iilir D. l-I. Hill 
 Design Ctbrarij 
 NA2840 ^'^' 
 
 12 
 1768 
 
 Worth (Carolina ^ 
 SnioprBily 
 
 Design 
 (768 
 
 Arch lib 
 
 69946 
 
The B U I L D E R 's J E W E L. n 
 Part defcribe the Semicircle a h c d. From / k^ draV the Lines / h, 
 k c, parallel to h n the central Line, cutting the Senfiichcle in b and 
 €. Divide the Arches a h and c dy each into any fame Number of 
 Parts; fuppofe 4 ; and divide ^ « into the fame Number oC Parts 
 alfo, as at the Points of g f e ; through which draw^ right Linwj at 
 right Angles to ^ « of Length at Pleafure. P^om the 4 Divifio^ 
 in the Arch a b^ to thofe in the Arch c d, draw Ordinaccs (as thofes. 
 dotted.) Make the Diameter of the Shaft at e, equal to the Length \ 
 of the firft Ordinate ; at /, to the Length of the fecond-Ordinate ; 
 and at g, to the Length of the third Oi«dmate. Then from the 
 Points /■ ky through the Extjejmes-'^C-the Diameters^,/, f, to the 
 Points a dy tracgftbg'QDift^yrisr.Or-Out-iines of the Shaft's Diminu- 
 tion. .-,-^;>:r^,.;--' ' . ._ 
 The MjUMer of Rufti eating the Shafts of Columns explained. 
 
 The Shafts of the Tufcan^ Doricky and lonick Columns, are fome-- 
 times rufticated ; but thofe of the Corinthian and Compofiie feldom or 
 -.^ver. 
 
 RULE. To rufiicate the Tufcan, Dorick, end lonick Shafts. 
 
 Divide the Height of the Tufcan in 7, as in Plate I. the Dorick 
 in 8, as in Plate X. and the lonick in 9, as in Plate XXI j then the 
 Blocks and Intervals in the Tufcan and lonick will each be .1 Diame- 
 ter, and thofe of the Dorick 2 Diameters. . - 
 
 The Projection of the Blocks are generally made equal to the 
 Projection of the Plinth, as exprefled in the Tufcan Order, Plate I. 
 and continued upright without Diminution ; but as the upper Parts 
 of the Shafts feem thereby overcharged, I therefore recommend 
 the Diminution to be parallel with the Shaft, as ia the Dorick Order, 
 Plate X. 
 
 The Manner of Fluting the Shafts of Columns explained. 
 
 The Shafts of the Dorick^ lonicky Corinthiany and Compof.ie 
 Columns, are fometimes fluted and cabled ; but the Shaft of the 
 Tujcan Column feldom or ever was, as being an Embellifhment too 
 gaudy for fo robufl. and fimple an Order, whofe Beauty confifts in 
 its native Plainnefs -, and indeed all Coiuams have a grander AfpeCl 
 
 D. H. KILL LiEFARY 6994.6'''"" 
 
 North Carolina Stets College 
 
12 The B U I L D E R's JEWEL. 
 
 when entirely plain, than when rufticated or fluted. The Darick 
 Shaft, with refpeffl to its Herculean Arpe6l, fhould not be fluted ; 
 but as f''e Ancients dilpenfed therewith, the Moderns frequently 
 do tK fanie. But however, as herein Mnjefty mufl be preferved, 
 tl-if»efore the Ancients allowed but 20 Flutes, and thofe without 
 nllets, as in the Left-fide of Plate XI. tJaereby making them of a 
 mafculine Afpeft ; whilft ihofe of the lotiick and Coriuihian Shafts 
 are charged with 24 Flutes, and as many fillets (each of which are 
 equal to one third of a Flute) which renders them lefs capacious 
 and of an effeminate Afpc6l, agreeable to the Charaftcrs of thofe 
 Orders 
 
 RULE. To divide the Flutes of a Dorick Column. Plate XI. 
 
 DiviDL the Circumference into 20 equal Parts, and draw Lines, 
 thereby making a Polygon of 20 Sides ; on each Side complcat an 
 equilateral fpherical Triangle, as « ^ c on the Left of Plate XI. and 
 on the external Angle, as b, defcribe the Curve a f, which is the 
 Depth or Sinking in of a Flute. 
 
 RULE. To divide the Flutes and Fillets of an lonick, Corinthian, 
 er Compofite Column. Plate XXV. 
 
 Divide the Circumference of the Semi-Column in 12 Parts, 
 and each Part in 8, as a h. Give 3 Parts to each Semi-Flute, as 
 a hy and / b ; and two Parts to each Fillet, as h i. 
 
 The Sinkings or Depths of thefe Fillets are either the Arch of a 
 Quadrant, as thofe on the Right-hand defcribed on the Centers c e, 
 &c. or of a Semi-circle, as thofe on the Left, defcribed on the 
 Centers x x, &e. 
 
 RULE. To defcribe Cablings^ in the Flutes of a Column. 
 Plate XXV. 
 
 On the Points z «, with the Radius z x, defcribe the Arches^y x 0, 
 y X 0^ &c. which are the Bafes of the Cabling.s, and whofe Height 
 finifhes at the firft third Part of the Shaft's Height. 
 
 RULE. To fet out Flutes and Fillets on the Shaft of a Column. 
 Plate XXVL 
 
 On a PanncI, l^c, draw a right Line, as a b, and thereon fet off 
 
 24 equal 
 
ne B U I L D E R's J E W E L. 13 
 
 24 equal Parts at Pleafure, which together inuft always be lefs than 
 the Girt at the Artrag?;! of the Column to be fluted. 
 
 Divide any i Part in 4 Parts, and take i Part in the Compaffes, 
 and fet it off in every of the other 23 Parts; and fiosn the leveral 
 Farts (o divided (which will be to one another as « to 3 ; that is, 
 a Fillet to a Fiute) draw up right Lines at right Ang'es from the 
 divided Line. This done, ftrike a perpendicular Chalk-Line down 
 the Front of the Column. And being provided with two ftraight- 
 edged Pi-ces of Parchment, &c therewith girt the Column at its 
 Bafe, and at its Aftragal. Apply the Girts fo taken to the parallel 
 Lines aforefaid. fo that their Extremes fhall juft touch the two 
 outer Parallels, as at (? r and d f. Then keeping them there, with 
 a Pencil mark their Edges at the Meeting of each Parallel; and 
 thereby the two Girts wijl be divided into the Flutes and Fillers, 
 agreeable to your Column to be fluted. This done, '.ipply any End 
 of each of the Parchment Girts to the Bottom and the fop of the 
 Front central Line ; and then embracing the Column at its Bale and 
 Artragal, remove each Girt, until you bring the iViiddle of a Flute 
 on the central Line ; and then prick off the Breadth of every Flute 
 and Fillet in the tv/o Girts, which will fl:and exadly perpendicular 
 over each other. 
 
