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FLORA DIMTETICA: 
 
 O R, 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 ESCULENT PLANTS, 
 
 Both Domestic and Foreign. 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 They are accurately defcribed, and reduced to their 
 LiNNiEAN Generic and Specific Names. 
 
 WITH 
 
 Their English Names annexed, and ranged under 
 Eleven General Heads, 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 1 Roots, 
 
 2 Shoots, Stalks, &c. 
 
 3 Leav£s, 
 
 4 Flowers, 
 
 5 Berries, 
 Esculent \ 6 Stone-fruit, 
 
 7 Apples, 
 
 8 Legumens, 
 
 9 Grain, 
 lo Nuts, 
 
 ^11 Funguses. 
 
 AND 
 
 A particular Account of the Manner of ufing them ; their 
 native Places of Growth ; their feveral Varieties, and 
 Phyfical Properties : Together witn whatever is other- 
 wife curious, or very remarkable in each Species. 
 
 THE WHOLE 
 
 So methodized, as to form a fhort Introduction to the 
 SCIENCE OF BOTANY. 
 
 By CHARLES B_R Y A N T, of Norwich. 
 
 LONDON: 
 Printed for B. WhitE; at Horace's Head, in Flect-flrert. 
 
 M.DCC.LXXXIil, 
 
T O 
 
 JAMES CROWE, Efq; 
 
 O F 
 
 TUCK'S WOOD, NEAR NORWICH, 
 
 THIS HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 ESCULENT PLANTS 
 
 Is with all due Submiffion, Infcribed, 
 
 B Y 
 
 His moll Obedient 
 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 C. BRYANT. 
 
PREFACE- 
 
 WHETHER we view Mankind 
 in a natural or civilized ftate, 
 we {hall find that the principal part 
 of his daily food, and alfo moft of 
 the articles neceffary to his com- 
 fortable enjoyment of Life, are 
 drawn from the vegetable kingdom ; 
 every endeavour therefore to point 
 out with precifion and accuracy the 
 Species of Plants, immediately a- 
 dapted to the ufe of man, muft carry 
 with it its own recommendation ; 
 for, by furnifhing him with the 
 means of diftinguifliing the different 
 Species of plants clearly, he is there- 
 by enabled to choofe fuch as are moft 
 wholefome, and beft fuited to his 
 palate and conftitution, and of re- 
 je6ling fuch as are difagreeable and 
 hurtful. Now this can never be 
 anfwered by any method fo well, as 
 A3 by 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 by that of calling plants after their 
 generic and trivial Names, for thefe 
 once acquired, any particular Spe- 
 cies may be as certainly difcourfed 
 upon, as any fingle letter in the Al- 
 phabet. By thefe, Botany is re- 
 duced to a permanent and univerfal 
 language, which may be adopted by 
 all people and nations j but without 
 thefe, the moft laboured defcriptions 
 often prove iuLfredual, and the 
 meaning liable to be miftaken. The 
 truth of this is evident from the 
 writings of m.any travellers, who 
 have endeavpu^xd to defcribe the 
 plants peculiar to the feveral coun- 
 tries they have palled through ; but 
 though they have taken much pains 
 to be underfLUod, yet it is, frequently 
 out of the power^^of the moft expert 
 Botanift, to be certain of .many 
 plants they mention, for want of 
 their defcriptions being delivered 
 according to the language of Bo- 
 tany i or, if the plants were fuch 
 
 as 
 
PREFACE. vll 
 
 as are in LinntEus, their not leaking 
 of them by their generic and trivial 
 names. Thefe names would be all 
 the defcriptions neceffary to a fcien- 
 tific Botanift, and this method 
 would fave fuch travellers a great 
 deal of time, but for want of pro- 
 ceeding in this way, their labours 
 become almoft ufelefs, and the ceco- 
 nomy of human life is often robbed 
 of many advantages. Hence, a- 
 mongfl: other inflances, Botany be- 
 comes a fcience of the firft confe- 
 quence, and claims the mod liberal 
 encouragement, as when it is pro- 
 perly underftood and applied, it 
 may be produdlive of the greateft be- 
 nefits to mankind. All Gentlemen 
 then that travel with the public good 
 in view, fliould previoufly acquire 
 fuch a ftock of the Linnsean fyftem 
 as will enable them to reduce plants 
 to their Genera and Species. Nor 
 is a competent knowledge of this 
 Science lefs neceffary to the ftationed 
 A 4 Gentleman ; 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 Gentleman ; for furely it ill fuits 
 with the character of a perfon of a 
 polite education, to adopt the vul- 
 garifms of the unlearned. And yet 
 for the moft part this is the cafe, 
 there being nothing more frequent 
 than for people in a high ftation of 
 life, to converfe about their fruits 
 and fidlads, under the barbarous 
 names they may have heard them 
 called by, and which are often local. 
 Gardeners and Nurferymen too 
 ought to be well acquainted with 
 the Linnsean names of the plants 
 they cultivate and deal in, the want 
 of which knowledge many times ren- 
 ders their language unintelligible 
 even among themfeives, efpecially if 
 they have been brought up in dif- 
 ferent places. The utility of the 
 follovv'ing Manual then muft imme- 
 diately appear, as by it any one 
 may furnifli himfelf with the Lin- 
 n^an names of moft of the efculent 
 plants in ufe throughout the known 
 
 parts 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 parts of the globe, and that with 
 very little trouble ; for it being 
 portable in the pocket, and fuffi- 
 cient in itfelf for the purpofe. Gen- 
 tlemen and Ladies not at all ac- 
 quainted with Botany, may amufe 
 themfelves in their gardens, and ex- 
 amine the greateft part of their ve- 
 getables fcientifically, without the 
 fatigue of regularly ftudying the 
 Science, as all fuch terms as were 
 unavoidable in true defcription, are 
 explained at the beginning of the 
 work. Under this view, Jikewife, 
 it muft become dire<Sl:ly ufeful to 
 thofe who travel, as they will be 
 hereby enabled to fatisfy themfelves 
 in regard to the edible plants they 
 may meet with abroad, and in their 
 writings be capable ot giving the 
 country names in conjun6lion with 
 the true botanical ones, a thing of 
 no fmall confequence in Hifiory. 
 
 Some time paft, Mr. Flugh Rofe, 
 Apothecary of Norwich, for his 
 
 own 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 own information, fet himfelf about 
 coilefting the Linnsean names of the 
 Efculent Plants ; his lift coming into 
 my hands, I made as many additions 
 to it as I could, have defcribed all 
 the plants, except fuch as are ge- 
 nerally known ; and have digefted 
 and divided the whole into eleven 
 general Heads, with Subdivifions of 
 them, that the defcriptions of the 
 plants might immediately follow 
 every fmali parcel of names. Thefe 
 defcriptions I have delivered in as 
 plain and iimple language as poffible, 
 being fenfible, that a work chiefly 
 intended to bring into general ufe 
 the fcientific names of a particular 
 fet of plants only, could not be ex- 
 preffed in too familiar a ftyle. I 
 have likewife aimed at brevity, as 
 well as plainnef^, not unfrequently 
 making one plant fubfervient to the 
 defcription of another, by only con- 
 trafting their difference. As to fuch 
 Exotics as could not come under my 
 
 infpedlion, 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 infpedion, I have deliberately con- 
 fulted the beft botanic writers upon 
 them, and by comparing their fe- 
 veral defcriptions, have formed fuch 
 as I hope will be found to give the 
 moft accurate ideas of the plants 
 defcribed. Knowing alfo, that many 
 readers are very felicitous about the 
 virtues of plants, I have added the 
 moft general phyfical properties of 
 the greateft part of thefe, as far as 
 could, with propriety, be deduced 
 from their material compdfltions, 
 and perceivable effects upon the or- 
 gans of fenfatiion. 
 
 Having pointed out the principal 
 defign, it remains to mention but 
 one circumftance more refpeding 
 the fucceeding pages ; which is, 
 that feveral plants inferted there 
 were never yet generally introduced 
 into the kitchen, but all of them 
 have been privately tried, and found 
 to be equal, nay even to furpafs many, 
 whofe ufes have been long eftablifh- 
 
 ed. 
 
Xll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 cd. This muft prove of public ad- 
 vantage, in particular feafons, as out 
 of fuch a number, if fome fhould 
 fail, others will be in perfedlion ; 
 and furely no one w^ill object to 
 increafing the Efculent Plants, from 
 an opinion of its tending to promote 
 luxury, efpecially if he refled that 
 human health and vigour can never 
 be fupported fo w^ell, as by a fre- 
 quent ufe of vegetable diet, and that 
 by having a great variety to choofe 
 from, both the palates and pockets 
 of different people will be the more 
 agreeably accommodated. 
 
 TERMS 
 
L xiii ] 
 
 TERMS EXPLAINED. 
 
 /1^ it was impojfihle to deliver a work of this kindy 
 "^ with any tolerable propriety ^ without making ufe 
 of fome of the terms peculiar to the fcience^ it will he 
 necejfary for fuch readers as may be entire Jlrangers to 
 Botany^ to get a perfe^i idea of the few general ones 
 following^ before they confult the defcripiions of the 
 plants^ otherwife they will not be able clearly to com- 
 prehend themy as thefe words are conjiantly occurring. 
 
 1 Annual. 
 
 15 Calyx. 
 
 2 Biennial. 
 
 i6 Catkin. 
 
 3 Perennial. 
 
 17 Petal. 
 
 4 Semie. 
 
 18 Glume. 
 
 5 Serrated. 
 
 19 Arifta, or Awn. 
 
 6 Crcnared. 
 
 20 Floret. 
 
 7 Pinnated, or winged. 21 Germen,orSeed-bud. 
 
 8 Peduncle. 22 Pericarpium. 
 
 9 Spike. 23 Capfule. 
 10 Spicula. 24 Stamina, 
 i I Panicle. 25 Styles. 
 
 12 Spadix. 26 Stigma. 
 
 13 Racemus. 27 Summit. 
 
 14 Umbel. 
 
 1 A plant is faid to be Annual when it dies, 
 root and branch, in the courfe of the year in 
 which it vegetated ; as Common Barley. 
 
 2 A Biennial plant is that which totally perifhes 
 the fecond year after it vegetated j as Garden 
 Clary. 
 
 2 ^ A Pere- 
 
xW TERMS EXPLAINED. 
 
 3 A Perennial plant is fuch whofe root continues 
 alive in the ground for many years j as feveral 
 forts oi' Mint. 
 
 4 A leaf or flower is faid to be Sejftle when it 
 has no foot-ftalk j as the leaf and flower of the 
 Garden Purflane. 
 
 5 A ferrate d leaf is fuch as hath its margin cut 
 into teeth like thofe upon the edge of a faw j as 
 in the Role leaf. 
 
 S A leaf is faid to be crenated when its margin 
 is cut into femicircular teeth ^ as the leaf of Ground 
 Ivy. 
 
 7 A pinnated or winged leaf hath feveral leflTer 
 leaves placed on each fide a common foot-flalk ; 
 as the leaf of the Afh. 
 
 8 A Peduncle is the ftalk that fupports a flow- 
 er, and is fo called to diftinguifli it from the flalk 
 that fuftains a leaf. 
 
 9. A Sfike is formed by many fefllle flowers 
 Handing on both, or on all fides a common pe- 
 duncle* ^ as a fpike of Lavender. 
 
 10 A Spicula is a partial fpike; in Wheat, the 
 main fpike is compofed of a number of fpiculse. 
 
 11 A Panicle is formed by the flowers being 
 varioufly branched from the extremity of a com- 
 mon Hem, upon feparate peduncles ; as in the 
 bat. 
 
 1 2 A Spadix is a flower-fl:em that is protruded 
 pMt of a flieath j as that of the Common Arum. 
 
 13 A Racemus is a long bunch of flowers, each 
 
 * This fort of peduncle Linnaeus more properly calls a 
 Receptacle, 
 
 1^ ^ of 
 
TERMS EXPLAINED. xv 
 
 of which is fupported on a diftincfl peduncle, 
 which fprings from the fide of a common pedun- 
 cle ; as in the Currants. 
 
 14 An Umbel is a bunch of flowers, in which 
 many common peduncles, rifing to an equal 
 height, proceed from a point at the extremity of 
 a ftem, and fupport the flowers in fmall clufters ; 
 as in Common Parfley. 
 
 15 A Calyx is the leaf or leaves that enclofe 
 and protect the other parts of a flower before 
 they expand. 
 
 16 A Catkin is a fort of compound calyx, con- 
 fifting of a great many fcales, ranged along a 
 common receptacle, and has obtained its name 
 from its refembling a cats-tail; as in the Willow. 
 
 J.7 The Petal or Petals of a flower, are the leaf 
 or leaves placed within the calyx, and are of va- 
 rious fnapes and colours, according to the nature 
 of the plant. 
 
 iS Glume * is a term which ought to be applied 
 only to grafs-leaved plants, and Ihould be confin- 
 ed to point out the chafiy leaf that immediately 
 furrounds the feed. 
 
 19 An Arijla or Aivn^ is a fort of beard that 
 fprings from fome part of a huflc or feed of the 
 grafs-leaved plants ; as the beard of Barley. 
 
 20 A Floret is a partial flower; a compleat 
 
 * Gluma, a hiijk, has not hitherto had any definite mean- 
 ing in Botany, which has caufed fume confuiion even in the 
 works of Linnaeus; for it; defcribing the grafs-leaved plants, 
 he fometimes ufe^ it for the calyx, and fometimes for the pe- 
 tals, or chaff that furround the feed, whereby it is not al- 
 ways poffible to underlland his 'meaning. The propriety of 
 confining it to the petals therefore muft immediately appear. 
 
 flower 
 
xvi TERMS EXPLAINED. 
 
 flower of the Dandelion is compofed of a number 
 of florets. 
 
 21 The Germen is the rudinjcnt of the fruit, or 
 feed-veffel. 
 
 22 A Pericarpium is a feed-v^flel arrived at ma- 
 turity. 
 
 23 A Capfide is a dry hollow feed-veffel, that 
 cleaves or fplits in fome certain manner ; as a 
 Poppy-heau. 
 
 24 The Stamina are the little threads {landing 
 within the petals, and are called the male organs 
 of generation. 
 
 25 The Styles are fmall pillars, moftly placed in 
 the centre of the (lamina, and are the female or- 
 gans of generation. 
 
 26 The Stigma is the top of the Ilyle, and is 
 varioufly formed. 
 
 27 The Summits are the tops of the (lamina. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ESCULENT PLANTS. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 ESCULENT ROOTS. 
 SECTION L 
 
 Roots }20W or formej'ly made ufe of as Bread, 
 
 1 A R U M colocafia. 'Egyptian Arum 
 j^^\_ or Colocajia. 
 
 2 Arum efc ul en turn. 'Eatable Arum, 
 
 3 Arum peregrinum. Edders. 
 
 4 Calla paluftris. Water T)ragons. 
 
 5 Convolvulus batatas. Spanijh Potatoes. 
 
 6 Diofcorea fativa. ") 
 
 7 Diofcorea alata. > Indian Tains, 
 
 8 Diofcorea bulbifera.J 
 
 9 Jatropha maniot. Cajja-oa or Indian 
 
 Bread. 
 
 10 Nympha^a lotus. Egyptian Lotus. 
 
 11 Sagittaria fagittifolia. Common Arrow- 
 
 head. 
 
 12 Solanum tuberofum. Co?nmon Potatoes. 
 
 13 Yucca gloriofa. Adam's Needle. 
 
 B 14 Polygonum 
 
2 ROOTS. 
 
 14 Polygonum divaricatum. Eajl em Buck- 
 wheat. 
 
 I Arum colocafia. Lin. Sp.pl. 1368. 
 
 Arum maximum Egyptium, quod vulgo 
 Colocafia. Bauh. Pin. 195. 
 
 Great has been the controverfy amongft 
 ancient Botanilis concerning this-plant -, fome 
 in lifting that it was the Faba Egyptia of 
 Diofcorides and Theophraftus, and others 
 denying it, contending with good reafon that 
 it v/as the feed of the Faba Egyptia that 
 v/as eaten, and not the root. This plant no 
 doubt is the true Colocajia of the ancients, 
 and the fame which is mentioned by Virgil 
 in his Eclogues *. It grows in Crete, Cy- 
 prus, Syria, and Egypt, propagating itfelf 
 chiefly by its roots ; for it flowers fo late, 
 that it can.perfed; its feeds only in particu- 
 lar fcafons. This laft circumftance induced 
 many travellers to believe it was not natural 
 to thefe parts, but liad been introduced there, 
 and was the means of leading them into 
 miftakes about the plant, the general habit 
 of which fomewhat agreeing with that of 
 the Faba Egyptia, and fome afTerting that 
 the root of the latter was eaten, they im- 
 plicitly pronounced the former to be the 
 FabaEjgyptia, the root of which had been 
 aijinned by fome to be the true Colocafia. 
 
 Dr. Halfclquiil: met with the Arum coloca- 
 fia both in the helds and gardens of Egypt. 
 
 ^ li^clos;. iv. V. 20. 
 
 It 
 
Pv O O T S. 3 
 
 It hath a large tuberous root covered with 
 a brownifh fkin, but when cut is white 
 within, and of a Iharpilli acrid tafte. 
 
 The leaves come immediately from the 
 root on long, thick footftalks ; they are 
 large, and fomewhat of the fhape of thofe 
 of the Butter bur, of a dark fhining green 
 colour, and have their footflalk iiiferted 
 liear their centre. 
 
 Among the leaves rifes the flower- ftalk, 
 which is round, of a pale green, and ter- 
 minated by a large ilieath including a peftle, 
 or clapper, like that of our Wake-Robin, 
 but longer, thinner, and fet round at the 
 bottom with red berries. 
 
 The routs of moil: of the fpecies of this 
 genus are intolerably acrimonious, but this 
 is of a milder nature, and much efteemed 
 by the inhabitants of the Eaft for its nu- 
 tritious quality. What pungency it has is 
 taken out by foaking it in Water for fome 
 hours, after which, it is dried and is then 
 •fit for table. Sometimes, however, they are 
 boiled or roafted, and eaten as potatoes. A 
 toot or two of Coiocajia with a glafs of good 
 wine is a pleafant regale. 
 
 2 Arum efculentum. Eatable Arum. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1369. 
 
 Arum minus, nympha^sfolio, efculentum. 
 Sloan, yam. 62. 
 
 This is a native of America. It is a 
 much fmaller plant than the former, and 
 
 B 2 h^s 
 
^ ROOTS. 
 
 has leaves refembling our Water Lily. The 
 inhabitants of the lugar iflands cultivate it 
 in plenty, as food for their ilaves. It has 
 a rnild root, and not only this is eaten, but 
 the leaves alfo, which are a fi^vourite fallad 
 among the Indians, and on that account 
 they are called Indian Kale. This circum- 
 ll:ance probably induced Linnaeus to give it 
 the trivial name of efculentiimy the better to 
 diftinguifh it from thofe Arums, whofe roots 
 only are eaten. 
 
 3 Arum peregrinum. Edders, Lin. Sp. 
 //. 1369. 
 
 This is likewife a native of America, and 
 is cultivated for the roots in the fame man- 
 ner as that juft mentioned. It differs from 
 the efcukntum, in having leaves between the 
 form of an heart and that of a fpear. The 
 roots of both the fpecies are eatea the fame 
 as are potatoes with us, and the Edders are 
 very pleafmt. 
 
 There are fome others of this genus, 
 whofe roots are efculent, as thofe of the 
 jagittifoliumy but they are not fo generally 
 cultivated. 
 
 4 C A L L A pal uftris . Water Dragons, Lin . 
 Sp.Pi. 1373. 
 
 Dracuncuias aquatilis. Dod. plant. 330. 
 The roots of this are faid to be eaten,, but 
 in what manner I cannot learn. It is a na- 
 tive 
 
ROOTS. 5 
 
 tlve of the northern parts of Europe, and 
 grows in the marllies. The root is thick, 
 flefhy, and jointed. It creeps in the mud, 
 and fends up in clufters many fiftulous llalks, 
 fupporting heart-Hiaped, deep green leaves. 
 The flower-ftems rife in the midft of the 
 tufts of leaves, to about eight inches high j 
 they are round, thick, of a pale green, and 
 are furrounded by the bafes of the leaves. 
 Each flem terminates with a light green, 
 plain fpatha, which is fnipped at its bafe, 
 and includes a club-lhaped fpadix, fur- 
 rounded with hermaphrodite, whitifh, chivy 
 flowers, having neither calyx, nor petals, 
 but are fucceeded by red globular berries, 
 ftanding round the fpadix, as they do in 
 common Arum. The fpatha is permanent, 
 and remains with the fruit. 
 
 5 Convolvulus batatas. S'paniJJo Pota- 
 toes. Lin. Sp. pi. 220. 
 
 Convolvulus indicus vulgo Patates didlum. 
 Raii Hi/i. 728. 
 
 The Batatas is a native of both Indies, 
 but has been a long time cultivated in Spain 
 and Portugal, whence the roots are annually 
 imported. 
 
 It puts forth many long, trailing ftalks, 
 which are very rough, and as they run on 
 the ground they ftrike fibres, and produce 
 large, irregular, tuberous roots. The (talks 
 are furnilhed with almofl fpear-fhaped 
 B 3 leaves. 
 
6 ROOTS. 
 
 leaves, of a dark green colour, with five 
 prominent veins running through each. 
 The flovi^ers are produced at the bofoms of 
 the leaves, on long peduncles ; they are bell-r 
 fl:iaped, fpread open at the top, and contain 
 live ftamina and one ftyle each, crov^ne4 
 with a forked ftigma. 
 
 The root is firm, of a pale brovi^n on the 
 outfide, white within, very fweet, and is 
 the only one at prefent known, in all this 
 copious genus, to be efculent, thofe of the 
 rell of the fpecies being either very pungent 
 or violently cathartick. It is a plant that 
 well repays the time and labour of the cul- 
 tivators, for onebufliel of the roots generally 
 yields fifty ^ but we cannot reap this benefit, 
 as our climate is not warm enough to pror 
 duce the plant to perfecftion. 
 
 Thefe are certainly the fame fpecies of 
 roots as thofe which Columbus's failors were 
 treated with by the inhabitants of Cuba, 
 and which they faid were very fweet, ana 
 when boiled tafted like chefnuts, 
 
 6 DioscoREA fativ^. Tarns. Lin, Sp. 
 pi. 1463.^ _ 
 
 Volubilis nigra, folio cordato nervofo. 
 Sloa7ie Jci?n. 46. Hiji. I. p. 140. 
 
 Thib is a native of both the Indies, and 
 is cultivated in all the fugar iflands in the 
 Wef]-, where the roots are the principal food 
 pf the Negroes. 
 
 It 
 
ROOTS. 7 
 
 It fends forth many weak, fmooth, flender 
 Italks, which fix themfelves to any fupport 
 near them, in the manner of our Briony, 
 fome of them running to the length of 
 twenty feet; they are blackiih, are furnilhed 
 with heart-Ihaped leaves, ending in acute 
 points, and each has live longitudinal veins, 
 which take their rife at the bafe, and diverge 
 towards the fides, but meet again at tl)c 
 apex. The flowers come out in a racemus 
 at the footftalks of the leaves ; they have no 
 petals, but confifl of a fmall calyx cut into 
 fix parts, and are male and female in diftind: 
 plants. The male flower has fix hairy Ihi- 
 mina, and the female a three cornered ger- 
 nien, crowned with three flyles, and be- 
 comes a capfule of three cells, each con- 
 taining two niembranous feeds. 
 
 7 DioscoREA alata. Tanis. Lin. ^p. 
 pi. 1462. 
 
 Volubilis rubra, caule membranulis ex- 
 tantibus alato, folio cordato nervofo. Sloan, 
 JlWi. 46. Hiji. I. p. 140. 
 
 This too grows fpontaneoufly in both the 
 Indies, and is cultivated in manner of the 
 former. It differs from the Jativa in being 
 a fmaller plant, in the ftalks being red, tri- 
 angular, and winged, and fometimes putting 
 put bulbs at their joints, as they trail on 
 the ground. 
 
 B 4 ' 8 Diop.^ 
 
8 ROOTS. 
 
 8 DioscoREA bulbifera. Tarns, Lin. 
 Sp.pL 1463. 
 
 Rhizophora Zeylanica, fcammonii folio 
 fingulari, radice rotunda. Herm. Par. 217. 
 /. 217, 
 
 This differs from both the former in the 
 roots being rounder. Its leaves refemblc 
 thofe of Scammony in their {hape, but they, 
 are vvarted. 
 
 The roots of all thefe three fpecies are 
 promifcuoufly eaten, by the name of Tarns -^ 
 they differ greatly in colour, fize, and fliapci 
 ibme being blueifh, fome brownifh ; and as 
 to fhape, fome are round, others irregularly 
 oblong. With refpedl to fize, they weigh 
 from a pound to ten and upwards. They 
 are of a very nutritious nature, eafy to digefl, - 
 and when dreifed, are preferred to the belt 
 wheaten bread. The tafte is fomewhat like 
 the potatoe, but more lufcious. For negroe 
 food they are generally boiled, and then 
 beaten into a matli. The white people grind 
 them to flour, and make bread and puddings 
 of them. Jn order to have the bench t of 
 them the year through, upon digging them 
 up, they are expofed in the fun to dry, in 
 the manner of our onions, and when futh- 
 ciently weathered, they are pref«^rvcd in dry 
 fand, garrets, or caiks, and if kept from 
 moilLure, will continue feveral fealbns, and 
 lofe nothing of their primitive goodncfs. 
 
 9 Jatropha ' 
 
ROOTS. 9 
 
 9 Jatropha maniot. CaJJava, Ltn. 
 
 Sp. pL 1429. 
 
 Arbor fucco venenato, radice efculenta. 
 
 Bauh. Pin. 512. 
 
 The Cajj'ava is a native of the warmer 
 parts of America. It is a fhrubby plant, 
 fending up feveral ftalks feven or eight feet 
 hi^^h, which are covered with a thin bark, 
 of^different hues, according to the age of 
 the ftems, it being grey, red, or blue.^ The 
 ftalks and bi-anches are furniflied with 
 fmooth, hand-lliaped leaves, conlifting of 
 five or feven lance-fhaped lobes each. The 
 flowers come out in bunches at the tops of 
 the flalks, fome being male and others fe- 
 male. The male has no calyx, but is com- 
 pofed of a bell-fhaped petal, containing ten 
 ftamina, forming a column. The female 
 alfohas no calyx, and confifts of five whitifli 
 petals, furrounding three bifid ftyles, and 
 is fucceeded by a capfule of three cells, con- 
 taining one feed each. The principal root 
 is about half a yard long, and two or three 
 inches thick; almoft cylindrical, red or 
 greyifli on the outftde, white within, of a 
 farinaceous fubftance, mixed with a milky 
 juice, and every part of it is a fatal poifon 
 when raw ; but notvv^ithftanding this, tbefe 
 roots furnifii a very great part of the daily 
 food of the inhabitants of all denominations 
 in the Weft Indies. 
 
 When thefe roots are full grown and fit 
 
 for ufe, it requires no great labour to get 
 
 \ them 
 
lo ROOTS. 
 
 them up, for they do not penetrate far into 
 the ground, and therefore the method ufed 
 by the negroes, is, to pluck up the whole 
 tree, roots and all, and if any of the offsets 
 chance to feparate, which is fometimes the 
 cafe, they draw thefe up with a hoe. In 
 order to prepare them for food, they pare 
 off the outer bark with a coarfe knife ; then 
 the roots are rubbed on large copper graters 
 to reduce them to meal, which much re- 
 fembles the fawings of fome white grained 
 wood. When a futiicient quantity of meal 
 is obtained, it is put into a prefs, and the 
 watery part fqueezed from it, and carefully 
 fet by in veffels kept at hand for the purpofe. 
 The fubftantial part is then taken from the 
 prefs, and if immediately wanted for bread, 
 it is made into cakes, and baked upon iron 
 plates over a flow fire, till they become 
 brown ; after which they will keep fweet 
 for feveral months. The plates are about 
 two feet broad, and half an inch thick, and 
 are placed either upon ftones, or an iron 
 trivet. A fire is made underneath, and 
 when the iron is properly heated, whicli 
 they try by touching it with their fingers, 
 they lay the meal on equally over the whole 
 plate, till they have covered it about two 
 inches thick. As it roafts, the perfon that 
 attends it, gently paffes a fmooth piece of 
 wood over the furface, which caufes the 
 mafs to incorporate and fubfide, till it be- 
 comes not above the eighth of an inch tliick. 
 
 When 
 
ROOTS. XI 
 
 When baked enough. It is taken ofF, and 
 laid a few hours in the fun, that if any 
 moifture yet remains, it may be diflipated, 
 and thereby prevent the cake from con- 
 trading a mould. This bread is eafy to 
 digeft, very nourifliing, though but coarfe 
 in the mouth. A piece of it dipped in 
 water or other h'quor, will foon fwell to fe- 
 veral times the thicknefs it was before it was 
 put in. When Qajjava is intended to be 
 laid up as a flock to have recourfe to occa- 
 lionally, or for the convenience of packing 
 jt up to fend about the country, it is then 
 cured in the following manner : They put 
 a parcel of the meal into a pan over a flow 
 fire, and to prevent it from burning, or 
 flicking to the pan, they continue flirrlng 
 it about with a wooden inftrument made for 
 that purpofe. By this operation it is brought 
 into granules, and when dry enough, it is 
 ■taken cut and laid by in fome convenient 
 place, and by now and then expofing it to 
 the fun, or the warmth of a ilove, it may 
 be preferved fvveet for feveral years. What- 
 ever oital may happen to be made in any 
 preparation of the root, is carefully fived, 
 and dried in a (love. This is often ufed to 
 thicken their foups ; but more generally, it 
 is afterwards roafled very brown, and being 
 fermented with the roaded roots of the 
 Convolvulus batatas and mclalTes, an ine- 
 briating liquor, called ouycou, is prepared 
 froiu it, and is a favourite drink of the na- 
 tives. 
 
12 ROOTS. 
 
 tives, and with which they moftly get into*, 
 lerably intoxicated at their feafts and public 
 Entertainments. No part of this extraor- 
 dinary root is wafted, for the juice, though 
 a perfed: poifon crude, is boiled up with 
 meat, pepper, and other fpices, as occafion 
 requires, into a moft agreeable and whole- 
 fome foup; and they are very careful to 
 preferve it for this purpofe. Sometimes, 
 however, their hogs and poultry find means 
 to get at it, and drink it, which is inftant 
 death to them ; yet the creatures fo poi- 
 fon ed, are eaten with the fame fafety and 
 unconcern, as if they had been properly 
 butchered. 
 
 Dr. Bancroft mentions another fort of 
 Cajjava ufed by the Indians, which he calls 
 the fweet Caff'avay and they CamanioCy and 
 fays it differs little from the former, but in 
 that it is not poifonous. This poffibly may 
 be the root of a fpecies of this genus, but it 
 certainly can never be a variety of the fame 
 plant. Notwithllanding its innocent quality, 
 its roots are not regarded by the natives as 
 equal to the others, they yielding leis meal 
 in proportion to their fize, and that more 
 fpungy and lefs nutritive. 
 
 10 Nymphs A lotus. 'Egyptian Lotus. 
 Lin, Sp. />/. 729. 
 
 Nymphasa foliis amplioribus profunde 
 crenatis fubtus areolatis. Brown. Jam. 343, 
 
 This is an aquatick plant, and a native of 
 
 both 
 
ROOTS. 13 
 
 both the Indies. It fends up feveral large 
 leaves, ftanding lingly on long footftalks; 
 thefe are heart-fhaped, deeply cut at their 
 bafe, of a light green colour, and Iharply 
 dentated on their edges. The flower-ftalks 
 come immediately from the root ; they are 
 long, and each is terminated by one large, 
 white double flower, of an agreeable fmelj, 
 and like that of our white Water Lily, but 
 it is not quite fo full of petals. The calyx 
 confifts of four permanent leaves, in the 
 centre of which is placed the germen ; this 
 turns to a bottle- fl:iaped feed - veffel, of 
 many cells, containing roundifli feeds. 
 
 The root is conical, firm, about the lize 
 of a middling Pear, covered with a blackilli 
 bark, and fet round with fibres. It has a 
 fweetiili taftc, and when boiled or roafted, 
 becomes as yellow within as the yolk of an 
 Egg. The plant grows in abundance on the 
 banks of the Nile, and is there much fought 
 after by the poor people, who in a Ihori 
 fpace of time collect enough to fupply their 
 families with food for feveral days. 
 
 II Sagittaria fagittifolia. Common 
 Arro%vhead, Lin. Sp.pl. 141 o. 
 
 Sagitta aquatica minor latifolia. Bauh, 
 Pin. 194. 
 
 This plant grows common in rivulets and 
 
 water ditches, and often varies much in the 
 
 fize and form of its leaves. Ofoeck, in his 
 
 Voyage to China, fays he faw Sagittaria 
 
 s bulbis 
 
14 ROOTS. 
 
 biilbls oblongis cultivated in the fame field 
 with Kice and Nympbcea Nclumbb -, it re- 
 fembled the European Sagittaria, but was 
 larger, which might be owing to the cul- 
 ture : the roots of the Chinefe fort are the 
 iize of a clenched fift, and are oblong, and 
 the Swedifh are round, and not much larger 
 than peas. We change the quality of the 
 ground, he remarks, by draining the water, 
 and other arts, till we make it agreeable to 
 our few forts of corn ; but the Chinefe make 
 ufe of fo many plants for their fubfiftence, 
 that they can fcarce have any fort of ground, 
 but what will fit fome one of them. Thus 
 they do not improve the field for the io-^d, 
 but chufe the feed for the field. 
 
 The SagittifoiJa fends dov^'n into the mud 
 many long, llender, brittle fibres, with a 
 bulb fufpended at the end of each, which in 
 Auguft is about the fize of an Acorn, and of 
 a fine blue colour, flreaked with yellow. 
 The in fide is white, firm, of a farinaceous 
 tafte, but a little muddy. From the crown 
 of this bunch of fibres, flioot many long, 
 fpungy fi:alks, fupporting large arrow-fiiap- 
 ed leaves, of a fine green colour, and glofiy 
 furface. Amidft thefe rife the flower-flems, 
 higher than the leaves, fuftaining at their 
 joints three or four white flowers, on long 
 peduncles, each confiding of three roundifii 
 petals, which fpread open. The upper- 
 mofl flowers are all male, with many av/1-^ 
 
 fbaped 
 
ROOTS. 15 
 
 fliaped (lamina; the lower ones all female, 
 with petals like the male, fufrounding many 
 comprelTed feed-buds, collected in a head, 
 having very ihort ftyles, with acute ftigma- 
 ta. Thefe flowers are fucceeded by rough 
 heads, containing many fmall feeds. 
 
 I cured fome of the bulbs of this plant, 
 in the fame manner that Saloop is cured, 
 when they acquired a fort of pellucidnefs; 
 and on boiling them afterwards they broke 
 into a glutinous meal, and tafted like old 
 peas boiled. 
 
 12 SoLANUM tuberofum. Common Po- 
 tatoes. Lin. Sp. pi. 265. 
 
 Solanum tuberofum efculentum. Banh, 
 Fin. 167. 
 
 The common Potafoe is a native of Peru, 
 in South America. It has been introduced 
 into England about a century and half, but 
 was amongft us a long time before much at- 
 tention was paid to it, nor did it come into 
 ufe in the families of the higher clafs of 
 people, till within a few years pafl:. The 
 Irifh feem to have been the firft general cul- 
 tivators of it in the wellern parts of Europe, 
 and it is fo extended now as to form a prin- 
 cipal part of the winter food, both of the 
 Irifli and Engliili. There are two forts, the 
 red and the white roots, which are only fe- 
 minal variations ; and there are alfo feveral 
 varieties of thefe. Potatoes abound with an 
 3 infipid. 
 
i6 ROOTS, 
 
 inflpid, phlegmatic juice, which induces 
 many to think they are not nutritious -, and 
 indeed fuch forts as break into a watery 
 meal in the boiling, can afford but very little 
 nourifhment, as they are always found to 
 prove very diuretick, and greatly to in- 
 creafe the quantity of urine. On the con- 
 trary, thofe kinds which cut firm when 
 thoroughly boiled, efpecially the white 
 forts, mufl be nutritive, as they contain a 
 more mucilaginous juice, than thofe that 
 eafily break, which thickening in the boil- 
 ing, is the occafion of the parts cohering. 
 Of equal quantities of the powder of Pota- 
 toes and the flour of Wheat, a good fort of 
 bread may be made; and ftarch and hair 
 powder may alfo be obtained from thefe 
 roots. 
 
 13 "Yucca gloriofa *. Adatns "Needle* 
 Lin. Sp. pL 456. 
 
 Cordyline foliis pungentibus integerri- 
 mis. Roy. Lugd. Bat. 22. 
 
 This is a native of the fame place as the 
 former. There are feveral fpeeies of the 
 genus, all natives of America, but moft of 
 them are to be met with in the gardens and 
 green-houfes of the curious in England. 
 The Gloriofa differs from the reft, in having 
 
 * The plant that flowered at Coftefey, near Norwich, in 
 1782, and which was alhrmed to be the Succolrine Aloe, was 
 only one of this fpecics ; but it was a very Itrong plant, and 
 )he ftem rnfe to above J":x feet high. 
 
 2 the 
 
ROOTS. 17 
 
 the margins of its leaves entire. In old 
 plants the leaves are about eighteen inches 
 long, and two broad, of a dark green co- 
 lour, and each ends in a (harp ftifF fpine. 
 They are thickly fet round the bottom of 
 the flem to a fpan or more upward, whence 
 iffiies a round, rigid, purplifh-green ftalk, 
 to the height of three feet or more, and 
 which is fet round with branches to the 
 very top. At the bafe of each branch ftands 
 a fmall red leaf, with a green apex. The 
 branches are fparedly fet with bell-{haped 
 flowers, v/hich hang downwards j they are 
 white, with purplifh ftripes on the outlide, 
 and confift of fix petals each, joined toge- 
 ther by their bafes. In the center of the 
 flower are fix fhort, reflexed flamina, and an 
 oblong, three cornered germen, which be- 
 comes an angular capfule, of three cells, 
 filled with comprefTed feeds. 
 
 The root is thick and tuberous, and is 
 ufed by the Indians for bread, being firfl re- 
 duced into a coarfe meal; but this is only 
 in times of fcarcity, and when more grate- 
 ful roots fail them. In like cafes the peo- 
 ple of England have been glad to fupport 
 life with the roots of the Spircca jilipendulat 
 (Dropwort) the Scirpus maritimus, (Baftard 
 Cyperus) and even with thofe of the Triti- 
 cum repensy (Dogs-grafs) and ajfo of thofe 
 of the Common Brake, or Fern. 
 
 C 14 Poly- 
 
i8 ROOTS. 
 
 14 Polygonum dlvaricatum. Eajier?i 
 Buckwheat. Lin. pi. 520. 
 
 Perficaria alpina, folio nigrlcante, floribus 
 albls. All. Pedem. 41. Z'. 8. ' 
 
 This grows in Siberia and the Ifland of 
 Corfica, in the Mediterranean. 'Tis a pe- 
 rennial plant, with a creeping root, com- 
 pofed of many tough fibres. The ftalk rifes 
 near half a yard high, breaking into many 
 fpreading branches, which are moftly bent 
 at their joints, and are furnidied with nar- 
 row, fmooth, light green, fpear-fhaped 
 leaves, ending in an acute point. The flowers 
 are produced in loofe fpikes at the ends of 
 the branches; they have no calyx, are fm all 
 and white, confift of one petal each, cut at 
 the brim into five fpreading fegments, and 
 contain eight ftamina and three (lyles. 
 When the flower fades the petal enwraps a 
 roundifh, {liarp-pointed feed. 
 
 The roots (reduced into coarfe meal) are 
 the ordinary food of the Siberians, as they 
 are alfo of the mountain-rats. Thefe ani- 
 mals are provident enough in the winter to 
 lay up a proper flore for the fummer, which 
 being known to the natives, and they being 
 too indolent to dig for them, ramble in queit 
 of the rats, granaries, and having hit upon 
 them, m.ake no fcruple to carry away the 
 produce of all their induflry. 
 
 SECT. 
 
ROOTS. 19 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Roots occajionally eaten as Condiments, or for 
 other Family Purpofes. 
 
 1 A MO MUM zingiber. Common Gin- 
 J. \. ggj^^ 
 
 2 Allium ce pa. Common Onion. 
 
 3 Allium afcalonicum. Shallot, or Efcha- 
 
 lot. 
 
 4 Allium fcorodoprafum. Roka7nbo!e. 
 
 5 Apium petrofelinum. Common Parjley. 
 latifoUum. Large-rooted Parfley. 
 
 6 Bunium bulbocaftanum. Earth-nut, or 
 
 Fi^Z-nut. 
 
 o 
 
 7 Beta rubra. Red Beet. 
 
 8 Braffica rapa. Common 'Turnep. 
 rapa punicea. Purple - rooted 
 
 Turnep. 
 
 rapa fiavefcens. Yellow-rooted 
 
 Turnep. 
 
 rapa oblonga. Long- rooted Tur- 
 nep. 
 
 9 Campanula rapunculus. Rampion. 
 
 10 Cochlearia armoracia. Horfe RadiJI:. 
 
 1 1 Carum carui. Caraway. 
 
 12 Cyperus efculentus. Rujh-nut. 
 
 13 Daucus carota. Wild Carrot. 
 
 14 Eryngium maritimuin. Sea Holly. 
 
 C 2 15 Guilan- 
 
20 ROOTS. 
 
 15 Guilandina moringa. Ceylon Guiian- 
 
 dina. 
 
 16 Helianthus tuberofus. yerufakm Arti- 
 
 choke. 
 
 17 Ixia chinenlis. Spotted Ixia. 
 
 18 Ixia crocata. Greater African Ixia. 
 
 19 Ixia bulbifera. Bulb-bearing Ixia. 
 
 20 Lathyrus tuberofus. Feas Earth-nut. 
 
 21 Orobus tuberolus. Heath Feas. 
 
 22 Orchis mafcula. Male Orchis. 
 .23 Paftinaca fativa. I'he Farfnep. 
 
 24 Raphanus fativus. The Radilh. 
 
 25 Scorzonera hifpanica. Viper s Grafs. 
 
 26 Sium Sifarum. Skirrets. 
 ^Lilium martagon. Martagon Lily. 
 
 ' iTulipa gefneriana. Common Tulip. 
 ^28 Tragopogon pratenfe. Tellow Goats- 
 
 beard. 
 29 Tragopogon porrifolium. Furple Goats- 
 beard. 
 
 I Amomum zingiber. Comfnoii Ginger. 
 Lm. Sp. pl.i. Zingiber. Bauh. Pin. ^S- 
 
 This is a native of both the Indies, and 
 furniflies a confiderable article of trade to 
 the inhabitants of each. It is a perennial, 
 and the roots fpread in the ground in digi- 
 tated clufters. From thefe rife feveral reed- 
 like ftalks, near a yard high, having a few 
 narrow, gralTy leaves towards their tops. 
 Among thefe come forth the flower-flems ; 
 they are naked all the way up, and termi- 
 nated 
 
R a O T S. 21 
 
 nated by fcaly, oval fpikes of fmall blue 
 flowers, confifting of one irregular petal, 
 having a {hort tube ; this is cut into four 
 fegments at the brim, and includes one fia- 
 men and one ftyle. The germen becomes a 
 three-cornered capfule, containing many 
 feeds. 
 
 Ginger is an excellent ftomachick, and a 
 powerful expeller of flatulencies. The green 
 frefli root preferved as a fweetmeat, is pre- 
 ferable to any other. The Indians llice the 
 green root among their fallad herbs, in or- 
 der to render them more grateful to the pa- 
 late, and make them fit eafier on the llo- 
 mach. 
 
 2 Allium cepa. Common Onioii, Lin. 
 iS^. /»/. 431. Cepa vulgaris. Bauh.Pin,ji, 
 
 From whence this was firfl brought into 
 Europe is not known, but tiiat it is natural 
 to Africa is beyond a doubt, it being evi- 
 dent that Onions were eaten by the Egyp- 
 tians above two thoufand years before 
 Chrift, and they make a great part of their 
 conftant food to this day in Egypt. Dr. 
 HalTelquift fays it is not to be wondered at 
 that the Ifraelites * fliould long^ for them, 
 alter they had left this place, for whoever 
 has tailed O?nofis in Egypt muft allow, that 
 none can be had better in any part of the 
 
 * Number?, chap. xi. ver. 5, 
 
 C 3 iipiverfe : 
 
22 ROOTS, 
 
 univerfe : here, he goes on, they are {weety 
 in other countries they are naufeous and 
 ilrong; here they are foft, whereas in the 
 north and other parts they are hard, and 
 their coats (o compadl, that they are diffi- 
 cult to digeft. They eat them roafted, cut 
 into four pieces, with fome bits of roafted 
 meat, which the Turks call kebab -y and 
 with this di(h they are fo delighted, that 
 they wi/h to enjoy it in Paradife. They 
 likevvife make a foup pf them in Egypt, 
 which Hafielquift fliys is one of the beft 
 difhes he ever eat. The many ways of 
 d.xt^i'^'^ Qniom in England are known to 
 every family, but in regard to wholefonie- 
 nefs, there is certainly no method equal to 
 boiling, as thus they are rendered mild, of 
 eafy digeftion, and go pfF without leaving 
 thofe heats in the llomach and bowels, 
 which they are apt to do any other way. 
 Their nature is to attenuate thick, vifcid 
 juices, confequently a plentiful ufe of them 
 in cold phlegmatick conftitutions muft 
 prove beneficial. ?vlany people (liun them 
 on account of the ftrong, difagreeable fmell 
 they communicate to the breath ; this may 
 be remedied by eating a few raw-- Parfley 
 leaves immediately after, which will ef- 
 fedfually overcome the fcent of the Onions^ 
 i^nd caufe them to fit more eafy on the fto- 
 piach. 
 
 3 Allium 
 
ROOTS. 23 
 
 3 Allium afcalonlcum. Efcbalof. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 429. Cepa fterilis. Bauh. Fin. 72. 
 
 This was found wild in Paleftine, by 
 Dr. Haffelquift. The root is conglobate, 
 confifting of many oblong roots, bound to- 
 gether by thin membranes. Each of thefe 
 fmall roots fends forth two or three fiftu- 
 lous, long, awl-fhaped leaves, ilTuing from 
 a fheath, and are nearly like thofe of the 
 common onion. The flower- ilem flioots 
 from a membranaceous fheath, is round, al- 
 moft naked, and terminated by a globular 
 umbel of flowers, which have ered:, pur- 
 pliili, lance-ihaped petals, of the length of 
 the (lamina. 
 
 The root of this fpecies is very pungent, 
 has a fl:rong, but not unpleafant fmell, and 
 therefore is generally preferred to the Onion, 
 for making high-flavoured Ibups and gra- 
 vies. It is alfo ,put into pickles, and in the 
 Eail-Indies they ufe an abundance of it for 
 this purpofe. 
 
 4 Allium fcorodoprafum. Rokc-.mbok. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 425. 
 
 Allium ftaaiinibus alternc trifidis, capite 
 bnlbifero, fcapo ante maturitatem contorto. 
 ILill. all. 2. 
 
 Tins grows naturally in Denmark and 
 
 Sweden. It hath a heart-iliaped, folid root, 
 
 which flands fide-ways of the llalk. The 
 
 leaves are broad^ and are a little cr(^nated on 
 
 C 4 their 
 
24 ROOTS. 
 
 their edges. The flowers are of a pale pur- 
 ple colour, and collefted into a globular 
 head. 
 
 Linnoeus makes the Rokatnbole^ defcribed 
 above by Haller, to be only a variety of this, 
 and it differs from the original, in having 
 the top of the ftalk twifted circularly before 
 the flowers open, and alfo in the head pro- 
 ducing bulbs. The roots are ufed for the 
 fame purpofes as thofe of the former. 
 
 5 Apium petrofelinum. Common Tarjlcy. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 379. 
 
 Apiiim hortenfe, petrofelinum vulgo. 
 Baith. Pin. 153. 
 
 The Comfnon Farjley is known to every 
 one. There are two varieties of it j the 
 curled and the broad-leaved Par/ley y the 
 roots of which lafl are frequently brought 
 to the markets, efpecially the London ones. 
 This variety has been cultivated in Holland 
 a long time, and the roots are produced 
 there to the flze of our fummer Carrots, 
 which the gardeners tye up in bunches like 
 Radiihes, and fend them to market, where 
 they are readily bought by the peopU?, who 
 are very fond of them. They diefs them 
 different ways, but the principal ufe they 
 put then^ to is to make what they call Wa- 
 tei'-Soiic/je. Parfley roots have a briik diu- 
 rctick quality, and therefore are not proper 
 2 food 
 
ROOTS, 25 
 
 food for fuch as have any debility In the uri- 
 nary paflages. The plant is a native of the 
 Ifland of Sardinia. 
 
 6 BuNiUM bulbocaftanum. Earth Nut. 
 Lift. Sp. pi. 349. 
 
 Bulbocaftanum majus, folio apii. Baub. 
 Pin. 162. 
 
 This is a native of our woods and low 
 paftures. The leaves, as to their general 
 form, fomewhat refemble thofe of Parfley, 
 and thofe which come from the root lay flat 
 on the ground. The ftalk rifes to about 
 half a yard, is round, channelled, folid, 
 naked below, and divided upwards into 
 many branches, at each of which flands a 
 fmall leaf, in fliape like thofe at the bot- 
 tom. The flowers come out at the ends of 
 the branches in umbels ; they are white, 
 and conlifl: of five heart-il:iaped petals each, 
 turning inwards, and furrounding five fta- 
 mina, with an oblong germen below, which 
 becomes an oval fruit containing two feeds. 
 The roots, which are of a dirty brown co- 
 lour, and a little bigger than Hazel-nuts, 
 are as pleafant as a Chefnut, whence the 
 name of Bulbocajlaniim. Pigs are exceed- 
 ingly fond of thefe roots, therefore they are 
 called Pig-nuts j and indeed nature feems to 
 have intended them for the ufe of thefe 
 creatures rather than for man, by reafon they 
 cannot be improved by cultivation, as Pota- 
 toes 
 
26 ROOT S. 
 
 toes and other efculent roots are, for they 
 will not thrive in tilled land. The root has 
 a fliptick quality, and has been deemed fer- 
 viceable againft laxity of the urinary paf- 
 fages. 
 
 7 The Beta rubra^ Red Beet, is only a va- 
 riety of the Beta 'vulgaris, originally obtained 
 by culture, and now there are fome varieties 
 of this; as the common red Beet, the turnep- 
 rooted red Beet, and the greenifl:i-leaved red 
 Beet. This lafl is the mofi: efteemed fort, 
 the roots being larger and tenderer than the 
 others. All thefe varieties are well known 
 among gardeners, and the ufe of their roots 
 among cooks ; ta defcribe them farther, 
 therefore, would be uftlefs. They are plea- 
 fant enough to the palate, but are faid to be 
 prejudicial to the itomach, to afford little 
 nourifliment, and on that account are but 
 feldom eaten to vvhat they were formerly. 
 
 8 Brassica rapa. CommonTunicp . Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 931. Rapa fativa rotunda. Bauh. 
 Pi?i. 89. is a native of England, and may 
 be met with wild on the borders of fields. 
 No plant exhibits a more ftriking inflance 
 of the benefits of cultivation than this, for 
 in its wild ftate it is vvprth little either to 
 men or beail; but under the management of 
 the hufoandman, it not only affords food for 
 tlie haman fpecies, but becomes a moft ad- 
 vantageous 
 
ROOTS. 27 
 
 vantageous crop to the cultivator, by fur- 
 niiliing the principal winter food for his 
 cattle. The Scotch eat the yellow-rooted 
 turneps, when fmall, as we do Radillies ; 
 and in France and Holland they boil the 
 long-rooted one in moft of their ftews and 
 gravies. 
 
 Turneps are an wholefome aperient food, 
 and the liquor prefled from them when 
 boiled is cooling and diuretick. The Tur- 
 nep itfelf, maflied with bread and milk, 
 is an excellent poultice. 
 
 9 Campanula rapunculus. Ramfmi. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 232. Rapunculus elculentus. 
 Bauh.Pin. 92. 
 
 The Campanula rapunculus grows wild in 
 the county of Surrey, and feme other parts 
 of England. It is a biennial plant with a 
 carrot-diaped root, which fends forth many 
 elliptical leaves ; among thefe rifes a firm, 
 ered:, ftriated ftalk, to the height of two 
 feet, furniihed with narrower leaves than 
 thofe from the root, flanding irregularly- 
 Tovv'ards the top of the flem, and at the bo- 
 foms of the leaves, rif<:; feveral clofe panicles 
 of blue, bell-fliaped flowers, cut into live 
 fegments, and containing five ftamina and 
 one llyle each. The Vv'hole plant abounds 
 with a lacftefcent juice. It is much culti- 
 vated in France for the roots, which are 
 
 boiled 
 
28 ROOTS, 
 
 boiled and eaten as fallads -, but in England 
 it is now little regarded. 
 
 10 CoCHLEARiA armoracia. Horfe-radijh, 
 Jain. Sp. pi. 904. Raphanus rufticanus. 
 Bau^.Pin. 97. 
 
 The root of the Horfe-radifi is perhaps 
 one of the befl condiments to frefh beef, 
 that the vegetable kingdom is capable of 
 producing ; for by its warmth and adivity 
 it promotes digeftion, and ftrengthens the 
 tone of the flomach. Frequently eaten, or 
 otherwife ufed, it Simulates the folids, at- 
 tenuates the juices, fcours the glands, and 
 thereby becomes ferviceable in fcurvies, and 
 all diforders proceeding from a vifcid ftate 
 of blood. The exprelTed juice put into 
 lldmmed milk makes an excellent cofmetic. 
 There is a compound water of Horfe-radifli 
 kept in the Ihops, which is efteemed a good 
 antifcorbutic* The plant grows naturally 
 on the banks of rivers and ditches in Eng- 
 land, and is too common to need a de- 
 fcription. 
 
 11 Cap.um carui. Caraway. Lin, Sp, 
 pL 378. 
 
 Carum pratenfe, Carui officinarum. Baiih, 
 Fin. 158. 
 
 The Caraway is a biennial plant, and 
 grows v/ild in our meadows and paftures. 
 
 It 
 
ROOTS. 29 
 
 It hath a carrot fhaped root, which runs 
 deep in the ground, and which, on being 
 broken, emits a ftrong aromatic fmell. 
 From this comes up two or three folid, 
 channelled ftalks, to about two feet high, 
 let with frefh green, winged leaves, on long 
 footftalks, and more finely cut than thofe of 
 the carrot. The ftalks break into branches 
 upward, each of which is terminated by a 
 bunch of fmall umbels, having white pen- 
 tapetalous flowers, containing five hairy fta- 
 mina and one ftyle. 
 
 The roots of the cultivated Caraways were 
 formerly in great efteem when boiled ^ how 
 they have fallen into negled: is not eafy to 
 guefs, as they certainly merit a place at 
 table, as much as fome that come there, by 
 reafon they have the faculty of warming 
 and comforting a cold weak ftomach. The 
 ufe of the feeds is well known both in the 
 kitchen and (hops. There is an elTential 
 oil and fpirituous water drawn from the 
 feeds, which are excellent Carminatives. 
 
 12 Cyperus efculentus. RiifiNut. Lin. 
 Sp. pi 67. 
 
 Cyperus rotundus efculentus angufti- 
 folius. Baiih. Pin. 14. 
 
 This is a native of Italy, and a perennial. 
 Immediately from the root fhoot up many 
 long, narrow, grafiy, three-fquare, fharp- 
 pointed leaves, ftanding almofl upright, and 
 
 having 
 
30 ROOTS. 
 
 having a fharp, longitudinal ridge running 
 down the back of each. Amidft thefe rife 
 feveral, fmooth, three- fquare flower-ftems, 
 two or three feet high, each terminated by 
 five narrow leaves, fpreading horizontally, 
 from the centre of v^^hich comes an umbel 
 of flowers, compofed of four or five loofe 
 kind of panicles or rays, regularly djfpofed, 
 bearing fmall, chafiy flowers, clofely crouded 
 together on each fide the midrib, and hav- 
 ing three fiamina aiid one ll:yle each. 
 
 The root is a colieclion of long fibres, fet 
 at fmall diftances with oval bulbs, which 
 are about the fize of nutmegs, of a reddifh 
 colour on the outfide, white within, firm, 
 and of a more delicate and pleafant tafte than 
 a chefnut. Thefe bulbs are greatly efteemed 
 in Italy and fome parts of Germany, and 
 are frequently brought to table by way of 
 defert. 
 
 13 Daucus carota, The Carrot, Lin. 
 Sp.pL 348. 
 
 Paftinaca tenuifolia fylveftris DIoicoridis. 
 Bauh. Pin. 151. 
 
 The cultivated Carrot is well known to 
 every one, but there are many uninformed 
 of its being only a variety of the daucus ca- 
 rota, or wild carrot, fo common in our fields 
 and hedges. This, like the Turnep, is 
 worth little in its wild Hate, its root being 
 fmall, tough, and ftringy -, yet when ma- 
 2 nured 
 
ROOTS. 31 
 
 nured it becomes large, fucculent, and of a 
 plealant flavour. But even in its improved 
 llate, unlefs eaten very young, it is hard of 
 digeftion, and confequently lies in the ilo- 
 mach, and breeds flatulencies. 
 
 Both flowers and feeds of the wild Carrot 
 were kept in the fliops. The latter are a 
 powerful diuretick, and have often been 
 found a fovereign remedy in the jaundice, 
 dropfics and gravel. 
 
 14 Eryngium maritimum. Sea Holly, 
 Lin, Sp.pl. 337. 
 
 This grows upon the fea coafts in diverfe 
 parts of England. It is a perennial, with a 
 long, tough, creeping root, which fends 
 forth feveral roundifh, plicated, bluifh, 
 prickly leaves, {landing on long footftalks, 
 and moftly lodged on the ground. The 
 flems rife about half a yard high, dividing 
 into many fpreading branches, which are 
 fet at their joints with leaves like thofe from 
 the root, but they are fmaller, and clafp 
 the flalks with their bafe. The flowers are 
 produced at the ends of the branches in 
 roundid), prickly heads, the bottoms of 
 which are furrounded with narrow, prickly 
 leaves, ranged in the form of a liar. Each 
 flower coniifts of five fmall, oblong, light- 
 blue petals, furrounding five flender fba- 
 mina and one ftyle. The germen beconies 
 
 an 
 
32 k O O T S. 
 
 an oval fruit, divided into two cells, each 
 containing one oblong feed. 
 
 The roots have a pleafant, fweetifh tafte^ 
 mixed with a flight degree of warmth and 
 acrimony. They are candied by the con- 
 fedlioners, and eaten in this manner they 
 are deemed excellent for diforders of the 
 breaft and lungs. 
 
 15 GuiLANDiNA mori n ga . Ceylo?i Giii- 
 landina. Lin. Sp. pi. 546. 
 
 Lignum peregrinum aquam casruleam 
 reddens. Bauh. Pin. /\.i6. 
 
 This grows in Egypt, the Ifland of Cey- 
 lon, and on the coaft of Malabar. It is a 
 fhrubby tree, and the only one of the genus 
 that has no fpines; the others, four in num- 
 ber, being all armed with prickles. This 
 rifes with a flrong flem, covered with an 
 afh-coloured bark, to near twenty feet. The 
 young branches are covered with a green 
 bark, and fet at their bafe with trifoliate 
 leaves, but upon the branches the leaves are 
 decompounded, breaking into feveral divi- 
 iions, which are again divided into fmaller 
 ones, having five pair of oval lobes each, 
 and terminated by an odd one. Thefe are 
 of a light-green colour, and a little hoary 
 on their under lide. The flowers are pro- 
 duced from the lides of the branches, in 
 ioofe bunches ; they are yellow, compofed 
 
 cf 
 
k O O T S. 33 
 
 ftf an unequal number of petals, fome hav- 
 ing five and others ten, and ftand in a bell- 
 fliaped calyx, which is cut at the brim into 
 five equal parts. The ftamina are awl- 
 fhaped, ten in number, and furround an 
 oblong germen, which becomes a rhom- 
 boidal pod, with one cell, including feveral 
 hard, oval feeds. 
 
 The root is thick, full of knobs, and 
 when young, is fcraped and ufed by the in- 
 habitants in the fame manner, and for the 
 fame . purpofes, as we do Horfe-radiih, it 
 having the like pungent tafle, as have alfo 
 the flowers. The wood of this tree dyes a 
 beautiful blue colour. 
 
 1 6 Helianthus tuberofus. yei'ufakm 
 Artichoke. Lin. Sp.pl. 1277. 
 
 Helenium indicum tuberofum. Baub, 
 Pin. 277, 
 
 The Jerufalem Artichoke is a native of 
 Brazil, but has for ages been cultivated in 
 the Englilh gardens. It is a perennial, and 
 fends up many round, hairy, {iiff flalks, 
 eight or ten feet high, which are fet with 
 yellowilli green, oval heart-fliaped leaves, 
 fomewhat like thofe of the common Sun- 
 flower, but narrower. A farther defcription 
 of it will be needlefs, it being pretty well 
 known among gardeners 5 for where it has 
 once been planted, it is no eafy -matter to 
 root it out again. The roots have fome re- 
 
 D femblance 
 
34 R O O T S. 
 
 lemblance to Potatoes, but their tafte Is 
 more fuilbme, and like that of Artichoke 
 bottoms. They abound with a phlegmatic 
 juice, which is apt to generate wind, and 
 caufe uneafy griping pains in the bowels. 
 This is the chief reafon they are not fo 
 much cultivated now as they were for- 
 merly. 
 
 17 IxiA chinenfis. Spotted Ixia. Lin. 
 
 Sp-pi- 52- 
 
 Bermudiana iridis folio majori, fiore cro- 
 
 ceo eleganter pundtato. Kraiif. hort. 25. 
 t. 25. 
 
 This is a perennial, and a native of India. 
 It hath a thick, flelliy, jointed root, fur- 
 nifhed with fibres. This fends up a fmooth, 
 jointed flalk, fet with pointed leaves, near 
 a foot long, and an inch broad, with fur- 
 rows running their whole length, and clafp- 
 ing the flalk with their bafe. Some way 
 up, the ftalk divides into two, and a pe- 
 duncle fhoots from the centre of the par- 
 tition, fupporting one flower ; thefe two 
 branches divaricate again into peduncles, 
 about two inches long, each fuliainiqg a 
 flower as the former. The flower conflfl:s 
 of fix equal petals, of a deep gold colour on 
 the outiide, but of a light yellow within, 
 mixed v^'ith red fpots ^ in the centre are 
 three ftamina and one inclining fl:yle. The 
 germen is oval, three cornered, and fl:ands 
 
 below 
 
R O d T Si 55 
 
 ttlow the flower } this turns to a capfule 
 with three cells, filled with roundifli feeds. 
 
 The inhabitants where the plant grows 
 naturally, boil the roots, and cut them as 
 we do potatoes. 
 
 1 8 IxiA crocata. Greater African Ixia, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 52. 
 
 Ixia foliis gladiatis glabris, floribus co- 
 rymbofis terminalibus. Mill. ic. 1^6. f.i. 
 
 This hath a flattifh, bulbous root, fending 
 forth three or four thin, narrow, fword- 
 fhaped leaves^ near a foot long, among 
 which rifcs the flower-ftem juft above them. 
 The flem is very {lender, naked, and ter- 
 minated by a fpike of yellow flowers, com- 
 pofed of fix large, oblong, concave petals, 
 of a glafiy hue at their bafe, where each has 
 a large, blaekilh fpot on the infide. 
 
 19 Ixia bulbifera. Bulb - bearing Ixia. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 51. 
 
 This from a bulbous root fends forth fe- 
 veral narrow, fword-fhaped leaves, about 
 half a foot long. Among thefe rifes a 
 jointed fl:em, to near half a yard, which is 
 furniflied with a fmall leaf at each of its 
 lower joints, clafping the ftem with its 
 bafe, and {landing eredl. At the bofoms 
 of thefe leaves bulbs are produced, which 
 if planted will vegetate, and produce corn- 
 pleat plants. The flowers come out alter- 
 D 2 nately 
 
3^ ROOTS. 
 
 nately at the upper part of the jflem, which 
 bends at the joints where they Spring from ; 
 they are compofed of fix whitifh oval petals 
 each, ilriped with blue on their outfides. 
 The germen lupports a long, llender ftyle, 
 crowned with a trifid ftigma, and turns to a 
 roundiih capfule, having three cells, filled 
 with fmall roundifh feeds. 
 
 Thefe two laft fpecies are natives of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, where the roots are 
 eaten by the inhabitants, and greatly 
 erteemed. There are feveral more of this 
 genus, and it is probable the roots of all 
 of them might be ufed in ihe fame manner. 
 
 20 Lathyrus tuberofus. Peas Earth 
 Nut, Lin. Sp. pi. 1033. 
 
 Lathyrus arvenlis repens tuberofus. Bauh. 
 Fin. 344. 
 
 In the corn-fields of France and Germany 
 the Feas Earth Nut grows naturally, and is 
 a very troublefome weed to the farmers. It 
 is a perennial, and ftrikes fome of its fibres 
 very deep into the earth, whilft others run 
 obliquely near the furface, having thick 
 knobs, or irregular bulbs at their ends. 
 From the crown of the bundle of fibres 
 come feveral trailing flalks, three or four 
 feet long, and furniOied with oval, fellile 
 leaves in pairs, with a clafper between 
 them. The iiowers are produced from the 
 arm-pits of the leaves, three or four upon a 
 
 long 
 
ROOTS. 37 
 
 long peduncle ; they are of the pea kind, 
 of a light purplifli colour, and are fucceeded 
 by flender, curved pods, containing fmall, 
 round feeds. 
 
 This plant, though a weed in France, is 
 cultivated in Holland for the roots, which 
 are carried to the markets there for fale. 
 They have an agreeable pleafant tafte, much 
 refemblins: that of the Sweet Chefnut. 
 
 o 
 
 21 Orobus tuberofus. Heath Peas. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1028. 
 
 Aftragulus fylvaticus, foliis oblongis gla- 
 bris. Baub. Phi. 351. 
 
 This grows plentifully on the heaths in 
 Scotland, and alfo on the like places in 
 fome parts of the north of England. This 
 too is a perennial plant, having a more 
 woody root than the Lathyrus above-men- 
 tioned. It fends up a limple ftem, about a 
 foot high, furniOied with winged leaves, 
 generally compofed of two pair of oblong- 
 oval, fmooth, fliarp-pointed lobes each, and 
 r. fort of triangular flipula at the bafe of the 
 footftalk, which embraces the ftem. From 
 the joints of the flem fpring the peduncles, 
 each fupportihg three or four flowers of the 
 pea kind, which turn to a deep purple before 
 they fall. 
 
 The roots of this when boiled are faid to 
 he nutritious. They are held in great 
 efteem by the Scotch Highlanders, who 
 
 D 3 chew 
 
38 ROOTS. 
 
 chew them as we do Tobacco, and thus 
 often make a meal of them ; for being of a 
 fedative nature, they pall the appetite, and 
 allay the fenfation of hunger, the fame as 
 
 Tobacco does. 
 
 22 Orchis mafcula, Male Orchis. Lifi. 
 
 Orchis foliis feflilibus npn maculatis. 
 'Pauh. Pin. 82. 
 
 This is very common in our woods, 
 meadows, and paftures, and the powdered 
 roots of it are faid to be the Saloop, which 
 is fold in the fhops ; but the fhop roots 
 pome frorp Turkey. The flowers of mofl 
 of the plants of this genus are indifcrimi- 
 hately called Quckoo-jiowers by thp country 
 people. Though it has been affirmed that 
 Saloop is the roots of the mafcula only, yet 
 thofe of the morio, and of fome other fpecies 
 of Orchis, will do equally as well, as I can 
 affirm from my own experience; confe- 
 quently to give a defcription of the mafcula 
 in particular will be ufelefs. As moll 
 ^'ountry people are acquainted with thefe 
 plants, by the name of Cuckoo-Jlowers, it 
 certainly would be worth their while to 
 employ their children tocolle6l the roots for 
 fale; and though they may not be quite fo 
 large as thofe that come from abroad, yet 
 they may be equally as good, and as they 
 sire exceedingly plentiful, enough might an- 
 nually 
 
ROOTS. 39 
 
 nually be gathered for our own confumption, 
 and thus a new article of employment would 
 be added to the poorer fort of people. The 
 time for taking them up is when the feed is 
 about ripe, as then the new bulbs are fully 
 grown ; and all the trouble of preparing 
 them is, to put them frefli taken up into 
 fcalding hot water for about half a minute; 
 and on taking them out to rub off the outer 
 fkin ; which done, they muft be laid on 
 tin plates, and fet in a pretty fierce oven for 
 eight or ten minutes, according to the fize 
 of the roots ; after this, they fliould be re- 
 moved to the top of the oven, and left there 
 till they are dry enough to pound. 
 
 Saloop is a celebrated reftorative among 
 the Turks, and with us it ftands recom- 
 mended in confumptions, bilious cholics, 
 and all diforders proceeding from an acri- 
 mony in the juices. Some people have a 
 method of candying the roots, and thus 
 prepared they are very pleafant, and may be 
 eaten with good fuccefs againft coughs and 
 inv/ard forenefs. ^ 
 
 23 Pastinaca fativa. Hhe Parfnep, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 376. 
 
 Paftjnaca fyiveflris latifolia. Baiih. Fin. 
 
 The Pajimaca is found wild upon banks 
 and the mere-balks of fields, and differs 
 from the garden Parfnep only in the fize of 
 
 D 4 its 
 
40 ROOTS. 
 
 its root, and the hairinefs of its leaves, the 
 cultivated one having a larger and more 
 flefhy root, and fmoother leaves. The roots 
 of the garden Parfnep feem to claim the 
 preference to all other efculent roots, of 
 Englifh growth, they being very agreeable 
 to moft palates, eafy of digeftion, and afford 
 excellent nourifliment. In the northern 
 parts of Ireland the poor people obtain a 
 fort of beer from thefe roots, by malhing 
 and boiling them with hops, and then fer- 
 menting, the liquor. The feeds of the wild 
 Parfnep are llightly aromatic, and are often 
 k^ept in the fliops. 
 
 24 Raphanus fativus. The Radi/Jj. Lin. 
 
 ?P' M 935- 
 
 Raphanus minor oblongus, Baub.Pm. 96. 
 
 This was originally brought 'from China, 
 and by cultivation there are now in the gar- 
 dens here feveral varieties of it; for belides 
 the long-rooted black Spanilh Radifh, we 
 have two or more forts with round roots. 
 Radifhes abound with almoft an iniipid wa- 
 tery juice, vvhich is apt to breed flatulencies. 
 The outer fkin has a brifk pungency, and 
 therefore fhould never be fcraped off, as tliis 
 much corred-S the phlegmatic part. 
 
 Radifhes boiled are fcarcely to be excelled 
 by Afparagus. For this purpofe they ought 
 to be rather fmall and freih drawn, and then 
 drcfled in the fame manner that Afparagus 
 
 is. 
 
ROOTS. 41 
 
 is. They are a long time before they be^ 
 come tender ; it mol-tly taking an hour to 
 boil them fafficiently. 
 
 25 ScoRZONERA hifpani^a. Viper s Grafs. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 12. 
 
 Scorzonera latifolia finuata. Bauh. Pin. 
 
 Spain and Siberia are the native places of 
 the Viper sGrafs. It is a perennial, and hath 
 a tap-fliaped root, about the thicknefs of one's 
 finger, blackiOi without, and white within, 
 of a bitterifli fub-acrid talie, and abounds 
 with a milky juice, as does the whole plant! 
 The firit leaves are large, finuated oii theii* 
 edges, and end in a long acute point; 
 Among thefe rifes the ftcm to near three 
 i<ttx.. This is fmooth, much branched to- 
 wards the top, and irregularly fet with long, 
 narrow leaves, whofe bafe partly embrace it. 
 Each branch of the ftem terminates with- a 
 long, fcaly head, compofed of many narrow, 
 tongue-fliaped, hermaphrodite florets, laying 
 over each other, and of a bright yellow 
 colour, lom.ewhat releinbling the yellovv* 
 Goat's-beard. The florets are fucceeded by 
 oblong, v/hitifh, rough feeds, crowned with 
 feathery down. 
 
 The root is not only an article of cook- 
 ery, but alfo of confectionary, it being 
 preferved with fugar in the manner of 
 Eryngo. 
 
 It 
 
42 ROOTS. 
 
 It was formerly a celebrated alexiphar- 
 mick, and in great efteem for ftrengthening 
 the ftomach, and promoting the fluid fecre- 
 tions. The juice too has been deemed a 
 counter poifon to the bite of the Viper, 
 hence the plant obtained the name of Viper s 
 Grafs, 
 
 26 SiUM Sifarum. Skirrets. Lin, Sp. pL 
 361. 
 
 Sifarum germanorum. Bauh.Pin. 155. 
 
 This is a native of China, but has been a 
 long time cultivated in mofl: parts of Eu- 
 rope, and particularly in Germany. The 
 root is a bunch of flefhy fibres, each of 
 which is about as thick as a finger, but 
 very uneven, covered with a whitifli, rough 
 bark, and lias a hard core or pith running 
 through the centre. From the crown of 
 this bunch come leveral w^inged leaves, con- 
 fiding of two or three pair of oblong, dentated 
 lobes each, and terminated by an odd one. 
 The llalk rifes to about two feet, is fet with 
 leaves at the joints, and breaks into branch- 
 es towards the top, each terminating with 
 an umbel of fmall white flowers, which are 
 fucceeded by flriated feeds like thofe of 
 Pariley. 
 
