 Filberts and nuts may be planted on the outfides of woods, 
 or in the back, parts of (hrubberies and pleafure grounds, or 
 in large kitchen gardens, in (hady walks; or tor the purpofe 
 of hiding fheds, cifterns, &;c. 
 
 When they are raifed from feed, it fhould be fown in au- 
 tumn, in a light earth; and it will be neceflary to cover the 
 teds all over with Hates, flat ftones, or bricks, to prevent the 
 mice from eating the nuts or carrying them off in winter. 
 
 When at the Botanic Gardens, Chelfea, I once fowed 
 feveral quarts of Large Barcelon.i Nuts, in pots, in two frames 
 at a conhderable dillance from each other, the nuts were all 
 carried ofFby the mice in one night. On fearching round the 
 lining of a Irame wheie we kept green-houfe plants in winter, 
 I found above a quart ot the nuts in one hoaid, which 1 again 
 fowed immediately, covering them over with fldtes ; from 
 ihefe nuts I raifed fome very fine plants. 
 
 The Barcelona Nut-Tree is rather fcarce in England, but 
 it is well worth cultivating ; it is a diftin6l fpecies, and grows 
 to a fine timber tree. 1 he nuts that I fowed, as mentioned 
 above, were produced from a fine tree in the Botanic Gardens 
 at Chelfea.* 
 
 Thofe who are not in pofTefTion of plants may procure 
 them from nuts frefli imported from Spain, by fowing them 
 as above directed. Great quantities are imported annually 
 under the name ot Barcelona, or Great Spanilh Nuts. 
 
 When in the nurfery, nut-trees fliould be trained with 
 fingle ifraight ftems, to form fine Heads from three to fix feet 
 high; cut ofTthe leading (hoot at the height you would have 
 the head formed, rubbing off all the lower buds, and leaving 
 only as many at top as you think will be fufficient to form a 
 handfome head, and according to the ftrength of the ffem. 
 
 Nuts, when intended for keeping, fhould be well dried 
 and packed in jars or boxes of dry land (and placed in a fruit- 
 room, or dry cellar,) well covered down to preferve them from 
 mice. 
 
 The (hoots of filberts and nut-trees are very ufeful for 
 flacking green-houfe plants and nfpberries, or for making 
 withes to bind faggots, and for flicking peafe.t 
 
 * This tree, at two feet and a half from the ground, mcafures about four 
 feet in circumference. 
 
 + I have often been aftoniflied, that thofe who have gardens in America, 
 ftould pay fo little attention to huit of this foit. The nuts, which are natives 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. 8cc. 133 
 
 of the Middle States, are excellent, even in their uncultivated ftate, where 
 they have (o contend with every poflible difadvantage. They are fomething 
 between the Euglifli ha»le-nut and the filbert, and, with a liide care, might 
 be rendered very produftire and profitable. They are much better than the 
 Spani(h nuts, which are fold at Philadelphia fcr a (hilling fterlicg a pint, or 
 thereabouts ; and yet no pains are taken to cultivate them. Our I'ortJ, too, 
 might be obtained at a very Imall expcnce, I have feni leveral plants to my 
 friends at Buftletown, which, I hear, grow very well ; and I have lately lent 
 them lome oi' the fined hszle-nuts I ever fiw, and which I got from the gar- 
 den of Jofeph Galloway, Eiq. at Waterford. Ir thelc fucceed, I hope it will 
 be an inducement tor others to obtaia a like fupply. 
 
134 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 OF CHESNUTS. 
 
 Different Sorts cultivated in England — Che [nut Trees art 
 excellent Timber. — How to Propagate^ Plant, and^ Head 
 them.* 
 
 X HE Chefnut, Caftanea, is a native of the South o\ Europe, 
 and is faid to take its name from Caftana, a city of Thelldly, 
 were anciently it grew in great plenty. It belongs to Linnae- 
 us' twenty-firft clafs, Moncecia Polyandria. 
 
 The forts moffly cultivated in England are thofe com- 
 monly called Spanifh Chefnuts, which run into great varieties 
 when raifed from feed ; and a fort called, in America, Chin- 
 quapin, or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut ; but this is only raifed 
 for the fake of variety. 
 
 The former are very fine trees, and well worth cultivat- 
 ing both for ufe and ornament. The timber is reckoned equal 
 to oak, and, tor making calks, even fuperior to it ; as, when 
 feafoned, it is not fo liable to fhrink or fwell as oak. Thefe 
 trees have alfo a very noble appearance, and are therefore very 
 fit to plant in parks, &c. 
 
 Gerard fays, that in his time there were feveral woods oi 
 chefnuts in England, particularly one near Feverfham in Kent; 
 and Fitz-Stephens, in a defcription of London, written by him 
 in Henry the Second's time, (peaks of a very nob'e foreft 
 which grew on the North part of it. This tree grows fome- 
 times to an amazing fize. Not to mention thofe abroad, there 
 is one at Lord Ducie's at Tortworth, in the county of Glou- 
 cefter, which meafures nineteen yards in circumference, and 
 is mentioned by Sir Robert Atkyns, in his Hiftory of that 
 county, as a famous tree in King John's time ; and by Mr. 
 Evelyn, in his Sylva, book 3d, chap. 7, p. 233, fourth edition, 
 to have been fo remarkable for its magnitude in the reign of 
 
 * I partic'iUrly requeft the American reader to pay attention to what 
 is hereafter faid about the prefervatiou of the fruit of the chefnut. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. 135 
 
 King Stephen, as then to be called the Great Chefnut of Tort- 
 worth ; trom which it may reafonably be fuppofcd to have 
 been (landing before the Cunquefts. Lord Ducie had a draw- 
 ing of it taken and engraved in 1772. One of the prints is 
 now in my poffeflion.* Formerly a great part of London was 
 built with chefnut and walnut trees ; and at Sion Houfe, the 
 feat of the Duke of Noithumberland, the ftables are built 
 with them, from the old monaflery at that place, which was 
 taken down when the prefcnt manfion-houfe was built. 
 
 The beft way of propagating chefnut-trees is trom feed, 
 gathered when thoroughly ripe; which is generally about the 
 latter end of 061ober ; but they fliould not be gathered till the 
 huflcs begin to open, and the nuts appear of a brownifh col- 
 our; thev will then drop of themfelves, and fhould be care- 
 fully picked up in the morning ; and particularly after high 
 winds ; thofc which are intended i\'>r eating, or for feed, fhould 
 be always fuffered to drop of themfelves; they will be found 
 much better than thofe that are beaten down. If, however, 
 the froH fhould fet in early, you will be under the necefTity 
 of thrafhing them down, which fhould be done in a dry 
 day. All that tall in the hufk fliould be thrown in lieaps in 
 a fhed, or other convenient place, and fuffered to remain three 
 weeks, or a month, in that ffate, to ripen. They fliould then 
 be taken out of the huflcs, and the beft picked out and laid 
 up by themfelves, after being well dried, on mats, or clothes, 
 in a funny fituation. They fliould be laid up in the fruit- 
 room, or granary, on flielves, or on a dry floor. Remember 
 to turn them frequently. The inferior ones will do for 
 fowing, or they may be given to pigs or turkeys?, who are ve- 
 ry fond of them ; they will be found very good io^ fattening 
 poultry, efpecially turkeys. If during the winter ttiey fhould 
 become damp or mouldy, they fhould be turned and .carefully 
 wiped ; and if fpread at a moderate diftance from a firev or 
 dried in an oven after the bread is drawn, and then packed 
 in boxes, or jars, with thorough dry fand, they will k..eep 
 
 * At Artited park, near Epfom, the feat of Richard Howard, Efq. iher.e 
 are a great many Spanifh Chelouts, that were fown by a gardener uow \\v-' 
 iDg, one of which, at three feet from the ground, mealurei feven feet in cir- 
 cumference, and has a trunk upwards of fifty feet high. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have feen the old gardener, Thomas Davie, 
 who is now 77 years old, and have had fome converfation with him. He 
 fays, that at the age ofij he bought three fhiijings worth of chefnuts in 
 London on purpofe to treat his feilow-fervants ; but finding that they would 
 n<*t accept of ihem, he fowed thtm ia a bed in the garden at Afhied, which 
 then belonged to the Earl of Suffoik, and afterwards planted out the young 
 trees where they now ftand. Thefe trees arc, therefore, at this lime, fiity- 
 two years old, from the feed. 
 
13(5; TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 plump and good."'*^ Obferve not to put them into the oven 
 when too hot, as it will make them fhrivel : And thofe lor 
 fowing mull not be dried in this manner, as the heat ot the 
 oven would kill the germ. In a fine warm feafon, I have [een 
 them ripen as well and grow nearly to as large a fize as for- 
 eign ones, when the trees were healthy ; but in a middling 
 feafon they will do very v/ell for fowing, or for fatting pigs 
 and poultry. Be careful to preferve thern from rats and mice, 
 otherwife they will foon deftroy vaft quantities of them. 
 
 They may be Town in beds of light earth in the month of 
 November, it it be a dry autumn, drawing the drills about nine 
 inches apart, and about three deep. Plant the nuts about an 
 inch apart in the rows, with the points upwards, as bulbous 
 roots are planted; then cover them with mould, and pat it 
 down with the back of your rake. The beds fhould be tour 
 or five feet wide, and a litffe raifed towards the middle to car- 
 ry off the wafer. There Oiould be alleys between the beds, a- 
 bout eighteen inches wide, and about two or three inches deep; 
 thefe will receive and carry off the rain-water, which other- 
 wife would be apt to rot the nuts. Thus, a five-foot bed will 
 admit of fix rows and a fmcill edging next the alley. U you 
 findthemice begin to attack them, the beds fliould be complete- 
 ly covered over with flates, flat (tones, or bricks, till the nuts be- 
 gin to Ipring; they mufl then be taken off. If it be a hard 
 winter, it will be necelfarv, before the {tones or tiles are put 
 on, to cover the beds with fome rotten dung, rotten leaves, 
 or old tan, to ireierve the nuts from the trofl. If it be a 
 mild winter, ard the nuts have been fown in autumn, they 
 Vifill begin to vegetate before Chriftmas ; but if the autumn 
 be wet, I vould advife not to fow them till fome time in 
 February, or the beginning of March. By the nuts being 
 fown in rows, you will have room to hoe betwixt the rows, 
 and be able to keep them clear of weeds, which you could 
 not fo eafily do if they were fown broadcaft. If it Ihould 
 prove a very dry fummer, it will be neceffary to give them 
 a ^ood watering once or twice a week, till the plants begin 
 to get ftrength. If they be well managed, by the end ot Oc- 
 tober, or in the following fpring, you may tranfplant them in- 
 to beds, in rows about a toot apart, and at the diitance ot four 
 inches in the row, where they may retrain for two years longer ; 
 
 * In America, particularly, chcfnuts become very much fnrivellcd in 
 about two months after they are gathered. Tha method here described, will 
 efFtdually pitevtnt this. Chefnuls may, by this mtlhod, be kept gooJ, fieth, 
 and full.fkinr.ed, all the year round, and this, toi>, witliout any expencc, 
 worth fpesking of, and with very little trouble. The fame obiervauon* ap« 
 ply (o all forts of nuts. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 8cc. 137 
 
 taking care to trim all the fide flioots, leaving only one ftraight 
 fleni. 1 hefe beds may hdve alleys about the fame widih as 
 belore, with this differetice, that the beds fliouldbetwo inches 
 lower than the alleys, which mult be well trodden, to keep the 
 earth Irom crumhiipg down into the beds. Firit level all your 
 ground, then Ihetch the line from one end of the bed to tire 
 other, accordin^T to the fize ol the ground, and with your fpade 
 cut off the edging in the infide of the bed, throwing the mould 
 towards the middle of it; then remove the line to the other 
 fide of the bed, which ought to be from four to fix feet wide, 
 and cut the other edge, throwing the mould into the bed as be- 
 fore. When this is done, throw up fome of ihe mould on the 
 top of the alley, to make it about two inches higher than the 
 bed, and tread the alley well down. Then begin to plant your 
 young trees in rows acrofs the bed, a foot or fiiteen inches 
 apart, and about fix inches in the row, digging the ground and 
 planting as you proceed, alfo beating up the edges of the alleys 
 ■with the back ol the fpade, to keep the mould from tumblmg 
 down into the bed. Proceed thus till you have finiihed the bed, 
 and loon till you h.ive planted the whole. If it be dry weather, 
 each bed Oiould be watered as you fiiiilb planting it, which be- 
 ing made a little lower than the alleys, will retain the water that 
 you throw on it, and will preveni the rain from runiiing off: It 
 the dry weather continue long, mulch the beds as before dire61;- 
 ed. Obfeive to keep them free from weeds, wateiing thein as 
 occafion requires, and tiimming up the plants with only one 
 flem. In this fiate they may remain two years, and, if any of 
 the plants require it, (lake them to keep them flraight. At 
 the end of two years ihey will be fit for tranfplanting, and may 
 be planted out for good, it they are properly fenced off from 
 cattle; but if they are to be placed in an open e.\po!ure, they 
 ought firlf to be planted out in a piece ol ground, properly pre- 
 pared for the purpofe, at the dillance of two feet from row to 
 row, and one foot in the row. If they have been planted in 
 the autumn (which I would always rsco.mmend, except in wet 
 ground, or when the feafon is wei) let them remain till next 
 fpring tweivemorith, and then head them down to two eyes 
 above ground, cutting as near as may be to an eye, and Hoping 
 to the North, that the Ihoot which is thrown out ini*y cover 
 the Rem in the firft feafons, which, it the bufinefsbe rightly 
 performed, it will do, and grow to the length oi fix or feveii 
 feet, according to the vigour of the Ifem. If they arc not 
 headed down in this manner, you will never have ftraight 
 handfome trees- It the ground be properly fenced oS from 
 cattle, thofe that are planted out lui good, at three years eld, 
 
 S 
 
138 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 tnuft be treated in the fame manner after the firft or fecond 
 year. It may, however, be necelFary to obferve, that young 
 trees muft not be headed down immediately aiter tranfplant- 
 ing ; they ought to be weU rooted betoiethat operation is per- 
 loimed ; and it is alfo worthy ot temaik, that the larger the 
 ilems are when they are headed, the Ilronger and more luxu- 
 riant will the flioots be. 
 
 I did not, at h. It, intend to have faid any thing of chefnuts 
 and walnuts ; but, as moft people are tond ot ihem, and as they 
 are generally feived up at table with the deflert, it feemed 
 propci to give lome account ot their culture, &c. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRIUT TREES. 8cc. i^cj 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 OF WALNUTS. 
 
 Different Sorts defcribed. — Their Propn_g;atio7x, Planting, and 
 Trimming. — Great Utility oj the Timber, — Method of keep* 
 ing IValnuts in Winter. 
 
 1 HE Walnut, Juglands, is a native of Peifia; and the time 
 ot its introdu^ion here is not known with certainty. It be- 
 longs to the twenty.firft clafs ot Linnaeus' SyUein, Moncecia 
 Polyandria. 
 
 Thofe commonly cultivated in this country are the fol- 
 lowing varieties of the common walnut, viz. the Doable Wal- 
 nut, the Large Walnut, the French Walnut, the Thinfkinned 
 Walnut, and the Late Walnut. The Hickeiv Nut from North 
 America, the fruit ot w^hich is fmall but well fl ivoured, is alfo 
 raifed here, as is the Black Virginia Walnut ; but this latter 
 is cultivated chiefly tor its timber. There are leveral other 
 forts from North America, which are planted for variety.* 
 
 Thebeft way ot raifmg thefe trees is from the nut, which 
 fliould be gathered when full ripe: Thofe with thin Ihells are 
 to be preferred tor this purpofe. Walnuts, unlefs a Iharp trofl 
 fets in, which is very feldom the cafe before they are ripe, 
 fhould be fuffered to remain on the trees till they begin to drop 
 ot themfelves : Shaking ot the tree will then bruig them 
 down. Beating them down with poles, as is ufuailv done, in- 
 jures the trees very much, by breaking the young (hoots : Be- 
 fide, the nuts never will keep well when they are thrafhed 
 down too early. 
 
 The nuts may be fown in drills in the fame manner as chef- 
 nuts : The bed time for doing this, it the feafon be dry, is au- 
 tumn ; and the nuts muft be thoroughly dry, otherwife they will 
 be apt to rot before they vegetate. It the autumn be wet, they 
 may be fown in the momh ot February or the beginning of 
 
 * Thefe Ja'fer are the different forts of what is called the Butier Kut in 
 Americ*. They feldcm bear, in England, and the f;ujt is good for nothing. 
 
»4o TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 March, and ought to be covered over as directed for chefnuts, 
 to preierve them from mice. It they thrive well, they will 
 be fit for tianfplanting the fiift autumn after fowing ; but. \i 
 not, they (houid be fuffered to remain another year. Bed 
 them out in the fame manner as diiefted tor chefnuts, tranf-* 
 planting every fecond or :hird year, until they are planted out 
 lor good. This will caufe them to throw out fine horizontal 
 roots, and bring them into a bearing Hate much fooner than 
 when they make deep tap-roots. Train them up with fine fin- 
 gle items to about feven feet high, before you fuffcr ihem to 
 form heads ; the branches will then be out of the reach of cat» 
 tie. The time of tranfplantmg iljem out depends on the pro- 
 grefs that they have made in the nurfery ; they fliould be ful- 
 lered to continue there until they have grown to a tolerable 
 fize, and to the height ju ft mentioned as proper for ffandatds. 
 The ground, where they are to be planted, (hould be well 
 ploughed or trenched, and the trees planted, at firft, in rows fix 
 ieet apart, and the fame di fiance from tree to tree in the rows, 
 in the quincunx order, and thus to remain till they come into 
 bearing. This will be neceflary, as there is no dependance on 
 the fort of fruit that trees railed from feed may produce. Af- 
 ter you have made choice of thofe which bear the befi fruit, 
 the other may be planted out tor timber, or cut down for fiakes, 
 or any other purpofe; The trees left tor bearing muft be thin- 
 ned, by taking out every other tree in the remaining rows, as 
 they increafe in fize, till they fland at the di fiance proper for 
 full grown trees ; w^hich may be from twenty- four to forty- 
 eight feet, according to the richnefs of the foil and the pro- 
 grefs which the trees make. 
 
 In trimming the ftems of walnut-trees, cut off the fhoots 
 and fmall branchesclofe to the bole; and in lopping, cutting 
 out crofs branches, or fuch as are damaged by winds and other 
 accidents, always cut at a fork or eye, otherwifc part of the 
 branch will die and injure the tree. But, whether only a part 
 or the whole of a branch be cut off, the compofition ought 
 immediately to be applied.^' 
 
 Formerly, walnut-tree was much ufed for building, and 
 for houfehold furniture ; but mahogany, and other foreign tim- 
 bers, have now, in a great meafuie, fuperceded it, efpecially in 
 the latter article. This timber will do very well for uprights, 
 but is rather too brittle for joifts, rafters, 8cc. and, when prop- 
 
 * I know that there is great difficulty in raifing walnut-trees in America ; 
 lut I, r.everlhc'efs, am of opinion, that, if proper attention were paid to the 
 cul'ivatiou ot lhci]i, ihey would aaiyver vpry well. A( an^ rate it is worth 
 S trial, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 141 
 
 crly polifhed, it looks very well in chairs, tables, bureaus, &c. 
 It is, at piefent, a good deal ufed tor gun-ltocks. Walnuts 
 thrive beit in a deep lich foil, but will do very well in a chalky 
 foil, as may be leen on the hills in Surry, in the neighbourhood 
 ot Leatherhead, Godltone, and Cailhdhon ; and, at Bedding- 
 ton- Paik, the fcai ot the ancient tamily ol the Carews, there 
 are many fine old walnui-tiees. Thefe trees are well worth 
 cultivating ; as the yearly value ot the truit that they bear is 
 very confidciable * There is a great deal ot money made, ia 
 plentiful years, by thinning of the nuts for pickling, both for 
 home confumption, and alio for exportation. The leaves of 
 walnuts fleeped in boilii g water, and that inlufion mixed with 
 lime-watei, fnap iuds, and urine, is found very efficacious tor 
 deftroying flugs and worms in the ground, and infetis on trees. 
 Walnuts for keeping fhould be fuffered to drop of them- 
 felves, and afterwarcis laid in an open airy place till they are 
 thorouf^hly djied ; then pack them in jars, boxes, or cafks, 
 with fine clean fand, that has been well dried in the fun, in an 
 oven, or before the fiie, in layers ot fand and walnuts alter- 
 nately ; fet them in a dry place, but not where it is too hot. 
 In this manner 1 have kept them good till the latter end olf 
 April. Before you fend them to table, wipe the fand clean 
 off; and, if you find they have become (hrivelled, lleep therai 
 in milk and water tor fix or eight hours before they are ufed ; 
 this will make them plump and fine, and caufe them to peei 
 eafily. 
 
 * At Beddington, about 50 walnut trees (and not above half «hat num» 
 ber full beaiers) have been let at 30I 40I and yol. according to the cr op j 
 and it is fuppokd, that in a good feafon the renter cleats 50I. by the bargain. 
 
 CedaingtoQ was aoted ia Queen Blizal?eih's time for the fineft orangery 
 ia Sngland. 
 
*42 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 OF GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 
 
 Four different ways of Grafting, with Ohfervations. — On ufing 
 the Compofition, infledd cj Grajtirig-Llay, — Of Buauing^ 
 with Obfervations, &c. 
 
 VTRAFTING is the taking of a fhoot irom one tree, and in- 
 lerting it into another, in fuch a manner as that both may unite 
 clofely and become one tree ; this is called, by the ancient 
 xvriters in huibandry and gardening, xnafion, to dillinguifh it 
 from inoculating, or budding, which they call inferere ociilos. 
 
 I have taken a great deal of pains to trace the pra6tice of 
 grafting to its origin, but without iuccefs ; as no author that I 
 have perufed gives any fatistafctory account ol it ; it is, how- 
 ever, allowed by all to be very ancient. 
 
 1 he ufe o\ grafting is, to propagate anv curious forts of 
 fruits fo as to be certain of the kinds ; which cannot be done 
 hy any other method : For, as all the good truits have been 
 accidentally obtained liom feeds, fo, of the ft-eds of the fe, when 
 fown, many will degenerate, and produce fuch huit as is not 
 worth the cultivatincr ; But when {hoots are taken from fuch 
 trees as produce good fruit, thefe will never aher irom their 
 3vind, whatever be the flock or tree on which they are grafted. 
 
 The principle or philofophy of grahing is fomewhal ob- 
 fcure ; and, had not accident given the firft hint, all our 
 knowledge of nature would never have led us to it. The ef- 
 ieft is ordinarily attributed to the diverfity of the pores or 
 duEis of the graft from thofe of the flock, which change the 
 figure of the particles of the juices in palling through them 
 to the reft of the tree. 
 
 Mr. Bradley, on occafion o( fome obfervations by Agri- 
 cola, fuggefis fomething new on this head. The flock grafted 
 on, he thinks, is only to be confidered as a fund of vegetable 
 matter which is to be filtered through the cion, and digefled, 
 and brought to maturity, as the time of growth in the vefTels 
 of the cion directs. A cion, therefore, oi one kind grafted on 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 143 
 
 a tree of another, may be rather faid to take root in the tree 
 that it is gratted in, than to unite itlelf with it : For it is vifi- 
 ble, that the cion prefeives its natural purity and intent, 
 though it be ted and nourifiied by a mere crab ; which is, 
 without doubt, occafioned by the difference ot the vedels in 
 the cion Irom thofe ot the ftock ; fo that grafting may be juft- 
 ly compared to planting. 
 
 In profecution ot this view, of that ingenious author, we 
 add, that the natural juices ot the earth, by the fecretion and 
 comminution in paffing through the roots, &c. before they ar- 
 rive at the cion, mud doubtlefs arrive there halt elaborated and 
 concofted, and fo difpofed for a more eafy, plenlilul, and per- 
 fefci afTiaiilation and nutrition ; v^^hence the cion muil necef- 
 farily grow and thrive better and fafter than ii it were put im- 
 mediately in the ground, there to live on coarfer diet and hard- 
 er ot digeflion ; and the fruit produced by this further prepar- 
 ation in the cion, mufl be liner, and further exalted, than it 
 led immediately from the more imperfeftly prepared and al- 
 tered juices of the flock.. It may, perhaps, be thought un- 
 iiecelfary to fay any thing here on grafting, as it has been fo 
 fully treated of by Mr. Miller, and other writers on garden- 
 ing ; but as this treatife is principally on pruning and training, 
 grafting feems naturally conne6ted with it. 
 
 I perluade myfelt, iheretore, that a tew inltruftions in 
 gratting will not be unacceptable, as they may fave the reader 
 the trouble ot turning to other books ; efpecially as they are 
 more particularly intended tor the grafting of old trees, and 
 fuch as are tound, when they come to bear, to be a different 
 fort from what was expected : For, although nurferymen in 
 geneial are very caretul in thefe matters, yet, through the in- 
 attention ot their men, or Tome millake, or by an improper 
 choice of the forts, it will irtquently happen, that, alter wait- 
 ing thirteen or touiteen years, when the trees come to bear, 
 the fruit is found ot a bad quality, and not fit for ufe ; fo that 
 new grafting or budding is abfolutely necellary. 
 
 I fhall, theretore, give what direftions may be neceiTary 
 on that fubjefcf, to render it plain and eafy to thofe who have 
 not been regulaily infirutted in the art ot grafting trom gen- 
 eral prafchce ; and add a method which 1 have followed tor 
 fome years, and which, 1 flatter myfelf, will be tound an im- 
 provement. 
 
 The (hoots ufed in grafting are called cions, or grafts ; 
 and in the choice ot thefe the following directions Ihould be 
 caretully obferved. itt. That they are thoots of the former 
 year; tor when tney are older they never fucceed well. adly. 
 
144 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Always to take them from healthy fruiirul trees; for, if the 
 trees from which they are taken be fickly, the grafts very of- 
 ten partake fo much of the diftemper as raiely to get the bet- 
 ter of it, at leaft for fome years ; and when they are taken 
 from young luxuriant trees, whofe vefTels die generally laige, 
 they will continue to produce hixuriant flioots, but are fel- 
 dom fo produttive as thofe which are taken fiom fruitful 
 trees whofe fhoots are more compact, and the joints clofer to- 
 gether; at leaft it will be a grcdt number of yejis beii)re the 
 luxuriant grafts begin to produce fruit, even if managed with 
 the greatell (kill. 3dly. You fliould prefer iho(e gratts which 
 are taken from the lateral or horizontal iu^nchrs, to tiiofe 
 from the flrong perpendicular flioois, for the regions beiore 
 given. 
 
 Thefe grafts, or cions, fhould be cut off from the trees 
 before their buds b' gin to fwell, which is generally three 
 weeks or a month berore the feafon for grafting ; therefore, 
 tvhen they are cut oft they fhould be laid in the ground with 
 the cut downwards, burying them half their length, and cover- 
 ing their tops with dry litter, to prevent tht^ir drying ; if a 
 fmall joint of the former year's wood be cut off with the cion, 
 it will preferve it the better, and when thev are gtafted this 
 may be cut ofF; for at the fame time the cions mull be cut to 
 a proper length be'ore they are infened in the flocks; but 
 till then, the fhoots fhould remain of their full length, as they 
 ■were taken from the tree, which will better prelerve ihem 
 from fhiinkins; if thefe cions are to be carried to a confideia- 
 Lie diftance, it will be proper to put their enas into a lump 
 of clay, and to wrap them up in inofs, which will picferve 
 them frefh for a month, or longer ; but thele fhould be cutoff 
 from the trees earlier than thofe which are to be grafted near 
 the place where the trees are growing. 
 
 Having given diredions tor the cions and grafts, we next 
 come to that ol the flock, which is a term applied to the 
 trees intended for grafting ; thefe are, either fuch old trees 
 as are already giowing in the places where ihey ai'e to re- 
 main, whofe fiuit is intended to be changed ; or young trees, 
 which have been raifed in the nurfeiy for a fuppl) to the 
 garden ; in the former cafe, there is no other choice, than 
 that of the branches, which fhould be fuch as are young, 
 healthy, well fiiuated. and have a fmooth baik ; it thele trees 
 are growing againff walls, or efpaliers, it will be proper to 
 graft fix, eight, or ten branches, according to the fize of the 
 trees, by which they will be much fooner furnilhed with 
 branches again, than when a lefs number of cions are put in ; 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, S:c. 145 
 
 but in ftandard trees, four, or at mofl fix, cions will be faF- 
 ficient. 
 
 Ill the choice of young flocks for grafting, you fhoald al- 
 ways prefer fuch as have hem raifed Iroin the feed, and that 
 have been once or twice tr.infplanted. 
 
 Next to thefe, are thofe flocks which have been raifed 
 from cuitincrs, or layers; but thofe which are fuckers Irom 
 the roots of other trees (hould always be rejeBed ; for tliefe 
 are never fo well rooted as the oihcrs, and conltantly put out 
 a great number ol fuckers from their roots, whereby the bor- 
 ders and walks of the garden will be always peflered duiing 
 the fummer feafon ; thefe are not only unf;g'it!y, but they al- 
 fo take t.fi'part of the nourifiimcnt fiom the trees. 
 
 If thefe flocks have been allowed a proper di (lance in the 
 nurfery where they have grown, the wood will be better ripen- 
 ed, and more compaft, than thofe which have grown clofc, 
 and have been the;e drawn up to a greater height ; the wood 
 of thefe will be foft, and their velfcls large; fo that the cions 
 gratted into them will Ihoot very fliong; but they will be lefs 
 difpofed to produce (ruit than the other ; and when trees ac- 
 quire an ill habit at firft it will be very difhcult to reclaim 
 them afterwards. 
 
 Having dire6led the choice of cions and flocks, we come 
 next to the operation ; in order to which you mull be provid- 
 ed with the toHowing tools : 
 
 1. A neat finall hand-faw, for cutting ofF the heads o£ 
 large flecks. 
 
 2. A good flrong knife, with a thick back, to make clefts 
 in the (locks. 
 
 3. A fharp pen-knife, or budding-knife, to cut the grafts. 
 
 4. A gJaiting chifel and a fmall luallet. 
 
 .5. Bafs ftiing';, or woolen yarn, to tie the grafts with ; 
 and fuch other inftruments and materials as you fhould find 
 neceffary, according to th^ fort of grafting which you are to 
 perfoim. 
 
 6. A quantity of clay, which fhould be prepared a month 
 before it is ufed, and kept turned and mixed, like mortar, 
 every other diy : This is to be made in the tollowing man- 
 ner. 
 
 Get a quantity of ftrong fa- ioam (in proportion to the 
 quantities of trees intended to he gralted;) then take fonie 
 new flone-borfc dung, and break it in among the loam ; and if 
 you cut a little ftraw, or hay, very fmall, and mix amongft it, 
 ■the loam will hold together the better; and it there be a quan- 
 tity of fait added, it will prevent the clav from dividing in dry 
 
 T 
 
146 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 weather; thefe mufi be well ftirrccl togelhcr, putting water tar 
 lb*?!!! after the maniier 01 tnakingr riDstar ; it Ihould be hol- 
 lowed like a difh, filled with water and kept every other day 
 i^irred ; but i: ou>^ht to be remembered, that it fliould not be 
 expofed to the frolt, or drying winds; and the oftener it is 
 Itirrcd and wrought the better. 
 
 0\ \ms years, fome perfons have rr.ade uTe of another 
 compofition for grafting, which they have found to anfwer the 
 intention of keeping oui the air better than the clay before de- 
 foribed. Tiiis is compofed of turpentine, bees-wax, and rolin, 
 melted together; which, when of a proper conliflence, may 
 be put on the flock round the graft, in the manner as the 
 clay is ufualiv applied ; and, though it be not above a quarter 
 of an inch thick, it wiU keep out the air more efiPeftuaily than 
 the cliy; and, as cold will harden this, there is no dantier of 
 its being hu t by troR, which is very apt to caufe the clay to 
 cleave, and foinetinvs to fall off; and, when the heat of the 
 fummer comes on, this mixture will melt, and fall off with- 
 out any trouble. In the ufing of this, there fhould be a tin 
 or copper pot, with conveniency under it to keep a very gen- 
 tle fire with fm.^ll coa! ; odierwife the cold will Toon condenfe 
 the mixture; But you muft be careful not to apply it too hor, 
 led you injure the graft. A perlon who is a little accufiom- 
 ed to this coinpofition will apply it very faff ; and it is mucfi 
 eafier fur hitn lo work with than clay, efpecially it the feafort 
 fhould prove cold. 
 
 Th. re are feveral ways of grafting, but four principal 
 ones. [See P idle ii.] 
 
 1. Grattmg in the rind, called alfo (houlder-grafting j 
 which is only proper for large trees: Ibis is called crown- 
 grafting, becaufe the grafts are fet in form of a circle, or 
 crown ; and it is generally performed about the latter end of 
 March, or the beg nning of April. 
 
 2. Cleft-gidtiing, which is alfo called flock, or flit-graft- 
 ing : This is proper tor trees or flocks of a leffer fize, from an 
 inch to two inches or more, diameter; This grafting is to be 
 per'ordied in the months of February and March, and fup- 
 plies the failure of the efcutcheon way, which is praflifed in 
 June, Julv, and Auguft. 
 
 3. Whip-grafting, which is alfo called tongue-grafting: 
 This IS proper lor fmall ffocks of an inch, halt an inch, or lefs, 
 diameter; it is the mull efFecfual way of any, and is moft in 
 ufe. 
 
 4. Grafting by approach, or ablaBation : This is praftif- 
 ed when the Itock that you would graft on, and the tree from 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 147 
 
 which you take your graft, {land fo near together, that they 
 may be joined; and fliould be pcilormcd in the month ot A- 
 pril. This method, which is alio called inarching, is chiefly 
 ufed for jafmines, oranges, and other tender exotic trees. 
 
 We come next to the mantier of pertorining the fcveral 
 methods ot graltlrg. 
 
 The firll, which is termed rind, or fhouldcr-graftin^, is 
 feldom pradiled but on large trees, where either the head or 
 the hrge branches are cut off liorizontally, and two or tnore 
 cions put in, according to the fizc ot the bianch, or (loin ; in 
 doing this, t!ie cions are cut flat on one fide, with a thjulder 
 to relt upon the crown ot the Hock ; then the rind of the ftocic 
 mull be raifed up, to admit the cion between the wood and 
 the bark ol the ftock, which muU be inlerted about two inch- 
 jes, fo as that the fhoulder ot the cion may meet, and clofely 
 join the crown of the ftock ; and, after the number of cions is 
 inferted, the whole crown of the ftock fhould be well cla)ed 
 over, leavin;^ two eyes of the cions uncovered therewnii, which 
 will be (uFHcient for (hooting. This method of giatting was 
 much more in praftice formerly than it is at piefi nt ; and the 
 difcontinuance of it was caufed by the ill fuccefs with which 
 it was attended ; for, as thefe cions were placed between the 
 rind of the ftock and the wood, they were frequently blown 
 out by ftrong winds, after tltcy had made large (hoots, which 
 has fometiines happened after five or fix )eais' gnjwth ; Iq 
 that, whenever this method is pra61ifed, there iliould be fome 
 flakes fallened to iupport the cions until they have ahnoft 
 covered the ftock. 
 
 The next method is termed cleft, or ftock grafting ; (his 
 is pra6lifed upon ftocks, or trees, of a (mailer (ize, and may 
 be ufed with ("uccefs where the rind of the ftock is not top 
 thick, whereby the inner bark of the cion will be prevented 
 from joining to that of the ftock. This may be pcrfoinied on 
 ftocks, or branches, that are more than one inch diimrier : 
 The head of the ftock, or branch muft be cutoff with a nojje, 
 and a flit made the contrary way, in the top of the fl.>pe, deep 
 enough to receive the cion, which (hould be cut Hoping like a 
 wedge, fo as to fit the flit made in the ftock; benig caielul to 
 leave that fide of the wedge which is to be placed outward 
 much thicker than the othei : And in putting the cion into the 
 flit of the ftock, there muft be gieat care taken to join the 
 rind of the cion to that of the (tock ; for if ihcfe do not unae, 
 the grafts will not fucceed ; when this method of giafting 
 is ufed to ftocks that are not ftiong, it will be proper to 
 make a ligature of bafs, to prevent the flit of the ftpck from 
 
148 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 opening ; then tlie whole fhould be clayed over, to prevent 
 the air from penetrating the flit, fo as to dLftroy the grafts, 
 cnly leaving two eyes of the cions above the clay lor fl^iooting. 
 
 The third meihod is termed uliip, or tongue-gralting, 
 which is the moft commonly prattiied ot any by the Nurfery- 
 men near London, efpecially for fmall flocks, becaufe the 
 cions much fooner cover the flocks in this method than in any 
 pther. 
 
 This is performed by cutting off the head of the flocks 
 floping; then there muff be a notch made in the fl;)pe towaid 
 the upper pait downward, a little more th.^n hall an inch deep, 
 to receive the cion, which muft be cut with a flope upwdid, 
 and a flit made in this flope like a tonguf, which U)ngue mufl 
 be infeited into the fl;t made in the flope ot the flock, and the 
 cion mufl be placed on one fide of the flock, fo as that the 
 two rinds of both cion and flock may be tqual and join to- 
 gether exaftly ; then there fliould be a ligature of bafs to laf- 
 iten the cion, fo that it may not be eafily diiplaced, and atter- 
 , wards clay it over as in the former methods. 
 
