Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2009 witii funding from NCSU Libraries littp://www.arcliive.org/details/woodwardsarcliiteOOwood ^VOOD^Y^HD'S ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE GARDENING, AND RURAL ART. No. I. 1867. BY GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, EDITORS OP THE " HORTICITLTUEIST ;" AUTHORS OP " WOODWARD'S COUNTRT HOMES," "woodward's GRAPERIES," ETC. NEW YORK: GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWAED, 37 PARK ROW, OFFICE OF THE " HOKTICULTUKIST." 1867. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the Tear 1800, bt GEO. E. & P. W. WOODWARD, IN THE Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District OF New. York. Davtes & Kent, Mectrotypers and Stereotypers, 183 William St., N. Y. PREFACE. Tnis is the first number of a permanent Annual Publi- cation, to be issued from tlie Ofiice of tlie "Horticul- TurasT," and intended to supply a demand for plans and information in all departments of Rural Art. Each num- ber will be thoroughly illustrated with original and practical designs, adapted to the requirements of men of moderate means. CONTENTS. Design No. 1. page Design for an Ice-House 11 Design No. 2. Cottage, with Plans 13 Design No. 3. A Compact Cottage, with Pl^vns 15 Design No. 4. An Octagonal Cottage, with Plans 17 Design No. 5. A Farm Cottage 19 Designs Nos. 6 and 7. IcE-HousES, with Plans 21 Designs Nos. 8 and 9. ornajfexts in landscape gardening 23 Well-Housb 25 Design No. 10. Cottage and Plans 27 Design No. 11. Cottage 'and Plans 29 Design No. 12. Drying-House for Fruits 30 Design No. 13. Plan for Laying Out a Square Acre Lot 31 Orx^vmental Eoads 32 Design No. 14. A Farsi House 39 Design No. 15. A Southern House 40 vi contents. Design No. 16. page A Cottage Stable 42 A BiKD-HousE 45 Design No. 17. Plan for Laying Out a Three-Acre Lot ! 4G Chicken-Coops 47 Design No. 18. A Small Stable 49 Design No. 19. Plan tor Improving Lot of Four Acres 51 " Five " 51 Design No. 20. Cottage, with Plans 53 Design No, 21. Porter's Lodge 55 Well-House 50 Design No. 22. A Barn, with Plans 57 Design No. 23. A Parsonage House , 59 Design No. 24. Cottage, with Tower ' 61 Design No. 25. Cottage and Plans fiS Design No. 26. Cottage and Plans 65 Design No. 27. Cottage and Plans 67 Designs Nos. 28 and 29. Canopied Seat 68 A Rustic Seat 68 Design No. ^0. Smalt. Cottage, with Designs and Plans for Future Additions 69 %£iGN for a Fountain 73 contents. vh Design No. 31. page A Suburban Cottage 75 HiTCuiKG Post ajjd Steps ^ . . . . 77 Design No, 32. Plan for Latino Out a Lot One Hundked by Two Hundred Feet. . . 78 Design No. 33. Tool- House, etc. , with Plan 79 Design No. 34. A Piggery and Plan 80 Design No. 35. Smoke-Houses 81 Design No. 36. Plan for Laying Out Five Acres 82 Design No. 37. Plan for Laying Out a Lot Seventy-five by One Hundred and Fifty Feet 83 Design No. 38. A Square Cottage 85 Design No. 39. A Doctor's Residence 87 Design for a Well-House 89 Design No, 40, IcE-HousE, Cooling-Room, Tool- House, and Workshop combined.. 90 Designs Nos. 41 and 42. Plan for Laying Out a Lot Fifty by One Hundred and Fifty Feet 91 " " " an Irregular Plot 91 Design No. 43. Cottage and Plans ^^ Design No. 44, A Chicken-House ^4 Design No, 45, Plan for Laying Out a Lot One Hundred and Fifty by Two Hun- deed Feet ^"^ viu contents. Design No. 46. page A Barn, with Plan &6 • Desigx No. 47. Plan for Laying Out a Plot of about Two Acres 97 Design No. 48. How to Rejiodel an Old House 98 TuE Old House Remodeled 100 Design No. 49. Plan for Latino Out a Lot of One Acre 102 Design No. 60. Plan for Laying Out a Lot of Two Acres 103 Computing Cost of Building 104 Design for Gateway 105 Design No. 51. Timber Cottage ,. 106 Design No. 52. Plan for Laying Out a Lot Two Hundred and Fifty by Three Hundred and Twenty-five Feet 109 Design No. 53. Design for a Barn 110 Design No. 54. A Farm Cottage Ill Design No. 55. A Farm House 113 Design No. 5G. Plan for Laying Out a Ten- Acre Lot , 115 Design No. 57. A Country School- House 117 Design for Entrance Gate 119 Design No. 58. DF.SIGN FOR Grape Arbor 1 20 tion, sive HOSE who have watched the progress of Rural Arch- itecture for some years past, have noticed a mark- ed advance in architec- tural design and propor- tion and convenient and economical 5' interior arrangement ; yet, compared ^^^ ^J^^^ the large number of structures 1;^^^^=^^ yearly put up, the really attractive ^ ^^'^- and tasteful buildings form the excep- and not the rule. Building, at best, is an expen- undertaking, and those who engage in it without 1* 10 woodwaed's architecture, availing themselves of the progressive improvements of the day, make investments from which it is difficult to realize first cost; while he who embraces the princii^les of beauty, harmony, good taste, etc., rarely fails to com- mand his customer, and a handsome profit when ready to sell. The fact we desire to impress most thoroughly is, that it costs no more to build correctly and beautifully than to ignore all rules of taste, and that every one in this broad land who means to liave a home of his own, should have a home worth owning. The designs shown ai'e mostly of a low-priced descrip- tion, and the i:»revailing style chosen is the rural Gothic, the best that is known for cottage structures, being the most economical and useful. Nearly all the designs ad- mit of shingle roofs, which places the workmanship under the owner's control. In new countries, slate and tin roofers, and their materials, are not always available. Handy farm-laborers can shave shingles and make their own roofs ; and the j)ioneer, the well-to-do farmer, the laborer, and the mechanic usually expect to aid in erect- ing their own buildings. It is proi^osed, however, to introduce all the varied styles of architecture in future numbers, and they may be looked for with intci'est as supplying from year to year the latest and best models in the i)rogress of Rural Art. - A moderate number of plans for laying out small tracts of land are given ; and as our descriptions must neces- sai'ily be brief, the illustrations have been so managed as to tell their own story. Many designs for necessary out- buildings are introduced, as the i)lan of this book covers AND RURAL ART. 11 all departments of Rural Art. No pains or expense have "been sjiared in making this work reliable. All designs are of a practical character, can be enlarged and worked from ; many of tli^m are from actual construction, and all are wortli study and attention from any one who contem- plates building. We mean that it shall supply a want long felt for designs for convenient and attractive homes for the million. We are largely indebted for assistance in preparing the designs to Mr. E. C, Ilussey. Most of the engravings are by Mr. Chas. vSpiegle, both of whom have executed their work in a thoroughly artistic and satisfac- tory manner Fig. 2.— Desigh for an Icb-Housh. 12 WOODWARD S AKCHITECTDEE» Fig. 3.— Cottage. IIbcd r:,. p£d r || Fia. 4.— Cellar Plan. Piq. 5.— Fiust Floor. Fig. C— Skconu Floor. AND RUKAL ART. 13 DESIGN No. 2. • A LOAV-PRICED COTTAGE. Tuis design of two rooms on each floor gives a good fleal of available space with independent entrances, to each room. To those who must have houses at the low- est possible sum, the bay-window, porch, and finials may be omitted at first, and added at a future day ; but by all means preserve the broad projecting roof and the general outline as shown. Let the first-floor ceiling be 8 feet, and use studding of the usual length of 13 feet; this will give a breast of about 3^ feet in second story. Make the height in center 8 feet, and the roof about one third to one half pitch ; that is, the heigl^t of the roof should be one third or one half the width of the building. Additions can be made at any time when wanted, and will rather add to than detract from the general appearance. The cost of this cottage will range all the way from $600 to $1,200; and this difierence exists in nearly all classes of buildings, according to the section of country in which they arc built, the facility of getting materials, and the business management of the owner. As prices are constantly changing, it is useless to make statements that are only calculated to mislead ; indeed, at no former period could prices be furnished without creating much mischief. The best way is to show the nearest good mechanic the de- sign, tell him, as near as possible, your wishes, and he can give the most i-eliable figures. 14 woodward's aechitectube, Fig. 7.— a Compact Cottage. Fig. 8.— Cellar Plan. Fig. 9.— First Floor. Fig. 10.— Second Floor. AND ETIEAL AKT. 15 DESIGN No. 3. A COMPACT COTTAGE We show here a design for a very pretty, compact cottage, that may be erected either with wood, stone, or brick. Rock-faced i-ubble masonry, over whicli vines may be trained, Avould, we think, be very suitable. Those wlio buiki houses like this can easily find purchasers for them ; indeed, acre-lots in the suburbs of our cities and larger villages, with tasty cottages and a moderate amount of land- scaj^e embellishment, Avould not remain iincalled-for many days. There is a certain steady demand for cosy, com- fortable homes adai^ted to the purses of the great masses that should attract more attention from capitalists. Any convenient locality, where the nucleus, composed of a store, a church, a school-house, and a first-rate hotel, can be established, could be made very atti'active, and induce mnny to leave the crowded and unhealthy tenements of the city for a home in the country, be it ever so small. The complete cost of such an establishment in the coun- try, at a less distance in point of time from the City Hall of New York city than Thirty-fifth Street, would not ex- ceed the yearly rental of a not much more commodious liouse in the city, while its annual increasing value amounts to more than the legal rate of interest. 16 WOODWAED S AECHITECTUEE, Fig. 11. — An Octagonal Cottage. CELLAR 111 r tS ■ C BMILKACl \ ,T|| f II KITCHEN II I 12X16:6.' I Nl E PAPLORB LIVING lil U BCD R MbEO R [J "10X13 ffl lox/3 " \ ill / Fio. 12.— Cellar Plan. Fig. 13.— First Floor. Fig. 14.— Sfcond Floor. AND EUKAL ART. 17 DESIGN No. 4. AN OCTAGONAL COTTAGE. Foe the sake of a little variety in form, we here intro- duce a cottage having octagonal ends, and the principal rooms on the first floor of octagonal form. These rooms, furnished with a fair degree of taste, will present a cosy- appearance. The roof covers the building in the same man- ner as if it had square corners, and is sujjported by a neat bracket of timber-work. Those Avho do not fancy this suggestion, can adopt a similar plan with square angles at the corners, and omit the brackets under the roof The arrangement of the windows in the octagon ends gives better facilities for ventilation than if both windows were on the same line of wall, which they would have to be to preserve the symmetry of a square room. In the construc- tion of this house use the " balloon frame," because it is stronger and forty per cent, cheaper than any other — for a full illustrated description of which see " Woodward's Country Homes." Instead of filling in with brick, sheath the outside of the studding horizontally with rough boards, and over this put the siding ; a layer of tarred paper placed between would be serviceable. This will make a strong, warm house. 18 woodward's architectuke, Fig. It).— Cellar Plan. ,— nrL-, M L "'•'"' H^EL 9 KITCHEN «L I] 12X15 J— r C 12 XIS ij la r - — *■ \ - — ' BED ROOM I II X 13.6' Fit). 17.— FiusT Floor. Fig. 18.