 Skirrets come the nearefl: to Parfneps of 
 ^ny of the ^-fculent roots, both for flavour 
 •and their nutritive quality. They are ra- 
 ther fv/eeter than the Parfnep, and there- 
 2 fore 
 
ROOTS. 43 
 
 fore to fome few palates arc not altogether 
 fo agreeable. 
 
 It is evident from experiments which have 
 been made on this and fome other vegeta- 
 bles, that bounteous nature has not confin- 
 ed fugar to the Indies only, but has liber- 
 ally blended it in the conftitution of many 
 European plants, and which may, by pro- 
 per management, be extracted from them of 
 equal quality, and perhaps nearly as copiouf- 
 ly as from the celebrated Sugar-cane. The 
 ingenious Chymift, M. Margraaf, has given 
 fome experiments he made on the roots of 
 |he Beet and Skirret, in order to obtain this 
 valuable commodity from them ; and as he 
 found the latter to yield it in the greateft 
 quantity, and by reafon too it is a matter 
 both curious and imiportant, I fliall here 
 give his procefs in as concife a manner as 
 the fubjed: will admit. 
 
 He took a quantity of frefli Skirret-roots 
 well cleaned, and having cut them into 
 fmall pieces, beat them to a mafli in an iron 
 mortar; then tying them up in a linen bag, 
 he committed them to a prels, and fqueez- 
 ed them till the juice would run no long- 
 er. Water was then poured upon the fame 
 maflied roots, and they were put into the 
 prefs in a bag the fecond time, and prefTed 
 as before : the liquor obtained by thefe two 
 operations was kept in a cool place for forty 
 eight hours, when it became clear, and had 
 
 precipi- 
 
44 ROOTS. 
 
 precipitated a mealy fubflance to the bottom 
 of the veflel in which it was contained. 
 Finding the f^ces thus fettled, he poured 
 the clear liquor through a fine linen cloth - 
 into a frefh veffel. To this drained liquor 
 he added fome whites of eggs, and then 
 boiled the whole together in a copper pan, 
 frequently fkimming it, till no f^ces ap- 
 peared on the furface, but the liquor be- 
 came as tranfparent as the pureft clarified 
 wine. It Was then again boiled in a fmaller 
 pan, till a confiderable part was evaporated -, 
 and the fame operation was continued till 
 the original thin liquor was become of the. 
 conliflence of common fyrup. The boiling 
 being compleated, he fet the thickened li- 
 quor in a warm place for fix months, at the 
 end of which time the fugar was Ihot in the 
 form of cryftals about the fides of the veffel. 
 
 To feparate and purify this fugar was the 
 next and main operation, and in order to 
 this he immerfed the veffel in warm water* 
 thereby to. break the tenacity of the liquor, 
 and render it more fluid. This done, he 
 pours the whole "into an earthen pot, hav- 
 ing a wide mouth, and narrow bottom 
 pierced with holes, and placing this within 
 another pot, fet both of them in a temperate 
 \varmth for feme tmie. By this contrivance, 
 the liquid part fell gradually through the 
 perforations of the firtt potj into the fecond, 
 and left the cryflals remaining in the firfl: . 
 
 This 
 
ROOTS. 4^ 
 
 This fugar was coarfe and clammy, and 
 therefore to bring it more pure, he wrapped 
 it up in a piece of blotting paper, and then 
 gently preilcd it with his hand; the effect 
 was, that the paper fucked up much of the 
 vifcid moifture that had adhered to the fu- 
 gar, and thereby left the latter more neat. 
 Having thus diverted it of its groifeft impu- 
 rities, he again boiled it up with lime-water 
 till it became ropy, and taking it oft the 
 fire, kept ftirring it till near cold, when he 
 poured it off into a conical earthen veffel, 
 ilopped with wood. This he placed in ano- 
 ther veffel as before, and in the fpace of 
 about eight days, the fyrup had all dropped 
 through the iirft veffel, and left the cryftals 
 behind. Thefe he puriiied ftill farther by 
 means of blotting paper, as before, and a 
 parcel of neat fugar was procured, equal in 
 goodnefs to the beft produced from the Su- 
 gar-cane. The liquid that was faved in the 
 lafl pot too, had all the properties of com- 
 mon melaffes. 
 
 It muft be confeffed that this procefs of 
 Margraafs, to extrad: the fugar from plants, 
 is both flow and tedious ; but neverthelefs, 
 it points out how copiouily fome of our ve- 
 getables are ftored with a faccharine fait, 
 which might be drawn from them in abun- 
 dance by proper management, or an efla- 
 blifhed method of bufinefs, as they have for 
 the Sugar-cane,- and that if it (liould ever 
 
 happen. 
 
46 R (3 t S. 
 
 happen, that we were entirely deprived of 
 this valuable article from abroad, yet the 
 means of farnidiing ourfelves with it exifta 
 in our own country. By a Aorter, but 
 more expenfive procefs, the fame gentleman 
 extracted fugar from feveral other roots, as 
 Carrots y ParfnepSy &c. and from the Beet 
 and Skirret he has fet down the qualities as 
 follow : from 
 
 I Ih. of White Beet root, | oz. of pure 
 
 Sugar, fib. of Red Beet root, i^ oz. 
 
 of pure Sugar, f Fb. of Skirret root, 
 
 if oz. of pure Sugar. 
 Of thefe, he fays, the fugar obtained 
 from the White Beet was the beft, that 
 from the Skirret was next in goodnefs, and 
 confequently the Red Beet afforded the worft 
 of alL 
 
 LiLiuM martagon* Lin. Sp. pi, 
 
 435- 
 ^7 j TuLiPA gefneriana. Lin, Sp. pi, 
 
 438. 
 I have placed the Liliiim martagon and 
 
 the Tulipa gefneriana together, for the con- 
 venience of fpeaking upon them under one 
 head. The iirft is a native of Hungary and 
 fome places of Siberia, and the latter grows 
 fpontaneoufly in Afia Minor. Linnsus fays 
 that the roots of the Martagon Lily make 
 part of their daily focrd in Siberia, and that 
 thofe of the T^iilip are eaten in feveral parts 
 
 of 
 
ROOTS. 4;? 
 
 of Italy. This may feem flrange to thofe 
 who never had heard of fuch an ufe being 
 niade of them, but there are feveral other 
 roots which were formerly made ufe of in 
 diet, that are now totally negledted. Some 
 fpecies of Ornithogalum furniilied a conftant 
 difli for the poorer people, where the plants 
 grew fpontaneoufly, and the root of the la- 
 tifoUiim in particular was deemed excellent. 
 I prefume a great many bulbous roots of 
 plants in the Hexandria Clafs, might be in- 
 troduced into diet with fafety and advan- 
 tage ; efpecially fuch as have little fmell 
 and tafte, for that great mailer of nature, 
 Profeflbr Linnsus, has laid it down as a 
 rule, that fuch plants as are no ways offen- 
 five to the palate and organs of fmell, are of 
 themfelves of a harmlefs nature. And on 
 the contrary, that thofe that are immediate- 
 ly difgufting to thefe two faculties, ought 
 to be rejeded as hurtful and pernicious. 
 The iirft part of this rule is confirmed by 
 daily experience, for all the forts of grain 
 conftantly introduced into human food, 
 have nothing in them, even in their crude 
 flate, that is obnoxious to either of thefe 
 fenfes. And in refpect to roots, we find 
 nothing difagreeable in the flavour or fmell 
 of raw TurnepSy Parfneps, Potatoes, and 
 others, and when drefied they prove both 
 pleafant and nutritious. As to the fecond 
 part of the rule, I conceive Linnseus's mean- 
 ing 
 
4^ HOOTS. 
 
 ing^ to be this ; that fuch plant's as afted: 
 the organs with a very uneafy fenfation, are 
 improper for conftant food ; for if he in- 
 tended they mil ft not be eaten at all, expe- 
 rience flievvs the contrary. Onions, Garlicky 
 and many more, whofe fmell is difagreeable 
 to fome, are occafionally ufed in diet, and 
 in a general way are found to be wholefome. 
 The roots of the Crown Imperial have a 
 very naufeous frnell, yet are frequently ftew- 
 ed in foups, without yielding any noxious 
 quality to the liquor perceiveable in the 
 quantity ufed; but this does not by any 
 means prove, that they may be generally 
 eaten with fafety. 
 
 28 Tragopogon pratenfe. TellowGoats- 
 beard. Lin. Sp.pl. 1109. 
 
 Tragopogon pratenfe luteum majus. 
 Bauh. Fin. 274. 
 
 This is a biennial plant, and grows very 
 common on the borders, and mere-balks of 
 our corn-fields. It hath a tap-fhaped root, 
 which fends forth a few narrow, grafly 
 leaves, ending in an acute point, and doub- 
 led, fo as to make their edges nearly meet. 
 The ftalk rifes more than half a yard high, 
 fet at its joints with leaves like thofe at the 
 bottom, and embracing the flalk with their 
 bafe. Sometimes, near the top, the ftalk 
 breaks into two or three branches, each be- 
 jng terminated with a long, green, conical 
 2 bud 
 
ROOTS. 49 
 
 bud, which on its hreaking fpread^ hori- 
 zontally, and difplays numerous yellow, 
 tongue-fhaped, hermaphrodite florets, cut 
 into five teeth at their points, and laying 
 over each other like tijes. Thefe are nearly 
 equal in length to. the rays of the empale- 
 ment, and iare fiiccee.ded by oblong, point- 
 ed feeds, crowned with long, feathery down, 
 the whole forming a regular globe of two 
 or three inches diameter. 
 
 The plant is known by the country peo- 
 ple under the name of Go to bed at noon^ or 
 Sleep at noon, it being peculiar to the flow- 
 ers to clofe themfelves in the middle of the 
 day. They dig up the roots when young 
 ind drefs them as Parfneps, to which they 
 prefer them. 
 
 29 Tragopogon ^ovnfoWuni. Purple Goats- 
 beard. Lin. Sp. pi. mo. 
 
 Tragopogon purpuro-caeruleum, porrifo- 
 lio, quod artefi vulgo. Bauh. Pin. 274. 
 
 This too is a biennial, and is found wild 
 in Cornwall, and fome other places in Eng- 
 land. It is a much larger plant than the 
 former, and has leaves fomewhat refern- 
 'biing thofe of Leeks ; but they are of a 
 lighter green colour, and each has a white 
 longitudinal line running through its centre. 
 The flalk is terminated with a large, beau- 
 tiful purple flower, having the rays of the 
 empalement much longer than the florets j 
 
 E and 
 
^o ROOTS. 
 
 and juft below the flower, it fwells fo as to 
 become thicker than in the other parts. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in gardens by the 
 name o{ Salfafy, and its roots are drefled and 
 ferved up at table in a variety of forms. 
 They are of a plcafant, nutritious nature, 
 but though thefe are at prefent in the great- 
 ell efteem, they are much inferior to thofe 
 of the pratenfe* 
 
 C H A P. 
 
[ 51 ] 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ESCULENT SHOOTS, STALKS, SPROUTS 
 AND PITHS. 
 
 SECT. L 
 
 Firjl Shoots and Stalks, 
 
 1 A SPARAGUS officinalis. ^fpa- 
 J\ ragus, 
 
 2 Anethum azoricum. Sweet Azorian 
 
 Fennel. 
 
 3 Angelica archangelica. Angelica. 
 
 4 Arctium lappa. Common Burdock. 
 
 5 Afclepias Syriaca. Greater Syrian Dogf- 
 
 hane. 
 
 6 Apium graveolens. Smallage. 
 dulce. Garden Celery. 
 
 7 Campanula pentagonia. Thracian Bell^ 
 
 Jlower, 
 
 8 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon, or Char- 
 
 doon, 
 
 9 Carduus marianus* Milk 'Thijlle. 
 
 10 Cnicuscernuus. Siberian nodding Cni- 
 
 cus. 
 ii Chenopodium bonus Hjnricus. Englifi 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 E 2 12 Con- 
 
52 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 12 Convolvulus foldanella. Sea Bindweeds 
 
 13 Cucubalus behen. Spatlmg Poppy. 
 
 14 Epilobium anguftifolium. Rofebay Wil^ 
 
 low-herb. ) 
 
 15 Humulus lupulus. Wild Hops. 
 
 i() Onopordum acanthium. Cotton Thijlle. 
 
 17 Rheum rhaponticum^ Rhapontick Rhu- 
 
 barb. 
 
 18 Smyrnium olufatrum. Common Alex^ 
 
 anders. 
 
 19 Smyrnium perfoliatam. Round-leaved 
 
 Alexanders. 
 
 20 Saccharum officlnarum. Sugar-cane. 
 
 21 Sonchus alpinus. Mountain Sow-thijile, 
 
 22 Tamus communis. Black Briony. 
 
 STragopogon pratenfe. Tellow Goats- 
 beard. 
 Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple 
 Goats-beard. 
 
 I Asparagus officinalis. Lin. Sp. pi. 
 448. 
 
 Afparagus marltinius, craffiore folio. 
 Bauh.'Pin. 490. 
 
 The wild Afparagus differs little from 
 the garden, except in the finencfs .of the 
 leaves. The latter is fo generally^rultivated 
 as to require no defcription, and thb agree- 
 ablenefs of its vouno^ Ihoots, as a ftllad, need 
 not be mentioned. They certainly promote 
 thje appetite, but are faid to afFord little 
 nouridiment. By the Arong,- faetid fmell 
 
 they 
 2 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. ^2 
 
 they cjcjmmunicate to the urine, foon after 
 esitQn:, it is evident they are diuretick ; but 
 the plant in its wild flate is faid to be 
 more powerfully fo, than in its manured 
 one. It is a native of England, and grows 
 in.the marfl^ies near Briftol. 
 
 2 Anethum azoricum. Sweet Azorian 
 Fenneh 
 
 Though this is made a diilind: fpecies 
 of Eemiel by fome writers on Botany, yet 
 it. certainly is no other than a variety of the 
 Anethiun ftejticulum of Linnaeus, which is 
 the f.«ommon Fennel. It was originally 
 brought from the Azorian Iflands, in the 
 Atlantick ocean, hence the trivial name azo- 
 ricum. The plant is much cultivated by 
 the Italians, under the name Finochio. It is 
 low, compared with the common Fennel, 
 and differs from it too in the nature of its 
 iialks, which, inflead of running up, begin 
 to fpread a^ foon as they get above the fur- 
 face of the ground, till they become four 
 or five, inches broad, very flefhy, and fome- 
 times near two inches thick. 
 
 The ftalks have a fweet, fulfome taffe, 
 nnxed with an. aromatic, and are eaten ei- 
 ther raw with oil and vinegar, or ftewed in 
 foiips and gravies. 
 
 3 Angelica archangelica. Angelica. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 360. 
 
 Angelica fativa. Baub. Pin, 155. 
 
 E 3 Lapland 
 
54 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 Lapland is the native country of this 
 plant, where it grows in great plenty upon 
 the banks of the rivers. 
 
 The root confifts of a parcel of thick 
 ilefhy fibres, fending forth feveral large, 
 compound winged leaves, of a lightifh green 
 colour, having broad flefhy footftalks, and 
 are compofed of oblong, ferrated, fharp- 
 pointed lobes. Among thefe rifes a round, 
 fiftulpus, jointed ftalk, to the height of five 
 or fix feet, and fet with leaves at the joints, 
 whofe membranous bafes embrace it. To- 
 wards the top the f^em breaks into many 
 branches, each terminated by a compound 
 umbel, the rays of which are angular, and 
 fupport globular heads of whitifh flowers, 
 containing five ftamina and one ftyle each. 
 Thefe are fucceeded by greenish feeds, 
 landing by pairs. 
 
 The ftalks were formerly blanched and 
 eaten as Celery, and the young fhoots ar& 
 at prefent in great efteem among the Lap- 
 landers. The plant is one of the finefi: aro- 
 matics Europe produces. Gardeners wlio 
 have water running through their ground?; 
 cultivate it for the roots, which they fell to 
 the confe(flioners to be made into a fweet- 
 meat. This confedion is one of the moll: 
 warm and agreeable that can he -, is good to 
 expel wind and ftrengthen the flomach, 
 ind is furpafied only by that of Ginger. 
 
 2 4 Arctium 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 55 
 
 4 Arctium lappa. Common Burdock. 
 Lin, Sp. pL 1 143. 
 
 Lappa major iive ar(5lium diofcoridis. 
 Bauh. Pin, 198. 
 
 The ArSiium lappa is a biennial plant, 
 and is very common in wafte grounds and 
 by road fides. 
 
 It hath along, thick, brown root, fending 
 out many exceeding large heart - {haped, 
 greyilh-green leaves ; among which rifeth a 
 purpliili, tough, ftriated ftalk, divided into 
 leveral branches, furniflied with fmaller 
 leaves. At the extremities o( the branches 
 come the tiowers in bunches ; they conlift 
 of a multitude of purple, hermaphrodite 
 fiorets, included in a fcaly empalement, 
 thickly fet with long, Hender, incurved 
 fpines. 
 
 Many people cut the tender ftalks of this 
 plant, and having ftripped off the outer 
 iliin, boil and drefs them like Afparagus. 
 They have not a very pleafant flavour, but 
 the plant being aperient and fudorific, a 
 frequent eatinj^ them in this manner would 
 certainly do good iervice in fcorbutic habits. 
 A decO(5rion of the roots has been found to 
 be very beneficial again/l the rheumatifm, 
 gout, and other diforders bordering upon 
 ihefe. I Diylelf have lately been a witnefs to 
 their rrood cfted:s this way. If the boiled 
 ihilks, or a deco(5iion of the roots, fliould be 
 dliugrecable to any, who mny be defirous 
 E 4 of 
 
56 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 of ufing them for the above complaints, 
 they may preferve either with fogar, and eat 
 them as a fweetmeat, but they will not 
 prove altogether lb efficacious. 
 
 5. AscLEPiAS Syriaca. Greater Syrian 
 Dog/hane. Lin. Sp. pi. 313. 
 
 Apocynum majus fyriacum rectum. Corn, 
 canad. 90. 
 
 The Afclepias Syriaca is a riative of Vir- 
 ginia, but has been a long time planted in 
 the Englifh gardens, both on account of its 
 being an exotic, and for the fweet fmell of 
 its flowers, which are nearly as fragrant as 
 thole of the Hejperii trijiis, or Garden 
 Sweet Rocket. 
 
 From a white creeping root it lends up 
 many round ilems, four or five feet high, 
 at "the joints whereof fhand tvvo feffile, bright 
 green oval leaves, oppofite each other. 
 
 At the tops of the ftalks, and fometimes 
 at the bofoms, 6f the leaves, come forth al- 
 liiofV globular umbels of fmall, yet low pur- 
 pliih iiowers, coniifting of one petal each, 
 divided into five oval parts, and containing 
 nve very minute ftamina and one flyle. In 
 the centre are two oval germina, which be- 
 come two oblong, pointed pods, filled with 
 comprelTed feeds, crowned with a foft down. 
 The whole plant is fo full of a milky juice, 
 that when a leaf is taken off, the wound 
 will difchcirge for a conliderable time after. 
 
 This 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. §f 
 
 This plant has been always deemed a fital 
 poifon to dogs, and very dangerous to the 
 human fpecies ; notwithftanding this, a Mr. 
 WagilafF, of Norwich, has lately made trial 
 of its young fhoots, by boiling and dreffing 
 them like Afparagus, and they prdved 
 equally as pleafant and well tafted. Nor 
 did the eaters experience any bad efFe(fls 
 from them ; hence it may be concluded, 
 that either the boiling deftroyed their dele- 
 terious property, or that the young ihoots 
 did not poficfs it in a hurtful degree. That 
 fire will deftroy the pernicious qualities of 
 plants, is evident from the management of 
 the yatrcpha tjiahiot before mentioned, and 
 is alfo farther' evinced bv the leaves of Tea, 
 which are poifonous in their crude ftate, 
 but by being dried over an oven, this quality 
 is fo diminifhed or blunted, as not to be 
 fenfibly felt in a moderate ufe of them. It 
 may reafonably be concluded then that boil- 
 ing had a great (liare in rendering this plant 
 falubrious, and that manv others which are 
 now deemed hurtful, might thereby become 
 wholefome and agreeable lallads. 
 
 As the AJclepias was found to be innocent 
 and palatable in almoll: a natural flate, if it 
 were put under the art and management of 
 the gardener, much might be exped:ed from 
 it; for it being a plant that will thrive in 
 any foil and fituation, and as it fends out a 
 prodigious quantity of fuckers from the 
 
 root. 
 
58 SHOOTS and STALKS.; 
 
 root,, its propagation would be eafy, and in 
 time it might be made to anfwer all the 
 purpofes of Afparagus, and prove a good 
 fuccedaneum to that celebrated, but ex- 
 penfive vegetable. The dovs^n or cotton that 
 adheres to the feeds of this plant, and fome 
 others of the fame genus, and which is 
 called de/awaii in France, is there made ufe 
 of for fluffing of chairs and quilts. The 
 latter are extremely warm and light, and 
 are exceeding proper coverings for people 
 labouring under any inhrmity of body ; for 
 this matter is fo elailic, that it adds little to 
 the weight. A French gentleman has lately 
 hit upon a method of fpinning this down 
 into balls like lilk, for which contrivance 
 he has obtained a patent Irom the French 
 Gouncil, authorizing him to fabricate it into 
 velvets and other fluffs. 
 
 6 Apium graveolens. Sma//age. Li?i. 
 Sp.. pi. 379. 
 
 Apium paluAre five Apium officinarum. 
 Bauh, P:n. 154. 
 
 The Apium graveolens grows upon the 
 banks of moift ditches in England, and 
 lon^etimes even in the water. It is culti- 
 vated in_ gardens by the name Apium dulcCy 
 or Celery. In its wild ftate it is faid to 
 have very noxious qualities, but by culti- 
 vation it becomes not only wholefome, but 
 ferviceable for fl:i;cngthening the llomach 
 
 and 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 59^ 
 
 and aflifting digeftion. Moft umbelliferous 
 plants that grow in the water, or moifl 
 places, are poifonous, or at leafl hurtful to 
 the human frame; but by tranfplanting 
 they lofe their evil qualities, and become 
 aromatic and carminative. Celery is now 
 fo generally known as to render a defcription 
 of the plant ufelefs ; nor need it be men- 
 tioned, that the blanched ftalks are eaten 
 raw, ftewed, or otherwife. 
 
 y Campanula, pentagonia. Thracian 
 Bell-flower . Lin. Sp. pi. 239. 
 
 Speculum veneris, flore amplifiimo, Thfa- 
 cicum. Raj. Hifl. 742. • "- 
 
 This grows in Thrace, and alfo in the 
 Corn-fields in France. It is a low, annual 
 plant, feldom rifing more than {cvtn or 
 eight inches. The ftalks are numerous, 
 weak, very much branched, and near their 
 bottom have five obfolete angles. 
 
 The leaves are linear, that is, almoft all 
 the way of a breadth, fliarpifli pointed, and 
 haveno footftalks. 
 
 The flowers come out both at the divi- 
 fions of the ftalks, and the extremities of 
 the branches; they are of a bluifh purple, 
 with a white eye in the centre; are deeply 
 cut at their brims into five round fegments, 
 and contain five fhort ftamina and one club- 
 fliaped ftyle each. The feed vefTel is long, 
 
 triangular, 
 
6o SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 triangular, deeply furrowed, and contains 
 many comprefled, brown feeds. 
 
 The firft tender fhoots of this plant are a 
 favourite fallad among the French. They 
 fow it thick, and cut it when fmall as we 
 do GreiTes, It has an agreeable tafte, fome- 
 what like Corn Sallad, and is held to be a 
 good antifcorbutic. It is known in our 
 gardens by the name of T^hracian Venus 
 Looking - glafs, 
 
 8 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon. Lin, 
 Sp. pL 1 159. 
 
 Cinara fpinofa cujus pediculi efitantur. 
 Bauh. Pin. 383. 
 
 The Cynara cardunculus is a native of 
 Candia, formerly the Ifland of Crete, ia 
 the Mediterranean fea. It differs from 
 the common Artichoke in growing milch 
 taller, in the leaves being more finely 
 cut, and thicker fet with fpines, and in 
 having fmaller and rounder heads. 
 
 The gardeners blanch the ftalks, as they 
 do Celery, and they are eaten raw with oil, 
 pepper and vinegar ; or as fancy dire(fts 
 they are boiled or ftewed, and fometimes 
 laid upon a toafi: and cheefe. 
 
 9 Carduus marianus. Milk Thijlle. 
 Lin. Sp.pl. 1 1 53. • -.vi n. '■' 
 
 Carduus albis maculis ilotatu^ vulgaris. 
 Bauh, Pin. 281. 
 
 ■ This 
 
SHOOTS and Sf A LKS. 6i 
 
 This is plentiful in wafte places, and 
 upon old 'banks. It is known to almofl 
 every one -by its large, beautiful leaves, 
 which are variegated with white fpots and 
 veins, as if they had been fprinkled with 
 milk. This circumftance gave rife to a 
 foolilh, mdnkifh tradition, that the Virgin 
 Mary, when fuckling our Saviour, acci- 
 dentally let fall her milk upon the leaves of 
 this plant, which flained all the fucceeding 
 ones lince. The young fhoot for leaves in 
 the fpring, cut elofe to the root, with part 
 of the ftalk on, is one of the beft boiling 
 fallads that is eaten, and furpafTes the Eneffc 
 vCabbage. 
 
 lo Cnicus cernuus. Noddtj^g Ctiicus. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 157. 
 
 Siberia is the native country of the Cnicus 
 cermius. It is a perennial plant, with a 
 thick, flefhy root, that breaks into many 
 turgid fibres. 
 
 The radical leaves are heart-fhaped, near 
 a foot long, and fix or feven inches broad; 
 they ftand upon very (hort footftalks, are 
 of a deep green colour on their upper lide, 
 whitifh underneath, and iawed on their 
 edges. 
 
 -The ftcm is reddifh, generally near fix 
 feet high, channelled, and furniihed with 
 leaves more heart-fhaped than thofe at the 
 root. Towards the top it divides into 
 
 branches. 
 
62 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 branches, each terminated by a globulai* 
 head of yellowilh flowers,, furrounded by a 
 Icaly, prickly empalement. The florets are 
 all hermaphrodite, funnel-ihaped, cut into 
 iive legmen ts at their, brirns, and contain 
 five (liort, hairy ftamina and one ftyle each. 
 
 The tender ftalks are iirrt: peeled, and 
 then boiled and eaten as a lallad, by the in- 
 habitants whqre the plant^^o^y.s. 
 
 ■- 1-j^Chenopodium bonu§ Henricus. Eng^ 
 Jijh, Mercury. Lin. Sp, pl.^ 318. -. ; . ;, 
 
 Lapathum unctuolum. Bauh. Pin. 115. 
 
 The Evglifi Mercury is frequently to be 
 met with in wafte, and rubbifliy places. 
 From the root, which confifts of feveral 
 thick fibres, corne forth many arrow-fliaped, 
 dark ^reen leaves. Among thefe rife the 
 flower - ftalk, to about eighteen inches, 
 thickly crouded with leaves, and divided at 
 the top into many greenifh fpikes of flowers, 
 having no petals, but conflfl of a penta- 
 phyllous * calyx each, containing five fta- 
 mina and- pne ftyle. 
 
 The young fhoots boiled are by many 
 cfteemed beyond Spinach, and it was for- 
 merly cultivated in the Engli(h gardens the 
 fame as Spinach now is, but of late it has 
 been negled:ed, though it certainly merits 
 the- attention of the gardener as much as 
 any fall ad in prefent ufe. 
 
 '^ : Comppfed of five leaves. 
 
 The 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 63 
 
 The country people call the plant All- 
 good, from a conceit that it will cure all 
 hurts J and the leaves are now a conftant 
 plaifter among them for green wounds. 
 
 12 Convolvulus foldanella. Sea Bind- 
 weed. Lin. Sp, pi. 226. 
 
 Soldanella maritima minor. Bauh, Fin. 
 295. 
 
 The Convolvulus foldanella is common 
 upon our fea-coafts, where the inhabitants 
 gather the young flioots, and pickle them 
 in the manner of Samphire. They have a 
 cathartic quality, for a fmall quantity of 
 the pickle will: gently move the bowels. 
 They have a fait, bitterifli tafte before 
 pickled. 
 
 The plant hath a llender, creeping root, 
 which puts forth many weak, purpliili, 
 ftriated ftalks, about half a yard long, and 
 trail upon the ground ; thefe are furnifhed 
 with kidney-fliaped leaves, fupported on 
 long footftalks, and fomewhat refembling 
 thofe of Pilewort. The flowers come out 
 at the footftalks of the leaves, on long pe- 
 duncles; they are of a deep red colour, and 
 bell-fhaped, like thofe of common Bind- 
 weed. The whole plant abounds with a 
 milky juice. 
 
 .13 Cu CUB ALUS behen. Spatling Poppy. 
 Lin. Sp,.fl. 591. 
 
 Lvchnis 
 
64 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 Lychnis fylveftris, qus Behen album 
 VLiIgo. Bduh. Pin. 10^. 
 
 This is perennial, and very common in 
 corn-fields and hedges. If hath a vvhitifh, 
 creeping root, compofed of many joints, 
 whence fpring ieveral ftaiks, about half a 
 yard or two feet long, having their bottom 
 parts curved, und; ufually lodge upon the 
 ground ; thefe are very full of joints near 
 thdr bafe, and thiekly let with pea-green, 
 lan^^e'-fhaped leaves, ftanding oppoiite, em- 
 bracing the ftaiks^ with their ba£e. The 
 lower leaves are-moftly hnely ciliated on 
 their margins. The flowers come out plen- 
 tifully at the tops of the ftaiks V they are 
 compofed of five white bifid petals, protruded 
 from a bladdery calyx, with a ftamen iq- 
 ferted 'in the tail of each petal, and five 
 Ifanding alternately between them, the num- 
 ber of {lamina being ten. The iftyles are 
 uncertai'ii, fome fio,wers having but three, 
 others four, and fome five. 
 
 Our kitchen -gardens fcarcely furnifh a 
 better flavoured fallad than the young, ten- 
 der ilioots of this plant, when boiled. They 
 ought to be gatiiered upon tilled land, and 
 when they are not above tv/o inch^ss long. 
 If the plant were under cultivation, no doubt 
 but it would be improved, and would well 
 reward the gardeners labour, by reafon it 
 fends forth a vaft quantity of fprouts, which 
 might be nipped oiF when of a proper fize, 
 
 aqd 
 
Shoots and stalks. 6^ 
 
 and there would be a fucceffion of frefli 
 ones for at leaft two months. It being a 
 perennial too, the roots might be tranf- 
 planted into beds> like thole of Afpara- 
 gus. 
 
 The dried roots were formerly kept in the 
 fliops, by the name of Behen album, and 
 were deemed cordial and cephalic. 
 
 14 Epilobium anguftifolium. Rofebay 
 Willow-herb. Lin. Sp. pi. 493. 
 
 Lyfimachia chamsnerion didla angufti- 
 folia. Bauh. Pin, 245. 
 
 This is a perennial plant, and common in 
 woods and meadows in the northern parts 
 of England. The radical leaves rife in a 
 tuft i they are long, narrow, fliarp-pointed, 
 of a deep glolTy green on the upper furface^ 
 of a filvery grey underneath, entire at their 
 margins, have no footftalks, and have fe- 
 veral tranfverfe veins running through their 
 fubftance. In the centre of thefe rifes a 
 round, firm, upright ftem, to a man's 
 height, irregularly let with leaves like the 
 former, to near the top, where the ftem is 
 terminated by a long racemus of large, 
 beautiful, deep - red flowers, Handing in 
 quadrifid calyces, and compoled of four 
 foundilh petals each, furrounding eight de- 
 clining flamina and one ftyle. The germen 
 is cylindrical, placed below the flower, and 
 
 F turns 
 
66 SHOOTS and STALES. 
 
 turns to a capfivle of five cells, filled with 
 oblong feeds, crowned with down. 
 
 The young tender flioots cut in the 
 fpring, and drelled as Afparagu's,. are little 
 inferior. 
 
 15 HuMULUs hipnlus. Wild Hops. 'Lin* 
 Sp.pL 1457. 
 
 Lupulus mas et femina. Baiih. Fin. 298. 
 
 This is the only fpecies of the genus, and 
 is to be found, wild in our hedges. It is 
 male and female in diftincl: plants, and is fo 
 well known by being generally cukivated,- 
 as to render a defcription of it ufelefs. The 
 young (hoots are often gathered by the poor' 
 people, and boiled as an efculent fallad. If 
 they be chofen very young they are good 
 and pleafant; but if too far advanced, they 
 are then tough, bitter, and ftringy. 
 
 In regard to the medicinal virtues of the 
 flowers of this plant, they are one of the 
 moll: asrreeahle and {lron(2;eft bitters. Their 
 principal ufe is in malt liquors, which they 
 render lefs glutinous, and difpofe them to 
 pafs off more freely byurine. 
 
 t6 Onopordum acanthium. Cotton 
 Thiftle. Lin. Sp.pl. 1158. 
 
 Spina alba tomentofa latifolia fylveftris. 
 Bauh. Pin. 382. 
 
 This is a biennial plant, and is to be 
 found plentifully in uncultivated places in 
 
 many 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. (Sj 
 
 hiany parts of England. The root is long 
 and fibrous, and fends forth feveral oblong, 
 fharp-pointedjVvhitKli green, finnated leaves. 
 Covered with a cotto<=>y downy and fet with 
 fpines on their edges, h^ the midft of thefe 
 ihoots up a flalk, to the height of five or lix 
 feet, divided towards the top into diverfe 
 branches, fet with leaves at their joints, and 
 having ji^gged, leafy borders running along 
 them, edged with fpines, as has the main 
 flalk alfo. Each branch terminates with a 
 fcaly head of reddifli purple, hermaphrodite 
 florets, having narrow tubes, and cut at 
 their brim into five teeth. They contain 
 five hairy flamina and one ftyle, and are fuc- 
 ceeded by fmall oblong feeds, crowned with 
 down. 
 
 The tender ftalks of this plant, peeled 
 and then boiled, are greatly efteemed by 
 many, whilft the fingular flavour they have 
 is difagreeable to fome few palates. 
 
 17 Rheum rhaponticum. Rbapojific Rbu^ 
 barb. hin. Sp.pl. 531. 
 
 Raponticum folio iapathi majoris glabro. 
 Baub. Pi?i. 116. 
 
 This is an inhabitant of the mountain 
 Rhodope, in Thrace, but has been a long 
 time cultivated in the Englifli gardens. It 
 is a large, perennial plant, with a thick, 
 flefhy root, which divides into many parts 
 as big as Parfncps, running deep in the 
 F 2 ground. 
 
68 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 ground. It is of a reddlfli brown colour on 
 the outfide, yellow within, and fends forth 
 many very large, fmooth, heart- (haped leaves, 
 having thick footftalks of a reddifh green 
 colour, which are a little channelled on 
 their under fide, hut are tiat on the upper. 
 When the plant grows in rich, ftrong land, 
 the leaves will be two feet long, and as much 
 broad, and they will have large, prominent 
 veins running from the infertion of thefoot- 
 llalk to the borders. The footftalk too will 
 be as long as the leaves, and thicker than a 
 man's finger at their bafe. The leaves are 
 of a dark green colour, flightly waved on 
 their edges, and have a fubaflringent tafte, 
 mixed with an acid. Among thefe leaves 
 rifes the flower-ftem, to the height of two 
 or three feet ; this is of a purplifh colour, 
 mixed with green, and has at each joint a 
 fmall feffile leaf, of the (hape of the former. 
 The flowers are produced at the top of the 
 llalk, in clofe, obtufe panicles ; they are 
 very fmall, have no empalements, but con- 
 fill of one whitiili petal each, cut into i\x 
 fegments, and having nine (lender Itamina 
 inierted into it, furrounding three {hort, 
 refiexed flyles. The feeds are large, brown, 
 triangular, and winged. 
 
 The footftalks of the radical leaves having 
 an acid tafte, and being thick and fleihy, 
 are frequently ufed in the fpring for making 
 of tarts. If they be carefully peeled tlicy 
 
 Will 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 69 
 
 will bake very tender, and eat agreeably. 
 Many people prefer them even to Apples. 
 There is another fpecies of this genus (the 
 compa6liim)y the ftalks of which I have 
 many times known to have been ufed in the 
 fame manner, and have been counted equally 
 as good i and I am inclined to think that 
 the ftalks of all the fpecies might be thus 
 employed indifcriminately. 
 
 The Khaponticum was introduced into 
 Europe in the beginning of the fevcnteenth 
 century, by Alpinus, and was then fup- 
 pofed to be the true Rhubarb. The root is 
 undoubtedly the Rhubarb of the ancients, 
 but it is far inferior to either of the forts 
 kept at prefent in the Ihops, it being but 
 llightly cathartic, and much more aftringent. 
 A dccodion made from the green frefli roots 
 is an excellent antifcorbutic, and in this 
 refpecfl is no way excelled, if equalled, by 
 a decoftion of the fo much celebrated Wa- 
 ter-Dock. 
 
 18 Smyrnium olufatrum. Commo7i Alex- 
 anders. Lin. Sp. pi. 376. 
 
 Hippofelinum theophrafti, five Smyrnium 
 diofcoridis. Baiih. Pin. 154. 
 
 Since the introdu<flion of Celery into the 
 garden, the Alexanders is almoft forgotten. 
 It was formerly cultivated for fallading, and 
 the young fiioots or flalks blanched were 
 eaten either raw or flewed. The leaves too 
 F 3 were 
 
70 SHOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 were boiled in broths and foups. It is a 
 warm comfortable plant to a cold, weak 
 ftomach, and was in much efteem among 
 the monks, as may be inferred by its ilill 
 being found in great plenty by old abbey 
 walla. 
 
 It is a biennial, and hath a long, white 
 root, whjch fends forth winged leaves, 
 fomewhat like thofe of Smallage, but much 
 larger, and the lobes rounder. The Italk 
 is furrowed, rifes four or five feet high, is 
 divided into many branches, and furnilhed 
 with leaves at the joints. The branches 
 terminate with large umbels ofgreeniih 
 white flowers, having five fmall, inflexed, 
 fpcar-fliaped petals each, including five fla- 
 mina of the fame length, and two ftyles. 
 The natural foil of this plant is on rocks 
 near the fea, and it is found in fuLn places 
 in the north of England and Scotland. 
 
 1 9 Smyrnium perfoliatum. Round- 
 JLciVced Alexanders. Lin Sp. pi. 376. 
 
 Smyrnium peregrinqjiji rotundo, five- cb- 
 longo folio. Bauh. Fin. i 54. 
 
 The Perfoliatum is a.nali.veof Italy, The 
 bottom leaves of this fpecics are exceeding- 
 ly beautiful, being decompounded of m.any 
 frefh green, fmall Ieaves» which are divided 
 into three oval, ferrated lobes each. The 
 llalk rifes in the centre of thefe firft leaves 
 to about three feet high, and is divided near 
 
 the 
 
SHPOTS and STALKS. 71 
 
 the top into two or three branches. It is 
 fmooth, hollow, and jointed. At each 
 joint itands one Urge orbicular leaf, of a 
 yellowifli green colour, plain on the margin, 
 and clafps the ftalk with its bafe. This 
 .change of the leaves, from compound wing- 
 ed ones, to thofe that are round and entire, 
 gives the plant a very lingular appearance. 
 The branches are terminated by compound 
 umbels of fmall,, yellowidi flowers, having 
 the fame number of petals and ftamina as 
 thofe of the olujatrum. 
 
 The blanched flalks pf this fpecies are far 
 preferable to thofe of the former, they be- 
 ing more pleafant and much tenderer. 
 
 20 Saccharum , officinarum. Sugar- 
 cane. Lin. Sp. pL jg. 
 
 Arundo faccharifera. Bauh, Pin, 18. 
 
 This plant grows naturally in both In- 
 dies, where it is alfo cultivated for that ufe- 
 ful part, its juice. It has a jointed root, 
 which fends forth feveral flioots, that arrive v 
 to a heighth according to the nature of the 
 foil. The medium, one, however, is nine 
 or ten feet. Thefe llalks are jointed, and 
 each joint has a leaf two or three feet long, 
 which embraces the ftem with its bafe to 
 the next joint above it, before it expands. 
 The flalks are of a light yellow colour, of a 
 brittle fubltance, and have a white fvveet 
 pith running through them. The leaves 
 
 F 4 are 
 
72 SHOOTS and STALKS, 
 
 are narrow, (liarp pointed, fet with fine 
 fharp teeth on their edges, like thofe of the 
 Schcenus marifciis, and have a whitifli pro- 
 minent rib running from their apex to their 
 bafe. The flowers are produced at the tops 
 of the ftalks, in large panicles, in the man- 
 ner of our common Reed ; thefe have no 
 calyx, but each is compofed of a bivalved, 
 acute-pointed glume, furrounded with long, 
 woolly down, and contains three hair-like 
 flamina, of the length of the glume, toge- 
 ther with an awl-fhaped germen, fupport- 
 ing two rough ftyles, crowned with fimple 
 iligmata. The germen becomes an oblong, 
 acute-pointed feed, enclofed in the glume. 
 
 The young, tender fhoots are boiled, by 
 the inhabitants of the Weft-India Iflands, 
 with Bananas, and S.pani(h Potatoes, into a 
 thick pottage, there called CcHulos. This is 
 for negroe food, and is both pleafant to the 
 palate, and very nourifliing. The (lioots 
 thus boiled too, are exceedingly agreeable, 
 if eaten by themfelves. 
 
 Nature fcarcely produces a morp valuable 
 plant than the Sugar-cane y for though it is 
 riot immediately neceflary to the fupport of 
 human life, yet it is capable of adding great- 
 ly to its comforts and' enjoyments. Befjde 
 furnifhing us with feveral home made wines, 
 it would be impolFible to reap the benefit of 
 many forts of fruit, in the manner we do, if 
 we were entirely deprived of the fweet, de- 
 licious 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 73 
 
 licious fait, called Sugar. By the mollify- 
 ing qualities of this, many acid fruits are 
 rendered palatable and agreeable in pies, 
 tarts, &c. By this, feveral kinds of berries 
 and roots are preferved from putrefa<?i:ion 
 from year to year, and become ufeful both 
 in food and medicine. Rum, which is 
 made from the produce of the Sugar-cane, 
 is an excellent oily, nouridiing fpirit, if 
 ufed phyfically, and in proper quantities. 
 This, Melaffes, and Sugar, furnifh a prodi- 
 gious fund of trade and riches, both to the 
 inhabitants of the Indies, and thofe of Eu- 
 rope. To lay before the reader the tedious 
 procefs of extracting the Sugar from the 
 Canes, would be only abufmg his time, as 
 this has been fully treated upon by feveral 
 writers, audit may be fuppofed he is already 
 acquainted with itj I muft therefore farther 
 regard the immediate ulefulnefs of the plant, 
 and obferve, that in the Indies, the tops of 
 the Canes are cut into fmall pieces, and giv- 
 en to their domeftic cattle, to which they 
 prove very nourishing food, and keep them 
 fat and in good fpirits. 
 
 21 SoNCHUs alpinus. Mountain Sow^ 
 thijile. Lin. Sp. pi. 11 17. 
 
 Sonchus laevis laciniatus, five Sonchus al- 
 pinus cxruieus. Bauh. Pin. 124. 
 
 This Sonchus is a native of England, and 
 
 is found on the fides of hills. It is common 
 
 2 too 
 
74 SCOOTS and STALKS. 
 
 too'inr f^apland, where the inhabitants eat 
 4!ie;. young fhoots as a fallad. How they 
 may fuit an Englifh palate I don't know, 
 but thofe who have a qiind to try may ob- 
 {eive the following defcription of the plant. 
 
 It is an annual, and fends up a ftraight, 
 .round, hollow, purplifli ftem, irregularly 
 fet with jagged leaves, fomewhat like thofe 
 of Dandelion, but the finufes a^e finely fer- 
 rated on the edges. The flowers come out 
 at the top of the ftem in a racemus ; they 
 are large, and compofed of many blue, her- 
 maphrodite florets, {landing in an imbricat- 
 ed, bellying calyx. The feeds are like thofe 
 of the common Sow-thill:le, crowned with 
 down . 
 
 22 Tamus communis. B/ack Briony. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 1458. 
 
 Bryonia laevis five nigra racemofa. Bauh. 
 Fm. 297. liido 
 
 The Black Briony is common in woods 
 and hedges in mod parts of England. It is 
 male and female in diftind: plants. The 
 root of either is large, tap-lhaped, flefliy, 
 and covered with a dark brown fkin. From 
 this come feveral brownifh green ftalks, 
 which twine about ^ny thing within their 
 reach, till they arrive at ten or twelve feet 
 in length; thefe are furniihed at the joints 
 with dark green, glolfy, heart - (haped 
 leaves, (landing lingly upon long foot-flalks. 
 
 The 
 
SHOOTS and STALKS. 75 
 
 The flowers are produced in iliort, turgid 
 bunches from the fides of .the ftalks ; thofe 
 .of the male have fix (hort llaniina, fixed to 
 a fiat empalement, of fix oval leaves j the 
 females are compofed of a bell-fliaped caly^x: 
 or empalement, cut into fix fegments, v/ith 
 an oblong, pundlured gland fitting on the 
 infide of each. When the female flowers 
 are fallen^ they are fucceeded by fmooth, 
 dark red berries, of the fize of fmall Grapes, 
 containing 'fix round feeds e^ch, about as 
 big as thofc of Gromwell. 
 
 This plant has been generally held to 
 have corrofive and dangerous qualities, yet 
 its young llioots are frequently boiled and 
 eaten in the fpring, the fame as thofe of 
 Hops, and are by many as much efi:eemed. 
 The leaves and roots were formerly kept in 
 the (hops; the latter, fcraped and then rub- 
 bed upon any part pained or fwelled with 
 the rheumatifm, has in mofl: inflances done 
 much fervice. When thus ufed they ought 
 to be frein taken out of the ground. 
 
 23 Tragopogcn pratenfe. Teliow Goats- 
 beard. 
 
 Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple Goats- 
 beard. 
 
 Both thefe were defcribed in the for- 
 mer Chapter, therefore it is only to be oh- 
 lerved here, that their young (boots, when 
 advanced to about four inches high, are 
 
 boiled 
 
76 SPROUTS and PITHS. 
 
 boiled and eaten in the manner of the reft of 
 this order, and that thofe of the pratenfe are 
 frequently preferred to Afparagus. Both 
 plants contain a milky juice, have a diure- 
 tic quality, and are fuppofed ferviceable 
 againft the gravel. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Sprouts and Piths, 
 
 1 A RECA oleracea. Cabbage-tree, 
 
 2 -"^^ Arundo bambos. Bambao-cane. 
 
 ' ' 3 Braflica oleracea, vel fylveftris. *SV^, or 
 Co7nmo7i White Cabbage, 
 
 viridis. Green Savoy Cabbage. 
 
 fabauda. White Savoy Cabbage. 
 
 4 Braflica botrytis. Caulijiower, 
 
 ■ ' - ■ - ' aiba. White Cauliflower Bro- 
 
 coli, 
 — , nigra. Black Cauliflower Bro- 
 
 coli. 
 
 5 Braflica fabellica. Siberian Brocoliy or 
 
 Scotch Kale. 
 
 6 Braflica praecox. B^arly Batterfea Cab- 
 
 bage, 
 J Braflica rapa. Common Turnep. 
 
 8 Cyperus papyrus. Paper Rujh. 
 
 9 Cycas circinalis. SagoPahn-tree, 
 lo Portulaca oleracea, Piirjlane. 
 latifolia. Broad-leaved Garden 
 
 Purflane. 
 
 1 \ Smi* 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. 77 
 
 1 1 Smilax afpera. Red-berrted rough Bind-' 
 weed. 
 
 I Areca oleracea. Cabbage-tree. Lin. 
 Syjiema Naturce, 730. 
 
 This is a fpecies of Palm, and a native of 
 the Weft-Indies, where it grows with a 
 taper body to a very great height. The 
 leaves are large and pinnated, and the lobes 
 are entire. It hath male and female flow- 
 ers ilTuing from the fame fpatha. The male 
 are fupported upon a branched fpadix, 
 fpringing from a bivalve fpatha; thefe have 
 three {harp pointed, ftifF petals each, fur- 
 rounding nine ftamina, three of which are 
 longer than the reft. The female flowers 
 come from the fame common fpatha, have 
 no ftyles, but confift of three acute-pointed 
 petals each. When thefe fall off, the ger- 
 men fwells to an almoft oval, fibrous berry, 
 coiitaining one oval feed. 
 
 This is the only fpecies of Palm that is 
 mentioned by Linnaeus to afford efculent 
 leaves or buds, and it is from the pith of 
 this fpecies that the Weft-India Sago is faid 
 to be made ; but whether this is the only 
 one that bears what is called the Cabbage, 
 is not eafily to be determined, by reafon the 
 defcriptions given by diflerent writers of 
 this kind of tree, are very vague and uncer- 
 tain. Miller, in his Didionary, has men- 
 tioned two forts of efgulent Palms, one 
 
 from 
 
fS S P R d U t S and Pi T H S. 
 
 from Sloane, which he caMs the Cabhage-^ 
 tree, and the other from Dr. Houitoun/ 
 which he names the Mountain Cabbage. 
 To what particular genus of the Palrns ei- 
 ther fpecies belongs, is impolflble to be told 
 from Miller; and by the fmall ditFerence in 
 the delcriptions * given by the above two 
 gentlemen of the trees, it is probable they 
 both meant one and the fame fpecies, 
 and that the Arcca oleracea of Linnseus. 
 But as this is a matter which" cannot be 
 made perfe6tly clear, I lliall defcribe Mil- 
 ler's Cabbage - trees in his own words. 
 ift. " This tree rifes to a very great height 
 in the country where it grows naturally. 
 Ligonj in his hiftory ot Barbadoes, fays, there 
 were then fome of the trees growing there, 
 which were more than two hundred feet 
 hi^h ; and that he was informed they were 
 a hundred years growing to maturity, fo as 
 to produce feed. ^ The Items of thefe trees 
 are feldora larger than a man's thigh ; they 
 arc fmoother than thofe of moft other forts, 
 for the leaves naturally fall off entire from 
 them, and only leave the veftigia or marks 
 where they have grown. The leaves (or 
 •branches) are twelve or fourteen feet long ; 
 the fmall leaves or lobes are about a foot 
 
 ■ * Palma altilTima non fpinofa, fruftu praiilforail xnlnore 
 racemofo fparfo. Sloan. Cat. 
 
 Palm^ aitifTiina r.on fpinofa, fru£lu oblongo. Houjloun. 
 
 5 ^o^g*^ 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS/ 79 
 
 Ion?, and half an inch broad, with feveral 
 longitudinal plaits or farrows, ending in 
 foft acute points, and are placed alternately. 
 The flowers conie out in long loofe bunches 
 below the leaves; thefe branch out into 
 many loofe firings, and arc near four feet 
 long, upon which the flowers are thinly 
 placed. The female flowers are fucceeded 
 by fruit about the fize of a Haz;el-nut, hav- 
 ing a yellowifli flcin, fitting clofe to the 
 ftrings of the principal footlialk. 
 
 " As the inner leaves of this encompafs 
 the future buds more remarkably than moll 
 of the other fpecies, fo it is diflinguifhed by 
 the appellation of Cabbage-tree ; for the 
 centre ihoots, before they are expofed to the 
 air, are white and very tender, like moft: 
 other plants that are blanched 5 and this is 
 the part which is cut out and eaten by the 
 inhabitants, and is frequ^ently pickled and 
 fent to England by the title of Cabbage ; 
 but whenever thefe flioots are cut out, the 
 plants decay and never thrive after; fo that 
 it deftroys the plants, which is the reafon 
 that few of the trees are now to be found in 
 any of the Iflands near fettrements, and 
 thofe are left for ornament." 
 
 This is Miller's account o^ Shanes Cab- 
 bage tree ; and of thatdefcribed \y^HouJioiin^ 
 he fays, " The fruit of this kind is about 
 an inch and an half in length, and near two 
 inches in circumference. The flower-buds, 
 
 which- 
 
8o 6PROUTS and PITHS. 
 
 which are produced in the centre of the 
 plants, are by the natives cut, and boiled 
 to eat with their meat, and are by them 
 called the Mountain Cabbage." 
 
 From thefe accounts of the two trees we 
 find, that the buds for leaves of the one are 
 eaten, and the fiovver-buds of the other,i 
 which feem to indicate, indeed, that they 
 are diftintSt fpecies j unlefs it may be, that 
 both forts of buds of the fame tree are ufed 
 as here mentioned. In regard to the genus 
 Areca, it contains only two fpecies at pre- 
 fent known, the oieracea, and the cathecw, 
 from the juice of the latter the Terra 'Jcipo- 
 nica of the fliops is faid to be made. This 
 lad tree is called Faufel. Captain Dam- 
 pier, in his voyage round the v/orld, met 
 with abundance of Cabbage-trees at the 
 Ifland of St, Jago, near the Ifthmus of Da- 
 rien, in the South Sea, where he meafured 
 one which reached 120 feet; the leaves or 
 branches were 12 or 14 feet. In the mid- 
 dle of the branches, he fays, grows the 
 fruit, (this is, the Cabbage) about a foot 
 long, as thick as a man's leg, white, and 
 very fweet, whether eaten raw or boiled. 
 Between the Cabbage and the branches 
 fprout many fmall twigs, about a foot long, 
 at the end of which grov/ hard, round ber- 
 ries, of the fize of Cherries, which falling 
 off, afford excellent food for the hogs. 
 
 In the body of thefe trees there runs a 
 
 pith. 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. 8^ 
 
 p'lihj which is a nutritious food to a parti- 
 cular kind of worms, and in which, after 
 the trees are felled, they breed in great 
 abundance. Thefe worms or grubs are 
 eaten by the French in fome of the Weft 
 India iflands, and are efteemed a great de- 
 licacy. They are nearly the fize of one's 
 little finger, and have a black head, equal 
 in thicknefs to the body. The manner of 
 dreffing them for table is, to firing them 
 upon Hcewers, and hang them before the 
 fire, and as foon as they are thoroughly 
 warm, to fprinkle them with fine rafpings 
 of cruft of bread, fait, pepper, and nutmeg, 
 thereby to abforb the fat. When fufficiently 
 roafted they are ferved up with orange or 
 citron fauce. 
 
 2 Arundo bambos. Bamboo Cane. Lin. 
 
 Bp. pi. 120. 
 
 Tabaxir & Mombu arbor. Banh, Hiji. 
 
 I. p. 222. 
 
 This curious Reed is a native of both the 
 Indies, where it frequently attains the height 
 of fixty feet. The main root is long, thick,' 
 jointed, fpreads horizontally, and fends out 
 many cylindrical, woody fibres, of a whitilh 
 colour, and many feet long. From the 
 joints of the main root fpring feveral round, 
 jointed ftalks, to a prodigious height, and 
 at about ten or twelve feet from the ground^, 
 fend out at their joints feveral ftalks joined 
 
 G together' 
 
82 SPROUTS and PITHS. 
 
 together at their bafe^ thefe run up in the 
 fame manner as thofe they Ihoot out from. 
 If any of thefe be planted, with a piece of 
 the firH; flalk adhering to them, they will 
 perpetuate their fpecies. They are armed 
 at their joints with one or two (harp, rigid 
 fpines, and furniihed with oblong - oval 
 leaves, eight or nine inches long, feated on 
 {hort footftalks. The flowers are produced 
 in large panicles, from the joints of the 
 ftalks, placed three in a parcel clofe to their 
 receptacles ; they refemble thofe of the 
 common Reed, and are fucceeded by feeds 
 of the fame form, furrounded with down. 
 
 The young {boots are covered with a dark 
 green bark ; thefe when very tender are put 
 up in vinegar, fait, garlic, and the pods of 
 capficum, and thus afford a pickle, which 
 is efteemed a valuable condiment in the In- 
 dies, and is faid greatly to promote the ap- 
 petite, and affift digeftion. The ftalks in 
 their young (late are almoft folid, and con- 
 tain a milky juice ; this is of a fweet nature, 
 and as the ftalks advance in agej they be- 
 come hollow, except at the joints, where 
 they are flopped by a woody membrane, 
 upon which this liquor lodges, and con- 
 cretes into a fubflance called Ta^axir^ or 
 fugar of Mombuy which was held in fuch 
 efteem by the ancients, in fome particular 
 diforders, that it was equal in value to its 
 weight in filver. The old ftalks grow to 
 5 ^ve 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. S^ 
 
 five or fix inches diameter, are then of a 
 Ihining yellow colour, and are To hard and 
 durable, that they are ufed in buildings. 
 Thefe, when bored through the membranes 
 at their joints, are converted into water- 
 pipes, and make excellent good ones. The 
 fmaller ftalks are ufed for walking-fticks, 
 and are called Kotang. The inhabitants of 
 Otaheite make flutes of them, about a foot 
 long, with two holes only, which they flop 
 with the firft finger of the left hand, and 
 the middle one of the right, and they blow 
 thrbugh their noftrils. 
 
 3 Brassica oleracea. Common White 
 Cabbage. Lin. Sp. pi. ()'7^2. 
 
 This is a native of England, and is found 
 wild on the fea-coafts. Numbers 4, 5, and 
 6, are, by Linnaeus, made only varieties of 
 Number 3. Whether he is right in this is 
 hard to determine, for the number of Cab- 
 hages now raifed makes it impofilble to tell 
 with certainty, which are fpecies and which 
 varieties. And this difficulty is conftantly 
 increafing by the mixing of the farina of 
 one fort with another, and thereby pro- 
 ducing new variations. There is fome pro- 
 bability, however, that the Cauliflower is a 
 diftindt fpecies, and it is certain that the 
 difl^erent forts of Brocoli are varieties of the 
 Cauliflower. They are all too well known 
 to require any defcription, and their young 
 
 G 2 Ihoots 
 
84 SPROUTS and PITHSv 
 
 flioots are generally acknowledged to be fu- 
 perior to moft other vegetables. 
 
 7 Brassica rapa. Common Turnep. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 931. 
 
 Rapa fativa rotunda. Bauh. Pin. 89. 
 
 This has been mentioned in the firft 
 Chap, but as the fprouts are frequently eaten 
 in the fpring, it had a right to a place here 
 alfo. If thefe be gathered when very ten- 
 der, they are an excellent fallad. 
 
 8 Cyperus papyrus. Paper Riifi. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. JO. 
 
 Papyrus Syriaca et Siciliana. Bauh. 
 Pin. 19. 
 
 This is a grafs-leaved plant, growing 
 naturally in Egypt, Syria, and fome other 
 parts of the Eait. It hath a creeping root, 
 from which comes forth a tuffuck of long, 
 llender leaves i in the midft of thefe rife 
 very thick three-fquare, naked ftalks, ter- 
 minated by umbels of fmall, chaffy flowers, 
 laying over each other like tiles. The 
 fpokes or rays of the umbel are long, (lender, 
 exceedingly numerous, ftand rather upright, 
 and are nearly of an equal length. Each 
 ilTues from a fliort diftind fheath, and to- 
 wards the top is fet with awl-fliaped, fefiile 
 fpicula?, ftanding by threes on a fhort pe- 
 duncle. The flower contains three fhort 
 llamina, tipped with oblong fummits, and 
 5 o"^ 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. Ss 
 
 one flender ftyle, fupporting three hair-like 
 lligmatii. The germen is fmall, and becomes 
 a three-fquare, iharp-pointed feed. 
 
 The ftalk of this plant contains a fweet, 
 nutritious pith, which the ancient Egyp- 
 tians made ufe of as bread. Of the rtalks 
 or leaves, it is now uncertain which, they 
 made their paper, but the manner of pre- 
 paring it is at prefent unknown. It feems, 
 however, to have been the only paper in 
 ufe in the time of Mofes. The Egyptians 
 likewife made fails and even boats of thefe 
 ruQies, which they caulked with flime and 
 pitch, and in one of thefe Mofes was con- 
 cealed by his mother*. 
 
 9 Cycas circinalis. Sago Tree. Lin. 
 Bp.pl 1658. 
 
 Palma indica, caudice in annulos pro- 
 tuberante diftindo. Rati Hiji. 1360. 
 
 This is a fpecies of Palm, which grows 
 fpontaneoully in the Eaft Indies, and parti- 
 cularly on the coaft of Malabar. It runs 
 up with a ftraight trunk, to forty feet or 
 more, having many circles the whole length, 
 occalioned by the old leaves falling off; for 
 they ftandine in a circular order round the 
 ftem, and embracing it with their bafe, 
 whenever they drop, they leave the marks 
 
 * Exodus Chap. ii. ver. 3. Thefe boats are ftill in ufe 
 In the eaftern parts of Africa, where they are kept upon the 
 lakes as pleafure- boats. 
 
 G 3 of 
 
86 SPROUTS and PITHS. 
 
 of their adhefion behind. The leaves ar^ 
 pinnated, and grow to the length of ieven 
 or eight feet. The pinnae or lobes are long, 
 narrow, entire, of a fliining green, all the 
 way of a breadth, lance-fhaped at the point, 
 are clofely crouded together, and Hand at 
 right angles on each fide the midrib, like 
 the teeth of a comb. The flowers are pro- 
 duced in long bunches at the footftalks of 
 the leaves, and are fucceeded by oval fruit, 
 about the fize of large plums, of a red co- 
 lour when ripe, and a Iweet flavour, ^apb 
 contains a hard brown nut, enclofing a white 
 meat, -which taftes like a Chefnut. 
 
 This is a valuable tree to the inhabitants 
 of India, as it not only furnilbes a confi- 
 derable part of their cofiftant bread, but 
 alfo fupplies them with a large article of 
 trade. The body contains a farinaceous 
 fubflance, which they extrad: from it and 
 make into bread in this manner : they faw 
 the body into fmall pieces, and after beat- 
 ing them in a mortar, pour water upon the 
 mafs ; this is left for fome hours to fettle. 
 When fit, it is flrained through a cloth, 
 and the finer particles of the mealy fpb- 
 ftance running through with the water, the 
 grofs ones are left behind, and thrown away. 
 After the farinaceous part is futiiciently fub- 
 fided, the water is poured off, and the meal 
 being properly dried, is occafionally made 
 into cakes and baked. Thefe cakes are faid 
 
 to 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. 87 
 
 to eat nearly as well as wheaten bread, and 
 are the fupport of the inhabitants for three 
 or four months in the year. 
 
 The fame meal more finely pulverized, 
 and reduced into granules, is what is called 
 SagOy which is fent into all parts of Europe, 
 and fold in the fliops for a great ftrength- 
 ener and reftorative. 
 
 There is a fort of Sago made in the Wert: 
 Indies, and is fent to Europe in the fame 
 manner as that from the Eaft ; but the Weft 
 India Sago is far inferior in quality to the 
 other. It is fuppofed to be made from the 
 pith of iliQAreca oleracea, already defcribed. 
 
 10 PoRTULACA oleracea. Fiirjlane» 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 638. 
 
 Portulaca anguftifolia fvlveftris. Bauh, 
 Fin. 288. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a native of 
 the warmer parts of Europe. It has many 
 round, thick, reddifli, fucculent ftalks, near 
 half a yard long, which generally lodge upon 
 the ground 3 thefe break into many branches, 
 thickly fet with feffile, fleihy, wedge-fhaped 
 leaves, fome of a pale green, others of a 
 reddifh colour, and moftly ftanding four or 
 more together in whorls. In the bofoms of 
 thefe the flowers are produced; they are 
 feffile, fmall, of a yellowifh colour, and are 
 compofed of five plain ered:, obtufe petals 
 each, with many hair -like ilamina, about 
 
 G 4 half 
 
88 SPROUTS and PITHS. 
 
 half the length of the petals, and one ftyle, 
 crowned with oblong ftigmata. 
 
 This plant is frequently raifed io gardens 
 for fallading, and the alteration it receives 
 from culture is chiefly in the breadth and 
 fucculency of the leaves. Many admire it, 
 hut it is of a very cold nature, and apt to 
 chill the blood, therefore fhould be eaten 
 fparingly. 
 
 II Smilax afpera. Red-berried rough 
 Bindweed. Lin.Sp.pl. 1458. 
 ' Smilax afpera, frudtu rubente. Bauh, 
 Fjn, 296. 
 
 This fpecies of Smilax is a ilirubby plant, 
 apd grows fpontaneoufly in Spain, Italy, and 
 Paleftine. It hath a flefhy root, which fends 
 up feveral weak, brown, flender, angular 
 ftalks, armed with fhort, crooked fpines, 
 and are turnifhed with tendrils at their 
 joints or bents, by which they clafp round 
 any adjacent plant, and by that means rife 
 to feven or eight feet high. The leaves are 
 large, fliff, heart-lhaped, very fharp-pointed, 
 of a reddifh colour, have (liort reddiih fpines 
 on their margins, and are fupported on flen- 
 der footflalks. The flowers are produced 
 in fmall bunches at the angles of the flalks, 
 ^nd are male and female on feparate plants. 
 The male flowers are compofed of a fix- 
 leaved bellying calyx, containing fix fl:a- 
 mina, crowned by oblong fummits. The 
 
 females 
 
SPROUTS and PITHS. 89 
 
 females too have no petals, each confifting 
 of a calyx like the male, with an oval ger- 
 men, luppoitifig three llyles. The fruit is 
 a fmall red berry, having three cells, con- 
 taining two feeds each. 
 
 The young tender fiioots are boiled and 
 eaten as others of this order. There are two 
 or three varieties of this plant, one in par- 
 ticular with a black fruit. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 90 ] 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ESCULENT LEAVES. 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Cold Sallads, 
 
 ■A 
 
 PIUM petrofelinum. Parjley, 
 
 ' — - c ri fp u m . Curled - leaved 
 
 Parjley. 
 
 2 Allium cepa. Common Onion. 
 
 3 Allium fchoenoprafum. Gives. 
 
 4 Allium oleraceum. Wild Gar lick, 
 
 5 Artemifia dracunculus. Paragon. 
 
 6 Alline media. Common Chickweed, 
 
 7 Borago officinalis. Borage. 
 
 8 Cacalia ficoides. Fig Marigold ~ leaved 
 
 Cacalia. 
 
 9 Cichorium end i via. Endive. 
 
 -— — ' en diva crifpa. Curled-leaved 
 
 Endive. 
 
 10 Cochlearia officinalis. Scurvygrafs. 
 
 1 1 Eryfimum alliaria. yack by the Hedge. 
 
 12 Eryfimum barbarea. Winter Crefs or 
 
 Rocket. 
 
 13 Fucus faccharinus. Sweet Fucus or Sea 
 
 Belts. 
 
 14 Fucus palmatus. Handed Fucus. 
 
 15 Fucus 
 
LEAVES. 91 
 
 15 Fucus digital us. Fingered Fucus. 
 
 16 Fucus eTculentus. Edible Fucus. 
 
 \j Hypochaeris maculata. Spotted Hawk- 
 ijueed. 
 
 18 Lad:uca fativa. Lettuce. 
 
 19 Leontodon taraxacum. Dandelion. 
 
 20 Lepidium fativum. Garden Crefs. 
 
 21 Lepidium virginicum. Virginia?! Sciatic 
 
 Crefs. 
 
 22 Mentha fativa. Marjlo or Curled Mint» 
 
 23 Mentha viridls. Spear Mint. 
 
 24 Oxalis acetofella. Wood Sorrel. 
 
 25 Poterium fanguiforba. Garden Burnet, 
 
 26 Primula veris. Conunon Coivjlips or 
 
 Paigles. 
 
 27 Rumex Icutatus. Round-leaved Sorrel. 
 
 28 Rumex acetofa. Common Sorrel. 
 
 29 Salicornia europjEa. "Jointed Glajjwort 
 
 or Saltwort. 
 
 30 Scandix cerefolium. Common Chervil. 
 
 31 Scandix odorata. Sweet Cicely. 
 
 32 Sedum reflexum. Yellow Stone Crop. 
 
 33 Sedum rupeftre. St. Vincenfs Rock 
 
 Stone Crop. 
 
 34 Sifymbrium nafturtlum. Water-crefs. 
 
 35 Sinapis alba. White Mujiard. 
 
 36 Tanacetum balfamita. Cojimary. 
 
 37 Valeriana locufla. Lambs Lettuce. 
 
 38 Veronica beccabunga. Brooklime, 
 
 39 Ulva lad:uca. Green Laver. 
 
 I The ufe of the leaves of Parjley is well 
 
 known 
 
9? LEAVES. 
 
 known in the kitchen, and the virtues of 
 the plant have been mentioned before; but 
 it may not be amifs to obferve farther, that 
 fome farmers cultivate whole fields of this 
 plant, for the ufe of their fheep, it being a 
 fovereign remedy to prevent them from the 
 rot, provided they are fed with it twice or 
 thrice a week. But this cannot be pra6tifed 
 where hares and rabbits abound, fbr thefe 
 creatures are fo fond of it that they will 
 make long excurfions to get at it; and in a 
 fhort time will deftroy a large crop. 
 
 2 The Allium cepa too has been mentioned 
 in a former Chapter, and flands here only 
 on account of its leaves being in common 
 ufc among other cold fallad herbs. 
 
 3 Allium fchcenoprafum. Gives. Lin. 
 Sp. pL 432. 
 
 Porrum fedivum juncifolium. Baub. 
 Pin. 72. 
 
 This is an inhabitant of Siberia, and is a 
 very fmall plant compared with the former, 
 the leaves and ftems feldom exceeding fix 
 inches in length, and the roots never pro- 
 ducing any bulbs. The leaves are awl- 
 {haped, hollow, and the iT:em naked. It 
 was formerly in great requeft for mixing 
 with fallads in the fpring, but has been little 
 regarded lately. Its tafte, fmell, and virtues 
 
 are 
 
LEAVES. 9j 
 
 are much the fame as thofe of the common 
 Onion. 
 
 4 Allium oleraceum. Wild Garlick. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 429. 
 
 Allium montanum bicorne, flore exalbido. 
 Bauh. Pin. j^. 
 
 This grows in the paftures and corn-fields 
 in EfTex, and fome other parts of England. 
 It hath a fmall, white, bulbous root, which 
 fends up a ftraight, round ftalk, about half 
 a yard high, furnifhed with a few rough, 
 pale green leaves, round on one fide, and 
 deeply furrowed on the other. The ftem 
 ilTues from a horned fpatha or fheath, and is 
 terminated by an umbel of whitifli green 
 flowers, ftriped with purple. 
 
 The roots and leaves are ufed in Sweden 
 the fame as thofe of the common Onion are 
 here. 
 
 5 Artemisia dracunculus. Taragon. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 189. 
 
 Dracunculus hortenfis. Bauh. Pin. 98. 
 
 This is a native of Siberia and other nor- 
 thern parts of Europe. It hath a woody 
 fort of root, compofed of a multitude of 
 fibres, and fends up feveral round, crooked, 
 branched ftalks, about two feet high, irre- 
 gularly fet with long,* narrow, fmooth, 
 lance - fliaped leaves, without footflalks; 
 thefe have a tafte and fmell almoft peculiar. 
 
 tol 
 
L E A V E S„ 
 
 to themfelves, but which are exceedingly 
 grateful to many. The flowers are pro- 
 duced in clofe, flender panicles at the tops 
 of the branches, and are of an herbace'2>us 
 colour. 
 
 The leaves of this plant make an excellent 
 pickle, which in the opinion of many people 
 is not to be equalled by any other. 
 
 6 Alsine media. Chiekweed. Lin. Sp, 
 fl 389. ^ 
 
 This is a fmall afinual plant, and a very 
 troublefome weed in gardens. The ftalks 
 are weak, green, hairy, fucculent, branched, 
 about eight inches long, and lodge on the 
 ground. The leaves are numerous, nearly 
 oval, fliarp-pointed, juicy, of the colour of 
 the ftalks, and fland on longifh footftalks, 
 having membranous bafes, which are fur- 
 nilhed with long hairs at their edges. The 
 flowers are produced at the bofoms of the 
 leaves on long, flender peduncles j they are 
 fmall and white, conlift of five fplit petals 
 each, and contain five fl:amina and three 
 fl:yles. 
 
 The leaves of this plant have much the 
 flavour of Corn-Sallad, and are eaten in the 
 fame manner. They are deemed refrige- 
 rating and nutritive, and an excellent food 
 for thofe of a confumptive habit of body. 
 The plant formerly fl:ood recommended in 
 the (hops as a vulnerary. 
 
 7 BORAGO 
 
LEAVES. 95 
 
 7 BoRAGO officinalis. Borage. Lin, 
 Sp.pl. ic)j, 
 
 Buglolium latifolium, Borago. Baiw. 
 Pin. 259. 
 
 This is an annual, and grows plentifully 
 by road fides, and other uncultivated places. 
 It alfo is cultivated in gardens, in order to 
 have it at hand to mix with fluffing herbs, 
 and to put into cool tankards, whereby the 
 plant is fufficiently known. The whole is 
 fuppofed cordial and exhilarating, but for 
 what reafon is difficult to guefs, as neither 
 the fmell or tafte countenance any fuch 
 properties* 
 
 8 Cacalia ficoides. Fig Marigold- 
 leaved Cacalia. Lin. Sp. pL 1168. 
 
 This is a llirubby plant, and a native of 
 Ethiopia. From the root rife feveral round 
 fialks, to the height of feven or eight feet; 
 thefe are hard and woody below, but tender 
 and fucculent upward, where they fend out 
 many irregular branches, which are fur- 
 nifhed with lance-fhaped, compreffed, flefliy 
 leaves, ending in acute points, covered with 
 a whitifh farina or meal, that eafily comes 
 off when touched. The flowers are pro- 
 duced at the extremity of the branches, in 
 fmall umbels ; they are compofed of many 
 white, tubular, hermaphrodite florets, fl:and- 
 ing in a common cylindrical calyx, are cut 
 at their brims into five parts, and each con- 
 tains 
 
$6 LEAVES; 
 
 tains five lliort flender flamina, and one 
 ftyle, faftened to an oblong germen, which 
 becomes an oblong feed, crowned with long 
 down. 
 
