®l|p E M. BU ffitbrarg 0^159 c8 1885 This book was presented by Frederick L. Well man n'i This book is due on the date indicated below and is subject to an overdue fine as posted at the Circulation Desk. MAY 23 1973 MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF TH£ ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY (PHMOGAMIA AND PTEHIDOPIIYTA) OF TIIK ROCKY MOUNTAIN lUXMON, FROM NEW MEXICO TO THE lUUTISlI BOUNDARY. BY JOHN M. COUL TER, Ph.D., PBOFESSOB OF BOTANY IX WABASH roLLKOE, AM) EDITOH OF THK BOTANICAL GAZETTE XEW yOltK •:• ClNCIN'NATr •: AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1885, By John M. Coultee. w. p. 6 PREFACE. This manual is intended to do for its own range what has been for a long time so admirably done for the Northeastern States by Dr. Gray's Manual. About ten years ago it was tlie writer's privilege to assist Professor Porter in the preparation of the Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, a first attempt to bring together in convenient shape, for a restricted region, the scat- tered material of our Western collectors. The demand even then for a book by no means complete or conveniently arranged was unexpected, and in the wonderful develoi)ment of the decade since then lies the confidence fiat a more convenient book covering a greater range will be welcome to many. The difficulties attending the naming of Western plants, owing to the fact that descriptions are scattered through numerous and often inaccessible publications, can only be appreciated by those who have attempted it. From this fact, a great stimulus to the study of systematic botany has been lacking, collectors have been almost entirely professional, and a thousand possible streams of information have been reduced to a score. West of the Mississippi Valley prairie region, which is but the continuation of more eastern conditions, there are three well-defined floras. One is that of the Pacific slope ; another is Mexican in character, extending from the Great Ba,sin to Arizona, New IVIexico, Western Texas, and southward into Mexico ; the third is the Rocky Mountain region, extending eastward across the plains to the prairies. The first region is well provided for in the two volumes of the Botany of California. The second, in the Great Basin, has Vi PREFACE. Sereno Watson's Botany of the ^Oth Parallel, and in its Ari- zona and Kew Mexican section, Dr. Eothrock's Botany of the Wheeler Survey. The third region is that which this manual attempts to provide for, its only predecessor being the Synop- sis of the Flora of Colorado, ah'eady referred to. Essentially, therefore, the range includes Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas, the hundredth meridian representing very nearly the eastern boundary. While this is true, the larger part of contiguous floras also will be found described, so that the western part of the Indian Territory, Northwestern Texas, Northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Eastern Utah and Idaho, may be included for all except their own peculiar plants. In Utah, our range is naturally carried westward by the Uinta and Wah- satch Mountains, whose plants are intended to be included. This edition only claims to be a compilation, an orderly arrangement and sifting of scattered material. The chief reason is, that first editions are necessarily incomplete, and that materials for the satisfactory presentation of a flora most quickly come from the provocation of an incomplete edition^ The author will therefore esteem it the surest evidence of the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of correc- tions called forth a more complete edition may be attempted at an early day. It is unnecessary to give all the sources of descriptions and information, as it would simply be a catalogue of the very numerous contributions to western botany. The professional botanist will notice that descriptions have been chiefly obtained from the Botany of California, Botany of King's Expedition, and Eaton's Ferns of North America, all constantly influenced by Gray's Manual ; and that the presentation of Gamopetalse is little more than a culling from Dr. Gray's recent volumes of the Synoptical Flora of North America. As in most cases de- scriptions and synoptical arrangement could be obtained from the writings of Dr. Gray, Mr. Watson, and Professor Eaton, little more is attempted in this edition than to adapt these descriptions to the spirit of the work with as little change as PREFACB. Vll possible. To Dr. Gray is duo, not onlj the thought whicli grew into this book, but also a constant encouragement and patient criticism which have developed aiiytliing of merit it possesses. Mr. Watson has also responded generously to ev- ery demand made upon him : while to Messrs. M. S. Hebb and L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, tin* former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus Salix, and the latter an ardent and most successful student of the perplexing genus Carex. At the time of his death, Dr. George Engelmanu had in preparation the gi'oups with which his name is so closely connected, and their presentation shows the lack of his master hand. In general, the ordinal sequence adopted by Bentham and Hooker*s Genera Plantarum has been followed, but G}'!!) no- sperms have been transferred to the end of Phtenogams, and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angio- sperms. This change has been made simply because it better expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The term '^ Cryptogam ^' has been discarded as the correlative of Phsenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used as the name of the second great series of plants. The orders and ordinal sequence of the Pteridophyta are thought best to express their relationships. Introduced plants are placed in foot-notes, that they may be separated as far as possible from our native plants, and their relation to the flora thus empliasized. To save space, there is no attempt to give any but the most important references and synonymy, while geographical range is reduced to its lowest terms, and collectors' names ahnost entirely omitted. For the most part no characters liave been repeated, and the student is warned that generic characters especially must be sought for through analytical keys. The professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this respect, the genera of some families being grouped by means of a few very salient characters, while those of others are presented with almost full descriptions, only certain supjdc*- mentary statements being left to head the descrijitions of viii PBEFACE. species. It is sufficient to say that the two methods hold the relation to each other of former and latter in the preparation of this book. In groups of species certain contrasting characters have been italicized, according to the method of Gray's Manual. This is done to facilitate the work of the student, but with the mental reservation that its abuse may more than offset its advantage. Ten years' experience as a teacher has shown that the ordinary student will fix his attention upon the itali- cized characters to the neglect of the description as a whole. The student is here warned that the specific descriptions in this book have been so much reduced that no unimportant characters are intended to be given. JOHN M. COULTER. Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, January 1. 1685. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. Series I. PHiENOGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS. Those with flowers aud seeds. Class I. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil a closed ovary containing the ovules. Subclass I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with two cotyledons. Leaves netted- veined. Flowers usually 4 or 5-nierous. Division I. POLYPETAL^E. Calyx and corolla both present : the latter of separate petals. A, Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the petals. 1, Stamens on the receptacle, free from the ovan/ and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels Ranunculaceje, I Pistil compound : cells, placentae, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than sepals, Very numerous, small and persistent : aquatic. . . NvMriKtACK.*:, 3 Twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. FxPAVERACK.f:, 4 Five to sixteen : sepals persistent. . . . Portulacace.*:, 12 Petals same number as sepals, Four, and both deciduous. Cappariuace.*:, 7 Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud: stamens monadclphous. Malvace.*:, 15 Sepals imbricated in the bud : leaves entire anti pellucid-punctate. IIvpF.KirACE.t:, 14 2. Stamens on the (free or adnatr) rali/x. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1-celled. . . CArTACE.r.. .'^4 Leafy fleshy plants: ovary 3 or more<'elled. . . Ficoide.*:. .'ir> Leafy fleshy lierbs : ovary 1-celled INiiitulacace.k. 12 Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. . Saxifrac.ace.t:. 27 Leaves alternate, with stipules. ...... Kosace^:, 26 Leaves alternate, without stipules, rough. . . I^oA^iAtK.*:. .12 X ANALYTICAL KEY. B. Stamens 10 or less, or at most not more than twice the petals. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so. * Pistils more than one, and distinct. Pistils same number as petals and as sepals : leaves fleshy. Crassulace^, 98 Pistils not same number as petals or sepals. Stamens on the receptacle Ranunculace^, 1 Stamens on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate Rosacea, 26 Stipules none or indistinct Saxifragace^, 27 * * Pistil only one. •»- Pistil simple, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. . Berberidace^, 2 Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. Leguminos^, 25 Plowers irregular : leaves simple Poltgalace.e, 9 Flowers regular : leaves mostly stipulate : fruit a drupe or akene Rosacea, 26 •»- +- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placentae, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1 -celled, with (2 to 4, rarely more) parietal placentae. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5. Frankexiace^, 10 Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular : lower petal spurred. . . . Violace.e, 8 Corolla regular or nearly so : styles or stigmas entire. Saxifragace^, 27 Petals 4 : bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. . . Fumariace^, 5 Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. . . . Capparidace^, 7 Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 parietal placentae : stamens tetra- dynamous Crucifer^, 6 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several to many-seeded on a central placenta, Truly so ; the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. . . Portulacace^e, 12 Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or 4 : leaA^es all opposite. Carvophyllace^, 11 Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules between the opposite leaves. . . . Elatinace^, 13 No stipules. Lvtiirace^, 30 Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. Anacardiace^, 24 Herbs : style at most 2-cleft : fruit a utricle. Illecebrace^, 63 Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular : ovary 2-celled : cells 1-seeded. Polygalace^, 9 Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage Monotropeae, etc., in Ericaceje, 45 Foliage pellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubs. . Rutace^, 19 Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal chinks or pores. . . Ericaceje, 45 ANALYTICAL KEY. xi Anthers opeuiiii,' Icni^^tlnvise. Stamens as many us the petals, and opposite them. Calyx-lohes valvate in the l)ucl. . . Uiiamnack.*:, 21 Calyx-lol)cs small or ohsolete : i)etals valvate. . Vitaceje, 22 Stamens whon just as many as petals altcrnat<- with them. Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-folio- I'^^to. Zv'.oi-iiyllacka:, 17 Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. (Jluamacej;, 18 Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. . . . Lixaceje, 16 Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire '/.\r.ovn\LLACi:jE, 17 Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. . r,i:RANiACK.f:, 18 Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. Saxifragace^, 27 Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5 Elatinace^, 13 Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. MoUugo, in KicoiDEiE, 35 Shrubs or trees with opposite simi»le leaves. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. . . Celastkace.k, 20 Leaves palmately veined, lobed, . . . Sapindace.*:, 23 Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. Sapixdace.e, 23 Stamens 2 or rarely 3 Oleace.«:, 47 2, Ovary and fruit inferior or mainlij so. Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or ditecious. CuccRniXACE.E, 33 Aquatic herbs: flowers dicecious or monandrous. IIalorage.*, 29 Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferou.s. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite tliem. Riiamxace.e, 21 Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them. Styles 2 to .5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome Hosace.i:, 26 Fruit a many-seeded caj)sule SA.\iiKAi;AfE.«, 27 Fruit a 1 -celled many-seeded berry. . Ribes, in 8axi frag ace.*:, 27 Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. . Cornace.*, 38 Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1-celled : herbage scabrous. . r.^iA««ACE.E, 32 Ovary 2 to 5-, mostly 4celled. . . Ovaoracej:, 31 Herbs: flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. . . I'MnELLiFERJE, 36 Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berrv-like \RAi.iArE.r. 37 Xii ANALYTICAL KEY. Division n. GAMOPETAL^. Petals more or less united into one piece. A. Ovary inferior, or mostly so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, dis- tinct Ebicaceje, 45 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesions. Flowers in an involucrate head. Composite, 42 Flowers separate, racemose or spicate LoBELiACEiE, 43 Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4'), distinct,- «< Nearly or quite free from the corolla: leaves alternate: no stipules. •• . Campanulaceje, 44 Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. . . Rubiace/E, 40 Without stipules, opposite CAPRiFOLiACEiE, 39 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. . . . Valerianace^, 41 Leaves alternate : stamens often united. . . . Cuccrbixace^, 33 B. Ovary superior (free), or mostly so, 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. . . Leguminos^e, 25 Pistil compound, with one undivided style Ericace.*;, 45 2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1 : ovary and capsule several to many-seeded. . . Primulace^, 46 3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate mth them, or fewer. * No green herbage. Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and minute. . . ... Monotropeae, in Ericace^, 45 Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta, in Convolvulace^, 54 Corolla irregular : stamens didynamous : capsule 1-celled, many-seeded Orobanchace^, 57 * * With ordinary green herbage. •»- Corolla regular or nearly so: stamens not didynamous. Corolla scarious and veinless: stemless herbs. . . Plaxtaginace^, 61 Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3 : parts of the corolla 4 or 5. . . . Oleace^, 47 Stamens 5 (or 4), as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of folli- cles AsCLEPIADACEiB, 49 Pollen powdery. Ovaries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. . . . Apocynace^, 48 ANALYTICAL KEY. xiii Ovary 4-lobecl, forming 4 separate or sejjarable seed- like nutlets. Borraginace;e, 53 Ovary siugle aud entire. Style 3-cleft at ni)ex : capsule 3-oelled : corolla convolute Polemomack.*:, 51 Styles or stigmas 2 or 1 . Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, witli large euil^ryo and little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. CoNvoLVULACEiE, 54 Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all opposite or whorled and entire : capsule 1-celled : corolla convolute. . . Glntia.vace^, .'O Leaves various, mainly alternate. Styles 2 (or 1 aud 2-cleft) : capsule 1 to 2- celled IIVDROPIIYLLACE.fi, 52 Style 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry 2-celled, rarely more SoLAN'ACF.fi, 55 See also Limosella, in . . . Scroi'hulakiack.e, 56 4- •*- Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didi/namous, or 2: sti/le 1. Ovary and capsule 2-celled : seeds small, mostly indefi- nite SCROPIIULARIACE.E, 56 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis Lentibulariace.e, 58 Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. . . Lariat.*, 60 Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets. Verbexacea:, 59 Division III. APETAL^. Corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. Flowers not in aments, 1, Ovary andjruit superior j l-celled and l-ovuled, or ca?7W.s distinct if more than one. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . roLvooNACE^, 66 Stipules not sheathing the stem or none. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : flowers perfect : fruit a tailed akene. Ccrcocarpus, in RosACE.e, 26 Leaves alternate : flowers unisexual ; fruit a utricle. Chexopodi ackje, 65 Leaves opposite. Fruit an akene : leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne, in Kosaceje, 26 Fruit a simple samara : leaves pinnate. Fraxinus, in Oleacej:, 47 Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base. Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular: embryo annular or spiral. Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts : no stipules. AMARANTACL.E, 64 xiv ANALYTICAL KEY. Bracts herbaceous or none : no stipules. . Chenopodiace^, 65 Stipules scarious Illecebrace^, 63 Pruit a more or less triangular akene : embryo curved. Flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels, involucrate. Polygonace^, 66 Akene not triaugular: embryo straight. Flowers unisexual : filaments incurved in bud : leaves simple Urticace^, 73 Submerged : flowers axillary, naked : leaves sessile, filiformly dissected Ceratophyllace^, 72 Carpels several and distinct, 1 to several-ovuled : calyx usually corolla-like. .... Eanunculace^, 1 2. As in (1), but ovary and fruit enclosed by the calyx and apparently inferior. Shrubs, -with scurfy opposite entire leaves : flowers dioecious ; fruit baccate. ELiEAGNACE^, 67 Herbs : calyx corolla-like ; fruit an akene. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipules: flowers involucrate Nyctaginace^, 62 Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate Rosacea, 26 3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels. Fruit 2 to 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 to 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky : mostly herbaceous. EUPHORBIACE^, 70 Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehisceut : styles 2 : small aquatic, w^ith opposite entire leaves. CALLiXRicnACEiE, 71 Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed ; shrubs with alternate simple leaves Ehamxace^, 21 Fruit a double samara : trees with opposite pinnate leaves. Sapindace^, 23 Cruciferous herb: pod small, obcompressed. Lepidium, in CRUCiPER.ffi, 6 Fruit capsular, 1 -celled or more, several-ovuled: low herbs with opposite leaves. Capsule 3 to 5-celled : succulent FicoiDEiE, 35 Capsule 1 -celled : placentae central. Style and stigma 1 : stamens alternate with the sepals. Glaux, in Primulace^, 46 Styles or stigmas 3 or more: stamens opposite the sepals Cartophtllace^, 11 4. Ovary and fruit inferior. Fruit many-seeded: capsule (^ inferior) 1 -celled: leaves cordate Saxifragace^, 27 Fruit mostly 1 -seeded. Flowers perfect : fruit nut-like : herbs with alternate entire leaves Santalace.®, 69 Dioecious parasites on trees, ^v-ith opposite leaves and jointed stems : berry with glutinous pulp. . . . LoRANXHACEiE, 68 Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. . Halorage^, 29 ANALYTICAL KEY. XV B. Flowers unisexual, at least the staminafe in aments. Trees or $krubs witk alternate Icaccs. Monoecious : male flowers in aments ; female solitary or few : ovary inferior : leaves simple, with caducous stipules. Anthers 2-celled : nut in a cup-like or spiny invctlucre. Cupdlifer.«, 74 Anther cells oeparate : nut in a foliaceous or tul»ular invo- lucre Corylus in Cui'lliflu^, 74 Monoecious or dioecious, flowers all in aments : ovary suj)erior. Fruit a 1-seeded nutlet: In-acts thickened and ri<^id in fruit: nut winged or angled. . . . Betulea?, in Ccpulifer.«, 74 Fruit a many-seeded capsule : diaxious : bracts herbaceous : seeds coniose. SAHCACKiE, 75 Subclass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallcl-veiued. Flowers usually 3-merous, never in fives. Mostly herbaceous. A. Ovari/ inferior: perianth conspicnous, colored : teirestrial : Jloxoers perfect. Flowers irregular : stamens and style coherent ; anthers 1 or 2 : leaves alternate, sheathing Orciiidace.i:, 76 Flowers regular: stamens 3, perigynous : leaves cquitant. . Ikidace.*, 77 Flowers regular : stamens 6, perigynous : leaves not ecjuitant. Amaryllidace^, 78 B. Ovarij superior or nearhj so: perianth regular or none. Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth corolla-like, rarely partly herbaceous : terrestrial plants. Woody climber, with tendrils: anthers 1 -celled. . . Smilacej:, 60 Herbs : anthers 2-celled. Perianth mostly of similarly colored lobes or divisions : stems from a bulb, corm, or rhizome. . . . Liliace.e, 79 Perianth of 3 green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals : stems from fil)rous roots. . . Commelix-^cejs, 81 Carpels distinct or solitary : aquatic or mar.=h herbs. Perianth none : seed albuminous: fruit utricular or nut-like. Flowers monoecious in heads or on a crowded spadix : leaves linear. Trrii ape.*. 83 Small floating disk-like plants. .... Lem.nacl.e, 84 Perianth herbaceous, petaloid, or none : albumen none. Carpels few : perianth none or in fertile flowers herbaceous. NAIADACE.E, 86 Carpels numerous in a whorl or head : 3 sepals herbaceous, 3 petal)id. Alismace^, 85 Perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments : capsule 3-valved. Rushes or serlge-like Juncaceje, 82 Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, spicate, without evi- dent perianth. Stems solid : sheaths closed : scales single : anthers basifixed Cvpebaceje, 87 Culms hollow, terete : .'^heaths split : ghnnes in pairs : anthers versatile. (;hamine.c. 8« Xvi ANALYTICAL KEY. Class II. GYMNOSPERM^E. Ovules naked upon a scale oi bract, or within open integuments. Monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Male flowers in aments : female subsolitary, the ovule within a double integument with small terminal orifice : nearly naked dioecious shrubs. ■ • • Gnetace.®, 89 Female flowers in aments, becoming dry cones or berry-like : ovules naked at the base of a scale : from shrubs to trees of the largest size ; with needle or scale-like leaves. . . Conifers, 90 Series II. PTERIDOPHYTA, or the FERN GROUP. Plants without true flowers or seeds, but reproducing by spores ; and with a distinct axis containing fibre- vascular bundles. Stems solid, leafy : sporangia in the axils of simple leaves or bracts. Leaves long and grass-like from a corm-like trunk: spores of two kinds IsOETiu, paler externally, uoUly at the apex, and spreadinr/: akenes silky; the tails an inch or more in UnylL — From Colorado to Washington. Var. Scottii. A form with leaflets ovate or lanceolate, aud tips of seimla more reflexed and probably less woolly, — C. Scottii, Porter, Fi. Col. 1. Col- orado and northward. H- -1- Stem climbing, more or less woody. 3. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : stems sometimes very long: leaves pinnate aud teruate, mostly 5-foliolate ; the leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely tootlied aud trilid : flowers white, in paniculate corymbs, dicecious : sepals thiu, equalling the stamens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan aud Oregon, and also in California. Climbing over bushes aud produciug a great abundance of white flowers. * * Some of the outer Jilaments enlarging to small petals: stems woody. 4. C. alpina, Mill., var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Trailing, neiirly glabrous: leaves hiternately divided; segments ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, frequently 3-lobed, irregularly toothed : sepals purplish-blue, thiu : anther- bearing petals linear: akenes glabrous. —Powell's (ieol. Black Ilill.s. p. Ml. The C. alpina, var. Ochotensis, of tiie various Western reports. From Mew Mexico to the Wasatch and Teton Mountains. 5. C. Verticillaris, DC. Climbing: leaves trifoliolale, with leaflets about as in the last, but ofteuer entire : tiie flowers 2 to 3 inclies across, with the thiu bluisli-purple sepals widely spreading. — From California to Maine, and from the Wasatch and L'inta Mountains to iJriti.sh America. 2. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flow lr. Sepals colored and petal-like. Style short and stigma lateral. Akon<' compressed, pointed or ending in long feathery awns. — Perennial herbs wiili radical leaves. ' * Al-enes trith long bearded tails. 1. A. patens, L.,var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Villous with loner silVr hair* : flower erect, ileveloped before the leaves; which are tcrnately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, tlie middle one stalked and 3-parted. the .segineni.H deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear aud acute lolwis: pojmls 5 to 7, purplish or whitish. — From the mountains eastward into Illinois and Wisconsin. 4 BANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * * Akenes without tails. +- Akenes very numerous in a close head, densely villous. *+ Loiv (3 ^o 12 inches high) or slender plants, with simple stems. 2. A. decapetala, L. Stem 3 to 6 iuches high from a round tuber : root leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft: involucre (mostly sessile and far below the flower) 3-parted, the wedge-sliaped divisions 3-cleft : sepals 10 to 20, oblong- linear, purple or whitish: head of fruit oblong. — A. Caroliniana, Walt. From Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico, and across the continent to the Caroliuas. 3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3 to! 2 inches high from a slender root- stock: root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised or lobed : imolucre 2 to 3-leaved, distant from the flower : sepals 5 or 6, oval, white : head of fruit globular. — Mountains of Colorado, and northward to the Arctic Sea. ++ *+ Taller (6 inches to 2 feet), commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles : sepals 5 to 8, silky or downy beneath, oval or oblong. 4. A. multlfida, Poir. Silky-hairy (6 to 12 inches high) : principal involucre 2 to 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ; leaves of the secondary involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear : sepals red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish : head of fruit spherical or oval. — Across the continent in northern latitudes, and southward in the mountains through Colorado. 5. A. cylindrica, Gray. Taller, and clothed with silky hairs : flowers 2 to 6, on very long and upright naked peduncles : leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-stalks, 3-divided, their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft, lobes cut and toothed at the apex : sepals greenish-white : head of fruit cylindrical. — From Colorado to Bitter Root valley and thence eastward across the continent. •»- H- Akenes fewer, pubescent only. 6. A. diehotoma, L. Hairy, rather low : involucres sessile ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed : radical leaves .5 to 7-parted or cleft : sepals 5, obovate, white : carpels orbicular. — .1. Pennsylvanica, L. Common on the foothills of Colorado, northward and eastward. 7. A. nemorosa, L. Smooth or somewhat villous : stem perfectly simple from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the involucre of 3 long- petioled tr if oliolate leaves; their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed or cut, or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants soli- tary from the rootstock : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : carpels oblong^ with a hooked beak. — Northern United States and British America. •!-•(-•»- Akenes glabrous. 8. A. nareissiflora, L. Villous : leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted ; seg- ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft, lobes linear: involucre somewhat similar, sessile, leaflets 3 to 5-cleft: pedicels several, umbelled, leafless. RANUNCULACE^. (CUOWFOUT FAMILY.) ;> l-flo'%'ered : flowers white: carpels roundish-oval. — Alpiuc. lu Colorado at 13,000 feet altitude, aud theuce through British America. 3. THALICTRUM, L. Mkai»ow-Uce. Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like. Pistils 4 to 15. — Perennial herl)s with leaves 2 or 3 times ternately compound, the lealieis sUilk*?*!. Flowers in corymhs or pauicles. The dicecious species are easily n'iogni/ed by coml)iniug that character with the much compounded leaves, and all of ..ur species can be distinguished from Anemone by their alternate leuvcd aud inconspicuous flowers. * Flowers perfect. 1. T. alpinum, L. St«m simple, 2 to 8 inches hiyh, .slightly pnl)csrent : lem^cs mostiy radical ; leaflets roundish, about \ inch long, .xt)mowhut IoIhmJ, crenately toothed : flowers noJdin;/ in a simple raceme : stigmas thick aud pubescent: carpels ocate, sessile. — Colorado and northward throughout Briti.xh America. 