— Second Floor. AND KUKAL ART. lU DESIGN No. 5. A FA KM COTTAGE. This design will aiiswei- well '/or a farm-cottage, pre- sents a good variety, and would be considered an attract- ive home. We have had in view a moderate expenditure, and of course the builder must be satisfied with a moderate amount of room. Prices we might give, if we were satis- fied they would be any guide ; but a book like this, having a national circulation, can not be of any value whatever as to cost of construction. We have seen the time when, in the immediate vicinity of New York, this cottage could be built for $500, or even less. It might possibly be built now for $1,200; yet in some sections of the country, labor and materials can be had for half the prices they command here. There are many portions of the West where, at the present time (fall of 18G6), this cottage could be fully completed for $400 to $500. An ingenious farmer, who can supply from his farm a considerable portion of the materials, do his own hauling, and with the aid of a skill- ful mechanic and one or two handy laborers, if the work be not pushed on too fast, could execute this and similar designs by the use of very little money. 20 woodwaed's aechitecture, Fig. 19.— Igk-Uouse. A 12: X 15: Fig. 20.— Flan of Fig. 19. 12: X is: Fig. 21.— Plan of Fig. 22, ^!:$§^ Fig. 22.— Ick-House. AND EUEAL ART. 21 DESIGNS Nos. 6 and 7. ICE-HOUSES. Ice is an article that may, with many, be considered indispensable. Those who have enjoyed its use are un- willing to do without it. The comforts of the household are materially increased, and an abundant supply is a great luxury. Ice-houses may be constructed to suit all tastes and purses; and the various designs we give can be built plainly as Avell as elaborately. About twelve feet cube of ice is the requisite quantity for most families, and a bulk of this size keeps better than if smaller. The best houses are those built entirely above ground, though one, as shown in fig. 19, which is built into a gravelly bank is not ob- jectionable. Thorough drainage is essential, and where a l)ipe is used, it should be trapped, to prevent a current of air. The sides should be double, with from 8 to 12 inches space, and packed with wet tan, sawdust, or pulverized charcoal, well rammed down. Sometimes double walls of this kind are made, with an air chamber between; and sometimes an air chamber is made by furring out and lining with boards only. At the bottom we prefer, after the drainage has been provided, to lay a good plank floor ; cover this with 6 or 8 inches of sawdust or tan, and then pack the ice (which should be from 6 to 8 inches or more 22 woodward's akcuitectdke, in thickness) in layers, putting tlie blocks as close together as possible, and chinking up with small pieces of ice or snow. A space of about 6 inclies should be left between the mass of ice and the sides of the house, which should be thoroughly packed witli sawdust or tan. When the house is full, put over all the ice a layer of sawdust or tan at least one foot in thickness, and pack it down thoroughly. A good roof should be provided, and ventilation of a most thorouo;h character. A draft of air throuo-h the ice would soon destroy it ; a draft of air above it only is an essential preservative. In constructing these houses, it would be better, in addition to the openings shown, to leave a space from six inches to one foot wide, under the eaves, above the plate, both sides the entire length of the liouse. This opening is protected from the rain, and the free admission of air thus secured is of great advantage. Straw and hay are used sometimes for packing in place of sawdust or tan, but are not so serviceable. In each of these designs there is a cooling-room attached for milk, butter, meats, fruits, etc., marked A on the plans. The room marked B is the one in Avhich the ice is packed ; the j3oor is laid so that the drainage runs to one point, and is carried off by a pipe trapped, to prevent the admission of air. AND KUBAL AET. 23 ORNAMENTS IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING. DESIGN No. 8. Fig. 23.— Rustic Stand. Wild ground and irregular surfaces call for rude and bold work. Here introduce rustic bridges crossing ravines, rustic seats, vases, baskets of rustic work, gnarled and curious roots encircling boxes of plants, hollow stumps and dead trees supporting climbing plants, rustic kiosks on spots which offer agreeable resting-places and command fine views ; all such objects are appropriate to grounds so 24 WOODWAKD S AUCHITECTUKE, characterized. There is no particuhxr heaiity in a piece of rustic work in itself, but when properly placed it becomes beautiful from its association, and in turn enhances the picturesque of the grounds about. DESIGN No. 9. z h FlO. 94.— SUN-DlAL. Among the many objects used for adornment, tlierc is a very pretty one which we would like to see more fre- quently employed, and which when })ro})erly placed by the side of some walk well retired from other objects, is ANT) KUBAL AKT. 25 in itself highly suggestive. We refer to the Sun-dial. What thoughts this monitor suggests to the mind ! how silent, yet how eloquent ! His must be a vacant mind, in- deed who can pass such a teacher without finding thought to accompany his walk. A shadow teacheth us, and Ave I'arn in the end that we have pursvted but shadows. In the beautiful words of the poet : "This shadow on the dial's face, That steals from day to day, With slow, unseen, unceasing pace, Moments, and months, and years away ; This shadow, which in every clime. Since light and motion first began, Hath held its course sublime — What is it ? Mortal man ! It is the scythe of time — A shadow only to the eye ; Yet in its calm career It levels all beneath the sky ; And still, through each succeeding year Eight onward with resistless power. Its stroke shall darken every hour, Till nature's race be run, And time's last shadow shall eclipse the sun." Fig. 25.— Well-IIousb. 2 26 ^'o ■WOODWARD S ARCHITECTURE, Fig. 2G.— Perspectite. Fig. 27.— Cellar Plan. ¥ Fio. 2S.— First Floor. Fig. 2i».— Skcond Floor. AND KUKAL AET. 27 DESIGN No. 10. The additions of porches, verandas, bay-windows, etc., increase the effect of cottage-houses to a very consider- able degree, add much to interior convenience and beauty, and, if put on at the time when the building is con- structed, do not materially augment the expense. Wc think they are always worth their full cost, and rarely fail to make an impression upon the eye of a purchaser. The interior wood-work of this cottage, or any other, should be selected with some little care, and all stained — either satin-wood or light black-walnut. These stains, which can be easily procured, are better if laid on in oil, and then, if covered with two coats of varnish, make the nearest approach possible to the appearance of the above- named natural woods. No grainer's art can do as well. Handsomely stained and varnished wood- work is, wo think, the most superior mode of treating interiors. It adds much to the warmth and cosiness of the rooms, has the effect of furnishing, and, so far as cleanliness is con- cerned, is of great help to the housekeeper. This style of finish, whether for the humble cottage or costly mansion, is better and more attractive, if done with good taste, than the most costly and elaborately- painted tints. 28 WOODWARD S ARCIIITECTUEE, 5^ ^Ji,^^^0mB^ Wr 1K1TCHEN5» I a./ is Fig. 31 —Cellar Plan. I — n FiQ. 32.— FiKST Floor. Fiu. 38.— Second Floor. AND BUKAL AET. 29 DESIGN No. 11. This design can, for the amount of room afforded, be constructed very cheaply. The kitchen is shown in the basement jDlan, but can be put on the first floor, or in a rear addition, if deemed more convenient. If built in an exposed situation, some fiUing-in between the studding will be necessar}^ There are several modes of doing this, all of which add to the stifiiiess and solidity of the frame, and ward oft' the searching winds. An air chamber for confined or dead air adds much to winter warmth and summer coolness, and this is usually provided for. The most common mode of filling-iu is with soft brick laid on edge in mortar; grout is also made use of. Back plas- tering, or lathing between studs — nailing common laths or rougli pieces against strips fastened to each side of the studs and covered with coarse mortar — is serviceable. Where lumber is plenty, cover the frame with rough boards, and put the weather-boarding on the outside of the rough boarding ; this Ave have found answers an ex- cellent purpose. A layer of common tarred roofing-paper between the two courses of boarding will render the house impenetrable to wind or rain, and affords one of the best means of protection. 30 woodward's AKCniTECTUEE, DESIGN Ko. 12. A HOUSE FOR. DRYING FRUITS. The following sketch, received from J. C, Ilobson, Esq., Cardington, Ohio, is of a building of moderate dimensions, 4 by 12 feet, and 5 feet in height, set upon a Avail of brick or stone 20 inches high ; and to obviate the necessity of going inside Avhen heated up for drying, it is constructed Avith two tiers of draAvers on either side, 23 inches by 5 feet, Avitli slat or Avire bottoms, each one made to slide in and out independent of the rest, and each tier inclosed Avith double doors. The building is lieated by means of furnaces extending from either end, and communicating Avitli the flue in the center. Fia. ^.— DnYiNo-IIousE. I>y reason of the draAvers meeting over the furnai-i's \n I lie middle, the heat in rising is compelled to pass through them, thus the fruit is dried faster than by the usual mode of placing it on shelves against the Avail of the house. The number of drawers may be increased to double the amount represented in the di-awing, if necessary, Avliich Avould make tliem hold a considerable (piantity of fruit, sav froTu twenty to thirty bushels. a:^d kukal akt. DESIGN No. 13. PLAN FOR LAYIXG OUT A SQUARE ACRE LOT. BY E. FEREAND, DETROIT, MICH. Fig. 35. A, Dwelling. 13, Piazza. C, Passage from the Barn to the Street. D, Greenhouse. E, Grapery (house). F, Flower-heds. H, Kitchen Garden, with dwarf fruit-trees and small fruits. K, Trellis of grapevines. L, Yard. M, Gate. N, Gate. 0, Stable, Barn, and other Out-huildiugs. 