 The leaves of this plant are pickled by 
 the French, who efleem them much ; and 
 in doing this they have a method of pre- 
 ferving the white farina upon them, which 
 greatly adds to the beauty of the pickle 
 when brought to table. 
 
 Cf CiCHORiUM endivia. 'Endive. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 1 142. 
 
 Cichorium latifolium five Endivia vul- 
 garis. Bauh. Pin. 125. 
 
 The Endive and its varieties have been fo 
 long cultivated in England, and other parts 
 of Europe, that it is impoffible to tell with 
 certainty what country claims it as a native. 
 The plant is well known in the gardens, 
 and its ufes in the kitchen. 
 
 In regard to its phyfical properties it is 
 counted detergent, aperient, and attenuating, 
 tending rather to cool than heat the body. 
 By opening obfl:ru(5lions of the liver, it 
 gives relief in the jaundice ; and by its de- 
 terging quality, it is ferviceable in fcorbu- 
 tic habits. 
 
 10 CocHLEARiA officinalis. Scurvygrafs. 
 Lift. Sp. pi. 903. 
 
 Cochlearia folio fubrotundo. Baub. Pin. 
 110. This 
 
leaves; 97 
 
 Irhls Is found wild in the MarHies near 
 the northern coafts of England, but it is 
 probable it was at firft introduced into our 
 gardens from Holland, where it grows very 
 plentifully. It is an annual plant, with a 
 fmall fibrous root, from which come many 
 roundiih, fleihy, ihining green leave's, a 
 little waved on their edges, and are fupport- 
 ed on long foot-ftalks. Among thefe rife 
 feveral pale green, round ftalks, a little 
 branched towards their tops, and having a 
 few oblong, {harp - pointed, light- green 
 leaves, landing on them by pairs. The 
 ftalks rife to about a foot high, producing 
 various bunches of flowers, conlifting of 
 four fmall white petals each, placed nearly 
 at right angles with each other, and fur- 
 rounding fix ftamina, four of which are 
 longer than the reft. The germen Is near- 
 ly heart-fhaped, and becomes a roundifh 
 feed-veifel, having two cells, feparated by a 
 thin membrane, in each of which are con- 
 tained four or five round feeds. 
 
 The leaves of this plant are exceedingly 
 pungent, therefore the beft way of eating 
 them is between bread and butter, as by 
 this means they are rendered lefs offenfive to 
 the palate, and their whole virtues, which 
 are very confiderable, are taken into the 
 ftomach. Uled any way they divide vifcid 
 juices, open obftrudions, fcour the glaiids, 
 and become a fovereign remedy againft the 
 
 II fcurvy; 
 
98 LEAVES. 
 
 fcurvyj all which have juftly obtained the 
 plant the name of Scurvy grafs. There is 
 a conferve, and a plain fpirit of it kept 
 in the Ihops, both which are in great 
 efteem, but they are far inferior, as anti- 
 fcorbuticks, to the frefh leaves, eaten as 
 above diredied ; frequently ufed in this 
 manner they mufi prove beneficial in all 
 cold phlegmatic conftitutions, and cleanfe 
 the fkin of fcabs, and other cutaneous erup- 
 tions. 
 
 II Erysimum alliaria. Jack by the 
 Hedge. Lin. Sp. pi. 922. 
 
 This is a very common plant among 
 buibes and in hedge-rows. It is a peren- 
 nial, and hath a long, whi-tifh root, divid- 
 ed into feveral parts. The radical leaves 
 rife in a clufter, upon long, flender foot- 
 ftalks ; they are heart-fhaped, of a light 
 yellowiili green colour, about three inches 
 broad, and crenated on their edges. The 
 ftem is eredr, firm round, fometimes a little 
 branched, about a yard high, and furniflied 
 with leaves like thofe below, but fmaller. 
 It terminates in a racemus of whitifii flowers, 
 having four petals each, including fix fla- 
 mina, two of wliich are Ihorter than the 
 reft, and one very fliort ftyle. The fuc- 
 ceeding pods are long, llcndcr, all the way 
 of a thickfiefs, and contain many fmall black- 
 
 ifti 
 
LEAVES. 99 
 
 Ifh feeds. The whole plant has the fmell 
 and tafte of Garlick. 
 
 The poor people in the country eat the 
 leaves of this plant with their bread, and on 
 account of the relifh they givej call them 
 Sauce-alone. They alfo mix them with 
 Lettuce, ufe them as a ftuffing herb to pork, 
 and eat them with falt-fifli. The plant was in 
 high efteem formerly as an attenuater, and 
 powerful expecftorant, and held immediately 
 ufeful in afthmas, and diflillations of rheum 
 upon the lungs. 
 
 12 Erysimum batbarea. Winter-crefs, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 922. 
 
 Eruca lutea latifolia five barbarea. Bauh. 
 Fin. 98. 
 
 The Winter-crefs grovt^s plentifully on 
 moift banks and by ditches. It is a peren- 
 nial, and hath along thickifh root, furnish- 
 ed with a few fibres. The bottom leaves 
 are cut into four or five pair of lobes, like 
 pinnae, with a large roundilli one at the end. 
 Among thefe come feveral fiower-ftems, 
 about half a yard high, irregularly fet with 
 leaves like thofe from the root, but they 
 are fmaller. The Items divide into many 
 branches, terminated by loofe fpikes of 
 fmall yellow flowers, having four petals 
 each, which include fix fiamina, two fhorter 
 than the reft, and one fiyle. The fucceed- 
 ing pods are long and (lender. There -is a 
 H 2 beautiful 
 
too LEAVES. 
 
 beautiful variety of this plant in gardens, with 
 a double flower, and is generally called the 
 yellow Rocket. 
 
 The leaves were formerly mixed with 
 fallad herbs, but their having rather a rank 
 fmell, and no very agreeable flavour, are 
 now negleded here, though in Sweden they 
 ilill retain a place at table. 
 
 The plant is a powerful ' antifcorbutic, 
 and no way inferior to the Water-crefs. 
 
 13 Fucus faccharinus. Sea Belts. Lin, 
 Sp.pL 1630. 
 
 Fucus alatus five phafnagoides. Bauh, 
 Pin. 364. 
 
 This is a weed that grows upon rocks 
 and flones by the fea-lhore. It confifl:s of 
 a long, fingle leaf, having a fhort roundifli 
 foot-flalk, the leaf reprefenting a belt or 
 girdle. 
 
 14 Fucus palmatus. Handed Fucus. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1630. 
 
 This grows alfo in the fea, and confifts of 
 ^ thin, lobed leaf, in the form of a hand. 
 
 15 Fucus digitatus. Finge?'ed Fucus. 
 Hud. Flo. Ang. 579. 
 
 Fucus arboreus polyfchides edulis. Bauh. 
 Tin. 364. 
 
 This grows likewife upon ftones and rocks 
 in the fea near the fhore. It hath feveral 
 
 plain. 
 
LEAVES. 101 
 
 plain, long leaves or finufes, fpringing from 
 a round ftalk, in the manner of fingers when 
 extended. 
 
 16 Fucus efculentus. Edible Fucus, 
 Hud, Flo. A7ig. 578. 
 
 Mr. Hudfon has made this a diftind; fpe- 
 cies, but Linnaeus included it under hisy^r- 
 charinus. It grows plentifully in the fea, 
 near the fhores of Scotland, and alfo thofe 
 of Cumberland. This hath a broad, plain, 
 limple, fword-fhaped leaf, fpringing from 
 a pinnated flalk. All thefe four fpecies are 
 collected by the failors, and people along 
 the fea-coafts, as fallad herbs, and are efteem- 
 ed excellent antifcorbuticks. The leaves of 
 the faccharatus are very fweet, and when 
 wafhed and hanged up to dry, will exude a 
 fubflance like that of fugar. 
 
 17 Hypoch.^ris maculata, Spotted 
 Hawkweed. Lin, Sp.pl. 1140. 
 
 Hieracium alpinum latifolium hirfutia. 
 incanum, flore magno. Baub. Pi?2. 128. 
 
 This is a perennial plant, and a native of 
 England. The root is compofed of a mul- 
 titude of fibres, from which fpring a clufter 
 of large, oval, hairy, deep green, fpotted 
 leaves, having fharp teeth, fet at conlider- 
 able diftances along their margins. The 
 flalk rifes in the midft of thefe, with a 
 bunch of feffile leaves near its bafe^ it is up^ 
 
 H 3 right. 
 
102 LEAVES. 
 
 right, firm, and naked from thence to the 
 top, where moftly ftands only one large, 
 gold-coloured compound flower, having an 
 imbricated calyx, and confifting of herma- 
 phrodite, tongue-fhaped florets, cut into 
 five teeth at their brims, and each contain- 
 ing five lliort, hairy ftamina and one ftyle. 
 
 The leaves are eaten as thofe of Lettuce, 
 and are deemed cooling; they are alfo boil- 
 ed in broths, 
 
 1 8 Lactuca fativa. Garden Lettuce. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. III?). 
 
 This hath been fo long cultivated in gar- 
 dens, that its native place pf growth is not 
 known. The varieties of it are very nume- 
 rous; Dr. Boerhaave has given a lift of 47 
 that were growing in the Botanic Garden, 
 at Leyden, in the year 17^0, and we have 
 jiear a fcore at this time cultivated in Eng- 
 land. Lettuce IS zcooWngy emolient, laxa- 
 tive plant, but like moft la6lefcent ones has 
 a narcotic quality, as any one may per- 
 ceive who eats plentifully of it. 
 
 19 Leontopon taraxacum. Dandelion. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 22. 
 
 Dens ieonis, latiore folio. Bauh. Pin. 
 126. 
 
 This is a moft troublefome weed to far- 
 mers and gardeners, for when it is once 
 iixed in their grounds, it is no eafy matter. 
 
 "^ to 
 
LEAVES. 103 
 
 to eradicate it, by reafon its downy feeds 
 fiy to all parts and vegetate on any foil ; 
 hence the plant is fo well known as to ren- 
 der a defcription of it ufelefs. 
 
 The young tender leaves are eaten in the 
 fpring as Lettuce, they being much of the 
 fame nature, except that they are rather 
 more detergent and diuretic. Boerhaave 
 greatly recommended the ufe of 'Dandelion 
 in mofl: chronical diftempers, and held it 
 capable of refolving all kinds of coagula- 
 tions, and the moO: obftinate obftrudtions of 
 the vifcera, if it were duly continued. For 
 thefe purpofes the ftalks may be blanched 
 and eaten as Celery. 
 
 20 Lepidium fativum. Gardeji Crefs, 
 Lin. Sp. pi, 899. 
 
 Nafturtium hortenfe vulgatum. Bauh, 
 Pin. 103. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a native of 
 Germany. The leaves arc long, narrow, 
 and deeply cut into irregular fegments. The 
 ftalk is round, firm, upright, about two 
 feet high, of a whitifh green colour, a little 
 branched towards the top, and is all the way 
 furnillied with many jagged leaves. 
 
 The flowers come out in bunches at the 
 
 tops of tiie branches, each confifting of four 
 
 fmall, white petals, including fix flamina, 
 
 four longer than the red, and one flylc ; 
 
 H 4 thefe 
 
104 LEAVES. 
 
 thefe are fucceeded by a kind of hcart-lhaped 
 pods, containing brown feeds. 
 
 The plant is now generally fown in gar- 
 dens for a fpring fallad, and perhaps a bet-r 
 ter can fcarcely be cultivated. It is of a 
 warm, Simulating nature, having much the 
 fame qualities as the Watercrefs, but is lefs 
 pungent. There is a variety of this with 
 curled leaves, which has the fame proper- 
 ties with the original, but is more ufed for 
 garnifhing difhes than fallading. 
 
 2 1 Lepidium Virginicum. Virginian 
 Sciatic Crefs. Lin. Sp. pi. 900. 
 
 Though the Virginicum, as its name ex- 
 prelfes, grows in Virginia, yet it is alfo an 
 inhabitant of feveral of the Weft-India 
 Illands, and efpecially of Jamaica. 
 
 It is an annual, and fends forth a very 
 branched ftalk, about half a yard high, fet 
 with narrow, winged leaves, the lobes of 
 which are finely ferrated. 
 
 The flowers come out in the manner of 
 thofe of ih^fativimiy but fome of them have 
 only three llamina. 
 
 The people in America gather the plants, 
 and eat the leaves as we do thofe of the 
 Garden Crefs. 
 
 22 Mentha fativa. Marfi, or Curled 
 Mint. Lin. Sp. pi. 805. 
 
 Pvlentha crilpa veflicillata. Baiih, Pin^ 
 
 227. 
 
 The 
 
LEAVES. 105 
 
 The Mentha fativa grows wild by marfhes 
 and rivulets. It is a perennial, and creeps 
 much by the roots, as moftof the Mints do. 
 The ftalks are about half a yard high, 
 fquare, of a purplifli colour, throw out 
 many {hoots from the bofoms of the leaves, 
 and are generallv bent near their bafe. 
 
 The leaves are oval, ferrated, wrinkled, 
 of a pale green, and often curled at their 
 edges. 
 
 The flowers are purple, and come out in 
 whorles at the joints of the branches. The 
 whole plant has a very pleafant fmell. 
 
 23 Mentha viridis. Spear Mint, Lin. 
 Sp. pL 804. 
 
 Mentha anguflifolia fpicata. Bauh. Pin. 
 227. 
 
 The 'viridis too grows naturally by runs 
 of water. This is a taller plant than the 
 former, having a Arm, fquare, upright 
 flalk, two feet or more high, fending out 
 many branches from the bofoms of the 
 leaves. 
 
 The leaves are of a lively green colour, 
 long, narrow, fharp pointed, and deeply 
 ferrated at the edges. 
 
 The flowers fl:and at the tops of the flalks, 
 in flcnder fpikes, and are of a bright red 
 colour. 
 
 Though this is the fort moft cultivated 
 for culinary ufes, yet to many palates it is 
 far inferior in pleafantnefs to the former. 
 
 They 
 
io6 LEAVES. 
 
 They are much alike in their virtues, being 
 ilomachic and carminative. 
 
 24 OxALis acetofella. Wood Sorrel. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 620. 
 
 Trifolium acetofum vulgare. Bauh. Pin. 
 
 The Oxahs acetofella is a neat little plant, 
 common in our woods. It hath a flender, 
 creeping, irregular root, hung with many 
 iibres. The leaves rife in little clufters ; 
 they are heart-ihaped, and are joined by 
 their points three together at the top of a 
 long, weak, reddiih foot-llalk, with their 
 broad ends hanging downward. Their co- 
 lour is a yellowifl:! green, and they are a lit- 
 tle hairy. 
 
 Among thefe, and immediately from the 
 root, come the flower-ftalks, each fupport- 
 ing a pale iiefh-colour, beli-fhaped flower, 
 fnipped into five fegments almoft down to 
 the bafe, and containing ten hairy, ered; fta- 
 mina, and five (lender liyles. 
 
 The leaves of this plant afford one of the 
 moft grateful acids of any in nature, far 
 preferable to that of the common garden 
 Sorrel, and therefore is more eligible for 
 mixing with fallads. They are cooling, 
 and ferviceable againft inflammatory difor- 
 ders. Beaten with fu2:ar thev make an ele- 
 gant confervci and boiled with milk form a 
 
 mofl: 
 
LEAVES. 107 
 
 nioft agreeable whey, which is good for 
 opening obftrudions of the vifcera. 
 
 25 PoTERiuM fanguiforba. Burnet. 
 Ji^m. Sp. pi. 141 1. 
 
 Pimpinella Sanguiforba minor hirfuta. 
 Bauh. Pill. 160. 
 
 The Poterium Janguijorba is common in 
 chalky grounds, and hilly paflures. It is 
 fo frequently cultivated in gardens, that to 
 defcribe it would be iinnecefl'arv; its ufes in 
 the kitchen too are generally known. It is 
 counted cordial and fudorific, and on that 
 account is often put into cool tankards. It 
 evidently has an aftringent quality, and 
 thereby is ferviceable agajnfi dyfenteries. 
 
 26 Primula veris. Cowjiips, Lin, Sp. 
 pi. 204. 
 
 Verbafculum pratenfe odoratum. Bauh. 
 Pin. 24!. 
 
 LinnsEUS makes the Common Cow/lip^ the 
 great Oxiip, and the Common Primrofe, 
 only variations of one and the fame fpecies, 
 but in this he is certainly wrong, as the 
 Primrofe is evidently a dilHnft one. They 
 are all too well known to require any de- 
 fcriptions, and their leaves may be ufed 
 promilcuoufly. As to their being efculent, 
 they are only fo as they enter into compofi- 
 tion with other herbs, in the fluffing of 
 meat, Froni the flowers, indeed, of the 
 
 Couijlip 
 
io8 LEAVES. 
 
 Cowjlip a very good wine is made, but it is 
 not equal to that drawn from Clary, 
 
 27 RuMEX fcutatus. Round-leaved Sor- 
 rel. Lin. Sp. pi. 480. 
 
 Acetofa rotundifolia hortenlis. Bauh, 
 Tin. 114. 
 
 The Rujnex fcutatus is a native of Swit- 
 zerland. It is a perennial, and hath a 
 creeping, fibrous root, which fends forth 
 many leaves on long foot-ftalks -, thefe are 
 hollow in the middle like a fpoon, and are 
 betwixt the ihape of an heart, and that of 
 the head of an arrow. 
 
 The ftalk rifes a foot or more high, {tt 
 with leaves till near the top, where it breaks 
 into flender fpikes of brownidi green flow- 
 ers, containing fix fkamina and one ftyle 
 each. 
 
 The leaves having a very pleafant, acid 
 tafte, the plant is frequently raifed in our 
 gardens to mix with fallad herbs. 
 
 28 Rum EX acetofa. Co?nmon Sorrel. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 481. 
 
 Acetoia pratenfis. Bauh. Pin. 14. 
 
 The Acetofa grows very common in our 
 woods and meadows. This too is a peren- 
 nial, and from a long, yellowish, woody 
 root, fends up a curved, channelled, reddifli 
 ftalk, about two feet high, confifting of a 
 few joints, with a long, arrow-fl:iaped leaf 
 
 5 ^' 
 
LEAVES. 109 
 
 It each. The leaves at the bottom of the 
 ftalk have long foot-ftalks, but thofe to- 
 wards the top fland clofe, and embrace the 
 flalk vv^ith their bafe. At the top of the 
 ftalk comes forth a branched panicle of fmall 
 reddifli flowers, refembling thofe of Dock. 
 There are feveral wild varieties of this 
 plant. 
 
 The leaves have little or no fmell, but 
 when chewed have a reftringent acid tafle. 
 Their medicinal effeds are to cool, quench 
 thirft, and promote the urinary difcharge. 
 They are frequently mixed with fallad herbs 
 the fame as the former. 
 
 The Irifli, who are particularly fond of 
 acids, eat the leaves with their milk and 
 fiih ; and the Laplanders ufe the juice 
 of them as rennet to their milk. The 
 Greenlanders cure themfelves of the Scurvy 
 with the juice of Scurvy grafs and this 
 mixed ; and Dr. Boerhaave recommends a 
 deco<flion of the leaves as an efficacious re- 
 medy againft inflammatory diforders. 
 
 29 Salicornia europaia, vel herbacea. 
 "Jointed Glajjwort. Lin. Sp, pi. 5. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and grows plen- 
 tifully in the fait marfhes, in many parts of 
 England. It varies very much in the na- 
 ture of its growth, infomuch that different 
 writers on Botany have made three or four 
 different fpecies of it. It hath fucculent, 
 
 jointed. 
 
no LEAVES. 
 
 jointed, branched ftalks, which in fonic 
 plants, trail upon the groundj and in others 
 lland upright. The flowers are produced 
 at the ends of the joints, towards the ex- 
 tremity of the branches ; thefe are fo fmall 
 as fearce to be difcerned with the naked 
 eye. 
 
 This plant is gathered by the country 
 people, and fold about for the true Sam- 
 p/jirey but it is very different from that 
 plant. (See Crlthnmm maritimu7}i)i This,- 
 however, makes an excellent good pickle,- 
 which renders the cheat the lefs to be re- 
 gretted. They alfo cut the plants up to- 
 wards the latter end of fummer, when they 
 are full grown, and after having dried thern 
 in the fur), they burn them for their afhes^ 
 which are ufed in making of glafs and foap^ 
 The Sal Kali of the ihops was formerly 
 drawn from the aflies of this plant only, 
 but now from fundry forts of herbs. The 
 manner of obtaining the alkali^ is to dig a 
 hole, and lay laths acrofs it; on thefe they 
 pile the herbs, and having made a fire un- 
 der the laths, the herbs are fuffered to burn 
 till their liquor drops from them to the 
 bottom of the hole, where it hardens, and 
 turns of a blackilli aili colour, retains a fal- 
 ti(h tafte, and is very fliarp and corrolive. 
 
 30 ScANDix cerefolium. Co?nmon Cher- 
 vil.- Lin, Sp. pi, 368. 
 
 2 Chsero- 
 
L E A V fi S. tir 
 
 Chasrophyllum fativum. Bauh.Pin. 152, 
 
 The Sca?idix cerefolium is a final 1 annual 
 plant, with winged leaves, fomewhat re- 
 iembling Parfley at firll:, but of a yellower 
 colour, and generally turning reddifh as they 
 grow old. 
 
 The ftalks are upright, hollow, ftriated^ 
 much branched, fwelled in knobs under 
 their joints, and have leaves on them like 
 thofe from the root, except being divided 
 into narrower fegments. 
 
 The flowers come out in umbels at the 
 tops of the branches ; they are fmall and 
 white, and are fucceeded by longifli-oval, 
 fiiining, (harp-pointed feeds, of a dark 
 brown colour. It is a native of the Auftrian 
 Netherlands. 
 
 The plant is grateful to the palate, and 
 is much cultivated by the French -and 
 Dutch, who are fo very fond of it, that 
 they have hardly a foup or fallad but the 
 leaves of Chervil make part of it. The an- 
 cients had the plant in the highefl: efteem, 
 and held it capable of eradicating moft chro- 
 nical diftempers ; it being mild, aperient 
 and diuretic, working without irritation, 
 yet breaking fabulous concretions, and allay- 
 ing heat in the urinary paflages, whereby 
 it proved particularly ferviceable in drop- 
 fies and the grave). Some of them have 
 gone fo far as to aflert, that if thefe difor- 
 ders would not yield to a conftant ufe of 
 
 this 
 
112 LEAVES. 
 
 this plant, they were fcarce curable by any 
 other medicine. 
 
 31 ScANDix odorata. Sweet Cicely. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 368. 
 
 Myrrhis major, Cicutaria odorata. Baiih. 
 Pin. 160. 
 
 The odorata is a perennial, and a very 
 large plant compared to the former. It has 
 a thick white root, compofed of many fi- 
 bres, which have a fweet, aromatic tafte. 
 This fends forth feveral large, winged 
 leaves, bearing fome refemblance to Fern, 
 bat they have often white fpots upon 
 them.. 
 
 The ftalk rifes four or five feet high, is 
 hairy, fiftulous, and terminated by large 
 umbels of white flowers, having five irre- 
 gular petals each. Thefe are fucceeded by 
 long, angular, deep-furrowed feeds, which 
 when chewed, have a fweet, aromatic fla- 
 vour like Anife-Seeds. 
 
 The leaves have nearly the fame flavour, 
 and are employed in the kitchen as thofe of 
 the cerefoliiim. The green feeds chopped 
 fmall and mixed with Lettuce or other cold 
 fallads, give them an agreeable tafte, and 
 render them warm and comfortable to the 
 llomach. The plant is a native of Italy. 
 
 32 Sedum reflexum. Tellow Stone-Crop, 
 Lin. Sp.pL6i?>, 
 
 Sedum 
 
LEAVES. ii^ 
 
 Sedum minus luteum, folio acuto. Baub, 
 Pin. 283. 
 
 The Sedum refiexum is common upon old 
 walls and rocks^ where it creeps much by 
 the roots, fending forth many weak, flender 
 fhoots, fet all roilnd with fueculent, half- 
 round> fliarp-pointed leaves. The flower- 
 flalks rife from the fides of thefe (lioots to 
 about nine inches his^h, and are furnifhed 
 with leaves like the former, the bafes of 
 which turn a little upwards, and are moflly 
 tinged with red. 
 
 The flalks a2-e terminated by art umbel of 
 yellow flowers, confifling of five lliarp- 
 pointed petals, which fland horizontally in 
 form of a ftar, and contain ten awl-fhaped 
 ftamina, with five flender-ftyles each. Be- 
 fore the flowers come out, the rays of the 
 umbel are rolled up in manner of the Ionic 
 volute. There is however a variety fSeduni 
 minus hcematoidesj with ftraight rays. 
 
 The plant is cultivated by the Dutch, 
 who mix the leaves amongfl; their fallads. 
 They have a fubaftringent tafte. 
 
 33 Seduivi rupeftre. St. Vincetit's Rock 
 Stone- crop. Lin. Sp. pi. 618. 
 
 The rupejire grows upon St. Vincent's 
 rock, near Briftol, The firfl flioots are 
 branched, thickly covered with oblong, 
 flefhy leaves, and lodge upon the ground. 
 Among thefe rife the Items to five or fix 
 
 I inches 
 
114 LEAVE S. 
 
 inches high, fet with awl-fliaped leaves, 
 each having a fliort, loofe membrane at its 
 bafe, which falls off upon being touched. 
 They are of a fea-green colour, and rather 
 rigid. 
 
 The flowers terminate the flalks in round- 
 iih bunches, and are of the form, and nearly 
 of the colour of the rejHexmn. 
 
 This plant too is cultivated by the Dutch, 
 who ufe the leaves and tender tops as they 
 do thofe of the former. 
 
 34 Sisymbrium nafturtium. Waters 
 crej's, Lin. Sp.pl. 916. 
 
 Nafturtium aquaticum fupinum. Bauh, 
 Tin. 104. 
 
 The SifyfJibritim najiurtium is common in 
 our rivulets and water-ditches, and is fo 
 well known and fo much in ufe, that many 
 families in the country have it conftantly at 
 their tables two or three months in the 
 year. It is a good diuretic, a powerful re- 
 folver of phlegmatic juices, and thereby a 
 fovereign remedy againfl the fcurvy. 
 
 35 SiNAPisalba. White Mufiard. Lin. 
 
 '^/•/'^- 933-.. 
 
 Sinapi apii folio. Bauh. Fin. 99. 
 
 This grows fpontaneoufly on hedges and 
 
 the borders of fields. It fends up a branched 
 
 ftalk about two feet hi^h, furniflied with 
 
 rough leaves, deeply jagged down to the 
 
 midrib. 
 
LEAVES. 115 
 
 inidrib. The branches are terminated by 
 loofe fpikes of fmall yellow flowers, each 
 having four petals placed in form of a brofs. 
 Thefe are fucceeded by hairy, rough pods, 
 with long, flat beaks. The plant is now 
 much cultivated in gardens, for a fallad- 
 herb in the fpring. 
 
 In regard to its medicinal properties, it is 
 nearly of the nature of the Watercrefs, and 
 flands recommended as good for exciting 
 the appetite, promoting digeftlon, atte- 
 nuating vifcid juices, and thereby promoting 
 the fluid fecretions. 
 
 36 Tanacetum balfarnita. Cojlmary. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 184. 
 
 Mentha Hortenlis corvmbifera. Bauh. 
 Pm. 226. 
 
 The Tanacetum balfamitdy is a perennial 
 plant, and a native of the fouthern parts of 
 France and Italy. It hath a creeping fibrous 
 root, which produces many oval, greyifli- 
 green leaves, finely ferrated at the edges, 
 and ftanding upon long footftalks. 
 
 Among thefe rife feveral round, green, 
 branched ftems, to above half a yard high, 
 with fuch leaves thereon as thofe from the 
 root, but fmaller. The branches are ter- 
 minated by bunches of yellow flowers re- 
 fembling thofe of Tanfey. 
 
 The whole plant has an agreeable fmell, 
 which to many is far preferable to any of 
 
 I 2 the 
 
ii6 LEAVES. 
 
 the Mints. It was formerly cultivated in 
 gardens for the purpofe of mixing with 
 fallads, and it is a pity it is not continued, 
 as from its fenfible qualities it feems fupe- 
 rior to many aromatic plants now in credit. 
 
 37 Valeriana locufla. Lamb's Let- 
 tuce. Lin. Sp. pi. 47. 
 
 The Valeriana locufla is found wild in 
 fields, on banks, and old walls. It is ge- 
 nerally known by being cultivated in gar- 
 dens under the name, Corn-fallad. The 
 leaves ought to be cut young for fallading, 
 otherwife they have a difagreeable bitter 
 tafle. It is a plant that varies much by foil 
 and fituation. Linnaius has fix varieties of 
 it, yet he has not enumerated them all. 
 
 38 Veronica beccabunga. Brooklime. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 16. 
 
 The Veronica beccabunga is frequent in 
 fhallow waters, and by the fides of brooks. 
 It hath a long creeping root, which fends 
 clufters of fibres into the mud. From this 
 come feveral weak ihoots, that ftrike root 
 frequently as they trail along. Thefe are 
 round, of a pale green colour, and fpungy 
 fubfi:ance, as are the ftalks, and fet at their 
 joints with thick, fmooth, oval leaves, about 
 an inch long, {landing oppofite each other, 
 clofe to the ilalks. 
 
 The flowers come out in long, flender 
 5 bunches 
 
LEAVES. -. iij 
 
 bunches only at the bofoms of the leaves, 
 for the main ilems are always terminated by 
 fmall clufters of leaves, not flowers. Each 
 flower is compofed of one fine blue petal, 
 which fpreads flat, and is cut at the brim 
 into four unequal fegments. In the centre 
 are two flamina and one ftyle, and it is fuc- 
 ceeded by a fmall heart-fliaped pod, having 
 two cells. 
 
 The leaves are very pungent and bitterifh, 
 yet are eaten by many with bread and butter. 
 The plant is in the higheft eflieem as an an- 
 tifcorbutic, and is faid even to furpafs the 
 Watercrefs -, this may not be conceit only, 
 by reafon it has the pungency of the latter, 
 and is much more aftringent. The juice 
 flands in the firfl: clafs of the fweeteners of 
 the blood. The country people cure green 
 wounds with no other application than thefe 
 leaves frefh gathered. 
 
 39 Ulva ladiuca. Green Lavei", Lin. 
 Sp. pli 1632. 
 
 Mufcus marinus ladluca^ fimilis. Baub. 
 Pin. 364. 
 
 The UhalaBuca is a broad, membranaceous 
 leaf, or rather a colledion of fuch leaves, 
 growing from each other. It is found on 
 rocks and fl:ones in the fea, and often upon 
 oyfler-fliells, and has fome refemblance to 
 curled Lettuce, whence the name latluca. 
 The failors and inhabitants along the coafls 
 I 3 devour 
 
II 
 
 8 LEAVES. 
 
 devour it with great avidity, efleeming it 
 good againft the fcurvy. It is pleal'ant to 
 the palate, and gently laxative. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Boiling Sallads, 
 
 1 A MARANTHUS oleraceus. EJculenz 
 -^^ Amaranth, 
 
 2 Arum efculentum. Indian Kale. 
 
 3 A triplex hortenfis. Garden Orach. 
 hortenfis nigricaiis. Dark green 
 
 Garden Orach. 
 
 hortenjis rubra. Red Garden 
 
 Orach. 
 
 4 Anethum foeniculum. CommonFenneL 
 diilce. Sv>^eet Fennel. 
 
 5 Brafiica oleracea. ^c. Cabbages. 
 
 6 Braffica napus. Naveiv or Colewort. 
 
 7 Chehopodium bonus Henricus. See 
 
 Chap. II. 
 
 8 Cnicus oleraceus. Round-leaved Meadoiv 
 
 rhijile. 
 
 9 Corchorus olltorius. Common Jews 
 
 Mallow.. 
 
 10 Crambe maritima. Sea Colewort. 
 
 1 1 Jatropha maniot. Caffava. 
 
 12 Malva rotundilblia. Divarf Mallow. 
 i^ Mentha viridis. Spear Mi?it. SeeSed.I. 
 
 14 Phytolacca 
 
LEAVES, 119 
 
 14 Phytolacca decandra. American Night" 
 
 jloade. 
 
 15 Ranunculus ficaria. Pilewort. 
 
 16 Raphanus fativus. Common Kadi fi . 
 
 17 Salvia fclarea. Garden Clary. 
 
 18 Spinacia oleracea. Common Spinach. 
 oleracea glabra. Smooth Spinach. 
 
 19 Thea bohea, Bohea Tea. 
 
 20 Thea vjridis. Green Tea. 
 
 21 Urtica dioica. Common Sti?iging Nettle. 
 
 I Am ARAN THUS olcraceus. Efculent 
 Amaranth. Lin. Sp.pl. 1403. 
 
 Blitum album majus ? Bauh. Pin. 118. 
 
 This is a native of India, and an annual. 
 It fends forth many large, rough, oval, 
 brittlcleaves, refembling thofe of the White 
 Beet, but more obtufc, and fnipped at their 
 apex. Among thefc rifes the ftalk to much 
 the fame height as that of the particoloured 
 Amaranthus, and is terminated by a pale, 
 glomerated fpike, which is longer than 
 thole that terminate the branches. Some 
 few of the flowers have five ftamina, but the 
 much greater part have only three^ 
 
 The leaves of this are boiled in India the 
 fame as Cabbaire is here. Thouo-h Linna?us 
 by his trivial name has pointed this fpecies 
 out in particular for an efculent one, yet the 
 leaves of feveral others of the genus are alfo 
 eaten. 
 
 I 4 2 Arum 
 
120 LEAVES. 
 
 2 Arum efculentum. Indian Kale. 
 This having been defcribed in the firfl 
 
 divilion, it remains only to obferve here, 
 that the Indians boil the leaves as a fajlad, 
 and efteeni them very wholefome. 
 
 3 Atripilex hortenfis. Garden Or^ich, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1493. 
 
 This is an annual, and a native of Tar- 
 tary. It hath almoft triangular, obtufe 
 pointed leaves, {landing oppofite, on long^ 
 flender footftalks, Thefe are generally co- 
 vered at their bafe with a mealy duft, as is 
 the upper part of the ilalk alfo. It v^^as 
 much cultivated in the English gardens for- 
 merly, but now its place is chiefly fupplied 
 by Spinach. The French, however, ftill 
 efteem it, and there are fome palates among 
 us that prefer it to Spinach. It is of a cool- 
 ing, laxative nature, and an excellent fallad 
 for thofe of a coftive habit of body. The 
 names of its varieties are fufiicjent defcrip- 
 tions of them. 
 
 4 Anethum fgeniculum. Fennel. Lin. 
 
 Sp.pl. 2,77- 
 
 Fceniculum dulce. Bauh. Pin. 147. 
 
 This is frequently found wild in rriany 
 places ; neverthelefs it certainly is not a 
 native here, but was originally brought hi- 
 ther from Spain or Germany. The ufe of 
 its leaves is too well known in the kitchen 
 to have any thing faid about it. In. regard 
 
 to 
 
LEAVES, ■' i%i 
 
 to the virtues of the plant, it is of a warm 
 adive nature, and good to expel flatulencies. 
 The variety, called fweet Fennel, differs 
 much from the common, its leaves being 
 larger, and flenderer, its ftalks Hiorter, the 
 feeds longer, narrower, of a lighter colour, 
 fweet, and moftly bent inwards. 
 
 This laft is greatly cultivated in Italy and 
 Germany, whence the feeds are imported. 
 
 5 Brassica oleracea, &c. Cabbages, 
 Cabbages of all kinds are fuppofed to 
 be hard of digeftion, to afford but little 
 nourishment, and to produce flatulencies; 
 but they feem to have this effedt only on 
 weak ftomachs, for there are many who 
 will feed heartily upon them, and feel none 
 of thele inconveniencies. Few plants run 
 into a flate of putrefadion fooner than thefe, 
 and therefore they ought to be ufed when 
 frefh cut. In Holland and Germany they 
 have a method of preferving them, by cut- 
 ting them in pieces, and fprinkling fait and 
 fome aromatic herbs among them ; this mafs 
 is put into a tub, where it is prelfed clofe, 
 and left to ferment, and then it is called 
 ^our Crout. Thus managed it is lent on 
 ihip-board in barrels, and proves a refresh- 
 ing di(h to the failors ; or at leaft, it is cer- 
 tainly the means of keeping them from the 
 fcurvy. ■ 
 
 6 Brassica 
 
122 LEAVES. 
 
 6 Brassica napus. Colewoi't, Lin. Sp^ 
 //. 931. 
 
 Napus fylveftris. Bauh. Tin. 95. 
 
 This is a biennial plant, and is frequently 
 found wild in corn-fields. It hath a long 
 white root, which fends forth feveral pale 
 green jagged leaves. Among thefe rifes the 
 llalk, to three or four feet high, irregularly 
 fet with lance-fliaped leaves, llightly notched 
 at their edges, havine broad bafes embracinp; 
 the flem. The flowers are yellow, ftand in 
 tufts at the extremities of the branches, con- 
 iift of four petals each, and are fucceeded 
 by long pods. 
 
 There are many varieties of this plant 
 cultivated in gardens for winter and fpring 
 fallads, and are called Collets or Coleworts*. 
 In fome counties whole fields are fown with 
 Navew as feed for cattle, or for the feed ^ 
 for it is from thefe feeds that the Rape oil 
 is drawn. All domeflic fowls, and feveral 
 wild ones, efpecially pheafants and par- 
 tridges, are very fond of thefe feeds, and 
 will dedroy a great part of a crop, unlefs it 
 be well guarded. 
 
 8 Cnicus oleraceus. Rourid- leaved Mea- 
 dow Thijile. Lin. Sp. pL 11 56. 
 
 * Thefe forts of Colewoits are now almoH; banillied by 
 the _£Tardeners, and indead thereof they fow the feeds of the 
 Torkjhire or Sugar-loaf Cabbage, calling the younfr niants 
 thus raifed, Coleworts, though very improperly. 
 
 Card u US 
 
LEAVES. 123 
 
 Carduus pratenfis latifolius. Bauh, Pin, 
 
 This plant is a native of the northern 
 parts of Europe, where the inhabitants boil 
 the leaves as we do Cabbage. It is a pe- 
 rennial, and fends forth large oblong leaves, 
 deeply cut at their edges into various i^'^- 
 ments, which are ferrated, and furniflied 
 with whitiili green, tender fpines. The 
 flalk rifes three or four feet high, breaking 
 into branches, which are fet with leaves, at 
 whofe bofoms the flowers are produced on 
 long peduncles. Thefe are compofed of all 
 hermaphrodite florets, furrounded by green, 
 prickly fcales, which are nipped up. The 
 feeds ftand fingly upon a flat, hairy recep- 
 tacle, and are crowned with a feathery 
 down. 
 
 9 CoRCHORUs olitorius. Common Jews 
 Mallow. Lin. Sp. pi. 746. 
 
 Corchorus Plinii. Bauh. Fin. 317. 
 
 This is an annual, and a native of A|la, 
 Africa, and America. It rifes with a round, 
 llriated, upright, branched flalk, to near 
 two feet, which is furniflied with leaves 
 diifering in fliape ; fome being oval, fome 
 cut off fliraicrht at their bafe, and others ai- 
 
 O 
 
 mofl; heart-inaped. They are of a deep 
 green colour, and have a few teeth on the 
 margins of their bafe, that end in briftly, 
 reflexed, purplifli filaments. The flowers 
 
 come 
 
124 LEAVES. 
 
 come out at the fides of the branches, op- 
 polite to the leaves; they fland fingly on 
 very fhort peduncles, are compofed of five 
 fmall yellow petals, and a great number of 
 ilamina, furrounding an oblong germen, 
 which becomes along, rough, (harp-pointed 
 capfule, opening in four parts, each filled 
 with greenifh, angular feeds. 
 
 This plant is fown by the Jews about 
 Aleppo, and is therefore called Jews Mal- 
 low, The leaves are a favourite fallad 
 amortg thefe people, and they boil and eat 
 them with their meat. 
 
 ID Crambe maritima. Sea Colewort, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 937. 
 
 Braflica maritima monofpermos. Bauh, 
 Pin. 112. 
 
 This grows naturally on the fea coafl in 
 many parts of England. It hath a long, 
 thick, creeping root, divided into various 
 fibres, and fends up feveral fpacious, nearly 
 oval leaves, much jagged on their edges, of 
 a greyifh green colour, and flefhy fubllance. 
 In the centre of thefe rifes a round, whitifli, 
 upright flalk, two feet or more high, di- 
 viding near the top into a few branches, 
 having a few feilile, oval leaves. The 
 branches are terminated by loofe bunches 
 of fmall white flowers, compofed of four 
 petals each in form of a crofs, and con- 
 taining fix ftamina, two of which are fliorter 
 
 than 
 
LEAVES. 125 
 
 than the reft, and one ftyle. Thefe arc fuc- 
 ceeded by roundilh caplules, about the (izc 
 of peas, each including one round feed. 
 
 The radical leaves being green all the 
 winter, are cut by the inhabitants where the 
 plants grow, and boiled as Cabbage, to 
 which they prefer them. 
 
 11 Jatropha maniot. Caffava. 
 
 The yatropha maniot has been defcrib- 
 ed in the firft Chapter ; its name is repeated 
 here, by reafon the leaves are boiled and 
 eaten by the Indians, in the fame manner 
 as Spinach is by us. 
 
 12 Malva rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 969. 
 
 Malva fylveftris, folio fubrotundo. Baiih. 
 Pin. 314. 
 
 This is a fmall fort oi Mallow y that grows 
 by old walls, and rude, uncultivated places. 
 From a long white root it fends forth ^ 
 clufter of pale green, roundifh leaves, having 
 long footftalks, and are coarfely crenated on 
 their edges. Among thefe iffue many long, 
 {lender, proftrate ftalks, plentifully fur- 
 nifhed with fuch-like leaves, flanding irre- 
 gularly on them. The flowers come out at 
 the footftalks of the leaves, and alfo at the 
 ends of the branches, on bending peduncles, 
 and each is compofed of one pale flefh-co- 
 loured petal, cut into five fegments down 
 
 to 
 
126 LEAVES: 
 
 to the bafe, including many ftamina united 
 below in form of a cylinder. 
 
 The leaves of this plant 'were formerly 
 in ereat efteem as a fallad that would abate 
 heat in the bowels, and obtund acrimonious 
 humours; but at prefent it is totally neg- 
 lected. 
 
 14 Phytolacca decandra. American 
 'JSfightJhade. Lin. Sp. pL 631. 
 
 This, grows naturally in the province of 
 Virginia, in; America. It hath a thick, 
 flefliy, perennial root, divided into feveral 
 parts as large as middling Parfneps. From 
 this rife many purplilli, herbaceous ftalks, 
 about an inch thick, and fix or i&v&n feet 
 long, which break into many branches, irre- 
 gularly fet v/ith large, oval, fharp-pointed 
 leaves, fupported on Ihort footftalks. Thefe 
 at firft -are o'l a frefh green colour, but as 
 they grow old they turn reddilli. At the 
 joints, and diviiions of the branches, come 
 forth lon^ bunches of fmall bluiili-coloured 
 flowers, confining of five concave petals 
 each, furrounding ten (lamina and ten ftyles. 
 Thefe are fucceeded by round deprelTed ber- 
 ries, havinp- ten cells, each of which contains 
 a fmgle fmooth feed. 
 
 in Virginia and other parts of America 
 the inhabitants boil the leaves, and eat them 
 in the manner of Spinach. They are laid 
 to have an anodyne quality, and the juice 
 
 of 
 
LEAVES. 127 
 
 of the root is violently cathartic. The 
 Portugueze had formerly a trick of mixing 
 the juice of the berries with their red wines, 
 in order to give them a deeper colour ; but 
 as it was found to debafe the flavour, the 
 matter was reprefented to his Portugueze 
 Majefly, who ordered all the Hems to be cut 
 down yearly before they produced flowers, 
 thereby to prevent any further adulteration. 
 
 15 Ranunculus ficaria. Fikivort. Lin, 
 
 Chelidonia rotundifolia minor. Bauh. 
 Fin. 309. 
 
 This is a perennial plant, and to be met 
 with on moill; banks and in meadows. It 
 has a root compofed of many little tubercles 
 fufpended by fibres ; which tubercles fome- 
 what refemble the outward piles, hence the 
 name of the plant. The leaves are trian-^ 
 gular, heart-iliaped, of a fine glaffy green^ 
 ftreaked in the middle with blackifli and 
 whitifli lines. The fiower-llems rife four 
 or five inches high, having many leaves at 
 their bale, and each is terminated by one 
 yellow flower, confifling of feveral narrow, 
 lliarp-pointed petals *, furroundlng a great 
 many ftamina and flyles. Thefe flowers 
 make no little part of the variegated covering- 
 of meadows and moift paftures in the fpring. 
 
 * Thefe are fubjeft to v.iry, they being rcundifn in fome 
 plants, and in inch the leaves are moiliy obcufe-anoled. 
 
 Tliere 
 
128 LEAVES. 
 
 There is a variety of this plant in gardens 
 with a double flower. 
 
 The leaves being of a foft mucilaginous 
 nature, are boiled and eaten by lome people 
 as a falladj and are deemed good againft the 
 piles and heat in the fundament. 
 
 i6 Raphanus fativus. Commo?i 'k.adijh i 
 The leaves of this are often boiled as a 
 
 fallad, and if they be young and tender, they 
 
 cat very agreeably. 
 
 17 Salvia fclarea. Garde?2 Clary. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 58. 
 
 Horminum Sclarea dictum. Bauh. Pi?i. 
 228. 
 
 This is a biennial, and a native of Italy, 
 but it has polTefTed a place in the Englifh 
 gardens for a long time. The root is fibrous, 
 and fends forth feveral large, whitifh green, 
 oblong, heart - fliaped leaves, which are 
 much wrinkled, ferrated on their edges, and 
 hairy on their furfaces. The ftalks are 
 fquare, hairy, greatly branched, fometimes 
 a little clammy, two or three feet high, 
 and fet at their joints with pairs of kaves 
 like thofe from the root, but fmailer. The 
 branches (land oppofite, and are terminated 
 by long fpikes of pale blue flowers, placed 
 in whorls, with two whitifli concave, acute 
 pointed leaves under each. The flower-cup 
 is divided into two lips, the upper one end- 
 ing in three fpiculae; and the under one in 
 
 two. 
 
L fe A V E S. 120 
 
 two. The flower alfo has two lips, the 
 tipper one is ered: and arched, with one flyl^ 
 nearly of the fame length under ityand two 
 ftamina that are (horter. The lower lip is 
 cut into three fegments. Every part of the 
 plant emits a very ftrong fcent. 
 
 The fre{h leaves dipped in milk, and then 
 fryed in butter, were formerly ferved up at 
 table as a delicate fallad. Some people too 
 boiled them as a pot-herb. The plant ufed 
 any way is counted excellent againft hyfte- 
 rical diforderSi Of the different parts of it 
 a wine is made, which is a high cordial, 
 and not to be equalled by any other home- 
 made wine. The following is the mod 
 approved Recipe for making it. 
 
 To five gallons of cold water, put four 
 pounds of Lifbon fugar, and the whites of 
 three eggs well beaten ; boil thefe together 
 gently about an hour, then ikim the liquor, 
 and when it is almoft cold, add of the Imall 
 Clary leaves and the tops in blofTom, one 
 peck, and alfo half a pint of ale yeall. This 
 done, put the whole into a veffel, and ftir it 
 twice a day till it has done working, then 
 flop it clofe for eight weeks* After the 
 expiration of this time draw it into a clean 
 veffel, adding to it a pint and half of good 
 Brandy. In two months it will be fit to 
 bottle. 
 
 K i8 Spinacia 
 
130 LEAVES; 
 
 i8 SpiNACiA oleracea. Spinach. Lin. 
 Sp.pl. 1456. 
 
 Lapathuni hortenfe five fpinacia femine 
 fpinolb. Baiih. Pin. 114. 
 
 Lapathutn hortenfe live fpinacia femine 
 non fpinofo. Bauh. Pin. 115. 
 
 This is an annual, and is too well known 
 to require any defcription. What particular 
 country it is a native of is not certain, but it 
 is known to have been cultivated in England 
 naore than two hundred years. It hath fa- 
 gittated leaves and prickly feeds. Linnaeus 
 makes the fmooth-feedcd Spinach only a va- 
 riety of this, though it differs as much in 
 the leaves as in the feeds, thofe of the latter 
 being egg-fliaped. This laft is the fort 
 now chieiiy cultivated for the kitchen, but 
 it is a much more tender plant than the 
 former. Spinach is a good failad for thofe 
 of a cOftive habit of body, as it obtunds the 
 acrimony of the bowels, and gently relaxes 
 them. 
 
 19 Thea bohea. Bohea Tea. Lin.Syft. 
 Nat. 365. 
 
 It mull: be owned that neither 'Tea nor 
 Coffee can with ftrid; propriety be placed 
 under any of thefe divifions, becaufe neither 
 the leaves of the one or the berries of the 
 other can be truly called efculent; yet to 
 have entirely omitted them would have 
 caufed a, fort ofchafm in the work, bv reafon 
 
 the 
 
LEAVES. 131 
 
 th'e Infufions of both are conftantly mingled 
 \Vith our daily food. The leaves of Tea, 
 however, are often eaten by the poorer peo- 
 ple after they have been infufed 5 but this is 
 a praclice not to be recommended, as they 
 can afford no nourifliinent, and do certainly 
 much injure the ftomach, and the v^hole 
 nervous fyftem. 
 
 The Bohea is a fhrub that rifes about fix 
 or eight feet high, and divides into many 
 irregular branches, which are furnifhed with 
 oval, fmoothj gloflv', ferrated leaves, Handing 
 Angularly on fhort footflalks. Thefe are 
 from two to three inches long, one broad,' 
 with' prominent veins on their under fides; 
 and end in fnipped obtufe points. The 
 flowers come out at the bofoms of the leaves; 
 on club-fhaped peduncles, more than half 
 an inch long; they confift of fix white 
 roun'difli, concave petals each (two of whichf 
 are lefs than the reft) including two or 
 three hundred ftamina, furroanding a very 
 fhort ftyle, crowned with three long, re- 
 curved J awl-fliaped ftigmata. When the 
 flower is fallen, the germen fwells to a fort 
 of triangular capfule, compofed of three 
 globular cells united, each containing one 
 hard, rOundifh feed, of a woody texture. 
 The flirub is a native of China and Japan. 
 
 20 The A viridis. Green Tea. Lift, 
 Syji, Nat. 365. 
 
 K 2 Tliis 
 
1^2 LEAVES. 
 
 This differs in nothing from the former, 
 but that tl^ie flower is compofed ot nine 
 petals, and the other of but fix. 
 
 I have here given the Thea as it Hands in 
 the Syftema Naturae of Linnaeus ; but tho' 
 this learned Botanifl nmkes two di{l:in<5t fpe- 
 cies of it, yet it is highly probable that all 
 the forts of T^ea are gathered from one and 
 the fame fpecies, and that the nine petals 
 in the flower is merely accidental. As to 
 the great differences found in the tafte, 
 fmell, and colour of the various kinds, 
 when they are fit for fale, thefe may be oc- 
 calioned by the different ages of the leaves, 
 the time of colle<5ting, the manner of curing 
 them, by fome vegetable liquid they may 
 be fprinkled with, or the foil and fituation 
 the trees may grow in. 
 
 In regard to the medicinal virtues of Tea^ 
 fome authors make it little better than a 
 poifon, whilfl others think it the moft 
 wholcfomeand falubrious vegetable on earth. 
 A very fuperficial examiner will perceive it 
 to be refreiliing and exhilarating, and that 
 it is excellent for carrying off the eifedts of 
 a debauch; but notwithilanding thefe good 
 qualities, an immoderate ufe of it will be 
 found to bring on a train of the word of 
 nervous complaints ; and in fome tender 
 conftitutions even a cup or two is feen to 
 throw them into tremors and fpafmodic af- 
 fedions. The ereen T^cas feem to brino; 
 
 on 
 
LEAVES. 133 
 
 on thefe bad efFeds fooner than the boheas, 
 but the finer either fort is, the more its 
 pernicious confequences are to be dreaded. 
 
 21 Urtica dioica. Common Stinging 
 Nettle. Lin, Sp, pi. 1396. 
 
 Urtica urens maxima. Bauh. Fin. 232. 
 
 It is a common pra(n:ice now, among the 
 ordinary people, to gather the leaves and 
 young ihoots of the common Stinging Nettle 
 in the fpring, and boil them for a fallad ; 
 and if the better fort were to follow their 
 example, they might often find a benefit by 
 it. Thefe leaves are not unpleafant to the 
 palate, are an excellent antifcorbutic, and 
 powerful againft all cutaneous eruptions. J 
 have known fome inflances where they have 
 been ufed in this manner once a day, by 
 thofe all covered with blotches, and in a 
 month's time their fkins have become per- 
 fedily fmooth, and free from any deformity. 
 The roots are in high efteera for flopping 
 the fpitting of blood, and bloody urine. 
 Thefe are very diuretic, and a decoiftion of 
 them drank frequently is faid to be fo 
 powerful, as to break the flone in the 
 bladder. 
 
 K ; ij E C T 
 
134 LEAVES. 
 
 5 E C T. IIL 
 
 Pot-herbs. 
 
 1 APIUM graveolens. Celery. Se<5 
 -^ the firft Chap. 
 
 2 Apium petrofelinum. Parjley. See 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 3 Allium porrum. Leeks. 
 
 4. Braffica oleracea. Cabbages, See the 
 former Se£i. 
 
 5 Beta vulgaris alba. White Beet. 
 
 6 Chrithmum maritimum. Rock Sam- 
 
 phire. 
 
 7 HyfTopus officinalis. Common HyJJop. 
 
 8 Oxalis acetofella. Wood Sorrel. See 
 
 the firft Sea. 
 
 9 Ocymum bafilicum. Sweets fcented Bajil. 
 
 10 Origanum majorana. Common Marjo- 
 
 ram. 
 majorana tennifolia. Fine- 
 leaved Sweet Marjoram. 
 
 11 Origanum heracleoticum. Winter Sweef 
 
 Marjoram. 
 
 12 Origanum onites. Fot Marjoram. 
 
 13 Picris echioides. Common Oxtongue. 
 
 14 Rofmarinus officinalis. Common Roje- 
 
 friary. 
 
 •— Rofma- 
 
LEAVES, 135 
 
 Rofmarinus hortenfis. Garden Role- 
 niaiy. 
 15 Salvia officinalis. Green and Red Sage, 
 
 ^. : minor. Tea Sage. 
 
 J 6 Satureja hortenfis. Summer Savory, 
 I J Satureja montana. Winter Savory. 
 
 18 Scandix cerefoliuin. Common Chervil. 
 
 19 Scandix odorata, Sweet Cicely. 
 
 See the firft SeSi, 
 
 20 Sonchus oleraceus. Common Sow-thijlle. 
 
 21 Thymus vulgaris. Cofnmon l^hyfne. 
 
 22 Thymus maftichinus. Majlick 'Thyme. 
 
 \ 
 
 3 Allium porrum, Leeks. Lin. Sp. 
 pi. 423. 
 
 Porrurr> fativum latifolium. Bauh. Pin. 
 
 This plant has been fo long cultivated 
 that its native place of growth cannot be 
 traced. It is un.ioubtediy the fame as that 
 fnentioned in the xi Chap, of Numbers, 
 where it is faid the Ifraelites longed for 
 Leeks in conjundlion with Onions. The 
 leaves are much of the fame nature as.thofe 
 of the latter, and they are yet a conflant 
 difli at the tables of the Egyptians, who 
 chop them fmall and then eat them with 
 their meat. They are in great eileem too 
 with the Welfli, and their ufe as a pot-herb 
 with the En^lifli is well known. 
 
 't>' 
 
 5 The Beta alba is only a variety of the 
 K 4 re4 
 
136 LEAVE S. 
 
 red Beef, and is but rarely ufed now to 
 what it was formerly. It is generally mix- 
 ed with favory herbs, it being too infipid to 
 impart much flavour of itfelf. Both the 
 juice and powder of the root are good to 
 excite Ineezing, and will bring avvay a con- 
 fiderable quantity of mucus. 
 
 6 Crithmum maritimum. Rock Sam- 
 phire. Lin. Sp. pi. 354 
 
 Crithmum, Foeniculum maritimum mi- 
 nus. Baiih. Pin. 288. 
 
 This is a low perennial plant, and grows 
 upon rocks by the fea in feveral parts of 
 England. It has a ip^^J* aromatic flavour, 
 which induces the poor people to ufe it as 
 a Pot-herb. It is alfo gathered and fold 
 about for the purpofe of pickling, and it is 
 in great efteem when thus managed. But it 
 mult not be underftood here that this is the 
 Samphire generally pickled in Norfolk, for 
 that is the Salicornia europea, before de- 
 fcribed. There is another fort of Samphire 
 too, commonly fold about the ftreets and 
 miarkets for this Crithmim, and is generally 
 bought by people not ikilled in plants for 
 the true one. This laft is the Inula crith- 
 moidesy (Golden Samphire) which, though 
 it has fome little refemblance to the for- 
 ' mer, yet it is a plant of a quite different 
 nature, and far inferior in flavour when 
 pickled. In order therefore to prevent peo- 
 ple 
 
LEAVES. 137 
 
 pie being impofed on, I fhall here give a 
 particular dcfcription of the Kock Sam" 
 fhire. 
 
 The root of this plant is compofed of fe- 
 vera! tough fibres which penetrate deep into 
 the fiflbres of the rocks. It fends forth 
 many green, fucculent Italks, near half a 
 yard high, ornamented with deep green» 
 winged leaves, compofed of three or five 
 diviiions, each of which hath three or five 
 fmall, thick, fledTiy lobes, near an inch 
 long, and the bafe of their common pedicle 
 embraces the main flalk. The flowers are 
 yellowifli, and are produced in crrcular um- 
 bels ; they are fmall, conliiL of five equal 
 petals each, with five llamina of the fame 
 length, and are fucceeded by feeds'like thofe 
 of Fennel, but they are fomewhat larger. 
 
 By a proper attention to this defcription 
 the Crithmum maritimum may always be di- 
 ftinguifhed from the Inula crithmoides, by 
 fuch as are total ftrangers to the knowledge 
 of plants, for the Inula has a flower like 
 that of Flea-bane, and its leaves are linear, 
 except juftat the apex, where they fpread a 
 little, and end in three jags or teeth. The 
 Qrithjjium may be propagated in gardens, 
 provided it be planted on a gravelly foil, 
 and this would be a certain way to avoid the 
 cheat. The medicinal virtues of this plant 
 are thoie of removing obflrudtions of the 
 yifcera, and urinary pafikges. 
 
 7 Hyssopus 
 
?3$ I, E A V E S. 
 
 7 Hyssopus officinalis. Common J^xlftp^ 
 luin. Sp. pi, 796. 
 
 Hyffopus officinarum cserulea five fpicata. 
 'Bauh. Fin. 21 j, 
 
 This plant grows naturally jn feveral 
 parts of Alia. It is a perennial, and ha^ 
 been fo long cultivated in gardens, that it 
 is known by almofl; every one. It is ex- 
 ceeding grateful to the fmell, and ftands rer 
 commended againft afthmas, coughs, and all 
 diforders of the breaft and lungs, whether 
 boiled in foups or otherwife ufed. TherQ 
 is a diftilled water made from it kept in the 
 Hiops, which is deerned a goo4 ped:oral, 
 
 9 OciMUM bafilicum, S'lveef-fcented 
 Bajil. Lin. Sp. pi. 833. 
 
 Ocimum caryophyllatum majus, Bauh, 
 Tin. 226. 
 
 This is an annual, and a native of Perfia; 
 fince it has been cultivated in Europe, it 
 has produced many varieties. The hairy 
 Bajili which is that commonly fown in gar- 
 dens, feerns to be no other than pne of thefe 
 varieties, though made a diftin(fl fpecies by 
 Miller and others. This fort rifes near 
 half a yard high, fending out branches by 
 pairs in oppofite diredions ; thefe, and alfo 
 the main flems, are hairy and four fquare. 
 The leaves are oval, indented about their 
 edges^ and end in a (harp point. The 
 flowers are of the lip kind^ are white, and 
 5 terminate 
 
LEAVES. 139 
 
 terminate the flalks and branches in long 
 fpikes. The ftamina are four, two longer 
 than the other, and the feeds lie naked at 
 the botto;Ti pf the calyx. The whole plant 
 has a ftrong fmell of Cloves. 
 
 The French are fo infatuated with the 
 ilavour and qualities of it, that its leaves 
 come into the compolition of alm.oft all their 
 foups and fauces. 
 
 10 Origa^ium majorana. Sujnnier Sweet 
 Marjoram . Lin. Sp, pi. ^z^. 
 
 Majorana vulgaris, Bauh. Pin. 22^. 
 
 The natural country of this is not known. 
 It is an annual, and hath oval, obtufe leaves, 
 and almoft round, hairy fpikes. As it lives 
 only one Summer, it will be bed: to diftin- 
 guifli it by the name of Summer Sweei Mar- 
 joram, the hotter to contraft it with the 
 following, which is called Winter Sweet 
 M^^joram. 
 
 11 Origanum heracleoticum. Winter 
 Sweet Marjoram. Lin. Sp. pi. 823. 
 
 Origanum heracleoticum, Cunila gallina- 
 cea plinii. Bauh. Pin. 233. 
 
 This is a perennial, and a native of Greece. 
 It hath long fpikes growing in bunches, 
 and flower-leaves as long as the flower- 
 cups. It is hardy, and will live througji 
 the winter in the open air in our climate; 
 
 which 
 
I40 LEAVES. 
 
 which circumftance is alone fufficient to di- 
 ftinguifh it from the former. 
 
 12 Origanum onites. Pot Marjoram. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 824. 
 
 Majorana major angelica. Ger. em. 664. 
 
 This too is a perennial, and has been 
 found wild in England. In its general ha- 
 bit it is like the majorana, but the ftalks 
 are more woody, and furniHied with long 
 hairs. The leaves are fmall, heart-fhaped, 
 fharp pointed, on both fides woolly, feldom 
 ferrated, and have little or no foot-ftalks. 
 The fpiculas come out in clufters, as in the 
 Common Marjoramy but they are longer, 
 hairy, and ftand three upon a common pe- 
 duncV-, the middle one being feflile, and 
 all the flowers white. 
 
 The ufe of the leaves of all thefe fpecies 
 is well known in the kitchen, and therefore 
 it will be needlefs to fay any thing about it. 
 They are all warm aromatics, and are often 
 prefcribed alone, or in phyfical compoii- 
 tions. Half an ounce of the tops of the 
 majorana, may be infufed in a pint of boiling 
 water, and drank occafionally again ft head- 
 aches, afthmas, and catarrhs. The powder- 
 ed leaves are a good errhine, and are often 
 ufed for this purpofe. The onites is not 
 quite fo gratefully fcented as the majorana, 
 but it is frequently ordered in baths for 
 
 diforders 
 
LEAVES. 141 
 
 difordcrs in the head, and againfl cutaneous 
 eruptions. This grows plentifully in Syra- 
 cule, and alfo in fome parts of Greece. 
 
 13 PicRis echioides. Common Ox-tongue. 
 Lin, Sp. pi. 1 1 14. 
 
 Hieracium echioides capitulis cardui be- 
 nedidti. Bauh. Pin. 128. 
 
 This is a native of England, is an annual, 
 and may be found on the borders of corn- 
 fields. It fends forth feveral dark green, 
 oblong oval leaves, having many protube- 
 rances on their farfaces, and are thickly fet 
 with ftifF hairs. Among the leaves rifes a 
 round, green, hairy flalk, to about two 
 feet, with a few leaves thereon, and break- 
 ing into branches tov/ards the top, which 
 are furnifhed with fmall yellow flowers, 
 fomewhat like thofe of the Sow-thiftle ; 
 thefe are fucceeded by browniih long feeds, 
 crowned with down. 
 
 The leaves are frequently ufed as a Pot- 
 herb, and are efteemed ggod to relax the 
 bowels. 
 
 14 Rosmarinus officinalis, 'Rojemary. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 33. 
 
 Rofmarinus fpontaneus, latiore folio. 
 Bauh. Pin. 217. 
 
 This fluub grows in prodigious abun- 
 dance in the fouthern parts of Europe. It 
 is fo common in gardens as to be known by 
 2 every 
 
142 1^ E A V E S. 
 
 every one. Many people boil the leaves in 
 milk pottage, to give them an aromatic 
 flavour. The fprigs too are frequently ftuck 
 into beef vvhilft it is roafting, and they com- 
 municate to it an expedient felifh. With 
 the flowers of this plant is made the much 
 celebrated Hungary water. They are deem- 
 ed excellent aromatics, and are ufed in all 
 nervous complaints, that take their rife from 
 too great cold and moifture in the habit of 
 body. They abound with a fubtile, pene- 
 trating oil, v/hich renders them ferviceable 
 in the jaundice and gout, 
 
 15 Salvia officinalis. Green and Red 
 Sage. Lm. Sp. pi. 34. 
 
 Salvia major. Bauh. Pin. iy/. 
 
 This is a native of Auftria, and by being 
 long planted in gardens it comes of two co- 
 lours, red and green. The fmall Tiea Sage 
 too is only a variety of the officinalis. This 
 is the fort that is generally made ufe of for 
 culinary purpofes, it being the pleafanteft ; 
 but for phyfical intentions, the large kind 
 ought to be chofen ; and in moft cafes the 
 red fhould have the prefefence, it being 
 more corroborating than the green, which 
 renders it immediately ferviceable in all re- 
 laxations of the fibres. The ancients had 
 "this plant in the higheft efteem, and per- 
 haps not unjuftly, for it is certainly an ex- 
 cellent vulnerary, and a great ftrengthener 
 
 of 
 
LEAVES. 143 
 
 of all the internal parts of the body, and 
 particularly the lungs. 
 
 16 Satureja hortenfis. Lin. Sp, pi, 
 
 795- 
 
 The Summer Savory is an annual, and a 
 
 native of France and Italy. It fends forth fe- 
 
 veral flender eredl Italks, near half a yard 
 
 high, which put forth branches by pairs, 
 
 and are fet with leaves placed oppofite; 
 
 thefe are ilifF, a little hairy, and yield a fine 
 
 aromatick fmell on being rubbed. The 
 
 mod diftinguifliing mark of this fpecies is, 
 
 that it has two flowers to every peduncle. 
 
 17 Satureja montana. Winter Savory. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 794. 
 
 This is a perennial, is a more fhrubby 
 plant than the former, and it does not rife 
 fo high,f The leaves are of a dark green 
 colour, and fharp pointed. The flowers are 
 fuftained by fmgle diverging peduncles, com- 
 ing at the fides of the branches. The root 
 is woody, and fends forth green leaves all 
 the winter. It is a native of France. 
 
 Thefe two plants give place to none of 
 the European aromatics for pleafantnefs of 
 fmell and flavour, nor yet in their ufeful- 
 nefs in the kitchen ; for befides being- ufed 
 as Pot-herbs, they are frequently put into 
 cakes, puddings, faufages, &c. They are 
 
 warm 
 
144 L E A V 6 §. 
 
 warm and difcufiive, and good againft cru-^ 
 dities in the flomach. 
 
 20 SoNCHus oleraceus. Common Sow- 
 thijile. Lin. Sp. pL 11 16. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a very troii- 
 blelbme weed in fields and gardens. It va- 
 ries fomuch indifferent foils that fomc of our 
 moft difcerning Botanifts have made feveral 
 difl:in6t fpecies of it. In fome fituations the 
 whole plant is fmooth, but in others it is 
 rough, prickly on the margins and midribs 
 of the leaves, and alfo. on the peduncles and 
 calyces of the flowers. The ftalks are co- 
 pioufly ftored with a ladefcent juice. 
 
 The leaves have little tafte, except a flight 
 aflringency, yet they are much ufed in fome 
 of the northern parts of Europe as a Pot- 
 herb. They were formerly kept in the 
 fl:iops by the names Sonchi a/per et Sonchi 
 lavis, but they had not any known virtues 
 fufficient to fupport their place there. The 
 whole plant is a favourite food of Rabbits. 
 
 21 Thymus vulgaris. C0m?non 'Thymes 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 825. 
 
 Thymus vulgaris, folio tenuiore et latiore. 
 Bauh. Pin. 219. 
 
 The Thymus vulgaris grows wild on the 
 mountainous parts of France, Spiin, and 
 Italy. This is the broad leaved Lhyme com- 
 monly 
 
LEAVES. 145 
 
 tnonly cultivated in gardens, and therefore 
 is well known. 
 
 22 Thymus mafiichinus. MaftkkThyme, 
 Lin. Sp: pi. %2j. 
 
 Sampfucus, five Marum maftichen redo- 
 lens. Bauh. Pin, 2I4. 
 
 This plant grows fpontaneoufly in Spain. 
 It is a perennial, of a tenderer nature than 
 the former, and differs much from it in its 
 general habit, which induced Miller to 
 place it among his Satureja. The ftalks rife 
 about half a yard high, breaking into flen- 
 der, woody branches^ which are covered 
 with a brown bark, and fet with leaves like 
 thofe of the vulgaris in fhape, but they are 
 rather larger. The flowers come out in 
 whorls at the tops of the branches, and are 
 furrounded with a greyifh wool ; they are 
 white, with briflly, denticulated cups. 
 
 Both thefe plants are fine aromaticks, and 
 are ufed in the kitchen for the fame pur- 
 pofes as the Savories. The dried leaves and 
 tops of the majlichiiiiis are faid to be power- 
 ful againfl an immoderate flow of the menfes. 
 A dram of the powder in a glafs of red 
 wine is a dofe. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
[ 146 J 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ESCULENT FLOWERS. 
 
 ALENDULA officinalis. Com* 
 J mo72 Marigold. 
 
 2 Caltha paluftris. Marjh Marigold, 
 
 3 Capparis fpinofa. Caper BuJIj. 
 
 4 Carthamus tindorius. Saffiower. 
 
 5 Carlina acaulis. Dwarf Car line ThijVe, 
 
 6 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon. 
 
 7 Cynara fcoiyinus. Green or French Ar^ 
 
 tichoke. 
 hortenjis. Globe Artichoke. 
 
 8 Cercis filiquaftrum. Common Judas-free. 
 
 9 Helianthus annuus. Annual Sun-flower^ 
 
 10 Onopordum acanthium. Cotton Thiflle. 
 
 11 Tropaeolum majus. Indian Crefs, or 
 
 NaflurtijAm, 
 
 12 Tropasolumminus. Smaller Indian Crefs. 
 
 I Calendula officinalis. Cotnmon Ma- 
 rigold. Lin. Sp. pi. 1304. 
 
 Caltha vulgaris. Bauh. Fin. 275. 
 
 This is fo very common in gardens as to 
 make it univerfally knov/n. It is a native 
 of Spain. The flowers gathered and then 
 dried were formerly m high efleem among 
 
 houfe- 
 
FLOWERS. 147 
 
 houfe-keepers to boil in foups and pottage. 
 They are deemed cordial, and a lefrefher 
 of the animal Ipirits. There are many va- 
 rieties of this plant raifed in gardens, more 
 for ornament than ufe. 
 
 2 C ALT HA paluftris. MarJJj Mangold. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 784. 
 
 Cahha paluflris, flore fimplici. Bauh, 
 Pm. 276, 
 
 The Caltha palujlris is a perennial, and 
 the only plant yet known of the genus. It 
 is very common in our meadows, where it 
 fends forth many large, roundifh heart-fliaped 
 leaves, llightly crenated on their edges, a- 
 mong which rife round, hollow, green 
 ilalks, dividing into three or four branches 
 towards their top, and having a feffile leave 
 at each divifion. The flower is compofed of 
 five large oval, concave yellow petals, fur- 
 rounding many flender ftamina, and feveral 
 oblong, comprefTed germina, or feed-buds, 
 which become as many pointed caplules, 
 containing feveral roundiili feeds. It flow- 
 ers early in the fpring, when its yellow 
 flowers are a great ornament to the mea- 
 dows. There is a variety of it in gardens 
 with a double flower. 
 
 The flower -buds of this plant are by 
 many people pickled as Capers, for which 
 they are a good fubftitute. 
 
 ^ L 2 3 Capparis 
 
148 FLOWERS. 
 
 3 Capparis fpinofa. Caper Btifi. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 720. 
 
 Capparis fpinofa, frn6tu minore, folio ro- 
 tundo. Bauh. Pin. 480. 
 
 This is a low flirubby plant, and a na^^ 
 tive of Italy. It fends forth woody ftalks, 
 which divide into many (lender branches, 
 under each of which are placed two fhort 
 crooked fpines, and between thefe and the 
 branches come out round, fmooth leaves, 
 fingly upon fhort foot-ftalks. At the infer- 
 tions of the branches iilue the flowers > 
 thefe are white, and compofed of five round- 
 \\h concave petals each, furrounding a great 
 many Hender ftamina, and one ftyle longer 
 than the fiamina, fitting upon an oval ger- 
 men, which turns to a capfule filled with 
 kidney-fliaped feeds. The flower when 
 fully expanded looks like a Angle white 
 Rofe. 
 
 The buds of thefe flowers are pickled, 
 and annually fent into England, and other 
 places, by the name of Capers. They are 
 faid to excite the appetite, promote di- 
 geftion, and to help obflrudiions of the li- 
 ver and fpleen 3 but it is probable thefe va- 
 luable qualities proceed more from the in- 
 gredients they are pickled in, than from the 
 Capers themfelves. 
 