2. T. sparsiflorum, Turcz. Stem l to 3 fot hi'jh: upjier leaves sessile: flowers on long pedicels in a loose panicle : filaments clavaie : carpels strongly compressed, semi-ohovate, short-stipitate, thrice shorter than the persistent style. — Subalpine. Colorado aud far northward : also in California. * * Flowers diff.cious, 3. T. Cornuti, L. Stem 2 to A feet high: stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so ; leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, pale anil usually minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mitstiif revolute and the veining conspicuous: panicles co7njiound : flowers white, greenish, and purplish : filaments thickened upwards.— Possibly includes T, purpurnscens, L. : Colorado, and in the Atlantic States. 4. T. Fendleriyllilgelm. ^oXh^v low and slender, occasionally somewhat pubescent : leaves pctiolrd or the uppermost ses.sile ; leaflets usually sniall : flowers in an open panicle : anthers sctoscly acuminate : akenes slightly glantlu- lar-)»uberulent, oblong to ovate, acuminate, 2 or 3 lines long. — PI. KondL 5. Colorado aud Now Mexico, and westward to Utah and Nevada f). T. OCCidentale, (^.ray. Like the la.st, but stouter, the leaflets largrr and akenes few in a head (1 to 6), narrowly oblonj 3 or 4 lines long), and narrowed at each end. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372. From California to Wash- ington, and extending into "Western Montana. 4. MYOSURUS, L. Moi'sktaii. Sepals 5. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw with a ]»it at its summit. Stamens ^> to 20.— Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spolulatc entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple srn|>«'s. The lonp slmdiT spike of akenes and linear radical leaves give the plant the api>eamncc of a diminutive ]tlnntain. L M. minimus, L. Scapes 2 to 6 inches high : leaves usually .shorter: akenes blunt, on sl.nder sjdkes 1 or 2 inches long. — From California through Colorado to the Ohio Valley. 6 ranu:nc UL ACE^. (crowfoot family.) M. ARiSTATUs, Benth., may be found where our boundary touches Utah and Southern Idaho. It is characterized by its akenes being beaked with a divergent persistent style nearly equalling the akene. 5. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15. Akenes mostly flattened, pointed. — Mostly perennial herbs. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed, usually yellow and often showy. The leaves are various, and those of the stem alternate. § 1. Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided t petals white, the claw yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled. 1. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and coarsely filiform : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous soft capillary segments, which usually collapse ichen withdrawn from the icater: akenes in a close globular head. — Common throughout the continent in stagnant or slow- flowing waters. Var. stagnatilis, DC. Leaves all under water, the divisions and sub- divisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when withdrawn from the water. — The R. divaricatus of Gray's Manual and the Western reports. Rarer than the former, but with the same range. § 2. Terrestrial kerbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals greeny rarely yellow : petals yellow: akenes neither icrinkled nor hispid. * All the leaves undivided, the margins entire. 2. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints: leaves mostly lanceolate and acute at each end : petals half longer than the sepals : akenes few in a small globu- lar head, plump ; beak very short and curved. —Found in Colorado, but most common northward, where it extends across the continent. 3. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Glabrous througliout : stems nearly or quite erect, G to 16 inches high, rather stout: leaves broadly lanceolate, blunt at apex: petals conspicuously nerved, nearly twice as long as the sepals: akenes slightly fattened, pointed with a nearly or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact ovate head. — The form called var. montamis, ^yatson, is the typical form. Rocky Mountains and westward. The Eastern species bearing this name is 7?. amhigens, Watson. 4. R. Macauleyi, Gray. Leaves Ungulate, the truncate apex 3-toothed ; radical ones (early ones ohlong) tapering into a petiole; cauline ones sessile: sepals very dark villous outside: petals golden: carpels tapering into a short subulate style : fruit unknown, though head of akenes probably oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45. Mountains in San Juan Co., Colorado. The flowers resemble those of R. nivalis, but the remarkable foliage readily distinguishes it from every other species. « * Radical leaves undivided: stem leaves, if any, toothed or lobed : glabrous perennials, 3 to 6 inches high. 5. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Flowering stems or scapes leafless, 1 to 7-flowered : leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners : petals longer than the sepals : the akenes striateveined cm the sides, enlarging upwards, with a short oblique beak: head oblong. — Across the continent in marsh v ground. 6. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Stems l to.-J-flowercd : radical leaves hroadly oval, either eutin or icilli 3 large blunt teeth at the ajiex ; stem-leaves cuneate at the base, 3-f,/f'/? to the middle: sepals half as long as the petals : akenes jdnmp, tipped with a short curved beak : head globular. — From Colorado to Wyoming and Wasliington ; also in California. * * * Some or all the leaves cleft or divided. M- Primary root-leaves crenate or toothed. 7. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf (3 to G inches high), hairy: root- leaves ron/idish or rhoiubir-orate, rarely sul)cordate; lowest stem-leav.s similar or 3 to 5-Iobed ; the upper 3 to 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear : petals large, exceeding the calyx: akenes orbicular with a minute beak. — S. W. Colo- rado to British America and eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 8. R. abortivus, L. Glabrous, 6 inches to 2 feet high : primary root- ieaves round heart-shaped or kidney form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3 to 5-parted or divided, their divisions oblong or narrowly w^edge-form, mostly toothed : petals shorter than the refiexed sepals: akenes with a minute curved beak. — From the mountains eastward across the continent. Most variable as to foliage. •«- -t- Root-leaves lobed, clef, or parted. •*-•• Style straight or wanting. 9. R. hyperboreus, Rottb., var. natans, Kegel. Stem filiform, creep. ing : leaves glabrous, petioled, S-clef ; the lobes oval-oblong, divaricate, the lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft : heads of akenes globose, compact : style wanting. — In swamps at middle elevations, Colorado and northward. 10. R. nivalis, L. Stem about l-fiowered : radical leaves on long petioles, dilated, lobed, the lobes somewhat ovate; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate: calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals : style as long as the glabrous ordriefi. — In the mountains of British America. Var. Eschscholtzii, Watson. Radical leaves S-parted, the divisions lobed, ciliate : style shorter than the akenes. — Colorado, Yellowstone I'ark. and north- ward in the mountains. 11. R. SCeleratUS, L. Glabrous: stem thick and hollow, a foot high: root-leaves 3-lobc(l ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes ol)tusely cut and toothed ; the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : akenes barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads. — From Colorado northward, and across the continent. In drying, the numerous akenes are soon deciduous from the receptacle. •H*. ■»-♦. Style curved. = Stem usually \-fiowered. 12. R. pygmaeus, Wahl. Stem 1 to 2 inches high : leaves glahrons, 3 to 5-clef ; radical ours jietioled : sepals glabrous, longer than the somewhat refiexed petals: heads oblong: akenes subglobose, pointed with a short hooked .^tyle.— Mountains of Colorado and far northward. 8 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. R. adoneus, Gray. Low, sparsely villous, becoming glabrous : stems branching from the base, 1 to 3-leaved above, sometimes sarmentose-clecum- beut and 2 to 3-flowered : leaves twice pedately parted, segments narrowly linear : petals golden-yellow, twice exceeding the suhvillous sepals : akenes crowded in an oval head, turgid, with the rather long ensiform beak scarious- winged on each edge. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56. High altitudes close to the snow, Colorado and northward. = = Stems bearing more than one flower. a. Dwarf (2 fo 3 inches high). 14. R. digitatus, Hook. Very glabrous : leaves few, petioled, digitately lobed, the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse : flowers 2 or 3, terminal, with reflexed sepals and 7 to 11 oblong cuueate pet- als : akenes beaked with a subulate recurved style. — In the Wasatch, N. Utah, and northward into British America. b. A foot or two high. 15. R. aflQnis, R. Br. Radical leaves petioled, usually pedatehj midtifid ; cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes : akenes with re- curved beaks in oblong-cylindrical heads, more or less pubescent. — Colorado and northward. Var. leiocarpus, Trautv. Lower leaves ttsually lobed or crenate : flowers small : carpels smooth or somewhat pubescent. — Colorado. Var. cardiophyllus, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent: radical leaves round- cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft : Jlowers an inch in diameter — Same range as the species. 16. R. Nelsoni, Gray. Sparingly pilose: the simple radical leaves often 3 bod. Berr> with many seeds, which are ])acked horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennial herlwj with 2 to 3 teniatcly compound loaves. 1. A. spicata, L..var. arguta, Torr. Smooth. 1 to 2 feet hich : le.afleta larger and more serrated than in the next: petals oblong, obtu.>«e : berries 12 BERBERIDACE^. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) either white or red, in a loose, rather elongated raceme. — From the mountains westward. Var. rubra, Ait. Raceme ovate: petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens : berries cherry-red. — From the mountains eastward to the AtUntic. Order 2. BERBEBIDACE.E. (Barberry Family.) Our species are shrubs with alternate simple or com pound leaves and no stipules ; the flower parts are distinct and free, and are opposite to each other instead of alternate ; the anthers open by uplifted valves. — Sepals and petals imbricated and deciduous. Pistil one, simple ; style short or none. 1. B E R B E R I S, L. Barberry. Sepals 6, colored like the petals, with 3 or 6 closely appressed hractlets. Petals 6, yellow. Stamens 6. Stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry with 1 to 3 seeds. — Shrubs with yellow wood and the flowers in clustered bracteate racemes. 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low shrub less than a foot high: leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute : racemes few, terminating the stems. — Throughout the Rocky Mountains. This is the B. Aquifolium of FI. Colorado and the various Western Reports. B. Aquifolium ranges farther west, especially in Oregon and Wash- ington, and is a much larger shrub, with clusters of racemes. 2. B. Fendleri, Gray. Much taller (3 to 6 feet), icith branches smooth and shining as if varnished: leaves entire or irregularly spinulose-serrate : racemes pendulous, densely flowered : calyx with conspicuous red bracts. — PI. Fendl. 5. S. W. Colorado, southward, and westward to S. California. Order 3. NYMPHJEACEyE. (Water-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes tubers ; the leaves (in ours) deeply cordate ; flowers with all the parts distinct and free, solitary and axillary on long peduncles; stamens numerous. 1. N U P H A R, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lilt. Spatter-Dock. Sepals 5 to 12, persistent, usually yellow within and partly green without. Petals and stamens short and numerous, densely crowded around the ovary. Ovary 8 to 20-ceIled, crowned by a radiate stigma, the cells many-seeded. — In shallow water, sending up large leathery leaves which are usually upright, but sometimes floating. 1. N. advena, Ait. Emersed and erect leaves thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus open, or closed, or narrow : sepals 6 : petals liTcp the stamens, thick and fleshy, truncate : f'uit ovoid. — Abundant in the Yellowstone Park, and extending northward and eastward across the continent. FUMAlilACExE. (FL'MITORY FAMILY.) 13 2. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Larger- leaves 6 to 12 inches loug, rounded above, di(jj/'/ cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 : petals dilated and unlike the stamens, often tinged with red : fruit globular. — Muuutaiu lakes iu Colo- rado, westward and northward. Order 4. PAPAVERACE.E. (Poppy Family.) Herbs, usually with niillcy or orange-yellow juice ; sepals 2 or 3, caducous; petals twice as many, in two sets ; stamens iinWIinite ; ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placenta?; seeds numerous. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in the I)Ud. 1. Papaver. Ovaiy incompletely several-celled by the projecting placenta;. Stigraaa united into a radiate crown. Pod opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the stigma. 2. Argeinone. Ovary strictly 1-celIed. Pod opening by valves, and with the leaves prickly. 1. PAPAVER, L. Poppy. Sepals 2. Stigma 4 to 20-rayed. Pod short and turgid. — Herbs with a white juice, and nodding flower-buds. 1. P. nudicaule, L. Scape l-flowered, 2 to 3 inches high, naked, hi.«*pid as well as the calyx with brownish hairs : leaves lance-ovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid : petals lemon-yellow : pod obovate, hispid. — P.alpinumoi the Fl. Colorado. Alpine. Colorado and in Arctic America. 2. ARGEMONE, L. Prickly Poppy. Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Stigma 3 to 6-rayed. Pod oblong ; seedft crested. — Well marked by the prickly bri.>*tles and yell«)w juice Leaves sessile, sinnate-lobed, with prickly teeth. Flower-buds erect. 1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Erect, 1 to 2.\ feet high, hispid throughout or nrnied with rigid bristles or prickles : lower leaves attenuate to a winged petiole; the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white: pod oblong. — .1. hispida, Cray. Colorado to Mexico and westward. It is doubtful whether^!. Mexicana occurs in Colorado, but it ranges farther iouth. Order 5. FUlflARIACE.i:. (Fumitory Family.) Tender herbs, \\\\\\ watery juice, dissected compound leaves, perfect rregular hypogynous flowers with parts in twos, except the diaddpl-ous Xamens which are 6, ovary 1 -celled, seeds, etc. as in V(ipnvnnre,r. to jvhich order Bentham & Hooker have united it. 1. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped (in ours) at the base. •J Corydalis. Corolla l-spuiTcd at the baae. 14 FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in two sets ; the outer pair larger, saccate at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, the hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, thus forming a cavity which con- tains the anthers and stigma. Middle anther in each set 2-celled, lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod 1-celled. — Glabrous perennials with the fleshy root surmounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. ^ 1. D. uniflora, Kellogg, The 3 to 7 divisions of the leaves pinnatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatulate lobes : scape 2 to 3 bracted, 1 -flowered: flowers flesh-colored, ^ inch long, the divergent or reflexed tips of the outer petals equalling or exceeding the erect gibbous-saccate base ; inner ones not crested, the blade broadly hastate : pod abruptly beaked with the short style. — Alpine. AVasatch and Teton Mountains, and westward in the Sierra Nevada. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side. Otherwise as in Dicentra. * Corolla golden-yellow ; spur shorter than the rest of the flower. 1, C. aurea, Willd, Stems low or decumbent: racemes simple: the slightly decurved spur not half the length of the rest of the flower : tips of the outer petals blunt, crestless and naked on the back : pods usually pendent : seeds smooth and even, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril, — From Colorado northward and eastward, Var. OCCidentalis, Gray, Spur longer : pods erect : seeds lenticular with acute margins. — jNIore common in our range than the type. Colorado to Montana, and eastward to Missouri and Texas. Var. mierantha, Engelm. Flowers small, nearly spurless, on short pedi- cels : pods ascending. — From the Western Mississippi States to the Uinta Mountains. 2, C. curvisiliqua, Engelm. Differs from the last in having longer 4-angular pods ascending on very short pedicels : the acute-margined seeds muri- cate. — C. aurea, var, curvisiliqua. Gray. Common in the mountains of Colorado and southeastward, * * Corolla white or cream-color ; spur longer than the rest of the flower 3, C. Brandegei, AVatson. Tall and stout {5 feet high) : leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided ; the lanceolate leaflets i to 1 inch long, acute or acuminate : hood not crested, the margins folded back and not projecting beyond the obtuse summit : pod oblong-obovate, obtuse, reflexed, — Mountains of S, Colorado and in the Wasatch, Formerly referred to C. Caseana, which Aas a more westerly range. 4, C. Cusiekii, AA^atson. Leaves bipiunately divided ; the oblong-oval leaf ,ets acute at each end, half-inch long : the broad margins of the hood produced beyond its acute apex and folded bock over the narrow and somewhat crisped or erose crest : pod acute. — Extending from Oregon into the Bitter Root Mountains. CRUCIFKR^. (MUSTARD FAMILV.) If) Order 6. CKUCIFER.E. (Mi stard Family.) Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, crucif(»riii corolLi, tetradynainous stamens, and a 2-celled pod with 2 pari(?tal phieentte. — Sepals 4, decid- uous. Petals 4. Ovary 2-celled by a partition which stn'tchcs across from the placentse, rarely J -celled. Style undiviilcd <»r none; stigma entire or 2-h)bed. Fruit a silique or silich', the two valves falling away from the partition, which persists and is called the rephim, in a few genera indchisceut. Ovules few or numerous. Flowers generally in racemes and without bractlets. Leaves alternate, without stipules. The mature pods are necessary for analysis. I. Pod delusoent, 2-valved. • Pod strongly compressed parallel witli the broad partition : cotyledons accumbent (i- «• tiie radicle and ootyledons appearing in oross-seotion thus o8)- ■*- Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1-nerved : flowers wliite or yellow. 1. Draba* Pod ovate to oblong or linear, few to inany-seeded ; valves flut or convex. Seeds wingless. Low, flowers racemose. t- -1- Pod elongated. •»* Valves nerveless ; replum thickened; seeds wingless : flowei-s white : leaves all petioled. 2 Cardainine. Pod moderately beaked or pointed. Stems leafy, with elongated racemes. ■H- ++ Valves 1-nerved ; replum thin ; seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowers white to purple (sometimes yellowish in Streptaiilhits) : cauline leaves (if any) sessile. 3. Parrya. Anthers linear. Petals broadly obovate. Seeds in one or two row.s. Scape naked. 4. Arabis. Anthei-s sliort, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows. 5. Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and usually colored. Seeds in one row. • ♦ Pod terete or 4-angled, slightly or not at all compressed ; seeds not margined. *~ Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1-nerved ; seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flat- tened, cotyledons incumbent (i. e. the railide and cotyledons api)earing in cross- section thus oD). Stout biennials or perennials. ++ Flowers greenish-yellow to ])uri)le : anthers sagittate. 6. Caulanthus. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilatetl almve and undulate, little longer than the broad sepals, greenish-yellow or purple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, somewhat 2-lobed. Pod .sessile, 3 inches long or more. 7. Thel>'po(liuin. Petals with narrow claw and flat liue.ir to rouiuled limb, much ex ceeding tlie narrow sepals, usually i)ink to purple. Filaments often ex8ert<*d. Styl« short; stigma mostly entire. Pod sessile or shortstipittitc. •»+ ^ Flowers yellow. 8. Stanleya. Pod somowhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not sa;,'ittatc, spirally coiled. Leaves entire or pinnatifld. 9 Erysimum. Pod 4-angled, se.ssile. Sti«ma 2-lol>ed. Anthers sagittate, not coiUni. Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed. •*~ •*- Pod linear, mostly less than 1 inch long : valves 1 to 3-ner\*ed : seeds In 1 or 2 row*, globose to oblong : flowers usually yellow (white or pinkish in Smclon-^lin) : at least the lower leaves pinnatifld.' * Brassica, an introduced genus, may be looked for in this group, diflToring from the other genera in its nearly terete pod with a !ong stout l)eak, cI'>bose seeds with the cotyledon* infolding the radicle, and long sagittate anthei-s. See foot-note, p. 23 16 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 10. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-angle.d, pointed. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons nearly ac- cumbeut. Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately-pinnatifid. A smooth marsh perennial. 11. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds oblong: cotyle- dons incumbent. Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, with finely dis- sected or entire leaves. 12. Smelowskia. Pod short, 4-angled, pointed at each end. Alpine perennials with narrowly pinnatifid leaves ; otherwise as Sisymbrium, ■t- -t- ^^- Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; valves strongly convex, nerveless; seeds in 2 rows, cotyledons accumbent.i 13. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat hispid. 14. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- canescent. » * * Pod more or less flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves ; seeds not Avinged. H- Valves 1-nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons in- cumbent : flowers white. 15. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly compressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves. 16. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed. Nearly smooth annuals. 4- •*- Valves acutely carinate or winged ; cells few (1 to 5)-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent (mostly incumbent in Lepidium) : flowers white. 17. Tlilaspi. Pod cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2 to 4-seeded. A smooth aliiiiie perennial with entire leaves. 18. L.epidium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit; cells 1 to 2-seeded. -*-•*-•*- Valves inflated, nerveless ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent : flowers yellow. 19. Phy.«aria. Pod didymous ; cells nearly globular. Stellate-canescent perennials with entire leaves. II. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis.2 20. Biscutella* Cells flat, nearly orbicular, 1-seeded. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated or conical, nearly sessile. 1. DRABA, L. Whitlow-Grass. Sepals equal. Filaments mostly flattened, without teeth anthers rounded or oval. — Leaves entire or toothed. * Sfe7ns scape-like, leafless {or perhaps 1 or 2-leaved). 1. D. Stellata, Jacq. Scape with a single leaf, pubescent: leaves oblong- oval, tomentose with a short stellate pubescence ; flowers white : pedicels puberulent • pods oblong. — Uinta and Teto.n Mountains, and far northward. Var. nivalis, Kegel. Scape naked or sometimes with one or two leaves, pubescent : leaves oblanceolate to obovate, canescent with a stellate pubescence : pods narrowlji oblong, and, with the pedicels, becoming glabrous. — D. nemorosa, var alpina, of the Fl. Colorado. High peaks about Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, and in Arctic America. Var. Johannis, Kegel. Scape naked or with a single leaf, glabrous : leaves ovate, with a short woollij pubescence : pods long, linear, and with the pedi- 1 Camelina, an introduced genus, is distinguished by its pear-shaped pod, l-nerved valves, incumbent cotyledons, and small yellow flowers. See foot-note, p. 25. 2 Raphanns, an introduced genus, is known by its elongated 1-celled or transversely- jointed pod, which is attenuated above. See foot-note, p. 27. CRUCIFER/E. (MUSTAUD FAMILY.) 17 eels glabrous. — D. muricdla, Walil. ? of Bot. Kiuf^'s Exp. 21; D. nivalis of Ilaycl. Koj). 1S70. Uinta Mountains ami far nortliwartl. 2. D. crassifolia, (Jrali. Scajje naked or with a single leaf, 1 to 3 inclies iiigli : leaces lanceolate-it near, entire or somewhat serrate, ciUate with simple hairs: flowers small, i/ellow or white : pettils a little ixretdiuy the sipals, retuse : pods ovate-cllii)tical, glabrous. — Alpine, frum Colorado noriliward, and in California. 3. D. alpina, L. Hather rigid : scape naked, mostly somewhat hirsute : leaves spat ulatc-lanceol ate, more or less pilose with iranrhintj hairs: petals ijtllou', more than twice the length of the sepals : pods somewiiat corymlted, obloug- elliptical. — Aljjiiie, Colorado, Uintas, and northward to Arctic America. Var. glacialis, Dickie. Dwarf: leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly ohlanceolate, more or less strongly carinate, stellate pubescent, not ciliate : jiods short-ovate, pubescent. — D. glacialis of liayd. Kep. 1871, 1872. Teaks about Yellowstone Lake and far northward. * * Stems leaf I/. H- Flowers white. 4. D. incana, L. Hoary jiubescent, seldom branching at the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate: pods oblung-lanceolate, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels. Var. eonf usa, Poir. Leaves sparingly toothed : pods pubescent. — Mrscrnf, one third the length of the pedicels. — D. nenwrosa of Bot. King's Exp. 22 and Hayd. Rep. 1871. In the mountains from Colorado to Arctic America. 18 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTAKD FAMILV.) 8. D. chrysantha, Watson. Stems decumbent or erect from a branch- ing rootsiock, which becomes covered ivith the persistent bases of dead leaves, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs : basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly entire; the cauline oblanceolate to lanceolate : _^ow'ers bright yellow: pod oblong, acute at each end and beaked by a slender style. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 364. In the high mountains of Colorado and southward into Arizona. •M- ++ Pods not glabrous. 9. D. montana, Watson. Hoary-villous with simple or branching rigid hairs, rather stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched, becoming a span high or less : leaves rosulate and rather crowded at and above the base of the stem, oblanceolate, sparingly toothed ; pods linear-oblong, obtusish, roughly puberulent, nearly erect upon spreading pedicels ; style none. — Wheeler's Rep. vi. 63. Colorado. 10. D. aurea, Vahl. More or less canescently stellate pubescent and usually somewhat villous with branching hairs: stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or several from the same root, simple or branclied : leaves oblanceolate, petiuled ; the upper sessile, oblong to oblong-ovate, entire or sometimes sparingly toothed : petals yellow fading to white: pods linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward into a short style, puberulent, often somewhat twisted. — From Colorado to British America. Var. stylosa, Gray. Style as long as in the next. — Southwestern Colorado. 11. D. StreptOCarpaj Gray. As-panh\gh,icith simple or siinply forked, long, rigid, shaggy, spreading hairs : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated into a large-margined petiole ; cauline very entire, sessile : racemes often paniculate : petals golden-yellow : pods linear or oblong-ovate, minutely or strongly hispid-ciliate, usually much twisted with often 3 or 4 turns ; style long. — In the mountains of Colorado to the very summit, the alpine forms being much dwarfed. 12. D. ventosa, Gray. Depressed and cespiiose, canescently tomentose throughout, the pubescence stellate: leaves crowded on the mostly tufted branches, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire : peduncle in fruit exserted be- yond the leaves: petals golden-yellow: pod oval or orbicular, tomentulose-hirsute, tipped with a short distinct style. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " On a high rocky- peak overlooking Snake and Wind River valleys," Parry. 2. CARD A MINE, L. Bitter Cress. Sepals equal. Pod linear, seeds in one row. — Growing in wet places, usually with running rootstocks or small tubers ; leaves all petioled, simple or pinnate. 1. C. COrdifolia, Gray. Stem \ to'6 feet high, erect, simple, leafy to the top : leaves cordate, sparingly repand-dentate or angular-toothed, ciliate, 2 to 4 inches across ; lowest orbicular ; upper triangular-cordate : flowers rather large : pods erect. — C. rhomboidea of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. 2. C Breweri, Watson. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, flexuous, decumbent ot base, usually simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much CKUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 19 the largest, eutire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, often cordate at ba.se; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : pods obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, asctndtw/. — I'roc. Am. Acad. x. 339. C j>au cisecta of Ilayd. Hep. 1870, 1871, 1872. From Wyoming to California and Oregon. 3. C. hirsuta, L. Stem 3 to \2 inches high, erect or ascending from a spreadimj r/iisl,r of root-leaves : lenjiets 3 to 7 pairs, rounded; those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and oJ)en coiiJiueiU: jlou-trs small: jxxls tnrt or ascendiiuj in line ivith the pedicels ; 'Jtyle very short or almost uoue. — From Colorado to Alaska and eastward across the continent. 3. PARRYA, R. Br Style rather short; lobes of the stigma connate. Seeds flat, orbicular, with a broad meml>ranous border. — Low herbs, with thick perennial roots and numerous scapes with racemed flowers. 1. P. nudicaulis, Regel. Rootstock fusiform: scape 4 to 6 inches high : leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed : petals rose-color or purjde, retuse : pods broadly linear, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted between the seeds, which are slightly corrugated. Var. aspera, Regel. Pilose with glandular hairs. Var. glabra, Regel. Whole plant glabrous. — Both varieties are inclmled in the P. macrocarpa. of Bot. King's Exp. 14 and Torr. & <^ray, Fl. i. 88 Near the summit of oue of the highest peaks of the Uintas ( Watson). 4. ARAB IS, L. Rock Cress. Anthers short, hardly emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed. Pod linear. Seeds flat and usually winged. — Erect, with perpen- dicular roots and uudivided leaves, tiie cauline usuiUly clasping and auricled at base. Id Biennials : pods erect or ascending: Jioicers small, irhite or nrarli/ so. 1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous: stem stout, usually simple, 2 to A feet high, mosthj g/ahrons hut often hirsute toward the base: lower leaves spatu- late, sinuate-pinnatijid or toothed ; the cauline entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clasping bij the sagittate base : petals little exceeding the .sepals : pods errrt and iisuallg appressed, narrowly linear ; style short : seeds in two rous, narrow ly winged or wingless. — Across the continent and far northward. 2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairg, sometimes smoothish, 1 to 2 fret high : leaves often rosulate at the base ; the cauline ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, j)arlli/ clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate Inise : petali? greenish-white, /ojj^'er //(«» the sepals: p( diet Is and pods strictli/ upright : style scarcely any: seeds in otK row, ivingless. — Colorado and northward, and east- ward across the continent. 3. A. spathulata, Nnlt. Hirsute, dwarf and somewhat rcspitose, about 4 inches high : root thick, crowned with vestiges of former leaves and .stems: leaves spatulate-ohlong, entire; radical leaves on rather long petioles: pelaU about twice the length of the sepals: pedicel about half the length of the poar^'iiile.'<.s. — Erect and branching, with angled .-^tenis. 1. B. vulgaris, K. Br. stem 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves lyrate- ])innatitid, with a larger rounded ternjinal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral ones ; upper leaves obovate, more or less piuuatitid at base : pods erect, often appressed. — From Oregon eastward. 11. SISYMBRIUM,! L. Hedge Mustard. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Seeds not margined. — Krect herbs, with small flowers, the leaves not clasping or auriculate, rarely entire. * Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 1. S. canescens, Nutt. Canescent icith sliort brnnrhing hairs: stems ^ to 2} feet higli : leaves 1 to 2-pinnate, with the segments more or k'.«;s deojily pinnatifid or toothed : pods acute at each end and pointed with the very short style, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels : seeds in two rows. — Verv common on the plains and in the mountains. From Colorado to Arctic America, westward to California, and eastward to New York and Penn.'syl- vania. 2. S. ineisum, Engelm. Pubescence short, more or less glandular : stems 1 to 4 feet high : leaves pinnate, with the segments linear to ovate-ol)long, more or less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes entire: pods pointed at both ends, mostly exceeding the spreading pedicels: seeds in one row. — S. Calijornicitm, Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 23. Oregon and AVashington, eastward to Win- nipeg Valley and southward to New Mexico. * * Leaves entire or toothed. 3. S. glaucum, Nutt. Glaucous, about 1 foot high: radic;il leaves small, spatithtfe ; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute : flmrers verg small, pale purple: pods erect : seeds in one or two rows. — South Bark Colorado, and northwestward to Oregon. 4. S. virgatum, Nutt. Canescentlg hirsute with simple and stellate hairs: stem about a span high, virgatelg branched from the l)asc : leaves lanceolate linear, clasping ; lower ones denticulate or entire : flowers larger, pale purple : pods erect : seeds in two rows. — On the Platte and its tributaries. 5. S. linifolium, Nutt. Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to U foot high: leaves narrowlij ohhniccolate or linear : flowers light yellow: pods a.<«cendiiig on short spreading pedicels, with short thick styles: seeds in one row. — .*^. iunmni} of Hayd. Bep. 1871, 1872. W. Wyoming and northwestward through Montana and Idaho. » Brassica is an allied penus, represented in our mnjze l>y the following introduoed species : — B. Sinapi.<per leaves often luvlivided, and tlio pods more tli.in n third occupied by the stout 2H-\v-sliApch tlowers. 1. B. Wislizeni, Benth. & Ilouk. A foot or more high, covereil throughout with a line, but deuse. stellate pubesceuce : leaves liuear-laneeolaie to broadly lanceolate, entire, slightly undulate or deeply piuuatifid : c;u h half of the pod roundish. — Dilfii/raa Wislizmi, Kngelni., of the various Westeru reports. S. W. Colorado, Brandeyee, to Arizona and Texas. Order 7. CAPPARIDACE^. (Caper Family.) Herbs, with alternate leaves and perfect liypogyuous Uowers, sepals and petals as in Cnidferce^ stamens 6 or more, nearly equal in leni^th, pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae and kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo incurved rather than folded. • stamens 8 to 32. 1. Polanisla. Flowers whitish or imrple. Pod elongated. • * Stamens 6. 2. Cleome. Flowers yellow or pink-purple. Pod oblong or linear, many-seeded. '.'>. Cleouiella. Flowers yellow. Pod rhomboidal, 2-horued or globular, few-seeded 1. POLANISIA, Raf. Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with claws and eniarfjinate. Pod compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded. — Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly glandular, with 3-foliolatepetioled leaves, and flowers in leafy bracted racemes. 1. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Leaves with 3 lanceolate leaflets; floral bracts mostly simple : petals with slender claws as long as the .sep:ds : stamens 12 to 16, exserted : pod very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds jimly pitted and often urirti/. — P. uiiifjkvidulosa of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's Exp. Colorado and Wyoming to the Columbia Kiver, and ea.stward to Kan- sas and Texas. 2. P. graveolens, Kaf. Leaves ivit/i .3 ohlonq hnflets: flowers small: calyx and filaments jjurplish : petals yellowish-white: stamnisnl>out W, scarcely (xrpfdlnij tlie pfials : pod slir/lit/i/ stipitate. — Upper Arkausas Valley, Colorado, and eastward across the continent. 2. CLEOME, L. Sepals sometimes united at l)ase. Pod stijiitate, many seeded. — Fn-. t brandling annuals, witli palmately 3 to 7-foliolate leaves, flowers in bracteate racemes, and pods pendent on spreading pedicels. 1 Raphanus sativus, L., is more or less hispid, with purple or msc-oolorH flmvers. nml an inflated long-pointed pod. — The common Radish, running wild in cuUivat«*d grounds. 28 viOLACE^. (violet family.) 1. C lutea, Hook. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high ; leaflets 5, linear- to oblong-lanceolate : flowers showy, bright yellow, corymbose, the raceme elongated in fruit : stamens much exserted : pod equalling or much longer than the stipe. — C. aurea, Nutt. Abundant in the valleys of Colorado and Wyoming, and westward to Nevada and Oregon. 2. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat glaucous, 2 to 3 feet high : leaflets 3, lanceolate (the lowest oblong) : flowers large, showy, reddish-pur/ile, rarely white, the raceme sometimes nearly a foot long : pods compressed, much longer than the stipe. — From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and eastward. 3. C. Sonorse, Gray. Glabrous: leaflets 3, linear: flowers purplish: pod turgid, somewhat longer than the stipe, which is much shorter than the pedicel. — PI. Wright, ii. 16. S. Colorado {Brandegee) and southward. 3. CLEOMELLA, DC. Like Cleome, but the pod few-seeded, small and ovoid-globose or rhom- boidal. — Erect branching annuals, with yellow racemose flowers and 3-folio- late leaves. 1. C. angustifolia, Torr. Branching above : leaflets oblong-linear : pod many times longer than the style, shorter than the stipe, dilaled-rh/^«se ; leaflets oblong-linear : raceme frequently densely flowered : pod with a somewhat shorter style, much shorter than the stipe, ovate : seeds 1 or 2, smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. On the borders of the Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado; also in Nevada. Order 8. VIOLACEiE. (Violet Family.) Herljs, distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnata introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a single club-shaped style, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal placentae. — Flowers perfect, with persistent sepals. Each of the 3 valves of the capsule, after dehiscence, in drying firmly folds together lengthwise and by its increasing pressure projects the obovate seeds. 1. Viola. Sepals anricled. Lower petal spurred at base. 2. lonidium. Sepals not auricled. Lower petal unguiculate, the claw dilated and shortly gibbous or concave. 1. VIOLA, L. Violet. Anthers often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial herbs with alter- nate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered axillary peduncles. The later flowers are often cleistogamous. VIOLA CE.-E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 20 « iStcmless, the leaves and sra/)es all from a snblirninean r oot stock : Jlower$ purplish ur violet {suinetiiius while). 1. V. palUStris, L. Smooth: routslock sh mi< r : leaves round hmrt-shtijied and Lidneif-form, sliijlilly crenate : flowers small, palf lilac with fmrple streaks, nttnly beardless: spur very short and olititse. — MounUiiiis of Colorado and Utah, and far iiortlnvard ; also in the White Mountains of N. II. 2. V. CUCUUata, Ait. Hootstork thick and iranvhinif, dentate: leaves lonjr-pctioled, sn)ooth or ])ubesceut, cordate with a broad sinus; the lowe«t often reniforni and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, ihf sidrs rollid inward when ijonnj) : flowers deep or pale violet or jjurple (sometimes white: the lateral and oflen the lower petals Ix aided: spiir slujrt and thick. — A very variable species, ranging across the continent, but sparingly reported from the Koiky Mountain region of Colorado and Wyoming. 3. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Itootstock short and very thick, erect, not scniij : leaves all palmatili/ or pedatcli/ 5 to 7 -parted : divisions 2 to .3-cleft into linear lobes : flowers pale or deep lilac-purple or blue: lateral i)etals bearded. — From Colorado across the plains to the Mississippi States. * * Leafji-stemmed, perennial from short root stocks. H- Leaf-bearinrj from base to summit, erect or ascending. -M- Flowers white or jntrple. 4. V. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Low (3 to 8 inrhm hifjh): stems mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping brancbos- leaves heart-shaped or the lowest kidney-form, crf^nf/^p ; stipules frinfjetoathrd : petals light violet, the lateral ones slightly bearded : spur cylindrical, half the length of the petals: stigma beaked. — The most common American variety of this very variable and widely distributed species. From Colorado northward and eastward. Var. adunca, Gray. Leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at base. o/>- scnrely crenate : spur as long as the sepals, rather slender, hook< d or cum ed. Petals 4 or 5, clawed and hear- ing a crown. Stamens G. Ovary 1-celled: style 2 to 4-fleft into filiform divisions. Capsule included in the persistent caly.\. — Leaves small, mostly crowded, and also fascicled in the axils : Howers small, .soHtary and ses.sile in the forks of the stem or becoming cymose-clustered on the branches, white. 1. r. Jamesii, Torr. Much branched from a woody ba.se, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves linear, strongly revolute on the margins, the fascicled ouea shorter : limb of petals erose-denticulate at tip. — S. Colorado. Order 11. CARYOPIIYLL..4CE.E. (Pink Family.) Herbs, with regular and mostly perfect iiowers, 4 or 5 persistent sepals, 4 or 5 petals (sometimes wanting), the distinct stamens com- monly twice as many, ovary oue-eelled with a free central placenta, the seeds reniforni. — Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distiuct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Stipules none in our genera. Tribe I. Sepals unitefL Petals with a conspicuous claw, usually with an appeuda^'e (crown) at the base of the blade, borne witli the stamens on a stipe under the ovarv. Capsule dehiscent at the toothed summit. Flowers comparatively large. — SiLENEiS. » 1. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3. '2. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 4 or 5. Tribe II. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without crown or distinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of a disk under the sessile ovary, sometimes incon- spicuous or wanting. — Alsine-b. * Styles (when of the same number) opposite the sepals. 3. Cerastium. Capsule cylindric, opening at the toothed apex Petals emarprfnate or bilid. Styles usually 5. 4. Stellaria. Capsule short, splitting to the base. Petals C-<'lpft or none. Styles mostly .1. 5. Arenarla. Differs from the last chiefly in the entire petnis, the.se rarely wanting • • Styles alternate with the sepals and of the same numl>er. 6. Sagina. Capsule 4 or 5-valved. Petals entire or wanting. Styles 4 or S 1. SILENE, L. r.vTrnrLV. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved. Petals entire, notched, or bifid. Capsule usually 6-toothed. — Annual or mostly perennial herbs. * Snponaria, an introduced genus, has a terete calyx. petaN nnt rrownod, and two stylra. i'. Vaccaria, L., is a smooth annual, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale n>>es and appendages ; claws auricled, irooll y-ciliate as iveli as the fllaments — In the mountains from New Mexico to British America. * * * Perennial, dwarf, tufted, smooth : flowering shoots l-fowered: petals notched or entire, crowned. 6. S. acaulis, L. Tufted like a moss : leaves linear, crowded : flower* almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle : petals purple or rarely white. — Alpine summits of the whole Rocky Mountain range, and northward tt Arctic America : also in the White Mountains of N. H. 2. LYCHNIS, L. Cockle. Calyx more or less inflated, capsule 5 to 10-toothed, and styles as many a. calyx-lobes ; otherwise nearly as in Sitene. — Ours are perennials with linear to oblanceolate leaves. * Stems l-fowered: seeds with a loose membraiious margin: dwarf and cespitose^ alpine. I. L. montana, W;itson. Glandular-pubescent above, nearly glabrous below : petals included or nearly so, the emarginafe blade not broader than the very narrow claw; appendages very small: seeds rather broadly margined. — The L. apefain of the Fl. Colorado and other Western reports. Mountain peaks of Colorado, and in the Uintas. CARYOPHYLLACE.^. (PINK FAMILY.) 33 2. L. Kingii, Watson. Pubesmit throughout : ptttils exsrrtcd, the phort and flat blade ratlier deeply einarginate ; appcndaL^os entire or toothed; claw ciliate, rather hroai/li/ anrichd : tilaiuents filiate. — A. Ajaueustsi of Bot. Kiiig's Exp. 37. Peaks of the Uintas and in X. W. Wyoming. * * F/oirers rardi/ solilari/ : needs tuftorctdate. 3. L. Drummondii, Watson. liaiher stout, finely glan(Iular-i)nhoscent above: kaccs uunoaly vblanceohite : flowers few, on stout often elongated pedicels: peUds included or tienrli/ so, white or ])lirple, Me entire or eimtrtjimtte blade narrower than the auricled claiv ; afipendafjes minute. — Siiene l)rummondii of the earlier Reports. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward. 4. L. Parryi, Watson. Slender, finely glandular-pubescent above : leares linear : llowers with the lateral pedicels mostly short : pttals lumj-exserted, pur- plish, the broad blade clejl to the middle and with a short narrow lobe on ejich side ; appendages quadrate or ovate, crenate ; claw broadly auricled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248. N. W. Wyoming, Parry. 3. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Ciiickweed. Stamens 10. Capsule often incurved, thrice the length of the calyx.— Mostly pubescent or hirsute low herljs : flowers white, iu terminal leafy or scariously bracted dichotomous cymes. 1. C. nutans, Raf. A\n\\xd\, viscid-pubescent, erect : leaves narroicly oblong or linear-lanceolate, clasping, the lowest spatulate • cyme open, rather many- flowered : pedicels often nodding or rejiexed in fruit : petals slightly longer than the sepals : capsule curved. — Across the coutineut and southward into northern Mexico. 2. C. alpinura, L. Silky-hirsute, decumbent, fete /luwered : leaves elliptical- ovate: peduncles nu)re or less elongated: petals bifid, twice the length of the hairy sepals : capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Var. Behringianum, Regel. Petals and capsule half longer than the cali/x, siiorter tlnui the ])e(licels: stems 2 to A-flowered. — (^. vulgntnni, var. Behringianum, of Fl. Colorado, I^ayd. Rep. 1872, and Hot. King's Fxj?. Mountains of Colorado and W. Wyoming. 3. C. arvense, L. Perennial, downy with reflexed hairs, cespitos^ : havrs linear to linear-lininolate, clasping: cyme feiv-flowen d : pedicels erector nodding: petals nearly twice longer than the sepals: capsule little exceeding the cn'yT, nmrly straight. — Colorado and northward through Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and across the continent. 4. STELLARIA, L. CincKwr.i.n. Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles 3, or rarely 2. 4, or 15. Cap.«»ulc globose to oblong. — Low herbs, mo.stly diffuse: leaves rarely subulate: flowers white, solitary or cymoso : stems mostly 4-angle(l. * Bracts small and scarious. ■*- Petals none. 1- S. umbellata, Tnrcz. Clalirous : stems very .«5londer. .T«rending from slender creeping rootstocks, which are covered with orbicular scales: leaves 3 34 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) elliptic or oblong-lanceolate : flowers in a simple or compound open umbel like few-rayed cyme: pedicels elongated. — Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 59, Mountains of Colorado and northward. •t- -t- Petals equalling or surpassing the cahjx. 2. S. longifolia, Muhl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles: leaves linear J acutisli at both ends, spreading: cjmes naked and at length lateral, pedun- cled, many-flowered ; the slender pedicels spreading. — From Oregon to British America and across the continent. 3. S. longipes, Goldie. Shining or somewhat glaucous, verjj smooth : leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base : cijme ter- minal, few flowered ; the long pedicels erect. — Colorado and northward, thence eastward to Wisconsin and Maine. Var. Igeta, Torr. & Gray. Branches erect from creeping stems, 3 /o 6 inches high: leaves erect, rigid, carinate : sepals rather obtuse. — With the last, iu the mountains. Var. Edwardsii, Torr. & Gray. Branches an inch or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate (the lowe?^. sometimes ovate), sometimes sparsely ciliate at the base: sepa/s acttiisA. — Mountains of Colorado. * * Bracts foliaceous. ■t- Petals shorter than the sepals, or none, 4. S. borealis, Bigelow. Ei-ect or spreading : leaves elongated, lance-linear, finely scrrulute, the iutramarginal nerve very indistinct : flowers in dichotomous cymes: seeds smooth. — Abundant iu the mountains of Colorado and north- ward, and across the continent. 5. S. obtusa, Engelm. Like the last, but /)ros/r(7ffi ; leaves triangular-ovate, smooth-edged, 1-nerved, and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct intramarginal nerves: seeds (under the lens) covered ivith oblong-linear pectinate tubercles. — Bot, Gazette, vii. 5. W. Colorado on the tributaries of the Gun- nison River, Brandegee ; also iu British Columbia. ^^ -t- ^- Petals exceeding the sepals (sometimes ivanting in No. 6). 6. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid: leaves rather fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong : flowers terminal or iu the forks of the stem or of leafy branches: seeds rugose-roughened. — Colorado, Montana, and eastward to the Ohio valley. 7. S. Jamesii, Torr. Somewhat viscidly pubescent, rather stout: leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate : pedicels divaricate : seeds smooth. — New Mexico, Colorado, and westward. 5. ARE W ARIA, L. Sandwort. Styles 3. Capsule globose or short-oblong. — Mostly low annuals or peren- nials, usually tufted : with sessile leaves, often subulate and more or less rigid : floAvers white, cymosely panicled or capitate. § 1. The 3 vah-es of the capsule 2-clefl or parted: seeds not nppendnged at the hilum : cespitose perennials, mostly scar iousbr acted. — Arexaria proper. * Petals exceeding the sepals. 1. A. COngesta, Nutt. Smooth and glaiwous: leaves very narrowly subu- late, scabrous on the margin, often pungent : flowers in 1 to 3 dense subumbellate CAUYOPHYLLACE^. (PlNK FAMU.Y,) 'io Jliscicles, icitk large dilated vie mhranons bracts : petals uearlv twice as loiic ajj the sepals : sfiymas capittllate. — Mouutains of Colorado, Utali, and Wvouiiii"' to ^^'asllington. Var. subcongesta, Watson. Flowers less densely fascicled and sume- wliat <'ymose. — 13ot. Calif, i. 69. A. Fendlerl, var. subcunifcsta, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Colorado, S. Idalio, and westward. 2. A. capillaris, Poir., var. nardifolia, Hegel. Mure or hss gLuidiilar- pubescent al)Ove : leaves liuear-subulate, \)\\\\^ci\t: Jloivers few in an opni ri/nir; l>r(ic/!i smilly lanceolate : petals half longer than the sepals. — Watson in Hot. Calif, i. 69. A. nardifolia, Ledeb., and A. formosa, Hook., in Hot. King's Exp. 39. From the British boundary southward to the Wasatch and California. * * Petals about equalling the calyx. 3. A, saxosa, Gray. Slightly-hispid pubescent : leaves lanceolate : raceme many flowered, somewhat cymose : sepals with a distinct almost keel-like his/nd midrib. — PI. Wriglit, ii. 18. S. Colorado and southward. 4. A. pungens, Xutt. Pubescent througltout, cespitose : leaves linear- subulate, pungent, crowded: flowers in an open cyme, leafy-hractid : sepids acuminate, pungent: seeds very few, smooth. — W. Wyoming, Teton Moun- tains, and westward to California. 5. A. Franklinii, Dougl. Of similar habit, but stouter and less pubescent : stems leafy at base : floiuers fascicled in a rather close cyme: sepals smooth and shining, scariously margined, as also the large bracts. — From Colorado to the sources of the Missouri and westward to Oregon. Var. minor, Hook. & Arn. With shorter leaves, bracts, and sepals ; the last two membranaceous. — W. Wyoming, Parry. 6. A. Fendleri, Gray. Stems numerous from a perennial cauder, glabrous below, more or less glandular-pubescent above, imbricate! }j many-leaved at ^ase : leaves long, somewhat flattened, serrulate-scabrous, smooth except on the mar- gins : cymes strict and few-floivered : sepals acuminate, \\'\tn a broad .-^carions margin: seeds papillose-scabrous. — PI. Fendl. 13. r>lontana, Colorado, and southward. Var. glabrescens, Watson. Nearly glabrous throughout: sepals shorter. acute : leaves short. — Bot. King's Exp. 40. Colorado and westward to Nevada. Var. diffusa, Porter. Branches of the cyme elonqated,lax and wid 1 1 if spread- ing : flowers numerous. — Fl. Colorado, 13. Ute Pass, Colorado, Porter. § 2. The 3 valves of the capsule entire: seeds not appendaged at the hilum. Ours are all cespitose, not more than 3 inches in height, usually 1 to feio-f lowered, ani with petals commonly exceeding the sepals. — Alsixe. 7. A. verna, L Erect, pubescent or glabrous : leaves linear-subulate, nerved, erect : cyme erect : sepals orate, acute, mostly a little louqer than thf fwtals. — Mountains of Colorado, Uintas, Teton Range, and northwanl to Arctic America. Var. hlrta, Watson. Leaves minutely hirsute, obtuse. — Bot. King's Exp. 41. With the last. 36 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 8. A. biflora, var. carnosula, Watson. Steins creeping; branches mostly 1-flowered : leaves narrowly linear, nerveless : sepals linear, very obtuse, cucullate at the summit: petals much louger than the sepals and capsule. — Bibl. Index, i. 94. A. alpina of the Fl. Colorado. Colorado. Var. obtUSa, Watson. Leaves obtuse, carinate, serrulate-ciliate, obscurely 3-nerved: pednnclts glandular-pubescent: petals about half longer than the oblong sepals. — Watson, 1. c. A. arctica of Hayd. Eep. for 1870-72, and A. arciica, var. obtnsa, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Abundant iu the mountains of Colorado, the Uintas, about Yellowstone Lake, and north ward throughout the Arctic regions. 9. A. Strieta, Watson. Leaves subulate-triquetrous, rather obtuse, scarcely equalling the Jlua-er or exceeding the calyx, mostly shorter than the interuodes, with manifest lateral nerves : peduncles 1 -flowered : petals sometimes wanting. — Watson, 1. c. Alsine strieta, Wahl. A. Bossii of Hayd. Rep. 1870 and Fl. Colorado. A. strieta, Michx., of the Eastern Flora, becomes A. Michauxii, Hook. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward. § 3. Parts of the fioiver sometimes in fours: valves of the capsxde bifid: young ovary ^-celled: seed appendaged at the hilum with a small caruncle. — MCEHRINGIA. 10. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent : leaves oral or oblong, obtuse: peduncles usually 2-flowered, soon becoming lateral : sepals oblong, obtuse : petals exserled. — From Colorado to Alaska, «,nd eastward across tlie continent. 11. A. macrophylla, Hook. Stems ascending, mostly simple, puberu- lent above : leaves 3 to 4 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, bright green : flowers few on slender pedicels : sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate : petals included. — From the Bitter Root Mountains to Washington and California; also in New Mexico. 6. SAGITTA, L. Pearlwort. Low green herbs, with subulate or filiform glabrous leaves, and small terminal usually long-pedicelled flowers. 1. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Stems decumbent, ascending: leaves somewhat secund, mucronate : peduncles mitch longer than the leaves : petals as long as the sepals : stamens 5 to 10. — Including S. subulata, Torr. & Gray, of Gray's Manual, where the species is credited to Wimmer. Rocky Mountains and eastward. 2. S. LinnSBi, Presl. Densely mafted and decumbent, an inch or two high: leaves somewhat fascicled, pungent: flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding : sepals exceeding the petals: stamens 10. — Spergula saginoides, L. From New Mexico to Arctic America. 3. S. nivalis, Lindb. Cespitose, stems very short, scarcely ^ inch high: leaves mucronate : peduncles short, strict : sepals with membranous margins scarcely eqmdling the petals. — Uinta Mountains, Waison. PORTULACACE^. (PURSLANH FAMILY.) Order 12. PORTULACACE.K. (Pirslaxe Family.) More or less succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves (tithpr opposite or alternate) and regular but unsyniinetrical perfect fii)\ver.s; sepals (except in Lewisid) 2; petals 2 to 5 or more; staniens <»pposite the petals or numerous ; ovary one-celled, in fruit becoming capsular ; style 2 to 8-cleft; stipules none or scarious or reduced to hairs. Flowera open only in sunshine or bright daylight. • Sepals 2, united below aud adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion at lenj^'th deciduous. 1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 to 20. Flowers solitary, yellow (in ours^ Capsule opening by a lid. • ♦ Sepals 2, distinct, persistent (deciduous in Talinum) : ovary free, ■t- Style 3-cleft: capsule 3-valved : sepals equal '2. Talinum. Stamens 10 to 30. Petals 5. Seeds numerous. 3. Calandrinia. Stamens more than 5. Petals 6 or more. Seeds mostly smooth and shining. 4. Claytonla. Stamens 5. Petals .5. Seeds smooth and shining. •*- •*- Style 2-cleft : capsule i-valved : sepals unequal, hyaline. 5. Spraguea. Stamens 3. Petals 4. Stems simple, scape-like. 6. Calyptridium. Stamen 1. Petiils 2. Stems branching, leafy. * * * Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, much imbricated. 