32 WOODWAKD^S ARCHITECTUEE, ORNAMENTAL ROADS. A PKOPER location of an ornamental road adds to it, we may say, all of its charactei* and importance, and it may be made in inexperienced hands a very tame and mean- ingless affiiir. To locate and make a road that shall fulfill only a nseful pnr]:)Ose is one thing ; to so locate it that it shall comply with all the requisites sought for in orna- mental grounds, is quite another matter. Whatever there is of consequence sliould he made the most of, and hj the most graceful and easy lines of curvature should destroy the thought that anything of the kind Avas intended. The entrance, the perspective view of the dwelling, the easy grade, the drainage, construction, planting, etc., are only thoroughly considered by those of extensive practice. Where proper materials for road metal can not be had, or where expense is to be avoided, the earth road must be adopted. To make this is an easy matter; thorough drain- age, Avherever necessary, should be most carefully done. The bed of the road should have a crowning of about 4 inclies in a width of 10 feet, or half an inch to a foot, both ways from sides, as shown in fig. 36. The sods at tlie edge slioidd be kept low — not over 1^ inches high, except in such cases as where surfiicc drainage crosses the road, and is liable to wash earth on to the lawn. Tlie grade line in the direction of the i-oad sliould be kept as regular as possible, and avoid undulating. On the surface of the i 11 AKD KUKAL AKT. 33 3i -u-oodwakd's akchitectuke, road, gravel, coal ashes, oyster shells, or similar materials, may he placed to good advantage, and -svill make good roads through all the dry seasons. The making of an earth road similar to this is in all cases necessary where the road bed is to be stoned, except that it is taken out to a greater depth. The most common mode of making a stone road is after the manner shown in fig. 37. Stones of imequal size are laid in, or usually thrown in, to a depth varying according to the builder's notion, gener- ally one foot and over, and covered with 4 to 6 inches of gravel. The chief objection to it is, that it requires a larger amount of excavation ; if the stones are not care- fully hand-packed and rolled, they are liable to work out on the surface ; heavy loads, as coal, hay, manure, etc., will cut them up, and weeds will grow thickly and rap- idly. In a park, on properly constructed roads in constant use by light carriages, these objections would have no weight. Still, by a greater exjienditure of labor in keep- ing them in order, such roads, when well made, aiis^wer a very good purpose ; but as an investment they are not so good as other kinds that do not require so much care. The first cost is less than broken stone roads. They should not, mider ordinary circumstances, exceed 10 inches of thi(;kness of stone and gravel. Fig. 38 illustrates the manner of constructing the Tel- ford road, a valuable aiul well-tested plan, good in all localities where stone can be had, and admits of a softer and inferior quality of stone being used in the })avement. Telford ui)])r()ved of a level cross grade instead of a i-on- vex surface. Hughes, a later author, declares the convex AND KUKAL AKT. 35 m 36 woodward's AKCniTECTUKE, line to be the best, which it undoubtedly is. This road is made by first setting a rough pavement of stone, as shown in fig. 37. The projections of the upper j^art are broken off* with a hammer, and the interstices are packed with stone chips or sjiawls. On this pavement are placed two laja'rs of road metal, and the whole is covered with gravel or some other good binding material. The whole thick- ness for an ornamental road need not be over 10 to 12 inches. Fig. 39 shows the manner of making the McAdam road. This consists entii'ely of road metal ; that is, stone broken to a cubical form of 2J inches, and put on in three layers, each of which is Avorked together by carriage Avheels, and the final surface made smooth by constant use. It l)econies in time a solid, compact, impenetrable body, the stone uniting by its own angles, aided by the dust ground from them by constant use. This class of road-making is not adapted for private estates, in consequence of the time and use required to make the surface smooth ; and the fine dust is objectio::able. Fig. 40 is a cross section of what is known as the Bayl- don system, and is, we think, the most su2)erior manner known of constructing either public highways or private ornamental roads. It consists of a layer of road metal G inches in thickness placed on in one solid body, thoroughly rolled, and covered witli about H inches of blending ma- terial, good gravel being tlie best. AVe have, howOver, in an extensive ])ractice, l)uilt these roads with a layer of road metal of 4 to 5 inches thick, and with just gravel enough U) iiiiisli the surface even, one of Avhich, after AND KUKAL AKT. 37 eight years of constant use, docs not appeal* to have failed in tlie slightest particular. It has, through all seasons, presented a hard, smooth, handsome surface. This system of road-making requires the least quantity of excavation, and can he made ready for use at once. Its construction is the simplest of all modes, and its durability and effi- ciency have stood the test of thirty )'ears. The prevailing impression is, that the stone and gravel road, fig. 3V, is the cheapest to consti'uct ; a very doubtful matter, Ave think, comjjared Avith the Bayldon plan. One thing is certain, however, that to keep the stone and gravel road in polished order, in private estates, requires at least four times the care ; and if a little is saved in first cost, it is soon balanced by additional exi^ense. Where economy in building a good road is to be considered, the stone might be broken at leisure intervals through the Avinter, and by those unfitted by age or misfortune from doing the Avork of able-bodied men. Tlie stone is broken Avith a steel hammer Aveighing about If lbs. (see fig. 41). The stone-breaker sits at his Avork, and soon becomes Aery expert. Some i;se long-handled hammers, and stand up, but can not accomplish much. Where it becomes necessary to form gutters, "we think it best to do so Avith quarried or fractured stone put together in the usual manner of making a paA'ement (see fig. 42). The adA'antage is, that the gravel may be raked in a thin layer on the gutter (avIucIi is ahvays unsightly), and the ratrtred edares of the stone Avill hold it, and i)i'event its being Avashed. Cobble-stone gutters answer a good pur- pose, but can not be so easily concealed. 38 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTDRE, i, """A PARLOR |i=a Kro. 45.— FinsT Floor Fig. 46.— Skconh Floor. AND EUKAL AKT. 39 DESIGN No. 14. AFAR M -HOUSE. This clesiofn is for a f;^rm-]lOuse of an irrecfular exterior form, covered by a roof without valleys, except tliose by the donner window. As the plan provides for sleeping-rooms on the first floor, about the healthiness of which opinions differ, we quote the following from the New York Tribune reports of the discussions of the New York Farmers' Club : " Sleeping-Rooms^ are Elevated Ones most Healthy P — Isaac Bond, Washington City. — 'Are low-story rooms equally healthy as lodging rooms with those of upper stories ? I have long been led, perhaps more by prejudice, or the opinions of others, than by facts or good reasons, to believe up-stairs decidedly the better; but finding the one-story plans given in Miss Beecher's book, without a hint OP misgiving as to their being less healthful, while the sole or chief object of the work, which appears excel- lent in all other respects, so far as I have read it, is to improve the health of American women, I have been led to question my old opinions, and to inquire whether sleep- ing on the first floor would do more harm to my whole fiimily of five, than going to the second story about ten times a day Avould do my wife, who is not very strong, and two very young daughters ? If you can furnish facts or sound reasons bearing upon this question, they will 40 WOODWAKD S ARCHITECTDKE DESIGN No. 15. A SOUTHEKN HOUSE. Fig. 47. — Pekspective View. Fio. 48,— FiiiST Flooi!, Fio. 19.— Second Floou. AND RURAL ART. 41 doubtless benefit many others no less than myself. I may add that economy in building is a very important consid- eration with me, and I am fully aware that a second story is the cheapest Avay of getting the same amount of addi- tional room to Avhat we must have in the first story, two rooms, besides wood-shed, etc., as you advise in a late number of the Tribime. My situation is on one acre, three miles N.N.W. of the Post-ofiice Department.' " SoLOX RoBixsox — Let us look at a few simple facts, which may, perliaps, upset the writer's prejudice about the unhealtliiness of lodging in lower rooms. Nearly all of the ancient farm-houses of Xew England had one, and frequently three or four beds upon the lo\ver floor. The people in those days certainly were no more unhealthy than they were after it became fixshionable to build two or three story houses. About the crudest Avrong of all that a man of ample grounds can inflict upon his family is to build a house which compels them often to traverse long flights of stairs. I am well satisfied, from personal expe- rience and observation, that a properly constructed one- story house upon a dry soil is just as healthy for lodgings upon its loAver floor as a higher house would bo upon its upper ones, Mr. Bond speaks of the economy of space gained in making two-story houses instead of one. Should the health, comfoi-t, and life of the occupants be sacrificed to economy ? Besides, it is only economy in the first cost of building material ; in all after-years it is a serious loss of labor to all the family who are compelled to ascend to an upper story daily, and frequently hourly, to perform their necessary household duties. An up-stairs sick-room 42 WOODWAED S AKCHITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 16. A COTTAGE STABLE. Fia. 50.— I'erspective View. \=y' Fiu. 51.— PLjVN. AND RURAL ART. 43 is particularly inconvenient. It is bad enough for pcojile ■svlio live in cities to suifer from sucli disadvantages. It is ])ositively wicked for a man building in the country to ape the fashion of city houses. Be assured, sir, the^'e is no reason why the lower rooms of a one-story country house should be unhealthy for lodging. Probably one of the main reasons why houses have of late years been built so high is owing to the expensiveness of roofing materials. That difficulty is likely now to be obviated. Roofing made cheap, durable, and safe from danger of fire will tend to a great improvement in the style of our farm- houses. If Ave discuss the subject enough to awaken the public mind to a sense of its importance, we shall one of these days get back to the comforts of one-story houses. "R. H. Williams — I entirely agree with the opinions expressed by Mr. Robinson. I would never recommend building a farm-house over one and a half story high. That is the most economical, as that form will aflTord all the sleeping-rooms necessary to be placed on the upper floor, at a much less cost than thcj could be made in a full-storied house, and, besides, it looks more fitting as a farm-house. A two or three story house is inconsistent Avith the Avants of the farm, and shows bad judgment in those Avho build them. This is one of the most important questions Ave have had before the Club, and one Avhich aflJbrds room for ample discussion. It is sometimes very remarkable to see hoAV one man gives fashion and foi-m to all the dwellings in the vicinity. If some pretentious builder leads oft' Avith a high-storied house, no matter how inconvenient, others are vei-y njjt to ape the fashion. In 44 woodward's akchitectuee, one section of this State, the almost universal style is a two-story center, with two one-story wings. The most that can be said of that form is, that it is fashionable. Anything that we can say here to improve the style of farm-houses will be beneficial to a great many people. " Mr. DisTURXELL contested against lower-floor lodging- rooms, because he was satisfied they were much moi-e un- healthy than upper ones. He endeavored to prove it from some statistics drawn from Cairo, Egypt. "Mr. Robinson said his position was taken for a dry, hard, rocky soil, like that of New England generally, and not for malarious Egypt. " The Chairman said that Judge Butler, formerly a physician at Norwalk, Conn., declares that when people Avere in the habit of sleepmg in lower rooms, maladies pre- vailed which are now^ seldom heard of, such as a low grade of fevers. He says prevailing fogs never rise above fourteen feet high, and those sleeping in upper rooms escape its influence. His recommendation to all who build country houses is to make the cellar under the entire liouse, cementing the bottom and sides so thoroughly that no gas can arise from the eartli ; and never to sleej) on tlic lower floor. Besides keeping the cellar clean, care should also be taken to clean the well every year. Ur. Ward, Avho lives near the great salt-marshes of New Jersey, says, from his house, which is situated on a hill, he can look down upon the banks of fog lying upon a lower level. All of our sleeping-rooms are u])on the upper floors, and, I tliiuk, in a more healthy stratum of the atmosphere tlian they would be if less elc\atcd. AND RURAL ART. 45 " Dr. Snodgrass — This may be so in that locality, but there are others where the case is reversed. Those living immediately uj^on the banks of the Potomac, and other Southern rivers, have often ' escaped malarious fiseases, while the houses situated upon the adjoinnig hills or blufts were so sickly some seasons as scarcely to be habitable. " Henry Ward Beecher — A few miles south of Indian- apolis, upon a high bluff of White River, one of the high- est in that locality, in the early settlement of the country, there was a town built. Upqn the opposite side of the river there was a small settlement, but slightly elevated, upon the water level. According to the usual theory about malaria, these houses should have been sickly, and those in the town healthy; the reverse was the fact to such a degree that the town was entirely abandoned, and the houses left to decay and waste. The laAvs of health are not always to be measured by high or low situations nor by high or low sleeping-rooms, if they are properly ventilated." Fig. 53.