 4 Carthamus tindiorius. Saffower. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 1 162. 
 
 Cnicus 
 
FLOWERS. 149 
 
 Cnicus fiitivus, five Carthamus officina- 
 rum. Baub. Pin. 378. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a native of 
 Egypt. It lends up a ftifF woody Ihilk, to 
 two feet or more high, breaking into many 
 branches, which are furniflied with oval, 
 flaarp-pointed, feflile leaves. High tly jagged 
 on the edges, and each jag ending with a 
 lliarp fpine. The flowers terminate the 
 branches in large, fcaly heads. The fcales 
 are flat, broad at their bafe, and taper to a 
 point, where they terminate in a (harp fpine. 
 The florets are numerous, funnel-lhaped, 
 of a fine fafFron colour, and ftand up above 
 the fcales of the empalement near an inch. 
 They are all hermaphrodite, and are fuc- 
 ceeded by white, fmooth, oblong feeds, 
 near as large as wheat. 
 
 Formerly the common people ufed to put 
 the dried florets into their puddings, I fup- 
 pofe more to give them a colour, than for 
 any good flavour the flowers communicat- 
 ed 'y when this was done in large quantities, 
 the puddiiigs proved purgative, whereby the 
 pradtice is now quite laid afide. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in great abun- 
 dance in Germany, v^^hence the other parts 
 of Europe are fupplied with the flowers, 
 which form a great article of trade, they 
 being ufed in dying and painting. If they 
 be neatly dried, it is difficult to diftinguilh 
 them from Saffron, but by the fmell. The 
 L 3 feeds 
 
150 FLOWERS. 
 
 feeds are kept in the fhops, and have been 
 in repute as a good cathartic, but their 
 pperation is flow and not always certain. 
 
 5 Carlina acaulis. Dwarf Carline 
 '^hijlle. Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 60. 
 
 Carlina acaulos, magno ilore albo. Bank. 
 pin. 380. 
 
 This I'kijile grows on the mountainous 
 parts of Italy and Germany. It hath many 
 large whitifli green, finuated leaves, laying 
 on the ground, which are fet with fmall 
 iharp fpines round about their edges. In 
 the centre of thefe comes a large flower- 
 bud, without any ftalk, but is furrounde4 
 with long, prickly, jagged leaves, adher- 
 ing to its bafe. The flower is compofed of 
 white, hermaphrodite florets, which are fuc- 
 ceeded by roundifh, white feeds, crowned 
 with a branched, feathery down. 
 
 The central part of the flower is boiled 
 and eaten the fame as Artichoke bottoms. 
 The root is kept in the fliops j it is of a 
 brown rufl:y colour, about an inch thick, 
 very porous, fo that when cut it appears as 
 if worm-eaten. It has a fl:rong fmell, and 
 a bitteriili tafl:e, mixed with a flight degree 
 of aromatic. It was in high efteem among 
 the ancients as a diaphoretic. 
 
 6 The Cynara cardtinculusy or CarJoo7j, 
 was defcribed in the fecond Chapter, among 
 
 s the 
 
FLOWERS. 151 
 
 the ftalks ; I have given it a place here upon 
 the authority of fome travellers, who have 
 afTured me that the heads are alfo eaten, but 
 I doubt they miftook the fpecies. 
 
 7 Cynara fcolymus. Green or French 
 Artichoke. Lin. Sp. pi. 1 159. 
 
 Cynara fylveftris latifolia. Bauh. Pin, 
 
 384- . 
 
 This grows wild in the fields of Italy, and 
 Linnaeus makes the hortenjis only a variety 
 of it. The latter is that fort which is now 
 chiefly cultivated, by reafon the bottoms 
 are more flefhy, and much better tafted than 
 thofe of the fcolymus. The ufe they are 
 put to in the kitchen is fo well known, 
 that to fay any thing about it will be quite 
 unneceflary. 
 
 8 Cercis fi liquallrum, Cormnon Judas- 
 tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 534. 
 
 Siliqua fylveftris rotundifolia. Bauh, Pin. 
 402. 
 
 The Common 'Judas-tree grows in France, 
 Spain, and Italy. It rifes with a flraight 
 trunk, covered with a reddiih bark, to the 
 height of twelve or fourteen feet, dividing 
 towards the top into many irregular branch- 
 es, furnilhed yvith roundifh heart-ihaped, 
 fmooth leaves, having long footftalks. The 
 flowers come out in clufters from all fides 
 of the branches, and fometimes even from 
 
 L 4 the 
 
152 FLOWERS. 
 
 the trunk itfelf ; they are of a bright purple 
 colour, fland upon (hort peduncles, have five 
 petals each, refembling a pea- bloom, and 
 ten diflind: ftamina, four of which are longer 
 than the reft, and furround a long, flender 
 germen, which becomes a long flat pod, 
 having one cell, containing many roundifh 
 feeds. 
 
 The flowers have a fliarp, acid flavour, 
 and are not only mixed with fallads to render 
 them more grateful, but are alfo pickled in 
 the bud, in the manner of Capers. 
 
 The wood of this tree is hard, and beau- 
 tifully veined with black and green. It 
 will take a fine polifh, and on that account 
 is converted to many fanciful ufes. 
 
 9 Helianthus annuus. Annual Sun- 
 Jlower. Lin. Sp. pi. 1276. 
 
 Helenium indicum maximum. Bauh. 
 Pin. 276. 
 
 This is -a native of America, but is now 
 fown in almoft every garden in England, on 
 account of its bold, large, yellow flowers, 
 which make a fine appearance in the autumn. 
 The bottoms of thefe flowers are very fleihy, 
 and many people drefs and eat them, as 
 they do thofe of the Artichoke. 
 
 The feeds of this plant are copioufly 
 
 ftored with oil, which 'may be eafily ex- 
 
 prefled, and is not inferior to that drawn 
 
 from Olives. The feeds have as agreeable 
 
 5 a flavour 
 
FLOWERS. 153 
 
 A flavour as Almonds,tand are excellent food 
 for domeftic poultry. 
 
 10 The Onopordtim acaiithium^ or Cottotz 
 ^hijile, has been deicribed in a former 
 Chapter; it ftands here by reafon the bot- 
 toms of its flowers are eaten in the manner 
 of thofe abovementioned. 
 
 11 Trop^^olum majus. Indian Crefs. 
 "Lin. Sp. pi. 490. 
 
 Acriviola maxima odorata. Boei'h. lugdb, 
 I. p, 244. 
 
 This is a native of Peru, and an annual. 
 It hath weak trailing Italics, which are fur- 
 nished with fmooth, greyilh green, almoft 
 circular leaves, fupported on long footftalks, 
 inferted into their centre.. The flowers are 
 produced from the lides of the ftalks; they 
 are in fome plants of a pale yellow, in others 
 of a deep orange colour, and are of a fingular 
 flrudure, being compofed of five petals, the 
 upper two of which are broad, the three 
 under ones narrow, their bafes joined toge- 
 ther, and lengthened into a fpur above an 
 inch long. They include eight declining, 
 awl-fhapcd ftamina, and a roundifli, Itreaked 
 germen, fupporting one eredt llyle, crowned 
 by an acute trifid lligma. The germen be- 
 comes a furrowed berry, divided into three 
 lobes, each including one f]:riated feed. 
 
 12 Tro- 
 
154 FLOWERS. 
 
 12 Trop^olum minus. Smaller Indian 
 Crefs. Lin. Sp. pi. 490. 
 
 Nafturtium Indicum. Ger. 196. 
 
 This is a native of Peru and other parts 
 of South America. It differs from the for^ 
 mer in the leaves being entire, the other 
 having five obfolete lobes ; the petals of the 
 flower of this are fharp-pointed and briftly, 
 thofe of the majus are obtufe. There is a 
 variety of this fort with double flowers. 
 Thefe plants being very ornamental, are now 
 annually fown in mofl gardens, for they 
 flower a long time, and make a beautiful 
 appearance. 
 
 The flowers have a fragrant fmell, and a 
 jfharp pungent tafte, like that of Garden 
 Creifes. In France they are not only ufed 
 to garnifli diflbes, but are mixed with Let- 
 tuce and other cold fallads, and are efleemed 
 both pleafant and wholefome. The berries 
 have a warm fpicy flavour, and make an 
 excellent pickle. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ ^55 ] 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ESCULENT BERRIES. 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Indigenous, or nathe Berries *. 
 
 1 \ RBUTUS uya urfi. Bear berry, 
 
 2 £^^ Arbutus alpina. Mountain Straw- 
 
 berry. 
 
 3 Arbutus unedo. Common Strawberry- 
 
 tree, 
 
 4 Berber! s vulgaris. Common Berberry. 
 
 5 Crataegus aira. White Beam-tree. 
 
 6 Crataegus torminalis. Maple- leaved Ser-- 
 
 vice or Sorb, 
 
 7 Fragaria vefca, vel fylveilris. Wood 
 
 Strawberry, 
 
 J2orthumbrienJis. Northumber- 
 land Strawberry. 
 
 imperialis. Royal Wood Straw- 
 berry. 
 
 granulofa. Minion Wood Straw- 
 berry. 
 
 8 Fragaria viridis vel pratenfis. Swedifi 
 
 Green Strawberry. 
 
 * A Berry is defined by Linnaeus to be a ^Vi\^y feed-'veffel, 
 without a valve, and indofing feveral feeds, which have no 
 other covering, 
 
 9 Fragaria 
 
156 BERRIES. 
 
 9 Fragaria mofchata. Hautboy Strawberry^ 
 
 mofchata rubra, Red-bloiTomed 
 
 Strawberry. 
 
 mofchata hermaphrodita. Royal 
 
 Hautboy. 
 
 10 Fragaria chinenfis. Chinefe Strawberry, 
 
 1 1 Fragaria virginiana. Virginian Scarlet 
 
 Strawberry, 
 ■ — virginiana coccinea, Virginian 
 • fcarlet-bloffomed Strawberry. 
 
 virginiana campefris. Wild 
 
 Virginian Strawberry. 
 
 12 Fragaria chiloenfis. Chili Strawberry, 
 «— — chiloenfis devonenfis, Devon {hire 
 
 Strawberry. 
 
 13 Juniperus communis. Common^ or Eng~ 
 
 lijh funiper, 
 — arbor, Swedifh Juniper. 
 
 14 Ribes rubrum vel album. Red and 
 
 White Currants. 
 
 15 Ribes nigrum. Black Currants, 
 
 16 Ribes groffularia. Goofeberries. 
 
 ij Rofa canina. Dog's Rofe, or Uep-bufi, 
 
 18 Rubus idffius. Rafpberry, 
 
 idceus albus. White Rafpberry. 
 
 — idceus Icevis, Smooth - flalked 
 
 Rafpberry. 
 
 19 Rubus C2efius. Dewberry. 
 
 20 Rubus fruticofus. Common Bramble, 
 
 21 Rubus chamaemorus. Cloudberry. 
 
 22 Rubus ard;icus. Shrubby Strawberry. 
 
 23 Vaccinium 
 
BERRIES. 157 
 
 63 Vaccinluin myrtillus. Blackworfs, or 
 Bilberry. 
 
 24 Vaccinium vitis idsea. Redworts. 
 
 25 Vaccinium oxycoccos. Cranberry, 
 
 1 Arbutus uva urli. Bear berry. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 566. 
 
 Radix idaea putata et uva urfi. Bauhi 
 Hift. I. p. 524. 
 
 This plant grows naturally in the northern 
 parts of England. It is a fmall fhrub, rifing 
 little more than a foot high, breaking into 
 many branches, which are clofely fet with 
 fmooth, thick, oval leaves, entire on their 
 margins. The flowers are produced in 
 fmall bunches, near the extremities of the 
 branches; they have an obtufe, quinquefid *, 
 purple calyx, furrounding a pitcher-fhaped, 
 white petal, cut at the brim into five teeth, 
 which roll backwards, and contain ten awl- 
 Ihaped ftamina, and a cylindrical flyle. The 
 germen is roundifh, and becomes an oval, 
 or globular berry^ having five cells, filled 
 with fmall, hard feeds. 
 
 2 Arbutus alpina. Mountain Straw- 
 berry, Lin. Sp. pi. 566. 
 
 Vitis idcea foliis oblongis albicantibus. 
 Bauh. Bin. 470. 
 
 This grows upon the Alps, alfo in Lap- 
 land and Siberia, and has been found too in 
 fome parts oi England. The branches are 
 
 • Cut into five parts, 
 
 flender. 
 
158 BERRIES. 
 
 {lender, and trail upon the ground ; thefe are 
 furniflied with oblong, rough, ferrated, 
 whitiih green leaves. The flowers are pro- 
 duced from the wings of the leaves, upon 
 long, flender peduncles, and are fucceeded 
 by berries about the {ize of black Cherries ; 
 thefe are green at firft, red afterwards, and 
 black when ripe. 
 
 3 Arbutus unedo. Common Strawberry-* 
 tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 566. 
 
 Arbutus folio ferrato. Baub. Tin. 460. 
 
 This tree grows very plentifully in the 
 woods in Ireland, but is common now in 
 the Engli{h gardens, being a very ornamental 
 plant, it having ripe fruit and flowers upon 
 it at the fame time ; for the flowers blow in 
 the autumn, and the fruit that fucceed them 
 hang till the next autumn before they are 
 ripe, when a frefh fet of flowers puts forth, 
 and fo on. The fruit have an aufl:ere, four 
 flavour, yet they are eaten by the Irifli, who 
 are very fond of acids, and are fold in their 
 markets. There are feveral varieties of this 
 fpecies, but thofe mofl: commonly cultivated 
 are the red flowered, and the double flow- 
 ered. The fruit of the two finl: forts are 
 not of a delicate flavour, yet they are eaten 
 by the inhabitants where the plants grow 
 naturally. 
 
 The leaves of thefe plants are all afl:rin-p 
 gent, and thofe of the wva urji have been 
 
 faid 
 
BERRIES. 159 
 
 fald to do wonders in the gravel. For this 
 purpofe half a dram of the powder is or- 
 dered in any convenient vehicle once a day. 
 
 4 Berberis vulgaris. Common Berberry, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 471. 
 
 Berberis dumetorum. Bauh. Pin, 454. 
 
 This is common in hedges in many parts 
 of England, and fends forth feveral ftalks 
 eight or ten feet high ; thefe run into nu- 
 merous branches, covered with a whitifh 
 bark, and are armed with fhort fpines, which 
 generally come out by three at a place. The 
 leaves are egg-(haped, obtufe, finely ferrated 
 on the edges, and when chewed have an 
 acid, aftringent tafte. The flowers are yel- 
 low, and are produced in long bunches in 
 the manner of Currants, each confifting of 
 fix roundifh, concave petals, having two 
 glands fixed to their bafe, and include lix 
 iiamina, with two fummits faftened on each 
 fide their apex. The germen is cylindrical, 
 and turns to an obtufe, umbiiicated berry, 
 of one cell, encloling tv/o cylindrical feeds. 
 There is a variety of this flirub without any 
 feeds in the berries. 
 
 Thefe berries have an agreeable acid tafte, 
 and on that account they are boiled in foups 
 to give them a tart flavour. They are alfo 
 pickled for the purpofe of ornamenting 
 diflies. In medicine they are chiefly uled 
 in conferve, and in this form they are cool- 
 ing 
 
i6o B E R R I E S: 
 
 ing and aftrlngent, good to quench thlrrt^' 
 fortify the ftomach, and flop diarrhaeas and 
 dyfenterieSi 
 
 5 Crataegus aira. White Beam-tree, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 68 1. 
 
 Alni cffigie^ lanato folio major. Baiih, 
 Fin. 452. 
 
 This grows wild in Kent, and fome other 
 parts of England. It arrives to the height 
 of thirty feet or more, with a large trunk, 
 that divides upwards into many branches, 
 which fpread in the form of a pyramid, the 
 young twigs being covered with a brown 
 bark, fprinkled with a mealy down, and 
 garnilTied with oval leaves, of a light green 
 colour on their upper fide, white on their 
 under, unequally ferrated on their edges, 
 and having many prominent veins running 
 from the midrib to the border. The flow- 
 ers come out in bunches at the extremities 
 of the branches, having mealy peduncles 
 and empalements; the latter are cut into 
 five obtufe fegments, fuflaining five fhort, 
 concave, white petals, which fpread open, 
 and furround many ftamina, and two ftyles. 
 When the flower falls, the germen becomes 
 a roundifh berry, enclofing two oblong hard 
 feeds. 
 
 6 Crat^gus torminalis. Maple-leaved 
 Service- tree . Liji. Sp, pi, 6S1. 
 
 Sorbus' 
 
BERRIES. i6t 
 
 Sorbus torminalis et Crataegus theophrafli. 
 ■Bauh. Hijh I. p. 63. 
 
 This grows in woods in fome parts of 
 England 5 it is a taller tree than the former, 
 and the young branches are covered with a 
 purplilh bark. The leaves are of a bright 
 green on the upper fide, a little woolly un- 
 derneath, are three or four inches broad, 
 and Ihaped like thofe of the Maple. The 
 flowers come out in large bunches near the 
 ends of the branches ; they are like thofe 
 of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and are fuc- 
 ceeded by fruit refembling large haws. 
 
 The fruit of both thefe fpecies are rough 
 and auftere when frefli off the trees, but if 
 kept in the manner of Medlars, they obtain 
 an agreeable acid flavour. Thofe of the 
 torminalis are annually fold in the London 
 markets in autumn. 
 
 7 Fragaria vefca. Wood Strawberry, 
 Lin. Sp, pi. 708. 
 
 Fragaria vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 326. 
 
 Mr. Weflion has publiihed a catalogue of 
 fix diftincft fpecies, and fixty varieties of 
 Strawberries, but Linnseus includes them 
 all under the vej'ca^ or Wood Strawberry, of 
 which he has two varieties, viz. the pra- 
 tenfiSy which is the viridis of Wcflon^ and 
 the chiloenfis. — Belides thefe two Mr. Wef- 
 ton has the mofchatay the chinenfis, and the 
 vir'gimana, which, with the vejca, make fix 
 
 M diflina: 
 
i62 BERRIES. 
 
 diftind: fpecies. I have inferted thefe fix 
 fpecies, with fuch varieties of them, as Mr, 
 Wefton judges moft valuable for their fruit, 
 and fhall here give a fliort defcription of 
 each variety in his own words. 
 
 " The northumbrienfis (mentioned by 
 Wallis in his Nat. Hift.) is a variety of the 
 common Wood Strawberry, growing natu- 
 rally in that country ; the fruit is red, the 
 iTiape conic, of the fize of a fmall nutmeg, 
 finer, he fays, than the garden kind. They 
 grow about twenty miles weft of Newcastle, 
 at the beginning of Goilon-burn, on the 
 north fide, and on the ftrand of the brook 
 at Hatfield, by the path to Simon-burn. 
 
 The imperialis is a curious Strawberry, 
 which was raifed from the Alpine, impreg- 
 nated by the Wood Strawberry. It was 
 procured from Lincolnfhire, and it produces 
 abundance of fruit, which in fize, colour, 
 and flavour, refemble the Alpine. 
 
 The grannhfa is a fine Strawberry, which, 
 as well as feveral other varieties, have lately 
 been obtained, from feed, by Monfieur Du- 
 chefne, one of the moft ingenious Botanifts 
 of the prefent age. 
 
 8 Frag ARIA viridis. Wejlons Botanicus 
 Univerfalis. Vol. il. p. 325. 
 
 It grows plentifully on the hills, and in 
 the open fields in Sweden, and is later than 
 the Wood Strawberry. The iieih is firm, 
 
 green. 
 
BERRIES, 163 
 
 green, and refemblcs the Nedarine in 
 flavour. The plant is rather low, and re- 
 markable for loofing all its leaves in the 
 winter, 
 
 9 FragaRia mofchata, tVejions ^0- 
 t aniens Univerfalis. Vol. ii. p. 325. 
 
 mq/c/ja^a rubra. This beautiful 
 
 variety flowered with me laft year, and is 
 perhaps the fame as that entitled by Jone- 
 quet, in his Index Onomafticus, page 49, 
 Fragaria Americana hirfutaf jiore riibro odore 
 mofchi. 
 
 mofchata hermaphrodita. This 
 
 moft curious Strawberry has been lately 
 raifed from feeds, and merits the preference 
 on account of its being hermaphrodite. 
 There are alfo feveral other varieties of the 
 Hautboy, differing in fliape, colour and 
 tafte. 
 
 10 Fragaria chinenfls. JVefiojis Bo- 
 t aniens JJniverfalis, Vol. i'l. p. 325. 
 
 The feeds of this have been lately brought 
 to Europe ; and the plant is now firfl raifed 
 in the royal gardens at Trianon, but as vet 
 it is too young to produce fruit. 
 
 11 Fragaria virginiana. WeJionsBj^ 
 t aniens Univerfalis. Vol. u. p. 326. 
 
 .' virginiana coeeinea. This un- 
 
 M 2 common 
 
i64 BERRIES. 
 
 common variety is faid to be growing at 
 Worb, in Switzerland. 
 
 njirginiana campejlris. This was 
 
 introduced into England by Mr. Young, 
 Botanifl to his Majefty, in 1772. 
 
 12 Frag ARIA chiloenfis. Wefions Bo- 
 t aniens Univerjhlts. Vol. Vi. p. 326. 
 
 cbiloenjis devonenjis. This was 
 
 lately brought from abroad by a curious 
 gentleman, in Devonfliire, and firil culti- 
 vated in the gardens there. The fruit is 
 very large, firm and high-flavoured, in co- 
 lour nearly approaching to that of the Scar- 
 let Strawberry, and what is extremely An- 
 gular, it bears befl without any cultivation, 
 and let run wild, except taking off a few of 
 the runners when in bloom. Nor does it 
 want to be renewed or tranfplanted like all 
 the other Strawberries, but will continue 
 fruitful for many years in the fame bed." 
 
 No Englifli fruit can ftand in competition 
 with Strawberries for wholefome and falu- 
 brious qualities; even their fmell is re- 
 frefhing to the fpirits, and eaten any way 
 they are delicious. Nor is an immoderate 
 ufe of them- attended with any bad confe- 
 quences, as is the cafe with Plums, and 
 many other forts of fruit. They abate heat, 
 quench third:, promote urine, and are gently 
 laxative. Thofe afflidled with the gout have 
 foilind -great ben Jit by eating plentifully of 
 5 them j 
 
BERRIES. 165 
 
 them ; and Hoffman fays, he has known 
 confumptions cured by them. So whole- 
 fome and pleafant a fruit can never be too 
 generally cultivated. 
 
 The leaves of thefe plants are moderately 
 aflringent, and are often ufed in gargarifms 
 for fore mouths, quinfies, and ulcers 'in the 
 throat. 
 
 13 JuNiPERUS communis. Common Ju' 
 niper, hin. Sp. pi. 1470. 
 
 Juniperus vulgaris fruticofa. Bauh. Pin, 
 488. 
 
 The common Juniper grows naturally in 
 feveral parts of England, but is frequently 
 planted in gardens, which makes it generally 
 known. The Juniperus arbor, or Swediili 
 Juniper, is only a variety of it, though it 
 grows three times as large. 
 
 The Swedes make an extracfl from the 
 berries of this tree, which they generally 
 eat with their bread for breakfall, as we do 
 butter. Of the tops of the branches of the 
 Canadian pitch-tree, and Juniper-berries, a 
 very good and wholefome wine is prepared. 
 
 The ancient phyficians entertained an opi- 
 nion of the extraordinary qualities of this 
 tree, that fell little ihort of enthufiafm, and 
 held themfelves capable of curing almoft 
 every difeafe incident to the human body, 
 by fome preparation or other of the Jimiper, 
 as any one may fee by carting his eye into 
 
 M 3 Gerard, 
 
i66 BERRIES. 
 
 Gerard, Parkinfon, and others. Though 
 it is evident they greatly magnified its vir- 
 tues, yet it is alfo certain that it is a tree of 
 vafl utility, as there are feveral excellent 
 preparations from it flili in ufe 3 as the rob, 
 the effential oil, and compound water of the 
 berries. The oil is very bitter, and will 
 efFedually kill worms. The wood and rofm 
 are ufed, but the berries are fuppofed to 
 contain the whole virtues of the tree; they 
 fortify the ftomach, diffipate wind in the 
 bowels, and are faid to be effedual againft 
 epidemical infedions. The growth of thefe 
 trees ought to be encouraged near dwellings, 
 as the perfpirable matter that flows from 
 them is certainly a means of purifying the 
 air, rendering it balfamic, and confequently 
 falubrious. 
 
 14 RiBES rubrum vel alburn. Li/j. Sp. 
 pi. 290. 
 
 Ribes vulgare acjdum. Bauh. Hijl. ii. 
 f. 97. 
 
 The Red Currant grows naturallv in 
 Sweden, and other northern parts of Europe. 
 The white Currant is only a variety of it, 
 and w^as at firfl accidentally produced 
 by culture. The fruit of this flirub are 
 known by all to be grateful and cooling to 
 the ftomach, to quench third, and that they 
 may be eaten in confiderable quantities 
 without danger. The jelly made with fugar 
 q and 
 
BERRIES. 167 
 
 and the juice of this fruit is ufed many ways 
 at table, and is an excellent medicine for 
 cooling the mouth in fevers. 
 
 15 RiBES nigrum. Black Currant. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 291. 
 
 Groffularia non fpinofa, frudu nigro. 
 Bauh. Pin. 455. 
 
 This is a native of England, and is com- 
 mon by the edges of brooks, and in moiil 
 woods. The berries are commonly called 
 ^inancy -berries^ from their fuppofed ex- 
 cellence againft the Quinfy. A Rob is 
 made of them, which is frequently admi- 
 niftered for this diforder. Though they 
 are rough and aftringent, yet frefli off the 
 bufh they prove laxative to many confti- 
 tutions, and are often eaten for this pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 16 RiBES groffularia. Goofeberry. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 291. 
 
 The Goofeberry is a native of the north of 
 Europe. There is fcarce any fruit capable 
 of more improvement than this, nor any 
 attended with lels expence in the cultivation. 
 To enumerate its varieties would be quite 
 tedious, and almoft impoilible, for cata- 
 logues have been publifhed of near a hun- 
 dred, and every year is producing new ones. 
 Some of thefe varieties are equal in flavour 
 to the mofl efleemed wall-fruit. 
 
 M 4 17 Rosa 
 
i68 BERRIES. 
 
 17 Rosa canina. Dogs Rofe. Lift, Sp, 
 pL 704. 
 
 Rofa fvlveflrls vulgaris, flore odorato in-- 
 carnato. Baiih. Fin, 483. 
 
 The Dogs Rofe is known to every one, by 
 being lo common in woods and hedges. 
 Thele berries when mellowed by the froil 
 have a very grateful acid flavour, which 
 tempt many to eat them crude from the 
 bulh ; but this is a bad pradice, for the 
 feeds are furrounded by a 'airy, briftly fub- 
 ilance, which if fwallowed with the pulp, 
 will, by pricking and vellicating the coats of 
 the ftomach and bowels, many times occa- 
 fions ficknefs, and an itching uneafinefs in 
 the fundament. To avoid this therefore 
 the pulp fliould be carefully cleanfed of this 
 matter before eaten. There is a conferve of 
 Heps kept in the fliops, which is deemed 
 good in confumptions and diforders of the 
 breafl j and in coughs, from tickling de- 
 fluxions of rheum. 
 
 NotwMthftanding what h;"is been obferved 
 of the bad effedls often attending the fwal- 
 lowing that brifl:ly matter found in Heps, 
 yet it is probable this fubflance might be 
 turned to advantage in fome diforders, if 
 judicioufly managed; for it is nearly of the 
 fame nature to the celebrated Cow -itch ^ fo 
 much in ufe among the Indians for killing 
 of- worms, and which they fcrape off the 
 pods of the DoUchos urens. Their manner 
 
 of 
 
BERRIES. 169 
 
 of giving the Cow-itch, is to mix a fmall 
 quantity of it with fyrup or honey, and then 
 eat it for two or three lucceeding mornings 
 farting; this done they take a dofe of Rhu- 
 barb, and if there be worms it feldom fails 
 to bring them away. It is plain from this 
 that the creatures receive their death by being 
 ftung and pricked with the Cow-itch ; and 
 if this matter were given in the fame manner, 
 why fhould it not have the fame effed: ? as it 
 is much of the fame prickly, Hinging nature. 
 
 18 RuBus idasus. Rafpberry. Lin. Sf, 
 pi. 706. 
 
 Rubus id^us fpinofus. Bauh, Pin. 479. 
 
 This is a native of our woods, whence it 
 was tranfplanted into gardens, where it has 
 produced fome varieties, among which is 
 that with white fruit. Thefe fruits have a 
 fine fragrance, but are inferior to the Straw- 
 berry in flavour. A fyrup is prepared from 
 them, and kept in the (hops ; this is pre- 
 fcribed in gargarifms, and is accounted good 
 againft vomiting, and laxity of the bowels. 
 
 19 Rubus caefius. Dewberry. Lin. Sp. 
 pi. yob. 
 
 Rubus repens, frudu caefio. Bauh. Pin, 
 
 479- ... 
 
 This too is common in our woods, and 
 has fome refemblance to the common Bram- 
 ble, but the flalks are more weak and trail- 
 ing. 
 
1^701 BERRIES. 
 
 ing, and the whole plant is fmaller. It- 
 riiay ealily be diftinguifhecj' from the com- 
 mon Bramble by its fruit being not fo large, 
 compofed of fewer knobs, and their being 
 covered with a blue flue, like .plums. Thefe 
 fruit have a very pleafant tafle, and fteeped 
 in red wine are faid to communicate to it a 
 moi^ agreeable flavour. 
 
 20 RuBus fruticofus. Common Bramble, 
 Lin, Sp. pi. 707. 
 
 Rubus vulgaris, five Rubus fru6tu nigro. 
 Baub, Fin.,ii^jg. 
 
 The Bratnble is fo common that it is 
 knovvn by every child. There are two va- 
 rieties of it; one with white fruit, and ano- 
 ther with a white double flower. The ber- 
 ries of this fl^rub are eaten in abundance by 
 children, but they often receive a deal of 
 hurt from them; they being apt to fwell 
 the ftomach, and; caufe great ficknefs, if eat- 
 en in any large quantities. 
 
 21 Rubus chamagmoms. ^he Cloud- 
 berry. Lin. Sp.pl. 708. 
 
 Chamaj Rubus foliis ribes. Bauh.Pin. 
 480. " " 
 
 This grows wild in Wefl:moreland, and 
 fome other places in England ; but in Nor* 
 way and Sweden it is very plentiful. It is 
 a fmall. perennial plant, feldom rifing more 
 than eight inches high. The llalks are weak> 
 
 without 
 
BERRIES. 171 
 
 vwithout fpines, and moftly garnifhed with 
 two or three leaves, nearly the fhape of 
 thofe of the Currant. Each ftalk is termi- 
 nated by one purplifh flower, which is fuc- 
 ceeded by a blackifli berry, fomewhat re- 
 fembling that of the Dew-berry. 
 
 Thefe berries form an article of trade a- 
 mong the Norwegians, for they colled: great 
 quantities of them, and fend them annually 
 to the capital of Sweden, where they are 
 ferved up in deferts at table. They are a 
 favourite fruit too with the Laplanders, 
 who, that they may have recourfe to them 
 at all feafons, bury them in the fnow, and 
 thus keep them from one year to another. 
 
 The plant is male and female in diftincft 
 items, and is perhaps one of the moft fingu- 
 lar in nature, for the late Dr. Solander ob- 
 ferved, that the male was joined to the fe- 
 male under ground, where they were united 
 into one plant by their creeping roots. 
 
 22 RuBus ardlicus. Shrubby Strawberry, 
 Sp. pi. 708. 
 
 This is a fmall perennial plant, and 
 grows on the moffy-bogs of Norway, Swe- 
 den, and Siberia. It fends forth a few tri- 
 foliate leaves, like thofe of the Strawberry, 
 among which rife the ftalks about four 
 inches high j thefe are without fpines, but 
 are furnilhed with leaves like thofe from 
 the root, and e^ch is terminated with a 
 
 purple 
 
172 BERRIES. 
 
 purple flower, formed like the reft of the 
 genus, and fucceeded by a red berry, much 
 refembling a Strawberry in fmell and fla- 
 vour. 
 
 Linnasus fays this is the moft excellent of 
 all our European fruits, both for fmell and 
 tafte; its odour is of the moft grateful kind, 
 and as to its flavour, it has fuch a deli- 
 cate mixture of the fweet and acid, as is not 
 equalled by the beft of our cultivated Straw- 
 berries. 
 
 23 Vaccinium myrtillus. Bilberry., 
 Lin. SpLpL 498. 
 
 Vitis idaea foliis oblongis crenatis, frudu 
 nigricante. Bauh. Bin. 470. 
 
 This is a fmall ftirubby plant, and is fre- 
 quently found in woods and upon heaths. It 
 hath a creeping, woody root, furniflied with 
 brown flender fibres. It fends forth many 
 crooked, ligneous, angular, flattifti ftalks, 
 which are green upward, where they divide 
 into many irregular branches, furniftied with 
 oval, ferrated leaves, refembling thofe of 
 the fmall-leaved Myrtle ^ thefe iland alter- 
 nately, have very floort foot-ftalks, and each 
 has the rudiment of a leaf at its bafe. The 
 flowers come out at the bofoms of the leaves, 
 on ftiort peduncles -, they confift of one 
 blufti-coloured petal each, fnipped at the 
 brim into five £harp-pointed fegments, and 
 include eight ftamina, tipped with horned 
 
 fummits. 
 
BERRIES. 173 
 
 fummits, with one flyle in their centre, 
 crowned with an obtufe ftigma. The fruit 
 are of the fize, fliape, and colour of fnnall 
 floes, but have a fort of aperture at their 
 apex, and are divided into four cells, con- 
 taining a few fmall feeds. 
 
 Thefe berries are gathered by the inhabi- 
 tants where the plants grow, who carfy 
 them to market for fale, the buyers making 
 them into tarts and other devices. They 
 are alfo eaten raw with cream and fugar. 
 
 24 Vaccinium Vitis-idiEa. Redworts, 
 or JVhortle-Berries. Lin. Sp. pi. 500. 
 
 Vitis-idaea foiiis fubrotundis non crenatis, 
 baccis rubris. Bauh. Fin. 470. 
 
 This is exceedingly plentiful in Scotland, 
 and is to be met with on mountainous heaths 
 in the north of England. It is a fmaller 
 plant than the former, and an ever-green. 
 The ftalks rife to about eight inches, arc 
 branched, and furnifhed with oval leaves, 
 which are dotted on their underlide. Thefe 
 have fo much the refemblance of thofe of 
 the dwarf-box, that they may eafily be mif- 
 taken for the latter at a fmall didance. 
 The flowers come out in a racemus at the 
 ends of the branches ; they hang nodding, 
 are of a pale flefli colour, and when they fail 
 are fucceeded by red berries, about the fize 
 of Currants. 
 
 Thefe berries have a more grateful acid 
 
 flavour 
 
i'^^ B E R R I E S. 
 
 ilavouf than the former, and on that ac- 
 count are more eagerly fought after by the 
 country people, who colled: them for the 
 purpofe of making them into tarts, jel- 
 lies, &c. 
 
 25. Vaccinium oxycoccos. Cran-berry, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. i;oo. 
 
 Vitis-idaea paluftris. Bauh. Pin, ^yi. 
 
 The Cran-berry grows upon moorifli bogs 
 in England, and particularly at Lynn in 
 Norfolk, and in Lincolnfliire. This is a 
 more feeble plant than the Fitis-idcea, the 
 branches trailing upon the mofs, and are 
 not thicker than threads. The leaves are 
 oval, about the lize of thofe of Thyme, of 
 a glaucous green on their upper lide, but 
 white underneath. The flowers come from 
 the bofoms of the leaves, each ftanding 
 upon a long peduncle ; they are fmall and 
 red, and are followed by red berries, a little 
 fpotted. 
 
 Thefe berries are preferred to either of the 
 former. They are collected in large quan- 
 tities by the country people, who carry them 
 to market-towns for fale. They are either 
 made into tarts, or eaten raw with cream 
 and fugar. If they be a little dried and 
 then flopped clofe in bottles, they may be 
 preferved found from year to year. 
 
 S E C T, 
 
BERRIES. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 ^75 
 
 Foreign Berries, often raifed 'in Gardens and 
 Stoves. . , ; 
 
 1 A NNONA muricata. S,ourSop. 
 
 2 ''^^ Annona reticulata. Cufiard Apple ^ " 
 
 3 Annona fquamofa. Sweet Sop. 
 
 4 Bromelia ananas. Pine-apple. , ^ - ^ 
 ananas pyramydato friiSiu. Su- 
 gar-loaf Pine-a.pple. 
 
 5 Bromelia karatas. ^he Penguin. 
 
 6 Cadtus opuntia. Prickly Pear. 
 
 7 Cad:us triangularis. True Prickly Pear. 
 
 8 Caplicum annuum. Annual Guinea, 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 9 Capficum frutefcens. Perennial Guinea 
 
 Pepper. 
 
 I o Carica papaya. The Papaw or Popo. 
 
 I I Carica pofopofa. Pear-floaped Papaw.-. 
 
 12 Chryfophyllum cainitOo Star-apple. 
 
 13 Chryfophyllum glabrum. . Sapadilloy er 
 
 Mexican Medlar. 
 
 14 Citrus medica. Common Citron. 
 
 limon. Common Lemon. 
 
 -— — americana. The Lime-tree. 
 
 15 Citrus aurantium. Com?no?i Orange. 
 
 16 Citrus ducumanus. Shaddock Orange.- 
 
 17 Crateva marmelos. Bengal ^ince. 
 
 18 Diofpyrbs 
 
176 B E R R I E S. 
 
 18 Diofpyros lotus. Indian Date PIu?}i. 
 
 19 Diofpyros virgin iana. Fijhamin Plum, 
 
 20 Ficus carica. Common Fig. 
 • humilis.' Dwarf Fig. 
 
 caprijiciis. Hermaphrodite-fruited 
 
 Fig. 
 
 fruBufufco. Brown-fruited Fig. 
 
 fru5lu vioiaceo. Purple-fruited 
 
 Fig. 
 
 21 Ficus Sycomorus. Sycamore, or Pha^ 
 
 raohs Ftg. 
 
 22 Garcinia mangoftan-a. Mangofieen. 
 
 23 Morus nigra. Flack-fruited Mulberry^ 
 
 24 Morus rubra. Fed- fruited Mulberry. 
 
 25 Morus alba. Whitefruited Mulberry. 
 
 26 Mufa paradifiaca. Plantain-tree. 
 
 2'7 Mufa fapientum. Fanana, or fmall* 
 fruited Plantain. 
 
 28 Mefpilus germanica. Medlar. 
 
 29 Mammea americana. The Mammee. 
 
 30 Malphigia glabra. Smooth-leanjed Far- 
 
 hadoes Cherry. 
 
 31 Malphigia punicifolia. Pomegranate-^ 
 
 leaved Malphigia. 
 
 32 PafFjflora maliformis. Apple-JJ:}aped Gra- 
 
 nadilla. 
 
 33 PaiTiflora laurifolia. Fay-leaved Pafjion- 
 
 flower. 
 
 34 Pfidium pyriferum. Pear Guava, or 
 
 Fipy Plum. 
 
 35 Plidium pomiferum. Apple Guava. 
 
 36 Solan um lycoperficum. Love Apple. 
 
 37 Solanum. 
 
S E R R I E S. 177 
 
 37 Solanum melongena. Mad Apple. 
 
 38 Solanum fanclum. Palejiine Nightfiade, 
 
 39 Sorbus domefr.ica. 'True Service-tree. 
 40. Trophis americana. Red-fruited Buce- 
 
 phalcn. 
 41 Vitis vinifera. Common Grapes. 
 
 apyrena. Corinthian Currants. 
 
 1 Annona muricata. Sour Sop. Lin. Sp, 
 
 Annona foliis oblone:o-ovatis nitidis, fruc- 
 tibus fpinis mollibus tumentibus obiitis. 
 Browne's 'Jam. 254. 
 
 This tree is a native of America, It rifes to 
 about twenty feet high, breaking into many 
 branches, which are but thinly furnifhed 
 with oblong, fmooth, lance-fhaped leaves, 
 of a {hining green colour. The calyx con- 
 fifts of three heart-fhaped, fharp pointed 
 leaves, furrounding fix heart-ihaped petals, 
 three of which are fmailer than the reft. 
 The flamina and ftyles are numerous, but 
 exceeding (hort. The berry is large, oblong 
 heart-fliaped, mofdy bent a little near the 
 apex, of a glaucous green colour, and ftud- 
 CitA v/ith foft pointed fpines. 
 
 This fruit contains a foft acid pulp, 
 which is generally eaten in feverifh difor- 
 ders, and is deemed a good cooler. 
 
 2 Annona reticulata. Cujiard Apple. 
 
 Lin. Sp.pl. J SI- 
 
 N Annona 
 
178 B E R R I is S. 
 
 An NONA foliis oblongis undulatis venofis^ 
 frucftibus areolatis. Browne s "Jam. 256. 
 
 This grows in the fame parts of America 
 as the former, but it is taller, and generally 
 reaches the fize of a large Pear-tree. The 
 leaves are long, narrow, fliarp-pointed, of 
 a light green colour, with feveral prominent 
 veins running tranfverfely. The flower 
 is c6mpofed of fix irregular petals, fur- 
 rounding many very fhort flamina and ilyles. 
 The fruit is large, conical, of an orange 
 colour, with a fort of net-work on the fur- 
 face, and when ripe is full of a fweet, yel-^ 
 iowifh pulp, like to cuftard in confidence, 
 which is of a cooling, refrefhing nature, 
 and much efteemed by the inhabitants. 
 
 3 An NONA fquamofa. Sweet Sop. Lin. 
 
 Sp.fLjS7' 
 
 Annona foliis oblongo-ovatis undulatis 
 
 venolis, floribus tripetalis, frudibus mam- 
 millatis. Browne's yam. 256. 
 
 This is a fmaller tree than either of the 
 former, the leaves are broader, and when 
 rubbed have an agreeable fmell. The fruit 
 is roundifli, fcaly on the furface, of a pur- 
 plifh colour when ripe, and full of a luf- 
 cious fweet pulp, whence the name of Sweet- 
 Sop. 
 
 4 Bromelia ananas. Pine-apple. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 408. 
 
 Carduus 
 
BERRIES: 179 
 
 Gardilus brafilianus, foliis aloes. Baub, 
 Pin. 384. 
 
 This is a native of New Spain, and is a 
 very extraordinary plant in the manner of 
 its growth and propagation. The root fpreads 
 circularly in the ground, and from its cen- 
 tre fends forth a tough ftalk, which is fur- 
 rounded at the bottom, and for a confider- 
 able way up, with long, greeny ferrated 
 leaves, refembling thofe of a fmall Aloe. 
 At the top of the ftalk ftands the fruit, 
 crowned with a tuft of fine green, {harp- 
 pointed leaves. It has fome refemblanee on 
 the outfide to the cone of a Pine, whence 
 the name of Pine-apple. The flowers are 
 produced from the protuberances of the 
 fruit, are funnel-fliapedj of a bluifli colour, 
 contain fix av/1-fhaped ftamina, which are 
 fhorter than the petals, and one ftyle each. 
 When the flowers are fallen, the fruit en- 
 larges, and becomes a flefhy, knobbed 
 berry, plentifully flored with an exquifite 
 flavoured juice. The feeds are lodged in 
 the knobs } they are very fmall, and nearly 
 kidney-fliaped. A little before the fruit 
 is ripe, there (hoot from the ftalk at the 
 bottom of the berry three or four fuckers, 
 which if taken off and planted, will in 
 about fourteen months produce fruit. The 
 tuft of leaves alfo, taken from the top of 
 the berry, if planted, will do the fame, but 
 Dot in io fnort a time. There are feveral 
 
 N 2 varieties 
 
i8d BERRIES. 
 
 varieties of the Pine-apple, but the moft 
 efteemed ones are the Queen -pine, the 
 Suear-loaf, and the Surinam. 
 
 This fruit may juftly challenge all others, 
 except the Mangojieen, for the delicate and 
 agreeable variety of its flavour. It fliould 
 not Hand till it is over ripe, and ought to be 
 eaten almoft as foon as cut. It has been 
 introduced into England but a little above 
 half a century. 
 
 In regard to the medicinal virtues of the 
 Fine-apple, it is counted very nourifliing, 
 to obtund acrimony, and thereby allay tick- 
 ling coughs ; but Tournefort fays, that too 
 liberal an ufe of them has often been attend- 
 ed with bad confequences, by putting the 
 blood into a violent fermentation ; and in- 
 deed this is the cafe with almoft all the tro- 
 pical fruits. 
 
 5 Bromelia karatas. l^he Penguin, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 408. 
 
 This is a perennial plant, and a native of 
 the Spanidi V/cft-Indies. It fends forth a 
 multitude of hard, ftift leaves, ftanding 
 clofe to the root, and when fully grown are 
 eight or nine feet high, two or three inches 
 Ibroad, and itudded with (liarp, hooked fpines 
 on their margins. The edges roll inward, 
 in the manner of fome of the Aloes, by 
 which means they ferve as fo many gutters 
 to convey the rains and dews to the root. 
 
 Ill 
 
BERRIES. i8i 
 
 In the centre of this large tullbck of leaves, 
 and near the ground, there grows a circular 
 crown, of about a foot diameter, from 
 which comes a clufter of fruit, each when 
 feparated much the fize of ones finger, but 
 are pointed at both ends, and are quadran- 
 gular in the middle, whereby they are fo 
 neatly fitted to each other, that they cannot 
 eafily be parted, unlefs thoroughly ripe. 
 They are clothed with a fmooth, and al- 
 moft cream-coloured hufk. Within this 
 hufk is contained a white pulpy fubftance, 
 which is the edible part, and if the fruit be 
 not perfectly ripe, it has fome fmall flavour 
 of the Pine-apple, The juice is very auftere 
 in the ripe fruit, and is made ufe of to aci- 
 dulate punch. The inhabitants in the Weft- 
 Indies make a v^'ine from this fruit, which 
 is very intoxicating, and has a good flavour, 
 but it will not keep long before it runs into 
 a ftate of putrefa6lion. 
 
 The phylical virtues of the Penguin are to 
 cool and quench thirft-, and a moderate ufe 
 of them has been found highly ferviceable 
 in fevers. 
 
 6 Cactus opuntia. Prickly Pt'ar. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 66g. 
 
 Ficus indica, folio fpinofo, frudtu majore, 
 Bauh. Pin. 458. 
 
 This perennial is a native of Peru and 
 
 Virginia. It here goes by the name of 
 
 N 3 Common 
 
s82 BERRIES. 
 
 Cofnmon Indian Fig. The plant in its na- 
 tural ftate rifes with a thick, flrong ilein, 
 but being propagated here by fetting ity 
 leaves in the ground, the whole plant with 
 us is only a feries of thefe leavCvS, or rather 
 branches, /hooting out of the fides, and ends 
 of each other. Thefe are of an oval form, 
 conaprefied, and fomewhat refemble flatted, 
 green Figs. The flov/ers come out at the 
 extremities of the leaves or branches, fitting 
 upon the embryo of the fruit, and are com- 
 pofed of feveral concave petals that fpread 
 open in a double rovv; they are of a pale 
 yellow colour, and include many ilamina, 
 tipped with oblong fummit5, and one ftyle 
 crowned with a pointed ftigma. When the 
 flower falls, the embryo fvi'ells to an oblong 
 fruit, about the flze of a middling Plumb, of 
 a red purple colour within, of a pale yellow 
 without, is fet with fmall fpines in clufl;ers, 
 and contains many fmall roundiih feeds. 
 
 Thefe fruits are very pleafant to the palate, 
 and of a cooling nature. Mr. Dampier, 
 who experienced it u,pon the fpot where the 
 plants grew naturally, fays, that by eating 
 a ^0,%"^ of them the urine will be tin(^ured 
 as red as blood. \i has been generally fup- 
 pofed that this is the plant upon which the 
 infe(fl:, called Cochineal, feeds ; but this is a 
 mifl:ake, for that little creature lives on the 
 Cacius cochinillifer, fo named after the ani- 
 irial. 
 
 7 Cactus 
 
BERRIES. 183 
 
 7 Cactus triangularis. I'rue Prickly 
 Pear. Lin. Sp. pi. 669. 
 
 Cad:us debilis brachiatus jequalls trique- 
 trus fcandens (ive repens, fpinis breviffimis 
 eonfertis, Browne s yam. 468. 
 
 This grows both in Brazil and Jamaica, 
 and is there planted near their houfes for the 
 fake of its fruit. It hath weak, triangular, 
 creeping ftalks, which ftrike root at their 
 joints, and by which they may be trained 
 up to a great height. Thefe divide into 
 many equal branches, almoft covered with 
 very fhort fpines in clufters. The flower is 
 compofed of a multitude of narrow, (harp- 
 pointed petals, which fpread open like thofe 
 of the Sunflower, and when fully expanded, 
 form a circle of nine or ten inches diame- 
 ter ; but they are of iliort duration, not 
 lafting more than five pr fix hours. 
 
 The fruit is round, red on the outfide, 
 about the fize of a Bergamot Pear, of a 
 moil: delicious flavour, and in great efteem 
 among the inhabitants. 
 
 8 Capsicum annuum. Annml Guinea 
 Pepper. Lin. Sp. pi. 270. 
 
 Piper indicum vulgatiflimum, Baiih. Pin. 
 162. 
 
 The A7inual Guinea Pepper is a native of 
 America, but on account of the beautiful 
 colour of its pods, or more properly berries, 
 it is now cultivated in almoft every garden 
 
 N 4 'in 
 
:84 BERRIES. 
 
 in England. It varies prodigiouily in regard 
 to the fize, form, and colour of its fruity 
 fome being very long, bent and fharp 
 pointed ; others are fhort, obtafe, or heart- 
 fhaped, and of other forms. In refped: to 
 colour, fome are of a fine fcarlet, fome of 
 an orange, and others of a light yellow. 
 This plant is cultivated greatly in the Carib- 
 bee Iflands, wh^e the inhabitants, and alfo 
 the Negroes, ufe the pods in almoftall their 
 foups and fauces, and by reafon the fiaves 
 are exceedingly fond of them, the whole 
 genus has acquired the name of Guinea 
 Feppcr. 
 
 Thefe pods or berries make an excellent 
 pickle, and there is one' variety which Mil- 
 ler fays is preferable to the reft for this pur- 
 pofe. Jlis words are : ^' The pods £>f this 
 fort are from one inch and an half, to two 
 inches long, are very large, fweiiing, and 
 wrinkled 3 flatted at the top^ where they 
 are angular, and fometimes fcand ered", at 
 others grow downward. When the fruits of 
 this fort are defigned for pickling, they 
 ibould be gathered before they arrive to thei: 
 full fize, wJiile their rind is tender; then 
 they mu ft be flit down on one fide to get out 
 the feeds, after which they ihould be foak- 
 ed in water and fait for two or thre^ days ; 
 when they are taken out of this and drained, 
 boiling vinegar mufl be poured on them, in 
 a fufiicient quantity to cover them, and 
 
 clofely 
 
BERRIES. 185 
 
 clolelv ilopped down for tv/o months; then 
 they Ihould be boiled in the vinegar to make 
 them green; but they want no addition of 
 any fort of fpice, and are the moft whole- 
 fome and bell: pickle in the world." This 
 fort Miller calls Bell-pepper. 
 
 9 Capsicum frutefcens. Peremiinl Gui~ 
 nea Pepper. Lin. Sp. pi. 2j\. 
 
 Piper filiquofum magnitudinis baccarum 
 afparagi. Eaiih. Hijl. 2. p. 944. 
 
 This is a ilirubby plant, and rifes four or 
 five feet high, breaking into many branches, 
 furniflied with narrow, lance-lLaped leaves. 
 Like the foregoing, it varies in the form and 
 colour of its fruit ; they being oval, touiid- 
 ilh, or pyramidal in different plants, and of 
 a yellow or a red colour. Their iize is 
 nearly that of a Barberry. It is a native of 
 the Eaft-Indies, but is much cultivated in 
 the Weft, where they have a variety of it 
 with an oval, red fruit, which they call 
 Bii'd-pepper y the berries of this variety they 
 pickle, but the principal ufe they put them 
 to, is to make the famous Cayan Butter^ 
 called alfo Pepper-pot. In order to this 
 they dry the berries, beat them to a powder; 
 and mixing fome other ingredients among 
 them, the whole is kept and ufed occafion- 
 ally in th^ir fauces, and is efteemed the beft 
 of all fpices, Thefe Pepper-pots are often 
 
 fexit 
 
i86 BERRIES. 
 
 fent to England and other places, and ge-r 
 nerally meet with an equal approbation. 
 
 ID Carica papaya., T^he Papaw. Lin. 
 3p.pL 1466. 
 
 Carica fronde comofa, foliis peltatis ; lo- 
 bis varie finuatis. Browne s Jam. 360. 
 
 This tree is a native of both the Indies, 
 alfo of the Gojd-coaft of Africa, and is male 
 and female in diftind: plants. It fends up 
 a hollow, herbaceous ftem, to the height 
 of fifteen or eighteen feet, and about feven 
 inches in diameter. Near the top the leaves 
 come out on all fides the ftem, and are fup- 
 ported on long fcot-ftalks; they are divid- 
 ed into feveral lobes, which are again cut 
 into many irregular fegments. The flowers 
 are produced in loofe bunches from the bo- 
 ibms of the leaves ; thofe of the male are 
 white, funnel- fhaped, cut at their brims 
 into live parts, and have ten ftamina each, 
 iive of which are alternately fhorter than 
 the refl. The fernale flowers are yellowifli, 
 znd compofed of five long, narrow petals, 
 includivig a very fliort ll:yle, crowned by 
 five oblong ftigmata. Thefe are fuccecded 
 hy fruit of different fliapes and fizes 3 fome 
 being angular, and about as big as middling 
 Pears; others are comprefled at both ends, 
 and about the fize of a fmall Squafh; whilft 
 fpme are gloi^ular, oval, or conical. They 
 
 contain 
 
BERRIES. 187 
 
 contain numerous feeds, which are tgg- 
 fhapped and furrovved. The fruit, and all 
 the other parts of the tree abound with a 
 milky, acrid juice, which is applied for 
 killing of ringworms. 
 
 When the roundifli fruit are nearly ripe, 
 the inhabitants of India boil and eat them 
 with their meat, as we doTurneps. They 
 have fomewhat the flavour of a Pompion. 
 Previous to boiling: they foak them for fome 
 time in fait and water, to cxtrad: the corro- 
 live juice j unlefs the meat they are to be 
 boiled with fliould be very fait and old, and 
 then this juice being in them will make it 
 as tender as a chicken. But they moftly 
 pickle the long fruit, and thus they make 
 no bad fuccedaneum for mango. The buds 
 of the female flowers are gathered, and made 
 into a Sweet-meat; and the inhabitants are 
 fuch good hu{bands of the produce of this 
 tree, that they boil the lliells of the ripe 
 fruit into a repaft, and the inlides are eaten 
 with fugar in the manner of Melons. 
 
 The Item being hollow, has given birth 
 to a proverb in the Weft -India Iflands ; 
 where, in fpeaking of a diflembling perfon, 
 they fay he is as hollow as a PoJ^o. 
 
 II Carica pofopofa. Pear-Jhaped Pa- 
 faiv. Lin. Sp. pi. 1466. 
 
 Carica fylveftris minor, lobis minus divi- 
 
i88 BERRIES. 
 
 fis, caule fpinis inermibus. Browne s^am^ 
 360. 
 
 This is a flirubby tree, and a native of 
 Surinam, in South America. The item 
 breaks into feveral branches, furnifhed with 
 leaves fomewhat like thofe of the former, 
 but the lobes are fmaller, and not finuated. 
 The flowers are of a rofe colour, and are 
 fucceeded by Pear-fhaped fruit, of various 
 lizes, fome being near eight inches long, 
 * and three thick, and others not above half 
 as large. They are yellow both without 
 and within, and of a fweeter flavour than 
 the common Papaw. 
 
 12 Chrysophyllum cainito. Star Ap^ 
 fk. Lin. Sp, pi. 278. 
 
 Gainito folio fubtus aureo, frui^lu mali- 
 formi. Plufn. gen. 10. 
 
 This is a native of the warm parts of 
 America, and grows to the height of thirty 
 or forty feet, dividing towards the top into, 
 many liender, pendulous branches, fet with 
 entire, oblong-oval, itriated leaves, covered 
 v/ith a ruflet- coloured down underneath, 
 and ftanding alternately, on footifalks, 
 Thefe, when the fun fhines, glider like a 
 gold-coloured fattin. The flowers are pro- 
 duced at the extremities of the branches, in 
 large bunches ; and each is compofed of a 
 fmall quinquefid calyx, and a bell-£haped 
 petal, cut into five fegments at their brimsj 
 
 including 
 
BERRIES. 189 
 
 including five awl-fliaped ftamlna, tipped 
 with twin fummits, together with one llyle, 
 crowned witli a quinquefid ftigma. The 
 germen is roundifh, and grows to the lize 
 of a fniall Apple. The fruit is fmooth, of 
 a purple colour, and contains four or five 
 black, roughifh feeds. There is a variety 
 of this tree with fruit the Ihape of an, olive. 
 
 Thefe apples, when freih off the tree, 
 have an auftere, aftringent taile; but if laid 
 up fome time to mellow they acquire an 
 agreeable flavour, and ai'e much efteemed. 
 
 13 Chrysophyllum glabrum. Sapa- 
 dillo. Lin. Sp. pi. 278. 
 
 This too is a native of America, but is a 
 much fmaller tree than the former 3 the 
 leaves are very fmooth on both fides, the 
 flowers are produced at the fides of the 
 branches, and the fruit is about the fize of a 
 Bergamot Pear. This contains a white 
 clammy juice, when frefh, but after being 
 kept a few days, it becomes fweet, foft and 
 delicious. Inclofed are four or five black 
 feeds, about the fize of thofe of a Pomkin. 
 
 14 Citrus medica. Commoh Citron. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1 100. 
 
 Malus medica. Bauh. Pin. 435. 
 
 The Common Citron grows naturally in 
 
 many parts of Afia. The leaves are broad 
 
 and fi:ilF, like thofe of the Laurel, and with- 
 
 2 out 
 
190 BERRIES. 
 
 out an appendage to the footflalks, it being 
 linear. The flower hath a monophyllous 
 calyx, cut into five teeth, and five oblong 
 petals, which expand in the form of a Rofe. 
 It hath ten unequal ftamina, joined in three 
 bodies at their bafe, and a cylindrical ftyle, 
 crowned with a round ftigma. The germen 
 is oval, and becomes an oblong fruit, with 
 a thick flefliy rind, and having many cells, 
 containing two oval feeds each. Linnasus 
 makes the Lemon and the hime-tree only 
 varieties of this, but both thefe have ge- 
 nerally twelve or more flamina in their 
 flowers, joined in three or four bodies. 
 The varieties now raifed by fowing the feeds 
 of thefe three forts are almoft numberlefs. 
 They are all excellent fruits, very grateful 
 to the ftomach, and proper for allaying 
 drought in fevers. The Florentine Citron, 
 (which is a fharp-pointed fruit, bent at the 
 ends, and covered with a warted rind) Mil- 
 ler fays, is of fuch odoriferous fmell, and 
 fine flavour, that a fingle fruit commonly 
 fold at Florence for two fhillings. 
 
 15 Citrus aurantium. l^he Orange. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 100. 
 
 Malus aurai^tia major. Bauh. Pin. 436. 
 
 The Orange-tree is a native of the Eaft- 
 Indies. The chief fpecific differences be- 
 tween this and the Citron are; the footilalk 
 of the leaf of the Orange is winged at its 
 2 bafe. 
 
BERRIES. 191 
 
 bafe, or has an heart -fliaped appendage, 
 whereas that of the Citron has none, but is 
 all the way of a breadth ; the flower of the 
 Orange has many more ftamina than that of 
 the Citron. Thefe trees are ever-greens, 
 and in their native foils have blolfoms and 
 fruit the year round. There are many va- 
 rieties cultivated of the Orange; but as they 
 cannot be produced here to perfedion, with- 
 out much expence, I lliall forbear fetting 
 them down, and only obferve that the fmall 
 Curajjao Oranges^ fold in the (hops, are the 
 young fruit of the Seville Orange dried. 
 
 16 Citrus ducumanus. ShaddockOrange. 
 Lin. Syft. Nat, 508. 
 
 Malus aurantia frud;u rotundo maximo 
 pallefcente caput humanum excedente. 
 Shanes Jam. 212. Hiji. I. p. 41. 
 
 Linnaeus formerly made this only a variety 
 of the aiirantiiim, the largenefs ojf the fruit 
 not being a fufficient mark with him to con- 
 ftitute a fpecific difference ; but it has been 
 found that both the leaves and flowers are 
 larger, and that the latter are produced in a 
 racemus, which is a little downy. This 
 plant was brought from the Eaft Indies to 
 the Weft, where it is now much cultivated, 
 and fometimes produces fruit larger than a 
 man's head, but they are of an har£h flavour, 
 and pale colour, when compared with thofe 
 
 of 
 
192 BERRIES. 
 
 of India, the flefh of which is fweet, and 
 of a deep gold colour. 
 
 17 Crateva marmclos. Bengal ^ince, 
 Liin, Sp. pi. 637. 
 > Cydonia exotica. Bauh. Pin. 435. 
 
 This is a large tree, and grows fponta- 
 neoufly in feveral parts of India. It breaks 
 into many branches, armed with long, fharp 
 fpines in pairs, and are furniflied with tri- 
 foliate, oblong leaves, ending in an acute 
 point. The flowers are produced from the 
 lides of the branches, in fmall clufters of fix 
 or feven together, upon a common footftalk, 
 each flower con lifting of Ave acute, reflexed 
 petals, of a green colour on their outflde, 
 but white within, furrounding many fla- 
 mina, which arejonger than the petals, and 
 one long, incurved ftyle. The germen is 
 oval, and fwells to a roundifli fruit, in- 
 cluding many kidney-fliaped feeds. 
 
 The fruit is about the lize of an Orange, 
 and covered with a hard bony fliell, con- 
 taining a yellow, vifcous pulp, of a moft 
 agreeable flavour ; this is fcooped out, and 
 being mixed with fugar and orange, is 
 brought to the tables of the grandees in 
 India, who eat it as a great delicacy, and 
 alfo efl:eem it as a fovereign remedy againft 
 dyfenteries. 
 
 18 DiOSPYROS 
 
BERRIES. 19^ 
 
 18 DiosPYRos lotus. Indian Date Plum. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 5 10. 
 
 Lotus africana latifolia* Bauh. Pin. 447. 
 
 This tree grows in Italy, and fome other 
 places in the fouth of Europe, but is fup- 
 poled to have been originally brought thi- 
 ther from Africa. It rifes to a confiderable 
 height, dividing tou^ards the top into many 
 branches, which are furniflied with oval, 
 fharp-pointed leaves, beautifully variegated 
 on their upper furface. Some trees bear all 
 hermaphrodite flowers, and others produce 
 only male. The hermaphrodite flowers have 
 a lalHng calyx, divided into four parts, in- 
 cluding a pitcher-fhaped petal, with eight 
 flamina, joined to the calyx, and a roundifli 
 germen in the centre, fupporting a long 
 flyle, crowned with an obtufe, bifid fligma. 
 The flowers come out in a fcattered order 
 upon the branches, and are fucceeded by 
 large globular berries, divided into eight 
 cells, each including one long, comprelled 
 feed. The male flowers are formed like 
 the others, but want the germen. There 
 is a variety of this tree with narrovv leaves. 
 
 Thefe Plums are grateful to the palate -, 
 they are by many fuppofed to be the fime 
 fort of fruit is thofe which tempted the 
 companions of UlyJ/'es, and with which they 
 were fo infatuated, that it was with difli- 
 culty they were forced from the trees to 
 their (hips. 
 
 O 19 Dios- 
 
194 BERRIES. 
 
 19D10SPYROS virginiana. PiJhaminPlum^ 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 5 10. 
 
 Loti Africanae fimilis indica. Bauh. 'Pin. 
 
 448- 
 
 The trivial name of this fpeaks it to be a 
 native of Virginia. It is a fmaller tree 
 than the former, feldom rifing more than 
 fourteen feet, whereas the lotus often gets 
 to thirty. This divides near the ground 
 into irregular branches, furnifhed with long, 
 narrow leaves, of the fame colour on both 
 fides. 
 
 The fruit of this fpecies are not eatable 
 frefh off the tree, but like Medlars mull be 
 kept fome time, and then they have a good, 
 flavour. 
 
 20 Ficus carica. Common Fig. Lin. 
 
 Ficus communis. Bauh. Pin. 457. 
 
 The Fig-tree is a native of Afia, but is 
 now cultivated almoft all over Europe, 
 whereby it is fo well known as to need no 
 defcription. The fructification of xki&Fig is 
 exceedingly curious, and deferves particular 
 notice, for here the parts of generation are 
 contained within the berry, which thereby 
 becomes both a pericarpium, and a covered 
 receptacle of flowers. The fruit of the 
 Wild Figy called Caprijicus, contains both 
 male and female flowers, on difl:indt pedun- 
 cles. The male flowers, which are but few 
 
 in 
 
BERRIES* 195 
 
 in number, are placed in the upper part of 
 the fruit, each having a trifid calyx, con- 
 taining three briftly ilamina. The female 
 flowers are very numerous, ftand upon fe- 
 parate peduncles below the males, and each 
 confiiis of a quadrifid calyx, having one 
 ftylc. Thefe wild fruits are not eatable, for 
 they never perfedlly ripen, but are faid to 
 be abfolutcly neceflary for ripening the gar- 
 den Fig, or rather to fecundate it, and pre- 
 vent its falling off j for the cultivated Fig 
 is moftly found to contain female flowers 
 only. The manner of efteding this fe- 
 cundation, as related by naturalirts, and 
 which is called Caprijication, is briefly as 
 follows : 
 
 In the Greek iflands, whefe they cultivate 
 Figs for a crop, there grow many V/ild Fig- 
 trees, in the fruit of which breed fmall in- 
 fed:s of the gnat kind. Thefe little crea- 
 tures, in their worm ftate, feed upon the 
 kernels of the fig-feeds, and are nouriflied 
 in the fruit till they are transformed into 
 flies, when piercing the coats of the Figs, 
 they ifl'ue forth, copulate, repair to other 
 Fig-frees, which are then in flower, and 
 pricking the fruit, enter by the apertures 
 they m.ake, range among the flowers in the 
 infide, and depofite their eggs. Now it is 
 fuppofed that thefe gnats bring with them 
 about their bodies the fertilizing dufl of the 
 male flowers of the Wi/d Figs, and after 
 O 2 they 
 
196 BERRIES. 
 
 they get an entrance, they fcatter it upon 
 the germina of the female flowers of the 
 cultivated ones, and thereby impregnate the 
 feeds, which cauics the fruit to Hand, and 
 ripen much better and fooner. Thefe effedis 
 having been (atin to happen upon the in- 
 tercourfe of the gnats with the different 
 trees, put the hufbandrnen upon a method 
 of rendering them fubfervient to their own 
 purpofes, and Caprijlcatmi is become a main 
 article in the cultivation of Figs; for, that 
 tile growers may make fure of their crops, 
 tiiey colled: thefe infedts, and place them 
 upon the branches of their trees; or they 
 cut off the Figs of the wild trees and hang 
 them about their domeftic^ones, the fruit of 
 which the gnats readily enter, and, as before 
 obferved, fprinkle the duft they bring with 
 them upon the female flowers in the inflde 
 of thefe fruits, by which means they become 
 fecundated. 
 
 The varieties of the Fig are very nu- 
 merous, but feveral of them are not worth 
 cultivating. Thofe mofb deferving attention 
 in England are the following : 
 
 1 The Brown Ifchia. 7 The Brown Naples^ or 
 
 2 The Black Genoa. Murrey. 
 
 5 The Small JVljiic. 8 The Green Ifchia. 
 
 4 The Large White Genoa. 9 T Iig Brunfwick. 
 
 5 The Black Ifchia. 10 The Lottg Brown Na- 
 
 6 The Malta. pies. 
 
 The 
 
BERRIES. 197 
 
 The Brown Ifchia is a very large Fig, of a glo- 
 bular form, has a lar;. e eye, and is pinched in near 
 the foorllalk. ^t is of a chcfnut-brown colour on 
 the ourfide, purple within, hath large grains, and 
 a fweer, high-flavoured ^pulp. It ripens early in 
 Augull, and is fubje6r. to burft. 
 
 T\\Q Black Genoa is a longifh Fig, with a fwelled 
 obtufe top, but is very (lender towards the ilaik. 
 It is of a black purple colour on the outfide, co- 
 vered with a purple fliic; the infide is of a brigh: 
 red, and the pulp hath a high flavour. Ripe early 
 in Auauft. 
 
 The Small White is a roundilh Fig, with a very 
 fiiort footftalk, and is fiattifli ct the crown. The 
 fkinjs thin, and of a pale yellow colour when ripe. 
 It is white in the infide, and the fiefh is very Iweet. 
 In perfc6cion in Augulh 
 
 The Large IVhite Genoa is a roundifh Fig, a little 
 lengthened tov/ard the ftalk. I'his too is yellowifh 
 when ripe, but it is red within. Ripe v,'ith the 
 former. 
 
 The Black Ifchia is a middling fized Fig, rather 
 fhort, and a little flatted at the crown. It is black 
 on the outfide, and of a deep red within. 1 he 
 pulp has a rich flavour. It ripens in Auguft-. 
 
 The Malta is a i'mall brown Fig, much flatted 
 at the crown, and greatly pinched in toward the 
 ftalk. It is brownilh both outfide and in. The 
 pulp or fleili is fweet and well flavoured. Ripe 
 with the former. 
 
 The Brown Naples is a pretty large round Fig, 
 of a light brown colour on the outfide, vv-itli a fev/ 
 marks of a dirty white. The infide is nearly of 
 the fame colour, the feeds are large,* and the flefli 
 is well flavoured. Ripe toward the end of Auo-ull:. 
 
 ThtGreen Ifchia is an oblong Fig, but is roundiOi 
 at the crown. The outfide is green, but when 
 
 O 3 fullv 
 
!98 BERRIES. 
 
 fully ripe has abrownifh caft. The fiefh is pur- 
 ple, and well flavoured. It ripens with the former. 
 
 The Brunfwick is a pear-fhaped' Fig, of a large 
 f]ze, of a brown colour on the outfide, ana of a 
 lighter brown within. The flefh is coarfe, and 
 not highly flavoured. Ripe at the beginning of 
 September. 
 
 The Long Brown Nnpks hath a long footfl:alk, 
 and the Fig is a little flatted at the crown. When 
 ripe the fkin is of a dark brown colour, the feeds 
 are large, the flefh inclining to red, and is well 
 flavoured. Ripe in September. 
 
 In the iflands of the Archipelago, where 
 Caprijication is univerfally pradtifed, they 
 dry their Figs in ovens, to kill the infed:s 
 and their eggs j this much hurts the flavour 
 of the fruit, but neverthelefs they are the 
 chief fupport of the peafants and monks 
 there, in conjunction with Barley-bread. 
 With refpecft to the virtues of Figs, they are 
 faid to inflame the blood, if eaten frefh ofl:' 
 the trees ; but dried, they are of an emol- 
 lient nature, and good in diilempers of the 
 breaft, and defluxions of rheum upon the 
 lungs. 
 
 21 Ficus fycomorus, P^^r^(9i6VF/^-. hin, 
 Sp.pL 1513. 
 
 Ficus folio mori, frudum in caudice fe- 
 rens. Bauh. Fin. 459. 
 
 This is a native of Egypt. It is a large 
 trei, dividing into many fpreading branches, 
 plentifully furniihed with leaves, Ihaped 
 
 like 
 
BERRIES. ]99 
 
 like thofe of the Mulberry. The fruit are 
 not produced on the fniall ihoots, but from 
 the trunk and thick branches. They are 
 iliaped like thofe of the common Fig, but 
 are far inferior in flavour, and not much 
 efteemed. 
 
 The wood of this tree is but of a fpungy 
 nature, yet the ancient Egyptians made ufe 
 of it for coffins to contain their mummies, 
 fome of which are ftill to be found in their 
 catacombs, or fubterraneous burying places, 
 where they are placed upright, and have 
 been depolited more than three thoufand 
 years. 
 
 22 Garcinia mangoftana. The Man- 
 gojleen. Lin. Sp. pi. (^^S- 
 
 Laurifolia javanenfis. Bauh. Fin. 461. 
 
 This tree is a native of the ifland of Java, 
 and is alfo found in the Molucca Illands. 
 It fends up a ftraight, tapering ftem, to 
 eighteen or twenty feet, having branches 
 coming out on all fides from near the bot- 
 tom, and continuing to diminifli equally in 
 length to the top, whereby they form the 
 tree into a compleat cone. The leaves are 
 long, pointed at both ends, fmooth, of a 
 lucid green on their upper lide, and of an 
 olive colour on their back. The flower is 
 compofed of four altnoft round petals, nearly 
 refembling the Rofe in colour. The calyx 
 is of one piece, and on expanding breaks 
 into four lobes. In the centre of the flower 
 O 4 i^ 
 
200 BERRIES. 
 
 is one very fhort flyle, crowned with an 
 o(5lifid ftigma, and furrounded by fixteen 
 ered: ftamina, having globular fummits. 
 The germen is roundifli, and becomes a 
 berry of the lize of an Orange, covered with 
 a thick rind, of a brown purple, mixed 
 with a greyifh green on the outfide, but of 
 a rofe colour within, and contains eight 
 hairy, flefhy, angular feeds. 
 