 The fourth foft of grafting is termed inarching, grafting 
 hy approach, or abla£fation. This is only to be peitoiincd 
 'when the flocks that are defigned to be grafted, and the tree 
 from which the graft is to be taken, flaiid fo ne»tr tiigf tlier, as 
 that their branches may be united. It is commonly piattifed 
 on tender exotic plants, and foire other forts which do not 
 fucceed in any ot the oihci methods. 
 
 In performing this operation, a part of the flock or branch 
 mufl be flit ( fFabout two inclies in tenj:;th, obferving always to 
 make choice of a (mooth pait ot the flock ; then a fmall notch 
 Ihould be made in this flit of the flock downward, in the fame 
 manner as hath been directed for whip-grafting ; the branch 
 ot the tiee defigned to be inarched Ihould have a part flit off in 
 like manner as the flock, and a flit made upward in this fo as 
 to leave a tongue, which tongue fliould be infeited into the flit 
 of the flock ; obferving to join their rinds et|ual!y, that they 
 may unite well to^iether ; then make a ligature ot lials, to keep 
 them exa6lly in their iituation, and afterwards clay this part 
 of the flock over well, to keep out the air ; in this method ot 
 grafting, the cion is not feparated from the trree until it is 
 iirmly united with the flock ; nor is the head of the flock, or 
 branch, which is grafted, cut off till this time, and only half 
 the wood pared off with a flope, about three inches in length, 
 and the fame of the cion or graft. 
 
 This method of grafting is not performed fo early in the 
 feafon as the others -, it being done in the month ot April, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREE3, &c. 
 
 '49 
 
 when the fap is flowing, at which time the clou and flock 
 will join together, and unite much iooner tli.ai ai any other 
 feafon. 
 
 1"he walnut, fig, and mulberry, will take bv this method 
 of grattmg, but neiiher ol thefe will fucceed in any ct the oth- 
 er methods ; there are al(b (eveial forts ot evergreens that 
 may be propagated by this method ot gralting ; but all ihe 
 trees that are gratied in this way are weaker, and never grow 
 to the fize ol thofe which are grafted in the other methods ; 
 therefore this is rarely prattifed but on luch fotts ot trees as 
 will not take by the other methods. 
 
 Obfervations on Grafting. 
 
 In a long continuance ot dry weather the grafts very fre- 
 quently (ailoi; takiijg ; fometimes, no doubt, owing to the 
 improper choice ol the gralts, as well as to the dry weather. 
 Gieat care fhould always be taken not to graft with weak 
 fhoots, particularly thofe taken from Ecar the top. Always 
 take )our gralts troni the lower end ol the (hoots, and oblerve 
 that the wood is plump and frclh ; tor fuch as are fhrivelled 
 feldom or never take. Where any have miffed in the fpring, 
 I would advife to cut off, about the middle or latter end of 
 June, (in America, the middle of July) fome fine healthy 
 grafts of the fort that you wifh to graft with, open the bark in 
 the fame manner as you do for budding, [of wliich hereafter] 
 and infert the graft with a piece of the former year's wood on 
 it : After you have done this, rub in, with a brufh, fome ot the 
 compofiiion in a liquid ftate ; then wrap your bafs round ir, 
 as is done tor fpring grafting, leaving about three eyes on the 
 flioot, which ihouid be tied on with the bafs as tight as you 
 can ; then cov^ the outfide of the brifs, thus tied up, with the 
 compohtion, to the thicknefs ot about one eighth of an inch, 
 obfervmg alfo to cover the end of the fhoot with the f.ime, to 
 exclude the air and wet. In about three weeks, or a month, 
 look over the grafts to fee if they have taken. When the 
 graft begins to l\ve!l, it will throw orl the compofiiion : When 
 that is the cafe, always remember to apply more, to prevent 
 the air from peneirating the incifion. 
 
 In the month ot September, you fiionld examine whether 
 thewoundsareal! healed up, and the twobaiks peite£lly united ; 
 if they are, you may llacken the bafs ; and it they are perfeftly 
 healed up, it may be taken ofi; but it not, the bafs muff again 
 be tied on, and covered with the compofition as beture dire6f- 
 pd ; letting it remain till the following fpring. You may then 
 take the bafs off ; and, if you find that the two barks have fep- 
 
150 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 arated during the winter, with the point of a (harp knife, cut 
 out all the brown part of the bark (which, if Ictt, would infal- 
 libly bring on the canker.) and rub the compofition into the 
 wound. If your grafts have produced flrong leading (hoots, 
 the tops of them fhould be pinched off with the fingrr and 
 thumb ; but if they hare not (hot (frong, they fhould not be 
 cut till the fpring, when the) fliould te cut to three or tour 
 eyes, according to their ftrength, to make 'hem produce hori- 
 zontal {hoots, and form handfome heads. This grafting Ihould 
 always be performed in moift or cloudy wea'.her. 
 
 I have already, in the chapter on apple-trees, mentioned 
 the advantages to be derived from ufing the cumpofiuon in- 
 ftead of grafting-clay, and alfo given fome direfctions for the 
 fame. Rubbing a little of it into the incifion will efF-6lually 
 prevent the canker, and in applying it round the gralt, a much 
 lefs quantity will be fufficient than of the clay ; as it need not 
 be iTjore than three inches round in grafting final! ftems or 
 fhoots, and fo in proportion for thofe which are laiger. The 
 compofition will keep the cion moift, and will not crack and 
 fall off in d»y weather as clay does. The compofitiun to be 
 ufed in grafting fliould be of fuch a confiflence as to work 
 eafily with the hand, or a knife, or fmall trowel, rather fofter 
 than grafting clay generally is. Any perfon, who gives this 
 method a fair trial, will find it to be a fure, neat, and expedi- 
 tious way of grafting. 
 
 Grafting, oi budding, (hould be performed as near to the 
 tipper fide of a bud as podible. The moft proper place for 
 jnferting the cion, or bud, is at the joint a liitie above the crofs 
 flioot. 
 
 Inoculation, or Budding. 
 
 If 
 
 This is commonly prafiifed upon all forts of flone fruit in 
 particular ; fuch as peaches, netfarines, cheiries, plums, &c. 
 as alfo oranges and jafminos ; and is preferable to any fort of 
 grafting for mofl kinds of fruit. The method of performing 
 it is as follows : You muft be provided with a fh.rp pen- knife, 
 or what is commonly called a budding-knife, having a flat halt 
 (the ufe of which is, to raife the bark of the ftock to admit the 
 bud,) and fome found bafs mat, which fliould be foaked in 
 water to increafe its ffrength, and make it more pliable ; then, 
 having taken off cuttings from the trees that you would propa- 
 gate, you fliould choofe a fmooth part of the flock, about five 
 or fix inches above the furface of the ground, if defigned for 
 dwarfs, and for halt ftandards at three feet ; but, for ftandards, 
 they fhould be budded fix or more feet above the ground ; 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 151 
 
 then with your knife, make an horizontal cut acrofsthe rindot 
 the (lock, and from the middle of that cut make a Hit down- 
 wards about two inches in length ; (o that it may be in the 
 form of a T ; but you muft be careful not to cut too deep, left 
 you wound the ftock ; then having cut off the leaf from the 
 bud, leaving the foot-flalk remaining, you fhould make a crofs 
 cut about half an inch below the eye, and M'ith your knife flit 
 ofT the bud with part of the wood to it, in form of an efcut- 
 clieon ; this done, you n)ufl with your knife pull ofF that part 
 of the wood which was taken with the bud, obferving whether 
 the eye of the bud be left to it or not (tor all thofe buds which 
 lofe their eyes in ftripping fhould be thrown away, being 
 good for n.^thing ;} then having gently raifed the baik of the 
 ftock wheie the crofs incihon was made, with the flat haft or 
 handle of your knife, clear of the wood, you fhould thrufl the 
 bud therein, oblerving to place it fmooth between the rind and 
 the wood of the flock, cutting off any part of the rind belong- 
 ing to the bud which may be too long tor the flit made in the 
 ftock ; and having thus exaflly fitted the bud to the ftock, you 
 mufl tie them clufdy round with bafs mat, beginning at the 
 under part ot the fl;t, and fo proceed to the top ; taking care 
 that you do not bind round the eye of the bud, which jhould 
 be left open. 
 
 When your buds have been inoculated three weeks or a 
 month, you will fee which of them have taken ; thofe which 
 appear fhrivelled and black are dead ; but thofe which remain 
 frefli and plump, you may be fure are joined ; and at this time 
 you fhould loufen the bandage, which if not done in time, 
 will pinch the ftock, and gieaily injure, if not deflroy, the 
 bud. 
 
 In the March following vou muft cut off the ftock about 
 three inches above the bud ; fl.jping it, that the wet may pafs 
 ofT, and not enter the ftock : To this part of the flock left 
 above the bud, it is very proper to faften the (hoot which pro- 
 ceeds from the bud, and which would be in danger of being 
 blown out, if not prevented ; but this muft continue no longer 
 than one year, after which it muft be cut off clofe above the 
 bud, that the ftock may be covered thereby. 
 
 The time for inoculating is, from the middle of June un- 
 til the middle of Auguft, (in AiDcrica, from the end of June to 
 the end of Augiifl) accuiding to the forwardnefs of the fea- 
 fon, and the particular forts ot trees to be propagated ; but 
 the time may be eafily known, by trying the buds, whether 
 they will come off well from the wood, or not. However, 
 the moft general rule is, when you obferve the buds formed 
 
J^a TREATISE ON THE CULTUxRE AND 
 
 at the extremity of the fame year's flnots, which is a fign oi 
 their having finifhed iheir fpiini; growth 
 
 The riill (ort commonly inoculated is the apricot, and the 
 laft tlie orangc-tiee, which fiiould never be done until the mid- 
 file ot Augiiit ; and in doing of this woi k, you (liould always 
 tiicike choice of cloudy wealher ; for if it be done in the mid- 
 die of the day, in very hot weather, the fhoots will perfpire (o 
 fall as to leave the buds deftitute of moifture ; nor fhould you 
 take off the cuttings from the trees long before they are uftd ; 
 but if you are obliged to fetch your cuttings from fome dif- 
 tance, as it often happens, cut off the leaves, let all the foot- 
 ftalks remain, then wrap the cuttings up in wet mofs, and put 
 them in a tin box (carrying them in a tin cafe with water be- 
 ing now difufcd) to exclude the air ; in this manner you may 
 carry them to any reafonable diliance in good condition for 
 inoculating. 
 
 It is a very improper praflice ot many perfons, to thro\r 
 Jhcir cuttings into water ; for this fo faturates the buds with 
 rnoiilure, that thev have no attraftive force left to imbibe the 
 fap of the flock ; for want of which they very often mifcarry. 
 
 But hciore I quit this fubjcft, I beg leave to oblerve, that 
 though it is the ordinary practice to dived the bud of that part 
 ot the wood which v/as taken from the fhoot with it ; yet, in 
 many forts of tender trees, it is bell to preferve a little wood 
 to the bud, with.out which 'hey often fail. 1'he not ohferving 
 this has occafioncd fc;rre people to imagine, that certain forts 
 of trees arc not to be propagated bv inocuivttioii ; whereas, if 
 they had perloimcd it in this method, they might have tucceed- 
 ed, a? I have feveral times experienced. 
 
 The next thmgneccirary to be known by thofe who would 
 pra£lice this art ts, what trees will take and thrive, by being 
 graited, or inoculnttd, upon each other ; and here there have 
 been no lure di:e<btions given by any of the writers on this 
 fubje6t ; for thete will be found giear mi flakes in all their 
 books, in relation 'o the matter ; but, as it would extend this 
 article too far, if all the forts of trees were to be heie enumer- 
 ated which will take upon each other by grafting or budding, 
 I fliall only give fuch general diteftions as, ii attended to, 
 will be iuihcient fo to inflru6l perfons, as that they may fuc- 
 ceed. 
 
 Ail fuch trees as are of the fame genus, i. e. which agree 
 in their fio-ver and fruit, will take upon each other : For in- 
 flance, all the nut bearing trees may be faiely gralted on eacli 
 other, as may all the plum-bearing trees, under which head I 
 reckon not only the feveral forts of plums, but alfo the al- 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. ,53 
 
 mond, peach, ne6taiine, apricot, See. which agree exaflly in 
 their general charafters, by which they are didinguifhed Frorri 
 all other trees ; but, as. many ot thefc are very lubjecl to emit 
 large quantities ot gum from the parts o\ the trees which arc? 
 deeply cut and wounded, in the tender trees ot this kind, viz. 
 peaches and ne6larines, which are moft fubjt:6l to this, it is 
 found to be the I'ureft method to bud or inoculate thefe forts oi 
 fruits.*^ 
 
 All fuch trees as bear cones will do well upon each other, 
 though they may differ in one being ever green, and the other 
 Iheddmg its leaves in winter ; as is obfervable in the Cedar of 
 Libanus, and the Laich-Tree, which are found to fucceecj 
 upon each other veiv well ; but thele muft be grafted by ap- 
 proach ; tor they abound with a great quantity of refm which 
 is apt to evaporate from the graft it feparated from the treo 
 before it is joined with the ftock, whereby they are often de- 
 flroyed ; as alfo the laurel on the cherry, or the cherry on the 
 laurel. All tlie maftbeaiing trees will alfo take upon each 
 other, and thofe which have a tender foft wood will do well 
 it grafted in the common way ; but thofe that are ot a more 
 firm contextuie, and are flow growers, fliould be grafted by 
 approach. 
 
 By ftriftly obferving this rule, we flaall feldom mifcarry, 
 provided the operation be rightly performed, and at a proper 
 feafon, unlefs the weather fliould prove very bad, as it forae- 
 times happens, whereby whole quarters ot truit trees mifcarry; 
 and it is by this foeihod that many kinds of exotic trees are not 
 only piopagated, but alfo rendered hardy enough to endure the 
 cold ot our climate in the open air ; tor, being grafted upoa 
 flocks ot the fame forts which are hardy, the grafts are ren- 
 dered more capable of enduring the cold, as hath been expe- 
 rienced by moft ot our valuable fruits now in England, v/hich 
 were formerly tranfplanted hither from more Southerly cli- 
 mates, and were at firft too impatient of our cold to fucceed 
 well abroad; but have been, by budding or grafting upon more 
 •hardy trees, rendered capable of rehfting our fevereit cold. 
 
 Thefc different graftings feem. to have been greatly in ufe 
 among the ancients, though they v;crc certainly tnifbakenin the 
 feveral forts ot fruits which they mention as having fucceeded 
 
 fruit tre?3. 
 
JJ4 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 upon each other ; as ihe fig upon the mulberry, the pluin upon 
 the chefnut, with many others ot the like kind ; moU ot which 
 have heen tried by Mr. Miller, and found not to lucceed ; 
 therefore what has been advanced on this head by the ancients 
 is not founded on experience ; or, at lea ft, ihey did not mean 
 the fame plants which at pielent are called by thofe names ; 
 though I caniiot help thinking that we are apt to pay too much 
 ♦.lelerence to the writings of the ancients, in fuppohng them 
 feld(,m to be miftaken, or to allert a talfehood ; whereas, if 
 their works aie carefully examined, it will be found, that they 
 have often copied from each other's writings without making 
 experiments to prove the truth ot their aiiertions ; and it is 
 v^ell known, that the ranging ot plants before Cjefalpinus' time 
 (which is about two hundred years Once) was, by their out- 
 ward appearance, or from ihe fuppofed virtues ot them, a 
 method that is now juftly exploded ; and it has been obferved, 
 irom many repedted tiiais, thit however plants may refemble 
 each other in the iliape and make ot their leaves, manner ot 
 fliooting, &c. unkfs they agree in their Iruit, and their other 
 diftinftive characters, they will not grow upon each other, 
 though pertormed with ever fo much art. 
 
 Ob/crvations on Budding Fear-Trees. 
 
 "When the pear-trees which are grafted in the fprlng have 
 not taken, 1 would advife to cut them off, a little below the 
 gralt, at a joint or bud. The tree will then throw out a great 
 number of healthy fiioots : Rub thefe all off, except fo many 
 as will be fufficieiit to fill the wall ; nailing thofe up, to pre- 
 vent the wind from breaking them. 
 
 About the latter end ot July the tlioots will be fit to bud, 
 ■U'hich fIiou!d be done about that time. 1 would recommjend 
 leaving a little of the wood on the infide of the bud when in- 
 fer ted into the (lock, rubbing in the compofition, and tying oa 
 the bafs as before. 
 
 Lafl fpring 1 grafted fome Summer Bonchretiens with the 
 Bergamot de Pafque (or EatJer Berganiot) and Pear d'Auch, 
 moftof which failed. 1 then cut them off below the grafts, and 
 in July following they had produced flioots from five to fix 
 lect long, which I budded in the latter end ot that month with 
 the beforementioned forts, whicli all took. About the begin- 
 ning of September 1 ordered a man to flacken the bafles ; 
 which having left too loofe, the barks began to feparate. I 
 then made him tigl'ten them, letting them remain till the fol- 
 lowing fpring. About the beginning of April, when I faw the 
 buds begin to fiioot, 1 cut ihe ilioots near to the buds, butfmd- 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 155 
 
 ing many where the bark had not united, and fome o( the eyes 
 apparently dead, 1 took a fiiarp pen-knife and cut out all the 
 decayed bark, rubbing in the compofition, in the liq-jid {late, 
 till the hollow parts were filled up ; I then finooilied it off. 
 with the finger, even with the bark ol the flock. I alforubbeil 
 fome of the compofition over thofe eyes that were in the woril 
 flate, being quite black ; but with very little hope ot recoveiy. 
 To my great aftonifhment, many ol thoTe which Teemed per- 
 te6l!y dead, recovered, and by the middle ot July had (hoots 
 from five to fix feet long, (many of the Hioots which took well 
 have fruit buds formed tor next year) and cov^ered a fpace ot 
 wall larger than a young tree would have done in eight years ; 
 all the cavities where I cut out the dead bark, and applied the 
 compofition, were, in the courfe of the fummer, filled up with 
 found wood, and the bark between the flocks and gaits per- 
 fe£lly uniied. 
 
 Three years ago I budded on fome Brown Beurres and 
 Crafanes with Pear d'Auch, one ot which now covers a wall 
 fixteen feet high, and fitteen feet long, and has more fruit on 
 it this year than a maiden tree would have produced twenty 
 years after plantmg. 
 
 1 never recommend budding or grafting of old trees, ex- 
 cept when you have bad forts, or more of any fort than you 
 want for a fupply : In that cafe, I would recommend to bud 
 or graft with Pear d'Auch, Colmars, and Winter Boncretiens, 
 which keep much longer than Beurres, Crafanes, Sec. 
 
 It will be neceffary to give fome dreftions for ftandards 
 that have been grafted in the fpring, and have miffed. In fuch 
 cafe, they fhould be cut below the graft, as dire£led for wall- 
 trees ; and when fo treated, they will throw out a great num- 
 ber of (hoots, which fhould by no means be too foon thinned, 
 as in that cafe they will be liable to be broken by the wind. 
 You may begin to take off the weakefl (hoots about the latter 
 end of May, or beginning of June. About the middle of the 
 latter month, they will have acquired confiderable Orength ; 
 you may then thin them. ; leaving as many (f rong regular (hoots, 
 and of thofe neared the top of the (lem, as will form a hand- 
 fome head, if the (tem be very ftrong, it will be neceffary, 
 perhaps, to leave more than you intend to bud, on purpofe to 
 receive the fap, which will flow in great abundance from a 
 large trunk, and, without this precaution, would be apt to burft 
 the (hoots, if there be not a fufficient number to receive it. 1 
 have often feen (hoots as large as my arm buril by a fupera- 
 bundanceot fap. When that is likely to happen, the bed: 
 thing you can do is, to (carify the (lioots, and rub a little of 
 the compofition into the wound. 
 
1^6 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE ANO* 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 OF A GARDEN. 
 
 hs SihiaHcii', Size, Soil, and Form. — Of Watering, Draining 
 &c.-^Oftke Melon- Ground.^ 
 
 Jl\. garden, if poffible, fliould be on a gentle declivity to- 
 wards the South, a little inclining to the Eaft, to receive thei 
 benefit ot the morning fun. It it be fituated in a bottom, the 
 wind will have the lefseffeft upon it; but then damps and togs 
 will be very prejudicial to the ttuit and other crops : And if 
 fituated too high, although it will in a great meafure be free 
 from damps and togs, it will beexpofed to the furyot the windsj 
 to the grcdt hurt ot the trees, by breaking their branches and 
 blowing down the blotToms and truit. A garden (hould be 
 "Well fheltered irom the North and Eaft, to prevent the blight- 
 ing winds ti'om affefting the trees ; and alfo trom the Wellerly 
 •winds, which are very hurttul to gardens in the,fpring or fum- 
 iner months. If a garden be not naturally fheltered with gen- 
 tle rifing hills, which are the belt fhelter of any, plantations of 
 forefl trees made at proper diftances, fo as not to fliade it, will 
 be found the befl fubftitute. At the fame time, there ought 
 to be a tree admittance tor the fun and air. On that accoUnt, 
 si place furrounded by woods is a very improper fituation for 
 a garden or orchard, as a foul ftagnant air is very unfavourable 
 to vegetation ; and it is alfo obferved, that blights are much 
 more frequent in fuch fituations, than in thofe that are more 
 open and expofed. 
 
 I have recommended the praftice of intermixing fruit 
 trees in flirubberies and plantations of this kind to feveral gen- 
 tlemen, who have adopted it with fuccefs. While the fruit 
 trees are in flower, they are a great ornament to the fluubberies ; 
 and in fummer and autumn the different colours of the fruit 
 bave a beautiful appearance. Add to this the advantage 
 
 ♦ Some of the dircftions, contained in this chapter, will not apply t9 
 America ; but the far greater part of them will, and I recommend thoie, who 
 ^fi'ifk to have complete gardecs, to (tudy it with care. 
 
Management of fruit tree5, &c. 157 
 
 of a plentiful fupply oF fruit lor the table, and for making 
 cider and perry; and if fome cherries are interfpeiied among 
 them, they will be food lor birds, and be tlie means ol pre- 
 \»enting them from deftroying your finer fruit in the oicliard 
 or garden. 
 
 About fix years ago-, my worthy Irienii Walter Urquhart, 
 Efq. of Warley Park, near Waltham Abbey, planted a clump 
 of Jruit and forefl tiees, with flowering flirubs in hont, next 
 the houfe, to fcreen his garden, which was fo injudicicufiy 
 fituated as to prefent the walls to view from the houfe, and 
 from almoli every part of his beautiful park. The fruit trees 
 made ch'Mce of tor this purpofe were large ones of various 
 kinds, which had been headed down, and were then full of 
 fruit- buds. Thefe trees were planted at a proper diirance from 
 the garden, fo as not to fliade the walls, and the foreff trees 
 inter fperfed among them, according to the height that they 
 would attain when full grown. 
 
 Mr. Urquhart has continued to take up fome of the for- 
 eft trees from time to time, as the fruit trees fpread tl:^eir 
 branches and require moie room. Thus the clump has be- 
 come a nurfery for toreft trees ; a great deal of money is fav- 
 ed which would otherwife have been expended in the purchafe 
 and carriage of plants ; and from it he has made fome very 
 fine new plantations. The fruit trees make a handfome of- 
 chard, and at the fame time cover the walls of the garden. 
 
 When the fituation will not admit of fuch [>Untat;ons, I 
 xvould advife planting fome crofs rows of fruit trees in the gar- 
 den, at the diiiance of forty or feventy yards from each other, 
 more or lefs accordmg to the fize of the garden. In long rows, 
 one row of trees will be fufficient on each fide of the walk ; 
 but in the fliorter crofs rows, there fhould be two rows on 
 each fide. The trees fhould not be planted oppofite to each 
 other, but alternately ; fo as that thofe of one row may be op- 
 pofite to the open fpaces of the other. Tiees planted in this 
 manner will have a good effeft, and will alfo ferve to break 
 the force of high winds, and prevent a great deal of damage 
 •which might otherwife be done to the reft of the trees through- 
 out the garden. Thofe which I would recoirimend lor the a- 
 bove purpofe are dwarfs, with ftems about two feet high, 
 which caneafily be obtained by cutting ofFthe lower branches. 
 
 In laying out a new garden, another very efTential point 
 is, to make choice of a good foil. It iliould be two or three 
 feet deep ; but if deeper the better; of a mellow pliable na- 
 ture, and of a moderately dry quality ; and if the ground 
 lliould have an uneven furtace, I would by no means attempt 
 
15? TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 to level it; for by that unevennefs, and any little di(FerenC« 
 there may be in the quality, you will have a greater varieiy oi 
 foil adapted to different crops. The beft luil for a garden is, 
 a rich mtMlow loam; and the worft, a ftiff heavy clay. A 
 light fdnd is alfo a veiv unfit foil for a gaiden. 
 
 Sea. coal afhes, or the cleaning ot ftreets and ditches, xvill 
 be found very proper to mix with a ftrong foil ; and it the 
 ground fiiould be cold, a large quantity ot coal- afhes, Tea fand, 
 or rotten vegetables, fhould be laid upon it, in order to melio- 
 rate and loofen the foil, and render it eafy to work. 
 
 Lime rubbilh, or light fandy earth from fields and com* 
 mons, will alfo be found ot great fervice to fliff clayey 
 ground. 
 
 It the foil be light and warm, rotten neat's dung is the 
 beft drefTing that you can give it. It horfe-dung be ever ufed, 
 it mud be completely rotted, otherwife it will burn up the crop 
 the firft hot weather. 
 
 With regard to the form of a garden, there are various 
 opinions, and it fometimes depends on the fituation ; but 
 •where you are at pcrteft liberty 1 would prefer a fqu;ire or 
 oblong. As to the fize, it may be from one acre to, fix or 
 eight within the wall, according to the demand for vegetables 
 in the family. It fliould be walled round with a brick, wall 
 irom ten to twelve feet high : But, if there be plenty of wall- 
 ing, which there may be when you are not ffinted with rcfpeft 
 to ground, I would prefer walls ten feet high, to thofe that 
 are higher, and I am convinced they will be found more con- 
 venient. The garden fliould be furrounded with a border., or 
 flip, from forty to fixty feet wide or more, if the ground can 
 be fpared ; and this again cnclofed with an oak paling from fix 
 to eight feet high, with a cheval-de-frife* at top, to prevent 
 people's getting over : It will alfo ftrengthen the paling. 
 
 By making flips on the outfide ot the garden wall, you 
 v/ill have plenty of ground for gooleberries, currants, ftraw- 
 berries, 8cc. You may allot that part of the flips which lies 
 
 * A very good cheval-defrife may be coDflTU(fled as fnliov,s : Take a 
 piece of wood of a convenient length, about four inches broad, and one inch 
 »nd a quarter thick, and plane the upper edge into the fhape of ihe roof of a 
 houfe of a low pitch; then draw a line on each fide fri>m end to end, about 
 an inch and a quarter below the upjer edge, and ih'-ough ihefe lines drive 
 twelve-penny nails about four inches diftant from each o'her, fj as to come 
 out near the upper edge on the opp'ifite fide. Each nail (hiuid be oppofite 
 the middle ot the fpace between two niils on ihe other file. The nail head* 
 fhould be fjiik in the wood, and fmall ftrips nailed over (hem ; then drive in 
 tenter-h )oks between the nail points, and nail the whole firmly on the out.. 
 fiJe of the top of the paling. la ihis manner proceed till you have fiaifhsd 
 the whole of llie fence. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRIUT TREES. &c. 159 
 
 ncarefl to the ftables (if well iheltered, and expofed to the 
 fun,) tor melon and cucumber beds ; and you can plant both 
 fides ol the garden-wall, which will give a great addition to 
 the quantity ol wall truit. 
 
 If the foil of the new garden be flrong, it fhould be plough- 
 ed or dug three or lour times before you plant any thing in 
 it; and if it be thrown up in ridges during the winter, it will 
 be of great fervice, as the frofl will meliorate and loofen its 
 parts. 
 
 Gerdens, if pofTible, fhould lie near a river, or brook, 
 that ihey may be well fupplied with water. From thefe, if 
 the garden does not lie too high, the water may be con- 
 ducted to it by drains, or, which is much better, by pipes, 
 taking care to lay them low enough to receive the v*atcr in 
 the drieft feafon, which is the tune when it will be moft 
 wanted. 
 
 If there be no runninfi water near the garden, and if the 
 latter lies on a declivity near a public road, I would advife 
 to make a hollow drain, or a cut, from the mod convenient 
 part of the road to receive the water that wafhes the road in 
 rainy weather, and convey it to a large ciltern, or tank, in 
 the upper part of the garden ; this, if the road be mended with 
 )inie-lfone or chalk, will prove an excellent manure. The 
 water from the ciftern, or from the river, may be conduBed 
 to the different quarters by means of pipes, which having 
 cocks or proper places, the water may be turned upon the diU 
 ierent quarters of the garden at pleafure. Or the water may 
 be conveyed in proper channels, and turned on the quarters 
 in the fame manner as in watering meadows. 
 
 Thefe pipes, channels, &c. will be aconfiderableexpence 
 at firft; but they will foon repay it by faving a great deal of 
 time, which would otherwife be fpent in pumping and carry- 
 ing water. The moll convenient time for turning the water 
 on, is in general, during the night ; and in dry weather it 
 would then be of the raoff effential fervice. 
 
 If the fituatioii be f'uch that you arc obliged to pump 
 the water from deep wells, there fhouid be a large refer- 
 voir, in which it ihould be expofed to the fun and air lor 
 fome days before it is ufed : It may then be turned on as a- 
 tove. 
 
 If the ground be wet and fpewy, it will be proper to 
 make a bafon in the mofl convenient place, to receive the wa- 
 ter that comes from the drains, snd to col!e6lthc rain that falls 
 ^n the walks. 
 
i6o TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 In bying out the quarters, vou mufl be guided in a great 
 raeafure by. the form an.i fize ot the garden ; but do not lay 
 them out too (mall, as in that cafe a great part of the ground 
 will be taken up with walks. The beft figure is a fquare or 
 oblong, when the garden is of that form ; bat if not, they may 
 be laid out in any oiher figure that is thought to be mofl con- 
 venient. 
 
 The middle walks fiiould be about feven feet, which is 
 •wide enough to admit a cart; and the otliers about three or 
 four ieet brodd ; with a border on each fide, five or fix feet 
 wide, at lea II, between the walk and the fruit trees. Walks 
 in kitchen gardens are generally gravelled, and but feldom 
 laid with turf, as the frequent wheeling an.i treading foon de- 
 Ifroys the grafs and lenders them very unfighdy ; But a bind- 
 ing fand makes good walks and they areeafily kept; tor when 
 mofs or weeds begin to grow, they may be cleaned with a 
 horfe-boe, or fcutFeled over with a Dutcli hoe, in dry weather, 
 and raked a chy or two alter, by which they will be made al- 
 ways to look neat and clean. I, however, give the preference 
 to fea-coal afhes, which, in my opinion, make the bed walks 
 for a kitchen garden, and they are eafier kept than any other, 
 being firm and dry, and cleaner to walk on than fand, efpe- 
 cially after fruft. 
 
 The bottoms of the walks fliould be filled up with brick 
 rubbifl:i, chippings ot ffones, or gravel and (tones ; thofe rak- 
 ed off the quarters will do very well, and by ufing them you 
 will lave carnage. 
 
 If the foil be ft iff and wet, or fubjeft to detain the moif- 
 ture, there muit be underground drains made to carry offthe 
 water. In this cafe, let the main drain be made under the 
 •walk, to receive and carry off the water from thofe under the 
 quaiters. Draining, when the foil is wet, is ablolutely necef- 
 iary, otherwifc the trees will never produce good well flavour- 
 ed fruit, and your kitchen plants will be much injured : The 
 drains alfo under the walks will keep them dry and firm, and 
 make them fit tor casting and wheeling on in wet v/eather. 
 
 1 he borders under the walls, in the infide, fhould be 
 from ten to twenty feet wide, according to the fize ot the gar- 
 den, to give full liberty to the roots ot the trees to fpread. 
 There ihould be a loot path about two feet and a hall trom the 
 •Avail, tor the greater convenience of nailing the trees, gather- 
 ing (he truit, &c. This walk fhould be from two to two feet 
 ■and a half wide (to adtnit a barrow, or barrow engine for wa- 
 tering the trees,} and covered whh fand, or, which is better, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, See. 161 
 
 coal afhes,* about two or three Inches thick ; but without any 
 gravel or rubbifh below. On thefe borders you may have 
 early or late crops, according to the afpetl ; but by no means 
 plant any deep-roo'ing plants, fuch as cabbages, beans, peas, 
 &c. (except early trame peas) which would be very hurtful to 
 the trees. 
 
 The reafons for allotting part of the outfide flip next the 
 ftable tor hot-beds for raifing melons and cucumbers, are, firft, 
 becaufe there will be no litter to carry in within the walls to 
 dirty the walk ; fecondly, the beds will not be feen from the 
 garden ; and laftly, the convenience of carrying the dung, 
 by which a great deal of time will be Caved in carting and 
 wheeling. 
 
 It will be neceflary, efpecially in expofed fituations, to 
 enclofe the melon ground with either a wall or paling from fix 
 to eight feet high. It was formerly a praftice to enclofe mel- 
 on-grounds with reed fences ; but, although they are tolerably 
 warm, and eafily removed from one place to another (be- 
 ing made in feparate panels) they are very apt to harbour ver- 
 min. 
 
 Melons are beft worked in brick pits, coped with flone 
 or oak, about twelve feet wide and two and a half deep : The 
 length fhould be according to the number of frames that you 
 work. The fize of the lights, for early melons, fhould be 
 five feet long, and three broad ; but for others they will re- 
 quire to be fix feet long, and four broad. The former fhould 
 be four and the latter three light boxes. For the pits, a nine- 
 inch wall will be fufficient ; and if they are intended for a 
 wood coping, the brick-layer muft build in fome pieces of 
 timber to fallen it to : But where flone can be had at a rea- 
 fonable rate, I would give it the preference, as wood rots very 
 foon. 
 
 There fhould be a walk between the ridges, about fix or 
 feven feet broad, fufhcient to admit a cart to carry dung, which 
 will be much more expeditious than wheeling. The walk 
 (hould be made up as high as the coping, and floping gently 
 towards each end ; the bottom fliould be filled up and covered 
 as before dire6led : This will be eafily kept clean ; fo that, 
 after your linings are made up, it may be kept as neat as if it 
 were in a pleafure ground. 
 
 It will be necelTary to make a loofe drain along the mid- 
 dle of the bottom of the pit, to convey away any wet, and 
 
 • Slugs avoid coaj afh walks, efpecially when new laid and rough ; luch 
 walks, therefore, may be of fervice, as they will, in feme degree, obftruft 
 tJie paflfage of flags aad fnails from one quarter to another. 
 
 w 
 
i62 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 the oozing tiom the Anm, to a ciftern, or tank, made on pur- 
 pofe to receive it. This moiflure, which is the Itrength oi the 
 clung, may be ufed tor watering cabbage-plants, cauli-flowers, 
 &c. or it may be throv^n on the ground ior manure. I have 
 expciienccd it to be much better than dung. 
 
 When a garden is planted and finiflied, it will be found 
 very convenient to have a plan ot it, with the name of each 
 tree inferted in its proper place. This 1 had done when the 
 new flips were laid cut in Kenfington-Gardens about ten or 
 eleven years ago, and have found it of great fervlce. 
 
 Walls of kitchen gardens fhould be from ten to fourteen 
 feet high ; the foundation fliould be two bricks or two bricks 
 and a half thick ; the ofF-fet fhould not be above one rourfe 
 higher than the level of the border ; and the wall fiiould then 
 fet off a brick and a half thick. If the walls are long, it will 
 be neceiTary to ftrengthen them with piers from forty to fixty 
 feet apart ; and thefe piers fliould not proje£l above half a 
 brick beyond the wall. I do not approve of fixed copings, 
 efpecially when they proje£l fo far as they are generally made 
 to do ; I would rather advife to have a moveable wooden cop- 
 ing, fixed on with iron hooks fafiened to pieces of wood built 
 into the tcp of the wall : Thefe copings would alfo be found 
 very convenient to faflen the nettings, &c. to in fpring, for 
 fheltering the fruit trees. If, however, any fhould prefer fix- 
 ed copings, they fliould not projefl above an inch on each 
 fide of tfie wall ; this fmall projection will be fufHcient to pre- 
 ferve the wall, and will not pi event the dew and rain from 
 falling on the upper parts of the trees, which is of great fer- 
 vice to them. Some copings are made of bricks convex on the 
 upper fide ; but 1 have lately feen a very good coping at 
 Afhted-Park, near Epfom : It is made of a fort of Welch 
 flate, to be had, of different fizes, at Mr. Samuel Wyatt's 
 flate-yard, Chrifi- church, near Blackfriar's Budge. This is 
 made to projefct about one inch, and anfwers exceedingly well. 
 Flat copings fhould have a little flope towards the North or 
 Eaft, according to the afpeft of the wall ; this will carry the 
 wet from the South and Weff fides, which otherwife would 
 be apt to injure the early blofTcms and fruit on the South and 
 Wefl walls in cold nights. 
 