 Note, In large Colum.ns'it may be necefliary to fet out the Breadths 
 of the Flutes and Fillets, in one or more Places, between the firft: 
 third Part of the Shaft's Height and the Aftragal; which, when re- 
 quired, may be moll exactly done, by girting at the Parts required, 
 and proceeding afterv/ards in every other refpedl, as aforefaid. 
 The FJuiin^ of Pilafters explained. 
 
 RULE. To f.ute a Piiapr 'with Fillets, and a Bead at each 
 ^oin. Plate XXXVIL 
 
 Draw a Line at Pleafure, as a h, and thereon fet 31 equal Parts, 
 which together Ihall be greater than the Pilafl:er to be fluted. Take 
 the 31 Parts in your Compafl'es, &c. and on the firft and iafl Points 
 make the Sedtion <:, and draw the Lines c a and c h, y;hich will 
 compleat an equilateral Triangle. Set the Breadth of the Pilafler 
 
 B ffona 
 
14 The B U I L D E R 's J E W E L. 
 
 from c to fiy and to <■, and draw the Lin^ d e, which being parallel 
 ro a h, is thertlbrt; equal to the Breadth of the Pilallcr. Now right 
 Lines drawn, from the 31 Parts, to the Point f, ijiey will divide the 
 Line rt'r, in fimihir 31 Parts alio. Of which give the 2 outer Parts 
 to the two Beads at the Quoins; the next 2 outer ones to the 2 
 outer Fillets; the next 3 to the Breadth of a Flute; the next i to 
 a 1 illct ; the next 3 to a Flute; the next i to a Fillet, &c. 
 
 Nofey By the lame Rule a Pilafter with Flutes and Fillets only, as 
 ]'ig A, is divided iroai 29 Parts, tuft let off at Pleafure; and then 
 proceeding as before. 
 
 ll.wjKG thus explained the Bafes and Shafts of Columns, &c. 
 I fhall now proceed to their Capitals. 
 
 Of Capitals, there are two Kinds, i'/z. the one confifting of 
 Mouldings only, as ihofe of the Tujcan and Dorick; and the other 
 of Mouldings and fculptured Ornaments, as the lonick^ Coriuihianf 
 aiui Cofnl'ofiie. 
 
 T^he lltighti of Cnpitah explained. 
 
 Tmf. Height of the "tufcan and Dorick Capitals are each precife- 
 ly a Scmidiameter, as in Plates li. and XI. 'Fhe Height of the an- 
 cient louick Ciipital, in its Mouldings above the Allragal of the 
 Shaft, is but one third of a Diameter, or 20 Minutes; but includ- 
 ing the Depth of its Volute, 'tis 35 Minutes, as in Plate XXIII. 
 which exceeds the Volute to the modern Capital by 5 Minutes. 
 'I'he Height of the Corinthian Capital is one Diameter and one fixth, 
 as alfo is the Height of the Compo/iie Capital. 
 
 *The Dii'i/ions ami PtojeSious of ihe Mtmhen in the Tufcan rtn^ Dorick 
 Caf>i:ali explained. Plates II. and XI. 
 
 RULE T. To divide the Heights, and determine the Projec- 
 tions of the Members in the Capital of a Tufcan Column or Piialler. 
 I. To divide the Heights of the Members. Plate II. 
 
 DiviDF. the Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-fide.) Divide the 
 middle I in 6 ; of which give the lower to the Fillet under the 
 Ovo'.o, and the other 5 t* the Ovolo. Divide the upper 1 into 4 ; 
 give the upper 1 to th-; Fillet, and the other 3 to the Fafcia ot 
 
 the 
 
Tfje B U I L D E R's JEWEL. r^ 
 tlie Abacus. Set down ab, half the Height of the Prize or Neck 
 of the Capital, from b tor, and divide it in 3 Parts; give the upper 
 2 to the Aftragal, and the lower \ to its Fillet. 
 II. To determine the Proje^ions. 
 
 Divide the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Aftraga! (as is 
 done above on the Capital) in 6 Parts, and give 3 to the Projection 
 of the upper Fillet. 
 
 But if the Capital is of an undiminlflied Pilaller, (as on the 
 Right-hand Side of Plate II.) then divide the Semi-diamerer of the 
 Pilaller (as above on the Capital) in 8 Parts, and give 3 to the Pro- 
 jedion, as before. 
 
 Note^ By the Scale of Projection, placed againft the Neck of the 
 Capital, you fee that the whole Projt'<5tion is divided in 3 ; tl^e firll 
 I , in 2 ; and the laft i , in 4 ; the half of the firlt 1 rtops the Pro- 
 je6tion of the Fillets under the Aftragal and Ovolo ; and the 2 firft 
 of the 4, in the outer i third Part, Itops the Ovolo and Fafcia of 
 the Abacus. 
 
 R U L E II. To dl-vide the Heights y and determine the ProjeSiions 
 f)f the Members contained in the Capital of a Dorick Column or Pilaff 
 ter. Plate XI. 
 
 I. To divide the Heights of the Members. 
 
 Divide the Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-fide.) Divide the 
 middle i in 3 3 of which the lower i divided in 3, give the upper 
 2 to the Aftragal, and the lower i to the Fillet. Divide the upper 
 3d Part in 3 ; give the lower 2 to the Fafcia of the Abacus; and 
 the upper i thereof divided in 3, give the upper 1 to the Fillet, and 
 the lower 2 to the Cima re^erfa. 
 
 NoUy The Height of the Aftragal to the Shaft is found, as be^" 
 fore in the Tufcan Column, Page i i. 
 
 II. To determine their Proje^ions. 
 
 Divide the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Aftragal (as 
 above on the Capital) in 4 ; and give 2 to the Projection of the 
 upper Fillet. But if the Capital is of an undiminifhed Pilafter, 
 (as on the Right-hand Side) then divide the Semi-diameter of the 
 
 B z Pilafter 
 
i6 rbe B U I L D E R 's JEWEL. 
 
 Pilaflcr (as above on the Capital) in 5 Parts, and give 2 to the 
 Projedion, as before. 
 
 By the Scales of i'roje6tion on each Side of the Capital, you fe**, 
 that the whole Proje*5lion is there divided in 4 Parts; from which, 
 and their Sub-divifionr, the feveral Members in the tv.-o Varieties 
 of Capitals hnve their Projetlions determined. 
 "The anrienl lonick Capital^ and its l'''cluie expli^neri. Plate XXI H. 
 
 RULE I. To divide the Hti^ht of its Members, and deicribe 
 its Volute. 
 
 I. To di<v'tde the Helpht of its Members. 
 
 Divide the given Height as /t jr, in 11 Parts; give the upper i 
 to the upper ?M''ef ; the next 2 to the Cima reverfj^ which with 
 ihe aforet lid Fillet malces the Abacus: give 'he next i to the Lift 
 of the Volute ; the next 3 to the Pand of the Volute ; and the 
 reniainiag 4 to the Ovolo. This done, fet down 8 of the above 
 1 I l^airs from x to I ; give the firll 2 to the Aiiragal ; the next 1 to 
 its Fillet ; and the lower q to the Uepth of the Volute. Divide r s 
 on the Kight-hand (which is equal to /' x, or 23 Minutes, the 
 Height of the Moulding"? of the Capital) in 4 Parts, and turn 
 down « Part to -'/; then r J will be equal to 20 Minutes, which is 
 equal to the Semi-dianieter of the Column at its Shalt. Now ad- 
 iiiitting/'i' to be the central Lins of the Column, make v c equal 
 to r (i^ and drav/ the Line c c h, which will be the Upright of the 
 Column. Make /'^ equal to two thirds of /? I . the Height ot the 
 Allrn^.il ; and from the Point ^ draw the Cathetus or Line /^i^, 
 parallel to the central Line. Divide;^/' in 4 Parts; the hrl} 1 iiops 
 the Alkagal at /7. Make/« equal to/ /, which will terminate the 
 liiOjcdtion of the Abacus. 
 