 According to the concurring teftimonies 
 of all travellers, this fruit is the mofi: ex- 
 cellent flavoured, and the moil: falubrious,/ 
 of any yet known 3 it being fuch a happy 
 mixture of the tart and the fweet. Rum- 
 phius (dij^, the flefli is juicy, white, almoft 
 tranfparent, and of as delicate and agree- 
 able a flavour as the richefl Grapes. Both 
 tafl:e and fmeli is fo grateful, that it is al- 
 mofl: impolTible to be cloyed with eating it j 
 and that when fick people have no relilli 
 for any other food, they generally eat this 
 with great delight ; but fliould they refufe 
 it, their recovery is no longer expected. It 
 is remarkable too, fays he, that this fruit is 
 eaten with fafety in almoft every diforder. 
 The bark, he adds, is ufed with fuccefs in 
 the dyfentery and tenefmus ; and an infuflon 
 of it is efteemed a good gargle for fore 
 mouths, or ulcers in the throat. The Chi- 
 nefe dyers ufe this bark for the bafis of a 
 black colour, in order toiix it the firmer. 
 
 23 MoRus nigra. Lin. Sp. pi. 1398. 
 ' Morus 
 
BERRIES. 20I 
 
 Morus frudlu nigro. Bauh. Pin. 4^9. 
 
 The Black Mulberry grows naturally on 
 the coaft of Italy. The tree is well known 
 by being frequent in our gardens, nor need 
 any thing be obferved in regard to the ex- 
 cellent flavour of its fruit. Thefe furnirti 
 the (hops with a fyrup, which is of a cool- 
 ing, aiiringent nature, and is much ufed in 
 gargarifms for fore mouths. 
 
 24 Morus rubra. Li?2. Sp. pi. 1399. 
 The Red Mulberry is a native of Virginia. 
 
 It differs from the common Black Mulberry 
 in the leaves being longer and rougher, and 
 in the catkins being cylindrical. When the 
 leaves iirfl expand they are very hairy under- 
 neath, fometimes palmated, but oftener 
 trilobed and a little hairy. The catkins are 
 about the length of thofe of the Birch-tree. 
 
 25 Morus alba. White Mulberry. Lin. 
 ^p.pl. 1398. 
 
 Morus trudu albo. Bauh. Pin. 459. 
 
 This differs from the others not only in 
 the fruit being white, but its leaves are 
 obliquely heart-fliaped, and fmooth. It is 
 a native ot China, where it is cultivated 
 more for its leaves than its fruit, for the 
 purpofc of feeding Silkworms; but though 
 this is the pra(^ice in China, yet it has been 
 proved by experiments, that the leaves of 
 the ni^ra are far preferable for this ufe, and 
 
 that 
 
202 BERRIES. 
 
 that the worms which had heen fed with 
 the latter, always produced much better 
 filk, than thofe which were fed with the 
 former. Thefe creatures are more fond of 
 the leaves of the black than of the white 
 Mulberry, and if they be kept any time on 
 the white, and then put to the black, they 
 will feed till they burft. 
 
 26 MusA paradifiaca. Plantain - tree, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1477. 
 
 Ficus indica, frudu racemofo, folio ob- 
 longo. Bauh. Pin. 508. 
 
 The Plantain- tree grows fpontaneoufly in 
 many parts of India, but has been imme- 
 morially cultivated by the Indians in every 
 part of the continent of South America. 
 It is an herbaceous tree, growing to the 
 lieight of fifteen or twenty feet. Its llem, 
 which is about eight inches thick at the 
 bottom, and regularly tapers to the top, is 
 enwrapped with many leafy circles ; thefe 
 expand at the extremity of the trunk, and 
 form the footftalks, and midribs of the 
 leaves, which come out on every fide. The 
 leaves are fmooth, of an oval form, in co- 
 lour like thofe of Cabbage, five or {\x feet 
 long, and two broad, have many tranfverfe, 
 prominent veins, but the leafy part is fo 
 thin, that a flrong wind often tears them 
 into rags, and makes them cut an uncouth 
 figure. On the iirfl appearance of the leaves 
 
 they 
 
BERRIES. 203 
 
 they are rolled up like the young (hoots of a 
 Brake -, but as they advance, they turn 
 backward, -nd their growth is fo quick, 
 that it may be almoft iccn by a pcrfon nigh. 
 From among the leaves comes forth a long 
 fpike of flowers, in circular bunches j thofe 
 at the upper part of the fpike are all male, 
 and thofe at the bottom all hermaphrodite. 
 Each of thcfe bunches has its fpatha, of an 
 oblong-oval form, and a fine purple colour. 
 The flowers are of the lip kind, the petals 
 forming the upper, and the ned:arium * the 
 under lip. Each flower has fix fl:amina, 
 five feated in the petals, and the fixth in 
 the nedarium. The germen is placed be- 
 low the flower 3 it is very long, nearly tri- 
 angular, fupports a cylindrical ftyle, longer 
 than the petals, and is crowned by a roundifli 
 ftigma. 
 
 The fruit are nearly of the fize and fhape 
 of ordinary Cucumbers, and when ripe of a 
 pale yellow colour, of a mealy fubfl:ance, a 
 little clammy, a fweetifh tafte, and will dif- 
 folve in the mouth without chewing. The 
 whole fpike of fruit often weighs forty or 
 fifty pounds. When they are brought to 
 table by way of defert, they are either raw, 
 fried, or roafled ; but if intended for bread, 
 they are cut before they are ripe, and are 
 then either roafled or boiled. The trees 
 
 * The Netlarium is a gland, or appendage to the peta], 
 and is appropriated for containing the honey. 
 
 beinc: 
 
204 BERRIES. 
 
 beino- tall and {lender, the Indians cut them 
 down to get at the fruity and in doing this 
 they fufFer no lofs, for the ftems are only 
 one year's growth, and would die if not cut j 
 but the roots continue, and new ftems foon 
 fprins; up, which in a year, produce ripe 
 fruit alfo. From the ripe Plantains they 
 make a liquor, called Mijlaw ; when they 
 make this, they roaft the fruit in their 
 hufks, and after having totally beat them to 
 a mafh, they pour water upon them, and as 
 the liquor is wanted, it is drawn off. But 
 the nature of this fruit is fuch, that they 
 will not keep long without running into a 
 ilate of putrefaction, and therefore in order 
 to reap the advantage of them at all times, 
 they make cakes of the pulp, and dry them 
 over a flow fire ; and as they ftand in need 
 of MiJlaWj they mafli the cakes in water, 
 and they anfwer all the purpofes of the frefh 
 fruit. Thefe cakes are exceedingly con- 
 venient to make this liquor of in their 
 iournies, and they never fail to carry them 
 "for that purpofe. The leaves of the tree 
 being large and fpacious, ferve the Indians 
 for table-cloths and napkins. 
 
 27 MusA fapientum. T'he Banana. Lin, 
 
 Sp. pi. 1477- 
 
 Mufse affinis altera. Baiih, Pin. 580. 
 
 This is a native of both the Indies, and 
 is much cultivated in the American iflands, 
 
 by 
 
BERRIES. 205 
 
 by the name o^Bajiana. It differs from the 
 former in the ftem being marked with pur- 
 ple flripes, in the other not 3 in the fruit 
 being fhorter, ftraighter, and more obtufe. 
 Thefe grow in bunches from ten to fourteen 
 pounds. They have a fragrant fmell, and 
 an agreeable delicious talie, far preferable 
 to the Plantam^ but yet inferior to many 
 European fruits. 
 
 The leaves of this tree are by many au- 
 thors fa ppofed to be the fame fort with thofe 
 our firft parents made themfelves aprons. 
 They indeed are called in Scripture Fig 
 leaves ; but as thefe are larger and more 
 fit for the purpofe than any fpecies of 
 Fig, there is the greater probability in the 
 fuppofition ; thefe being four or five i^tt 
 long, one broad, and of a pretty tough tex- 
 ture. 
 
 28 Mespilus germanica. 'The Medlar, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 684. 
 
 Mefpilus germanica, folio laurino non 
 ferrato. Bauh. Pm. 453. 
 
 This grows naturally in Sicily, but is fo 
 common in gardens, and orchards, as to 
 make it generally known. Linnasus makes 
 the Dutch Medlar only a variety of this, 
 though many think it a diftinil fpecies. 
 The Dutch is the fort now chiefly culti- 
 vated, by reafon it produces larger and better 
 
 flavoured 
 
2o6 B E R R I E &. 
 
 flavoured fruit ; but neither of them are 
 eatable, unlefs kept till they be rotten. 
 
 29 Mammea Americana. T^he Mammee^ 
 Lin. Sp. pL 731. 
 
 Arbor indica Mamei didta. Bauh. Pin, 
 
 417- 
 
 This grows^ naturally in Jamaica^ and in 
 
 many parts of the Spanifh Weft Indies. It 
 rifes to near feventy feet, with a ftraight 
 item, destitute of knots and branches, ex- 
 cept at the top, where it breaks into rough 
 boughs, furni(hed with oblong, obtufe, 
 fhining green leaves, which continue the 
 year through. The flowers are compofed 
 of four concave, fpreading petals each, fur- 
 rounding many Ihort, hair-like ffcamina, 
 having oblong fummits, and one cylindrical 
 ftyle, crowned with a convex fligma. The 
 germen is roundifh, and becomes a globular, 
 yellowiihi, rough fruit, about the fize of a 
 Quince, and contains three or four almoft 
 oval feeds, about as big as almonds. 
 
 Thefe fruits have a very grateful flavour, 
 and are much cultivated in Jamaica, where 
 they are generally fold in the markets for 
 one of the befl: the ifland produces. 
 
 30 Malphigia glabra. Barbadoes 
 Cherry. Lin. Sp. pi. bog. 
 
 Malphigia fruticofa ereda, foliis nitidis 
 5 ovatis 
 
BERRIES. ^07 
 
 ovatis acuminatis, floribus umbellatis, ra- 
 mulis gracilibus. Browne's yam. 230. 
 
 This grows naturally in Jamaica, Brafil, 
 Surinam, and Cura9oa, but it is now culti- 
 vated in mofl of the Well-India Iflands> 
 and particularly at Barbadoes. It fends up 
 a llender trunk to about fifteen feet covered 
 with a light brown bark. At the top it 
 breaks into many branches, the twigs of 
 which are furnirtied with oval, fmooth, 
 acute pointed leaves in pairs. The flowers 
 are produced in bunches, upon long pedun- 
 cles ', they confift of five kidney-fhaped, 
 rofe-colour petals each, joined at their Safe, 
 and include ten awl-fhaped, eredl flamina, 
 tipped with heart-fhaped fummits. The 
 germen is fmall and roundifh, and fupports 
 three flender ftyles, crowned with obtufe 
 fligmata. 
 
 The berries are red, about the fize of 
 fmall Cherries, and are gathered and eaten 
 by the inhabitants, the fame as Cherries 
 are in England, but they are far inferior. 
 
 31 Malphigia punicifolia. Pomegra?iate- 
 leaved Malphigia. Lin. Sp. pi. 609. 
 
 Malphigia fruticofa ereciita, ramulis graci- 
 libus patentibus, floribus folitariis. Browne s 
 Jam. 230. 
 
 This is a native of Jamaica. It is a fmaller 
 tree than the former, and grows after the 
 manner of a fhrub. The branches are 
 
 flender. 
 
2o8 BERRIES. 
 
 Ilender, fpreading, covered with a light 
 brown bark, and are furnilhed with leaves 
 like thofe of the Pomegranate. The flow- 
 ers are produced Angle in this fpecies, con- 
 trary to thofe of the firft, which come out 
 in umbels. The fruit are rather more acid 
 than the former, but are eaten after the fame 
 manner. 
 
 32 Passiflora maliformis. Apple- 
 fiaped Granadilla. Lin.lSp.pl. 1355. 
 
 Paffiflora foliis cordato-oblongis integerri- 
 mis, floribus folitariis, involucro tripartito 
 integerrimo. Roy. lugdb. 261. 
 
 This is a native of the lOand of Dominica 
 in the Weft- Indies, and is cultivated both 
 for ornament and ufe in feveral of the 
 Iflands there. It fends forth an herbaceous, 
 climbing ftalk, having tendrils at every joint, 
 by which it faftens to the hedges for fup- 
 port, and runs to the length of near twenty 
 feet. There is alfo at each joint one ob- 
 long heart-fhaped leaf, having two glands 
 upon its footiialk. The flowers are pro- 
 duced fingly at the footftalks of the leaves, 
 upon long peduncles, and each is compofed 
 of a three-leafed, red cover, encloflng five 
 white petals and numerous blue rays, which 
 fpread very wide, and make a moft beautiful 
 appearance; but they are of ihort duration. 
 When the flower falls, the germen fweljs to 
 a yellow berry, of the fize and (hape of a. 
 n fmail 
 
BERRIES. 209 
 
 fmall Apple, containing a Tweet pulp, and 
 many oblong, brownifh feeds. 
 
 Thefe berries have a pleafant flavour, and 
 are generally ferved up at table by way of 
 defert. 
 
 33 Pass IF LOR A laurifolia. Bay-leaved 
 PaJJioii-Jiower. Lin. Sp. pi. 1356. 
 
 Pafiiriora foliis folitariis oblongis integer- 
 rirnis, iloribus folitariis, involucro tripartite 
 dentato. Roy. lugb. 532. 
 
 The laurifolia IS a native of Surinam, the 
 fruit of v/hich is greatly beneficial to the 
 inhabitants of that hot climate. It fends 
 forth many tough, flender ftalks, with claf- 
 pers at their joints, by which they climb 
 up the trees and bufhes to the height of 
 twenty feet or more. Thefe are furnilLed 
 with oblong-oval, entire leaves, refembling 
 thofe of the Laurel, and bavins: two glands 
 on their footftalks. The flowers are pro- 
 duced at the joints of the flaiks, in manner 
 of the former. Their full-grown buds arc 
 nearly as large as thofe of the garden fingle 
 Poppy, each having a cover, compofed of 
 three indented oval, green leaves 3 thefe 
 enclofe the fiower-cap, which confiils of 
 five pale green, oblong leaves, with white 
 infides. The petals are white, fpotted with 
 brown, and are but little more than half 
 the breadth of the leaves of the calyx or cup. 
 The rays of the flowers are of a violet co- 
 
 P lour. 
 
210 BERRIES. 
 
 lour, the column in the centre is yellowidi, 
 its gcrmen at the top the fame, but the 
 three ftyles are purple. On the fading of 
 the flower, the germen fwells to a yellow, 
 oval berry, fomewhat refembling a Citron, 
 but fmoother. 
 
 The fruit of this fpecies have a delicate 
 acid flavour, far preferable to the former, 
 and are excellent for quenching thirft, abat- 
 ing heat in the ftomach, encreafing the ap- 
 petite, recruiting the fpirits, and allaying 
 the heat in burning fevers. 
 
 34 PsiDiuM pyriferum. Pear Guava. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 672. 
 
 This grows naturally in both the Indies, 
 and is much cultivated in the American 
 Iflands. -It rifes to eighteen or twenty feet, 
 dividing into many branches from near the 
 bottom ; thefe are covered with a reddifl:i- 
 gray bark, are angular, and furnillied with 
 narrow, bluntiQi leaves, three or four inches 
 long, fupported on fhort footftalks : from 
 the wings of thefe the flowers are produced 
 fingly on peduncles, about an inch long 3 
 each is compofed of Ave white, concave pe- 
 tals, inferted in a bell-fliaped calyx, cut at 
 the brim into four or five teeth, and of nu- 
 merous fliort flamina, tipped with fmall, 
 pnle yellow fummits. The germen is round- 
 ifh, leated bclov/ the calyx, and fupports a 
 very long awl-Hiaped ftyle, crowned with a 
 2 Ample 
 
BERRIES. ±ii 
 
 Umple ftigmaj it grows to a whitiih Pear-' 
 ihaped berry, adorned at the apex with the 
 remains of the calyx, and includes many 
 fmall feeds. 
 
 35 PsiDiUM pomiferum. y^pp/e Guava, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 672. 
 
 Guajabo pomifera indica, pomis rotuiidis* 
 Bauh. Pin. 437. 
 
 This and the fot-mer are promifcuoufly 
 defcribed by travellers as one fpecies only, 
 but Linnaeus has plainly pointed out two 
 diftinct ones. The leaves of the pomiferiun 
 are fharp-pointed, in the pyriferum they are 
 rather obtufej the latter has only one flow- 
 er on a peduncle, but the former has three. 
 The fruit of the pyriferum is fliaped like a 
 Pear; but that of the pomiferum like an 
 Apple. This lafl is the fort moil cultivat- 
 ed, the pulp having a fine acid flavour, 
 whereas the former is fweet, and .therefore 
 not fo agreeable in hot climates. 
 
 Of the inner pulp of either fort the in- 
 habitants make jellies; and of the outer 
 rinds they make tarts, marmalades, &c. 
 The latter too they ftevv, and eat witli, 
 milk, and prefer them to any other ilewed 
 fruits. They have an aflringent quality, 
 which fhould forbid Grangers making too 
 free with them, as they are apt to render 
 the body coftive. This aftringency runs 
 through all parts of the trees, and exiila 
 
 P 2 P^^^^X 
 
212 BERRIES. 
 
 pretty copioufly in the leaf-buds, which are 
 occafionally boiled with barley and liquo- 
 rice, as an excellent drink againft diarrhaeas. 
 A fimple deco(5tion of the leaves, ufed as a 
 bath, are faid to cure the itch, and mofl 
 cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 • 36 SoLANUM lycoperficum. Lin, Sp.pl. 
 265. 
 
 Solanum pomiferum, frud:u rotundo ftria- 
 to moUi. Bauh. Fin. 167. 
 
 The Love Apple is an annual and a native 
 of America. It hath herbaceous, branching, 
 trailing, hairy ftems, four or five feet long, 
 and without fpines. Thefe are furnifhed 
 with pinnated leaves, of an ofFenfive fmell, 
 'and each is compofed of four or five pair of 
 jagged pinnae, ending in an acute point. 
 The flowers come out in long racemi in 
 different parts of the branches j they are 
 yellow, monopetalous *, plaited, cut at 
 their brims into five fliarp teeth, and have 
 five fmall awl-fhaped ftamina, clofely fur- 
 rounding a (lender ll:yle, which fits upon an 
 oval germen. As the flower withers, the 
 germen fwells to a round, fmooth berry, 
 bigger than a large Cherry, and of various 
 colours on different plants ; on fome it be- 
 ing red, on others of a deep orange, and on 
 fome yellow. 
 
 * Confifling of one petal. 
 
 2 That 
 
BERRIES. 213 
 
 That which is fo much cultivated by the 
 Portugueze Linnsus makes only a variety 
 of this. They call it Tomatas, and it differs 
 from the original in the fruit being deeply 
 furrowed. Thefe berries are in fuch efteem 
 both among the Portugueze and the Spa- 
 niards, that they are an ingredient in almoft 
 all their foups and fauces, and are deemed 
 cooling and nutritive. 
 
 37 Solan UM melongena. Lin. Sp. pi. 
 266. 
 
 Solanum pomiferum, fruflu oblongo. 
 Bau/j. Pin. 167. 
 
 The Mad Apple is a native of Afia, Afri- 
 ca, and America. It is an annual, and fends 
 forth an irregular, branched, ligneous, hol- 
 low ftalk, which rifes about two feet high, 
 and is furnifhed with oblong-oval, woolly 
 leaves, on long downy footflalks. The flow- 
 ers come out iingly from the iides of the 
 branches, on long peduncles j thefe are 
 fhaped like thofe of the common Potatoe, 
 but their calyces are fet with fpines. They 
 are fucceeded by large egg-lhaped berries, 
 which are moftly of a purple colour on one 
 Ude, and white on the other. This plant 
 varies much in the form and colour of its 
 fruit, they being conical or egg-fliaped in 
 fome, and in refpe<5l to colour, are fome- 
 times purple, pale red, yellow, or white. 
 The plant is now frequently raifed in our 
 P 3 gardens. 
 
214 BERRIES. 
 
 gardens, where the fruit for the moft part 
 come white, and refemble eggs, which has 
 obtained it the name of Egg Plant. In the 
 Weft-Indies they call it Brown John, or 
 Brown "Jolly, 
 
 Thefe berries are boiled in foups and fau- 
 ces, the fame as the Love Apple, are ac- 
 counted very nutritive, and are much fought 
 after by the votaries of Venus. 
 
 38 SoLANUM fandlum. Palejiine Night- 
 P:ade. Lin, Sp. pl. 269. 
 
 SolanUm fpinofum,frud;a rotundo, Bauh. 
 Pin. 167. 
 
 This is a flirubby plant, and grows na- 
 turally in Egypt and Paleftine. It hath a 
 woolly, afh-coioured ftaik, fet with fhort, 
 eredt, thick, yellowifh fpines. The leaves 
 are egg- ihaped, and have ferpentine edges; 
 thefe are fpiny and woolly. The flow- 
 ers come out at the fde of the ftalks, on 
 prickly peduncles; they are of a deep blue, 
 with briiily calyces, and they have a great 
 refemblance to the flowers of the Borrage. 
 
 Hallelquiil fays this plant is known in 
 Egypt, by the name MtrhigajUj and thai 
 the fruit, which are globular, are much 
 eaten by the inhabitants. 
 
 -^9 SoRBus domeftica. Lin. Sp.pl. 684. 
 8orbus fativa. Bauh. Pin. 415. 
 T^i^ ^riie Service-tree grows wild in the 
 
 warmcv 
 
BERRIES. 215 
 
 warmer parts of Europe, and it is alfo found 
 in Cornwall, but many doubt its being a 
 native of England. It becomes a large tree, 
 fending out many branches, covered vyith a 
 rough grayilh bark, and furni(hed with 
 winged leaves, refembling thofe of the com- 
 mon Afh, but they are hoary underneath, 
 (in the young trees), and ferrated on their 
 edges. The flowers are produced in large, 
 round bunches at the ends of the branches j 
 they are fmall and white, confift of five pe- 
 tals each, furrounding many ftamina, and 
 three iliyles. The germen is feated under 
 the flower, and becomes a foft, umbilicated 
 berry, inclofing three or four oblong, carti- 
 laginous feeds. 
 
 The natural fize of thefe berries is that 
 of a fmall Medlar, but cultivation has alter- 
 ed both fize and form ; fome being nearly 
 round, and as big as a Pippin, and others 
 Pear-lliaped. They have a rough, aftringent 
 tafte when frefli gathered, and therefore 
 mufl; be kept fouie time to mellow, and 
 then they become pleafant. 
 
 40 Trophis americana. Red 'fruited 
 Bucephalon. Lin. Sp. pi. 1451. 
 
 Trophis foliis oblongo-ovatis glabris al- 
 ternis, floribus mafculis fpicatis ad alas. 
 Browne s ya?n. 357. 
 
 This is a flirubby phint, and, as its tri- 
 vial name exprelfes, a native of America, 
 
 P 4 and 
 
2i6 BERRIES. 
 
 and particularly of the Ifland of Jamaica. 
 It is male and female in diilind: plants. The 
 leaves come out in an alternate order, on 
 very fliort footftalks ; they are fmooth, of 
 an oblong-oval form, iharp-pointed, and 
 entire. The flowers are produced in long 
 bunches, from the fides of the branches ; 
 thofe of the male have no calyx, but con fill 
 of four obtufe, fpre-ading petals, furroundr- 
 ins four flender ftamina, lon^^er than the 
 petals. The female flowers are compofed 
 of a fmail monophyllous calyx, and an oval 
 germen, fupporting a bipartite ftyle ; and 
 -are fucceeded by globular, rough berries, 
 each having one cell, containing a roundifh 
 feed . 
 
 Thefe fruits have not a very recommend- 
 able flavour, yet are frequently eaten by the 
 inhabitants of Jamaica. 
 
 4X ViTis vinifera, Lw. Sp.pl. 293. 
 
 The Vine is now multiplied into fo many 
 varieties, that to fet them all down would 
 be ufelefs, efpeciaily as Icveral lifls of tliem 
 have been already publiihed j but it will 
 not be amifs, perhaps, to give ihort de- 
 fcriptions of the few following, as they are 
 in general elleem for their fupcrior quali- 
 ties, or are frequently cviltivated in Eng- 
 land. Thcfe are ; 
 
BERRIES. 217 
 
 1 liht Black SwHt Water, 8 The Black Mufcat. 
 
 2 The. White Sweet JVater. 9 Tht Violet Mufcat. 
 
 3 The Golden Chajfelas. 10 Alexandrian Mufcat. 
 
 4 The Mujky Chajfelas. 11 The Red and Black 
 
 5 The Black Clufier, Hamburgh. 
 
 6 The White Mufcat. 12 St. Peter's Grape. 
 
 7 The Red Mufcat. 
 
 The Black Sweet Water hath fhort bunches, and 
 imall roiindifh berries, growing clofe together. 
 Their llcin is thin, and their juice very fweet, 
 which much tempt the birds and Eies to deftroy 
 them. Ripens early in Auguft. 
 
 The White Sweet Water hath very irregular fiz- 
 ed berries on the fame bunch, fome being of a 
 good fize, others extremely imall. The juice has 
 a plcafant fugary flavour. It "ripens with the 
 former. 
 
 The Golden Chaffelas hath. large bunches, and 
 round, different lized berries. Thefe are of a 
 bright green at firft, and when ripe of an amber 
 colour. The juice is fweet and fugary. -The 
 Red ChafTelas is a variety of this. 
 
 The Mu/ky Chaffelas hath round berries, nearly 
 of the fize of the former. The berries are of a 
 greenilh-white, and plentifully ftored with a fu*- 
 gary, mufky, juice. It ripens in September. 
 
 The Black Clufier hath downy. leaves, and Ihort 
 burches, clofely fet with oval berries, many of 
 which cannot ripen, they being fo covered with 
 the reft. This is by many called the Burgundy. 
 Ripe about the time of the former. 
 
 The White Mufcat, or White^ Frontinac, hath 
 large, even, conical bunches, ending in a point. 
 The berries are clofely iludded together, and are 
 of a bright green on the fliady-fide, inclining to 
 
 an 
 
2i8 BERRIES. 
 
 an amber colour oh' the other, and are thinly co- 
 vered with a bloom. The juice has a moft excel- 
 lent flavour, when the berries are perfeftly ripe, 
 which fcldom happens here. 
 
 The Red Mufcat^ or Red Frontinac hath long 
 bunches, more thinly fet wirh berries than the 
 White. They are large and round; before ripe, 
 gray with dark ftripes, but when fully ripe, al- 
 fnoftof a brick red. The juice has a high, vi- 
 nous flavour. Ripe the beginning of October. 
 
 The Black Mufcat^ or Black Frontinac, hath good 
 fized round berries, which are more dift:ant on the 
 bunches than the Red. The bunches are flnort, 
 the berries very black, and covered with a deep 
 violet bloom. The juice is very rich and vinous. 
 Ripe about the time of the former. 
 
 The Violet Mufcat hath leaves refembling the 
 Vv^hire Mufcat. The berries are large, rather 
 iong, and are covered with a deep violet bloom. 
 The juice is not excellent, but mufky and agree- 
 able. 
 
 The Alexandrian Mufket, or Jerufalem Mufcat, 
 hath long, regular bunches, v>^ith the berries hang- 
 ing Icofe upon them. There are two forts of 
 this ; one with whitifli, and tlie other with red 
 berries, both of a rieh, vinous flavour, but fel- 
 viom ripen here. 
 
 The Red and Black Hamburgh^ or TVar- 
 ncrs Grapey has middle- fized berries, and k«rge 
 bunches. The former are rather of an oval fliape, 
 and contain a fugary, vinous juice. They ripen 
 in OtTrober. 
 
 The St. Peter's Grape hath very deep-divided 
 leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Parfley- 
 icaved Grape. Tlie bunches are very large, the 
 
 berries 
 
BERRIES. 219 
 
 berries of a deep black, of an oval form, large, 
 and make a fine appearance, but their juice is 
 not rich. 
 
 The Vine Is a native of France, Spain, 
 Portugal, and many other places under the 
 fame parallels of latitude. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 220 ] 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ESCULENT STONE FRUIT*. 
 SECT. I, 
 
 Stone Fruit of Europe. 
 
 1 A MYGDALUS perfica. The Peach. 
 J^^\ Nuciperjica. The Netltarine. 
 
 2 Cornus mafcula. Male Cornel, or Cor Jte- 
 
 Han Cherry. ' 
 
 3 Olea Europea. Manured Olive. 
 — — fyhejlris. Wild Olive. 
 
 4 Prunus armeniaca. T^he Apricot. 
 
 5 Prunus avium. Wild Black Cherry. 
 
 6 Prunus cerafus. Wild Red Cherry. 
 
 7 Prunus domeftica. The Plum-tree. 
 
 8 Prunus iniitiiia. The Bullace-tree. 
 
 9 Rhamnus zizyphus. Conwion 'Jujube. 
 
 i Amygdalus periica. The Peach. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 676. 
 
 Periica molli carne et vulgaris. Bauh. 
 
 Pin. 440. 
 
 * Linnsus defines drupa to be a pulpy pericarpium, or 
 feed-vefi'el, without an opening, and includes a ftone or 
 
 put. 
 
 The 
 
STONE FRUIT. 221 
 
 This is faid t6 be a native of Europe, 
 but of what part is not known. The flow- 
 er is compofed of five obtufe petals, inferted 
 into a tubular calyx, cut into five obtufe 
 fegments, together with above twenty flen- 
 der ftamina, inferted alfo into the calyx, 
 furrounding a roundifli germen, which 
 turns to a roundifh, flelliy, furrowed fruit, 
 incloiing a hard llone. Cultivation has pro- 
 duced many varieties of this fruit, and the 
 following are the moft efteemed forts. 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 The JVhite Nutmeg. 
 The Red Nutmeg. 
 The Early Purple. 
 The Small Mignon. 
 The JVhite Magdalen. 
 The 7'ellow Alberge. 
 The Large French 
 
 Mignon. 
 The Beautiful Chev- 
 
 reiife. 
 The Red Magdalen. 
 The Cha'dcellor. 
 Smith's Newington. 
 The Montauhan. 
 The Malta. 
 
 14 The Vineufe. 
 
 15 The Bellegarde, 
 
 16 The Bourdine. 
 
 17 The Rojfanna. 
 
 18 Tht Jdmirable. 
 
 1 9 The Old Newington. 
 
 20 The Royal. 
 
 i\ The Kamhouillet. 
 
 22 Tlie Portugal. 
 
 23 The Late Admirable. 
 
 24 The Nivette. 
 
 25 Venus' s Nipple. 
 
 26 The Late Purple. 
 
 27 The Per/ique. 
 
 28 The Catharine. 
 
 29 The Mcnjlrous Pavy. 
 
 30 Tht Bloody Peach. 
 
 The JVhite Nutmeg is the firft Peach in feafon, 
 it being often in perfection by the end of July. 
 The leaves are doubly ferrated, the flower large, 
 and of a pale colour -, the fruit is white, Imall, 
 and round ; the flefli too is white, parts from the 
 Itone, and has a fugary, muflcy flavour. 
 
 The 
 
222 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 The Red Nutmeg hath yellowifh green leaves^ 
 with ferpentine edges, which are flightly ferrated. 
 The flowers are large, open^ and of a deep blufh- 
 colour. The fruit is larger, and rounder than 
 the former, and is of a bright vermilion next the 
 fun, but more yellow on the other fide. The 
 flefli is white, except next the flone, from which 
 it feparates, and has a rich, mufky flavour. It 
 ripens juft after the White Nutmeg. 
 
 The Early Purple hath fmooth leaves, terminat- 
 ed in a fliarp point. The flowers are large, open, 
 and of a lively red. The fruit is large, round, 
 and covered with a fine deep red coloured down. 
 The flefli is white, red next the fl:one, and full of 
 a rich, vinous juice. Ripe about the middle of 
 Auguft. 
 
 The Small Mignoyi hath leaves flightly ferrated, 
 and the flowers imall and contracted. The Peach 
 is round, of a middling fize, tinged with darkifli 
 red on the fun- fide, and is of a pale yellowifli co- 
 lour on the other. The flefli is white, parts from 
 the fl:one, where it is red, and contains plenty of 
 a vinous, fugary juice. Ripens rather before 
 the former. 
 
 The White Magdalen hath long, fliining, pale- 
 green leaves, deeply ferrated on the edges, and 
 the wood is moftly black at the pith. 1 he flow- 
 ers are large and open, appear early, and are of a 
 pale red. 1 he fruit is round, rather large, of a 
 yellowifli-white colour, except on the funny fide, 
 where it is flightly fl:reaked with red. The flefli 
 is white to the ilone, from which it feparates, and 
 the juice is pretty well flavoured. Ripe at the end 
 of Auguft. 
 
 The Tclloxv Alherge hath deep red, middle-fized 
 flowers J the Peach is fmallcr than the former, of 
 
 a yellow 
 
STONE FRUIT. 223 
 
 a yellow colour on the fhady fide, and of a deep 
 red on the other. The flefli is yellow, red at the 
 ftone, and the juice is fugary and vinous. 
 
 The Great French Mignon hath large, finely fer- 
 rated leaves, and beautiful red flowers. The 
 truit is large, quite round, covered with a fine 
 fattiny down, of a brownifli red colour on the 
 iunny fide, and of a greenifli yellow on the other. 
 The flefli is white, eafily parts from the fl-cin, and 
 is copioufly ftored with a fugary, high flavoured 
 juice. Ripe near the middle of Augult. 
 
 The Beauiiful Chevreufe hath plain leaves, and 
 fmall contratfed flowers. The fruit is rather 
 oblong, of a middling fize, of a fine red colour 
 next the fun, but yellow on the other fide. The 
 fiefh is yellowifli, parts from the fl:one, and is 
 full of a rich fugary juice. It ripens a little after 
 the former. 
 
 The Red Magdalen hath deeply ferrated leaves, 
 and large open flowers. The fruit is large, round, 
 and of a fine red next the lun. The flefli is firm, 
 white, feparates from the ftone, where it is very 
 red-, the juice is fugary, and of an exquifite rich 
 flavour. Ripe at theend of Auguft. 
 
 The Chancellor hath large, flightly ferrated 
 leaves. The Peach is about the fize of the Beau- 
 tiful Chevreufe, but rather rounder. The fl^in is 
 vpry thin, of a fine red on the funny-fide-, the 
 fiefh is white and melting, parts from the ftone, 
 and the juice is very rich and fugary. It ripens 
 with the former. 
 
 The leaves of Smith's Newington. are ferrated, 
 and the flowers are large and open. The fruit is 
 of a middle fize, of a fine red on the funny fide ; 
 the flefli while and firm, but very red at the ftone, 
 
 to 
 
224 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 to which it (licks clofely, and the juice has a pret- 
 ty good flavour. Ripens with the former. 
 
 The Montauhan hath ferrated leaves, and large 
 open flowers. The fruit is about the fize of the 
 former, of a purplifli red next the fun, but of a 
 pale one on the rtiady fide. The flefli is melting, 
 and white even to the fl:one, from which it fepa- 
 rates. The juice is rich, and well flavoured. It 
 ripens a little before the former. 
 
 The Malta hath deeply ferrated leaves, and the 
 flowers are large and open. The fruit is almoft 
 round, of a fine red next the fun, marbled with a 
 deeper red, but the fliady-fide is of a deep green. 
 The flefh is fine, v/hite, except at the fl:one, from 
 which it parts, where it is of a deep red ; the 
 juice is a little mufl<y. and agreeable. It ripens 
 at the end of Auguft, or beginning of Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 The Vineufe hath large, deep green leaves, and 
 full bright red fl.owcrs. The fruit is round, of a 
 middle fize ; the flcin is thin, all over red -, the 
 flefli fine and white, except at the fl:one, where it 
 is very red, and the juice is copious and vinous. 
 Ripe in the middle of September. 
 
 The Bellegarde hath fmooth leaves, and fmall 
 contrad:ed flowers. The fruit is very large, 
 round, and of a deep purple colour next the fun. 
 The flefh is white, parts from the flione, where it 
 is of a deep red, and the juice is rich and excel- 
 lent. It ripens early in September. 
 
 The Bcurdine hath large, fine green, plain leaves, 
 and fmall flelli-coloured contracted flowers. The 
 fruit is round, of a dark red next the fun, the flefli 
 white, except at the fl:one, where it is of a deep 
 red, and the juice is rich and vinous. Ripens 
 with the former. 
 
 The 
 
STONE FRUIT. 225 
 
 The Rojfanna hath plain leaves, and fmall con- 
 trafted flowers. The fruit is rather longer than 
 the Alberge, and fome count it only a variety of 
 the latter. The fiefh is yellow, and parts from 
 the (tone, where it is red -, the juice is rich and 
 vinous. Ripe early in September. 
 
 The Admirable hath plain leaves, and fmall con- 
 tradted flowers, which are of a pale red. The 
 iruit is very large and round j the flefli is firm, 
 melting, and white, parts from the ftone, and is 
 there red-, and the juice has a fweet, fugary, high 
 vinous flavour. Ripe early in September. 
 
 The Old Newington hath ferrated leaves, and 
 large open flowers. The fruit is large, of a fine 
 red next the fun •, the flefli is white, fl:icks clole 
 to the (tone, where it is of a deep red, and the 
 juice has an excellent flavour. It ripens jufl: after 
 the former. 
 
 The Royalh^iih plain leaves, and fmall contract- 
 ted flowers. The fruit is about the fize of the 
 Admirable^ and refembles it, except that it has 
 fometimes a few knobs or warts. The flefli is 
 white, melting, and full of a rich juice-, it parts 
 from the flione, and is there of a deep red. Ripe 
 about the middle of September. 
 
 The Rambotiillet hath leaves and flowers like 
 the Royal. The fruit is rather round than long, 
 of a middling fize, and deeply divided by a fur- 
 row. It is of a bright yellow on the fliady-fide, 
 but of a fine red on the other. The flefli is melt- 
 ing, yellow, parts from the fl:one, where it is of 
 a deep red, and the juice is rich and vinous. Ripe 
 with the former. 
 
 The Portugal hath plain leaves, and large open 
 
 flowers. The fruit is large, fpotted, and of a 
 
 Q^ beautiful 
 
226 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 beautiful red on the funny fide. The flefli is firm, 
 >white, flicks to the ftone, and is there red. The 
 ftone is fmall, deeply furrowed, and the juice is 
 rich and fugary. Ripe towards the end of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The Late Admirahle hath ferrated leaves, and 
 brownifh red fmall contrafted flowers. The fruit 
 is rather large and round, of a bright red next 
 the fun, marbled with a deeper. The fiefh is of 
 a greenifn-white, and flicks to the flone, where it 
 hath feveral red veins-, the juice is rich and vi-- 
 nous. Ripe about the middle of September. 
 
 The Nivette hath ferrated leaves, and fmall con- 
 tradled flowers. The fruit is large and roundifh, 
 of a bright red colour next the fun, but of a pale 
 yellow on the fliady-lide. The flefh is of a green- 
 iih-yellow, parts from the flone, where it is very 
 red, and is copioufly flored with a rich juice. It 
 ripens about the middle of September. 
 
 Venus's Nippk hath finely ferrated leaves, and 
 rofe- coloured, fmall contradled flowers, edged with 
 carmine. The fruit is of a middling fize, and has 
 a'rifing like a bread. It is of a faint red on the 
 fun-fide, and on the fhady one of a flraw- colour. 
 The flefh is melting, white, feparates from the 
 flone, where it is red, and the juice is rich and 
 fugary. Ripens late in September. 
 
 The Late Purple hath large, ferrated leaves, 
 which are varioufly contorted, and the flowers are 
 fmall and contracted. The fruit is round, large, 
 of a dark red on the funny-flde, and yellowifh on 
 the other. The flefh is melting, white, parts from 
 the flone, where it is red, and the juice is fweet 
 and high flavoured. Ripens with the former. 
 
 The Perftqtie hath large, very long indented 
 
 leaves, and fmall contradtcd flowers. The fruit 
 
 5 is 
 
STONE FRUIT. 227 
 
 is large, oblong, of a fine red next the fun •, the 
 flelli firm, white, but red at the ftone, juicy, and 
 of a high pleafant flavour. The ftalk has fre- 
 quently a fmall knot upon it. Ripe late in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The Catharine hath plain leaves, and fmall 
 flowers. The fruit is large, round, of a very 
 dark red next the fun. The flcfh white, firm, 
 fticks clofe to the fl:one, and is there of a deep red. 
 The juice is rich and pleafant. It ripens early in 
 Oftober. 
 
 The Monjlrous Pavy hath large, very flightly 
 ferrared leaves, and large, but rather contracted 
 flowers. The fruit is round, and very large, 
 whence its name. It is of a fine red on the funny 
 fide, and of a greenifli-whice on the other. The 
 flefh is white, melting, fticks clofe to the ftone, 
 and is there of a deep red. It is pretty full of 
 juice, which in dry feafons, is fugary, vinous and 
 agreeable. Ripe towards the end of Odiober. 
 
 The Bloody Peach hath rather large, ferrated 
 leaves, which turn red in Autumn, The fruit is 
 of a middling fize, the ftiin all over of a dull red, 
 and the flefli is red down to the ftone. The fruit 
 is but dry, and the juice rather ftiarp and bitter- 
 iih. It feldom ripens well in England, but is 
 welt worth cultivating notwithftandiag, for the 
 fruit bake and preferve excellent well. 
 
 NECTARINES. 
 
 Linnaeus makes the NeBaritie only a va- 
 riety of the Peach, for its having a fmooth 
 coat was only an accident originally There 
 ^re many varietits of it now cultivated; and 
 0^2 the 
 
:228 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 the following are fome of the moft efleemed 
 forts commonly planted in England. 
 
 1 The Elruge. 5 The Murrey. 
 
 2 The Newington. 6 The Italian. 
 
 3 The Scarlet. 7 The Golden. 
 
 4 The Roman. 8 The Templets. 
 
 The Elruge hath large ferrated leaves, and fmall 
 ■flowers. The fruit is of a middling fize, of a dark 
 purple colour next the fun, and of a greenifh 
 yellow on the fhady fide. The flefh parts from 
 the (lone, and has a foft, melting, good flavoured 
 juice. Ripe early in Auguft. 
 
 The "Newington hath ferrated leaves, and large 
 open flowers. The fruit is pretty large, of a beau- 
 tiful red on the funny fide, but of a bright yellow 
 on the other. The flefh flicks to the flone, is 
 there of a deep red colour, and the juice has an 
 excellent rich flavour. Ripe towards the end of 
 Auguft. 
 
 ^ The Scarlet is rather lefs than the former, of a 
 fine fcarlet colour next the fun, but fades to s. 
 pale red on the fhady fide. It ripens near the 
 time of the former. 
 
 The Roman, or Clujler Red Ne6larine, hath plain 
 leaves, and large flowers. The fruit is large, of 
 a deep red towards the fun, but yellowifli on the 
 fhady fide. The flefh is firm, fticks to the ftone, 
 and is there red ; the juice is rich, and has an 
 excellent flavour. Ripe about the end of Auguft. 
 
 The Murrey is a middling-fized fruit, of a dirty 
 red colour on the funny-fide, and yellowifli on the 
 fhady one. The flefli is firm, and tolerably well 
 flavoured. It ripens early in September. 
 
 The Italian Ne^farine hath fmooth leaves and 
 5 fmall 
 
STONE FRUIT. 229 
 
 fmall flowers ; the fruit is red next the fun, but 
 yellowifh on the other fide-, flelh firm, adheres 
 to the (tone, where it is red, and when ripe, which 
 is early in September, has an excellent flavour. 
 
 The Goldett Ne^larine has an agreeable red co- 
 lour next the fun, bright yellow on the oppofite 
 fide ; flefli very yellow, fl:icks to the ftone, where 
 it is of a pale red, has a rich flavour, and ripens 
 in September. 
 
 Temple's Ne£larine is of a middling fize, of a fair 
 red next the fun, of a yellowifh green on the other 
 fide •, flefh white near the (tone, from which it 
 feparates; ripens in September, and has a high 
 poignant flavour. 
 
 Peaches and Ne Marines are whole feme 
 fruits, and gently conftringe the ftomach, if 
 eaten when not too mellow. The flowers 
 of the former furnifli the fhops with an ex- 
 cellent fyrup for children, to whom it proves 
 both gently emetic and cathartic. 
 
 2 CoRNUs mafcula. Cornelian Cherry. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 171. 
 
 Cornus fylveftris mas, Bauh. Fin. 447. 
 
 This grows wild in the woods and hedges 
 in Aufl:ria. It is a flirubby plant, dividing 
 into many irregular branches, covered with 
 a rough bark , thefe fpread wide, and are 
 furnifhed with oval, veined leaves, not in- 
 dented on their edges, and are fharp-pointed. 
 The flowers come out in the fpring before 
 the leaves, and at the ends of the branches, 
 in diflindl umbels; they are fmall, yellowifh, 
 compoied of four petals each, with four 
 
 CL3 %'«• 
 
230 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 ftamina longer than the petals, and one 
 ftyle. The germen is round, feated below 
 the flower, and fwells to an umbilicated 
 oval berry, containing a nut with two cells, 
 Thefe fruits are about the fize of Cherries, 
 of a yellowifh red colour, and an auftere 
 flavour, are therefore feldom eaten frefli off 
 the bufhes, but are preferved to make tarts 
 and other devices. There is a variety of 
 this (hrub with white fruit. 
 
 3 Olea europea. Mdnured Olive. Lin, 
 
 Sp. pi. II. 
 
 Olea fativa. Bauh. Pin. 472. 
 
 This is an evergreen, and a native of 
 Auftria, but is cultivated in France, Spain, 
 Portugal, and Italy. It is rather of a flirubby 
 nature, frequently fending forth feveral 
 flems from the fame root, though fometimes 
 there is only one. The branches are round- 
 i£h, and furnillied with fpear-fhaped leaves, 
 of a bright green colour, and ftand oppofite. 
 The flowers are produced in fmall bunches 
 at the footftalks of the leaves ; they are 
 white, tubular, and cut into four fegments 
 at the brims. Each flower contains two 
 flamina, which are much Ihorter than the 
 petal, and one flender ftyle, crowned with a 
 limple ftigma. The germen is roundifli, 
 and turns to an oval plum, about the iize of 
 a pigeon's ^gg, and when ripe of a greenifli 
 black colour. 
 
 Thqfe plums are pickled, and fent to dif- 
 ferent 
 
STONE FRUIT. 231 
 
 ferent parts of Europe ; but they are a very 
 indifferent condiment, the oil with which 
 they abound, being apt to pall and relax 
 the ftomach. They vary very much in re- 
 gard to their nature, fize, and colour, and 
 this according to the foil and climate the 
 trees are planted in. Thofe raifed in Italy 
 are the fmalleft, have almoil an inljpid tafle, 
 and therefore are worth little. Thofe pro- 
 pagated in Spain are the largeff, but they 
 have a rank, difagreeable fmell and flavour. 
 The Provence Olives are of a fize between. 
 the two former, have a pleafant tafte, fur- 
 nifli the moft efteemed oil, and are the moil 
 valuable when pickled. 
 
 The greateft advantage arifing from the 
 cultivated Olive, is the abundance of oil 
 that is expreffed from the fruit; and this 
 oil is of three forts. The pureft and mofl 
 valuable is that which runs upon a flight 
 prefllire -, the next in goodnefs from the 
 fame Olives more fl:rongly prefled and 
 flightly heated ; and the lall and worlt from 
 the fame operation more forcibly repeated. 
 The great utility of this oil is fufficiently 
 known. 
 
 4 Prunus armeniaca. T^he Apricot, Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 679. 
 
 Mala armeniaca majora. Baiih. Pin. 442. 
 
 In what particular part this grows natu- 
 rally is not known. It rifes to a large tree, 
 0^4 with 
 
232 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 with wide extending branches, furniflied 
 with nearly heart-fhaped leaves. The flowers 
 have very fliort peduncles, and are compofed 
 of five roundifli petals, furrounding twenty 
 or more flamina, and one flyle. The va- 
 rieties of this fruit moil generally brought 
 to the table, are, 
 
 1 The Mafculine, 5 The 'Turkey. 
 
 2 The Orange. 6 1 he Alberge. 
 
 3 The Algier. 7 The Breda. 
 
 4 The Roman. 8 The Brujfels. 
 
 The Mafculine is a fmall, roundifh Jfricot, red 
 on the funny fide, and of a greeniih yellow on the 
 other. It puts forth a prodigious number of 
 flowers, and is the firfl: ripe of any. 
 
 The Orange is a larger fruit than the former, 
 and when ripe of a deep yellow colour. The 
 fiefh of this is not delicate, and therefore it is 
 more generally ufed for tarts. 
 
 The Algier is of an oval form, a little com- 
 prefTed on the fides, and of a pale yellow, or draw 
 colour when ripe. The iicfh is dry, and but badly 
 flavoured. 
 
 The Roman is a larger fruit than the former, 
 and not quite fo much flatted. The colour is 
 rather deeper, but the flefli is not fo dry, and 
 better flavoured. 
 
 The Turkey Apricot is round, and larger than 
 cither of the former. The flefli too is firmer, and 
 of a finer flavour. 
 
 The Alherge is a fmall, comprefl'ed fruit, of a 
 yellow colour on the funny fide, running into a 
 greenifli yellow on the other. 
 
 The 
 
STONE FRUIT. 233 
 
 The Breda is the beft fruit of all the forts. It 
 is large, roundifh, of a deep yellow colour on the 
 outfide, and of a gold colour within. The fleih 
 is foft, and full of a high flavoured juice. The 
 ftone is larger and rounder than in the others. 
 
 The Brujfels is a middling fized fruii, and fome- 
 what of an oval form. The fide next the fun is 
 red, with many dark fpots ; but on the fhady fide 
 it is of a greenifh yellow. The flefh is firm, and 
 of a very good flavour. It is the lateft ripe of all 
 the i^pricots. 
 
 5 P R u N u s av i u m . JVild Black Cherry, 
 Prunus umbellis feffilibus, foliis ovato- 
 lanceolatis conduplicatis fubtus pubefcen- 
 tibus. Lin. Sp. pi. 680. 
 
 This grows wild in the woods of Eno--' 
 land, where it arrives to a very large tree, 
 fending cut many fpreading branches, the 
 twi^s of which are furniflied with ciufters 
 of oval, ferrated leaves, ending in a plain, 
 fpear-fhaped point, and fupported by pur- 
 plifh footftalks, having two linear, toothed 
 ftipuls, or leaves at the bafe of each. The 
 leaves are downy on the underfide, with 
 many prominent ribs running almoft to the 
 margin. The flowers are produced in i^i- 
 file umbels, on long purplirfi peduncles, and 
 for the mofl: part come out by threes from 
 the centre of feveral fmall, fcaly, oval *, 
 concave leaves, having their upper furfaces 
 
 * Some of thefe are often cut into three lobes, both in 
 this and the following fpecies. 
 
 covered 
 
234 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 covered with fhort hairs, after the manner 
 of the leaves of the Sundew. Thefe ferve 
 as an involucrum to the umbel. Each 
 flower is compofed of five white, oblong, 
 fnipped petals, inferted into a fmall fmooth 
 calyx, confifting of five acute fegments, 
 which turn back to the peduncle, and are 
 of a bright purple colour at the infertion of 
 the petals. The fruits are fmall, nearly tgg- 
 ihaped, almoft black when ripe, and contain 
 a thick, fweet juice, which greatly tempt 
 the birds to deftroy them. Thefe fruits are 
 much ufed for making Cherry Brandy. 
 
 There is a fort growing in fome of the 
 woods in Norfolk, which appears to be a 
 variety of this ; its leaves are fmaller than 
 the above, more finely ferrated, are not 
 quite fo downy underneath, but the flipulae 
 and leaves of the involucrum are of the fame 
 form, and the infides of the latter are 
 equally hairy. The flowers are large, the 
 fruit fmall, red, egg-(liaped, and bitterifli. 
 
 The nurferymen fow the ftones of the 
 avium for railing fi:ocks to graft or bud the 
 other forts of Cherries upon ; and the ge- 
 neral opinion is, that the only garden-variety 
 procured by fowing the ftones, is the Black 
 Cor one. 
 
 There is a water kept in the fliops made 
 from the fruit of the Wild Black Cherry , and 
 has long been in much efteem among nurfes 
 ^s a remedy for convulfions in children, but 
 
 it 
 
STONE FRUIT. 235 
 
 it is with good reafon now almoft laid afide; 
 for it has been proved, that the diftUIed 
 water made from the (tones of thefe fruits 
 will poifon brutes very fuddenly, and as the 
 Ihop water mud imbibe fome of th^ per^ 
 nicious quality of the flones, though pro- 
 bably in a fmall degree, yet the quantity 
 may be fufficient to hurt the tender nerves 
 of infants, and thereby increafe the diforder 
 it was intended to cure. 
 
 6 Prunus cerafus. Wild Red Cherry. 
 
 Prunus umbellis fubfeflilibus, foliis ovato-» 
 lanceolatis conduplicatis glabris. Lin. Sp, 
 pi. 679. 
 
 This too grows in our woods and hedges, 
 is a much fmaller tree than the former, and 
 the bunches of flowers and leaves are fup- 
 ported on fhort woody footftalks. The 
 leaves are but little better than half the fize 
 of thofe of the avium, more acute towards 
 the footftalk, and are Tmooth and glofly on 
 the underiide, the ribs are lefs prominent, 
 but they are iludded with a few whitifh 
 hairs. The flowers are mofl:ly produced 
 four or five together; their peduncles are 
 fmooth, fhort, and of afliining green. The 
 fegments of the calyx are obtufe, the petals 
 roundifh, and very feldom fnipped. The 
 leaves of the involucrum are fhort, polifhed 
 on the outiide, and very flightly hairy on 
 the inner. The fruits arc round, red, to- 
 lerably 
 
236 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 lerably large, and of an acid flavour. Mr. 
 Hudfon now makes the avium only a variety 
 of this, but whoever will attend to the de- 
 fcriptions juft given, will certainly conclude 
 he is wrong, and be fully convinced they 
 are diftind fpecies. 
 
 Linnaeus and other late writers on botany 
 have fuppofed the cerafiis to be the parent 
 of all the cultivated Cherries, except the 
 Black Corone ', what induced them to con- 
 jedure this is difficult to guefs, as feveral of 
 the garden forts retain more of the original 
 properties of the avium, than they do of the 
 cerafus ; and particularly the Bleeding Heart, 
 the White Heart, the Black Heart, and the 
 Ox Heart, the leaves, flowers, and involucra 
 of which differ but very little from thofe of 
 the avium in its wild llate. Whether foil, 
 lituation, or their being conftantly budded 
 upon flocks raifed from the flones of the 
 latter, have any fliare in producing thefe 
 iimilitudes, is uncertain, but if they be 
 diflindl fpecies, why fhould not the one be 
 as liable to produce varieties as the other ? 
 The following are the names of the forts 
 commonly cultivated in England. 
 
 1 Tht Early May Cherry. 7 The White HearL 
 
 2 The May Duke. 8 The Black Heart. 
 
 3 The Archduke. 9 The Red Heart. 
 
 4 Holman's Duke. 10 The Ox Heart. 
 
 5 The White SpaniJJj. 11 The Bleeding Heart. 
 
 6 The Tellow Spanijh. 12 HarriforCs Heart. 
 
 13 Tradejcanf s 
 
STONE FRUIT. 237 
 
 13 Trade/cam's Cherry. 17 The Black Cor one. 
 
 14 T\\^ Late Archduke. 18 Tht Large Mazard. 
 
 15 The Lukeward. 19 The Carnation. 
 
 16 The Redj or Kentijh. 20 The Morello. 
 
 The fruit of moft of thefe varieties are well 
 known, and therefore 1 fhall omit their particular 
 defcriptions. 
 
 7 Prunus domeflica. The Plum-tree, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 680. 
 
 Prunus inermis, foliis lanceolato-ovatis. 
 Hort. cliff. 186. 
 
 This grows wild in our woods and hedges. 
 It is a fmaller tree than the former. The 
 leaves are oval, and Ipear- pointed. The 
 flowers moftly ftand fingly, and the branches 
 have no fpines. The cultivated varieties are 
 many, and fome of them have a moft ex- 
 cellent flavour, but are deemed not very 
 wholefome, and ought to be eaten fparing]/. 
 The following are fome of the moft efteemed 
 forts ; viz. 
 
 1 The White Primordian, 9 The White Perdigron. 
 
 2 The Early Black Da- 10 The BGnum- magnum* 
 
 mafk. 1 1 The Wlsite Mogul. 
 
 3 The Little Black Da- 12 T\\t Chejlon. 
 
 majk. 13 T\\t Apricot Plum. 
 
 4 The Great DamaJkVi- 14 Tht Maitre Claude, 
 
 olet. 1 5 The Red Diaper. 
 
 ■5 The Fotheringham. 16 The Small ^een 
 
 6 The Orlea7ts. Claude. 
 
 7 The Black Perdigron. 1 7 The Large ^ueen 
 
 8 The VioUt Perdigron. Claude. 
 
 18 The 
 
238 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 18 Tht Myrohakn. 25 The Late Red Da^ 
 
 1 9 The Date Plum. majk. 
 
 20 The Cloth of Gold. 16 T\it U^entworth. 
 
 21 The St. Cathatmt. 27 The Bricette. 
 
 22 The Royal Plum. 28 The JVhite Pear Plum. 
 
 23 1 he Brignole. 29 The Mufcle Plum. 
 
 24 The Emprefs. 30 The <S/. Julian. 
 
 The White Primordian is a yellow, fmall, longifh 
 Piiim, covered with a white flue. It is but an 
 indifferent fruit, and has only its earlinefs to re- 
 commend it, being ripe by the middle of July. 
 
 The Early Black Damajk is a round, middling- 
 fized Plum, divided with a furrow, and is of a 
 dark black colour, covered with a violet flue. 
 The fiefh is yellow, of a good flavour, and parts 
 from the ftone. Ripe the beginning of Auguft. 
 
 The Little Black' Damajk ripens juft after the 
 former. It is fmall, and covered with a light 
 violet bloom •, the flefh parrs from the fl:one, and 
 has a fweer, fugary juice. 
 
 The Great Dama/k Violet is inclining to an oval 
 fhape. The fkin is of a dark blue, covered with 
 a violet bloom. The fleih is yellow, parts from 
 the {lone, and the juice is richly fugared. Ripe 
 in the middle of Auguft. 
 
 The Fotheringham is of a blackifh red colour, 
 is rather of an oblong form, and deeply furrowed 
 in the middle. The fielh is firm, parts from the 
 ftone, and the juice is, very rich. Ripe with the 
 former. 
 
 The Orleans is a. round, middle-fized Plum, of 
 a blackifti red colour on the outfide, and of a 
 yeilowifti green within. The fleih is firm, parts 
 from the ftone, and has a tolerable good flavour. 
 Ripe with the former. 
 
 The 
 
STONE FRUIT. 239 
 
 The Black Perdigron is an oval, middle-fized 
 Plum, of a very dark colour, covered with a vi- 
 olet bloom. The flefh is firm, and copioufly 
 ftored with an excellent rich juice. Ripe at the 
 end of Auguft. 
 
 The Violet Perdigron. is a large, roundifh Plum^ 
 of a bluifh-red colour on the outfide. The flefh 
 is yellowifh, fticks to the flone, and the juice has 
 u moft exquifite rich flavour. Ripe with the 
 former. 
 
 The White Perdigron is an oval, middling-fized 
 fruit, of a yellow colour, covered with a white 
 bloom. The flelli is firm, and has an agreeable 
 fweetnefs. Kipe the end of Auguft. " 
 
 The Red Bonum-magnum is a large, deep- red, 
 oval Plum, covered with a fine bloom. The flefli 
 is firm, fticks to the ftone, and has an auftere, 
 acid flavoi^ir, on which account it is mofl;l"y ufed 
 for tarts. Ripe in September. 
 
 The IVhite Mogul is alfo a large, oval fruit, of a 
 yellowifli colour, covered with a white bloom. 
 The flefh is acid, and unpleafant raw, but it bakes 
 well. Ripe juft after the former. 
 
 The Chejion is an oval, middle-fized Plum, of 
 a dark blue colour, powdered with a violet bloom. 
 The juice is rich, and it is a great bearer. Ripe 
 about the middle of September. 
 
 The Apricot Plum is large, round, and yellow, 
 and is covered with a white bloom. The flefh js 
 firm, parts from the fl:one, and has a Cweet fla- 
 vour. Ripe foon after the former. 
 
 The Miiltre Claude^ as it is called in England, 
 is a middle-fized Plum, of a fine mixed colour, 
 between red and yellow, and is of a 'roundifh 
 figure. The flefh is firm, parts from the f'tbne^ 
 and has a good flavour. Ripe in September. " 
 
 The 
 
240 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 The Red Diaper is a large, round Plum, of a 
 reddifh colour, covered with a violet bloom. The 
 flefli has a very high flavour, and (licks to the 
 ftone. Ripe about the middle of September. 
 
 The Small ^leen Claude is a round, whitifh-yel- 
 low Plum, covered with a pearl-coloured bloom. 
 The flelh is thick, firm, parts from theftonCj and 
 the juice is richly fugared. Ripe with the former. 
 
 The Large ^een Claude is a middling-fized, 
 round, yellowith green fruit. The flefh is firm, 
 of a dark green colour, parts from the ftone, and 
 the juice has an exceeding rich flavour. This is 
 often confounded with the Green Gage, but it is a 
 better Plum. Ripe about the middle of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The Myrobalan is a round, middle-fized Plum, 
 of a dark purple colour, powdered with a violet 
 bloom. The juice is fweet, and it is ripe early in 
 September. 
 
 The Date Plum too is of a middle-fize, but 
 rather inclining to oblong. The fkin is of a 
 fine yellow, and frequently marked with bright 
 red fpots. The Ihady fide is green, with a white 
 bloom. Ripe in September. 
 
 ^hc Cloth of Gold is a rounder Plum than the 
 former, and more ftreaked with red. The fiefli 
 is yellow, and full of an excellent rich juice. Ripe 
 about the middle of September. 
 
 The St. Catharine is an oval fruit, a little flatted. 
 The fkin is of an amber colour, covered with a 
 whitifh bloom ; but the flefli is of a bright yellow, 
 firm, fticks to the ftone, and has an agreeable, 
 fweet flavour. Ripe juft after the former. 
 
 The Royal Plum is a large, oval fruit, and 
 pointed at the ftalk. It is of a light red colour, 
 covered with a whitifh bloom. The flefh fticks 
 
 to 
 
STONE FRUIT. 241 
 
 to the ftone, and has a plcafant, fugary juicCi 
 Ripe towards the end of September. 
 
 The Brignole is a large, oval Plum, of a yel- 
 lovvifh colour, mixed with red. The flefh is of a 
 bright yellow, is dry, but of an excellent tafte. 
 Ripe about the middle of September. 
 
 The Emprefs is rather a large, oval Plum, of a 
 violet colour, and thickly covered with a whitiih 
 bloom. The flefli is yellow, fticks to the ftone, 
 and has a very agreeable flavour. Ripe at the 
 end of September. 
 
 The Late Red Bamafk is amiddling-fized Plum, 
 of an oval form. It is of a deep red on the funny- 
 fide, and of a pale one on the other. The flclh is 
 yellowilli, melting, and of a good flavour. Ripe 
 late in September. 
 
 The JVentworth is a large, oval Plum, of a yellow 
 colour, and much refembles the Bonum-mdgnuni. 
 The flelh is yellow, parts from the ftone, and has 
 a fliarp, acid tafte. It ripens at the end of Sep- 
 tember, and is principally ufed for tarts. 
 . The Bricette is a fmail, yellowifli-green Plum, 
 powdered with a white bloom. The flefli is yellow, 
 fweet, but of a flattifli flavour. Ripe the begin- 
 ning of Oiflober. 
 
 The White Pear Phnn is a rather longifli, white 
 fruit, of an unpleafant, acid flavour, and therefore 
 not proper to eat raw, but is a good fruit for pre- 
 fcrving. It comes fo late that it feldom ripens 
 well. 
 
 The Mufcle is an oblong, pointed Plum, of a 
 dark blue colour. The Itone is large, and the flefli 
 thin. There are feveral forts of the Mufcle Plum, 
 as the Black, the Red, and the White, but they 
 have all but an indelicate flavour. 
 
 The 6"/. Julian is a fniall, dark violet-colonred 
 R Plum, 
 
242 S T O N E F R U I T. 
 
 Plnm, covered with a mealy bloom. The flefii 
 flicks to the flone, and in fine autumns the fruit 
 will dry upon the trees. Thefe laft three forts 
 are raifed more for flocks to bud upon, than for 
 their fruits. 
 
 8 Prunus infititia. T^he Bullace - tree, 
 Lin, Sp. pi. 680. 
 
 Pruna fylveflria praecocia. B&iih. Fin. 
 444. ^ 
 
 This grows wild in our hedges. The 
 flowers are moflly produced two together. 
 The leaves are more oval than thofe of the 
 domejllcciy are downy underneath, and the 
 edges are rolled inward. The branches are 
 a little fpiny. The Black Bullace is too 
 well known to require a defcription. There 
 are two varieties of it, the Red and the 
 White Bullace. 
 
 9 Rhamnus zizyphus, Cojnmon ju- 
 jube. Lin. Sp. pi. 282. 
 
 Jujuba fylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 446. 
 
 The Common 'Jujube is a native of the 
 warm parts of Europe. It hath a flifF 
 woody ftem, which divides into many ir- 
 regular branches, fet with erecfl fpines in 
 pairs. The leaves are of an oblong-oval 
 form, fmooth, and flightly ferrated on the 
 edges ; they are about two inches long, and 
 ftand upon fliort footftalks. The flowers 
 are produced by two or three at a place; 
 5 ^re 
 
STONE FRUIT. 243 
 
 are yellowifh, funnel-fhaped, have no calyx, 
 and are cut into five fegments at their brims. 
 Each includes five awl - fhaped ftamina, 
 faftened to the bafe of the petal, and tw^o 
 flender flyles, crowned with two obtufe 
 ftigmata. The germen becomes an oval 
 Plum, inclofing a ftone with two cells, each 
 having an oblong feed. 
 
 The fruit are about the fize of Olives, of 
 a yellowish red colour, fweetifh, and a little 
 clammy. In the winter feafon they are 
 ferved up at table in Spain and Italy, as a 
 dry fweetmeat. They were formerly kept 
 in the fliops, by the name of Jujubes, and 
 flood recommended againft coughs, afth- 
 mas, pleurifies, and heat of urine ; but are 
 feldom to be met with at prefent. 
 
 SECT. IL 
 
 Stone Fruit Exotic. 
 
 1 /^Hryfobalanus icaco. Cocoa Plum. 
 
 2 ^^ Coccoloba uvifera. Sea-Jide Grape, 
 
 or Sea-Jide Mangrove. 
 
 3 Cordia myxa. Cliijiered Sebejien, or 
 
 AJfyrian Plum. 
 
 4 Cordia febeftena. Rougl:r- leaved Sebejien, 
 
 5 Corypha umbraculifera. Umbrella Palm, 
 
 6 Elais guineenfis. Oil Palm, 
 
 R 2 7 Eugenia 
 
244 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 7 Eugenia jambos. Malabar Plum. 
 
 8 Grias cauliflora. Anchovy Fear. 
 
 9 Laurus perfea. Avigato Pear. 
 
 10 Mangifera indica. Mango-tree. 
 
 11 Phcenix dactyl ifera. Common Date, 
 
 12 Rhamrius jujuba. Indian 'Jujube. 
 
 13 Spondias lutea. Tellow Jamaica Plum, 
 
 I Chrysobalanus icaco. Cocoa Plum, 
 Lin. Sp. />/. 681. 
 
 This tree is a native of South America, 
 
 growing there in many parts near the lea. 
 
 It is a ilirubby plant, not rifmg more than 
 
 eight or ten feet high, and fending out 
 
 many fide branches, covered with a dark 
 
 brown bark, fpotted with white; thefe are 
 
 furniilied with ftiff, rough leaves, which 
 
 are fnipped at their ends into the form of 
 
 an inverted heart, and ftand in an alternate 
 
 »rder on fliort footftalks. Both at the 
 
 wings of the leaves, and divifions of the 
 
 branches, the fiowers are produced in loofe 
 
 panicles. They are fmall and white, confift 
 
 of a bell-ll:iaped calyx each, cut into five 
 
 fpreading parts at the brim, containing five 
 
 oblong petals, inferted by their bafes into 
 
 the calyx. The ftamina are ten, or more, 
 
 tipped with yellow fummits j thefe furround 
 
 a long ftyle, fitting upon an oval germen, 
 
 and crowned with an obtufe fi:igma. 
 
 The fruit are about the fize of fmall 
 
 Olives, and of various colours, fome being 
 
 3 whitifh. 
 
STONE FRUIT. 245 
 
 vvhitiOi, fome brown, ibme blue, and others 
 blackifli. The ftone is fhaped like a pear, 
 and has five longitudinal furrows. The 
 Plums have a fweet lulcious taflie, and are 
 brought to the tables of the inhabitants 
 where they grow, by whom they are much 
 efteemed. 
 
 2 CoccoLOBA uvifera. Sea-Jide Grape. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 523. 
 
 Populus americana rotundifolia. Baiih, 
 Pin. 430. 
 
 The Sea-Jide Grape grows upon the fandy 
 fliores of mod of the Weft India illands, 
 where it fends up many woody ftems, eight 
 or ten feet high, covered with a brown 
 fmooth bark, and furnillied vv'ith thick, 
 veined, iliining orbicular leaves, five or fix 
 inches diameter, ftanding upon fliort foot- 
 ftalks. The flowers come out at the wings 
 of the fialks, in racemi of five or fix inches 
 long ; they are wiiitill:!, have no petals, but 
 each is compofed of a monophyllous calyx, 
 cut at the brim into five dblong, obtufefeg- 
 ments, which fpread open, continue, and 
 furround feven or eight awl-ihaped fi:amina, 
 and three (liort fi:yles, crowned with fimple 
 fligmata. The germen is oval, and becomes 
 a riefhy fruit, wrapped round by the calyx, 
 and includes an oval nut, or ftone. 
 
 Thefe Plums are about the fize of Goofe- 
 
 berries, of a purple red colour, and a tole- 
 
 R 3 rable 
 
246 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 rable good flavour. There are fome other 
 fpecies of this genus whofe fruits are eaten 
 by the inhabitants where they grow, but 
 they are fnialler, and not fo well tafted. 
 
 3 CoRDiA myxa. Ajjyrian Plum, Lin. 
 Sp. pL 273. 
 
 Sebeftena fylveftris et domeftica. Baub, 
 Pin. 446. 
 
 The Cultivated Sebejlen grows wild in 
 Aflyria and Egypt, and alfo on the co^ift of 
 Malabar. It rifes to the height of a mid- 
 dling Plum-tree, and its branches are fur- 
 nifhed with oval, woolly leaves, ftanding 
 without order. The flowers are produced 
 in bunches, are white, and confiil: of one 
 tubular petal, and a like calyx, nearly of an 
 equal length, and both are cut into five 
 parts at their brims. In their centre are 
 five very fmall fl:amina, and one flender 
 flyle, crowned with an obtufe ftigma. The 
 germen is roundifh, and fwells to a Plum 
 of the fame form, and about the flze of a 
 Damfon, of a dark brown colour, a fweet 
 tafte, and very glutinous. 
 
 Thefe Plums were formerly kept in the 
 fliops, and were accounted good for ob- 
 tunding acrimony, and thereby fl:opping 
 defluxions of rheum upon the lungs j but 
 at prefent they are little ufed for thefe pur- 
 pofes. 
 
 In fome parts of Turky they cultivate 
 
 this 
 
STONE FRUIT. 247 
 
 this tree in great abundance, not only for 
 the fake of the fruit to eat, but to make 
 bird-lime of, which is a vail: article of trade 
 in a town called Seid. 
 
 4 CoRDiA febeftena. Rough-leaved Se- 
 hejien. Lin. Sp. pL 271. 
 
 Cordia foliis amplioribus hirtis, tubo 
 floris fubiequali. Browne's J am » 202. 
 
 This grows naturally in both the Indies, 
 and fends forth feveral flirubbv ftalks eiojht 
 or ten feet high. The young leaves are 
 ferrated, but the full grown ones are not. 
 They are of an oblong-oval form, rough, of 
 a deep green on the upper fide, and fland 
 alternately on (liort footllalks. The flowers 
 terminate the branches in large clufters, 
 are nearly of the (hape and colour of thofe 
 of the Marvel of Peru, and make a moll 
 beautiful appearance. Each has five lla- 
 mina, and one bifid lliyle. The Plums are 
 much of the fhape of thofe of the myxa, and 
 are eaten in the fame manner. 
 
 The fruit of this tree is lefs valuable than 
 the wood, a fmall piece of which thrown 
 upon a clear fire will perfume a room with 
 a moft agreeable odour. 
 
 5 CoRYPHA umbraculifera. Umbrella 
 Pahn. Lin.Sp.pl. 1657. 
 
 Palma montana, folio plicatili flabelli- 
 R 4 formi 
 
248 S T O N E F R U I T. 
 
 formi maximo femel tantuni fnugifera. 
 Raii Hiji. 1363. 
 
 This is a Ipecies of Palm^ and a native of 
 India, where it is called Codda-pana. It 
 rifes to a conliderable height, and produces 
 at the top many large palmated, plaited 
 leaves, the lobes of which are very long, 
 and are placed regularly round the end of a 
 long fpiny footftalk, in a manner reprefent-^ 
 ing a large umbrella. The flowers are pro- 
 duced on a branched fpadix, from a com^ 
 pound fpatha or {heath ; they are herma- 
 phrodite, and each confifts of one petal, di- 
 vided into three oval parts, and contains fix 
 awl-jfhaped ftamina, furrounding a (hovt 
 flender ftyle, crowned with a limple flig- 
 ma. The germen is nearly round, and be^ 
 comes a large g-lobular fruit of one cell, in- 
 eluding a large round ftone. Thefe Plums 
 having a pleafant flavour are held in efleem 
 by the Indians. 
 
 6 Elais guineenfis. Oil Palm. Lin. 
 Syji. Nat. 730. 
 
 Palma frondibus pinnatis ubique aculeatis 
 nigricantibus, fru6lu majore. Mill. DiSi. 
 