7. Lewlsla. Stamens many. Style 3- to S-cleft. Petals 8 to la Scapes 1-flowered. 1. PORTULACA, Tonrn. Purslane. Petals 4 to 6. Style deeply 3- to 8-cleft. — Fleshy diffuse or a.scending annuals, with axillary or terminal epliemeral yellow (in ours) Howers. 1. P. retusa,^ Mngelm. Stems somewhat ascemling, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter: leaves flat, obovate to spatuhite : sepals obtuse, broadly carinate-winged : sejds tubercnlate. — S. W. Colorado aud southward. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Distinguished from Culnudrinla by the deciduous sepals, tlie style le.ss deeply 3-cleft, the cap.sule 3-celled at base when young, aud the seeds on a globular stalked placenta. 1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy sten)s low. tuberous at tho b:vso . leaves linear, cylindrical : jioduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of pink flowers. — In tlie mountains of Coh.railo and ea.stward. 3. CALANDRINIA, IIBK. Low succulent herbs, with radical leaves (in ours) and white to rodilish ephemeral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few uj)on short scajK*- like stems. ' P. olerarea, L., is prostrate, not so preen, with hrjjer leaves, .nrnto Rfp-ils. fti:d needs more finely tubercnlate. —Common Purslane or Pig-weed ; naturalized near dwelling*. 38 PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 1. C. pygmsea, Gray. Smooth, with a thick fusiform root: leaves linear, with broad scariously winged underground petioles : scapes mostly simple, an inch or two hkjh, with a pair of small scarious bracts : sepals glandular- dentate : petals red. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623. Talinum pijgmceum, Gray. Alpine region, Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to the Sierra Nevada in California and Cascade Mountains in Washington. 2. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Very similar, but somewhat larger; with a pair of larger leafy bracts and entire somewliat longer sepals, white petals and more numerous ovules. — In the Wasatch ( Watson), probably in the Uintas, and «v8stward. 4. CIiAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. Seeds tew, black and shining. — Low glabrous succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in loose ter- minal or axillary and simple or compound naked racemes, or sometimes um- bellate, not ephemeral. * Annuals, icith fibrous roots. M- Stems simple, hearing a single pair of leaves which are often connate. 1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Radical leaves long-petioled, broadly rhomboidal or deltoid or deltoid-cordate, obtuse; the cauline pair more or less united, usually forming a single somewhat orbicular pej foliate leaf, concave above : racemes usually nearly sessile and loosely flowered, the short pedicels often secund. — From the Uintas and the Wasatch to California, and thence northward to Alaska. 2. C. eordifolia, Watson. Stem from a slender running rootstock: radical leaves broadly cordate, acutish ; cauline pair sessile, ovate, acute : racemes few-flowered, with slender pedicels : petals thrice longer than the rounded sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 365. N. W. Montana { Watson), to Idaho and Oregon. ■*- -t- Stems usually branching, leafy. 3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Stems weak and slender, erect or decum- bent, stolouiferous and rooting at the joints : leaves opposite, oblanceolate or spatulate : racemes few-flowered ; the flowers very variable in size, on slender pedicels : petals white. — C. aquatica, Nutt. Abundant in Colorado and north- ward to the British boundary and westward. In the spray of the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. * * Perennials, from a deep-seated tuber. 4. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Radical leaves very few, spatulate ; cauline ones a single pair, ovate-lanceolate or oval, subspatulate at the base or ab- ruptly decurrent into a petiole : pedicels slender, nodding : flowers in a loose raceme : sepals and petals very obtuse, the latter pale rose-color with deeper veins. — In the Rocky Mountains and eastward to the Atlantic. Var. sessilifolia, Torr. Radical leaf narrow; cauline sessile, lanceolate to linear : raceme nearly sessile and cymose, with a single scarious bract at base: sepals acutish. — C. Caroliniana, var. lanceolata, oi Bot. King's Exp., Fl. Colorado, and the Hayden Reports. Colorado and northward, and west- ward to the Sierra Nevada. ELATINAUE^. (WATEK-WOKT FAMILY.) 39 » * * Perennial, with a thickened candex. 5. C. megarrhiza, I'arry. Hoot fusiform, very large : leaven fleshy ; radical ones peiiolctl ; (.auliiie lanceolate or liuoar-laiiceolaie, sessile: raieineu secuiid : flowers large, profuse, white with pinkish veins: petals ubovate, suheniarginate. — Tarry in Herb. (Jray. C. airtiai, \slt. inel)long. sub- terete, smootli and glaucous : scapes but little longer, jointed at the miiidle. and with .5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the joint: petals rt>»e- colored or white. — Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana (in the Hitter K(X)t Mountains), and westward. The specific name refers to the f;ict that the roots are wouderfullv tenacious of life. Order 13. ELATIlVACE.i:. (W.vtkr-wokt Family. ) Low annuals, with iiicmbranoiis stipnlrs botweon the opposite dotlrsa leaves, regular and mostly symmetrical flowers (*2 to 5-inerous), with 40 MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) free sepals, hypogynous petals and stamens, and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas, the ovary 2 to 5-celled with axile placenta becoming capsular in fruit. 1. ELATINE, L. Watee-wort. Parts of the flower in twos, threes, or fours. Sepals membranaceous, obtuse. Ovary globose. — Small prostrate glabrous plants, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves and usually solitary flowers. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xiii. 36L ■ 1. E. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradu- ally attenuate at base : petals, stamens, and carpels most frequently 3, with 2 sepals : ahnost the seeds of the next, or more slender, less marked. — On the Platte River, in Nebraska or Colorado (Hall) ; also in Illinois. 2. E. Americana, Arn. Leaves obovate, very obtuse: flowers with their parts oftener in ttcos, sometimes in threes : seeds cyliudraceous, somewhat curved, the crustaceous coat many- (20 to 30-) latticed in 9 to 10 lines. — Col- orado and Oregon, also on the Atlantic border. Order 14. HYPEBICACE.I:. (St. John's-wort Family.) Herbs (in ours), with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent or dark-colored glandular dots, no stipules, and perfect flowers with 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a many-seeded capsule. — Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals convolute, glandular-punctate. Stamens very nu- merous in 3 bundles. Styles 2 to 5. 1. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. In our species the capsule is 3-celled by the union of the placenta Avith the axis, septicidal, and the flowers yellow with black dots. 1. H. Seouleri, Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : leaves ovate to oblong, clasping : flowers in an open cyme : styles elongated. — Colorado, Utah, southward and westward. Order 15. J^IALVACE^E. (Mallow Family.) Mostly herbs, with mucilaginous juice, and alternate leaves with stip- ules; distinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with each other and with the base of a column of numerous monadelphous stamens, these with reniform 1 -celled anthers. — Calyx 5-parted, often surrounded by an involucel. Petals 5. Pistils a ring of ovaries around a projection of the receptacle. Leaves most commonly palmately ribbed. Peduncles axillary. Flowers often large and showy. In all of ours the stamineal tube is anther-bearing at the top. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 41 * Styles stigmatio down tlie inner side : carriels indchisicnt : ovules solitAry, aacending ' 1. Callirrlioe. Braitlets 3, or none. Petals truncate. Caritels l»eake«l. 2. Siiliilcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in a double series, those of the outer series united in 5 clusters. Carpels fewer, beakless. • • Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent at least at the ajKix. ^^. Malvastrum. Bractlets 1 to ;. -Ovule solitary, a.scending. 4. Si)lia'ra!r«>a. Hructlets 1 to 3. Ovules 2, the lower ascending, the upi>er pendulous. 0. Al>iitilt>n. Hractlcts none. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. 1. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. Petals wedge-shaped (usually red-purple). (Jarpcls 10 to 20. with a ghort empty beak, separated within from the I-seedcd cell hy a narrow projection. 1. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute: .stem hranching. procumhent : leav«»s dfejtiii 3 to b-iHiiUil, covered with stellate hairs, segmeiit.s linear-lanceolate, laciniately 3 to 3-toothed: peduncles erect, l-flowered, longer tiian the leaves: flowers few in a loose potaN, and r.'iri>«U rounded, beakless M. rot inidi folia, L., has iirocunibont stems, round heart-shaped crenato obsrurrly- lobed leaves on very long petioles, whitish petals twice the length of the sopnls. and pu- bescent carpels. —The common Mallow. Commonly naturalizetl along waysides and in cultivated ground. 42 LINAGES. (flax FAMILY.) spikes or racemes of shoiuy pink-red flowers. — Common on the plains from Colorado to British America, and eastward to Iowa and Mimiesota. 2. M. Munroanum, Gray. Taller, graijish or howy-puhescent : haves broadly ovute, usually cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed or deeply cleft : Jlowers scar- let. — Utah, Montana, and westward. 4. SPHiERALCEA, St. Hilaire. Differing from Malvastrnm only in the two-ovuled cells of the ovary. 1. S. aQgUStifolia, Spach. Slender, erect, hoary -pubescent : leaves obhng to narrowly lanceolate, usually subcordate or rounded at base, crenate or coarsely toothed: flowers small. — S. Colorado and southward. 2. S. rivularis, rorr. Taller, scabrous with a stellate pubescence : leaves cordate, deeply 5 to 1-lobed, coarsely serrate : racemes leafy below, naked above ; the flowers clustered on short peduncles, light purple or nearly white — S. acerifoUa of the Hayden Reports for 1870-72 and Bot. King's Exp. W. Wyoming, northward and westward. 6. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow. Herbs, usually soft-tomentose : flowers mostly axillary, yellow (in ours). 1. A. parvullim, Gray. Cinereous-tomentose : stems slender, spread- ing, paniculate above ; branchlets pilose with spreading hairs : leaves small, cordate, dentate, sometimes 3-lobed, canescent, tomentose beneath : peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than the leaf. — Ledges of rock near Canon City, Colorado {Greene), and southward. Order 16. L.I1VACEJE. (Flax Family.) Herbs, with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4 to 6- (5 in ours) merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the stamens monadelphous at the base, and the pod 8 to 10-seeded, having twice as many cells as there are styles. 1. LINUM, L. Flax. Styles often united into one below ; ovary globose. Seeds flattened, ovate, the coat mucilaginous when wetted. — Herbs (sometimes shrubby at base) with tough fibres in the bark, sessile entire alternate leaves, no stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers. * Petals blue. 1. Ii. perenne, L. Branching above, leafy: leaA'es linear to linear- fanceolate, acute : flowers large, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the leafy branches : capsule exceeding the sepals, the prominent false partitions long-ciliate. — Common on dry soils throughout our whole range, thence northward and westward. * * Petals yellow : sepals glandular-margined. 2. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stems angled, much branched: leaves linear, pungenlly-acute, rigid, with scabrous margins : pedicels thickened at the end and GEKANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 43 forming an extrrior rup-slaiiHil calyiuJns: petals sulphur-yellow: ityJet united almost to the top: capsule shorter than the s^/mls. — Kruiu S. Colorado to the Missouri Kiver. 3. L. Kingii, Watson. Stems jjanicled above, shruhhy at base: leavca linear or narrowly ol)l()iig, ohtnsc : styles distinct: capstde soiueuitai txceeding the sepals. — Bot. King's Exp. 4'J. Mountains of Utah. Order 17. «\GOriIVLL4C E.i:. Distinguished from allied orders by the opposite compound leaven, with interposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. — Sepals 5, distinct. Petals hypogyuous, imhricated in the bud. Stamens (in ours) twice as many as the petals and inserted with them. Ovary 5 to J2-c«'llcd, with a single terminal style. Fruit dry. — Ours are herbs or shrubs, with solitary flowers on lateral or terminal naked peduncles, and ovary sur- rounded at the base by a disk. 1. Tribulus. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 6 to lO-foliolate. Fruit tnberculate. Ilerbs. 2. L,ari-ea. Leaves 2-folioLite. Fruit deiisely hairy. Ileavy-sceuted shrubs. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals mostly persistent. Petals fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, the alternate filaments a little shorter and with a gland at base on the outer side. Ovary 5 to 12-celled. Fruit lobed, separating into roughly tuberculate carpels. — Loosely branched and hairy prostrate herbs, with ap- parently axillary vvhite or yellow flmvers. 1. T. maximus, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, more or less obli(|ue ; sepals very hairy, linear, acuminate : fruit beaked by a stout style. — Kallstramia maxima, Torr. & Gray. Fremont County, Colorado {Brnndeyee), to S. Cali- fornia and Texas. 2. LARREA, Cav. Creosote-bush. Sepals deciduous. Petals unguiculate. Disk 10-lobed. Filaments winged below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5-ceIled. Fruit globose, shortly stipitate, separating into 5 hairy one-seeiled carpels. — Kvergreen heavy-scented shrubs, with nodose branches, and yellow flowers. 1. L. Mexicana, Moric. Diffusely l)ranched. 4 to 10 feet high, densely leafy, of a yellowish hue: leaves nearly .^sessile; the thick rosiMons leafleta inequilateral, with a broad attachment to the rachis : sepals silky : scalc.<» a little shorter than the filament, somewhat lacerate : fruit beaked hy a slender style. — S. Colorado to California and Texas. Order 18. OEKAMIACE.T:. (Of.ranum Family.) Leaves generally with stipules, either l.»bed or compound. Flowers on axillary peduncles, regular (in oui-s) and tho parts in fives. Stamens mostly 10, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 5-celled, with a cen- tral axis. 44 GEKANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.^ Tribe I. Five glands of the receptacle alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply 5.1obed, the carpels separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indurated central axis from below upward : the styles forming long t-ails which become revolute upwards or spirally twisted. — Geranie.«. 1. Geranium. Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carpels not bearded. 2. Erodium. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels bearded inside. Tribe II. No glands alternate with the petals. Ovary not lobed, becoming in fruit a 5-celled loculicidal capsule. Leaves compound, with entii'e leaflets. Juice soui-. — OXALIDE^. 3. Oxalis. Leaves in ours 3-foliolate. 1. GERANIUM, L. Craxesbill. Annual or perennial herbs, with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 to 3-flowered peduncles. * Annual or biennial : Jloirers small. 1. G. Carolinianum, L. Decumbent or ascending, diffusely branched, pubescent: leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblong- linear lobes : petals rose-color, equalling the awned sepals : carpels hairy. — Across the continent. Var. longipes, Watson. Peduncles usually solitary, and, Avith the pedi- cels, much elongated. — Bot. King's Exp. 50. Colorado and southward. * * Perennial: flowers large. 2. G. FrerQOntii, Torr. Rather stout, more or less pubescent through- out, with a short, close, (jtandular pubescence, Sjiarselij interiuixed with iongpv, jn'tose hairs : upper leaves deeply 3 to 5-cleJl ; radical ones 1 -cleft, segments 3-lobed or incised: petals light or deep purple. — From Colorado to Wyoming and Idaho. Much that is called by this name is G. ccespitosum, James. Var. Parryi, Engelm. Stems and peduncles plainly glandular-villose : lear^es Irss deeply cut, idttmate lubes or teeth ocate, somewhat obtuse. — Gray's Peak, Colorado. 3. G. Richardsoni, Pisch. & Mey. Taller but not so stout nor so hairy, with the pubescmce usually fine and appressed, or somewhat glandular and spreading upon the pedicels : leaves 5 to 7-cleft nearly to the base, the broad lobes more or less incisely toothed: petals purple or sometimes white. — In the mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward. 4. G. incisum, Nutt. Closely resembling the last, but inore villous and glandular-pubescent : leares rather more narroicly and laciniately cut : petals usually deep purple. — Prom California through Montana to the Saskatchewan. 5. G. CSespitOSUm, James. More slender and more diffusely branched . radical leavps smaller, reniform, deeply 5 to 1-cleft, pubescent : flowers purple — New T^Iexico and northward. Includes many of the forms which have been called G. Fremontii. 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Storksbill. Sterile stamens scale-like. Tails of the carpels becoming spirally twisted. — Leaves pinnate, peduncles umbellately 4 to 8-flowered, with a 4-bracte(i iuvo- lucre ; petals small. RUTACE^. (RUE FAMILY.) 46 1. E. cicutarium, L'ller. Ilain, imuh l.nimlKMl from the hase: leaf- lets laciniately itiiiiiiititid wiili narrow atute lohes: jicduncleR exc-ecdinp the leaves: petals briglit rose-color: pediieLs at length n'Mexe. WOOIVSOKKEL. Low, often acaulescont, with olK-ordatc Icallets and peduncles uuil>ellatelT or cyniosely few to niany-llowered. 1. O. violacea, L. Aniu/cscnit, ncarlij smooth, leaves and scapes from a scaly hnlh: scapes longer than the leaves, uiubelhitely ilowered : pitals vtolet : capsnJp frir-sfcdeif. — Colorado, and common eastward. 2. O. COrniCUlata, L. Canlesrcut , more or less villous, from nmniufj root- slocks : stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high : jutals yd/mv: cd/isuh; many-seeded. Var. striata, Sav. WuhoiU stipules. — 0. striata, L. Coloradt) and i-.-isfc- ward across the continent. Order 19. R1JTA€Ei£. (Rue Fa.mily.) Shrubs or small trees, with pellucid or glaiidular-d(»tted aromatic leaves, definite hypogynous stamens, and few seeds. — Sepals an«l petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Sti[»ule3 none. 1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit orbicular, indehiscent, broadly wiiij^ed. Stamens 4 or 5. 2. Thainnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lolwd coriaceous capsule. Sta- Ilirlis S 1. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Flowers polygamous. Ovary with a short thick stipe. 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule abortive : style short. — Slinihs or small trees; flowers small. greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymhs. 1. P. angUStifolia, IJenth. A slirnb 5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut- colored punctate liark : leaflets ohlong-lanceolate, entire, hecoming smooth and shining with ag(! : fruit emarginate at hivse and often above; the stipe narrow. — S.Colorado to California and Texas. 2. THAMNOSMA, Torr. Disk cup-shaped, crenate or lohed. Ovary stipitate. 2-celled; cells 5 oi 6-ovuled : style elongated. — Low glandular desert shrubs, strongly !*ccnted ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary. 1. T. Texan a, Torr. Woody only at base, the ."^lender stems 3 to 15 inches high : flowers on short naked pedicels : petals yellow tinged with purple. — Rutosma Texanum, Gray. S. W. Colorado and southward. 46 RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.^ Order 20. CELASTRACEiE. (Staff-tree Family.) Shrubs, with simple leaves, no stipules, and small dull-colored perfect regular flowers, the stamens as many as the petals and inserted on the margin of a broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. — Sepals and petals imbricated. Stamens alteruate with the petals. Seeds arOlate. 1. PACHYSTIMA, Kaf. Calyx with a short tube and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Ovary free, 2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, coriaceous, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a white many-cleft- membranaceous aril. — Low evergreen shrubs ; leaves smooth,, opposite, very shortly petioled, serrate or serrulate ; flowers green, in one to few-flowered axillary cymes. 1. P. Myrsinites, Eaf. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblanceolate, cuiieate at base : fruit smooth. — In the mountains from New Mexico to British America aud westward to California. In dense clumps on wooded slo])es. The only other species known (P. Canhyi) grows at a single station in the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia. Order 2L RHAIWIVACE^. (Buckthorn Family.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers. — Sepals valvate in the bud ; a conspicuous disk lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals clawed, mostly involute, each around a stamen in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens perigynous and alternate with the sepals. In ours the fruit is berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nut- lets, and the leaves are alteruate. 1. Rhamnus. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; calyx-lobes erect or spreading. Petals small, short-clawed, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 mostly indeliiscent nutlets. 2. Ceanothus. Calyx and di.sk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calyx-lobes connivent. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Filaments exserted. Fruit dry, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. 1. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4 to .5-cleft. Petals on the margin of the disk. — Leaves pinnately veined, with small deciduous stipules, and greenish flowers axillary cymose or racemose. § 1. Seeds and nutlets deeply sulcate or concave on the back : flowers mostly dicecio)(s, solitary or fascicled in the axils. — Rhamxus proper. 1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high : leaves deciduous, ovate-oblong, crenately serrate : petals wanting : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed — W. Wyoming, westward, and eastward across the continent. RIIAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) J7 § 2 Seeds and nutlets convex on the bach : Jlomrs mostly perfect, in peduncutatf cijmes. — Franc, t; LA. 2. R. Caroliniana, Walter, 'riiomless .>^linil. or Htnall tree: leavea oblony, ohscunly serrulate, deciduous : Jlutdrs in one form umfx-lUd, in another solitary in the axils: fruit gloljose, 3 socdal. — Franifula Caroliniana, Gray. From till! iiiouiitaiiis eastward across the continent. 3. R. Californica, E.sch. A spreading slirul), with the young brauchea somewhat tomentose : leaves ovate-oblow/ to elliptical, denticulate or nearly entire, evergreen: peduncles with numerous mostly abortive Jloivers in subumtu Hate fascicles : fruit blackish purple with thin pulp, 2 to3-lobed aud 2 to 3-8eeded. — FranyuUi Cnli/hrnicn, Gray. S. W. Colorado to California. 4. R. Purshiana, DC. Sometimes 20 feet high ; young branches tomen- tose : leaves elliptic, denticulate, deciduous, snnien-hat pubescent beneath : flau-ers rather larye, in a somewhat umbellate cyme: fruit black, broadly ol^ovoid, 3-lobed and 3-seeded. — N. Idaho and westward in the I'acific States. 2. CEANOTHUS, L. Xi:w Jkksey Tea. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-eleft. — Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinel- cent, with petioled leaves and showy thyrsoid or cymose white (in ours) flowers. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. Ours all belong to the first sec- tion of the genus, in wdiich the leaves are all alternate and 3-nerved, glandular- toothed or entire, and the fruit not crested. * Branches not spiny: inflorescence thyrsoid : leaves usually large, glandular-serrate. 1. C. velutinus, Dougl. A .shrub 2 to 3 feet high, usuully glabrous: leaves tliick, broadly ovate or elliptical, resinous and shining above, sometimes velvety beneath : flowers in a loose thyrse : peduncles usually short. — Colorado, Utah, and northwestward. Var. laevigatUS, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous beneath. — More common than tlie type ; ranging from Colorado northwestward to the British boundary. 2. C. OVatUS, Desf. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high : leaves narrowly oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate, nearly glal)rous: thyrse umbel-like. the pedicels elongated and closely approximated. — Includes C oralis, Bigel. Colorado and Wyoming. 3. C. sanguineus, Pursh. A shrub 4 to \2 feet high: stem and Itranche.i reddish: hurts broadly ovate or obovate, subcordate, serrate : thyrsoid corymbs in lateral panicles, on very short peduncles. — Includes C. Orcganus, Nutt. Along the Missouri and its tributaries. * * Branches mostly sjnno>r, tjniyish : /lowers in simple clusters : leaves smtdl, entire. 4. C. Fendleri, Gr.ay .\ shrub one or two feet high, widely antl intri- catdy branched : )eove.<* oval or elliptic, silky-canesccnt beneath, smoothish and green above • dowers in clusters, dense, sessile, glabrous. — Coloratio aud southward. 48 SAPINDACE^. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) Order 22. VITACEiE. (Vine Family.) Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, brancblets articulated and often thickened at the nodes, usually palmately veined or lobed or com- pound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small greenish or whitish flowers, and fruit a berry. — Flowers very commonly polygamous or dioecious. Calyx miuute, truncate, or 4 to 5-toothed, caducous or early deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens the same number and opposite. Ovules in pairs or solitary in the cells of the ovary. 1. Vitis. Calyx filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. Leaves simple. 2. Ampelopsis. Disk none. Leaves palmately compound. 1. VITIS, Tourn. Grape. Petals thick and caducous. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. — Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves, the former almost always at least once forked. 1. V. riparia, Michx. Leaves usually iucisely 3-lobed, the lobes long- pointed : panicles small, rather simple : berries mostly with bloom : seeds obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspicuous rhaphe. — V. cordi- folia, var. riparia, Gray. Colorado ; common in the Atlantic States, 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginia Creeper. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before the fall. — Leaves with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A woody vine in low rich grounds, climb- ing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils: berries small and blackish. — Colorado [Meehan), and throughout the At- lantic and Mississippi Valley States. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Order 23. SAPIWDICE.E. (Soapberry Family.) Ours are all trees of the j\Iaple Family, which has compound or lobed ;)pposite leaves without stipules, polygamous or dioecious regular flowers, sometimes without petals, each cell of the 2-celled fruit producing a wing and becoming a samara. 1. Acer. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely divided. Flowers polygamous. 2. Negundo* Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. ANACARDIACE.'E. (CASHEW FAMILY.; 4'.' 1. ACER, Tourii. Mai'le. Calyx colored, usually 5-lol)ecl. Petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 12, usually 8, inserted with the petals upon a lohcd disk. Fruit divarirately 2-win«;ed above, separable at maturity, each 1 -seeded. — Flowers in umbel- like corymbs or fascicles. 1 . A. grandident;ltum, Xutt. I^aas cordntv or tntuailf at fntse, rather d(*eply 3 lobcd, with broad round sinuses; lobes rather acute, ronrsely sinuate- dentate: tiie umbel-like corymb ncarhj srssilr, few-Howered, tlie pedireU long and nodding. — Utah and northward along the western sloj)es of the moun- tains. IJarely attains a foot in diameter and 30 to 40 feet in height. 2. A. glabrum, Torr. Shmh 6 to \Q Jht hlijh: hares suhrenifuriii, orbicu- lar in oiii/iiir, :i-\o\)od or more usually .3-parted ; .segments sht)rt and broad, acutely incised and toothed, somewhat 3-lohed, middle one cuneatr : the umbel- like corymb pedunculate: sepals about 8. — Includes A. tripartitum, Nult. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward. Along water-courses among the mountains. 2. NEGUNDO, Manch. Kox-Eldeu. Petals and disk none. Fruit as in Acer. — Sterile tlinvers on clustered capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 1. N. aceroides, Ma'nch. Leatiets very veiny, ovate, pointed, tootljed : fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — In the valleys from New Mexico northward. A tree with light green twigs and delicate drooping clusters of greenish flowers a little earlier than the leaves. Order 24. ANACARDIACE.i:. (Cashew Family.) Shrub.s or trees with a resinous juice, alteru;ite leaves without .stiiuiles, aud small regular flowers couiuionly jxdygamous or dia'cious. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. The free ovary 1 -celled and l-ovuled, hut the styles often 3. Fruit a dry drupe. 1. RHUS, L. SiMACH. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge of a tiisk lining the base of the calyx. — Leaves simple or pinnate. # Leaflets 11 /o 31 : flowers in a terminal thi/rsoid panicle. 1. R glabra, L. Shrub 2 to 12 feet high: leaflets whitened beneath. lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate : fruit glol)ular, clothed with acid crimson hairs; the stone smooth. — Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and eastward across the continent. Not poisonous. * « Leaflets 3. 2. R. Toxicodendron, E. C//»i/'/H7/v/roo^/<7.s' over rocks or a.-jcendinp trees: leaflets rliombic-ovate, rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinu- ate, or cut-lobed : flowers in loose and slander arillari/ panirhs : fruit qlohuhir, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; tlie stone striate. — ColoraiK), Utah, Wy^v ming, and eastward. Poisonous to the touch. 50 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 3. R. aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, Gray. A shrub 2 10 5 feet high, diffusely branched, strongly scented : leaHets cuueate-obovate or rhomboidal, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed : flowers in clustered scaly bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves, yellowish : fruit flattish, somewhat viscid. — R. trilobata, Nutt. Common throughout the Rocky Mountains to the Upper Missouri, and westward. Order 25. L.¥:GlJ]!IINOSiE. (Pulse Family.) Plants with irregular or sometimes regular flowers, mostly 10 mon- adelphous or diadelphous stamens, and a single simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit. — Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. Suborder I. PAPILlOlVACEiE. Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 petals (rarely fewer) ; one (standard) superior, larger and always external, covering in the bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these covering the inferior pair, which together form the keel, this in turn enclosing the stamens and pistil. Style generally inflexed or incurved. * stamens distinct, -f- Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. 1. Thermopsis. Stipules conspicuous, and yellow flowers in racemes. •1- -I- Leaves unequally pinnate. 2 Sophora. Pod thick, large, several-seeded, often transversely constricted. Leaves coriaceous. 9. Amorpha. Pod small, 1 to 2-seeded. Petal one. Stamens monadelphous at the very base. * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1). ■I- Anthers of two forms : tllaments strictly monadelphous : leaves digitate, of more than 3 entire leaflets. 3. Liupinus. Calj'x 2-lipped. Standard with recurved sides : keel falcate. Pod large, straight. +- -t- Anthers reniform. H-i- Leaflets 3 (rarely 5 to 7), denticulate or serrulate : stamens diadelphous or nearly so : pods small and enclosed in the calyx.i 4. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, united with the filaments. ++ ++ Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitate or simple) ; leaflets entire : no tendril. = Flowers in axillary umbels or solitary : stamens diadelphous. 5. Hosackia. Corolla yellow or partly white or turning reddish : claw of the standard usually remote from the others Pod linear, several-seeded. = = Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads, never umbellate. a. Herbage glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadelphous : pod usually indehiscent 6. Psoralea. Herbs, with 3 to T-foUolate leaves and axillary spikes or racemes. Pod oue- ovuled, one-seeded. 1 Medicago is an introduced genus, with small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, petals free and deciduous, and the pod spirally coiled or curved. See foot-note, p. 54. LEGUMINOS/E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 51 7. Dalea. Slirubliy or lu'iljaceons. with i>iiinnte or i-almatt" leavcB and t«nnin«l spikM or heads. Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the Htuincn tube. Pod 2 to 6-oviiled, mostly one-st-etU'd. 8. Petalosteinon. Herbs, with odd-jtinnut* leaves and tcnnlnal spikes or he»id«. Stamens 5; tlio ileft tube uf llluinents bearing 4 o( the in-tals on lU Humniit PikI 1 to •J-sfid.-d. *). Ainorpha. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and teniiinal nieenios or spikes Winto« Mid keel ol the corolla wanting:. Stamens monadelphous only at kise, otherwise dUtlncL Pod 1 to 2-ovuled, 1 to '-'-seeded. h. Shrubs or shrubby : herbage not glandular: leaves pinnate : i>od tlat, •J-vaived: Ktatnena diadclphons. 10. Peteria. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves. Pod narrow, tnany-Reeded. Leaflets not stipcllate. 11. Robinia. Pod thin, margined on one edge. Leaflets stipellatc. c. Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less i)unct'ite : leaves unctiually pinnat« : stamens diadelphous ; anthers confluently one-celled. 12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc. of Astragalus. Pod i>ri('kly or muricatc, short, onc- C.-llc(l. d. Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadeljihous ; anthers 2-celled : leaves pinnate. 13. AstragraliLS. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-ceIled by Intrusion o( tlic er, hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round. Suborder IT. C.ESAI.PIIVI.B. Flower more or less irregular. Perigynous disk lining the tube or base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in tlie bud, tlie one corresponding to the standard within tlie lateral ones. Stamens 10 <»r fewer, distinct. — In ours the corolla is yellow and not at all papilionaceous. 18. CaHHia* Leaves simjily and abrujitly pinnate. Anthers either 10 and unequal, or some of tlic ujtper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting. 19. Hoffmansegrsria. Leaves abrujitly or unequally hipinnatc, and its: calyx narrowed and .saccate at ba.<;e: standard somewhat pulwscent. — Was:itch Moun- tains, westward to N. California and Vancouver Island. 11. L. argenteus, Pursh. Hoary with thick jiubcscencc : stem 1 to 2 feet hi;,^h : leaflets 5 to 8, linear-lanceolate, smooth altove or nrarlif so, al-out npial- ling the petioles : calyx gibbous but not spurred at base : petals blue or cream- 54 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) colored; standard very broad. — From Central Colorado to Montana, and westward along the plains of Snake and Columbia Rivers. Var. deeumbens, Watson. Stem stouter and more leafy : raceme dense. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. L. deeumbens, Torr. L. laxiflorus, of Hayd. Rep. 1872, L. laxiflorus, var. tenellus, of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From Montana and Wyoming southward into New Mexico and Arizona. Var. argophyllus, Watson. More silky-pubescent ; the leaflets neai-ly equally so on both sides, longer than the petioles : flowers larger : caiyx decidedly spurred. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. S. Colorado and New Mexico. § 2. Ovules 2 {rarely 3 or 4) : cotyledons broad and clasping afler germination, usually long persistent. Erect annuals : leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate : bracts persistent: pod ocate. — Platycarpos, Watson. 12. L. pusillus, Pursh. Rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, hirsute with long spreading hairs : leaflets mostly 5, nearly smooth above, about half as long as the petioles : racemes spicate, nearly sessile, 2 or 3 inches long : petals purple or rose-color : pod very hirsute. — From the Upper Missouri to the Columbia and southward east of the Sierras, to Arizona and New Mexico. 13. L. Kingii, Watson. Resembles the last, but more slender and villous with soft white hairs : racemes very short, fewflowered, on long slender peduncles : pods and seeds smaller. — Proc Am. Acad. viii. 534. L. SUeri, Watson. Utah, Colorado, and southward along the Rio Grande. 4. TRIFOLIUM,! L. Clovee. Herbs with palmately compound leaves, stipules adnate to the petiole, flowers in capitate racemes, spikes, or umbels, peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. — Watson Rev. Proc. Am, Acad. xi. 127. * Leaflets 5 to 7 : heads not involucrate, terminal and axillary : flowers sessile : calyx-tfetli fliiform, plumose : low or dwarf pei-ennials. 1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Stout, somewhat villous : leaflets cuneate- oblong to obovate, obtuse, toothed : flowers very large (1 inch long), purplish, in spicate heads : calyx half as long, the teeth very much longer than the tube : pod stipitate, smooth. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 315. Head-waters of the Mis- souri, to Washington and N. E. California. * * Leaflets 3 : heads not involucrate, terminal : flowers sessile or nearly so: perennial or biennial. 4- Caulescent, often tall: calyx-teeth very narrow, shorter than the corolla."^ 2. T. erioeephalura, Nutt. Villous with spreading hairs, or the stem and leaves rarely glabrous : leaflets narrowly oblong or sometimes broader, 1 Medicago sativa, L., has leaves pinnatelj' 3-tbliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong. and purple flowers. — Known as " Lucerne," and introduced into Wyoming, Utah, and westward. 2 T. pratense, L., the common Red Clover, is becoming introduced and may be known by its oval or obovate leaflets often notched at the end and marked above with a pale spot, broad bristle-pointed stijuiles, ovate sessile heads of rose-purple flowers, and scarcely hairy calyx. T. repens, L., the White Clover, is also introduced, and may be known by its creeping stems, axillary peduncles, inversely heart-shaped or merely notched leaflets, narrow stip- ules, long petioles and peduncles, the short pedicels reflexed when old, and the white flowers turning brownish in fading. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) o5 serrulate: Jiowers in dense ovate spikes, at lem/t/i rrjltud, ochroleucous : calyx- teeth very villous, lax, nearly effiiallint/ the jhtals : ov.irv hairv. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 3L3. S. W. Colorado, X. California, ()reg<.ii and Malio. 3. T. longipes, Nutt. slender: stim usmtlty >/labrous, the leiijlrtt and calyx sparin(jty villous: leaHets narrowly oblong to linear, serrulate: htads ovate, looser than in the last, not le/Jexed: flowers ochroleucons or tinged with ])urple : calyx-teeth straight, more or less hairy, shorter than the corolla. — Torr. & Cray, Fl. i. 314. From N. Arizona and Colorado to the British boundary, and west to the Pacific. Var. (?) latifolium, Hooker. Often low: leaflets broader: flowen* pedicellate in loose heads. — With the species. 4. T. Kingii, Watson. (I'lahmusfliroui/houf: leaflets oblong to oblanccolate, very acute, sharjdy denticulate: peduncles exceeding tlie leaves: heads naked, the purplish Jloicers at lemjth ro flexed; the rachis often pn^dnced above the head, with a few spinesceut bracts : caly.r-teeth (tlxmt onf third the length of the corolla. — Bot. King's Exp. 59. T. I/aydcni, Porter in Ilayd. Hep. 187L From Montana through Idaho and Utah to N. E. California. -»- -«- Dwarf, cespitose, acaulescmt or nearly .to. ■M. Glabrous : floioers targe: ovary smooth, linear, 4 to l-ovtded. 5. T. nanum, Torr. Leaflets small, ohlanceolate, serrulate, strongly veined : peduncles very short, radical: Jiowers 1 to 3, dark purple: calyrtreth broad, acnte, shorter than the tube: ovary 4 to ^-ontlcd. — Mountains of Colonido and Utali. 6. T. Brandegei, Watson. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, thin, entire: peduncles about equalling the leaves : flowers spicate in a loose naked head, purplish : ralyx- teeth lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than the tul>e : ovary stipitatf, lovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 130. S. W. Colorado and N. W. New Mexico. •»-•• •4-^ Pubescent : Jiowers small : ovary nbovate, densely villous, 2-ovuled, at itnifth exscrted Jrom the calyx. 7. T. gymnocarpon, Nutt. Leaflets ovate-oblong to oblancelong /<» olJancfolate, sharply ilniiatc : bracts 5 to 7, Mong, obtuse : flt)wers 20 or m«)re in a head : calyx- teeth broadly sul)ulate, equalling the tulu': con>lla rose-purple. — .\ni. .b>nr. Sci. II. xxxiii. 409. — Mt)untains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 9. T. dasyphyllum, Torr. & Gray. Cesjiitose : leaves, jHduncUs, and calyx more or less silly : haflets linear lanceolate, entire: head globose, on a long radical peduncle: bracts very small, unequal, lanceolate: calyx-teeth linear, much lonqer ihnn tlir tube. — Mountains of Colorado, and tho Uint.a.'*. 10. T. andinum, Nutt. Cespitose, silk-y-ranesrent : Iiaf1>ts rigid, cunrat^- oWonr/, TH/m, strongly veined : peduncles radical, about f<|nalling the leavw 56 LEGUMINOS.3E. (PULSE FAMILY.) heads hemispherical: involucre of 2 broadly stipuled 3-foHolafe leaves: ovary one-oruled. — Watson, Bot King's Exp. 60, t. 8. W. \yyomiug and N. E. Utah. •i- ■*- Slender annuals, glabrous: lobes of the involucre laciniately and sharply toothed. 11. T. involucratum, Willd. Branching from the base : leaflets mostly oblanceolate, acute at each end, spinulosely-serrulale : flowers in close heads, purple tipped with white: calyx-teeth thin: ovules several. — From Mexico to the British boundary, and from Colorado and New Mexico to tlie Pacific. 12. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Very slender: stems ascending or decum- bent: leaflets obovate or oblanceolate or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or retuse, serrulate: heads rather few-flowered : involucre small: flowers little ex- ceeding the calyx, deep purple or light rose-colored : calyx-teeth rigid, sefos'ly acuminate: ovules two. — T. variegatum, Nutt., in Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd. Rep. 1872. Erom Wasliiugton and Montana to S. California and Utah. 5. HOSACKIA, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal ; keel somewhat incurved. Pod sessile, partitioned between the seeds. — Herbaceous: leaves (in ours) 1 to 5-folioIate ; stipules minute and gland-like. — Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 432. 1. H. Wrightii, Gray. Perennial: ashy-jmbcrulent, bushy-branched, very leafy • leaflets 3 to 5, apparently palmate and sessile, the lowest oblong, the rest filiform-linear: peduncles short, rarely equalling the leaf 1 to 2-flowered : calyx- teeth setaceous-subulate, about equalling the tube : keel not falcately-attenuate, mostly very obtuse. — S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 2. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual: more or le.ss silky-villous or sometimes glabrous : leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3 (or 1, rarely 4), varying from orate to lanceolate : jieduncles exceeding the leaves, one-flowered : calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube, about equalling the corolla : heel attenuated upward, falcate, mostly acute. — Erom Washington to Northern Mexico, eastward to the Upper Missouri, Arkansas, and N. Carolina. 6. PSORALEA, L. Two upper calyx-lobes often connate. Keel united with the wings. Sta- mens mostly diadelphous. Pod sessile, thick and often wrinkled. — Perennial herbs : leaves (in ours) digitate, the leaflets entire; stipules not adnate to the petiole : flowers white or purplish. * Flowers in panicled racemes. 1. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Slender, much branched and bushy, minutely hoary-pubescent when young : leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong : lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute : pod glandular. — P. floribunda, Nutt. From Texas to Arizona, northward to the Missouri River and eastward into Illinois. LEGUMlNOii^. (^PULtii: FAMILY.; 57 * * Flowers in Interrupted apikes : peduncles and lower tooth of the caljx elomjated. 2. P. argophylla, I'ursh. Silvery silkyirhite all over, divergentlj branched : Imjiets elliptical-lanceolate: lobes of the calyx and bracts lance Jate. — From N. Wiscousin to the ^Saskatchewan and r|ti)er Missijuri, and in Colorado. 3. P. campestriS, Nutt. Like the hist hut murh less hirsute and silvery, with sliort white ;i]t])rosscd hairs, and more branching: stipulf^s linrar ; lenflttn linear or ohlonii-lincur, ratlier ol)tuse, nearly qlabrons alnjve : bracts 3-flowereoint, smooth and minutely dotted above, hirsute beneath: braris oltcurdntt- or teui- form : lobes of tlie calyx ovate: ])()d hirsute, not wrinkled. — S. E. Colorado and southeastward along tlie Red River into Arkansas. * * * Flou-ers in capitate or oUony dense spikes. •♦- Root tuberous. 5. P. esculenta, Pursh. Rough ish-hain/ all over: stem stout : leaflets olx>- vate or l(inc( o'.iite-oblourj : spikes oblonrj, lonf/-pedunclfd : lobes of the calvx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains from the Saskatchewan to Louisiana and Texas. 6. P. hypogaea, Nutt. Acauhscent: hirsute loith whitish appressed hairs-, leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, nearly glabrous above : spikes cupi tate, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles: lobes of the calyx linear, acuminate, the lowest lanceolate, elongated. — Sandy jdains of N. Colorado {Greene), and along the Platte. -t- -»- Root not tuberous. 7. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs : .- tuse : pod and ovary glabrous. — From Colorado to the head-waters of the Columbia and Saskatchewan, and eastward to the Atlantic States. 8. A. Mortoni, Xutt. Differs from the last in the .somewhat pubescent ovary and pod, and tlie latter more decidedly sulcate dorsally and lc.>is crowdeletely 2-celled, pubescent. — Caulescent, grayish short-pubescent or glabrate : stipules more or less .sheathing. 9. A. adsurgens, Pall. leather stout: spikes at length oblong or cylin- drical : flowers pur jtHsh : pod sessile. — From CcdoratU) to Oregon, Nobra.'*ka, and the Saskatchewan. 10. A. terminalis, Watson. Slender: leaves long-petinlatr : mccmc an inch long, open, long-jxdunculate: flowers nearly .sessile, r« flexed, purplish: pod sessile, strnlglit, cn'ct. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 370. S. Montana. 11. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender : flowers capitate, vioUt: pod sdky-vil- lous, very shortly .st'pitate. — From S. Colorado northward Jilong the mttuntain.H and lied Hiver Valley to Alaska and the Arctic Circle. 12. A. ventorum, Gray. Stems y/cn/oH.-!, 4 to 6 inches hi;;h. ."imple : leaflets broadly obovate : raceme loose, short- ped uncled, ecjualling the leaves; flowers light yelln,r: pod sessile, slightly curved. — Watson in Am. Nalunilisl, viii. 212. Wind I liver, Wyoming, Parry. 62 LEGtJMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) § 6. Pod coriaceous, ohovoid, straight, short-stipitate, dorsalhj sulcate^ ventral suture rather prominent, complete! // 2-celled. — Loiv, caulescent : flowers very small, white or cream-color, tinged with purple. 13. A. Brandegei, Porter. Canescent with minute appressed hairs : hranchiug from a somewhat woody base : leaflets linear : racemes on long peduncles, loosely few-flowered : pod hairy. — PI. Colorado, 24. Banks of the Arkansas near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee. § 7. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent, verij glabrous, straight or falcate, narrow, more or less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded to the middle or beyond. — Stems erect, stout, sulcate, very leafy : flowers in long a'owded racemes, rather large. 14. A. Drummondii, Dougl. Softly villous : calyx scarcely gibbous at base, black-hairy: corolla white: pod long-linear, terete, cross-section obcordately 2-lobed. — From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 15. A. SCOpulorum, Porter. Pubescent icith appressed hairs: calyx gib- bous at base, pilose with blackish hairs: corolla yellow or ochroleucous : pod oblong, becoming arcuate with age, sharply 3-angled, the dorsal suture with an acute sulcus on each side. — Fl. Colorado, 24. A. subcompressus, Gray. Cen- tral and Southern Colorado. 16. A. raeemosus, Pursh. Appressed pubescent, glabrate : calyx strongly gibbous at base, ivhitish-puberulent : corolla white ; pod lance-oblong, cross-section somewhat equally triradiate. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Idaho. § 8. Pod sessile, coriaceous, vbcompressed, with the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, but not 2-celled. — Low or prostrate, ivith a fine hoary pubescence : flowers spicate, deep yellow. 17. A. flavus, Nutt. Diffuse: stipules sheathing the stem and base of the petiole, oblique : leaflets linear: pod half -included, hoary, ovate, straight. — W . Wyoming, Parry, and westward. § 9. Pod 2 ^0 3 lines long, sessile, elliptic-ovate, ahcays wholly one-celled, the ventral suture thick and prominent. — Subcinereous : stems slender, rather rigid, a foot high or more : leaflets 5 to S pairs, linear : racemes spike-like : flowers purple to ivliitish. 18. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stems virgate : leaflets nearly filiform: racemes dense, elongated, long-peduncled : flowers pale purple or whitish : pods spreading, coriaceous, strongly concave on the back, ichite-hairy, at length glabrous, trans- versely rugose-veined. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Missouri. 19. A. microlobus, Gray. Stems diffuse: leaflets shorter, linear or oblong-linear: racemes rather short and visually loosely flowered : flowers deep purple : pods reflexed, thick-cartilaginous, puberulent, flnely rugulose, a little fattened on the back, the ventral suture very tliick. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 203. From the Rocky Mountains to Missouri and Nebraska. § 10. Pod stipitate, coriaceous or nearly membranous, scarcely or not at all obcom- pressed, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. — Caulescent, slender: flowers in short of en spike-like racemes, or few in small heads, purple to white, spreading. * Pod membranous, glabrous or pubescent, slightly more compressed laterally, l-celled with a very narrow rudimentary septum from the straight dorsal suture, the ventral suture gibbous. LEGl'MINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) CtZ -*- Pod lotig-stipitate, not sulcate, cross-sfction oval : Jlowers white or bluish, keel violet. 20. A. aboriginum, Kicli. f/<>(iri/-i)ubpsr(>jit or suhvUlnus: stemn numer- ous, rigiil : leaflets 3 to 6 jjairs, linear or •)Mon^r-laiicoolate : /W semi-elliptic. Mouiitaius of Colorado, northward tliroui^lioiit W. IJritisli America. 21. A. glabriusculus, (Jray. Like the hust : ;;labrous or with Bhort scattered hairs: Icaliets tliinner, green, linear-lanceolate: jhuI hnaolate-sub/itl. cate, the stipe 2 to 3 times longer than the caly.x. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 204. Mountains of Colorado and British America. •*- ■*- Pod short-atipitatey cross-sect ion obonitr, jmltrsrent with morn or less nigres- cent hairs: Jloiccrs irhitr. 22. A. Robbinsii, Gray, var. OCCidentalis, Watson. Pod much com- pressed, tapering at base to a very short stijic, with no indication of a dorsal sulcus. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. S. W. Colorado and Nevada. * * Pod more coriaceous, black- or rareli/ cinereous-pubescent, more or less triangu- lar and semi 2-celled, the dorsal suture sulcate-impressed. H- Pod lens-shaped, the cross-section obcordate, the ventral suture a little the murr qibbous. 23. A. oroboides, llornem., var. Americanus, Gray. Suhciiicn'Mus puberulent : stems 1 to 1^ feet high : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oi)long and oval or often linear-oblong : flowers in a long secund raceme, the wings e.xceeding the keel : ])od with gray pubescence ; stipe very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 205. In the Kocky Mountains from Colorado northward into British America, thence eastward to Labrador. ■t- •«- Pod triangular, more impressed, the cross-section deephj obcordate, rather straight or incurved, gibbous on the back: 24. A. alpinus, L. Hairy-pubescent or glabrous: leaflets 6 to 12 fxiirs, oval or oblong : racemes short or subcapitate, many-flowered : u-ings little if at qU exceeding the rather large keel: pod straight or recurved, blark-villous or -pubescent; stipe usually exceeding the calgx. — Colorado, Wyoming, and north- ward to Arctic America; also in Maine and Vermont. 25. A. sparsiflorus, Gray. Slightly appre.ssed-pilose, glabratc : leaflets i to 6 jHiirs, (>l)()'-(ife or siibrounded : peduncles 3 to lOflowered : the emargi- nate or bifid banner and the wings much exceeding the incurved keel: pint in- curved, mottled; stipe verg short. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. Colonulo. § IL Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and with yellotc- ish floivers: pod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangnlar, with the back gibbous and more or less impressed, the ventral suture prominent. 26. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Heads few-flowered: corolla liftle exceeding Wie calyx : the cross-.section of the pod obovate, retu.se, or usually Itroadly ob- cordate toward the base. — From Colorado and Wyouiing to Texju*. Nebr:i>kA, and Hudson Bay. § 12. Pod sessile, mnstl ii thick coriaceous and obcnmpressed, the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-rellrd, pultcicrnt. — /.«»/*, white-silky or hoary : flowers spicale or subiiij)itiit, , u.tutiilu vloltt or purplish 64 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) * Annual or biennial, man^-stemmed : Jlowers rather small: pod inflated, meyn- branous, incurved. 27. A. pubentissinms, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent : leaf- lets oblong or obovate : flowers few : pod villous, ovate-luuate, strongly in- curved. — Colorado and W. Wyoming. * * Perennial, short-stemmed or scarce! // caulescent, nsualhj prostrate or matted : /lowers rather large : pod thick-coriaceous, obcompressed-triangidar, trans- verseli/ riigulose. 28. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Subcaulescent, hoary-silkij with a short verij closeli) appressed pubescence : peduncles scape-like, capitately or spicately few-flowered: pod nearltj straight, blackish, elliptic. — From New Mexico to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 29. A. Shortianus, Nutt, Usually subacaulescent, silky-canescent with a very closely appressed pubescence : leaflets obovate or ovate : pod strongly arcuate, thick, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. — Includes A. cyaneus of most of the western reports. From Colorado to Nebraska and westward ; also southward into New Mexico. 30. A. Parryi, Gray. Stems short, villous, with loose spreading hairs: floivers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple : pod arched or at length circinate, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, strongly obcompressed and rugulose, both sutures sulcately impressed, contiguous. — Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 410. From Colorado to N. W. Texas. 31. A. iodanthus, Watson. Canescent with an appressed hairy pubes- cence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and margins of the leaves : stems decumbent : leaflets obovate or orbicular : spikes short, dense : pod strongly arcuate or hamate, nearly glabrous, mottled, linear-oblong, irregularly folded. — Bot. King's Exp. 70. Colorado ( Coulter) and Nevada. 32. A. glareOSUS, Dougl. Depressed, villous-silky with white incumbent hairs : flowers 3 to 6 : pod incurved, silky-pubescent becoming subglahrous, oblong- ovate, attenuate above. — Wyoming and S. Idaho. Series II. Pod one-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. — Phaca, L. A. Leaves pinnate with many or rarely ivithfew or abortive leaflets, or simple. Artificial Key. Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent No. 61 Leaflets not i>rickly pointed. Pod inflated, Stipitate, Mottled o . . . 36 Not mottled. Stipe very short 37 Stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx 38, 39 Sessile. Annual; pod 7 to 12 lines long 34,35 Perennial ; pod 2 to 4 lines long 40, 41, 42, 43 Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, not bladdery inflated, Exsert-stipitate, Deeply sulcate 44, 45 Not deeply sulcate » . . . . 53 LEGUMINOS^. (PCLSE FAMILY.) 65 Short-stipitate, Glalprous V\ '? Piiberulenl ....... Sessile, Glabrous 413^ 47^ f^ Puberuleiit or pubescent. Stems a span or more high M, 67, i8 Cespitose M, 6i,i» Woolly or villous S3, 48 Systematic Synopsis. § 13. Pod veri/ woolli/, short, tunjid, coriaceous, incurved, sessile. — IVry su/}- wooUij : stems short, prostrate, from a stout perennial root : Jluwers usually one inch lomj, loose! 1/ suhcapitate. 33. A. Purshii, Dougl. Nearly ataulcsccut, rarely G inches high, canes- cent with a long and dense woolly pubescence : leaflets lanceolate or oblong : flowers ochroleucous, with the keel sometimes purplish. — W. Wyoming to California and Oregon. § 14. Pod membranous, inflated, globose, egj-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large, Jiiiely reticulated, glabrous or gl(d)rate. * Annual: pod sessile, not mottled : flowers small, ochroleucous or purplish. Low, leaflets linear or linear-oblong, gray with singulose hairs. 34. A. triflorus, Gray, rinereous-pubescent, very ynuch branched from the bas(, brandies ascending, G to 12 inches high : flowers 3 to 1.5: /W oval, obtuse or acufish. — PI. Wright, ii. 45. S. Colorado and southward into Mexico. 