— a Bird-House. ■iO WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 17. PLAIT FOR LAYING OL^T A THREE-ACRE LOT. BY E FEBRAND, DEIHOIT, MICH. Fio. 53. A, Dwelling-Hoase. B, Stalile, Barn, etc. C, Barn-yard, with three openings. D, Grapery. E, Greenhouse. F, Water. H, Kitchen Garden. I, Grapevine Arbor. K, Place for small fruits. L, Strawberries. N, Flower-beds. 0, Places for rustic seats. P, Principal F,;;trance. R, Entrance to the Barn. S. Gardener's House. V, Dwarf fruit trees. AND EURAL ART. 47 Tins garden has the appearance of a much larger place than it reallj" is ; in fact, the plan conkl be applied to a place of ten or more acres just as Avell as to the limited space of three. The roads are numerous. It is intended for a lot in the proximate vicinity of the city, and to be occupied by a man avIio has means to keep it in order. All these gardens are intended for the same purpose, and laid out accoi'ding to the same jirinciple ; that is to say, the most is done to conceal their narrow limits, and leave one to guess hoAv far one may be from the end of it when one is no more than ten feet from the Avell-concealed fence ; at the same time, all the secondary buildings, such as barns, stables, etc., are very close to the main house, though they are entirely out of sight. In the plan, smoothly-curved walks are drawn in the thickets of large trees ; there is also a vine arbor, Avhich is a handsome ornament. Tlie kitchen garden occupies about one acre and a quarter, and is in proportion to the whole extent of the jjlace. Fig. 54.— Chicken-Coop. 48 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, Fig. 55.— a Ssiall Stable. Valverde, New Mexico. 44 Fio. 50.— Ground Plan. AUD KUBAL AKT. 49 DESIGN No. 18. A SMALL STABLE. BY G. E. HARNEY, ARCHITECT, COLD SPRING, PUTNAM CO., N. Y. This design for a small stable has accommodation for two horses and a cow, besides a separate apartment for carriages, and another smaller room for harnesses, etc. The carriage-room measures 13 feet by 22. Each horse- stall is 5 J feet wide, and 9 J feet long to the rear of the stall partition, or 17 feet to the partition of the carriage- room. The stalls are provided with cast-iron mangers and iron hay-racks, each secured to opposite corners of the stall. We consider these iron fixtures the best in use, but care should be taken to keep them always coated with some kind of paint, to prevent injury to the horses' mouths in wintei*, when they are liable to become frosted. The cow-stall is 4J feet wide, and is provided with a manger and some suitable fastening apparatus ; for the latter, we prefer the ring and chain, though the old-fash- ioned stanchion is recommended by many. The floors of the stalls should be laid with smoothly- planed locust joists, slanted toward the gutter just enough to take away the water — say 2 inches in the 9^ feet. The harness-room is provided with hooks for harness ; a closet to keep brushes, soap, oils, medicines, etc., etc., and a small stove to heat water for washing harness, etc. 50 WOODWAEd's ARCniTECTUKE, There is a rain-water cistern, built "vvith brick and cement, in the yard, near the rear of the stable, and this, taking water from the roof, by means of tin conductors, sujiplies all the water required. • Rain water is much better for stock than spring water. The pump is inside the stable, as will be seen in the plan, and empties into a trough, convenient to Avhich are chests lined Avith tin, for holding oats and meal, etc. A ventilating shaft rises from the stable-room to the ventilator shown in the sketch, and this, Avith the small Avindows in the head of each stall, provides sufficient cir- culation of air. In the summer, the doors may be taken off their hinges, and gates Avith locks substituted in their place. The little AvindoAvs spoken of are placed above the heads of the horses — say Y feet from the floor, and are opened by means of a pulley and rope. At the rear of the building, a door opens into a yard inclosed by a high fence ; and if there be a desire to make the establishment quite complete, there may be built around this yard a range of buildings for jjoultry, pigs, etc, and open sheds for Avngons and carts. This stable is bu.ilt of wood, and covered with vertical boarding and battens ; the roof is covered Avith slate; tlie doors all have simple hoods as Avell as tlie Avindows; and the glass for the latter Ave Avould have set in diamoiid- sha])ed panes, Avhich, at a little or no extra exj)ense, heightens Avonderfully the artistic effect of such a building as this. Paint the building a Avnrm cream-color, the eaves, and Avindow-triiniiiings, and (hiors considerably darker. AND KUKAL AKT. 61 DESIGN No. 19. PLANS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GROUNDI BY E. A. BAUMAXN, RAIIWAT, N. J. Fig. 57.— Plan of Foub Acres. Fig. 58.— Plan of Five Acuea. 52 woodwakd's abchitectuke, ■^^Vt-T^-^siJ- FiG. 59.— Perspective View. Fig. 60.— Cellar Plan. aDININC ROOMJ j"" "^""Tl I4-Xi7 ■ 146 Fio. Ul.— First Floor. Fic. f>2.— Second Floou. AND KURAL ART. 53 DESIGN" No. 20. We show here a compact, convenient cottage, having a conservatory attached for those Avho love to gratify their taste for flowers. Each room has a cross draft, and can be abundantly A'entilated in warm weather. A passage between the kitchen and dining-room cuts off the smell of cooking, and the doors from the kitchen arc double, with spring-hinges, and without locks or other fostenings ; they are opened Avith the foot, and close immediately after passing. The servant can pass in the kitchen through one door and out through the other with a large tray of dishes, and thus avoid meeting any one, while flies and the aroma of cooking have little chance of getting into the main part of the house. "\Ye think during the summer months it adds much to the comfort of all country houses to put in the windows the neat, modern wire-gauze window-guard, Avhich does not obstruct air or sight, and does keep out effectually flies, millers, gnats, beetles, spiders, mosquitoes, bats, cats, and the Avliole list of nuisances against Avhich Ave make our rooms close and dismal, and mope in sum- mer evening darkness to avoid. The safety, cleanliness, and comfort of an open country house, night and day, can thus be enjoyed ; light, sunshine, and fresh air can be had in abundance, and a feeling of comfort insured Avliich those Avho liaA'e once tried it Avould never be Avithout. 54 WOODWAKD S AECHITECTUEE, Fig. 63.— Porter's Lodge. FiQ. Gl.— Ground Plan. AND KUKAL ART. 55 DESIGN No. 21. portek's lodge. BT GEO. E. HARNEY, COLD SPRING, N. Y. Tins design represents a porter's- lodge, built about a year ago by Mr. F. P. James, and situated near tlie gates at the entrance to his country place in Cold Spring. It is constructed of rough stone, quarried in the imme- diate vicinity, laid in its natural bed, and pointed uj) after- ward with light-colored mortar, and — though we object to the use of this light mortar, jjreferring the softer tint of the dark — the effect of the whole is very good, the bright green foliage of the trees, by Avhich it is nearly hidden, contrasting well with the dark gray tone of the stone. Its walls are low, and its? roof projecting boldly, covered with slates cut in an ornamental pattern. The tower, which is the principal feature of the exterior, rises from the angle of the front nearest the public road, and con- tains tlie stairways to the chamber and cellar. The plan shows four apartments on the principal floor, as follows : The hall is approached by two or three steps, leading to a wide porch, covered with a broadly projecting hood, supported on heavy brackets. This liood is, in fact, a continuation of the roof of the main house beyond tlie 56 WOODWARD 8 AECUITECTUEE, eaves, as is also the roof of the bay window on the adjoin- ing side. The staircase in the tower is on the right of the front door, and is sej^arated by an archway from the hall. The room on the left, containing the bay window, is the living-room, and measures 11 feet G inches by 13 feet. It ojiens into a room 15 feet by 11 feet 6 inches, and is used as a kitchen. The other room is a bedroom, and measures 8 feet by 9 feet. The kitchen has a door communicathig with the yard in the rear. The chimney is in the center of the house, and one stack of three flues answers for all the rooms. There are ventilators on the roof, and a dormer window to light the attic, which has one room finished oiF for a sleeping-room. All the principal windows are glazed with diamond-shaped panes of glass. There is a cellar under the whole house, containing bins for coal, store-closets, etc., etc. Fio. G5.— Well-IIousb. AND KUKAL AKT. 57 DESIGN No. 22. A BAKX. Fig. 66.— A Babn. Fig. 07.— Groitnd Plan. 3* 58 woodward's ARCHITEeTUKB, ^^-^^^^^^--^- Fig. 68.— a Parsonage. Fig. 69.— Cellai{ Plak. Fio. 70.— FiusT Floou. Fio. 71.— Second Floob. AND RURAL ART. 69 DESIGN No. 23. A PARSONAGE HOUSE. This design Avas made for a parsonage lionse, to be erected in one of the immediate suburbs of Nevv^ York, and is more commodious tlian any plan we have thus far shown. The frame to be of the balloon style, sheathed with rough hemlock boards, and covered with narrow siding ; roof to be slate, laid in alternate bands of differ- ent colors, tlic lower band to have square ends, the next hexagonal, then square, and so on alternately to the ridge ; or shingles may be cut and laid in the same manner. To the top of the first-floor beams the frame should be filled in with brick, to keep out the rats ; and if the whole lower floor be grouted between the beams, it would be better and wai-mer. This is often done to jjrevent the foul air rising from the cellar through the house. No cellar, how- ever, ought to be foul ; ventilate and jjurify it always ; do not have any decaying vegetation in it ; grout the floor of the cellar, Avhitewash the walls and ceiling, and let one open shaft of the chimney start from the cellar. It can be, and should be, at all times sweet and clean. Flooring one inch wide pine; casings, baseboards, etc., to be narrow, neat, and plain; doors 1| inches in thickness, four paneled ; and all interior wood-work to be stained and varnished — not painted. Exterior to be light cream color, with rich, dark- brown trimmings. About New York this house can be erected for $5,000 at present prices of materials and labor. 60 ■w'o WOODWARD S AKCHITECTUEE, Fig. 74.