 This too is a fpecies of Palm, and grows 
 fpontaneoully on the coaft of Guinea, but is 
 much cultivated in the Weft-Indies. It 
 rifps to forty or fifty feet high, bearing at 
 the top many winged leaves, the lobes of 
 
 which 
 
S T O N E F R U I T. 249 
 
 which are long, narrow and flexible. The 
 footftalks of the leaves clafp the flem with 
 their broad bales, from which they regularly 
 diminilh upward, and are all the way fet 
 with ftrong, recurved, blackifh fpines. The 
 flowers are male and female in feparate 
 bunches, and come out between the leaves ; 
 thofe of the male are monopetalous, cut at 
 their brim into fix fegments, and each has 
 a fix-leaved calyx ; in the centre are fix 
 flender fi:amina longer than the petal. The 
 females have likewife a fix-leaved calyx and 
 fix difliind: petals, including three lligmata. 
 The germen is oval, and fwells to a fruit 
 fomewhat bigger than an Olive of a yellow 
 colour, and contains a ftone with three 
 valves. 
 
 Thefe fruits are copioufiy fi:ored with a 
 fweet lufcioQS oil, which the Indians are 
 very fond of, and their manner of extrad:- 
 ing it, is to roail the fruit in the embers, 
 and then fuck the oil out of them. But for 
 the purpofe of keeping, they draw the oil 
 in the fame manner as the Europeans do that 
 of Olives, and ufe it in diet as we do butter. 
 It is of the confillence of an ointment, of an 
 orange colour, a pleafant tafi:e, of no dif- 
 agreeable fmell, and enters our materia me- 
 dica as an emollient, and a llrengthener of 
 all kind of v/eaknefs of the limbs. It alfo 
 flands recommended againfh bruifes, ftrains, 
 cramps, pains, fwellings, &c. 
 
 The 
 
250 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 The Indians anoint their bodies with this 
 oil, not only to prevent a too plentiful per- 
 fpiration, but to lupple their ftiffened fibres, 
 and to render their fkins foft and lleek. 
 The ilones of the fruit contain agreeable- 
 ilavoured kernels, which the Negroes fcoop 
 out, and then firing the fhells in the manner 
 of beads, in order to wear about their necks. 
 This is a valuable tree to the inhabitants, 
 for befides the benefits already mentioned to 
 accrue from it, they alfo extract a liquor 
 from the body, which they ferment into an 
 intoxicating drink, called Palm-wine. 
 
 J Eugenia jambos. Malabar Plum. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 672. 
 
 Perfici ofiiculo fru6tus malaccenfis ex can- 
 dido rubefcens. Bauh. Pin. 441. 
 
 This is a very tall tree, and a native of 
 India. The body is covered with a greyifh 
 bark, and it fends out many fpreading 
 branches, in the manner of the Walnut. 
 The leaves are oblong, entire, fharp-point- 
 ed, of a deep green on their upper fide, 
 of a pale one underneath, and are five or fix 
 inches long. The flowers come forth at 
 the ends of the twigs, on branched pedun- 
 cles. Each is compofed of a monophyllous 
 calyx, cut into four obtufe fegments; and 
 four oblong, obtufe petals, twice the 
 length of the calyx, with many ftamina in- 
 ferted into them. The germen is feated 
 
 underneath ^ 
 
STONE FRUIT. 251 
 
 underneath ; it is top-ihaped, fupports a 
 ftyle longer than the flamina, and becomes 
 a fruit about the lize of a fmall Pe.r, hav- 
 ing one cell, containing a rounaifh ilone. 
 
 The fruit vary in their colour from a fiefli 
 to a dark red, and fmell like Rofes. On the 
 coaft of Malabar, where the trees grow plen- 
 tifully, thefe plums are in great efteem. 
 They are not only eaten frefh off the trees, 
 but are preferved with fugar, in order to 
 have them at table at all times in the year. 
 Of the flowers they make a conferve, as we 
 do of Rofes, which is ufed medically for 
 the fame purpofes as the latter is. 
 
 8 Grias cauliflora. Anchovy Fear. Lin. 
 
 Calophyllum foliis tripedalibus obovatis, 
 floribus per caulem et ramos fparlls. Browne s 
 Jam. 245. 
 
 The Anchovy Pear is a native of Jamai- 
 ca. The leaves are nearly oval, and about 
 three feet long. It hath a ftraight flera, 
 upon the upper part of which come forth 
 the flowers, each compofed of a monophyl- 
 lous calyx, containing four roundifli, fliff", 
 concave petals, and many briftly flamina, 
 inferted into the calyx. The germen is de- 
 prelTed, funk in the calyx, has no ftyle, 
 but fupports a crofs-fhaped ftigma. The 
 fruit is large, and contains a ftone with eight 
 furrows. 
 
 Thefe 
 
252- STONE FRUIT. 
 
 Thefe fruits are eaten by the inhabitants, 
 but their flavour or quality I know nothing 
 of. 
 
 9 Laurus perfea. Avigato Pear. Lin. 
 
 Sp.pl. S'2-9'^ . 
 
 Pyro fimilis frudtus in Nova Hifpania, 
 nucleo magno. Bauh. Pm. 439. 
 - The Avigato Pear is a native of the Weft- 
 India Iflands, and is a large tree, growing 
 thirty or forty feet high. The trunk is co- 
 vered with a fmooth a{h-coloured bark, and 
 the branches are furnifhed with large leaves 
 like thofe of Laurel, but of a tougher tex- 
 ture ; thefe are of a deep green colour, and 
 continue the year through. The flowers 
 are moftly produced near the extremities of 
 the branches ; they are of a dirty yellow 
 colour, and agreeable fmell, have no calyx, 
 but each is compofed of flx oval, fharp- 
 pointed, fpreading petals, furrounding nine 
 flamina, (three of which are often imper- 
 fed) about half the length of the petals, 
 and one lliort ftyle. The germen is Pear- 
 fhaped, and fwells to a large flefhy fruit of 
 the fame form, covered with a fl:rong, tough 
 fkin or fliell, which is fmooth, of a beau- 
 tiful green at firft, but when ripe of a yel- 
 low colour, and contains a pale green pulp, 
 that melts in the mouth like marrow, which 
 it greatly refembles in flavour, and is very 
 nourilhing. Dr. Bancroft fays it is the moft 
 
 nutritious 
 
STONE FRUIT. 25^ 
 
 nutritious of all the tropical fruits. V/ith- 
 in is a large, roundilh, ruffet- coloured 
 wrinkled nut, without any kernel. 
 
 Though this tree is faid to be a native 
 of the Weft-Indies, yet it is probable it 
 was originally brought thither from New 
 Spain, where it grows in great abundance, 
 and is of great ufe to the inhabitants. The 
 unripe fruit have but little tatle, neverthe- 
 lefs, they being very falubrious, and of a 
 refrefliing comfortable nature, are frequently 
 brought to table, and eaten with fait and 
 pepper. The failors, when they arrive at 
 the Havanna and thofe parts, purchafe 
 plenty of thefe fruits, and chopping them 
 into fmall pieces with green Capficums and 
 a little fait, regale themfelves moft heartily 
 with them. 
 
 As the pulp is very foft and delicious in 
 the ripe fruit, the inhabitants often break 
 the fliells and fcoop out the marrow with a 
 tea-fpoon -, but the moft common method 
 is to ferve it up to table on a plate, mixed 
 with fugar, rofe-water, and the juice of 
 Limes, which render it quite delicate, and 
 in this form it warms and fortifies the fto- 
 mach, and is counted good againft dyfen- 
 teries. 
 
 Of the buds of this tree a ptifan is made; 
 which is deemed excellent againft the vene- 
 real difeafe; and an infufion of them, drank 
 in a morning fafting, is ftrongly recom- 
 mended 
 
254 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 mended for dillodging coagulated blood in 
 the ilomach, produced there by means of a 
 ftroke or fall. The wild hogs greedily de- 
 vour the fruit of this tree, and thofe of the 
 Mammea, which give their flefh a moft 
 agreeable and lufcious flavour. 
 
 lo Mangifera indica. Mango-tree. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 290. 
 
 Perlicas flmilis putamine villofo. Baiih. 
 Pin. 440. 
 
 The Mango-tree grows naturally on the 
 coaft of Malabar, but is cultivated almofl 
 all over Afia. It is a large fpreading tree, 
 having the branches thickly fet with long, 
 narrow leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe 
 of the Peach, but larger. The flowers come 
 out in compound racemi, are compofed of 
 live white, fpear-fhaped petals each, fur- 
 rounding five awl-fhaped fl:amina, longer 
 than the petals, and tipped with heart- 
 fhaped fummits. The germen is roundifli, 
 fupports one flender fl:yle, crowned with a 
 Ample fl:igma, and fwells to a kind of kid- 
 ney-fliaped fruit, about the flze of a Peach, 
 and covered with a foft downy flcin of like 
 nature. 
 
 Thefe fruits when ripe are juicy, of a good 
 flavour, and are fo fragrant, as to perfume 
 the air to a confiderable difl:ance. They 
 are eaten either raw, or preferved with fu- 
 gar. Their tafl:e is fo lufcious that they 
 
 foon 
 
STONE FRUIT. 255 
 
 foon pall the appetite. The unripe fruits 
 are pickled in the milk of the Cocoa Nut 
 that has ftood till four with fait, Caplicum, 
 and garlick, and thus managed they are eat- 
 en in the manner of Mango, and are faid to 
 have a pleafant flavour. 
 
 II Phoenix dadtylifera. Common Date. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1658. 
 
 Palma dadtylifera major vulgaris. Sloan, 
 yam. 174. 
 
 The Date-tree is a fpecies of Palm, and 
 grows plentifully in Africa and moil: parts of 
 India. It hath a fort of pithy trunk, which 
 in fome places rifes to near an hundred feet. 
 This is round, flraight, and fludded with 
 protuberances, which are the veftiges of de- 
 cayed leaves -, for as the tree advances in 
 height, the old leaves fall off. When the 
 tree is arrived to a bearing ftate, the leaves 
 at the top are fix or eight feet long, extend- 
 ing all round like an umbrella, and regu- 
 larly bending towards the earth. They 
 are pinnated, with lobes near a yard long, 
 about an inch broad, fharpifli pointed, and 
 of a bright green colour. The trees are 
 male and female in diflind: plants. The 
 flowers of both come out between the 
 leaves ; thofe of the male are produced on a 
 long branched fpadix, ilTuing from a large 
 fpatha, and are compofed of a fmall tripar- 
 tite 
 
256 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 tite * calyx, containing three oval, whit6 
 petals, and three very fhort Itamina, tipped 
 with long, four-fquare fummits. The fe- 
 male flov/ers come out in the fame manner 
 as the former, and much refemble them, 
 but have a roundifh germen, fupporting a 
 Ihort ftyle, crowned with an acute ftigma. 
 When thefe fall they are fucceeded by fruit 
 about the fize of Olives, but of different 
 calls and colours on the outlide, and con- 
 tain a yellowifh, agreeable-flavoured pulp, 
 in the midft of which is a round, hard Hone, 
 of an a(h-colour, and marked with deep fur- 
 rows. 
 
 Unripe Dates are rather rough and aftrin- 
 gent, but when they are perfectly matured, 
 they are much of the nature of the Fig, 
 The Senegal £)^/£'j- are deemed the belt, 
 they having a more fugary agreeable flavour 
 than thofe produced at Egypt, and other 
 places. This tree is of ineltimable value to 
 the inhabitants where it grows, almofl: every 
 part ferving fome (economical purpofe. . Dr. 
 Hafl^elquifl:'s relation of it is as follows : 
 
 *' In Upper Egypt many families fubflfl: 
 almofl: entirely upon Dates; in' Lower E- 
 gypt they do not eat fo many, rather choof- 
 ing to fell them. The Egyptians make a 
 conferve with frefh Dates, mixing: them 
 
 * Cut into three parts. 
 
 with 
 
S T O N E F R U I T. 257 
 
 with fugar j this has an agreeable tafle. 
 The kernels of the Dates are as hard as 
 horn, and no one would imagine that any- 
 animal would eat them. But the Egyp- 
 tians break them, and grind them in their 
 mills, and, for want of better food, give 
 them to their Camels, who eat them. In 
 Barbary, they turn beads for pater-nollers, 
 of thefe ftoncs. Of the leaves they make 
 bafkets, or Ihort bags, wh ch are ufed in 
 Turkey, on journies, or in their houfes^ 
 In Egypt they make fly-flaps of them, con- 
 venient enough to drive away thefe nume- 
 rous infecfts, which much incommode a man 
 in this country. 1 have likewife feen brullies 
 made of them, with which they clean their 
 fofl^as and cloaths. The hard boughs they 
 ufe for fences round their gardens, and 
 cages to keep their fowls in, with which 
 they carry on a great traffick. They alfo 
 ufe the boughs for other things in hufband- 
 ry, inftead of wood, v^^hich they are defti- 
 tute of. The trunk or ilem is fpiit, and 
 ufed for the fame purpofes as the branches,; 
 they even ufe it for beams to build houfes, 
 as they are ftrong enough for fmall buildings. 
 It is likewife ufed for firing, where there is 
 want of better. The integument, which 
 covers the tree between the boughs, entirely 
 refembles a web, and has threads, which 
 run perpendicularly and horizontally over 
 one another; this is of confiderable ufe in 
 
 S Egypt, 
 
258 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 Egypt, for of it they make all the rope they 
 ufe to their cifterns, &c. They have alfo 
 rigging of the fame kind for their fmaller 
 veffels ; it is pretty ftrong and lafting. 
 They reckon in Egypt, that Date - trees 
 afford to their owners a Sequin * annually 
 of profit for each tree. It is common to 
 fee two, three, or four hundred fruit- 
 bearing trees all belonging to one family, 
 and one may fometimes fee three or four 
 thoufand in the poffeflion of one man, 
 which, at the above rate, bring in a confi- 
 derable revenue to their owner, for the lit- 
 tle fpot of ground they occupy. A full 
 grown Date-tree does not, at moft, take up 
 above four feet in diameter, fo that they 
 may be planted within eight feet of each 
 other." 
 
 The Date-tree, as has been fhewn in the 
 defcription, is male and female in diftind: 
 plants, and the hufbandry pradlifed by the 
 cultivators of thefe trees, in order to be 
 fure of a crop, is one of the main pillars 
 that fupport the fexual fyftem ; for, un- 
 lefs the flowers of the female be impreg- 
 nated by thofe of the male, the crop will be 
 very fcanty, and the quality of the fruit in- 
 ferior, nor will the flones of fuch Dates 
 vegetate when fown. It greatly behoves 
 
 * A Sequin in Egypt is worth about nine (hillings flerling, 
 and allowing nine feet for every tree (which is one foot mare 
 than Haflelquill mentions) an acre of land would contain 
 1613 trees, and produce to the owner 725 pounds annually. 
 
 female 
 
STONE FRUIT. 
 
 259 
 
 the hufbandman, therefore, to fee that his 
 female trees are plentifully fupplied with 
 the farina of the male, and as the manner 
 of performing this is curious, and may be 
 new to many readers. Dr. Haffelquift's re- 
 lation of it may not prove unacceptable. In 
 a letter to Dr. Linnaeus, dated at Alexandria. 
 
 ** The firft thing I did, fays he, after 
 
 my arrival in Egypt, was to fee the Date- 
 tree ; the ornament, and a great part of the 
 riches of this country. It had already blof- 
 fomed, but I had, neverthelefs, the pkafure 
 of feeing in what manner the Arabs aflift 
 its fecundation, which is as follows : when 
 the fpadix, or receptacle of the Date, bears 
 female flowers, they fearch on a iniAt Date-' 
 tree for a fpadix, which has not yet burft, 
 or been protruded from its iheath ; this they 
 open, take out its fpadix, and cut it length- 
 ways in feveral pieces, taking care not to 
 hurt the flowers ; a piece of this fpadix 
 with male flowers, is put lengthways be- 
 tween the fmall branches of the fpadix with 
 female flowers, over which is laid a Date- 
 leaf. In this fltuation I yet faw the greated 
 part of the fpadkes, or heads of flowers, 
 v.'hich bore their young fruit; but the 
 male flowers, which were intermingled 
 with the female, were withered. The Arab, 
 who informed me of thefe particulars, gave 
 me likewife the following anecdotes. Firfl-, 
 unlefs they wed, and fecundate the Date' 
 S 2 /^f-a 
 
26o STONE FRUIT. 
 
 tree in this manner, it bears no fruit *. 
 Secondly, they always take the precaution to 
 preferve Ibme unopened fpaths with male 
 flowers, from one year to another, to be 
 applied for this purpofe, in cafe the male 
 flowers fhould mifcarry, or fuffer damage. 
 Thirdly, if they permit the fpadix of the 
 male flowers to burfl:, or come out, it be- 
 comes ufelefs for fecundation : it mufl: have 
 the] maidenhead, fay the Arabs, which is 
 loft in the fame moment the bloflbms burfl 
 out of their cafe. The perfon, therefore, 
 who cultivates Date-treeSj muft be careful 
 to hit the proper time of aflifl:ing their 
 fecundation, which is almoft the only ar- 
 ticle in their cultivation." 
 
 12 Rhamnus jujuba. Indian yujube. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 282. 
 
 The Indian jujube is a fmaller tree than 
 the Zlzyphusy defcribed in the laft Sect. 
 The branches of this are covered with a 
 yellowifli bark, and the fpines are bent, and 
 fland flngly, v^hereas thofe of the Zlzyphus 
 are flraight, and placed two together. The 
 leaves are almoft round, woolly underneath, 
 
 * This muft be underllood, that it bears no fruit of a 
 good quality, and fuch as the feeds will not vegetate when 
 fown, by reafon they want the punBum njita, the fime as 
 eggs laid without the afliftance of a cock ; which, though 
 they may appear perfciht in every refpeft, yet wanting the 
 fpecic of life, can never be brought one jot the forwarder by 
 the incubation of the hen. 
 
 ' "^ and 
 
STONE FRUIT. 261 
 
 and notched at the footftalks. The flowers 
 come out in clufters, fome having two 
 flyles, others only one. The fruit are al- 
 inoft globular, and have been by many fup- 
 pofed to be the true Sebeften of the (hops, 
 but Linnasus and his difciples have amply 
 proved the contrary, and fliewn that the 
 fhop Sebeften is the fruit of the Zizypbus. 
 
 13 Spondias lutea. Yellow Jamaica 
 Flum. Lin. Sp. pi. 613. 
 
 Spondias foliis plurimis pinnatis ovatis, 
 racemis terminalibus, cortice interno ru- 
 bente. Browne s yam. 229. 
 
 This tree is a native of America, and it 
 is highly probable it grows alfo in the Eafh 
 Indies. It is of fmall flature, feldom riline 
 more than twelve or fourteen feet, breaking 
 into many branches, which are furniilied 
 with pinnated leaves, compofed of a great 
 number of ferrated pinn^ie, placed alternately 
 along the midrib, which is terminated by 
 an odd one. The flowers are produced at 
 the ends of the branches, in long racemi, 
 they are of a pale yellow colour, and each 
 conlifls of a fort of bell-fliaped calyx, cut 
 into five fegments, together with five oblong, 
 plain, fpreading petals, furrounding ten 
 briftly fl:amina, Ihorter than the petals, and 
 five Ihort, perpendicular iryles, crowned 
 with obtufe fl:igmata. The germen is oval, 
 and becomes an oblong fruit, of a pale 
 S 3 yellow 
 
262 STONE FRUIT. 
 
 yellow colour, covered with a mealy farina, 
 and contains a woody, fibrous ilone, having 
 five cells. 
 
 Thefe Plums have a fweet lufcious tafte, 
 but are thinly furnifhed with fleili, other- 
 wife they would be much more valued; 
 they are, however, in general efteem among 
 the inhabitants of the Weft India illands, 
 and are of great ufe to the hogs, being their 
 principal food all the time they are in 
 feafon. 
 
 It is probable thefe Plums were one of 
 the forts of Myrobalans formerly kept in 
 the (hops, which confiilied of five different- 
 fpecies. There is another tree of this genus, 
 natural to the Eaft Indies, and differs little 
 from this, but in the colour of the fruit, 
 which is purple, and therefore it is not un- 
 likely but this was another of the (hop My- 
 robalans, as one fort of them was of this 
 colour. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ ^^l ] 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ^ESCULENT APPLES*. 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Apples of Herbaceous Plants. 
 
 I y^UCUMIS melo. Miijk Melon. 
 
 \^_j — ' inelo albiis. Spanifli 
 
 White Melon. 
 
 77jelo Icevis. Smooth, green- 
 
 fleflied Melon. 
 
 melo flavus. Yellow Winter 
 
 Melon. 
 
 melo parvus. Small Portugal 
 
 Mullc Melon. 
 melo pilofiis. Hairy -fkinned 
 
 Melon. 
 melo reticiilatus. Netted- 
 
 fkinned Melon. 
 melo firiatus. Late fmall 
 
 ftriated Melon. 
 
 melo tiiberojus. Warted Can- 
 
 taleupe. 
 
 * Linnaeus defines an Apple to be a pulpy feed-ve/Tel, 
 without a valve; and containing within it a membranous 
 capfule, with feveral cells to receive the feeds. 
 
 S 4 Cucumis 
 
264 APPLES. 
 
 Cucumis melo turbmatus. Top-fliape(i 
 
 Melon. 
 — melo virens. Green rinded 
 
 Melon. 
 
 2 Cucumis chate. Egyptian Melon, 
 
 3 Cucumis fativus. Common prickly Cu" 
 
 cumber. 
 fativus albus. White prickly 
 
 Cucumber. 
 _- Jativus longus. Long prickly 
 
 Cucumber. 
 
 4 Cucumis flexuofus. Green Turkey Cu-. 
 
 cumber. 
 
 flexuofus albus. White Tur-- 
 
 key Cucumber. 
 
 5 Cucurbita lagenaria. Bottle Gourd. 
 
 6 Cucurbita citrullus. Water Melon, 
 J Cucurbita pepo. Common Pojnpion. 
 
 ■ pepo oblongus . LongPompion, 
 
 8 Cucurbita verrucofa. Warted Gourd. 
 
 9 Cucurbita melopepo. The Squajh, or 
 
 Melon Gourd. 
 10 Melothria pendula. Small Creeping Cu- 
 cumber. 
 
 1 Cucumis melo. Miifk Melon. Lin. 
 Sp.pl. 1436. 
 
 Melo vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 310. 
 
 What particular country the Mufk Melon 
 is a native of is not known, but it is now 
 cultivated in almoft every part of Europe. 
 The varieties mentioned in, the lift are the 
 
 mofi 
 
APPLES. 265 
 
 moft diftinguiflied ones, but fome of them 
 are not worth the expence of railing. The 
 fmall Portugal Melon is a tolerable good 
 one, and is the more to be efleemed becaufe 
 it comes early, and is a plentiful bearer. 
 
 The Cantaleupe is a middle-fized fruit, of 
 a roundifh form, the outer coat is ftudded 
 with rough knobs, or protuberances like 
 warts, the flefh is generally of an orange co- 
 lour, of a delicious flavour, and may be 
 eaten in conliderable quantities, without 
 hurt to the ftomach, which is not the cafe 
 of moft of the other forts. The Dutch are 
 fo fond of this that they pay little regard to 
 any other, and by the way of pre-eminence, 
 call it only Cantaleupe^ not joining Melon 
 to it. It takes its name from a place called 
 Cantaleupe, about fourteen miles from Romcy 
 where it is greatly cultivated, and where 
 the Pope has a country-feat. But Miller 
 fays it was firfl brought thither from that 
 part of Armenia, bordering on Perjia, in 
 which place it is produced in fuch plenty, 
 that a horfe-load is fometimes fold for a 
 French crown. 
 
 2 CucuMis chate. Egyptian Melon. Lin, 
 3p. pi. 1437. _ • 
 
 Cucumis i^gyptius rotundifolius. Bau/j. 
 Pin. 310. 
 
 This i? an annual, and grows fponta- 
 neouily in Egypt. It hath long procum- 
 bent. 
 
266 APPLES. 
 
 bent, obfolete angled flalks, which put 
 forth clafpers, and are furnilhed with eredl, 
 pellucid, white hairs. The leaves are almoll: 
 round, and, like the ftalks, are covered with 
 a plufh of foft white hairs. The fruit alfo, 
 is hairy, long, tapering, and theflefh almoll 
 of the fame conliftence as that of other 
 Melons. Miller reports that it is of an in- 
 iipid tafte, and not worth cultivating ; pro- 
 bably, it may be fo here, for want of proper 
 management, or a natural foil and climate ; 
 but in Egypt it is in fo much efteem, as to 
 have obtained the name of ^ee?i of Ciicujn- 
 bers. The tafte is fweet, and a little wa- 
 tery. Haftelquift afferts, that the Grandees 
 and Europeans in Egypt, eat thefe as the 
 moll: pleafant and refreiliing fruit they have, 
 and thofe from which they have the leall to 
 apprehend ; that they are the moft excel- 
 lent of this tribe of any yet known, and that 
 the Nobles of Europe might wifti them at 
 their tables. 
 
 The plant is found in the fertile plains 
 round Cairo, after the inundation of the 
 Nile, and not in any other place in Egypt, 
 nor in any other foil. 
 
 3 CucuMis fativus. Common Cucumber, 
 Lin, Sp. pi. 1437. 
 
 Cucumis fativus vulgaris. Bauh. Pin, 
 310. 
 
 The Common Cucumber is another of thofe 
 
 plants 
 
APPLES, 267 
 
 plants wliofe native country is not known. 
 It is univerfally cultivated in all the four 
 quarters of the globe. The methods of eat- 
 ing the fruit here are too well known to 
 require any thing faid about them, but in 
 Egypt they have one perhaps peculiar to 
 themfelves : this is to fcoop out the chief 
 of the flefh, and fill the fliell with flefli and 
 aromatic herbs, and then boil it in the 
 manner of a pudding, which is faid to be 
 extremely palitable, and fatisfad:ory. In 
 fome parts of the Eaffc they boil the fruit 
 whole, and eat them with fait and vinegar. 
 The feeds of Cucumbers, and thofe of the 
 Melon, are two of the greater cold feeds, 
 are deemed balfamic, cooling, and emol- 
 lient, and are prefcribed amongft diuretics. 
 
 4 CucuMis flexuofus. Green Turkey 
 Cucumber. Lin. Sp. pi. 14-27' 
 
 Cucumis oblongus. Bauh. Hiji. II. 
 p. 247. 
 
 This is fuppofed to be a native of India, 
 The rtalks and leaves are longer than thofe 
 of the former, and the fruit are fmooth, 
 and generally double the length of the 
 Common Cucumber. The variety, called the 
 White Turkey, is lefs watery than the green, 
 and therefore is more generally efteemed ; 
 but the bell: forts are counted unwhole- 
 fpme, and by their coldnefs, apt to difpofe 
 the blood to putrid fermentations, and lay 
 6 the 
 
268 APPLES. 
 
 the foundation of many of thofe malignant 
 fevers, which often appear in autumn. To 
 prevent thefe eifeds, therefore, they fliould 
 always be eaten with plenty of fait, pepper, 
 and vinegar. 
 
 5 CucuRBiTA lagenaria. Bottle Gourd. 
 Lin. Sp. pL 1434. 
 
 Cucurbita oblonga, flore albo, folio molli. 
 Baiih. Pin. 313. 
 
 The Bottle Gourd is a native of America, 
 and is there much cultivated. This is the 
 moft conftant fpecies of the genus, in regard 
 to the form of its fruit. When the plant 
 is in a foil that fuits it, the ftalks run to a 
 prodigious length, and are covered with a 
 fine, foft, hairy down. The leaves are large, 
 heart-fhaped, toothed on their edges, with 
 two glands each at their bafe, and woolly 
 like the ftalks. The flowers are bell-fhaped, 
 are large and white, have reflexed brims, 
 and are fupported on long peduncles. The 
 fruit is pear-fhaped, moftly a little bent in- 
 wards, and when ripe, the rind is woody, 
 and of a pale yellow colour. 
 
 In both the Indies this plant is much 
 cultivated, and the fruit fold in the markets 
 for the table. In thefe parts they make a 
 principal part of the food of the common 
 people, for three or four months fuccellively. 
 The inhabitants boil and eat them with vi- 
 negar. The large full grown fruit they 
 
 frequently 
 
 .':i. 
 
APPLES. 269 
 
 frequently fcoop, and filling the fhells with 
 meat and rice, boil them as a pudding. 
 Thele {hells being hard and ligneous, ferve 
 them for funnels, and many other houfhold 
 utenfils. 
 
 6 CucuRBiTA citrullus. Water Melon, 
 Lin. Sp.pL 1435. 
 
 Anguria Citrullus didla. Bauh. Pin: 312. 
 
 The Water Melon is a native of the fouth- 
 ern parts of Italy, and is not only much 
 cultivated there and other parts of Europe, 
 but alfo in Afia, Africa and America. It is 
 an annual plant, and varies very much in 
 the fize, {liape, and colour of both its fruit 
 and the feeds; the latter are black in fome, 
 red in others, and the flefh yellow or red. 
 The leaves are cut and divided into many 
 parts, even almofh to the midrib. The poor 
 people in Perfia, and the Levant, live almofl 
 entirely upon thefe, Muflc Melons, Cu- 
 cumbers, and milk, during the hot months. 
 They are cooling, diuretic, and very whole- 
 fome, if ufed in moderation. In Egypt, 
 fays Haffelquifl:, theyfurnifli the inhabitants 
 with meat, drink, and phyfic. When the 
 fruit is perfe<5lly ripe, they make a hole in 
 it, where the juice foon collecting, affords 
 them a hearty draught; and in burning- 
 fevers, this liquor is mixed with rofe-water, 
 and a little fugar, and given the patient with 
 great fuccefs. The unripe fruit are eaten 
 3 with 
 
270 APPLE S. 
 
 with bread, when in feafon, and by the 
 common people counted their beft provifion, 
 as they are obliged to put up with worfe 
 fare all the remaining part of the year. Not- 
 withftanding this, ftrangers fhould be cau- 
 tious of making too free with them at firll:, 
 efpecially in the heat of the day, as they are 
 apt to chill the blood too much, and thereby 
 occafion cholics and violent fluxes. 
 
 7 CucuRBiTA pepo. Common Pompion. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1435. 
 
 Cucurbita major rotunda, flore luteo> 
 folio afpero. Bauh. Pin. 213. 
 
 The Cofnmon Pompion is cultivated all 
 over England, and the country people fre- 
 quently raife it upon their dunghills, where 
 it often bears very good fruit. The leaves 
 are large, rough, and lobed, and the flowers 
 yellow. The fruit are roundifli, fmooth, 
 and yellow, and the feeds are fwelled, or 
 pufl^ed up at their margins. 
 
 Many people eat this fruit, after they 
 have prepared it in the following manner : 
 they cut a piece from the fide, and take out 
 the pulp, which they clear from tlie feeds, 
 and mixing it with lliced apple, fugar, and 
 fpice, then fill the ihell with the compo- 
 lition, and bake the whole in an oven. 
 When fufliciently done it is brought to 
 table, where it furnifl:ies them with a hearty 
 
 meal. 
 
APPLES. 271 
 
 meal. The native place of the plant is not 
 known. 
 
 8 Cucurbit A verrucofa. Warted Gourd, 
 Lin. Sp, pL 1435. 
 
 This is an annual, and the plant is in fo 
 many refpeds like the pepo, as hardly to be 
 diftinguifhed from it; but the fruit is 
 fmaller, the (hell more woody, and ftudded 
 with knobs or warts. Some people boil 
 thefe fruits, and efteem them delicate, but 
 for what good qualities I know not. The 
 Americans, however, cultivate them on pur- 
 pofe for the table, ^nd, when about half 
 grown, boil and eat them with their meat. 
 Where the plant grows naturally has not 
 yet been afcertained. 
 
 9 CucuRBiTA melopepo. l^he Squafi, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1435. 
 
 Melopepo clypeiformis. Baub. Pin. 312. 
 
 The Sqiiafi is alfo an annual, has lobate 
 leaves like the forraer, but the flalk is 
 moilly ftrong, bufhy, and erei5t. It puts 
 forth clafpers, although it does not climb, 
 nor is it procumbent. The fruit is knobby, 
 deprefled, or fliield-fhaped. The native 
 place of the plant is not known, but it is 
 much cultivated in North America, where 
 the inhabitants boil the fruit, when about 
 the fize of large Walnuts, and eat them as 
 the former. 
 
 10 Melothria 
 
27^ APPLES. 
 
 lo Melothria pendula. Small Creeps 
 mg Cucumber. Ltn. Sp. pi. 49. 
 
 This is an annual, a native of America, 
 and the only plant at prefent known of the 
 genus. It fends forth many trailing flalks, 
 which extend to a great length, and ftrike 
 root at every joint j thefe are furniflied with 
 angular leaves, refembling thofe of the Me- 
 lon, but they are not fo large. The flowers 
 are of a pale fulphur colour, and each is 
 compofed of a bell-(haped, monophyllous 
 calyx, having five teeth (the upper one of* 
 which often falls off) and a wheel-fliaped 
 petal, fnipped at the edge into five obtufe 
 fegments, with three conical filaments, tip- 
 ped with twin, compreflbd fummits, and 
 inferted into the tube of the petal. The 
 germen is an oblong-oval, and fupports a 
 cylindrical ftyle, crowned with three ob-^ 
 long fligmata, and becomes afmooth, black, 
 oval berry*, about the fize of a lloe. 
 
 The inhabitants in the Weft Indies pickle 
 thefe berries, and ufe them as we do Capers * 
 
 * This plant ought to have been placed in the Vth CJiap* 
 but as its general habit much refembles fome of the plants 
 juft now defcribed, I judged it would be as well to fet it 
 after them. 
 
 SECT. 
 
APPLES. 273 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Apples of Threes. 
 
 i A CHRAS fapota. Oval-fruited Sa-- 
 -^ pota. 
 
 2 Averrhoa carambola. Goa Apple, or 
 
 Starry Plum. 
 
 3 Averrhoa bilimbi. Bilimbi. 
 
 4 Punica granatum. Tomegranate-tree,, 
 
 5 Pyrus communis. Tear-tree. 
 
 6 Pyrus malus. T^he Crab- tree. 
 
 7 PyrUs cydonia. ^ince-tree. 
 
 I AcHRAs fapota. Oval-fruited Sapot a, 
 Lin. Sp. />/. 470. 
 
 Anona foliis laurinis glabris virldl-fufcis, 
 frudlu minore. Shane s fdm. 206. Hifi. II. 
 
 This tree is a native of South America, 
 and is commonly planted in their gardens 
 there. It rifes to about thirty feet high, 
 breaking into many branches, which form a 
 regular head, and are furni(hed with leaves, 
 fhaped like thofe of the Laurel, but are near 
 a foot long, two or three inches broad, and 
 of a browni(h-green colour. The flowers 
 are produced from the (ides of the branches, 
 Handing fingly, and are of a cream colouf* 
 Each has a permanent calyx, compofed of 
 
 T iive 
 
ij^ APPLES. 
 
 five oval, acute-pointed leaves, furrounding 
 five heart-lhaped petals, ending in an acute 
 point, and joined together at their bafe. In 
 the centre of thefe are five (hort awl-fhaped 
 ftamina, and one ftyle, longer than the pe- 
 tals, ending with an obtufe ftigma. The 
 germen is roundifh, and becomes an oval, 
 fucculent Apple, enclofing two or three 
 oval feeds. There is a variety of this tree, 
 bearing top-lhaped fruit, with fliarp-pointed 
 feeds, and having a rufiet-coloured coat. 
 This lail is the cultivated fort. 
 
 The pulp of this fruit has a lufcious tafie, 
 refembling that of marmalade of Quinces, 
 whence it is called natural marmalade. The 
 flones taken in emulfion are Teckoned good 
 againft the gravel. 
 
 2 AvERRHOA carambola. Starry Plum. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 613. 
 
 Mala goenfia, frudlu oflangulari pomi 
 vulgaris magnitudine. Baiih. Fin. 433. 
 
 This grows on the coafl of Malabar, 
 where it gets to the fize of a fmall Apple- 
 tree. It puts forth many branches from 
 the top, from which fhoot many flexile 
 twigs, furniflied with oval, fliarp- pointed, 
 dark-green leaves, of a rough bitterifh tafte. 
 The flowers come out at the joints of the 
 twigs, upon fhort peduncles \ they have a 
 permanent, pentaphyllous calyx, furround- 
 ing five fpear-fhaped, blufli-coloured petals, 
 
 including 
 
APPLES. 275 
 
 including ten hair-like ftamina, tipped with 
 foundilli fummits, and five fhort ftyles, 
 crowned with fimple ftigmata. The ger- 
 men is oblong, odtangular, and becomes a 
 yellowifh, eight-cornered fruit, about the 
 lize of an hen's egg, containing many fmail 
 angular feeds. 
 
 Thefe Apples have a pleafant acid tafte, 
 are very cooling, and grateful to the fl:o- 
 mach. 
 
 3 AvERRHOA bilimbi* BUi?nhi. Lin,, 
 Sp. pL 613. 
 
 This grows in the fame parts of India as 
 the former, and differs little from it except 
 in the angles of the fruit ; they being in this 
 fpecies obtufe, and in the carambola acute ; 
 a difference not attended to by travellers, 
 which occafioned their confounding them as 
 one. 
 
 4 PufJiCA granatum, "Pomegranate-iree* 
 Lin. Sp.pl. 676. 
 
 Malus punica fylveftris. Bauh. Pi?i. 438. 
 
 This is a native of Spain, Portugal, and 
 Italy. It hath a woody ftem, which rifes 
 fixteen or eighteen feet high, fending .out 
 many branches, garnilLcd with fhining- 
 green, fpcar-£haped leaves, ftanding oppo- 
 lite. The flowers proceed from the ex- 
 tremities of the branches, fome ftanding 
 iingly, and others three or four together, 
 T 2 regularly 
 
276 APPLES. 
 
 regularly expanding in their turns, by which 
 there is a fuccellion of flowers for a coni^- 
 derable time. The calyx confills of a betl- 
 fhaped, red, flefhy leaf, cut at the brim into 
 five fharp fegments, and includes five 
 roundifh fcarlet petals, inferted into the 
 bottom of the calyx, as are the ftamina, 
 which are many in number, very flender, 
 and furround one ftyle, longer than them- 
 felves. The germen is roundifli, and fwells 
 to a large round fruit, having a hard reddifli 
 rind, crowned with the remains of the ca- 
 lyx, and contains many roundidi, fucculent 
 feeds. 
 
 The flefli of thefe fruits is of a yellowish 
 colour, and a vinous flavour, but it is fub- 
 ject to generate wdnd, and caufe pains in the 
 ftomach and bowels. They lliould always 
 be eaten cautioufly, lefl they throw the 
 blood into a Hate of putrefadion. 
 
 There are feveral varieties of this tree 
 now cultivated in gardens, and two or three 
 with double flowers ; the calyces of the 
 latter are the Balauftines of the fliops, and 
 are of an aftringent nature. 
 
 5 Pyrus communis. Fear-tree. Lin, 
 Sp, pL 686. 
 
 Pyrus fylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 439- 
 This grows wild in the woods and hedges 
 of England. The generic charadters are : 
 the flower hath a permanent calyx of one 
 
 concave 
 
APPLES. 277 
 
 concave leaf, divided into five fegments at 
 the margin, and five concave petals, iriferted 
 into it. The flamina are about twenty in 
 number, are awl-lhaped, fliortcr than the 
 petals, and are inserted into the calyx. The 
 germen is round, feated under the flower, 
 and fupports five ered: ftyles, crowned with 
 fingle lliigmata. The fruit is large, flefhy, 
 hath five membranaceous cells, each con- 
 taining one fmooth, oblong, pointed feed. 
 
 Neither Pears nor Apples in their wild 
 ilate are of much value, but art and in- 
 duftry have obtained many varieties from 
 them, which can hardly be excelled by any 
 fruits in the world. Nor do any add more 
 to the ceconomy of human life than thefe ; 
 for befide the pleafure and refrefliment they 
 afford when eaten raw, they furnidi ex- 
 cellent pies, tarts, and other devices, and 
 ornament the table with the wholefome and 
 cooling liquors of Cider and Perry. In 
 fctting down the varieties of the Pear, I fhall 
 rejecfl fuch as are of an ordinary quality, and 
 divide the reft: into three Clafles : the firft: 
 comprehending fuch as are adapted for the 
 table ; the fecond fuch as are well enough 
 qualified for this purpofe, but degenerate 
 when- grafted on Quince-ft:ocks j and the 
 laft:, thofe that are proper for baking. 
 
 T 3 CLASS 
 
:278 
 
 APPLES; 
 
 C L A S 3 
 
 I. 
 
 Petit Mufcat, or Su- 
 preme. 
 Little Bajlard Mujk. 
 Early Rvffet. 
 The Magdalen. 
 Great Blanquette, 
 MuJk Blanquette. 
 Long-Jialked Ban- 
 quette. 
 
 8 Red Orange. 
 
 9 Augiijl Mujkat. 
 
 10 Summer Boner eti en. 
 
 1 1 Swans Egg, 
 
 12 Princes^ Pear. 
 
 13 Rofewater. 
 
 14 The Red Butter. 
 
 15 Summer Bergamot. 
 
 16 Autumn Bergamot. 
 
 17 The Roujfeline. 
 
 18 The Royal Mufiat. 
 
 1 9 1 he Jargonelle, 
 
 20 The Melting MuJk, 
 
 2 1 i^^-J Bergamot. 
 2 2 ^''Zt'?/} Bergamot. 
 
 23 Late Bergamot. 
 
 24 i^zg- P(?<2r. 
 
 25 German Muf cat. 
 
 26 D«/f^ Bergamot. 
 
 27 St. Martial. 
 
 28 5/. Germain. 
 
 29 Chaumontelk Wilding, 
 
 30 ''Y ho. Autumn Beauty, 
 
 31 Good Lewis. 
 
 32 Grry Di?jw. 
 
 33 Winter Thome. 
 
 34 The Royal Winter, 
 
 35 1 he Marcbionefs. 
 30 Winter Orange. 
 
 37 The Donville. 
 
 38 ^/>z/^r Rifijfelet. 
 
 39 Beautiful Winter. 
 
 40 The Sarafin. 
 
 The Lz///^ il<%2', or Supreme Peary is rathe i", 
 round than long, and is generally produced in 
 cluiters. The ftalk is fhorr, the fkin yellow, the 
 juice a little mufky, and is befl flavoured when 
 not too ripe, which is early in July*. 
 
 The Li///^ Bajtard Mujk is fhaped like the Su- 
 
 * The fummer 1782 being a very unkind one for ripening 
 fruit, more kind feafons may perfeft fome of them a fort- 
 night or more fooner than here mentioned, 
 
 preme^ 
 
APPLES. 179 
 
 prme, but is fmaller. It is feldom produced 
 in clufters, and the fide next the fun has a few 
 ftreaks of red. It ripens much at the fame time 
 with the former, and it is more valuable for com- 
 ing early, than for its extraordinary qualities. 
 
 The Early Rtijfet is a fmall top-flieaped Pear, 
 with a yellow fkin, daflied with red and grey on 
 the funny fide j the flefh is yellowifli, half-break- 
 ing, a little ftony next the kernels, and has a 
 perfumed, fugary juice. 
 
 The Magdalen is a middling-fized fruit, rather 
 long, of a greenifh-yellow when ripe ; the flefh is 
 white, melting, the juice perfumed, fwcet, and 
 mixed with a pleafant acid. 
 
 Tht Great BlanqueiUy or Bagpipe of Jnjou, is 'a 
 pretty large Pear, approaching to round. The 
 fls.in is fmooth, 'of a pale green colour, and full of 
 a rich-flavoured juice. The ftalk is fhort, thick, 
 and fpotced, and the leaf is like that of the Jar- 
 gonelle. It ripens early in Auguft. 
 
 The Mi^/l' Bknqiiette is a fmall fruit, much lefs 
 than the former, and more pinched in at the ftalk, 
 which is about the fame length with the other, 
 but flendertr. The fkin is foft, of a pale green, 
 the flefh tender, and full of a rich muflvy juice. 
 It ripens rather later than the Blanquette. 
 
 The Long-Jialked Blanquette is Ihaped like the 
 Mu/kj but it is m.ore hollowed at the crown, and 
 has a larger eye. It is plumpiili towards the Halk, 
 and a little crooked. The fkin is fmooth, of a 
 greenifh-white, fometimes has a rulTet tinge on 
 the funny fide. The flefh is white, partly break- 
 ing, and plentifully ftored with a vinous, fugary, 
 perfumed juice. It ripens with the former. 
 
 The Red Oraitge is a middling-fized round Pear, 
 much the lliape of a Eeraamot ; of a grcenifh co- 
 
 T 4 lour. 
 
28o APPLES. 
 
 lour, except next the fun, where it is often pur- 
 ple, or red. The ftalk is fhort, the eye very hol- 
 low, the flefh melting, and the juice fugary and 
 mufky. 
 
 The Atigtift Miifcnt^ or the Royal Pear^ is very 
 much ITiaped like a Bergamot. The ftalk is long, 
 ftraight, a little fpotted, and the eye a little hol- 
 lowed. The fkin is fmooth, of a whitilh yellow 
 colour, the flefh breaking, and the juice very fu- 
 gary and much perfumed. It ripens at the end of 
 Auguft, and is efteemed one of the beft Pears 
 the fummer produces. 
 
 The Summer Boncretien^ or Good Chrijlian^ is a 
 large oblong Pear, with a thin, fmooth, whitilli 
 green llcin, except on the funny fide, where it is 
 of a good red. The flefh is between breaking 
 and tender, and is ftored with a rich juice, of a 
 high perfumed flavour. It ripens early in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The Swaiis Egg has its name from its fliape. 
 The fkin is of a green-yellow, and ftriped with a 
 rulfet-red and green on the fun- fide. The flefh is 
 Arm, a little melting, the juice fugary, flightly 
 mufl<y, but of an agreeable flavour. 
 
 The Princes' Pear is a fmall roundifh, yellowifli 
 fruit, except next the fun, where it is of a bright 
 red. The flefh is between melting and breaking, 
 and the juice highly flavoured. It ripens in Sep- 
 tember, and is the more valuable becaufe it is a 
 good bearer. ^ 
 
 The Rofe-water is a large round Pear, rather 
 flattifh, hath a very fhort Italk, ar the infertion of 
 \yhich it is hollowed like an apple. The fkin is 
 rough, of a brown colour, the flefh breaking, the 
 juice very fweet, and it becomes ripe in Septem- 
 bsr. 
 
 The 
 
A P P L ES. 281 
 
 The Red Butter^ Grey Butter, or Green Butter^ is 
 of different colours, according to the ftock it hath. 
 been grafted upon. When propagated upon a 
 free ftock it is brown. As to its general fhape, 
 it is large and long. The flefh is very melting, 
 full of a rich fugary juice, and it becomes ripe 
 about the middle of October. 
 
 The Summer Bergamvt, or Henidens Bergamot, is 
 a pretty large, flattifh Pear, of a greenifli-yellow 
 colour, and hollowed at both ends like an apple. 
 The flefh is melting, the juice highly perfumed, 
 and it ripens a little before the former. 
 
 The Autumn Bergamot is a fmaller fruit than the 
 former, but much of the fame ihape. The llcin 
 is of a faint red on the funny fide, but of a yel- 
 lowifh-green on the other ; the flefh is melting, 
 and when ripe, which is in the beginning of Ofto- 
 ber, the juice is highly perfumed. 
 
 The Roujfeline^ or Long-ftalked Autumn Mufcat, 
 is a fmallifh Pear, having a fmooth fl-iin, of a 
 greenifh-yellow colour, except on the funny fide, 
 where it is red, with fome fpots of grey. The 
 ftalk is long, the flefh tender, delicate, and very 
 fweet, with an agreeable perfume. It ripens to- 
 wards the end of 06tober. 
 
 The Royal Mufcat is a fmall top-fhaped fruit, 
 ,with a roughifh grey flcin, inclining to brown 
 next the fun. The flefh is white and coarfifli, but 
 the juice is fweet, muflcy, and tolerably agree- 
 able. 
 
 The Jargonelle is a long top-lhaped fruit, of a 
 fine red colour next the fun, but very yellow on 
 the fliady fide. The flefh is white, half breaking, 
 tolerable fine, and the juice a little muflcy. 
 
 The Melting Mujk is alfo a long top-fnaped 
 J*ear, of a middling fize. 1 he Ikin is even, 
 
 fmooth. 
 
282 APPLES. 
 
 fmooth, of a grafs-green round the apex, but of a 
 yellowifh one near the ftalk. The flefh is melt- 
 ing, the juice high flavoured, and very mufky. 
 
 The Red Bergamot is rather a fmallifh Pear, 
 top-fhaped, and flatted -, next the fun it is of a 
 yellow-red colour-, the flefh is melting, the juice 
 high flavoured, and very perfumed. 
 
 The Sijuifs Bergamot is a roundilh Pear, with a 
 tough, greenifli-coloured fkin, flriped with red. 
 The flefli is melting and full of juice, but is not 
 fo richly perfumed as the former. It ripens the be- 
 ginning of Odober. 
 
 The Late Bergamot^ Colmar^ or Manna Pear, is 
 fomewhat like a Boncretien, but the head is flat, 
 the eye large and deeply hollowed. It is thickeft 
 in the middle. Hoping toward the ftalk, which is 
 fhort, thick and a little b^nt. The Ikin is green, 
 with a few yellow fpots, and fometimes it is a lit- 
 tle coloured next the fun -, the flefli is tender, and 
 the juice greatly fugared. 
 
 The Fig Pear is a middling fized fruit, of a long 
 top-fliape. The fkin is rather fmooth, of a brown- 
 ifli-green when ripe, and the flefli white and 
 melting. The juice is fwcet, fugary, and heigh- 
 tened with a pleafant fliarpnefs. Ripe the begin- 
 ning of O6lober. 
 
 The German Mtifcat is rather a long top-fliaped 
 Pear, much of the form of the Royal Winter, but 
 more contradled near the eye •, the fl<in too is of a 
 more ruflTet colour, and red on the funny fide. 
 The flefli is melting, buttery, and a little mufl^y. 
 
 The Diiich Be'rgaraot is fhaped like the Common 
 Bergamot, but it is a larger fruit. The juice is 
 highly flavoured, the fkin greenifh, and the flefh 
 half buttery and tender. 
 
 The St. Martial, or the Angelick Pear, is oblong, 
 5 . much 
 
APPLES. 283 
 
 much the lliape of the Boncretien, but it is not fo 
 large, and a little flatter at the crown. The ftalk 
 is very long, the fkin fmooth and yellowifh, ex- 
 cept next the fun, where it is generally purplifh. 
 The flefh is melting, the juice very rich, and a 
 little perfumed. It is a late fruit, and counted 
 one of the beft yet produced. 
 
 The St. Germain is a large, long Pear, of a yel- 
 lowifh-green colour, and melting. Indryfeafons 
 it abounds with a fweet agreeable juice, and is a 
 very good fruit, but in moid ones, or on damp 
 foils, it is roughifli and auftere. It is in eating 
 for about two months after Chriftmas. 
 
 The Chaumontelle JVilding is rather a large Pear, 
 and flatted at the crown. The fkin is roughiih, 
 of a pale'green colour, except on the funny fide, 
 where it is purplifh. The flefli is melting, the 
 juice very rich, and a little perfumed. This is 
 efteemed an excellent fruit, and is in eating fron?i 
 November to January. 
 
 The Autumn Beauty is a pyramidal-fhapcd Pear, 
 with a tolerable fmooth fkin, of a fine deep red 
 next the fun, fpeckled with grey. The fhady fide 
 is partly red, but not fo deep, and partly yellow, 
 fpeckled with fawn colour. The flefh is white, 
 breaking, fometimes half melting, the juice co- 
 pious, and of a high flavour. 
 
 The Good Lewis is nearly of the fhape of the 
 St. Germain, but is not quite fo pointed. The 
 ftalk is very fhort, a little bent, the fkin very 
 fmooth, and the eye fmall. When ripe it is of a 
 whitifh-green colour, and if it grow upon a dry 
 foil, the flefh will be very tender, and full of a 
 rich fweet juice. It is in eating in December. 
 
 I he Grey Dean is a middling-fized, roundifh 
 Pear j the flcin fmooth, of a green iih-grey colour, 
 
 the 
 
284 APPLES. 
 
 the flefli buttery, melting, and not fubjed to be 
 woolly like the Yellow Dean. The juice is very 
 fugary, and of a tolerable good flavour. It ripens 
 in November. 
 
 The Winter 'Thorn is rather a large Pear, of a 
 pyramidal figure, the fkin fmooth, of a whitifh- 
 green at firft, but of a pale yellow when ripe. 
 The ftalk is fhort and flender ; the flelh melting 
 and buttery, the juice very fweet, and, if the fea- 
 fon prove dry, highly perfumed. It ripens at the 
 end of December. 
 
 The Royal Winter is a large top-fhaped fruit, 
 with a fine fmooth, beautiful red fl<:in. on the 
 funny fide, and when ripe, yellow on the other. 
 It is often fpeckled with brown fpots upon the 
 red, and fawn-coloured upon the yellow. The 
 flefh is inclining ,to yellow, is very fine, half 
 buttery, melting, and on dry foils the juice is 
 very fugary. It ripens in December. 
 
 The Marchionefs is a large pyramidal Pear, of a 
 green colour at firft, with dots of a deeper green ; 
 but when ripe becomes yellow, and frequently 
 with a flight tinge of red. The flcfli is melting, 
 buttery, the juice fweet, fugary, and fometimes a 
 little mufky. Ripe the beginning of December. 
 
 The Winter Orange is a middle-fized fruit, of 
 the fliape of an Orange. The flcin is ftudded 
 with fmall knobs, and is of a pale brown-green 
 when ripe, with fome little dots of a browner 
 green. The flefli is white, fine, breaking, and 
 the juice muflcy and agreeable. Ripens in February. 
 
 The Donville is a middle-fized Pear, fharpilh at 
 both ends, the fl.<:in fmooth and fhining, of a deep 
 lemon colour, and fcattered with fawn-coloured 
 fpots on the fliady fide, but of a bright red, fpeckled 
 with fmall grey dots on the ether. The flefli is 
 
 inclining 
 
APPLES. 285 
 
 inclining to yellow, it is breaking, and the juice 
 is highly flavoured, with a little (harpnefs. Ripens 
 in February. 
 
 The Winter Rujfdet is a fmall top-fhaped Pear, 
 with the fkin partly greenifli and partly reddilli. 
 The flefh is half breaking, copiouQy ftored with 
 juice, which is of a tolerable high flavour. Ripens 
 at the end of February. 
 
 The Beautiful Winter is a pretty large fruit, and 
 nearly round. The Ikin is fmoothj and yellow on 
 the fliady fide, fpeckled with fawn-colour ; but'on 
 the funny fide it is of a beautiful red, fpeckled 
 with bright grey. The flelli is tender, the juice 
 copious, and of a pleafant fweetnefs. It ripens in 
 February. 
 
 The Sarafin is the moft valuable of all the Pears 
 for duration, as it will keep found both upon, or 
 off the tree for twelve months. It is of a middle 
 fize, about a third part longer than broad, the 
 ftiady fide of a pale yellow when ripe, but the 
 funny fide of a brovvnifii red, fpeckled with grey. 
 The flelh is white, almoft buttery, the juice fu- 
 gary, highly flavoured, and a little perfumed. 
 
 C L A S S II. 
 
 Tears which degenerate "dohen grafted on ^hice-ftocks. 
 
 1 Mejfire John. 6 The Little Lard. 
 
 2 The Green Sugar. 7 The Ronvilie. 
 
 3 The Dauphine. 8 The Gate. 
 
 4 The Dry Martin. 9 The Eafler Bergamo t. 
 
 5 Tht Large -ft alkcd. 10 Tht Winter Bojicretien, 
 
 The White and Grey Mejfire John are deemed one 
 and the fame fruit, the difference of their colour 
 
 being 
 
286 APPLES. 
 
 being occafioned by the foils they may grow in, 
 or the ftocks they may be grafted upon. It is a 
 large roundifh Pear, moftly having a brown, rough 
 fkin. If grafted on a frec-ftock, and planted in a 
 moiil foii, the flefh will be breaking, and co- 
 pioufly ftored with a rich fugary juice -, but on a 
 Qiiince-ftock it will be harfh and ftony. Ripe in 
 October. 
 
 The Green Sugar is fhaped like the Winter 
 Thorn, defcribed in the former Clafs, but is 
 fmaller. The fkin is very fmooth, green, and the 
 fiefh buttery, fugared, and of a good flavour j 
 but if grafted on a Quince-ftock, it will be ftony. 
 It ripens at the beginning of November. 
 
 The Dauphine^ or LanfaCy is a top-lhaped Fear, 
 about the fize of a Bergamot, flatted near the head,, 
 but a little lengthened near the tail. It is fmooth, 
 of a yellowifh-green colour on the outfide, yellow 
 within, the flefh tender and melting, the juice fu- 
 gared, and flightly perfumed. 1 he eye is very 
 large, and the ftalk long and ftraight. It ripens 
 in November, and if planted in a good foil, and 
 grafted on a free-flock, it is one of the beft table 
 Pears then in feafon. 
 
 The Dry Martin^ or Champagne^ is much like 
 the RufTelet both in fhape and colour, but it is 
 rather more oblong. The flefh is fine and break- 
 ing, and the juice fugared, with a flight perfume, 
 and if grafted on a free-ftock, is an excellent 
 Pear. It comes in eating at the end of November. 
 
 Ihe harge-fialked is a yellow, roundifh Pear, 
 with a very thick ftalk, whence it had its name. 
 The flefh isdry, breaking, and has a mufky flavour*, 
 it is much improved by being planted in a moift 
 foil, and grafted on a free-ftock, it comes ifi 
 eating with the former. 
 
 Th? 
 
APPLES. 287 
 
 The Little Lard, or Anjou Rujfet, alfo the Winter's 
 Wcnder^ is a middle- fi zed fruit, but is apt to 
 vary in fhape, it being fometimes nearly oval, 
 and at others refembles a Bergamot. The flcin 
 is a little rough, greenifh at firft, but turns yel- 
 lovvilh when ripe, and is fprinkled with little 
 knobs. The ftalk is long and (lender, the eye 
 laro^e, and deeply hollowed; the flefli fine, but- 
 tery, and melting, the juice fugary, mufl<:y, and 
 of an agreeable flavour, but is much hurt when 
 grafted on a Quince-ftock. It ripens at the be- 
 ginning of November. 
 
 Tht Ronvilk, or Lcrd Martin, is about the fize 
 of a large Rufielet, but the middle of the Pear is 
 moftly fwelled more on one fide than on the other, 
 and the eye is hollowed a little. The fkin is fofr, 
 very fmooth, of a lively red next the fun, but 
 when ripe, of a yellow on the other. The flefli is 
 breaking, full of juice, which is very fweet, and 
 a little perfumed. On a Qiiince-ftock it is apt to 
 be ftony. 
 
 The Gate is a round Pear, and has a fweet, 
 fugary juice, a little perfumed, if grafted on a free- 
 ftock, and planted in a rich foil -, but in a dry 
 foil, and upon a Quince-ftock, it is good for 
 nothing. 
 
 The Eafter Bergamot is a large Pear, and nearly 
 round, except towards the ftalk, where it lengthens 
 a little. The eye is flat, the fkin at firft green, 
 but turns yellow when ripe, with fmall brown 
 dots, and a tinge of red on the funny fide. The 
 flefti is fine, inclining to yellow, and is buttery 
 and melting. If grafted on a free-ftock the juice 
 is very fweet, fugary, and high flavoured. It 
 ripens in January. 
 
 The Winter Bvncretien is a very large Pear, of a 
 
 pyramid^ 
 
288 A i' P L E S. 
 
 pyramidal form, fiat at the top, the fkin very fincj 
 of a bright yellow colour, inclining to green, but 
 of a foft flclh-red on the funny fide. If planted 
 in a good foil, and grafted on a free-flock, the 
 flefh will be fine, tender, full of a fweet, fugary 
 juice, of a perfumpd, vinous flavour. Ripens in 
 January. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 
 Pears proper for Stewing and Bakings 
 
 1 Le Be/ideri, or Heri. 6 The Catillac. 
 
 2 The Spanijh Boncretien. y The Double flower- 
 
 3 The Pound, or Lovely ing. 
 
 Pear. 8 The Burnt Cat. 
 
 4 The Winter Citron. 9 The Pope's Pear*. 
 
 5 The Golden End of 10 The Union. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 The Le Beftderi is a middling-fized round Pear^ 
 of a pale green colour, inclining to yellow. The 
 Italk is very long and fiender, and the fiefii dry. 
 It ripens near the end of November. 
 
 The Spani/h Boncretien is a large pyramidal fruit, 
 of a pale yellow colour on the fliady fide, but of 
 a fine lively red on the other. The fliin is fmooth, 
 and all over fpeckled with fmall brown dots. The 
 fleQi is white, mixed with greenifh fpots, and it is 
 either tender, hard, dry, or juicy, according to 
 the foil, feafon, or ftock it may be grafted on* 
 Ripe at the end of November, or beginning of 
 December. 
 
 The Pound, or Lovely Pear., alfo Parkinfon War- 
 den, is a large fruit, which commonly weighs a 
 pound or more. The (kin is rough, of a dull red 
 
 next 
 
APPLES. 289 
 
 next the fun, but fomewliat paler on the other 
 fide. 1 he ftalk is very Ihort, and the eye much 
 hollowed. Comes in feafon in December. 
 
 I'he IVinter Citron^ or Mujk Orange^ is a tolerable 
 large Pear, nearly ot the Ihape and colour of an 
 Orange. It is an ordinary Pear for the table, 
 but will bake well, and is in feaibn wiih the 
 former. 
 
 The Golden End of Winter is a very large fruity 
 almoil of a globular form. The ftalk is fiiort, 
 the fkin yellow, fpotted with red, the fleih dry, 
 and very apt to be ftony. Comes in feafon in 
 January. 
 
 The Catillac is a large Pear, and nearly of the 
 fliape of a Quince. The fkin is generally yellow, 
 but turns to a deep red on the lunny fide. The 
 flelh is hard, the juice auftere, yet it bakes well. 
 Comes into ufe in January. 
 
 The Doiihle -flowering Fear is a thick, fhort fruit, 
 with a long, ftraight ftalk. The fl^in is very 
 fmooth, of a yellowifli colour, except on the 
 funny fide, where it is moftly red or purple. It 
 is a m,oft excellent Pear for baking, and comes in 
 feafon in February. The flower having two ranges 
 of petals obtained it the name it goes by. 
 
 The Burnt Cat is rather a fmall Pear, of an ob- 
 long form. The flcin is fmooth and Ihining, red- 
 dilh next the fun, but of a Ibrt of lemon colour 
 on the other. The flcfti is tender, butdryifli, and 
 acquires in baking a beautiful red. It ripens in 
 February. 
 
 The Pope's Fear is of a middling fize, and com- 
 mon Ihape. The Ikin is roughifti, yellow, or in- 
 clining to a cinnamon colour. The flelh tender, 
 white, and moftly without ft ones. 
 
 The Union is a large, long Pear, of a reddifti^ 
 U ^ colour 
 
290 APPLES. 
 
 colour next the fun, but of a deep green on the 
 other fide. It comes in fe.^fon in January, is a 
 good baking Pear, and a plentiful bearer. 
 
 6 Pyrus inalus. Hhe Crab-free. Lin, 
 Sp. pL 686. 
 
 Pvrus foliis ferratis, pomis bafi concavis. 
 Bort. Cliff. 189. 
 
 The Crab-tree is Common in every part of 
 England, and is the pr.rent of all the Apple- 
 trees at pre fen t cultivated. Its varieties arc 
 fo exceedingly numerous, that it is im- 
 pofTible for any one clearly to afcertain them; 
 for even in its wild ftate, almoft every dif- 
 ferent foil and lituation the feeds may chance 
 to vegetate in, produce fome fmall variation 
 in the form, colour, or flavour of the fruit. 
 It is remarkable that the Crab, or Apple" 
 treey though it exaftly agrees in the generic 
 charadters of the frutlification, with thofe 
 of the Fear and ^lince, yet it will not take 
 when grafted upon either of them, nor they 
 upon the Apple, which feem to indicate, 
 that this genus is not a natural one*, and 
 that nature has placed fome boundary be- 
 tween the latter, and the two former, but 
 
 * This was a main argument with Miller for fplitting the 
 genus, and it was conftnntly contradidted by his own ex- 
 perience as a gardener ; for he acknowledges the Peach to be 
 a diftinft genus from the Plum, i;nd yet it is a common 
 praftice in the nurfery to bud the former either upon the 
 latter or upon an Jpricot, and they are found to take very 
 •v-elL 
 
 fuch 
 
APPLES., 291 
 
 fuch as is beyond our penetration to dif- 
 covcr. LinnsEUS certainly, therefore, did 
 right in placing them all under one genus, 
 and not leparate them, as Miller and others 
 have done ; as in any fyftematical arrange- 
 ment, we muft always be governed by what 
 is plain and obvious in the ftrudure of the 
 plants, otherwife the deiign will be rendered 
 abortive. 
 
 In fetting down the varieties of the culti- 
 vated Appley I fhall defcribe only fome of 
 the moil valuable ones, and divide them into 
 two ClalTes : the firflc to contain fuch as are 
 immediately adapted to the table, in order 
 to be eaten raw j and the fecond to confiil 
 of thofe proper for boiling, baking, &c. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 I The Summer Cahille. 12 The White Calville. 
 
 1 T\\t Anife. 13 Iht Red Cahille. 
 
 3 The Common Codlin. 14 The Aromatic Pippin. 
 
 4 The Margaret. 15 The Golden Pippin. 
 
 5 Tht c^ummerPearmain. 16 Th(: Violet Apple. 
 
 6 LoarCs Pearmain. 1 7 The Hollow Crowned 
 
 7 The Oui nee Apple. Pippin. 
 
 8 The RuJJet Rennet. 18 The Winter Ramhour. 
 
 9 The French Rennet. 19 The Great Faros, 
 
 10 The Rennet Crifs. 20 The Nonpareil. 
 
 11 The Red Rennet. 
 
 The Summer Calville is a middling fized Apple, 
 
 of a longifh form, and the fkin is ilreaktd with 
 
 red and white. The flefh is light and dry, of no 
 
 U 2 extraordinary 
 
2()t APPLE S. 
 
 extraorcllnary flavour, but the fruit is efleemcd 
 for coming early. 
 
 The Anife Apple is a middling-fized fruit, of a 
 greyifh colour, and rather longer than a Golden 
 Pippin. The flefh is tender, and hath a fpicy 
 flavour like Anife-leed or Fennel. 
 
 The Common Codlm is a large, early, good-fla- 
 voured Apple, and is too well known to require 
 any defcripcion. 
 
 I'he Margaret is a middling-fized fruit, fliorter 
 than the Codlin, and the fkin on the funny fide 
 is of a faint red, the other fide of a pale green. 
 The flefh is firm, and of a pleafant flavour, but 
 foon decays. 
 
 The Summer Pearmain is an oblong Apple, and 
 is ftriped with red on the funny fide. The flefli 
 is tender, but it foon becomes mealy. 
 
 Loan's Pearmain is ^ middle-fized Apple, of a 
 beautiful red on the funny fide, and is ftriped with 
 red on the other. The flefli has a vinous, quick 
 flavour, but it foon grows mealy. 
 
 The ^iince Apple has its name from its fliape, 
 which is like that of a Quince. It is about the 
 fize of a Golden Pippin, but of a longer form, 
 efpecially near the ftalk. It is of a ruffet colour 
 on the funny fide, and inclining to a yellow on 
 the other. The flavour is very agreeable. 
 
 The Rujfet Rennet is a fmall fruit. Its name 
 fpeaks its colour. It will keep a long time, and 
 the flefli has a high flavour. 
 
 The French Remet is a large, roundifli, yellowifli- 
 green Apple, dotted with fmall grey fpots. The 
 juice is fugary, and of a good flavour. This is 
 an excellent fruit for keeping. 
 
 The Rennet G fife IS a middle-fized Apple, and 
 is fliaped like the Golden Rennet; it is of a deep 
 
 grev 
 
APPLES. 293 
 
 grey colour on the funny fide, but mixed with 
 yellow on the other. The Belh is very juicy, and 
 of a quick flavour. 
 
 The Red Rennei is fomewhat rounder than the 
 former, and of a beautiful red colour, on a whitifh 
 ground. The flelh is firm, and the juice fugary. 
 it feems to be only a variety of the French Rennet. 
 
 The M^hite Cahille is a large, white, fquarifli 
 Apple. The flefli has a high flavour, without 
 any acid. It will keep a long time, which makes 
 it much efteemed. 
 
 The Red Cahille is a large, red fruit, and longer 
 than round. The flefh of this is fometimes red- 
 difh, and has a fine vinous flavour. 
 
 The Aro7'natic Pippin is near the fize of the 
 Nonpareil, but a little longer. The fide next 
 the fun is of a bright ruflrt colour. The flelh is 
 tender, and hath an aromatic flavour. 
 
 The Golden Pippin is a middle-fized fruit, of a 
 yellow-gold colour, and is rather longer than 
 round. It is dotted with fmall red fpots. Its 
 juice is fugary, and very high-flavoured. 
 
 The Violet Apple is a pretty large fruit, of a 
 greenifh white, ftriped with a deep red on the 
 funny fide. The flefli is white, very fine, and the 
 juice fugary, with fome faint flavour of a violet. 
 
 The Hollow-crowned Pippin is a middling-fized 
 Apple, and very hollow at the top, whence its 
 name. 
 
 The IVinter Ramhur is a very large fruit, and 
 nearly round. It is quite green, and the juice 
 has a (harp acid tafte. 
 
 The G}'eat Faros is a large, flattifli Apple, 
 ftreaked with red. The flelh is breaking, and 
 plentifully ftored with juice. 
 
 The Nonpareil is a fmallifli fixed fruit, rather 
 U 7 conical. 
 
294 APPLES. 
 
 conical, of a ruflet-green colour, a little inclining 
 to red on the funny fide. The fiefh has a fine 
 flavour, and is much eftcemed, 
 
 CLASS IL 
 
 Apples proper for boilings haking, i^c. 
 
 1 The Summer Rambour. 6 The Holland Pippin. 
 
 2 The Kentijh Fill-Bajket. 7 The Embroidered Jpple, 
 
 3 The Golden Rennet. 8 The Royal Rujfet. 
 
 4 The Her tfordjhire Pear- 9 Wheeler's Rujfet. 
 
 main. 10 Pile's Rujfet. 
 
 5 The Kentifh Pippin. 
 
 The Summer Rambour is a very large fruit, and 
 rather flatter than the Winter Rambour. The 
 fkin is white, with feme few ftrcaks of red. Ic 
 comes early, and is an excellent Apple for ftewing. 
 
 The Kentijh Fill Bc:Jket is a large fort of Cod 1 in, 
 but is longer than the Common Codlin. This is 
 a good baking Apple, 
 
 The Golden Rennet is proper either for eating 
 raw, or baking. 
 
 The Hertfcrdjhire^ or V/inter Pearmain^ is a tole- 
 rable fized truit, rather longer than round. It is 
 of a fine red on the funny fide, and ftriped with 
 the fame colour on the fhady one. 1 he flefh is 
 juicy, and it (lews well. 
 
 1 he Kentijh Pippin is a large, oblong Apple, of 
 a pide green colour. '1 he flefh is juicy and 
 breaking, of a quick acid flavour, and it boils 
 well. 
 
 The Holland Pippin is both a larger and longer 
 Apple than itie tormer, and the fl^in is of a darker 
 
 green 
 
APPLES. 295 
 
 green colour. Ic is firm and iuicy, and boils 
 well. 
 
 i he Embroidered Apple is a largifh fruit, and 
 foinewhat relcinbles the Winter Pearmain, but 
 the ftripes of red are broader. It is ufed as a 
 kitchen Apple. 
 
 The Royal Rujfet^ or Leather Coat^ is a large, 
 oblong Apple, with a deep ruflet-coloured fkin. 
 This is an excellent fruit for boiling, and a good 
 one to eat raw. 
 
 JVheeler's Rujfet is a fiat, middling-fized Apple. 
 The fide next the fun hs of a pale ruifrt-colour, 
 the other is inclining to yellow. The juice has a 
 very quick acid flavour, and it boils well. 
 
 Pile's Rujfet is of an oval figure, and is a fmaller 
 Apple than the former. '1 he Ikin is of a ruflt-t- 
 colour on the funny fide, and of a dark green on 
 the other. 1 he fleili has a quick acid taite, and 
 it is a good fruit for baking. 
 
 There is a laro^e number of valuable 
 Apples yet remaining, but their appellations 
 are fo various in different places, that it is 
 impolllble to defcribe them by any certain 
 general names. Thofe commonly ufed for 
 the making Cyder are the following : 
 
 1 Tht Red Streak. 5 Th^ John Apple, 
 
 2 The Devon/hire Royal 6 The Everlajiing 
 
 Wilding. Hanger. 
 
 3 The Whitfctir. 7 The Gennet Moyle. 
 
 4 T\\tHertfordJhireUn- 8 The Cat's Head, 
 
 derleaf. 
 
 7 Pyrus cvdonia. The ^lince-tree. Lin, 
 Sp. pi 687. 
 
 U 4 Malus 
 
296 APPLES. 
 
 Malus cotonea fylveflris. Bauh. Tin. 434. 
 