 R U L E II lo cUfcrihe the lonick Volute. Plate XXIII. 
 
 From » Part below x. draw the Line p m for the central Line 
 of the Allra^nl, interfering the <- athetus / c in On the Pijint 0, 
 with the Radius c;, defcibc the Circle or Eye of the Volute (which 
 13 reprefcnfed at large by the Figure K,) wherein infcribe the Geo- 
 metiical Square, and\draw its Diainclcis 2, ^; and 1, 3; divide 
 
 eich 
 
The B U I L D E R's JEW E L. 17 
 
 each Senii-diameter in 3 Parts, as at the Points 6. 10 ; 5, 9 j 12. 6 | 
 and I I 7 i which f^re the Centers numbred in Order, on which the 
 Out-line of the Voiue is del'cribed, liz. The Point • is the Center 
 to the Arch i m ; the Point 2, of the Arch mg ; the Point 3, of 
 the Arch^^, ^c. 
 
 The inward Line of the Lift of the Volute is defcribed on iz 
 other Centers, which are at ore fifth of the Diftance between the 
 other I 2 Centers, and which are fignined by the hnail Divifiona 
 next within the 12 Centers in the Eye of the Volute at large, in 
 Plate XXil. 
 
 To gradually diminifli the lift of this Volute, we muft divide Its 
 Height or Breadth in 12 Parts, as exprefied above in Plate XXII. 
 and at every Quarter of its Rotation abate its Breadth i of thofe 
 Parts, as exprefied by the numerical Figu.cs affixed ; which will 
 caufe it to terminate at the eye in a Point. 
 
 NrAe, Fig AB, Plate XXllL is a View of Haifa Side of the 
 Capital, wherein B Ihews the Thicknefs of the Volute, whole 
 Height is equal to / g in the Front. 1 he Heights of the other 
 Parts are (hewn by the Scale of Parts on the left ; and is the fame 
 23 the like Scale above. 
 
 Note, The A^bacus to this Capital being fquare, is therefore 
 called by Woikiiien a '7'/£«f^'f^-C^/'^/'«/; and indeed very properly, 
 becaufe the v.ord /abacus is derived from the Greek Word Ahax^ 
 fignifyirg a fquare Trencher. 
 
 The Jiiodern lonick Capital explained. Plate XXIV. 
 
 RULE. I0 divide the Heights cf ike Members contained m Its 
 
 Abacus , and to determine their Projedions 
 
 This Capital, tho'cail'd modern, was Invented by Vincent 
 Sc;^MMOzzi ; and, including its Volute, is precifely half a Dia- 
 meter in Height. 
 
 I. To fvd the Heights of the Members. 
 
 Divide It? Height in 3 Parts, and the upper half of the upper 
 I in 4, as on the left ; of wp.ich give the upper 3 to the Ovolo, 
 and the other one to the Fillet under it. Divide the lower 2 Parte 
 
 B 3 and 
 
i8 The B V I L D E R's JEWEL. 
 
 and half In 8 parts (as on the Right) give the upper i and halt' to 
 the Fafcia of the Abacus ; the next half to the Reccfs under the 
 Abacus ; the next 2 to the Ovolo ; the next i to the Allragal ; and, 
 next half to its Fillet. 
 
 II. To fin J the Pt cje^Iures of the Members. 
 
 Draw the central Line of the Column ^^ ; and in any Place, 
 as at j^, draw the Line « /» at right Angles to h g, and of Length at 
 Pleafure. Make g c and g d, each equal to the Semi-dianieter /' k ; 
 and divide it into 12 Parts, each rcprefenting 5 Minutes (or one 
 1 2th of a Diameter ;) make c a and kb, each equal to ' 5 Minutes, 
 or one fourth of a" Diameter, which terminates the Projedion of 
 the extreme Parts or retuined Horns of the Abacus ; as exhibited 
 by the dotted parallel Lines drawn thence up to them. 
 
 And from the Subdivifions of the 2 outer 5 Minutes, the Pro- 
 jeClions of the other Parts of the Abacus are detern)ined in the 
 fame Manner ; as alfo are the Projc6lions of the Ovolo, Aftragal, 
 and Fillet, reprefented by dotted Lines within the Volute. 
 
 The Volute of this Capital is reprefented in Plate XXH. and 
 is defcribed the fame as that of the ancient Capital ; for though 
 it appears to be elliptical when feen in a diretl View, as being 
 thereby fomething fore-fhortencd, yet 'tis circular, as the other. 
 
 Under this Capital I have placed halt its Plan; whole Con- 
 firuclion being plainly exhibited by the dotted perpendicular Lines, 
 proceeding from the Members in the Elevation, needs no further 
 Explanation. 
 
 7he Corinthian Capital explained. Plate XLF. 
 
 This Capital was originally adorned with the Acanthus Leaves 
 only ; but as fome delight in Variety, I have therefore in Plate XL. 
 given the Acanthus with the Olive, Laurel and Paiflcy, to be 
 employed at Difcreiion. 
 
 The Height of this Capital was originally but i Diameter ; but 
 modern Architeds thinking it too fhort, they therefore added 10 
 Minutes, thereby making its Height 70 Minutes, and giving it a 
 much wore magnificent Afpe<^ than it bad before* 
 
The B U I L D E R's J E W E L. 19 
 
 By the Meafures affixed, which is no more than the Height di- 
 vided in 7 Parts, of which the upper one is the Abacus, the rieigh: 
 of every Part is adjuiled ; and by the Plan and Elevation in PJate 
 XLir. the Breadths and Diftances of the Leaves, C'V. are full/ 
 exemplified in the like Manner. 
 
 In the Drawing of this Capital, the young ftudent muft firfl: 
 accuftom himfelf to exprefs only the Leaves in Grofs, as expreficd 
 in this and the XLIVth Plate, until he has iijade himfelf a iMrJler 
 of forming their Out- lines ; when it will be a pleafure to raiHc 
 them, as exprelfed in Plate XLIll. and XLV. 
 
 And as the Capital of a Pilaller has all its Leaves in each Face 
 in a direct View, contrary to thofe of a Capital to a Column^ 
 and is one fixth of a Diameter more in Breadth ; I have there- 
 fore, to explain the Difference and Parts, Ihewn in PJate XLIV. 
 the Plan and Elevation of a Capital 10 a Pilaller, in the fame 
 Manner as that of a Column in Plate XLII as indeed 1 have alio 
 the Elevation of a hair Capital at large, with its Leaves raffled, as 
 thofe of Plate XLIIJ. 
 