 When bricks can be had, I would advife never to build 
 garden walls of ffone ; as it is by no means fo favourable to 
 the ripening of fruit as brick. When a kitchen garden con- 
 tains four acres, or upwards, it may be interfered by two or 
 more crofs walls, which will greatly augnient the quantity of 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 163 
 
 fruit, and alfo keep the garden warm and fheher it greatly 
 from high winds.* 
 
 • To thofe American gentlemen, who have land to lay out in pleafure 
 grounds, and moft of them have land, which might, at a very little expence, 
 be fodifpofed of, I would be? leave to recommend the perufal, and, indeed, 
 (he (ludy, of the late L.ird Orford's celebiated wosk on *' Modern Garden- 
 ing, and laying out of plealure grounds, parks, farms, ridings, &c &c. il- 
 luftrated by Defcriptions " This work is a m'ft excellent guide in the ftudy 
 of the higher order of gardening, and very far furpaffes what has been writ- 
 teo by Gilpin, and, indeed, by all other authors oa thefubje(£t. 
 
i64 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE ORCHARD. 
 
 Its Size, Situation, and Soil. — Choice of Trees, Preparing the 
 Ground^ Planting, &c. — An Annual lyajhjor Trees. 
 
 V-/RCHARDS are appropriated to the growth of flandard 
 fruit trees only, where a large fupply ot Iruit is wanted ; and 
 generally confift of apple-trees, pear-trees, plum-trees, and 
 cherry-trees; but a complete orchard fhould have, behdes, 
 quinces, medlars, mulberries, fervice-trees, filberts, Spanifh 
 nuts, and barberries ; as alfo walnuts and chefnuts ; the '.wo 
 latter of which are well adapted for fheltering the others from 
 high winds, and (hould theretoie be planted in the boundaries 
 ot the orchard, a little clofer than ordinary, for that puipofe. 
 In choofing your trees, too much care cannot be taken to admit 
 of none but fuch as have good roots, fair clean flems, and 
 proper heads. In feletting your pears and apples, efpecially 
 the latter, be careful to procure a proper aflortment for the 
 fupply of your table during the whole year : A very tew of 
 xh^JuTjimer forts will fuffice ; more of the autumn, and (till 
 more ot the winter ysiW be required; as upon this laft you 
 muft chiefly depend for fupply from the month of January 
 to July. [^See the Method of Prejerving Fnnt, chapter 25.] 
 
 In cyder-making counties, fuch as Hereford, Worcefter, 
 Gloucefter, Sornmerfet, and Devon, they have large orch- 
 ards ot apples ; and in fome counties, (Kent in particular) 
 there are orchards wholly of cherries. In general orchards, 
 however, there ought to be a much larger proportion of apples 
 than of any other fruit. Orchards, in proper fituations, are 
 very profitable ; befide, the trees have a delightlul appearance 
 when in blofom, and alfo when the fruit is ripe. 
 
 What has been faid refpeQing the fituation and foil of a 
 garden is alfo applicable to an orchard. The fituation of an 
 orchard fhould be rather elevated than low ; on a gentle decliv-^ 
 ity ; and open to the South and South Eaft, to give fiee ad- 
 HDtflion to the air and rays of the fuu (to dry up the damps 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 165 
 
 and difpcrfc 'he fogs,) which will render the trees healthy, 
 and give a fine flivour to the truit. An orchard fhould alfo be 
 well fheltered from the Eaft, North, and Wefterly winds, by- 
 plantations, it not naturally fheltered by rifing grounds. Thcfe 
 plantations of lore ft trees fhould neither be too large nor too 
 near the orchard ; as they would in that cafe prevent a free 
 circulation of the air, which would prove injurious to the fruit 
 trees. But, it the ground will not admit of fuch plantations, 
 I would advife planting crofs rows ot truit trees, as direfted 
 for gardens. I would alfo recommend planting fome ot the 
 largefl growing trees nearelt the outfides expofed to thofe 
 winds ; two or three rows ot which fhould be planted clofer 
 than ordinary, which would greatly fhelter thofe in the inte- 
 rior parts of the orchard. Walnut and chefnut trees, as has 
 been already obferved, are well adapted tor this purpofe. 
 
 As to the fize of an orchard, it may be from one to 
 twenty acres, or more, according to the quantity ot fruit want- 
 ed, or the quantity ot ground that you may have fit tor the 
 purpofe. 
 
 That foil which produces good crops ot corn, grafs, or 
 garden vegetables, will alfo do for an orchard ; but a loamy 
 foil is to be preferred ; though any ot a good quality, not too 
 hght or dry, nor wet, heavy, or ftubborn, but ot a mode- 
 rately foft and pliant nature, will be found to anfwer the end. 
 Shmgly and gravelly foils difagree very much with fruit trees, 
 unlefs there be loam intermixed.* They will fucceed much 
 better on a chalk bottom. On fuch a foil, I have feen roots 
 twelve teet deep, and trees thrive well. li the bottom be clay, 
 the roots fhould be cut in once in tour years to prevent them 
 from penetrating the clay, which would greatly injure the 
 trees. The foil fhould be from two to three feet deep ; be- 
 iore planting the trees, it fhould be trenched two fpits deep, 
 and ten leet broad where the rows are to be planted, and a f pit 
 below loofened, unlefs it be clay, which fhould be trodden 
 down. If it be pafture ground, it fhould be ploughed, and 
 well fummer-fallowed, till the grafs be killed, otherwife when 
 it is laid in the bottom in trenching, which it generally is, it 
 will be very apt to breed grubs, which will do much mifchief. 
 
 ♦ Where no better is to be had, the holes (hould be dug at leaft three 
 feet deep, and Ailed up wicli good mould ; if mixed up with rotten dung, rot- 
 ten leaves, or other manure, the trees will in time amply repay ibeexpence. 
 Ths dung uled (or this purpoie fhould be that from the melon and cucumber 
 beds, mixed with the mould from the fame, when the beds are broken up in 
 autumn, or winter ; it (hould be laid up in heaps, and continue lb for one 
 year at leaft ; but fhould be frc<]uent'y turned and hive fome good frelh 
 tnouid mii«d with it. 
 
i6t5 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Some only dig holes large enough to receive the roots, 
 cfpecially in grafs giound which is to be continued fo. Others 
 prepare the ground by deep ploughing, if the orchard is to be 
 •t>f great extent. The fward, if paflure, fhould be ploughed 
 in fomc tinfie in the Ipring : Give it a good fummer-tailow, 
 ploughing it two or three times, v/hich will rot the turf. A 
 fortnight or three weeks before planting, give the ground a 
 good deep ploughing to prepare it for the reception ot the 
 trees. The bed time for planting on a dry foil is in O6lober ; 
 but, it wet, the latter end of February, or the month of March, 
 will be a fitter feafon. 
 
 In planting, endeavour to fuit the trees as well as pofTible 
 <o the foil, and to plant them at proper dif^ances from each 
 other; which may be from forty to eighty feet, according to 
 the fize of the trees when full grown. Fruit trees, as has al- 
 ieady been obferved, when planted too thick, are very liable to 
 blights, and to be covered with mofs, which robs the tree ot a 
 great part of its nouriPnment, befides fpoiiing the flavour of the 
 fruit. Procure your trees from a foil nearly fimilar to, or 
 rather worfe than that where you intend to plant them; tor 
 trees tranfplantcd from a rich foil to a poorer never thrive well, 
 but it from a poor to a richer foil, they will generally fucceed. 
 
 If trees are planted in the quincunx order, and at the dif- 
 tance of eighty feet, the ground between the rows may be 
 ploughed and fown with wheat, tumips, &c. or planted with 
 potatoes. Ploughing or digging the ground, provided it be 
 not done fo deep as to hurt the roots, by admitting the fun and 
 rain to meliorate the ground, will keep the trees in a healthy, 
 flourifhing ftate. It will be necelTary to fupport the young 
 trees by tying them to flakes until they are well rooted, to pre- 
 vent their being loofened or blown down by the wind. The 
 fpring alter planting, if it prove dry, dig up fome turf, and lay 
 it round the flem of the young trees with the graify fide down- 
 wards ; this will keep the ground m.oifi, and fave a deal oE 
 watering : It the trees have taken well, this need not be re- 
 peated, as they will be out ot danger the fir(t year. The turt" 
 ihould be laid as far as you think the roots of the trees extend : 
 and when it is rotted, it fhould be dug in, which will be o£ 
 great fervice to them. 
 
 Trees that are of very different fizes when full grown 
 fliould not be planted promifcuoufly ; but, if the toil be prop- 
 erly adapted, plant the larger in the back paitor higher grtiund, 
 or at the North ends of the rows, if they run neariy Worth and 
 South, and the others in fuccclTion according to their fize. 
 ii'^ruit trees planted in this manner will have a fine effect when 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 16; 
 
 •rown up; but if (liey are planted promifcuoufly, they will 
 not appear lo agrecab.e to the eye ; and, befides, the imaller 
 Irees will be fliaded by the larger, which will injure them, and 
 fpoil the flavour ot the fruit. 
 
 Orchards fhould be dunged once in two cr three years. 
 The ftems of trees in thole where cattle feed (hould be high 
 enough 10 prevent their eating the lower branches; and fenc- 
 ed in iuch a manner as to prevent their being barked, or injur- 
 ed, by the cattle rubbing againft them, paiticularly whea 
 young ; which m ^y be done by triangles of wood, or the trees 
 may be bulhed with ihotns, &c. The trees are to be pruned 
 and managed as already direfcled for apples, pea!S, plums, &c. 
 
 li the lui! be wet, it mufl be drained, as already diredled 
 for a garden. When the furtace of the ground is wet, and has 
 a little riefcent, it may be formed into a kind of ridges, by mak- 
 ing a furrow, Irom one foot to two ieet deep, between every 
 two rows. Hoping the ground regularly on each fide, Irorn <i 
 reafonable dilLnce to the bottom of the furrow. Thefe hol- 
 lov\'s will carry off the water, and render the fiuface dry and 
 healthy. It pafture, the turf may be (iril pared oitT, and after- 
 wards re-laid v^hen the furrow is made. 
 
 In orchards, where cattle are not permitted to go, I would 
 prefer dwarf-trees to (landards, taking care to proportion the 
 diflance of the rows to the fize of the ire^s. But in orchards 
 kept for paftuie it will be necelFiry to pl-ml flandards. 
 
 Burning ol rotten wood, M-eeds, potatoe haulm, wet flraw, 
 &c. on the windward fide of the trees when they are in blo!- 
 fom, will be lound a good prefervative liom blights, caterpil- 
 lars, &c. 
 
 I would recommend wafiiing the trees annually, in the 
 month of February or Mai ch, with the following mixture, 
 which will defrroy the eggs of iniecis, and prevent mofs froin 
 growing on the trunks and branches : It will alfo help to nour- 
 ifh the tree, keeping the bark fine and healthy ; and will have 
 the fame efFeft on it as atop drcfTmg has upon grafs land.* 
 
 Mix freffi cow-dung with urine and laap-fuds, and with 
 this mixture walh over the (ferns and branches of the trees, as 
 a white- waOier would walh the ceiling or wails of a room ; 
 taking care to cutoff all the cankery parts, and to fcrape offidl 
 the moTs, before you lay tlic mixture on. In the couil'e oi the 
 fpring or fummer, you will fee a fine new bark, coming on. 
 When the old bark is cankeiy,you mult pare it off:"vv'iih a dra'.v- 
 
 * This (hoiiIJ nevei be negleitod in AmcricJ, '.^'Kie l!-.e isficls ai^ :hi 
 ]nM of cultivaiion. 
 
i68 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 knife, or fuch a long knite as I hare had made on purpofe, ef- 
 pecially for wall-trees, where the draw- knife cannot be appli- 
 ed, next the wall. The knives and other tools for drefling 
 decayed trees will be defcribed hereafter.* When you fee it 
 cecefTary to take all the outer bark off, you muft cover the 
 item, &c. with the compofition and powder, patting it gently 
 down, as in the cafe when large limbs are cut off. 
 
 If the above wafh be repeated in autumn, after the fall of 
 the leaf, it will deftroy the eggs of a great many infe£ls that 
 hatch in autumn and winter. This wafhing will be found ot 
 great fervice to all kinds of truit and toreft trees whatever. 
 
 * See p!ate ij. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 169 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 OF GATHERING APPLES AND PEARS. 
 
 The Time and Manner of Gathering them : and of the Mm- 
 agetnent oj the Fruit-Room — Of Packing Fruit for Carriage. 
 
 Xxs Apples fiiaken or beaten down with a pole never keep 
 in winter, they ought al! to be hfind-picked, by a perfon ftand- 
 ing on fteps made on purpofe. 
 
 The fteps fliould be H^ht, for convenience of moving 
 from one place to another ; and fo contrived, that the ladder 
 may be difengaged from the back at pleafure; which may eafi- 
 ly be done if they are falldned together by a bolt at top. There 
 fhould be a broad Hep at top to Hand on, with room for the 
 bafket which is to hold the fruit. When you begin to gather 
 the fruit, you (liould be provided with hand-bafketsof different 
 fizes, and alfo with large bafkets, or hampers, and whcel-bar- 
 rows. You muft lay fome fhort grafs mowings, perfeQly dry, 
 (which you ought to provide tor ihe purpofe m fumir.er, and 
 keep in a fhed or any other dry place, till wanted) at the bot- 
 toms of the large bafkets and hampers, to prevent ihe fruit 
 from being bruifed. 
 
 Obferve attentively when the apples and pears are ripe ; 
 and do not pick them always at the fame regular time of the 
 year, as is the practice with many. A dry feafon will forward 
 the ripening o\ huit, and a vvret one retard it ; fo that there 
 will fometimes be a month or five weeks difference in the 
 proper time of gathering. The method that I have pra£fifed 
 is, to obferve when the fruit begins to fall (I do not mean what 
 we call wind-lails, or the tallmg of fuch as are infeflcd with 
 the caterpillar, &c. but found fruit, j I then put my hand under 
 it, and if it comes off without any force being ufed, I take it 
 for granted that the fruit is perfectly ripe, uniefs the tree be 
 fickly, which is eafily known by the leaves or fruit being fliriv- 
 eled. If the foregoing obfervations aie attended to, the fruit 
 will keep well and be plump, and not fhriveled, as is the cafe 
 with all fruit that is gathered before it is ripe. 
 
i70 
 
 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 The perfon on the fteps fhould pick the (rult carefuHy, 
 and lay it gently into the balket on the top ot the fteps ; for it 
 It be in the lealt Lruifcd it will not keep. For (lie fair.e :ea- 
 ion, great care muft be taken in emptying the fruit out of the 
 Ijand-bafliets, when full, into the large bafkets or hampers. It 
 inoje than one laige b<dkct be wheeled at once, which may 
 generally be done, the lower ones muii not be fo full as to let 
 the bottom of the upper one touch the fruit. It will alfo be 
 necefl'ary to put fome of the foft dry grafs between ti:ie baPseis, 
 and alfo over the fruit in the upper bafkct. 
 
 When the truit begins to fall of itfelt, cover the ground 
 under the tree with fome of the ihort grafs mowings, or if that 
 cannot be procured, with foir^e peafe-hauhn, or oat or barley- 
 iiraw, quite dry ; this will preferve the Iruit from bruifing 
 Vvhen it drops; the fruit which thus falls of itfeif fliould be 
 laid up leparate Irom, and ufcd befoie that which is hand- 
 picked, according to the feafon in which they are to be fent 
 lo the table. Should any be bruifed by falling on one another, 
 they ihou'd be thrown afide, as only fit tor baking, or to be 
 given to the pigs. 
 
 When all the fruit is gathered in, rake off the fhort grafs, 
 &c. and throw it up to rot, or mix it up with dung, cr leave.? 
 o? trees ; for it it remain on the ground during the winter, it 
 will h.atbonr flags. 
 
 When the bolt of the Reps is taken out, and the ladder 
 and back part feparated, the ladder will then be fit to ufe in 
 gathering fruit off wall trees; only it will be necelTary tofcrew 
 on the upper part of it two pieces of iron, or eail two pieces 
 ot a.Ot or Oak, about fix or eight inches long, to keep it far 
 enough iiom the wall to prevent the tree from fuifaining any 
 damage in the barker branches; which would infallibly bring 
 on the capiker. 
 
 When the fruit is carried to the fruit room, lay fome of 
 the dry Ciort grafs on the ilocr in the area of the room ; then 
 take the tiuit gently cut ot the baikets, and lay it in heaos on 
 the top of the grafs, keeping each fort in a feparate heap ; the 
 hesps may be trom two tn three feet high, or according to the 
 quajitity ot truit that you have. When the heaps are complet- 
 ed, cover the lops at lead two inches thick with flioit grafs, 
 in order to fweat them. Let them lie a fortnight, then open 
 the hedjiS and turn thern over, wiping each apple or pear with 
 y diy woollen cloth, which ihould be frequently dried during 
 the piocefs, obfcrving now to lay in the middle the fruit which 
 before w^.s at the top. Let the heaps now remain eight or ten 
 fiiays, covcjcd as before ; by that tinie they will have thrown 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 
 
 171 
 
 out the watery crudities which they may have imbibed during 
 a wet feafon ; then uncover the heaps, and wipe the Imit care- 
 fully one by one, as before, picking out every one that is in- 
 jured, or has the lea ft fpot, as unfit tor iceeping. 
 
 Fruit ftiould be gathered, if poflible, in dry weather, and 
 when the dew is exhaled from oflF the trees ; and remember 
 never to gather in the evening alter the dew begins to fail. 
 
 During the time that the fiuit is fweating, the windows 
 fhould be left open, except in wet and foggy weather, to ad- 
 mit the air to carry off the moilture v/hich perfpircs from the 
 Iruit. The perfpiration will fometimes be fo great, that on 
 putting your hand into the heap, it will come out as wet as if 
 it had been dipped into a pail of Vv-ater : When in this ftate, 
 it will be necefTary to turn and wipe the fruit. 
 
 In laying up fruit, the common praftice has been to lay 
 ft on clean wheat ftraw ; but 1 find by experience, that when 
 any of the fruit begins to decay, if it be not immediately pick- 
 ed out, the ftraw, by imbibing the moifture from the decayed 
 fruit, will become tainted, and communicate a difagreeable 
 tafte to the found fruit. 
 
 I would likewife caution thofe who ere6l new flielves in 
 their fruit-rooms, to have the limber'well feafoned, and to 
 make ufe of white deal in preference to red, as the latter, ef- 
 pecially if not very well feafoned, is apt to give a very difa- 
 greeable rifinous tafte to the fruit, which quite fpoilsits flavour. 
 1 would, therefore, recommend covering the bottoms of the 
 fhelves with thin coarfe canvafs, (fuch as may be purchafed 
 lor about eight or ten pence a yard) on which the fruit fhould 
 be laid in a fingle layer, after being wiped perfeftly dry ; but 
 by no means lay them a-top of one another. When that is 
 done, cover them with a piece of the fame canvafs, or thin 
 flannel, or with old newfpapers, or whitifh brown paper, which 
 will, in a great meafure, exclude the air, prevent the froft from 
 injuring the fruit, and preferve a beautiful fmoothnefs on its 
 fkin. The fruit fhould be turned two or three times during 
 the winter ; as delicate and tender fruit, by lying long with- 
 out turning, is apt to rot on the underfide, even if perfe61ly 
 found when laid up. Be particularly careful, however, to pick 
 out all the damaged fruit. 
 
 When the fruit is laid in, put the earlieft forts on the lower 
 fhelves, or in the lower drawers, according to the time of com- 
 ing in, beginning with the Nonefuch, Golden Rennet, and 
 Jenneting Apples, andBergamotand Beurre Pears, (lor 1 find 
 by experience, that the Jargonelle keeps W^ on the tree, as, \i 
 
172 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 gathered, it rots almoft immediately ;) thus, by proper man- 
 agement, you may have a conftant fucceflion of truit from 
 one feafon to the other 
 
 When there are l.Tge quantities of fruit, it will require a 
 great deal of time to lay it ..n the flielves, &c. this bufinefs 
 may therelore be done in wet weather, or m the evenings, 
 when you cannot conveniently fpare your men from the out 
 door work in ihe r'ay time. 
 
 Thofe who keep their fruit in ftore-houfes, for the fupply 
 of the London anci other markets, as well as thrfe who have 
 not proper truit-rooms, may keep their apples and pears in baf- 
 kets or hampers ; putting lome foft paper in the bottoms and 
 round the edges ol the bafkets, &c to keep the fruit from be- 
 ing bruifed ; then put in a layer of Irult and over that another 
 layer ol paper ; and fo on, a layer of fruit and of paper alter- 
 nately, till the balket or hamper be full : Cover the top with 
 paper three or tour times double, to exclude the air and froft 
 as much as pofTible. Every diflerent fort ot Iruit fhould be 
 packed feparaiely ; and it will be proper to fix a label to each 
 bafket or hamper, with the name of the fruit that it contains, 
 and the time of its being fit for ufe. 
 
 But the beft way of keeping Iruit is, to pack it in glazed 
 earthen jars. The pears or apples mull be feparately wrapped 
 tip in foft paper, then put a little well dried bran in the boitom 
 of the jar, and over the bran a layer of fruit ; then a little more 
 bran to fil! up the interftices between the truit, and to cover it ; 
 and fo on, a layer of fruit and of bran alternately, till the jar 
 be full ; then lliake it gently, which will make the fruit and 
 bran fink a little ; fill up the vacancy at top with more bran, 
 and lay fome paper over if, covering the top with a piece of 
 bladder to exclude the air ; then put on the top or cover of 
 the jar, obferving that it fits as clofely as pofTible. Thefe jars 
 fliould be kept in a room where you can have a fire in wet or 
 damp weather. 
 
 Of Packing Fruit Jor Carriage. 
 
 If fruit be to be fent to any confiderable dlftance, great 
 care fhould be taken in packing it, which fhould not be in 
 bafkets, as they are liable to be bruifed among heavy luggage, 
 and the fruit, ot courfe, will be injured. 1 would, therelore, 
 recommend boxes made ot ftrong deal, ot difTercnt fizes, ac- 
 cording to the quantity ot truit to be packed. The following 
 are the dimenfions of the boxes in which we fend fruit by the 
 coach to Windfor and Weymouth, for the ufe ot his Majefly 
 and the Royal family, viz. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 173 
 
 The larger box is two feet long, fourteen inches broad, 
 and the fame in depth. The fmaller box is one foot nine inch- 
 es long, one foot broad, and the fame deep. Thefe boxes 
 are made ot inch deal, and well lecured with three iron clamps 
 at each corner ; they have two fmall iron handles, one at each 
 end, by which they are faftened to the root ot the coach : In 
 thele boxes we fend melons, currants, pears, peaches, ne6la- 
 rines, plums, and grapes, packed fo as always to have the heav- 
 ieft fruit at bottom. The melons are wrapped up in folt pa- 
 per, the pears, peaches, ne£farines, plums, and grapes, aiefirft 
 wrapped up in vine leaves, and then in paper. The cherries 
 and currants are packed in a flat tin box, one foot four inches 
 long, ten inches broad, and tour deep. 
 
 In packing proceed thus : — Firft put a layer ot fine long 
 dry mofs in tlie bottom ot the tin box, then a layer ot cur- 
 rants 01 cherries, then another layer ot mofs ; and fo on, al- 
 ternately truit and mofs, until the box is fo full, that when the 
 lid is hafped down the truit may be fo firmly packed as to pre- 
 ferve them trom triwion. 
 
 Make a layer ot fine mofs and fliort fott dry grafs, well 
 mixed, in the bottom ot the deal box ; then pack in the melons 
 with fome ot the fame, packing it tight in between all the rows, 
 and alfo between the melons, in the tame row, till you have 
 finifhed the layer; choofing the fruit as nearly ut a fize as 
 pofTible, filling up every interftice with the mofs and grafs. 
 When the melons are packed, lay a thin layer ot mo!r. and grafs 
 over them, upon which place the tin box with the currants, 
 packing it firmly all round with mofs to prevent it trom fliak- 
 ing: then put a thin layer ot mofs over the box, and pack the 
 pears firmly (but fo as not to bruife them) on that layer, in the 
 fame manner as the melons ; and fo on with the peaches, nec- 
 tarines, plums, and laftly, the grapes, filling up the box with 
 mofs, that the lid may fhut down fo tight as to prevent any 
 friftion among the truit. The boxes fhould have locks, and 
 two keys, v^hich may ferve for them all ; each of the pcrfons 
 who pack and unpack the fruit having a key. 
 
 The mofs and grafs fliould always be returned in the 
 boxes, which, with a little addition, will ferve the whole fea- 
 fon, being fhaken up and well aired after each journey, and 
 keeping a fweet and clean. Alter the wooden box is locked, 
 it will be necelTary to cord it firmly. 
 
 My reafon for being fo particular on packing of fruit is, 
 that 1 have known inftances of its beinsj totally fpoiled in the 
 carriage firom improper packing. 
 
174 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 By purfuing the above method, we have never failed of 
 fuccefs; and it fruit be packed according to the foregoing di- 
 reftions, it may be fent to the tartheft parts of the kingdom, by 
 coaches or waggons, with perfeft fafety. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 17^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 OF THE CANKER AND GUM. 
 
 A Defcriplion of the Canker ; its Origin and Prog refs. — Full 
 Diredionsfor Curing it. — Of the Gum and 2ts Remedy. 
 
 1. HE Canker is a difeafe incident to trees, which occafions 
 the bark to grow rough and fcabby, and turns the wood af- 
 feded to a rulty brown colour. This difeafe, if no remedy 
 be applied, will in time totally kill the tree. 
 
 Apple-trees are very liable to be infefted with the cank- 
 er from the following caufes, viz. 
 
 From injudicious pruning, from the foot-ftalks of the 
 truit being left on the trees, and from injuries fuftained by 
 applying ladders in gathering the fruit; thefe injuries are ve- 
 ry hurttul to the tree, and will infallibly bring on the canker 
 when no remedy is applied. A man ought to ftand.on fteps, 
 inftead of a ladder, when the trun is out of his reach from the 
 ground. Care fliould alfo be taken in nailing, that the {hred» 
 be not too tight, which caufes a fwelling in the (hoot, and ve- 
 ry often produces the canker. 
 
 Another caufe of the canker is, when we have very wet 
 autumns, fuch as that of 1799, which prevents the young 
 wood from ripening, and a hard froft fetting in after, it kills 
 the young (hoots; thele, if left on the tree, will bring on the 
 canker, and increafe it rapidly. Birds and infe6fs devouring 
 the buds will have the fame effe6t. 
 
 Carelefs people frequently leave the dead (hoots on the 
 tree throughout the fummer, which will infallibly bring on the 
 canker. Some even leave them for years, until the tree is to- 
 tally killed. They (hould be cut off in the end of April, or 
 beginning of May ; as by that time you will be able to fee 
 how far the difeafe has advanced. I would advife to cut two 
 or three buds, or even more, below the apparently difcdfed 
 part, as the canker frequently reaches a great way farther in 
 the heart of the fhoot tfian it appears to do on the outfide ; you 
 muft cut down till the brown colour in the (hoot difappears, 
 and nothing remains but found white wood. 
 
176 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 The truth of the foregoing obfervations will appear evi- 
 dent to any perfon who takeb notice ot the apple-trees with 
 their tnutildted flag- looking heads, as he rides or walks along 
 the rozd. 
 
 h IS a general opinion, that the canker in all trees pro- 
 ceeds from the nature ot the ground in which they are planted ; 
 fuch as a lour clav, ^ fhingly or gravely foil, &c. 
 
 My late and much efteemed triend, Mr. Hudfon, author 
 of the 'Flora Anglica,' was of this opinion, till I convinced 
 him of the contrary by f(»me experiments made at NutwelJ, 
 near Exeter, the (cat of the late Sir Francis Drake, a gentle- 
 man very fond of gardenmg and agriculture. Mr. Hudfon 
 faid, it would be to no purpofe to make any attempt to cure 
 the apple-trees, as the ground was of fuch a nature as to bring 
 on the canker. The trees were, indeed in a fad condition, be- 
 ing coveted all over with lichens and mofs. and very much 
 inle6fed with the canker. I requefted Mr. Hadfbn to fix on 
 fome ot the worft; we then defired the gardener to open the 
 ground round their roots, wfiich we found perfeftly found, the 
 bark of them fmooth, and not the leaft appearance of the 
 canker to be feen. 
 
 The Ccinker, as before obferved, proceeds from bruifes ia 
 the bark, from limbs cut off, &c. When ihtfe limbs begin to 
 rot and grow hollow, they convey the canker to the root ; for 
 it always proceeds from the branches and Hem to the roots, 
 and never from the roots to the tree. 
 
 It is granted, however, that all fruit trees love a fine rich 
 mellow loam, and thrive much better in it than m a fhingly or 
 gravely foil. 
 
 When by accident, or improper treatment, trees receive 
 large wounds, and the cure is left to nature, they are frequent- 
 ly overrun with gum and canker, which, if not checked, will 
 in a fhort time totally ruin them. 
 
 In this cafe you muft carefully pare off, with a draw-knife, 
 or any other convenient inflrument, all the difeafed part of 
 the bark. The inner white bark is frequently infefted; this 
 muft alio be cut away till no appearance of iufeftion remains. 
 The intention in the inner bark appears like dots made with a 
 pen, all of which muft be cut clean out; for, if any pait ot 
 the canker be left, it will infeft the new wood and bark.— 
 Wherever you fee gum oozing out, you may reft affured that 
 the canker is not quite eradicated ; which, if fuffered to remain, 
 will fpread till the whole tree becomes a mafs of gum and 
 canker, and will be killed in a very fhort time. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 177 
 
 When the trunk is become hollow, cut the loofe rotten 
 part clean out till you come to the found wood, taking care to 
 round the edges ot the hoiiow part ; then apply the compohtion 
 in a liquid ftate, laying it on whh a painter's bruHi wherever 
 the cankered bark has been pared off, or the dead wood cut 
 out, till thefe places are entirely covered wiih it : When that 
 is done, (hake fome ot" the powder ot wood-aflies and burnt 
 bones over the compofition, and pat it fxently down wid) your 
 hand. ^See iks chapter on the making and laying on oftlu 
 Compofition.~\ 
 
 It the foregoing dire^ions be carefully followed, the 
 canker will be completely eradicated, and the hollow trunk 
 in time be filled up with found wood. 
 
 When the ftem is much decayed, it will be abfoluteI}r 
 neceffary to open the ground, examine the roots, and cut off 
 all the rotten parts. When you have cut out all the rotten and 
 decayed parts below grijumd, and fcraped the hollow clean, 
 make up a mafs ot'thc compofition mixed with fome clay, 
 like what is ufed tor grafting ; then fill the hollow part with it 
 to within about two inches ot the fui tacc ot the ground, tread- 
 ing it in with your toot, or preffing it in with the hand, as clofe 
 as you poffibly can, to prevent the wet from penetrating to the 
 roots, and leave the furtace of the compofition floping from 
 the tree toward' the out fide ot the border, to throw the wet 
 off, which will prevent the freHi part ot the root from rotting ; 
 then cover the root over with moald level with the reft of the, 
 
 border. 
 
 When you have examined all the old wounds where large 
 limbs have been cutoff, you fnonld next examine the old bark 
 and, if you tind the outftde of it 'vv^rinklcd and cracked, pare 
 it off. as it is always, when in that Uate, very much hurt by 
 the canker. This fhould be done with the draw-knife, or eth- 
 er fliarp inftrument ; then apply the compofition a^ before di- 
 refted, which will bring a fine fmooth bark under if. In tho 
 fucceeding winter, or fpring, you will fee all fiie plaller, with 
 the old part of the bark that was left in the hollow parts of the 
 tree, or where old branches had been amputated, peeling off" 
 and fliewing the fmooth bark underneath. You Ihould theti 
 fcrape off, with a wooden or bone knite, what old bark re- 
 mains in the hollows where the draw-knife could not reach 
 without cutting too much away. When that is done, rnix up 
 fome frcffi cow-dung with foap-fuds and urine, making it very- 
 thin, and give the tree a coat ot this mixture all over where the 
 bark has been fcraped off : The cow-dung will adhere to it, 
 and heal the parts where you were obliged to fcrape to the m- 
 
178 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 rcr bark. This wafh will remain till the frefh bark comes on ; 
 then it will be difcharged of itfeU during the fummer, or the 
 next fpring, leaving a new trefh fmooth bark where the old 
 and cankery was taken off. Next Tpring, if any of the old 
 baik remains, you may repeat the fame opevation, which will 
 cauie all the remaining old bark to flough off like a fcab from 
 a wound on the human body. 
 
 By thefe means you will keep your trees in a fine flourifli- 
 ing healthy fiate, and, in general, pievent them from becom- 
 ing bark- bound. If any of them, notwithflanding, fhould be 
 bark-bound, you muft fcarify them, by taking a iharp knife, 
 and running the point of it ffraight down the middle of the; 
 Hem from top to bottom ; taking care to run your knife through 
 the outer bark only ; then, with a bruni, or your finger, rub 
 in fome of the compofition, to prevent theincifion from bring- 
 ing on the canker. This operation will caufe the tree to ex- 
 pand the bark and become very flourifliing. 
 
 Remember to cut off all the ends of the fmall fhoots 
 where the canker had injured them laft year. Cut off alfo the 
 old fruit- ffalks, and all the fmall dead Hubs, which, if left, 
 will never fail to bring on the canker. 
 
 The rough or cankery bark on that fide of trees whicli is 
 next the wall, fhould be fcraped or pared off with a tool made 
 in the form of a fickle, which, with other tools, will be de- 
 fcribed hereafter. 
 
 It is much to be regretted, that fruit trees in general 
 throughout this kingdom are in a mutilated unfruitful ffate. 
 After gentlemen have pui chafed the young trees from nurfe- 
 ries, and planted them in their orchards and gardens, they think 
 every thing neceffary is done ; when, in fafcf, the greater part 
 of the work is yet to come. In packing and carriage, the ftems 
 and branches are very frequently bruifed ; in that cafe, the 
 injured parts of the bark and wood mult be carefully cut out, 
 and the compofition immediately applied : This may be done 
 when you head the trees, uhich operation fhould be perlormed 
 in April, May, or even June, when the bud begins to flioot ; but 
 by no means cut off any of the fhoots, except thofe thatare 
 broken or bruifed very much. When this is neglefted, the 
 canker will follow, to the great injury, it not the death of the 
 trees. How common is it to fee, in all parts of the country, 
 great numbers ot trees fo affefted with this difeafe as not to 
 produce fruit enough in twelve or fourteen years to pay hall 
 theexpence attending them : Whereas, if they were to be man- 
 aged according to the foregoing direttions, they would more 
 than pay all the exptnce in three years. It is common, when 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. &c. 179 
 
 young trees do not thrive, either to blame the nurferymen tor 
 fending bad or difeafed trees, or to attribute their umhriving 
 flate to the nature ot the foil ; whereas the iafcl is, that this 
 frequently arifes from the inattention or mifmanagement ot 
 the perfon who plants and fuperintends them. If tlie injured 
 and difeafed parts be not cut out at an early period, the trees 
 will not thrive, but will become cankery and Hunted, and can- 
 not be recovered afterwards without a "great deal of labour 
 and trouble ; whereas, if the direfctions given for heading 
 trees the firft year, and cutting out the difeafed parts, be at- 
 tended to the trees will flourifli, and bear large crops of fine 
 and well-flavoured Iruit. 
 
 The Gum. 
 
 The Gum is a kind of gangrene incident to fruit trees of 
 the ftone kind, and arifes from the following caufes : From 
 injudicious pruning, from bruiles, or any injuries received in 
 the wood or bark. This may happen from ftrokes of the ham- 
 mer in nailing, from pinching the fhoois by nailing the flireds 
 too tight, or by driving the nails too clofe to the branches. It 
 may alfo be occafioned by leaving the toot-ftalks of the fruit, 
 or by pruning in fummer and cutting the fhoots to fhort flumps, 
 and by injuries fulfained by a carelefs apphcation ot ladders 
 in nailing and gathering the fruit, &c. but it particularly orig- 
 inates where large limbs have been lopped or broken off. — 
 This difeafe may be known before the gum itfclf makes its ap- 
 pearance. The bark at firft becomes of a brownifli colour, 
 which gradually grows darker, till at laft the gum begins to 
 ooze out like little blifters. As foon as any ot thefe fymp- 
 loms are obferved, the infefled part fhould be cut oat with 
 a fharp inftrument, and the compofition and powder applied 
 immediately. You muft obferve to cut out the gum per- 
 feftly clean ; you will fee it oozing out from between the wood 
 and bark ; This muft be followed till you come to the white 
 clean bark and wood. It afterwards any gum fhould make its 
 appearance, it muft be fcraped off; which is beft done when 
 it is raoiftened with rain, as you can then fcrape it ofTeafily 
 without hurting the bark. This muft be done without delay, 
 otherwife the difeafe will rapidly advance. 
 