— First Floor. Fio. 75. — Second Floor. AND KTJRAL AKT. 6 J DESIGN No. 24. This design, with a tower, acids a variety to our series, and, in many localities, would be suitable and attractive. The i^lan shows but moderate accommodation, yet enough to supply the demand called for by the largest number. The roof of the main biiilding can be shingled, but that of the tower would be better of tin. It is shown as a frame house, but would look well constructed of brick; hollow walls, one foot thick ; but do not omit furring out. We think there is quite as much need of leaving a vacant space between the plastering and a hollow brick wall as if the wall were solid. The brick which binds a hollow wall will convey dampness, though not as much as solid walls. Our designs are mostly shown as being quite low on the ground. There is nothing arbiti-ary about this, except that it helps the cottage appearance. In many localities custom or prejudice would raise the foundation wall two or even three feet above the ground. Thei-e are some places where it would be healthier and better to do so ; but on a dry, gravelly soil, or one thoroiighly under- drained, we should not care to show more than a foot of underpinning, unless we contemplated making use of rooms below the first floor. 62 WOODWAED S AKCniTECTUKE, Fig. 76. Fio. 77.— Cellai: Plan. ^ to j 1 1^^'> Vi Fia. 78.— FrasT Floor. Fio. 79.— Second Floor. AND KUKAL ART. • 63 DESIGN IsTo. 25. This design is quite compact, and can be worked out into a very neat and pretty home, and the rooms changed to suit the exposure. Put the hall on the north side, and a south window can be had in three rooms on the first floor and three rooms on the second floor; and if tlie kitchen wing be extended, and the kitchen removed back, four rooms can, by sliding doors, be throAvn together. The ventilation is very perfect, and each room would command good views. For a summer residence, where every breeze is desirable, this would be a good plan ; and it is good for many other reasons ; it is easily heated, and the housework can be done with few steps. In the exterior we give, by way of variety, the hipped or truncated gable, a style of finish we do not very much admire, but which will sometimes answer where there is not a disposition to do too much of it. We call to mind a suburban district where one or two leading citizens in- troduced this notion Avhen it was less common than now, and the fashion thtxs set has been persistently followed, until it has become quite a disagreeable feature. Make the gables pointed, and this design, both outside and inside, is a good one. 64 WOODWAED S AKCHITECTUKE, Fig. 80. FiQ. 81.— CELLAit Plan. Fio. 82.— First Floor. Fig. a3.— Second Flooh. AND EUKAL AET. 65 DESIGN No. 26. Chimneys are an iinjiortaiit feature in the exterior de- sign of a dwelling; and we like to see them ti-eated boldly — good solid base, shaft, and projections, and of sufficient height above the roof as to overlook all other obstruc- tions, and thus insure a good draft. The flimsy stove- pipe look of chimney-pots Ave do not admire, and would prefer not to make use of them, A well-built brick chim- ney can be put up cheaper, and is much more eflective. In this cottage considerable exterior ornamentation is shown, which may be omitted by those who do not like so much of it. The finials and crest on the roof help the appearance very much, and make a good finish ; the drapery on the cornice may be plainer. Hoods over the windows, to some extent, take the place of outside blinds, and relieve, by their shadows, what might otherwise ap- pear to be a very plain exterior. The rooms, as shown on the plan, would probably be better if increased in size ; though, if one undertakes to build low-priced houses, and he must adhere firmly to the plan, a little here and a little there will, Avhen all bills are paid, be found to double the cost. ■woodward's akciiitectuee. r Fig. 84. Fio. 85.— Cellab Plan. Fio. 80.— First Flook. Fig. 87. — Second Floor. AND RUKAL ART. 67 DESIGN No. 27. We show here a plain exterior, with a somewhat flatter roof, and full ceilings on the second floor. The bedroonas are all small, and it would probably be better to have a less number, and make them larger, making two rooms out of the four smallest. This roof is what is called one quarter pitch, which is about the flattest that will answer for shingles. A new roofing material has lately been introduced, called the Mastic Slate, and is highly spoken of by those who have had opportimities to try it. Slate is ground to powder and mixed with gas-works tar, and after being spread with a brush or trowel, becomes in time a sheet of slate. For roofing, it is spread on felting or roofing pajier, and the whole expense is very moderate. Our own ex- perience with cheap roofing materials has been quite unsatisfactory, and we have always been glad to exchange them for good tin, shingles, or slate. We would welcome witli })leasure the new Mastic Slate, or any other material calculated to reduce the steadily increasing expense of making: cfood, titjht, durable roofs. A sjood material for flat roofs that a farmer can put on himself, is greatly needed. 68 WOODWAKD S AKCHITECTURE, DESIGNS Nos. 28 and 29. Fig. 88.— CANoriED Seat. Fio. 89.— A Rustic Seat. AND KUKAL ART. 69 DESIGN No. 30. Many persons desire to build to meet present wants, and add at future periods such rooms and accommodations as shall be needed for a growing family or are better adapted to the prosperity to which they look forward. Beginning with very small quarters in this Avay, one has a home early in life and a savings-bank at the same time, with a double incentive to take care of his surplus earn- ings. He Avho begins in this way, and is determined to succeed, will succeed, and gradually become the possessor of a neat and comfortable home, without any greater ex- penditure than that yearly made by a city tenant for accommodations not any more convenient. It has been well said, " We can not all live out of cities (though it were better for all that many more did so) ; but even the young mei'chant, lawyer, doctor, mechanic, or clerk, who feels constrained to live on a paved street, might advan- tageously own a bit of land, though miles away. Travel is rapid and cheap ; a day in the country is health and happiness ; and we nearly all hope to live in the country by-and-by. With an acre or more of good land well fenced, the habitual plodder over pavements may plant in youth or early pi-ime the trees that are to solace his old age ; may have his plants, shrubs, A'ines, and fruits grow- ing, thougli unable as yet to build a house — may have an occasional foretaste of the calm joys of living his own 70 AVOODWAKD S ARCHITECTUEE, master in his own home. No one can realize all the blessedness Avhich centers in home until he comes to have a spot that is truly his own. " Thousands live and die tenants and hirelings who might far better employ and house themselves. The city hireling makes more money than his country cousin ; but strikes and panics, sickness and frolics, with the necessity of giving half he earns for shelter, generally keep him poor ; and an increasing family soon drives him to close calculations and shabby shifts to keep afloat. Happy for him and his, for those he takes with him and those he leaves behind, the day that sees him settled in his own cottage, the owner and occupant of a genuine home !" Fig. 90. In fig. 90 we show about the simplest form of a house, containing two rooms, as shown in plans figs. 01, 92. ^ Fiu. 91.— FiKsT Floor. Via. 9a.— Sbcond Floor. AND EHRAL ART. 71 In fig. 93 a simiDle lean-to addition lias been made, and this answers for a kitchen, the plan of which is shown in fitr. 94. L 15X20 Jf isxia Fig. 93. Fig. 94 In fig. 95 we show the next change, Avhieli increases the accommodation and adds to the exterior effect. The plan is shown in fio^. 9G. Fig. 95. Fig. 90. 72 WOODWARD S AECniTECTUKE, ^^ Fig. (t7 Fis from the yard, and is 7 feet high in the clear. In the second story are cliambers corresponding scAcrally with the rooms below, and each sup])lied with a closet. There is no attic, but an opening in the ceiling of the hall coiiiiiuiiiicates Avith the vacant space above the rooms, and into it ventilates the house, this sjiace having ventilators undo' tlif peaks of the gables. AND EURAL ART. 77 The front cliamber lias some importance given to it by the addition of an oriel wmdow, after the fashion of some old English cottages — a feature which adds greatly to the brightness of the room, as well as giving some extra space. It is fitted up with a seat, and has glass windows on its three sides. The interior of this cottage should be fitted up in sim- ple manner with pine; the closets all supplied with shelves, and hooks, and drawers; and the pantry with sink and other fixtures. The walls may have a hard-finished sur- face, unless it be contemplated to paper them, in which case a cheaper covering can be used. The inside wood-work may be stained in two shades with umber and oil ; and to add to the efltect, the finish for the best rooms may be of selected stock, so that the finest and best grained wood may be there used. The outside should be painted three coats of some neu- tral colors of oil paint— say light browns, or drabs, or o-rays. The heights of the stories are 9 feet each. The posts are 14 feet long between sill and plate. Fig. 105.— Hitching Post. 78 woodwakd's akchitectuke, DESIGN No. 32. PLAN FOR LAYING OUT A LOT ONE HTJNDEED FEET BY TWO HUNDEED FEET. ' ruB.ROAD ioo:x20o;. Fig. 106. A, House. B, Stable. T, Turn in Yard. D, Hot-beds. H, Grape Arbor. F, Dwarf and standard fruit-trees. G, Entrance Gate. Small fruits in outside border of Vegetable Garden. AND EUEAL AET. 79 DESIGN No. 33. A TOOL-HOUSE, ETC. Fig. 107. .'COMPOST J \ TANK .' \8 X 6 / I GARDEN 7X9 Fig. 103.— Plan. 80 WOODWAEDS AKCHITECTURE, DESIGN No. 34. A PIGGERY. Fig. 109. ROOT. iX 6 Fig. 110.— Plan. This is divided lengthwise through the center, so as to divide different breeds, or young pigs from okler ones. AND KURAL AKT. 81 DESIGN No. 35. SMOKE-HOUSES Fig. 111. lie lU Fig. 113. In ficr. 112 the fire is designed to be built in the rear building. The fire is built under a flat stone, to spread the smoke ; and the earth on the top of the stone prevents it from radiating heat, as shown in section, fig. 113. 4* 82 woodward's akchitectuee, DESIGN No. 36. PLAK FOR LAYING OUT FIVE ACRES FOR A SUBURBAN VILLA. BY E. FERRAND, DETROIT, MICH. A, House. B, Coach-house, Stable, Yard. C, Greenhouse and Grapery. D, Gardener's Cottage. E, Principal Entrance. PUB. ROAD Fio 114.— Plan. F, Entrance to Barn. [Azaleas. H, Group of Rhododendrons and K, Kitchen Garden. L, Entrance on Street. N, Flower beds. In this plan, the kitchen garden occupies about 1 -^ acres. AND KUKAL ART. 83 DESIGN No. 37. PLAX POR LATIXG OUT AND EMBELLISHING A LOT SEVENTY- EIVE FEET Br ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY FEET. PUB RQAQ. 7: Fig. 115. H, House. S, Stable. A, Fruit-trees on Lawn. D Y, Drying-yard. F, Flowers. S B, Strawberries on the four corners of garden plot. H B, Hot-beds. 84 WOODWAJRD S AKCHITECTUKE, Fig. 116. Fig. 117.— Cellar Plan. KITCHEN I IdINIV;.!'. il VINC Is' |pARLPI;f=" )R B£0l= I ,2 > IS I Fig. us.— First Floor. Fig. 119.— Second Floor. AND KUKAL AKT. 85 DESIGX Xo. 38. We show in tliis design a square house, with the flat or Italian roof, which, for the amount of room obtained, is probably as cheap a style as can be adopted. Projections should all be treated boldly. The location of the house is oftentimes of great importance. It is diflicult to per- suade those who live in unfrequented, districts to place their dwellings back from the road, the passing vehicle or traveler being too acceptable a sight for those who seldom see any one to disturb the loneliness of their situation. In more thickly populated districts this feeling ceases, and a degree of privacy is wished foi\ As a matter of taste it is better to have a broad and roomy foreground between the house and the street. It gives a finer effect to the house, an opportunity for -display in flowers and orna- mental trees, greater freedorli from noise and dust, and a moderate amount of seclusion. The great charm of a country home in jileasant weather is its surroundings, and these should alwaj's be neatly kept. Roll and cut the lawn regularly ; keej) the roads and walks in smooth and handsome order ; have fine trees, and give them abundant room to grow, and thin out Avhenever they become crowded. Do not have any more lawn or roadway or walks than can be kept in unexcep- tionable order. Whatever is done, do well. Better a city lot in fine order than a one-hundred-acre slovenly farm. 86 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, Fig. 120.