35. A. Geyeri, Gray. Sornewhat simple, 3 to 6 inches high, subcanc^^ent, with an appressed hairy pubescence : leaflets glabrous above : flowers 3 to 5 : pod ovate-lunate ivith an incurved acuynination. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. Wyo- ming, Idaho, and W. Nevada. * * Annual or perennial : pod stipitate. ■«- Pod mottled : stipe equalling the calyx: flowers few, rather srnall. 3G. A. pictus, Gray. Hoary with a loose silky pubescence: leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, narrowly linear or filifcjrm, most of them usually abortive: pod ovoid, scarcely pointed, pendent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. From Nel)rji.>ika to Idaho and New Mexico. In sandy places. Var. filifolius, Gray. Leaves usually imperfect ; leaflets very few, mostly attenuated, tlio terminal one or the filiform racliis produced, j)ersistent. — I./iK'. cit. 215. (.)n the plains of Colorado and southward. •»- •«- Pod not mottled. fv Nearly stemless, feic-flowered : leaJJets 4 to 0-paired : ]X)d with o very short stipe. 37. A. megacarpus, Gray. Glabrous: leaflets broadlyov.nl or ovntc: scape much shorter than the leaves: flowers ochroleucous or whitish: [hx] ovate-oblong, acuminate, very obtuse at base. — Loc. cit. 215. "Plains of the Rocky Mountains" (Nuttall). 5 Q6 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) ++ ♦♦ Caulescent, rather tall, leafy: leaflets 7 to ^-paired: racemes or spikes most(i) manij-floicered : pod icith a stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx. 38. A. frigidus, Gray, var. Americanus, Watson. Subglabrous ; leaflets ovate- or elliptic-oblong: peduncles equalling the leaves: flowers white: pod oblong, acute at each end, black-hairv or glabrous. — Bibl. Index, i. 193. A. frigidus of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1871, and Fl. Colorado. In the mountains from Colorado to the Arctic regions. §15. Pod membranous, lanceolate-cijlindric, straight, exsertly-stipitate, glabrous : floicers rather large: leaflets few or almost none. 39. A. lonchocarpus, Torr. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : stem fistulous, branched : leaflets filiform-linear, remote, the leaf sometimes reduced to the flatteued-filiform rachis : racemes loosely many-flowered : flowers white, pen- dent : pod very sharply acuminate at each end. — Pac. R. Rep. iv. 80. S. Colo- rado to New Mexico and Utah. §16. Pod membranous or chartaceous, small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile. — Diffuse or procumbent, mostly small and slender: floicers small and usually feiv. 40. A. microcystis, Gray. A shy -pubescent, from a woody root : leaf- lets 4: to 6 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse : racemes 5 to 12-flowered : corolla violet or whitish: pod globose-ovate, 3 lines long, thin mejnbnmous, gray -pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 220. W. AVyoming [Parry) and Washington. 41. A. leptaleus, Gray. Nearly glabrous: leaflets 1 to \\ pairs, lance- linear or oblong, often acute: peduncles 2 to 4-flowered : corolla white: pod ovate or oval, 4 lines long, chartaceous, puberulent. — Loc. cit. Colorado. 42. A. jejunus, Watson. Dicarf minutely hoary-pubescent : stems 1 to 2 inches long, crowded, from a many-branching caudex, covered icith numerous imbricated stipules, which are membranous, sheathing, truncate and ciliate: leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, linear: peduncles 2 to 3-flowered : corolla ochroleucous or tinged with violet: pod gibbous dorsally, obtuse, 4 lines long, membranous, gla- brous. -^Bot. King's Exp. 173, t. 13. Bear River Valley, near Evauston ( Watson). 43. A. hurQillimtlS, Gray. Habit of the last, but much more dwarf and condensed : stems scarcely an inch long, icith the scarious coalescent stipules imbri- cate and petioles persistent and spinescent: leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, canescent, with revohtte margins: peduncles 1 to 3-flowered: corolla pale: pod ovate, 2 lines long, coriaceous, with a white pubescence. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 57. Often choked in drifting sand. Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado (Brandegee). § 17. Pod coriaceous, shortly exsert-stipitate, straight, narrowly oblong, semi-cylin- dric, the deeply concave ventral surface divided by the salient obtuse suture. 44. A. bisulcatUS, Gray. Stri gulose- puberulent : stem over a foot high, stout: /eaflets oblong, often narrower : flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes, middle- sized : calyx-teeth scarcely shorter than the tube. — Pac. R. Rep. xii. 42, t, 1. From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 45. A. Haydenianus, Gray. Smaller, pubescence more cinereous: spike elongated, virgote : flowers much smaller: calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube: corolla white, keel tinged icith purple at the end: pod rugulose with transverse veins; stipe not exceeding the calyx. — Proc Am. Acad. xii. 56. Colorado. LEGUMINOS/E. (PULSK FAMILY.) 67 § IS. Pud thick-cartilafjinons with a sufijieshi/ epirar]), subovate or oblonrf, tnnjid, sessile, neither suture intruded, but Itoth thick and ftrominmt. — I'rrennial, a /utM hiylL, stem and leaves rather riyid : leajlets ntarlif Jili/urm, nut jointed to the rachis, jirrsisfi nt. 46. A. pectinatUS, Doiij^l. A.shy-jiulifruk'nt.^lalirate: l»raurheM hlriate, angled : flowers white, the banner elongated : pod pendulous, glaliruuK, ciufpi- date, the dorsal suture very thick. — From Colonulo to Ncl>ni.'*ka and the Saskatchewan. 47. A. Grayi, Parry. Distinguished from the last by the tnuadrr Ituflrta, quite strongly veined, and hy the somewhat thinner asrendimf fuxl : fluwrrs lifjht i/ellow. — Watson in Am. Nat. viii. 212. W. Wyoming {/'arrif). § 19. Pod coriaceous, ovate or ohlonij, rareli/ cijlindrical, turrjid, not sulcate and neither suture intruded. — Ours are perennials and the pods are sessile or scarcelfi stipitate. * Xeat'li/ acaulescent, silver i/silki/, larr/e flowered. 48. A. Newberryi, Gray. Stems very short, crowded from a deep elon- gated root: leaflets 3 to 7, either broad- or narrow-obovate, approximate: peduncles few-flowered : corolla ochroleucous : pod villous, the broad point laterally compressed, subincurved. — Troc. Am. Acad. xii. 55. .1. Chamnlur,, Gray, in part. On the borders of Utah, Arizona, and S. W. Colora«lo. * * Glabrous or pubescent, stems ascending or erect : pod very shortly stipitate or sessile: calyr gray- or dark-pubescent. 49. A. Fendleri, Gray. Glabrous or apjjresscd puberulent, erect: leaflets oblong or linear-oblong : racemes loosely purple flowend: pod straight, minntrly puberulent, very shortly stipitate. — PI. Wright, ii. 44. Colorado and New Mexico. 50. A. Hallii, Gray. Subcinereous-pubescent, g\ixhTiiiG,i\&ve\\(\'\ug: letfltts narrow-oblong, subcuneate, retuse : flowers violet, in a dense head-like raceme : pod straight, glabrous, with stipe a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 224 Colorado to New Mexico. 51. A. flexuosus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending : Imflrts oUong- or cuneate-linrar, oI)tnse or retuse: racemes mostly elongated, loose : corolla white or purplish : pod cylindric, puberulent, straight or subincurved. slii»«' very short but evident. — From Colorado to Nel)r:tska and the Saskatchewan. 52. A. Pattersoni, Gray. Robust, a foot or two high. appressrd-puUru- lent, sometimes gl:il)rous: leaflets oblong, thickish : peduncles racemosely many- flowered: corolla white, the keel sometimes purplish at the tip : /hhI glabrou:>, abruj.tly contracted within the calyx, becoming sumrd villous, included. — From Nebraska to the Saskatchewan. 63. A. tridactylicus, Gray. Resembling the last in habit and loave.s, but stipules villous, flowers pale purple, cali/x-teeth equallinq the tube, jhuI jmberu- lent, exposed bg the falling aivai/ofthe cali/x. — Proc. Am. .Vcad. vi. .')27. Moun- tains of Colorado. 64. A. sericoleuCUS, Gray. Very broadly cespitose, sUhphoorg : the branches covered with villous stipules : leaves all 3-foli(date, not cfpialling the 2 to S flowered Jil if )rm peduncles: leaflets oblanceolate or cuneate oblong : cali/x- teefh about equalling the tube : corolla purple : pod hoar//, indf included in the cali/T. — Am. Jour. Sci. ir. xxxiii. 410. From the sand-hill.s of N. Colorado to \. Nebraska. 14. OXYTROPIS, DC. Like Astragalus, but distinguished by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel. — Mostly low perennials, with tufts of numerous very slu>rt stems from a hnnl and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules : pinnate leaves of many leaflets : naked .scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. — Rev. Oxyt., (Jray in Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. § L Stipules free from the }wtiole and from each other : Icafg-.ttemmed or drjtau- perate plants nearlg .'itemlrss. L O. deflexa, DC. Loosely soft-pubescent or silky : taller forms over a foot high: leaflets crowded in 12 to 16 pairs, lanceolate to oblong, J to ^ inch TO LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) long; peduncles much surpassing the leaves: flowers rather small (about ^ inch long), in a short and close or in fruit lengthened and open spike : pod oblong-lanceolate, not stipitate, 1-celled, much surpassing the calyx. — In the mountains from British America to S. Colorado and westward to Utah. Sub- alpine forms are often depauperate and almost stemless. § 2. Stipules adnate to the petiole, imbricated on the short branches of the caudex which bears the scapes and leaves : no other ascending stems. * Most of the numerous leaflets as if verticillate or fascicled in threes or fours or more along the rachis: scape spicately several to many flowered : pod ovate, 2-celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx. 2. O. splendenS, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous, 6 to 12 inches high : flowers erect-spreading: pod erect. — Whole length of the Rocky Mountains, and plains along their eastern base, to the Saskatchewan. * * Leaflets simply pinnate. +- Pod wholly enclosed in the bladdery ovate-globose calyx, turgid-ovate^ one-celled : peduncles weak, 1 to 2-foicered. 3. O. multiceps, Nutt. Matted cespitose, subcaulescent, 1 to 3 inches high, canescently silky: leaflets 3 to 4 pairs: flowers purple: pod short-stipi- tate. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, S. AVyoming and Colorado. Nuttall's specimens are larger-leaved and less cespitose than those of subse- quent collectors distributed as var. minor, Gray. 1- -H- Pod nearly or quite enclosed in and completely filing the distended and often split fructiferous calyx, turgid, pubescent, half two-celled: scapes capitately few to several-flowered, surpassing the leaves, a span high : floivers over | inch long. 4. O. nana, Nutt. Silvery with oppressed silky pubescence : leaflets 3 or 4 or rarely 6 pairs, narrowly lanceolate : flowers purple or Avhitish : pod turgid- oblong, somewhat coriaceous, the acuminate tip barely projecting out of the undivided lightly villous calyx. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. May be 0. argentea, Pursh, Fl. ii 473. jNIountains of Wyoming and iNIontana. 5. O. lagopus, Nutt. White silky with looser and more villous hairs: leaf- lets 4 or 5 pairs, lanceolate or oblong : flowers bright violet : pod ovate, thin-mem- branaceoHS and almost bladdery, obtuse, abruptly tipped with the persistent style, slightly surpassing the calyx ivhich soon splits down one side. — Jour Acad. Philad. vii. 17. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana. -♦-■*--(- Pod ivell surpassing the calyx ; this at length split down one side or re- maining unchanged. 4H- Bladdery-inflated and membranaceous, ovate, one-celled: scapes or peduncles few-flowered, in fruit usually decumbent: very low and depressed-tufted plants. 6. O. podocarpa, Gray. Villous, or in age glabrate: leaflets 5 to 11 pairs, linear-lanceolate (3 or 4 lines long) : peduncles 2-flowered, not surpassing the leaves: flowers comparatively large (7 or 8 lines long), violet : pod large (often an inch Tbng), broadly ovate, puberulent,short-stipitate, neither suture at all introflexed. — Vvoc. Am. Acad. vi. 234. 0. Hallii, Bunge. Alpine and subalpiue, from S. Colorado to British America and perhaps to the Arctic regions. 7. O. oreophila, Gray. Silky-canescent : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, lanceolate to oblong (2 to 4 lines long) : scapes commonly surpassing the leaves, capitately 4 to LEGUMIN08.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 71 S-flowered: flowers only 4 or 5 lines long, apparently purple: jKxi hardly \ mi h long, obloug-ovate, anercous-jmbescent, not at all sttpitale, l/u- ventral suiurt tnodrr- atel'i introjiexed. — Vvoc. Am, Acad. x.\. 3. A 8pecie.s of S. California and Utah, collected on A(|uarius IMateau, Utah, by /.. /'. Ward; proUblv to be found within our southwe.stern boundaries. ++ ^ Pod oblung or narroicer, nut bladder ij. inflated, coriaceous, nearl,/ or qtiite 2-celled: scape I to Z-Jiowered. 8. O. Parryi, CJray. Silky-canescent : leaves and scapes alnjut a Mpan high: leaflets 7 to 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate (2 or 3 linos long) : calyx Khort, cinereous-pubescent: pod nearly ^ inch long, terete with a .stnjiig ventral groove. grayish-i)ubescent, not at all stipitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 4. 0. arctica of Hall & Harbour's collection, no. 143. O. C'ralcnsis, var. immila, of Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado near the limit of trees. ^H. ++ ++ Pod nearhj terete, turgid, but not bladder i/-membranareous, not stipitate or rarelt/ obscurely so: scape capitatehj or spicately several to many-jiowered. = ^fore or less glandular viscid, at least the calyx and commonly the jiod. 9. O. Viscida, Nutt. Leaflets numerous and small (2 to 4 lines long), thickish, oval or oblong, often pubescent when young, at maturity green and glabrate : flowers in a dense oblong head or at length in a short spike, loss tlian ^ inch long: calyx villous and with sessile glands usually evident : jtod small (3 to 5 lines long), puberulent, oblong, thin-chartaceous, half 2-celled, the small beak or point straight. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 341. lu the raountain.s from British America to Colorado ; common in Wyoming. = = Not glandular nor viscid : leaves more or less silky at least ivhen younq. 10. O. monticola, Gray. Loosely silky-villous, at least the sca|>es (5 to 9 inches high) and calyx: leaflets sometimes glabrate, oblong or lanceolate (3 to 7 lines long): spilce obhmg or c>jlindraceous, dense even in fruit : Jloiiy r hardly ^ inch long : pod ovate-oblong, between membranaceous and chartarmtis, ^ to ^ inch long, tipped with a straight point, one-celled with jio introflexion of the ventral suture, or nearly half 2-celled, silky-ranrsrent. — Pn>o. Am. Acad. XX. 6. O. cain/xstris of Hook. Fl Bor. Am. in part. Mountains of Wyoming, South Dakota, and northward. H. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Commonly taller as well as larger (the sca|)Os often a foot or more high), silky- and mostly silvery-pubescent, .somotime?* glabrate in age : leaflets from oblong-lanceolate to linear (4 to 16 lines long) : sjtike sometimes short-oblong and densely flowered at le.ist when vonng. often elongated and sparsely /lowered : flowers mostly large (t^ften an inch long, but sometimes much smaller), variously colored: pod either narrowly or broadly oblong, sericeous pubescent, Jirm-coriaceous, ^ inch or more long, im/trrfrctlif 2-rp//er/. — Includes 0. campcsiris of Hook. Fl. Bor. .Vju. in part. Common along the Great Plains from the Siiskatchewan and Minne.>it)ta to New Mexico, Texas, etc., and in the foothills. Var. sericea, Gray, is a robust mountain form, canescent with the silky pubescence; the leaflets mo.stly broad (3 or 4 lines), and the cylindmceou.«« pods nearly or (inite an inch long. — 0. sericea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray. Fl. i. 339. Var. Bigelovii, (iray. is a marked form, with pods of the proers. * LeajUts 8 to 12: peditndcs ratlirr iiian'/-jfouend. 1. li. venosus, Muhl. Stout, c'liml)iii<;, usually Kouit-wluit downy: leaf- lets oblongovatc, uiostly obtuse : calyx densely puitcsceut to nearly glaliruuH • pod smooth. — Throughout the Easteru States aud extending uorthweMtwani to Washingtou. * # Lrajhts 4 to 8 : pcdiiitclcs 2 to G-fiowrrcd. 2. L. paluster, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat i»ul>esoent : stem often ■winged: hnjUts )iarruirl>/ obluntj tu linear: llowers smaller (6 lines long). — Common everywhere throughout the northern jjorlions uf both hcmisplieres. Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; Irafets ocate to oblong, shorter (an inch long or less). — 1*1. Fendl. ."JO. L. vi'jrtij'olins, Muhl. L. venosus, var. S, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. A. polgph'/llus, Wat«on, Bot. King's Exp. 78. The L. pitbescens, Nutt., of Fl. Colorado. With the species. § 2. Rachis not tendril-bearing or rarely so: pod sliortlg stipitate. In ours the peduncles are 2 to G-Jlourred. 3. L, polymorphus, Nutt. Usually low, finely pubescent or glal)rous, glaucous: leaflets G to 12, thick and strongly nerved, narrowly oblong, acute: flowers very large, purple: pod 3 or 4 lines broad ; funiculus remarkaidy nar- row aud hilum sliort. — Colorado and New Mexico to Central Arizona. 4. L. oruatus, Nutt. Kesembling the last except the leaves are nar- rower and shorter, the pod somewhat broader, and the funiculus broader. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. '111. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 18. CASSIA, L. Sknxa. Calyx-tube very short. Anthers erect, opening by two pores or chinks at the apex. Pod usually curved, many-seeded, often with cro.sspartitions between the seeds. — Herbs, with flowers in terminal or axillary (in ours) clusters. 1 . C. Chamsecr ista, L. Leaflets small, somewhat .sensitive to the touch, 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, obliijue at the ba.se, a cujKshaped glanil beneath the lowest pair : flowers on .slender pedicels, in small clusters above the axils, 2 or 3 of the showy petals often with a purple spot at the lt:u;e. Petals obovate. on short c1.in\'», spreading, one or more of them often glandular at ba.«*e. Filament.s thickened or dilated toward the base. Pod oblong or linear, often falcate, comprcs.'ied. dry, 2-valved. — Low perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants*, often dolled with bhick trlamls. 1. H. Jamesii, Torr. & (Jray. Canesrenflif-puUsmit, much brincheojf}'nou8 : cariicls few-seeded 3. Aruncus. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct. Flowers dia-ciou*. Leaves r»- peateilly ternately divided. ■*- ■*- Seeds with shining stony testa: albumen very distinct: stipules mcrabmnacroiu, caducous. 4. Fhysocarpus. Follicles iiienihranaceous, intlated, 2-valved, «listinct, often stipitat« Fliiwcrs perfect, corymbose. Leaves lobed. • • Caijicls opposite to the calyx-lobes when of the same numl>cr. 6. Chainsebatiaria. Follicles coriaceous, 1-valved, connate at ba.sc, Kevend-Ht'edcd. Alliuinin distinct. Flowers perfect Leaves small, coriaceous, stipulate, bipmnalcly dLssected. ♦ * • Carpel becoming an akene. 6. Huludiscus. Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes, with dcn.sely silky styles and i collateral jiendulous ovules. Akenes membranous, woully, 1-sceded. Leaves lubed, without stipule.s. Tribe II. RUBE.ed. 12. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat panided, on Ion;; peduncles, showy. Petals .*> CnqH'U numerous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes. • • • Herbs : cari>els few to many : calyx concave or canipanulate, valvate in the bud. bractcolate. •»- Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly tenninal. pensUtcnt. 13 Dryas. Like Geum, but petids 8 or 9. 14. Geiiiu. Carpels very numerous on a dry recei)tacle : the elongated style In fruit raostlv geni(;idat« or plumo.se. Potils 5. 4- ••- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle sn]>erior : style sm.ill. naked, not prnlrulatr 15. Frafi:aria. Carpels very numerous, in fruit on a lar^'e tleshy .scarlet rocejitacle. Styles latend. Leaves 3 foliolate. 10. Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually CO or more ; flla- ments narrow or filiform Carpels mostly numemus, on a drj- receptacle. Leaves pinnrite or di'.'itate ; leaflets toothed or cleft, not confluent 17 SIbbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens ft: fllaments rerr short, filiform. Carpels 6 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves S-fuIloUte : leaflcU S-toothed. 76 ROSACEA, (rose family.) 18. iTesia. Petals yellow, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 20; filaments filiform. Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous rdceptaole. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted, often small and very numerous and closely imbricated. 19. Chamserhodos. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, subulate. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves many-cleft ; the segments linear. Tribe IV. POTERIE^. Carpels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calj'.x-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed. Seed susjiended. Ours are herbs with pinnate leaves and solitary ovule. 20. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked prickles. Petals ! yellow. Stamens 5 to 12. Flowers in long racemes. 21. Poterium. Calyx-lobes 4, imbricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers in dense heads. Tribe V. ROSE^. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 22. Rosa. Erect shrubs, with pinnate leaves. Suborder III. POME^. Carpels 2 to 5, enclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming a pome. A pair of ovules in each carpel. Stj'les often united below. — Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole or nearly so. 23. Crataegus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit drupaceous, of 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded stones, either separable or united into one. Branches usually thorny. 24. Pyrus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with papery or cartilaginous and undivided 2-seeded cells or carpels. 25. Amelancliier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each divided into two by a partition from the back. Styles 3 to 5. Otherwise like Pyrus. 26. Perapliyllum. Ovary usually 2- (incompletely 4-) celled. Styles 2. Otherwise like Amelancliier. 1. Pit UN US, Tourn. Plum, Cherry, &c. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 2.5, inserted with the petals — Leaves simple, usually serrulate: flowers white, fascicled in the axils, or in terminal racemes. * Floicers in umbel- or conpnb-Uke chisters from lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves. 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Yellow or Red Plum). Tree tliorny, 8 to 20 feet lu'gh : leaves ovate, or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature : fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish oval, yelloic, orange, or red: the stone turgid, more or less acute on both margins : pleasant-tasted, hut with a tough and sour skin. — Colorado. Very common thronghout the East. 2. P. Chieasa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny: leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous : fruit nearly destitute of bloom, globular, red ; the stone ovoid, almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Perhaps native only west of the Mis- sissippi from Arkansas southward, but introduced eastward, and westward to Colorado. ROSACK.E. (ROSK FAMILY.) 77 •3. P. Pennsylvanica, L. (Wn.i> Ki;i. Ciikuuv.) Tree 20 to 30 feet high, with light reil-hrown bark : kaces oblunif-ldnrtuhtte, i>ointed, finely and sharply serrate, shiniiuj, (jrcen and smooth both sides: fruit glolioHC, iiyht red^ very small, with thin aiitl sour Hosh ; stone r/lohn/ar. — From Colorado north- ward, and eastward to Newfoundlaiid and X'irgiiua. 4. P. emarginata, Walpers, var. mollis, Brewer. Becoming a Hmall tree 25 feet liigh, with l»ark like that of an ordinary Cherry-tree, more ur Usu iroofly-puhcseent : leares dilontj-ovatc to lanceolate, mostly oUuse, crenateh/ ttrru- late, narrowed to a short petiole, with usually one or more glandn near the ba.se of the blade, more or less woolly-pubescent on the under side: fruit glcdK>se, black, bitter and astringent; stone icith a thick grooved ridye upon one side. Bot. Calif, i. 1G7. Bitter Root Mountains and westward into Oregon and California. * * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, hence appearing afler the leaves, late in spring. 5 P. demissa, Walpers. (Wild Ciikrkv.) An erect slonder .''hrub 2 to 12 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate, usually more or less pubes- cent beneath, with 1 or 2 glands at base : fruit ])urj>lish-black-, or red, sweet and edible, l)ut somewhat astringent ; stone globose. — From the Kocky Mountains westward to the coast. 6. P. Virginiana, L. (Choke Chekry.) Leaves rarely at all puUs- cent, more fre(jueiilly somewhat cuneate at base: fruit dark red, very astringmt and scarcely edible; the stone more oroid and acutish : otherwise like tlie last, but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist localities. — This species appears to be distributed thronglKJUt the whole of North Amer- ica except in the region west of the Rocky Mountains. 2. SPIRiEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually 5 or more. — Perennial herbs or mostly shrubs: flowers white or rose-c(dorod, in compound corymbs or spikes. — We follow the arrangement of Dr. Maxi- mowicz in recognizing the four following genera as distinct from Sju'raa. Bot. Calif, ii. 443. ♦ Erect .shrubs : petals rose-colored or purplish : flowers in compound corymbs. 1. S. betulifolia, Pallas. Glabrous or finely pubescent, with rc bark: leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, acutely and unequally .«orr:ife or incised, on short petioles or nearly se.ssile : flowers pale purple, the fiustigiato corymbs often Icafy-bracted : ovules 5 to 8. — ^S^. corymlmsn, Raf. Head- waters of the Missouri, eastward in the Alleghany Mountains, wcslwanl to N. California, and northward to Alaska. Var. rosea, dray. C(jrolla rose-red. — Proc. Am Acad. viii. 3Sl. W. Wyoming, Maho, and westward to Oregon and California. » « Low herbaceous jxrennials, woody at base: petals ivhite : flowers in dense cylindrical spikes on scape-like stems. 2. S. CSespitOSa, Nutt Cespitose, on rocks: leaves rosulatc on the short tufted branches of the woody spreading rootstock, oblanceolato or linf.ir- 78 ROSACEA, (rose family.) spatulate, silky on both sides; those of the scape scattered and narrower calyx-lobes silky : filaments and styles exserted : carpels 3 to 8, somewhat villous or glabrous, 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 418. W. Wyoming to Montana and Oregon, and southward to New Mexico. 3. ARUNCUS, L. Goat's-Beard. Herbaceous : the small white flowers in numerous filiform panicled spikes. 1. A. Sylvester, Kost. Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high: leaves large; leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply and laciuiately doubly toothed, the terminal one broadest : panicle large and compound, pubescent : filaments long-exserted : carpels 3 to 5. smooth. — Spircea Aruncus, L. Ranges across the continent. 4. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. Nine-Bark. Carpels 1 to 5, divergent. Ovules 2 to several. — Diffuse shrubs: flowers large, white. 1. P. opulifolia, Maxim. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with ash-colored shreddy bark : leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, on slender petioles, nearly glabrous: flowers on long slender pedicels in simple umbel-like hemispherical tomentose corymbs : carpels 2 to 5, glabrous. — Spiraea opuli- folia, L. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. From California northward to British America and eastward across the continent. 2. P. Torreyi, Maxim. A small shrub, differing from the last in its smaller leaves, its finer pubescence, and the leaves sometimes densely white- tomentose beneath, its fewer and smaller flowers on short pedicels, fewer stamens, and especially the denseli/ tomentose ovaries, which are fewer (1 or 2) and be- come less inflated. — Spircea opulifolia, var. paiiciflora, Hook., and in Fl. Colorado var. parvifolia. Neillia Torreyi, Watson. In the mountains of Colorado and westward to Nevada. 5. CHAMJEBATIARIA, Maxim. Flowers large, white, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. — A stout, diffusely branched, glandular-pubescent shrub. 1. C. Millefolium, Maxim. More or less tomentose: leaves narrowly lanceolate in outline, scattered or fascicled at the ends of the branches, Avith very numerous (about 20) pinnse and minute oblong obtuse leaflets (about 6 pairs) : the erect acute lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the orbicular petals: carpels 5, pubescent. — Spircea Millefolium, Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 83, t. 5. From W. Wyoming {Coulter) to California. 6. HOLODISCUS, Maxim. Petals white, broadly oblong, about equalling the 5-parted calyx. — A dif- fuse shrub, with grayish brown bark : flowers in loose spreading panicles. 1. H. discolor, Maxim. Pubescent, 4 feet high or more : leaves broadly ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, more or less silkv- ROSACEA, (rosi: family.) 