 When trees are hollow, it will be neceffary to examine 
 them carefully to fee whether any grubs have entered the bark 
 and wood, which you will know by their perforating the bark. 
 If there be any, they muft be carefully cut out belore the com- 
 pofition is applied. 
 
48q treatise on the CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 OF THE MILDE\v^ HONEYDEW, AND BLIGHTS. 
 » 
 
 A Defcriptwn of the Mildew, and a Remedy for it, — Of iht 
 Honey dew, and its Rmedv. — A Dejcription of different forts 
 cj Bh^kts, a?id the beji Means oj preventing tlwn. 
 
 •■<>. ..<>.-<>"<y-. .<K- 
 
 OF THE MILDEW. 
 
 JL HE mildew, a difeafe very hurtful to plants, is a kind of 
 thick clamoiy moillure, which falls on, or rather tranfpires 
 from the leaves and bloiToms ot plants. This clammy fub- 
 Ilance, by flopping up the pores, prevents pcrfpiration, and 
 hinders the growth of the plant. But what is commonly call- 
 ed mildew is an infeft which is frequently found in vaft num- 
 bers feeding upon this moifture. Mr. T, S. Segar, in a trea- 
 tife upon this fubje8, fays, that the meldew is of a very fharp 
 corroiive nature, and by its acrimony hinders the circulation 
 ot the nutritious fap ; in confequence of which the leaves be- 
 gin to fade, and the blofTjms and truit are greatly injured. 
 
 I have obferved that, contrary to the common opinion, 
 trees are more liable to mildew on South and Weft walls, than 
 on an Eaft wall ; and I have frequently removed fuch trees 
 Irom a South or Weft wall, to a Noith or Eaft wail, v,dicre 
 they have perfefily recovered. 
 
 Whenever you apprehend danger, wafii or fprinkle the 
 trees with urine and lime-water mixed; and when the young 
 and tender flioots are much inlefcied, it will be neceiTary to 
 wafli them well with a woollen cloth dipped in the following 
 mixture, fo as to clear thetn of all the glutinous matter, that 
 their refpiration and pcrfpiration may not be obftrufted. 
 
 Take tobacco one pound, fulpur two pounds, unflaked 
 lime one peck, and about a pound of elder buds ; pour on the 
 above ingredients ten gallons of boiling water ; cover it clofe, 
 and let it ftand till cold ; then add as nmch cold water as will 
 fill a hogfhead. It fliould ftand two or three days to fettle, 
 then take off the fcura, and i,t is fit for ufe. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 181 
 
 Of the Honey dtw. 
 
 The honeydew is a fweet faccharine fubftance found on 
 the leaves ot certain irces, and is generally fuppofcd to fall 
 from Heaven like dew, but this is a miftaken opinion. One 
 kind of honeydew tranTpires from the leaves of the trees where 
 it is found, and the other is the excrement of a fmall infcft 
 called a vine fretter, a fpecies ot aphis. Bees and ants are ve- 
 ry fond ot both thefe kinds ot hone) dew. 
 
 As the honeydew by its vifcous quali'y, clofes up the 
 pores, and {tops the perfpiration ot trees, it muff of courfe be 
 very hurtful to them. ? his dileafe fhould be treated in the 
 fame manner as the mildew ; but as has been already obferv- 
 ed, trees fhould be watered, or waflied, early enough in the 
 day to get dry before the cold ot the night comes on ; nor 
 (hould it be done while the fun fliinrs very hot, which would 
 be likely to fcorch the blofToms and leaves. 
 
 OJ BHgkis. 
 
 Blights are very deftruflive to fruit trees, fometimes de- 
 ftroying the whole tree ; but more frequently the leaves aud 
 bloflbms, while the tree itfclt remains unhurt. 
 
 One caufeof the blight is, the continuance of a dryEaft- 
 erly wind for feveral days together, which ffops the perfpira- 
 tion in the tender bloffom ; and a long continuance of the 
 fame weather equally aflfefts the tender leaves, caufing them 
 to wither and decay, the perfpiring matter is thereby rendered 
 thick and glutinous, and fo becomes food for thofe fmall in- 
 fects which are always found in vaft numbers on fruit trees 
 that are affetf ed by this fort ot blight. 
 
 Thefe infe^is, however, are not the original caufe, as fome 
 imagine, but the natural confequence of blights ; for wherev- 
 er they meet with fuch a proper nutriment they multiply a- 
 mazingly, and greatly promote the diftemper when no meth- 
 od is taken to prevent it. 
 
 The bell remedy for this defteraper that I know of is, to 
 wafli them with urine and foapfuds, as before direfted ; and 
 the (ooner this is performed, Vv'henever we apprehend danger, 
 the better ; it the young and tender (hoots teem to be much 
 infefted, wafh them with a wool lets cloth dipped in the fame 
 liquid that is recommended for the mildew. 
 
 Another caufeof blights in the fpring will be found in 
 Iharp hoary froits, which aie often fucceeded by hot fun-fhine 
 in the day time ; thefe are certain and fudden deftruft ion to 
 the fru'.t. Sharp pinching trolly mornings, which often happen 
 when the trees are in flo'.ver, or while the fruit is very young. 
 
iB2 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 occafions the blofToms or fruit to drop off, and fomstimes 
 greatly injure the tender fiioots and leaves. 
 
 The only method yet found out to prevent this mifchief 
 is, the carefully covering the walls with netting, &;c. as before 
 direfted.* The covering is to remain on during the niglit, 
 and to be taken off in the day-time. This method has been 
 reckoned of little fervice by fome, which, indeed, may be the 
 cafe when the coverings are not properly ufed ; for, if the trees 
 are kept too long covered, the young branches and leaves will 
 be fo weak as not to be able to bear the open air when they 
 are expofed to it. 
 
 The fame confequences will follow when the trees are 
 incautioufly expofed to the air after having been long cov- 
 ered. 
 
 But it the covering be properly performed, it will fre- 
 quently preferve the fruits under it, when there happens al- 
 moft a general failure in the neighbourhood where this pre- 
 caution has been neglected. The great trouble which feems 
 to attend it may deter many from putting it in pra6iice ; yet if 
 the nettings, or other coverings, be fo contrived as to draw up 
 and let down by means of puUies, the bufinefs may be done 
 with eafe and expeduion ; and the fuccels attending it, will 
 make ample amends. 
 
 But what is called a blight, is frequently no more than a 
 weaknefs or diftemper in trees. This is the cafe when trees 
 againft the fame wall and enjoying the fame advantages in ev- 
 ery refpefcl, differ greatly in their fiealth and vigour, the weak 
 ones appearing to be continually blighted, while the others re- 
 main in a flourifhlng condition. This very great difference, 
 in Inch circumftances, can be attributed only to the different 
 conftitutions of the trees, proceeding from a want of proper 
 nourifliment, or from fome bad qualities in the foil, fome dif- 
 temper in the ftock, buds, or cions, or from mifmanagement 
 in the pruning, &c. all of which are produtlive of dillempers 
 in trees, of which they are with difficulty cured. 
 
 It the fault be in the foil, it muft be dug out, and trefh 
 mould put in its place; or the trees muft be taken up, and 
 others IJetter adapted to the foil planted in their room. It will 
 be found abfolutely necefTary always to endeavour to fuit the 
 particular forts of fruits to the nature of the foil ; for it is in 
 vain to expe6l all forts of truit to be good in the fame foil. 
 
 It the weaknefs of the tree proceed from an inbred dif- 
 temper, it will be advifable to remove it at once, and, alter 
 renewing the earth, to plant another in its place. 
 
 * Ptge 21, aa, 49. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRIUT TREES, &c. 183 
 
 But if the weaknefs has been brought on by ill manage- 
 ment in the pruning, which is frequently the cafe, 1 would 
 advife the method ot pruning and training which is laid down 
 in this treaiife, to be adopted without iofs of time. 
 
 How common is it to fee the young luxuriant branches 
 trained up to their lull length every year, and fo carried to the 
 top ot the wall in a very Oiort time ! By which the fruit- bear- 
 ing branches are robbed of a great part of their nourifhment, 
 which weakens them fo much that they have not flrengih to 
 produce fruit ; but the blofToms fall off, and not unfrequently 
 the branches decay, fometimes even the whole length, and this 
 is afcribed to a blafl ! Luxuriant fiioots fhould be flopped, and 
 all fuperfluous wood fhould be cut out ; otherwife they will 
 exhauft a great part of the nourifhment which fhould go to 
 the fupport of the fruit-bearing branches. 
 
 Tfiere is another fort ot blight that fometimes happens 
 pretty late in the fpring, viz. in April and May, which is very 
 deflruflive to fruit trees in orchards and open plantations, and 
 againft which we know ol no effeflual remedy. This is what 
 is called a fiie-blaft, which in a few hours hath not onlv de- 
 ftroyed the fruit and leaves, but often parts of trees, and fome- 
 times entire trees have been killed by it. 
 
 This is generally thought to be occafioned by certain 
 tranfparent flying vapours, which may fometimes take fuch 
 forms as to converge the fun's rays in the manner of a burn- 
 ing glafs, fo as to fcorch the plants they fall upon, and this in 
 a greater or lefs degree in proportion to their convergency. 
 As this generally happens in clofe plantations, where the va- 
 pours from the earth, and the perfpirations from the trees, are 
 pent in lor want of a free circulation of air to difperfe them» 
 it points out to us the only way yet known ot guarding again fl 
 this enemy to fruits ; namely, to make choice of a clear heal- 
 thy fituation for kitchen gardens, orchards, &c. and to plant 
 the trees at fuch a diftance as to give free admifhon to the air, 
 that it may difpel thofe vapours before they are formed into 
 fuch volumes as to occafion thele blafts. 
 
 But blaffs may alfohe occafioned by the refleflion of the 
 fun's rays from hollow clouds, which fometimes aft as burn- 
 ing mirrors, and occafion excefhve heat. Again If this there 
 is no remedy. 
 
i84 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 CHAPTER. XXVIII. 
 
 OF INSECTS, &c. 
 
 Of the different Sorts of InfeBs irifejlivg Frmt Trees, and the 
 Method of Dejiroying them. — Row to Prejerve Fruit Jrom 
 Birds ; and Dejiroying Rats and Mice. 
 
 ••<>■■■■<>■•••<>•• ■■<>•• 
 
 OF THE APHIS.' 
 
 Xi-PHIDES, or Plant- Lice, are a very numerous and deftruc- 
 tive tribe of infefls. Entomologifts enumerate jr^ fpecies ol 
 them; but probably there are many more, as every tree intefted 
 by them has a diftin£i fpecies ; and Linnasus names them from 
 the different trees that they live upon ; as the Currant Aphis, 
 the Plum Aphis, the Cherry Aphis, &c. The males, which 
 are very tew in coinparifon ot the iemales, have wings ; but 
 the females are apterous, or without wings. 
 
 Aphides are devoured by the larva of the Myrmeleon 
 Formicarius, or ant-eater, of Linnaeus. Ants are likewife 
 very lond of them, on account of a fweet liquor which they 
 eje6l from the anus. Aphides are extremely common. 
 
 Fruit trees are frequently very much infefted with differ- 
 ent fpecies of the aphis ; the plum, in particular, fuffers great- 
 ly by them. Thofe which I have moft frequently found oa 
 plums are, the brown, the green, and the light fea-grc': n aphis ; 
 but, as before obferved, different forts of trees generally have 
 different fpecies of aphides. Great care fliould be taken to 
 dtftroy thefe pernicious infeBs at as early a period of their 
 growth as poflible ; otherwife they will confume the leaves 
 and fruit for that feafon. The beft method that 1 have found 
 for this purpofe is, to take fome fine wood-afiies mixed with 
 one-third part of fine unflaked lime, and throw it on with a 
 common dtedging-box, till you have covered the undcrfides 
 ot all the leaves where you find the infctls : This fliould be 
 
 * Thofe who wi(h for farther information refped^ing tnfefls, may con- 
 fult Reaumur's Hirtory at Infci^s. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 185 
 
 done in the morning early while the dew is on the leaves, 
 which will caiife the powder to adhere to them ; letting them 
 remain fo covered with the powdered lime for three or four 
 days. fhen mix uidlaked lime and fott water, or water that 
 has been expoled to the fun a week at leaft, at the rate ot half 
 a peck to thirty-two gallons, and (Hr it well two 01 three times 
 a day for three or four days. If you have many trees that arc 
 intefted with infefcfs, mix up a large quantity in the fame pro- 
 portion as the above. I generally mix as much at once as will 
 fill a ciftern* about feven leet long by three and a hah broad, 
 and three leet deep, and ihat contains about 550 gallons, which, 
 according to the foregoing proportion, reqiures about f>v'o 
 bnfhels and half a peck of lime. With this liquid, alter the 
 lime has fubfided, give the trees a good watering, cbferving 
 to throw a conhderable part of it under the leaves, by a bar- 
 row engine; this (hould be repeated once a day, for fix days, 
 which will deffruy all the aphides. The engine that I would 
 recommend is that of the late Mr. Wmlaw's conftrufction, 
 which may be had of Mellrs. Chieflie and Yowle, No. 729 
 Margaret-Street, Cavendifii Square. 
 
 If you find (he infects begin to make their appearance 
 again, apply the powder as before direfted, and repeat thewa» 
 tering. 
 
 Particular DircElionsfor ufingihe Liine-Water. 
 
 Take the clear water after the lime has fettled, fill the en> 
 gine with it, and give the trees a good watering, throwing it 
 with as much force as you can under the leaves ; prefTingyour 
 fore-finger over the mouth of the pipe to fpread the water like 
 the falhng of fmall rain, which you may very eafily do, at the 
 fame time wheeling the engine backwards and forwards, that 
 r.o part of the tree be miffed. This fhcuid be done in cloudy 
 weather, or when the fun is off the wall. It the trees are on 
 an Eait wall, yuu may begin to water them about half palh 
 eleven o'clock; it on a North wall, you may water them the 
 fii ft thing you do in the morning ; and if on a South wall, at 
 four o'clock in the afternoon ; repeating the watering for at 
 leaft fix days fucQcfFively. But it there be cold Northerly 
 and Eafterly winds, or frofty nights, the watering fhould be 
 difcontinued till the weather is milder. 
 
 Be always careful that your trees get dry before n:giit, 
 and be fure never to water when the fun is on them; nor 
 
 * If it be a leaden ciftern, a little ioam, enous;h to cover the bottom, 
 inuft be (hrown in, and tlien tied down, beirore the lime ar.vi water aire pui 
 IP ; The loam will pievent the lime f-'^m corroding the metal, 
 
 z 
 
i86 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 yet 'A-aier them wltli the grounds of the hme, which will 
 make the trees lo^k very unfisihtly, and alTo injure the leaves. 
 When aphides are numcruus at the ends ot the flioots, 
 tlie leaves there will be curled up ; thefe fhould be all fiript 
 cfF, and the infetis crulhed with the toot. 
 
 0} thz Acariis. 
 
 The Acarus, or Red Spider, is one of the moft de- 
 flruQive infefts that can infeft plants, paiticularly in lorcing- 
 houfcs. 
 
 7 hcfe infefls have no wing?, and the iemale is oviparous. 
 
 There are no le(s than 82 Ipecks ol this genus. The 
 acarus is very common on trees, particularly the current, on 
 the fruit ot wiiich it is frequently feen running. 
 
 Thefe infecis attack, the vines, neftarines, peaches, and 
 cherries ; and forced French beans are very fubjett to their 
 depredations, as are alfo peaches and netfanncs on the natur- 
 al wall, in hot weather, \ielons in Irames are verv much in- 
 fefted with them. I once faw a lidge ot melons, ot feventy 
 lights, fo much injured by them, that when the fruit wasfull- 
 giown, it was good for nothing, and the ftems and leaves 
 ivere completely exhauHed of their moifture by thefe infefls 
 feedmg on them. They arc equally hurtlul to moft exotics 
 in hothoufes. 
 
 The beft thing that I known for deftroying thefe perni- 
 cious infefts is maiflure ; which will alfodeifroy many other 
 inlects in hot-houfes. 
 
 Frequent watering of wall-trees, ftandards, &c. with 
 lime-water (the making and ufing of which is defcribed in the 
 dire6lions for deilioying the aphis,) and throwing it plenti- 
 fully on the und^iiide ol the leaves, where the acarus is 
 generally loand, \s\.\ i;i a ihort f.me extirpate that deftruftive 
 infett. 
 
 For plants, &c. in hct-houfes, I would recommend ufing 
 water only, and in the tollowmg manner : 
 
 Between three and four o'clock in the afternoon, fill the 
 barrow engine with foSt watet, or fuch as ha.s been expofed to 
 the fun all day, and wheel it along the loot-paths of the houfe, 
 v,/here the) are wide enough to admit it, and fprinkle all the 
 plants, prefrmg your finger on the top of the pipe to fpread 
 the water like a fine ftower of rain, playing alfoagainft the top 
 lights and fhc-lves till the water (lands an inch deep in the paths 
 Qt the houfe.* If you caimot conveniently get the engine into 
 
 ♦ I have lately fecn a fmall copper engine, made by Mr. Philips, en- 
 gjne-makci, Blackfriars read, which anfwers very well, when a barrow en- 
 gine cannot be got into the houfe. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES. Sec. 187 
 
 thehoufe, open the front lights, or wlien there are no front 
 liglns, Aide down the tup lights, and throw the water in it at 
 the front or top. \\'h:^n jou begin this operation, if in the in- 
 fide, every light muft be (hut ; and it you throw the water in 
 at the front, you muft keep only one light open, which ihut 
 immediately when you have fufificiently watered that part of the 
 houfe oppofite to it ; and, then opening another light, proceed 
 as before ; and (o on, till the whole is piroperly watered. The 
 houfe muft then be kept dole fliut till next morning ; this will 
 caufe fuch an exhalation from the glafs, tan, (if iliere are anj' 
 tan-beds in the houfe,) Sec. that the plants will be covered all 
 aver with the vapour ; which v/ili infallibly deftroy the cocci, 
 aphides, and other infeifs ; but the watering muft be repealed 
 every atteinoon, during hot weather only. By this you will 
 alfo fave a great deal of labour in watering; but fuch plants as 
 require much watering fhould be watered before you begin to 
 fprinkle the houfe. Bclorc morning the plantj, wi!J hdve im- 
 bibed all the moifture, and the paths will be peifcctly dry. 
 
 When I lived at the Botanic Gardens, Cliei lea. 1 obferved 
 in hard winters, when we were obliged to keep ilrong fires ia 
 the ftoves night and day, that the plants wliich itood on llielvcs 
 in the dry ftoves were fo fcorched up that the leaves ufed to 
 drop cff, as from deciduous trees in autumn, which gave them 
 a very difagreeable appearance This induced me to confider 
 what could be done to prevent it ; wtien the lollowmg method 
 occurred to me : About eight in the morn'ng, when the fun 
 ftione out, and there was the appeal ance of a fine day, I threw 
 in water till it covered the floor, which was of tile, from one to 
 two inches deep, and kept the houfe Ihut the whole of the day, 
 unlefs the thermometer rofe to about eighty degrees, which 
 feldom happens at that feafon cf the year ; in that cafe, I open- 
 ed the door to adtnit a little air. By the middle of the d-iy, 
 the water was entiiely exhaled, and the floor pertc£ily dry. 
 This 1 ufed to repeat two or three times a week, in funny 
 vveather ; the plants m about a week's time began to throv.? out 
 their ioHage, and in a iostnight or three weeks they were in 
 lull leaf." This luccefs induced me to take the fains method 
 with the tan Itoves and other houfes in fumnier, when troubled 
 with infects ; and I had the fatisia61ioti to find that it had the 
 defired effett. 
 
 Of the Acarus on Milons. 
 
 As we are now treating of infefls, although it ip.ay look 
 like a departure from my o;iginii plan, I hope that tome in- 
 Ihudlioas for deftroy mg the red fpider on melons v.'ill not ba 
 unacceptable. 
 
iSe TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Melons, in dry weather, and with a dry heat, are very apt 
 to be intefled with the red fpider ; and you may a'ways ob- 
 lerve the fymptoms long before you can fee thefe inlefch with 
 the naked eye, by the leaves cut ling and cracking in the mid- 
 die. Wheiiever you obi'erve them in that {late, m fine warm 
 funny weather, I would recommend watering them all over the 
 leaves from a waieiing pot with a role, or an engine, about fix 
 in the morning ; and aboKt eight o'clock fhade them with 
 inats, if the fun fliines, and fhut the frames clofe down till 
 about eleven ; then admit a frn dl quantity of air, lettmg the 
 mars remain till about three in the afternoon, when they fhould 
 be taken ofT. Shading with mats will prevent the leaves from 
 being fcorched by ihefun while they are wet. It the wmd be 
 South or Soutli Weff, I would recommend watering them a- 
 gain about three in the afternoon, (hutting them uu clofe to 
 keep the heat in, which will cdufe a Itiong exhalation, and de- 
 ilroy the fpiders, as they by no means love moifiure. In wa- 
 tering, throw as much as poffihle on the underfide of the leaves, 
 ■where the infeft generally lodges ; the vines may be gently 
 turned, taking very great care not to hurt them ; by which 
 means you can eafily throw the water all over the underfide ot 
 the leaf ; which muf> be done in a gentle fhower from the en- 
 gine, or from a wateruig-pot with a rofe, fo as not to wafh up 
 the mould on the plants, at the fame time throw great plenty 
 of water on the lights and fides of the boxes. After you have 
 done watering, lay the vines gently down again in their tor- 
 mer pofition. It a funny day, let the mats remain as before 
 diredted until the leaves of the plants are perfe6lly dry, admit- 
 ting air according to the heat of the day. 
 
 Before the tiames and lights are ufed, I would reccmmend 
 wafliing them well, both infide and out ; firft, with clean wa- 
 ter, and then with foap-fuds and urir.e mixed ; ufing a brufh 
 or woollen rag in the wafhing; this will kill the eggs of the 
 fpiders and other infeds that may have been depohted the 
 preceding feafon. 
 
 When the ridges are ^t for putting the mould on for the 
 hills to plant the melons in, it fhould be irom a toot to fifteen 
 inches deep, and the leU of the bed fhould be covered with 
 light mould, or rotten leaves, about one inch deep to keep 
 down the llcam. Take care not to make the hills too broad at 
 i^rft (a wheel barrovv lull and a halt will be enough for one hill,) 
 and obferve 'hnt the heat is rot too gieat, which will burn the 
 mould and the routs ol the plants. You will kr;ovv when the 
 beds are of a fine tempeiate l:eat, fiom flicks fluck in at dif- 
 ferent parts of the bed, by ihe feel of your hand, and iheiiicks 
 having a plealant fweet Imell. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. 189 
 
 It will be \'ery proper to water the hilis, with a watering- 
 pot having a rofe, once a day tor two or three days before you 
 put ip the plants, keeping the lights fliut, which will deftroy 
 any egii^s ot the fpider that may yet remain in the crevices oi 
 the boxes and ii-jhis. 
 
 The day on which you mean to put in the plants, you 
 fliould give the beds a great deal of air, to let out the lleam 
 that has been penned in ; then turn over the hilis. and put in 
 your plants about three o'clock in the attetnoon, making a 
 hollow circle round the boitom ot each hi!!, to feparate the 
 mould ot ttie hills from that on the bed, which will fufier the 
 iteam to evaporate more eafily ; ihen watering the plants, ihut 
 them down till next morning, admitting air according to the 
 heat ot your bed, taking caie not to give too much till your 
 plants are well rooted in the hills, which will be in a couple 
 of days ; it will alfo be necetTaiy to (hade them in the heat ot" 
 the day, to prevent the plants Irorn fl-ig^ir.g. 
 
 In cold troUy weather, you muit by no means fprinkle 
 the plants, as the troftin the night will inlallibiy bring on the 
 canker. 
 
 Soit water fiiould be ufed in fprinkling, or fuch as has 
 been expofed feveral days to the fun. it the water be very 
 hard, put lome wood-a(hes into it, and Hir it up two or three 
 times a day, it will be ht tor ufe in the courfe ot two days; 
 let the afnes fubtide, and ufe the clear water only. 
 
 11 your melons have been infeHed with tire fpider in the 
 preceding year, by no me^ns ufe any ot the mould again. 
 
 OJ the Coccus. 
 
 The Coccus is a genus ot infe£ts belonging to the order 
 Hemiptera, whofe males have wings, but the temales have 
 none. 
 
 The mofl common infers of this genus are thofe which 
 attach themlelves to peach, neciarine, asid pear-trees; and 
 when full grown they have fomewhat the appearance ot a boat 
 with the keel turned uppermolt. 1 hefe are apparently with- 
 out teef, eyes, or other members, while in this '^ax^; and fo 
 much referable fome kinds ot galls, or excrefiences ot the 
 bark, as frequently to be taken tor fuch. A thin filniot a white 
 cotton-like fubitance is interpoled between tlie flat part ot the 
 body and the tree. This is common, in a greater or leffer 
 quantity, to all the fpecies, and appears at fiiii ail round the 
 edge as a kind ot cement to join it to the tiee. 
 
 The males aie very tew in pioportion to the iemales, and 
 AOt nearly one lourth ot their fize j they are beautiful little flies, 
 
X90 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 whicli, after a fliort, but aBive life, terminate their exiftence 
 without having tadcd lood, being provided with no fort ot or- 
 gans lor that purpofc. 
 
 Peach, nectarine, and pear-trees, are very much infefled 
 with thefe infers : They frequently cut through the bark, and 
 the trees then appear as if they had been fci'atched by ais. 
 I have feen fome trees with this appearance all over them."^ 
 
 When thefe inleOs fi. ft appear on the bark, they fhould 
 be fcraped off with a wooden kniie, and the flem and brandies 
 of the tree wafhed with foap-fuds and urine, applied wiih a 
 painter's bruth. This fhould be done in February, before the 
 buds begin to come out. But if the outer bark is perlorated, 
 it muft be cut or pared off with a long knife; and it you find 
 any brown fpots in the inner bark, they muft be carefully cut 
 out. This difeafe is one great caufe ot the canker, and of the 
 death ot the tree. [S'-.e Plate 9 Fig. 3.] 
 
 When this difeafe has made its v/a\ tbiough bothbaiks, 
 as is often the cafe, the branches on each fide ot the tree may 
 be cut dole to the (fern, if it has an upright one; but if the 
 tree be trained fan-fafirion, the bell way is to head it near to 
 the place where it was grafted. 1 have headed old pear-trees 
 which were fo dead, except a fmall ftrip of live b.uk on one 
 fide, that you might rub the bark off them as eafily as off a 
 bundle of faggot- flicks that had been cut upwards of a year ; 
 yet thefe trees ha' e (hot out frefii blanches to the length of 
 Seventeen feet in two years, and produced fine fruit the fecond 
 year. Apply the compofition immediately after heading, or 
 cutting, or paring off the deceafed bark. 
 
 A very dcffru6tive fpecies of the coccus tribe has lately 
 done incredible darria^e to the apple-trees in the nuiferies and 
 gardens in the neighbourhood of London. Some Nurferymen 
 have loft feveral thoufand apple-trees in one year. Thefe in- 
 fetfs attach themfelves to the bark by their fuckers, and, by 
 feeding on the ju:ces of the tree, rob it ot its nourifliment. 
 Such trees as are mfefted with them have a ficklv appearance. 
 I am happy, however, in being able to fa), that I h'dve nearly 
 extirpated them from his Majefty's gardens at Kenfington : 
 But, as our neighbours do not pay the fame attention to their 
 trees as we do to ours, the infetts frequentiv f triigrate to us ; 
 this obliges me to be very attentive to their firft appearance ; 
 and as 1 take the carlieft opportunity of deUruying them, the 
 trees fuffer veiy Utile from their depredations. 
 
 * This, if I am uot much miftaken, ij the ve;y icfcil that makes fuch 
 (Jrcadtul rzvag^cs amon^fi ilic peach-trees ia Ameiica. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, Sec. igi 
 
 Thefe infecls make their neRs generally where branches 
 have been cut off, or in hailow places, wl^cre the canker has 
 eaten holes in the trees. Their nrlt appearance is hke a white 
 down ; on touchirrg, or rubbing them, they tinge the fingers 
 of a crimfun colour, like cochineal. It rurTerecl to remain 
 long on trees, they take wing, like aphides. The .method that 
 I have tollovved lor 'ihefe ten years to deftroy them, is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 I rub the places where their nefls are v/hh an old brnfli, 
 fuch as painters ufe, till they are all cleaned o»F; and it the 
 part be canker-eaten, I cut it clean out with a knife or chifel : 
 1 then tf ke ot loap-fcds and urine equal parts, and with this I 
 wafh the wound and the b;iik all round it ; and with a brulh 
 apply the compofition mixed v/ith woo''-afi,es and the powder 
 ot burnt bones, covering die wound ail over with it. Atter- 
 wards I fhake Ibme of the powder of wood afhes and burnt 
 bones, mixed with an eighth part of unilaked lime finely pow- 
 dered and fiited, over the hollows, or where knobs have been 
 cutoff. 
 
 At the fame time that the trees are cleared of the cocci 
 the caterpillars fhonld be picked off. 
 
 The firfl time that I oblervcd the new coccus, which has 
 done fo much mifchief to the apple-tiees about London, was, 
 in a garden ot my own at Cheifea, about the year 1782 or 3 ; 
 and, as far as I can learn, they were imported, among fome 
 apple-trees, by the late Mr. Swinton, of Sloane-ftreet. Mr. 
 Swinton afterwards removed his nurfery to the King's road, 
 near Cheifea College, which now goes by the name ot the 
 Foreign Nuifery. 
 
 All the gardens about Cheifea and PlenOngton are now 
 very much inleded with thefe infe^ls ; and I have irequenily 
 feen them in feveral other parts of" the kingdom. 
 
 Do£for George Fordyce purchafed feveral apple-trees at 
 the fale of the effects of Mr. De la Tour, editor of the Courier 
 de I'Europe ; nil ot which were from Mr. Swinton's nurfery, 
 and all infeited with thefe infc6ls. The do61or gave me twelve 
 of thefe trees, which 1 plan'.ed, and very foon cleared them 
 ot the coccus. 
 
 Meflrs. Lee and Kennedy, Nurferymen at tl^c vineyard, 
 Mammerfmith, Medrs. Grimwood and Co. Kenfington, and 
 Mel^r.^. Gray and Wear, at Bromton-l*ark nurfery, have ap- 
 plied train oil, laid on with a p<:inter's brush, wish a view of 
 dellroying thefe infetis, but ih'cy have not been luccefslulr 
 
 * Since writing the ahovs, 1 h.?ve bf»ti icforrnei, t'l.'^t the Farmir? m 
 Kent Jikevvlie ufe tiain oil ; but i! they wculd make a fair (rial ci u:ine and 
 loap.fud5, '.hey wcu.d tiud H more effidtual, and it wculd coH nolhinjljut ia» 
 
192 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 Indeed, I by no means approve of applying oil to trees upon 
 any account, as, by Ihutting up the pores, it is apt to render 
 them bark bound. 
 
 OJ Caterpillars. 
 
 Caterpillars are very dcflrudive to cabbages, and all the 
 braffita tribe, and ireqnently make depredations an trees, par- 
 ticularly the riprirot. They iTiould, therefore, be carefully 
 obferved and picked off. A tew years ago, Kenfington Gar- 
 tlcns were veiy much in'eiled with them ; but by carefully 
 picking and dedroying them, and all the aurelia that could be 
 come at, very few are now to be feen. During the winter and 
 fpiing, every chryfalis tnat can be found under the copings ot 
 walls, on gates, palings, &c. (hould be deftroyed. Many may 
 alio be found about the duors and windows of houfes, under 
 the eaves, and in many other places. 
 
 The beft method of pi eventing trees from being infefted, 
 is to fcrape the (Icms with a piece of bone or wood made in 
 the form of a knile, taking care not to btujfe the baik ; and 
 afterwards to waffi the tree and wail with an equal quantity of 
 foap-fuds and urine mixed. 
 
 As foon as the leaves are off the trees in autumn, they 
 Ihould be raked and Iwept up ; then carried to the meloti 
 ground and mixed up with other leaves and dung for hot-beds; 
 by this means you wiil get lid of a great nun)bei of eggs of in- 
 fe£^s that are depofited on the undctfidc of the leaves. Then 
 wafli all the (lems of the trees, and all the ends of the buds, 
 taking care not to hurt the buds : In (iome this, whi^t falls will 
 deftroy the flugs that take fhelter on the ofF-fet of the wall and 
 in the borders, before they are dug for planting lettuce, endive, 
 &c. This wafhing (hould be repeated about the beginning of 
 Pebruary, which will deltroy any eggs of different infctls that 
 may (fill remain about the trees A painter's biufh may be 
 ufed for laying the mixiure on the trees, and a folt br-om, or 
 a bruf]) made of the ends of garden matting, for walhing the 
 wall. The nutting leems preferable, as, being foft and flexi- 
 ble, it will enter the holes and crevices. 
 
 The mixture that falls on the border and < iT fet of the wall, 
 in this fecond wafliing, will deflroy thofe flags and infetls 
 
 bour ; befiJc!!, whr.t falls on (he borders will make a fine manure. The urine 
 and fi.ap-luds (hould be faved in tubs in winter ; and, as it will be loo ftrong 
 lor ufe in lummer, it may be lowered by addi;'g wafer. This mixruie will 
 alio be found efFcd^ual in killing flags that harbour about the roots o: the trees 
 a.^d^bottoms of th; v\ai;s. When it foaks into the ground, the flugs will 
 worlc their way, and m.iy eafily be killed by (hrowiog a iittlc more of the 
 mixture on them from a w<:icriug-pot wiih a rofe. 
 
MANAGEMEMT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. igg 
 
 that made their appearance early. The ftems and branches 
 ot the trees may be walhed two or three times, or oFtener in 
 the fpring, before the buds begin to fwell ; but the branches 
 mult not be rubbed after the trees come into flower • you 
 may, however, Jprinkle them over with the mixture Iroai a 
 watermg pot with a rofe juft before the buds begin to open 
 but by no means atter they are open ; as it will, by its alutinl 
 ous nature, render the bloom liable to be fcorched by the 
 fun ^ 
 
 I would recommend the above wafhinas, &c. for all trees 
 llandards as well as thofe on wdls ; particularly apple cherl 
 rv, and plum-trees. ' 
 
 If any caterpillars fliould remain, they will be difrover- 
 ed by the curling of the leaves; for every curled leaf has one 
 or mere caterpillars, or other infc^ls in it'; they fliould there- 
 fore be carefully pulled off", and the infers crufhed: If ne<T- 
 le61ed, they will trequenily devour every Ic-if, Icavinfr the 
 tree quite naked, and of courie deflroy the iruit for' that 
 feafon. 
 
 There are foi^e gregarious hns of caterpillars found in 
 great numbers enclufed in a net, or bag, leR^mblincr a ftrong 
 cobweb, and fixed to the branches of trees and ihrub"s. Thefe 
 nefts fhould be carefully picked off, and the infects crufhed 
 by which vafl numbers of them will be def! roved. Alter you 
 have cleared the tree as well as you pofhbly cm, wafh it as 
 above direfcled, which will dePuoy ihole Itragglers that inay 
 , ftill remam on it. 
 
 Obferve, that after the trees come into flower, inftead of 
 wafiiing them with urine and foap luds, they fliould be well 
 watered with clear lime wat^r, mixed with tobacco-water. 
 
 There are feveral fpecies of moihs that in the caterpillar 
 ftate are very hurtful to plums and other fruit trees: It will, 
 therefore, be a great advantage to deflroy them on their firffc 
 appearance. 
 
 It would be of great fervice to get acquainted as much as 
 pon~ible with the economy and natural hiiiory of all thefe in- 
 fetts, as we might thereby be enabled to find out the moft cer- 
 tain method of deftroying tliem. Were a few of each fort 
 of caterpdlars put in a box or cafe, and fed with leaves of 
 fuch trees as they generally live upon, they might be obierv- 
 ed from time to time uumI they came to the chryfaiis, and 
 from that to the tTioth or buttcrflv (late, and thus a more per- 
 fe6i knowledge of them mi.c>ht be obtained. 
 
 A 2 
 
194 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 It would be ncceffary to have feparate divifions in th« 
 cafe tor each diffeient fpecif^s, and to put fome earth in the 
 bottoin of each divifion, which fliould be moiftened occafion- 
 ally, as fome of them bury themfelves in their chryfalis ftate, 
 while others adhere to walls, gates, or palings. 
 
 Frcfli leaves fhould frequently be put in, and the box or 
 cafe covered with a piece ot fine canvafs, or gauze, to admit 
 the frefh air. 
 
 At the fame time that the trees are cleared of the coccus, 
 aphis, or any other infefts, the caterpillars fliould be caretully 
 looked for and picked off. You will oblcrve, that they fliel- 
 ter themfelves at the ends of the (hoots, in the flowers, and 
 at the bottom ot the foot- (talks ot the flowers. There are two 
 or three forts that inleft tiuit trees, two of a brown and one 
 of a green colour. Four years ago the apple-trees futFered 
 very much by a blight ; they had all the leaves eaten off, and, 
 of courfe, bore no fruit. 1 firlt had all the caterpillars care- 
 fully picked off: 1 then cut out the cankered wood, and wafh- 
 ed the trees with a mixture of urine, foapfuds, and frefh 
 cow-dung, (ufficient to bring it to the crnfi (fence of paint, 
 laying it on all over the items and branches of the trees, par- 
 ticularly where the decayed parts were cut out : After this, 
 the trees recovered in a manner that furprifed every one who 
 faw them; and they (till continue in a thriving ftate, and bear 
 very (iiie fruit. 
 