 The ^lince-tree grows naturally on the 
 banks of the river Danube, in Hungary. 
 It is a rather fmaller tree than the Crab. 
 The leaves are nearly of the fame fliape, but 
 have more prominent ribs, and are whiter 
 on their under lide. The flowers come out 
 fingly, and the calyx is ferrated, fpreading, 
 and of the length of the petals. The fruit 
 is very well known. The varieties of it 
 are, the Pear and Portugal ^ince. The 
 laft is deemed the beft, and is the fort now 
 moft generally cultivated. The flefli of this 
 is lefs auftere than the other, of the fined 
 purple colour when flewed, and it makes 
 the mod agreeable and befl flavoured Mar- 
 malade. 
 
 ^inces are very aftringent; employed 
 medically they ilrengthen the flomach, and 
 flop fluxes of the bowels. A fyrup is fre- 
 quently made of the juice, and prefcribed 
 for thefe purpofes. The bruifed feeds im- 
 part a very flrong mucilage to any watery 
 liquor, which makes an excellent gargarifm 
 for fore mouths. An ounce will render 
 three pints of water as ropy as the whites 
 of Eggs. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 297 ] 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 LEGUMINOUS* PLANTS. 
 SECT. I. 
 
 Pods and Seeds of Herbaceous Plants. 
 
 1 y\ RRACHIS hypogiea. American 
 y^ Ground Nut. 
 
 2 Cicer arietinum. the Chich Pea, or 
 
 Gravances. 
 
 3 Dolichos foja. Eafi India Kidney Bean. 
 
 4 Ervum lens. Le?itil. 
 
 c Lotus edulis. Incurved-podded Bird's- 
 
 foot Trefoil. 
 6 Lotus tetragonolobus. Square Podded 
 
 Crifnfon Pea. 
 T Lupinus albus. White-flowering Lupine. 
 8 Phafeolus vulgaris. Common Kidney Bean, 
 
 — coccineus. Scarlet-flowering 
 
 Kidney Bean. 
 
 albus. White-flowering Kid- 
 
 ney Bean. 
 9 Pifum fativum. Common Garden Pea. 
 
 * A Legumen is a pod with two valves, inclofing a 
 number of feeds that are faftened along one future only. 
 
 Pifum 
 
298 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 Pifum umbellatum, Rofe, or Crown Pea. 
 quadratum. Angular-ilalkcd Pea. 
 
 10 Piium Americanum. Cape, 01 Lord An- 
 
 Jons Pea. 
 
 11 Pifum maritimum. Sea Pea. 
 
 12 Vicia faba. Commo72 Garden Bean. 
 minor. The Horfe Bean. 
 
 I Arrachis hypogsa. American Ground 
 Nut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1040. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a native of 
 Brafil and Peru. The xlalks are long, trail 
 upon the ground, and are furnilhed with 
 winged leaves, compofed of four hairy lobes 
 each. The flowers are produced fingly on 
 , long peduncles; they are yellow, of the 
 pea kind, and each contains ten awl-lhaped 
 ftamina, nine of which are tycd together, 
 and the upper one ftands off. In the centre 
 is an awl-fhaped ftyle, crowned with a fim- 
 ple ftigma. The germen is oblong, and 
 becomes an oval-oblong pod, containing 
 two or three oblong blunt feeds. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in all the Ame- 
 rican Settlements for the feeds, which make 
 a confiderable part of the food of the Haves. 
 T'he manner of perfeding them is very fm- 
 gular, for as the flowers fall off, the young 
 pods are forced into the ground by a na- 
 tural motion of the ftalks, and there they 
 are entirely buried, and not to be difcovered 
 
 Vv'ithout 
 
L E G U M E N S. 299 
 
 without digging for them, whence they have 
 taken the name of Ground Nuts. 
 
 2 CiCER arietinum. Chich Pea, Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 1040. 
 
 Cicer fativum. Bauh. Pin. 347. 
 
 The Chich Pea grows naturally among 
 the corn in Spain and Italy, and it is much 
 cultivated in thefe places for the table. It 
 is an annual, fending up feveral hairy llalks, 
 near two feet high, which are fet with pin- 
 nated leaves, compofed of eight or nine pair 
 of oval, ferrated pinnae, with an odd one 
 at the end. The flowers are fmall and 
 whitifh, are of the pea kind, moftly but 
 one on a peduncle, have ten lUmina each, 
 nine of which are joined together, and the 
 tenth ftands off. The germen is oval, and 
 becomes a turgid, hairy, rhomboidal pod, 
 containing two roundifh feeds, of the fize 
 of common peas, each having a protube- 
 rance on the fide. 
 
 Though thefe Peas are common at table 
 in Spain and Italy, they would badly fuit 
 an Englifh ftomach, being far from delicate, 
 but are ftrong, flatulent, and hard of di- 
 gefliion. There are two varieties of this 
 plant, one with red, and the other with 
 black feeds. It is much cultivated in Bar- 
 bary, by the name of Gravancesy and is 
 counted one of their befl: forts of pulfe. 
 
 ^ DOLICHOS 
 
30b L E G U M E N S. 
 
 3 Do LI CH OS foja. Indian Kidney Bean» 
 Lin. Sp. pi 1023. 
 
 This is a perennial, and a native of India. 
 It fends up an eredt, flender, hairy ftalk, to 
 the height of about four feet, furniflied with 
 leaves much like thofe of the Common Kid- 
 ney Bean, but more hairy underneath. The 
 flowers are produced in eredl racemi, at the 
 bofoms of the leaves -, they are of the pea- 
 kind, of ablui(h white colour, and are fuc- 
 ceeded by pendulous, hairy pods, refembling 
 thofe of the Yellow Lupine, each contain- 
 ing three or four oval, white feeds, a little 
 larger than peas. 
 
 This plant is much cultivated in Japan, 
 where it is called Daidfuy and where the 
 pods fupply their kitchens for various pur- 
 pofes ; but the two principal are with a fort 
 of butter, termed Mifo, and a pickle, called 
 Sooju or Soy. 
 
 The Mifo is made by boiling a certain 
 quantity of the beans for a confiderable time 
 in water, till they become very foft, when 
 they are repeatedly brayed with a large 
 quantity of fait, till all is incorporated. 
 To this mafs they add a certain preparation 
 of Rice, named Koos, and having well 
 blended the .whole together, it is put into 
 :i wooden veffel, where in about two months 
 it becomes fit for ufe, and ferves the pur- 
 pofes of butter. The manner of preparing 
 the Koos is a kind of fecret bufinefs, and is 
 2 in 
 
L E G U M E N S. 301 
 
 in the hands of fome certain people only, 
 who fell the Koos about the flreets, to thofe 
 who make Mifo. 
 
 In order to prepare Sooju they take equal 
 quantities of beans, wheat, or barley-meal, 
 and boil them to a pulp, with common 
 fait. As foon as this mixture is properly 
 incorporated, it is kept in a warm place for 
 twenty-four hours to ferment ; after which 
 the mafs is put into a pot, covered with 
 fait, and a quantity of water poured over the 
 whole. This is fuffered to ftand for two 
 or three months, they never failing to flir it 
 well at leaft once a day, if twice o-r thrice 
 it will be the better; then the liquor is 
 tiltered from the mafs, and preferved in 
 wooden v.effels, to be ufed as occafions re- 
 quire. This liquor is excellent for pickling 
 any thing in, and the older it is the better. 
 
 4 Ervum lens. T/je Lentil. Lin. Sp. 
 pL 1039. • 
 
 Lens vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 346. 
 
 The Lentil is a common weed in the corn- 
 fields in France. It is an annual, and fends 
 up feveral weak ftalks, about half a yard 
 high, putting forth winged leaves at the 
 joints, each being compofed of many pair of 
 narrow lobes, and the midrib ending with 
 a tendril. The flowers come out from the 
 fides of the branches, tvv^o or three together 
 on a {liort common peduncle; they are 
 
 fmall. 
 
^oi L E G U M E N S. 
 
 fmall, of the pea- kind, of a pale purple co- 
 lour, contain ten ftamina each, nine of which 
 are united, and the tenth flands off. The 
 germen is oblong, and becomes a jointed, 
 taper pod, containing three or four round, 
 convex feeds* 
 
 Lentils are a ftrong, flatulent food, very 
 hard of digeilion, and therefore are feldom 
 ufed now but to boil in foups, in order to 
 thicken them. 
 
 5 Lotus edulis* Incurved -podded Birds'- 
 foot Trefoil. Lin. Sp. pi. 1090. 
 
 Lotus pentaphyllos, liliqua cornuta. 
 Bauh. Pin. 332. 
 
 It fends forth feveral trailing ftalks about 
 a foot long, furnillied at their joints with 
 trifoliate, roundifh, fmooth leaves, having 
 oval ftipulcE. The flowers come iingly from 
 the fides of the (talks, on long peduncles, 
 with three oval floral leaves, the length of 
 the flower; the latter is fmall, yeilov/, and 
 is fucceeded by a thick arched pod, having 
 a deep furrow on its outflde. 
 
 The plant is an annual, and a native of 
 feveral parts of Italy, where the inhabitants 
 eat the young pods as we do Kidney Beans. 
 
 6 Lotus tetragonolobus. Square-podded 
 Pea. Lin. Sp.pl. 1089. 
 
 Lotus ruber, fiiiqua angulofa. Bauh. 
 Pin. 332. 
 
 3 This 
 
L E G U M E N S. 303 
 
 This is a native of Sicily, and being rather 
 an ornamental plant, has been long culti- 
 vated in the EngliOi gardens. It is an an- 
 nual. Tending out ieveral decumbent ftalks, 
 about a foot long, furnifhed with dark green, 
 trifoliate leaves, having two appendages at 
 the bafe of their footftalks. The flowers 
 fpring alternately from the joints of the 
 ftalks, and each is fupported on a long pe- 
 duncle; they are of the pea kind, of a dark 
 red colour, and are fucceeded by long taper 
 pods, having four longitudinal, leafy mem- 
 branes, which render them fquare. 
 
 The green pods of this plant were for- 
 merly gathered, and drelled in the manner 
 of Kidney Beans, and are ufed fo ftill in fome 
 of the northern counties of England ; but 
 they are coarfe, and not very agreeable to 
 fuch as have been accuftomed to feed upon 
 better fare. 
 
 7 LupiNus albus. White Lupine. Lin, 
 Sp. />/. 1015. 
 
 Lupinus fativus, flore albo. Bauh. Fin, 
 
 347- . 
 
 This grows naturally in the Levant, is 
 
 an annual, and puts forth a thick, eredftalk, 
 
 near two feet high, which branches towards 
 
 the top, and is furni{]:ied with compounded 
 
 leaves, made up of feven or eight oblong, 
 
 greyi(h-green, hairy lobes, joined to the 
 
 top of the footftalk by their tails, and are 
 
 covered 
 
304 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 covered with a filvery down. The branches 
 are terminated by loofe fpikes of white 
 flowers, having little or no peduncles; they 
 are of the pea kind, and are followed by 
 ftraight, comprefTed, hairy pods, about three 
 inches long, each containing five or fix flat- 
 tilh white feeds, having a fear like a navel. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in fome parts of 
 Italy, as an efculent pulfe, but the feeds 
 have a bitter difagreeable flavour. 
 
 8 Phaseolus vulgaris. Kidfiey Bean. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. ioi6. 
 
 Smilax hortenfis five Phafeolus major. 
 Bauh. Pin. 339. 
 
 The Cojnmon Kidney Bean is a native of 
 both the Indies, and is well known by being 
 cultivated almofb all over Europe. The va- 
 rieties of it are very numerous, but to de- 
 fcribe them all would anfwer no good pur- 
 pofe, as many of them are very ordinary, 
 and not fit for the table. Thofe generally 
 intended for an early crop are the White 
 Dwarf, the Black Dwarf, and the Liver- 
 coloured , but the moil valuable ones, though 
 but feldom cultivated, are the Scarlet-blof- 
 fomed, with purple feeds fpotted with black, 
 and the White-blojj'omed, with white feeds. 
 
 9 Pi SUM fativum. The Pea. Lin. Sp. 
 pi. 1026. 
 
 This is a native of England, and, like all 
 
 plants 
 
L E G U M E N S. 305 
 
 plants that are in conftant cultivation, is 
 now run into many varieties. The natne« 
 of thofe generally raifed for the table are, 
 
 1 The Golden Hot fpiir. C) The Nonpareil. 
 
 2 The Ckarhon. 10 The D'-jjarf Sugar. 
 
 3 The Reading Hot fpiir. 11 The Sickle Pea. 
 
 4 Majlers Hotjpur. 12 The Marrowfat. 
 
 5 The EJjn Hot [pur. 13 The Rcfe^ or Crown 
 t T\\Q JOwarf Pea. Pea. 
 
 7 The Sugar Pea. 14 The Rouncival. 
 
 8 The Spanijh Morotto. 
 
 10 PisuM Americanum. Lord Anfojis 
 Pea. 
 
 The feeds of this Pea were brought to 
 England by Lord Anfon's cook, who col- 
 lected them when they were at Cape Horn, 
 in South America. It hath weak trailing 
 flalks, furnifhed with compound leaves, that 
 have two lobes on each footftalk; thofe be- 
 low are fpear-fhaped, and fbarply indented 
 on their edges, but the upper ones are 
 fmall and arrow-pointed. The flowers arc 
 blue, and come out by three or four on a 
 common peduncle, and are fucceeded by 
 taper pods, containing feveral fmall peas, 
 about the fize of Tares. 
 
 Thefe Peas are not valuable, for their 
 flavour, being inferior to any of our cul- 
 tivated forts, but they proved very beneficial 
 to the tailors in their voyage,- who when 
 they met with them were -greatly aiEided 
 
 X with 
 
3o6 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 with the fcurvy, and flood much in need of 
 •fome forts of vegetables. 
 
 II PisuM maritimum. Sea Pea. Lift* 
 Sp. pi. lo'zj. 
 
 Pifum marinum. RaiiHiJi. 892. 
 
 The Sea Pea grows wild on our fea-coaft, 
 where its roots penetrate to a coniiderable 
 depth, and alfo fpread in various diredlions 
 for feveral feet juft under the furface. The 
 flalk is angular, ufually lodges on the 
 ground, and grows to near a yard in length. 
 The'leaves on the main flalks ftand by pairs, 
 but thofe on the branches are pinnated, 
 having three or four pair of oval lobes 
 each, and their midrib is terminated with a 
 branched tendril. The flowers finifli the 
 ftalks in clufters of eight or ten on a com- 
 mon peduncle ; they are fmaller than thofe 
 of the' garden Pea, and are of a pale purple, 
 tinged in the middle with a bluifli purple. 
 The Peas have a bitterifli, difagreeable tafte, 
 and therefore whilft more pleafant food is 
 to be obtained, thefe are rejefted j but in 
 times of fcarcity they have been the means 
 of preferving thoufands of families from 
 perifliing, the delicacy of flavour at fuch 
 times weighing little with a keen appetite. 
 Both St owe and Camden relate, that in the 
 year 1555* being a year of great dearth, the 
 people collected large quantities of thefe 
 peas between Orford and Aldborough, in 
 5 . Suffolk, 
 
LEGUMENS. 36^ 
 
 Suffolk, upon a barren heath, where even 
 grafs would not grow; and as they never 
 had obferved any fuch plant as this there in 
 the time of their fullnefs, when the eye is 
 carelefs, they attributed their fpringing up 
 then as a pure miracle, to keep the poor 
 from flarving, though in all probability 
 they had been growing thereabouts for cen- 
 turies before. 
 
 12 V I c I A faba , T^Be Broad Bean . . Lm . 
 Sp. pi. 1039. 
 
 The Comfnon Broad Bean is a native of 
 Egypt, and like the Pea is now run into 
 many varieties, which have their diftin- 
 guiihing appellations among the gardeners^ 
 as, 
 
 1 The Mazagan. 5 The Sandwich, 
 
 2 . The Portugal. .6 The ^oker. 
 
 3 The Small Spamjh. 7 The IVindfor^ and 
 
 4 The. Bread Spanijh. ^ Th^ Mu7ttford. 
 
 Which lafl: is a fmall fort of the Wind/or. 
 The only variety taken notice of by Lin- 
 naeus is the Horfe-bean, and even .this no\V 
 is run into many variations, Thsfe are not 
 eaten in England, but our Merchants fhip 
 them for Africaj where they are bought as 
 fuppoft for' the flaves in their voyaige to' the 
 Weft Indies. 
 
 The drftilled water of the flowers of 
 Beans has been held ip great efteem as a gc^dd 
 coihietic among the Ladies ; 
 
 X 2 SECT/ 
 
3o8 LEGUMENS. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 Pods and Seeds of 'Trees, 
 
 1 /^ASSIA fiftula. Sweet Cajfia, or 
 ^-^ Puddifig-pipe Tree. 
 
 2 Ceratonia Siliqua. Carob, or St. fohns 
 
 ■ Bread. 
 
 3 CofFea Arabica. Arabian Coffee. 
 
 4 CofFea occidentalis. American Coffee. 
 
 5 Cytifus cajan. Pigeon Pea. 
 
 6 Epidendrum vanilla. Siveet-fcenfed Va^ 
 
 nilla. 
 
 7 Hymen aea courbaril. Bajiard Locuft 
 
 Tree. 
 
 8 Tamarindus indica. The Tamarind. 
 
 I Cassia fiftula. Sweet CaJJta. Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 540. 
 
 Caf3ia iiftula Alexandrina. Bauh. Ptn. 
 
 ^, This is a native of Alexandria, and both 
 the Indies. It is a large tree, fometimes 
 reaching to fifty feet high, having a thick 
 trunk, which divides into many branches, 
 furnlihed with winged leaves, compofed of 
 five pair of fmooth, fpeur-fhaped lobes. 
 'I'he flowers come forth in long fpikes at 
 *the ends of the branches, fuftained on long 
 ,- g peduncles ; 
 
L E G U M E N S. 309 
 
 peduncles ; they are yellow, and each con- 
 lifts of five large concave petals, furrounding 
 tQn ftamina, the three lower of u'hich are 
 long, and tipped with arched, beaked, gap- 
 ing fummits. In the centre is feated a long 
 taper germen, which becomes a pod divided 
 into many cells by tranfverle partitions, and 
 is from one to two feet long, with a feam 
 running the whole length on one fide, and 
 the mark of one on the other. The par- 
 titions of the pod are covered with a black 
 fweet pulp, which is agreeable, but pur- 
 gative. 
 
 There are two forts of Cajjia kept in the 
 fliops, one brought from the Eafl Indies, 
 and the other from the Weft. The pods of 
 the latter are moftly large, thick rind, and 
 contain a naufeous pulp; thofe of the for- 
 mer are generally finaller, fmoother, the 
 pulp blacker, and of a fweet and more plea- 
 fant tafte. The pulp is the part u fed in 
 medicine, and is frequently ordered either 
 alone or in compofition againft coftive habits 
 of body. The young tender pods, when 
 about the fize of fmall Kidney Beans, are 
 preferved with fugar in the Indies, and pod, 
 pulp and all, eaten in the above diforders. 
 
 2 Ceratonia filiqua. Cai'oh-tree. hin. 
 Sp.pl 1513. 
 
 Siliqua edulis. Bauh. Pin. 400. 
 This tree grows naturally in many places 
 X 3 'of 
 
310 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 of the Levant, and alfo in fome parts of 
 Spain and Italy, as is aflerted, but this feem^ 
 doubtful. It is male and female in diftin^: 
 trees, and grows to a large fize. The body- 
 is covered with an afh-coloured bark, and 
 the branches are furnifhed with winged, 
 oval-lobed leaves, terminated by an odd one. 
 The male flowers have no petals, but each 
 coniifls of a large calyx, cut into five parts, 
 and contains five long, awl-lLaped ftamina, 
 tipped with large twin fummits. The fe- 
 male flowers alio have no petals, but a flefhy 
 germen lituated within the receptacle, which 
 becomes a long, fielliy, comprefled pod, di- 
 vided into feveral cells, each containing on^ 
 large, roundifli, comprefled feed. 
 
 Thefe pods are thick, mealy, and of a 
 fweetifli tafl:e, and are eaten by the poor 
 inhabitants in times of fcarcity j but they 
 are apt to pain the bowels, and prove pur- 
 gative. They are called St. ^ohns Breads 
 from an aflfertion of fome writers on Scrip- 
 ture, that thefe pods were the Locujls St. 
 John eat with his honey in the Wildernefs. 
 But Dr. Hallelquifl: has fufficiently refuted 
 this wild conceit, he obferving that the 
 animals, CTsWtALocujlsy are plentifully eaten 
 to this day in the places where St. John 
 was, and it is not to be doubted but they 
 were the food he is faid to have been fup- 
 ported with. 
 
 3 COFFEA 
 
L E G U M E N S. 311 
 
 3 CoFFEA Arabica. Arabian Coffee, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 245. 
 
 This is fuppofed to be a native of Arabia 
 Felix, where it is greatly cultivated. It is 
 but a fmall tree, feldom growing above 
 fifteen or eighteen feet in its natural (late, 
 but the planters crop it, and fcarcely fuffer 
 it to reach fix. The ftem is covered with a 
 light brown bark, and the branches diverge 
 oppofite each other in an horizontal di- 
 rection J they are furnifhed with numerous 
 beautiful, fliarp-pointed leaves, fomewhat 
 refembling thofe of the Sweet Chefnut. The 
 flowers are produced in clufters at the bafe 
 of the leaves, fitting clofe to the branches, 
 and each confifts of a funnel-fliaped petal, 
 having a cylindrical tube, and is cut at the 
 brim into five parts. They are white, have 
 a mofl grateful fmell, but are of Ihort du- 
 ration. In the tube of the flower are in- 
 ferted five awl-fliaped ftamina, and below 
 is a roundilli germen, which turns to an 
 oval berry, containing two oval feeds, ^hich 
 are plain on one fide, and convex on the 
 other, 
 
 4 CoFFEA occldentalis. American Coffee, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 246. 
 
 Pavetta foliis oblongo-ovatis oppofitis, 
 ftipulis fetaceis. Browne's Jam. 142. t. 6. 
 
 This is a native of America, and it differs 
 X 4 fron> 
 
312 LEG U M E N S. 
 
 from the former in the flower being cut into 
 four parts, and in the berry containing but 
 one feed. 
 
 Of thefe two forts of Coffee, the Arabian 
 is to be preferred, as having the rnofl grate- 
 ful flavour when infuled. They are both 
 of a drying nature, and are therefore good in 
 diforders of the head, proceeding from 
 fumes and moifture. They alfo promote 
 digefliion, and remove drowlinefs, but their 
 frequent ufe is forbidden in thin he(^ic 
 conlliitutions, as they are apt to dry the 
 nerves of fuch perfons, and bring on trem- 
 blings. 
 
 5 Cytisus cajan. Pigeon Pea. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1 041. 
 
 Laburnum humilius, flliqua inter grana 
 et grana juncfla, femine efculento. Shanes 
 Jafn. 139. Hiji. 2. p. 31. 
 
 This is a native of India, but is now 
 cultivated in almofl: all the American iflands. 
 It is a flirubby tree, and feldom exceeds ten 
 feet in height. The leaves ftand three to- 
 gether upon a common footftalk, two of 
 which are fefllle and oppofite, and the mid- 
 dle one is protruded beyond them. They 
 are w^oolly, and nearly lance-fhaped. The 
 flowers come out in racemi from the fides 
 of the branches, are of the pea kind, of a 
 deep yellow colour, about the fize of the 
 common Laburnum, and are iucceeded by 
 
 hairy. 
 
L E G U M E N S. 313 
 
 hairy, fickle-fiiaped pods, about three Inches 
 long, ending in an acute point. Thel'e are 
 of a ruflet colour, and each contains feveral 
 roundiih kidney-ihaped feeds, which have a 
 flight aftriuQ-ent tafte j but when boiled 
 they afford an agreeable and nutritious food. 
 This tree is of great utility to the in- 
 habitants of the Weft Indies, for it not only 
 furnifhes them with a wholefome diet, but 
 alfo affords a conftant fupport for their Pi- 
 geons, whence the name of Pigeon Pea. 
 
 6 Epidendrum vanilla. Sweet-fcented 
 Vanilla, Lin. Sp. pi. 1347. 
 
 Epidendrum fcandens, foliis eliptico 
 ovatis nitidiffimis fubfeffilibus, inferioribus 
 claviculis jugatis, fuperioribus oppofitis. 
 'Bro'wnes "Jam. 326. 
 
 This is a parafitical plant, and grows na- 
 turally in both the Indies, where it climbs 
 up the bodies of trees by means of its fpiral 
 tendrils, iliooting its fibres into the bark in 
 manner of our ivy. The leaves are oblong- 
 heart-fhaped, of a bright green colour on 
 the upper fide, of a paler one on the other, 
 and have feveral prominent veins running 
 through tiiem. They are produced al- 
 ternately at every joint, and have no foot- 
 flalks. The flowers are of a yellowilh-green 
 colour, mixed with white ; they have no 
 calyx, but each is compofed of five Ipread- 
 ing, oblong petals, included in a Iheath, 
 
 fitting 
 
314 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 fitting upon the germen. Thefe have top* 
 {haped nedtariums on their backs, and their 
 brims are oblique, and bifid, except the up^ 
 per one, which is fhort and trifid. The 
 germen is ilender, twifted, and feated under 
 the flower, fupports a fhort ftyle, having two 
 jlamina fitting upon it, is crowned by an 
 obfolete fligma, and is faftened to the upper 
 lip of the flower. It f wells to a long, taper, 
 ilefhy pod, including many fmall feeds. 
 
 Thefe pods are flx or feven inches long, 
 of a reddifh colour, wrinkled, and very oily. 
 They contain a pulp that fmells like Balfam 
 of Peru, of an aromatic tafle, and is made 
 ufe of by the manufadurers of Chocolate to 
 give it a flavour. As thefe pods furnifh an 
 article of trade, the inhabitants collect them 
 jufi as they turn ripe, and in order to pre- 
 ferve them for fale, they firfl lay them in 
 heaps for two or three days to ferment, after 
 which they are fpread in the fun, and when 
 about half dried, they flat them, and rub 
 them over at the fame time with the oil of 
 Palma Chrifli. This done, they are again 
 expofed to the fun, and being once more 
 rubbed with the fame oil, they are covered 
 over with the leaves of the Canna Indica, 
 and are then properly prepared for mar- 
 ket. Vanillas are deemed cordial, good to 
 ftrengthen the flomach, help digeflion, dif- 
 fipate wind, and to fortify the brain. 
 
 7 HYMEN.ffiA 
 
L E G U M E N S. 315 
 
 7 Hymen^ea courbaril. Bafiard Lo- 
 fujl'tree. Lin. Sp, pi. ^i^j. 
 
 Arbor filiquofa ex qua Gummi Elemi. 
 Baiih. Pin, 404. 
 
 This is a large tree, growing naturally ia 
 the Spanifh Well Indies. The trunk is 
 covered with a light afli-coloured bark, is 
 often more than fixty feet high, and three 
 in diameter. The branches are furnifhed 
 with dark green leaves, which ftand by pairs 
 on one common footftalk, diverging from 
 their bafe in manner of a pairof ihears, whea 
 opened. The flowers come out in loofe 
 fpikes at the ends of the branches, and are 
 yellow, ftriped with purple. Each confifts 
 of five petals, placed in a double calyx, the 
 outer leaf of which is divided into five parts, 
 and the inner one is cut into five teeth at its 
 brim. In the centre are ten declining fta- 
 mina, longer than the petals, furrounding 
 an oblong germen, which becomes a thick, 
 fle{hy, brov/n pod, four or five inches long, 
 and one broad, with a future on both edges, 
 aad includes three or four purplifli feeds, 
 fomewhat of the fhape of Windfor Beans, 
 but fmaller. 
 
 The feeds are covered with a light brown 
 fugary fubftance, which the Indians fcrape 
 off and eat with great avidity, and which is 
 very pleafant and agreeable. 
 
 At the principal roots under ground is 
 found colleded in large lumps a yellowifh- 
 
 red. 
 
3i6 L E G U M E N S. 
 
 red, tranfparent gum, which dilTolved m 
 rectified fpirit of wine affords a moft excel- 
 lent varniOi, and is the gum Anime of the 
 ihops, not the gum Elemi *. 
 
 8 Tamarindus indica. I'he Tamarind. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 48. 
 
 Siliqua Arabica, quag Tamarindus. Bauh, 
 Pin. 403. 
 
 The Tamarind is a pretty large tree, grow- 
 ing naturally in both the Indies, but thofe 
 in the Eaft produce the beft and largefh 
 fruit. The trunk is covered with a brown 
 bark, and fpreads into many branches at the 
 top, plentifully furnifhed with long, flender, 
 pinnated leaves, the lobes of which are very 
 narrow, and not above half an inch long ; 
 thefe are of a bright green colour, a little 
 hairy, and fit clofe to the midrib. The 
 flowers are produced from the fides of the 
 branches, in fmall cluflers of fix or eight 
 together upon a common peduncle. Each 
 has a calyx compofed of five equal, oval 
 leaves, furrounding five reddifh petals, fo 
 difpofed as to rcfemble a pea-flower, but they 
 contain only three awl-fhaped (lamina, feated 
 in the finufes of the calyx, and are arched 
 towards the upper petal. The germen is 
 
 * This gum has been generally, though wrongfully, Tup- 
 pofed to be the gum Elemi, but that is the gum of a tree 
 called Amyris Ekmifera, and is of a much paler colour than 
 the Anime. 
 
 an 
 
L E G U M E N S. 317 
 
 an oblong - oval, and fupports a flender 
 afcending ityle, crowned by a fingle ftigma. 
 
 The pods when fully grown are from 
 three to fix inches long, and filled with a 
 ftringy, acid pulp, furrounding feveral hard 
 feeds. This pulp is of a cooling laxative 
 nature, is good to quench thirft, iJlay im- 
 moderate heat, and is an ingredient in the 
 Lenitive Ek<^uary of the fliops. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
I 3IS 1 
 
 d "h a p. IX. 
 
 E.SCULENT GR,^AIN and SEEDS. 
 
 ;./5 ?./ 
 SECT. I. 
 
 I'^e 'various Sorts of Wheat. 
 
 LIN N^ US comprehends all the forts 
 of Wheat at prefent cultivated, under 
 the fix following fpecies : 
 
 i Triticum sflivum. StimjJier, or Spring 
 Wheat. 
 
 2 Triticum hybernum. Winter, or Com^ 
 
 mon Wheat. 
 
 3 Triticum turgidum. Short thick-fpiked 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 4 Triticum Polonicum. Poland Wheat, 
 
 5 Triticum fpelta. German, or Spelt Wheat, 
 
 6 Triticum monococcum. St.PetersCorn. 
 
 Cultivation has produced fo many varieties 
 from thefe fx fpecies, that the moji curious 
 examiner cannot fix with certainty to which 
 of them they individually belong -, but fuch as 
 are not to be doubted, Jhall be mentioned after 
 the defer ipt ion of each fpecies, 
 
 I Triticum' 
 
GRAIN. 
 
 19 
 
 I Triticum ^ftivum. Spring Wheat. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 126. 
 
 Triticum radice annua, fpica glabra 
 arjftata. Roy. lugdb. 70. 
 - -iThis hath four flowers in a calyx, tlirefe 
 of which moftly bear grain. The calyces 
 fland pretty (iiftant from each other on both 
 fides a flat, fmooth receptacle. The leaves 
 ' of the calyx are keel-ifhaped,- fmooth, and 
 they terminate with a fliort arifta. The 
 glumes of the flowers are fmboth and bel- 
 lying, and the outer leaf of three of the 
 glumes in every calyx is terminated by a 
 long arifta, but the three inner ones afe 
 beardlefs. The grain is rather longer and 
 thinner than the common Wheat. It is 
 fuppofed to be a native of fome part of Tar- 
 tary. The farmers call it Spring Wheat , 
 becaufe it will come to the fickle with the 
 Common Wheat, though it be fown in Fe- 
 bruary or Marcli. The varieties of it are : 
 
 'Triticum aftivum fpica et grana rubente^ Sparing 
 Wheat, xvlth a red fpike and grain. 
 
 Triticum ^Jiivum rubrum^ fpica alba. Red Spring 
 Wheac, with a white fpike. 
 
 ^riticufH tejlivum^ fpica et grana alba. Spring 
 Wheat, with a white fpike and grain. 
 
 2 Triticum hybernum, CommonW&eat. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 26. 
 . \ Triticum 
 
320 G R A I N. 
 
 Triticum radice annua, fpica mutica. 
 Roy. lugdb. 70. 
 
 This hath alfo four flowers in a calyx, 
 three of which are moftly produdive. The 
 calyces ftand on each fide a fmooth, flat 
 receptacle, as in the former fpecies, but they 
 are not quite fo far afunder. The leaves of 
 the calyx are bellying, and fo fmooth, that 
 they appear as if poliflied, but they have no 
 nrifta. The glumes of the flowers too are 
 fmooth, and the outer ones near the top of 
 the fpike are often tipped with fliort arifl:a. 
 The grain is rather plumper than the for- 
 mer, and is the fort mofl generally fown in 
 England, whence the name of ComjJion 
 Wheat. Its varieties are : 
 
 Triticum hybernum, fpica et grana ruhenti. Com- 
 mon Wheat, with a red fpike and 
 grain. 
 
 'Triticum hyhernum rulrum, fpica alba. Com- 
 mon Red Wheat, wich a white fpike. 
 
 Triticum hybernum, fpica et grana alba. Com- 
 mon Wheat, with a white fpike and 
 grain. 
 
 3 Triticum turgidum. Thick -f piked 
 Wheat. Lin, Sp. pi. 126. 
 
 Triticum radice annua, glumis villofis. 
 Koy. lugdb. 70. 
 
 This fpecies is eafily diftinguifhed from 
 3 either 
 
Grain. 321 
 
 cither of the former, for though it has four 
 flowers in a calyx after the manner of them, 
 yet the whole calyx and the edges of the 
 glumes are covered with foft hairs. The 
 calyces too (land thicker on the receptacle, 
 which make the fpike appear more turgid. 
 Some of the outer glumes near the top of 
 the Ipike are tc;rmin.:ted by ihvort arifts, like 
 thofe of the Common Wneat. The grain 
 is fharter, plumper, and more convex on 
 the back, than either of the former fpecies. 
 Its varieties are numerous, and have various 
 appellations in different counties, owing to 
 the great affinity of feveral of them. Thofe 
 moft eaiily to be diflinguiilied are: 
 
 Triticum turgidum conicum album. White Cone 
 
 Wheat. 
 ^riticum turgidum conicum rubrum. Red Cone 
 
 Wheat. 
 ^riticum turgidum drifiiferum. Bearded Cone 
 
 Wheat. 
 'Triticum turgidum., /pica multipUci. Cone 
 
 Wheat, with many ears* 
 
 The third variety Is what the farmers call 
 Clog W^heat, Square Wheat, and Rivets. 
 The grain of this is remarkably convex on 
 one fide, and when ripe the awns generally 
 break in pieces and fall off. This lurt is 
 very produ(flive, but it yields an inferior 
 flour to what the former two fpecies do. 
 
 Y 4 Tr I TIC I'M 
 
322 G R A t N. 
 
 4 Triticum Polonicum. Poland Wheat, 
 Lin. Sf. pL i2j. 
 
 This Has forne refemblance to the tiir- 
 glduiia, but both grain and fpike are longer. 
 The calyx contains only two flowers, and 
 the glumes are furriithed with verv lono- 
 ariftg;. The teeth of the midrib are bearded. 
 As this fort is leldom fown in England, there 
 is no telling what varieties it produces. 
 
 5 Triticum fpelta. Spelt Wheat. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 127. 
 
 Zea dicoccos vel fpelta major. Bauh, 
 Pin. 22. 
 
 At iirfl: view this has a great refemblance 
 to Barley, but it has no involucrum. The 
 calyx is truncated, that is, it appears as if 
 the ends were fnipped off, and it contains 
 four flowers, two oi which are hermaphro- 
 dite, and the glumes bearded, but the in- 
 termediate ones are neuter. There are two 
 rows of grain as in Barley, but they are 
 Ihaped like Wheat. It is much cultivated 
 in France, Germany, and Italy, but neither 
 the native place of this, nor of the former 
 three fpecies is yet know^n. 
 
 6 Triticum monococcum. St. Peter s 
 Corn. Lin. Sp. pi. 127, 
 
 , Zea Briza dida Ave monococcos ger- 
 manica. Bauh. Pin, zi. 
 
 This 
 
GRAIN. 325 
 
 This has three flowers in each calyx, al- 
 ternately bearded, and the middle one neuter. 
 The fpike is (hining, and has two rows ot 
 grain in the Rtanner of Barley. Where it 
 grows naturally is not known, but it is cul- 
 tivated in Germany, and in conjundtion 
 with Spelt Wheat is there made into bread, 
 which is coarfe, and not {q nourifhing as 
 that made of Common Wheat. Malt made 
 of any of our Wheats is often put into Beer, 
 and a fmall quantity of it will give a larg^ 
 Brewing a fine brown, tranfparent tind:ure. 
 
 Before I quit this article of Wheat, I 
 {hall make an obfervatron or two that may 
 prove pf fome benefit to the generality of 
 Farmers. The common ailqwance of feed 
 to fow an acre, is not lefs thai> three bufliels, 
 a quantity, as Miller obferves, which is 
 certainly too much, but not perhaps alto- 
 gether for the reafons he gives.' If y the 
 hufoandman has ten coombs per acre,' for 
 ^is t})ree budipis of feed, he thinks he has 
 had an excellent crop, nor does he fet him- 
 ielf/^bput reflecting how., much milfed coav 
 in^ to p€rfe(ftion. Now if j^U the grain be 
 i-bwed,, vegetated, and 'produced only tvvo 
 tolerable-good ears each, and each ear con- 
 ■tained only forty grains, (which is rating 
 them fqll low) the produce of one grain 
 fown w;ould be 80, and thf increafe from 
 the three buiLels would be 240 bullie^ls, of 
 Y 2 60 coombs j 
 
^24 GRAIN. 
 
 60 coombs ; confequently when he reaps but 
 10 coombs, he has the profit of only half a 
 budiel of bis feed. It ftands the farmer in 
 hand then to be careful about fowing his 
 feed-corn, and not throw it away to birds 
 and other vermin, and which he frequently 
 does by fowing it too late. In order to 
 prevent the ravages of thefe creatures, he 
 ought to have all his Wheat into ground by 
 the end of Odiober at longeft, before the 
 birds find a fcarclty of food ; for while there 
 remains any part of the laft year's offal on 
 the fields, they will not trouble themfelves 
 much about the new fown grain j but as 
 foon as they feel themfelves pinched, they 
 repair -by -flights to the frefh fown lands, 
 and pick up dll they can poffibly get at; 
 and though the feecis in general may have 
 vegetated, yet if they be not ftrongly rooted, 
 they make little difficulty of pulling them 
 Uhp by their leaves, and then twitch off the 
 srr-aiB; Several forts of -birds are dexterous 
 at'this-Dufincfs, but Larks in^ particular are 
 q^ilirte adepts at it^'^a^fmall parcel of them 
 will foon makb a- place as bare as it was be- 
 fore Ibwn. Now this wafte never happens 
 when' there K plenty of food for thefe ani- 
 mals,' nor caif'it -be performed when 'the 
 corn is- nmch advanced, it then requiring 
 nior^ than their ffrength to draw it up, lo 
 tha-r if it be fo^w'ri'in-tiiiie, and before thefe 
 
 - ^ creatures 
 
GRAIN. 325 
 
 creatures are diftreiled, it fuffers little or 
 nothing, but from the fe verity of hard fea- 
 fons. From what has been obferved it muft 
 appear evident^ that a much lefs quantity of 
 feed fown early, properly fcattered, and well 
 covered, will be producftive of as large a 
 crop as the ufual allowance is ; and probably 
 a larger, for the grains being lefs liable to 
 be dillurbed by the birds when flriking root, 
 and their roots ftan.ding more diftindt, they 
 will be better fupplied with nouridiment, 
 enabled to fupport their flems, and bring 
 their feed to greater perfe^ftion. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 OatSy Barley y and Rye, 
 
 1 A V E N A fativa. Manured Black 
 ^^ Oat. 
 
 alba. Manured White Oat. 
 
 2 A vena nuda. Naked Oat, or Pilcorn* 
 
 3 Hordeum vulgare. Common Barley. 
 ccelejie. Siberian Barley. 
 
 4 Hordeum diiUchon. Long- eared Barley, 
 ■• nudum. Naked Barley. 
 
 5 Hordeum hexaltichon. Big^ or Square 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Y 3 6 Hor- 
 
326 GRAIN. 
 
 6 Hordeum zeocriton. Battledores ex 
 
 Sprat Barley. 
 
 7 Secale cereal e. Common Rye. 
 '■Qernum. Spring Rye. 
 
 I AvENA fativa. The Oat. Lin. Sp. 
 pi. ii8. 
 
 Avena nigra. Bank. Fin. 23. 
 
 The Oat was found growing wild by 
 Lord Anfon in the ifland of Juan Fernandez, 
 at the back of the coaft of Chili, in the 
 South Sea ; but probably it never was na- 
 tural to this place, but had been dropped 
 by the Spaniards, who had been here before 
 Anfon. In Scotland, and fome of the nor- 
 ;thern counties of England, Oats form the 
 chief bread of the inhabitants. They are 
 much ufed like wife in Germany ; but in 
 Norway, Oat-bread is a luxury among the 
 common people, for they fpare the grain 
 by mixing Fir-bark with it, and grinding 
 both into meal. And they do this not only 
 in times of fcarcity, but alfo when Oats are 
 plentiful, that they may be inured to it 
 v/hen the latter fail them. The Fir gives 
 the bread a bitterifh tafte; and therefore 
 lately they have generally fubftituted Kim- 
 bark for it, which they find much pleafanter. 
 Oats are very nutritive, and eafy of digeftion. 
 10 fuch as feed conftantly upon them. " . 
 
 The White Oat is only a variety of the 
 Black, and though the former are generally 
 
 preferred 
 
GRAIN. 327 
 
 preferred for feeding horfes, yet it has been 
 found on fame fair trials, that the latter are 
 the bed for this purpofe, and that fuch 
 horfes as are kept with the Black Oat, ap- 
 pear moil healthy, and fuUeft of fpirits. 
 
 2 AvEJ^A nuda. Naked Oaf. Lin. Sp. 
 pi. n8. 
 
 This is fometimes found in our corn- 
 fields, and is therefore fuppoied ro be na- 
 tural to England. It fo uuich refembles 
 the Tartarian Oat, in its manner of growth 
 and general appearance, that it may eafily 
 be miftaken for it by any one not well {killed 
 in plants. The difference is, this has three 
 flowers in a calyx, v/hereas the Tartarian has 
 only two; and the feed of the nuda lies bare 
 in the hullc in the manner of Rye; but that 
 of the Tartarian is enwrapped in the glume. 
 In former ages this was the chief Oat cul- 
 tivated here, for the feeds being; naked wan 
 a great inducement to its propagation, before 
 the method of hufking the Common Oat 
 became general, as when they were boiled, 
 they turned for the mod part into flour. 
 
 3 PIoRDEUM vulgare. Common Barley, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 125, 
 
 Ilordeum polyftichon vernum. Bauh, 
 Pin. 22. 
 
 This is the Barky moft generally culti- 
 vated. It has three or four rows of flowers, 
 Y 4 two 
 
328 GRAIN. 
 
 two of which are eredt, and fland In a re- 
 gular order. They are all hermaphrodite, 
 and bearded. The fkin which covers the 
 feed is very thin, and confequently it is a 
 good fort for the maltfter. Barley is lefs 
 nourifliing than Wheat, apt to purge the 
 body, and therefore is not made into bread 
 here, but when the latter becomes too dear 
 for the pockets of the common people. la 
 the Greek iflands. Barley-bread is much in 
 ufe ; this and dried Figs being the principal 
 food of the Monks, the fame as Wheaten 
 bread and cheefe are here. In Scotland too 
 the poor people eat frequently of Barley- 
 bread. In many parts of India this grain is 
 much cultivated for their cattle, the inha- 
 bitants making the meal into dough, which 
 they form into balls, and give them io their 
 Oxen and Camels. Its native place of 
 growth is not known, 
 
 4 HoRDEUM diftichon, Long - eared 
 Barley, Lin. Sp.pl. 125. 
 
 This is the Barley generally cultivated in 
 Norfolk and Suffolk. The ears are very 
 long, and the grains are regularly ranged in 
 a row on each lide the receptacle. They ar^ 
 angular, and have a very thin ikin, which 
 laft circumftance renders this fort alfo very 
 proper for malting. The French and Pearl 
 Barley of the fhops are faid to be prepared 
 Irorri this fpecies, but as there is little dif- 
 ference 
 
GRAIN. 329 
 
 ference between the feeds of this and the 
 former, I imagine they are both promif- 
 cuoully ufed for this purpofe. The Pearl- 
 barley is prepared in Holland and Germany, 
 by firil: {helling the grain, and then grinding 
 it into round granules, which gives them a 
 pearly whitenefs. This boiled is very foft 
 and lubricating, and is either drank alone 
 to flake thirft, and to obtund acrimonious 
 humours, or it is ordered in emulfions. In 
 Scotland they prepare a deal of both forts, 
 and they are there boiled in broths to 
 thicken them, 
 
 5 HoRDEUM hexaftichon. Square Barley. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 125. 
 
 This goes by the feveral names of Winter 
 Barley, Square Barley, Bear, Big, and Clo?^ 
 Barley. The flowers are all bearded, and 
 ranged in fix rows fo equally, as to form a 
 perfed: flx-flded figure. In many parts of 
 Scotland they feldom cultivate any fort but 
 this, it being more hardy than the refl, and 
 the ears there come to a very large flze, but 
 the flcin being rather thickifli, the grain is 
 not fo good for malting as either of the 
 former. In Switzerland, and alfo in fome 
 of the Provinces of Germany, they make 
 bread of this. Spelt Wheat, and Oats, all 
 mixed together. In Egypt, where they 
 fow no Oats, they cultivate this as food for 
 their horfes. 
 
 'X 6 HORDEUM 
 
330 P R A I N. 
 
 6 HoRDEUM zeocriton. Sprat Barley, 
 Lin, S^p. pi. J 25. ^'.^^? 
 
 Zeocriton five Oriza germanica. Baub^ 
 Pin. 22. f 
 
 This has two regular rows of feed, one on 
 each iide the midrib, the fame as the dijii^ 
 ckofiy but the ear is Ihorter and broader, tli« 
 awns are very lorig, the grains are clof<?r 
 crouded together, ajid when ripe they.4if 
 verge fo as to caufe the awns to fpread very 
 wide, and give, the idea of a Battledore j 
 v/,hence the ^,am.e of Battledore Barley. The 
 grain is angular like the common ^Barley, 
 but it is rather (horter, and has a thicker 
 ficin, fo is not fo eligible for malting. It 
 gejierally yields plentifully to the grower. 
 But the ftraw is fo coarfe, that cattle will 
 feidoni eat it, for which reafon the farmers 
 are not fond of cultivating this fort. The 
 native country of, any of thefe three lafl 
 fpecies is not knowi). 
 
 7 Sec ALE cereale. Common Rye. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 124. 
 
 Secale hybernum vel majus. B^uh. Pin. 
 
 ■2''. 
 
 This is a native of the ifland of Candia, 
 but has been cultivated in England for 
 many ages. About a century part, i?)'^ made 
 the principal bread of the common inha- 
 bitants here, but it was black, clammy, 
 very detergent^ and confequently lefs nou- 
 
 rifhing 
 
GRAIN. 331 
 
 j-ifhing than Wheat. It is ftill ufed in 
 Wales, in conjundion with the latter, and 
 in lome parts of Sweden and Norway, the 
 poor people feed on little elfe. Wheat-bread 
 being moftly preferved for feafts and wed- 
 dings. 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 Mifcellaneous Gram ajid Seeds, 
 
 1 /'^OIX lacryma Jobi. Job's Tears. 
 
 2 ^^ Cynofurus coracanus. Indian Cock's-^ 
 
 Foot Grafs. 
 
 3 Feftuca iiuitans. Flote Fefcue Grafs. 
 
 4 Holcus forghum. Guinea Corn, or In- 
 
 dian Millet. 
 
 5 Holcus faccharatus. Indian Heed Millet, 
 
 6 Nymph sea n el umbo. Egyptian Bean. 
 
 7 Oryza fativa. Rice. 
 
 8 Panicum miliaceum. Common Millet o 
 
 9 Panicum Italicum. Indian Millet. 
 ID Phalaris canarienlis. Canary Grafs. 
 
 11 Polygonum fagopyrum. Buck Wheat. 
 
 12 Quercus efculus. Cut -leaved Italian Oak. 
 
 13 Quercus phellos. Carolinian iVillow- 
 
 leaved Oak. 
 
 14 Sefamum orientale, Fajiern Fox-glove, 
 
 15 Sefamum Indicum. Indian Fox-glove. 
 
 16 Sinapis nigra. Black Mujiard. 
 
 I J Sinapis 
 
3 
 
 i GRAIN. 
 
 17 -Sinapis arvenfis. Charlock. 
 
 18 Zea mays. 'Turkey, or Indian Wheat. 
 
 19 Zizania aquatica'. Water Zixania. 
 
 I Co IX lacryma Jobi. 'Job's Tears. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1378. 
 
 Litholperinum arundinaceum. Bauh.Pin, 
 
 2i8- ... 
 
 This is a native of both the Indies. It is 
 
 a perennial, and lends up two or three 
 crooked Italks, about two feet high, having 
 a long gralTy leaf at every joint, at the bafe 
 of which come out the fpikes of flowers, on 
 fliort footftalks. The fpikes are compofed 
 of all male flowers, and juft below them 
 are two or three females. The male has a 
 bivalve, hufky calyx, and a bivalve glume, 
 containing three flender ftamina, tipped 
 with oblong, four-cornered fummits. The 
 female flower is alfo compofed of a bivalve 
 calyx and glume, and contains an oval ger- 
 men, which becomes a hard, fmooth, round- 
 iih (tQdy nearly like that of Gromwel. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in Spain and Por- 
 tugal, for the ufe of the poor inhabitants in 
 the time of fcarcity, the feeds being then 
 ground, and made into a coarfe fort of bread. 
 As they are hard and of different colours, 
 they are often perforated by the negroes, 
 ftrung upon lilk, and then worn for neck- 
 laces. 
 
 2 Cynosurus 
 
GRAIN. 333 
 
 2 Cynosurus coracanus. Indian Cock! s- 
 foot Gmfs. Lin. Sp. pi. io6. 
 
 Gramen Dactylon ^gyptiacum. Bauh, 
 Pin. J. 
 
 This is an annual, and a native of India. 
 It hath woolly graiTy leaves, among which 
 rile the ftems, not more than three or four 
 inches high. Thefe are flattifh, ered", and 
 terminated by four (fometimes fix) linear 
 fpikes, that fpread in the form of a crofs. 
 The flowers are all hermaphrodite, feveral 
 ftanding together in a bivalve, hufky calyx, 
 and each has a bivalve glume, containing 
 three flender ftamina, and two hairy reflexed 
 ftyles. The germen is fmall, and top- 
 fliaped. 
 
 The feeds are near as large as fmall Mil- 
 let, and are ufed by the inhabitants for the 
 fame purpofes that Millet is. 
 
 3 Festuca fiuitans. Flote Fefcue Grafs. 
 Lin. Sp. pL I n . 
 
 Gramen aquaticum fluitans, multiplici 
 fpica. Baiih. Pin. 2. 
 
 This grows very common by ditches, -and 
 almort: all moiil: places in England,. It hath 
 a creeping root, which fends forth feveral 
 curved ftalks, a little flatted towards the 
 bafe ; thefe are terminated by long panicles, 
 which are very much branched when the 
 plant grows in the water, or on a very moiii 
 place; but in drier fltuations the panicles 
 
 are 
 
334 GRAIN. 
 
 are fcarcely branched at all. They are of a 
 filvery green colour, and the fpiculae are 
 round, linear, and beardlefs. The flowers 
 are hermaphrodite, and feveral of them are 
 common to a bivalve, hu/ky calyx. Each 
 is compofed of a bivalve glume, longer than 
 the calyx, and contains three flender fta- 
 mina, tipped with oblong fummits, toge- 
 ther with two ihort, reflexed ftyles, crowned 
 with fimple ftigmata. The feed is flender^ 
 oblong, and: hath a longitudinal furrow. 
 
 Th-efe feeds are not regarded here as efcu- 
 lent grain, but in Poland they are yearly 
 colledled, and fent into Germany and Swe- 
 den, where they are fold by the name of 
 Manna Seeds, for the ufe of the table of 
 people of the firft rank, and are much 
 efleemed for their agreeable and nourifhing 
 quality. Linnaeus affirms, that the bran of 
 this grain will kill Bots in horfes, if they 
 be kept fro^ drinking fome time before it 
 be given them ; and that the grain itfelf 
 will fatten Geefe fooner than auy yet knovyn; 
 all which cL'^arly point out the utility of 
 Botany to a farmer ; for from this comrtion 
 plant only, if he fhould be abl€ to diftin- 
 guiilj it, he may draw a medicine for his 
 difeafed horfes, and a profitable and nou- 
 rifhing- food for his geefe. The poorer fort 
 of people too might, coiledl: the feeds for 
 fale as they do in Poland, for if they are fo 
 pleafant and agreeable at the tables of the 
 
 German 
 
GRAIN. 335 
 
 German and Swedifh gentlem-en, why iliould 
 they not be fo at thole of the Englifh ? The 
 plant grows prodigioufly plentifiil in mbft: 
 marfhes, and in thofe near the lea; and in 
 the middle of a hot day, I have feen the 
 fpikes quite covered with ^ brown fub- 
 flance, as fvveet as fugar. - ^ 
 
 4 HoLCUs forghum. Guinea C&rn. 'Lii^, 
 Sp. pi. 1484. 
 
 Milium arundinaceum, fubrotundo fe- 
 mine. Sorgho nominatum. Baub. Pi?i. 26. 
 
 This is an annual plant, and a native of 
 India. It fends Up thick, ftrong ftalks, Vikt 
 thofe of Turkey Wheat, to feven or eight 
 feet high, and fet at their joints with large 
 gtafly leaves, often more than two feet 4oh^, 
 and three inches broad in the middle, ebi- 
 bracing the ftalks with their bale. The 
 midrib of thefe is very deprefled on the up- 
 per furface, and prominent on the back'. 
 The ftalks are terminated w^ith large, clofe, 
 oval panicles of cliafFy flowers, fome vof 
 which are male, and others hermaphrodite 
 on the {^rtiQ panicle. The male flb'.^fe'fl 
 have no glu-rfles, hti each confifts of iik 
 hairy, hufky, bivalve calyx, -containing three 
 hairy ftamina, tipped with oblong fumitili'ts-^ 
 The hermaphrodite flowers hdve a l-ikie;^ boi^ 
 larger calyx, together with a bivalve gliimei 
 containing three hairy ftamina, a-iiB'- two 
 fmall ftyles, crowned with pencil-fhaped 
 2 ftigmata. 
 
336 GRAIN. 
 
 ftigmata. The germen is roundifh, and 
 becomes an oval feed, wrapped in the 
 glume, having a fmall arifta, the bottom of 
 which is brown, and the top white. 
 
 5 HoLCus faccharatus. Indiafi Reed 
 Millet. Lin. Sp. pi. i^^^f. 
 
 Frumentum indicum, quod Milium in- 
 dicum vocant. Bauh. Theatr. 488. 
 
 This too is a native of India, grows to the 
 fize of the former, and makes the like ge- 
 neral appearance; but the panicle of this 
 fpr€;ads open, the branches landing nearly 
 horizontally upon the receptacle. The ca- 
 lyces of the flowers too are fmooth, but the 
 feeds are much of the fame lize as the for- 
 mer ', thefe vary in both with refpedl to 
 colour, they being white, yellow, or red- 
 difh. The ftalks of this fpecies are almoft 
 as copioufly ftored with a faccharine juice as 
 the Sugar Cane. 
 
 Both thefe plants are cultivated in Africa 
 by the name of Guinea Corn, and they have 
 been confounded as only one fort by moft 
 travellers. The grain ^is there made into 
 bread, and otherwife ufed,. and is deemed 
 wholefome food. From Africa the Negroes 
 carried them to the Weft Indies, where they 
 ar^ both fown for their ufe, and each flave 
 is generally allov/ed from a pint to a quart 
 per day. 
 
 " 6 Nymph-;^a 
 
GRAIN. 337 
 
 6 Nymphs A nelumbo. Egyptian Bean* 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 730. 
 
 Nymphaea foliis orbiculatis peltatis fubtus 
 radiatis. Browne s yam. 343. Faba iEgyptia, 
 
 This is a perennial, growing naturally in 
 ftapnated waters, in both the Indies. It 
 fends forth large, orbicular leaves, which 
 float upon the furface of the water, and are 
 about half a yard diameter, having their 
 footftalks, which are long and prickly, in- 
 ferted into their centre. From the middle 
 of each leaf iffue a great number of large 
 rays or ribs, all diverging towards the mar- 
 , gin, breaking into many ramifications, and 
 making a beautiful appearance. Among the 
 leaves come the flowers, fupported on long 
 peduncles; they are large, and confifl of 
 many deep flelh-coloured petals, difpofed in 
 rows, as they are in the White Water Lily. 
 In the middle are numerous incurved fta- 
 mina, furrounding an oval germen, which 
 becomes a top-fliaped feed-veflel, having 
 many cells, that form as many holes upon 
 its furface, in manner of a fand-di£h, each 
 containing a lingle feed. 
 
 When thefe feeds are young and green, 
 they are boiled and eaten by the inhabitants 
 of India, they being then agreeable 3 but 
 when full ripe, they are hard and bitterilli. 
 I knew a perfon who eat many of them raw, 
 as they were fent from the Weft Indies, and 
 they made him very ill fof fome time after, 
 
 % The 
 
j38 GRAIN. 
 
 The flowers of this plant are facred in fome 
 heathen countries, and with them they adorn 
 the altars of their temples. Often too their 
 gods are painted fitting upon them. 
 
 The ancient v/riters on Botany moftly 
 confounded this plant with the Arum colo- 
 cajia, which caufcd much confufion in 
 their accounts of both plants, and was the 
 means of inducing many to believe that the 
 Faba Mgyptia exifted only in the brains- of 
 luch as wrote about it. This uncertainty 
 feems to have arifen from fome affinity in 
 the leaves of the two plants, they both being 
 peltated, and though not exadly of a Aape, 
 yet in more remote times, when this fcience 
 wa^ very imperfed:, fuch differences were 
 not ftrictly attended to, and therefore it is 
 probable, that thofe who did not fee the 
 plants in fiower, miftook the one for the 
 other; which they might eafily do, as they 
 both grow in the fame kind of foil and 
 lituations. 
 
 7 Oryza fativa. Rice. Lin, Sp. pi. 475. 
 
 Rice is a native of India, and is cultivated 
 in almoft every part of Afia. Ifis an an- 
 nual, and rifcs to about a yard high, with 
 broader and thicker leaves at the joints of 
 > the flalks, than, thofe of Wheat. Each 
 flalk is terminated by a fpreading panicle, 
 plentifully furniihed with fmall flowers, 
 ftanding fingly in a bivalve chaffy calyx, 
 
 and 
 
GRAIN. 339 
 
 arid having a bivalve, boat-(haped glume, 
 ending in a fpiral beard. The ftamina are 
 fix, of the length of the glume, and are 
 terminated by fummits, which fplit at their 
 bafe. There are tv/o hairy, reflexed ftyles, 
 crowned with feathered ftigmata, and placed 
 on a top-fliaped germen, 'which becomes an 
 oblong compreffed feed. 
 
 This grain is the principal food of the 
 inhabitants in all parts of the Eafl:, where ic 
 is boiled and eaten either alone or with their 
 meat. Large quantities of it are annually 
 fent into Europe, and it meets with a ge- 
 neral erteem for family purpofes. The peo- 
 ple of Java have a method of making pud- 
 dings of Rice, which feems to be unknown 
 here, but is not difficult to put. in practice, 
 if it fliould merit attention. They take a 
 conical earthen pot, which is open at the 
 large end, and perforated all over; this they fill 
 about half full with Rice, and putting it into 
 a larger earthen pot of the lame fhape, filled 
 with boiling water, the Rice in the firll; pot 
 foon fwells and ftopS the perforation s, fo as 
 to keep out the water; by this method the 
 Rice is brought to a firm confiftence, and' 
 forms a pudding, which is generally eaten 
 with butter, oil, fugar, vinegar, and fpices. 
 The Indians eat ftevved Rice with good fuc- 
 ccfs againfi; the bloody-flux, and in mofl 
 inflammatory diforders they cure themfelves 
 with only a decodion of it. The fpirituous' 
 Z 2- Mq.uoT/ 
 
340 GRAIN. 
 
 liquor, called Arrack^ is made from this 
 grain. 
 
 Rice grows naturally in moirt: places, and 
 will not come to perfed:ion when cultivated, 
 unlefs the ground be fometimes overflowed, 
 or plentifully watered. The grain is of a 
 grey colour when firft reaped, but the 
 growers have a method of whitening it, be- 
 fore it is fent to market. The manner of 
 performing this and beating it out in Egypt, 
 is thus related by HalTelquift : They have 
 hollow iron, cylindrical peftles, about an 
 inch diameter, lifted by a wheel worked 
 with oxen. A perfon fits betv/een the 
 peftles, and as they rife, pufhes forward the 
 Rice, whilft another winnows, and fupplies 
 fre(h parcels. Thus they continue working, 
 until it is entirely free from chaff. Having 
 in this manner cleaned it, they add one- 
 thirtieth part of fait, and rub them botji 
 together, by which the grain acquires a 
 whitenefs ^ then it is pafTed through a fieve, 
 to feparate the fait again from it. 
 
 In the Illand of Ceylon they have a much 
 more expeditious method of getting out the 
 Rice, for in the field where it is reaped, they 
 dig a round hole with a level bottom, about 
 a foot deep, and eight yards diameter, and 
 fill it with bundles of the corn. Having 
 laid it properly, the women drive about half 
 a dozen oxen continually round the pit, and 
 thus they will tread out forty or fifty bulliels 
 
 a-day. 
 
GRAIN. 341 
 
 a-day. This is a very ancient method of 
 treading out corn, and is ftill practifed in 
 Africa upon other forts of grain. 
 
 8 Pan I CUM miliaceum. Cofmnon Millet, 
 Lin, Sp. pi. 86. 
 
 Milium femine luteo & albo, Bai{h, 
 Pin. 26. 
 
 This is a native of India. It fends up a 
 channelled, reed-like llalk, to the height of 
 about four feet, compofed of four or five 
 joints, and furnifhed with a large grafiy leaf 
 at each, the bafe of which is covered v/ith 
 foft hairs, and embraces the ftalk up to the 
 next joint. The ftalk is terminated by a 
 large loofe panicle of green flowers, each 
 confifling of a trivalve calyx, one part of 
 which ^s very fmall, and a bivalve glume, 
 containing three hairy flamina, and two 
 hairy ftyles, crowned with pencil -fliaped 
 ftigmata. The germen is roundifli, and be- 
 comes a feed of the fame form, covered with 
 the glume. 
 
 This plant is cultivated in moil eaftern 
 countries, and alfo in feveral of the warm 
 parts of Europe. The feeds vary in their 
 colour, and are white, yellow, or blackifli. 
 They are pretty well known here, being 
 frequently made ufe offer puddings. 
 
 9 Panicum Italicum. Indian Millet. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 83. 
 
 Z 3 Panicum 
 
342: G R. A I N. 
 
 Panlcnm Italicum iive panicuM majore. 
 Baiih. Pin. 27. 
 
 This is a native of both the Indies, and 
 grows to much the fame height as the for- 
 mer; but it has a compound fpike, not a 
 panicle, and the fmaller fpikes grow in 
 clullers, mixed with briftles, upon hairy 
 peduncles, and a hairy midrib. The bafes 
 of the leaves are covered with hairs. It is 
 much cultivated in Italy, and fome parts 
 of Germany, where they make puddings of 
 the feeds, and alfo boil them in mofl of their 
 foups and fauces. 
 
 10 Phalaris canarienfis. Canary Grafs, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 79. 
 
 Phaiaris major, femine albo. Bauh. Fin. 
 
 28. 
 
 This is a grafs-leayed plant, and grows 
 naturally in the Canary Illands. It rifes to 
 about two ^^tx. high, having crooked, chan- 
 nelled ftalks, with a leaf at each joint, the 
 fheath of which embraces the ftalk to the 
 next joint. The rtalk is terminated with 
 an ^'^g - fhaped, compound fpike, thickly 
 fet with flowers, each having a bivalve, 
 keel-fhaped calyx, of a yellowifh colour, 
 flriped vt'ith green, and a bivalve glume, 
 containing three ftamina and two ftyles. 
 
 The feed is well known, being the ufual 
 food of Canary-birds. In its native country 
 
 the 
 
GRAIN. 343 
 
 the inhabitants grind it into meal, and make 
 a coarle fort of bread with it. 
 
 11 Polygonum fagopyrum. Buck 
 Wheat. Lin. Sp. pi. 522. 
 
 Eryfimum cereale, folio hederaceo. 
 Baiih. Fin. 27. 
 
 The Buck Wheat is fo often found wild 
 in our tilled lands, that it is fuppofed to be 
 natural here, but it is probable it was at 
 £rft introduced from Afia. It is frequently 
 cultivated by the farmers, which makes it 
 generally known, and therefore it will be 
 needlefs to defcribe it. In feveral parts of 
 Europe this conftitutes the principal food 
 of the poor inhabitants i and in Ruilia in 
 particular, it was formerly not only eaten 
 by the lower clafs, but even the nobility 
 were contented with it. Boiled and then 
 buttered it was fuch a favourite difh of the 
 Czar Peter the Great, that it is faid he fel- 
 dom fupped on any thing elfe. This me- 
 thod of eating Buck Wheat is flill in great 
 efteem both in Germany and Switzerland. 
 They make cakes and puddings of it too, 
 and boil it in their broths and foups. 
 
 12 QuERCus efculus. Italian Oak. Lin. 
 Sp. pi. 1414. 
 
 Quercus parva five Fagus Griecorum et 
 Efculus. Bauh. Bin. 420. 
 
 This fort of Oak grows naturally in the 
 Z 4 foath 
 
344 G R A I N. 
 
 fouth of France and Italy. It hath fmooth 
 finuated leaves, fo deeply cut, that they 
 appear like lobes. Their footftalks are ihort, 
 and fome of the finufes end in an acute 
 point, others in an obtufe one. The young 
 branches are covered with a purpliih bark, 
 and the acorns fit clofe fp them. The latter 
 are long, (lender, with very rough cups. 
 
 In times of fcarcity the poor people in 
 France colledl thefe acorns, and grind them 
 into meal, of which they make bread. They 
 have a fweetifli tafte^ but afford little nour 
 riHiment, 
 
 1 3 Qu ERcus phelios. Willow - leaved 
 Oak. Lin. Sp.pl. 141 2. 
 
 This is an ever-green, and a native of 
 Virginia. It is a very large tree, often 
 rifing upwards of forty feet high. The 
 wood is hard, tough, and coarfe. The 
 branches are covered with a greyifh bark^, 
 and are garnifhed with oblong, fpear-fhaped 
 leaves, fomewhat like thofe of Sallow, but 
 of a thicker confiftcnce. The acorns ^re 
 oblong, and fit in very lliort cups; they are 
 fweeter than a Chefnut, and are much fought 
 after by the Indians, in order to lay up to 
 regale Vv'ith in Winter. Theylikewife draw 
 an oil from them, which they ufe inftead of 
 butter, and it is little inferior to the oil of 
 Almonds. In America the tree goes by the 
 name of Live Oak, 
 
 14 Sesamum 
 
GRAIN. 345 
 
 14 Sesamum orientale. Eajiern Fox-^ 
 glove, Lin. Sp.pl. 883. 
 
 Sefamum veterum. Bauh. Pin. 27. 
 
 This is an annual, and grows naturally 
 in the ifland of Ceylon, and on the coaft of 
 Malabar. It fends up a round, hairy ftalk, 
 about two feet high, divided into a few- 
 branches, furniflied with oblong-oval leaves, 
 {landing oppolke on footftalks; they are 
 entire on their margins, veined, and thinly 
 covered with a few foft hairs. The flowers 
 come out fingly at the bofoms of the leaves, 
 upon (hort peduncles -, they are white, and 
 each has a permanent calyx, cut at the brim 
 into five equal parts, which fpread open, 
 and contain a petal fhaped like that of the 
 Foxglove. In the centre of the tube are 
 four ftamina, two (horter than the other, 
 and all fliorter than the petal ; thefe furround 
 an oval hairy germen, fupporting a ftyle 
 longer than the ftamina, and crowned by a 
 fpear-fhaped fligma, divided into two parts. 
 When the flower falls, the germen becomes 
 an oblong capfule, having four cells, con- 
 taining many fmall oval, comprefl"ed feeds. 
 
 This plant is not only cultivated in Afia, 
 but alfo in Africa, and from the latter the 
 negroes have carried it to South Carolina, 
 where they raife large quantities of it, be^ 
 ing very fond of the feeds, and make foup? 
 and puddings of them, as with Rice and 
 Millet. They parch them too over the 
 
 fire, 
 
346 G R A IN. 
 
 fire, and with other ingredients, flew them 
 into a hearty food. The feed in Carolina 
 is called Oily Grain, it yielding oil very co- 
 pioufly. This when firft drawn has a warm 
 pungent tafte, and is otherwife not palatable, 
 but after being kept a year or two, the difa- 
 greeablenefs goes off, and it becomes mild 
 and pleafant, is then ufed in their fallads, 
 and for all the purpqfe^ of Olive Oil. 
 
 -,-^i57|pESAMUM Indicum* Indian Foxglove^ 
 Lin. Sp^. pL 884. 
 
 This too is an annual, and a native of 
 fome parts of India. The ftalk rifes higher 
 than in the former fpecies, and the lower 
 leaves are cut into three divifions. The 
 flower refembles the other, and the grain is 
 eaten in India in the fame manner. 
 
 16 SiNAPis nigra. Black Mujiard. Lin, 
 
 Sinapi rapi folio. Bauh. Ptn. 99. 
 
 This is an annual, and grows wild in 
 hedges, and on the borders of our fields. It 
 fends up a branched ftalk, three or four feet 
 high, furnifhed with varioufly jagged leaves 
 at. the divifions of the branches ; thofe at 
 the lower part refemble Turnep leaves, tho' 
 fmaller, but towards the top they are lefs 
 jagged, and nearly avaL . The flowers ter- 
 minate the branches in loofe fpikes ; they 
 are yellov/, and each is comoofed of a calyx 
 
 ■ 5 * ^f 
 
GRAIN, 347 
 
 of four narrow leaves, which fpread open 
 in form of a crofs, and fall off when the 
 flower fades ; and of four roundifh petals, 
 ftanding in the fame manner, having four 
 oval glands, one on each lide the ftamina 
 and ftyle. In the centre are fix awl-fhaped 
 ftamina, two fl:iorter than the reft, fur- 
 rounding a taper germen, which becomes a 
 fmooth tour-fquare pod, about an inch long, 
 ending in a (harp point. 
 
 This plant is cultivated for the feed, of 
 which that excellent and whoiefome fauce, 
 called Muftard, is made. 
 
 17 Sin A PIS arveniis^. Charlock. Lin, 
 
 Rapiftrum flore luteo. Bauh. Pin. 95. 
 
 This is the Common Char lock, and it is 
 generally known by being a troublefome 
 weed among corn. It is faid t\iQ Durham 
 flour of Muftard is made from the feeds of 
 this; but the truth of it I know not. There 
 is another plant called Charlocky or Wallocky 
 by the farmers, and grows larger than the 
 former. This is \\\<t Hap h anus raphanijirumy 
 the calyx of which is ihut, or flands up- 
 right, the flower is whitifh, and the pod is 
 long, round, fmooth, and has but one eel]. 
 This is a mere pernicious weed among corn 
 than the firft Charlock. 
 
 18 Zea 
 
34^ GRAIN. 
 
 iS Zea mays. Indian Wheat, Lin,, 
 Sp.pl. 1378. 
 
 Frumentum Indicum Mays diftum, 
 Bauh. Pin. 25. 
 
 The Turkey Wheat is a native of America, 
 where it is much cultivated, as it is alfo in 
 fome parts of Europe, efpecially in Italy 
 snd Germany. There are many varieties, 
 which differ in the colour of the Grain, and 
 are frequently raifed in our gardens by way 
 orf curiofity, whereby the plant is well 
 known. It is the chief bread corn in fome 
 of the fouthern parts of America, but fince 
 the introdudion of Rice into Carolina, it is 
 but little ufed in the northern colonies. It 
 makes a main part too of the food of the 
 poor people in Italy and Germany. This 
 is the fort of Wheat mentioned in the Book 
 of Ruth, where it is faid that Boa% treated 
 'Ruth with parched ears of corn dipped in 
 vinegar. This method of eating the roafted 
 ears of Turkey Wheat is flill pradlifed in the 
 Eaft, they gathering the cars when about 
 half ripe, and having fcorched them to their 
 minds, eat them with as much fatisfadtion 
 ais we do the beft flour-bread. In feveral 
 parts of South America they parch the ripe 
 corn, never making it into bread, but grind- 
 ing it between two fl:ones, mix it with water 
 in a Calabafh, and fo eat it. 
 
