Clhr S. 11 Hill IGtbrary North (Carolina ^tatp Uniupraitii QH105 M5 A3 no, 5 v.l NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S02514726 R THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. lOOM/5-79 ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES Cockayne — Boston MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Publication 26 Biological Series 5 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN BY C. H. KAUFFMAN VOL. I TEXT PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1918. LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERfs 1918 i ; ' i i BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL a:ND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1918. EX officio; The Governor of the State^ HON. ALBERT E. SLEEPER. The Superintendent of Public Instruction^ HON. FRED L. KEELER. The President of the State Board of Education^ HON. FRANK L. CODY. director^ R. C. ALLEN. scientific advisors. Geologists.— Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. W. H. Sherzer, Y^psiLinti; Prof. E. C. Case, Ann Arbor. Botanists. — Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C, Newcomb, Ann Arbor. Zoologists. — Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reighard, Ann Arbor; Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. ^^ 73499 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. To the Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the State of Michigan: Gov. Albert E. Sleeper. Hon. Frank L. Cody. Hon. Fred L. Keeler. Gentlemen : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the manu- script and illustrations of a treatise on the Agaricaceae of Michigan by Dr. C. H. Kautfman with the recommendation that it be printed and bound as Publication 26, Biological Series 5, in two volumes. Respectfully yours, R. C. ALLEN, Lansing, Michigan, February 10, 1918. Director. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Sir: — I submit lierewith a monographic report on the Agaricaceae of Michigan b}' Di'. C. H. Kauffman. This monograph is the result of field and laboratory studies made by Dr. Kauffman during the past ten years, and its object is to summarize what is Icnown of the occurrence and characteristics of the species which have been found in the State. It should be of service to students and teachers of botany, to mycologists, and to persons interested in fungi as food. The report is to be considered as an addition to the series of monographs on Michigan plants and animals which the Survey is having prepared. Veiy respectfully, ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN, Chief Naturalist. R. C. ALLEN, Director, Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. PREFACE This report is the result of a series of surveys initiated in the summer of 190G. During that season the shore of Lake Superior was visited at six points: Sault Ste. Marie, Munising, Marquette, Huron Mountain, Houghton and Isle Royale at Washington Island. In the summer of 1905 the region around Bay View in Emmet County was well covered in an independent study and these results are also incorporated. During 1907, 1908 and 1909, the flora of Ann Arbor, Jackson, Detroit and neighboring regions was studied. In 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913, portions of the summers were spent at New^ Richmond, Allegan County. Brief trips were made to other points in the State; to Xegaunee, Alpena, South Haven, etc, but due to dryness or to the time of j'ear, comparatively little material was obtained. At all these places a considerable area was covered so as to include all possible habitats. The purpose of the report is primarily to afford the people of Michigan a comprehensive account of the Agaric flora of the State. The extended studv necessaiT to determine the material soon showed the need of critical notes for many species. Hence the report has developed into a manual of considerable size since it seemed worth Avhile to include a large amount of general as well as scientific information, such as is widely scattered in books and journals and is not accessible to most readers. There resulted a two-fold arrangement of the commentai';v' under the diff'erent species: first, an eft'ort to simplify the identification of a species through suggestive comparisons and data of interest nor given in the formal descriptions; second, critical discussions, from a more purely scientific standpoint, intended for advanced students and mycologists. Many species, especially those of small size and for which a microscope is essential for identification, have been discussed in the notes solely for the specialist. But every effort has been made to clarify the descriptions of the larger mushrooms to the advantage of the beginner. All descriptions of species not in quotation marks were drawn from fresh plants collected in most cases by myself or sent to me immediately after picking. Tlie reported spore-meamirements of all mich, except a few where noted, have been made hy me and all viii PREFACE errors are therefore to be laid ;it iiiv door; the same is true of the other inicroscoideal details. Outside of the list of species reported by Longyear, nearly all of wliicli I have collected also, few Mich- ij^aii species which I have not seen in fresh condition have been included. It seemed safer not to rely on oral information as to the occurrence of a particular species. All available literature was useecies were cultivated by him in the laboratory and are strikingly shown in his pliotograi)hs. The work- was started while Dr. renuingtou was still al the T^niversity of Michigan. The genus Coi'tinarius has been included in the form of a pre- liminary monograph of the s]>ecies of the eastern United States. PREFACE ix JExperieuce has shown that it is scarcely wise at present to refer more than a few to syuonomy because of the large number of species. Hence I have included the descriptions of those American species which I have not yet seen, placing them in quotations. The species found in the State can be easily separated by the locality given. Throughout the work on this report I have been indebted to many individuals for help in identification, for specimens and for sympathy and encouragement. From Dr. Charles H. Peck who has so long held out a helping hand to beginner and specialist alike, I have received abundant and unstinted help. To Professor Geo. F. Atkinson I owe the foundation which has made the work pos- sible. For their many favors I am deeply grateful. For material and suggestions I am also indebted to Dr. W. G. Farlow, Dr. R. A, Harper, Dr. C. E. Bessey, Dr. L. H. Pennington, Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Lars Romell and a number of others. To Dr. O, E. Fischer and Mrs. T. A. Cahn of the Detroit Institute of Science I am much indebted for abundant and excellent specimens, and especially to Dr. Fischer for the use of some photographs and for the chapter on Toxicology. Miss Rose Tavlor made many collections at Negaunee. I also wish to thank here those of my colleagues of the various de- partments of the Fniversit}' for their sympathy and interest and especially those officials who have so generously supplied the Uni- Tersity library with the necessary books and plates for the special purpose of furthering this study ; and also the statf of the Geological and Biological Survey, especially Dr. A. G. Ruthven, for their patience and encouragement during the long drawn out progress of the work. Grateful recognition is due to my wife for a helping hand in much of the detail work in caring for material, assistance in collecting and in the reading of the manuscript. The photographs were taken and prepared throughout by myselJ: except those obtained from Dr. Fischer. An effort was made to illustrate as many as possible of the plants not before illustrated. For all other plants full sets of references will provide the student with the means of comparison. Cryptogamic Herbarium, University of Michigan, April 1, 1915. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page L2tters of Transmittal, R. C. Allen, A. G. Ruthven v Preface vii General Introduction 3 The Structure of Agarics _ 3 The Mycelium ' 3 The Fruit Body 4 The Pileus 5 The Gills 5 The Hymenium 5 Habitat and Growth Conditions of Agarics 10 The Distribution of Agarics in Michigan 13 Collecting and Preserving Agarics 16 For the Table 16 For the Herbarium 18 Notes for the Herbarium 18 Pliotographing Agarics 21 The Cultivation of Mushrooms 21 The Classification of Agarics 23 The Keys 23 Arrangement of the spacies in the text 24 Nomenclature 24 An Outline of the Fungi 26 Key to the families of Agaricalei 26 Key to the Genera of Agaricaceae of Michigan 27 White-spored Agarics 27 Ochre-spored Agarics 28 Piniv-spored Agarics 29 Purple-brown-spored Agarics 29 Black-spored Agarics 30 Cantherelleae 31 Nyctalis Fr 31 asterophoi a Fr 32 Cantherellus Fr 32 Key to the species 33 Cantherellus clavatus Fr 34 floccosus Schw 34 cibarius Fr 3o cinnabarinus Schw 36 infundibuliformis 37 tubaeformis Fr 38 umbonatus Fr 39 aurantiacus Fr 40 Marasmieae 41 Trogia Fr 41 crispa Fr 41 alni Pl{ 42 Schizophyllum Fr 42 commune Fr 43 Panus Fr 43 Key to the species 44 PanuB strigosus B. & C 4.5 rudis Fr 46 torulosus Fr 47 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page etipticus Fr 48 angUMtatuti Berk 48 tialiciuutj Pk 49 Lentinus Fr 49 Key to the epecies 51 LeiitinuH tif;riiiu8 Kr 51 lepideus Fr 53 umhilicatiis Pk 54 haematopuB Berk 54 micronpei ma Pk 55 cochleatuH Fr 55 viilpiiiut^ Fr 56 ursiiiiiH Fr.-Bree 56 Mara«. 393 ochroleiicue Fr 394 sericipee Pk 394 cafitanelliis Pk 395 baealifi Pk 395 cinnaiiioineus Fr 396 cinnaiiioiiieue Fr. var 397 croceoconus Fr 397 luteua Pk 398 aureifoliii8 Pk 398 croceofoliua 399 malicoriiis Fr 399 eemifianpuineus (Fr.) 400 cinnabariiuis Fr 401 eansiiineus Fr 402 raphaiioidee Fr. var 403 torviifi Fr 404 pluniiger Fr 405 everniuK Fr 406 umidicola Kauff 407 ecutulaf us Fr 408 deceptivus Kaufif 409 aduetue Pk 410 griseus Pk 410 eubflexipee Pk 411 flexipes Fr. minor 411 rubipes 412 arrnillatus Fr 413 morrisii Pk 414 inaiinrKiKUH nj). nov 41.t paludoHus Pk 415 hiiinuleuK Fr 410 castaneoides Pk 417 TABLE OP CONTENTS xix Page badius Pk ■: 417 iliopodiu.s Fr 418 badiua Pk. var 419 impolitus sp. nov 419 brunneofulvus Fr 420 brunneud Fr 420 distane Pk 421 nigrellus Pk 422 rigidus Fr. (var.) 423 rigidus (Scop.) Ricken 423 hemitrichue Fr 424 paleaceue Fr 425 iinbutue Fr 426 saturninuR Fr. minor 427 livor Fr 428 caetaneus Fr 428 armeniacus Fr 429 duracinus Fr. var 430 6p 431 erugatus Fr 431 glabellus Kauff 432 privigiius Fr. var 433 subrigens sp. nov 433 rubricosus Fr. var 434 uraceus Fr 435 juberinue Fr. var 436 praepallene Pk 436 fuscoviolaceue Pk 437 erythiinus Fr - 437 decipiens Fr 438 leucopus Fr. (var.) 439 ecandena Fr 439 ' lignarius Pk , 440 acutoides Pk 441 acutus Fr 442 Inocybe 442 Key to the species 445 Inocybe hystiix Fr 447 calamistiata Fr 447 caesariata Fr 448 leptophylla Atk 449 caloepora Quel 450 pyriodora Fr 450 ecaber Fr 451 lacera Fr 452 infelix Pk 452 flocculosa Berk 453 decipientoides Pk 453 f rumeatacea Bres 454 rimoea Pk 455 destiicta Fr 456 faetigiata Bres 457 curreyi Berk 458 cookei Brea 458 lanatodieca ep. nov 459 eutheloides Pk 459 radlata Pk 460 fibrosa Bres 461 albodisca Pk 462 asteroepora Quel 462 repanda Bree 463 eindonia Fr 464 eubochrcea Pk 464 geophylla Fr 465 C XX TABLE OF CONTENTS Page lilaciiia (Fr.) 4()(i scabella Fr 4ti() trechispora Berk 467 glaber sp. nov 468 Hebeloma Fr 468 Key to the species 470 IIel)el()ina velatuin Pk 471 fastibile Fr 472 inesophaeum Fr '. 473 gregarium Pk 473 pa8cuense Pk 474 HinapizaiiH Fr 47.') CTiiKtulinifornie Fr 476 hieriiale Hres 477 loiigicaudum Fr 478 albiernuinent conditions, quite a number of species form "fairy rings" when thev fruit. The mycelium is started at one point and if the soil is favorably homogeneous in every direction, growth continues radially from the original point and at the cir- cumference of this patch of mycelium, where growth activity is greatest, the fruit-bodies ajqjear each year. In one case a *'ring'^ with a diameter of 05 feet was observed by MacQuan in Africa. (Grevillea, 18S0-1881.) The appearance of the fruit-bodies of some species "in troops'' is usually due to the fact that only one arc of the circle is left. In the forest, obstacles are too numerous so that the "ring" does not remain perfect and the fruit-bodies appear scattered promiscously. Observations made in a clean forest in Europe for a period of ten years showed that the "ring" of some for- est species traveled radially for several rods but the periphei*}' at length became obscure. The mycelium of many species doubtless is more affected b}- irregularities in the food supply and hence grows in an unequal manner, or produces such few fruit-bodies that the radial growth does not show. Doubtless also where there are scores of different kinds growing in a small area they intertwine or inter- fere with each other. During continued wet weather the compressed masses of fallen leaves in frondose woods are often found to harbor patches or sheets of mycelium of many species, which are easily ob- served by removing the toj) layers of leaves and which are a fore- runner of a good crop of fruit-bodies if the humidity is maintained. Curious sheets of mycelium, of the appearance of sheets of paper, are sometimes found between ]danks or otlier i)iled up luml)er. but these usually l)elong to the I*oly])ore group of fungi. The Fruit Bodi/ The fruit-body, or car]>()]>liorc, is tlie jMirlion poimhnly referred to as the mushroom, but it must be remembered that it is only a temporaiT product of the plant as a whole, just as is the apple of the tree which bears it. It is usually composed of the pileu.s or cap, lamellae or gills, and a .s///><' or stem : in the genera Amanita, Amanitopsis and \'olvaria there is present in addition a universal veil which breaks away and forms a volva on the stem. In Amanita, I^epiota, Armillaria, Pholiota, Cortinarius, Stropharia, Chamaeota and slightly in a few other genera, there is found a partial veil, GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 which on breaking away may form an aivmdus in some of these. For details see the introduction to these genera. The essential parts are the gills and pileus and these are present in every species described in this book; the stem, however, is also usually present and such a fruit-body is a typical Agaric. The tissue of the fruit- body is primarily an aggregation of hyphae, and hence merely an extension of the mycelium, compacted to form a specialized struc- ture. When a portion of the pileus is cut radially, or of the stem longitudinally, and magnilied with the microscope, it is seen that these are merely masses of parallel or interwoven hyphae composed of cells, very similar to those of the mycelium. Some of it is special- ized to be sure, as is the cuticle of the pileus or stem; sometimes portions are gelatinous, others hardened or encnisted, but this is more evident in the mature plant. The tiny beginnings of the mush- room are composed of much the same kind of hyphae throughout. The Pileus The pileus is essential in that it bears the gills. There are only a few known species in which the gills radiate out from the top of the stem minus any cap, and these constitute the rare genus Montagnites, none of which are known in our state. The principal parts of the pileus are the surface layer, the margin, and the flesh or trama. For the many variations of the structure and form of these it is necessary to consult the glossary. (See also Fig. 1.) The trama may however, be briefly considered: in the young, fresh or actively developing fruit-body the hyphae of the trama are usually compact and appear like actual filaments, but as it approaches maturity the hyphae varies. In some, e. g., Coprini, the cells of the hyphae quickly loosen from each other and become rounded, and the whole pileus, if not quickly dried by> the wind, collapses. Others are less evanescent and in these the tramal hyphae, although loosened considerably, support the pileus for some days. Many of the larger forms, e. g., Tricholomas, retain their compact form for a long time, and in tough species like Lentinus the hyphae of the trama appear to retain their close-lying position unchanged. The trama of the Lactariae is unique and is described under that group. Many of the ismaller Agarics like Mycenas and Galeras have comparatively few layers of hyphae, often of vei-y large cells. THE AGARICACEAE OP" MICHIGAN Figure 1. — Structure of Agarics: (1) Gills free; (2) Gills adnate; (3) Gills decurrent; (4) Gills adnexed; (5) Gills seceding; (6) Gills emarginate and uncinate; (7) Pileus convex; (8) Pileus conical; (9) Pileus campanulate. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7 The Gills Underneath the pileus the gills are attached in the form of knife- blades collectively called the hymenojJhore. Gravity appears to be responsible for their position on the lower side. Rarely one finds an outgrowth of an abnormal character on the top of the pileus, some- times in the form of a second mushroom of the same kind with or without a stem, sometimes with the gills groAving upward from a small area of the main cap. The latter case has never been satisfac- torily explained. The gills are of course attached all along their thicker edge to the pileus. They may be attached to the stem at their inner end, also called the posterior end or base; or they may be free, i. e., not reaching the stem or at least not attached. The manner of attachment is shown in Fig. 1, 1-6, as adnexed, adnate or decurrent. These are important characters for the separation of genera. In some cases all the gills extend from the margin of the pileus to the stem, in many, however, they are dimidiate or with very short gills at the margin of the pileus. The spacing of the gills is quite important, but considerable variation occurs in the same species; only relative terms seem usable: crowded, close, sub- distant and distant. The same may be said of their width. It is ver^^ important to understand their structure. Here a microscope is necessary. A section cut tangentially across the pileus and gills will show a good view of the appearance of the trama, etc., of each lamella. The interior is again composed of hyphae and in such a section they lie either parallel, converging along the median axis, diverging, or interwoven irregularly. In all cases this is the gill-trama and is bordered by the hymenium. The HymeiHum (See Fig. 2, 1.) The border which extends over the whole surface on both sides of the gills is the hymenium. While the hyphae may lie in a general way parallel to the axis of our section, the large club-shaped cells which form the border extend outvi'^ard at right angles to this axis and form a sort of nap like that of a BrussePs carpet. These large cells are the hasklia, (singular, basidium) , and at its apex, as seen in the figure, each basidium bears typically four spores; rarely it may develop only two spores or even three. Each spore is attached by a minute stalk called the sterigma, (plural, sterigmata). The basidia are in turn continuations of the hyphal filaments which com- pose the trama of the gills. Often there is a slight specialization 8 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN -■■J..i.-jj}} Figure 2. — Structure of Agarics: (1) Vesicular trama of a section through a gill of a Russula, showing also the nymeuium, basidia, and a cystidiura (adapted from Fayod) ; (2) Parallel gill-trama-diagramatic; (3) Interwoven gill-trama diagramatic; (4) Diver- gent gill-trama diagramatic; (5)Section of Amanita, showing volva, annullus and scales on the pileus. GENERAL INTRODUCTION #% #% O ^ P On 10 li 17 26 27 Figure 3. — Types of spores drawn to scale: (1) Russula decolorans; (2) Lactarius nigricans; (3) Lactarius tortilis; (4) Inocybe galliardi; (5) Coprinus sp.; (6) Amanita por- phyria; (7) Trichloma laterarium; (8) Amanita peclngated, cells fusiform, lanceolate or have vari- ous shapes according to the species, and project at maturity above the basidia. Their function apparently is to aid in the exudation of water from the plants. (F. Knoll, Jahrb. Vol. 50, p. 453.) The presence or absence of cytstidia is much used to identifj' certain species. The observations must be carefully made, however, since they quickly collapse at maturity in some cases, and in others do not elongate until full maturity of the mushroom. They occur more or less scattered over the surface of the gills and are often tipped with oxalate of lime crystals. Also, they may occur on the edge of the gills and give this a minutely flocculose or fimbriate appear- ance. More frequently the edge is provided with elongated sterile cells of various shapes which produce the same effect as cystidia. In this work these are the only ''sterile cells" referred to in the descriptions. The spores varj- in size, shape, color, structure of surface, etc.. and are fully discussed under each group. (See Fig. 3, 1-34.) The stem, volva and annulus are also described under each genus possessing them. HABITAT AND GROWTH CONDITIONS OP THE AGARICS The Agarics, like all fungi, are either saprophytic or parasitic. They are dependent on organic matter for a large part of their food; this is due. to the absence of chlorophj^ll which makes them incapable of manufactunng carbon-compounds from the air. As saprophytes they occur on a great variety of substrata ; soil, humus, dung, wood, fallen leaves, bank, straw, dead animal re- mains, decaying fungi and forest debris of all sorts. They can even be cultivated in the laboratory on gelatine and agar with proper addition of sugars, etc. As parasites they are found on living trees or shrub.s, rarely on herbs. The}'' are often attached to the rootlets of trees and shrubs on which they cause formation of myci\oliiza] some consider this relation a parasitic one. The fleshy fungi are most abundant in woods and forests and hence are largely dependent upon the character of the forest. When the woods are cleaned or the forest cut down, there is often quite a change in the flora of such a place after a few years. In, GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 addition to the proper food supply for their growth, moisture and temperature are the two most important factors for the rapid development of the fungi. The fruit-bodies of mushrooms contain a very high proportion of water, varying between 70 and 95 per cent according to species, weather conditions, age of plant, etc. The mycelium is also composed of much water which fills the vacuoles not occupied by the protoplasm. In spite of this fact, a far greater number of species occur in the upland forest than in wet swamps or marshes. It appears as if either some unfavorable soil content of a poisonous nature or too great an abundance of water prevents the mycelium of manj- species from growing in low wet places or at least prevents them from fruiting. Only certain kinds grow in marsh soil ; although where there is an abundance of brush, logs or debris which can be used for support the moist surroundings are very favorable to forms which prefer such substrata. The largest num- ber of species are found in forest hillsides, ravines, etc., where there is a clay sub-soil or where the forest floor is covered with sufficient humus, dead leaves, thick moss or other debris to hold the moisture. With the moisture content neither too large nor too small in such situations and where severe drying out is prevented, it would appear that the mycelium can vegetate luxuriantly, and after rains, es- pecially long continued rains, the fruit-bodies or "mushrooms" form abundantl3^ The temperature must also be favorable for each species. AVarm or ''muggy'' weather, continued for several weeks with accompany- ing rains, usually causes the woods and fields to bring forth a good crop of mushrooms during July and August. Later, in September and October, an entireh^ diff'erent group of species appears, often in relatively cool weather; and some species often appear after the first frosts, always provided that the soil has been previously moist enough for the mycelium to vegetate sufficiently. Eomell (Hymen of Lapland), reports that Agarics were abundant near the tree-line, and even in the region along the tree limit right up to the line of perpetual snow. This would indicate that for some species temperature is not so important as moisture, although growers of mushrooms in artificial beds in cellars, etc., find the temperature a very critical factor. It must be remembered that time is also an element. After a drought it may take several weeks of steady rains before the fruit- bodies appear above ground. Rotten wood and logs retain the moisture and a single rain is often sufficient to induce growth. A single heavy rain or even a number of scattered showers, if too far 12 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN apart, are not .sutticieiit ti» luoduci' a vvo]) outdoors. The exact com- bination of temperature, time and moisture necessary Is hard to cal- cuhite with certainty even after much exi)erieuce. The mycelium must be suniciently well develoiK'd before it has enough energy to ]U()ihu(' fruitl»(»dii's and this development is often slow for reasons nt»i clear lo llu' collector. Eveiy field student of mushrooms knows that there are "good" collecting grounds and poor collecting places. The conditions mentioned above are probably responsible in large part and yet very similar fields or woods may be exceedingly unlike iu the number and abundance of forms which are found in them Just why this is so is not understood. The species which grow on li\ing trees are mau3^ The most prominent are here given : ArinilUina mellea. (On roots of living trees.) ArmiUaria cortwatus. (Hickory, maple.) CoUyhia velutipcs. (Willow, birch, oak, alder, elm, poplar, etc.) Pholiota adiposa. (^[aple, oak, ash, etc.) PhoUota alhoorennlata. (Maple, birch and hemlock.) Pholiota destruens. (Yellow birch, willow.) Pholiota spectabilis. (Birch, oak, etc.) Pholiota squarrusoidcs. (Maple, birch, beech.) Pholiota squarrosa. (Birch, beech, willow, poplar, alder, etc., in Europe.) Pleurotus applicatus. (Maple, poplar, birch, etc.) Pleurotus atrocueruliiis. (Mountain ash, sorbus, etc.) Pleurotus ostreatus. (Willow, birch, basswood, beech, oak, wal- nut, locust, etc.) Pleurotus sapidus. (Similar to ostreatus.) Pleurotus suhareolatus. (Maple, basswood.) i Pleurotus ulmarius. (Maple, elm, basswood, hickoiy, etc.) Yolraria l)omhycina. (Maple, beech, elm. horse-chestnut, etc.) These species are probably all cajtable of some degree of para- sitism, i. e., can affect living tissue. Direct evidence as to the extent of this power in each species is hard to get. The spores prob- ably ell'ect an entrance at a wound, the plant first growing on the dead tissue at the wound, then pushing through the heart- wood which becomes rotten as a result and finally affecting the sapwood and cambium and so injuring the vitality of the tree. Even if not killed by the fungus, the decayed interior is a source of mechanical weakness and the tree is eventually blown down by storms. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 The rotting of cut or structural tiniber by the mycelium of some Agarics is perhaps equally important. Bridge timbers, railroad ties and even house timbers may be attacked. PJioliota acriKjinosa is perhaps a much greater enemy of railroad ties than the rare occurrence of its fruit-bod}^ would indicate. Lentimis lepideus has long been known as a destructive agent to all sorts of timber. Fire- wood left in the woods in moist situations, even if piled up, may be, attacked by a great variety of the smaller Agarics. There can be no doubt that fungi of all sorts, including Agarics, are extensive agents of deca}^ and are much more effective than bacteria in bring- ing about the disintegration of dead vegetable matter and thus returning it to the soil ; it is only in the later stages of decay that the bacteria play the greater role. Agarics may show a decided preference for a certain substratum, e. g., kind of wood, kind of dung, kind of leaves, etc., on which they grow. Some are sharply limited to coniferous wood and are never found on wood of broad-leaved trees. Others seem to thrive well on a great variety of substrata. A few are parasitic on other mush- rooms. (See Nj'ctalis.) The field mushroom PsalHota arvensis and the common mushroom PsalUota campestris are scarcely ever found in the woods, just as Cortinarius armillatus is never found in the field. Some consider that the soil is here the controlling factor. It must be remembered, however, that it is decaying vegetable food, which is the foundation of the subsistance of the mushroom, and the presence of barnyard manure or the fact that sheep have pas- tured in a field is after all more effective than the mineral content, This question is not yet settled and French mycologists lay quite a little stress on the mineral content of the soil, insisting that cal- careous soil and clay soil are the homes of different species. With regard to Michigan species, the data are not sufficiently clear. THE DISTRIBUTION OP AGARICS IN MICHIGAN Any attempt to give a definite account at the present time of the distribution of species in the state is fraught with difficulties. Many localities have not been visited, and only a prolonged study of a locality reveals an approxiiiiation of the species occurring there. The very fascination of the search for fungi consists in their sporadic appearance. The species appearing one season may be absent the next. Some species fruit apparently only at long in- tervals; others only under special weather conditions. The principal points in the state around which sufficient collect- 14 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ing lias been done to be of any use in sutli a suniniaiy are shown on the accompanying- map. By far the largest part of the material of this report has been collected by myself, assisted at Ann Arbor by some of my students. Entire seasons have been spent at Ann DOMlNrON OF CANADA I L L I N IS Figure 4. — Map of Michigan showing centers of principal collecting areas. Arbor, New Richmond, Bay View and along the shore of Lake Sujierior and the flora of these regions is now partly known. The activity of members of the Detroit Mycological Club has re- sulted in a good survey of the region around Detroit. Between the years 1890-1908, Longjear and his co-workers studied the flora of East Lansing, and also obtained material from Greenville, Chatham GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 and other points. A few species have been received from isolated points but usually such are common and of wide distribution. The main central portion of the Southern Peninsula north of latitude 43° has not been touched; and from the iron-bearing regions of the northern Peninsula there are no records. Isle Eoyale was visited in a dry season and there were few important finds. Houghton. Marquette, Munising and Sault Ste. Marie were the centers of one season's extensive collecting and we have a fair idea of their summer flora; concerning the many autumn species which assuredly grow in the coniferous regions of the northern half of the state, we have little information, as most students and collectors must return to their school duties before October. The principal species of field and lawn seem to be equally dis- tributed throughout the state; here may be mentioned PmUiota campestris and Psalliota arvensis, Marasmius oycades, Psilocy'be foencsicii., Lepiota naiicina and the Coprini. It apj)ears that La- piota Morgani begins to disappear in the latitude of Lansing; that Amanita caesarea scarcely enters our southern border. The species which grow only on distinctly sand}^ soil are apparently distributed throughout the sandy regions of the state although in many cases the records are not complete; for example, Amanita russuloides and Amanita spreta have been found only at New Kichmond whereas Russula dclica is abundant in sand under copses and groves all along the Great Lakes, but less abundant in the interior of the state. Many species doubtless prefer a clay soil and are distributed accord- ingly. By far the larger number of species are, however, dependent for their distribution on the character of the forest. This is most sharply illustrated by the dift'erence between the flora of the coni- ferous regions north of latitude 44° and along the eastern and western border of the state where conifers have existed in the past, and of the hardwood forests and woodlots of the southern portion. The genus Cortinarius is composed of seven large subgenera. Of these, the subgenera Bulbopodium and Phlegmacium have a large number of representatives in the hardwood region, but are poorly represented in the north ; on the other hand, the subgenera Tela- monia and Hydrocybe occur in large quantities in the coniferous regions. Whatever factors, therefore, influence distribution of con- ifers doubtless aft'ect also the distribution of certain Agarics. It is much to be regretted that Ave have so little data concerning the original mushroom flora of the 15,000 square miles of the central- portion of the Southern Peninsula once covered by white pine forests. The nearest approach to original conditions, recorded in 16 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN this report, was found by the exploration of the white pine lands around New Richmond. None of the virgin pine forest is left at this place, but second growth groves still yield characteristic fungus forms. Many of the sand plains at New Richmond remain uncultivat- ed and are covered with scrub oak ; here, however, the pine flora is no longer in evidence except as isolated species. Alternating with the sand plains are clay lands originally covered by hemlock and hard- woods. In the ravines bordering the river bottoms, there are still remnants of these forests and these yield a flora which is comparable with that of Bay View, Marquette, and wherever such forests exist. The flora of the tamarack bogs seems to be vei-y similar throughout the state. In the tamarack bogs around Ann Arbor, we find the same species which are found in the northern bogs. It is still an open question to what extent the formation of mycohiza may influence the distribution. If certain species can thrive only within reach of the roots of the beech tree for example, then those species are to be looked for only in beech woods. P>i- dence, however, is at hand to show that some species can form mj^corhiza on a number of hosts. Every collector has ex- perienced the feeling that many species growing on the ground in the woods are always to be looked for in the neighborhood of cer- tain tree species. Perhaps collectors exaggerate this impression but in any case the subject needs clearing up. With regard to species found regularly occurring on wood, there is no doubt that they follow more or less the distribution of their specific substrata. In some cases, to be sure, a species may have a wide selection of material on which it can grow, and hence its distribution is not limited in such a manner. The species which have a parasitic ten- dency, like Plcurotus ulnimhis, must have their distribution con- trolled to a large extent by the presence of the foster plant, al- though no Agaric which requires a living host at all times seems to be known with .certainty. COLLECTING AXD PRESERVING AGARICS For the Tahlc A basket, clean white tissue paper cut a foot square, a large pocket knife, a knowledge of mushrooms, favorable weather and the right place — these are the essentials. Of these the possession of accurate information is most important, since ignorance may mean sickness or death. If inexperienced and dependent on others for guidance, GENERAL INTRODUCTION 17 proceed cautiously and do not become over-confident. Collect first in meadows, pastures and open grounds away from thickets and woods. Always take every part of a mushroom of which you wish to make a study. As soon as you have advanced sufficiently to be able to recognize different kinds always wrap up the species sepa- rately. If you are learning how to identify by means of this book, it will be well to run down and compare the description after every collecting trip so as to become versed in the meaning of temis and also as a check on the correctness of your own or others' opinions. Avoid the genus Amanita. Also at the first avoid anything that appears to belong to the genera Entoloma, Tricholoma, Hebeloma and Inocybe. Avoid all which are no longer fresh and firm, or which have small burrows due to grubs. Avoid the large, colored forms until you are well advanced in the subject. All except Amanitas may be tasted without swallowing with entire safety; avoid all that have a powerful peppery or nauseous taste. Dr. Peck states that he has always found those with a taste of fresh meal (farinaceus) to be edible. Avoid the green-gilled Lepiota. Avoid those with a milky juice until you know a great deal about them. Try the large white forms which grow on tree-trunks, Pleurotus ostreatus, mpidus and ulmarius. Try the meadow, field and street mushrooms: Psalliota campestris, arvensis and rodniani. Tvj the inky caps, Coprinus nvlcaceus, atramentarius and cotnatus. From the woods, always after a thorough study, try Russula mrescens, Hygrophorus russula,, Tricholoma personatum and nudum. Hygro- phorus sordidus and Tricholoma resplendens are two white mush- rooms of excellent flavor, but beware of mixing them with the white Amanita. If you live among evergreen woods try Cortinarius violaceus, if in southern Michigan Cortinarius michiganensis.. After a start is made, others, one at a time, should be thoroughly studied until finally every trip will yield a meal. My advice to all beginners and amateurs is: Collect and study the deadly Atiianitas first. I have found many people who had known and eaten a few kinds for a long time, who were entirely ignorant of any Amanita ; such people are always in danger in spite of and often because of their self-confidence. Fatal poisoning does not infrequently occur to just such people. The specimens should in all cases be carefully gone over again before cooking. An excess supply can be kept on ice for a day only. Samples from the basket can be laid overnight with gills down on 3 IS THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN white paper and covered, so that the spore priut mixy be used uext day to check auy error before cooking'. For the Herhai'niiii .The rteshy Agarics maj^ be placed in alcohol but if the container is much handled the specimen soon becomes mushy or crushed; if, however, it is carefully mounted and fastened on a glass plate and immersed in a stationary glass jar it may retain its shape a long time. The alcohol will dissolve the color and extract it. The best way to make a herbarium of these plants is to dvj them on a square piece of wire-netting suspended over a kerosene or other flame. In this way the mushroom gradually dries without cooking or scorching. The color may or may not change and this fact itself is useful to distinguish between species. The dried specimens are xevj fragile and should be transferred for a day to a moist at- mosphere where they will absorb moisture enough to become pliant. They can then be straightened or gently flattened but should not be pressed. Placed in a box with a proper label and a handful of naphthalene or moth balls they will last indefinitely. If beetles attack them they must be fumigated in a closed box with carbon- < bisulphide; but if the naphthalene is constantly kept with the speci- ' men the beetles seldom find their way thither. The use of boxes of valuing size is much to be preferred to the method of pressing and mounting on sheets practiced by the older herbarium men. In either case, if specimens are \qvj valuable beetles can be kept away with greater certainty by Peck's method of the use of strych- nine. This is dissolved in wann water and sufficient alcohol added to enable one to spread the mixture easily. Sulphate of strj-chuia Vs ^'^^ Warm water 5 oz. Alcohol about 2 oz. ! Notes for the herbarium. Specimens dried and prepared as above are of little value unless they were correctly identified when fresh | by a mycologist, or, in case they remain unidentified, they be ac- j companied by full notes of the characters in the fresh condition. The taking of good notes is in itself a sign of a trained mycologist. But amateurs can, by care and patience, sufficiently describe a plant so that the specialist can identify it. It is advisable that they fol- low an outline, of which many have been published. The better way GENERAL INTRODUCTION 19 is to write a formal description, but if this is too difficult for the amateur the following outline may be used: (If you wish the best attention from the specialist, do this part well. See glossary.) LOCALITY. DATE. FINDER. WEATHER. HABITAT: ground, leaves, humus, woods, open grove, field, lawn, wood (kind), tree (kind), moss, dung (kind), etc. HABIT : solitary, gregarious, caespitose, subcaespitose, scattered, etc. ODOR: farinaceous, pungent, nauseous, amygdaline, nitrous, earthy, mild or slight, etc. TASTE : bitter, acrid, peppery, farinaceous, agreeable, mild or slight, etc. PILEUS: size. Shape ivhen young; conical, campanulate, acorn- shaped, cylindrical, convex, etc. Shape when expanded: plane, convex, obtuse, umbonate, um- bilicate, depressed, etc. Surface: viscid, dry, hygrophanous, moist, glabrous, silky, fibril- lose, virgate, floccose, tomentose, scaly (kind of scales as: loose, innate, erect, squarrose, pointed, fibrillose, large, super- ficial, appressed, etc.), even, rough, wrinkled, rugose, striate, furrowed, etc. Margin: (when young), incurved, straight, inrolled, glabrous (when older), regular, irregular, wavy, tomentose, hairy, striate, rimose, etc. Color: (when fresh and moist) (after lying a while) . hnportant. GILLS : attachment: adnate, adnexed, decurrent, uncinate, free, remote. Width, relative to thickness of pileus, relative to species you know, or in millimeters. Shape, linear, equal width throughout, ventricose, attenuated in front or behind, broadest in front, etc. 20 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Spaein-g, (relative) crowded, close, subdistant, distinct, few. Texture, waxy, deliquescent, dissolving, dry, arid, fleshy. Variatio'iis, forked, crisped, veined, intervenose, anastomosing, dimidiate. Edge, acute, obtuse and thick, serrate, eroded, entire, fimbriate, flocculose, wavy, etc. COLOR : very important to give the color of the gills in the young plant, (e. g., Cortinarius, etc.), also when mature, after bruising or touching. STEM : size, length, thickness above and below. Shape, cylindrical, tapering up or down, bulb (clavate, round- ed, marginate, or abruptly depressed, large or small), flexu- ous, straight, equal, ventricose, rooting. Texture, fleshy, cartilaginous, tough, flaccid, brittle, flexible, fragile, spongy, fibrous, rigid, etc. Interior, hollow, tubular, cavernous, stuffed by pith, solid, spongy, etc. Surface, (see Pileus.) Color, difference at base and apex, within and withoul after handling, etc. . FLESH OF PILEUS: consistency: rigid, compact, spongj', soft, . brittle, etc. Color: when moist, under cuticle. Juice: taste and color, abundance, changing after exposure to air. MYCELIUM: color, abundance. UNIVERSAL VEIL in young specimens, method of rupturing. VOLVA: size, texture, color, present, absent. PARTIAL VEIL: in young specimens. ANNULUS : texture, color, present, absent, fugacious, persistent, ample, slight, etc. SPORES: color of spore print, drawing of spores, size, CYSTIDIA : shape, abundance, present, absent. SKETCH: a good sketch or diagram of plant or its parts. REMARKS. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21 PHOTOGRAPHING AGARICS Use a basket to collect for this purpose. It is well to have tiii boxes, e. g., cocoa boxes, so that each specimen can be kept un- harmed, wrapped separately in tissue paper and placed upright in the box. Amanitas especially become deformetl or lose some of their surface tissue if not properly protected. The specimens can be set upright on decapitated pins in a row as in the photographs in this report. Natural size photographs are by far the best since comparisons are then easily made. For identification purposes such photographs are much more useful than those taken in the natural surroundings and reduced in size; the latter may be good pictures but are rarely helpful. Every part and eveiy character used in a description that can be shown in a photograph ought to be brought out; to this end the specimens must be properly arranged and the details emphasized. Besides its value in this respect the photographing of Agarics yields much pleasure and entertainment. THE CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS The history of this business and the methods in use, whether on a commercial scale or for home use, have been so often described that the reader is referred to those works. The best and most com- plete account is to be found in Bulletin No. 85, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, entitled: The Principles of Mushroom, Ch'ounng and Mushroom Spaimi Making, by Dr. B. M. Duggar. For other papers see Bibliography, part (d), and the mushroom books of Atkinson, Hard, Mcllvaine, etc. THE CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS The plant kingdom consists of two large groups; the seed-hearing plants or Phanerogams and the spore-foi-ming plants or Ci^pto- gams. The latter are sometimes referred to as "the lower plants" although they include also the large, tree-like ferns. The Crypto- gams include the green plants like the Algae, Mosses and Ferns; they also include an enormous number of plants which do not pos- sess the ordinary green color and these are the FUNGI. In the following outline of the fungi the grouping is given in a scientific manner, since this is the only arrangement sufficiently accurate. For the terms which are strange to the beginner, reference must be made to the glossary. Consistent perseverance and the use of elementary books on botany are the only self-helps that can be advised when one is first plunged into the subject. The best way to begin the study is by the help of a teacher or of a companion who is already somewhat informed and is enthusiastic enough to help others. Mycological clubs are of great value in this respect. This work treats only of a single one of the many families of Fungi, and for others the student is referred to the books dealing with the other groups. The Keys The arrangement of the species of each genus in the form of keys or synopses is entirely artificial and arbitrary ; hence these keys are merely guide-boards to point the student in the right direction by the use of selected characteristics of each species. A specimen is not to be considered identified when it is "run down" in the key, but the name so obtained should be referred to in the text and the description of the plant carefully applied to the specimen in hand. Such keys cannot be constructed so as to be perfect since plants of this class are quite vai-iable and one often finds specimens not at all typical and hence they do not fit into the key at the right place. An amateur should use the glossary constantly at first until the meanings of the terms become fixed. Many of these keys were tried out for years on fresh plants and continually revised and it is hoped they will seldom mislead very far. The keys are mostly dichotomous ; starting on the left, the plant must agree, for example 24 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN with either (a) or (aa). This leads to (b) and (bb) or to the name of the plant. Sometimes the letters are tripled, etc., as (aaa), (aaaaj. In that case there are three or more possibilities to choose from. Arrmigement of Species in the Text The student will find, besides the kej's, another means of identification. This is an arrangement in the text, by which the species which are the most doseh' related are grouped side by side. This is called a "natural classification" and is supposed to represent a relation according to the laws of evolution. Authori- ties differ on many points involved in such an arrangement, and hence it was necessary to follow, according to my best judgment, the order which appeared to be at the present time most acceptable. Our knowledge of many species is still too imi>erfect to expect any final arrangement. Furthermore, the number of species of such a small area of the world's surface as Michigan, is not representative of a like arrangement if applied to all the species of Agarics the world over. In view of this fact it seemed useless to try to be en- tirely consistent throughout the work. The genera are therefore subdivided in the way best adapted for each, although a general uni- formity is approximated. The genera may be divided into subgenera and sections, and sometimes the sections are subdivided. In this way the most closely allied species are usually found together under the last subdivision. H^ometiclature The rules of tlie International Botanical Congress held at Brus- sels in 1910, have been used (see Authorities and Abbreviations). Synonyms have been purposely omitted except in so far as they are mentioned in the commentaries. The study of synonymies is apt to become a ''wild goose chase'' and often offers nothing of im- portance for those who wish to become acquainted with the living plants; it is well adapted for those who prefer to make their my- cological studies in the herbarium and library. There is little doubt that in the course of time, some of our American plants which were supi)osed to be different and were given names, will be found to be synonyms of European species. But there is no need of passing judgment on such till the evidence is all in. Undue haste in con- sidering species identical has often brought about more error than existed in the first place. The field mycologist is constantly finding species which he had given up as hopeless synonyms, and much col- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 25 lectiug- will make a mycologist cautious. A keen observer, like Dr. Peck, will ofteu be quite certain of the distinctness of two species but fails in the description to make the distinction clear or strong- enough to others. In such a case herbarium material may not show the facts and only the finding of fresh plants can settle the question. The making of new species in haste is equally unfortunate. In the preparation of this work, scores of unidentified species accumu- lated, and many still remain unidentified. In many cases, how- ever, the repeated finding of the same thing, often in better condi- tion, perhaps with the necessary young stage, and further and better study on each occasion, resulted finally in its determination. Except in a few genera where I had made more extensive collec- tions and a more exhaustive study, for example in Russula and Cortinarius, I felt it unwise to describe as new more than a few striking species. In spite of the accumulation of synonyms and the great possibility that more American species will end as synonyms, I believe that there are still quite a few Agarics in the United States which are unnamed. But it is hoped that such an expression of my view will not cause every amateur to give names to those he is unable to identify. In the recent German work of Ricken (Die Blatterpilze) over 1500 species of Agarics are given for Germany, Austria and Switzerland alone, and very few new species are in- cluded. This is a good example of conservatism with reference to the making of new species. Credit has been given to Fries wherever possible in the use of names of European species, even where the species is reported under Agaricus in the Systema Mycologia. In certain genera only, where sufficient critical work has been done, e. g., Inocybe, has this pro- cedure been varied. If inconsistencies occur it is because the methods of mycologists past and present have been inconsistent. Outside of possible errors each case has been treated with regard to the Brussels Rules on the one hand and the latest facts obtain- able on the other. An attempt is made under many of the species to present as much material as possible for the further study of the species. D. H, KILL LIBRARY North Carolina State College 26 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN AN OUTLINE OF THE FUNGI I. Mycelium lacking. Bacteria. Mycetozoa. . Chytrids, I. Mj'celiuin forming the vegetative part of tlie plant. II. II. Mycelium non-septate, (i. e., without cross-walls). PJiy corny cctes. II. Mycelium septate, (i. e., composed of many cells). III. III. Spores not borne on a differentiated hymenium, not in asci nor on basidia. Fungi ImperfectL III. Spores usually borne on a differentiated hymenium. IV. IV. Spores borne in asci, usually eight in an ascus. Ascomycetes. IV. Spores borne on basidia, usually four on a basidium . Bas idiomyce tes . The Basidlomycetcs (1) Basidia not forming a hymenium; spores borne on a four- celled basidium arising from resting-spores ; parasites. Smuts and Rusts. (1) Basidia arranged so as to form a hymenium (2) (2) Hymenium not in a special fruit-body but developed directly from the vegetative hyphae in the host. Exohasidii. (2) Hymenium on or within a special fruit-body (8) (3) Hymenium concealed within the fruit-body till spores are ma- ture. (See 10th Kep. Mich. Acad, of Sci., p. 63.) Gasteromycetes. (3) Hymenium exposed (Hymenomycetes.) (4) (4) Basidia forked or divided into four cells; plants usually gela- tinous, horny when dry. Tremellales. (4) Basidia clavate or subcylindrical. Agaricales. Key to the Families of Agaricales (1) Hymenophore* not differentiated; basidia scattered on a loose subiculum of hyphae. Hypochnaceae. (1) Hymenophore even, not forming special branches, tubes, gills, etc. Theleplioracede. (1) Hymenophore in the form of wrinkles, warts, spines or tooth- like plates, usually on the under side of fruit-body. Hydnaceae. *The term "hymenophore" is here used to designate that part of the fruit-body which bears the hymenium, e. g , gills, tubes, spines, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 27 ( 1 ) Hymeuophore in the form of erect branches or an erect, simple, club. Clavariaceae. (1) Hymenophore in the form of tubes or reticulations, usually on the lower side of the fruit-body. Polyporaceae. (1 ) Hymeuophore in the form of knife-blades (gills) ; mostly fleshy plants. Agaricaceae. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN (a) Spores mostly white in mass (ochraceous-colored in some species of Russula and Lactarius) (1) (a ) Spores ochraceous, cinnamon or rusty-yellow in mass. . . . (21) (a) Spores flesh-color to roseate or salmon-color in mass. ... (32) (a) Spores purple-brown in mass (39) (a) Spores black in mass (43) White-Spored Agarics 1. Gills of waxy consistency : Hygrophorus. 1. Gills not truly waxy (2) 2. Fruit-body, soft and fleshy, decaying (3) 2. Fruit-body toughish, corky or woody; thin plants shrivel on drying, revive when moistened (15) 3. Gills thick on edge (4) 3. Gills thin (5) 4. Gills decurrent and forked dichotomously : Cantherellus. 4. Gills not decurrent; plants parasitic on other mushrooms: Nyctalis. 5. Trama of fruit-body of two kinds of tissue, i. e., of globular and filamentous cells; spores globose, echinulate (6) 5. Trama filamentous throughout (7) 6. With milky juice: Lactarius. 6. Not with milky juice: Russula. 7. Stem eccentric, lateral or wanting : Pleurotus. 7. Stem central (8) 8. Gills free (9) 8. Gills adnexed (10) 9. Volva and annulus present: Amanita. 9 Volva only present: Amanitopsis. 9. Annulus only present : Lepiota. 10. With annulus only : Ar miliaria. 10. Neither annulus nor volva present (11) 28 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 11. Stem fleshy or fibrous, sometimes outer riud subcar- tilaginous (12) 11. Stem cartilaginous, mostly throughout (13) 12. Gills decurrent or broadly adnate, not sinuate at stem : Clito{?i/he. 12. Gills at length sinuate or emarginate on stem; mostly large plants on the ground: Tricholoma. 13. Gills decurrent, pileus umbilicate: Omphalm. 13. Gills not decurrent (14) 14. Fruit-body small; pileus thin, tending to remain unex- panded and bell-shaped : Mycena. 14. Fruit-body small, medium or large; pileus usually ex- panded when mature, somewhat fleshy: Gollyhia. 15. Fruit-body usually small, toughish, thin, not woody (16) 15. Fruit-body larger; stem central, eccentric lateral or want- ing (17) 16. Trama of pileus gelatinous : Heliomyces. 16. Trama fleshy-membranous; pileus usually small, not woody : Marasmius. 17. Plant woody or corky: {Lenzites). 17. Plant fleshy-leathery (18) 18. Gills of the usual kind (19) 18. Gills longitudinally grooved or split on edge (20) 19. Edge of gills serrate-torn : Lentinus. 19. Edge of gills entire : Pcmus. 20. Edge of gills split lengthwise: Schizophyllum. 20. Edge of gills obtuse, crisped : Trogia. Ochre-Spored Agarics 21. Gills easily separable from the trama of the pileus ; margin of pileus involute: Paxillus. 21. Gills not separating easily from the pileus (22) 22. Trama of pileus vesiculose; spores globose and echinulate. (See Rnssula and Lactarius.) 22. Trama more or less filamentous (23) 23. Inner veil cobweb-like (cortinate) : gills at length dusted dark cinnamon or rusty; terrestrial: Cortinarius. 23. Inner veil membranous, fibrous or floccose (24) 24. Annulus present: Pholiota. 24. Annulus lacking (25) 25. Stem lateral or wanting: Crepidotus. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 29 25. Stem central (26) 26. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous (27) 26. Stem cartilaginous or fragile (29) 27. Gills at length yellow, yellow-rusty, etc.; lignicolous: Flammula. 27. Gills alutaceus to sordid brown ; terrestrial (28) 28. Pileus fibrillose, silky or innately scaly; spores often angular; cystidia often present: Inocyhe. 28. Pileus more or less viscid when moist, smooth : Heheloma. 29. Gills decurrent : Tubaria. 29. Gills not decurrent (30) 30. Pileus convex or plane, margin at first incurved; stem rather short : Xaiicoria. 30. Pileus bell-shaped or conical ; stem slender (31) 31. Pileus subviscid or viscid; plant very fragile: Bolbitius and Pliiteolus. 31. Pileus not viscid: Galera. Pink-Spored Agarics 32. Stem lateral or lacking; on wood: Claudopus. 32. Stem central (33) 33. Volva present only: . Volvaria. 33. Annulus present only : Chamaeota. 33. Volva and annulus lacking (34) 34. Gills free : Pluteus. 34. Gills adnexed, adnate or decurrent (35) 35. Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous (36) 35. Stem cartilaginous, slender (37) 36. Gills at length sinuate : Entoloma^ 36. Gills decurrent or broadly adnate: Clitopilus^ 37. Gills decurrent; pileus urabilicate: Eccilia. 37. Gills not decurrent (38) 38. Pileus convex, margin at first incurved : Leptonia. 38. Pileus bell-shaped to conical, margin at first straight: Nolanea. Purple-Brown-Spored Agarics 39. Annulus present ; veil distinct (40) 39. Annulus and volva lacking (41) 40. Gills free: PsaUioUi. 40. Gills attached to stem : Stropharia. 30 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 41. Veil present, remaining attached to margin of i^ileus, rare]}' forming an annulus: Hyplioloma. 41. A'eil, if at tirst present, qnickly evanescent or none at all; slender-stemmed (42 1 42. Margin of ])ileus at lii-st straight; hygrophanous: Psathyra. 42. Margin of pileus at first incurved ; gills adnexed to adnate- subdecurreut : Psilocybc. Black-Spored Agarics 43. Gills delinqnescing into a black mass when mature: Coprinus. 43. Gills not delinqnescing (44) 44. Spores elongate-fusiform; gills decurrent; soft- waxy; pileus viscid : Gomphidius. 44. Spores globose to elliptical (45 ) 4."). Pileus with striate or sulcate margin, fragile; Psatliyrella. 45. Pileus not striate, rather fleshy, exceeding the gills; gills variegated-dotted by the spores: Panoeolus. CANTHERELLEAE Fruit-body fleshy or submembranous. Stem central or lateral. Oills thick, obtuse on edge, fold-like or ridge-form, usually forked, narrow. Veil none. By the inclusion of Trogia and several tropical or subtropical genera, the group is extended by some authors to include sessile and reviving or arid plants. As limited above the group approaches the Thelepharaceae on the one side, the genera Clitocybe and Hygro- phorus on the other. The genus Dictyolus Quel, belongs here, but no species have been found within the state. It is characterized by plants having a lateral stem arising from the larger mosses, and by vein-like, forked gills. D. retirugus is probably a native of the state. The group includes Cantherellus, Dictyolus and Nyctalis. Nyctalis Fr. (From the Greek, nyx, night, referring to the black color of the host-mushroom.) White-spored ; chlamydo-spores abundant; gills thick, distinct, obtuse on edge; stem central; ixirasitic on otJier Agarics; vejl none. Fleshy, putrescent, not large-sized mushrooms, developing on the pileus and stem of the fruit-bodies of Russula, Lactarius, Cantherel- lus, etc., after the latter have become well developed or are partially decayed. The gills and basidiosi)ores in our species are often dwarfed or entirely undeveloped. The propagation of the plant is. instead, dependent on the presence of secondary spores which are formed in abundance over large parts of the surface of the plants. These spores are elliptical, brownish, long-spiny, 12-18 micr. in diameter. They are formed from the loosened hyphae of the sur- face of the pileus, etc., which break up into chains of spores, and because of this method of formation, are called clilamydospores. 32 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 1. Nyctalis asterophora Fr. Epicrisis, 183G-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1132, B. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 19.7. Alichael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 81 (as A'. lycoperdioides ) . Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 2, Fig. 6. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. G, PI. 129. Hard, Mushrooms, p. 204, Fig. 162. Plate I of this Keport. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, at first subglobose then hemispherical, tvhitish, floccose, at length dingy hroicnish and pulverulent. FLE8H pallid, moist, rather thick. GILLS adnate, distant, rather narrow and thick, obtuse, sometimes forked, whitish or ding\', frequently not developed. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, relatively stout, stuflfed then hollow, pruinose or silky, whitish then brownish, often curved. SPORES often lacking by reason of the undeveloped hymenium, elliptical, smooth, 6 xl micr., white. CHLAMYDO- SPORES on surface of pileus, etc., abundant, brownish, spiny. 12-18 micr., globose. ODOR and TASTE farinaceous. Parasitic: on Russula nigricans, Bay View. August-September. Infrequent or local. An interesting case of a parasitic mushroom ; it has an entirely different structure from that of the host mushroom on which it grows. For other instances of parasitic mushrooms see Stropharia epimyces, Volvaria Loveana, Boletus parasiticus, etc. Cantherellus Fr. (From the Greek kdntharos, a vase or cup, referring to the shape of the mature pileus.) Spore-mass white or yellowish-tinged ; Gills forked, fold-like or almost ridge-form (except G. aurantiacus), obtuse on edge; stem central, confluent with the pileus; veil none. Fleshy, putrescent, terrestrial mushrooms, with a more or less turbinate, or vase-shaped pileus, in some species almost membran- ous, on whose outer side the reduced gills run down the stem in the form of fold-like, thick ridges or elevations, sometimes markedly dichotomously forked, sometimes almost entire. They approach CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 33 Craterellus, a genus of the Tlielephoraceae, whose hymenial surface is merely wrinkled and not gill-like. The fleshy species are much sought after for the table, and all of them are edible. Fries, in Epicrisis, included species whose stems are lateral or lacking ; these have been segregated under other genera. The PILEUS may be dull yellow, orange, red, cinereous or lilac- tinged. Sometimes it is deeply infundibuliform, as in the mature G. floccosus, or it may remain obtuse as in G. cinnabarmus. In the ashy or ashy-brown species the FLESH is thin and almost mem- brauaceus and these approach species of Craterellus; in the others the flesh is thick. The GILLS afford the best means of recognizing the genus. In G. aurantiacus, however, the gills are thin, and, ex- cept for their marked dichotomous character, this species might be placed in the genus Clitocybe. The STEM is moderately stout in most species. In the fleshy forms it is solid, while in the cinereous- colored, thinner species it tends to become hollow, and in G. in- funcUbuliformis the pileus is perforated so as to form an open tube down through the stem. The SPORES are usually elliptical or elongated, smooth, mostly white or whitish, but in some species tinged with yellow or ochraceous in mass. The BASIDIA are un- usually elongated and a])j)roach those of Hygrophorus in this re- spect ; they are said to be sometimes six or eight-spored. The ODOR and TASTE of our species is mild and agreeable. Key to the fipecies (a). Plant cinnamon-red, fading, medium size. 5. C. cinnabarinus Schw. (aa) Plant not red. (b) Pileus and gills some shade of yellow or orange. (c) Gills orange, thin, crowded. 9. C. aurantiacus Fr. (cc) Gills not crowded, ridge-form, (d) Stem solid, firm, (e) Plant markedly vase-shaped; pileus deeply funnel-form, firm, rufous-orange. 3. floccosus Schw. (ee) Plant somewhat top-shaped, entirely chrome-yellow or fiavus. 4. C. cibarius Fr. (dd) Stem hollow, pileus thin, funnel-form. 6. C. infundihuli- foj'mis Fr. 7. C. tuhaeformis Fr. (bb) Pileus and gills not both yellow, (c) Gills flesh-color to purplish-lilaceus, ridge-form; stem solid. 2. C. clavatus Fr. (cc) Gills not fiesh-color. (d) Pileus infundibuliform, cinereous or brownish cinereous, (e) Pileus perforated in center, stem hollow. 6. C. infundi- buliforviis Fr. (ee) Pileus not perforated; stem stuffed or solid. 7. C. tuhae- forviis Fr. (dd) Pileus obtuse, or depressed; subumbonate, brownish-gray. 8. C. iimbonatus Fr. 34 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN * Gills in form of thick ridijcs, rather distant. 2. Cantherellus clavatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustratious: Fries, Sverig. Atl. Svamp, PI. 91. Michael, Fiilirer f. I'ilzfi'euude, Vol. IT. No. 19 (as Craterel- lus). Bresadola, I, ruiiyli. :\laiiii. e. vel., PI. 82. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 1, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 4:)1 (as C. lieurophyllus) . Plate II of this Report. PILET^S 3-5 cm. broad, turbinate to truiicate-obclavate, de- pressed to concave-cyatliiform, often irregular and lobed, narrowed into the stem, at first purplish-flesh color, soon greenish-yellow, surface floccose or slightly scaly. FJyESH thick hehind, white^ (■oiiij,-act at first, at length toughish. GILLS in form of thick. dichotomouSy narroiv but distinct ridges, connected hy cross-ridges. anastomosing below, long decurrent from the elevated margin of the pileus, rather distant, flesh-color to pale purplish umber. STIvM ex])anding into tlie ]jileus. nol'id, xhovt, ratlier firm, fleshy, at first incarnate-purplish, then pallid, below densely wfiite-floccose, 4-8 mm. thick, usually tapering downward. Whole plant 4-9 cm, tall. SPOi\ES subcyliudrica] oi- naiiow elli])tcal, 10-12x4-5 micr., smooth, pale ochraceus in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious, on the ground in hemlock forests of northern Micli- igan. Bay View, Marquette. July-August. Infrequent. Well marked by its color and shape. In his later works Fries referred it to tlie Theloj^horoceae under Craterellus. Its thick flesli and the well-marked ridges of the Gantherellus-type, seem to be suf- ficient reason to refer it back to Cantherellus. 3. Cantherellus floccosus Schw. (Edible) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. TI, 4, 1832. Illustrations : Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 55, Fig. 9-13. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 33. PI. 1, Fig. 18-20. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 23, Fig. 100, ]>. 201, 1908. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 15, PI. 19. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 35 PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad (rarely broader), vase-shaped or trumpet- shaped, truncate when young, at length deeply excavate-fumiel-form, firm, superficially floccose or subscaly, yellow at first, at lemjth rufescent to orange, margin becoming undulate at times. FLESH rather thick, confluent with the stem, white. GILLS deeply decur- reut, ridge-form, close to subdistant, dicliotomously forked, anas- tomosing throughout, ochraceus to rufous-yellowish, sometimes darker. STEM short, whole plant 6-15 cm. high (rareh' 20 cm.), 1-2.5 cm. thick, solid, glabrous, pallid-ochraceus, whitish at base, firm, sometimes abruptly short-attenuate at base, often deep in the ground. SPORES elliptical, "12-15x7-7.2 micr.", smooth, ochra- ceous in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild and pleasant. On the ground in hemlock forests of northern Michigan, Mar- quette, Huron Mountains. July-August. Infrequent. A most striking plant when in full luxuriance, forming a large vase with considerable capacity to its deep interior. It occurs gregariously but sometimes several arise at one place or apparently from the same stem. I have not seen it in the portion of the state where hemlock and pine are unknown. Like the preceding, it is scarcely possible to confuse it with any other species. 4. Cantherellus cibarius Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. atl. Svamp., PL 7. Cooke, 111., PL 1103. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 88. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PL 1, Fig. 2. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 26. Swanton, Fungi, PL 15, Fig. 3-5. Atkinson, :Mushiooms, Fig. 123, p. 128, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PL 22, Fig. 128, p. 199. Gibson, Edible Toadstools & Mushrooms, PL 19, p. 175, 1903. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 32. Plate III of this Report. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, firm convex then expanded, soon depressed in center or margin elevated, often irregular, sometimes top-shaped, infundibuliform or one-sided, margin thick and at first involute, clvrome-yelloiv or pale egg yeUoic, glabrous, not striate. FLESH compact, thick, white or yellowish toward surface. GILLS long, decurrent, thick, dichotomously forked or anastomosing, nar- 36 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN row, rather distant, chrome-yellow, edge blunt. STEM 3-6 cm. long, stout, G-12 mm. thick, uarrower downwards, solid, liesliy, glabrous, chA'ome-yellow to pale yellow, often tunneled by larvae. SPOKES elliptical, 7-9 x 4-5 micr., smooth, faintly ochraceous-tinged. "BASIDIA 50-75x7-8 micr., 4-spored, sometimes 5-6 spored." ODOK and TASTE mild and pleasant. Gregarious or subcaespitose, often scattered. On the ground in frondose or conifer forests . Throughout the state, from the south- ern border to Isle Koyale. Julj'-September (rarelj^ earlier or later). Frequent only in certain seasons. This is the famous '^Chatitarelle" of Europe, where it is highly prized, both on account of its flavor and from the fact that its Hesh is free from larvae. In Michigan, and probably elsewhere in the eastern part of the United States, the fastidious lovers of mush- room meat are, alas, not so fortunate as their European brethren. During many years of collecting, I have rarely found this mushroom free from larvae and I have a large number of records. Occasion- ally, immediately after its rapid development due to favorable weather, I have found unattacked specimens. The color is often much paler yellow than that mentioned above and a white form is sometimes found. It is not easily confused Avith C. aurantiacus^ which has thin and crowded gills and ditferent shades of yellow. 5. Cantherellus cinnabarinus Schw. (Edible) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4, 1832. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 55, Fig. 1-8. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 5, PL 92, Fig. 3. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 161, p. 202, 1908. Plate II of this Report. PILEUS 1.5-3 cm. broad (rarely up to 7 cm,), firm, convex and obtuse or expanded-depressed, often irregular, glabrous, cinnabar- red, often faded, entirely faded in dried specimens. FLESH rather thin, whitish or tinged reddish toward surface. GILLS long- decurrent, dichotomously forked, rather distant, narrow and ridge- form, intervenose, cinnabar-red, yellowish or pinkish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, solid or subcavernous, terete or compressed at apex, equal or tapering downward, tough-fleshy, glabrous, even, cinnabar-red or paler. SPORES oblong-elliptical, 8-10 x 4-5.5 micr., smooth, Avhite or faintly pink in mass. BASIDIA long and narrow, 4-spore(l. ODOR and TASTE mild. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 37 Gregarious, on the gTound in open frondose woods or on bare soil along woodroads. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Richmond, at least throughout the Southern Peninsula. July-October. Frequent. Easily known by its color and size. When fresh the color is cin- nabar-red but after exposure to wind and sun the color may be lost. Often the stem is diluted and compressed toward the apex, in which case it is found to be somewhat hollow. Typically the stem is solid. Some think C. friesil Quel, is the same, but that species is said to have a velvety-flocculose cap, different colors and probably smaller spores. Both fade, and the dried specimens probably look much alike. Our plant seems to be a distinct American form. 6. Cantherellus infundibuliformis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1109. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 1, Fig. 4. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. No. 3, PL 15, op. p. 35. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 56, Fig. 9-16. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, umbilicate to infundibuliform, margin undulate or lohed, pruinose-flocculose, glabrescent, cinereus-yellow- ish to watei-y-brown, paler when dry. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS decurrent, narrow, ridge-form, dichotomously or irregularly forked, pruinose, distant, cinereous, STEM 3-9 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, slender, equal or subequal, glabrous, holloio, terete or com- pressed, yelloio. SPORES globose- elliptical. 9-11x7-9 micr., smooth, pale yellowish in mass. ODOR and TASTE none. Gregarious on the ground in wet swampy places, especially in conifer woods. ^larquette, Houghton, New Richmond. August- October. Distinguished from all the preceding by its thinner somewhat pliant pileus and darker colors; it often has a sooty or ashy shade. The center of the cap is usually perforated so as to expose the hollow cavity of the stem from above. Its spores are quite char- acteristic and set it off from its near relatives, which Murrill ( N. A. Flora, Vol. 9, p. 168) has seen fit to include in this single species. 38 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 7. Cantherellus tubaeformis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustratious : Michael, Fiilii-er f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 41. (?) Cooke, 111., ri. 1108. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, couvex and obtuse, at leugth depressed and mai-j^iu irregular and recurved, sometimes subinfundibuliform, not perforated hi center, browuisli-yellow to yellowish ochraceus, sUky-tomentulose, even, scarcely fading. FLESH thin at least to- ward margin, whitish-ochraceus. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, mod- erately thick, narrow and ridge-form, dichotomously forked, inter- venose, rather distant, not pruinose, flesh-gray to j^ellowish- ochraceus, often slightly deeper in color than pileus and stem. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 3-0 mm. thick (sometimes thicker), fulvous- j-ellow to ochraceous, coucolor within, terete or canaliculate, sometimes compressed, subequal, solid or stuffed at first, sometimes at length hollow, glabrous, often curved, white at the veiy base. SPORES broadly elliptical, 7-9.5x5-0 micr. punctate-granular, pale creamy-white in mass. BASIDIA 00-05x0-8 micr. long, slender, at- tenuate downward. ODOK and TASTE none. On the ground or debris of froudose woods of southern Michigan. Ann Arbor and surroundijig region. Juh'-August. Infrequent. Characterized primarily by its spores and its stutfed stem. It differs from the preceding also in its rather constant colors. Most of our plants were entirely yellowish-ochraceous when fresh and the stem Avas not hollow. The thin structure of the cap separates it from other yellowish species. Its name is misleading, since in its near relative, C. infundihuliformis, the tube is continuous from the stem to the surface of the pileus, while here the cap is not per- forated, and the stem usually not hollow except in age. My ob- servations agree with those of Ricken in these respects. CoAitherel- lus lutescens is a related species, with an orange-yellow stem, black- ish-brown, floccose-scaly cap and orange gills. Its spores are said to measure 10-12x7-8 micr. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS - 39 **Gills approaching the Jonn of those of true Agwrics, close or crowded. 8. Cantherellus umbonatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL HOG. Gillet, Champignons de France, :N'o. 94. Krcken, Bliitterpilze, 1*1. '1, Fig. 1. Michael, FiVhrer f. Pilzfrennde, Vol. Ill, No. 51. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PL 81, Fig.* 8-21 (as C. dichotomous Pk.). PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, top-shaped, convex to plane and depressed, droicnish-gray to hlackish or smoky-gray, luith or without a slight umbo, pruinose or flocculose, dry, pliant, margin regular or wavy. FLESH thin, white, becoming reddish with age or some time after picking. GILLS decurrent, rather narrow, thick, dichotomously branched, not ridge-form, close, white, then stained yellowish or red- dish, even on edge. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal or attenuated up or down, elastic, pallid or pale gray, sometimes smoky above, appressed-silky, stuffed, soft fleshy-fibrous within. SPORES narrow, subfusiform-elliptical, 9-11x3-4.5 micr., smooth, white in mass. Gregarious, attached to moss, especially Polytrichum, around peat-bogs or in swampy woods. Houghton, Ann Arbor, probably in lake districts throughout the state. July-October. Frequent in fall till frosts or later. Distinguished from the preceding two by the more highly de- veloped gills, the slight umbo and the tendency for the flesh and gills to assume reddish stains after being collected. In many cases it is attached directly by its mycelium to the stems and leaves of living mosses. There is no doubt that C. dichotomous Pk. is the same species, since the descriptions of (7. umbonatus with which Peck compared his plant were incomplete, as Saccardo omitted the fact that the gills are dichotomously forked. 40 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 9. Cantherellus aurantiacus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. jitl. Svamp, PL 79. Cooke, 111., PI. 1104. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 86. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 27. Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 2, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 37, Fig. 124-125, p. 129, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 159, ]). 200, 1908. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad (rarely 7) pliant, convex-plane, depressed, at length often concave-subinfundibulilorm with elevated margin, margin at first involute at length undulate, orange-ochraceus to brownish-orange, sometimes pale, subtomentose or subsquamulose on disk, even. FLESH soft, somewhat thick, thin on margin, pallid or tinged ochraceous. GILLS arcuate-decurrent, thin, edge blunt, dichotomously forked, croicded, rather narrow, not ridge-form, bright orange or tinged wdth salmon-color. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. (or more) thick, spongy, thickened downwards, or sub- equal, stuffed sometimes hollow, minutely tomentose, pale orange varying brownish or pallid-yellowisli. SPORES elliptical, 5-7x3-4 micr., smooth, whitish in mass. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious, on the ground, much decayed logs or wood, among debris, in conifer and frondose woods, more abundant northward. Throughout the state. July-October. Frequent. Distinguished from C. cibarius by its thin, crowded gills and orange colors. A form occurs with pale yellowish-white cap and stem ; this I have seen in Sweden where it is more common than with us. Fries says a white form also appears. It is marked pois- onous or suspected by many European authors, although Peck, Mc- Ilvaine and others have eaten it without bad results, but the flavor is said to be poor. It occurs mainly in conifer woods but also in low frondose woods, perhaps where tamarack once grew. MARASMIEAE Fruit-body reviving in moist weatlier, becoming shriveled when dry; fleshy-leatheiy, tough or toughish, j^ersistent, normally not putrescent. Stem when present, confluent with the pileus. Par- tial veil or universal veil lacking. 'The species of this subfamily are well-marked b}^ their ability to cease growing and to shrivel up in dry weather, and by their rejuve- nescence and further development when they become wet again. The gills are never corky or woody and only slightly fleshy, usually arid and toughish. It is possible, however, to find forms which approach Collybia, ^Nlycena and Pleurotus and which represent connecting links between those genera and Marasmius. The follow- ing genera are included: Trogia, Schizophyllum, Panus, Leutinus, Marasmius, and Heliomvces. '-7 Trogia Fr. (After Trog, a Swiss botanist.) White-spored. Flesh toughish, arid, reviving in wet weather. Gills arid, fold-like, obtuse. Pileus sessile, or resupinate-reflexed. Small, liguicolous, reviving plants, usually attached to dead ]>ranches of frondose trees. Belated to Cantherellus by the plicate, i. e., fold-like gills, but tougher and reviving, as in Schizophyllum. The genus is placed under the Canthereleae by some authors but the persistent, reviving and arid characters ally it equally close to the Marasmieae. The pileus is either attached at a more or less eccen- tric point or resupinate for some distance and the gills are exposed in moist weather, but the dried pileus usually infolds on the margin so as to hide the gills which are mostly irregular or crisped. 10. Trogia crispa Fr. Monographia, 1833. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1114. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 708. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 14. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 2, Fig. 5. Atkinson, Mushrooms. PI. 39, Fig. 131, op. p. 137, 1900. I 42 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN PILKUS l-l* eui. broad, tough, *t'.s'.y//('. soiuetinies couchate or shelving, ofteu resupiiiate wlieu moist, sometimeis subimbricate, per- sistent, reviving wheu moist, irreguhirly incurved when dry, surface tinged reddish-yellow with wliitish hairs, bccoiiiiin/ tan or hiijf- broivnish lohen dry, margin lohed. FLESH thin, tieshy-membrana- ceous. GILLS very narrow, irregularlj- yein-like, interrupted or en- tire, often forked, crisped, white or bluish-grey. SPOKES cylin- drical, smooth, o-t X 1-1.5 micr., white. Scattered, gregarious, often closely crowded on limbs or bark of frondose trees, especially beech, birch and cherry. Throughout the state. Frequent. When dry the plants, roll up irregularly and almost hide the gills, the white color of Ayhich when fresh is rather sharply contrasted in most cases with the color of the pileus. It has been placed in the genus Plicatura by some authors. 11. Trogia alni Pk. X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872 (as Plicatura alni). "PlLErs l.,"')-2.5 cm. broad, coriaceous, rcstipitKttc-rcflc.rrd. geuer- ally imbricated, silky-tomentulose, hroiniish-fainn/, the margin ■ sterile. GILLS narrow, irregular, interru])ted wavy or crisped, " angular, white, becoming inconsi)icuous on drying." "On alder, etc." This species has not been reported in the state, but is included for the sake of comparison. Some consider it identical with Merujius niveiis Fr., but tliat species is said to be i)ure white. Schizophyllum Fr. (From the Greek, scJtizo, to si)lit and idiijJlon, a leaf, referring to 1 the split edge of the gills.) White-spored. Leathery-tough, arid, reviving in wet weather. Gills split halfway from the edge inwards. Trama of pileus thin. Veil none. Only one species is known in our region, but this is veiw common. It grows on wood, on dead branches and trunks of standing trees or more rarely on fallen limbs. The gills are very characteristic, differing markedly from those of other genera by being split and the halves recurved, and the structure of the Two layers is continued upwards almost through the pileus so that a thin pellicle covers the surface. A CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 43 12. Schizophyllum commune Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1114 B. Gillet, Champiguons de France, Xo. 611. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 130, p. 136, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 187, p. 233, 1908. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, thin, tough, pliant, sessile by the nar- rowed base, from which it extends in a fan-shaped manner, often suborbicular and lobed on the incurved margin, tinged with brown- ish-gray when moist, ichitish tohen dry, very hairy or tomentose, reviving. GILLS radiating from the point of attachment of the pileus, leathery-tough, split on edge, white or gray, sometimes with other tints, tomentose, on the inner side of the split. SPORES minute, cylindrical, 3-4x1-1.5 micr. Scattered or gregarious on dead branches or trunks of frondose trees, especially of hickory; also on carpinus, walnut, elm, maple, sycamore, locust, apple and probably others. Throughout the state. Very common. This is a pretty fungus when growing iu luxuriance and can not be easily mistaken for anything else. Some species of Pleurotus have a similar habit, but are different iu texture and especially in the structure of the gills. Panus Fr. (From the Latin, panus, a tumor. Fries says the name was used by Pliny for a tree-inhabiting fungus.) White-spored. Fleshy leathery, reviving, tough, persistent; the texture fibrous, radiating into the hymenium. Stem eccentric, lat- eral or lacking, confluent with the pileus. Gills at length coriace- ous, edge entire. Not putrescent, but arid and tough as in the genera Lentinus, Marasmius, etc. They approach Pleurotus and some species have been described under that genus. They are wood-inhabiting. P. stipticus has poisonous properties, the others are harmless. The PILEUS is eccentric, lateral or at jirst resupinate; none of the last section has been distinguished iu the state. The erect forms often have very irregular and crowded and depressed pilei which are somewhat thick. Their surface is usually strigose, villose 44 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN or slightly scaly. The color is various. The FLESH varies from quite tough in some species to somewhat fleshy in others ; the latter may become more tough with age so that several species are easily confused with Pleurotus in the young stage. It is advisable to compare specimens with both genera where the texture is in doubt. The GILLS have an entire edge which distinguishes them from those of the genus Lentinus which have lacerate, serrate, thin edges. They become tough with age and are thickish. Intermediate forms occur, especially among typical species, so that some authors combine Panus with Lentinus. In our plants, however, the character of the edge of the gills is the best means of separation. The STEM is short, as a rule, sometimes continuous with the pileus, so that the pileus is not margiuate behind. It is usually hairy or scaly. The SPOBES vary in shape and size; they are smooth and white. CYS- TIDIA are present in P. rudis and P. angustatus. Several of the species are very common, growing on stumps, de- cayed branches, etc., in the cities, or on any sort of dead timber in the woods and fields. The harmless species are rather tough for the table, but can be used, according to Mcllvaine, to flavor soups and gravies. The genus is divided into three sections, of which the following include the species described below : I. Conchati. II. Stiptici. Key to the Species (A) Pileus sessile or prolonged laterally into a stem-like base, (a) Pileus with a gelatinous layer, whitish or yellowish, spathulate to fan-shaped. 16. P. angustaUis Berk. (Syn. Pleurotus stratosus Atk.) (aa) Pileus without a gelatinous layer. (b) Gills when young covered by a fugaceous veil; pileus about 1 cm., cupulate, rufous. On alder bushes. P. ojierculatus B. & C. (bb) "Without a cortina. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, small, pinkish-gray; gills dark fer- ruginous; on willows. 17. P. salicinus Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous, small, heaped in clusters, pale brownish; taste very disagreeable, astringent. 15. P. slip- ticus Ft. (AA) Pileus with an eccentric stem; 1. e. pileus marginate behind, (a) Pileus white or creamy-white when fresh, becoming yellowish when drying. (b) Pileus often very large, densely strigose-hairy; whole plant be- comes dull yellow when dried. 12a. P. strigosus B. & C. (bb) Pileus up to 6 cm. broad, surface with long, delicate hairs, margin reticulated. P. laevis B. & C. (aa) Pileus reddish-brown to alutaceous-tan, medium size, margin at first inrolled. (b) Pileus rough with tufted hairs, tawny-alutaceous, etc., gills CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS .45 crowded and narrow. 13. P. rudis Ft. (Syn. P. strigosus Schw.) (bb) Pileus glabrous or obscurely fibrillose-scaly. (c) Gills crowded and narrow. 14. P. toriilosus var. conchatus Ft. (cc) Gills close to subdistant. 14. P. torulosus Ft. (Other species have been described by Peck, P. hetulinus ou birch, from Ke^^foundland, with a dimidiate, grayish-brown pileus; P. nigrifoUus from Alabama, with distant, dark-brown gills. P. deal- hatus Berk, was described from Ohio ; it has an umber color through- out, with the shape of P. angustatus. P. alhotomentosus Cke. & Massee, reported by Mcllvaine, is probably the same as Pleurotus albolanatus Pk. of this report. P. dorsalis Bosc. is the same as Claudopus nidulans.) Section I. Conchati. Stem eccentric; pileus irregular or con- chate. 12a. Panus strigosus B. & C. (Edible) ^^orth American Fungi, iSo. 99. Illustration: Plate IV of this Report. PILEUS large, varying from 10 to 40 cm. broad, subcentral, strongly eccentric or lateral, marginate behind, fleshy-fibrous to sub- coriaceous, convex, subexpauded, reniform, covered with a dense, thick, strigose-villose nap composed of hairs up to 2 mm. long in large specimens, creamy -ichite when fresh, becoming yellow on dry- ing. FLESH firm, somewhat tough, up to 2 cm. thick, tapering to the very thin margin, yellowish when fresh, white when dry. GILLS subdecurrent, hroad, close to subdistant, heterophyllous, thick, white, changing to yellow on drying, edge entire. STEM short or long, stout, 2-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, strigose-villose, eccentric or almost lateral, whitish to yellowish, sometimes tinged cinereous. SPORES elougated-obloug, 11-13 x 3l^-4l^ micr., smooth white in mass. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR stronger in age, rather agreeable. (Dried: Strigosity and cuticle are dull golden-yellow, flesh whit- ish, gills ferruginous.) Solitary or caespitose, subimbricate, growing from the wounds of maple and yellow birch ; also on apple trees and other deciduous trees. Probably throughout the state; Houghton, New Richmond. August- September. Infrequent or rare. Edible when young. This is the largest Panus we have ; the pileus is often a foot and 46 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN more iu diameter and the stem very stout. The descriptions in the books are veiy meagre, and no mention is made of the change of color on drying. The dried specimens are elegant. Its flesh is not verj' tough and it is easily mistaken for a Pleurotus. The gills are ve'ry broad in large specimens, not truly distant, and are usually distinct on the stem or anastomose onl}- in an obscure manner if at all. Some specimens are almost lateral, growing in a somewhat ascendiug-subhorizoutal position, but with a marginate pileus; others have a subcentral stem. This is not Lentiniis strigosus Schw., a species which seems to be synonymous with Parvus rudis. Some consider P. laevis B. & C. to be the same as P. strigosus. 13. Panus rudis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 179, p. 224, 1908. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., Xo. 637. Plate V of this Keport. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, irregular, eccentric or sublateral, ascend- ing, depressed or vase shaped, sometimes infundibuliform, cuneate- rounded when young, tough, villose-velvety or strlgose, alutaceous to reddish brown, margin often lohed, incurved. GILLS narrow, crowded, decurrent, pallid or tinged with the color of pileus, pube- scent, edge entire. STEM sliort. eccentric, sometimes almost lack- ing, villose, concolor. SPORES elliptical-oval, 5-6x2-3 micr., smooth, white. TASTE slightly bitter at times. ODOR none. Caespitose-crowded. EveryAvhere in toA\Ti and country, on stumps, logs, dead branches, tranks, etc., of frondose trees. Through- out the state. ]\Iay to November. Yery common. This is Lentiniis lecomtei of many American notices, not the true L. lecomtei Schw. which has serrate gills. Our plant has entire gills. Schweinitz described the true L. lecomtei from a specimen sent from Georgia by Lecomte. (See Lloyd, Myc, Notes, Vol. I, p. 60.) It is also Lentinus strigosus Schw. to which Peck refers his specimens. Peck says it was found iu one case on a balsam fir trunk, wliile ordinarily it is limited to deciduous trees. Patouil- lard says the gills of P. rudis are serrate, which is a rather remark- able statement. It can be used for flavoring gravies and dries well for winter use, but is readilv attacked bv beetles. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 47 14. Panus torulosus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1S21. (As Pleurotus torulosus.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 180, p. 225, 1908. Gillet, Champignous de France, Ko. 511. Cooke, 111., Plate 1119. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, or broader, fleshy-pliant at first then tough, from plane to infundibuliform, eccentric or almost lateral, marginate behind, livid flesh color or tinged violet or reddish^ sur- face when young and fi'esh with a delicate, detersile tomentum; soon (jlattroiis, sometimes slightly scaly in the center of the cup., even on the margin, sometimes wavy. FLESH pallid, thickish, be- coming thinner when full-grown. GILLS decurrent, close to suh- distant, narrow, simple, occasionally forked, sometimes anastomos- ing on the stem, pallid to violet rufescent then alutaceous, edge even. STEM short, 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, stout, solid, tough, eccentric or lateral, covered with a violaceous or gray tomentum. SPORES elliptical, 6x3 niicr., smooth, white. Caespitose, on decaying stumps, logs, trunks, etc., of frondose trees. Ann Arbor. September. Infrequent. Var. conchatus Fr. Pileus thinner, alutaceous and not with violet tints; gills closer. On beech log, Bay View. Infrequent. Becom- ing quite large, up to 15 cm. broad. The species of Fries, Panus concliatus, does not seem to me speci- fically distinct, as the characters which he emphasizes occur also in P. torulosus. Specimens of the latter can be found whose pileus becomes minutely scaly at length, and whose gills vary forked and anastomosing, although never markedly so. The closeness of the gills depends somewhat on the expansion of the pileus and this varies not a little. LTnder certain weather conditions, the violet and reddish tints of P. torulosus are lacking, and then the plant could be referred to the other species. The spores of the two species, if I have interpreted correctly, are exactly alike, and unless struc- tural differences can be shown it w^ere better to make P. conchatus a synonym of P. torulosus as was done by Quelet. (Enchiridion Fuugoram.) If collected in diy weather, they may be confused with infundibuliform species of Clitocybe. Section II. Stiptici. Pileus sessile or prolonged behind into a stem-like base. 48 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 15. Panus stipticus Fr, (Poisonous) Syst. My col., 1821. (As Pleurotus stipticus.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 178, p. 222. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 26, Fig. 3. Midiael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 3, No. 66. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 510. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, venj tough, pale cinnamon, fading to wliitish, convex, subreniform, depressed and abruptly narrowed be- hind, surface breaking up into minute, furfuraceous scales, even. GILLS thin, determinate, i. e., abrupt behind, venose-connected, crowded, cinnamon, STEM lateral, short, distinct below, solid often compressed, pruinose, paler than gills. SPORES minute, nar- rowly oblong, 1-.5 X 2 micr., smooth, while. TASTE vcrij astringent. CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills. Caespitose. On wood ; stumps, logs, trunks, etc. Throughout the state. May to October. Common. This little Panus is not edible, because of its toughness and its very disagreeable taste. It is said to be a violent purgative. When fresh it is slightly phosphorescent in a dark room. On the under side it appears to have a very definite stem, ending abruptly at the gills ; above, the stem is not distinguishable. It revives when moistened, so that a cluster may be seen in place during the whole season. | 16. Panus angustatus Berk. Lea's Catalogue of Plants, 1849. See also Pleurotus stratosus Atk.=syn, Jour, of Mycol., Vol, 8, 1902. i PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, ohovate to hroadly cuneate, sessile or pro- longed into a stem-like base, convex or depressed, sordid white to pale tawny, trama composed, under the microscope, of four layers (a) the surface layer of erect hyphae which form a minute tomen- tum; beneath this (b) a thin, compact layer; (c) a gelatinous layer of open, slender, distant, palisade threads; (d) a compact, floccose- interwoven layer, about half the thickness of the pileus; margin crenate-wavy. FLESH thin, tough, soft. GILLS converging, very narrow, crowded, white or yellowish. SPORES minute, spheroid- oval, 3 micr. diam., smooth, white in mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, fusoid or lanceolate, 45-60x10-14 micr. BASIDIA 4-spored. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 49 Caespitose, often imbricate, sometimes solitary, on very rotten wood of birch, hemlock, etc., of northern Michigan. Bay View, Houghton, Neganuee. Jiily-Angiist. Infrequent. Probably edible. This species has much the appearance of Pleicrotus petaloides and Pleurotiis alholanatus. When fresh it is hard to tell whether it ought to be referred to Panus or Pleurotus. I have found it only in the region of conifer or mixed woods. » 17. Panus salicinus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. 'TILEUS 8-12 mm. broad, firm, thin, convex, deflexed or subpen- dant, liiifjroplianous^ minutely farinaceus-tomentose, pinkish-gray. GILLS moderately broad and close, converging to an eccentric point, dark ferruginous. STEM very short below or obsolete, obli- quely attached to the vertex of the pileus." ''Gregarious. Trunks of dead willows." This was reported by Longyear in 4th Report Michigan Academy of Science. I have given Peck's description. Lentinus Fr. (From the Latin, lentus, tough.) White-spored. Fleshy-leathery, tough, reviving, persistent, often becoming hard when old. Stem eccentric, lateral or none, confluent with pileus. Gills concrete with pileus, thm, membranous, edge be- coming serrate or lacerate. Tough, even somewhat woody in age, lignicolous and polymorph- ous. They approach the fleshy Pleuroti on one side, and the woody Lenzites on the other. From Panus the thin, lacerate edge of the gills alone distinguishes them. They are very abundant in the tropics but there are relativel}^ few species with us. The PILELTS varies in size, being quite large in L. lepidens and L. vulpimis, or only about a centimeter broad in our small forms. It is often scaly spotted, by the breaking up of the cuticle. Thq GILLS are thin as compared with our species of Panus, and be- come lacerated-serrate on the edge. Their texture is homogeneous with the trama of the pileus and not at all separable from it, as is the case with the section Paxil loideae of the genus Clitocybe. They are white but often become dingy and arid with age, and are usually decurrent or become so at maturity. The STEM is tough, often 7 5U THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN hard and woody ai the base where it is inserted, i. e., iustititious, on tlie ligneous substratum. Although normally eccentric or lateral in our species, it may become central, especially when growing on top of the substratum. Some species have adapted themselves to the debris or humus on the ground, so as to appear terrestrial. In one section there is often a definite veil, as in L. lepideus and L. tigrinus but it soon disappears or only rarely remains on the stem or on the margin of the young pileus as shreds or fibrils. The SPOKES vary in shape, in our species mostly elongated-oblong or elliptical. Fries in characterizing the genus (Hymen. Europ.), as well as Quelet (Enchiridion) and Patouillard (Les Hymen. d'Europe), say the spores are subglobose. This is not at all the case with all of our species, although it iwaj apply to the majority of tropical ones. Massee (Agaricaceae, Eur. Fung. Flora) records comparatively few spore-measurements, so that the statement of the above authors seems remarkable. The spores are white, smooth and often no longer present in old specimens. CYSTIDIA are lacking. \This is a troublesome genus because of the fact that the nature of the context, determines largely its place in the classification. Hence various species have been referred here by mycologists only to be later removed to genera with fleshy or fibrous context. Orig- inally the genus Panus was included and some authors still include it. Panus rudis is commoulv called Lentinus Lecomtei, the latter being a species we do not have with us. Lentinus strigosus Schw. is also Panus rudis. Collybia lacunosa Pk. is often mistaken for a Lentinus, and was erroneously referred to L. chrysopeplos B. & C. in the 8th Eep. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 34. Others have referred OmphaJia umheUijera var. scabriuscula Pk. to L. chrysopeplos. (See White's 2nd Eep. on Hymeuiales of Conn., p. 22.) Certain S])ecies of Clitocybe, like C. piceina are often quite tough, but differ in the gills being discrete from pileus. Again, species of Paxillus might be confused with this genus. It is well for the amateur to compare the prominent characters of these different genera before deciding on a determination. None are reported poisonous; their toughness yields only to thorough cooking. They are hardly to be considered delicacies, but according to Mcllvaine may be used to (lavnr soups. The large L. lepideus is often common on railroad ties and cut timber, and doubtless is an important agent in the decay of wood thus attacked. Tlie key will include also such species as may be looked for in the state. The genus is represented by two sections : CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 51 I. Mesopodes. II. Pleuroti. Key to the Species (A) Pileus subentire; stem distinct. (a) Pileus more or less scaly. (b) Pileus umbilicate, with blackish-brown scales in the umbilicus; often deformed with aborted gills. 18. L. tigrinus Fr. (bb) Pileus convex, or plane and obtuse. (c) Pileus commonly rather large, 5-1.5 cm. broad, (d) Gills anastomosing on the stem; spores 12-15x5-6 micr.; pileus large, at first glabrous. L. underwoodii Pk. (dd) Gills not anastomosing, (e) Pileus with spot-like, brownish scales, gills sinuate; spores 11-13 x 4-6 micr. 19. L. lepideus Fr. (ee) Pileus rimose-scaly; gills not sinuate; spores 8-10x4-5 micr. L. spretus Pk. (cc) Pileus 5 cm. or less in width. (d) Pileus thin, rufous-tinged, sulcate on margin, 1-2 cm. broad. L. sulcattis Berk, (dd) Pileus thick, obconic, not sulcate; gills long-decurrent. L. obconicus Pk. (aa) Pileus glabrous, not large. (b) Caespitose, rarely solitary; pileus subinfundibuliform. (c) Stem furrowed, confluent-caespitose. 23. L. cocMeatus Fr. (cc) Stem not furrowed; on the ground. L. americana Pk. (bb) Not caespitose or rarely so; pileus plane, or slightly depressed to umbilicate. (c) Pileus hygrophanous, umbilicate; stem central or eccentric. 20. L. uviMlicaUis Pk. (cc) Pileus not hygrophanous. (d) Pileus reddish-brown; stem whitish; spores minute, globose, 3-4 micr. 22. L. microspervia Pk. (dd) Pileus ochraceous to cream-color; stem short, blood-red to reddish; spores oblong. 21. L. haematopus Berk. (AA) Pileus dimidiate, sessile. (a) Pileus large, 5-15 cm. broad, imbricate, coarsely hairy and rough- ribbed, flesh-color. 24. L.vulpinus Fr. (aa) Pileus less than 5 cm. (b) Taste peppery; pileus thick, whitish, becoming reddish-brown, hairy. 25. L. ursinus Fr. (bb) Taste pleasant; pileus thin, whitish or yellowish L. suavis- sivius Pk. Section I. Mesopodes : Pileus subentire, stem distinct. ^Pileus scaly. Provided when young tvith a veil. 18 Lentinus tigrinus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Omphalia tigrina.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 406. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 26, Fig. 2. Gillet, Cliampiiiiions de France, No. 406. Cooke, 111., Plate 1138 and 1139. Lvman, G. R. Proc. Boston. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 33, Plate 52 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 23 et al. (Illustrating the abnormal form, Lentodium squa- mtilosum.) PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, llesb^'-leathery, at first orbicular, con- vex then plane and um^ilicate, white but covered, especially at the center, with bJacMsh-hroimi, hairy scales, margin at length wavy and often split. FLESH white, thin. . GILLS decurrent, some- what narrow, close, white, edge eroded-serrate. STEM 1-3 cm. long slender, tapering downward, solid, minutely scaly, whitish, white within, often darker at base. At first with a delicate veil, which may form an evanescent annulus. SPOKES elliptical-oblong, 6-7 x 3-31/2 micr., smooth, white in mass, often copious. Gregarious. On dead wood, which is usually hard. Ann Arbor, ]S'ew Pichmond. September, lufrequeur. The umbilicate, thin, pileus, different scales, and much shorter spores, distingTiish it from L. Icpideus. It is at first soft, but be- comes coriaceous in dr\^ weather. Ricken gives the spore-length almost twice that of the American plants. A monstrous form occurs, which is often more common than the normal form or may be the only one found. This was placed by Morgan in a new genus, Lentodium squanuilosum. Prof. Lyman raised this form in the laboratory from spores and considered it definitely distinct from L. tigriivm, as indeed his results strongly indicate. (See reference above to Lyman's paper.) Peck, however (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 131), points out that the monstrosity and L. tigrinus itself appear on the same log and considers this to show that they are one and the same. Lyman never obtained the normal form from his cultures of spores from basidia of Lentodium. The collection which I made at jS'cav Richmond was observed for several weeks, and all stages were seen on the same pieces of wood lying on the ground, both the perfect form with regular gills, and the deformed form. The latter has the gills obliterated by an over- growth of mycelium, so that the under side of the pileus presents an even surface, much as in one form of Xyctalis asteropliora. In the light of Lyman's researches, tliis form must be considered as a regular variation o'f this mushroom, whose tramal hyphae may produce basidia and spores without the development of true gills. The monstrosity often becomes quite hard and woody in dry weather and is unique among our fungi. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 53 19. Lentinus lepideus Fr. . (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1S21, (As Omphalia lepidea.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. IllustratioDS : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 182, p. 228, 1908. Marshall, Mushroom Book, p. 56, 1905. Freeman, Miuu. Plant Diseases, Fig. 116, p. 237. 1905. Cooke, 111., Plate 1140. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 105. Plate VI of this Report. PILEUS 5-15 cm. or more broad, compact and -firm, toughish, regular or irregular, convex or obtuse, at length plane, buff to pale ochraceous, variegated with subconcentric, brownish, adpressed. spot-like scales, even or sometimes areolate-cracked. FLESH white, pliant when fresh, hard when dry. GILLS decurrent, sinuate be- hind, broad, subdistant behind, close in front, white, often fer- ruginous-stained, transversely rivulose or striate, serrately-eroded, covered when young by a membranous white VEIL. STEM short, 2-5 cm. or longer, l-2i/^ cm. thick, stout, solid, hard, pointed at base. scaly, irregular in cross-section, at first ringed at apex b}^ the veil. SPORES elongated-oblong, 10-13x1-51/^ micr., smooth, white. ODOR pleasant, rather faint. Solitary or somewhat caespitose. On old timbers of bridges, side walks, railroad ties, fence posts, or on sun-exposed logs, stumps, etc., in woods, preferably on wood of conifers, hemlock, pine, tamarack, but also on oak, etc. Throughout the state. May-October. Common. Edible when voung. A species has been segregated from this one by Peck, who has de- scribed a new form with gills which are decurrent but not sinuate and which has spores 71/2-10x4-5 micr., under the name Lentinus spretus. It has a more slender habit, thinner pileus, and smaller scales. This doubtless occurs also with us. Lentimis lepideus, in the happy phrase of Mcllvaine, "is a sort of commercial traveler." It is found everywhere on railway ties, whose decay it accelerates. Its ability to grow in rather dry situations makes it a dangerous enemy of exposed timbers, especially of coniferous wood. Speci- mens found on old tamarack logs measured 20 cm. across the pileus, and had a well developed veil which formed a membranous ring at the apex. 54 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN **Pileuii glairous; veil lacking. 20. Lentinus umbilicatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 28, 1876. Illustration: Ibid, Plate I, Fig. 15-19. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, tough, convex, loith a deep umbilicus Jil/gropJtaiioii.s, water-brown, (mofst), fading, glabrous, even. FLESH tliin. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, close, broadest behind, narrower in front, whitish, edge serrate. STEM 1-21/2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal or tapering upward, glabrous, stuffed or hol- low, tough, slifjJttlij ic rill hied or lacunose, central or eccentric, concolor or paler. SPORES broadly elliptical, 6 x 3.5-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. TASTE tardily acrid. Gregarious. On the ground, among leaves, in mixed woods of pine, beech, etc. New Richmond. September. Rare. This little Lentinus has the liabit of a Clitocybe. Our specimens had a central stem and grew from the ground. It is, however, said to grow on wood, where it has an eccentric stem. Its serrate gills and tough texture separate it from Clitocybe. It is close to L. ompha- lodes Fr. and may be its American form. 21. Lentinus haematopus Berk. Grevillea, 1872. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, orbicular or wider than long, sometimes lobed, umhilicate or depressed, pale or sordid yellow, glabrous, even. FLESH tough, whitish, tinged yellow, fliiii. GILLS decurrent, nar- row, subdistant, white to dull yellowish, edge toothed to nearly entire. STEM short, 4-6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, eccentric to sub- lateral, firm, glabrous blood-red or reddish. SPORES oblong-ellip- tical, inequilateral, 7-9 x 3 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR aromatic-pleasant. TASTE bitterish. Solitary. On wood. Ishpeming. August. Rare. The specimen from which most of the above description was made, w^as sent to Peck Avho identified it as this species.. It was first sent to Berkeley from an unknown locality in North America. Peck refiorts it twice from New York. In our plant the pileus is laterally extended on the short sublateral stem, and the gills and CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 55 flesh have a distinct dull yellow tiuge. It was found in mixed woods in the Northern Peninsula. 22. Lentinus microsperma Pk. . Torr. Bot. Club. Bull. 33, 1906. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, thin, convex, ohtuse, soft-pliant, glabrous, even, hroionish-tan, darker on disk, margin spreading. FLESH white, thin. GILLS adnexed-emarginate, rather narrow, attenuate in front, close, white, becoming dingy creamy-yellowish, edge laeerate-cr&nulate. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, varvdng slender or rather stout, hollow, terete or compressed, eccentric, sometimes grooved, glabrous, equal, whitish. SPORES minute, globose, 3-1.5 micr., smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA clavate, about 25 x 5 micr. TASTE bitterish. Caespitose. On decayed wood. New Richmond. September. Rare. This species was first sent to Peck from Missouri. It seems to be quite distinct although rare. I have collected it but once. 23. Lentinus cochleatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Omphalia cochleata.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations* Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 103. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PL 26, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 126. Cooke, 111., Plate 1142. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 183, p. 229, 1908. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, tough, flaccid, irregularlif-compressed or lohed, variable in shape, depressed to infundihuUform, glabrous, pale reddish ochraceous to brownish-isabelline. FLESH thin, whit- ish. GILLS decurrent, rather broad, close, whitish tinged flesh- color, edge serrate. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, glabrous, central, eccentric or sublateral, confluent at 'base, deeply sulcate, solid, variously and irregularly thickened, concolor. SPORES minute, subglobose, 4-5 micr. diam., smooth, white in mass. ODOR somewhat aromatic. Confluent-caespitose, in dense tufts. On stumps, decaying wood of birch, ash, chestnut, etc., sometimes on wood buried in the ground, in mixed and frondose woods. Throughout the state. July to Sej)- tember. Common locally. 56 THE A.GARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The densely tufted furrowed stems and irregular oue-sided vase; shaped pilei distinguish this at once. Often there are many short undeveloped pilei around the base of large tufts. The plant is rare in some localities, and in others it may be veiy plentiful. Section II. Pleuroti. Stem lateral or none. Pileus dimidiate. 24. Lentinus vulpinus Fr. Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations : Atkinson, Mushrooms, Figs. 128, 129, p. 134-5, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Plate 2G, Fig. 181, p. 227, 1908. Fries, Icones, Plate 176. PILEUS 5-15 cm. broad, sessile, multiple-imbricated, conchate- reniform, joined at their bases, coarselij hairy or scritpose, radiateljj rough Hhhcd, flesh color to alutaceous, margin strongly incun'ed. FLESH rather thin, tough-fleshy, whitish. GILLS decurrent, broad toward front, na'irowed, to the 'base of the pileus, crowded, simple, white or tinged flesh color, edge coarsely serrate. SPORES sub- globose, 3-4 X 2-3 micr., veiy minute, smooth, white in mass, copiously shed on the pilei. ODOR and TASTE rather strong, pungent. Densely connate-imbricate. On decaying logs, stumps and trunks of various deciduous trees. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Richmond, Houghton, Marquette. Records from July 25-Oct. *19. Infrequent. It reappears on the same log in successive years. The veiy rough and peculiarly colored pileus is not easily mistaken. It grows in shelving masses of many individuals, almost equalling Pleurotus ostreatus in this respect, and is by far the largest of the dimidiate species of the genus. 25. Lentinus ursinus Fr. — Bres. Syst. Myc, 1821. (As Pleurotus.)) Illustration : Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 1, PI. 66. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, sessile, ascending, subimbricate, subreni- form, convex, pale reddish-'broicn, vaiying glabrous to sub-tomen- tose, even, fading. FLESH thickish, very thin on margin, tough- ish. GILLS subdecurrent or radiating from the stem-like base. rather broad, close, dingj' white to whitish-alutaceous, edge lacerate- dentate. SPORES sp7?erof rf, 5.5 x 4 micr., almost smooth, white. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 57 CYSTIDIA none. ODOR mild. TASTE none or slightly disagree- able. On prostrate tmnks in woods of beech and hemlock. New Eich- mond. September. Infrequent. Known by the sessile, rufous-brown pileus, which is somewhat tomentose or at least pruinose behind. Fries (Monographia) gives the size of the pileus as about 7 cm. broad ; our plants agree better with Bresadola's description, averaging even smaller. Peck (!N. Y. State Bull. 131) reports the larger-sized plant but says the taste is acrid and the margin of the pileus costate-corrugate. Marasmius Fr. (From the Greek, maraino, to wither or shrivel.) White-spored. Flesh tough, arid, shriveling in dry weather, re- viving again in wet loeatlier. Stem central, confluent with the pileus, but of different texture, often horny. Veil none. Gills arid. Terrestrial or lignicolous, frequently on midribs or veins of fallen leaves, on grass, etc. Except in the texture of the pileus, it is sim- ilar and closely related to the genera Oollybia and Mycena, and with the same habit. A few are highly prized for the table. M. oreades, is one of our best-flavored mushrooms, especially delicious when used in gravy or soups. M. scorodomus, because of its garlic flavor, is used to season various dishes, although 31. alliacens which has the same odor is mentioned as not edible. The latter has not been found with us so far. Several are reported as poisonous, e. g., M. urens and M. peronatus. It is worth while to become acquainted with M. oreades, even if one goes no further. The genus is a large one, comprising over four hundred and fifty species, of which the larger part occur in the tropics. Tlie PTLEUS is not putrescent, as it is in Collybia and Mycena, but is composed of a toughish substance which revives in wet weather and this is a fundamental character by which this genus along with Panus, Lentinus and Schizophyllum is to be separated from the Agarics with a putrescent pileus. The size is similar to that of the species of Mycena. It is usually soon expanded as in Collybia and may be depressed or umbilicate. The two main groups correspond, with regard to the position of the margin in the young plant, to Collybia and Mycena respectively, and have the same name. The GILLS are arid, flexible, almost leathery at times, often crisped on drying, the edge entire. They are sometimes joined behind in 58 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN the form of a collar which loosens (secedes) from the stem. Often they are almost free, or, when adnate or adnex^d they have a tendency to secede. It is often confusing to find that authors use the term "free" or "becoming free," when they mean that the gills become loosened from the stem after they have been attached. It is better to use the term '"secede" and retain "free" for the u^^ual purpose of indicating that they never were attached to the stem. In the smaller species the gills are often few and therefore very distant. The width is often quite reliable to separate species^ although in some it varies. The STEM is cartilaginous or hornv; in a few, e. g., M. oreades it is merely tough-fibrous or with a sub- cartilaginous cuticle. The nattire and presence or absence of the villose, tomentose, etc., covering of the stem is used to distinguish some of the sections. The mode of attachment to the substratum, whether rooting or instititious, also helps to separate the subdi- visions. Many of the smaller species have a black stem, and usually the color of the stem in most s}»ecies is darker below and paler or white at the apex. With the exception of a small number of our species, like C. oreades, C. uretis, G. peronatus and C. suhnudus^ the stem is hollow or slightly stuffed at first. In the small species the stem is almost bristleform and inserted by the attenuated base. The SPOEES are white in mass, hyaline under the microscope, varying in shape from subspheriod to lanceolate. The majority have a sim- ilarity in form which is rather striking: round-enlarged at one end and tapering to a pointed apiculus at the attached end. The reviving ability of the gills explains the variability in size which is found at dift'erent times in separate plants of the same species. One must be cautious in taking the spore-measurements as in some cases it is clear that the spores continue to grow after the plant is revived bj- rains. CYSTIDIA are rarely present. In M. cohoerens they occur in great abundance in the form of relativel}^ large brown spicules of the same kind as occur on the surface of the pileus and stem. In M. delectmis they are colorless. The ODOR is strong and often like garlic as in M. scorodonius, M. prasiosnius, M. pohjpliyllus and M. calopus. In M. foetidus it is very disagreeable, but not of garlic. The TASTE is acrid or bitter in a few species, otherwise not important. The arrangement of species is that of Fries. Until the develop- ment is carefuUj' studied for each species, any new arrangement is likely to be unsatisfactory. The genus is divided into two sub- genera : r'ollybia and Mycena with the following sections: CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 59 I. COLLYBIA (1) Scortei (2) Tergini (3) Calopocles II. MYCENA (4) Chordales (5) Kotulae Key to the Species (A) Stem velvety, tomentose, floccose, pruinose or minutely pubescent, at least downwards. [See (AA).] (a) Gills arcuate-decurrent; plant glandular-pubescent, white. 