 Ihe CompoCnQ Capital explained. Plate LVIIL 
 
 This Order is called Compofite, becaufe its Capital is compoled 
 of the hmch and Corinthian Capitals j that is, its Abacus, Volutes^ 
 Ovolo, and Aftragal between them, are the very Members which 
 form the modern hnick Capital. Its two Heights of Leaves are 
 the very fame as thofe in the Corinthian Capital ; and its Stalks, 
 which in the Corinthian Capital fi.n'lli with Volutes and Helices, 
 are here ftopt by the lonick Volutes, and made to finilh inwardly 
 with Huiks on Tendrels, called Caulicoles. 
 
 The Height of this Capital is the fame as that of the Corinthiany 
 and is divided in 7 Parts alio, of which the upper i is the Height of 
 the Abacus; and which being divided in 2, and the upper i in 5, 
 the upper 4 is the Height of the Ovolo, and the lower 2 of the 
 Fillet- Divide the lower Half of the Height of the Abacus with 
 the next two Parts into r, and then finilh the Volute exactly the 
 fam?, as in the modern hnick Capital, Plate XXIV, 
 
 Now^ 
 
2, 7h BUILD E R's JEWEL. 
 
 Now, as the remniivng Part of this Capital is entirely Ccrnih'isn 
 ZT. before proved, 'tis needlcls to i'xy vao e thereof j but that it ma/ 
 be fully exemplified, 1 have therefore Ihewn its Elevation at large 
 in Plates MX. and LX. as well for a Pilafter, as for a Column j as 
 1 have done before in the Cothuhian O dcr. 
 
 C H A P. IV. Of EiitaHaturef. 
 A N Entablature is the uppermoft or lall principal Part of an 
 r\ Order, iv,\\\d\ Viiruiius czWe^-l Oriionuni) and confifts of 3 
 Parts njiz an Architrave, a Freeze or Fii/e, and a Cornice 
 
 The Heiohts of tn'ablatures being declared in Chnp. I. we are 
 now to obfer've that their Projections are equal to their Htights, in 
 all the Orders, excepting the /)6;7V/^, and that only but when its 
 Mutulesare introduced ; when it then confiihof hilf the Entabla- 
 ture's whole Height. 
 
 7'he Heights of the feveral Entablatures are thus divided into 
 their Aichiiraver, Friirs, Cornices, kc. 
 
 R U L E I. To di'vide the Tufcan Entablature into its Archi* 
 tiave, Frize^ Cornice, l<c. Plate III. 
 
 Fiyjly J3iviDE the given Height into 7 Parts; give 2 to the 
 Architrave, 2 to the Prize, and 3 to the Cornice. 
 
 Stcoiully^ Divide iheHeightof the Architrave in 7 Parts; give 
 2 to the lower Fafcia, 4 to the upper Fafcia, and i to the Tenia, 
 whofe Projection is equal to its Height; and which being divided 
 in ^, give i to the i'rojcCtion of the upper Fafcia. 
 
 Tbird'y, D i v i de the Height of the Cornice in 3; divide the 
 upper I in 4, and give the upper i Pdrt to the Rcgula, and the 
 other 3 to the C.ima rccla. Divide the middle i in 6 ; give the upper 
 1 to the Fillet, and the o'her 5 to the Corona. Divide thi. lower i 
 in 2 ; give the upper i to the Ovolo; and the lower half divided 
 in 4, g,ive the upper i to the Pillct, and the other 3 to the Cavetto. 
 liY the bcale of Projection is fecn, that the Projection of the 
 Corona is two thirds; the Ovolo, one third; and the FiJIet cf 
 the Cavetto, or.e fixth of the whole. 
 
The B U T L D E R's JEWEL. 21 
 
 Note, By well yndei fending the Manner of proportioning this 
 Entablature, (which is very ealy) the others following will become 
 as eafy : Bur ihat the young Student may not be at any Stand 
 therein, I will, for a further Explanation, explain the Entablatures 
 of the Dorick ?nd lofii k Orders in the fame Manner. 
 
 R U L E If To divide the Dorick Entablature into its Archi- 
 tra~je, Prize, Cornice, &c. Plate XII. 
 
 Ftrfi, Divide the Height in 8 Parts; give 2 to the Architrave, 
 3 to theFrize, and 3 to the Cornice. 
 
 Secondly, Divide the lipper i of fhe Architrave fnto 3, and give 
 the upper 1 to the 1 enia : Divide the lower 2 in 6 ; give the upper 
 1 to the Fillet over the Gufa's, and the next three to the Gutta's. 
 
 DivjDF. the lower third Part of the Fleight of the Cornice in 3, 
 and give the lower i to the Cap of the Triglyph. Divide the re- 
 maining Part of the Cornice's Height in 4 Parts, and the upper i 
 Part in 4 ; of Vv'hich give the upper i to the Reguia, or upper Fillet 
 on the Cifr,a reC.ia ; and the lower 3 to the Cima redn. The next 
 Part divided in 3, half the upper i is the Fillet; and the Remainder 
 the Corona. The next Part being alfo divided in 3, the Upper i is 
 the Capping of the Mutule, and the lower 2 the Mutule. Laftly, 
 X'c^t iouer 4th Part divided in 3, the upper i is the Depth of the 
 Ground to the Mutules ; and half the lower i is the Fillet to the 
 Ovolo of the Bed-mould. 
 
 The Projedion of this Cornice (as before obferved) is half the 
 Height of the whole Entablature; and which being divided in 4, 
 a."? on the Cima reel a, has the Proje6Lions of its Members deter- 
 mined, as by Infpeftion is fiiewn. 
 
 Nov/ 'tis to be noted, That the Breadth of a Triglyph is alw^s 
 equal to half the Columns Diameter at its Bafe; that its Channel- 
 ings and Gutta's are found by dividing the Breadth of the Triglyph 
 into 12 Parts, as exhibited at large in Plate XIII. That the Dif- 
 tances between the Triglyphs mult always be equal to the Height 
 of the Prize, and theretore v/ill become exactly Iquare. That thefe 
 intervals or Squares are called Metopes; and are lometimes enriched 
 
 with 
 
42 rbe B U I L D E R's JEWEL. 
 
 with Rofes, as here expreffed, or otherwife at the PJeafure of the 
 Archi:ett ; and that the Manner of forming the Planceer of this 
 Cornice is fhewn in Plate XIV. 
 
 R U L E JII. To divide the lonick Entablatures into the Archi- 
 trai'fy Ftize, Cornice^ &c. / 
 
 As this Order has two Varieties of Entablatures, liz. the one 
 with Dtntules, and the other with Modillions ; I have tlK-rdorc 
 jhewn them both, and by explaining ot one, the other will be un- 
 ci '.rllood. 
 
 To di'viJe the lonick Entablature 'with Dentu/es. Plate XXVIIF. 
 Firji, DiTiDL the Height in lo Parts, give 3 to the Architrave, 
 3 to the Prize, and 4 to the Cornice. 
 