 In 1795 I ufed the above method with a great many 
 dwarf apple-trees ; rnd the eflfeft was fo vifible next feafon, 
 that all who faw them took notice of the great difference be- 
 tween them and the remaining trees, which we had left to na- 
 ture; the latter bearing no fruit, and their leaves being eaten 
 by the caterpillar, while the former have borne fine clean 
 Iruit ever fince. 
 
 The trees, twenty-five in number, which I left to nature, 
 continued in a fickly (late for three years, neither bearing fruit 
 nor putting forth (hoots. After the third year 1 headed them 
 down, fcraping the (lems and cleaning off the infe£ls ; they 
 are now recovered, having made as fine wood as the others, 
 and are in a healthy flourifhing (late. 
 
 Fig. 2, Plate 9, reprefents different ftates ot a kind ot 
 moth, whote caterpillar has tor many years done great mif- 
 chief among pear-trees on walls. One wall in particular, in 
 Kenfington Gardens, was very much hurt every year, tor fev- 
 eral years fuccefiively. I imagined that it had been the effe£l 
 ot lightning, or a blight; till, on picking off the caterpillars, 
 we found a fmali fort in its cafe, flicking to the leaves, as 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 195 
 
 at a, \Sce the Defcription cj the Plate.l All the firft leaves 
 were deftroyed by the caterpillars : I was, therefore, rejoiced 
 that 1 had found out the caufe ol their being fo much injured 
 every year, being perforated in many places, and dropping off 
 very early. 
 
 The Ckermes, 
 
 Cherraes is a genus of infe£ls belonging to the order He- 
 jniptera, and of which there are twenty- fix fpecies. They 
 take their fpecific names from the different plants which they 
 frequent ; as the Chermes Graminis, or Grafs Bug ; the Cher- 
 mes Ficus, or Fig-Tree Bug, &c. The latter is one of the 
 largeft of the genus, and is brown above and greenilh beneath. 
 It has four long wings, which are placed in form of an acute 
 roof. The larva, which is of an oblong form, has Gx feet, and 
 its motion is flow. When it is attempted to catch the cher- 
 mes, it makes its efcape rather by leaping than flying, by means 
 of its hinder legs, which play like fprings. Some of thefe in- 
 fers have a manoeuvre worthy of notice. Several fpecies are 
 provided at the extremity of their body with a fmall fliarp- 
 pointed implement, but which lies concealed ; and this they 
 draw out in order to depofit their eggs, by making a pun6fure 
 in the plant that fuits them. By this method the fir-tree cher- 
 mes produces that enormous fcaly protuberance which is to 
 be found at the fummit of the branches of that tree, and which 
 is formed by the extravafation of the juices occafioned by the 
 punft ures. The young larvae fhelter themfelves in cells con- 
 tained in the tumour. The dire£lions tor deftroying the coc- 
 cus are applicable to this infe61. 
 
 The Thripsi 
 
 The Thrips, of which there are eleven fpecies, alfo fae- 
 Jongs to the order Hemiptera. This infc6t is, in general, io 
 fmall as to be fcarcely difcerned by the naked eye. It is, how- 
 ever, very pernicious to fruit trees, fometimes attacking the 
 fruit as well as the leaves. To deftroy this infcQ, follow the 
 directions given tor deftroying the coccus. 
 
 The Phlana, or Moth. 
 
 There are numerous fpecies of this well known infeft, 
 and their caterpillars differ greatly as tofize, fhape, and colour. 
 All of them, after cafting the flough feveral times, fpin their 
 cod, in which they are transformed to chryfalids. They are 
 frequently found in this ftate, rolled up in the leaves of fruit 
 lr£es J particularly thole of pears, plums, and cherries. Thefe 
 
196 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 leaves moft be caierullv pic]<ed off, and the infc61s cruflied : 
 The trees muft then be uafhed with clear litne wafer mixed 
 with tobacco-Wdter. Tins wafliing would be found useful 
 when the infett is in its larva flate, after picking off and 
 crufhing as many ot tlic caterpillars as pofTible. See Cater- 
 p7 liars. 
 
 Sphinx, or Ilaw/i Moth. 
 
 There are 165 Ipecies ot tins genus, ten of which are 
 found in Great Biitain and Ireland. 
 
 The name ot Sphinx is given to this genus on account of 
 the fingubr attitudes ot their caterpillais, who appiv the hind- 
 er part ot their body to a branch ot a tree, and hold the reft 
 ot it creft, like the Fabulous Sphinx. Moii of them fpm their 
 cod under ground. The fphmges appeal either e,jily in the 
 morning, or atter funiet, and tl) heavily and Ouggilhly, ohen 
 emitting a kind ot found. Many ot the caterrilLrs are green 
 and Imooth, fome brown, or \el!ow, and ethers are fpotied, 
 or have belts. The fphinx may be deiiiuyed by the lame 
 method as the phala;na. 
 
 The Phalana Bombyx Neujiria. 
 
 The Phalasna Neuftiia, or Lackey Moth, lays its eggs in 
 rings round the branches ot liuit trees, exhibiting the appear- 
 ance ot a necklace. Thefe being veiy hard, and adhering 
 clofe to the baik, mud be cut off with a fharp knife, taking 
 care to wound the baik as little as polhble ; and wherever the 
 knife enters, it will be necefTary to rub in a little ot the com- 
 pofition. 
 
 The Papilio. 
 
 The Papilio, or Butfcifly, belongs to the order Lepidop- 
 lera. There aie a git-at many fpccies ot this genus, generally 
 djflinguifhed by the colour of their wings : 1 he more coni- 
 irjiii ioiis, with thtir caterpillars, aie fo well known, as to ren- 
 der a defcnption ot them unneccHary. The caterpillars and 
 chryfalids muff be carefully picked, and the tiees well water- 
 ed with clear lime-water and tobacco-water mixed. 
 
 The Cicada. 
 
 The Cicada, Frog-Hopper, or Flea-Locufl, is 3 genus of 
 ini'e6ts belonging to the oidei Hemiptera. The laiva ot fev- 
 eral ot this genus evacuate gieat quantities ot a frothy matter 
 upon the branches and leaves ot plants or tices, in the raid ft of 
 which they conllantly rcfide, probably tor {belter again ft other 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 197 
 
 animals ; perhaps, alfo, the moifture of this foam may ferve 
 to {eciire them t:om the fultiy rays ot the fun. 
 
 As the tioth emitted by thefe infe6is is very unfightly, 
 and as they are alio hurtful to trees, by eating the leaves, thev 
 fhould be deiiroyed by rubbing off the larvae with the handi 
 and afterwards watering the tree pientituily with foit water^ 
 
 Oj Earwigs. 
 
 Earwigs are very deftruftive to fruit, particularly peaches. 
 The method that I would recommend tor deflroyin<T them, 
 and which I have long purfutd with fuccefs, is as follows : 
 
 Take old bean ftalks, cut them about nine inches lono- 
 tie them up in fmall bundles, with fome p^ck-ihread, or with 
 fmall yellow v^illows ; and hang them about on different parts 
 of the trees. The firlt thing you do in the morning, being 
 provided with a board about eighteen inches fquare, and a 
 fmall v/ooden trowel, take down the bundles oi bean ftalks, 
 one by one, flrike them againd the board, and with your trow- 
 el kill the earwigs as they fall out of the llalks. If you fol- 
 low this up every morning, (or every other morning) you will 
 be able to keep them under. 
 
 The foregoing method will anfwer for any fort of trees 
 infefled with earwigs. In fome years I have feen a great part 
 of the fruit, efpecial'y the fmooth fkinned forts, deliroyed by 
 thefe in!e6ls and a fmall green caterpillar ; and in a fcarce 
 year of fruit, the leaves ot peaches are frequently deliroyed 
 by them. 
 
 Of the Ant. 
 
 The Ant is very de{lru6five to fruit, efpecially the peach 
 when ripe; you will frequently fee thefe inlefts travelling all 
 over the tiecs, and fometimes the fruit will be filled wiih tticm. 
 The beft method that I have tcund to deOroy them is, to get a 
 fharp pointed wooden flake, or an iron crow, it the ground be 
 hard, and with it bore a hole not far from the Hem ot the tree, 
 and as deep as the ground will peimit. By llirring the earth, 
 you will fet the ants in motion : Then work your flake or crow 
 round the fides ot the-hole, making them as fmooth as you can ; 
 the ants will come to the moudi ot the hole and tumble in, 
 and by tfie Ihape of the hole and Imoothnels ot its fides, will 
 be prevented from chmbmg up again. When you fee a great 
 many in the bottom ot the htde, pcur in fome water from a 
 watering-pot ; and thus you may diown thoulands of them. 
 
 Ihis is an eafy and firople way to get rid of ants. Some 
 are of opinion that they do good by eating the aphides liom off 
 
198 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 the trees ; but I have always thought that they do much moro 
 hurt than good. 
 
 You may likewife deftroy many of them by mixing quick- 
 lime with foot, and laying it along their roads where you fee 
 them thickeft ; but where you can come at their nefts, the beft 
 way is to put a piece ol quick-lime into it, and pour as much 
 water over the lime as will flake it, the heat ol which will de- 
 flroy them : When you have poured in the water, cover the 
 lime with a turf or a little earth, which will render it more ef- 
 feftual, by confining the heat. You may flake the lime with 
 a mixture of urine and foap-fuds, which will render it flill 
 more eflfeftual. 
 
 It a little of the powder of flavefacre be laid on the ground 
 round the ftem of a tree, it will prevent ants from afcending it. 
 
 Slugs. 
 
 Thefe infers are frequently found harbouring about the 
 foundations of walls, and about the roots of peafe, lettuce, &c. 
 They may be picked off and killed, by putting them into a pot 
 in which is a little fine unflaked lime ; or the ground where 
 they are fhould be well watered with foap-fuds and urine, mix- 
 ed with tobacco- water. When they are numerous on the fur- 
 face of the ground, which frequently happens after rain, or in 
 a dewy morning, fine unflaked lime thrown over the borders, 
 i&c. will deftroy them. But I prefer the above mixture, which, 
 if the ground be well watered with it, will bring them up out 
 of their holes, when they very foon die : It will alfo deftroy 
 their eggs, which they always depofit in the earth. 
 
 Snails 
 
 Snails, during the winter, gather themfelves together in 
 clufters ; and in that feafon are frequently found in great num- 
 bers behind wall-trees, and in holes of the walls. They mull 
 be carefully picked off and cruflied, which is the only effetlual 
 way of getting rid of them. If any fhould efcape,they fliould 
 be deftroyed as they make their appearance in the fpring. As 
 they alfo depofit their eggs in the ground, the borders fhould 
 be well watered, as diretted for flugs. 
 
 Of Wajps and Flies, 
 
 As foon as the Wafp and Large Flefh Fly (which are very 
 deftru6iiveto all kind of fruit, particularly grapes) make their 
 appearance, get ready feveral bottles, or phials ; then m.ix up 
 grounds of wine, or beer, with fweepings of fugar, honey, or 
 grounds of raolaifes, and v/ith this mixture fill the bottles half. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, &c. 19^ 
 
 or three quarters full, then place fome of them at the bottom 
 of the wall and hang a iufficient number up by a piece of yel- 
 low willow or pack-thread on the nailsagainft the walls in dif- 
 ierent places, obferving to empty them frequently, as they fill 
 with flies and wafps; firft pour the liquor into an empty bottle, 
 and then Ihake out the dead infefts, crufliing them with your 
 foot, that none of them may revive : then pour back the liquor 
 into the bottles and phials, as at firfl. In this manner you may 
 deltroy a great many before the fruit becomes ripe. If yow 
 begin to hang up the bottles as foon as you fee the fly, which 
 comes much earlier than the wafp, you will be able to deflroy 
 great numbers of them, and will have the bottles ready for the 
 wafps when they make their appearance. The fly will be 
 found as deflrutlive as the wafp to grapes. 
 
 When the weather is hot, and the wafps are numerous, if 
 they do not enter the bottles fa ft enough (which will happen 
 when the fruit is very ripe,) take a little oil in a cup, and with 
 a feather dipped in it touch their backs, and they will inftantly 
 dropdown: On obferving, you will find them turned black 
 and green by the effefts of the oil.* It is amazing what num- 
 bers a diligent perfon can deiiioy in this way in a day. Oil 
 has the fame effeft on flies; but it is very difficult to toucli 
 them with it as they are fo quick in their motions. 
 
 OJ Birds. 
 
 When fruit begins- to ripen, birds will attack it. The 
 bcft preventative in this cafe is, to cover the trees with nets, 
 or buntine, a fort of cloth of which fhips colours are made. 
 Thefe will admit a free circulation of air to the fruit, and will 
 foon dry after rain : They will alfo be a good covering tor 
 the trees in fpring, in cold, wet, or fnowy weather. 
 
 Rats and Mice, 
 
 Thefe vermin do a great deal of mifchief in garden?, in 
 fheds, and other places, where they frequently deltroy great 
 quantities of beans, peas, and other feeds; it is, iherefoie, 
 the intereft of every gardener to kill as many of them as pof- 
 fible. 
 
 There are different ways of deflroying them, by traps, 
 and by poifon ; but I would advife never to uie arlenic, or 
 corrolive fublimate, for tiiat purpofe, except under particular 
 circumlfances, as they are deadlv poifon : Nux vomica will 
 generally anfwer the end as well, without the dinger. \\\ caie 
 
 *■ 0;1 kills infefls by Cioftng i;p ihi lateral pores bj which they bsealhe. 
 
200 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 
 
 of beinjT accidentdlly taQeH by children or others, it will be 
 attended with no worfe confequence than leaving adif-jgreea- 
 b!e bitter taite in the mouth ; nnlefs, indeed, a coniiderabie 
 quantity ot it be taken, which would, no doubt, prove tatil ;* 
 as it is pofFefled ol a flionj narcotic quality, and is found a 
 certain poifon for do^a and c jts. as well as ior rats and mice. 
 All domellic animals ihould, theietore, be kept from the plac- 
 es where the poifon is laid. A very good way to prevent ac- 
 cidents is, to enclofe ihe traps in cafes, liaving holes in the ends 
 of them large enough to admit the rats, but fmall enough to 
 exclude dogs, cats, 8cc. 
 
 A Bait jo '^ Rat Traps. 
 
 Take a pound of good flour, three ounces of molafTes, 
 and fix drops of the oil of carraways ; put ihcm all in a difli, 
 and rub them well together tdt they are properly mixed; then 
 add a pound ot crumbs of bread. 
 
 Set the traps, baited with fome of the ioregoing mixture 
 as near their hauists as poffible ; but, for two or three days, fo 
 as not to fall or Ihike on the rats going in, and let them have 
 free liberty to go in and out at pleafure ; this will m-jke them 
 fearlcfs. Lay fome ot the bait at the rat- holes, and fcatter a 
 little of it quite up to the tiaps, and fo on to the bridge of each 
 trap, where you may lay a handful. It may alio be jjropei to 
 fcent the traps with the .following mixture, for the purpcfe of 
 enticing the rats into them. 
 
 Take twenty drops of oil of rhodium, fix or feven grains 
 of muft;, and half an ounce of oil ot anniieed ; put them in a 
 fmall phial, and fliake it well before ullng : Then dip a bit ot 
 twiiled paper, or lag in the mixture, and rub each t\\6. of the 
 trap with it, if a box-trap, and put two or three drops on the 
 bridge, leaving the paper or rag in the trap. Ot v/hatever 
 kind the trap is, it Ihould be fcented : Once in a twelvemonth 
 will be (ufficient. Then throw fome chaff, mixed with a little 
 wheat, about the bottom ot the trap, in order to deceive the 
 rats ; for they are very lagacious, and will not enter a fufpi- 
 cious place. This will be necelfary to be done only at the firft 
 time of felting the traps ; for after fo:ne rats have been caught 
 and have v/atered and dunged m them, rats will enter boldly 
 when they find others have been there before them : Do not 
 therefore, wafli or clean out the trap, as fome peopic do before 
 they let it again ; but let the dung and uiinc remain in it. Keep 
 
 * It has been taken in dofes from five to ten grains, twice a day, in in- 
 termitienls and dylei;teries. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES, 8cc, not 
 
 places where the traps are fet as private as poflible ; and 
 :n you (et them ior catching, mix no bread with the bait. 
 
 the 
 
 when you 
 
 as the rats will in that cafe be apt to carry it away. 
 
 When you find the holes quiet, and that no rats ufe them, 
 flop them up with the following compofition : Take a pint o£ 
 common tar, half an ounce of pearl-afhes, an ounce ot oil ol 
 vitriol, and a good handful of common fait, mix them all well 
 together, in an old pan or pot. Take fome pieces of paper, 
 and lay fome ot the above mixture very thick on them, then 
 flop the holes well up with them, and ouild up the mouth of 
 the holes with brick, or ftone, and mortar : If this be properly 
 done, rats will no more approach ihefe, while either fmell or 
 tafte remains in the compofition. 
 
 To kill Rats in Places where you cannot Jet Traps. 
 
 Take a quart of the bait already defcribed, then rafp into 
 it three nuts of nux vomica, and add a quarter of a pound ot 
 crumbs of bread, it there was none before ; mix them all well 
 together, and lay it into the mouth of their holes, and in differ- 
 ent places where they frequent ; but firft give them of the bait 
 without the nux vomica for three or four fucceeding nights ; 
 and when they find ii agrees with them, they will eat that mix- 
 ed with the nut with greedinefs. 
 
 Rats are frequently very troublefome in fhores and drains. 
 In fuch cafe, arfenic may be ufed with fuccefs, as tollows : 
 Take fome dead rats, and havmg put fome white arfenic, fine- 
 ly powdered, into an old peppei-box, fhake a quantity ot it on 
 the foreparts of the dead rats, and put them down the holes, or 
 avenues, by the fides ot the fliores, at which they come in ; 
 this puts a flop to the live ones coming any further ; tor when 
 they perceive the arfenic they will retire immediately ; where- 
 as, if you were to put down the dead rats without the arfenic, 
 the live ones would eat them. 
 
 What has been faid relates chiefly to rats ; we fhall now 
 give fome directions for deftroying mice. 
 
 Take a quart of the bait prefcribed for rats, before there is 
 any bread mixed whh it ; then take four nuts ot nux vomica, 
 and rafp them very fine, otherwife the mice will pick out the 
 food from it, on account ot its bitter tafle ; rub them well to- 
 gether ; lay fome of it on a piece of paper, or, it without doors, 
 on a piece of tile, removing all other food from the place, arid 
 it will kill all that eat of it. What is not eaten, take away in 
 the morning, and replace it at night. It this be in a garden, 
 Ihelter it with boards, or tiles, that it may not get wet, 
 
 B a 
 
202 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE, 8cc. 
 
 I would recommend fetting fourth-figure traps in gardens : 
 Thefe are fo well known to gdideners, that they need no de- 
 fcription. They may be baited with garden beans. 
 
 Traps are alfo made by ftringing garden beans on a piece 
 of fine pack-thread, as you would ilnng beads, then driving 
 in two fmall Itakes at the breadth ot a brick Irom each other, 
 and fetting up a brick, or ftone, or a board with a weight on 
 it, inclining to an angle ot about lorty-five degrees ; then tie 
 the ({ring, with the beans on it, round the brick and flakes, 
 to iupport the brick in its inclining pofiiion, taking care to 
 place all the beans on the under fide ot the brick. The mice 
 in eating the beans will alfo cut the pack-thread, and fo difen- 
 gage the brick, or ftone, which tailing on them, kills them. 
 
 There is nothing new in the foregoing method ; but, as 
 fieid-mice will feldom enter a clofe trap, 1 thought proper to 
 mention it. 
 
 As mice are frequently carried into gardens with flraw, 
 or litter, and are there extremely hurttul, deitroying beans 
 and peafe in fpring, as alfo lettuces, melons, and cucumbers 
 in frames, it is ueceflary to take fome pains to deilroy them. 
 
 J 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 DISEASES, DEFECTS, AND INJURIES, 
 
 IN ALL KINDS OF 
 
 FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It redounds very much to the general honour of the Britifli 
 nation, as well as to the particular credit of the Society for the 
 Encouragement of A.rts, Manufaftures, and Commerce, and 
 feveral other Aflociations for the Advancement of Agricul- 
 ture, &c. tfiat the face of the country has, in the courfe of the 
 prefent century, received fo much improvement, and fuch 
 added beauiy. 
 
 The premiums and honorary marks of diftinflion held 
 forth by thefe focieties have excited a fpirit of emulation, or 
 fuggefted a fpirit of improvement, among perfons of every 
 rank of life, which have been produtlive of many difcoveries 
 of no common benefit in their prefent efFeds, and of great 
 promife from their future confequences, to the community at 
 large. 
 
 But, notwithftanding the flrides which modern agricul- 
 ture has made towards perteftion in many points, there is one 
 particular and very interefling branch of this fcience which 
 improvement has not yet embraced, viz. the growth of timber, 
 and the culture and management of plantations both of fruit 
 and forefl trees. 
 
 The profefTion of a gardener has been the employment 
 of my life ; and during a long f uccefTion of years, it has been 
 an objeft of my particular ftudy to invefligate and difcover 
 the latent caufes of thofe various defefts and difeafes to which 
 all kinds of trees are more or lefs fubje6>, and the injuries re- 
 fulting from them, by obftru6fing the fertility of fruit trees, 
 and diminifliing the quantity, as well as quality, of timber in 
 forefl trees. 
 
 Having acquired a competent knowledge of the evil in all 
 its appearances and efFefts, my attention was direfted toward 
 the difcovery of fuch a remedy as might not only counteraft 
 the progrefs of thefe difeafes in fruit and forefl trees, but alfo 
 afford nature fuch powerful afTiflance, that fhe might be enabled 
 to renovate, as it were, fertility in the one, and found timber 
 in the other. Of my fuccefs in thefe endeavours to promote 
 the general advantage of this country in a matter fo conne£led 
 
eo6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, S:c. 
 
 with its beft interefls, I have that clear convi£iion whlcli I 
 trull, will be herearter communicated to every part ol the 
 kingdom where the application ol my experience ihzl] be 
 made and profecutcd. 
 
 Tne inquifitive i''pirit which accompanied my proJelTion- 
 al purfuits, with the natural defiie ot improving my private 
 pratlice in the management ot the various kinds ot trees under 
 my care, led me by degrees to this difcovery. The idea, how- 
 ever, ot making it public never occurred to me, till the many 
 trials and experiments that I had repeatedly made, botb on 
 Iruit and torelt trees, in the Royal Gardens at Kenfington, had 
 attracted the notice of many peifons of high rank, as well as 
 philofophical eminence, and prompted them to favour it with 
 a particular examination. Their invefligation ot my procefs 
 and method of curing the detefts and injuries which, from va- 
 rious caufes, thofe trees had fuflained, by producing convic- 
 tion in their minds, gave the moil flattering encouragment to 
 me. Indeed, the application of the remedv liad been attended 
 with fuch uninterrupted fuccefs, that its falutary and certain 
 eflre6ls were evident to every one who favoured it with an at- 
 tentive obfervation. Manv, who vifned me with the mofl 
 decided opinions againft the fuccefsful application of any rem- 
 edy for trees in a verv advanced ftate ot decay, did not hefi- 
 tate, on an invefligation of the fubjed, to acknowledge that 
 their prejudices were not only removed, but that their judg- 
 ments were perfeflly convinced of the powerful efficacy of 
 the difcovery, and the very great advantages which, both in an 
 individual and a national view, might be derived from it. 
 
 Among the more early inquirers, were the Commiffion- 
 ers appointed by Parliament to examine into the Hate of the 
 woods, forefls, and land revenues of the crown ; who, in the 
 courfe of their furveys, had perceived a great number of trees 
 in the Royal Forefls to be materially injured ; and their anx- 
 iety to prevent the lofs or further damage of fo much valua- 
 ble timber induced them to honour me with a letter* concern- 
 ing the effetls ot injuries done to oak-uees, and the means of 
 preventing or curing defe£ls in timber from various caufes 
 therein Hated. 
 
 In reply to this inquiry of the commifTioners, I did my- 
 felf the honour of addrelhng them two fucceffive letters. + 
 
 Shortly after the date of thefe letters the commifhoners 
 favoured me with a vifit at Kenfingtoo, to examine the procefs 
 
 ♦ See Nfo. i, of the Appendix. 
 
 f Sec Ncs. 2 and 3, of the Appendix. 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. so; 
 
 and mode of cure which I had adopted, as well as the efFefts 
 which my remedy had produced on trees oF various kinds and 
 ages to which it had been applied. Thofe gentlemen feemed, 
 in a moft particular manner, to intereft themlelves in afcer- 
 taining the utility and benefit that might arife horn the applica- 
 tion ot it to many thoufand valuable trees in his Majelty's 
 woods and toreUs, whicli had received injuries of fuch a kind 
 as, if left to the unaflifted efforts of nature, would occafion a 
 very confiderable diminution in the value and the quality of 
 the timber, and might even terminate in their entire ruin.* 
 
 This very attentive and minute examination of the feve- 
 ral objecis of their inquiry being followed by the cleaiefl con- 
 vi£lion of the great public utility which would rcfult from a 
 general application of the remedy, the commiflioners were 
 pleafed to tiuke a reprefentation of it to the Lords of his Majcf- 
 ty's Tieafury, under whofe fanfction it was fubmitted to tlie 
 confideration of the Houfeof Commons by Mr. Rofs, on the 
 24th of July, 1789 ; and on his motion, an humble addrefs 
 was prefented by that honorable houfe, to his Majefty on the 
 tubjea.t 
 
 In confequence oF this addrefs, a committee of Members 
 of botli Houfes of Parliament undertook, at tfie inftanceof the 
 Lords of the Treafury, to invedigate the efficacy of my com- 
 pofition ; for which purpofe, they moft attentively examined 
 the flate, condition, and progrefs of cine, of the decayed and 
 injured trees in Kenfington Gardens, to whicli it had been ap- 
 plied, in experiments of various kinds, tor upwards of (even 
 preceding years ; and, a^ter having by a very full enquiry, 
 lfri£l inveftigation, and the moft minute attention, fatisfied their 
 minds in every particular, they reported to the Lords of the 
 Treafury therefult of their examination, exprcffing their unan- 
 imous opinion and conviftion, that " The Compofition was 
 a difccvery Vv'hich might be rendered higfily beneficial both to 
 individuals and the public." That report, and alfo a letter pre- 
 
 * Mr. Nicho'., of RedbriJgf, Hants, Purveyor for Portfmouih t^yock, in- 
 formed me that tl>e average of the damaged limber bioiight to that place was 
 never lets than one fourth of the tot_ai quantity cf (irriiiei brouglu in annual- 
 ly ; and not unfrequentiy it amounted 10 a tliiid. If, hcwfver, ihc trees that 
 have received any injuries were prepaied, ai>u i.he comp-tMioii applied as ui- 
 Jriitcd in this treatiie, the Cdvities, or wtunds, wculd he filed up with nev/ 
 and found weed. And if recent wounds, cccilioned by lopping or breaking 
 elf branches, were immtdiaiejy drelTcd ia a psoper manner with llie compo- 
 fition, ilie tree would fuilam no irj.iry ; as ihs vvomuis woirid be healed and 
 eovfred over with nevvand fn-.md batk in a Hiort ipiceof time; l"o that tliCfC 
 v»euld not be found a fout of damaged timber. 
 
 •|- Sec Nj. 4, of the .AppsTidix, 
 
2o8 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 viouny written to the committee by the Commiflioners of the 
 Land Revenue, of which [ have been favored with copies, 
 ate, ior the luiiher intorniation ot the pubhc, inferted in the 
 appendix * 
 
 Having been thus honoured by the unanimous approba- 
 tion o\ perions io refpeftable tor their rank, character, and 
 knowledge, I proceeded to exert myfeU in making various ad- 
 ditional trials and experiments, to enable me to give farther 
 proofs ot tlieelficacy ot my compofition, in reftoring the pow- 
 ers ol vegetation to trees fo far dec ;yed as to be ot no value as 
 timber, Ijut which, from their fituation as a fkreen, or as 
 compohng pyrt ot a general uniform appearance in the Royal 
 Gardens, ii became a diTirable objed to preferve. Nor were 
 my endeavours lefs fuccefstul in ihis fubordinate experiment, 
 than they had been in ihofe which were direfled by circura- 
 ftances ot fuperior interell ; for I had the very great fatisfac- 
 tion to find, that in conlcquence ot my treatment of trees in that 
 flate ol decay which has jufl been fpecified, a few \ eais giowth 
 has filled up unfightly ci^afms, and relfored that uniformity to 
 their local pofition, which young plants fet in their places 
 would not have accomplifhed in a long courfe ot fucceffive 
 years. 
 
 The report ot the committee having been laid before his 
 Majefty, in confideration of the great utility and advantage 
 which muft arife to the country at large from the ufe of this 
 compofMion, his Majelly was mofl graciouflv pleafed to order 
 a reward to be given to the author, for making known to the 
 public the materials ot which it is compofed, with the method 
 ot preparmg it, as v.-eli as the mode ot its application ; and, in 
 order to diffufe the bep.efits ot this difcovery throughout the 
 kingdom, an advertifcmentt has been inferted in the London 
 Gazette, and in mofl of the town and country newfpapers. 
 
 The very great importance to this country ot lecuring a 
 continued fuccefhon of good, healthy, and well-growing forefl 
 trees, producing found, unblemifhcd timber, tor lupplying the 
 various wan s ot the public, mull be evident to every man's re- 
 fle6lion ; nor need it be obferved, that numberlefs large trees 
 in the woods, parks, and forefls, ot this kingdom, are, from 
 various caufcs, rendered unfit for ufe, and the timber fo much 
 damaged as to occafion a confiderdble diminution in its 
 value. This evil arifes, in fome inflances, from unfkiltul 
 management, and in others from exieinal accidents ; among 
 
 * See No. 5, of the Appendix. 
 + See No. 6, of ihe /^.ppeudix. 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 209 
 
 which are, the ruinous effe£ls of hurricanes and high winds, 
 when the trees are generally leit, in their wonnded and dif- 
 ficrured ftate, to the accelerated operations of inevitable de- 
 cay. It dlfo not unfrequently happens, that the heirs of larg« 
 eftates, on coming to the pod^nion of them, order great num- 
 bers of trees to be promifcuoufly felled, before they have at- 
 tained a ftate of maturity, without paying the leaft attention 
 to provide a fucceffion of young trees to fupply their place; 
 by fuch inexcufable negligence defeating the ends propofed by 
 the provident care and wifdom of their ancellors, depriving 
 the public of a valuable fource of timber, either for domeftic 
 purpofes or national ufe, and reducing their country to a de- 
 pendance on foreign produce for fupplying the demands of 
 her fleets and iTnanutaftures. 
 
 I (hall efteem myfell mod happy, if, in giving this trib- 
 ute of inlormation to the genera! Uock of public improve- 
 ment, I fhould promote an influence that may excite noble- 
 men and gentlemen, and proprietors of land of every denom- 
 ination throughout the kingdom, to be a61ively foHcitous in 
 planting and pieferving oak-titnber, the native growth of their 
 country ; that Great Britain may never be under the danger- 
 ous as well as difagreeable necelTity of trulting the lafety of 
 her Teamen to the inferior texture and lefs durable quality of 
 foreign growths ; while the hardy oaks of England, which for 
 ages pali have been confidercd as affording the bed timber 
 in the world for this building, and may have been faid to have 
 brought home viftory and commerce from every part of 
 the globe, are no longer fuflfered to diminifli, as they have 
 done of late, to the manilefl detriment and dilhonour of our 
 country. 
 
 Such an evil (and it is of no common'magnitude) proceeds 
 from the negligence and inattention of the landed men, who, 
 from a fpirit of patriotic ambition, as well as private intereft, 
 Ihould pay a very vigilant attention to the maintaining of a 
 fucceiTion of healthy, well-growing timber, for the fervice of 
 their country, nor any longer fufrer the internal refources of 
 the kingdom to tail in furnifliing materials for that great na- 
 tional objea, the fupport of the Britilh navy ; as well as for 
 the many various demands of domeftic utility. By making 
 fuch a provilion for the public wants, they will add to theij: 
 own immediate wealth, as well as to the fortunes of ihofe who 
 come after them : And, while I exprefs my wifhes that fuch 
 general good defigns may be put in univerfal praftice, I may 
 c;?pref3 my belief, that the difcovery which I have made, and 
 
 C 2 
 
£10 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 which is now divulged to the public,* will facilitate the means 
 of profecuiing them, to the eflential advantage of the Britilh 
 Empire. 
 
 General Objervatwns on the Difeafes, Deje&s, and Injuries, cf 
 ail Kinds of Fruit and Fcrejt Trees. 
 
 In the courfe ot more than thirty years praflice in culti- 
 vating, pruning, and keeping of garden fruit trees, I have ob- 
 ferved, tfiat from natural caufes, accidents, and unfkiHul man- 
 agement, they were fubjetl to injuries of different kinds, which 
 always diminiiTied their fertility, and frequently rendered 
 them wholly unproGLitlive. 
 
 All trees that bear flone-fruit are liable to emit a gum, 
 which, by producing a canker, proves fatal to the health ard 
 vegetation of the tiee. Moit forefl trees are alfo liable to 
 what is called a bleeding, which proceeds from any injuries 
 that obftru6l the circulation of tbe juices. Of thofe which 
 fufifer from bad management or accidents, fome are injured by 
 unfkilful pruning, and lopping at improper feafons of the 
 year ; and others by the violence of high winds, having boughs 
 or limbs torn from ihsir bodies ; which being left in that ftate, 
 expofed to all the inclemency of hard frofls, are olten crack- 
 ed or rent in the wood; or from heavy and foaking rains, the 
 wounds imbibe fo large a quantity of wet and moiflure, as, by 
 caufing a fermentation with the natural juices, brings on dif- 
 eafe, and in time deftroys the health and vegetation of the 
 tree. Thefe, among other caufes, tend to produce decay and 
 barrennefs in fruit trees, as well as defefts in timber, to the 
 great lofs of the public in general, as" well as efTential injury to 
 the individual proprietor. 
 
 To remove thefe evils, and to prevent the ill confequenc- 
 es arifing from the causes already defcribed, I fubmit to the 
 experience of the public a remedy difcovcred by myfelf, which 
 has been applied with never-failing fuccefs to all kinds of fruit 
 trees, and has not only prevented further decay, but aftually 
 reftored vegetation and increafed fruitfulnefs, even in fuch as 
 were apparently barren and decayed. It has produced alfo 
 a fimilar effeft on forefl trees, by refloring them to foundnefs 
 of timber and liealthiul vegetation, and covering, as it were, 
 vifible nakednefs and increafing decay, with frelh and vigor- 
 ous foliage. 
 
 This remedy is a ccmpofition formerly applied in the 
 manner of a plaller, but now in a hquid ftate, and laid over 
 
 * See Nos, 6 ard 7, cf the Appendix. 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. si, 
 
 the wounded or injured part of the tree with a painter's brufii : 
 It is of a foft and healing nature ; poffefTes an abforbent and 
 adhefive quality ; and, by rehiting the force ot wafhincr rains 
 the contratlion ot nipping trolls, and the eife£is ot a warm fua 
 or drying winds, excludes the pernicious influence of a 
 changable atmofphere. 
 
 The difcovery of it is the refult of much refle£Hon and 
 fludy during a long courfe ol years, and of a great variety oi 
 experiments, made at a very confiderabieexpence, to afcertain 
 the efficacious powers ot the application. Nor (hall I hefitate 
 a moment to declare my firm belief, that wherever it (hall be 
 properly applied by the proprietors ot gardens, orchards, and 
 woods, it will be produttive ot all the advantage that can be 
 derived from refloring as v/eli as preferving vigour and fertil- 
 ity in all kinds ot fruit trees ; as alfo from preventing decay, 
 and promoting health and found timber, in every fpecies of 
 fore ft trees : And how great that advantage may be, it is in the 
 capacity ot every one to determine. 
 
 On the Management of Forejl Trees. 
 
 The received opinion and common pra£liceof moflpro- 
 feffional men has been, to prune or top their trees, from the 
 month of Oftober, when the juices have been exhaufted by 
 the fummer foliage, autumnal fruit, and general nourifhmentof 
 the body ot the tree, until the month ot March, when the fap 
 or juices, re-invigorated by nature during the winter's repofe, 
 begin to re-afcend and perform tlie annual funtlion ot cloth- 
 ing it with frefli toliage, blotloms, and fruit. The reafon ot 
 this praftice is, that the fap being fallen at that feafon ot the 
 year, it has been confidered as the raoft proper period to lop 
 off all fuperfluous growths ; and the efforts of nature to heal 
 the wounds thus necefTarily given, (before the rifing of the 
 fap in the following fpring) have been judged beft for the fafe- 
 ty and health ot the tree. The danger ot performing this fer- 
 vice when the juices are in a more vigorous flow, as in the 
 months ot May, June, and July, has been dreaded, from a 
 tear of its occafionurg a wafte of the nutritive juices, difcharg- 
 ing themfelves through the wound, to the impoverifhment 
 and injury, it not the ruin, ot the tree. 
 