79 tomentose beneath, nearly smooth ahove, iiinnatifidly toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate : panicle much branclieii, ton»entosc. — Spirna discolor, Pursh. Var. duraosa, Maxim. Only 1 to 3 feet high : leaves u.smUly small, cune- ate into a .slK)rt mari^ined petiole, often white tomentose honeath : panicle mostly smaller ami les.s diffuse. — *^■y///v^« (Imnosd, Nutt. .s". (ii.s,xt!ur, var. (luinosa, Watson. Colorado and New Mexico and thenco to the iSierra Nevada and Oregon. 7. RUB US, I.. Raspberry. Bl.vckhkuky. Petals 5, consj)icuous. Styles nearly terminal. — Krect or trailing, often prickly: leaves simple or pinnately "3 to 7-foli(jlate: tlowers white or reddi.sh, in ])anicles or corymbs, or solitary : fruit usually edii)le, red, purple, (»r purplish- black. — Ours are all true l\asj)berries, having fruit with a bloom .separating from the receptacle when ripe. The Blacklierries, having fruit idack, shining and persistent on the receptacle, are not known to occur within our range. « Leaves simple: prickles none (exce/U in No. 3) : Jioicers lanje: fruit and receptu' cleflat and broad. 1. R. Nutkanus, Mo9ino. (Salmon-berry.) Stems 3 to 8 feet high; bark cjreen and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy : leaves palmately and nearly equally 5-lobed, cordate at base, untel.s very numerous, tomentose : fruit red, large, and j)leasantly flavored. — From Colorado northward, westward to the coast, and eastward to L'pper Michigan. 2. R. deliciosus, James. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high ; branches, i/oumf leaves, and caljix tomentose-pubescent or puberulent, not (jlandnlar: leavts rrnifhnn' orbicular, rugose, more or less 3 to 5-lobed, fneli/ serrate-toothed : flowers 2 inches across: sepals with a dilated acumination: petals \\\\\iG: fruit purplish, large, smooth, "flavor not agreeable to the human palate." — Canons of Colorado. 3. R. nivalis, Dougl. — Low, not more than 6 inches high, frutescent: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, sharj)li/ toothed, glabrous, the petioles and veins of the Iravr* armed with recurred prickles: peduncles short, 2 flowered : jfetals red (I) x fruit red. — In the Bitter Root Mountains and northward. Probably a species of the next section with the leaflets confluent. « * Leaflets 3 /o 5 : petals small, erect, white. H- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickli/: fruit of few sejxirate grains. 4. R. triflorus, Richardson. Stems ascending or trailing : leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acjjte at both en«ls, conreely doubly serrate, thin, smooth: peduncle 1 to 3-flowered : fruit small, roil. — Colorailo and northward into British America and ojustward to the New Kng- land and Middle States •♦- t- .'^tems biennial and wood I/, prirkhf.- receptacle oblong : fruit hrmisphertcai. 5. R. strigOSUS, Michx. (Wild Red Rasimikimiv.) Stem.«« upright, and with the stalks, etc. beset with stiff' straight brist!'<, .rlaudiilar when younft 80 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) somewhat glaucous : leaflets oblong-ovate, cut-serrate, whitish-downy under- neath, the lateral ones sessile : petals as long as the sepals : fruit light red. — From New Mexico and Colorado northward to British America and thence eastward to the New England and Middle States ; also in Nevada. 6. R. oecidentalis, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.) Glau- cous all over: sterns recurved, armed like the stalks, etc. ivith hooked prickles, not bristly : leaflets 3, ovate, coarsely doubli/ szrrate, whitened-downy under- neath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked : petals shorter than the sepals : fruit purple-black. — From Oregon eastward to Missouri and thence throughout the Eastern States, especially to the north. 8. PURSHIA, DC. Calyx funnel-shaped. Petals exceeding the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens about 25, in one row. Carpels sometimes 2, narrowly oblong. Fruit pubes- cent, attenuate at each end, exserted. — Diffusely branched : leaves mostly fascicled, cuueate : flowers terminal on the short branchlets. 1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to .5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with brown or grayish bark ; the young branches and numerous short branchlets pubescent : leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white-tomen- tose beneath, greener above : calyx tomentose with some glandular hairs • petals spatulate-obovate. — Arizona and New Mexico, and northward through- out the Rocky Mountain region to the British boundary; westward to the Sierras. 9. COLEOGYNE, Torr. Calyx with a membranaceous margin, colored within. Stamens numerous, inserted upon the base of a tubular torus which includes the ovary. Style lateral, very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent Fruit glabrous, in- cluded. — Diffusely branched, somewhat spinescent : leaves coriaceous : flowers terminal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts, yellow, showy, 1. C. ramosissima, Torr. The short rigid branches opposite and spines- cent; bark gray: leaves approximate upon the branchlets, linear oblauceolate, puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle : tube of the torus membranaceous, dilated below and narrowed to the shortly 5-toothed apex, densely white-villous within : akene somewhat compressed, the obtuse apex incurved. — PI. Frem. 8, t. 4. From S. Colorado to Arizona and Nevada, and in California. 10. CERCOCARPUS, HBK. Mountain Mahogany. Stamens 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Fruit coria- ceous, linear, terete, villous, included in the enlarged calyx-tube. — Leaves evergreen. 1. C. ledifolius. Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 feet high: leaves narrou'hj lanceolate with m.argins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and somewhat resinous, entire, more or less tomentose, but glabrous above, acute : ROSACE.E. (ROSI-: FAMILY.) 81 flowers sessile, tomentose : limb of the cali/x deephj toothed ; tail of tlie akoiie at length 2 or 3 inches long. — Torr. & (Jray, V\. \. 427. W. Wyoming an«l through the \\'as;itth to the iSierras ;uul northward. 2. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub u.sually 2 to 10 feet high (i^oineliuKW 15 to 20 feet) : leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous, serrate towards the ol>tus, or rounded summit, more or less silky above, densely hoary-tonicntose iH'iieath . flowers on short slender pedicels: limb of the rali/r irilh short ttrth: tail of thw akene often 4 inches long. — From New Mexico to Wyoming ami westward to the coast. 11. COWANIA, Don. Cliff Uosk. Petals obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, in.'^erted with th« petals at the throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels den.sely villous. Fruit coria- ceous, narrowly oblong, striate, uearly included in the dilated caly.x-tui>e. — Leaves small, tootlied or pinnatifid, coriaceous, glandular-dotted. 1. C. Mexican a, l)*)n. A much branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high ; the trunk witli abundant shreddy light-colored Itark: leaves ap])ro.\imate u|>on the short branchlets, cuneate-obovate in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-lol)ed, dark green above, tomentose beneath: flowers yelbjw, the caly.x-tube attenuate into a short glandular-hairy pedicel : tail of the akene at length 2 inches long or more. — N. Utah and S. Colorado to Central Mexico. 12. FALLUGIA, Fndlicher. Calyx-tube villous within; the 5 lobes with alternate linear bractlets. Sta- mens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon the margin of the calyx-tul>e. Carpels densely villous, inserted upon a small conical receptacle. Fruit coria- ceous, narrowly oblong, exserted. — A low uudershrub : leaves pinnately lobed, margin revolute : flowers white. 1. F. paradoxa, Endlicher. Much branched with somewh.it virgate slender branches ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fascicletl, somewhat villous, cuneate and attenuate into a linear base, pinnately 3 to 7- cleft above. — From Colorado to California and southward into Mexico. 13. DRY AS, L. Calyx open, flattish, 8 to 9-parted. Petals large, white r yellowish. — Dwarf and matted .slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves and solitary largo flowers. 1. D. OCtopetala, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate-toothed. obtuse at each end, clothed with a white tomentum beneath, the veins prt>mi- nent, the margins revolute : sepals linear. — Aljiine. High peaks of Colorado and northward throughout Britisli America to Greenland. 14. GEUM, L. AvKXs. Calyx-lobes usually witlj ;") .ilternato bractlets. Carpels on a conical or clavate receptacle. Akeues small, comjjre.^.^ed. — Perennial herbs: leavoa mostly radical, lyrate or pinnate; stipules aduiUc to the sheathing j>eliolc«; flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose. Q 82 KOSACE^. (ROSE FAMILY.^ § 1. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated : calyx-lobes rejlexed. — In ours the petals are golden-i/elloic, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx. 1. G. macrophylluin, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1 to 3 feet high): root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2 to 4, minute, the terminal roundish, 8-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded : receptacle of the fruit nearly naked. — From the Sierra Nevada to the Atlantic, and northward to Sitka. 2. G. Strietum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3 to 5 feet high) : root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3 to 5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute: receptacle of fruit downy. — From Colorado northward, and eastward to the Atlantic. § 2. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. 3. G. rivale, L. Stems nearly simple : root-leaves lyrate and interrupt- edly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed : calyx brown purple : petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish orange : head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Colorado, W. Montana, and northward ; also eastward to Newfoundland. § 3. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile : floicers large: calyx erector spreading. — Flowering stems simple and bearing only bracts or small leaves. 4. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy: root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, ohlong wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed: flowers 3 or more on long peduncles: bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals : styles very long, stronghj plumose in fruit. — In the mountains from the Sierra Nevada north- ward and eastward to Arctic America and Labrador. 5. G. Rossii Seriuge. Slightly pubescent above: root-leaves interrupt- edly pinnate, rather glabrous, minutely ciliate ; leaflets ovate or cuneiform, 2 to 3-lobed, incised or entire: scape l-flowered : calyx-lobes shorter than the roundish yellow petals: styles glabrous, not exserted in fruit. — Alpine. High peaks of Colorado and W. Montana, and northward through Arctic America. Var. humile, Torr. & Gray. More pubescent, almost silky when young, somewhat larger : leaflets more numerous and crowded : scape sometimes 2-floW' ored. Fl. i. 424. Colorado, Nevada, and northward to Oonalaska. 15. FRAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many in one row. — Acaulescent sto- loniferous perennials : leaves palmately trifoliolate ; the leaflets obovate-cune- ate, coarsely toothed: flowers few, cymose upon short erect scapes. 1. F. Virginiana, Duchesne. Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruit- ing receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified : leaflets of a flrm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scape and especially of the pedicels silky and appressed. — The species seems to be confined to the Atlantic States. ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) ^ 83 Var. Illinoensis, Gray. A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species : the flowers more inclined to be jtoli/fjamo-dicecious : the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels ividelij spreading. — The common form in the mountains and extending eastward to the Atlantic States. Var. glauca, Watson. Differs from the type in the per/ecdi/ smooth and glaucous surface of the leaf — Bot. King's Exp. 85. In the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains. 2. F. Vesca, L. Ahenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemisphericai fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) : calyx remaining spreading or reflexed : hairs on the scape mostli/ wideli/ spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin, even the upper surface strongly marked by the veins. — Throughout the United States and Arctic America. 16. POTENTILLA, L. Five-finger. Petals 5, obcordate or broadly obovate. Styles lateral or nearly terminal, short, deciduous. Akeues small, turgid, crustaceous. — Herbaceous or rarelv woody : flowers cymose, or axillary and solitary. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 549. * Sti/les thickened and glandular toward the base: carpels glabrous, sessile: in- florescence cymose. ■)- St ijle attached below the middle of the ovarg: disk thickened: stamens 25 to 30 : perennicd herbs with glandular-villous pubescence and pinnate leaves. 1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout, 1 to 4 feet high, simple below: radical leaves 7 ^o 11 foliolate ; leaflets rounded, ovate, or subrhom- boidal, incised or doubly serrate : c/jme strict and rather close: cal//x denseli/ pubescent : stamens mosthj 30. — New Mexico and northward to N, Idaho, thence eastward to the New England States and Canada. 2. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Resembling the last, but usually more slender and branched, 1 to 2 feet high, and for the most part less pubescent : leaflets more frequentl g 5 f o 9 ; cyme panicled, with elongated branches and more slender pedicels : calgx much less tomentose : stamens usually 25. — P. flssa, Nutt. In the mountains, from New Mexico and Colorado northward, and thence west- ward to California and Washington. •«- •>- Style terminal: disk not thickened : flowers small : leaves pinnate or ternate. 1-+ Annual or biennial: leaflets incisely serrate, not ichite-tomentose : stamens 5 to 20. 3. P. Norvegica, L. Erect, stout, ^ to 2 feet high, at length dichoto- mous above, hirsute: leaves ternate ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : cyme leafy and rather loose: calyx large: stamens 15, rarely 20: akenes rugose, or nearly smooth : receptacle large, oblong. — Throughout N. America, espe- cially nortliward. 4. P. rivalis, Nutt. More slender, usually diffusely branclied : pubescence softly -villous, sometimes nearly wanting : leaves pinnate, witli 2 ])airs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaf 3-parted ; upper leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate-ovate to -lanceolate, coarsely serrate : cymes loose, less leafy : calyx small: petals minute: stamens 10 to 20 : akenes usually 84 ^ ROSACEA, (rose family.) smooth : receptacle short. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 437. From the Missouri Eiver to the Rocky Mountains. Var, millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate: stems erect or weak and ascending: akenes often small and light-colored. — Rev. Pot. 553. P. mille- grana, Engelm. Eastern slope of the Sierras and eastward to New Mexico and the ^Missouri. 5. P. supina, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect : pubescence scanty, villous, spreading: leaflets pinnatel/j 5 fo 11, obovate or oblong: cymes loose, leafy: petals equalling the sepals: stamens 20: akenes strongly gibbous by the thichening of the very shor-t pedicel. — P. paradoxa, Nutt. From the Missouri to New Mexico, and eastward to the Mississippi, Ohio, and the Great Lakes. -iH- 4-). Herbaceous perennials, more or less ichite-tomentose : leaflets incisely-pinnati- fld: bractlets and sepals nearly equal: stamens usually 25. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Silky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 9, whitetomen- tose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, the segments linear, slightly or not at all revolute: cyme fastigiate but rather open, the pedicels erect. — From Colorado and New Mexico northward, thence eastward to the New England coast and Canada. Var. strigosa, Pursh. Smaller : leaflets mostly tomentose on both surfaces, deeply pectinate-divided or pinnatifid, icith revolute margins: cyme short and close. — From Colorado northward, and along the Missouri, Var. glabrata, Watson. Leaves subglabrous on both sides, the lobes of the leaflets silky-tufted at the apex. — Rev. Pot. 554. Mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and northward into British America. * * Styles flliform, not glandular at base : inflorescence cymose. M- Style terminal: carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens 20: herbaceous perennials, icith conspicuous flowers. •w- Leaves pinnate [sometimes digitate in Nos. 7 and 11) : bractlets shorter than the 7. p. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker: stems branching above into a diffuse cyme : leaves occasionally digitate in reduced alpine specimens ; leaflets 5 to 11, diminishing uniformly down the petiole, incisely toothed at least towards the apex: carpels 10 to 30. — From New Mexico and Arizona to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. Var. pulcherrima, Watson. Leaflets 5 to 9, approximate, crowded, or digitate, the upper surface green and pubescent or subglabrous. — Rev. Pot. 555. P. pulcherrima, Lehm. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America. 8. P. efifusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout with scattered villous hairs: stems d( fusel y branched above: leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones often smaller, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate : carpels 10. — From Colo- rado northward into British America. 9. P. crinita, Gray. Appressed silky-villous, not at all tomentose: stems decumbent: leaflets 9 to 15, mostly folded and f alcatel y recurved, coarsely ser- rate, villous beneath, scarcely so or glabrous above: carpels 25 to 30. — PI. Fendl. 41. S. W. Colorado and New Mexico. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 85 10. p. PlattensiS, Nutt. Subalpiue: pubescence appressed sUhj-villom thruwjiiout, scant ji or nearlij wantiny : stems decumhenf : leujiets 7 to 13, usual! ij crowded and often alternate, deeplij incised-pinnatijid into 3 to 7 linear segments: flowers few, in an open cyme: carpels 2.5 to 40. — Torr. & Gray, Fl i. 439. P. diversifoUa, var. pinnatisecta of Bot. King's Exp. 87. Mountains of Colo- rado and Nevada, and in tlie Uintas. 11. P. disseeta, Fursli. Low, alpine, more or less sill'i/-ri!lous, with some- what spreading hairs, or nearly glabrous: stems decumbent or ascending: lea/lets 5 to 7, or rarely but 3, often glaucous, closehj pinnate, or as frequently digitate, the upper one inciselg pinnatifid or serrate, the lowest ojlen but trifid: flo\\-ers few, in an open cyme: carpels 10 to 20 or more. — P. diversifoUa, Lehni. From Colorado to California and British America. The following varieties occur with the type. Var. glaucophylla, Lehm. Glaucous-green: leaves digitate, nearlg gla- brous on both sides. Var. multisecta, AVatson. Canescent tvith a not very dense silkg pubes- cence : leaves digitate or nearly so, the leaflets digitatelij or pinnatelg divided and the segments linear. — Bot. King's Exp. 86. Var. (?) decurrens, Watson. Leaflets but 3 or with 1 to 2 additional distant pairs of smaller ones, the terminal leaflet truncatelg 3-toothed, the upper pair 2 to 3-toothed, conspicuoushj decurrent: stem \-floicered, 3 inches high, gla- brous throughout, excepting the villous calyx and tufted apices of the leaves. — Rev. Pot. 557. From peaks of the Uintas. ■w. ++ Leaves dig itatelg 5 to 7-foliolate (rarely pinnate in No. 12): tomentose or villous. 12. P. gracilis, Dougl. Villous and more or less tomentose: stems 2 to ^ feet high: leaflets mostly 7, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, tomentose beneath, green above and subvillous or appressed silky: carpels 40 or more. — From New Mexico to Utah and California, and thence northward to the Saskatche- wan and Alaska. Var. fiabelliformis, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets very deeply pinnatifid. — Fl. i. 440. Var. fastigiata, Watson. Cyme shorter and more compact, more densely pubescent : often low. — Rev. Pot. 557. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Var. rigida, Watson. Villous, but without tomentum : usually tall and stout. — Loc. cit. P. Xuttallii, Lehm. 13. P. humifusa, Nutt. Densely ichite-tomentose and silky-rillons: stems decumbent, 2 to 4 inches long, slender : leaflets 5, green and appressed silky above, only the rounded or truncate apex serrate irith 3 to 5 teeth : carpels 15 to 20. — From the mountains of Colorado to the Saskatchewan. 4-1. ++ ++ Leaves ternate: low, arctic or alpine, few-flowered. 14. P. nivea, L Pubescence silky-villous, densely white-tomentose on the under side of the leaves : leaflets coarsely incised-serrate or pinnatifid, the terminal one sessile or petiolulate : carpels few or many. — From Colorado northward. Var. disseeta, Watson. Leaves digitately or piunntoly o-foliolate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid : stems 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-ric)wercd. — Rev Pot. 559. In the Uintas and mountains of Montana and British America. 86 ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) ^_ 4- Style attached below the middle of the ovary : carpels on short pedicels, and^ with the receptacle, densely villous : disk not thickened: more or less woody perennials. 15. P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby, much branched, 1 to 4 feet high : pubes- cence silky-villous : leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually white beneath and the margins revolute. — From Colorado westward to N. California, northward to the Arctic Circle, and eastward to New Jersey and Labrador. * # * Styles filiform, attached to the middle of the ovary : peduncles axillary^ solitary, 1-fioivered : carpels glabrous : stems creeping or decumbent : herbaceous perennials. 16. P. Anserina, L. Spreading by slender many-jointed runners, white- tomentose and silky-villous : leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones interposed, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at least beneath. — ■ From California, New Mexico, Illinois, and Pennsylvania northward to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. 17. SIBBALDIA, L. Petals linear-oblong. Styles lateral. — Dwarf and cespitose arctic or al- pine perennials : leaves thick ; the leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit : flowers cymose. L S. procumbens, L, Somewhat villous: stems creeping, leafy at the extremities : leaflets cuneate : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : akenes on very short hairy stipes. — Mountains of Colorado and California, and the White INIountains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 18. IVESIA, Torr. &Gray. Calyx campanulate Akenes fixed by the middle. ~ Herbaceous peren nials : flowers in cymes or open panicles. 1. I. Gordoni, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent or often somewhat hir- sute, or glabrate : stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex : leaflets obovate, with oblong or spatulate segments ; cauline leaves one or two, pinnatifid. — Pac. R. Rep. vi. 72. Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and west- ward to California. 19. CHAM^RHODOS, Bunge. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft ; the base lined with a membranous disk, which is very densely bearded at the margin. Stamens opposite the petals, inserted with them into the sinuses of the calyx above the disk. Styles arising near the base of the ovaries. — Small, erect and branching glandular- pubescent herbs : inflorescence dichotomously cymose. 1. C. erecta, Bunge. Stem slender, two inches to a foot high, panicu- lately branched above : radical leaves rosulate, ternately or biternately many- cleft ; the upper cauline ones 3 to 5-cleft. — Colorado and northward into British America. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 87 20. A GRIM ONI A, Touru. Agrimony. Tall perennial herbs : leaves interruptedly pinnate : flowers in slender spi- Gate racemes, with 3-eleft brat-ts : fruit pendulous. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Leaflets 5 to 7, with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed : petals twice the length of the calyx. — Colorado; common throughout the Eastern States. 21. POTERIUM, L. Burnet. Stamens 2 to 4 or more : filaments often elongated. — Ours is an annual : leaflets deeply piunatifid, petiolulate : flowers small, perfect in ours. I. P. annuum, Nutt. Glabrous, slender, 6 to 15 inches high: leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate to oblong, with linear segments : flowers greenish, the heads ovoid or oblong: fruit shorter than the bracts. — From the Up])er Missouri southward into the Indian Territory ; also in California and Wash- ington. 22. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx without hractlets. Stamens on the thick margin of the silky disk, which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, hairy. — Usually prickly : leaves with mostly serrate leaflets : flowers corymbose or solitary, showy. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 324. * Sepals connivent and persistent after flowering. •\- No infrastipular spines ; acicukir prickles ojlen present : fruit globose. L R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, with nsuall// few prickles or none : stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed ; leaflets 5 or 7 (rarely 9), cuneate at base and shortli/ petiolulate, simplij and coarsely toothed, glabrous above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, not resinous : flowers cori/mbose or solifar//: sepals entire, hispid. — R. fni.rini- folia, Gmelin. Within our range at its northeastern boundary, and extending from thence to Newfoundland. 2. R. Sayi, Schwein. Stems 1 or 2 feet high, thicklij covered tvith pricl-les: stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3 to 7, usaalli/ sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, more or less doubli/ toothed, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, resinous beneath: flowers solitan/ (rarely 2 or 3) : outer scpah with lateral lobes, not hispid. — Abundant in the mountains from Colorado to British America, thence eastward to Lake Superior. 3. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems h to 6 feet high, more or less densehj prickli/ : stipules narrou\ more or less glandular-toothed ; leaflets 7 to 11, nearli/ sessile or often petiolulate, somewhat cuneate at base, simpli/ and coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, usually not resinous: flowers corifni- bose: outer sepals icith one or more lateral lobes, usually not hispid. — Fl. Colo- rado, 38. R. blanda, var. setigera, Crepin. Abundant in the mountains from New Mexico and W. Texas to British America, and eastward to tlie I'ppf'r Mississippi. 88 ROSACEA, (rose family.) H- "1- Infrastipular spines present y often with scattered prickles : leaflets 5 or 7. •M. Sepals entire. 4. R. Nutkana, Presl. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with stout straight or recurved spines : stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets rounded at base, usually resinous beneath, the teeth more or less glandular-serrulate: flowers solitarij (rarely 2 or 3), 2 or 3 inches broad: fruit globose, 6 lines broad. — From N. Utah (in the Wasatch) and Idaho to Oregon and northward. Unarmed forms and others with slender spines are reported from W. Mon- tana ( Watson). 5. R, Fendleri, Crepin. Stems often tall (6 or 8 feet high, or less), with rather slender straight or recurved spines : stipules mostly narrow and usually naked ; leaflets cuneate at base and often petiolulate, usually glaucous, finely pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, the teeth usucdly simple : flowers smaller, corymbose or often solitary : fruit globose, 4 lines broad. — From W. Texas and New INIexico to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into British America. •*-*• -M- Outer sepals laterally lobed. 6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems 4 to 3 feet high, with slender straight or recurved spines : stipules narrow or dilated, entire ; leaflets obtuse or usually cuneate at base, glabrous or pubescent above, villous or pubescent or glabrous beueatli, simply toothed or resinous and serrulate-toothed : flowers corymbose or solitary, 1| to 2 inches broad, on very short naked pedicels: fruit globose, 4 or 5 lines broad. — From Missouri and Colorado to W. Montana and the Saskatchewan. On the plains and in the valleys. * * Sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous: infrastipular spines present. 7. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Stem slender and weak, 2 to 10 feet high, with straight slender spines : stipules narrow, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets 5 to 9, glabrous, doubly glandular-toothed, sessile or nearly so : flowers solitary or few : sepals 3 or 4 (rarely 6) lines long, entire, deciduous (with the few distinct styles) from the very contracted top of the naked oblong-obovate to globose fruit. — In the Pacific States, but extending eastward into N. W. Montana and N. Idaho. 