 SeconMy^ Divide the upper i Part of the Architrave in 4 ; give 
 the upper 1 to the Mliet ; the ne\t 2. and 1 fourth of the lower i, 
 to i\\&Cima reverfa j and the reu^aining 3 fourths of the lower i to 
 the Head. Thefe Members togeilier are called the Tenia of the 
 Architrave, whofc ' Fillet's PiojctStion is equal to their v. hule 
 Heiglits. 
 
 T/'/fv//y, As the Prize of this Order is made fweiling, therefore 
 divide the Height in 4, and on the niiddle 2 make the i)e6tion x", 
 on which defcribe the Curve of the Prize. 
 
 Fourthly, The Height of the Cornice being in 4 Parrs, divide 
 the upper i in 4 ^ give the upper 1 to the Kegula or Fillet on ihc 
 Cima reduy and the remaining 2, with 2 thirds of the lower i, 
 to the Cima reda ; and the i third give to the Fillet on the Cima 
 re-verfa. 
 
 , Divinr. the next Part in 4 ; give the upper 1 to the Cima recta, 
 at'id the other 3 to the Corona. 
 
 DiviPF- the next c: :,d part In 6j give the upper 3 to the 
 Ovolo, the next 1 to its Filler, and the next i to the Fillet between 
 the Deniules. 
 
 DivioF. the lower i In 3 ; the upper i will terminate the depth 
 of the Dentuies. Divide the middle 1 in 3, and the upper i will 
 be the Depth of the Dcnticule or Falcia, on which the Dentules 
 
 «r 
 
The B U I L D E R's JEWEL. 25 
 
 are fixed, and the remains will be the Citna reaver fa, and lower 
 Member of the Entablature. 
 
 The Projeftion is -iivided into 4 principal Parts, as by the Scale 
 againd the Prize is fhewn, by which its Members are terminated, 
 as by infpe^lion is plain, 
 
 'To divide the lonick Denudes. 
 
 \k an Entablature over a Column, divide the Didance between the 
 central Line, and the Upright of the Shaft at its Neck, into 10 
 Parts J give 2 Parts to the Breadth of a Dentule, and \ to an Inter- 
 val. Bur in an Entablature over an undiminiflied Pilafter, divide 
 the aforefaid Diftance into 1 2 Parts, and proceed as before. 
 
 AW(?, The Breadth of a Dentule is 5 Minutes, and of an Interval 
 
 2 Minutes and a half, which are defcribed at large in Plate XXX. 
 Now, as the 75«zV^ Entablature with Modillions, as exprefTed in 
 
 Plate XXIX. has its Members proportioned in like Manner, 1 there- 
 fore need only to note, That the Breadth of each Modillion is !o 
 Minutes; that the Diftance or Interval between them is 25 Minutes 
 in an Entablature to a Column, and 30 Minutes in an Entablature to 
 an undiminilhed Pilaiter. And that the Curve of the Sophete of the 
 lonick Modillion is defcribed at large in Plate XXX. as following. 
 The Hsi'jhc and Projet^ure being before fsund. 
 
 Divide the Length in 6 Parts ; and on the Point 5 ere6t the 
 Perpendicular 5 a equal to 2 Parts and a half; alfo from the Point 2, 
 Jet lall the Perpendicular 2 b, equal to i Part and a half, and draw 
 the Line «^. On the Point 2, defcribe the Arch \ d -, on the 
 Point h, the Arch dc ; and on the Point a the Arch c 5. 
 
 Note, The Manner of forming the Return of the Planceer of 
 this Cornice is fhewn in Plate XXXI. 
 
 RULE in. To di-vide the Corinthian Entablature into its Ar- 
 chitra've. Prize, and Cornice. Plate XLVI. 
 
 ). Divide the Height into 10 Parts; give 3 to the Architrave, 
 
 3 to the Prize, and 4 to the Cornice. 
 
 2. Divide the Height of the Architrave, and of the Cornice, 
 each in 5 Parts, and fubdivide them, as exhibited j and then pro- 
 feed in every R^fped as in the preceding Orders. AV^, 
 
24 The E U I L D E R's J E W E L. 
 
 A^3/^ That tho' the Dentules are exprcflcd in this Cornice, yet 
 they are not alvays ufed. 
 
 'fnAT the Breadth of the Modiiiions are lo Minutes, as before 
 in ihtknicky but thtrir Dilljinces are greater. 
 
 The Interval between Modiiiions in a Cornice over Colunirt 
 is 25 Minutes; and in a Cornice over undiminilhed Pilaftcrs, 30 
 Minutes. 
 
 To render the Parts of this Modillion plain and intelligible, I have 
 fhewn it at large in Front and Piufile, with itsMeafures, in HI. 
 XLVII. wherein V\g. A reprcfents the Eve of its Volute at large, 
 with the Centers numbered ; on which its Curves are defcribed in 
 the very fame Manner, as the Volute of the /<>«:V^ Capital. 
 
 Between the Modill.ons the IManceer of the Sophefe of the 
 Corona is enriched with Rofes in hollow Pannels, called Coffers, 
 as exprCifed in Plate XLVill. which alio fhews the Manner of re- 
 turning the Sophetc at an externa! Ant!.ie. 
 
 RULE IV. ^0 liii'ide the Conipofue Entahlitlure-into its Archi- 
 trave, Frize^ and Cornice. Plate XLI. 
 
 Firj}^ Divide the Height into to Parts j give 3 to the Archi- 
 trave, 3 to the Prize, and 4 to the Cornice. 
 
 Secord!)'^ Divide the Heights of the .Architrave, and of the 
 Cornice, each into 4; fubdivide their Parts, draw in and terminate 
 their Members by the Scale of Projedtlon, as before done in the 
 preceding Orders. The Manner of enriching the Planceer of the 
 Corona of ihis Cornice, and returning it at an external Angle, is ex- 
 hibited in Plate LXII. 
 
 CHAP. V. 0/ Doort, IVindanvs^ Porticof, Arcadei^ and the 
 hilercolumtuition of Colurr/ns in j^fneral. 
 
 THAT the Young. Student may have Pieafure in the ProceD of 
 his Study, I have given him an Example of a Door Iquare 
 and circular, iieaded, with circular and pitched Pediments, a Win- 
 dow, a Portico, and an Arcade, with their Jmpolb and Architraves, 
 in each of the firft 4 Orders ; v/hicU immediaicly follow their re- 
 D. H, HILL LIBRARY ^F^'^c 
 
 North Carolina State Caliege 
 
The B U I L D E R's J E W E L. 25 
 
 ^pe6live Entablatures ; and which having their principal Parts deter- 
 mined by their Meafuresi affixed, need no other Explanation. And 
 in order to further enable him in the Art of Defigning, I have lliewn 
 the proper Intercolumnations, or juft Dirtances, that the Columns oi" 
 every Order muft be placed in from each other, when employed in 
 Colonades. ^r. bv which he may form new Defigns at his Plealurc. 
 See Plates VI, XVII, XXXIV, XXXV, and Llll. 
 