41. M. resinosus Pk. (aa) Gills not decurrent, sometimes uncinate. (b) Stem rooting or attached by a floccose or strigose base, (c) Plants with a strong odor, (d) Odor like garlic. (e) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad; gills very crowded; spores 5-6 x 3-4 micr. 37. M. poJypliyUus Pk. (ee) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad; gills not crowded; spores 12-15 x 3-4 micr. 36. M. prasiosmus Fr. (dd) Odor very disagreeable, not of garlic. Pileus umbilicate, plicate-striate. 43 M. foetidus Fr. (cc) Plants not ill-smelling. (d) Taste acrid or bitterish; pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish-red to alutaceus. (e) Stem clothed everywhere by a whitish or grayish pube- scence, (f) Taste bitter; spores 10x4.5 micr. 29. M. subnudus (Ellis) Pk. (ff) Taste acrid; spores 7-8.5x3.28. M. urens Fr. (ee) Stem with yellow strigose hairs towards base; taste acrid. 27. M. peronatus Fr. (dd) Taste not acrid nor bitter. (e) Stem solid; plants growing in rings in grassy places, dull reddish-brown to dull yellowish. 26. M. oreades Fr, (ee) Stem stuffed or hollow. (f) Stem dark blood-red within; gills very crowded and nar- row; pileus red-brown. 38. M. varicosus Fr. (ff) Stem not with blood-red flesh. (g) Gills soon reddish-brown from abundant dark-colored cystidia; stem horny, bay brown, subvelvety. 46. M. coJiaerens Fr. (gg) Gills without brown cystidia. (h) Pubescence or tomentosity of stem dark-colored, brown, reddish, tawny or blackish, especially down- ward. (1) Pileus subzonate, umbilicate, tawny-hairy like the stem. (828. CollyUa zonata.) (ii) Pileus not zonate, glabrous. (k) Growing on bark of grape-vines; pileus 2-3 cm. broad, sulcate-striate. 30. M. viticola B. & C. (kk) Growing among fallen leaves in woods. (I) Stem spongy-thickened at base; gills broad; pileus fuscous-pallid. 32. M. spongiosus B. & C. (II) Stem equal. 60 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (m) Stem minutely pruinose, horny, almost black below; pileus dark rose-madder. 39. M. erythropus Fr. var. (mm) Stem densely tomentose. (n) Stem dark reddish-brown throughout, 2-8 cm. long, 35. M. semihirtipes Pk. (nn) Stem brown or fawn color, 5-12 cm. long. 47. M. elongatipes Pk. (hh) Pubescence etc. of stem grayish or whitish, at least when dry. (i) Growing on tree-trunks, bark, stumps, logs, etc. (k) Slender; pileus 1-1.5 cm. broad, papillate, dull pinkish-white; on mossy logs. 48. M. papil- latus Pk. (kk) Short-stemmed; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, fulvous- alutaceus; caespitose-gregarious. 31. M. fag- ineus Morg. (ii) Among fallen leaves, etc., in woods; stem 5-12 cm. long, (k) Stem 2-5 mm. thick, reddish under the dense whitish pubescence; gills very narrow and crowded. (See 827 Colhjbia confluens Fr.) (kk) Stem 1-2 mm. thick; covered with grayish pruinosity or tomentose. (I) Gills very narrow and crowded, whitish or grayish. 40. 21/. velutipes B. & C. (II) Gills distant, at length reddish-spotted. 47. M. chordalis Fr. (bb) Stem inserted at the base, instititious, short; plants small, (c) Gills attached to a collar, distant; pileus rufescent; stem white. 44. M. olneyi B. & C. (cc) Gills attached to stem. (d) Pileus glabrous, rarely subpruinose. (e) Pileus milk-white, not sulcate nor plicate; gills distant; stem reddish-brown. 54. M. epiphyllus Fr. (ee) Pileus rufescent, striate when dry; stem brownish to blackish-brown. 50. M. felix Morg. (dd) Pileus pruinose, chalk-white, stem black, white pruinose on surface; spores angular. (See 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw.) Morg.) (ddd) Pileus hairv or strigose-hairy. (e) On cedar twigs; pileus conic, papillate, dark tawny. (See 830 Collybia campanella Pk.) (ee) On twigs, chips, acorns etc; pileus umbilicate; whitish to dark grayish. (See 829 Collybia stipitaria Fr.) (AA) Stem glabrous (except sometimes at the very base). (a) Stem villose-rooting or attached by a floccose tubercle. (b) Gills soon reddish-brown from the dark-colored cystidia; stems usually coherent, bay-brown, densely w^aite-hairy at base. 46 M. cohaerens (Fr.) Bres. (bb) Gills white or slightly tinged, (c) Stem 4-8 cm. long; pileus sulcate, ochraceus-red; spores large. 49. M. siccus Schw.= ( M. campanulatus Pk.) (cc) Stem 2-5 cm. long. (d) Pileus, gills and apex of stem white, stem dark -brown below, attached by a spreading mycelium. 34. M. delectans Morg. (dd) Pileus not white, (e) Stem reddish-brown to chestnut downwards; pileus dingy ochraceus. 33. M. glabellus Pk. (ee) Stem wine-purple or pink upwards; pileus tawny-brown to purplish or pink. 33. M. bellipes Morg. J CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 61 (aa) Stem inserted at the naked base, very slender; on twigs, leaves etc. (b) Odor more or less strong, of garlic; pileus rufous to whitish, (c) Gills adnata, narrow; stem attenuated at the blackish base. Odor strong. 42. M. scorodonius Fr. (cc) Gills adnexed, rather broad; odor faint; stronger as plant dries. 42. 31. calopus Fr. (bb) Odor not of garlic. (c) Gills attached to a free collar. (d) Pileus umbilicate, plicate on sticks, wood, etc., filiform, (e) Umbilicus white, elsewhere cap is darker; stem black. 55. M. cap ill (iris Morg. (ee) Umbilicus darker, cap white; stem black. 51. M. rotula Fr. (dd) Pileus umbonate, sulcate, pale rufous; stem black, on grass. 52. M. graminum Libert, (cc) Gills adnate or adnexed. (d) Plant entirely white; pileus obtuse, 4-S mm. broad, stem very short. 45. M. caricicola Kauff. (dd) Pileus reddish-brown-purplish, iimbilicate; stem black. 53. M. androsaceus Fr. (ddd) Pileus fuscous-cinereous; stem short; on bark of living tree-trunks. (See 845. Mycena corticola.) SUBGENUS COLLYBIA. Margin of pileus at first incurved; stem somewliat cartilaginous; pileus fleshy-pliant, at length tough and sulcate or wrinkled. Section I. Scortei. Stem solid or fibrous stuffed^ externally cov- ered by a deter sile villosity, i. e., an easily removable villosity. ^Stem not strigose at the hase. 26. Marasmius oreades Fr. (Edible) Syst Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1118. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 444. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 328. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 101 and 102 ; p. 136, 1908. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 8, p. 105, 1903. Swanton, Fungi, PL 9, Fig. 3. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 19, Fig. 3. White, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Bull. 15, PL 4, 1910. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 48, PL 33, Fig. 7-12, 1896. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, tliicUish, pliant, campanulate-convex, ob- tuse or broadly umbonate, dull brick-red when young or moist, fad- ing to vellowish-flesh-color, or yellowish-buff when dry, glabrous, even or substriate when moist. FLESH rather thick on disk, pallid. 62 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN GILLS rounded behind or almost free, broad, rather distant, whit- ish or tinged yellowish, interspaces often venose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal, solid, even, tough, whitish, covered with a fine, interwoven, dense, detersile, villosity. SPORES ovate-fusi- form, 7-9 X 4-5 micr., smootli, white. ODOK somewhat fragrant, agreeable. TASTE pleasant. Gregarious, usually growing in rings or arcs, in grassy places, lawns, roadsides, pastures, etc., attached to grass, or roots of other plants. Throughout the state, more abundant in sandy regions. June-October. Common. One of our best edible mushrooms, and very plentiful in some localities during a wet season. Its flavor is delicious and it can be used for this reason to add character to other dishes. Its toughness disappears by long cooking, a reversal of what happens in the case of many other species. When diy from sun or wind, its pale-honey- yellowish color and reviving ability are good marks of recognition; its tendency to form circles of close-growing individuals and its preference for grassy ground aid one to recognize it. Its gills are scarcely as arid as in other species of Marasmius, and this charac- ter, along with its fleshy cap indicate a close relationship with Col- lybia. The "fairy rings" caused by this and other mushrooms are due to the regularity of radial growth which the underground my- celium makes from year to year, starting from a central infection. It is believed by some that this mycelium excretes a substance which injures the grass so that the interior of the circle shows a poor growth of grass, but on the other hand some favorable influence from the actively growing portion along the "ring" causes the grass of this portion to grow better. **Stem with a looolly or strigose base. 27. Marasmius peronatus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Eicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 25, Fig. 1. Cooke, 111., PI. 1117 (var.). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 445. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 411. Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI. 9, p. Ill, 1903. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 112, p. 149, 1908. CLASSIFICATION OF AGAJRICS 63 ^TILEUS 2-G cm. broad, convex-plane, obtuse, opaque, pliant, pale reddisli-brick color fading- to alutaceus, at length lacunose. margin striate at first, wrinkled when old. FLESH thin, leathery- membranacens. GILLS adnexed-.seceding, ratlier thin, at first whit- ish then rufescent, close to subdistant. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, fibrous-stutfed, subequal, sometimes compressed, with a villose covering, yellowish then rufescent, toward base with yellow sirigose hairs. SPORES oval, 6-8 x 3-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. TASTE acrid/' Gregarious on the ground among leaves and sticks in frondose and coniferous woods. Probably throughout the state. July-October. Infrequent. The description is adapted from Saccardo. This species seems less common with us than J/, ureiis. Its acrid taste, habit, and the yellow hairs on the lower part or base of stem are good characters for its indentification. Its size corresponds to that of Collybia dryophila. The stem is said sometimes to become hollow. It is said to be poisonous. 28. Marasmius urens Fr. (Poisonous) .Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1116. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 448. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 3. Gibson, PL 9, p. 111. Plate VII of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, at first convex, then almost plane, obtuse or subumbonate, reddish -brown to alutaceus, darker on center, at first even, at length wrinkled, glabrous, opaque, pliant, margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, toughish-membranaceus. GILLS be- coming free, at length remote, joined behind in places, thickish, subintervenose, close, at first crowded, narrow, whitish or pallid then tinged reddish. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, solid, terete, pale reddish-brown, paler above, almost blackish at base, covered throughout hy a close, toMte pulescence, composed of cohering minute hairs, whitish within, attached by an oblique sub- strigose base. SPORES oblong-lanceolate, slightly curved, 7-8.5 x 3 micr. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE acrid; poisonous. Gregarious or scattered, on the ground in frondose woods, among leaves, debris and grass. Ann Arbor. July-October. 64 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN This species is considered identical with the preceding by Ricken^ Mas!«!ee and Koniell. l^lvcu Fries was loalli to separate it, and con- sidered it a var. of M. peroimtus. (See note under M. urens. Epi- crisis, p. 373.) According to Mcllvaine, M. peronatus is edible^ while M. urens is marked poisonous. If the two are identical this can hardly be true. There is a remote possibility that CoUi/hia hariolorum has been confused with 31. peronatus while testing its edibility. In any case one needs to be careful. M. urens if distinct, seems more abundant locally than M. peronatus. The latter alone seems to have been dilferentiated by Peck, who does not report the first. Moffatt (Kat. Hist. Surv. Chicago; reports only M. urens and says it is frequent. Morgan (Alyc. Flora. Miam.) reports both. 29. Marasmius subnudus (Ellis) Pk. X .Y. State Mus. Rep. 51. ''PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, tough, flexible, often somewhat irregularly^ uneven, dull brotcnish red or dingy hay, more or less striate on margin. FLESH thin, GILLS rounded behind, nearly free, narrow, subdistant, lohitish or creamy- yelloio, becoming darker on drying. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, tough, inserted, solid, reddish-brown above^ blackish-brown below, everywhere clothed with a grayish down or tomentum, which is commonly a little more dense near the base. SPORES 10 X 4.5 micr. (Pennington.) TASTE of dry plant bitter." On the ground in mixed woods. New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-September. This is apparently a variety of the preceding, if that species is distinct, and not of M. peronatus as Ellis considered it. It is prob- able that all three run into each other. The description is that of Peck. Our plants had a bitter taste when fresh, otherwise not very ditterent from M. urens Fr. Glatfelter (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ^'ol. 10) gives spores (5-8x4-5 micr. wliicli agree with those of M. nrens. 30. Marasmius viticola B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1859. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex-expanded, at length depressed, sulcate-striate, pale rufous to alutaceus-brownish, glal)rous. FLESH thin, subcoriaceus. (JILLS slightly adnate, not broad, v-entricose, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 65 siihdistanf, pallid or tinged aliitacens. STE.M 2-4 em. long, 1-2 mm. thick, eqnal, tongh, pruiiiose-furfurarciis, .stuffed, dark broimi, slightly enlarged and curved at very base. SPORES ovate-lanceo- late, 8-9x3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOIJ none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or scattered, on rotten wood, debris, etc. Infrequent. This is referred here with some hesitancy, although it is clearly distinct from the following, which differs in its subcaespitose habit, its short stem and long spores. It was named by Berkeley from ma- terial sent him by Curtis who collected it from grape-vines in Ala- bama. 31. Marasmius fagineus Alorg. Ciun. Soc. Xat. Hist. Jour., Vol. YL, 1883. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, at first convex-campanulate, then plane, obtuse, pliant, striatulate when moist, radiately iiigose when dry. at length repand, pale fulvous-alutaceus, appressed-silky, sometimes scaly-lacerate, margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, submem- branaceu^. GILLS narrowly adnate, seceding, rounded and sub- joined behind, close, not broad, attenuate in front, crisped, whitish at first, hecomhuj hroirti — spotted or stmned reddish^ edge subentire. STEM short, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, curved, sometimes straight, subequal, apex enlarged, with a narrow stuffed axis, terete when fresh, compressed when dry, rufous or chestnut-alutaceus, fading to fuscous-alutaceus, apex paler, covered bij a whitish, villose tomentositp when dry, strigose brownish-hairy where attached. SPORES subcylindrical, narrow, with curved apiculus, 9-12 (rarely 13) X 3.5-4 micr., with many immature of all sizes, smooth, white. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR and TASTE none. Gregariously caespitose, usualh' abundant, on bark near base of living elm, beech and maple, or on stumps, etc., sometimes ascending the trunk five to six feet or more. Ann Arbor. Julj'-August. Not infrequent. Known by its caespitose, crowded habit, short stems, relatively broad pileus and spores. This may be the true M. viticola, but that species is poorly- known. 32. Marasmius spongiosus B. & C. Jour. Botany, 1849. "PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, plane, obtuse, rrhitish-fuscous. darker on center. GILLS slightly adnate, broad, close, whitisli. STTOM 9 66 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 3.5 cm. long, thickened at the base where it is spongy aud fulvous- hairy, elsewhere furfuraceus-pulverulent."' SPOKES 7-9 x 3-4 micr. (Morgan) ; 4-5x3 micr. (Glatfelter). Reported by Lougj-ear, as under oak trees among grass. Also said to grow among fallen leaves, aud around stumps in rich soil. I have not seen it. Section IF. Terglni. STEM tubular, rooting, cartilaginous. Pileu.s Injgroplianous. Gills seceding. *Stem glahroiis except the mycelioid-hairy tase. 33. Marasmius glabellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex-expanded, obtuse, often distantly striate, dingy ochraceous, uneven on disk. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate-seceding, broad, distant, ventricose, white or whit- ish, iuterveuose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick, slender, equal, horny, tubular, glabrous, shining, whitish at apex, reddish- brovm or chestnut elsewhere, mycelioid-thickened at base. SPOKES (10x4.5 micr., from one of Peck's collections). ^ Tar. bellipes={M. beUipes Morg.) Jour, of Myc, Vol. XI, 1905. PILEUS pa7e taicny-broicn to pink-purplish, distantly sulcate or plicate, subpapillate, glabrous or minutely velvety. STEM w^ith di- lated apex, varying above from whitish to bright loine-purple or pink. SPORES elliptical oval, curved-apiculate, 10-12x4-5.5 micr., smooth, white. BASIDIA 30-42x6 micr., slender. ODOR and TASTE none. (Otherwise like J/, glabellus.) Gregarious or scattered, among fallen leaves on the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. August-September. Infrequent. As no authentic spore-measurements are published, it is impos- sible to say whether M. bellipes is entirely distinct. The latter, however, seems to be the form that occurs in our region. Inas- much as the plant, as it occurs here, varies considerably in color, it would not be surprising if Peck's species had the colors men- tioned for both. The variety is a beautiful plant when in the fresh state, due to the highly colored stem. M. pulcherripes Pk. differs from the latter apparently only in its narrow^ gills and very filiform stem ; the spore-size is not given. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 67 34. Marasmius delectans jVIorg. Jour, of Myc, Vol. XI, 1905. Illustration : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 114, p. 151, 1908. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, pliant, convex-expanded, depressed or subumbonate, glabrous, ichite or tvhitish, pale tan in age, rugulose- striate. FLESH subcoriaceous. GILLS adnexed, unequal, moder- ately broad, suhdistant, icliite, intervenose. STEM, 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, hollow, cartilaginous-tough, glabrous, shining, pure white ahove, darker downwards, to dark brown below, mycelioid at tase, mycelium forming wide, white mats over the fallen leaves where it grows. SPORES narrow elliptical, 7-9x3-4 micr., smooth, acuminate-apiculate, white. CYSTIDIA rather abundant on sides, especially on edge of gills, slender, spine- like, 36-45x3-5 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Among fallen leaves in mixed and frondose woods. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August-September.. Easily known by the white, mycelioid mats which it forms among the leafy covering of the ground in woods, by the white color of the cap and gills and apex of stem, and by its shining stem. It is quite frequent during continued rainy weather. ""Stem glabrous at apex only. 35. Marasmius semihirtipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 25, 1873. Illustration : Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PI. 6. PILEUS 2-3 cm. broad, pliant, tough, convex, soon plane, or de- pressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, even or rugulose, reddish-brown when moist, fading to pale alutaceus, disk darker. FLESH thin, submembranaceus. GILLS adnexed-seceding, rather narrow, close to subdistant, whitish, somewhat intervenose, edge subfimbriate. STEM 2-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, tough, subequal, tubular, some- times compressed, substriate, dark reddisJi-brown throughout, glab- rous at apex, densely velvety-tomentose nearly to apex, tomentum of same color. SPORES ovate, curved-apiculate, 8-9x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR and TASTE mild. On the ground in frondose or mixed woods among leav'es and 68 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN debris. Aim Arbor, New Riclimoiid, etc. Probably throughout the state. June-September. Frequent. Known by the reddish covering of the stem. Hard says the phmts are very small, which is scarcely correct. The name is deceptive, since the tomentose covering of the stem more often extends nearh' or quite the whole length of the stem and the species could with equal propriety be referred to the next division. 36. Marasmius prasiosmus Fr. ' Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1120. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. IIT. PILEUS 2-2.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded or depressed, ob- tuse, pule 'brown with tiiifje of flesli color, to pale isabelline, rugose- sulcate, glabrous. FLESH submembranaceus, toughish. GILLS adnate, seceding, sometimes with tooth, rather narrow, close to subdistant, concolor or paler than pileus, thick somewhat crisped. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal, hollow, horny- tough, dilated at apex, dark rufous-brown downwards, white and glabrous above, clothed by a whitish or pallid villosity which is denser below, attached by incurved or straight base to veins of oak leaves. SPOKES narrowly lanceolate, curved, accuminate at one end, 12-15 x 3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR strong, of garlic. On midribs of fallen oak leaves, in rich woods. Ann Arbor. September. Infrequent. This differs from M. scorodonius in the villose coating of the stem, and from M. alliaceus by its habitat on leaves and by the spores; both of those have a garlic odor. Cooke (111.) gives the width of sj)ores as 8 micr., and this appears to have been copied by most autliors who give the spore size. Ricken departs from this in assigning to it minute spores, 7x4 micr. This last discrepancy points to a different species, and may represent M. polyphyllus Pk. in Europe. 37. Marasmius polyphyllus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 51, 1898. "PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, even, whitish to pale reddish, often reddish brown on disk. FLESH thin. GILLS I CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 69 adnexed or almost free, ver-y numerous, narrow, crowded, pure white. STEM 3-7.5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. tliiek, equal, hollow, reddish- broimh clothed below aud upwards by a whitish down or tometitum, denser at base, sometimes absent at apex. SPOKES minute, ellip- tical, 5-6x3-4 micr. ' ODOR and TASTE of garlic, persistent in the mouth, "On damp shaded ground. July." Reported by Longyear. It is evidently related to M. prasiosmus, from which it differs markedly in the size of the spores and the crowded, narrow, pure white gills. It approaches Richen's idea of M. prasiosmus more closely than the preceding. I have not seen it. 38. Marasmius varicosus Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38.- Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 1121. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm, broad, pliant, campanulate then plane, obtuse, sometimes with shallow umbilicus, at first dark reddish-'brown, al- most purplish, opaque, somewhat paler in age, radiately rugulose- striatulate, innately silky. FLESH concolor, slightly fleshy, GILLS adnate-seceding, sometimes sinuate-subdecurrent, very croivded, very narroio, whitish at the very first, soon stained dilute reddish, finally darker, scarcely reaching margin of pileus. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, stuffed soon tiihular, equal above, some- what spongy-thickened at base, glabrous above or with slight gray- ish pubescence, towards hase covered hy spreading or strigose rusty- fnlvons hairs, dark hlood-red ivithin, attached by rooting hairs. SPORES minute, narrowly ovate, 6-8x2.5-3 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. TASTE slightly acrid or mild. Gregarious or solitary among fallen leaves and debris in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. September. Infrequent. Characterized by the dark reddish-umber to purplish pileus, the crowded and narrow gills and the ferruginous covering of the stem. When wet the hairs at the base of stem are almost black. By re- moving the tomentum of the stem the dark red flesh is revealed be- neath. Ricken combines this species with 31. fuscopurpurea Fr., but our plants certainly fit the old conception of M. varicosus. It must not be confused with the black species of Collybia: C. atrata has broad gills; C. plexipes var, lacks the hairy covering on the stem ; C ewpallens has a farinaceus taste. The interior of the stem 70 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN of 31. varicosus seems to secrete a dark-red juice, but it is quite dif- ferent from Mycena haematopoda. **Stem, at least ichen dry, everywhere pru'mose-velvety. 39. Marasmius erythropus Fr. var. Syst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1123. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 441. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 577. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 125 (as M. calopus). PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, hemispheric-campanulate, then plaue, obtuse or subumbonate, pruinate, dark rose-madder, darker on disk, rugulose when dry, margin at first incuryed. FLESH white, thin. GILLS narrowly adnate, seceding, suhdistant, yentricose, rather hroad, white or tinged ochraceus, scarcely interyenose, edge yery entire. STEM 4-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, equal, horny, stuffed then hollow, dark reddish-hroioii to 'blackish below,' tough, flexuous. pallid at apex, minutely pi^inose, with an enlarged mycelioid base. SPORES elliptical-lanceolate, curyed-apiculate, 7-9x3-3.5 micr. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR and TASTE mild. On decaying leayes and twigs, on the ground in frondose woods, especially of beech. Ann Arbor. July-September. Rare. This approaches M. glahellus and M. calopus Fr. ; from the former it is separated b}' its different spores and gills, from the latter by its pruinose stem. Some specimens seem to haye an entirely glab- rous stem, thus being close to M. calopus. The color of pileus does not change. The pileus is not sulcate as in M. siccus. It departs from the descriptions of EiTropean authors in the spore-size and the less distant gills. &^ 40. Marasmius velutipes B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1859 (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 23, Peck). Illustration : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 105, p. 140, 1908. "PILEUS 1.5-3.5 cm. broad convex or expanded, glabrous, gray- ish-rufous when moist, cinereus when dry. FLESH thin, submem- branaceus. GILLS very narrow, crowded, whitish or gray. STEM 1 I CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 71 7-12 cm. long, slender, equal, hollow, clothed with a dense grayish, velvety tomentum throughout." Peck's description, given above, differs from Berkley's in Sac- cardo, in that the cap does not have an umbilicus, and in the much longer and slender stem, No spore-measurements are published. Among fallen leaves in woods, on the ground. Ann Arbor. Our specimens were verified by Peck. The spores measure 6-7x4 micr., oval to ovate, smooth. 41. Marasmius resinosus (Pk.) Sacc. N. Y. State Mus. Pep. 24, 1872 (as M. decurrens Pk.). N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, 1903 (as var. niveus Pk.). Sylloge Fungorum, Sacc, Vol. V., p. 522. PILEUS 5-12 mm. broad, convex, then expanded and depressed, pliant, tough, d'ull white, rarely grayish or tawny, sometimes umbilicate or subinfundibuliform, even or suhrugulose, glandular- pulescent. FLESH thin, submembranaceus. GILLS arcuate- decurrent, close to subdistant, narrow, white or whitish, often veined or forked, edge flocculose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. thick, slender, equal, tough, cartilaginous, glandular-pruinose, tubular, not striate, white then pallid, attached hy floccose dase, rarely con- fluent. SPOKES oval-lanceolate, 6-7x3-4 micr., smooth, white. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills numerous, narrowly clavate, ob- tuse, 30x6-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose, attached to grass, sticks, leaves, etc., in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-September. Frequent locally after heavy rains. The pubescence of cap and stem is due to minute, short hairs which are often glandular-tipped as seen under the microscope. When rubbed between the fingers the fresh plant feels resinous. The 'decurrent gills suggest an Omphalia, but the reviving and tough substance of the plant are characteristics which place it here. It was first named J/, decurrens by Peck, who hai)pened on specimens which were not at all typical as to the color of the cap. vSaccardo changed the specific name to resinosus, because decurrens was pre- occupied. Later, Peck named the common form var. niveus, which still later he changed to var. candidisimus. All these names should be dropiied, since the plant is practically always white. 72 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Section III. Calopodes. Stem instititious, (i. e., inserted, the mycelium liiddeu), sliort, not rooting. ^Stem entirely glahrous. 42. Marasmius scorodonius Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1125. Ricken, Bltitterpilze. PI. 24, Fig. G. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 109, p. 111. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 44 (as M. alliatus). PILEUS 5-12 mm. hroad, pliant, convex then plane, margin at length elevated, rufous-tinged at first, then u-hitish, glahrous, wrinkled in age, crisped on margin. FLESH thin, membranaceus. GILLS adnate, narrow, close to subdistant, whitish, crisped, edge minutely flocculose. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, tapering downward, horny, tubular, terete or compressed, reddish, apex whit- ish, glabrous, inserted hy the naked, hlackish base, somewhat shin- ing. SPORES narrowly oval-lanceolate, pointed-apiculate, 6-8x3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR, when bruised, strong of garlic. Attached to base of grass, herbs and rootlets in fields, roadsides, grassy places in or near woods. Ann Arbor, New Richmond, etc. Probably throughout the state. June-September. Infrequent, but abundant locally. Var. calopus [M. calopus Fr.). Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustration : Plate YIII of this Report. PILEUS 5-10 mm. GILLS adnewed, rather hroad, emarginate. subdistant. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, reddish-bay color be- low, pallid-brownish above. ODOR faint or none, more noticeable when drying. (Spores, etc., same as M. scorodonius.) Attached t(» grass stalks, etc., in woods. Ann Arbor. M. scorodonius is known by its glabrous, tapering stem, narrow gills and strong odor when the ydant is crushed. M. calopus is con- sidered identical by some, but its slight odor, and different gills show it to be at least a variety. Hard's figure scarcely represents either i)lant as it occurs liere. This species has long been used in CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 73 Europe as a seasoning for mutton-roasts, for other mushrooms and gravies. **8tem minutely velvety or pruinose. 43. Marasmius foetidus Fr. Syst. Mtc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1134. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 442. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 104, p. 139, 1908. "Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pliant, convex then expanded and um- lilicate, fulvous-bay color or rufescent, plicate-striate, pallid alutaceus when dry, margin incurved. FLESH submembranaceus. GILLS adnexed, joined in a collar behind, distant, rufescent or yel- lowish, somewhat subdecurrent. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, tubular, chestnut-brown or paler, velvety -pruinose, inserted by the floccose base on wood. ODOR very disagreeable, but not of garlic similar to M. performs." Spores 7-8x3.5-4 micr. (Pennington). I have not seen this species within the borders of the state, but do not doubt that it occurs. It is not Heliomyces foetans Pat., as some think. It occurs on wood, fallen branches, etc. The descrip- tion is adapted from Eicken. 44. Marasmius olneyi B. & C. Ann. & Mag. N. H., 1859. ■ PILEFS 1-1.5 cm. broad, pliant, convex, soon expanded-plane and depressed, glabrous, rufescent, striate when moist, at length radi- ately rugose, dull luster. FLESH membranous, concolor. GILLS attached to a collar u-hicli secedes from stem, subdistant, narrow, u-Jiite, arid, edge somewhat crenulate. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, dilated at apex, tubular, even, tvJiite to pallid, minutely pubescent-floccose, attenuated doionward and inserted at base. SPORES narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, pointed at one end, 9-11x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. On fallen leaves and twigs, in frondose woods of beech, maple, etc. New Riclimond. September. This and -1/. leptopus Pk. seem closely related, the latter differing. 74 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN accortliug to the descnptiou, by its glabrous stem and the spores which measure 7-9x34 micr. 45. Marasmius caricicola Kauff. X. A. F., Vol. IX, p. 277, 1915. PILEUS 4-8 mm. broad, conveco-ex paneled^ oh fuse, radiately and broadly sulcate or alveolate, pure ichitc, toughisli. jiliant, reviving. priiinose. FLESH very thin, membranaceus. GILLS adnate, thick. very distant, rather broad, pure white. STEM very short, about 2 mm. long, 0-7 mm. thick, terete, equal, central, subgiabrous, pure icliite, horizontal or ascending, inserted hy a naked hase. SPORES elliptical-ovate, narrowed toward' apiculus, obtusely rounded at op- posite end, 15-18x0-0.5 micr. when mature, smooth, white. BASIDIA 2 or 4-spored, about 45x7 micr., elongated-clavate. STERIGMATA stout, awl-shaped, 7-8 micr. long. ODOR none. Gregarious, on lower portion of Carex stems, in marshes, Avillow swamps, etc. Ann Arbor. October-November. Common locally. Differs from AI. candidiis Fr, in the sense of all authors, in that the pileus is not umbilicate nor hemispherical, in its naked, inserted base of the stem, and probably in the spores. Quelet (Jura et. Vos- ges) gives the spores of the same length for M. candidus. Cooke (111.) gives minute spores, and Patouillard (Tab. Analyt.) figures them fusiform for M. candidus. Hard's photograph (Mushrooms. Fig. 107, p. 142, 1908) can scarcely be considered as the M. candidus of Fries, whose plant is described as minute, but is a^^parently M. magnisporus Murr. Manifestly, 31. candidus Fr. is not well under- stood. Tlie trama of the pileus is composed of compact long, thickish. hyaline hyphae, differentiated at the surface into globose, hyaline cells 0-7 micr. in diameter, SUBGENUS MYCEKA: Maryin of pUvus at first straiyht and appressed. Stem horny, tubular, sometimes stuffed, tough and dry. Pileus sul)membranaceus. Section IV. Chordales. Stem radicating or attached by floccose- radiating hairs. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 75 46. Marasmius cohoerens Fr. — Bres. Epicrisis, 1836-38 (as Mycena). Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 80, Fig. 1 (as Mycena cohoerens). Eicken, Bliltterpilze, PI. 25, Fig. .4. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 127, p. 133, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 106, p. 141. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate-expanded, obtuse, some- times umbouate, even, or striatulate when moist, soft-velvety, vina- ceus-cinnamon to chestnut color, fading to alutaceus, margiti at length repand-wavy. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS adnate, rounded behind or sinuate, seceding, moderately broad, ventricose, close to subdistant, pallid at first, soon colored, brown, brick red to reddish-brown from the dark-colored, spiculate cystidia, some- times intervenose. STEM 5-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, elongated, subequal, lioriiy, tubular, even, glabrous and shining, sometimes ob- scurely velvety from spicules, hay-hrotvu to chestnut, pallid at di- lated apex, base darker and densely floccose with interwoven hairs which join the stems and attach them to substratum. SPORES variable in size, 6-8.5x4-5 micr., oval-elliptical, smooth, white. CYS- TIDIA numerous over entire surface of gills, lanceolate-aciculate. 65-95x8-10 micr., reddish-'brown. ODOR "somewhat disagreeable." (Ricken.) Caespitose and coherent, on the ground or much decayed wood, in frondose woods. Throughout the state. July-September. Not infrequent. The rigid, horny, dark stems, joined at base by a mass of white mycelial threads, the numerous cystidia and the size, disting-uish this well-marked plant. Sometimes they grow singly. Collyhia lachnophylla Berk and Collybia spinulijera Pk. have been shown by Atkinson to be identical with it. It is often referred to as Mycena cohoerens. The surface of the pileus and of the stem are usually covered by dark spicules like those of the gills, and the color of any of these parts varies in proportion to their abundance. These spicules are microscopic in size. 47. Marasmius elongatipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874 (as M. longipes Pk.). "PILEUS 8-12 mm. broad, convex, glabrous, finelv striate on the 76 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN margin, taicny-rcd. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS aduate, close, white. STEM 5-12 cm. long, filiform, tall, straight, equal hollow, pruinose-tomentose, radicating, brown or fawn color, apex white." SPORES 7-8x0..") niicr. ( Pennington. ) Among fallen leaves in woods. Rare. It has been snggested that this is identical with M. chordalis (Fr.) Bres. I will, therefore, append Bresadola's description of that species : 'Tileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex, soon umbilicate, then expanded, dry, limber, then livid-whitish, marked with reddish sjiots, pruinose under a lens, with an incurved, at first striate then sulcate margin. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, distant. whitish, at length straw yellow and reddish spotted. STEM 7-10 (rarely 15) cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, straight, stuffed by a pith, (then hollow), (Zoie-6roH-H, apex whitish, densely gray pruinose, in wet weather the surface is shiny from yellowish watery drops. SPORES fusoid-ventricose, 8-10x0 micr., hyaline under microscope. CYS- TIDIA fusoid. BASIDIA clavate, 40x4-0 micr. ODOR none." It is evident that here are two forms of Marasmius, clearly dis- tinguishable by tlie colors. Specimens have been sent from Europe, according to Pennington (information by letter) marked M. chor- dalis, which had the color of our JA. elongatipes. It seems probable that there are tvv^o species in Europe which are confused under the one name. Bresadola's figure does not illustrate our plants and Peck's name should be retained. It was originally called M. longipes, a name which had been pre-empted. 48. Marasmius papillatus Pk. X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. PILEUS 5-15 mm. broad, convex-expanded, markedly papillate, striatulate on margin, dingy whitish with pink tinge, opaque, slightly subtomentose or glabrous. FLESH submembranaceus. GILLS broadest behind, decurrent by tooth, narrow in front, closq to subdistant, whitish or tinged yellowish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, equal, elastic, toughish. hollow, pruinose, pallid, tinged flesh color, slightly darker below, distinctly rooting. SPORES 10-11 x.3-4 micr., subcylindrical, smooth, white. CYSTIDIA few, scat- tered, narrowly lanceolate, about 50x5-6 micr., acuminate. Gregarious, on decayed, mossy logs in coniferous regions. Bay Mew, Xew Richmond. July-September. Infrequent. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS i 77 Easily known by its habitat, the small rounded umbo on the cap and the incarnate tinge of cap and stem. 49. Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fr. Synop. Fung. Car., 1822 (as Mycena siccus). S. Y. State Mus. Rep. 23, 1870 (as M. campanulatus Pk.). N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, 1906. Illustration: Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 17, Fig. 110, p. 146, 1908. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, or sometimes smaller, at first subcon- ical, broadly campanulate, at length often depressed in center, drj^, glabrous, distantly radiately striate-sulcate to the disk, ochraceus- reddish to bright rose-madder, darker on disk, in age sometimes fer- ruginous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS free or slightly attached^ narroiced toward stem, broad in front, distant, white or tinged by color of pileus, subvenose. STEM 4-8 cm. long, slender, horny, glah- rous and shining, blackish -brown, often pallid to white at apex, tubular, attached to leaves, etc., by small mycelioid base. SPORES elongated oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the pointed apiculus, variable in size, 13-18 (up to 24) x3-4.5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR mild. Gregarious, on fallen leaves, twigs and debris in frondose woods. Throughout the State. July-September. Frequent. One of our most beautiful species of Marasmius, due to its bright colors when in full luxuriance. The color varies considerably and in age is often rusty-reddish on the cap. The stem is paler at times when young. The spores are very variable, and either continue to mature, or in wet weather become elongated by the first stages of germination. Peck referred it to the species of Schweinitz, whose specimens of if . siccus are preserved in the herbarium of the Phila- delphia Academy of Science. This species has been reported by De Seynes as occurring in the region of the Congo in Africa. 50. Marasmius felix Morg. Jour. Mycol., Vol. 12, 1906. PILEUS 3-8 mm. broad, convex-plane, diw, glabrous, striate- rugulose when dry, rufescent. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, not broad, distant, white, venose, sometimes forked. STEM 2-8 cm. long, filiform, brownish to blackish-brown, sometimes whit- 7S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN isli at apex, minutely browu-pubescent or velv^y, iustititious, sliglitlv browu-baii'y at insertion, base a.ttacbed to veins of fallen oak leaves. SPORES elliptical, 7-9x4-5 micr., smootb, white. In froudose woods. Ann Arbor. Section V. Rotulae. Stem instititious, filiform, horny or rigid- setaceous. (Attached to leaves, twigs, etc.) 51. Marasmius rotula Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1129. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 443. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 7. Pvicken, Blatterpilze, PL 25, Fig. 10. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 108, p. 143. Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 5. PILEUS 4-10 mm. broad (rarely broader), pliant, hemispherical- convex, suhumhona.te-um'bilicate, white or whitish, uiubilicus darker, radiately plicate, glabrous, margin crenate. FLESH mem- branaceus. GILLS attached to a free collar behind, distant, broad, whitish-pallid. Stem 2-5 cm. long, filiform, horny, tubular, black or brownish-black, whitish at apex, entirely naked, institi- tious. SPORES lanceolate-fusiform, 6-0x3-4 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. On fallen twigs, leaves and around base of living trunks, gre- garious. Throughout the State. May-September. Very common. Often in great abundance after rains in woods, around shade trees, thickets, etc., and is our commonest Marasmius. Its beauti- fully pleated white cap and black stem cause it to be a striking little jilant when moist and fully expanded. Sometimes the plants arise in series along a prostrate black strand, and are then often sterile. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 79 52. Marasmius graminum Libert. Plant. Crypt., 1837. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1129. Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 14, Fig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 443. Ricken, Bliltterpilze, PI. 25, Fig. 9. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 325. ^'PILEUS minute, 2-4 mm. broad, nearly plane, umbonate, j^ale rufous, salcate, the furrows paler, umbo brown. GILLS few, sub- ventricose, cream-colored, intervenose, attached to a free collar. STEM 2-4 cm. long, capillary, shining-black, apex white, entirely naked.*' SPOEES obovate, 5-6 micr. long (Sacc.) ; lanceolate, 12-15 x3-4 micr. (Ricken) (Schroeter) ; globose, 3-4 micr. diam. (Masses) (Cooke). Gregarious, attached to grass-leaves. Southern Michigan. The description is adapted from Berkeley. Ricken and Schroeter describe it somewhat differently: 'TILEUS bright reddish-yellow or brownish-orange, depressed and darker in center. GILLS vevj distant, all the same length, white or whitish. STEM entirely brownish-black or whitish at apex, hair-like in form, tough and hard." (Otherwise as above, but Avith long spores.) The very dif- ferent sizes reported for the spores, show it to be as yet an uncer- tainly understood species. I have no record of the spores. 53. Marasmius androsaceus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1129. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 439. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 25, Fig. 6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 103, p. 138, 1908. PILEUS 6-12 mm. broad, at first subhemispherical, soon ex- panded and depressed-umbilicate, reddish -'broum or with purplish - tint, sometimes whitish, distantly sulcate-striate or radiately wrinkled, glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, thick- ish, distant, moderately broad, sometimes forked, flesh-color or rufesceut. STEM 3-6 cm. long, capillary, tubular, tough and hard, glabrous-shining, hJacIv, apex paler, equal or dilated at apex, insti- 80 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN titious. SPOEES lanceolate, 6-8x2.5-3 niicr., smooth, white. ODOR none. Gregarious, attached to fallen leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. Houghton, New Richmond and probably throughout the state. July-September. Not to be confused with M. perforans Fr. which has a similar ap- pearance, but differs in possessing a strong, specific odor (not of gar- lic), and in its minuteh-velvety stem covering. 54. Marasmius epiphyllus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1137. Patouillard, Tab. Analvt., No. 219. PILEUS 2-8 mm. broad, convex, at length flattened and depressed or subumbilicate, subpruinpse or glabrous, niilk-white rugulose. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate, few, very distant, white. STEM 14 cm. long, filiform, equal, reddish-hroivn, jmler or whitish at apex, prumose, pubescent toward base, instititious, tough. SPORES narrowly fusiform-lanceolate, 9-12x3-4 micr., smooth, Avhite. CYSTIDIA moderately abundant, on sides and edge of gills, 40-50x7-8 micr., subacuminate, narrowly lanceolate. BASIDIA 30x7 micr., 4-spored. ODOR none. Gregarious, on fallen leaves of oak, etc., attached to midrib and veins. Ann Arbor. October. Distinguished from the preceding by the piniinose stem. M. i>i- stititious Fr. is said to dift'er by the sulcate-plicate pileus and the thicker stem which tapers downward. The spore-sizes given by various authors clash here as in many other cases. Massee and Cooke give them as 3x2 micr. ; Morgan (ex Saccardo) as 6-7x2. Our plants appear to be those of Ricken. 55. Marasmius capillaris Morg. Ann. Soc. of Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. 6, 1883. PILEUS 2-6 mm. broad, convex, umbilicate, plicate-sulcate. alu- taceus sometimes darker, with white unihilicus, glabrous. FLESH membranaceus. GILLS adnate to a 'free collar^ moderately broad. • white, distant. STEM 3-5 cm. long, capillary, equal, long, black, scarcely whitish at ver}^ apex, glabrous-shining, tubular, tough, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 81 instititious. SPORES oblong-lanceolate, 8-10x4-5 micr., smooth, white. ODOR none. Gregarious on fallen leaves of oak, etc., twigs and sticks in woods. Ann Arbor. September. Known by its long, filiform black stem and the white nmbilicus which is in marked contrast to the color of the rest of pileus. Heliomyces Lev. (From the Greek, helios, the snn, and myphes, a fungus.) Flesh tremelloid, subcoreaceous, reviving in moist weather. Pileus rugose, sulcate or reticulate-ridged. Stem central, confluent with the pileus, tough. No veil. Gills with acute edge. Marasmius-like plants with a gelatinous trama, usually lignicol- ous. The species are few and have been poorly studied; probably most of them occur in the tropical regions. It is highly desirable to know the microscopic structure of the species so far referred here. Pleurotus suhpalmatus is closely related to this genus, and should perhaps be included. Only two species are represented in my collections. 56. Heliomyces nigripes (Schw.) Morg. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 115, p. 152, 1908. Lloyd, Myc. Notes, No. 5, Fig. 19 and 20, p. 46. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, very thin, pure cTmlk-ialiite, convex then expanded, pruinose, rugulose-subsulcate ; trama composed of suh- gelatinmis hypliae much interwoven. GILLS adnate or adnato- decurrent, subdistant, unequal, intervenose, some forked, ivhite, rufescent. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, enlarged and usually compressed above, tapering downward, instititious, cartilaginous- tough, Mack, white-pruinose at first, minutely tubular, black within. SPORES coarsely stellate, 3-5 rayed, hyaline, 8-9 micr. diam. CYS- TIDIA none. On sticks, stems of Equisetum, fallen leaves, etc., in mixed woods. New Richmond. September. In age the colors of the whole plant change to alutaceous. This species has usually been referred to Marasmius. It is an American plant and was placed in that genus by de Schweinitz. In his North 11 82 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN American Species of Mai-asmius (Jour. MvcoL, Vol. 12, p. 98), Mor- gan included it under Heliomyces, where it probably belongs, al- though the gelatinous character of the trania is not vei*}^ strongly developed. Its peculiar spores set it off from all others; Lloyd has given us a photograph showing their stellate character. 57. Heliomyces pruinosipes Pk. var. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 167, 1913. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, trcmelloid, convex then plane, minutely pubescent, hygrophanous, dark chestnut-brown, becoming paler, siirface marked hij convolute, crowded, obtuse ridges, not viscid. FLESH thick, becoming tough and slightly horny when dry, reddish-pallid. GILLS adnate running down the stem by short lines, medium broad, close, thin, pallid to dingy ochraceous, becom- ing l)rownish-yellow on dicing, edge entire. STEM 3-4.5 cm. long. 3 mm. thick, equal, hollow, compressed, somewhat twisted and, canaliculate on drying, fibrous, tough, dark chestnut brown, fading, clothed by a short tomentose pubescense. SPORES minute, oblong, 5x2.5 micr., smooth, white. TKx\MA of cap of large, gelatinous, in- terwoven hyphae, which in cross-section have a very refractive cen- ter; that of gills of similar but more slender hyphae. ODOR and TASTE mild. The specimen was sent by Mrs. Cahn, from Detroit, in July. The description applies only to our plant. It departs from the descrip- tion of Peck in that the cap does not at first possess the bright orange-red colors and although our specimens were rather fresh such a loss of color by fading might be expected. A more import- ant difference is the distinct cerebrose surface of the pileus in our ])lant, not mentioned at all by Peck; for the present it may be ccm- sidered var. cerebrosus, until furtlier data are at hand. It is evi- dently rare, but there is a curious coincidence in its discovery in the same year at three separate localities, viz., Vaughns and Ithaca, N. Y., and Detroit, Michigan. LACTARIE^ Context of fruit-body fleshy, putrescent, vesiculose; stem con- fluent with pileus and gills, central ; gills brittle, attached, acute on edge, mostly Avith cj'stidia in the hymenium; spores sphoeroid, rough, white, yellowish or ochraceous. This subfamily is sharply set off from the others by the vesiculose trama of the fruit-body and the echinulate or otherwise roughened, globose spores. With the exception of the Cortinarii, no other groups develop such a variety of bright-colored pilei. Many of them possess a strong acrid taste, and nearly all of them have specially differentiated hyphae scattered through the trama, which in the Lactarii secrete a milky or colored Juice. The hymenium is composed of cylindric-clavate basidia intermingled with cystidia ; the latter often extend into or below the subhymenium, and in the young plant project above the basidia; later they are often even with the rest of the hymenium. In a few cases the cystidia are scanty or lacking. The subhymenium is differentiated to a greater or less extent in the different species, consisting of a tissue of small roundish cells between basidia and trama. The group is apparently derived from Hygrophorus, probably by several paths. The gills have a somewhat w^axy consistency in some species, reminding one of the gills of that genus. There are two well-marked genera : Lactarius, exuding a milky juice when wounded. Russula, without this juice. Lactarius Fr. (From the Latin, lac, milk.) Veil none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, and icith a milky or coloi'ed juice which exudes when plant is broken; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge ; stem central, confluent with the pileus ; spores globose or subgiobose, usually echinulate or verrucose, white or yellowish. Fleshy and putrescent fungi, often of large size, mostly terrestrial, sometimes on much decayed wood. The genus is very distinct and 84 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN most closely related to Kussula, from which it differs by the exuda- tion of a milky or colored juice from the gills and elseAvhere when wounded. The abundance and size of many species which are edible makes this an important genus economically ; but a number of species are believed to be poisonous and must be carefully dis- tinguished. The PILEUS may be white, yellow, orange, green, blue, reddish, tan, gray, etc., often with the colors in variegated zones of related hues. It is either dry or viscid, glabrous, velvety or tomentose, and the margin which is at first involute is usually much more velvety or tomentose than the center of the pileus ; in some species, however, the margin is naked. The GILLS are usually aduate at first or acuminate on the stem, becoming spuriously decurrent in many cases as the margin of the pileus is elevated at maturity or in age. They are usuall}^ rigid-brittle, and exude the milky juice to best advantage when quickly cut by a sharp-pointed instrument. They are usually of unequal length and often forked, sometimes dicho- tomously as in L. piperatiis. The color of the gills varies from white to yellowish or grayish, and in many cases they become dis- tinctly darker in age, a cliaracter on which the main division has been based. In one group they become dusted by the spores and are said to be pruinose in age. The STEM has a rigid cortex with a spong;\^-stutfed interior, and becomes rather brittle. It is never fibrous but may become hollow or cavernous with age. It is either white or has the color of the pileus, but often diluted. Its rigid, stiff-looking appearance, which is due to the vesiculose stnicture of the flesh, gives both the species of this genus as well as those of Russula a characteristic pose b}^ which these two genera are soon easily recognized. The TRAMA has a structure which, along with that of the Russulas, is unique among the Agaricaceae. The hyphae of the usual slender, filamentous tj-pe of other genera are rather scanty, and interweave among clusters of thin-walled, parenchyma- like, isodiametric cells, forming the so-called vesiculose tissue. Mixed with the filamentous are the milk-bearing hyphae, called "latex-tubes" or "lactiferes." These extend longtitudinally up through the stem, spread out in the pileus and extend through the gills. The "MILK," as it is called, is usually Avhite as it comes from a sudden wound, but in several species it is colored blue, orange or red. After the white milk is exposed to the air for a few minutes, it either remains unchanged or becomes yellow, lilac, pink, greenish or grayish. In many species this change is only noticeable where the milk touches the flesh, and the latter takes on the corresponding CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 85 color. In a few species the juice is watery or a diluted white; this was considered by Fries as a degenerate condition due to tlie hab- itat. During very dry weather or in old specimens the juice is dried up and does not respond to the wounding of the tissue. Some species of Mycena are also supplied with a colored juice, but these lack the vesiculose trama and are very slender-stemmed plants. The TASTE of the milk and flesh is often very acrid in fresh plants and con- tinued sampling of mau}^ specimens the same day is apt to produce a sore tongue. It is, however, necessary to know whether a species is acrid or mild, hence cautious tasting of minute pieces of the gills is not objectionable and if kept in the mouth but a short time and not swallowed, no harm results. This character is of great importance in determining the si3ecies of this genus. Some species, usually called mild, have a woody or bitterish taste. The SPORES are globose to almost broadly elliptical in some species. The epispore is decorated with minute spines, reticulations, etc. The color varies from white to yellowish, not nearly as variable as in the genus Russula. The size of the spore is not sufficiently different to be of much use in ordinary diagnosis of species. CYSTIDIA are abundant in many of the species, and are apparently of the same nature as in Russula. Many species, especially those with a mild taste, are EDIBLE. and are much prized by mycophagists ; such are L. deliciosus, L. volemus, L. hygroplioroides, L. indigo, etc. The very acrid species should be tried cautiously. Some are considered poisonous and have been so marked. The poison is, however, not of the same order as in the Amanitas, and there is a growing belief that if properly prepared most, if not all of them, may be eaten with impunity, L. piperatus, whose milk has a most excruciatingly biting eft'ect on the tongue when taken from a fresh plant, is known to be perfectly safe after it is cooked. All serious accidents which have come to my notice in the state, have been traced with fair certainty to the Amanitas. Any mushroom, however, especially, if fried, maj' cause illness to people with poor digestion in the same way as many other delicious articles of food. The Lactarii are most abundant during July and August, with a similar seasonal range as the Russulas. They often occur in large numbers in the open woods of higher ground, although some species are mostly limited to swamps, bogs and low rich woods. I have seen hundreds of individuals of several species, including L. vellereus. in au' area several rods in extent. Others like L. indigo are mostly few in a place and occur in widely separated localities. • 86 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The Friesian ai-raugement into two main groups is liere retained. Otber groupings which luive been attempted, seem to me to have brought out no clearer relationships and tend only to complicate matters. Tlie main divisions are here considered as subgenera. These have been subdivided into sections, depending on the char- acter of the surface of the pileus, and on the taste. The key includes only the species so far identified from plants gathered Avithin the state. Key to the Species (A) Milk brightly colored from the first. [See also (AA) and (AAA)], (a) Young gills and milk indigo-blue. 78. L. indigo Schw. (aa) Not indigo-blue. (b) Young gills and milk dark red. 76. L. suljimrpureus Pk. (bb) Young gills and milk orange. 77. L. deliciosus Fr. (AA) Milk at first white, changing color on exposure to the air, at least on the flesh. (a) Milk becoming lilac or violet-lilac, at least on the bruised flesh, (b) Pileus zonate, 8-12 cm. broad; stem spotted. 75. L. maculatus Pk. (bb) Pileus azonate, 3-7 cm. broad; stem not spotted. 74. L. uvidus Fr. (aa) Milk not changing to lilac. (b) Milk becoming pinkish-red, at least on the bruised flesh. (c) Pileus chocolate-brown to pale sooty-brown, usually rugose. 80. L. Ugnyotus Fr. (cc) Pileus grayish-brown to isabelline, even. 79. L. fulginosus Fr. (bb) Milk not changing to pinkish red. (c) Milk becoming yellow, at least on the bruised flesh, (d) Margin of pileus tomentose-hairy. (e) Stem spotted; pileus straw-color to ochraceous. 60. L. scrobiculatus Fr. (ee) Stem not spotted; pileus buff tinged with flesh color. 62. L. cilicioides Fr. (dd) Margin of pileus glabrous or nearly so. (e) Pileus azonate, dry or scarcely viscid, some shade of red- dish-brown, (f) Odor strong, disagreeable. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (ff) Not with marked odor. (g) Pileus substriate on margin, fading to isabelline. 88. L. isabellinKS Burl, (gg) Pileus even on margin, color of L. comphoratus. 87. L. colorascens Pk. (ee) Pileus zonate, at least toward margin. (f) Pileus very viscid when moist, orange-yellow. 86. L. croceus Burl. (ff) Pileus subviscid. (g) Pileus distinctly spotted-zoned with dull-orange zones; milk very acrid. 68. L. cTirysorheus Fr. (gg) Pileus faintly zonate; milk tardily acrid or bitterish. 69. L. theiogalus Fr. (cc) Milk not changing to yellow. (d) Milk becoming greenish on the bruised flesh. (e) Pileus dark < live-green, rather rigid, zonate. 59. L. atro- virides Pk. (ee) Pileus livid-smoky-gray, azonate. 73. L. trivialis var. viridiUictis. (dd) Milk not changing to green or brownish on flesh. (e) Gills stained gray where bruicod. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 87 (f) Pileus olive-brown to umber, rigid, 6-12 cm. broad. 58. L. turpis Fr. (ff) Pileus drab-colored to lilac-grayish, 3-6 cm. broad. 85. L. vietus Fr. (ee) Milk changing to brown on the flesh. 94. L. luteolus Pk. (AAA) Milk white, unchanging. (a) Pileus viscid when moist. (b) Margin of pileus distinctly tomentose-hairy ; pileus incarnate- tinged. 61. L. torminosus Fr. (bb) Margin of pileus glabrous or nearly so. (c) Pileus distinctly zonate, more or less copper-orange color. 70. L. i?isulsus Fr. (cc) Pileus not or obscurely zonate. (d) Pileus large, usually 8-15 cm. broad. (e) Pileus pale yellowish or subochraceous; gills broad. 71. L. affinis Pk. (ee) Pileus white soon spotted-stained; gills becoming flesh- colored. 65. L. controversus Fr. (eee) Pileus livid-smoky gray or tinged slightly with lilac- purplish. 73. L. trivialis Fr. (dd) Pileus medium to small, less than 8 cm. broad, (e) Pileus drab or lilac-gray; gills pruinose. 85. L. vietus Fr. (ee) Pileus some other color. (f) Pileus and stem cinereus, glabrous, small. 84. L. cin- ereus Pk. (ff) Pileus reddish. (g) Pileus unbonate-papillate, reddish-fulvous, 1-2 cm. broad. 96. L. oculatus (Pk.) Burl, (gg) Pileus umbilicate-depressed, reddish-brown, 5-7 cm. broad. 72. L. hysginus Fr. (aa) Pileus not viscid. (b) Pileus minutely tomentose, scaly, pubescent or with velvety- bloom, (c) Taste mild, never acrid; pileus reddish-brown to pale tawny, (d) Gills close; pileus rugose-reticulate, velvety-pubescent. 92. L. corrngis Pk. (dd) Gills distant; pileus even or slightly rugulose, almost gla- brous. 93. L. liygroplioroides B. & C. (cc) Taste acrid or slowly acrid, if mild then pileus not reddish- brown, (d) Odor aromatic, rather strong. (e) Pileus ashy to smoky-brown. L. glyciosmus Fr. (ee) .Pileus tawny to isabelline; in swamps and bogs. 81. L. helvus Fr. (dd) Odor none. (e) Pileus white or whitish. (f) Pileus persistently velvety-tomentose on entire surface. 63. L. vellereus Fr. (ff) Pileus glabrous on center, margin densely cottony- tomentose. 64. L. deceptivns Fr. (ee) Pileus not white, (f) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, gray; often on much decayed wood. 83. L. griseus Pk. (ff) Pileus 2-7 cm. broad; flesh reddish or flesh-color where bruised, (g) Pileus chocolate-brown to pale sooty-brown, rugose on center. 80. L. lignijotiis Fr. (gg) Pileus grayish-brown to isabelline. 79. L. fuUgino- sus Fr. (bb) Pileus glabrous. (c) Pileus etc. white; gills very crowded, dichotomously forked. 88 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN 66. L. pipei-atus Fr. (cc) Pileus not white. (d) Pileus some shade of gray or brown. (e) Gills becoming dingy greenish-brown where bruised, (f) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pale lilaceous-umber. 89. L. par- vus Pk. _ (ff) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, grayish-buff. 90. L. varius Pk. (ee) Gills not changing to greenish-brown when wounded; pileus zoned, gray to brownish-gray. 67. L. pyrogalus Fr. (dd) Pileus some shade of red or yellow, (e) Gills distant; pileus pale brownish-orange. 93. L. hygro- phoroi6.es B. & C. (ee) Gills close or subdistant. (f) Taste acrid. (g) Pileus bay-red to rufus. 82. L. rufus Fr. (gg) Pileus pale yellowish to subochraceus. 71. L. affinis Pk. (ff) Taste mild or nearly so. (g) Odor aromatic, sometimes faint, (h) Pileus even, brown-red; color persisting. 97. L. camphoratus Fr. (hh) Pileus rimulose. areolate, brown-red, fading. 98. L. rimosellus Pk. (gg) Odor none. (h) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, brownish-orange to fulvous; stem solid. 91. L. voletmis Fr. (hh) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, brownish-red to isabelline; stem stuffed to hollow. 95. L. suhdulcis Fr. PIPERITES: Gills not becoming darker nor pruinose-sprinkled in age. In this group the milk is either colored or white. In some species it changes on exposure to the air and stains the gills so that they assume a different color than at first; such species must not be referred to the second group, since there the gills assume a darker color without reference to the milk. Section I. Pileus, especially on margin, shaggy, scabrous, tomen- tose or hairj^-fringed ; taste acrid. . . • 58. Lactarius turpis Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL GO. Cooke, 111., PI. 987. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 397. Ricken, Bliittei-pilze, PI. 9, Fig. 4. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded and depressed, olive-hroum to umher, darker on disk, azonate, some- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 89 what roughish-floccose, -fibrils glutinous when moist, at length sub- glabrous, margin at first involute with an olivaceus-yellow villosity. FLESH whitish, compact, thick. GILLS adnate, decurrent, narrow, close to crowded, dingy cream-colored, stained gray or nearly Mack ivhere bruised. STEM 34 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, short, firm, scarcely viscid, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, often simtted icith darker spots, even, stuffed, sometimes hollow. SPORES "globose, echinulate, 6.5-8 micr." (Burl.) MILK white, unchanging, causing gray stains on gills, acrid. ODOR slight. Edible. Gregarious or solitaiy. On the ground in the north, in mixed woods of hemlock, balsam, poplar, maple, etc. Presque Isle, Mar- quette. August-September. Rare or frequent locally. It is very distinct from L. atroviridis in its colors and in the char- acter of the surface of the pileus, etc. Dried specimens are grayish- black. Lactarius sordidus Pk. is without doubt the same. It is said to be eaten in Europe, although as Fries remarks, it has a loath- some appearance. It has somewhat the habit of Paxillus involutus and like the latter, prefers coniferous woods. 59. Lactarius atroviridis Pk. N. Y. State Mus: Rep. 42, 1889. Illustration: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 139, p. 175, 1908 (not typ- ical). PILEUS 6-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex-expanded, soon de- pressed, dry, rough-scabrous to scabrous-hairy, often rugose, dark olive-green, becoming blackish-green, sometimes obscurely mottled- zonate toward margin, which is at first involute then spreading and thin. FLESH whitish, thick and compact on disk. GILLS adnate or subdecurrent, close, distinct, rather narrow, whitish at first stained with dark green u'here bruised or in age, intervenose, few forked. STEM short, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, subrigid. equal, dry, glabrous, dark greenish, soon hollow or cavernous. SPORES "subglobose, echinulate, 7-8 micr., white." (Burl.) MILK white, unchanging, causing dark green stains on gills, acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, De- troit. August. Infrequent. Blackish when dried. A veiy curious and repellent mushroom, concerning whose edibility nothing is known. It is quite distinct and easily recognized by its blackish-green colors, rigid flesh and 90 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN short Stem. The pileus is rekitively much broader than the stem aud is often exceedingly rqugh-scabrous on the surface, especially in dry Aveather. It seems distributed over the northeastern portion of the United States, but is not often collected. The stem is often .spotted with darker spots. 60. Lactarius scrobiculatus Fr. (Poisonous) Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 971. Gillet, Champignons de France, Xo. 392. Patouillavd, Tab. Analyt., Xo. 109. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 53. Hard, ^klushrooms, Fig. 133, p. 169, 1908. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 2. PILEUS 7-17 cm. broad, convex-depressed, at length infundibuli- form, varying azonate to markedly zonate, viscid ivhen moist, often covered by a thin, hairy tomentum, straw-yell oio to dark ochraceus. becoming subferruginous aud areately cracked when dry, margin, at first involute and tomentose-hairy or densely fringed. FLESH com- I»act, firm, white, changing to yellowish from the' milk. GILLS ad- nate, subdecurrent, narrow, crowded, sometimes forked or anas- tomosing on stem, whitish or yellowish, darker where wounded. STEM 3-G cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, stout, short, equal, stuffed then liollow, glabrous, concolor or paler than pileus, 'mith depressed^ roundish spots of a brighter color. SPORES subglobose-elliptical. ''minutely echinulate, 6.5-7x8-10 micr., white." (Burl.) MILK white, changing quickly to sulpliur-yellow, acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in moist woods, or along mossy mar- gins of swamps, mostly in coniferous regions. Bay View, Huron Mountains, New Richmond. July-August. Infrequent. The well-marked depressed spots on the stem and the tomentose- hairy margin distinguish it. The margin finally becomes spread- ing or elevated and the tomentosity gradually disappears. The zones of the i)ileus may be very 'obscure or quite distinct; in one large si)ecimen I counted seventeen zones. It is a magnificent mushroom wlien in full luxuriance, but is not often found. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 91 61. Lactarius torminosus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Fries, Sverlg. Svamp., PI. 28. Cooke, 111., PL 972. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 395. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 38. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 127, p. 165, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 118, p. 119, 1900. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 9, Fig. 3. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex, depressed to subinfundibuli- form, viscid when young or moist, ochraceus-buff tinged toith rosy- flesh color, spotted-zoned, sometimes paler and azonate, margin at first involute and persistently tomentose-hmry or fringed, disk glabrous. FLESH rather soft, thick, white or tinged incarnate. GILLS decurrent, narrow, thin, close, some forked at base, whitish to creamy, at length incarnate or reddisli-yellow. STEM 3-(3 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, equal or tapering downwards, glabrous or pruinose, even, stuffed then hollow, flesh-color, paler below, some- times spotted. SPORES "elliptical, echinulate, 8-10x6-8 micr., white." (Burl.) MILK white, unchmiging, very acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed forests of birch and hemlock, etc., and in frondose woods of oak, maple, elm, etc. Throughout the state, from the southern limits to Isle Royale. July-September. Frequent. Known by the tomentose-fringed margin of the pileus, the zones on the surface, the white, acrid milk which remains unchanged, and the pinkish-yellow or ochraceus color. It must be carefully dis- tinguished from the edible species like L. deliciosus. It is usually much paler than the latter, but occasionally approaches it in its colors, and L. deliciosus has colored milk and the margin of pileus is naked. L. torminosus is poisonous, yet the Russian peasants are said to preserve it and eat it seasoned with oil and vinegar, 62. Lactarius cilicioides Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 973. "PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, broadly convex or nearly plane, umbili- 92 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN cate or ceutrally depressed, occasionally subinfundibiiliform, cov- ered imth long matted hairs or tomentum, the center sometimes naked with age, azonate, viscid when moist, white, reddish, buff or dingy incarnate. FLESH soft. GrILLS adnate or slightly decur- reiit, thin, rather narrow, close, some forked, white or tinged with yellow or incarnate. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, short, equal or tapering downward, pruinose, stuffed then hollow, not spotted, white or whitish. SPORES globose-elliptical, 6-8 micr., wiiite. MILK white, sparse, slowly changing to pale yellow, acrid. "In pine woods. September-October." The description is adapted from Peck (N. Y. Mus. Rep. 38) who remarks that it is distinguished from all others by its conspicuously woolly pileus. The hairs or fibrils are long and intricately matted, and very viscid in wet weather. The milk is said to be very sparse, and in a white variety, sometimes wanting. I have not yet found it in the state, but as it is said to be poisonous like the preceding, to whicli it is closely related, it seemed desirable to include it. The A\hite variety might be mistaken for a Russula. 63. Lactarius vellerius Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 980. Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. Yel., PI. 67. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 400. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PL 10, Fig. 2. . Hussey, Illust. Brit. Myc. I, PI. 63. Wliite, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PI. 13. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, subrigid, convex-umbilicate, at length expanded and concave-depressed, dry, white or tvhitish, entirely minutely tomentose, velvety to the touch, margin at first involute then spreading or elevated. FLESH compact, thick vfhite or stained from the milk. CILLS adnate-subdecurrent, suMistant to dis- tant, moderately broad, somewhat forked, whitish to creamy-yellow becoming brownish-stained. STEM 1..5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, short, stout, pruinose-pu'bescent, white, rigid, solid. SPORES subglobose to broadly elliptical, nearly smooth, 7-9 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging or temporarily cream-colored, sometimes lacking, acrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed and frondose woods, ofte» very abundant. CLASSIFICATICN OP AGARICS 93 Througliout the state from the southern limits to Lake Superior. July-September. Bather frequent locally. This differs from L. pvperatus in the velvety-tomentose pileus and rather distant gills. L. deceptivus has a thick, cottony tomentum on the involute margin, but is almost glabrous elsewhere. Sometimes the milk of L. vellerius seems to be lacking, when it might be mis- taken for Russula delica; the latter, however, lacks the tomentosity of the pileus as a rule, and often has a greenish tinge on the apex of the stem and the edge of the gills. Its edibilty is questioned, but Mcllvaine ate it for years. Others also consider it edible since it loses its acridity when cooked. Without doubt it can be eaten by some, but like Lepiota morgani, causes bad effects in others. The nature of its harmful principle should be investigated. 64. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 38, 1885. Illustrations: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 54, PL 70, Fig. 7-1, 1901. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PI. 8, op. p. 30. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 129, p. 167 (poor). PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed or subinfundibuliform, dry, glabrous or nearly so except the margin, white or whitish, often with dingy rusty stains, margin at first involute and densely cottony-tomentose, then spreading or elevated and fibrillose. FLESH compact, thick, white. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, rather hroad, subdistant, some forked, white or cream-yellow. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-4 cm. thick, stout, short, solid, equal or tapering downward, pruinose-pubescent, white. SPORES subglobose to broadly elliptical, 9-12 micr., echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Edible. Gregarious. On the ground, especially in coniferous woods, occa- sionally in frondose woods. Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Houghton, Detroit; throughout the state. July-September. Sometimes very abundant in the north. Easily confused with L. vellerius, from which it differs in the thick, cottony inrolled margin of the pileus and its glabrous surface elsewhere. It has also large spores as compared with L. vellerius. It has been eaten in quantity by Peck who pronounces it of fair quality, since the acrid taste disappears in cooking; with us it is far ^J^ THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN more abundant in the Northern Peninsula, apparently prefering the eokler latitude or altitude. It is said to be most abundant in the mountainous regions in the eastern United States. 65. Lactarius controversus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL 29. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PL 61. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 381. Cooke, 111., PL 1003 (extreme form). I'lLEUS 8-20 cm. broad, firm, convex and broadly umbilicate or depressed, at length infundibuliform, viscid when moist, appressed subtomentose or flocculose, wMte at first, at length tinged incarnate and stained with 'brownish flesh colored spots, obscurely zoned to- ward margin which is at first involute but soon spreading and ele- vated or reflexed. FLESH white or at length slightly incarnate. GILLS attenuate behind, at length ascending-decurrent, abrupt, narrow, crouded, whitish at first then strongly incarnate to pink- incarnate, thin, rather easily separable from pileus. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, often eccentric, equal or narrowed downward, solid, firm or spongy, subflocculose, glabrescent, even, not spotted, white within and without. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 5-7 micr., white or slightly incarnate-tinged. MILK white, unchanging, slowly acrid, often rather scanty. Gregarious. On the ground in low, moist, frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Jackson, Detroit, etc. August-September. Frequent in the southeastern part of the state. This interesting species I have seen frequently and it appeared to l)e undescribed. A comparison of figures and descriptions has convinced me that it is an American form of L. controversus. The spots on the cap do not become so deeply colored as described for tlu* I^uropean plant, but otherwise there is very little discrepancy. "NVIu'ii young the plants are white and are easily mistaken for L. pipvratvs, but soon the gills, etc., take on the characteristic flesh- cohu". Tlie color of the gills is often bright incarnate while that of tl»e cap, flesh and stem is slightly so only in age. The stem is some- times somewhat ])roemorsely rooted. The European plant is said to be edible. A form occurs which has a hollow stem but otherwise not very distinct; this may be L. pubescens Fr. The latter is said to be mucli smaller. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 95 Section II. Pileus glabrous, dry; taste acrid. 66. Lactarius piperatus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PL 27. Cooke, 111., PL 979. Patouillard, Tab. Aualyt., No. 119. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreuude, Vol. I, No. 37. Rickeu, Bliitterpilze, PL 10, Fig. 3. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 36, p. 92, 1905. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 119, p. 120, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 128, p. 166, 1908. White, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur\\, Bull. 3, PL 9, op. p. 30. Plate IX of this Report. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed, at length infundibuliform, dry, glahrcms, azonate, white, even, margin at first involute and naked, at length spreading or elevated. FLESH white, compact, thick. GILLS attenuate-sub- decurrent, narrow, very crowded, dichotomously forked, white then ,cream-yellow. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, dry, firm, solid, glabrous or -pruinose, white. SPORES subgiobose, nearly smooth, 6-7.5 micr., white. MILK white, unchang- ing, very acrid, copious. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. Throughout the Southern Peninsula, less frequent northward. July-September. Common. This has the most intensely biting taste of all Lactarii. The acridity disappears in cooking and it can then be eaten with impun- ity. Mcllvaine advises its use in gravy. This species is distinguished from its near relatives bv its naked margin and veiw crowded and dichotomously forked gills which become dingy pale yellowish in age. The photograph of Marshall and the figure of Michael show extreme forms if they refer to this plant. L. pergcmiemis Fr. is said to differ in its longer and stuffed stem, and the pileus is thinner and wrinkled, and is not umbilicate at first; some consider it only a variety. A form occurred near Marquette with merely close gills, and in which the milk changed to pale sulphur-yellow; it had a pleasant odor and is var. fragrans Burl. (See Torr. Bot. Club Bull. 14, p. 20, 1908.) 90 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 67. Lactarius pyrogalus Fr. (Poisonous) Syst. Myc, 1S21. Ulustratious: Gillet, Cliampiguons de France, 2s o. 390. Kickeu, Blatterpilze, PL 11, Fig. 2. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., ]^o. 121. I'lLEUS id cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, gray to livkl-ijray or hroioiiish-gray, darker in the center, zoned toward margin, moist in wet weather but not viscid, glabrous, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH white, compact, thick. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, subdistant to distant, firm, thin, mod- erately broadj yellowish. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering, downwards, glabrous, becoming hollow, concolor or paler, white-mA'celioid at base. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 6-8 micr., pale ochraceous. CYSTIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, 67-70x9 micr. MILK white, very acrid, abundant, persisting as coagulated yellowish globules on the edge of the gills. Poisonous. On the ground in woods. Baj' View, Marquette, Ann Arbor. July-August. Infrequent. Known by its distant gills which become yellowish, the subzonate gray pileus and the milk. The milk often remains as coagulated drops on the gills. 68. Lactarius chrysorheus Fr. (Poisonous) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 981. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 379. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 13, Fig. 4. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 123, 1900. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex and broadly umbilicate, then ex- pa n(lod-dei)ressed to subinfuudibuliform, dry or suhviscid, glabrous, color variable, tchitish to yellowish tinged incwrnate, zoned ivith dull orange or yelloto, sometimes almost fulvous, spotted, margin at first involute then pruinose-tomentose, then elevated. FLESH whitish then yellowish from the milk, medium thick. GILLS ad- nate-decurrent, crowded, less so in age, narrow, some forked at base, thin, white at first, soon dingy yellowish, stained darker in age. STEM 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, equal or subequal, pruinose, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 97 glabrescent, even, stuffed then hollow, white, changing to color of pileus with age, sometimes spotted. SPORES subglobose, echinu- late, 7-8 micr., white. MILK white, changing to sulphur-yellow^ copious, very acrid. Poisonous. Subcaespitose or gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Marquette, etc., throughout the state. August-September. Closely related to L. theiogdlus. The latter has a more truly viscid pileus which is usually not zoned, and an odor which is well-marked and disagreeable. L. chrysorheus is sometimes frequent locally but I have so far not happened upon it in many localities. It may be that it is quite strongly restricted to certain seasons. Fries, Ricken and other European authors describe the pileus as always dry but in the United States it is often subviscid in moist weather. The milk sometimes turns slowly and the taste is occasionally bitter- acrid. 69. Lactarius theiogalus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 396. Ricken, Bliltterpilze, PL 13, Fig. 5. Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. 12, p. 70, 1908. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, convex then expanded, umhofiate, ohtuse or depressed, dry or subviscid, even or wrinkled-uneven, glabrous, incarnate-isahellinc to pale tawny-reddish or fulvous, obscurely zonate to azon'ate, margin at first involute soon spreading, FLESH medium thick, compact, white then yellowish from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, rather narrow, some forked near base, pallid to yellowish-flesh color, reddish-brown where bruised or in age. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, firm, undulate- uneven, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor or paler, substrigose at base. SPORES "subglobose to broadly elliptical, minutely echinulate, 8-9x6-7 micr., whitish." (Burl.) MILK white, changing to sulphur-yelloic, tardilj^ but very acrid. ODOR strong, pungent, disagreeable. Suspected. Gregarious. On the ground in coniferous woods, sometimes in swampy places. Marquette, Huron Mountains, Houghton, Bay View, New Richmond. July-October. Frequent locally. This species differs as a rule from the preceding by its umbonate or obtuse pileus, but this is not always reliable. It is necessary to 13 98 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN take iulo account the odor of tlie fresh plaut, the undulate surface of the stem aud the color of the pileus. Usually it lacks the zones which are marked in L. chrysorlieus, but I have specimens from a sphagnum swamp which show the zones quite well. Miss Burling- ham states that it is more zonate in wet places. L. hrevis Pk. and L. hrevipes Longyear, are considered by Miss Burlingham as eco-logical forms of this species. Kicken refers this to the group with i>ruiuose gills; it is, however, too close to the preceding to be placed so far away. Its taste is sometimes bitter at first. Section 111. Pileus glabrous^, viscid; taste aotid. 70. Lactarius insulsus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 975. Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 62. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 386. . Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 135, p. 171, 1908. Ibid, Fig. 132, p. 168 (as L. rcgalis Pk.). Plate X of this Eeport. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex-umbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, coppery-orange, with alternate zones of deeper or lighter tones, sometimes paler throughout, viscid, glab- rous, somewhat uneven, margin at first involute then elevated and arched, naked. FLESH scarcely compact, thick, white. GILLS ad- nate then decurrent, thin, narrow, some forked at base, white then pallid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering down- ward, glabrous, stutfed tlien hollow, paler than pileus. SPORES globose, strongly echinulate, 7-9.5 micr., pale yellowish. MlLK white, unchanging, very acrid. PORES ^'subglobose, echinulate, 10-12.5 micr." (Peck.) MILK at tirst white to cream color, unchanged or becoming lilac on the tlesli, acrid. On sandy ground, oak and maple hillside along Lake Superior, Marquette. August. Rare. This is closely related to L. uvidus, differing from it in its dis- tinctly zonate pileus, larger size and spotted stem. The milk in our specimens remained unchanged. It is likely that the milk in both L. uvidus and L. maculatus sometimes turns lilac-vinaceous, that at other times it remains unchanged except to cause the broken flesli where it is touched by the milk to assume a lilac-vinaceous color. Section IV. Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste mild; milk bright- colored from the first. 76. Lactarius subpurpureus Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations: Peck, Ibid, 54, PI. 70, Fig. 1-6. Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club Mem. 14, Fig. 8, p. 61, 1908. PILET'S convpx-umbilicatp, then expanded-depressed to subin- fuudil)ulifoT-m. dark red. pink-zoned, with a grayish lustre, spotted with emerald-gi-een. subviscid when moist, glabrous, margin at first CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 103 involute, pruinose, then spreading. FLESH whitish to pinkish, hecoining red lohen broken especially next to the gills. GILLS adnate-siibdecurrent, close to subdistant, broadest in middle, medium broad, dark-red, fading and greenish icith age. STEM 3-7, cm. long, 6-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, dark red, spotted more deeply, floccose-haii'j'' at base. SPORES ''broadly elliptical echinulate, 8-10x7-8 micr., yellowish." (Burl.) MILK dark red, mild. Edible. Gregarious. Low moist woods of hemlock or mixed with hemlock. Bay View, Huron Mountains. August-September. Infrequent. Easily distingniished by its dark red milk which stains the flesh of the broken plant ; later the stains assume a greenish hue. Pried specimens do not show this character well, since they become much paler. 77. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 6. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 382. Cooke, 111., PI. 982. Bresadola, Fungh. manger, e. vel., PL 61. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, PI. 29, 1896. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 35, Fig. 1, 1900. Gibson, Edible Toadstools, PI. 18, p. 169, 1903. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 37. Swanton, Fungi, PL 15, Fig. 6-7. Plate XI of this Report. I'lLEUS 5-10 cm. broad, convex-umbilicate, then expanded-de- pressed to subinfundibuliform, viscid when moist, glabrous, orange or grayish-orange, fading to grayish in age, zoned, zones or spots brighter-colored, involute at first then arched-spreading. FLESH white soon stained orange when broken, then greenish, especially at junction of gills and pileus. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, rather narrow, intervenose and more or less forked, bright orange with yellowish sheen, becoming greenish in age or where bruised. BTEM 3-8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal, even, stuffed then hollow, pruinose, glabrescent, orange-yellow, orange-spotted or at length greenish-variegated. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, 8-10x7-8 micr., yellowish. MILK orange or saffron-yellow, mild. 104 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregariou.s-subcaespitose. On the ground in moist mossy Avoods in coniferous regions, under liemlock, balsam-fir, sprace, cedar, birch, etc. Isle Koyale, Huron Mountains, Marquette, Munising, Houghton, Bay View. July-September. Frequent locally. The most desirable perhaps of all the Lactarii for tlie table, but not very common in southern Michigan at least. Its orange milk and ilie beautiful zones of the cap have frequently attracted the artist, and it has often been illustrated. Its range with us seems to be mostly northward. Tliis statement is based on seven years of collecting in southern Michigan, but does not exclude the possibil- ity of the api)earance of L. deliciosus when least expected and per- hai)S in quantity. Such sporadic fruiting is not infrequent in other mushrooms after they seem to be absent from a region. Peck says it occurs in all kinds of woods, but so far it has been found in quan- tity only in the northern part of the state. Michael says that be- cause of its strong aromatic taste it is not so desirable as food when served alone but as an addition to other dishes it is excellent. 78. Lactarius indigo Schw. (Edible) Syn. Fung. Carol. Super.. 1818. (Fries, Epicrisis, 1838). Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 35, Fig. 3, 1900. Mcllvaine, Thousand Amer. Fungi, PL 41, Fig. 2. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, convex-subumbilicate, then expanded- depressed to infundibuliform, indigo-hlue or palei-, fading when dry, with a silvery-gray lustre, zonate, glabrous. FLESH blue, green- ish in age. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, rather broad, indigo- blue or paler, at length pale greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, equal or tapering downward, glabrous, even, stuffed then ho]h)w, iiidif/o-hlue, often paler and spotted. SPOKES "globose to broadly elli]»tical, echinulate, 7 micr., yellowish." MILK darh hlue, mild. Edible. Gregarious. On the ground in oak and maple woods, and sandy pine forests. Ann Arbor, Huron Mountains. Evidently through- out the state. August. Bather rare. No one can mistake this mushroom as it has no double. It occurs sparingly, but is widely distributed. Schweinitz should be given full credit for naming this striking plant. It seems to be exclusively North American. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 105 RUSSULARIA: Gills becoming darker iu age, aud then pruinose. Section V. Pileus minutely scaly, tomentose, pruiuose-velvety, dry; taste slowly or slightly acrid. 79. Lactarius fuliginosus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 996. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 384. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 322. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 12, Fig. 5. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 117, p. 119, 1900. PILEUS 2-6 cm, broad, convex, soon expanded-plane or obtuse, sometimes depressed, dry, even, minutely velvety-tomentose or glab- rous, azonate, isabelline or grayish-brown, clouded with a smoki/ shade, margin at length crenate-wavy. FLESH thin on margin, whitish, becoming tinted ivith flesh-pink to salmon-color tohen broken. GILLS adnate, at length subdecurrent, distinct, close to subdistant, moderately broad, pruinose, pallid then pale ochraceus. becoming pinkish or salmon ivhen hruised. STEM 2-6 cm. long, often, short, 3-10 mm. thick, subequal or tapering downwards, stuffed then hollow, minutely pruiuose-velvety or glabrous, pallid-grayish- isabelline or smoky-clouded, pinkish-stained where bruised. SPOEES globose, echinulate, 7-9 micr. with long sterigmata, /Ja?e oclwaceous-yelloiD. MILK white at first, then changing slowly to flesh-pink or salmon where in contact with the flesh, sloicly acrid. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods of oak and maple. Ann Arbor. August. Infrequent. In Europe it is said to occur also in pine woods. It is known by its smoky-clouded often "snuff-brown" pileus, and the tendency of the flesh to assume a flesh-pink or pale salmon color where bruised. Dry weather plants often respond slowly to bruising. The margin of the pileus in age is apt to be wavy or scalloped. L. gerardii Pk. is considered hj Atkinson as probably a variety. 106 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 80. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. (Poisonous) M(»ii(»jii;i|ilii;i. lyCto. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 171, Fig. 1. 31i(li;i('l. Fiilirer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, Xo. 58. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 116, p. 117, 1900. Hard. Mushrooms, PL 21, Fig. 236, p. 172, 1908. Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Bull. l.")0, PI. 123, 1911. PILEUS 8-7 cm. broad, convex, soon almost plane, umhonate, sometimes slightly depressed and then obsoletely umbonate, dry, azonate, pruinosevelvety, even or mostly uncvGn-rugulose toward ///(' cetvter, chocolate or seal-brown to sooty, margin wavy or sub- plicate in age. FLESH white, slowly pinkish or reddish where wounded. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close to subdistant, mod- erately broad, at first pure ichite, then ochraceus, reddish or pinkish where bruised. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1-12 mm. thick, equal or ah- nijttly plicate at apex, pruinosevelvety, sometimes scarcely velvety, sooty-hrown, spongy-stuffed. SPORES globose, 8-9 micr., echinulate, yelk) wish, sterigmata long. MILK wliite, changing slowly to red- dish-pink where in contact with flesh, miUl or subacrid. Poisonous. Gregarious. On the ground in woods, especially in coniferous regions. Marquette, Huron Mountains, Bay View, Ann Arbor. July-September. Infrequent. Differs from the preceding in the darker color, the rugose pileus and longer and more velvety stem. Efforts which I made to differ- entiate the two by microscopical characters remained abortive. Both possess slender, cylindrical, aculeate sterile cells on the edge of the gills, about 4 micr. in diameter. The trama of the gills in the specimens examined was more fflamentous in L. lignyotus and had a floccose structure of spherical cells in L. juJigiiiosa. The two species, however, appear to run into each other at times. 81. Lactarius helvus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 994. Brosadola. Fung. Trid., PI. 127 and 39. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 13, Fig. 2. PILEI'S 4-12 cm. broad, fragile, convex then plane and depressed CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 107 with decurved margin, with or without an obscure umbo, azonate, dry, floGCOse-scaly, taiunij-iscihelUne, fading, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH somewhat watery. GILLS subdecurrent, thickish, close to subdistant, rather narrow, broadest behind, whit- ish then ochraceous tinged incarnate, pruinose. STEM 5-8 cm. long, (up to 15 cm. long on sphagnum), 5-15 mm. thick, subrigid-fragile, subequal, pi'uinose-puljescent, stuffed then cavernous, concolor, white-mycelioid at base. SPORES globose, 7-9 micr., echinulate. MILK tiKitery, rarely white, sparse, mild or scarcely acrid. ODOR fragrant, like that of L. camj)Jioratus. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or on moss in low swampy woods, or on sphagnum in peat-bogs, sometimes among moss along exposed borders of lakes, etc. Ann Arbor and elsewhere in the lake regions of the interior. July-Sept. Frequent locally. This is for the most part included under var. aquifluus by Peck but the watery character of the milk is apparently merely a result of the moist habitat. 82. Lactarius rufus Fr. (Poisonous) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 11. Cooke, 111., PL 985. Gillet, Champignons de France, Xo. 391. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 13, Fig, 3. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 36. Swanton, Fungi, PL 7, Fig. 3-1. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex then expanded-depressed to in- fundibuliform, wnibonate, flocculose-silky, glahresceut, azonate. dry, hay-red to rufous, not fading, subshiniug, margin at first involute. FLESH rather thin, rather soft when moist. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close, at length pruinose, narrow, ochraceous then rufous. STEM 5-8 cm. long, (longer in moss), 6-12 mm. thick, equal, diy, glabrous, sometimes pruinose, stuffed then hollow, firm, riofous or paler, often strigose-hairy at base. SPORES sub-globose, 7-8 micr., slightly echinulate, white. MILK white, unchanging, very acrid. ODOR none. Poisonous. On the ground in hemlock and pine woods. Xew Richmond. Sep- tember. Infrequent or local. Known by its red-brown color, umbonate pileus, very acrid taste lOS THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN and ralluT laryi' size a!s compared with others of the same color. Peek has segregated a species on the lack of the umbo, the hollow stem and scanty milk; it is edible. This he named L. houghtoni Pk. (.see N. Y. State Mns. Bull. 150, p. 32, and PI. 6, Fig. 1-7). It seems to be an extreme form of L. rufus and may be referred to as var. houifhtoui Pk. Longyear has reported L. rufus from a swamp near Lansing wliere it occurred in large numbers. I have seen it only in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. 83. Lactarius griseus Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Kep. 23, 1872. Illnstrations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club, Mem. 14, Fig. 14, p. 18, 1908. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 138, p. 174, 1908. PILEUS 14 cm. broad, soon flaccid, convex then depressed to in- fundibuliform, papillate, dry. azonate, minutely tomentose, becom- ing floccose, fjrayish or bro^v^^ish-gray, variegated smoky-gray, mar- gin at first incurved. FLESH white, thin. GILLS adnate-decur- rent, close to subdi.stant. pruinose, broader than the thickness of the pileus, white then cream-colored to honey -yelloio. STEM 1-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, dry, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, whit- ish to grayish. SPORES broadly elliptical to subglobose, 8-9x6-7 micr., echinnlate. white. MILK white, unchanging, slowly acrid. Gregarious or scattered. 'On the ground or on much decayed logs in woods of the coniferous regions of the state. Marquette, Hough- ton, Huron Mountains, Sault Ste. Marie, Bay View, New Richmond. Distinguished by its small size, gray color and tomentose-floc- culose cap. It difll'ers from L. cinereus in its dry, non-glabrous pileus and in the gills becoming cream-yellow in color. It seems to be limited to regions with conifer trees, although it is also found in frondnsp woods of such regions. Section VT. Pileus glabrous, viscid; taste acrid. 84. Lactarius cinereus Pk, N. Y. State Mns. Rep. 24, 1872. Illn.«?trations: Burlingham, Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 14, Fig. 11, p. 07. 100,9. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 137. p. 173, 1008. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 109 PILEUS 1-5 cm. broad, lax, convex-umbilicate, soon expanded- depressed to subinfuudibuliform, viscid when moist, azonate or sub- zonate, glabrous, even, cinereous, margin involute at first tben spreading. Thin. FLESH white. GILLS adnate, close, narrow, ivhite, not yellowish in age, often pruinose. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal or tapering slightly upwards, stuffed-spongy then hollow, glabrous, cinereus, tomentose at base. SPORES sub- globose, echinulate, 6-7.5 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging, acrid. Gregarious. On tlie ground in coniferous and mixed woods of the hemlock regions of the state. Isle Roy ale, Huron Mountains, Mar- quette, Houghton, New Richmond. July-September. Infrequent. Miss Burlingham distinguishes a distinct species which is named L. mucidus Burl., which differs from L. cinereus in its putty-colored cap with sepia center, and in that the milk stains the flesh and gills blue-grayish-gray. It is said to occur under hemlock but accord- ing to this author the true L. cinereus is said to be restricted to beech woods. Our plants grew under hemlock, birch, maple and pine. I have no record concerning beech. It is probable that our plants are to be referred to L. mucidus; in that case I have no record of L. cinereus to which I have always referred these collections. My notes are not sufficient to settle the matter. 85. Lactarius vietus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 170, Fig. 1. Cooke, 111., PI. 1009. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 401. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 71. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 14, Fig. 1. • PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, convex then depressed or subinfuudibuli- form, viscid when moist, azonate, minutely silky-tomentose when dry, drah-colored or lilac-grayish, margin involute at first then ele- vated and arched. FLESH whitish. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, narrow, pruinose, cream color then drab or dingy yellowish, stained grayish when 'bruised. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed then hollow, glabrous or glaucous, rivu- lose-wrinkled, concolor, tinged drab within. SPORES, globose, echinulate, 6-8 micr., cream-buff in mass. MILK white, unchanged, very slowly acrid. liy THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious ou the ground, mixed hemlock, beecli and maple woods. Ni'w Kicljmoiul. Inl'requeut. Sometimes the wh<.le plaut iucludiug the gills is piukish-buff or incarnate. The grayish hue is more marked in age. It is said to be under suspicion. 86. Lactarius croceus Burl. Torr. Bot. Club. Mem. 14, 1908. lllu.stralion: Ibid, Fig. 3, p. 38. PILEUS 5-10 em. broad, broadly convex-umbilicate then de])ressed to infundibuliform, viscid, azonate or obscurely zonate, micaceous wlien dry, orange to mljjron-yelloiv, glabrous, margin at first in- volute and pruinose-downy. FLESH rather thin, whitish, staining yelloio or ocliraceous where cut. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to suhcUstant, moderately broad, rarely forked, pallid to pale yellow or incarnate-tinged, changing to cadmium-yellow ivJiere hruised. STEM 3-n cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then hollow, glab- rous, pale orange-yellow, spotted. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, OS micr.. pale yellow. MILK white, scanty, slowly changing to yellow, acrid or bitter, often slowly acrid. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in woods of oak, maple, elm, etc. Detroit. August-September. Local. This approaches />. aurantiacus Fr. if indeed it is not identical. That species is said to be poisonous. The milk, flesh and gills of the European species do not change color like ours. I have found it at d liferent times, always in the same woods near Detroit. Miss Burlingham reports it from Vermont and North Carolina, and ideiitificd our specimens as the same. Hcctinn VU. Pileus glabrous, dry; taste acrid or hitter-astring- f^n t. . 87. Lactarius colorascens Pk. X. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, 1905. i'l LET'S 2-(i cm. broad, nearly plane, then depressed, whitish at fii-st, tlien reddish-huff to hroionish-red, azonate, dn- or subviscid, glabrous. FLESII thin. GILLS adnate, narrow, crowded to close, whitish siooti hroinii shred. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 111 glabrous, equal, stuffed, ofteu compressed, even, wliitisli, soon con- color. SPOKES "globose, echiuulate, 8 micr." (Peck.) MILK white, changing to sulplmr-yellow, bitter or slightly astringent. On the Ground in inixed woods. Marquette, New Richmond, August-September, Rare or local. It has the color of L. camplioratus when mature, but the milk turns decidedly sulphur-yellow. Found so far only in coniferous regions. 88. Lactarius isabellinus Burl. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 34, 1907. Illustration : Ibid, Fig. 15, p. 103. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex then expanded-depressed, sub- umbonate, azonate, dry, glabrous, wrinkled on disk, red-fulvous when moist, paler on margin, fading, margin at length short-striatu- late. FLESH thin, white, staining yellotvish from the milk. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, thin, close, narrow, forking toward base, pale yellowish, soon ochraceous-ftilvous. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, equal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous, concolor, white-tomentose at base. SPORES ^'slightly echinulate, Avhite, 7-8.5x0-7,5 micr." (Burl. I MILK white or watery, at length sulphur-yellow on flesh, abundant, slowly aci'id or astringent. On the ground in mixed woods, in coniferous regions. Mar- quette. August, Rare or local. Could easily be mistaken for a large form of L. suhdulcis, but the striations of the pileus, the taste and the changing milk differentiate it. No specimens were retained. In age, the milk seems to be sparse and its change can not then be noticed. ^ 89. Lactarius parvus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, broadly convex then expanded, sub- depressed, obsoletely papillate, dry, azonate, glabrous, pale lilaceus- umher, fading, margin at first involute. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, few forked at base, dingy white or ochraceus-tinged, hecoining ohscurely greenish then (Ungy-hrown where bruised. STEM 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, ^ibequal, glabrous or pruinose above, stuffed then hollow and often 112 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN compressed, sometimes sulcate, tinged with same color as pileus. ►SPOKES siibglobose, slightly echiiiulate, white, 6.5-8 micr. MILK white, uuchaiigiug, sometimes slightlj' changed on flesh, acrid, (.)DC)lv none. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground or much decaj^ed wood in forests of hemloclc and pine or in cedar sw amps. New Kichmond. August-September, Frequent locally. Tills is one of our smallest Lactarii. The umber color of cap and stem, and the peculiar dingy-greenish tints assumed by the wounded gills characterize it. It closely approaches L. varius. 90. Lactarius varius Pk, N. y. State Mus. Eep. 38. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, convex then plane and depressed, grayish- huff or darker, with tinge of lilac, dry, inicaceous-shining, azonate (»r slightly zonate on margin. Flesh thiu, white. GILLS adnate- subdecurrent, close, narrow, subventricose, whitish to cream-colored, stained dingy greenish-hrown ichere hruised. STEM 2-5 cm, long, 4-fi mm. thick, equal, glabrous, firm, spongy-stuffed, concolor or paler. SPOKES globose, white, 7-8 micr. MILK white, unchanging^ slowly acrid. ODOK none. Gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. Marquette. August. This species is very close to the preceding. It is known by its pale colors both when fresh and in herbarium specimens. It was found only in the Northern Peninsula, Section YIII. Pileus glabrous or pruinose velvety, dry; taste iiilJd. 91, Lactarius volemus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. Svamp., PI. 10, Cooke. TIL, PI. 999. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 402. Rresadola. Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 66. Kicken. Bliitterpilze, PI. 14, Fig. 3. Patouillard. Tab. Analyt, No. 323. Peck. N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 48, PI. 30. AVhite, Conn. Geol, & Nat. Hist. Sui-v., Bull. 3, PI. 10. • CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 113 Michael, Fiilirer f. Pilzfreimde, Vol. I, No. 35. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 142, p. 179. Plate XII of this Report. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, tirrn, convex then expanded-depressed, plane or obtuse, dry^ azouate, glabrous, even or becoming rimose- areolate or rivulose, unicolorous, orange-fulvous or brownish orange to tan-brown, often pale, margin at first involute then spreading. FLESH compact, rigid, whitish, sometimes brownish. GILLS ad- nate-decurrent, close, moderately broad, white or yellowish, darker with age or brownish where bruised, somewhat forked. STEM 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruinose, solid, rarely cavernous, concolor or paler. SPOKES globose, echinulate, 7-10 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging, mild, abundant. ODOR slight when fresh, strong on diying. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods and open places, throughout the southern part of the state. July-Sep- tember. Common. Like L. deliciosus, this species is very delicious when properly prepared. It can be cut up and dipped in egg and bread crumbs and fried like oysters; it is also excellent when grated and then baked and served on toast. The milk is copious and white. It is not likely to be confused with others except L. corrugis and L. hygropJio- roides, both of which are similarly colored, but as they are edible no harm results. It must not be confused, however, with L. rufus which is considered poisonous. I have been unable to find L. volemus in the coniferous regions of the northern and western parts of the state, although it probably occurs there. 92. Lactarius corrugis Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 32, 1880. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 115, p. 115, 1000. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 141, p. 177, 1908. PILEUS 6-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed-expanded, dr}^, azonate, minutely velvety (spicules ! ) , corrugate or rugose-retic- ulate, dark reddish-brown' to rufous-tawny, sometimes paler, margin involute at first then spreading and arched. FLESH compact, white, thick. GILLS adnate-decurrent, close, somewhat narrow, sometimes forking, yellowish-cinuaniou, becoming fulvous-brown where bruised, provided with dark-colored spicules which give them 15 114 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN the brown color. STEM G-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, firm, .solid, equal, dry, more or less tinged concolor and subvelvety. SPOKES globose, echinulate, 9-12 micr., white. MILK white, un- clianging, inihl, copious. ODOR slight. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Detroit, Ann Arbor. August-September. Infrequent. Closely lelated to the i)receding, of which it might be considered a variety. The rugose or corrugated pileus and the abundance of brown spicules on the gills are the main distinguishing characters. 93. Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C. (Edible) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1859. N. Y. State Cab. Rep. 23, 1872 (as L. distans Pk.). Illustrations: I'eck, X. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 53, Fig. 7-11, 1900. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, rarely broader, firm, convex then ex- panded, umbilicate or subdepressed, glabrous or minutely velvety- pubescent, dry, sometimes rugose-wrinkled or rimose-areolate, yel- loicisJi -tawny, fulvo-us or paler, margin involute then s})readiug. FLESH somewhat brittle, whitish, thick. GILLS adnate-subde- current, distant, narrow, often intervenose, whitish to cream-yellow- ish. STEM 2-4 cm. long, short, S-IG mm. thick, equal or tapering •downward, solid, glabrous or pruinose, concolor. SPORES globose to broadly elliptical, 9-11 micr., minutely echinulate, white. MILK wliite, unchanging, mild. Edible. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods or open places. Ann Arbor, Lansing, etc., throughout southern Michi- gan. .July-August. Sometimes common. This species has the color of L. volemus but has distant gills, a short stem and is usually smaller in size. It was described as L. distans by Peck and it is regrettable that this appropriate name could not be retained, as the distant gills are its most striking characteri.stic. However, specimens of Curtis' collections are still in existence and show the plant to have been described by Berkely, as L. hyf/roplioroidcs. It is equally as good to eat as L. volemus. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 115 94. Lactarius luteolus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 23, 1896. Illustrations : N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PL 83, Fig. 7-11, 1903. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, firm, convex or uearl}- plane, sometimes umbilicately depressed and subpapillate, mmutely pruinose-velvety^ dry, azonate, more or less rugose, yellowish or dingy buff, margin involute at first. FLESH white, hecoming drown when bruised. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, narrow, whitish, be- coming brown when bruised. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. thick, subequal, dr}^, glabrous or pruinose, firm, spongy-stuffed, tchitisli or buff. SPORES globose, echinulate, 7-8 micr., white. MILK white or whitish, changing to brown on the flesh, copious, mild. ODOR mild or foetid. On the ground in mixed woods. Marquette. August. Rare. To this species evidently belongs L. foetidus Pk. (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54, p. 949, 1902), which is a form with a foetid odor. Section IX. Pileus glabrous, dry or subviscid, taste mild; milk white, pale or watery. 95. Lactarius subdulcis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 393. Cooke, 111., PI. 1002. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde,' Vol. II, No. 55. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PL 49, Fig, 5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 140, p. 176. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed or subin- fundibuliform, often papillate, azonate, dry, glabrous, broiunish- red, isabelline or reddish-fulvous, sometimes paler, not fading, even or subwrinkled. FLESH whitish or tinged fulvous. GILLS adnate- decurrent, close, pruinose, sometimes forked, rather narrow, whit- ish soon pallid yellowish-flesh color, often fulvous-stained. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, subequal, stuffed then hollow, glabrous or pubescent to tomentose toward base, even or wrinkled-la cunose. concolor or paler than pileus. SPORES globose, echinulate, 7-8 mi THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN micr., white. MlJJv white or watery-white, imchangiug, mild or slijihily acrid or hillerish in the throat. Edible. (_)ii the ;;roiiiMl in low woods, tields, copses, swamps and wet phues oi- in mixed or In.ndose woods. Throughotit the state. Jime- Oclober. \ery comniou. This species occurs in Cti-y weatlier when hardly any other mush- rni is to be found, and a swamp or bog must be very dry if it does III. I yield some, in wet weather it is to be found on high ground jis well, eitiiei- in ilie woods or the bare soil in fields or roadsides, sometimes even on decayed wood. It is very variable and several varieties have been named, e. g. (aj with cinnamon-red pileus; (b) with chestnut- red pileus and spongy stem, and (c) Avith varnished- siiining bay-red cap and hollow stem. Kicken says the European form is best known by Ihe red-strigose base of the stem and the tnfii'd mode of growth. With us it is usually gregarious or scat- tered. It must not be confused in dry weather with Clitocyhe laaata when the latter is moist and then similarlv colored. That sjtecies dilfers in its distant gills and fading pileus, and never pos- sesses milk. 96. Lactarius oculatus (Pk.) Burl. (Edible) Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 34, 1907. Illustration: Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PI. 83, Fig. 20-24 (as L. subdulcis var. oculatus Pk.). PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex-expanded, abruptly papillate-um- bonatc, viscid when moist, glabrous, fulvous^ fading to pinkish, umbo- ilarker and scarcely fading, margin at first involute then spreading. FLKSH wliitisli, thin. GILLS subdecurrent, medium close, broad, pruino.se, i>allid then jellowish. STEM 2-4 cm, long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, ghdirons, stuffed, concolor or paler. SPOEES globose to broadly elliptical, echinulate, 7-9.5 micr., white. MILK white, sjiar.se, unchanging, mild. On tlie ground in moist places in woods, or on moss. Ann Arbor. .Tnly-September. Infrequent. Belated to the preceding, but often with a distinct viscidity on the expallent i)ileus. Its definite and persistent papilla has been called the "eye sjiot" of the cap, since its darker color, especially after the rest «.f the pileus is faded, makes it appear prominent. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 117 / 97. Lactarius camphoratus Fr. (Edible) - Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1013. Pvicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 11, Fig. 7. Plate XIII of this Eeport. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, firm, rigid-fragile, convex, often umbonate, at length depressed, fulvous to dark Ijrownish-red, azonate, dry, glabrous, often wrinkled-uneven, opaque, margin arched-d»curved. FLESH concolor or paler, rather thin. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, close, rather narrow, pruinose, dull yellowish to reddish-brown. STEM 1-3 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, subequal, glabrous or pruinose, sometimes compressed-wrinkled, spongy-stuffed, concolor. SPOEES globose, echinulate, 6-7.5 micr., white. MILK white, unchanging, either copious or in dry weather often watery white and scanty, mild. ODOR aromatic, agreeable, usually very distinct. Edible. On the ground in wet places, swamps, very rotten wood in mixed or frondose woods. Throughout the state. July-August. Common. Known by its peculiar rigid-fragile consistency, its aromatic odor and dark reddish-brown color. Distinguished from L. rufus which grows in similar situations, by its smaller size, odor and non-acrid taste; from L. subdulcis by darker color and odor. The odor is not of camphor as the name would indicate; it has been variously char- acterized as like that of dried melilot, slippery-elm bark, or chicory, or similar to that of L. lielmis. Like L. subdulcis, it is often to be found when other mushrooms are absent. 98. Lactarius rimosellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, 1906. Illustration: Ibid, PL 95, Fig. 7-11. "PILEUS 3-6.5 cm. broad, rather firm, convex umbonate, then de- pressed, broicnish terra-cotta, fading somewhat, azonate, dry, glab- rous, rugose from the center, at length minutely rimose-areolate. FLESH thin, isabelline then concolor. GILLS decufrent, close, medium broad, few forking, whitish then somewhat ochraceous. STEM 2-6 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed then hollow, pruinose above, tomentose to strigosc doirn- u'a7-dft, concolor. SPORES l)roadly elliptical, echinulate, 7-8 micr.. 118 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN white. MILK uatcry or icaterij- white, unchanged, mild or slightly woody. ODOK faint, somewhat like that of C. camphoratus." On I he ground in open places or in wet places in woods. Ann Arbor. August. Kare. Differs from L. camplioratus in that the pileus becomes rimose- areohite and fades somewhat in age, and in its more tomentose stem. Russula Fr. (From the Latin, russula, reddish.) W'il none; the trama composed of vesiculose tissue, without a milki/ juice; gills rigid, fragile, acute on edge; stem central, con- liueut with the pileus; spores globose or subglobose, usually echinu- late or verrucose, white cream-color^ yellow or ochraceous. Fleshy, putrescent, rigid-brittle mushrooms, mostly terrestrial, a few on much decayed wood, on sphagnum or on other mosses. A very distinct genus, most closely related to Lactarius, from which it differs by its lack of a milky juice. Hygrophorus differs in the thicker and more waxy nature of the gills although here there are evident certain signs of relationship with species of Russula. Almost all of the species are edihle after careful cooking since even the peppery forms then lose their sharp taste; in any case the mild species are perfectly safe when fresh, young and clean. The PILEUS may be red, purple, violet, bluish, yellow, green or white, except in the Compactae, a differentiated pellicle is present on the surface of the cap. This pellicle is often composed of more (»r less gelatinous hyphae and becomes viscid in w^et weather, or it may remain dry and become pruinose or velvety. The pellicle is somewhat separable along the margin of the pileus and in many of the Fragiles can be peeled easily on the whole surface. The margin of the pileus is often striate at least in age. In the species with a thin cap, the lines of attachment of the gills to the cap show through as raised ridges w^hich are often tuberculate because of the presence of the interspacial veins beneath and these striae may extend far toward the center of the pileus. In the species with firm and thick caps, the striations are not as marked or are ob- scurely developed on the margin only when the plant becomes old. Still, this character is so variable that it must be used with caution as a diagnostic character. The surface is usually glabrous or merely pruinose to velvety; the latter appearance is due to cystidia-like erect liyphae closely covering the pellicle. The GILLS of the differ- CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 11 g ent species are of all shades between shining white and egg-yellow, and this fact alone separates them from any one of the spore-color groups of the Agaricaceae. Some authors consider the forking of the gills as well as the veining in the interspaces of the gills important diagnostic characters. These two characters are intimately related and forking is for the most part merely a pronounced development of veining. In fact such a large number of species have been ob- served with veined interspaces and some forked gills that this character loses most of its value. In R. variata the forking is dichotomous or mostly so and reaches its highest development. The different lengths of the gills are, on the contrary, much more impor- tant characteristics. They may be alternately long and short as in the Compactae, or they may be all of one length with rarely any secondary or shorter gills. Intermediate cases occur in the Sub- rigidae, but even here the short gills are not numerous. Their shape and width are also of value, since the anterior and posterior ends have a characteristic width which accompanies other characters of the given subgenera. The STEM is usually white, sometimes red or slightly ochraceous, in some species changing to ashj^ etc., with age. The reticulations on the surface are obscure and of no diagnostic value. It is usually spongy-stuffed within and may become cavern- ous in age or hollowed by grubs; in the Compactae, however, it is usually solid. The TKAMA is composed of large bladder-like cells arranged in groups and surrounded by strands of slender hyphae, as in Lactarius. Such a structure is said to be vesiculose and ac- counts for the more or less brittle consistency of the plants. Since the difference in this consistency is accompanied by other good characters, it is made the basis of a division of the genus into its subgenera. The TASTE as in the Lactarius, is sharply acrid in some species, slowly or slightly acrid in others, and entirely mild in a considerable number. This is an important character for the identi- fication of the species and is fairly constant. It is necessary to have fresh plants to be sure in some cases that the acridity is pres- ent. Sometimes plants which are apparently mild will be found to have a slight acridity only when very young, or only in the gills and not elsewhere. The ODOE of some species, e. g., R. foetaiis, R. foctantida, R. compacta, etc., is quite characteristic and should never be unconsidered. One must not confuse this test by apply- ing it to plants already in the first stages of decay. SPOKJ'] PEINTS are considered hy most as the most essential means of settling the identity of closely related species. It has been claimed that tlie color is constant and wath this claim I agree. It is also 120 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN UnoNvii iliat ihe s\h)Vv prints fade or change after a time, and heuoe old herhariuni spore-prints are not reliable unless accom- panie«l by careful notes of the print when fresh. Tlie me have divided the genus into two large groups on the basis of the mild and acrid taste (Massee, British Fungus Flora, Vol. III.). Others have used the spore-color (Schroeter, Pilze Schlesiens and Hennings, Engler. n. Trantl Pflanzenfamilien). Earle has raised the five "tribes" to generic rank- (Bull. X. Y. Bot. Gard. 5, p. 373, UMV.h. and finally, Maire has proposed a division of the genus into eight sections based in part on microscopical characters (Soc. Myc. de. France, Bull. 20, p. 120, 1910). The last author appreciates that the groups of Fries are fairly natural and has kept the main fea- tures, while emphasizing the presence or absence of cystidia-like si)icnles on the surface of pileus and stem. These ''cystidia'' cause the velvety or pruinose character which I have used in the group Sulirigidae. Further studies of all young buttons and their develop- ment will aid materially in a ])roper arrangement, especially with reference to the character of the margin of the very young pileus. The claim of Maire (1. c.) that microchemical tests can be used to advantage, has been given a trial in ten of the following species. This work was done at my request by Dr. W. B. McDougall in our laboi-ntory during the summer of 1912. The results are appended nndci- the corresponding descriptions of the species studied. The abbreviations of Maire are used as follows: G = Tincture of Guaiac. S V=Sulfovanilline. F S=Sulfoformalin. The last two art' prepared as follows: Sulfovanilline. Distilled water 2.cc. Sulfuric acid, j)ure 2.cc. Vanilline ( c. p.) 25 g. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 121 Sulfoformalin. Distilled water 25 drops Sulfuric acid, pure 5,cc. Formalin (4% sol.) 75 drops The action of guaiac is to turn the flesh blue and should react in one or two minutes. Sometimes only certain parts of the plant react, e. g., in R. subpunctata, the gills are unaffected. The sul- fovanillme turns the parts blue, sometimes at first pink, while the sulfoformalin intensifies the brownish color of the cystidia and the lactiferous hyphae in the gills. We did not test the "cystidia" of the surface of the pileus and stem, where the test was efl'ectively used by Maire. In R. virescens and R. crustosa the last two chem- icals had hardly any eftect as compared with the quick reaction in other species. Our work has been merely preliminary and covered only a small number of species. The key includes a few species not yet found in the state. Every season seems to differ in the particular species one finds and a num- ber of forms still remain unidentified, but the following list com- prises all the species frequent from year to year, at least in the southern part of the state. The genus has been largely gone over and revised since the pub- lication of the Monograph (Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, 1909), and several additional species have been included and others more fully de- scribed and discussed. The recent critical papers by Maire, Romell, Battaille, Ricken, and others in Europe, have thrown much needed light on a number of species. Key to the Sj)ecies (A) Gills unequal, alternately long and short, flesh thick to the margin of the pileus, which is at first incurved and never has striations. (Compactae). (a) Flesh white, unchangeable. (b) Gills subdistant; plant entirely whitish; pileus 8-15 cm. 99. R. delica Fr. (bb) Gills close. (c) Pileus whitish then sooty-gray, 5-7 cm. broad. 102. R. adtcsta Fr. (cc) Pileus not becoming sooty in age. (d) Odor strong, alkaline; pileus large, 10-30 cm. broad, whitish then pale rusty-ochraceus. R. magnifica. Pk. (dd) Odor none; pileus 4-8 cm. broad, whitish. 99. R. decila var. hrevipes Pk. (aa) Flesh changing to reddish or blackish in age or when bruised, (b) Flesh at length incarnate or rusty-reddish; odor disagreeable when drying. 104. R. compacta Frost, (bb) Flesh at' length blackish. (c) Gills subdistant to distant; flesh at first reddish when bruised, then black. 100. R. nigricans Fr. 122 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (cc) Gills close or crowded. (d) Gills etc. becoming reddish then black; gills crowded. 101. A'. (UnsifoJia Seer, (dd) Gills etc. becoming bluish-black, not at first red; pileus dry. 103. R. sonlida Pk. (AA) Gills mostly equal, sometimes with shorter ones scattered pro- miscuously, (a) Gills dichotomously forked throughout; pileus dull pink to pur- plish when young, later olivaceous, or greenish-umber. 116. R. variata Bann. (aa) Gills forked only at the base, or forking not extensive or lack- ing, (b) Spores white in mass. (R. acruginea, R. -foetentula, R. rosacea, R. mariae and R. sub- punctata have creamy-white spores), (c) Pileus white. (d) Taste acrid. 133. R. alMdula Pk. (dd) Taste mild, (e) Pileus viscid, sometimes tinged yellowish; remaining white when dried. 139. R. alUda Pk. (ee) Pileus dry, sometimes tinged pink. 13S. R. albella Pk. (cc) Pileus some shade of green or dingy greenish-white. [See also (ccc)]. (d) Pileus with a continuous separable pellicle; taste mild. 120. R. acruginea Lindb. (dd) Pellicle adnate, becoming pulverulent or areolate-cracked ; gills close. (e) Pileus dry, dark green when young, substriate on margin. 105. R. virescens Fr. (ee) Pileus viscid, glabrous on disk, mouldy-white to pale greenish-white, striate on margin. 106. R. crustosa Pk. (ccc) Pileus some shade of red, pink, purple or bluish. [See also (cccc)]. (d) Taste mild. (e) Gills floccose-crenulate on edge; pileus viscid, shining blood-red; stem tinged red. 141. R. purpurvna Q. & S. (ee) Edge of gills not crenulate. (f) Pileus firm and hard, or compact; pellicle adnate or disappearing in places, (g) Pileus pruinose-velvety, dark red, or purple-red; stem rosy or dark red; gills at length dingy cream-color. 119. R. mariae Pk. (gg) Pileus not markedly pruinose. (h) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad. (i) Pileus pale bluish-purple, at length rosy to w^hite on disk, viscid, stem white. 117. R. cyanoxantha Fr. var. (ii) Pileus pale red, soon dry, unpolished; stem rosy- tinged or white; taste rarely slightly acrid. 108. R, lepida Fr. (hh) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, (i) Pileus dull lilac-purplish. R. lilacea Quel, (ii) Pileus incarnate to pale livid pink. 114. R. vesca Fr. (ff) Pileus rather thin, fragile or subfragile. (g) Pileus usually 2-4 cm. broad, clear pink; in oak woods. 142. R. uncialis Pk. (gg) Pileus 4-6 cm. broad, dark violet-purple or purplish- red, silky-shining, in conifer woods. 143. R. seri- , ceoniteus Kauff. (ggg) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, bright rose-red with yellowish spots; stem white. 140. R. subdepallens Pk. (dd) Taste very acrid. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 123 (e) Pileus 2-6 cm. broad, (f) Spore-mass pure white; stem white, fragile. (g) Pileus uniform rosy-red; gills close to subdistant. 131. R. fragilis Ft. (gg) Pileus rosy-red on margin, disk olivaceous or pur- places. 132. R. fallax Cke. plish and livid; gills subdistant; usually in mossy (ff) Spore-mass creamy white; stem white or rosy, (g) Pileus rigid, not striate, soon dry; cuticle adnate, unpolished, red. 115. R. suhpunctata sp. nov. (gg) Pileus subfragile; pellicle separable and striate on margin, viscid, shining rosy-red. 134. jB. rosacea Fr. R. sanguinea Fr. (ee) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, rarely larger. (f) Rigid. Pileus dark red, not fading, cuticle adnate, even on margin. 118. R. atroinirpurea Maire. (ff) Fragile; pileus rose-red to scarlet. (g) Taste tardily acrid. 130. R. rugulosa Pk. (gg) Taste quickly acrid. (h) On sphagnum; in troops. 129. R. emetica var. gregaria. (hh) On debris of very rotten wood and on the ground. 129. R. emetica Fr. (cccc) Pileus some shade of brown, yellowish, etc. (d) Odor aromatic, becoming foetid; pileus very striate. (c) Pileus 7-12 cm. broad, sordid yellowish-whitish. 111. R. foetens Fr. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, pale livid ochraceous; base of stem with rusty-red stains. 110. R. foetentula Pk. (dd) Odor not aromatic. (e) Pileus 6-12 cm. broad, straw-color to ochraceous-reddish, rigid, not striate. 107. R. ochraleucoides sp. nov. (ee) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad, (f) Taste acrid; pileus grayish-brown, substriate. 113. R. sororia Fr. (ff) Taste mild, (g) Pileus yellow or yellowish, at least when young, not ashy under the cuticle, (h) Pileus 5-8 cm. broad, scarcely striate in age, chrome yellow; stem yellow. R. flavida Frost, (hh) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, very tuberculate-striate in age, at first sulphur-yellow then dingy yellowish- brown. 109. R. Pulverulenta Pk. (gg) Pileus pale yellowish-brown, ashy under the cuticle, strongly striate. 112. R. pectinatoides Pk. (bb) Spores and gills some shade of ochraceous, yellowish or creamy- yellowish (spore-print necessary). (c) Stem whitish, changing to ochraceous-brown where bruised or handled; odor disagreeable in age; color of pileus purplish- red, olivaceous, yellowish, etc., very variable, colors mixed. 121. R. xerampelina Fr. 122. R. squalida Pk. (cc) Stem not with this peculiarity, (d) Pileus some shade of red. • (e) Taste acrid; fragile. (f) Pileus reddish-buff to purplish; spores pale yellow; in swamps. 137. R. palustris Pk. (ff) Pileus rosy-red to scarlet. (g) Gills straw yellowish to pale ochraceous; margin of pileus even, rather firm. 135. R. veternosa Fr. (gg) Gills deep ochraceous-yellow; margin of pileus striate, gills and pileus fragile. 136. R. tenuiceps Kauff. (ee) Taste mild. 124 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (f) Stem at length ashy or blackish where bruised. (g) Wound at first reddish then black; pilaus dull red, variegated with yellow etc., firm. 126. R. rubescens Beards, (gg) Wound not at first reddish. (h) In coniferous regions; stem stout. (i) Pileus 5-12 cm. broad, orange-red. 123. R. de- colorans Fr. (ii) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, crimson-red. 123. R. de- colorans var. rubriceiis Kauff. (hh) In frondose regions; stem not very stout; pileus dark red to blackish on disk. 125. R. ohscura Rom. (ff) Stem not becoming ashy. (g) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad or more. (h) Plants usually solitary or scattered, (i) Pileus firm, large, dingy or dull red to purplish, often faded; gills ochraceous from the first. 128. R. alutacea Fr. (ii) Pileus and stem very fragile; colors of pileus mixed varying pink, incarnate, yellowish; spores bright yellow. 145. R. amygdaloides sp. nov. (iii) Pileus firm, blood-red. 127. R. lorealis Kauff. (hh) Closely gregarious, sometimes in troops; fragile, (i) Pileus dull and variable in color, not bright red; gills white at first, then creamy-yellowish to pale ochraceous. 144. R. Integra Fr. and forms, (ii) Pileus dark violet-purple to dark red; rather firm; spores ochraceous-buff. R. ochrophylla Pk. (gg) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad or less. (h) Spores pale yellow or cream color, (i) Pileus umbonate, very fragile; on sphagnum. 148. R. sphagnophila Kauff. (ii) Pileus not umbonate; stem and gills translucent, honey-yellowish in age; fragile. 147. R. puel- laris Fr. (hh) Spores truly ochraceous in mass. (i) Stem rosy-dusted; pileus rose-red, fragile. 146. R. roseipes (Sec.) Bres. (ii) Stem white; pileus pinkish red, lilac etc., fading to yellowish. 149. R. chamaeolentina Fr. 150. R. aMetina, etc. (dd) Pileus some shade of yellow, (e) Flesh of stem cinereous when old. (f) Pileus orange-red, fading in age. 123. R. decolorans Fr. (ff) Pileus dull yellow (flavus), color not changing, scarcely viscid. 124. R. flava Rom. (ee) Flesh not becoming ashy. (f) Edge of gills vivid lemon-yellow. R. aurata Fr. (ff) Edge of gills concolor. (g) Taste mild; pileus 2-6 cm. broad, gills egg-yellow. 151. R. lutea Fr. (gg) Taste tardily acrid; pileus 5-10 cm. broad; gills pale yellow. 138. R. aurantialutea Kauff. COMPACT AE Fr. Flesli thick, compact and firm. Pileus with- out a sei)arable pellicle, its margin non-striate and at first involute. With entire and sliort gills alternating regularly. Spores white in mas.s. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 125 This group is closely related to the Piperites division of the genus Lactarius. Some of the species, e. g. R. delica, are very similar to L. vellerius, L. deceptivus, etc., when the latter are dried out by the wind or dry weather and then lack the milky juice. The Compactae are a very natural group, easily distinguishable. 99. Russula delica Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1068. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 607. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 2, PL 201. Ibid, Fung. mang. e. vel., PL 68. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PL 15, Fig. 1. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 514. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 54, PL 71, Fig. 1-5 (as R. hrevipes Pk.). Ibid, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 43, PL 2, Fig. 5-8 (as R. hrevipes Pk.). PILEUS 8-15 cm. broad, firm, convex-umbilicate then depressed to infundibuliform, dull white, sometimes with rusty-brown stains, unpolished, glabrous; pubescent or obscurely tomentose, even, dry, margin at first involute not striate. FLESH compact, white or whitish, not changing where bruised. GILLS subdecurrent, nar- rowed behind, broader in the middle, siibdistant, or distant, thickish, short and long alternating, few forked, white or whitish, edge often distinctly greenish. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, short, stout, solid, equal or subequal or tapering down, white becoming dingy, not turning blackish when bruised, glabrous or subtomentose above, often with a narrow pale-green zone at apex. SPORES globose, 9-10 (rarely 11 or 12) micr., tuberculate, white in mass. TASTE mild to tardily but weakly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious, in sandy soil. In maple, birch, oak and coniferous woods throughout the state; most abundant along the Great Lakes in conifer regions. -July-October. Common locally. Var. hrevipes Pk. {^R. hrevipes Pk., N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 43, 1890), has been found at New Richmond. The gills are crowded and the pileus is smaller, 4-6 cm. broad. It was found in hard clay soil, through which it pushed with difficulty. It is apparently an ecological variety conditioned by dry weather and hard soil. It is uncommon. 126 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The typical R. dclica is usually a large plant, simulating Lac- tarius vcllerius in size, color, etc. Fries in the Epicrisis says the cap is "shining." This error was omitted in his Monographia but copied again in Hymeuenomycetes Europaei. The error has since been relocated by other authors, including Cooke on his plate in the Illustrations, The Michigan plants are exactly like those grow- ing in SA\eden, where in some of the specimens the edge of the gills and the ai>ex of the stem were tinged green, as is the case in ours, especially in the plants of the northern part of the state. B. lactea Fr. is said to have veiy broad, distant, free gills and milk-white cap and stem. I have not seen any plants with the glaucous green gills of R. chl&roides Bres. 100. Russula nigricans Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 183G-38. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 1015. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 625. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. Ill, No. 75. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 15, Fig. 2. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 54, PI. 71, Fig. 6-9. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 146, p. 184, 1908. I'lLEUS 7-15 cm. broad, subrigid, convex then depressed to sub- iufundibuliform, margin at first incurved then spreading and ele- vated, often irregularly wavy, at first whitish and clouded with umber, soon smoky-uniber, subviscid at first, glabrous, even on mar- gin. FLESH compact, white, changing to reddish where bruised, then hlacJdsh. GILLS narrowed or rounded behind, adnexed, thicJc and firm, suhdistant to distant, sometimes intervenose, short and long alternating, white becoming grayish, reddish at first when bruised. STEM 2-G cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, solid, hard, stout, glab- rous, even or lacunose-depressed in places, white at first, at length s,iwl-i/-uml)er, reddish then blackish where bruised. SPORES sub- globose, 8-10 micr., echinulate, whitish in mass." TASTE mild, some- times tardily but slightly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitaiy. On the ground in coniferous or fron- dose woods. Tliroughout the state, rarely in the southern part, more plentiful in the north. July-September. This Russula usually persists in ordinary weather without decay- ing and is then frequently inhabitated by another mushroom, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 127 Kyctalis asterophora, as shown in the illustration. It is usually a rather large, firm plant, distingTiished from the following by the subdistant, thick gills. The flesh of all parts when bruised turns first reddish then blackish, but the red stain may not appear in old plants; this is to be expected because of the drying up of the scanty juice which is supposed to cause this phenomenon where it is exposed to the air. Peck, Mcllvaine and others have eaten it and consider it fairl}^ good. 101. Russula densifolia Seer. (Edible) Mycographie I, 1833. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1017. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 60S. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 319. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig-s. 157 and 145, 1908. Kauffman, Mich. Acad. Sci. Eep. 11, Fig. 1, op. p. 90, 1909. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, somewhat firm, convex then depressed to subinfundibuliform, margin at first incurved then elevated, dull whitish at first, soon clouded icith pale s-moky-hroivn, without a pellicle, usually suh viscid, even, pruinose when dry. FLESH com- pact, thick, grayish-white, pale smoky in age, changing to reddish when bruised, then Mackish. GILLS narrowly adnate to subdecur- rent, rather narrow, thick, crowded then close, alternately long and short, few forked, subvenose, whitish soon dingy grajish, red- dish when bruised then black. STEM 5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, stout, equal or tapering- downward, rigid, spongy-solid, whitish then cinereous, soon dark ashy within, turiving reddish then Mackish where hruised, obscurely wrinkled, glabrous or subpruinose. SPORES globose, coarsely reticulate, 7-9x6-8 micr., white in mass. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, hyaline, slender, flexuous, acuminate, 60x3-1 micr., abundant. TASTE slowly acrid in fresh plant. ODOR none. Gregarious, subcaespitose or solitary. On the ground in fron- dose woods among fallen leaves. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Palmyra. July-September. Usually rare, but abundant in August, 1912, in oak woods at Ann Arbor. As pointed out by Peck, the American plant is slightly subviscid on the cap but this character is easily overlooked. The viscidity is slight, even after rains. It comes nearest to R. adusta, in size. jog THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN natural coloring and gills, but ditfers in the change which the flesh undergoes when bruised. Authors consider R. adusta to have a mild taste and if this is true our plant dift'ers also in this respect. The gills are usually markedly crowded and narrow, while those of R. lu/ricuns are broad and subdistant. The latter is more common in coniferous regions, while R. densifolia has so far been found in Micliigan only in frondose woods. Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. France, 2G, p. 87) states that R. densifolia lacks the hair-like sterile cells on the edge of the gills; that they are abundant in R. nigricans and less numerous in R. adusta._ In our specimens of R. densifolia they were abundant, which would indicate that this is not a very con- stant character. 102. Russula adusta Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1051. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. G4. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 15, Fig. 3. "PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, convex then depressed or subinfundi- buliform, ichite or whitish, becoming brownish or sooty-gray, glab- rous, dry, even. FLESH compact, white, not changing when Iruised. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, thin, close, short and long alter- nating, narrow, white becoming sordid. STEM 2-5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick, short, solid, equal or subequal, glabrous, even, wliite then sooty gray. SPOKES subglobose, slightly echinulate, 6-9 micr., white in mass. Taste mild. Odor slight." Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in mixed woods of north- ern Michigan. July-September. Infrequent. The smaller size, unchanging flesh when bruised, and thin close gills characterize it. At first the whole plant is nearly white, but it gradually takes on a grayish or sooty cast. Michael, who gives an excellent figure, saj's it has a rather strong odor which is almost nauseating. This seems not to have been noticed by others. In Euroi>e, also, it is said to be soon attacked by grubs especially in the stem ; as the same insects do not always occur in this country, such facts are only of local interest. It usually hugs the ground closely. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 129 103. Russula sordida Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 2G, 1S74. Illustrations : N. Y. State :\Iiis. IJiill. 105, PI. i)S, Fig. 1-3, 1905. Plate XIV of this Report'. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, dry\, convex-depressed, margin at first incurved, glabrous, even, dingy ivliite hecoming smoky with age. FLESH whitish, compact, hecoming blackisJi-broicn or hluish-black when bruised, ivithout first turning reddish. GILLS adnate to sub- decurrent, rather narrow, close^ long and short alternating, white hecoming blackish in age, few forked. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, short, solid, rigid, equal, whitish becoming black when handled. SPORES globose, 7-8 micr., white in mass. TASTE mild or tardily and slightly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitarj'. Ou the ground in the hemlock regions of the north, rarely in southern Michigan. July-August. Infrequent. This differs from the European R. albonigra (Kromb.j in its dry pileus. A species has been named by Peck with viscid cap, viz., R. subsordida; this is probably identical with R. albonigra. Our plant has a dry pileus and differs from R. nigricans and R., densi- folia in the lack of the change to red immediately after bruising. In specimens found near Ann Arbor the gills of the young plants were easily separable from the trama of the pileus; Avhether this is a constant character I cannot say. Peck found the same to be true in specimens of R. densifolia. The stems are said to be often infested with grubs. 104. Russula compacta Frost & Peck (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 32, 1879. Illustration : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, PI. 109, 1907. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then depressed to subiu- fuudibuliform, margin at first incurved, thin, then elevated, dry, unpolished, minutely toinentose in age, even, whitish when young, at length sordid-pale-reddish or rusty-ochraceous either wholly or in spots. FLESH thick, compact, rather brittle, white, changing to reddish in age or when wounded. GILLS narrowly adnate, close, rather nurroio, alternately short and long, sometimes much forked toward base, sometimes few forked, white at first, tlien stained 17 130 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN sordid reddish or reddi.sIi-bro\vii. STEM 3-6 em. long, 1.3-o cm. tliiek, atoiit, apougy-tituilied, rather hrittle, equal or tapering* down, uneveu, white at first becoming reddish or reddish-brown in age or l'r(»m handling. tSl'OEES subglobose, echinulate, with large oil- gh>bule, 8-10x7-8 micr., wliite in maste. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOK becoming disagreeahle in age or on drying, like iliiit (»f J\. squalida Pk. (Iregarious. On the ground in beech and maple woods. New JfichiiKnid. August-September. Rare. This is a very distinct species. The w'hole plant becomes diffused with the rusty-reddish color which is at first pale incarnate, but be- comes more marked as the plant ages. The stem has the consistency of that of Boletus castaneus or B. cijanescens but the interior be- comes cavernous less readily than in those plants. The scanty juice which causes the color change has the same relation to the flesh as that which causes the reddish and then blackish color in R. nigricans. The disagreeable odor of the drying plant is quite marked, and is an aid to its identification. It is probably quite rare; it Avas found only a few times in New York by Peck but lias been reported by Van Hook from Indiana. R. incarnata Morgan (Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1SS3) is probably identical. The edges of the gills are pro- vided with microscopic, subcylindrical, sterile cells. In age tbe plant becomes quite fragile. Peck's figure is not at all illustrative of the colors. RIGTDAE. Flesh compact, rather thick. Pileus rigid, provided with an adnate cuticle which often cracks or disappears in parts of the surface, especially on disk, mostly separable only at the margin. Gills usually somewhat forked, and with shorter ones intermingled. The subgenus differs from the Compactae in that the gills do not alternate regularly as long and short and by the presence of an adnate pellicle; it dilfers from the Subridgidae and Fragiles, by the more rigid substance of the pileus, the adnate pellicle, the presence of short gills and usually by the forking of some of the gills especially at or near the stem. Most of the species are mild or very slightly acrid. Section I. Margin of pileus obtuse, cuticle soon dry, at length pulvernlont, granular or rimosely-cracked in places. Gills broader anteriorly. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 131 105. Russula virescens Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1039. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 639. Bresadola, Fuugh. maug. e. vel., PL 69. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreuude, Vol. II, No. 62. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 1, 1900. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 18, p. 69 (poor). Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PL 11, p. 126, 1903. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 31, 1896. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 150, p. 189, 1908. Mcllvaine, Amer. Fungi., PL 11, Fig. 6, p. 184, 1900. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, at the very first globose, soon convex and expanded, often somewhat depressed on disk, firm, dry, as if velvety, the surface (especially the disk) broken into many floccose or pul- verulent areas or patches, green or grayish green, the margin not striate or rarely so, cuticle scarcely distinguishable or separable. FLESH white. GILLS white, rather close, narrowed toward the stem, almost or entirely free, few shorter or forked. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, firm, equal or subequal, solid or spongy. SPORES white, subglobose, 6-8 micr. CYSTIDIA none. No differ- entiated subhynienium. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Oak and maple or mixed w^oods, probably throughout the state. Occasional. July and August. Under this name was included in this country, for a time, a more common form with viscid striate cap which has been segregated by Peck under the name of B. crustosa. The two seem to run into each other at times, but Peck distinguishes the pileus of R. crustosa "by its smooth, not warty center, its paler color and usually striate margin." The latter is also distinctly viscid when young but this depends considerably on the weather conditions. B. virescens might be confused with green specimens of R. variata whose surface is sometimes areolate, but the gills of R. virescens are not as pure white, are not decurrent nor much forked, and the taste is mild. Microchemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills slowly bright blue.) F S. (No effect.) S V. (No effect.) 132 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 106. Russula crustosa Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 39, 1886. Illiistralioii: ^^ Y. State Mus. Bull. 07, PI. 84, Fig. 1-7, 1003. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex then expanded and de- pressed in ilie center, surface cracked except on disk, the areas crustlikc, sordid cream-color, dirty brownish or ochraceous, usually tinged with olive or green, v-iscid when young or moist, especially on the disk, striate on mar(jin when mature. FLESH white. GILLS (hill white, becoming somewhat dingy cream color in age,, rather broad in front, narrowed toward the stem, adnexed or free, thick, distinct, not crowded, rather brittle, few forked, few short. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, short, stout, spongy-stuffed, subequal or ventricose, white. SPOKES white, subglobose, 8-10 micr. Cl^S- TIDIA rather numerous, extending clear through the subhymenium. ^"^'iibhijnioiiiim sharply separated from gill-trama. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods in southern Micliigan. July to September. Common. This is near R. virescens and is apparently much more common, ll seems to be still referred to R. virescens bv some authors, al- though in that case the Friesian description will have to be modi- fied to include it. Micliochemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills become deep blue.) S \'. (Gills and flesh very slowly tinged blue.