— a Doctok's Residence. Fig. 121.— Gkoijnd Plan. AND RUEAL AET. 87 DESIGN No. 39. A doctok's residence. BY G. E. HARNEY, ARCHITECT, COLD SPRING, N. Y. This design was built about two years ago, by Dr. P. C. Parker, of Cold Spring, and is situated on a fine piece of ground near and overlooking the village, and embracing beyond fine views of the Hudson, "West Point, the Newburgh Gap, and the ranges of mountains above and beloAv. The house stands between the approach road and the river, consequently the entrance porch is on one front — that toward the road — the living apartments and veranda are on the opposite side, fronting the river; by this means greater privacy is given to those portions of the house usually occupied by the family. The arrangement of the plan is as follows: The front veranda. No. 1 7, opens by wide doors into a vestibule. No. 1, 7 feet square ; No. 2 is the hall, contain- ing the staircases, and No. 3 is a small room or recess, openirtg by means of a French window upon the principal veranda, which extends around the river side of the house. The hall and recess are separated from the main hall by Gothic arches with ornamental columns and molded span- drels ; No. 4 is the Doctor's business office, which has a separate entrance for j^ersons calling specially on him. 88 WOODWAKD S AKCHITECTURE, seen at No, 5 ; No. 6 is a comfortable little library, fur- nished witii book-cases, and having an ornamental chim- ney-piece ; it has two Avindows, which give pleasant north and west vieAvs ; No. 7 is a parlor, about 16 feet square, exclusive of the bay window, which projects from its western side about 5 feet, and around which the veranda extends; No. 8 is the dining-room, 15 feet by 10; and No. 9 is a small butler's pantry, fitted wp with shelves and cupboards, and opening into the kitchen, No. 11. The kitchen is in the southern wing, and is furnished with sink and other kitchen conveniences; No. 10 is a scullery, fitted np with cupboards and a sink, and supplied with hot and cold water; the dishes arc washed here, and passed into the butler's pantry through a small oijening left for that purpose in the wall between them, and on a level Avith the wide shelf of the pantry. A door from the kitchen opens out upon a private veranda. No. 13, Avhich is entirely shut in by lattice-Avork, and tins is used in summer as a laundry or washing-room; No. 14 is the outside stairway of stone, leading to the cellar; and No. 15 is a water-closet, made in a hollow sjDace between two Avails, and ventilating through this space into a flue of the kitchen chimney, running along by the side of the kitchen flue. The Avarmth of the kitchen flue produces a current of air in the venti- lating flue, and by this means the Avater-closet is fuUy ven- tilated, and though quite near the house, is ahvays cleanly and inoffensive. Private stairs from the kitchen lead to the chamber floor and to the cellar. The cellar has a laundry under the kitchen, a large store-room under the butler's pantry, and an open cellar under the rest of the AND KUKAL ART. 89 house, where are the brick cistern, the furnace, coal-bins, wine-closet, and other conveniences usually found in this portion of the house. In the second story are two square chambers, with full ceilings, over the parlor and dining-room ; two rooms for servants, besides a bathing-room over the kitchen ; and a stairway to an unfinished attic over the central portion of tRe house ; a chamber over the library, and a large linen room over the office ; all these rooms are well lighted and well supplied with closets. The house is built of wood, filled in with brick, and sided with narrow pine siding; the roofs throughout, in- cluding the window hoods, are all covered with slate, put on in alternate bands of green and purple. The interior walls and ceilings are hard-finished, and the interior wood- work is stained and oiled — thi-ee different shades being used for the staining — dark umber, light umber, and annatto. The exterior is painted tln-ee difl:erent sliades of oil paint — of browns and grays — and the doors are grained like oak and walnut. The rooms in the principal story are 10 feet high, and those in the chambers are 9 feet high. Fig. 129.— Design for a Well-House. 90 WOODWAED S ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN No. 40. ICE-HOUSE, COOLIXG-ROOM, TOOL-HOUSE, AXD WORKSHOP COMBINED. In this design, the ice is placed in the second story of the main building. The drainage from the ice cools the room below, in which are to be placed meats, fruits, butter, etc. One Aving is for a tool-house for farm and garden tools, the other for a workshoj). The section is taken lengthwise through the center. Fig. 133. FiixiT '«!« I '^f^ ?=aF^=fe Fia. 124.— Plan. Fig. 125.— Section. ANB KUBAL ART. 91 DESIGNS Nos. 41 and 42. PLA2f rOK LAYING OUT A LOT FIFTY FEET BY ONE HUN- DRED AND FIFTY FEET. H, House. E, Entrance. 0, Hot-beds. D, Dwarf fruit-trees. G, Grape trellis. Vegetable Garden in four square plots. PLAN FOR LAYING OUT AN IRREGULAR PLOT. A, House. S, stable, etc., at one end of which is Hot-bed. 0, Orchard. 92 woodward's architectuke. Fig. 128. Fio. 120.— Cellar Plan. Fio. 130.— First Floor. Fio. 131.— Second Flooii- AND KUEAL ART. 93 DESIGN No. 43. A DIFFERENCE of Opinion has, and pi'obably always will exist about the materials of which a house should be con- structed. We use in this country three leading varieties, wood, brick, and stone, and, to a limited extent, grout and iron. Wood is the cheapest, and if very nice points are considei'ed, is probably the healthiest, certainly the driest. Frame houses have also superior qualities for ventilation, a subject very little understood by those who advocate impenetrable walls and double windows. So little pro- gress has been made in understanding the subject of ven- tilation, that the commissioners, in advertising for plans for the new Capitol building for the State of New York, mention the necessity of open fire-places for this purpose. Our stone and brick houses, with slate and metal roofs, furnace-heated and air-tight. Lack essential qualities for health ; while a frame-house, which admits the air more freely, even if it take an extra cord or two of wood, or an extra supply of coal, has a more healthy atmosphere. Frame houses are good houses, and will outlast the life- time of the builder ; and no matter how strong and sub- stantial a house may be built, it usually passes into stran- gers' hands at the owner's death. 94 WOODWAKD S AKCHITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 44. A CHICKEN HOUSE. Fig. 13:i. ^jfN. Fig. 133. Fio. 134. First Floou. Second Floor. Fia. 135. Section. Tlic porches to l)e hiid buck uguiust the walls when cleaning out. AND KUKAL AKT. 95 DESIGN No. 45. PLAlSr FOE LAYING OUT A LOT ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY FEET BY TWO HUNDRED FEET. A, House. B, stable. D, Henery. C, Manure Pifc. SY, Stable Yard. H, Hot-beds. G, Dwarf fruit. N, Drying-yard. F, Raspberries, along one side of which is a grape arbor covering the walk. LL, Entrances. Current and other small fruits around outside border. 96 WOODWAKD S AKCHTTECTUEE, DESIGN No. 46. A BARN. Fia. 137. ~] V/AUONS CARTS, TO0LS3.C, 16 X4I 1 'manure vard I :"•" UhDEP^ COVER !' :; '* ' 2ft' -l ' *v> Fig. 188.— Plan. AND EDBAL AKT. 97 DESIGN No. 47. PLAN FOR LAYING OUT A PLOT OF ABOUT TWO ACKES. Fig. 130. H, House. S, Stable, etc. C, Heu Yard. O, Standard Fruits. D, Dwarf Fruits. Blackberries all around tlie garden. Currants, etc., around fruit plots. 5 98 WOODWARD S AKCHITECTUKKj DESIGN No. 48. HOW TO REMODEL AN OLD HOUSE. Fig. 110.— The Old House. Tl 41 ■ ■ I'm. 111.— Cellar Plan. ;i Fig. 112.— FmsT Floor. AND KUKAL ART. 99 R.or 1 BED R. , 15 X IS BED R. 7S- , Un fr 1 BED R. 1 ISXlS BCD P.. 7C X3 «oor Fig. 143.— Second Floor. Fig. 144.— Gabret. We slioAv here what can be clone with an old house — one built by a retiring citizen, and modeled after his city residence, under the inij^ression, perhaps, it was equally well adapted for the broad open country. "We know of many a one who has saved in this manner architect's fees ; but such houses sooner or later become subjects for the architect's skill, and not unfrequently a good thing can be made out of them. Fig. 140 shows the appearance of the old house and the four plans of basement, first floor, second floor, and garret, as they were originally laid out. It is the same thing a thousand times repeated, in almost every densely populated street; every discomfort of a city house, with the interminable stairways, has been transported to the country. In fig. 145 we show the new design for modernizing, in a tasteful manner, this clumsy exterior. By an addition we give more room upon the two principal floors, so that even a moderate-sized family may abandon, for their own 100 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, Fig. 145.— The Old House Remodeled. I ' IHODT ColLAH V I I Fig. 110. — Cellau Plan. Fig. 117.— First Floor. AND KUKAL AKT. 101 Fig. 148.— Second Floor. Fig. 149.— Gareet. use, both basement and garret. A broad and si:»acious veranda, "with porte cochere at one end, adds greatly to the outside enjoyment and apj^earance, and the exterior outline and shadow so managed as to make a pleasing impression. The gi-ounds and other surroundings have also been diftcrently planned ; a handsomely curved line of roadway takes the place of the straight-line communica- tion "with the highway. The orchard of apple-trees which surrounds the honse will be thinned out and planted up with ornamental trees, thus breaking up the parallel lines. The lawn in front is to be kept smooth, clean, and hand- Some, and all the awkward stiffness of house, grounds, and shrubbei-y changed to the gracefnl ease of an inviting country house with a neat and spacious foreground. All this is accomplished with a small expenditure of money, which, however, might have been saved on the start by one Avise enough to emjjloy the proper talent to aid him in the design. 102 WOODWARD 8 ARCHITECTUKE DESIGN No. 49. P1.AN FOE LAYING OUT A LOT OF ONE ACRE. pun.itii^D. Fig. 150. P, Stable and Barn. A, Greenhouse and Grapeiy. 0, Double Henery. H, Hen Yard, set with fruit-trees. D, Grape Arbor, between which and Greenhouse is a row of dwarf fruit-trees. 1, Dwarf and Standard fruit-trees and currants. F, Fountain. J, Flowers. 0, Water-closet and Garden Tool- house in rear. E, Dwarf fruit-trees. AND RUEAL AKT. 103 DESIGN l^o. 50. PLAN FOR LAYING OUT A LOT OF TWO ACRES. Fig. 151. A, House. E, Entrance. B, Stables and Carriagc-liouse. D, Greenhouse and Grapery. I, Henery, with double yard, C C, containing a few fruit-trees. S B, Strawberries. II B, Raspberries. V, Dwarf Orchard. • 0, Standard Orchard. Grapes between Greenhouse and Stables. Surrounding horde? of Garden set with blackberries. 