 CHAP. VI. Of Pedimnits, aud the Manner oj fnclin^ their J^ahing 
 and Returned Moulainos for their Cornices y and for Ca^tping of their 
 Raking Mufulei and Modillions. 
 
 PEDIMENTS, which the French call Frontons, from the Latin 
 From, the Forehead, are commonly placed over Windows, 
 Doors, Portico's, ^c. to carry off the Rains, and to enrich the Or- 
 der on which they are placed. 
 
 Pediments are either entire or open; and thofe are (Iraight, cir- 
 cular, compound, iffc. 
 
 An entire ftraight Pediment is generally called a pitched Pediment, 
 as the lower Pediment in Plate LXIX. And an entire circular Pedi- 
 ment is generally called a Compafs Pediment, as the upper Pediment 
 in Plate LXIX. 
 
 When a Pediment confifts of more than one Arch, as thofe in 
 Plates LXXI, and LXXII, they are called entire compound Pedi- 
 ments. 
 
 Open Pediments are thofe* whofe raking Members are ftopt in 
 fome certain Place between the Points of their Spring, and their Faf- 
 tigium or vertical Point; as thofe in Plate LXIIf, the lower Pedi- 
 ment in Plate LXXI, and the upper in Plate LXXIV, 
 
 Entire Pediments are the firll Kind that were made, and were 
 originally placed to Portico's at the Entrances into Temples; but 
 now we place them to Frontifpieces of Doors, Windows, i^c. for 
 Ornament and Ufe. 
 
 As the entire Pediment by its reclining Surfaces carries off and 
 difcharges the Rains at its ^xtrpmes, therefore none but entire Pedi- 
 
 C mcnts 
 
26 rie B U I L D E R ^s J E W E L. 
 
 ments (houid be employed abroad ; whilft the broken or open arc 
 employed lor Ornament only withln-fide, wh.cre no Rains can come. 
 '1 Is true wc may daily Ice open Pediments placed without-fide, 
 as is done by Inigo Jones at Shnffjluiy Houfe in .^Uerf^ale-fiteet^ 
 Lonnon. Hut furcly, nothing can be fo abfurd, (unlch it is the 
 placing ot an entire Pediment v.ithin-fide a Building, where no Rains 
 can fall ; as done by Mr. Gibbs within the Church of St. Mnry le 
 jTrnnJ) bcc!(vi(e, by their being open, they receive the Rains, and dif- 
 charge them in Front, as a liraight and level Cornice doth ; and 
 tiierefc-e of no more Ule. 
 
 As Pediments, when well applied, are very great Lnrichments to 
 buildii^'^s, and in many Cale.s are very ufcful, 1 have therefore given 
 Id \aiic;ic.s Icr the young Student's Practice, with their Meai'ures 
 affixed ; by v/hich they mny be drawn and worked of any Aiagnicude 
 required. /V./*' Plates LX I X, ^V. 
 
 1m the Wcrking of Pediment?, the chief Difiiculty is, to form 
 the Curves of the Raking and Returned Cornices, that ftiall exadlly 
 nccndter, or meet at their Mitres; which may be truly worked, as 
 following 
 
 RULE. To (iefiribe the Ctifve of the Rakiu£r Citna red a of a 
 Perlim'nt^ hd'vitig ibe Curiae of tbe fraigbt or It'vel Cornice gii'en. 
 Plate LXV. 
 
 Let a b g be the given Cimrj rcSIa •, divide its Curve in 4 equal 
 Tarts at the Points ^ef; and draw theOrdinites / /, k e, and alfo 
 j{ (i ; from thf Poinrs f/ef draw the raking Lines y^, ^ r, ^/ x ; and 
 the perpenoicular Lines r^k, e /, fvi. In any Place, as at mo, draw 
 aright Line at right Angles to the raking Lines; and making the 
 Crdinaics in Fig I>, as at' -7, n r, / j, equal to the Ordinatcs if\kc^ 
 r^^, in Fig. A, through the points //r^, trace the Curve P q r s u ; 
 which is the Curve of the Raking Cima re6ln required. And tho', 
 itridlly fpeaking, each hrif is a Part of an Ellipfis ; yer, if Centers 
 be found that Ihall defcribe the Arch of a Circle to pafs through the 
 three points p qr, and r s n, it will not be in the Power of the moll 
 inquifitive Eve to dilcgter the Difference. 
 ■ ' ^ To 
 
The B U I L D E R's JEWEL. 27 
 
 , To defcribe the Cur^ve of the Returned Cornice. 
 
 From p. Fig. C, fet bac^ p 0, the Projection h g in Fig. A ; and 
 draw the Perpendicular t?^ on the Top of the Fillet p ; make the 
 Diftances p t, t 'v,.'v iy, equal to the Diftances I? k^ k /, / w, in Fig. A ; 
 and drawing the Lines iv x, "v r, t g, parallel to the Perpendicular «, 
 they will cut the Raking Lines in the Points (] r s x. From the Point 
 p, thro' the faid Points to «, trace the Curve p q r s x, which is the 
 Curve of the Returned Cima reSIa^ as required ; for its Ordinates at 
 thofe Points are equal to the Ordinates in Fig. A. 
 
 By the fame Rule, the Curves of the Raking and Returned Ovo- 
 lo's, Plate LXVI, the Raking and Returned Cavetto't, Plate LXVII, 
 and the Raking and Returned CAma reverfa, for the Capping , of 
 Raking Mutules and Modillions, Plate LXVIil, are found, as is 
 evident to the firll: Viev/. 
 
 CHAP. VII. Of Block ana Canlcill^-osr Cornices, Ruftick ^oins. 
 
 Cornices and Cocoes, proportioned to Rooms of any Height, An^le- 
 
 Brackets, Mouldini^s for Tabernacle-Frames, Pa>inels and Centeritig 
 
 for Groins. 
 
 I. f^\ F Block Cornices I have given three Varieties in Plate 
 
 \^ LXXV ; where I have firil iheu'n them in fmall, to exprefs 
 
 the Breadth of their Biock-Trulles, and Ditlance at which they are 
 
 to ftand ; as likewife the Vlanner of applying them over Rullicic 
 
 Quoins; and fecondfy, at large, the better to e.xprels the Divifion or 
 
 their Members. 
 
 II. In Plate LXXJX, I have given an Example of a Cantaliver 
 Cornice at large, which in lofty Rooms under a* Cove has a very 
 grand and noble Effect. The breadrh of a Cantaliver is one 4th of 
 Ks Height, v^hich is equal to the Hfight of the Frize ; and the Dif- 
 tance they are placed at is the fame as their Height ; thereby in:iking 
 their IVIetopes eJia^Stly a geometrical Square, as in the Dorick Order,' 
 HI. CovF-s to Cielings are of various Heights ; as one third, one 
 fourth, one fifth, one fixth, two fevenths, two ninths, l^c. of the 
 v/hb!e Height. C z A Coy p. 
 
28 rhc B U I L D E R 's J E W E L. 
 
 A Cove of one tl.Ird, at Fig. A, Plate LXXXI, is befl for a lofty 
 Room ; and when Windows are made therein, the Groins make a 
 very agreeable Figure, and take olF the leeming Heavinefs which 
 an entire Cove o^ a larpe Height inipofes on the Eye. 
 