 The pruning ot fruit trees and the loppingofFlarge branch- 
 es from foreft trees during the winter feafon,'has alfo been fre- 
 quently attended with great hurt and impediment to their health 
 and vegetation ; the wounds being expofed to all the rigours 
 ol an inclement feafon, and tliereby contracting thofe difeafes 
 which contciin the principles ot decay. Hence it is, that fuch 
 
212 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 rumbcrs of forefl trees are continually injured in their value 
 for public ufes, either by unfkilful msnagement, or purpofe 
 depredation, or by the violence of boifterous winds, when 
 their limbs and branches being tornoff, the trees are left in 
 that unproteQcd flate to imbibe the feeds of decay and rotten- 
 nefs, which will in time pervade their very heart, and render 
 them unfit lor any of ihofe valuable purpofes for which nature, 
 by their frame and texture, appears to have defigned them. 
 
 It may alfo be obferved, that where branches have been 
 cut ofTfrom the body of the tree, even at the diftance of two 
 or more leet from the trunk, with a view to prevent injurv to 
 the timber, even that method has not been found effectual to 
 fave the tree from very mateiial detriment ; as the remaining 
 ilcm of the branch fo cut away, dying foon alter, becomes a 
 ready conduit for conveying pernicious moifture and difeafe 
 to that part of the tree with which it is connetled ; and fo on, 
 in time, to the whole. 
 
 The pradtice of others, in lopping their trees clofe to the 
 trunk, and drefling the part fmooth and even, has lefs objec- 
 tions than the former ; nevcrthciefs, even according to this 
 method, the tree is liable to injury. The effort of nature to 
 heal the wounds thus given difcovers itfelf by encircling the 
 wound with a kind of callus, or lip, which, increafing in (ize, 
 and fvvellingout from the annual flow of the juices, forms a 
 hollow or cavity of the central part, where the rain or fnow is 
 very apt to lodge ; and penetrating between the baik and the 
 wood, dried and cracked by a hard Iroll or warm fun, pro- 
 motes that fermentation with ihe natural juices, which is the 
 certain fource of difeafe and decay. 
 
 Young, healthful, and vigorous trees, when they have 
 been injured by being wantonly cut througli the bark, or from 
 other caufes, will fometimes recover ilicmfelvcs, and, to all 
 outward appearance, be loRored fo their original foundnefs ; 
 but when cut into planks and boards, internal blemiOies and 
 faults are difcovercd in them, which appear to have been oc- 
 cafioned by the early injuries which the tree had received ; 
 the texture of the wood not uniting where the wound was 
 originally given ; though, from the youthful vigour of nature, 
 the bark has doled, and an external cure been evidently per- 
 formed. 
 
 As a mofl efficacious remedy to prevent the evils that I 
 have defcribed, wiih all their defliu6five confcquences, and to 
 reffore found timber where the fymptomsof decay are already 
 apparent, I confidently recommend the ufe of my compo- 
 ^tion, which, being applied in a proper manner to the wound- 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 215 
 
 ed or injured part, will infallibly prevent the bleeding of trees, 
 or the oozing of juices through the wounds oi limbs or branch- 
 es that have been cut ofil'in the middle of (urnmer, when they 
 are in their higheft vigour, and moft rapid flow ol vegetation ; 
 by which nieans, any wafteful difcharge of the juices is pre- 
 vented, and they are duly confined to their natural operations 
 of giving nouriihment, growth, and fertility, to their lefpeftive 
 bodies 
 
 By employing the propofed remedy, trees of all kinds, 
 whether in gardens or orchards, in p.irks or forcfts, mav witfi 
 greater fafety ana advantage be pruned or li^ppecl in the fpring, 
 or early in the fummer, than in the winter fealon; as the com- 
 pofition, when properly applied, repels the flow of the juices 
 through the wound, caules a more attive vegetation, and af- 
 fifts nature more power fully in healing the wound at the time 
 the fap is in full vigour, than Vvhen it is on the decline, as in 
 auturnn and winter. 
 
 It is alio neceirary to remark, that both fruit and forefl 
 trees (parliculaily thole which grow in the (hade) are very lia- 
 ble to be afi'etled withdifordeis proceeding horn ihegrowthof 
 liver- wort, and various kinds of mofs, that adhere to the outer 
 bark of the tree, and frequently gain a confideiable thicknefs, 
 that not only prevents the natural flow of tlie juices, but caufes 
 a llagnation in the circulation, and brings on decay; which, 
 after deihoying the outer bark, penetrates, by decrees deeper 
 into the wood. When this circum fiance is obierved, care 
 fhould be taken to clear the whole bark of the tree from thefe 
 growths ; and where it is infe6fed, to fcrape or paie it away. 
 When the body of the tree is thuscleanfed Irom infc6lion, the 
 compofition fiiould be applied in a liquid iidte, to the parts fo 
 cleaned, to clofe the pores ol the wood ; vvhen the tree will foon 
 acquire a frefh bark, with improved health and vegetation. I 
 am conhjmed in thefe opinions by the many experiments and 
 various trials that I have made to afcertain, by the molt pofi- 
 tive prco's, the properties of this coinpofrtion, before 1 ven- 
 tured to oflPer it to the public attemion. Indeed, everv year's 
 experience has increaled my convitfion of its general utility, 
 when properly applied to the purpoles for which it is recom- 
 mended. To give a more complete illulfiatiun ol its virtues, 
 and to place (he advantages arifing Irom it in a llronger light, 
 I Oiall beg leave to flate a few of the very numerous experi- 
 ir:ents tiiat I have made on the forefl trees in his Majefly's 
 gardens at Kenfington, where the falutary efle£ls of the com- 
 pofition are evident to every attentive obferver. 
 
 The fii a trials of its efficacy were made on !ome very large 
 and ancient clm5, many of v.-hich were in a moll decayed ILte, 
 
♦ 14 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, 8cc: 
 
 having all their upper parts brol^en, by high v/inds, from their 
 trunks, which were witlial fo hollow and decayed, that a fmall 
 portion alone ol the bark remained alive and found. Of thefe 
 dees, I cut away, at firft, a part only of the rotten fluff, from 
 the hollow of the tree, and then applied the plaller to the place 
 where theoperationhad been performed, by way of an internal 
 coat of the compofition. In a fliort time, however, the efforts 
 of nature, with a renovated flow of the juices, were clearly 
 difcernible in their formation of the new wood, uniting with, 
 and fwellin,{T, as it were, from the old, till it became a ftrong 
 fupport to that part of the tree where the compofition had been 
 applied. I then cut away more of the rotten wood from the in- 
 fide, applying the plaller in the fame manner, with the fame 
 good efferts, and continued to ufe the knife in proportion to 
 the acquifition of new wood ; fo that, from the tops of thefe 
 decayed and naked trunks, ftems have aftually grown of above 
 thirty feet in height, in the courfe of fix or feven years from 
 the firfl; application ol the compofition ; an incontrovertible 
 proof of its good effefcts in reftoring decayed vegetjtion. 
 
 Many other elm trees which had received hurts from 
 bruifes and other caufes, and where difeafe and decay were 
 already evident, after cutting away all the infefled part, and 
 duly applying the plafter, were fo completely healed, that the 
 outline of the wound is fcarcely difcernible on the bark, and 
 the new wood is as per'cttiy united to the old, as if it had been 
 originally formed with the tree. 
 
 Of oak-trees alfo, which had received very confider- 
 able damage from various accidents, as Idows, bruiics and cut- 
 ting of deep letters, the rubbing off the bark by the ends of 
 rollers, or wheels of carts, and mutilated branches, a perfeff cure 
 has been made and found timber produced. The acidity, or 
 corrofive quality, of the juice of oak-trccs, when obflruffedin 
 their circulation from ai:y of the caufes already mentioned, 
 and fermenting with the wet and moiilure imbibed by the 
 wounds from the atmofp'icre, will bring on difeafe, and pro- 
 mote decay ; for, notvviihlianding the hard texture of the oak, 
 when once the principles of decay begin to operate, the acri- 
 monious juices feed the difeafe, and accelerate its progrefs, as 
 much, perhaps, as in trees of a fofter quality and texture; but 
 when the diieafed or injured part is entirely cut away to the 
 frefh found wood, and the compofition properly laid on, as 
 perte6i a cure has been made as 1 have already related in the 
 recovery of the elm trees. Indeed, when I lefie^l that the oak 
 has been the boad of cur early anceflors, ,'!nd the means, un- 
 der the blelTing of God, of affording prote6ticn and faiety, as 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 21$ 
 
 well as accumulating honour and wealth to the nation, what 
 language can fufficiently deplore that wantot public fpirit, and 
 that ftrange inattention to the preiervation and increal'e ot this 
 ftaple tree, which fuffers fuch numbers of liatcly oaks to go 
 to decay ; in which difgracetul ftate they remain to upbraid 
 their poUeffors, as foes to the commerce and naval glory ot 
 the kingdom ! 
 
 Various experiments have alfo been made on other forelt 
 trees, as afh, limes, chefnuts, and fycanaores, that had received 
 the feverai injuries to which they are expofed ; as well as many 
 of the refinous kinds, luch as the cedar of Lebanon, and oth- 
 ers ot the pine tribe; in all ot which I have experienced a de- 
 gree of fuccefs that exceeded my molt fanguine expe6fations. 
 
 As I feel a ftrong folicitude to render my experiments of 
 the moil extenfive advantage to the community, and in partic- 
 ular to the proprietors of landed ellatcs througliout the kino-- 
 dom, I beg leave to recommend to their particular attention, 
 that all foreit trees, whether felled with a law or an axe, may 
 be cut near to the ground ; at the fame time carefully preferv- 
 ing the (lump and roots from any further injury. The furface 
 fliouid then be made qui'.e fmooth, when the compofition may 
 be fpread over the whole furtace according to the direftions 
 already given. It (hould, however, be obferved, that ihecom- 
 pofition, when employed tor this particular purpofe, fhoul J 
 have an equal quantity of the powder ot alabatier mixed with 
 the dry powder generally direfted to be ufed after the compo- 
 fition is laid on, in order to render the furface harder, and of 
 courfe better able to refill the bad cfFefts of the dripping of 
 trees, ot rain, troft, and fnov\r. But this addition is by no 
 means neceiTary in the ufual application to the fides of trees. 
 
 In confequence ot this procefs, the vigour of the roots will 
 operate fo powerfully in the courfe of the fucceeding fpring, 
 that a confiderable number of buds or branches will ihoot forth 
 round the flump, which, with proper care and attention, may 
 be trained to many valuable purpofes, either ftraight or crook- 
 ed, for knee-timber, or other ufes ; and, by retaining only fo 
 many of thefe Ihoots as are defigned to grow for any particular 
 intention, more than one half \vi\\ be faved, in point of time, 
 according to the proportions of common growth ; For it a 
 young tree be planted in a foil equal in quality to thefiteof the 
 old flump, the ihoot growing tiom the latter will, in eight or 
 ten years, attain to a fize which the Tingle plant will hardly ac- 
 quire in twice that period. There are alio many ufeful pur- 
 pofes ot hufbandry, as hop- poles, and other poles ufed on va- 
 rious occafions, for which a number of flioots may be trained 
 
2x6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, Sccl 
 
 from one ftump, whofe fertile juices will (hortlyrear a healthy 
 and numerous offspring around It. Very particular attention, 
 however, Oi'iuld be paid to regulate their number, according 
 to the lize and vigour ot the ftump. It would certainly be 
 proper to leave more of them at firfl than are intended to be 
 lefcrved for final ufe, in order to draw up the fap ; if too few 
 are left, they will be liable to burff, from the fuperabundant 
 flow of the juices from the old flock : To prevent which in- 
 convenience^ they fliould be cut away by degrees, always ap- 
 plying the compofition as they are cut, and leaving the fine ft 
 Item to produce the new tree, which will, in time, cover the 
 old Ihimp, and leave notbmg but a faint kind of cicatrix at the 
 jun£lion of the old and new part of ttie tree. 
 
 It is needlefs for me to infifl on the great advantages 
 which land proprietors and farmers will deiivefiom this meth- 
 od of managing their woods and coppice grounds, wherever 
 they may be. In many counties of England, coppice, or un- 
 derwood, is an article in very great demand for charcoal, com- 
 mon fuel, or the purpofes of particular manufactories, as well 
 as to furnifli a variety ut articles for hufbrrndry and domellic 
 convenience. 
 
 It would be equally unnecefl^iry to enlarge on what muft 
 be fo evident to the molt ordinary under Randing, the great 
 national advantage which may be deri'/ed from tfie ufe of this 
 compofition, by preferving and increafing the native fupplies 
 of our country for the fupport of that navy which is to proteft 
 it. Nor need I urge to the man of tafle, and the lover of land- 
 f'cape beauty, what a ufeful help it may afford to the delight- 
 ful modern art of ornamental horticulture. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 £. a 
 
 J 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 1. 
 Land Revenue Office, April 17, 17S9.' 
 
 SIR, 
 
 JlSeing informed that you have difcoverecl a method of cur- 
 ing defefts in growing trees of all ages, which may have fuf- 
 tained damage from any caufe whatever, we wilh to be fa- 
 voured by you with an anfwerto the toliowing queftions, rela- 
 tive to injuries done to the bark of oak-trees, and the means 
 of preventing dele£fsin the timber arifingfrom that caufe, vi25. 
 
 1. Suppofing a piece of bark of five or fix inches fquare 
 to be cut from the fide of an oak-tree of any fize, from twenty 
 feet to one load or more, fo as to lay the wood bare, and that 
 letters or figures were burnt or Ifamped with fharp inftruments, 
 into folid wood, where the bark was fo taken off, and the tree 
 left in that flate fo long as it Ihould continue Handing, what 
 effeft do you think would be produced by fuch proceis upon 
 the body of the tree ; whether it would continue to grow, and 
 increafe in fize in the part from which the bark was taken; or 
 ■whether any, and what detriment would enfue from it to the 
 timber, if no means were ufed to prevent it; and whether 
 fuch detriment, if any, would extend further than the limits 
 of the part deprived of its bark ? 
 
 2. If you fliould be of opinion that oak-trees would fuf- 
 tain any material detriment, or become in any degree defec- 
 tive, from the caufe above flated, do you know any means by 
 which fuch detriment may be cfFe6fual!y prevented, in trees 
 which have remained in that (fate from four, five or fix months 
 to a year ; fo as to reflore the bark, and prevent the trees from 
 becoming defeflive, and unfit for the ufe of the navy ? 
 
 3. If you fiiould be able fo fugged a complete remedy for 
 fuch defefts, and it the remedy would be cflefcted by means 
 peculiar to yourfelf, and unknown to others, we wi(h to know 
 
220 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES. 8cc. 
 
 if you would be willing to undertake to apply it, or fuperin- 
 tend or dire6l the application of it by per Tons properly in- 
 ftru6led by yourfelf, to any number ot tiecs that might require 
 it in any of the royal lorefls ? 
 
 4. In cafe there fhould be occafion to apply fuch a rem- 
 edy to a very confiderable number of trees in the flaie above 
 defcribed, we wifh to know, as nearly as pofTible, what ex- 
 pence the application would be attended v/ith, by the hundred, 
 or thoufand, or any given number of trees, including labour, 
 materials, and every incidental expence ? 
 
 We flialj be glad to receive an anfwer to thefe enquiries 
 with all convenient fpeed, and are, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your moft obedient Servants, 
 
 JOHN CALL, 
 
 JOHN fORDYCE. 
 
 Mr, For/yik. 
 
 No. 2. 
 To the Honourable the Commijponers oj the Land Revenue. 
 
 Royal Gardens, Keufington, April 24, 1789. 
 HONOURED SIRS, 
 
 A O the letter you have been pleafed to honour me with,! 
 ^^S '" general to fay, that, from many years attention to fruit 
 and foreft trees, I have obferved every wotmd^ruife, or in- 
 jury ; even the wanton cutting of the initials of a name on the 
 bark ot a tree, has been attended with raifchief, and Iras often 
 brought on the dcflruftion of the tree, efpeciaily if old. In 
 particular I beg to lay, that if a tree be young, nature will ex- 
 ert herfelf to recover from the injury ; but if the tree be old, it 
 will ceafe to grow about the injured part, will not increale in 
 iize, the wound will daily increafe, and in time deftroy all the 
 timber of the tree;' 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 221 
 
 In anfwer to the fecond queftion, I beg to fay, that oak- 
 trees are equally liable to decay and detiiir.cnt, as all other 
 trees, though tlieir decay will be proporiionably How, as they 
 are iefs porous than many other trees o! our ifland ; thoiigh I 
 fhould add, that aher oak-trees are fo tar decayed as to hold 
 water, their decay is as rapid as mod other trees. In anfwer 
 to the queftion, " Do you know any means by which fnrh de- 
 triment may be cflrcdi;a!ly prevented ?" I beg to fay, that aher 
 many years clofe apj^iication, and Itritily critical obfervation, 
 1 am fully convinced, that upon the excifion of the decayed 
 part, and the application of a compo{i;ion, it is poflible to heal 
 any wounded tree, and even to re/lore it to its former health, if 
 there be only an inch or two of bark remaining to carry on the 
 circulation of the vegetable economy. This is no theory, but 
 is demonftrated bv a great variety of experiments on fruit and 
 forell trees In his Majefty's gardens at Kenfington, now under 
 my care ; and vvhich trees, upon examination, have convinc- 
 ed all thofe who viewed them, of the prafciicability of produc- 
 ing the fineit, cleaneft, and moil prolific branches trom ft umps 
 in a ftate of decay : And with confidence I can alFert, that I 
 have fucceeded fo well with his Majefty's fruit trees, that by 
 cutting out the difeafed and dead wood, the trees have pro- 
 duced more and finer fruit in two and three years, than a tree 
 newly planted will in thirteen or fourteen years ; and this ad- 
 vantageous circumftance is equally vifibie in the experiments 
 I have made on elms, where nothing remained but the bark. 
 The oak, from experience, I find equally as curable as any 
 other tree ; the bark may be reftored, and the trees ren- 
 dered as lit for the navy, as though they never had been in- 
 jured. 
 
 In anfwer to the third queftion, I fay, that I am able to 
 *' fuggeft a complete remedy for the defe£fs ;" and that reme- 
 dy 1 fuppofe to he known only to myfelf, as it is not a fecret 
 drawn from books, or learned from men, but the effeft of clofe 
 application, and repeated experiments. As to undertaking the 
 application of the remedy, I muft reqaeft you will have the 
 goodncfs to permit me to fay, that as a feivant of his Majefty, 
 I do not think mvfelf at liberty to form any engagement that 
 muft inevitably call me for a time from his iM^qcfty's fcrvice 
 in his royal j^arc'ens at Kenfington ; but ihould his Majefty be 
 graciouily pleafed to think my fervices would be productive 
 of a national good, and will condefcend to permit me to be 
 abfent, I fliall, with the greatcfl pleafurc and alacrity, engage 
 in the undertakir;^. 
 
S22 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, Sec. 
 
 I beg permifiion to lay before your Honourable Board 
 feveral fpecimens ot parts ot trees which have been injured in 
 a manner fimilar to thofe you have alluded to ; others which 
 have been healed by the method I have before mentioned. 
 But the mofl effeflual means of demonfirating the utility of 
 this application, is the many fruit and fore ft trees now grow- 
 ing in his Majefty's royal gardens at Kenfington, which I fhall 
 be happy to (hew you. 
 
 Your Honourable Board, confidering the fiiortnefs of 
 time, will, I truft, make every allowance for any inaccuracy 
 in this anfwer to the letter you favoured me with* and permit 
 me to fubfcribe myfelf, 
 
 With the greatefl refpe£l. 
 
 Your mofl obedient. 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 WILLIAM FORSYTH. 
 To the Honourable the 
 
 CommiJJi oners of the Land Revenue. 
 
 Land Rev inue OJfice, Jpril 2^, 1789. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 W E have received your letter of yeflerday's date, which 
 contains a very clear and fatisfaftory anfwer to our enquiries 
 refpefting the efFe6fs ot injuries done to the bark of oak-trees, 
 and the means ot preventing damage to the timber irom that 
 caufe ; and the fpecimens lent with your letter affjrd the 
 mofl convincing proofs both of the deftru6five confequences 
 arifing from even flight injuries to the bark, when no means 
 are ufed to prevent them, and of the efficacy of your difcovery 
 for preventing and curing defefts in timber proceeding from 
 that fource ; but we obierve that you have not given an an- 
 fwer to our enquiry as to the expence which the application 
 of the remedy you have difcovered would be attended with, by 
 the hundred, or thoufand, or any given number of trees, in 
 cafe there fliould beoccafion to apply it to a very confiderable 
 number : We therefore repeat our recjucff, that you will bo 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 
 
 "i 
 
 fo good as to inform us, as nearly as you can, whereabouts 
 would be the expence ot fucli appHcation, includuig labour, 
 materials, and all incidental charges, but exclufiveot any re- 
 ward to yourfell tor difclofing the compohtion tor the benefit 
 ot the public, which we conceive fhould be given feparately. 
 
 We are, Sir, 
 
 Your moll obedient Servants, 
 
 JOHN CALL, 
 JOHN FORDYCE. 
 
 Mr, William Forjyth. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Ito tht Honourable the. Commijjioners of the Land Revenue^ 
 
 Royal Gardens, Ktnfington, April i8, 1789, 
 
 HONOURED SIRS, 
 
 1 PRESUME I need not again affign the reafon why I omit- 
 ted in my former letter, mentioning the expence which will 
 be incurred by cutting out the injured parts of the trees, and 
 the application ot my compofitiun. I have endeavoured to 
 think ot every probable charge that will accrue; and, upon 
 an accurate calculation, am convinced it will not exceed fix- 
 pence per tree. It may not be improper here to obferve, that 
 this calculation includes the labour of the men for the opera- 
 tion ; the compofition, and the application ot it ; and alfo an 
 after review, that the healing of the tiees is going on well ; 
 but I fhould alfo obferve, that in this expence I have not put 
 down any thing for myfelf, leaving that wholly and altogether 
 to your further confideration. 
 
 I am, honoured Sirs, 
 
 With great refpecV, 
 
 Your mod obedient 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 WILLIAM FORSYTH. 
 
224 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 ••0""<>-" <>••••<>•• 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 July 24, 1789; 
 
 RESOLVED, 
 
 1 HAT an humble addrefs be prefented to his Majefty, that 
 he will be gracionily pleafed to give direftions for m^iking 
 fuch enquiries as fhail be thought necelTary tor the purpofe 
 of afceitaining the efficacy of a remedy invented by William 
 Forfyth, for curing defecls in trees, arifmg from injuries in 
 the bark ; and in cafe the fame Ihciii djjpear likely to be of 
 public utility, to order fuch recompence to be made to the 
 faid William Forfyth on the difclofure thereof, as his Majeity 
 Ihall judge proper; and to affure his Majefty, that this houfe 
 will make good the fame. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Land Revenue Office, Scotland Yard, Dec. 11, 179O, 
 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 JljLaving reprefented to the Lords CommifTioners of his 
 Majefly's Treafury, that, in purfuance of their Lordfhips de- 
 fire, we had written to tiie feveral noblemen and gentlemen 
 mentioned in the lift, ol which a copy was fentto each of you, 
 requefling to know whether they would have the goodnefs to 
 make the neceflary examinations and enquiries, to afcertain 
 the efFefl of the experiments made by Mr. Forfyth, of the 
 compofition difcovered by him for curing deleft s in trees ; 
 and that twelve of thofe noblemen and gentlemen, here under 
 named, and to whom this letter is addreffed, had fignified 
 their willingnefs to afTift in the propofed examination ; we 
 have now the honour to inform you, that their lordfhips have 
 been pleafed to fignify to us, that they approve of their exam- 
 ination being made by thole noblemen and gentlemen, or any 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. ,25 
 
 feven or more of them ; anA to rcquefl that yon will be pleaf- 
 cd to take fiich fteps as you fhall think neccfFary, lor alcer- 
 taining the efficacy of the laid compofiiion for curing injuries 
 and detects in trees, and to addrefs the refaltof your exarain- 
 ation to the ioids ot the treafury. 
 
 Among the ufes to which the compofition in queftion is 
 fald to be applicable, that which appears to us more immedi- 
 ately coHne6ied with the objects relerred by parliament to our 
 confidcra'ion, is, the cure ot mjuries and detef.ts in foreft trees 
 cfpecially the oak : And we beg leave particularly to recom- 
 mend it to you to examine, 
 
 Whether the compofition appears to be efficacious for the 
 purpofcot refloring the bark ot an oak-tree which has beea 
 cither cut or accidentally torn off, fo as to prevent fuch inju- 
 ries or detefcls in the timber as are commonly tound to pro- 
 ceed from that caufe ; 
 
 And whether the application of the compofition to the 
 parts ot torell trees where limbs or branches have been cut or 
 torn off, appears to be efficacious for the preventing or curing 
 injuries and detects in timber, proceeding from that caufe ? 
 
 We prefume, widi great deference, that you will think it 
 proper to point out any other ufes to which the compofition 
 may appear to you to be applicable, with advantage to the pub- 
 lic ; and we requefl that you will be pleafed to tavour us with 
 a copy ot your refolutions, or report to the treafury thereon. 
 
 We have the honour to be, 
 
 My Lords and Gentlemen, 
 
 Your raofl obedient humble Servants, 
 
 CHARLES MIDDLETON, 
 JOHN CALL, 
 JOHN FORDYCE. 
 
 The Marquis of Ahcrccrn. 
 Earl of Upper OJfory. 
 Lord Vijcount Barnngton, 
 Lord Frederick Campbell. 
 Sir George. Vonge, Bart. K. B. 
 John Rolls, Efq. 
 Philip Stephens, Efq. 
 C. M Pierrepont, Efq, 
 William Pult^ney, E/q, 
 Robert Barclay, Efq. 
 Hans Sloane, Efq. 
 William Mainzvaring, Efq. 
 
 F2 
 
S26 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 ••<>■ .<>.■..<>....<>•■••<>•. 
 
 To the Lords Covimjjficners oj his Majejly's Treajury. 
 
 MY LORDS, 
 
 Xaaving met on Saturday, at Kenfington, in conipliance 
 vv'iih the delires ot your LordOiips, communicated to us by 
 the Commiffioneis ot the Land Revenue, we endeavoured to 
 take every meaiure lor the inveliigation requefted ot us that 
 the time and circumilances permitted; and we conceive that 
 the heft and rnoll fa:isfatiory mode of leporting to your lord- 
 ihips the refult oi that invertigation will be, to fpecify, as 
 Ihuiily as may be, the Ueps we took ; the obfervaiions we 
 made ; and our opinions, tounded both upon what we our- 
 ielvcs fawf, and upon fuch documeiits as appeared to us au- 
 ihenlic and convincing. 
 
 After relerring to the laft letter addrelTed to us by the 
 Cominiflioners, in order that we might keep in view, as much 
 as polFible, the obje£is more particuiariy recommended to our 
 attention, we proceeded firft to read a ilatement by Mr. For- 
 iyth, of the pioperties of his compohtion, and then to infpeft 
 and examine the various fpecimeiis and documents laid before 
 us by him, tending to prove and illulfrate thofe properties. 
 
 Our inveiligation, thus tar, having proved as fatistaflory 
 as the nature of it admitted, we thought it right to require Mr. 
 Foifyth to fhew us fuch trees in Kenfington Gardens as (hav- 
 ing fieen injured or decayed by whatever caufe) had been {bene- 
 fited by the application ot this compohtion ; and we defired 
 liim to lliew us what fpecimens he could of fuch trees in all the 
 liiigcs of their amendment and recovery. In confequence of 
 this requifition, we were condufcted to many toreft trees of 
 diflferent kinds, viz. elms, limes, and horfe-chefnuts, in which 
 holes and v/ounds, in foine in fiances ieveral feet in length, and 
 Of a conhucrable width and depth, had been completely filled 
 up with found wood, fo as the outline ot the wound remained 
 barely difcernable in the bark. We examined many others 
 in an evident If ate ot prcgrefs towards a fimilar cure, and we 
 could not difcover any one ot the experiments that fell under 
 our obfervation, of v.'hlch we had the lea ft reafon to doubt the 
 fuccefs. We examined alfo fcveral experiments upon trees 
 which, flanding near each other, liad been cut down, and to the 
 ftems of which the compofnion had been applied, while the 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 227 
 
 others had been left to nature: The unirorm refult of thcfe 
 experiments appeared, that thofe ftems to which the compofi- 
 tion had been applied had (hot up into healthy viaorons trees 
 in far lefs time than we fhould have conceived pofiible : While 
 thole, lelt to unalfilled nature, had only produced irregular, 
 unhealthy fiioots, and were apparently in a Ibte of decay. — 
 Several experiments hnd alfo been made on decayed and hol- 
 low ftumps (where liiile or notliinrr but hark remained) oE 
 elms of very confulerable fize and ajrc : From thefe ftumps, 
 by the application of the compofition, healthy trees have ilTued, 
 which have, in the fpace of five, fix, (even, or eight years, at- 
 tained to a fize and height which it appears to us that trees 
 fown or planted Teldom attain to in thrice the time. With a 
 view to afcertain, as far as was in our power, the quality of 
 that wood which by the application of the compofition had 
 been formed in the decayed and injured parts of trees, wc cut 
 pieces of it out, and compared them with other pieces cut out 
 of the original wood of the fame trees, and, after as accurate a 
 fecretingand compzrifon as we were enabled to make, we could 
 not difcover any difference either in the colour or texture. 
 
 Upon our obferving to Mr. Forfyth, that we had not yet ' 
 feen any fpecimens of the operations of his compofition upon 
 oak-trees, he informed us, that having at firft confined his ex- 
 periments to other trees, which were in a ftate of greater de- 
 cay, he had none of the fame date (viz. from two to eight years) 
 to fhew us, but that we might fee many fpecimens, of near two 
 years (landing, equal in their progrefs to the reft : According- 
 ly, we examined various experiments upon oaks ; of which the 
 progrefTive ftate was fo perfeflly fimilar to that of the other 
 fpecies of trees, that we fhould not be juftified in any doubt 
 upon that head ; the event, alfo, of comparing the new wood 
 with the old was the fame. 
 
 To report at large our obfervatlons upon the efFefls of the 
 compofition applied to the different fruit trees, would be little 
 more than a repetition of what we have already faid ; the time 
 of the year would onlv allow us to remark the rapid growth of 
 the branches and (hoots wlierever the compofition had been 
 applied to the moft decayed and injured ftems. 
 
 We deem it unneceffary to enter into any detail of the 
 collateral information and documents which confirmed the 
 imprefhons refulting from our perfonal obfervations, perluad- 
 ed that your lordfhips will believe we omitted no means in 
 our power to form our judgments. 
 
 We will therefore only add, thit, from all we faw and 
 heard, we have reafon to believe, and confequently do not iicfi- 
 
228 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 tate to exprefs our conviftion, that Mr. Forfyth's compofitlon 
 is a difcovery which may be highly beneficial both to individ- 
 uals and the public. 
 
 We have the honor to be 
 
 Your Lordfhips obedient Servants, 
 
 ABERCORN, 
 
 FREDERICK CAMPBELL, 
 WILLIAM PULTENEY, 
 CHARLES PIERREPONT, 
 HANS SLOANE, 
 GEORGE YONGE, 
 PHILIP STEPHENS, 
 ROBERT BARCLAY, 
 JOHN ROLLE, 
 WILLIAM MAINWARING. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 j^N confequence of an addrefs of the Houfe of Commons to 
 his Majefty, and of an examination made by 
 
 The Marquis of Abercorn, Sir George Yonge, Bart. 
 
 Lord Frederick Ca?npbeU^ Philip Stephens, E/q. 
 
 William Pulteney, Efq. Robert Barclay, E/q. 
 
 Charles Pierrepont, EJq. John Rolle, EJq. and 
 
 Hans Sloane, Efq. IVilliajn Mainwaring, Efq. 
 
 and their report to the Lords CommifTjoners of his Majefty's 
 Treafury. refpe£ting the efficacy of a compofition difcovered 
 by Mr. William Forfyth, tor curing injuries and defe6is in 
 trees, his Majefty has been pleafed to grant a reward to Mr. 
 Forfyth, for difclofing the method ot making and ufing that 
 compofition; and the following direflions for that purpofeaie 
 publifhed accordingly : 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 225 
 
 Royal Gaidens, Kcnfing(on, May ii, 1791. 
 
 BireBionsJor making a Compofilion for curing Difcafcs, Dc- 
 Je&Syartd Injuries, in a/i kinds of '^ '■ ' '"" " "" 
 and the Metlu'>d oj preparing the Tree 
 fojilion, by William Forsyth. 
 
 Je&s, and Injuries, in all kinds of Fruit and Forejt Trees, 
 and the Metlu^d 0/ preparing the 'Trees and laying on tkeCom- 
 
 X AKE one bufhel of frefh cow dung, half a bnOicl of lime 
 rubbifh of old biiilclings (that tion:i the ceilings ol rooms is 
 pielerable,) halt a bulhel of wood-afhes, and a lixteenth part 
 of a bufhel of pit or river fand : 'i he ihiee lall aiiicks are to 
 be fitted fine betore they are mixed ; then work them well to- 
 gether with a fpade, and afterwards with a v/oodcn beater, 
 until the flufF is very ftiiooth, like firffe plaller ukd lor the 
 ceilings of rooms. 
 
 Thecompofition being thus made, care muft be taken to 
 prepare the tree properly tor its application, by cutting away 
 all the dead, decayed and injured parts, till you come to the 
 treth found v.'cod, leaving the turtace of the wood, very 
 fmooth, and rcunding off the edges ot the hark with a draw- 
 knile, or other inftrument, perletlly fmooth, which niuft be 
 particularly attended to ; then lay on the platter about one 
 eighth ot an inch thick, all over the part where the wood or 
 bark has been fo cutaway, hnifhing off the edges as thin as 
 pofTible: Then take a quantity of dry powder ot wood-afiies 
 mixed with a fixth part ot the fame qaantiiy of the afhes of 
 burnt bones; put it into a tin box, wiih holes in the top, and 
 ftake the powder on the furtace ot the plultcr, till the whole 
 is covered over with it, letting it remain tor halt an hour, \o 
 abforb the moi'fture; then apply more powder, rubbing it on 
 gently with the hand, and repeating the application ot the 
 powder till the whole platter becomes a dry fmooth furtace. 
 
 All trees cut down near the ground fhould have the lur- 
 face made quite fmooth, rounding it off in a fmall degree, as 
 before mentioned ; and the dry powder diretled fo be lu'ed af- 
 terwards fiiould have an cquil quantity ot powder ot alabafler 
 mixed with it, in order the better to refill the dripping ot trees 
 and heavy rains. 
 
 If any of the compofiiion be Icit for a future occafion, it 
 fhould be kept in a tub, or other vetlc!, and urine of any kind 
 
i30 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, Sec. 
 
 poured on it, fo as to cover the fui face ; otherwife the attnof- 
 phere will greatly hurt the efficacy of the application. 
 
 Where lime rubbi{h of old buildings cannot be eafi'y 
 got, take pounded chalk, or common lime, alier having been 
 flaked a month at leaft. 
 
 As the growth of the tree will gradually afFeft the plaffer, 
 by railing up its edges next the bark, care fhould be taken, 
 where that happens, to rub it over with the finger when occa- 
 fion may require (which is beft done when moiftened by rain,) 
 that the plafter may be kept whole, to prevent the air and wet 
 from penetrating into the wound. 
 
 WILLIAM FORSYTH. 
 
 William Forfyth, of Kenfington, in the county of Mid- 
 dlefex, gardener, maketh oath, and faith, that the 
 foregoing is a true account of the method of making 
 andufing the compofiiion difcovered by him for cur- 
 jnfT difeafes, defe£ls and injuries, in fruit and torefl 
 trees : and which compofition was applied by him to 
 the trees in his Majefly's gardens at Kenfington, 
 fliewn to the noblemen and gentlemen to whom it 
 was referred to examine the efficacy of the faid com- 
 pofition. 
 
 WILLIAM FORSYTH. 
 
 Sworn at the Land Revenue Office in Scotland Yard, 
 the eleventh day of May, ij^i, before iis, 
 
 . CHARLES MIDDLETON', 
 
 JOHN CALL, 
 ■ JOHN FORDICE. 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 231 
 
 .•<>- -O-O'-O" 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Additional Diredions for Making and Ufing the Compofition, 
 
 X o the foregoing dire£lions for making and applying the 
 compofition, it is necellary to add the following. 
 
 As the beft way of ufing the compofition is found, by ex- 
 perience, to be in a liquid Hate ; it muff, therelore, be reduced 
 to the confiftence ot pretty thick paint, by mixing it up with 
 a fufficient quantify ot urine and foap-fuds, and laid on with 
 a painter's brufh. The powder ot wood-afhes and burnt 
 bones is to be applied as before dire£led, patting it down with 
 the hand. 
 