101 woodwaed's akchitectuke, COMPUTING COST. A SIMPLE and rapid plan for estimating the cost of any- building is l)y comparison. If carefully done, it will give figui-es that may be relied on. We have said before that it M'ould be jiroductive of much mischief to name prices in a book like this. The only prices we could give would be local ones, and these are changing here every day. We were of this opinion when we prepared "Woodward's Country Homes," a book that lias met with extraordinary success, and has been ordered from every quarter of the globe; and experience thus far confirms us in the belief that the opinion then formed Avas correct. The best substitute for prices, on Avhich confidence may be placed, is the folloAving, a plan much used by builders to test the accuracy of their detail estimates : We will suppose that a party desires to erect a building in the vicinity of Madison, AVis., where prices of mate- rials and labor difler largely from New Yoi-k prices. Let liim select such a liouse already built in tliat vicinity as shall represent, in style of architecture and clmracter of finish, about wliat he desires to construct, and of wliich th(^ cost of building is known; then compute the area or number of square? feet covered by the building; divide tlie nuiid)er of dollars of cost by the number of square feet thus found, and the jirice yivv square foot is ascertiiined. AND KUKAL ART. 105 Thus a liouse 40 feet by 40 feet covers un area of 1,000 square feet; it costs ^8,000; and dividiug $8,000 by 1,600, shows |5 per square foot. Now what will be the cost of a simihir house covering 1,400 square feet? 1,400 X $5 — $7,000. Tliis plan will do very -well to approximate roughly to cost. A better and closer one is to ascertain the cost per cubic foot. Thus, a house 40 feet by 40 feet, and an average height of 30 feet, 40 x 40 x 30 = 48,000 cubic feet, cost $7,200, or fifteen cents per cubic feet. Then a house containing 57,000 cubic feet, at fifteen cents, would cost $8,550. Where all conditions of comparison are equal, such as equal fixcilities for buying, equal advantages in capital, credit, good management, etc., one can very closely by, this last method, ascertain about the cost of such a building as he proposes to erect. ^4k-'^v Fig. 152.— Design for Gateway. 5* 103 "WOODWAKD 8 AKCHITECTUKE, Fig. 155.— First Floor. Fig. 156.— Seconu Floor. AND KUKAX. ART. 107 DESIGN No. 51. This cottage shows a somewhat different construction outside from those ah-eady given, and although it adds somewhat to the expense, gives more variety, Sucli a phTU as this can be added to advantageously whenever desirable to do so. Indeed, most of the plans given admit of additions; and one advantage of the Rural Gothic style is, that every wing put on increases the ex- terior effect. Add almost anything in keeping with the original structure, let the roofs be on different levels, and the building will assume the appearance of a pile of build- incTs, irregular in outline and prolific in beauties of light and shadow. Finish the walls with two coats of mortar and one coat of hard finish; on the lower floor put in a simple cor- nice, and omit all plaster ornaments. Stain and oil or varnish all interior wood-work ; do not paint any room but the kitchen. In this manner you can get a warm and pleasing effect, and have the Avood-work always free from dirt. Good effects can be produced by staining moldings and panels to resemble different varieties of wood ; or our native hard woods can be used with fine effect, if expense is not considered. It may not generally be known that all mahogany and rosewood furniture is stained, the natu- ral wood being verv much lighter in color. 108 "VVOODWAKD S AECIIITECTDEE, A, House. C, Conservatory, side of house. B, Stable, Carriage-house, etc. D, Henery, with double yard, S S, set in plants. D Y, Drying-yard. G. Grapery and Greenhouse. F, Fountain. E E, Entrance Gates. T, Grape Trellis. 0, Orchard. Fruit around garden. AXD EUKAL AET. 109 DESIGN No. 52. PL.VX FOR LATIXG OUT A LOT TWO HUNDRED AXD FIFTY FEET BY THREE HUNDRED ^\>rD TWENTY-FIVE FEET. The lot for wliicli this design "was made had one side irregular, as shown, hut the planting has been so managed tliat no one would suspect that such an abruptness ex- isted. Two separate lawns are shown, divided by the carriage drive. The lawns are planted on, their outer edges, but are better open and clear from all shrul)bery in the interior. They should, throughout the growing sca- _son, be closely mown at least every two weeks. Tlie drive from street to house should be 10 feet wide, and finished with a hard, smootli, and evenly graded surface, >and kept free from weeds ; edges of lawn to be trinnned neatly as often as required. Whatever is done in the way of ornamental grounds should be Avell done. Xothing looks so shabby as neglected walks and overgrown lawns ; better not make any attempt to lay out the grounds taste- fully, unless there is a disposition to keep them neat and Avcll ordered. Tlie stable is jilanted out in such a man- ner as not to be seen from the house, and the general arrano-ement of the grounds is such as will make them atti'active and convenient. The lot contains about two acres, abundantly large for one whose business is else- where. Xo one need ever be in want of occupation for his leisure hours when he has two acres to embellish and see to its neat keeping. 110 WOODWARD S AKCHITECTCEE, DESIGN No. 53. A B ARJSr, Fig. 158. P" ^ E 5a HAY LOFT Fig. 15!).— First Floob. Fia. IGO. — Second Floor. AND KUKAL ART. Ill DESIGN Xo. 54. A FABM COTTAGE, Fig. 161. i'bed r.Ib*i L 10X15 |fl I I, ill !E0 R. fl Fig. 162. Ceixab Plan. Fig. 16.3. FiKST Floor. Fig. 164. Second Floor, 112 WOODWAKD 8 ARCHITECTURE, FiG. 105. — A Faijm-IIouse. Fig. Kid.— Cellar Plan. 1 e«RREr 8X10 1 BED R " 10>;il PAD R 12 Xli / \ Fifi. Km.— FllssT Fl.ooK. Fio. 11.8.— Second Floor. AKD KUKAL AET. 113 DESIGX Xo. 55. A P A R M - II O r S E . This design shows a neat and compact farm-house, covered hy a phiiu roof, without Ijips or a alleys, with a number of conveniently arranged, but not very large, bed- rooms. It must be understood that these designs, in all cases, admit of many changes; that is, rooms may be made larger or smaller, and increased or decreased in number ; ths exterior in one design may be used for the ground-plan of another, or the good points of several plans may be collected and an entirely new plan re-ar- ranged from them, and an exterior adapted to it. In all designs shown, the perspective view is adapted to the plans connected with it ; and in making changes there ai-e many points to be thoroughly considered. In some instances it A\'ould be necessary to reverse the plan ; that is, change the location of rooms from one side to the other, in order to take advantage of the exposure. That we should succeed in meeting in all respects the wishes of any one pei'son, we do not expect ; yet repeated instances have come to our knowledge of buildings having been put up in exact accordance with our published plans. "NVe believe, hoAvever, that we do give every one who con- templates building, suggestions and ]ilans of great value, and one can, with a little ingenuity, adapt the hints to suit his own peculiarities. 114 woodwaed's akchitectuke, Fig. 109.— Plan. A, Dwcllin •. B, Greenhouses and Graperies. C, Stable, Barn, and Interior Yard. D, Yard. E, F, Gardeners' Houses. H Principal Entrances. J, Entrances. K, Vegetable Garden. L, Hot-beds. JI, Ilivcr, Lake, and Islands. N, Meadow. 0, Fields, Avitli two rows of apple-trees. AND KUBAL AKT, 115 DESIGN No. 56. PLAJSr FOR LAYING OUT A TEN-ACRE LOT FOR SUBURBAN OCCUPATION. BT E. FERRAND, DETROIT, MICH. This place lias two main entrances, with well-sliaded drives. The lodges for the gardeners command the gates. There is an immediate access from one of these cottages to the hot-beds and garden, which are exposed to the full sun. The sight of the vegetable garden is entirely hidden by a belt of ornamental planting. Around the green- house and graperies are flower-beds and rustic seats, with a nice walk around. Rhododendrons and kalmias can be planted on the northern and other shaded sides of the dwelling. The access is very easy to the stables and other out-buildings, with two yards and a direct access to the street. The river and lake occupy about half an acre. There are two islands, one of which is connected with the garden by a small bridge. The space O can be cultivated with fruits of any kind, or put in grass. It has been my aim to make this a handsome place, with but few roads. In fact, a simple glance at the dmwing will tell more about the disposition of this place than any explanation. 116 WOODWARD S AKCHITECTOEE, Fig, 170.— a School-House. Fig. 171.— GiiouND Plan. AND KUKAL AKT. 117 DESIGN No. 57. A COUNTRY SCHOOL- HOUSE. BY GEO. E. UARNET, ARCHITECT, COLD SPRING, N. T. We present at tliis time a sketch of a country school- house, of suitable size and accouimodation for about fifty pupils, of both sexes. It is a jjlain building of wood, comprising a central portion and two wings, one on each side. The mfiin build- ing measures 21 feet by 42, and the wings 12 by 17 each. The principal school-room measures 20 feet by 30, and is 12 feet high to the spring of the ceiling, and 17 feet high in the center of the room, the ceiling for a portion of the way following the slant of the i-afters, and the principal rafters and braces projecting out so as to show from be- low. The walls of this room are wainscoted up to the level of the Avindow-sills — 4 feet from the floor — with narrow ceiling boards, and above that, together with the ceiling, are finished off with a rough and stucco finish. The wood-work should all be stained, and the walls tinted some soft neutral tint — gi'ay, or cream, or pearl color. The windows are all sash Avindows, double-hung for purposes of ventilation ; and, in addition, there are two ventilating shafts ri>in2: fnmi the floor through the attic. 118 woodwaed's aechitectuke, and terminating in the ventilator on the ridge of the main roof. These shafts have openings near the floor and ceil- ing, with arrangements for opening and shutting at will. They are made of smoothly-planed, well-jointed pine boards, and measure each 16 inches square inside. In order to keep up the circulation, and to supply cool air from outside, a shaft is introduced running along under the floor, and terminating at the platform on which, in winter, the stove, or heating-apjiaratus, will stand, and from this distributed into the room by numerous small holes in the riser of the platform. We consider the simplest methods of Aentilation the best, and the above will be found both simple and efiect- ivos The great desideratum is to provide means for the discharge of a certain quantity of vitiated air, and to sup- ply its place by the same quantity of pure air, properly warmed in winter. To make the discharge more effective, the stove-pipe may be carried up in comiection with one of the shafts, rarefying the air, and making the upward current stronger; but in ordinai-y cases this will be hardly necessary. There are two entrances to this house, one for boys and one for girls. Both entries are 10 feet square, and are in the main building, opening directly into the school-room. The wing on the right is a class-room, and that on the left is designed for wood and coal, and for a wash-room, if such be considered desirable. The entries, instead of having hooks for clothing, have each a sufficient number of boxes or shelves divided up into compartments of about two cubic feet each, ranged AND EUEAL ART. 119 along the sides, and carried up in three or four tiers. These boxes are all numbered, and each scholar has one for his own exclusi\e use; being provided with a dupli- cate number as a voucher, there is no opportunity for con- tention as to ownership, no losing or abusing of hats and shawls, and dinner-pail. The method has beeit tried, and found much preferable to the old arrangements of hooks, particularly for the smaller scholars, and those coming from a distance who bring their dinners. The two porticoes measure 8 feet by 10; the windows have all broad hoods and brackets ; the gables have heavy finials, and the ridge is surmounted by a large ventilator. The roofs are covered with slates, and the walls are painted two or three coats of oil paint. "^^^^^^ Fig. 173.