 The Curve of this Cove x hh ^ Quadrant of a Circle defcribed 
 en the Center e ; as alfo is ihi Curve a c of the fame Radius de- 
 fcribed on the Center h. 'Fo find the Center b. after having fet out 
 the Oiftances of t!".e Columns at 9 Diameters and a half, and dc- 
 icribed the Cove x /.\ as aforefaid, make d b equal to n d. 
 
 A CovK of one fourth, as Fig. A, Plate LXXIX ; is alfo fit for 
 a loky Room, as a Hall, Saion, l^c. which is thus proportioned : 
 Divide the Height in 20 Parts j give 5 to the Cove, and 2 to the 
 EntabI iturc. 
 
 To defcribe an Angle-Bracket for any Cove, fuppofe for Fig. R 
 
 Let a /' <: be a Front-Bracket, and a f i\it Bale over which the 
 Angle- Bracket is 10 fiand. In C draw Ordinates from its Curve to 
 its Hafc a r. at any Diltances, and continue them till they meet a f 
 ihe Bafe of the Angle-Bracket, from whence raife Ordinates at right 
 Angles to the faid Bafe ; and making them refpedlively equal to 
 thole in Figure C, through their Extremes trace the Curve aue^ 
 v.'hich is one <^^arter of an Ellipfis, and the Curve of the Angle- 
 Bracket required. 
 
 A Cove of one 5th, as Fig. I, Plate LXXIX, is fit for a Room 
 of State, and thu.«; proportioned, 'viz. Divide the Height in 5 : ^ 
 give 1 to the Cove, and one third of the next to the Cornice, 
 j^wlJclr is Do'iik without Mutules, and reprefcnted at laige bv 
 ' • Ffg. H. 
 
 A Cove of one 6th, as the two Coves in Plate LXXX. is fit for 
 Dining-Room?, l^c. and is thus proportioned : Divide the Height 
 in 30 Parts; give 5 to the Cove, and 1 to the Cornice. 
 
 A Cove or two yths, as Fig. B. Plate LXXXI, is fit for a Study 
 or Beti-chamber, and even (or a Hall ; as herein exprelFed, and 13 
 thus proportioned: Divide the Height in 7 ; give 2 la the Cove, 
 and 1 to the Entabh.turG, which is /J^r/V/^. 
 
 IV. In 
 
The B U I L D E R's JEWEL. 29 
 
 IV. In Plate LXXVI, I have fliewn how tp proportion the Tuf- 
 caftj Dorick, lonick, i^c. Cornices to the Height of any Room ; a 
 Work known, or at leaft pradifed but by few, 
 
 I. To proportion the Tufcan Cornice to a Room of any Height. 
 Divide the Height from the Floor or Dado in ^, and the up- 
 per I in 5 ; of which give 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and 2 to 
 the Breadth of its Stile and Height of its Rail, Fig. A. 
 
 11. To proportion the Dorick Cornice to a Room of any Height 
 
 Fig. B 
 Divide the Height in 4, and the upper i in lo; of which give 
 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and 2 to the Breadth of its Stile 
 and He.ght of its Rail. 
 
 III. To^ proportion the \on\ck, Corinthian, or Compofite Csrnices to 
 the Height of any Room, Fig. C. 
 Divide the Height in 3, and the upper i in 5 ; of which give 
 the upper i to the Height of the Cornice, and 3 fifths of the next 
 1 to the Height of the Rail, and to the Breadth of the Stile. 
 
 V. In Plate LXXVIf, I have given eight different Mouldings 
 for Tannels ; and in Plate LXXVI !I, four different Mouldings for 
 Tabernacle-Frames, with proper Enrichments, and their Meafures 
 affixed j by which they may be drawn and worked, of any Magni- 
 nitude required 
 
 VI. In Plate LXXXII, I have Ihewn the Manner of finding the 
 Curves of the necelTary Ribs for Groins, by one general Rule, as 
 follows. 
 
 In Fig. A, \ti ahc dhQ the Plan, and the Serai-circle a c b m 
 End Rib, and c f its Height. Draw the Diagonal a d, as alfo the 
 Ordinates i 2 3 4, on the Semi-circle Rib, which continue till they 
 meet the Diagonal, in the Points 5 6 7 8 i from whence raife right 
 Lines perpendicular to a d, refpe6tively equal to the Ordinates i z 
 3 4i and then tracing the Curve thro' their Extremes, it vi|ll be 
 the Curve for the Diagonal Rib, as required. 
 
 By the fame Rule, the Ribs for all other Kinds of regular or 
 irreplaf Groins are found, be their Plan? what they will, and 
 
 C 3 theif 
 
50 The B U I L D E R's J E V/ E L. 
 
 their Arche? femi-circular, femi-elllptical, or Scheme ; as is evident 
 by Figures B C D E and F ; which a liule infpedlon will make evi- 
 dent to the meanefl: Capacity. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. Of TruJJtd Parlilhns, Irujfed Girders, K^ked 
 
 Flooring, &c. 
 
 I. TN Plate LXXXIII, are three Varieties of TrufTed Partitions, 
 X of 40, 50, and 60 Feet Bearing, for Graineries, Ware-houfes, 
 ilfc. wherein great Weights are laid ; of which the middle one is for 
 two Stories Height. 
 
 II. In Plate LXXXIV, the Figures A B C reprcfent three Varie- 
 ties of truffed Girders ; which ought not to exceed 25 or 30 Feet 
 In Length ; and Figure D is a Girder cut Camber, which, for 
 Lengths from 15 to 20 Feet, will do without being truiTed, as the 
 preceding. 
 
 The Scantlings of Girders JJjould he 
 
 Feet. Feet. Inches. 
 
 Lengths 'S^to'^' itobe 
 
 Irom ) 21 
 
 ,_ .AWtf, That Girders fliould have at lead 9 Inches Bearing In the 
 Walls, and be bedded on Lintels, hid in Loam, with Arches turned 
 over their Ends, that they may be renewed at any Time without 
 Damage to the Pier. 
 
 III. In the upper Part of this Plate, I have (hewn three Bays of 
 ^ills, or naked Flooiing ; wherein the two outer ones have only 
 their binding Joifts expreffed ; and that in the Middle with their 
 Bridging Joids, (or Furring Joifts) as called by fome. In this kind 
 of Flooring 'tis tQ be noted, ihat binding Joills are lb framed as that 
 
 their 
 
r/j^ B U I L D E R's J E W E L. ^t 
 
 their under Surface be level with the under Surface of the Girder^ 
 and the upper Suiface of their Bridgings with the under Surface of 
 the Girder. 
 
 The Diftance of binding Joifts fhould not exceed 3 Feet and a 
 half, or 4 Feet, in the Clear j and their Scantling? (hould be as fol- 
 lows, 'viz. 
 
 Feet. Inches. 
 
 If their ) / their Scantlings ) (, j^fTt. 
 Length be |;° j Aould be j ^ J by J 5 J Inches. 
 