23. CRAT-aEGUS, L. Thorn. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped ; the limb .5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Sta- mens 5 to 20, — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, toothed, or lobed • flowers corymbose, mostly white. 1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Spines few, short and stout : leaves rather rigid; lanceolate-ovate, simply serrate, only the upper ones of the shoots broader, doubly serrate or rarely slightly incised ; Avith narrow, glandular-incised stip- ules : calyx-lobes usually glandular : fruit black : nutlets 3 lines long or over, usually strongly ridged on the back. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 464. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and westward to the Pacific. C. DouGLASii, Lindl., with broader, thinner, doubly serrate leaves, broad stipules, and smaller black-purple fruit, is reported from Montana, but proba bly occurs only west of our range. SAXIFRAGACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 89 C. cocciNEA, L., with bright coral-red fruit, and glabrous tliroughout, has been reported from S. W. Colorado, C. TO.MEXTOSA, L., var. PUNCTATA, Gray, with fruit dull red and ycdlowish with whitish dots, and leaves villous-pubescent when young, has lieen reported from Weber River Valley, Utah. The last two species, belonging to the section Euytiiuocahfa, are verv common east, but their occurrence within our range is so doubtful that for the present they are excluded. 24. PYE.US, L. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbinate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, ses- sile or uuguiculate. Stamens 20. Styles distinct, woolly at base. — Ours is a shrub, with pinnate, serrate, deciduous leaves, and white flowers in fiat compound cymes. 1. P. sambueifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, nearly glabrous: the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually sparingly villous: leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong, acute : fruit berry-like, red. — From Colorado to California, northward into British America and thence eastward to the Atlantic. 25. AMELANCHIER, Medicus. Jcxe-berry. Service- berry. Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, ascending. Stamens 20, short. — Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, serrate : flowers white, racemose : fruit purplish, edible. 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or often more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occa- sionally oblong-ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only towards the summit : petals narrowly oblong. — .1. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray. Prom the Rocky Mountains to California, and eastward into the Mississippi Valley. 26. PERAPHYLLUM, Nutt. Flowers solitary or in sessile 2 to 3-flowered corymbs; petals orl)icular, spreading. 1. P. ramosissimum, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very much branched, with grayish bark and short rigid brauchlets: leaves narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate into a very short petiole, somewhat silky-pubescent., sparingly denticulate: flowers appearing with the leaves, pale rose-color: styles elongated, tomentose: fruit globose, fleshy and edible. — Torr. & Gray, PL i. 474. S. W. Colorado to Utah, California, and Oregon. Order 27. SAXlFRAGACEiE. (Saxifrage Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or sometiines small trees, distinguished from most HosacecB by albuminous seeds and small embryo; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes ; couunonly 90 SAXIFEAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) by the want of stipules ; sometimes by the leaves being opposite ; and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary, with either axile or parietal placentae. Seeds usually indefinitely numerous. Petals and stamens perigynous. Styles inclined to be distinct. Tribe I. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. — SAXirR.\GEyE. * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placentae in the axis, or of as many distinct carpels. 1. Saxifragao Stamens 10 (rarely more). Petals 5. Calyx-tub mostly free. 2. Boykinia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. * * Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae alternate with the styles or stigmas: no sterile filaments. 3. Telliina. Stamens 10, included. Petals 3 to 7-parted into narrow divisions, conspicu- ous. Styles 2 or 3, very short. 4. Tiarella. Stamens 10, and styles 2, both long, filiform and exseited. Petals entire, inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule very unequally 2-valved to the base. 5. IVEitella. Stamens 6 (in our.s), very short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary di visions. Styles very short. Capsule depressed. 6. Chi-ysosplenium. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Petals none. Styles 2. Capsule obcordate, flattened. 7. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small, sometimes minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior. * * * Ovary 1-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae directly under as many obtuse sessile stigmas : a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens. S. Parna.ssia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, large. Stamens 5. Flower solitary. Tribe II. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple: no stipules. Fruit capsular. — Hydran- GIEiE. * Stamens 20 or more : ovary inferior. 9. Philadelphus. Ovary 4 to 5-celled. Petals convolute in the bud. ** * Stamens 8 or 10 : ovary superior or nearly so. 10. Jamesia. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary and incompletely 3 to 5-oelled capsule. Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. 11. Fendlera. Calyx- tube half adherent to the 4-celled ovary and capsule. Petals 4. Filaments 2-lobed. Styles 4. Tribe III. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 12. Kibes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary : placentae 2, parietal. 1. S A XI FRAG A, L. Saxifrage. Calyx .5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals entire. Stigmas mostly depressed-capitate or reniform — Either stemless or short-stemmed : petioles commonly sheath- ing at base : the small flowers in cymes, cymose panicles, or clusters, some- times solitary. * Stein more or less leafij. •»- Cahjx free from the ovary : leaves opposite. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches : flowers solitary, large : petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft calyx. — From the Teton Mountains northward and throns^hout Arctic America ; also found in Vermont. SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 91 •«- •»- Calyx adherent to the ovary below : stem leaves alternate. ■*•*■ Sepals distinct or coherent at base. = Petals yellow. 2. S. HirculuS, L. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, not ciliate: pedicels and upper part of the 1 to 6-flowered stem more or less hairy, not f/landuhtr: se/jufs nsKdlly ciliate, much shorter than the very large petals. — From Ctjlorado t(j tlie Arctic Sea. 3. S. flagellaris, Willd. Glandular-pubescent, 1 to 5-flo\vered : stolons from the axils of the radical leaves long and fdiform, naked and rooting at the ends : leaves obovate-spatulate, ciliate ; the lower much crowded ; the upper oblong or linear : flowers large : sepals very ylundular. — From tiie high mountains of Colorado to the Arctic regions. 4. S. aizoides, L. Low, 3 to 5 inches high, in tufts, witli few or several corymbose flowers : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, distantly spinnlosf- ciliate : petals spotted with orange. — " Alpine rivulets on the Rocky Moun- tains" {Drummond), throughout Arctic America, and found in some of the Atlantic States. 5. S. chrysantha, Gray. Bwavi, cesipitose, shoots creeping .- leaves rosu- late, imbricated, oblong-ovate, thick, very smooth: stem filiform, few-leaved, slightly glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered : calyx segments reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. The S. serpyllifolia of Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Rep. 1871. High alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. = = Petals white or cream-color. 6. S. CSespitOSa, L. Dwarf (l to 2 inches high), cespitose: leaves glandu- lar-pubescent, 3 to 5-clefi, segments broadly linear and obtuse ; the upper leaves linear and entire : flowering stems with a few scattered leaves, glandular, 1 to 4-flowered. — Mountains of Colorado and extending northward to lat. 56° 7. S, Cernua, L. Glabrate or glandular-pubescent: stems granulate at base, weak, 2 to 5 inches high : lower leaves reniform, broadly toothed or lobed : the upper ones bearing little bulbs in their axils : flowers often solitary, terminal, pendulous: petals retuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward througli- out the Arctic regions. 8. S. bronchialis, L. Stems slender, producing sliort branchlets : leaves linear, rather coriaceous, flnely ciliate, mucronate-pointed, crowded below: flowers corymbose on a long, slender, bracted peduncle : petals marked with numerous purplish spots. — From Colorado northward to the N. W. Coast. ++ -i-r Sepals coherent at least to the middle: petals not yellow. 9. S. rivularis, L. Small: stems weak, 3 to b- flowered : lower leans iounded,3 to 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate: petals white, ovate. — Mountains of Colorado and northward ; also in the White Moun- tains. 10. S. adscendens, L. Glandular-pubescent: stems 1 to 3 inches bigh. erect : leaves cuneate-ovate, 3 to 5-tooflied at the apex, the earlier spatulato and entire, radical ones crowded : branchlets 3-flowered: petals pinkish or yellowish white. — Mountains of Colorado. 11. S. Jamesii, Torr. Glandular-puberulent : stems 2 to 6 inclics high from a thick caudex, 5 to lO-flowered : radical leaves reniform-cordute, smooth- ish, crenately-toothed or -lohed ; cauline few, the uppermost bract-like, cuneiform • 92 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) raceme compouud : petals purple, orbicular. — Mountains of Colorado and northward in the Teton Range and the National Park. •i- -t- -I- Calyx whollij adherent. 12. S. debilis, Engelm. Glabrous or very sparingly glandular-pubes- cent : stems weak, ascending, 2 to 4-flowered, 2 to 4 inches high : radical leaves small, crenately lobed ; cauline 3-lobed or entire : petals white or pink- ish, ovate, obtuse. — Mountains of Colorado and northward into Wyoming. * * Stemless : petals white. -»- Cali/x free from the ovary, or nearly so: sepals almost distinct, reflexed. 13. S. punctata, L. ViUous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves long- petioled, reniform or orbicular, equally and deeply dentate: scape slender, naked, 1 to l^ feet high, the peduncles and pedicels of the usuallj^ open panicle glandu- lar : petals oval or orbicular. — Colorado, Utah, and northward into British America. 14. S. Stellaris, L., var. comosa, Poir. Leaves ivedge-shaped, more or less toothed: scape 4 to 5 inches high, l^eariug a small contracted panicle: many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves : petals un- equal, lanceolate and tapering into the claw. — Mt. Evans, Colorado ( Greene) ; also in Maine and far northward. •I- -t- Calyx adherent to the ovary at base. •f-i- Sepals erect. 15. S. nivalis, L. Leaves ovate or obovabe, attenuate into a broad petiole, unequally crenate-deutate : scape 2 to 5 inches high, capitately or sub- corymbosely several to many-flowered: petals oblong: capsules purple. — Colo- rado and northward to Arctic America. 16. S. Virgiuiensis, Michx. Like the preceding, but larger and more open : scape a span to afoot high, at length loosely many-flowered in a paniculate cyme : petals obovate. — In the Rocky Mountains and Coast Ranges ; also com- mon in the Atlantic States. ++ •*-). Sepals spreading, or at length reflexed. 17. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovate or obovate to lanceolate- spatulate, 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a very short and margined petiole : scape 1 to 3 feet high, viscid : flowers in small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform panicle : petals obovate or broadly spatulate. — S. hieracifolia of Hayd. Rep. for 1871 and 1872. From Colorado northward to the Yellowstone and westward to the Sierras. 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals entire, the base contracted into a short claw. — Perennial, with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers : the leaves all alternate, round-reuiform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilatations or appendages at base. 1. B. major, Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 4 to 8 inches in diam- eter, 5 to 9-clef t : petioles abruptly appendaged at base, the lower with scari- SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAX!FliAGE FAMILY.) 93 ous, tlie upper with foUaceous and rounded stipules. — In the Sierras from California to Oregon and extending into the Bitter-Uoot Mountains. 3. TELLIMA, K. 15r. Calyx campanulate or turl)inate, 5-loljed ; the base of the tube coherent with the base or lower half of the ovary. — Perennials : with palniately- divided leaves, few on the simple stems; their petioles with stipule-like dila- tations at base : flowers in a simple terminal raceme ; petals white or pink. In ours the slender or filiform rootstock and sometimes even the few-fluwcred raceme bear clusters of small grain-like bulblets. 1. T, parviflora, Ilook. Roughish-hlrsate or saibroiis-jmhesceut, a span to afoot high : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice .3-cleft; calijx obconical or at length almost clavate: petals deepli/ 3-(l eft into linear or oblong divisions: ovari/ and capstde fullij half- inferior. — Colorado, Utah, and nortliward through the Yellowstone region to British America. 2, T. tenella, Watson. Small and slender, 2 /o 9 inrlies high, roughish with a minute glandular pubescence: leaves smaller tlian the preceding (J inch in diameter) : cahjx campanulate : petals 3 to b-parted or even irregularly 7-parted into mostly linear divisions : oi'arg and capsule free except the base. — Bot. King's Exp. 95. Colorado and the Teton Mountains, thence west to the Sierras. 4. TIARELLA, L. Calyx 5-parted ; the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less colored. — Perennial, low or slender : with palmately lol)ed or divided alter- nate leaves, and a terminal raceme or panicle of small wliitc flowers. 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy : flowering stems a span to a foot or more long : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or some- what triangular, 3 to 5-lobed and the lobes crenate-toothed ; the rndical ones slender-petioled ; the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or some- times 2 or 3 similar to the radical. — From California to British Columbia and extending into N. W. Montana. 5. MI TELL A, Tourn. Mitre-wot^t. Calyx 5-cleft, short, coherent with the base of the ovary. — Low and slender perennials: with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or nm- ners; those on the scape opposite, if any: flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. 1. M. pentandra, Hook. Leaves all radical, cordate, slightly lobed, crenatelij serrate: cahjx adherent nearli/ to the summit (f the ovarii: p(tals pectinate-pi nnati fid : stamens opposite the petals : stigmas 2-lobed. — From Colorado to the Yellowstone and the Bitter Root Mtuintains. 2. M. trifida, Graham. Leaves as in the last, but dfiifate: rali/x adhe- rent to the middle of the ovary : petals 3 to b-paried : stamens opposite the calyX' lobes: stigmas entire. — By mistake in Fl. Colorado this species was described under the name ^f. pentandra. From Colorado to British America, ami who in California. 94 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4 or 5, yellow within. Stamens inserted on a conspicuous disk. — Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small corymbose flowers. 1. C. alternifolium, L. Flowering stems erect : leaves alternate, reni- form-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed. — Colorado and northward. 7. HE U CHER A, L. Alum-root. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. — Perennials : with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate : petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base : flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. * Stamens and styles ezserted. 1. H. rubescens, Torr. Scape usually naked, glabrous or somewhat scabrous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves nearly glabrous, suborbicular, cordate at base, slightly lobed, crenate-dentate, the teeth ciliate : panicle loosely many- flowered, often somewhat reddish : petals linear, more or less rose-colored or white. — From New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to the mountains of Nevada and the Wasatch. * * Stamens and styles included [at least at first). -1- Generally hirsute : flowers rather large. 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Scapes 2 to 4 feet high, hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs, scarcely glandular: leaves rounded, slightly 5 to 9-lobed : panicle very narrow : stamens at first included, but soon exserted, longer than the spatul ate petals. — Along the Missouri to the mountains, and northward and eastward. 3. H. cylindrica, Dougl. Commonly hirsute and above glandular-pubes- cent : leaves roimd-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and com- monly lobed : scape 10 to 24 inches high: the greenish flowers in a cylindrical spike or thyrsus: petals inconspicuous or none. — National Park, Montana, and westward into Nevada, Oregon, etc. -1- 1- Pi(berule;:r or glabrous : fiowers small, 1-1. Panicle glomerate, spicate. 4. H. bracteata, Seringa. Small, 3 to 6 inches high : scapes numerous from a thick woody caudex : radical leaves roundish-subcordate, incisely lobed, lobes crenately toothed : petals attenuate, scarcely broader than the filaments : styles and stamens at length exserted. — Mountains of Colorado. •M- ++ Panicle loose, racemose. 5. H. Hallii, Gray. Minutely gland ular-puberulent : scapes 4 fo 8 inches ^?V/^, naked or with 1 to 3 minute subulate bracts : petals narrowly spatulate, obtuse, exsert. — Colorado. 6. H. parvifolia, Nutt. Scabrous-puberulent : scape naked, 6 inches to 2 feet high : leaves roundish-cordate, crenately 5 to 7-lobed : petals minute, cadu- cous: seeds muricate or hispid under a lens. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 581. From New Mexico northward through Montana. SAXn^^KAGACi:.^. (SAXIFKAGK FAMILY.) 'Jo 8. PARNASSIA, Touru. Gkass of Taknassus. Perennial smooth herbs, with tlie leaves entire and cliiutly radical, an tana and Vrashiugton. ONAGEACE^. (EVENING-PKIMROSK FAMILY.) lO". 3. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals white or rose-colored. — Xery slender hranth ing annuals, witli linear entire leaves, and very small axillary Howers. 1. G. ramosissimum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence puberulent, dijj'uselj much branched : flowers ^ line long, mostli/ near the ends of the branches: capsule ublony, 2 or 3 lines lomj, on jn-direls of about the same length or shorter, often deflexed, 3 to 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 513. Colorado and northward, and westward to Oregon and California. 2. G. racemosum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or more or less canescent with short apinx'ssed ])ubescence, the elongated branches mostly simple: flowers ^ line long, axillarj/ the whole length of the branches: capsules linear, sessile or verji shortli/ pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usuailg mam/sreded. — Fl. i. 514. Colorado and northward, thence westward to Washington and Cali- foriiia. 4. CENOTHERA, L. Evexing PhiMRosfc. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals obcordate or obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat Avoody to membranaceous. — Herbs, or sometimes woody at base : flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 573. §1. Stigma lobes linear, elongated: cal>/x-tid)e linear, sl/ghtl// dilatrd at thr throat: anthers linear. * Caulescent: Jiowers in a leafij spike, erect in the bud, yellow: capsules sessile, coriaceous : seeds in two roics. ■«- Capsules oblong, slightly attenuate above: seeds with more or less margined angles, nearly smooth. 1. CE. biennis, L. Erect, rather stout, 1 to 5 feet liigh, usually simple: calyx-tuhe 1 to 2^ inches long: capsule f to 1 inch long. — Common every- where and very variable. Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals equalling the calyx-tube. — Same range, but less common eastward. ■t- H- Capsules linear: seeds not margined, minutely tuherculate. 2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Spike elongated, dense : calyx silky- canescent : petals rhombic-ovate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. Probably within the eastern limits of our range, and thence to the Indian Territory and northward to Minnesota. * * Caulescent : JloLcers noddinq in the bud, rrhitc turning to rose-rolor : rnpsulr:; sessile, mostly linear : seeds in a single row. 3. CE. pinnatifida, Nutt. Annual or biennial : cahix-tips not frrr, throat naked : seeds oral, not angled, finely pitted. — Along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from the Dakotas to the Indian Territory and New Mexico 4. CE. trichocalyx, Nutt. Annual : calyx very villous : the tips not free, throat naked : sp((ls bnirr-h'nrar, smooth. — Tovr. & Gray, Fl. i. 404. (E. del- toidea, Torr. From W. Wyoming to California, and thence to Arizona and New Mexico. 104 ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 5. CE. albicaulis, Nutt. Perennial: stems white and shreddi/ : cali/x-tijjs free, throat naked ; seeds smooth, lance-linear. — A very variable species. From New Mexico and Colorado to Washington and British America. 6. (E. COronopifolia, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : calyx-tips short, free, throat verij villous: capsule oblong: seeds ovate, angled, tuberculate. — Fl. i. 495. From Nebraska to the Uintas, and southward to New Mexico. * * * Acaulescent, or nearlij so : Jiowers erect in the bud, ivhite or rose-color: capsides mostlg sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtusely or sharply angled, large and rigid. 7. CE. CSespitOSa, Nutt. Capsule oblong, ribbed, often doubly crested on the angles : calyx-tube 2 to 7 inches long : petals f to If inches long. — CE. marginata, Nutt. From the Upper Missouri to Nebraska and southward to Nevada, New Mexico, etc. 8. QB. triloba, Nutt. Capsule ovate, persistent, strongly winged, net-veined : calyx-tips free, the tube 2 to 4 inches long : petals } to I inch long. — From British Columbia to Mexico, and westward to California. Var. (?) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small, about an inch or two long, fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening : fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass, nearly 2 inches in diameter and often 2 or 3 inches high. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 251. Plains of Kansas and Nebraska. 9. CE. brachycarpa, Gray. Capsule ovate, winged, more or less corky, smooth: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: petals l^ inch long, purplish: seed-testa thickened. — PI. Wright, i. 70. ? CE. marginata, var. purpurea, of the various reports. From Montana to Nevada, New Mexico, and W. Texas. * * * * Caulescent : Jiowers axillary: capsule ovate to orbicular, strongly angled and broadly ivinged. 10. CE. canescens, Torr. Low: capsule ovate, 3 fo 4 lines long : petals white and rose-color, 6 lines long : calyx-tube 6 fo 8 lines long. — From the head- waters of the Platte to New Mexico. 11. CE. MissOUriensiS, Sims. Capsule 1 to 3 inches long, with wings nearly as broad: calyx-tube 2 to 5 inches long: petals 1 to 2^ inches long, yellow: seeds strongly crested. — From Missouri to Colorado and Texas. § 2. Stigma capitate : calyx-tube linear, persistent : Jiowers erect in the bud, yellow: anthers oblong: capsules sessile, linear to ovale: seeds in two rows: mostlif (traulescent. 12. CE. breviflora, Torr. & Gray. Subpubescent : leaves deeply pinna- tifid : calyx-tube 3 to 6 lines long : petals 3 lines long. — Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and westward. § 3. Stigina discoid : calyx-tube more broadly dilated above: Jiowers erect in the bud, yelloiv, axillary : anthers oblong-linear : capsule mostly sessile, linear- cylindrir. 13. CE. Hartwegi, Benth. Low, 3 to 15 inches high : leaves numerous, linear to lanceolate, mosdy entire : calyx-tube 1 to 2 inches long, the tips free and linear: petals 4 to 12 lines long: capsule 8 to 10 lines long. ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.; 105 Var. lavandulsefolia, Watsou. Taller, i»ul)C'S(ent throughout : leaves mostly linear and shorter: calyx-segiiieuts less attenuated ahove. — (A\ /u- vandulcefolia, Terr. & (Jray. From Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. 14. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Leaves linear to lanceolate, denticulate: t/ie free cal/jx-tips short: capsules 9 to 15 lines long. — From New Mexico and Texas northward to British America. § 4. Stigma capitate : calijx-tube obconic or short funnelfurm : flowers in croudtd bracteate or leaf// spikes: anthers oblong: capsule linear^ sessde, attenuated aboi'e, curved and contorted. 15. CE. Strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, var. pubens, Watson. Pubescewe hirsute and spreading, sometimes nearly smooth : petals 1 to 2 lines long, vel- low, usually turning red : capsule verg narroir/g linear, often short-j»edi(elle feet high: leaves ohJong- lanceolate, denticulate : fruit oval or oblong, ribbed, downy. — Idaho and east- ward to the Atlantic. 2. G. parviflora, Dougl. Clothed, besides the long soft-villous hairs, with a minute slightli/ glandular pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceo- late, repand-denticulate, clothed on both sides with a soft velvetg pubescence : spikes virgate, dense : fruit oblong-clavate, 4-7ierved, obtusely angled above. — From Wasliington to Texas. 3. G. COCCinea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 6 to 12 inches high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire : flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet : fruit elliptical, terete, 4-sided above. — Colorado to Montana and eastward to Arkansas and the Saskatchewan. 8. CIRCiEA, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped disk. Petals obcordate. Fruit pear-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. — Low slender erect herbs : leaves thin, petiolate : flowers small, Avhite, in terminal and lateral racemes : fruit on slender spreading or deflexed pedicels. 1. C Pacifica, Ascherson & Magnus. Mostly glabrous : leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, repandly denticulate : calyx white, Avith a very small tube : fruit a line long. — The C. alpina of Fl. Colorado. From Colo- rado to the Saskatchewan and westward to California and Washington. Order 32. I^OASACE^. Herbaceous plauts with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs, no stipules, calyx-tube adnate to a one-celled ovary, parietal pla- centae, and a single style. Stamens usually very numerous, some of the outer occasionally petaloid. Flowers perfect, often showy. LOASACE^. 107 i. MEN TZ ELI A, L. Calyx-tube cylindrical or turbinate: tlie limb 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovary truu- cate at the summit : style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted. C'ajjsule oxteu'mg usually irregularly at the apex. — Erect, the stems l)ecomiiig white and shin- ing : leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnaiilid : liuwers cymose or solitary, orange or golden yellow to white. * Seeds few, oblong, not wimjed : pefcds 5, not large: Jilamcnts all jUifonn : leaves petloled, cut-toothed or angled. 1. M. Oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, branches brittle : leaves ovate and oblong : petals yellow, wedge- oblong, pointed: capsule about 9-seeded. — From the mountains eastward across the plains to Illinois and Texas. * * Seeds few to manij, irregularlji angled or somewhat cubical, not iriw/id : petals 5, not large: ^filaments all fliform: capsule linear: leaves sessile, sin- uatehj toothed or pinnatijid. 2. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 3 inches to a foot high or nmre : leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatijid with numerous narrow lobes, upper lea\es broader : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches : petals spatulate or obovate : capsule linear-clavate : seeds numerous, rather strongly tubercidate, irregularhj angled with ol)tuse margins. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 534. From Xew Mexico and Colorado to Oregon and California. 3. M. dispersa, Watson. Very similar, but the leaves sinuate-toothed, sometimes entire, rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate : .eccr/s somewhat cubical and verg nearlg smooth . — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 11.5. M. tuse: flowers