— Design for Entrance Gate. 120 WOODWAKD S AKCHITECTDEE. DESIGN No. 58.— A Grape Arbor. BY E. A. BAUJIANN. Fig. 173. — Side View of Arbor. Fig. 174.— Detail op Akbok. Fiu. 175.— Detail op AitBoa. Fm 170.— Cross Section. J^rprfishiCf Sh^ef, Woodward's Annueti*oit, ]\J[ioliig'txii. Advertising SJieet, Woodward's Annual. — 1867. 5 BOOKS FOR MECHANICS, BUILDERS, For sale, or sent post-paid to any address, on receipt of price. 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Illustrated '5 Boston Machinist. (Fitzgerald) '5 Carpenters' and Joiners' Hand-Book. Illustrated 75 ADDRESS, GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, Pulilisliers of Architectural Books, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y. ' Advertising Sheet, Woodward''s Annn-al 1867. PIRl ON GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW, N. Y., NEW YORK AGENTS FOR ilXDI'S Li mi FIIUBIlfHU DMTE. FOR BURNING WOOD OR COAL. For Sale at Maiiiifactiner's Prices. "It is a plan for warming houses, which lias never in all its points been surpassed." ******* " It is believed that there is scarcely a single educated Physician in Philadelphia who owns the house he lives in, who is not supplied with one or more of these delightful luxuries." * * * "We have one of these admirable contrivances, put in our house in 1850, and every additional year only increases our appreciation of the luxury.— Dr. W. W. Hall, editor of HalVs Journal of Uealih, F.Y. Four sizes and three styles of finish — JAPANNED, DEAD GROUND AND POLISHED STEEL. 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The chapter, on what is termed Balloon Framins, with the clear diagrams, is worth alone to country builders, the whole co.^t of the book. "We have long known these gentlemen as architects, and we regard them as among the most reliable and skillful men in the profession. Their new work on "Country Homes," ought to be in the hands of every man that builds or contemplates building a home. — Scientific American. GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, Publishers, Sr Park Row, >'. V. Advertising Sheet, WoodwarcPs Annual. — 1867. ESXABLISHED IN" 1846, iemltmMits** MOiWflLY— TWO DOLLARS A»D FIFTY CEi\TS PER AXUUIH. TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL VOLUME— 1867. A permanent, reliable and first-class magazine, published monthly, at Two Dollars axd Fifty Cents per Annum, and devoted to th? Orchard, Vineyard, Garden and Nursery; to Culture under Glass, Landscape Gardeninff, Rural Architecture, mid the Embellishment and Improvement of Country, Suhurhan and City Homes. Handsoinely Illiastrated. ! Every one who has an Acre Lot. a Garden, a Fruit Farm, a Vine- yard, a House to Build, Out-Uuildings to Erect, a Home to Embel- iish and Beautify, will need the Horticulturist for 18(57. 1867— Two Dollars & Fifty Cents ; 1B66 bound and post-paid, and 1867— $4.50 ; 1865 and 1866 bound and post-paid, and 1867-$6. The three volumes cout.iin 1,200 royal octavo pages of reading matter from the best writers in the country, handsomely illustrated, a valuable series for every library. GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, Publishers, 37 r^lKK non% .lVt«? J^ork. Advertising Sheet, WoodxcanVs Annual. — 1867. 9 PIBL1C1TIU.\S OF €E0. E. & I. W. WOOUU AKU, 37 Park Row, ^, Y. NEW BOOKS-UNIFORM EXTRA CLOTH BINDINGS. WOODWAED'S ANNUAL of Architecture, Land- scape Gardening and Eural Art for 1867. Containiug 176 original designs and rlans of low priced Cottages, i'arm-hi.uses, Out-buildings, with plans forlayingout and embel- lishing small plots of ground. l"2mo paper, 75 cts., cloth, $1. FULLER'S FOREST TREE CULTURIST. A new work on the propagation, cultivation and management of Forest Trees, by Andrew's. Fuller, author of the Grape Culturist. Fully illustrated, post paid |1 .50. GRAPES AND WINE. Af new and practical work on the Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American "Wine; by Geo. Hl'Smann, of Missouri. Fully illustrated Cloth, extra, $1.50 WOODWARD'S COUNTRY HOMES. A practical work, with 1.30 Designs and Plans of Country Houses of moderate cost, with illustrated description of the manner of constructing Balloon Frames Extra binding, $1.50 Woodward's Graperies & Horticultural Buildings. A practical work on the Design and Construction of all classes of Buildings for Growing Plants, and Kipening Fruit under glass. 60 illustrations Cloth, $1 .50 WOODWARD'S DELAWARE GRAPE. Colored Plate, full size, extra, $3.00 THE HOUSE. A New Manual of Rural Architecture ; or. How to Build Dwelling-, Bams, Stables iind Out-Buildings of all kinds ; with a Chapter on Churches and School Houses, by D.H. jAcauES.. Cloth, $1.50 . THE GARDEN. A New Manual of Practical Horticulture ; or. How to Cultivate Vegetables, Fruits and Flowers; with a Chapter on Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Cloth, |1.00 THE FARM. A Jfew Manual of I'ractical Agriculture; or. How to Cultivate all the Field Crops ; with an Essay on Farm Management, etc. Cloth, $1.00. THE BARN-YARD. A New Manual of Cattle, Horse and Sheep Husbandry ; or. How to Breed and Kear the various species of Domestic Animals. Cloth, $1.00. Either of the above sent, post-paid, on receipt of price. E.stablisheci 1846. THE HORTICULTURIST. Two Dollars and Fiftv Cents per Annum. A Monthly Magazine devoted to the Orchard, Tineyard, Garden, and Nursery "to culture under glass. Landscape Gardening, Eural Architecture, &c. Fully illustrated. XII. DE LA VERGNE'S SULPHUR BELLOWS, For the Prevention of Mildew and Destruction of Insects $3.50 i. II. ill. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII IX, X, XI. Agricultural, Horticultural and Architectural BOOKS, Fov Stile at IPublishers' IPrices at the Offi.ce of tlve Horticulturist, or naailed, post paid.. Orders executed for Books, Papers and Periodicals on any subject Grape Culture. Cnlturoof the Grape, by "W. C. Strong, new $3 00 Chorlton on Grape Culture under Glass 75 Fuller's Grape Cultunst 1 50 Grapes and Wine, by Geo. Husmann, new 1 50 Hara-thy Grape Culture, Wine and "W ne Making 5 00 My Vineyard at Lake View, 1 25 Fruit Culture. Barry's Fruit Garden 1 75 Bridgeman's Fruit Cultivators' Manual 75 Cole's American Fruit Book 75 Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America 3 00 Eastwood on Cranberry 75 Elliot's Western Fruit Grower's Guide 1 50 Field's Pear Cultuni 1 25 Fuller on Strawberry 20 Hovey's Fruits of America, colored plates, 2 vols 3) 00 Pardee on Strawberry 75 Bivers* Miniature Fruit Garden 1 00 Flowers. Breck's New Book of Flowers 1 75 Bridgeman's Florists' Guide 75 Buist's Flower Garden Directory 1 50 Book of Roses, F. Parkman, 3 00 Ladies' Flower Garden Companion, eaited by Downing 2 lO Parlor Gardener 1 00 Hand's Flowers for Parlor and Garden 3 00 Rand's Garden Flowers 3 00 Skeleton Leaves and Phantom Boqueis 2 00 Wax Flowers, and how to make them 2 OO Trees, Jtc, Browne's Trees of America 6 00 Warder's Hedges and Evergreens I 50 Sural Architecture. Allen's Rural Architecture 1 50 Cleveland's Villas and Cottages 3 00 Cummings' Designs for Street Fronts, Suburb.iu liou^es and Cottages, with full exteiior and interior details, 382 designs and 714 illustrations 10 00 Downing's Cottage Architecture 3 00 Dowuiug's Country Houses 8 00 Uat lie Id's Ainei'io;in House Carpenter 3 50 Leuchar's lluw to Build smd Ventilate Hot-houses 1 50 Manual of the House, 126 designs and Plans ■ otii 1 50 Silloway's Modern Carpentry 1 60 Sloan'sllomestead Architecture, 200 EngiMving.-: 4 00 Sloan's Ornamental Houses, 20 Colored Kntjraving.s 3 00 Vaux's Villas and Cottages, nearly 400 Engravings 3 00 Woodward's Country Homes 1 50 Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings 1 50 Agricultural, Horticultural and Architecliiral Books. liandscape Gardening. Downing's Landscape Gardening $ 6 50 Kern's Landscape Gardening 2 00 Kemp's " " 2 00 Rural Essays by Downing 3 00 Smith's Landscape Gardening 1 60 Gardeuing, Horticulture, Agriculture, &.c. Allen's American Farm Book 1 50 Allen's Domestic Animals 1 00 American Ro>e Culturist 30 American Bird Fancier 30 Art of Saw-Filing 75 Bement's Rabbit Fancier 30 Bement's American Poulterer's Companiu. i 2 00 Boursingault's Rural Economy 1 60 Boston Machinist, (W. Fitzgerald) ■ 75 Brandt's Age of Horses, (English or German) 50 Bridgeman's Kitchen Gardeners' Instructor 75 Bridgeman's Young Gardeners' Assistant 2 00 Brown's Field Book of Manures 1 50 Buist's Family Kitchen Gardener 1 00 Burr's Field and Garden Vegetables of America 5 00 Burr's Garden Vegetables 2 50 Canary Birds, Manual for Birdkeepers 50 Carpenters' and Joines' Handbook 75 Cobbett's Ameiic;in Gardener 75 Cole's Veterinnrian 75 Coleman's Agriculture 4 00 Darlington's American "Weeds and Useful Plants 1 75 Dana's Muck Manual 1 50 Dana's Essays on Manures 30 Dadd's Anatom v and Physiology of the Horse Plain 3 50 Dadd's Horse Doctor 1 60 Dadd'p Catt e Doctor 1 50 Davies Preparation and Mourning of Microscopic Objects 1 50 Farmers' Every Day Book, octavo, 650 pages 3 00 Flint on Grasses and Forage Plants 2 50 Flint on Milch Cows .*. 2 50 Flora's Interpreter and Fortuna Flora, (Mrs. Hale) 1 50 French's Farm Drainage 1 50 Garlick's Treatise on Propagation of Fish 1 25 Gray's Mimual of Botany 4 50 Guenon's Treatise on Milch Cows 75 Harris'— Insects injurious to Vegetation Pla'n Plates 4 OO " " " " Colored " 5 00 Harris' Rural Annual for 1866 25 Herbert's Hints to Horsekeepeis 1 75 Hooper's Dog and Gun 30 How to Get a Farm, and Where to Find it 1 75 How to "Write, Talk, Biiliave and do Business 2 25 Ik M.I rvel's Farm of Edgewood 2 00 Insect Enemies of Fruit Trees, (Trimble) 8 00 Jennings on Cattle 2 00 Jennings on Swine and Poultry 2 00 Jennings on the Horse and his Diseases 2 00 Jennings' Horse Training Made Easy, neiv 1 25 Johnston's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry 1 25 Johnston's Agricultural Chemistry 1 "5 Klippart's Farm Drainage 1 50 Klippart's "Wheat Plant 1 50 Langstroth on th^ Honey Bee 2 00 T jcbig's Natural Laws of Husbandry 1 50 Liebig's Familiar Letters on Chemistry 50 Agricultural, Horticultural and Architectural Books. Linsley'g Morgan Horses |1 50 Manual of Agriculture, Emerson & Flint 1 51 " of Flax Culture 50 " of Hop Culture 40 " of IheFarm cloth 1 00 " of the Garden •« 100 " of Domeftic Animals " 1 00 Mayhew's illustrated Horse Doctor 3 50 Mayhew's " Horse Management 3 50 Mayhew's Practical Book- Keeping for Farmers 90 Blanks for do do 120 McMahon's American Gardener 3 00 Miles on Hor^^t-s Foot 30 Miss Hall, Cookery and Domestic Economy 1 50 Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book 1 50 Mis? Beecher's Domestic Economy 1 50 Morrell's American Shepherd 1 60 Munn's Practical Lafid Drainer 75 New Clock and Watch Maker's Manual 2 00 Norton's Scientific Agriculture 75 Onion Culture 25 Orchard House Culture, by C. M. Hovey 1 25 Our F.irm of Four Acres, paper, 30 cen's; bound GO Our Farm of Two Acres 20 Quinby'3 Mj'stery of Bee-keeping 1 50 Quincy Soiling of Cattle 1 25 Portfolio Paper File, (Country Gentleman) .«l and 1 50 Pedder's Land Measu'er, for Farmers 60 Phenomena of Plant Life, (Geo. H. Grindon) 1 00 Randall's Fine "Wool Sheep Husbandry 1 00 Randall's Sheep Husbandry ". 1 50 Ready Reckoner 50 Richardson, On Dogs 30 Rivers' Orchard House , 50 Schenck's Gard "Watson 's Amerii-an Homo O ar len 2 00 Wet Days at Edgewood, by Ik Marvel 2 00 Wetherell on the Manufacture of Vinegar 1 50 Yountt on the Horse 150 Youattonthe Dog '....'.'. 2 00 Youatt and Martin, On Cattle '. 150 " " OntheHog 100 Youatt, On Sheep 1 00 Youmans' Ho\is