 Bridgixg Joifts (hould be laid at i Foot in the Clear, and their 
 Scantlings fliould be 3 by 4, 3 and a half by 4, or 4 by 4, ^c. 
 
 In common Flooring, where neither Binding nor Bridging Joifts 
 are ufed, the Scantlings of Joifts ought to be as follov/s, viz. 
 
 Feet. 
 C.ol 
 
 If the Length be -s i » > their Scantlings to be 
 
 Note, No Joifts to exceed 1 2 Feet in Length ; to have at leaft 
 fix Inches Bearing, and that on a Lintel or Bond Timber ; and 
 their Diftance in the Clear not to exceed one Foot. 'Tis alfo to be 
 obferved, that all Joifts on the Breafts and Backs of Chimneys be 
 framed into Trimming Joifts (whofe Scantlings are to be the fame as 
 thofe of Binding Joifts) at 6 or 8 Inches Diftance behind, and 1 2, 
 16, ^Cj Inches before, as a a. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 0/ Roofs. 
 
 ^f^ H E Requifites to Roofing, is the Scarfing and Completing 
 
 1 of Raifings, or Wall-plates, ^c, to determine the necefTarJ' 
 
 Heiglitof the Pitch, agreeable to the Covering ; to find the Lengths 
 
 of Principal and Hip-Rafters, and to back them when neceffary * 
 
 to 
 
J 
 
 32 Tbf B V I h D E R's J E W E L. 
 
 to contrive the proper TrufTes for to ftrengthen the principal" 
 Raftefs ; and to layout in Ledgement the feveral Skirts ; therc-b/ 
 to determine the Quantity of Materials necefHi > ; and to find the 
 fcvcral Angles and Length? of all Parts ; fo as to fct out Work, 
 ami fix. at once, the Whole in a Workman-like Manner, and in 
 the haft 'T ime. 
 
 Now. in order to make the young Student a Mafter, herein 
 I have Ihewn, 
 
 J. In Plate LXXXV, by Figures CDEFGHIKLMten 
 different Manners of Scarfing together the Raifings of Roofs ; 
 which is the firft Work to be done, and then the Heams being 
 cogged dwwn thereon at their proper Diftances, wh-ch Oiou'd ne- 
 vei exceed 10 Feet in the Clear, we may begin to confider, and 
 work the Superi^ruflure to be railed thereon. 
 
 The fiift Ihing to be confidered as the Height of the Pitch ; 
 which muft be determined according to the Covering ; which, if 
 with plain Tile or Slate, the true Pitch, as Fig. A, will be proper : 
 But it vv'ith Pan-tiles or Lead, it may be much lower. But here, 
 for Example's Sake, we will fuppofe a Roof to be true Pitch, whofe 
 Plan is r a; t h, Fig. B, and whofe Breadth we will fuppofe is equal 
 to^ 4, Fig A. 
 
 To find the h.npth of a principal Rafter. 
 
 D I V t D E _^ 4, in 4 Parts ; on g and 4, with the Radius of 3 Parts 
 make theSeftion h ; then draw the Lines _§' ^, and h 4 j and each is 
 the Length of a principal Rafter required. 
 
 To find the Length of the Hip-Rafters. 
 
 Draw the Central Line a^ and the Diagonals or Bafes, over 
 which the Hip Rafters are to (land ; a^ r a, t a, a ^v^ and a h ; make 
 a t, a h. and a r, in Fig. A, equal to « /, a by and a r, in Fig. B, 
 and draw the Lines h t^ h b, iuid b r ; then A r is the Length of the 
 Hip-Rafter r p ^ i> ^ is the Length of the Hip g b j and q *v and 
 b t n the Length of th': Hip / s. 
 
 Or othcrwile, on th« End of the Diagonal r a, raife the Perpen- 
 cllcuiai a q equal in height \Qb avsi fig. A; and draw tb« Line r p^ 
 
 which. 
 
The B U I L D E R's JEWEL. '^^ 
 
 U'Mch is the Length of that Hip, nnd equal to h r, in Fig. A, as 
 before. By the lame Rule you may find the lengths of all the 
 other three Hips 
 
 To find the Ar.gh of the Bach of any Hip-Rafter . 
 
 Through sny Point of its Bale, as c in Fig. B, draw a right 
 Line at right Angles, as/ ^, cutting the Out-lines of the Plan in 
 _/"and h. From the Point r, let fall a Perpendicular, as c d^ on the 
 Hip / h ; and make c e equal to c d, Draw the Lines/"?, and b e, 
 and the Angle h efh the Angle of the Back required. 
 
 To lay cut a Roof in Ledgement. Plate LXXXVL 
 
 Let b i d chQ2. given Plan ; a h. Fig. B, the given Pitch ; and 
 h gy h e, 2. Pair of principal Rafters agreeable thereto. 
 
 By the preceding, draw the Ridge-Line a a, and the Diagonals 
 a d, a f, and a b, a i In Fig. B, make a r, a d^ and a b equal to 
 the Diagonals a a. a c^ and a h, a /, in Fig. A. Thro' the Points a a, 
 in Fig. A, draw the two beans g k, and e 4, Make r g, and/^, and 
 ^ /, 4 w, each equal to the Length of a principal Rafter, as h g. 
 Fig. B ; and draw the Lines d s, s r^ r b, and i I, I m, m c. On the 
 Points B and /, in Fig. A, with the Radius h h (the Length of the 
 Hip) make the Section r, and draw the Lines h t and / i. 
 
 On the Point d^ in Fig. B, with the Length h d, in Fig. B, and 
 on c with the Length (^ r, make the Se»Slicn o; then drawing the 
 Lines d and f 0, the Skirts of the whole Roof are laid; whick 
 fill up with fmall and Jack Rafters at Pleafure. 
 
 Now, when the Skirts of a Roof are thus drawn on Paper, 
 and are cut out round at their Extremes, and be truly bended 
 or turned up on the Out-lines of the Railing, as ^ /, ^ ^, ^ r, and 
 c i 5 they will all come truly together, and become a A4odei of 
 the Root required, wherein every Rafter may be exprelTed in its 
 Place, and thejuft Lengths and Quantity known to a very great"^ 
 Exa6tnefs. 
 
 By the fame Rule, the irregular Roof, Plate LXXXVII, is laid 
 out in Ledgement, and its Rcquifites found, as is evident at the 
 firft view. 
 
 Note, 
 
34 "The B U I L D E R'5 JEWEL. 
 
 Notey As this Plan hath not parrallel Sides, every Pair of Rafters 
 will therefore be of different Lengths, although tlie Heighth of 
 their 1 itch is the fame ; and fo confequently every Rafter inuft be 
 backed by taking away the Triangle ; asa e^, Fig. D, and then the 
 Sole of the Foot of a Rafter will be as c « db. 
 
 The following Plates confiding wholly of Truffes for Roofs and 
 Domes, need no Explanation more than their owa Figures exprefs, 
 CO which I refer. 
 
 ///.^ /^/.^C^C^^C'^'^^^ ^V^ 
 
 D. H. HILL LIBRARY 
 
 North Carolina State College 
 
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