 When trees are become hollow, you muft fcoop out all 
 the rotten, loole, and dead parts of the trunk till you come to 
 the folid wood, leaving the furface fmooth ; then cover the 
 hollow, and every part where the canker has been cut out, or 
 branches lopped off, with the compofition ; and, as the edges 
 grow, take care not to let the new wood come in contact with 
 the dead, part of which it may be fometimes necelFary to leave ; 
 but cut out the old dead wood as the new advances, keeping 
 a hollow between them, to allow the new wood room to ex- 
 tend iifelt, and thereby fill up the cavity, which it will do in 
 time, fo as to make, as it were, a new tree. 11 the cavity be 
 large, you may cut away as much at one operation as will be 
 fufficient tor three years. But in this you are to be guided by 
 the fize of the wound, and other circumftances. When the 
 new wood, advancing Irom both fides of the wound, has al- 
 moft met, cut off the bark from boih the eJges, that the folid 
 wood may join, which, it properly managed, it will do, leav- 
 ing only a flight feam in the bark. If the tree be very much 
 decayed, do not cut away all the dead wood at once, which 
 would weaken the tree too much, it a Itandard, and endanger 
 its being blown down by the wind. It will, therefore, be ne- 
 ceffary to leave part of the dead wood at firft, to ftrengthen the 
 tree, and to cut it out by degrees as the new wood is formed. 
 If there be any canker or gum oozing, the infefcled parts mult 
 be pared off, or cut out with a proper inllrument. When the 
 flem is very much decayed, and hollow, it will be nccelFary 
 to open the ground and examine the roots ; then proceed as 
 direded fur hollow peach-trees ; [Ste Plates 2 and 5, which 
 
232 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, See. 
 
 fliew the manner of preparing hollow trees, and alfo the grow- 
 ing oF the wood.] 
 
 Some nionths before (he publication of the " ObferVa- 
 tions on the Difeafcs, &c. in Fruit and Foreft Trees," I had 
 tried the compofuion in a liquid {late, but did not think my- 
 felt warranted to make it public uniil I had ex Jrienced its 
 efFefts through the winter. The I'uccefs anfvvered ray inofl; 
 fanguine expectations ; and I have ufed it in that way ever 
 fince. By Lfing the compofition in a liquid ftate, more than 
 three- fourths ot the tinic and labour is faved ; and I had it is 
 not fo liable to be thrown oH as the lips grow, as when laid on 
 in the confiftence of plaifer : It adheres firmly to the naked 
 part of the wound, and yet eafily gives way as the new wood 
 and bark advances. 
 
 The firfl time that I tried the compofuion in a liquid form 
 was upon an elm which had been planted about twenty years. 
 It had been very much bruifed by the roller, had fevera! cavi- 
 ties in it and was very much bark-bound befides. Having 
 prepared the wounds, and applied the compofition with a 
 painter's brufli, I took my knite and fcarified the tiee in four 
 places ; I alfo fhaved off, with a diaw-kniie, all the cankery 
 outer bark, and covered the whole tree with the compohtion, 
 fhaking'the powder ot wood-afhes and burnt bones all over it. 
 A very heavy ram began in the evenmg and continued all 
 night ; yet, to my great furprize, in the morning, I found that 
 only fome of the powder, which had not had time to dry and 
 incorporate with the compofition, was wafhed off. 1 now re- 
 peated the powder, and, without any thing more being done to 
 the tree, the wounds healed up, and the bark was reftored fo 
 completely, that, three years ago, it could hardly be difcerned 
 ■where the wounds had been. The fcaiifications had alfo dif- 
 appeared. Some of the wounds were thirteen inches long, 
 eight broad, and three deep. Since the time when it was 
 fcarified, the tree has increafed ten inches more in circumfer- 
 ence than a healthy tree planted at the fame time with it about 
 fixteen feet dilfant, which was not fcarified. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 G2 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Succefs of fevtral Experiments, fince the Publicntion of •' Ob- 
 fcrvations on the Difafes, DeJcEls^ &c,'^ 
 
 1^1 NCE I publifhed my ** Obfervatlons on the Difeafes, Dc- 
 fefls and Injuries in Fruit and Foreft Trees,'' I have been af- 
 fiduous in making experiments for the fake of improvement. 
 A great many hollow tiees that had, when I took them in hand, 
 little more than the bark remaining found, have within thefe 
 few years been entirely filled up : Others, that were headed 
 down within a few feet of the ground, have their ftumps now 
 completely covered by the leading fhoot, forming handfome 
 trees ; and the places where they were headed are only dif- 
 cerned by a faint cicatrix. Of a great many, I fliall only par- 
 ticularize a few inflances. 
 
 A lime-tree, about eighteen inches in diameter, whofe 
 trunk was decayed and hollow from top to bottom, to which, 
 after cutting out the decayed wood, I had applied the compo- 
 fition about fixteen years ago, was cut down lad year on pur- 
 pofe to examine the progrefs it had made in the interior parf, 
 and was found entirely filled up with new found wood, which 
 had completely incorporated with what little old wood remain- 
 ed when I firft took it in hand. The body of this tree 1 had 
 cut in fiiort lengths, which I have now in my poiTefhon, to 
 fhew to any gentleman who v*?iines to be convinced of the fafl-. 
 An old elm whofe infide was totally decayed, and cut of which, 
 at different times, were taken two large can loads of rotten 
 wood, has made fhoots upv/ards of tv.'cnty feet high in the cou; fe 
 of fix years. Another elm, on the Palace Green, v.'hich was 
 headed about twenty feet from the ground, has produced a 
 fhoot forty-fix feet high, and five feet nine inches in circum- 
 ference. A lime, cut down near the ground, has now a fhoot 
 twenty feet high, which entirely covers the Ifump, forming a 
 fine tree twenty-one inches in circumference. A fycamore 
 treated in the fame manner is now thirty feet high, and twcnty- 
 fix inches in circumference. Another is thirty feet high, and 
 
236 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c; 
 
 two feet in circumference. Thefe are now fine thriving trees, 
 and tl)e cicatrices hardly difcernable. 
 
 A horie-chffnut headed down has produced, from its 
 hollow ftump, iour fine flioots, one of which is cut down ; the 
 other three are upwards of thirty feet high, and one of them 
 is twenty- fix inctics in circumference. Two of the remaining 
 three are to be cut down, leaving only one to form the body 
 of the tree. A lime, whofe hollow part is eleven feet high, is 
 alfo filling up ; the tree is a foot in diameter. A decayed 
 pait, four feet high and twenty-eight inches broad in a large 
 elra, is now filling up rapidly with found wood. About two 
 feet and a half in length on one fide, which was for lome time 
 left to nature, itill continued to decay till the compofition was 
 applied : New wood and bark are now forming. An elm, at 
 the back of the old fruit-room, near the garden wall, which 
 was entirely hollow, was alio headed down : The new head 
 now fpreads about twenty- tour feet, and is eighteen feet high. 
 Another large hollow elm near the lad was headed down ; it 
 afterwards produced a ihoot fixty feet high and tiuee feet and 
 a half in circumference ; the hollow wa.i upwards of tsvo leet 
 in diameter. There are a great many other elms, fome ot 
 which had wounds ten feet long and two feet broad, r«ow en- 
 tirely filled up; befides many iycamores, oaks, and other for- 
 eil trees, all reftored to a flounlhing {fate, by havin>', tlie dead 
 ■wood cut out and the compofition app!if:d. An oak that was 
 headed down about fix years ago is repiefented in plate 12. 
 
 In hollow trees, the rotten and decayed wood muff be cut 
 out at diflerent times, as the new wood comes in conidtl with 
 it ; but great care muft be taken not to cut out, two much at 
 once, but to leave enough \o fupport the tree and prevent it from 
 being blown down by l^igh winds, till the new is ft rong enough 
 lor tliat purpofe : The remainder may then be cut out. 
 
 A number ot mflances of the faccefs attendmg mv meth- 
 od of pruning and training might be adduced ; but I Ihall 
 notice only the following. 
 
 Mr. Aberdeen, gardener to John Sullivan, Efq. at Rich- 
 inrjs, near Windfor, has followed it for fome time with gieat 
 luccefs, both in the houfe and on the natural wall. 
 
 Having heard for leveral years of the very fine and large 
 crops that were produced in the forcing houfes belonging to 
 John Juiius Angerilein, Efq. at Woodland Houfe, on Black- 
 heath, I was induced to take a journey thither, in cotnpany with 
 John Wedgwood, Efq. to lee whit method was purfued to 
 obtain fuch crops. On enquiry, Mr. Stuart, the gardener, 
 candidly told me, that feveial years ago he had beed at Ken- 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 237 
 
 finf^ton Gardens, where be faw my method of pruning and 
 training, was convinced ot its advantages above the old, and 
 had adopted it with grpat fuccefs. Indeed, there were, at the 
 time I was there, tlie hneft and largell crops of grapes that I 
 had ever ften in any forcing houles. Two fioules, in partic- 
 ular, were covered tiom top to bottom with fine gi apes, and tlie 
 vines trained in the fcrpentine manner. 
 
 John Wedgw'oud, Eiq. of Cote Houfe, nearBriflol.a 
 gentleiiian who is much aviached to gardening and planting, 
 tells me, that he has pratfifed my mode of pruning and train- 
 ing fruit trees, particularly peaches and nettarmes, in his 
 houles; and that he is highly pleafed with the method, which 
 has been attended wuli great fuccefs. 
 
 Lord Frederick Campbell has lately favoured me with a 
 Hfl of eighty-hv-e fruit trees, of diffeient kinds, that were 
 headed down, m his gardens at Coomb Bank, in Kent, in the 
 years 1798 and 1799; and atterwaids trained and pruneci ac- 
 cording to my method ; many ol them before heading down, 
 were in a very cankery, untruitlul ftate, and overgiown with 
 mois : Thefe are now in a fruitful, healthy and flourilhing 
 condition, fomc 01 the efpaliers have made Ihoots from two to 
 three yards long, and upwards. Thei'e trees were cut and 
 prepared by Mr. Wilhams, who had been lor fome time ac- 
 cuftomed to my way of treating fuch trees, and whom I re- 
 commended to Ins Lordfliip as a gardener. Thefe trees are 
 very proper patterns for any gentlemen in the neighbourfiood, 
 who wifli to give the cornpolition, and method or training 
 and prufiing, recommended in this treatile, a fair trial. 
 
 Several fuccelsiu! tiials havealfo been mide at the Diike 
 of Dorfet's ieat, at Knowle, \\i Kent, at Hatfield Houfe, the 
 feat of the Marquis of SaliPoary, and at a great many other 
 places ; and experiments are now making at Sir Henry 
 Strachey's at Rook's Neft, near God Hone, in Surrey. 
 
 Ahhough I do not mean to enter at large on the culture 
 and management of ioreff trees ; yet as the following obferva- 
 tions on laifing oaks, and dire£fio'ns for planting chclnuts for 
 underwood, may be ut conliderable fervice, 1 Ihall, without 
 any further apology, lay them before my readers. 
 
 T/ie bejl Way of raxfing Oaks. 
 
 It is a generally received opinion, that when an oak lOiCS 
 its tap-root in trai-.fplanting, it never produces another ; but 
 this 1 have proved to be a nMifake, by an cjcperimcnt which I 
 made on a bed of oak plants in the )ear iT^p. .1 tranfplanteg 
 them into a frelh btd in the ioicmcntioncd st^xx, cutting the 
 
£3? OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, 8cc. 
 
 tap-roots near to fome of the fmall fide-rcots or fibres fhoot- 
 ing from them. In the fecond year after, I headed one half of 
 the plants down, as direfled for chefnuts, and left the other 
 half to nature. In the firft feafon, thofe headed down made 
 flioots fix feet long and upwards, and completely covered the 
 tops of the old ftems, leaving only a faint cicatrix, and had 
 produced new tap-roots upwards of two feet and a halt long. 
 One of thefe trees I left at the Land Revenue Office, for the 
 infpc6lion of the commilTioners, and to fliew the advantage of 
 tranfplanting and heading down young oaks, when done in a 
 proper manner. By this mode of treatment they grow more 
 in one year than in fix when raifed in the common way. The 
 other half of the plants, that were not headed down, are not one 
 fourth the lize of the others. One of the former is now 
 eighteen feet high, and, at fix inches from the ground, meaf- 
 ures fifteen inches in circumference; at three feet from the 
 ground, ten inches; and at fix feet, nine inches and a half; 
 while one of the largeft of the latter meafures only five feet 
 and a halt high, and three inches and three quarters in circum- 
 ference, at fix inches from the ground. This is a convincing 
 proof, that tranfplanting and heading down oaks is the mofl 
 fuccefsful and advantageous way of treating them ; and by it 
 they are fooner out of danger itom cattle, as well as from ver- 
 min, which are frequently very injurious to young trees. 
 
 Of ra'ijing Chefnuts for Underwood. 
 
 As the chefnut is the befl and mofl: durable wood for 
 flakes, hop-poles, &c. I (hall give fome directions how to 
 plant them to the beft advantage for copfe wood. 
 
 For this purpofe, the ground fhould be trenched or plough- 
 ed, and well fummer-fallowed. After the fall of the leaf, 
 plant the young trees in the quincunx order, in rows fix feet 
 apart, and at the diftance of fix feet in the rows from plant to 
 plant. If you are forming large plantations, the molt expe- 
 ditious way will be to plant after the plough, (reading the earth 
 firmly about the roots of the plants. It will be neceflary to 
 form bafons round the plants on purpofe to mulch them, if it 
 fhould happen to be a dry feafon the firft fummer after plant- 
 ing. It may, perhaps, be a faving of time to put the plants in 
 loofely at firit, that you may be able to keep up with the 
 plough, and to return afterwards to tread the mould, and fornx 
 the bafons for mulching. 
 
 When the trees are become fit for poles, every other one 
 may be cut down almoft dole to the ground, throughout the 
 plantation; always obferving to cut in a floping manner, and 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. t^g 
 
 as near to an eye as may be. Thofe that you intend for tim- 
 ber fhould be lelt in every other row, which will leave them 
 twelve feet apart every way ; but if the foil be rich and deep, 
 it may be necefTary to leave them twenty- lour feet apart. In 
 many counties, particularly Hertfordlhiro, the underwood is 
 more valuable than timber ; in that cafe it will be more ju- 
 dicious to leave but few trees for that purpofe : In the mean 
 time the underwood will amply repay you for the expence of 
 planting, &c. befides the rent of the ground, while at the fame 
 time you have a fufHcient crop of timber on the ground. In 
 Kent, they generally plant out chefnuts and afli for hop-poles 
 at three years old, and cut them fourteen years after, which 
 makes in all, leventcen years berore they are fit to cut ; and 
 they bring from one guinea and a half to two guineas per hun- 
 dred ; but if they were railed from large (tools, properly cut, 
 and the compofuion applied, they would be lit for cutting in 
 lefs than one third of that time, and of courfe, the value oi the 
 land would be tripled. 
 
240 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &c. 
 
 ,.<>....<>....<>-..<>.. 
 
 LETTERS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 Effedl cf the Compojition in all Climates, 
 
 X HE following letters, &c. are inferted to fliew that the 
 compofition, when properly applied, is found to be equally 
 efficacious in all climates, Toils, and fituations. Indeed, all 
 who ha.ve given it a fair trial are fo fully convinced ot its util- 
 ity, that many noblemen and gentlemen have fent their gar- 
 deners to me for inftruftions. The Chevalier D'Almeida, the 
 Portuguefe AmbafTador, had a perfon fent from Portugal for 
 the fame purpofe ; and fome FolilTi noblemen, who had fcen 
 the trees in Kenfington Gardens, were fo fully convinced of 
 the great advantage to be derived from the application of the 
 compofition, as to fend a man for inIlru£lions, that he might 
 introduce the pra6lice into Poland. 
 
 <•<»— <»""0-'W" 
 
 Copy of a Letter from the Economical Society of St. 'Peterjburg^ 
 
 Imperial Corps of Land Cadets, in St. Petejfburg, 
 January 9, 179a. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 xxs a Member of the Economical Society of St. Peterfburg, 
 his Excellency Count Anhalt folicits me to exprefs, in your 
 own language, the pleafure which the communication of your 
 ufelul difcov'ery has given him, and the learned body over 
 whom he fo worthily prefides. The Court has already taken 
 the necclfary fteps, by defire of the Society, to have your 
 little diifcrtation tranflated and printed in the Rulfian lan- 
 guage, in order to difFufe the advantage it holds out, as wide- 
 ly as polfible, over this vail empire. I aai happy in the 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. j^t 
 
 opportunity his commifTion ofTers.ot cxprefTing likewifc indi- 
 vidually tlie fdtisladliori I have received, as a countryman and 
 lover ol Botany, Irom the pcrufai ot your fagacious apnlica- 
 tion of the Chirurgical art to vegetation ; and mult own, that 
 your extirpation ot ihe difeafed parts, and the ufe of an iin;Tu. 
 ent to ward oiF the noxious afction of tlie air and humidity, 
 during the exertions ot niture to repair lofs of fub fiance, and 
 the languid circulation ot the vegetible juices, appear to me 
 highly judicious. The analogy in certain rcfpefts between the 
 inferior order of beings, fo particularly your care, and the 
 more animated link ot the great chain ot Creation, fccms to 
 become every day more and more appareat. Nay, if we are 
 to credit the ingenious author of the Philofophy of Natural 
 Hiftory, lately publifhed in Edinburgh, it is not a little evi- 
 dent ; and indeed the great number of curious fafts and ob- 
 fervations which he has brought together render his phrafe, 
 which I have ufed above, much lefs improper than it would 
 have otherwife appeared on the face of the cafe. All thefe 
 confjdcrations then make me fee, with the more pleafure, the 
 fagacious application ot at Icaft orie branch of \h^ healing art 
 to afcertain difeafes of vcge'ablcs. to the advantage of the 
 world in general, and the Britifl^ Navy in particular, which 
 muftgain infinitely by the prefervation and health of Britifh 
 Odk, unrivalled for the noble purpofc to which it is applied. 
 I have ftill to congratulate you on your becoming, fode- 
 fervedlv, a member of our Society; tor fuie no treatife ever 
 laid before us promifed a wider field of public and private 
 economy, and ot courfe none ever came mo.'"e immediately 
 under the fpirit and purport ot our inditution. 
 
 I am. Sir, with hearty wiOics for the fuccefs and extend- 
 ed range ot our purfuit, 
 
 Your moft obedient humble Servant, 
 
 (Signed) MATTHEW GUTHRIE. 
 
 To Mr. Forfyth, Ktiijington. , 
 
 PS, As the extremes of oiu' climsle may produce cafes 
 which are not likely to happen in your temperate ifland.Coutit 
 Anhalt will be happy to Ice more obfervations on fuch acci- 
 dents in any future letter you may addrefs to the Society. A 
 paper of mine on the RufTian Climate, in the fccond volume of 
 the Philofophical Tranfafclions of the Royal Society of Edin- 
 burgh, may probably affjrd you all the information ncccllary 
 to judge of what modification your fyffetn may require in this 
 country, although 1 do think it applicable every where, with 
 
 H 2 
 
2+2 OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, 8cc, 
 
 poITibly fome little alteiaiion in the confiflence of your plaf- 
 ler, to Riii extremes ot iieat and cold. This letter being of a 
 public nature, intended to tellity the fenfe ot the Economical 
 Society ol Petcvfburg, on your ufeful difcovery, you may 
 make what ufe ol it you pleafe. 
 
 Copy of a httcr Jrom George SuRvayi Markn, Efq. 
 
 Enfton, Oxfordfliirc, July 30, 1809. 
 SIR, 
 
 KJ NDERSTANriNG there cxifls fome doubt how far your 
 ^•egetable plai'ler anfwers in hot climates, I cannot in juftice 
 liefuateto in'oim you, that it was in conftant and fucccfslul 
 iii'e not only in my own garden in the diftii6l of Trinfivelly, 
 iour hundred miles South of Madras, but alfo in the Compa- 
 r.y's Cinnamon Plantation v.-hich I had the pleafure ot form- 
 ing there, and where, from the method of cultivating that 
 Ipice, the trees are always cut down to flumps. Yourplafter 
 at thefe times was always applied, which flopped the bleeding, 
 end haftened out the fhoots (from whence the beft cinnamon is 
 taken) much quicker than the former mode (and which is ftill 
 jtraclifed in Ceylon I believe) of heaping the earth over them. 
 Nor was my experience confined ; tor, when I quitted India 
 JM Oclober, 1798, 1 left one hundred and fifty thoufand trees 
 fnd plants in the Trinfivelly Plantations, all of which I had 
 ))lanted from the feed of two trees brought from the ifland of 
 Ceylon by Mrs. Li.^ht, which are yet flourifhing, 1 dare fay, 
 in the Commercial Refident's garden. 
 
 I likewife applied your plafter with equal fuccefs to the 
 fruit trees of the country. But to an old Pumbilmos, or Shad- 
 docktree, which was almofl throughout decayed, and which I 
 had to fill up with the plalf^r after the dead wood was taken 
 out, it produced wonderlul renovation. 1 derived too much 
 benefit from this compofition to finifli without afTuring ycu, 
 that I v.'ill with much pleafure give you any turther informa- 
 tion as to its fuccefs in hot countries that came within my ob- 
 lervation during the ufe of it for feveral years in the diftrifcl 
 ol Trinrivelly. 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 
 Your moft obedient Servant, 
 
 (Signed) GEORGE SULIVAN MARTEN. 
 
 To Mr. Forfyth. 
 
OF FRUIT AND FORblST TREES. 243 
 
 -<►•■••<>••■•<>■• •<»•• 
 
 Copy of a Letter fro)ji John IVedgczoooJ, EJq. 
 
 Coic llcufe, Nov. 14, i8co. 
 DEAR SIR, 
 
 W HEN you were with me you cxprefled a wifli to have 
 the number ot peach antl ne£larine trees which I had on my 
 walls that iiad been drelFed with your compofition. Thefe 
 trees were part of a Fet which 1 bought in a lot, and which had 
 been left to grow rude againft an old wail, lo that they ap- 
 peared to be gone pail all cure. Many were eaten up with 
 the canker, and many were become fo naked at the bottom 
 that they gave but little room to imagine they could be brought 
 into any form. I planted them againit my walls in the be- 
 ginning of the year, where they were left unpruned till the 
 middle ot May, The gardener then gave them a fevere cut- 
 ting in, and, as he went on, conflantly drefhng them with 
 your compofition, carefully eradicating all the canker. I can 
 now fafely fay, that they are as free from canker as any trees 
 I ever faw, and full of fruit-bearing wood, many ot them 
 brought into excellent form, and all of them, except fome few 
 which died in the fummer, promifing to make very ufelul and 
 profitable trees ; fo that it I had occafion to new Hock my 
 walls, I fhould as willingly purchafe another fuch lot as to 
 buy regular trained trees from a nurfery. Provided the roots 
 are good, I am convinced from experience, that the older the 
 tree the more profitable it will be, as in the cafe ot the trees 
 above defcribed ; all the young fhoots are covered with blof- 
 fom buds in great profufion. 
 
 The following is the lift of the trees, and the afpefls of 
 the walls on which they are planted. 
 
 19 Peach and NeQarine Trees on a new wall by thehot- 
 
 houfe, Eaft alpe£l. 
 
 16 do. . . do on another Eaft alpefl. 
 
 19 do. . . do on the fame afpe£t. 
 
 5 do. . . do on a South afpedf. 
 
 2 do. . . do. . . . ; on another South wall. 
 
 4 do on another South wall. 
 
 6.5 in all. 
 
144 OBS£JIVATIONS ON THE DISEASES, &e. 
 
 Thefe are exclufive of many trees that were on the walls 
 before, and which have been much benefited by being dreffed 
 with your compofition. I am fo fully aware ot the excellence 
 of the compofition, that I do not permit the gardener to prune 
 any plants without immediately ufmg it. If you think thefe 
 remarks can be of any fervice, you have my permifiion to 
 tnake any ufe of them. 
 
 I am, dear Sir, 
 
 Yours fincerely. 
 {Signed) JOHN WEDGEWOOD. 
 
 ^xtra^ of a tetter from Thomas Davis, Efq. Author oj the 
 Agricultural Survey of IViUfJiire, 
 
 June aS, i2ol. 
 
 " t 
 
 X WAS happy in having an opportunity the other day of 
 
 Ihewing the effefls of your plafter (in recovering the bark of 
 oak-trees of 4 or jco years old, which had begun to rot up- 
 wards from the ground, and is now recovering downwards 
 Very rapidly) to Lord Spencer, who was both pleafed and alfon- 
 ifhed with it. 
 
 " You may at any time refer to me for proofs if you want 
 them. I made a bold experiment feven years ago on an oak- 
 tree 40 feet high and \6\ feet round, worthy. 80 at lealt to a 
 Carpenter to cut to pieces, and fuch a tree as the King has not 
 ten in his dominions. There was a craze in the fide of it, 
 which looked like a fhake, and fpoiled its beauty. 1 cut out 
 the bark on each fide the fiffure fo as to make the opening 6 
 or 7 inches wide. 1 coated it well with plafler, and it is now 
 perfc6lly united and found." 
 
OF FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 245 
 
 LireBionsfor Heading dov:n Orange-Trees. 
 
 J U ST as the manufcript was going to the prefs, Mr. Rade- 
 maker, the Portuguefe Agent in London, called and told me, 
 thai he had received a letter irom the Chevalier d'Almtida, 
 the late Ambaflador Irom Portugal at this court, intormmg 
 him, thdt on his return home he had found the orange-trees 
 on the Prince ot Brazil's plantations in a very unhealthy and 
 decayed ftate ; and requefting him to apply to me loi fome ot 
 the compofition, and a copy of the pamphlet " On the Dif- 
 eafes, &c. in Fruit and Foreft Trees ;" as he wilhed to make 
 trial ot it on the trees of that country. 
 
 Accordingl)', 1 have fent a cafk of the compofition, with 
 direflions tor preparing the trees, and laying it on. 
 
 When it is found neceffary to head down orange-trees, I 
 would adviie not to cut them quite down to the flem ; but 10 
 leave two or three inches of the branches ; fome more, fome 
 lefs ; always remembering to cu-t near to a joint, and in fuch 
 a manner as to lorm a handfome head; and to apply the com- 
 pofition immediately. In doing this, however, it will be ne- 
 ceffary to leave a few young (hoots to draw up the fap. If 
 the trees are infefled with infefts, the Hems mufl be wafh- 
 ed with foap-fuds and urine, and well fcrubbed with a hard 
 brufh. 
 
 About twelve years ago the orange-trees in the green 
 houfe in Kenfington gardens were fo much infefled with a 
 ipecies of coccus, that I was obliged to head them all down, 
 and clean ofFthe infefcts as above diretted ; applying the com- 
 pofition immediately after. Thefe trees throve amazingly ; 
 and in three years, without any bottom heat, the heads were as 
 large as before they were cut ; and they flill continue in a 
 flourifliing and fruitful liate. 
 
 I would advife to rub off the fide fhoots, as dire£led for 
 other fruit trees, and to keep the heads thin of wood. 
 
 I thought it proper to infert the above for the information 
 of thofe who have orange-tiees in this country, as well as tor 
 ihofe who have them abroad. 
 
EXPLANATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE ENGRAVINGS. 
 
( H9 } 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE i. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Represents an old apricot-tiee, after the laft pruning 
 in fummc-r, in die fourth year aUer heading down. The low- 
 er part of the trunk is reprefented as covered with a rough 
 bark, which muft be pared oflF when it happens to be cankery, 
 
 a, a, a, a. The cicatrices of the fcur different years' head- 
 ing, which ihould be performed at the time of the winter or 
 fpring pruning. 
 
 ^, d, b. Forked fhoots which are laid in, in fummer, and 
 cut ofFat b in the winter pruning, that the leading fhoots may 
 be always lett without forks. 
 
 As the fmall fhoots c, c, c, from the flem, advance, the 
 larger forked Ihoots Ihould be cut ojr, as at d, d, d, to make 
 room for tiiem to be trained horizontally. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Is an old branch of an apricot trained up according to the 
 old method, leaving above three-fouiths of the wall naked. 
 Such branches fhould be cut down as near to the place where 
 the tree was firft budded as pofTible, as at e, on purpole to fill 
 the wall with fine new wood. 
 
 I2 
 
( 2^0 5 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. 
 
 F^g. 1. 
 An old hollow Green Gage Plum-Tree the fecond year 
 after heading down. This tree was very much decayed, hav- 
 ing only a tew inches ot found baik ; many of the roots be- 
 ing alfo rotten and decayed, were cut off, and an incifion made 
 at a, which produced a frefh root. 
 
 i?. The firll heading, clofe to a bud. 
 c, c. The new wood and bark growing over the hollow 
 part d, which is covered with the compofition. 
 
 e, e, &c. Where the fecond year's heading was per- 
 formed. 
 
 f,f. Where the fore-right fliools are cut off during the 
 winter or fpring pruning. 
 
 g, g, g, &c. The fruit buds for next year, as they appear 
 after the tore-right (hoots are cut off, as aty,/. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 A branch on a larger fcale, to fhew the manner of cutting 
 thofe tore-right (hoots, which are full of fruit buds. This 
 fhouU be done at h, h, but not till the fruit is fet ; they after- 
 wards form into dugs as below, in the fame figure. 
 
 Fig- 3- 
 An old branch pruned in the common way, covered over 
 with canker, and producing only fmall weak fhoots, leaving 
 the wall moftly naked. 
 
( 251 ) 
 
 -«.-<►■••<>—<>•' 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 An old hollow peach-tree, after the laft nailing in fum- 
 mer, which had been headed down at a, four years ago. The 
 hollow is covered over with the compofition, and now nearly 
 filled up. The heading mull always be done as near to a bud 
 as pofhble. 
 
 ^, b, &c. Where the forked branches are to be cut, when 
 the fmall (hoots c, c, &c. are tar enough advanced, that thefe 
 may be trained horizontally. 
 
 When a fhoot has fingle fruit-buds to the top, as at d, it 
 muft not be fhortened but laid in at full length ; or, if not 
 wanted, it mud be cut clean out. 
 
 F?g. 2. 
 
 A branch on a larger fcale. 
 
 e, e. Are double flower-buds, with vi'ood-buds between 
 them : The (hoots (hould always be cut at fuch ; but never at 
 a fingle flower-bud, as aty^; otherwife the fhoot would die to 
 the next wood-bud ; and, if the pruning were done in a care- 
 lefs manner, would endanger the whole (hoot; Thofe above 
 Jf are all wood-buds. 
 
 f^g' 3- 
 A branch of an old peach-tree pruned in the common 
 way, which (hould be cut at g, and the young wood will foon 
 cover the walL 
 
( 25* ) 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
 An old cherry-tree headed down at c. Before this its 
 branches were covered with the gum and canker, as Fig. 2. 
 
 The fore-right (hoots fhould be tucked in, as diie£led 
 for pears, and at the tall ot the leaf, or in the month of 
 February, they {hould be cut at a : Thefe form the iruit-buds 
 ^, ^, &c. all over the tree. 
 
 c, c, &c. The cicatrices where the leading fhoot was 
 headed in different feafotis. 
 
 d, d. The compofition applied where large limbs were 
 cut off. 
 
 Fig. s. 
 
 A branch of this tree betore it was headed down. 
 
 c, e, &c. Branches injudiciouily pruned in furamer ; 
 \vhich brings on the death of the flioot, and afterwards the gum 
 and canker on the tree. 
 
 f,J, &c. The gum and canker in the laft ftage, which 
 corrodes the whole tree if not carefully extirpated. 
 
t 253 ) 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5. 
 
 An old cherry-tree, reftored from two or three Inches of 
 live bark, taken from the wall, and planted out as a dwarf 
 flandard : Now very fruitful. 
 
 a, a. The cicatrices where it was headed down the firft 
 and fccond time. 
 
 />. The hollow covered with the compofition, and now 
 nearly filled up with found wood. 
 
f 254 ) 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6; 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 An old cankery apple-tree headed down four years ago, 
 BOW bearing great plenty ol fine fruit. 
 
 a. Where it was firft headed down. 
 
 b and c. Two wounds covered with the compofition, 
 and now nearly filled up with found wood. 
 
 The part of the trunk below a fhews the cankery flate of 
 the bark ; which rough cankery bark mufl always be pared ofT, 
 otherwife it will infe£l the new. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 A branch fhewing the method of keeping a regular fuc- 
 cefTion of bearing wood. 
 
 d. A branch, which has done bearing, to be cut at ^, and 
 which is fucceeded by the branch/ ; when thatalfo is tired of 
 bearing, it is to be cut at g, and will be fucceeded by the branch 
 h ; and when that alfo is worn out, it is to be cut ofFat i. By 
 proceeding in this manner, you will always be able to keep a 
 regular fuccefTion of fine bearing wood. 
 
C 255 } 
 
 ♦^•— «>••••«- 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7. 
 
 This plate reprefents an old decayed pear-tree, with four 
 Sems, which was headed down, ail but the branch C, and the 
 young wood trained in the common way, or fan-ta(hion. 
 
 At A, A. Young wood producing the fine large fruit jB. 
 
 C. An old branch pruned in the common way, having 
 large fpurs Handing out a foot or eighteen inches, and produc- 
 ing the diminutive, kernelly, and ill-flavoured fruit D, not fit 
 to be eaten. 
 
 The two pears B and D, reprefented in the plate of their 
 natural fize, grew on the tree at the fame time.* 
 
 a, a, a, &c. Wounds in the flems of the tree, with the 
 compofition applied, as they appeared when the edges ot the 
 bark began to grow over them. 
 
 * I faw this tree, with the fiu't on it.juft as they are here reprefented. 
 The old Hump was fuch as one would have thought it impoHiblc to getyouoe 
 wood from, yet I never law £ner wocd than that on this tr«e. 
 
f 236 } 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8. 
 
 Fig, 1. 
 
 An old decayed Beurre pear-tree headed down dXf, and 
 reftored from one inch and a halt oF live bark. 
 
 a, a, a, &c. The fruit-buds for the prefent year. 
 
 b, b, b, &c. Thofe forming for next year. 
 
 <:, c, &c. The foot flallcs of the fruit of lafl year, on 
 which are forming buds for bearing in the fecond year. 
 
 d, d. &i . The fore-right (lioots as they appear before 
 they are cut off at e, in the autumn or fpring pruning. 
 
 d. The manner of tucking in the fore-right branches, 
 
 J, J, &c. Cicatrices of the different headings, which 
 caufe the leading fhoot to produce hoiizontal fljoots. 
 
 g,g. Large wounds, having the compofition applied, 
 healing up. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 An old branch of the fame irtt before it was headed 
 down, trained and pruned in the old way, with fpurs (landing 
 out a toot, or a toot and a halt, from the wall ; and the rough 
 bark, iuteited with a deftrutlive infeft, which is defcribed 
 and a method of cure given, in chap. 28. See Coccus, and 
 Plate 9. Fig. 3. 
 
( 257 ) 
 
 -<»-..o...,o.. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 An old Beraamot Pear headcfl down at the cicatrix a 
 taken from the wall and planted out as a dwarf ilandard. ' 
 
 b. A wound, covered with the compofition, where a 
 large upright (hoot was cut ofF, to give the leading (hoot free- 
 dom to grow ilraight. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 The difFerent appearances of the infe6l fo dedruflive to 
 pear-trees, mentioned in the Chapter on Injtds, under the head 
 Caterpillar. 
 
 This infeft is enclofed in a cafe, and, when fixed on the 
 leaf on which it feeds, appears as reprefcnted at a, &, a, which 
 is about its natural fize. 
 
 b. The cafe magnified. 
 
 c. The cafe, with the Infeft in motion, magnified. 
 
 d. The Life£l magnified. 
 
 e. The Moth. 
 
 f. The Chryfalis. 
 g. The Chryfalis magnified. 
 
 Fig' 3- 
 The coccus which intefts peach, neflarlne, and pear-trees, 
 
 a, a, a. The in re6]:, the natural fize, on a branch of a 
 pear-tree. 
 
 b, b, b. The fame magnified.* 
 
 * This is, moft affuredly, the very infeft (hit deftroys the peich-tree ia 
 America, and ihe reader has uotliing to do but to iook at the chapter oq in- 
 U€ts, to know how to kill the mit&, and prefei ye tlxc tree. 
 
 K2 
 
i 258 ) 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10. 
 
 a, a, a, &c. Tn e young bearing wood of a vine trained 
 in a ferpentine manner, with the buds for the prefent year ap- 
 pearing. Thefe (hoots are generally cut out in the winter 
 pruning, as low as c, c, c, &c. to produce wood for next year. 
 
 The {hoots b, b, &c. produce fruit in the ufual manner, 
 alfo young wood ior the following year, which muft not be 
 lopped, but only have the fide fhoots picked off". Two or 
 three of the ftrongeft young ihoots from each of thofe^, b,&c. 
 will be fufficient, and they muft be laid in at full length. 
 