 The Indians make a fort of drink from 
 this grain, which they call Cici. This li- 
 quor 
 
GRAIN. 340 
 
 t\{ioT is v-ery windy and intoxicating, and 
 has nearly the tafle of four Small Beer ; but 
 they do not ufe it in common, being too 
 lazy to make it often, and therefore it is 
 chiefly kept for the celebration of feafts and 
 weddings, at which times they moftly get 
 intolerably drunk with it. The manner of 
 making this precious beverage, is to fteep a 
 parcel of the corn in a veiTel of water, till 
 it grows four; then the old women, being 
 provided with Calabaihes for the purpofe, 
 chew fome grains of the corn in their 
 mouths, and fpitting it into the Calabaflies, 
 empty them fpittle and all into the four li- 
 quor, having previoufly drawn off the latter 
 into another vefTel. The chewed grain foon 
 raifes a fermentation, and when this ceafes, 
 the liquor is let off from the dregs, and fet 
 by till wanted- In fome of the iilands m 
 the South Sea, where each individual is his 
 own lawgiver, ic is no uncommon thing for 
 a near relation to cxcuCe a murderer, for s. 
 good drunken-bout of CicL 
 
 19 ZizANiA aquatica. Water Zi-T^anm*. 
 Lin, Sp, pL 1408- 
 
 Arundo alta gracilis, foliis e viridi cseru- 
 leis, locuftis minoribus. ISIoanes Jam. 33. 
 Hift' I. /. no. 
 
 This is a reed-like plant, growing m the 
 fwampy parts of Jamaica and Virginia. The 
 leaves are of a green-purplifh colour, and 
 
 the 
 
356 G R A 1 N. 
 
 the fbalks terminate in fpreading panicles of 
 male and female flowers in diftind: cups. 
 The male hath no calyx, but confifts of a 
 bivalve, equal glume, containing lix fmall 
 flamina, tipped with oblong fummits. The 
 female alfo hath no calyx,- but is compofed 
 of a bivalve glume, wrapped round the ger- 
 men, and having a long arifta. The germen 
 fupports two fmall ftyles, and becomes a 
 fmall oblong feed. 
 
 The Indians are exceedingly fond of this 
 grain,, and count it more delicious than 
 Rice. If this valuable plant were brought 
 into England, as is juftly obferved by a late 
 writer, it is probable it would fucceed well 
 upon fome of our low meadows, and amply 
 reward the pains of fuch as might culti- 
 vate it. 
 
 chap: 
 
[ 35^ 1 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 ESCULENT NUTS*. 
 
 1 A MYGDALUS communis. Sweet 
 jljL ^^^^ Bitter Almofid, 
 
 2 Anacardium occidentale. Cdfjew Nut. 
 
 3 Avicennia tomentofa. Eajiern Anacar^ 
 
 diuniy or Malacca Beafj. 
 
 4 Corylus avellana. Hazel Nut, 
 
 racefnofa. CI after Nut. 
 
 ?naxima. Large Cob Nut, 
 
 rubens. Red I'ilbert. 
 
 . — alba. White Filbert. 
 
 5 Cocos nucifera. Cocoa Nut. 
 
 6 Fagus caftanea. Common Chefnut. 
 
 7 Fagus pumila, American Chefnut, 
 
 8 Juglans regia. Co?nmon Walnut. 
 
 9 Jaglans nigra. Black Virginian Walnuts 
 
 10 Jatropha curcas. Indian Phyfic Nut. 
 
 1 1 Jatropha multifida. French Phyfic Nut, 
 
 12 Pinus pinea. Stone, ot manured Fine ^ 
 
 13 Piftacia vera. Fifiachia Nut. 
 
 14 Piftacia narbonenfis. Trifoliate - leaved 
 
 Turpentine-tree. 
 
 1 5 Theobroma cacao. Chocolate Nut. 
 
 16 Trapa natans, Jefuit's Nut, 
 
 " A Nut is defined to be a hard, woody feed-veiTel, in- 
 clofmg a jpeat or kernel. 
 
 t I Amygdalus 
 
2si NUT ^. 
 
 1 Amygdalus communis. T^e At- 
 mond-tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 677. 
 
 Amygdalus fylveftris. Bauh. Pm. 441. 
 
 This grows wild in Africa, and rifes to a 
 Very large tree, Ipreading its arms to a great 
 width. Thefe put forth numerous flendef 
 branches, furnifhed with leaves nearly like 
 thofe of the Peach. The flowers come G\it 
 by pairs, and have little or no peduncles ; 
 they refemble the Peach flowers, but are of 
 a lighter colour, and are fucceeded by dry, 
 fkinny fruit, containing the nuts called Al- 
 monds. 
 
 The Almonds are of two kinds, one fweet, 
 the other bitter, yet both are promifcuoufly 
 produced from kernels of the fame tree j 
 rior does there appear any difference in the 
 nuts to the eye. They both yield by ex- 
 preflion a copious quantity of oil, which 
 has neither fmell or any particular tafte. 
 This oil is of a foft relaxing nature, and is 
 given internally againfl; coughs, heat of 
 urine, and inflammations. The kernels of 
 the Sweet Almond are eaten in abundance, 
 and about half a fcore of them peeled are 
 faid to give relief m the heart-burn, 
 
 2 Anacardium occidentale. Cafieiv 
 Nut. Lin. Sp, pi. s^S. 
 
 This tree grows naturally in both the 
 
 Indies, and is the only plant of the genus. 
 
 It is rather low> ieldoin exceeding twenty 
 
 5. i^ot^ 
 
NUTS. 25i 
 
 feet, but breaks into wide crooked branches, 
 which are furnifhed with oval leaves, about 
 the fize of thofe of the Pear-tree. The 
 flowers are fmall, white, and come out at 
 the lides of the branches ; they have a pen- 
 taphyllous * calyx, compofed of oval, (harp- 
 pointed leaves, and a bell-Qiaped petal, cut 
 at the brim into five fegments. In the 
 centre are ten ftamina, and one inflexed, 
 awl-fliaped ftyle, crowned by an oblique 
 iligma. The germen is roundifh, and be- 
 comes a large, yellow, oval, flefhy fruit, 
 about the lize of a Lemon, fupporting at 
 its apex, which is the thickeftend, a fmooth^ 
 afh-coloured nut, fliaped like a hare's kid- 
 ney, and about an inch and a half long, and 
 one broad. 
 
 The flefliy fruit is ftringy, and full of a 
 rough, acid juice, which is ufed in Ame- 
 rica to acidulate punch. The fhell of the 
 Nut is very hard, and the kernel, which is 
 fweet and pleafant, is covered with a thin 
 film i between this and the (hell is lodged 
 a thick, blackiili, inflammable liquor, of 
 fuch a cauftic nature in the frefh Nuts, that 
 if the lips chance to touch it, blifters will 
 immediately follow. The kernels are eaten 
 raw, roafted, or pickled. 
 
 The cauftic liquor, juft mentionedj is 
 efteemed an excellent cofmetic with the 
 Weft India young Ladies, but they mwft 
 
 * Having five leaves. 
 
 A a certainly 
 
354 NUT S.. 
 
 certainly lufFer a great deal of pain in its 
 application ; and as fond as ourEnglifh fe- 
 males are of a beautiful face, it is highly 
 probable they would never fubmit to be 
 flayed alive to obtain one. When any of 
 the former think themfelves too much tan- 
 ned by the heat of the fun, they take the 
 Cafie'u} kernels, and gently fcrape off the 
 thin fkins with which they are furrounded ; 
 with thefe they rub their faces all over, 
 which caufe them immediately to fwell and 
 grow black, but in a few days the fkin of 
 the whole face flakes oflf in pieces, and in 
 about three weeks a new one will be formed, 
 which will be as fmooth and fair as that of a 
 young child, I have been told by perfons 
 who have Hood under thefe trees for fhelter 
 in a ftorm, that by chance this liquor has 
 dropped on their hands from fome decaying 
 Nuts, and it has eaten the fkin nearly as 
 quick as aqua fortis . 
 
 The yellow fruit is famous for curing the 
 Brafilian negroes of diforders in the flomach, 
 to which they are very fubjecft; but they 
 feldom ufe it voluntarily for this purpofe, as 
 their humane mafters, when they find them 
 much indifp.ofed, knowing what is good for 
 their health, drive them to woods abound- 
 ing with Cafiew Nuts, and leave them there 
 cither to perifli by famine, or cure them- 
 felves. In a (hort time hunp-er forces them 
 to eat plentifully of the fruit, there being 
 
 nothing 
 
NUTS. 5jJ 
 
 nothing elfe to be had, and in two or three 
 weeks they are brought back again perfedly 
 found, and fit for their cuftomary labour. 
 The milky juice of this tree will llain linen 
 of a good black, which cannet be waflie.d 
 
 out again. 
 
 3 AvicENNiA tomentofa. 'Eajlern Ana- 
 cardiu?n. Lin. Syft. Natu. 426. 
 
 Bontia foliis fubtus tomentofis. J^cq, 
 Amer. 25. Anacardium. Bauh. P'm. 511. 
 
 This tree is a native of both the Indies. 
 The leaves are oblong, entire, woolly un- 
 derneath, and {land oppolite, on very (bort 
 thick footftalks. The flowers are produced 
 in long bunches, and each confifts of a per- 
 manent calyx, cut into five roundifh lobes, 
 and containing a white bell-fhaped petal, 
 having a {hort tube, with its brim cut into 
 two lips, each of which is moftly divided 
 into three equal oval parts. It hath four 
 awl-fliaped ered; ftamina, tipped with round- 
 ifh, twin fummits, and one ered ftyle, 
 crowned with an acute, bifid ftigma. The 
 capfule is tough, compreffed, fomewhat the 
 fhape of a rhombus, and contains one large 
 feed of the fame figure, having four fiefiiy 
 gills. '-''^ ^fi- 
 
 Thefe feeds are faid to be the Malacca 
 Beans formerly kept in the (hops, (but this 
 is doubtful) the kernels of which were 
 eaten as Almonds. 
 
 A a 2 The 
 
s. 
 
 3j6 NUT 
 
 The plant is the Bontia germlnans of the 
 Species Plantarum. 
 
 4 CoRYLUS avellana. The HazeL Lin, 
 Sp. pi. 1 41 7. 
 
 Corylus fylveftris. Baiih. Pin. 418. 
 
 The Hazel is fo common in our woods 
 and hedges, that it rnuil be generally known. 
 The different kinds of Filberts, fo com- 
 monly planted in gardens, are only varieties 
 of this. Whether the Spanifli Nut be ano- 
 ther variety is uncertain, but Miller thinks 
 the latter is the Corylus colurna. 
 
 It will be needlefs to mention the manner 
 of eating the Nuts here, but in China they 
 put the meats into their Tea, and count 
 they give it a more grateful flavour. 
 
 5 Cocos nucifera. Cocoa Nut, Lin, Sp, 
 fl, 1658. 
 
 Palma indica coccifera angulofa. Baiih. 
 Fin. 502. 
 
 This is a fpecies of Palm, growing na- 
 turally in the Eaft Indies, but it is much 
 cultivated in South America, and the Weft 
 India iflands. It rifes to fifty or fixty feet 
 high, the body or trunk generally leaning 
 on one iide; but is regularly {haped, being 
 equally thick at both ends, and fmalleft in 
 the middle. The bark is fmooth, and of a 
 pale brown colour. At the top come out 
 from twenty to thirty branches, or rather 
 leaves, fome of them fifteen feet long ; thefc 
 
 arc 
 
NUTS. 357 
 
 arc winged, firalght, and tapering. The 
 lobes are green, fword-fhaped, and about 
 three feet long towards the bafe of the mid- 
 rib, but diminifli towards the extremity. 
 The branches or leaves are bound at their 
 bafe by ftringy threads, about the fize of 
 fmall packthread, which are interwoven like 
 a web. The flowers are of a pale yellow 
 colour, are produced in long bunches at the 
 infertions of the leaves, and are male and 
 female iffuing from the fame fheath. The 
 male is compofed of a fmall, fhree-leaved 
 calyx, containing three oval, (harp-pointed 
 petals, and fix ftamina, tipped with arrow- 
 iliaped fummits. The female alfo has a 
 three-leaved calyx, and three petals, fur- 
 rounding one ftyle, crowned by a three- 
 lobed ftigma. The germen is oval, and 
 fwells to a large berry, incloling an oval nut, 
 with a hard fhell, having three holes at the 
 top, and is covered with a kind of tow, 
 which the Indians twift off, and make into 
 cordage. With this tow theylikewife make 
 an excellent caulking for their vefl'els. 
 
 Within the Nut is found a kernel, as 
 pleafant as an Almond, and alfo a large 
 quantity of liquor refembling milk, which 
 the Indians greedily drink before the fruit is 
 ripe, it being then pleafant, but when the 
 Nut is matured, the liquor becomes four. 
 Some full-grown Nuts will contain a pint or 
 more of this milk, the frequent drinking of 
 A a 3 which 
 
.358 NUTS. 
 
 which feems to have no bad effeds upon the 
 Indians, yet Europeans fliould be cautious 
 of making too free with it at firft, for when 
 Lionel Wafer was at a fmali ifland in the 
 South Sea, where this tree grew in plenty, 
 fome of his men were fo delighted with it, 
 that at parting they were refolved to drink 
 their fill, which they did ; but their appe- 
 tites had like to have coil them their lives, 
 for though they were not drunk, yet they 
 were fo chilled and benumbed, that they 
 could not Hand, and were obliged to be 
 carried aboard by thofe who had more pru- 
 dence than themfelves, and it was many 
 days before they recovered. 
 
 The ihells of thefe Nuts being hard, and 
 capable of receiving a polifh, they are often 
 put tranfverfely, when being mounted on 
 Hands, and having their edges filvered 01 
 gilt, or otherwife ornamented, thus ferve 
 the purpofe of drinking cups. The leaves 
 of the tree are ufed for thatching, for brooms, 
 bafkets, and other utenfilsj and of the re- 
 ticular web, growing at their bafe, the In- 
 dian women make cauls and aprons. 
 
 6 Fag us caflanea. Common CJjefmit, 
 J^in. Sp. />/. 1416. 
 
 Caflanea fylveftris. Bauh Pin. 419. 
 
 The Common Chefnut is a native of the 
 ibuthern parts of Europe, but is much cul- 
 tivated \vi England, where it produces as 
 
 good 
 
NUTS, 359 
 
 good fruit as it does in Spain and Italy, 
 though they are not altogether fo large. It 
 is now fo common in gentlemens plan- 
 tations, that it is generally known. It will 
 be needlels to Ipeak about the nature of the 
 Nuts, but it may be obferved, that the tree 
 affords excellent timber, the wood being 
 equal to the bell: Oak for many purpofcs. 
 
 7 Fagus pumila. American Chejhut. 
 Lin. Sp, pi. 1 41 6. 
 
 Fagus foliis ovato - lanceolatis feiratis. 
 Roy. liigdb. 79. 
 
 This is a native of America. It differs 
 from the former in the tree being much 
 fmaller ; in the leaves being woolly under- 
 neath, and in the catkins of flowers being 
 flenderer and knotted. The Nuts are a 
 little bigger than Hazel-nuts, but far ex- 
 ceed the Common Chefnut in fweetnefs. 
 The woods of South Carolina abound with 
 thefe trees. 
 
 8 Jug LANS regla. Common Wahiiit, Lin. 
 Sp^pi. 141 5. 
 
 Nux juglans five regia vulgaris. Bauh. 
 Pin. 417. 
 
 The Common Walnut is known to all by 
 being fo univerfally cultivated, but its na- 
 tive place of growth has not yet been afcer- 
 tained. There arc many varieties of it, 
 which are only feminal variations. The 
 A a 4 meats 
 
360 NUTS. 
 
 meats are fuppofed to be much of the nature 
 of Almonds, yet they are certainly lefs emol- 
 lient, as they are apt to excite coughing. 
 The Chinefe candy thefe Nuts into a Sweet- 
 meat, and the raw kernels they put into 
 their tea, as has been mentioned of the 
 Jiazel-nuts. 
 
 9 JuGLANS nigra. Black Virginian 
 Walnut. Lift. Sp.pl. 141 5. 
 
 This grows naturally in Virginia and 
 Maryland, where it arrives to a large fize, 
 having its branches furnifhed with leaves, 
 compofed of five or fix pair of fpear-fiiaped 
 lobes i thefe are ferrated, (harp-pointed, and 
 the lower pair theleaft. When rubbed they 
 ^mit a flrong aromatic fmell, as do alfo the 
 Nuts, which are rough, rounder than the 
 Common Walnut, their (liells very hard and 
 thick, the kernels fmall, but fweeter than 
 our nuts. 
 
 10 Jatropha curcas. Indian Fhyfic 
 Nut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1429. 
 
 Jatropha alfurgens, ficus folio, flore her- 
 baceo. Browne s ycm. 348. 
 
 This grows naturally in the Weft India 
 iflands, where it rifes with a ftrong ftem to 
 about fourteen feet, divided into feveral 
 branches, furnifhed with angular heart- 
 lliaped leaves, feme what refembling thofe 
 of the Figo The flowers are male and fe- 
 male 
 
NUTS. 361 
 
 male dlftimft on the fame plant, of an her- 
 baceous colour, and are produced in umbels 
 at the ends of the branches. The females 
 are fucceeded by oblong-oval capfules, with 
 three cells, each containing one oblong 
 black feed. 
 
 II Jatropha multifida. French Phyfic 
 Nut, Lin. Sp. pL 1429. 
 
 Jatropha alfurgens, foliis digitatis : la- 
 ciniis anguftis pinatifidis. Browne s ya?n» 
 
 348- . . 
 
 This is a native of South America, but 
 is cultivated in the Weft Indies. It is a 
 lower fhrub than the former, and the leaves 
 are divided into nine or ten narrow lobes, 
 which are joined at their bafe, "and have 
 many jagged teeth on their edges, ftandin? 
 oppofite. The upper furface of the leaves 
 are of a (liining green, but the under fide 
 greyifli. The flowers are male and female 
 diftind: on the fame plant, and of a brio-ht 
 fcarlet colour ; they come out in umbels ia 
 manner of the former, and make a beautiful 
 appearance, whereby the fhrub is as much 
 cultivated for ornament, as for ufe. 
 
 The kernels of the Nuts of both thefe 
 fpecies are violently emetic and cathartic, as 
 many European failors have experienced • 
 for only three or four of them, eaten by- 
 people ignorant of the Nuts, and the effedis 
 of the kernels, have purged them both ways 
 
 for 
 
362 NUTS. 
 
 for many hours after. The natives affirn% 
 that this purgative quality coniifts entirely 
 in a film that runs through the centre of 
 the kernel ; and Dr. Bancroft fays he really 
 believes this to be the cafe, he having fre- 
 quently eaten the meats when divefted of 
 this membrane, without feeling any of the 
 above efFeds. The kernels have a grateful 
 ;flavour, 
 
 12 PiNUS pinea. Stone Pine. Lin. Sp, 
 fl. 1419. 
 
 Pinus oiTiculis duris, foliis longis. Baub. 
 Bift. I. p. 248. 
 
 This is a large tree, and grows naturally 
 in France, Spain, and Italy. The leaves 
 grow two in a flieath, are a little ciliated, 
 inclining to a fea-green colour, and are ra- 
 ther thinner and ihorter than thofe of the 
 Pineafter. The cones are roundifh, very 
 thick, about five inches long, and the fcales 
 end in an obtufe point. The feeds are near 
 three quarters of an inch long, thick, in- 
 clining to an oval form, round backed, and 
 of a li^^ht brown colour. 
 
 The kernels of thefe Nuts or feeds have 
 a pleafant, agreeable tafle, and in Italy are 
 frequently ferved up in deferts. An oil is 
 drawn from them, which is equal in good- 
 nefs to that obtained from Hazel - nuts. 
 Between the wood and inner bark of this 
 tree, lies a foft white fubftan^e, which in 
 2 the 
 
NUTS. 363 
 
 the Spring the Swedes prepare a much- 
 efteemed di(h from ; and the bark is often 
 ground and mixed with Oat-meal for bread. 
 
 & 
 
 13 PiSTACiA vera. PiJlachiaNut, Lin. 
 Sp.pL 1454, 
 
 Piftacia peregrina, fruclu racemofo five 
 Terebinthina indica. Bauh. Pin. 401. 
 
 The Fijiachia grows in feveral parts of 
 Afi3. It rifes to between twenty and thirty 
 feet; the young branches are covered with 
 a light-brown bark. The leaves are pin- 
 nated, and compofed of about three pair of 
 oval lobes, with an odd one at the end. 
 The lobes emit an odour on being rubbed, 
 and their edges are turned backwards. It 
 hath male and female flowers in diil;in<fl 
 plants. The males are produced in loofe 
 fparfed catkins. They have no petals, but 
 each confifls of a fmall five-pointed calyx, 
 containing five fmall ftamina, terminated by 
 four-cornered fummits. The female flowers 
 come out in clufliers from the fides of the 
 branches 5 thefe have no petals, but each 
 has a large oval germen, Supporting three 
 reflexed llyles, and are fucceeded by oval 
 Nuts. 
 
 The kernels of thefe Nuts have a {\MtQt, 
 unduous tafl:e, refembh'ng that of fweet 
 Almonds. They are of a healing balfamic 
 nature, and are deemed ferviceable in diflem- 
 pers of the breafl:. 
 
 14 PiSTACIA 
 
364 NUT "s; 
 
 14 PisTACiA narbonenfis. Trifoliate- 
 leaved Turpentine- free. Lin. Sp.pl. 1454. 
 
 Terebinthus indica major, frudu rotundo. 
 Bauh. Hiji. I. /. 277. 
 
 This grows naturally in Perfia, and fome 
 parts of Armenia. It is a middling-fized 
 tree, fending out many fide branches, fur- 
 nished with light-green winged leaves, com- 
 pofed of three or five roundifh lobes, {land- 
 ing on long footftalks. It is male and fe- 
 male in diftinil plants, as the former. The 
 Nuts are fmall, but their kernels are eaten 
 in manner of the true fort. 
 
 15 Theobroma cacao. Chocolate Nut, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 100. 
 
 Amygdalis fimilis guatimalenfis, Bauh, 
 Bin. /\.^2. 
 
 The Chocolate Nut-tree grows naturally 
 upon mofl parts of the ifthmus of Darien, 
 and feveral of the Spaniih fettlements in the 
 Weft Indies. It rifes to a confiderable 
 height in its natural ftate, but when cul- 
 tivated for a crop, it is topped to keep it 
 low. The leaves are very large, oval, and 
 entire. The flower is compofed of five flefh^ 
 coloured petals, which are irregularly in- 
 dented, and furround five ered:, awl-{haped 
 flamina, and one like (haped ftyle, crowned 
 with a fimple ftigma. The germen is nearly 
 oval, and becomes a yellow oblong pod, 
 about the fize of a Melon, pointed at both 
 
 ends. 
 
NUTS. 2^5 
 
 ends, and having five cells, filled with oval, 
 compreiled, flefhy feeds. 
 
 Thefe feeds or Nuts are about the fize of 
 Olives, are of an oily nutritive nature, and 
 conftitute a principal part of what is fold 
 in the (hops by the name of Chocolate. 
 
 In order to cure the Nuts for fale, the 
 negroes cut the pods lengthways, and take 
 them out, at the fame time carefully di- 
 verting them of the pulp which fticks about 
 them. This done, they are carried to a 
 houfe, and laid in large wooden vefiels 
 raifed above the ground, when they are 
 covered with mats, upon which they place 
 boards with weights upon them, to prefs 
 the Nuts clofe. In thefe veffels they are 
 kept to ferment for four or five days, but 
 they muft be well ftirred every morning, 
 left the exceffive heat fhould fpoil them, and 
 in the end they change from a white to a 
 brov^'n colour. Afterwards they are taken 
 out of the veffels, fpread upon cloths, and 
 expofed in the fun to dry, and when fuf- 
 ficiently weathered, they are packed up far 
 market. 
 
 1 6 Trap A natans. Jefuifs Nut. Lin, 
 
 Sp.pl ^7S' , 
 
 Tribulus aquaticus. Bauh. Pin. 194. 
 
 This grows plentifully in the lakes and 
 
 ftagnant waters in Italy and Germany. It 
 
 hath almoft femicircular leaves, which float 
 
 6 on 
 
366 NUTS. 
 
 on the furface of the water i among which 
 rife up fappy, round ftalks, fupporting the 
 flowers. Each flower hath a monophyllous 
 calyx, cut into four acute parts, and fur- 
 rounds four oval, whitiih petals, larger than 
 the calyx. In the centre are four ftamina, 
 and one ftyle, crowned with a roundiih 
 fnipped fl:igma. The germen is oval, and 
 becomes a naked oblong-oval Nut, having 
 one cell, and armed with four fharp, thick- 
 iih fpines, {landing oppolite one another in 
 the middle. 
 
 Thefe Nuts are collected by the common 
 people, and their kernels having a pleafant 
 flavour, are not only eaten crude, but are 
 often made into bread. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 3^7 ] 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 ESCULENT FUNGUSES. 
 
 1 A GAR I C US campeftris. Common 
 J^\^ Mujhroom, 
 
 2 Agaricus pratenlis. 'The Champignion. 
 
 3 Agaricus chantarellus. Chantarelle 
 
 Agaric. 
 
 4 Agaricus deliciofus. Orange Agaric. 
 
 5 Agaricus cinnamomeus. Brown Mujib- 
 
 room. 
 
 6 Agaricus violaceus. F^iolef Mufiroom, 
 
 7 Lycoperdon tuber. The Trufie. 
 
 8 Phallus efculentus. The Morel. 
 
 As the Agarics are numerous, and generally 
 
 fuppofed to be poifonous, I jloall dejcribe the 
 
 above few wholefome ones as minutely as poffi- 
 
 ble, in order to prevent any accident from 
 
 mijlaking thefpecies. 
 
 I Agaricus campeftris. Common MuJJj- 
 room. Lin. Sp. pi. 1641. 
 
 Fungus campellris albus fuperne, inferne 
 rubens. Bauh. Hiji. III. p. 824. 
 
 The top or cap of this is firft of a dirty 
 cream colour, convex, and if but juft ex- 
 panding, 
 
368 FUNGUSES. 
 
 pandingj the under part, or what is called 
 the gills, is of a bright fleOi red; this colour 
 lafts but a little time before it turns darker^ 
 and when the plant is old, or has been fome 
 time expanded, the gills become of a dark 
 brown, the cap almoft fiat, of a dirty colour^ 
 and often a little fcaly. It differs much in 
 fize, in different plants, it being from an 
 inch to {even inches broad. The general 
 ufe of it is well known. It is found in 
 woods, old paflures, and by road fides, and 
 is in thegreateft perfed:ion in September. 
 
 There is a variety of this with a yellowifli 
 white cap and white gills; this is very firm, 
 but feldom expands fo freely as the true 
 fort, and when broiled will exude a yel- 
 lowifli juice. It is probable this fort is 
 not pernicious, though it is always rejeded 
 by fuch as can diftinguifli it* 
 
 2 Agaricus pratenfis. Champignion. 
 Hudfons Flo. Angl. 6i6. 
 
 The Champignion is very common upon 
 heaths and dry paftures. A number of them 
 generally come up in a place, ranged in 
 curved lines or circles. The cap is fmall, 
 almofl flat, from one to two or three inches 
 diameter, of a pale bulT colour, often crim- 
 pled at the edges, and when dry, tough like 
 leather, or a thin piece of hne cork. The 
 gills are of the colour of the cap, are thinly 
 placed, with a fliort one, and fometimes twoy 
 
 coming 
 
FUNGUSES. 369 
 
 coming from the edge of the cap between 
 each. The flalk or pillar is alfo of the co- 
 lour of the cap; it is long, flender, and all 
 the way of a thicknefs. 
 
 This plant has but little fmell, is rather 
 dry, and yet when broiled or ftewed, it 
 communicates a good flavour. In perfe(5tion 
 with the former. 
 
 3 Agaricus chantarellus. Chant ardle 
 Agaric. Lin. Sp.pl. 1639. 
 
 Fungus minimus flavefcens infundibuli- 
 formis. Bauh. Pin. 373. 
 
 This is rather a fmaller Fungus than the 
 former. The cap is yellow, of different 
 hues in different plants, fome being of a 
 pale yellow, and others of an orange colour. 
 It is generally funk in the middle, fome- 
 what refembling a tunnel, and its edges are 
 often twifted and contorted fo as to form 
 iinufes or ang'es. The gills are of a deeper 
 colour than the outfide, are very fine, even, 
 numerous, and beautifully branched. The 
 ramifications begin at the ftalk, and are va- 
 rioufly extended towards the edge of the 
 cap. The pillar is of the fame colour as 
 the cap, is feldom inferted in the centre, 
 but rather fideways ; it is fhort, thickifli at 
 the root, and the gills moftly run down the 
 top, which make it appear fmalleft in the 
 middle. 
 
 This plant broiled with fait and pepper 
 B b ' has 
 
370 FUNGUSES. 
 
 has much the flavour of a roafted cockle 5 
 and is efleemed a delicacy by the French, 
 as is the former. It is found in woods and 
 high paftures, and is in perfedtion about the 
 end of September. 
 
 4 Agaricus deliciofus. Orange Agaric. 
 Lin. Sp» pi. 1 64 1. 
 
 Amanita fulvus, la(fte croceo. Hall. 
 Hiji. 2419. 
 
 The general flze of the cap of the De- 
 liciofus is from two to four inches broad. 
 Its form is circular, with the edges bent in- 
 wards ; convex on the upper furface, except 
 in the centre, where it is a little deprefled, 
 fo as nearly to refemble the apex of a fmooth 
 Apple. The colour is a fordid yellow, 
 flreaked with afli and yellowi{h brown, from 
 the centre to the edge, and when it is 
 broken, it emits a gold-colour juice. The 
 gills are of a deep yellow, and a few of them 
 come out by pairs at the ftalk, but divide 
 immediately, and run ftraight to the td^c 
 of the cap. The ftalk or pillar is thinned 
 near the middle, thickell: at the root, and 
 when cut tranfverfely, it is quite white in 
 tlie centre, with a line yellow ring that goes 
 to the edge. 
 
 This Fungus well feafoned and then 
 broiled, has the exad: flavour of a roalled 
 Mufcle. Its prime time is September, and 
 it is to be found in liigh dry woods. 
 
 5 Agaricus 
 
FUNGUSES. 371 
 
 5 Agaricu^ cinnamomeus. Brown 
 Mujhroorn. Lin. Sp.pl. 1642. 
 
 The 37-011' n Mujhroom has a cap the co- 
 lour of frefh-tanned hides. At firft it is 
 hemifpherical, firm, even, and flefliy, with 
 moftly a fmall riling in the centre j but 
 when old it is quite flat, and then fome- 
 what refetnbles the la^ijiuusy except that it 
 is not milky. The gills are of a yellov/ifh 
 brown, not very diftant from each other, 
 bent like a knee at the pillar, and have a 
 (liort one or two run from the edge of the 
 cap between each. The pillar is near the 
 length of a finger, firm, rather thick, brown, 
 at the bafe, of a fordid yellow upward, and 
 when cut tranfverfely, of a fine white grain. 
 The cap in different plants is from two to 
 five inches broad. 
 
 The whole plant has a pleafant fmell, and 
 when broiled gives a good flavour. It is 
 found in woods, in September and O^flober. 
 
 6 Agaricus violaceus. Violet Mujhroom. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1 64 1 . 
 
 Fungus efculentus bulbofus dilute pur- 
 pureus. Mich. Gen. 149. t. 49. y. i. 
 
 The cap of the Violet Mujhroom, when 
 firft expanded, is fmooth, hemifpherical, 
 the maii\ furface of a livid colour, but to- 
 wards the margin it is of a better blue. 
 When 'full grown or old it becomes corru- 
 gated, and of a rufty brown. The gills of 
 B b 2 a young 
 
372 FUNGUSES. 
 
 a young plant are of a beautiful violet 
 colour, and regularly placed. The pillar is 
 of the colour of the gills, fliort, of a conical 
 form, but fwelled at the bafe into a fort of 
 bulb. Its upper part is furrounded with an 
 iron-coloured wool, which, in a plant juft 
 expanding, ftretches crofs to the edge of 
 the cap like a web. 
 
 This requires much broiling, but when fuf- 
 ficiently done and feafoned, it is as delicious 
 as an Oyfter. It is found in woods in Odo- 
 ber, and I have met with plants from two 
 to fix inches broad. Hudfon's biilbofus is 
 only a fmall variation of this plant. 
 
 There are fome other fpecies of Agarics 
 that are frequently eaten by the country 
 people ; and it is probable the greateft part 
 of thofe with firm tlefliy caps might be eatea 
 with fafety, provided they were.chofen from 
 dry grounds. It is well known that foil 
 and iituation have a great influence upon the 
 properties of plants j and thefe being of a 
 fingular nature, and abfolutely between that 
 of an animal and vegetable, may be more 
 powerfully affeded than a compleat fpecies 
 of either, by reafon they have neither leaves 
 nor branches to carry otf the noxious damps 
 and vapours of a llagnant foil, as a perfect 
 vegetable has ; nor have they any grofs ex- 
 cremental difcharges, like thofe of a living 
 animal. The gills no doubt do exhale fome 
 of their fuperfluous moifture, but their 
 
 Iituation 
 
FUNGUSES. 373 
 
 fituation Is fuch, that any thick fteam from 
 the earth may lodge in them, and by clog- 
 ging their excretory dudls, render the plants 
 morbid. Thus they foon run into a ftate of 
 putrefadlon, and become a prey to worms, 
 flies, and other infecfts. The common 
 Mufhroom, which is in general elleem, 
 (though we have fcveral others better) is 
 not fafely eaten, when produced upon a 
 moift foil. An acquaintance- of mine, who 
 is exceeding fond of broiled flaps, as he calls 
 them, was taken very ill upon eating fome 
 he gathered off a wet cloggy land. He be- 
 came very fick, with his ftomach much 
 diftended, which induced him to think he 
 was abfolutely poifoned ; but luckily for 
 him, he had fome fat mutton broth in the 
 houfe, of which he drank plentifully, and 
 his ftomach difgorging, he recovered. This 
 accident, however, did not difcourage him 
 from making free with his beloved difh in 
 future, but he has been careful ever fmce to 
 gather his Mulhrooms (and no one knows 
 Mufhrooms better) on dry foils; being 
 himfcif convinced, that the pernicious 
 quality of his flaps, was entirely ovvi(]g to 
 the place they grew upon. 
 
 From this it is evident, that thofe who 
 gather Mulhrooms for fale, ihould have par- 
 ticular regard to the lands they colled: them 
 from, efpecially if they know they are to be 
 Iproiled ; but if they be intended for Catchup, 
 J3 h 3 perhaps 
 
374 FUNGUSES. 
 
 perhaps they may be lefs cautious, as the 
 fait and Ipiccs, with which the juice is 
 boiled, may corre(5l any evil dilpolition in 
 the plants. But even in this cafe, I can 
 from my own experience aver, that Catchup 
 made of Mulhrooms taken from a dry foil, 
 has a more aromatic and pleafant flavour, 
 than that which is made of thofe taken 
 from a moift one, and it will always keep a 
 great deal better. 
 
 7 Lycoperdon tuber. The Truffle, 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1653. 
 
 Tuber brumale, pulpa obfcura odorata. 
 Mich. Gen. 221. t. 164. 
 
 The Truffle is a folid Fungus, of a glo- 
 bular ligure, and grows under the furface of 
 the ground, fo as to be totally hidden. It 
 has a rough blackiih coat, and is deftitute 
 of fibres. The manner of its propagation 
 is entirely unknown. Cooks are well ac- 
 quainted with its ufe and qualities. It is 
 found in woods and paftures in fome part? 
 of Kent, but is not very common in Eng- 
 land. In France and Spain Truffes are very 
 frequent, and grow to a much larger fize 
 than they do here. In thcfe places the 
 peafants find it worth their while to fearch 
 fpr them, and they train up dogs and fwine 
 for this purpofe, who after they have been 
 inured to the fmell, by their mafters fre- 
 quently placing fome in their way, will 
 
 readily 
 
FUNGUSES. 375 
 
 readily fcrape them up as they ramble the 
 fields and woods, 
 
 8 Phallus efculentus. T^he Morel. 
 Lin. Sp. pi. 1648. 
 
 Boletus capite tereti reticulato. Hall. 
 Hiji. 2247. 
 
 The Morel is a Fungus of a very fingular 
 conftrud:ion, having an oval, or rather co- 
 nical head, full of irregular pits or cells, 
 which in the larger plants are big enough to 
 receive the tip of a finger. The centre of 
 the bafe is faftened to a thick ftalk, about 
 the length of the head, and irregularly fluted 
 near the root. The whole plant at firft is 
 nearly of a buff colour, but when old it 
 becomes brown. It grows on moift banks, 
 and wet paftures, and fprings up in May. 
 It is ufed in the fame manner as the Truffle 
 for gravies, but gives an inferior flavour. 
 
 B b 4 APPENDIX. 
 
[ 376 ] 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 cj^H E follo'wing plant could not with pro- 
 -^ priety cofne under any of the general di- 
 'uifions of the foregoing work. 
 
 Hibiscus efcplentus. Fig-leaved Okr a. 
 "Lin. Sp. pi. 980. 
 
 Alcea maxima, malvae rofeae folio, frudu 
 decagono redo craffiore brcviore efculento. 
 Browjiesfam. 284. ;;. 3. 
 
 This is an annual, and a native of both 
 the Indies. It fends up a fpungy ftalk ra- 
 ther more than a yard high, which branches 
 towards the top, and is furni(hed with 
 hand-fliaped leaves, having five lobes. The 
 flowers are produced at the divifions of the 
 flalkj each has a double calyx, and the un- 
 der one is torn on one fide. The petals are 
 heart-fhaped, are five in number, of a ful- 
 phur colour, are joined at their bafe, and 
 have dark purple bottoms. The flamina 
 are many, and are united into a column be- 
 low, but expand near the top. The ger- 
 men is roundifh, and turns to a thick cap- 
 fule, three or four inches long, moflly 
 {landing ered, and having five cells, con- 
 taining kidney-fhaped feeds. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Indies boil thefe 
 6 pods 
 
APPENDIX. 377 
 
 pods in their foups. They contain a vifcous 
 acid juice, which communicates a thicknefs, 
 and alio a pleafant flavour. 
 
 The generic char alters of the following two 
 fpecies have Jiot yet he en perfeBiy fettled. 
 
 Ginkgo. Maiden- hair Tree. 
 
 Arbor nucifera, folio adiafltino. Kcempf 
 Amoen. Exot. 8i i. 
 
 This is a native of Japan, where jt is 
 known by the names Ginan and Itfo. The 
 body is covered with an alli-coloured bark, 
 and a full-grown tree is as large as a Wal- 
 nut. The wood is brittle, having a foft 
 fpungy pith running through it. The 
 leaves are large, and expand in the form of 
 a Maiden-hair leaf. They are narrow at 
 the bafe, unequally divided upward, have 
 no nerves or fibres, both furfaces being alike. 
 The upper fide of the footflalk is flat, and 
 runs into the fubftance of the leaf. The 
 flowers are produced in long catkins, at the 
 bofoms of the leaves of the young twigs, 
 and are fucceeded by plums, nearly of the 
 fize and colour of the Damaflc Plum, each 
 containing a whitilL, brittle fl:one, refem- 
 bling that of the Apricot, but larger, en- 
 clofing a white kernel, having much the 
 flavour of an Almond. 
 
 In China and Japan thefe kernels always 
 make part of the defert at all public feafts 
 
 and 
 
378 - APPENDIX. 
 
 and entertainments. They are faid to pro- 
 mote digedion, and to cleanfe the Itomach 
 and bowels. 
 
 Bread Fruit-tree. 
 
 This grows in all the Ladrone Illands in 
 the South Sea, as is mentioned by Capt. 
 Dampier and Lord Anfon, and alfo at Ota- 
 heite, by Capt. Cooke, and is thus de- 
 fcribed : 
 
 The Bread Fruit grows on a tree about 
 the lize of a middling Oak. Its leaves are 
 a foot and half long, of an oblong figure, 
 deeply finuated like thofe of the Fig-tree, 
 which they refembie in confiftence and co- 
 lour, and m exuding a milky juice upon 
 being broken. The fruit is about the fize 
 of a child's head, and the furface is reti- 
 culated, not much unlike a Truffle. It is 
 covered with a thin llcin, and has a core 
 about the lige of a fmall knife. The edible 
 part is between the ijvin and the core; it is 
 as white as fnow, and fomewhat of the con- 
 fidence of new bread. It muft be roafted 
 before it is eaten, being firil: divided into 
 three or four parts. Its tafte js infipid, 
 with a flight fweetnefs, nearly like that of 
 wheaten bread, mixed with Jerufalem Ar- 
 tichoke. 
 
 This Fruit is the conftant food of the 
 inhabitants all the year, it being in feafon 
 eight months 5 and in order to fupply the 
 
 remaining 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 379 
 
 remaining four, they have a method of 
 fweating the unripe fruit, by laying them 
 in heaps in a hole made in the floor of the 
 houfe (which hole they neatly line with 
 grafs) and covering them with leaves, and a 
 layer of flones, by which they ferment and 
 become four, and will then keep for feveral 
 months. This mafs is called Mahie, and 
 as it is wanted, it is taken out of the hole, 
 made into balls, wrapped in leaves, and 
 baked. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 '■I 
 
INDEX 
 
 O F 
 
 LATIN NAMES. 
 
 ACHRAS fapota 273, 
 Agaricuscampeliris 367 
 
 Agaricus pratenfis 368 
 
 Agaricus chantarellus 369 
 
 Agaricus deliciofus 370 
 
 Agaricus cinnamomeus 371 
 
 Agaricus violaceus ibid 
 Allium cepa - 21,92 
 
 Allium afcalonicufti 23 
 
 Alliura fcorodoprafum ibid 
 
 Allium fchaenoprafum 92 
 
 Allium porrum - 135 
 
 Allium oleraceum 93 
 
 Alfine media - - 94 
 
 Amaranthus oleraceus 119 
 
 Amomum zingiber 20 
 
 Amygdalus communis 352 
 
 Amygdalus perfica 220 
 
 Anacardium occidentale 352 
 
 Anethum azoricum 53 
 
 Anethum foeniculum 120 
 
 Angelica archangelica 53 
 
 Annona muricata 177 
 
 Aunona reticulata ibid 
 
 Arvnona fquamofa 178 
 Apium petrolelinum 24,91 
 
 Apium graveolens 58 
 
 Arrachis hypogsa 298 
 
 Arbutus uva urfi 157 
 
 Arbutus alpina - ibid 
 
 Arbutus unedo - 158 
 
 Arftium lappa - 55 
 
 Areca cathecu - 80 
 
 Areca oleracea - 77 
 
 Artemifia dracunculus 93 
 
 Arum colocafia - 2 
 
 Arum efculentum 3,120 
 
 Arum peregrinum . a 
 
 Arundo bambos - g/ 
 
 Afclepias fyriaca - r6 
 
 Afparagus officinalis 52 
 
 Atriplex hortenfis 120 
 
 Avena fativa - 326 
 
 Avcna nuda - 327 
 
 Averrhoa carambola 274 
 
 Averrhoa bilimbi - 275 
 
 Avicennia romentofa 355 
 
 26 
 
 B 
 
 Berberis vulgaris 
 Beta rubra 
 
 Beta alba - - 135 
 
 Borage officinalis - 05 
 
 BraiTica rapa - 26,84 
 
 Braffica oleracea 83,121 
 
 Braffica botrytis ibid 
 
 Braffica napus - 122 
 
 Braffica febellica - 8j 
 
 Braffica przecox - ibid 
 
 Bromelia ananas 178 
 
 Bromelia karatas 180 
 Bunium bulbocaftanum 2c 
 
 Cacalia ficoides 
 Caftus opuntia 
 Caftus triangularis 
 Calia paluftris 
 Calendula officinalis 
 Caltha paluftris 
 Camanioc 
 Campanula rapunculus 
 Campanula pcntagonia 
 
 95 
 
 181 
 
 183 
 
 + 
 146 
 
 H7 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 Capparis 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Capparis fpinofa 
 Capficum annuum 
 Capficum frutefcens 
 Carduus marianus 
 Carica papaya 
 Carica pofopofa 
 Carlina acaulis 
 Carthamus tinftoriiis 
 Carum carui 
 CafTia iiftula 
 Cercis filiquartrum 
 Ceratonia liliqua 
 Chenopodium bonus hen- 
 
 ricus 
 ChryfobaLinus icaco 
 Chryfophyllum cainito 
 Chryfophyllum glabrum 
 Cicer arietinum 
 Cichorium endivia 
 Citrus medica 
 Citrus aurantium 
 Citrus ducumanus 
 Cnicus cernuus 
 Cnicus oleraceus 
 Coccoloba uvifera 
 Cocos nucifera 
 Cochlearia armoracia 
 Cochlearia officinalis 
 CofFea arabica 
 CofFea occidentalis 
 Coix lacryma jobi 
 Convolvulus foldanella 
 Convolvulus batatas 
 Corchorus olitorius 
 Cordia myxa 
 Cordia febeftena 
 Cornus mafcula 
 .Corypha umbracaulifera 
 Corylus avellana 
 Crateva marmelos 
 Crategus aria 
 Crataegus torminalis 
 Crambe maritima 
 Crithnium maritimum 
 Cucubalus behen 
 Cucumis jnelo 
 
 ... —.'J 
 
 146 
 
 183 
 185 
 
 60 
 186 
 187 
 150 
 148 
 
 28 
 308 
 
 309 
 
 62 
 244 
 188 
 189 
 299 
 
 96 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 
 61 
 122 
 245 
 
 28 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 ibid 
 
 332 
 ^3 
 
 5 
 123 
 246 
 247 
 229 
 247 
 356 
 192 
 160 
 ibid 
 124 
 136 
 
 63 
 264 
 
 Cucumis chate 
 Cucumis fativus 
 Cucumis flexuofus 
 Cucurbita lagenaria 
 Cucurbita citrullus 
 Cucurbita pepo 
 Cucurbita verrucofa 
 Cucurbita melopepo 
 Cycas circinalis 
 Cynara cardunculus 
 Cynara fcolymus 
 Cynofurus coracanus 
 Cyperus efculentus 
 Cyperus pupyrus 
 Cytifus cajan 
 
 D 
 
 Daucus carota 
 Diofcorea fativa 
 Diofcorea bulbifera 
 Diofcorea alata 
 Diofpyros lotus 
 Diofpyros virginiana 
 Dolichos ibja 
 Dolichos urens 
 
 E 
 Elais guineenfis - 248 
 Epilobium angudifollum 65 
 Epidendrum vanilla 313 
 
 Ervum lens 
 Eryfimum alliaria 
 Eryilmum barbarea 
 Eryngium maritimum 
 Eugenia jambos 
 
 265 
 266 
 
 267 
 268- 
 269 
 270 
 271 
 ibid 
 
 ^ '5 
 
 60,150 
 
 '51 
 
 333 
 
 29 
 
 - 84 
 
 312 
 
 30 
 6 
 S 
 7 
 
 ^93 
 194 
 300 
 168 
 
 301 
 98 
 
 99 
 31 
 
 250 
 
 Fagus caftanea 
 Fagus pumlla, 
 Felluca fiuitans 
 Ficus carica 
 Ficus fycomorus 
 Fragaria vefca 
 Fragaria mofchata 
 Fragaria chinenlis 
 Fragaria virginiana 
 
 358 
 359 
 333 
 194 
 198 
 161 
 163 
 
 163 
 
 ibid 
 
 Fragaria 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Fragaria chlloenfis 
 Fragaria viridis 
 Fucus faccharinus 
 Facus digitatus 
 Fucus palmatus 
 Fucus efculentus 
 
 G 
 
 Garcinia mangortana 
 
 Ginkgo 
 
 Grias cauliflora 
 
 Guilandina moringa 
 
 H 
 
 Helianthus tuberofus 
 Helianthus annuus 
 Hibifcus efculentus 
 Holcus forghum 
 Holcus faccharatus 
 Hordeum vulgare 
 Kordeum diftichon 
 Hordeum hexaftichon 
 Kordeum zeocriton 
 Humulus lupulus 
 Hymensa courbaril 
 Hypochaeris maculata 
 HyfTopus officinalis 
 
 Ixia bulbifera 
 Ixia crocata 
 Ixia chinenfis 
 Jatrapha maniot 
 Jatropha curcas 
 Jatropha multifida 
 Juglans regia 
 Juglans nigra 
 Juniperus communis 
 
 Laftuca fativa 
 Lathyrus tuberofus 
 Laurus perfea 
 Leonrodon taraxacum 
 Lepidium virginicum 
 Lepidium fativum 
 Lilium martagon 
 
 164 
 162 
 100 
 ibid 
 ibid 
 
 lOI 
 
 199 
 
 377 
 251 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 152 
 
 3-6 
 335 
 336 
 327 
 328 
 
 329 
 
 33<5 
 
 66 
 
 315 
 
 101 
 
 138 
 
 35 
 ibid 
 
 34 
 
 ,125 
 
 360 
 
 361 
 
 359 
 360 
 i65 
 
 102 
 36 
 252 
 102 
 104 
 103 
 46 
 
 Lotus edulis 
 Lotus tetragonolobus 
 Lupinus albus 
 Lycoperdon tuber 
 
 M 
 Malphigia glabra 
 Malphigia punicifolia 
 Malva rotundifolia 
 Mammea americana 
 Mangifera indica 
 Melothria pendula 
 Mentha fativa 
 Mentha viridis 
 Mefpilus germanica 
 Morus alba 
 Morus rubra 
 Morus nigra 
 Mufa fapientura 
 Mufa paradifiaca 
 
 N 
 Nuciperfica 
 Nymphfea lotus 
 Nymph:fa nelumbo 
 
 301 
 ibid 
 303 
 374- 
 
 206 
 207 
 125 
 
 206 
 254. 
 
 272 
 104 
 105 
 205 
 201 
 ibid 
 200 
 204 
 20Z 
 
 227 
 
 12 
 
 337 
 
 Ocymum bafilicum 138 
 
 Olea curopea - 230 
 
 Onopordum acanthium 66, 
 
 Orchis mafcula - 33 
 
 Origanum majorana 139 
 
 Origanum heracleoticum ibid. 
 Origr.num onites - 140 
 
 Orniihogalum latifoliuin 47 
 Orobus tuberofus - 3T 
 Oryza fativa - 338 
 
 Oxalis acetofella - 106 
 
 Panicum miliaceum 
 Paiiicum italicum 
 PafTiflora laurifolia 
 Palfiflora maliformis 
 Partinaca fativa 
 
 34« 
 ibid 
 209 
 
 203 
 
 39 
 
 Phalaris 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Phalaris canarienfis 
 phallus efculentus 
 Phafeolus vulgaris 
 Phasnix daftylifera 
 Phytolacca decandra 
 Picris echioides 
 Pinus pinea 
 Piftacia vera 
 Piftacia narbonenfis 
 Pifum fativum 
 Pifum maritimum 
 Pjfum americanum 
 Polygonum fagopyrum 
 Polygonum divaricatum 
 Portulaca oleracea 
 Poterium fanguiforba 
 Primula veris 
 Prunus arraeniaca 
 Prunus avium 
 Prunus cerafus 
 Prunus domeftica 
 Prunus infititia 
 Piidium pomiferum 
 Plidium pyrii'erum 
 Punica granatum 
 Pyrus communis 
 Pyrus malus 
 Pyrus cydonia 
 
 Quercus efculus 
 Quercus phsllos 
 
 R 
 
 Ranunculus Scarla 127 
 Raphanus fativus 40,128 
 
 Rhamnus ziziphus 242 
 
 Rhamnus jujuba - 260 
 
 Rheum rhaponticum 67 
 Ribes rubium vel album 166 
 
 Ribes nigrum - 167 
 
 Ribes grofiularia ibid 
 
 Rofa canina - 168 
 Rofmarinus ofRcinalis 141 
 
 R-ubus ida^us - 169 
 
 Rubas fruclicofus 170 
 
 342 
 375 
 304 
 
 255 
 126 
 
 141 
 362 
 363 
 364 
 304 
 306 
 
 305 
 
 343 
 
 18 
 
 87 
 107 
 
 ibid 
 231 
 
 233 
 235 
 237 
 242 
 21 1 
 210 
 275 
 276 
 290 
 295 
 
 343 
 344 
 
 Rubus ca;nus 
 Rubus ardicus 
 Rubus cliamaemorus 
 Rumex fcutatus 
 Rumex acetofa 
 
 Sacchr.rum officinarum 
 Sagittaria fagittifolia 
 Salicornia europaea 
 Salvia ofRcinalis 
 Salvia fclarea 
 Satureja hortenfis 
 Satureja montana 
 Scandix cerefolium 
 Scandix odcrata 
 Scirpus marjtimus 
 Scorzonera hifpanica 
 Secale cereale 
 Sedum reflexum 
 Sedum rupeftre 
 Sefamum orientale 
 Sefanum indicum 
 Sinapis alba 
 Sinapis nigra 
 Sinapis arvenfis 
 Sifymbrium naffurtium 
 Slum fifarum 
 Smilax aipera 
 Smyrnium oluratrum 
 Smyrnium pertbliatum 
 Solan um tuberofum 
 Solanum lycoperficum 
 Solanum melongena 
 Solanum fanftum 
 Sonchus alpinus 
 Sonchus oleraceus 
 Sorbus domeltica 
 Spin »:ia oleracea 
 Spiraea ftlipendula 
 Spondias lutea 
 
 169 
 171 
 
 17b 
 108 
 ibid 
 
 7« 
 
 13 
 
 109 
 
 142 
 128 
 
 H3 
 ibid 
 
 110 
 
 112 
 
 »7 
 
 41 
 330 
 
 112 
 
 »i3 
 345 
 346 
 114 
 
 346 
 
 34/ 
 114 
 
 42 
 
 88 
 
 6^ 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 212 
 213 
 
 214 
 
 73 
 144 
 214 
 130 
 
 17 
 
 261 
 
 Tamarindus indica 316 
 
 Tamus communis - 74 
 
 Tanacetum balfamita 115 
 
 Thea 
 
INDEX. 
 
 130 
 131 
 
 364 
 
 144 
 
 H5 
 
 Thea bohea 
 Thea viridis 
 Theobroma cacao 
 Thymus vulgaris 
 Thymus maltichinus 
 Tragopogon pratenfe 48,75 
 Tragopogon porrifolium 49, 
 
 75 
 Trapa natans - 365 
 
 Triticum aeftivum - 319 
 
 Triticum hybernum - ib. 
 
 Triticum turgidum - 320 
 
 Triticum polonicum 322 
 
 Triticum fpelta - ib. 
 
 Triticum monococcum ib. 
 
 Triticum repens - 17 
 
 Tfophis Americana 215 
 
 Tropaeolum majus - 153 
 
 Tropaeolum minus - 154 
 
 Tulipa gefneriana 
 V 
 
 46 
 
 Vaccinium myrtillus 
 
 172 
 
 Vaccinium vitis-idsea 
 
 173 
 
 Vaccinium oxycoccos 
 
 »74 
 
 Valeriana locufta 
 
 n6 
 
 Veronica beccabunga 
 
 ib. 
 
 Vicia faba 
 
 307 
 
 Vitis vinifera 
 
 216 
 
 Ulva laftuca 
 
 117 
 
 Urtica dioica - 
 
 133 
 
 Y 
 
 
 Yucca gloriofa 
 
 16 
 
 Z 
 
 
 Zea mays 
 
 348 
 
 Zizania aquatica 
 
 349 
 
 Cc 
 
 IN D F X 
 
N D E X 
 
 O F 
 
 ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 ADAM'S needle - 16 
 African Syfyrinchium, 
 or Ixia - - 35 
 
 Alexanders, common - 69 
 Alexanders, round-leaved 70 
 All-good - - 62 
 
 Almond-tree - - 35^ 
 
 Amaranth, efculent - 119 
 American nightfhade - 126 
 American ground-nut 298 
 American coffee - 311 
 Anchovy Pear - 251 
 
 Angelica - - 53 
 
 Annual funflower - 152 
 Apple, and the forts - 290 
 Apple Guava - - 211 
 
 Apple-fhaped GranadillazoS 
 Apricot, and the forts 231 
 Arabian coffee - - 311 
 Arrowhead - * '3 
 
 Artichoke, French - 151 
 Artichoke, Jerufalem 
 Afparagus 
 Affyrian plum 
 Avigato pear - 
 Azorian fennel 
 
 33 
 
 52 
 
 246 
 
 252 
 
 53 
 
 B 
 
 Bamboo cane - - 81 
 
 Banana - - - 204 
 
 Barbadoes cherry - 206 
 
 Barley, and the forts - 327 
 
 Bartard cyperus - 17 
 
 Bafil, fweet - - 138 
 
 Bay-leaved pafTion flower 209 
 
 Bean, common 
 
 Bean, kidney 
 
 Bearberry 
 
 Beet, red 
 
 Beet, white 
 
 Bengal quince 
 
 Berberry 
 
 Bilimbi r 
 
 Blackberry - 
 
 Black muilard - 
 
 Black oats 
 
 Black mulberry - . 
 
 Borage - 
 
 Bohea tea 
 
 Bottle gourd 
 
 Bramble - 
 
 Bread fruit-tree 
 
 Briony, black 
 
 Brooklime 
 
 Buckwheat, eaftern 
 
 Buckwheat, common 
 
 Bucephalon 
 
 Bulb- bearing ixia 
 
 Bullace-tree 
 
 Burdock 
 
 Burnet - - - 
 
 307 
 304 
 
 ^26 
 
 13s 
 192 
 
 »59 
 
 275 
 170 
 
 346 
 326 
 
 201 
 
 95 
 130 
 
 268 
 
 170 
 
 378 
 
 74 
 
 116 
 
 18 
 
 343 
 215 
 
 35 
 242 
 
 55 
 107 
 
 Cabbage, and the forts 83, 
 121 
 Cabbage-tree - 77 
 
 Canary grafs - - 342 
 
 Caper bufh - - 148 
 
 Carav/ay - - 28 
 
 Caxdoon 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cardoon 
 
 Carline thiftle - 
 
 Carob-tree - 
 
 Carrot 
 
 Cafiiew nut - 
 
 Caflava, or Caflada 
 
 Caffia 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 Celery - 
 
 Ceylon Guclandina 
 
 Champignion 
 
 Chantarelle - 
 
 Chardoon, or Cardoon 
 
 Charlock 
 
 Cherry, Barbadoes 
 
 Cherry, red 
 
 Cherry, black 
 
 Cherry, cornelian 
 
 Chervil, common 
 
 CheAiut, fweet 
 
 Chefnut, dwarf 
 
 Chich pea 
 
 Chickvyeed - 
 
 Chinquapin - 
 
 Chocolate nut - 
 
 Cicely, fweet 
 
 Citron, common 
 
 Clvcs 
 
 Clary, garden 
 
 Cloud berry 
 
 Cocoa nut 
 
 Cocoa plum 
 
 Cocksfoot grafs 
 
 Coffee-trees 
 
 Colcwort 
 
 Common brake 
 
 Common Judas-tree 
 
 Common arrowhead 
 
 Corn, Indian 
 
 Corn fallad 
 
 Cortmary 
 
 Cotton thiftle - 
 
 Cowflips 
 
 Crab-tree - • 
 
 Cranberry 
 
 Crefs, garden 
 
 60 
 
 - 150 
 
 ■ 3^9 
 
 30 
 
 352 
 9,125 
 
 308 
 - 83 
 
 - 58 
 
 - 32 
 364 
 
 - 3<^9 
 60,150 
 
 • 347 
 
 - 206 
 
 - 235 
 
 233 
 229 
 
 - 1 10 
 
 358 
 359 
 
 - 299 
 
 - 94 
 
 - 368 
 
 - 364 
 
 I!2 
 
 189 
 
 - 92 
 
 128 
 170 
 
 - 356 
 
 ■ 244 
 
 333 
 3'i 
 122 
 
 17 
 
 - '5' 
 - 13 
 
 348 
 
 - 116 
 
 1^5 
 
 - 66 
 
 107 
 290 
 
 - 174 
 103 
 
 Crefs, Indian 
 Crown, imperial 
 Cucumber, common 
 Cucumber, fmall 
 Currants, common 
 Currants, black 
 Curled-leaved endive 
 Cuftard apple - 
 
 D 
 
 Dandelion 
 Date plum 
 Date-tree - 
 Dewberry 
 Dogs-rofe 
 Dogfbane, Syrian 
 Dogs -grafs 
 Dragon's, water 
 Dropwort - 
 Dwarf mallow 
 
 48 
 266 
 272 
 166 
 167 
 
 96 
 
 177 
 
 lOZ 
 
 *93 
 
 2>5 
 
 169 
 
 i68 
 
 56 
 
 »7 
 
 4 
 
 »7 
 
 125 
 
 Earth nut, or ground nut 
 
 Eaftern anacardium 
 
 Eaftern foxglove 
 
 Eartern buckwheat 
 
 Eatable arum 
 
 Edders 
 
 Edible fucus - 
 
 Egyptian arum 
 
 Egyptian melon 
 
 Egyptian lotus 
 
 Egyptian bean - 
 
 Endive 
 
 Englifh mercury 
 
 Efchalot 
 
 Efculent amaranth 
 
 25 
 355 
 
 345 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 loi 
 
 2 
 265 
 
 12 
 
 337 
 96 
 6z 
 
 23 
 119 
 
 Faufel 
 
 Fennel, common 
 Fennel, azorian 
 Fig, Pharaoh's 
 Fig, common 
 Pig, Indian 
 
 80 
 120 
 
 53 
 193 
 194 
 182 
 Fig 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Fig marigold-leaved Cacalia 
 
 95 
 Fig-leaved Okra 
 Filbert 
 
 Fingered fucus 
 Flote fefcLie grafs 
 French artichoke 
 French bean - 
 
 376 
 
 356 
 100 
 
 333 
 151 
 
 304 
 
 307 
 120 
 
 103 
 
 87 
 
 128 
 
 20 
 
 377 
 109 
 
 273 
 
 268 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 62 
 
 167 
 
 299 
 217 
 
 Garden bean 
 Garden orach 
 Garden crefs - 
 Garden purflane 
 Garden clary - 
 Ginger 
 Ginkgo 
 Glaflwort 
 Goa apple 
 
 Gourd, and the forts 
 Goatfbeard, yellow 
 Goatlbeard, purple 
 Good Henry - 
 Goofeberry - 
 Gravances - 
 Grape, and the forts 
 Green Turkey cucumber 267 
 Green and Red Sage - 142 
 Green laver - 117 
 
 Green tea - - ' 3 • 
 
 Guava - - 210 
 
 Guinea pepper, and the forts 
 J83 
 Guinea corn - 335 
 
 H 
 Handed fucus - 
 Hazel nut - 
 Heath peas - 
 Kawkweed, fpotted 
 Hep-bufh 
 Hops 
 Horfe-radiih 
 
 iiyn'op 
 
 ICO 
 
 356 
 
 37 
 
 lOI 
 
 i63 
 66 
 28 
 
 '38 
 
 Indian date plum - 193 
 
 Indian wheat - 348 
 
 Indian cocks-foot grafs 333 
 
 Indian crefs - - 153 
 
 Indian jujube - - 260 
 
 Indian reed millet - 336 
 
 Indian foxglove - 346 
 
 Indian kidney- bean 300 
 
 Italian oak - - 343 
 
 Ixia, fpotted - - 34 
 
 J 
 
 Jack by the hedge - 98 
 
 Jamaica plum - 261 
 
 Jerulalem artichoke - 33 
 
 Jefuits nuts - - 3^5 
 
 Jew's mallow - - 123 
 
 Job's tears - - 332 
 
 Jointed glafTwort - 109 
 
 judas tree - - 151 
 
 jujube tree - - 242 
 
 Juniper - - 165 
 
 K 
 
 Kale, Indian - - 4 
 
 Kidney-bean, Indian 300 
 
 Kidney-bean, common 304 
 
 Lambs lettuce 
 
 116 
 
 Large-rooted parfley - 
 
 24 
 
 Leeks 
 
 135 
 
 Lemon 
 
 190 
 
 Lentil 
 
 301 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 102 
 
 Lime 
 
 J 90 
 
 Live oak 
 
 344 
 
 Locuft-tree 
 
 315 
 
 Lord Anfon's pea 
 
 305 
 
 Love apple _ - • - 
 
 212 
 
 Lupine, white 
 
 303 
 
 M 
 
 
 Mad apple 
 
 213 
 
 Maiden- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Maiden -hair tree - 377 
 
 Male orchis - " 3^ 
 
 Malabar plum - 250 
 
 Male cornel - - 229 
 
 Male orchis - - 38 
 
 Mallow dwarf - 121; 
 
 Mammee - - 206 
 
 Mango-tree - - 254 
 
 Mangoileen - - 199 
 
 Manured pine - 362 
 
 Manured olive - 230 
 
 Martagon lily - 46 
 
 Marigold, garden - 146 
 
 Marigold, marfh - 147 
 Marjoram, fummer - 139 
 
 Marjoram, winter - ib. 
 
 Marjoram, pot - 140 
 
 Mays, Indian - 348 
 
 Meadow thillle - 122 
 
 Medlar - - 205 
 
 Melon, mufic - - 264 
 
 Melon, water - - 269 
 
 Melon, Egyptian - ^ 265 
 
 Mercury, Englifh - 62 
 
 Millet, common - 341 
 
 Millet, Indian - ib. 
 
 Millet reed - - 3 36 
 
 Milk thiftle - - 60 
 
 Mint, fpear - - 105 
 
 Mint, curled - - 104 
 
 Morel - - 375 
 Mountain fbw- thiftle - 73 
 
 Mulberry, white - 201 
 
 Mulberry, red - ib. 
 
 Mulberry, black - ib. 
 Mufliroom, common 367 
 
 Mufhroom, violet - 371 
 
 Mufliroom, brown - ib. 
 
 MufK melon - - 264 
 
 Mullard, white - 114 
 
 Mullard, black - 346 
 
 N 
 
 Naked oats - 327 
 Nedarine, and the forts 227 
 
 Nettle, common - 133 
 
 Nodding cnicus 
 Nut, chocolate 
 Nut, cocoa - 
 Nut, phyfic 
 Nut, Jefuit's 
 
 O 
 
 Oak, cut-leaved 
 
 Oak, willow-leaved 
 
 Oat, common 
 
 Oat, naked 
 
 Oil, palm 
 
 Okra 
 
 Olive 
 
 Onion 
 
 Orange, common 
 
 Orange, fhaddock 
 
 Orunge, agaric 
 
 Orach, garden 
 
 Orchis, male 
 
 Ox-tongue 
 
 364 
 360 
 
 365 
 
 343 
 34+ 
 326 
 
 327 
 248 
 
 ib. 
 230 
 
 21 
 190 
 191 
 
 370 
 120 
 
 38 
 141 
 
 214 
 
 186 
 
 84 
 
 ^4,91 
 
 39 
 209 
 
 304 
 
 1.12 
 
 Paleftine nightfhade 
 
 Papaw, or Popo 
 
 Paper ruili 
 
 Parfley 
 
 Parfnep 
 
 Paffion flower 
 
 Pea, common 
 
 Pea, pigeon 
 
 Pea, Cape, or Lord Anfon's 
 
 305 
 Peas, earth-nut - 35 
 
 Peach, and the forts 
 
 Pear, and the forts 
 
 Pear, prickly 
 
 Pear, guava 
 
 Pear-fhaped papaw 
 
 Penguin 
 
 phvfic nuts 
 
 Pigeon pea 
 Pilewort 
 Pine apple 
 Pine ftone 
 Pifhamin plum 
 
 220 
 
 - 276 
 181 
 210 
 
 - 187 
 
 - 180 
 360,361 
 
 312 
 127 
 i-^S 
 . 362 
 194 
 PifracJna 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Piilachia nut 
 
 363 
 
 Savory, fummer 
 
 143 
 
 Piantain-tree 
 
 202 
 
 Savory, winter 
 
 ib. 
 
 Plum-tree, and the forts 
 
 237 
 
 Savoys 
 
 76 
 
 Pomegranate-leaved rpalphi- 
 
 Sciatic crefs of Virginia 
 
 104 
 
 gia 
 
 207 
 
 Scurvy-grafs - 
 
 96 
 
 Pomegranate 
 
 275 
 
 Sea holly 
 
 3V 
 
 Potatoe, common 
 
 IS 
 
 Sea bindweed 
 
 63 
 
 Potatoe, Spanifh 
 
 5 
 
 Sea pea 
 
 306 
 
 Prickly pear-tree 
 
 183 
 
 Sea-fide grape 
 
 245 
 
 Prickly pear, baftard 
 
 181 
 
 Sea belts 
 
 1 00 
 
 Pumpion, or pompion 
 
 270 
 
 Sea colevvort 
 
 124 
 
 Purple goats-beard 49^75 
 
 Sebeflen 
 
 247 
 
 Purflane, garden 
 
 87 
 
 Service-tree 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 Shadock orange 
 
 191 
 
 CL 
 
 
 Shallot, or efchalot 
 
 23 
 
 Quince, Bengal 
 
 192 
 
 Shrubby ftrawberry 
 
 171 
 
 Quince-tree 
 
 295 
 
 Siberian nodding cnicus 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 Skirrets 
 
 42 
 
 R 
 
 
 Sleep at noon 
 
 49 
 
 Radifli, common 
 
 40 
 
 Smallage 
 
 58 
 
 Radifh, horfe 
 
 28 
 
 Sorb 
 
 160 
 
 Rampion, garden 
 
 27 
 
 Sorrel, garden 
 
 108 
 
 Rafpberry 
 
 169 
 
 Sorrel, common 
 
 ib. 
 
 Red Beet 
 
 26 
 
 Sorrel-wood 
 
 
 Red- worts 
 
 173 
 
 Sour fop 
 
 177 
 
 Rhapontie rhubarb 
 
 (>7 
 
 Sow-thiftle, common 
 
 144 
 
 Rice 
 
 338 
 
 Spanifh potatoes 
 
 5 
 
 Rock famphire 
 
 136 
 
 Sparrow-grafs 
 
 52 
 
 Rokambole 
 
 23 
 
 Spatling poppy 
 
 63 
 
 Rofemary 
 
 141 
 
 Spear mint 
 
 105 
 
 Rofebay willow-herb - 
 
 65 
 
 Spinach 
 
 130 
 
 Round-leaved forrel - 
 
 108 
 
 Spotted ixia 
 
 34 
 
 Rough bindweed 
 
 88 
 
 Squafh 
 
 271 
 
 Rufh-nut 
 
 29 
 
 Square-podded pea 
 
 302 
 
 Rufli, paper 
 
 84 
 
 Star apple 
 
 188 
 
 Rye 
 
 330 
 
 Starry plum - 
 
 274 
 
 
 
 Stinging nettle 
 
 133 
 
 S 
 
 
 Stonecrop, yellow 
 
 112 
 
 Safflower 
 
 148 
 
 St, Vincent's 
 
 113 
 
 Sage, and the forts 
 
 142 
 
 Strawberry, and the forts 161 
 
 Sago palm-tree 
 
 85 
 
 Strawberry-tree 
 
 158 
 
 Salfafy 
 
 ?o 
 
 Strawberry mountain 
 
 15.7 
 
 Samphire, rock 
 
 136 
 
 Succory 
 
 96 
 
 Sapota 
 
 273 
 
 Sugar-cane 
 
 - 71 
 
 Sappadillo 
 
 189 
 
 Sun-ilovvcr, annual 
 
 152 
 
 Sauce alone 
 
 98 
 
 Sweet cicely 
 
 1 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 Sweet 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Sweet fucus - 90 
 
 Sweet fop - - 178 
 
 Sweet-fcented bafil 138 
 
 Sycamore, or Pharaoh's fig 
 198 
 Syrian dogfbane - 56 
 
 Tamarind - 316 
 
 Tarigon, garden - 93 
 
 Tea, and the forts - 130 
 
 Thiftle, cotton - 66 
 
 Thiftle, carline - 150 
 
 Thiftle, meadow - 122 
 
 Thiftle, mountain - '^■i^ 
 
 Thiftle, milk - 60 
 
 Thracian bell-flower 59 
 
 Thyme, common - 144 
 
 Thyme, maftic - 145 
 
 Trefoil - - 302 
 
 Truffle - - 374 
 
 Tulip, common - 46 
 
 Turnep, common 26,84 
 
 Turpentine-tree - 364 
 
 V 
 
 Vanilla - - 313 
 Vine, and the forts - 216 
 
 Viper's grafs - 41 
 
 Virginian walnut 360 
 
 Virginian fciatic crefs 
 Umbrella palm 
 
 W 
 
 Walnut, common 
 Warted gourd 
 Water melon 
 Water dragons 
 Water zizania 
 Water-crefs 
 Wheat, and the forts 
 Wheat, buck 
 Wheat, Indian 
 White beet 
 White beam-tree 
 White muftard 
 White lupine 
 Whortle berry 
 Willow-leaved oak 
 Wild garlic 
 Wild hops 
 Winter crefs 
 Wood-forrel 
 
 104 
 247 
 
 359 
 
 271 
 
 269 
 
 4 
 
 349 
 
 114 
 
 319 
 
 343 
 
 348 
 
 ^35 
 160 
 
 114 
 
 303 
 
 173 
 
 344 
 
 93 
 66 
 
 99 
 
 106 
 
 Yams - - 6 
 
 Yellow ftonecrop - 112 
 Yellow Jamaica plum 261 
 Yellow goatftjeard 48,75 
 
N. B. The Author not having an opportunity of feeing the 
 Jheets^ till after they were worked off, finds it necejfary to 
 £orre£i the following 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 17, 1. 12, for fparedly, r. fparfedly. 
 — - 18, I. 28, take away the comma between rats and 
 granaries. 
 
 ..I 35, 1. 4, for cut, r. eat. 
 
 . 46, 1. 8, for quantities, r. qualities. 
 
 — — 99, 1. 27, and 
 
 115, 1. 2, for fpikes, r. racemi. 
 
 ■ 101, 1. 21, for hirfutia, r. hirfutie. 
 
 .. 182, 1. 22, and where elfe the expreffion occurs, 
 for thefe fruits, r. the fruit. 
 
 . 189, 1. 9, for apples, r. berries. 
 
 — — 193, 1. 26, for plums, r. berries. 
 .. 308, 1. 17, for rind, r. rinded. 
 
 . 377, 1. 1, for pods, r. capfules. 
 
 ——ibid. 1. 12, for walnut, r. walnut-tree. 
 

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