( 259 ) 
 
 ~0— <»—<>-0" 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE ii. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Grafting in the rind, fhoulder-grafting, or crown- 
 grafting. 
 
 a. The (lock grafted. 
 
 t. The manner of raifing the baric to receive the clon or 
 graft. 
 
 c. The graft prepared for infer ting. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 Cleft-grafting, flock-gratting, or flit-grafting. 
 
 d. The flock grafted. 
 
 e. The flock prepared for receiving the graft, 
 yi The cion ready for inferting. 
 
 d, d, d. Different views of incifions made for the pur- 
 pofe of obtaining young wood. 
 
 e. A young fhoot coming out at the lower part of the 
 incifion. 
 
 f^g' 3- 
 Whip-grafting, or tongue-grafting. 
 g. The flock grafted. 
 h. The flock prepared. 
 i. The graft prepared for inferting; 
 
 F2g. 4. 
 V Inoculating or budding. 
 
 k. The manner of making the incifion irt the bark, 
 /. The bud inferted, and the bark laid over it. 
 ?n. A fhoot fhewing the manner of cutting off the buds. 
 n. A veflel with a little loam, covered with wet mofs, to 
 flick the lower end of the fhoot in, to keep it moifl till ufed. 
 
 0. A bud taken off and ready for inferting. 
 
( 26o } 
 
 Fig. 5 and 6. 
 
 Inarching, or grafting by approach. 
 
 p. Grafting on a flock in a pot. 
 
 g. Grafting on a flock growing near the tree from which 
 it is to be grafted on. 
 
 r, s. The fhoot and flock prepared. 
 
 i, t. Two branches inarched where the natural ones had 
 failed, now properly united with the body of the tree ; the 
 lower parts being cut off. 
 
 M, u. Two branches lately inarched for the fame pur- 
 pofe, and when properly united with the flem, are to be cut 
 off at u, u, u, u. 
 
 zv, X. The manner of preparing the flock and graft. 
 
 V. A natural (hoot coming out where the branch was 
 inarched the preceding ycar^ 
 
( 261 ) 
 
 ■■«>■•■•<>••■•<>••••<>- 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12. 
 
 This platereprefentsanold ftunted oak, which was head- 
 ed down about fix years ago. At that time it was lull of 
 wounds and blemifhes, now nearly healed. 
 
 a, The place where the tree was headed, afterwards cov- 
 ered with the compolition. 
 
 b, b, b. Three young fhoots produced fine heading ; 
 there were feveral others, which were cut down as they ad- 
 vanced in growth ; the two remaining fide ones are alfci to be 
 cut down, and only the middle one left, which will in time 
 cover the wound a, and form a proper tree. 
 
 c, c, c. Remains of the old wound, covered with the 
 compofition, and now almofl healed up. 
 
{ tt62 } 
 
 ..<>»..<>...■<>..,.<>.. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13; 
 
 Fig. 1 «£? 2. 
 
 Two different views ot a tool for cutting out the dead and 
 decayed parts of hollow trees. It has two wooden handles 
 which may be ot any convenient length. 
 
 Fig. 3^4. 
 
 Two views of another tool, with one handle, for cutting 
 out dead wood. This is made narrower than the former, and 
 is to be ufed in places where Fig. i. cannot be admitted. 
 
 5. A triangular chifel, tor cutting grooves or channels 
 to carry off the water from the hollows of the trees. 
 
 6. A tool reprefenting an adze on one fide and a hatchet 
 on the other. 
 
 7. A large chifel. 
 
 8. A large gouge. 
 
 9. A fmall faw, with double teeth, thin oii the back, for 
 cutting off fmall branches, &c. 
 
 10. A knife with a concave edge, 
 
 1 1. A tool in form of a fickle, without teeth. This is to 
 fcrape ftems and branches of trees on the fide next the wall. 
 
 12. A pruning knife with a convex edge. 
 
 13. A tool in fliape of a curry-comb for fcraping mofs, 
 &c. off the flems and branches of trees. One ol the fcrapers 
 has teeth ; the other is plain. The back of this tool, and the 
 edges of the fcrapers, are a little concave. 
 
 14. A larger double-toothed faw for cutting off large 
 branches. 
 
 J5. A fmall pruning knife with a convex edge. 
 
 16. A large chifel with a ftrong plate of iron fcrewed on 
 upon the face ot it, like a double iron for a plane, to prevent 
 its running in too far where the tree is crofs-grained. 
 
 A^. B. Thefe tools have handles ol different lengths, to be 
 ufed as occafion requires. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 XjLCARUS, on Trees, how to deftroy, i86, 
 
 on Melons, how to dedroy, 187, 
 ALMONDS, different forts of, 129. 
 Propagation of, ibid. 
 How to prune, ibid. 
 Planting of, 130. 
 How to pieferve, ibid, 
 ANTS, how to deftroy them, 197. 
 APHIDES, defcribed, 184. 
 
 How to deftroy, ibid. 
 APPLES, different forts of, 49. 
 
 What fort of trees to choofc, 57. 
 
 Heading of Dwarfs, 58. 
 
 Heading down old trees, ibid. 
 
 Hollow trees, how to be treated, 59. 
 
 Ti«es that arc very cankery, ox have ill-formed heads, Ihould be 
 
 headed down, ibid. 
 Pruning of Apple-trees, ibid. 
 
 The advantage of heading down young trees in the Nurfery, 61, 
 Of borders and crofs walks, ibid. 
 How to improve the foil, 62. 
 Manure for Apple-trees, ibid. 
 Grafting of old trees, 63. 
 Ufe of the compofitioa in grafting, ibid. 
 APRICOTS, different forts of, 14. 
 
 Proper trees, preparing the borders, and planting, 16. 
 
 Heading and training, ibid. 
 
 Shortening the horizontal fhoots, 17. 
 
 Old and decayed trees, hov/ to manage, ibii. 
 
 Injuries fuftained by cutting or breakin| off large branche:, hew 
 
 to remedy, ibid, 
 Car.kcr to cure, ibid. 
 Topping voung fhoots, j8. 
 
fl64 INDEX. 
 
 APRICOTS, pruning, li. 
 
 ObjtdtioDs to autumnal pruning, I'li'J. 
 Beft forts for ftandards, !6iJ, 
 
 B. 
 
 BARBERRIES, different forts of, 120. 
 
 Railing and pruning of Barberries, I'e/J. 
 BIRDS, to preferve fruit from ihem, 201. 
 BLIGHTS, what they are, and remedies for them, 181 to 183, 
 BOMBYX, how to dettroy, 196, 
 BUDDING, how performed, 150. 
 
 Obfervations on budding, I54. 
 
 Ufe of the Compofition in budding, 155. 
 
 C. 
 
 CANKER, the defcription and caufes of it, 175. 
 
 Does not arife from the nature of the foil, 1 76. 
 
 Does not proceed from the roots to the branches, but from the 
 
 branches ro the roots, ii!d. 
 To cure the Canker, ii/J. 
 CATERPILLARS, how to deftroy, 192. 
 CHERMES, how to deftroy, 195. 
 CHERRIES, difFeient forts of, 41. 
 
 Planting of them, 44, 
 
 Heading down, its ddvantages, and how performed, iiiJ. 
 
 Inciiions for producing new wood, 45. 
 
 The Canker in Cherry-trees, how to cure, llild, 
 
 Thebadeffeftsof the common way of pruning, & a remedy, ;i<y. 
 
 Heart Cherries, how to prune, train, &c. 46. 
 
 Large Cherry-trees at Aflited-Park, Surry, iiiJ. note. 
 
 Mann r of treating trees that produce fpurs, ibid. 
 
 Advantages of (he new method of pruning and training, 47. 
 
 Headiug down of old trees, 48. 
 CHESNUTS,difrerent forts of, cultivrated in England, 134. 
 
 Excellent timber, ibid. 
 
 Great Chefnut of Tortworth, ibid. 
 
 Several large trees at Alhted Park, near Epiom, 135. wte: 
 
 Propagating of, ibid. 
 
 Gathering, and keepin? of Chefnuls in winter, ibid. 
 
 Sowing, and mauagemeut of Chefnuls in the Nurlery, 136. 
 
 Planting out, ibid. 
 
 Heading down, 137, 
 CICADA, to deftroy, 196. 
 
INDEX. ,5^ 
 
 coccus, defcrlption of the Coccus, 189, 
 
 How to deftroy the Coccus, 193. 
 
 A new tribe, fiift appearance of ihem in England, lild. 
 COMPOSITION, diredlions for making and applying it, 229. 
 
 AdJitional iiiftrudions, 231. 
 CURRANTS, different forts of, 113. 
 
 Black Currants good for Coughs and ColJi, Ibid, note. 
 
 Propagation of Currants, 114. 
 
 Planting of, ibid. 
 
 How to have an early crcp, ibid. 
 
 Pruning of, 1 15. 
 
 To prefervc them from infcifls, ibid. 
 
 Suckers nuft bs flecked up, 116. 
 
 EARWIGS, to deftroy, 197. 
 
 E. 
 
 r. 
 
 FIGS, different forls of, 97. 
 Raifing of, 99. 
 
 Prunini? and training of Fig. Trees, ibid. 
 Sheltering them in winter, 100. 
 Cautions about uncovering, loi. 
 To forward the ripening the tigs, ibid. 
 Leaves, and foot-ftalks of late fruit to be taken off, Ibid. 
 Training, and the diftance at which Fig-Trecs fhould be planted, ibid. 
 Of (hchering ftandard Fig-Trees (rom froll, io3. 
 Heading down of Fig-Trees, ibid. 
 I-igs may be dried for winter ufc, ibid. 
 FILBERTS. See Nuts. 
 FLIES See Wasps. 
 
 FRUIT- POOM. Sec the following Article. 
 
 FRUIT-GATHERING. The time and manner of gathering Apple? and 
 Pears, and of carrying them to the Fruit- 
 roim, 1O9. 
 Of fwcatinj, and laying up Apples and P^ars oa 
 
 the Ihelves, 170. 
 How to keep them in baftits, 171. 
 And in jars, ibid. 
 Of packing fruit for carriage, Hid. 
 
 G. 
 
 GARDEN, a proper fitiiation for one, 156- 
 
 How to flielter it by clumps, ibid, 
 
 L2 
 
26S INDEX. 
 
 «ARDEN, of crofs rows of Fruit Trees for (helter, IJ?. 
 Of living out a Garden, «W. 
 Soil, 158. 
 
 Form and fize, iblJ. 
 Slips, outfide of the wall, tliiJ. 
 Chevaux de frize, for paling, iliJ. ntte. 
 Of watcrii.g » Garden, 155. 
 Qaaiterf and Walks, 160. 
 Draining, i^iJ- 
 Borders under the walls, ibij. 
 The Melon Ground and Pits, 171. 
 Map ol a Gaiden proper to be had, lyt. 
 Of Garden Wall , ibiJ. 
 
 Gathering of fruit. SccpRun-oATHEKiKe;. 
 
 GOOSEBERRIES} different I'oris oi, with the weight of a great many new oce* 
 from Lancalhire, 107. 
 Propagation and Planting of Goofeberries, 108. 
 Piuoii g, 109, 
 Great attention paid to the Cultivation of Goofeberrie* 
 
 about Mancheftcr, 100. 
 Of early and late fort^, ibiJ. 
 
 Method of deftroyir.g Crtterpillarg on lh« bufhcf, ii«. 
 8RAFTING, definition, &c. of Gr<ifiirg, i4z. 
 
 On the choice of Grafts or Cions, 143. 
 Choice of Stocks, 145, 
 Tools neceffiry in grafting, ibid. 
 Grafting Clay, ibiJ. 
 
 A compofnion of Bees-wax, &c. inftead of clay, 14C. 
 Different ways of Graft'r.g, itid. 
 Crafting in 'he rind, or (boulder-grafting, 147. 
 CIcft-grdfting, ibid. 
 
 Whip-grafiinp, or Tongnf-grafting, I48, 
 Grafting by appr( ach, ibid. 
 
 Obfervaiions on Grafting, and the advantage of ufing the Flafter* 
 Compofition inCead of Cay, 149, 
 GUM, a difcafe in Fruit Trees, how to cure, 179. 
 
 H. 
 
 MONEY-DEW defcribed, 181, 
 
 How to be treated, ibid. 
 
 INOCULATION. SecEuDPiNo. 
 
 INSECTS. See Arais, Acarvs, Coccus, Zee. 
 
INDEX; 1I7 
 
 L. 
 
 LIME-WATER, how to make, iB^. 
 Hi ufe, Hi J, 
 
 M. 
 
 MANURE for Fruit Trres, 63. 
 MEDLARS, different forts of, log, 
 
 M.tnner of tieatineot, ibid. 
 
 Shou'd be planted at a dillance from applet and peari, io(. 
 MICE, how to dcrtroy, aoi. 
 MILDEW, what it is, 180. 
 
 Remedy for it, iiiJ. 
 MOSS, to deftroy, and prevent irom growing on Fruit Trees, t€j. 
 MULBERRIES, when introduced into England, laz. 
 
 Lari;e ones at Sinn H"ufe, Priory, and Chelfea, ibid. 
 
 Treated of by Gerard in 1597, ibij. 
 
 Sorts cultivated in England, 113. 
 
 Their propagation, ii>iJ. 
 
 planting of, 124. 
 
 Pruning of, tbiJ. 
 
 Of Defeclt and Difeafes, and renovating old tre?«, 125. 
 
 N. 
 
 NECTARINES, difFtrent forts of, 38. ' 
 
 Min gemeut of, 39. 
 Qreatly infefied with Earwigs, &c. 40. 
 Thining the fruit and picking ofFtiie leaves, ibiJ. 
 How to prolong the fucceffion, iilJ. 
 NUTS AND FILBERTS, different forts o*", 131. 
 Propagation of, itij. 
 Training, 131. 
 Keeping of, in winter, ibid. 
 
 0. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS on Ihe Difeafef, Defer-?, and Injuries of Fruit and Foreft 
 Trees. Publilhed by order of Government. Lilroduc- 
 tion, 205. 
 
 What led tc the ('i'i:overy of the comrcfition, ^c6. 
 
 Enquirie? ■ f the Commifiiouers en the Effects of the Compo- 
 fition, ibiri. 
 
 M- N\hol% E'Vimate of damaged Timber brought into 
 Porfmouth r»>k, 207 Kite. 
 
 Geii'ra' Obfe'vatlons m tic D.'.'e^^e- of trees, jio. 
 
 On the MajageiEcjt o! Fcixil Tiee?=, 211. 
 
268 INDEX. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, fiift trial of the Coirpofition on ForeO Trtes, ai2. 
 
 Of raifing young timber from old roots or ftumps, ai4' 
 Correlpundence wiih the Ccmmifllf ners of the Land Reve- 
 nue, 119. 
 A Letter from the Commiifioners to the N. bkmen and Gen- 
 tlemen appoinfd bv Parliamtnt to examioe the Experi- 
 ments in Kenfi'-.g't'n Gardens, 214. 
 Rfpnrt on the abovtf examination, ^z6. 
 Direflinns for making a' d applying the Compo/itioD, iiP- 
 Additional Direftions for making and appMng the Comp*" 
 fiti. n, and for pieparing liie Trte, specially hollow 
 ones, for receiving it, 231. 
 Succefs of feveral Exieiimenis fince publlhing the Obrerva- 
 
 tions, &. 235. 
 The bed metht d of raifing Oaks, 237. 
 Of planting Chefnu's fov Copfe Wood, 238. 
 Letters a tffting the efficacy of the Compofition in different 
 climates, 240. 
 DRANGE-TREES, direaions for heading down, 243. 
 ORCHARD, its fituation, fize, and foil, 164. 
 Proper trees, ibid. 
 
 Preparing the ground for planting, 155. 
 Planting, 166. 
 Of drainir.g a wet foil, 167. 
 An annual Wadi for trees, iiij. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAPILTO, how to defirov, 195. 
 PEACHES, difierent Ibrts of, 27. 
 
 Of the foil, aud borders for Peaches, 31. 
 
 Draining a wet foil, 32. 
 
 A four wet clay, how to treat, ihij. 
 
 Of tiie choice of Pe..ch-Trees ibitl- 
 
 Preparing the Borders and planting, ibitl. 
 
 Heading, topping, pruaing, and training, 33. 
 
 Pruning and training of old Trees, 35. 
 
 Of making inrifioiis, ibiJ. 
 
 The Canker, ibij. 
 
 The fuperfluous (hoots to be rubbed cff, 3^. 
 
 Of thinning the fruit, itiil. 
 
 I'he great advantage of ufing the Ccmpofiiion, ioid. 
 
 Of watering and mulching, ibid. 
 
 Of picking off the leaves, 37. 
 
 To procure a regular fiiccefiion, ibid. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 i6<) 
 
 PEACHES, forts for North ami F aft afpta?, itiJ. 
 PEARS, diflferent forts of, 65. 
 
 Choice of trees, and planting, 74, 
 
 Pruoiog, ibiJ. 
 
 Cankcry trees, how to treat, 75. 
 
 Experiments on unfruilfjl, oU, and decayed trfes, iblJ. 
 
 A compantivc (latement cf t!je produce of trees, by the old and new 
 v.-ay of pruning and training, iaiJ. 
 
 Defcription of anoVl Beurre Pcar-Tree reftored f.om i 1-2 inch of 
 found ba)k, 77. 
 
 Of training trees that are headed down near to the place where they 
 have been gta^'ted, ibi'i. 
 
 Of the Canker ?.n1 its remedy, 78. 
 
 Shortening the fore-right fljoots, iiiJ. 
 
 Of decayed and rotten roots 79. 
 
 Trenching ihe borders, ibid. 
 
 The proper de. th of mould, ibiJ. 
 
 How the trees ought to be treated in a clayey fuil, ibiJ. 
 
 Proper fmall crops for v/ir.'.cr and fpring, ibiJ. 
 PHALEN^, how todellroy, 195. 
 See BoMBYX, 196. 
 POISON, for Vermin. EeeRAxs and Mi ce. 
 PLUMS, difFtrent forts of, 19. 
 
 Choice of Tree?, r!.ai;agement of the Borders, and Planting, ai. 
 
 Head-down, 2.1. 
 
 Diftance at which Phim-Trees ftiould bo planted, ibiJ. 
 
 Training ai:d thortening the leading flioot, ibiJ. 
 
 Preparing VV.iU Tiees for Standards, and tranrplanting them, iliJ. 
 
 Treni-hing the Eordrr'^, 23. 
 
 Of Standard? in Orchards, and Dwarfs in Garden?, ibiJ. 
 
 Of Crofs-Tows in Gardens, ibiJ. 
 
 Of pruning and rei'oringokl ai;d decayed treer, 24. 
 
 Of fore-riglit flioots, 15. 
 
 Sheltering from frofts and cold winds, ibiJ. 
 
 The Compofition ought always to be applied after the knifcj ibiJ. 
 
 Of thinning the fruit, ibiJ, 
 
 CL 
 
 QUINCES, bed fcrt of, for the kitchen garden, 103. 
 
 Propagation, planting, and pruiii.;g of them, tbid. 
 
 Rough baik, n.-.il baik bound trse-, 104. 
 
 Should be planted at a dlRance from applss acd ptar'> 'W. 
 
27© INDEX. 
 
 R. 
 
 RASPBERRIES, different forts of, 119. 
 
 Propagat/on and planting, ihiJ. 
 
 Watering aid flaking, 120. 
 
 Pruning, ibiJ. 
 
 The ti'Tie ihey will continue In a bearing ftate, Ihid. 
 RATS, how to dcftioy them, 159. 
 
 S, 
 
 SERVICE, different forts, latf. 
 
 The Cultivated Service, ihid. 
 
 How pronagated, ibid. 
 
 Tralni g and pruning, ibid. 
 
 The Wild Service, orMountaia Afn, iif. 
 
 Its propagation, ibid. 
 
 Training, ibid. 
 
 The Maple-leaved Service, ibid. 
 
 Its propagation, training, i38. 
 SLUGS, to deftroy, 198. 
 SNAILS, todrftroy, ibid. 
 SPHINX, to deftroy, 195. 
 STOCKS for grafting on, the choice of, 146. 
 
 T. 
 
 THRIPS, hovsr to deftroy, 195. 
 TRANSPLANTING, of old trees, 23 and 44. 
 
 TREES. For the minagement of Fruit Trees, fee Af p le:, Feae s,pLtrMS,&c. 
 Forcrt Trees, hovir to manage. See " Obfervalioas on the Difeafc':, 
 Dtfeas, &c. of Trefs." 
 TRAPS for catching Vermin. See Rats and Mi ce. 
 
 VEGETABLE MOULD, bow produced, 63. 
 VINES, d ft\ rent forts of, 81. 
 
 Of propagating Vines from leed, 85. 
 
 from cuttings, 86. 
 from layers, 88. 
 
 Of chorfing Vines from the Nurfery, ibid. 
 
 Experiments and Obfervjtionson triuning and pruning of Viner, 89. 
 
 Di,'e£lion,s for training and pruning, 91. 
 
 V^ti of (he Comp .(ition after pruning, 94. 
 
 Directions f.r witeiing Vines, ibid. 
 
 Of prefervint; G are'ifro.Ti Flies, V/afps, &:c. 95. 
 
 Of picking <ff the leaves, 96. 
 
 Gathering and pr^ferviog Grapes in winter, ibid. 
 
INDEX. Syr 
 
 vv. 
 
 WALNUTS, differenl forts cultivated in England, 139. 
 
 Propagation and treatment in the Nurfcry, ibij. 
 
 Planting uut, ib:J. 
 
 Trinuning, 140 
 
 Watnut-tiecs excellent timber, ihiJ. 
 
 Leaves or", ferviceable in deftroying Slugs, 141. 
 
 Method of keeping Walnuts, ihiJ. 
 
 Value of VValnut-treesat BtddingloaFark, annually, ihiJ^'mtt. 
 WASH, annual, for trees, 143. 
 WASPS, to deltroy, 198. 
 WATERING, direaions for watering trees, 50. 
 
 See alio Mildew, Aphis, acauus, &c. where dlieaionj are 
 given for watering; under difterent circumllances. 
 
[The Editors in this place avail thcmfdves of the opportunity 
 of fuhjoining the following Communication^ obligingly pre- 
 fented by Peter W. Yates, Efq. containing his Obfct' 
 vations on Mr. Forfyth's Treatife, 6?c.] 
 
 Messrs. DANIEL 6? SAMUEL WHITING. 
 
 GENTLEMEN* 
 
 /IlGREEABLE to your requelt I now lurniOi )0u with 
 fomeot my obferva'ions on Mr. Forfyth's iTJCthod ol cul- 
 tivating and managing Fruit Trees, and his remedy for cur- 
 ing their difeafes, Sec. 
 
 About feven years ago I obtained his Trcatife, (the 
 London edition of 1791.) This contained his obfe: vations 
 on the difeafes, &c. ot iruit and torefl: trees, with an account 
 ot his method of cure. Since which he has publifhed a 
 new edition, to which arc added liis obfervations upon their 
 cuhure and management. 
 
 Before the receipt of this pamphlet I had for fcveral 
 years been at conficierable trouble and expence.to procure 
 fome of the befl iruit trees, viz. Apples, Pears, Peaches, 
 Cherries, Plums, Apricots, and Nectarines. I devoted as 
 mucli time to their cultivation and improvement as my pro- 
 fefiTional purfuits would permit. By grafting and inocu- 
 lating, I increafed and multiplied my original fiock until 
 my country feat was abundantly fupplied. But when they 
 commenced bearing, and when I expefted to reap and en- 
 joy the fruits of my labor, I difcovered that they becan~:e in- 
 fe£led by the canker, a difcafc incident to fruit trees. It 
 generally, and almoll without exception, apj^eared on the S. 
 W. fide of the body or trunk o\ the tree. The bark of the 
 ■ infefled part at firfl appeared dark, and at length rough, 
 
 M 2 
 
( 274 ) 
 
 wrinkled, cracked and dead : the intcflion annually increaf- • 
 ed ; it communicated to the alburnum or fap-wood, next to 
 the heart-wood ; the circulation of the fap-juice was ob- 
 firu8cd ; it gradually diminiflicd ; it flagnated, and the tree 
 perifhed. To what caufe to afcribe it 1 did net know. 1 
 perufed, but in vain, every treatife upon Horticulture and 
 Fruit Trees that I could procure. I knew ot no remedy ; 
 but determined to make fome experiments. I cut out the 
 defefled parts ; nature foon formed a callus, or lip, encom- 
 paffing the wounds. This proved beneficial, but not effec- 
 tual : it retarded, but did not prevent mortification and death. 
 Another expedient was, amputating fome of the branches 
 on the N. E. fide of the trees, in order to lighten them in 
 that quarter ; and promoting thofe on the oppofite fide, in 
 order to prote6l the trunk from the hot rays ot the meridian 
 fun. This proved advantageous, but gave the trees an 
 unfightly form. I difcontinued that praftice on the re- 
 ceipt of Mr. Forjyth's Treatife, the perufal ot which afford- 
 ed me both fatisfaftion and aflonifliment. To renovate dif- 
 eafed trees fafl haftening to decay, and to increafe the quan- 
 tity and meliorate the quahty of the fruit, in the way by 
 him prefcribed, feemed to me almofl incredible ; but as in 
 the animal kingdom defperate remedies are fometimes ap- 
 plied to cure defperate difeafes, and the fkilful furgeon will 
 amputate a limb to fave the body, I was induced to attempt 
 it in the vegetable kingdom, and therefore hefitated not a 
 moment to make the experiment. I purfued the mode ot 
 procefs prefcribed by Mr, For/yth. One of my fiifl exper- 
 iments was in May, 1796, on a young bearing (Boncretien) 
 Pear-Tree, the bark whereof, as well as the alburnum or fap- 
 wood and the heart-wood, were dead from the ground up- 
 wards about five feet. I cut away all the dead part, leaving 
 nothing but the bark on the oppofite fide, and applied the 
 compofition. The effe6ls were foon vifible : The external 
 
paft-of the wound (which compofed about the one third part 
 of the trunk) was in a lew days furrounded by a callus or 
 h'p.which continued to encreafe until the fap-flow was ob- 
 ftru£led and ftagnatcd by the next autumnal Irofi.; but by 
 the fubfcquent annual flow of the juices, the callus Increaf- 
 ed, fo as to fill the wounded part with new wood. The old 
 and new wood united, and is covered with new bark. 
 
 I forbear giving a particular detail of any more indi- 
 vidual inflances; let it fuffice for me to fay, that I at the 
 fame time, made fimilar experiments on fome Plum, Cher- 
 ry, Peach and Apricot-Trees, and have annually, in the 
 vernal months, continued the operation on fuch of my fruit 
 trees as became infefted. Some of which are almofl healed, 
 and others in a progrefTive ftate of improvement. Nor has 
 anyonecafeof failureoccurred where all the deteftlve wood 
 was carefully extirpated and the compohtionduly applied. 
 
 I am therefore fully fatisfied, that Mr. Forfytlis rem- 
 edy affords a radical cure for difeafes, dele£ls and injuries 
 in all kinds of fruit trees ; and that it may with equal fuc- 
 cefs and advantage be applied in this climate as in England.* 
 But whether in a more northern or fouthern latitude, an al- 
 teration in the confi {fence of the compofition, may or may 
 not be requifite, in order to fuit the extremes of heat and 
 cold, time and experience will demonftrate. 
 
 Encouraged by thefuccefs of thefe trials and experiments, 
 I have made it a pra£f ice, in pruning my fruit trees, efpeci- 
 ally where large amputations are made, to apply fome of the 
 compofition to every wound ; it prevents the exuding of the 
 vegetable juices through the wounded parts ; it aids and pre- 
 cipitates the healing of the wounds ; promotes the vigor and 
 health of the trees, and adds to the fizc and flavour of the fruit. 
 
 This difeafe or canker, has been afcribed to various 
 caufes, (but generally to the foil or quality of the ground,) 
 
 * The climate is various Iq difl'ercnt countries usder the fame piral- 
 lei of latitude. 
 
( ^1^ ) 
 
 which it is unneceffary here to enumerate. But it feeras 
 extraordinary that the fruit trees in this climate are almoft 
 invariably inlcfted on the S. IV. fide of the trunk or body 
 of the trees. There it general!) commence?, and continues 
 to increafe annually until the infeftion is communicated to 
 the limbs. It I might be permitted to hazard an opinion, I 
 would account for it as follows : 
 
 That it is caufed by the hot rays of the meridian fun, 
 which in that direftion is moft powerful, and ftrikes the tree 
 nearly at right angles. The fouth fide of trees grows fafter, 
 lor there the vegetation is more rapid, than the north : this 
 may be feen by the concentric rings of a tree when cut or 
 fawed into logs. Fruit trees generally incline to the N. E.* 
 which expofes their trunks to the influence of that lumina- 
 ry in the fpring, when the fap-juice is fubjefl to alternate 
 freezing and thawing. The motion of the fap (which af- 
 cends in the vernal months in all deciduous trees) is accel- 
 erated by the hot rays of the fun at fouth-wefl. It is re- 
 tarded and flagnated in the cool ot the nights, whereby the 
 irritability of the vegetable veffels is decreafed for want of 
 a fuflricient fliraulus of heat ; and by this alternate thawing 
 and freezing oi the fap-juice (and particularly on the S. W, 
 fide of the tree where the fun's rays are mo ft powerful] the 
 vegetation isatlafl deflroyed, and mortification enfues. 
 
 As a preventative, I have in a few cafes debarked for-? 
 eft trees, and with a coat or furtout of that bark covered the 
 trunks of fome of my fruit trees, in order to flielter them 
 from fevere froft and the intenfe heat of the lun, and have 
 found it fuccefsful; 
 
 It feems from Mr. ForfytJi's treatife (and indeed from 
 all the others which treat about inoculating or budding 
 
 * Wefterly winds are moft prevalent as well as mcft powerful in this 
 plimatc. Thofe from the eaftwarJ are feluom, and not ia forcible. From 
 this caufe it is probable that the trees receive this inclinatioa. 
 
( ^n ) 
 
 of fruit trees) that inoculation is, in England, perioimed in 
 tilt fummer and in no other feafon o\ the year. To fatisfy 
 my curiofity, I have made the experiment in ikefpring^ 
 when the fap-juice is in full motion, and have found it to 
 fucceed ; but the infertion of the bud is more didicult than 
 to do it in the fummer feafon. A tree thus inoculated will 
 bear fruit^cne year fooner than one budded in the next fum- 
 mer feafon, and as foon as one budded the fummer preceding. 
 
 I have not read any author who attempts to trace the 
 art of grafting and inoculating to its origin. Parhinfon 
 (who wrote a large treatife on Horticulture, &c. in the year 
 1626) mentions them both, but is ft lent as to the period 
 when the pra£lice commenced. However uncertain we 
 may be as to its origin, we are well convinced of its vafl 
 utility and advantage Seedling apple, pear and plum trees 
 will not, by feveral years, flower or bear fruit fo foon as thofe 
 which are grafted or inoculated ; befules, the fruit of trees 
 raifed from feed is liable to perpetual variation, but grafting 
 as well as inoculating, does invariably produce the fame kind 
 of truUas the parent tree from which the graft or bud is taken. 
 I have not difcovered in my praftice, nor read of an inftancc 
 where this communication of juices from the graft or bud 
 of one tree, to the flock of another, or from the flock to the 
 graft or bud, has ever varied the fruit of either of them. 
 
 The operation, if we may be permitted to compare; 
 vegetable to animal reproduction, refembles a fimilar one 
 upon animal bodies, as where a tooth, extracted from a pcr- 
 fon's head, is inferted in that of another; or it may be 
 compared to the joining of the head part of one polypus to 
 the tail part of another. TheTc parts (cotnpofcd of two half 
 polypi) being kept for a time in conta6i wiih each other, 
 will unite and become one animal. 
 
 Although grafting and inoculating have been practif- 
 edforat leaft two centuries, it fccms iictas\ct to have 
 been difcovered whether the graft or bud gives cr takes any 
 
r 278 j 
 
 property to or from the tree or flock in which the grait oc 
 bud is inferted : Philofophy has not hitherto folved this ar- 
 canum. 
 
 Mr. Forfyth's treatife is well calculated to roufe the 
 care and attention of gentlemen on this fide o\ the atlantic 
 to the cultivation and management of fruit trees. What 
 affords a more agreeable rcpafi: than good and wholefome 
 fruit ! It is one of nature's noblefl gifts, affording not only 
 comfort, but alfo contributing to the luxury of man. 
 
 The pratlice of grafting and inoculating in America 
 is but of modern date. It was introduced by Mr. Prince, a 
 native of New-York, who erefled a Nurfery in its neigh- 
 bourhood about forty years ago. But fince the late Ameri- 
 can revolution, others have been inftituted in this and fome 
 other parts of the United States. Mr. Livingjlon has late- 
 ly eftablifhed one, not far from the city of New-York, 
 which can vie with fome of the mo ft celebrated ones in 
 Europe. May he, and others, who have undertaken in 
 that ufeful branch of bufinefs, meet with encouragement and 
 fuccefs. Nothing in the extenfive field of Horticulture 
 can afford more agreeable amufement or yield more folid 
 fatisfaftion and advantage. 
 
 To the negleft of pruning fruit trees in due fcafon, 
 and the unfkilful manner ot performing it, may, in a great 
 meafure, be afcribed the bad and unfruitful ftate of fome 
 of the orchards in Amierica. This inattention and mifman- 
 agement, and efpecially the not amputating dead limbs, and 
 extirpating all infefted parts of fruit trees, fubjefts them to 
 difeafe mortification and death. 
 
 An unpruned tree, left in a natural ftate, will bear fruit 
 fooner than one that is pruned ; for by pruning, the parts 
 below the lopped or amputated branches, become vivipar- 
 ous, and produce new /^fl/-buds, which require feveral years 
 before ihey will acquire fufficient maturity to generate 
 
( 2/9 ) 
 
 fawtr buds to produce an oviparous progeny ; but unprun- 
 ed trees grow and look irregular and unfightly ; nor is their 
 fruit to be compared to that of trees properly pruned and 
 managed, in order to afTord them a more equal advantage of 
 the fun and air, by means whereof they will produce fruit 
 better in fize and quality. 
 
 To autumn and winter pruning may be attributed the 
 difeafes and rapid decay of many fruit trees in feveral orch- 
 ards ; for then the fap-flow is on the decline, and flagnated ; 
 the wounds are expofed to the inclemency of the weather, 
 which produces canker and mortification, and they perifh. 
 The practice of pruning in the fpring, when the lap juice 
 is in brifk motion, is preTeiabie to any other feafon of 
 the year. Mr. Forfyth's rcdfons for this, are, in my 
 opinion, forcible and conclufive. 
 
 The word enemy of the animal tribe, which fruit trees 
 in thefe parts have to encounter, is the Caterpillar. I have 
 formerly, and for feveral fucccfTive years, early in the morn- 
 ing, while they were confined to their nell or web, taken 
 them off and deftroyed them. By a repetition of this prac- 
 tice two or three times, for two or three weeks fuccefTive- 
 ly, they were totally deftroyed : but of late 1 have difcov- 
 ered a more eafy and expeditious method, and which effec- 
 tually anfwerstlie purpofe. Take a handful of Wormwood, 
 one of Rue, and two of Virginia Tobacco, [a fufRcient quan- 
 tity of Tobacco alone will do, but not fo well,J boil thefe 
 together in about tv/o pails full of rain water for near half 
 an hour, ftrain it through a cloth, and with this liquor 
 fprinkle the trees. I perform this with a barrow-engine : 
 but the operation fliould be performed when the caterpillars 
 or worms have left their nofturnal nefl or web, and are dif- 
 perfed on the trees. Repeat the operation two or three 
 times, they will drop down and expire. 
 
 In this cold climate, where fruit trees are cxnof- 
 
( 280 ) 
 
 ed to injury by fsoft, we are frequently deprived of our iiui^, 
 or the It CCS afford but a fcanty crop. This might perhaps be 
 prevented, if the vegetation could be retarded until the dan- 
 ger ol the vernal fro(i was pcifl, by affording iheher to the 
 trees. 1 he iruit on walls and efpaliers mi^^ht be thus pro- 
 te£led, but as to ftandard trees, it would be laborious and 
 expcnfive. I have attempted feveral expedients, none ot 
 ^vhich proved efFefcluai. The making ot fmokes v.-ith tan in 
 the evening, and continuing them during the courreot the 
 night, has been my pra6lice. Thefe fmokes are to be 
 watched, to prevent their blazing, and (liould be made on the 
 North or North- Weft fide ot the orchard, to prote£l the 
 trees from the cold winds arlfing limn that quarter. The 
 making of llraw condu£tors,jDr ot v\'ool!en yarn (faftening 
 one end round the body and fume ol the limbs of the trees, 
 and fufpending the other end in a pail or tub of water) has 
 been recommended; but not having made a fair experi- 
 ment ol this kind, I cannot prefume to fay whether it 
 would prove fuccefsful or not. 1 have long entertained an 
 opinion that an orchard expofed to the north, where the 
 ground, in the fpiing of the year, continues longer bound 
 by troft, which retards the vegetation, would be preferable 
 to one bearing an eaflerly or fouthern afpeft, where the fap- 
 juice is fooner in motion, and accelerated by the rays of 
 the fun. 
 
 1 had contemplated to communicate the preceding ob- 
 fervations (uith fome others on Horticulture, &c.) to the 
 Agricultural Society of this flate ; but if you fliould deem 
 them of any fervice. you may pnbliih them by way of 
 appendix to the new edition ot Mr. Forjytlis Treatife, 
 which you have now in the prefs. 
 
 I am, gentlemen, your moil 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 PETER \\\ YATES. 
 
 Albany^ StjHetuher^ 1803.