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 107. Russula ochraleucoides sp. nov. Illustration : Plate XV of this Report. PI LET'S (i-12 cm. broad, large, rigid, convex, soon expanded- l)lan<'. vaiying strair-ijelloic to pale ochraceous, usually dull ochTe to reddish-ochre toward center, i^ellicle adnate, soon dry, and pul- venilent ot- sultrimose, even on the obtuse margin. FLESH thick, comi.act, wliite, unchanging or slightly sordid in age. GILLS ad- nexed or free, rather iwiroio, rounded and slightly broader in front, n-hiir or Avhitish, dose to subdistant, shorter ones intermingled, often forked in posterior part, intervenose. STEM 4-6 cm. long, l..~»-2 cm. thick, short, rigid, equal or tapering slightly downward, iH\itr, glabrous or subpruino.se, spongj'-solid, even or obscurely CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 133 wrinkled. SPORES globose, very minutely rough, 7-9 micr. (iucl. apiculus), tohite in mass. CYSTIDIA very few. Bx\SIDIA about 40x9 micr. TASTE tardily and slightly bitterish-acrid or disagree- ably bitter. ODOR faintly aromatic or none. Gregarious. On the ground in open oak-maple woods. Ann Arbor, August. Rare. Related to R. virescens by its rigidity and the nature of the sur- face of the pileus. The surface is pulverulent, somewhat rimose in age, soft to the touch and under the microscope is seen to be com- posed of slender, hyaline, erect c^'stidia-like hairs. A subhymen- ium is lacking. It has a short, stout stem and relatively much broader cap. It ditfers from R. ochraleiwa in size and in the thick flesh of the cap, in that the flesh of the stem does not become ashy when bruised, as well as in the bitter taste and the unpolished pileus. R. gramilosa Cke. is said to have a granular stem and pileus, and many cystidia in the hymenium according to Massee. It is far from belonging to the Fragiles where Fries placed R. ochraleuca. R. grmvwlata Pk. is said to be tubercular-striate on the jnargin of the cap and is smaller. The gills are often abundantly forked toward the stem. 108. Russula lepida Fr. (non Bres.) (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Fries, Sverig. Swamp., PI. 59, form minor. Cooke, 111., PI. 1072. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 620. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 16, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 149, PI. 188, 1908. (Doubtful.) Gibson, Edible Toadstools, etc., PI. 12, p. 131, 1903. (Doubt- ful.) Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 36, Fig. 3, p. 126, 1900. (Doubtful.) PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex, then expanded-depressed, cuticle adnate and disappearing on disk, mvpolished, soon dry, rose- red to pale blood-red, jadiiuj, disk soon pallid or variegated with paler yellowish-reddish hues, sometimes rimulose-cracked or rugu- lose on disk, margin obtuse, not striate. FLESH compact, white or reddish under the cuticle, thick, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS narrowed behind and narrowly adnate or almost free, close, rather narroiv, broader and rounded in front, white then whitish (albus), few shorter, occasionally forked. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. tliick. 134 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN eiiiial i»r sli-htlv tapering downward, loMte or tinged rosy-jnnk, spongj'-stiiffed, rather rigid, obscurely wrinliled. SPORES sub- globose. 9-10 x 7-8 (incl. apiculus), with oil-drop, rough or partly HiHM.i h. almost pure ichite in mass. ODOR none or very slightly dis- agreeable. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly bitterisb-subacrid. CVSTIDIA moderately abundant, subcylindrical, 70-75x10-12 micr. (Jregarious or solitary. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit. July- August. Ratber rare. This plant occurs rather rarely in southern Michigan. It differs from the description given by Bresadola (see translation Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, p. G8, 1909) in that the spore-mass is nearly white, not straw color, and the gills are only slightly thickish. I have found specimens only during a few seasons. Peck also reports it uncom- mon in New York. The margin of the pileus is sometimes slightly viscid and the cuticle slightly separable on the margin. It must not be confused with R. mariae whose cap and stem are less rigid and more deejily colored, and which has creamy-yellowish spores and lar- ger cystidia. Our plant sometimes has an entirely rose-red cap, some- times, especially when older, approaching the colors of R. decolorans l)ut paler and duller, subpruinose w^hen dry and variegated with pinkish, yellowish or pale-oi-auge hues becoming white in spots. It is often rigid for a long time. Section 11. Margin of pileus acute or subacute, at first incurved ; cuticle viscid, slightly separable only on margin, often disappearing on disk or in spots. 109. Russula pulverulenta Pk. Torr. Rot. Club, Bull. 29, 1902. Illustration : Plate XVI of this Report. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, rather rigid at first, then fragile, rather thin, broadly convex at first, expanded and depressed to subum- bilicate, at first even on the margin, at length distinctly tuherculate- striate, cuticle adnate, viscid, separable on margin* in very young stage sul]>hur-yellow, soon ochraleucous, finally dingy yelloivish braiim, surface dotted by small, numerous, pale yelloio, somewhat mealy or flocrnloit scales or granules, margin at very first incurved- subiiirolled. FLESH white, at first firm and tough, finally soft. OILLS nan-owly adnate, close, rather narrow, broader toward front, white, unchanging, often bifurcate at stem, intervenose. STEM 3-5 CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 135 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, subeqiial or irregularly enlarged, rigid- fragile, surface at the very lirst covered by a sulphur-yellow pul- veruleuce, at length dotted hp sulpMir-yellow granules, especially at base, white beneath, spongy-stuffed, hecoming cavernous. SPORES globose, echinulate, 6-8 micr. (iiicl. apiculus), tvJiite in mass. CYSTIDIA numerous, subhymenium scarcely differentiated. BASIDIA 45x9 micr., 4-spored. TASTE and ODOR slight or some- what disagreeable. Gregarious. On lawns, roadsides, or in frondose woods among grass, etc. July-September. Southern Michigan. Not infrequent during a few seasons. This Russula is closely allied to the preceding section. Its de- velopment has been carefully studied. When the caps are 1 mm., or less broad the margin is definitely subinrolled. The texture of the trama is then very firm and tough and the entire surface of both cap and stem is covered, as seen under the microscope, by a differentiated thin layer composed of short, dense, erect yellow hairs or hyphae. These hyphae are continuous at first with the trama but become separated in masses as the pileus and stem en- large, adhering at length to the surface of the mature pileus and stem as delicate, appressed, pulverulent-flocculose, sulphur-yellow granules. The hymenium contains very numerous cystidia with a dark-brown, granular content, which project into the subhymenium and often connect with similarly colored hyphae which intermingle Avith the gill-trama. (Lactiferes.) The young cj'stidia project above the basidia but later are even with them. These brownish cystidia give a brown-dotted appearance to the sides of the gills as seen under low power of the microscope. Microchemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills become rapidly light blue, then dark blue.) S V. (Gills first turn reddish then slowly blue; flesh scarcely affected.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) This species is easily confused in the old, discolored stage with 7?. pectinatoides and R. foetentula, since both have a livid yellowish- brown cap at times when mature, well marked tuberculate stria- tious, and are about the same size. They lack, however, the peculiar yellow granules of R. pulverulenta. (For further remarks see Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, p. 77, 1909.) 130 THE AGARIC ACEAE OF MICHIGAN 110. Russula foetentula Pk. N. V. Stale Miis. Bull. 116, 1907. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, soon fragile, at first subliemisplierical tlieu convex to plane and depressed, viscid, livid-ochraceous, russet- tinged, disk darker and innately granular, long tuberculate-striate. Margin at first incurved. FLESH thin, whitish. GILLS aduexed or nearly free, close, rather narrow, broader in front, thin, whitish, often spotted or stained reddish. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, subequal, somewhat firm, spongy-stuffed, soon cavernous, whitisli or sordid-white, stained at the very T)ase hy cinnahar-red stains. SPOKES 7-9x6-7 micr., echinulate, creamy-ichite in mass. CYST1DL\ moderately abundant. BASIDIA 40-15x9 micr., 4-spored; suhhymenium scarcely differentiated. OKOR none or somewhat like oil of bitter almonds, varying in intensity. TASTE very slightly acrid. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. Abundant in 1911. This species has characters intermediate between B. foetcns and R. pectinatoides and is most easily distinguished from both by the reddish stains at the base of the stem ; this character was very con- stant in many individuals during a single season. The odor varies much in intensity and is often lacking. The pileus is sometimes tinged witli reddish-yellow but most of our plants had a decided russet color at maturity. Micro-chemical tests as in R. pulverulenta. 111. Russula foetens Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Svamp. Sverig., PI. 40. Cooke, 111., PL 1046. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 612. Micliael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 45. Ricken, Blatteiinlze, PI. 19, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 147, p. 185, 1908. Plate XVII of this Report. PILELS 7-12 cm. broad, fleshy, hard then fragile, siihylobose then expanded and depressed, viscid when moist, thin margin at first incurved, tuherculate-suleate when expanded, yellowish or dingy ochraceous, pellicle adnate. FLESH thin, rigid but fragile, dingy CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 137 white. GILLS white, at first exuding drops of tvater^ sordid when old or bruised, rather close, aduexed, few forked, interspaces venose, shorter ones present. STEM 4-0 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, whitish, short, stout, stufit'ed then cavernous. SPORES lohite in mass, sub- globose, 7.5-10 micr. CYSTIDIA numerous; subhymenium narrow, not sharply differentiated. TASTE acrid. ODOR strong]!/ amygdaUne, hecomhig foetid. Gregarious. In mixed woods in the north ; in oak, maple, etc., in southern. Michigan. July, August and September. The odor of the fresh young plant is like oil of bitter almonds or cherry bark; when old or decaying it becomes quite disagreeable. The margin of the young pileus is strongly incurved. Not edible. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills quickly light blue, then dark blue.) S V. (Gills slowly deep blue.) F S. (Cystidia coloreu brown. ) 112. Russula pectinatoides Pk. K Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, 1907. Illustrations: Ibid, I'l. 103, Fig. 6-10. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, rather firm, becoming fragile, thin, convex, then piano-depressed, viscid Avhen moist, covered by a thin separable pellicle, radiately rugose-stri'ate on the margin, often halfway to the center, or strongly tiibercular-striate, dingy straw color, brown- ish, yellowish-brown or umber-brown. FLESH white, thin, becom- ing fragile, slightly ashy under the cuticle, not changing. GILLS whitish, close to subdistant, thin, distinct, equal, moderately broad, broadest in front, narrowed behind, often stained or broken halfway from stem, some forked at base. STEM 2-5 cm. long, .5 to 1 cm. thick, white or ding}^ subequal, glabrous, spongj'-stuffed then hol- low, even, SPORES whitish or creamy-white in mass, subglobose, 6-8 micr. diam. TASTE mild or slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR not noticeable. Gregarious. Grassy places, lawns, groves and woods. Through- out the state. July -and August. Cooke's illustrations of 5. pectinata and R. consobrina var. sbroria remind one very much of this plant. Peck points out that it differs from these by its mild taste, adnate gills and grayish color under the cuticle. It is also close to R. foetentula, which sometimes lacks the odor. R. subfoetcns Smith as known to Romell, also reminded me of this species. The color of R. pectinatoides, the 13S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN long sti-iatioiis aud the iiiedinm size are the best, recoguitiou marks iu the field. 1 1 dilfers, of course, from R. focteiis by lack of a strong odor. Whether the margin is at first incnrved is nowhere noted. , 113. Russula sororia Fr. Epicrisis, 1^3G-3S (as subspecies of B. consohrina). Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 1057. I'lLELS :J-('. cm. broad, rather firm, convex then subexpauded, viscid when moist, margin substriate when mature, pellicle some- what separable along margin, gray, olivaceous-brown or grayish- brown. FLESH white, unchanged. GILLS narrow, subdistant, dis- tinct, white for a time, then discolored, adnata, shorter ones inter- mingled, rarely forked, interspaces venose. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, not becoming cinereous, short, spongy-stufifed. SPORES ichite. TASTE acrid. ODOR none. Solitary. Woods in southern Michigan. August and September. Rare. This species used to be placed under R. consolrina. 114. Russula vesca Fr.-Bres. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1075. Bresadola, Fungh. maug. e. vel., PI. 72. Ibid, Fung. Trid., PL 128 (as R. Ulacea var. carnicolor). ^Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 41 b. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then expauded and de- pressed in the center, viscid, soon dry, more or less rugulose or wrinkled, reddish, pale livid-pink, or sordid flesh-red, becoming paler, cuticle thin and disappearing, not quite reaching the edge of the pileus so that a narrow white exposed margin results, margin even and spreading. FLESH white. GILLS white, thin, at length stained lurid-brownish or rusty, close, moderately narrow, adnata, forked or anastomosing at base. STEM white, obscurely rivulose, hfird and compact, subequal, solid, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, often discolored by yellowish-rusty stains. SPORES white in mass, subglob(»se, minutely echinulate, 7-8 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Rare. Only a few doubtful collections have been made in southern CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 139 Michigan. Tlie above description is taken from my notes of the Swedish plant as known to Eomell, and agrees mostly with that of Bresadola. Most modern m^'cologists consider the Friesian "riigiilose-reticulate'' character of the stem as too uncertain to be practicable. The important characters are: the hard consistency, the wrinkled or veined rarely ''cutefracta" surface of the cap, the cuticle not reaching to the margin of the cap, and the gills dis- colored in spots. The cuticle apparently ceases to grow so that the surface of tlie expanding pileus may become somewhat areolate cracked and the margin naked. 115. Russula subpunctata sp. nov. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded-plane to de- pressed, cuticle adnate and scarcely separable on margin, subviscid, soon diy, pale dull red to rosy-red, often white-spotted where cuticle disappears, minutely rivulose or subgranular, margin even, acute. FLESH compact, firm, rather thick on disk, abruptly thin oi^ margin. GILLS adnate to subdecurrent, thin, slightly attenuate at both ends, not broad, close to subdistant, whitish then pale creamrcolored, few short or forked at base, pruinose, intervenose. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, subequal or tapering down, spong}'-stuft'ed, becoming cavernous, w^hite or rosy-tinged, unchang- ing, attached at times to roots and forming mycorhiza. SPORES subglobose, rough-reticulate, 9-11x7-9 micr. (incl. apiculus), creamy- ichite in mass. CYSTIDIA abundant, subcylindrical, rough, with dark brown granular content, 90-110x8-12 micr. BASIDIA about 65x9 micr. Siibhymenium markedly diiferentiated. TASTE quickhj and very acrid. ODOK none. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-August. Infrequent. The appearance of this Russula is well shown in Patouillard's figure of R. punctata Gill. (Tab. Analyt., jS'o. 621) with which it agrees except in its very acrid taste. The gills of our plants have only rarely a red edge. The spore print is cream-colored or almost light yellowish. Dr. McDougal found one group of specimens forming mycorhiza on roots of Tilia americana. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh slowly light blue; gills un- affected.) S. Y. (Flesh and gills quickly deep blue.) F. S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 140 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 116. Russula variata Banning — Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, lOOG. Illu.stratiuns: Ibid, PI. 101, Fig. 1^5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig-. 1.54, p. lOi, 1908 (as B. furcata). PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, fleshy, firm, convex then depressed to sultinfuudlbuliform, viscid, not striate, purplish or deep rose pink nhcn younf/, later variegated with olive or dark umber or sometimes greenish with only a trace of jyurple, opaque and reticulate-wrinkled under lens, the tliin pellicle slightly separable on the thin margin, with a subsilky or dull luster when dry. FLESH white, firm, cheesy, tinged grayish under pellicle. GILLS shining and persist- ently white, adnato-decurrent, thin, rather crowded, narrowed at l)(>th ends, not broad, suhdichotomously forked, interspaces venose. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, white, firm, solid, equal or sub- equal, sometimes tapering downward, even. SPORES ichite in mass, subglobose, 7-10 micr. TASTE mild to tardily acrid or slightly astringent. CYSTIDIA very few and short. Subhymen- iinn not clearly differentiated. ODOR none. Gregarious. Under conifers at Marquette, in deciduous woods about Ann Arbor. July, August and September. Frequent. Superficially nearest to the descriptions of R. furcata Fr. and B. virescens Fr. The former species is rare in Europe, and most authors have consigned it to oblivion or consider it a variety of R. cyanoxantha. The plants which used to be referred to R. furcata in tliis countiw, have found a more appropriate resting place in /.'. rariata. The figures of 7?. cutefracta Cke. (Cooke, 111., PI. 1024 and 1040) .show tlie color of the young and old plants much better than do Peck's figures, and if Cooke's species had pure white spores and Avhite and dichotomously forked gills, they could be considered identical; however, these points are not clear. Peltereaux thinks R. cutefracta Cke. occurs in France and has ochraceous spores and that the cracked margin of the cap is a weather effect; this then could not be our species with white spores. When one finds single old I'liiiiis witli nnicli green, it is quite difficnlt to distinguish them from R. virescens; they are to be separated by their dichotomously foi-kcd o;iiis whicli ni-e sliglitly decnrrent and more persistently wliite, and by the slight acridity. The cuticle is sometimes cracked toward tlie margin as in R. virescens, but its margin is at first incurved \\liil(> in R. virescens it is straight on the stem. Peck savs CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 141 it has a good flavor after cooking, which destroys the slight acrid taste. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh and gills quickly deep blue.) S V. (Gills slowly blue; flesh slightly blue-tinged.) F S. (No effect.) 117. Russula cyanoxantha Fr. var. (Edible) Monographia, 1S65. Illustrations: Michael, Bliitterpilze, Vol, II, No. 5.9. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 605. Cooke, 111., ri. 1(176 and 1077. (Doubtful.) Bresadola, Fungh. Mang. e. vel., PI. 71. (Doubtful.) PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, rigid, convex then expanded and de- pressed in the center or subinfuudibuliform, dm^k bluish-purple or lilac on margin, disk dingij icJiite tinged rose-pink, cuticle thin and adnate, viscid, separable on margin, even, or substriate only near edge, surface somewhat wrinkled or streaked. FLESH white, com- pact, purplish or lilac under cuticle. GILLS white, a few forked toward base, few shorter, moderately broad, not very distant, nar- rowed behind, intervenose. STEM 6-9 cm, long, 1-2 cm. thick, white, subequal, s]K>ngy-stult'ed, cortex hard, sometimes cavernous and compressed, glabrous, even or obscurely wrinkled, SPORES lohite in mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Maple and birch, or mixed woods of northern Michigan, oak and maple woods of the southern part. July-August. Not infrequent. The above description applies to a definite form which occurs in Michigan and is quite constant. It does not agree with the species understood by Romell, Maire and Peltereaux in Europe, whose typ- ical plant has creamy-white gills and spores. Our species ap- proaches R. azurea Bres. in color, but that plant is rather fragile and is related to the R. emetica group. Michael's figures show the colors of the cap when young and not yet decolorized on the disk. It is more frequent northward and may be distinct from the Euro- pean plant. 142 ' THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 118. Russula atropurpurea INIaire (ex. Kromb. non Pk.) Bull. Sco. Myc. de France, Vol. 26, p. 167, 1910. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1025 and 1087 (as R. rubra). P ILEUS 5-14 cm. broad, rigid, medium to large size, convex then plane, soon depressed, rather linn, viscid, pellicle adnate and scarcely sejjarable on the margin only, scarlet to dark crimson when fresli and young, becoming darker to purplish when mature or on (Irj/in;/, pruiuosi\ disk often darker, sometimes blackish-red to livid olivaceus-purple, sometimes yellow spotted, margin even or only slightly striatulate in age. FLESH dark red under the pellicle, white elsewhere, not changing to ashy. GILLS white, dingy in age, rather narrow, close behind, subdistant in front, adnexed, few short, interspaces venose. STEM 4.7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, subequal, medium stout, white with a dull lustre, pruinose, even, spongy- srulfcd. apex lloccose-punctate. SPORES white in mass, oval, 8-10 micr. diam.. strongly ecliinulate. nucleate, apiculus long and stout. TASTE acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, on much decayed logs or debris, sometimes at base of white pine or beech trees, in pine- beech woods. New Richmond. Sept. Frequent locally. Distinguished among the "ruber" group by the mode of color change while maturing, the white gills, spores and stem, and the acrid taste. In wet weather the cap is viscid, on drying its surface is distinctly pruinose. Except for the colors of the pileus it agrees with R. rul)er Fr. in the sense of Peck. The stem is rarely inclined to ashy in age but not distinctly so. According to Maire's concep- tion tlie species is quite variable and includes plants whose stem readilv turns asHv. F>UBRIGIDAE. Pileus subrigid, rather compact; cuticle soon (]yy. iiriiinose or prninose-velvety ; margin obtuse. Gills broader in front, equal. Spore-mass never pure white. Tliis group approaches the preceding by its rather compact and thick pileus, and the following by its equal gills. The pellicle is soon dry and pruinose or pruinose-velvety by which character the species are best recognized. Several aberrant species are, however, included, e. g., R. xerampclina with intermixed short gills and R. mar'uie with margin of pileus at first incurved. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 143 119. Russula mariae Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, 1872. Illustrations: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 75, Fig. 1-8, 1904. Plate XVIII of this Report. PILEUS 3-9 cm. broad, firm, subbemispherical at first, then broadly convex to plane and depressed, dry, subviscid when wet, pniinosc-rclrctij, dark crimson, reddish-purple or maroon-purple, even, substriate only when old, margin at first incurved. FLESH thick, thinner toward margin, compact, becoming softer, white, sometimes reddish under pellicle. GILLS narrowly adnate or al- most subdecurrent, rather narroiv, of nearly uniform width, white then diingy cream-color, close to subdistant, equal, bifurcate at base. STEM 3-9 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal or tapering downward, firm then fragile, spongy-stuffed, pruinose, rosy-red to dull purplish- red, especially in the middle, rarely white except at ends, white within and unchanging. SPORES globose, tuberculate-crystallate, 7.8 niicr., creoiny-icJiitisJi in mass, scnrcel}' yellowish-tinged. CYS- TIDIA rather abundant, lanceolate, 90-95x12 niicr. BASIDIA 36-42 x9 micr. Sulyhymenium of small cells, not sharply limited. TASTE mild or rarely very slightly acrid. ODOR none. Gregarious. On the ground in frondose woods. Southern Michi- gan. July-August. Infrequent. I have examined the type specimens and submitted drawings, pho- tographs and specimens to Peck. His plants average smaller and his figures and descriptions are deceptive as to size as compared with most of the specimens found in Michigan. With us R. mar ice is near- ly always larger and has much of the appearance of Cooke's figure of B. expallens (111., PL 1029), but that species is said to have a very acrid taste. The pileus varies scarlet-red, reddish-purple, maroon or dark purple. The caps of the purple forms have the appearance of those of R. queletii, R. purpurea and R. drimel of Cooke's plates ; but all of these have a very acrid taste. The red forms agree quite well with Gillet's and Michael's figures of 7?. Unnaei, but Romell, Maire, Bresadola and others consider R. Unnaei as a doubtful species. The stems of R. maricc are nearly always somewhat col- ored. The pruinosity of the cap and stem is due to minute tufts of purplish or reddish hairs as seen under the microscope. The plant was named by Dr. Peck in honor of his wife Mary. The interpreta- tion of this species in my previous paper (Mich. Acad. Rep. 11, p. 70. 1909) was an error. 144 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 120. Russula aeruginea Lindb. (non Fr.) (Edible) Svampbok, 1902. lllusti-ations: Ibid, Fig. 52. Cooke, 111., 1*1. 1014 (as R. heterophijUa Fr.). (Doubtful.) Michael, Fiilirer f. Pilzfreuude, Vol. II (as E. Jivida Pers.). Kicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 16, Fig. 2 (as R. gramimcolor Quel.). PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, moderately firm., then fragile, convex to expanded, subdepressed, dull greenish, dark green to smoky-green, paler on margin, ]»elli(le adnate, subviscid when moist, soon dry with a dull luster and subpulveruletit to prninose-velvety, slightly separ- able on margin, even or substriate in age. FLESH thick on disk, thin on margin, white, sometimes cinereous to gTeenish under pel- licle. GILLS narrowly adnate or almost free, close to subdistant, rather uarroir, slightly broader in front, entire or very few short ones, distinct, white at first then pale creamy-white, becoming dingy in age, bifurcate at base, intervenose. STEM 4-5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, subequal or tapering downward, glabrous, irhite, spongy- stuffed, firm, even. SPORES subglobose, cream y-a-hite, 6-9 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in coniferous or mixed woods of the Northern Peninsula. Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie. July-Se[)tember. Infrequent. This species is considered identical with R. graminicolor QueL by the French mycologists. The "shining-white gills" (candidae) of the Friesian description is probably an error. R. heterophylla Fr. is now limited by most Mriters to a plant with pure white gills and spores and is rare. R. oUvasceiis Fr., reported (Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 76, 1909), has been omitted as it appears too close to this species; the specimens referred to it had a more yellowish tint to the spore-mass, 121. Russula xerampelina Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., 1041 (as R. olivacea). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 628 (as R. olivacea). Ricken, Rlatterinlze, PI. 18, Fig. 4 (as R. olivacea). PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, firm, convex then piano-depressed, dry or very slightly viscid in wot weather, pellicle hardly separable^ CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 145 not striate on margin, surface glabrous or subpruinose, purplish- red to purplish-olive, disk olivaceous, variegated. FLESH compact, whitish then dingy. GILLS creamy-white to creamy-yellowish, then sordid, rather close, adnexed, moderately broad throughout, thick- ish, often forked, shorter ones usuallj^ intermingled, interspaces venose. STEM white or rosy-tinged, soon dingy olivaceous-yellow- ish where handled, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick, firm, subventri- cose or equal, spongy-stuffed, even or obscurely wrinkled, changing where bruised to dirty ochraceoiis-hrown. SPORES creamy yellow- ish, globose, echinulate, 9-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR disagree- able with age or when drying. Scattered. Hemlock and coniferous or mixed woods of the Northern Peninsula. July and August. This has usually been referred to R. oUvacea Fr. in this country. In Europe, R. oUvacea is a very much debated species. Fries' de- scription requires truly yellow gills (luteis), and with this char- acter it has seldom been found. Romell has never seen such a plant in Sweden and unites R. oliracca and A*. .rera>iipeHiia under the name R. graveolens. The series of color forms included under the last name is quite common about Stockholm, and as far as I could see it is the same as our northern Michigan species. I assume, then, that we can drop tbe name R. olivacea from our list of American Russulas, in which case our olive form goes into the present species. Our plant is near R. sqiialida Pk. as the latter is diagnosed in this paper. It differs, however, from that species in the more firm con- sistency, in the stem being often reddish, and its habitat in conif- erous regions. R. sqiialida is soft and flexible in age. 122. Russula squalida Pk. (Suspected) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 11, 1888 (as R. atropurpurea Pk.). N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 116, 1907. Illustration : Kauffmau, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, 1909. PILEUS 7-11 cm. broad, convex then piano-depressed, firm, soon subflaccid, margin even when young, becoming slightly tubercular-striate in age, the pellicle continuous but rather adnate, not easily separable, subviscid in wet weather, soon dry and then pruinose-velvety , even, color varying from reddish-purple to pallid and mixed with olivaceous, tan or ochraceous, often shades of all these colors are seen in one cap, opaque and dull, riot shining. FLESH white, thick on 19 14(; THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN disk, rather thin elsewhere, grayish or grayish-purple under the cntU-lc. C.ILI.S white wlieii yoiinj?. later creamy -yellow to ochra- ceoHS, subdistaiit, beconiiiii;- fi agile, moderately broad, broadest to- ward the front, more or less forked toward base, few shorter ones, interspaces venose. STILM icltilc. chaiKjliiii to ochraceoiis if hntised when tresli and yonnji", wlien older becoming dirty-brown or ochra- ceous-brown wliere handled, equal and subcylindrical, rather long, 5-9 em. by 1.5 cm. thick ; glabrous, spongy-stuffed, obscurely rivulose. SPOliES (K-hracecms to bnlf, globose, 7.5-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOK unpleasant, very characteristic when plants are old or dry- ing. Solitary or gregarious. Hemlock and maple woods in the north, oak and maple Avoods in southern Michigan. July, August and Sei»tember. This is onr early, abundant Eussula about Ann Arbor. It occurs in great quantities during July if the weather is favorable and only sparingly later. Once recognized by its odor and changeable flesh, its many color disguises are not as deceptive as they at first seem. The colors run into each other in a rather definite way, so that the general effect to the observer, after he has compared many indi- viduals, is quite characteristic for the species. Hundreds of indi- viduals were examined abont Ann Arbor and all had white stems, never red. When old the effect of the whole plant is that of dingi- ness. Although the above description extends beyond the limits allowed by Peck's description, it is doubtless his species. Origin- ally it included only the pui'ple or dark red forms and was called /i\ atropurpurea Pk. but since this name was pre-empted, he changed it to R. sqiialida. It seems close to the preceding. 123. Russula decolorans Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc. 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1070. Pvicken, Blatterpilze, PI. 17, Fig. 5. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, often large, firm, glohose at first then convex and plano-depressed, orange red, usually ochre on disk and dark red on margin, pellicle separable, subviscid, margin even, slightly striate in age. FLESH white, hecoming cinereous with age or where broken, becoming fragile. GILLS pale yellowish-ochra- ceons at matnrity, white at first, thin, fragile, moderately broad, close, adnexed, forked at base, few short. STEM 5-12 cm. long. CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 147 1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, long, spongy or solid, wrinkled-rivulose, white, the flesh becoming cinereous with age or ivhere bruised. SPORES subglobose, echinulate, pale ochraceous-yellow, 7-9 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Solitary or scattered. In coniferous or mixed woods of northern Michigan. July, August and September. Frequent. The large size, globose young pileus, orange-red color and the changing flesh easily distinguish it, B. depallens Fr. in which the flesh turns ashy has not with certainty been found. It is said to have whitish gills, and the color of the pileus is dirty red to fawn. R. decolorans appears to prefer the regions of the pine and fir, both in this country and in Europe. Var. rubriceps Kautf. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 13, p. 215, 1911. The shape of the young and old pileus of this variety is well represented in Cooke's figure of R. decolorans, Plate 1079. The color of the pileus is. however, rnber-red (Sacc. colors) and persist- ent, changing only in age or on drying as a result of the cinerescent flesh. The ])ellicle is adnate. scarcely se]>arable except on the mar- gin, vanishing on the disk and sometimes ochraceus-spotted where the pellicle has disappeared. . It is firm and the margin is not striate or very slightly so in age. These characters ally it to the Rigidae. It is sliglitly viscid. FLESH is firm, white, tinged ashy in age, becoming dark cinereous on the stem ivhere bruised. The taste is mild and when fresh was taken for R. lepida. SPORES creamy-white in iiinss. It is smallov, at least in our specimens, than the type. On the ground in beech and white pine woods. New Richmond, Allegan County. September, Apparently rare. 124. Russula flava Romell (Edible) Lonnegren's Nordisk Svampbok, 1895. Illustration: Mich. Acad, Sci. Rep, 11, p. 55, Fig. 3. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, rather fragile, convex, then piano- depressed, even or slightly striate in age, dry in dry weather, some- what viscid when moist, pellicle separable, dull yellow (flavus, Sacc), color hardly fading, but sometimes ashy, discolored in age. FLESH white becoming cinereous with age. GILLS white at first, becoming yellowish, broadest towards front, narrowly adnate, close, distinct, becoming slowly gray in age. STEM chalk-white at first, 14S THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN the flesh becomiug ashj', equal or subequal, spongy -stuffed, ob- scurely retieulate-rivulose, raUier fragile, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick. SPOKES yellowish, globose, echinulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE mild. ODOK none. Solitary or scattered. In coniferous or mixed woods of northern Michigan. July, August and September. Frequent. This mild, dull or pale yellow, rather large Russula, with flesh, gills and stem becoming ashy when old, is quite easily recognized. This is R. constans Karst. which name was pre-empted. It differs from A', ochraleuca Fr. in the mild taste and unpolished pileus, etc. Its habit is very similar to that of R. decolorans, but it rarely reaches the same size and differs constantly by its yellow cap. 125. Russula obscura Romell (Edible) I'lLEUS 4-7 cm. broad, rather pliant, convex then piano-de- pressed, dull, dark Mood-red, pileus sometimes blackish on disk, thin, the pellicle continuous and separable, hardly viscid when moist, subpruinosc when dry, even or slightly striate in age. FLESH whitish, becoming ashy. GILLS white at first, then dingy straw-color, moderately broad, narrowly adnate, close, mostly forked at base, equal, interspaces sometimes venose. STEM white, hccominfj ashy or blackish, rarely tinged red, subequal, 4-6 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick, spongy-stuffed, rigid, soon soft, obscurely wrinkled. SPORES pale ochraceous in mass. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious or scattered, in low woods of southern Michigan. July and August. It is found frequently around Stockholm. The examples pointed out by Romell did not seem to possess such a blackish stem as some of ours. This species does not remind me of R. decolorans, being a more slender and smaller plant. It might be confused with R. iii(/rrsccnHiM's Pk.. l>ut tliat species is said to have white spores. Romell (Hymen. Lapland, 1911) suggests that a better name for this plant is R. vinosa Lindb. since the latter name was used by Lindbladt in his Svampbok prior to the use of R. obscura. I CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 149 126. Russula rubescens Beards. (Edible) Mycologia, Vol. G, p. 91, 1914. Illustrations: Beardslee, Mvcologia, Vol. 6, PI. 121, Fig. 1. Plate XIX of this Report. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, firm, becoming fragile, convex-plane, dull-red, variegated with yellowish, ochraceous or olivaceous- purplish hues, at first darker, fading, pellicle adnate, dry, scarcely separable and substriate on the margin, subglabrous, margin acute and at first straight. FLESH whitish, staining sloioly red then hlack where icoiinded, becoming cinereous from age. GILLS nar- rowly adnate, broader in front, close to subdistant, medium broad, equal, rarely forked, white at first then pale creamy-ochraceous, in- tervenose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, subequal or tapering down, spongy-stuffed, glabrous, even, white, becoming cinereous in age, changing sloioly to red then blackish where bruised. SPORES globose, pale ochraceous, 7-10 micr. CYSTIDIA few and short, suWiymenium not dififerentiated. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious or scattered. On the ground in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. July-August. Infrequent. Remarkable among the Subrigidae for the changes which the flesh assumes on bruising. It approaches B. nigrescentipes Pk., but that species is said to have a shining red cap and crowded white gills, .and the stem turns blackish ; no mention is made of any red stains preceding the black and since the change is slow it could scarcely be overlooked. Our species has appeared from season to season but never in abundance. It is a firm plant when fresh, be- coming fragile only in age. It is apparently also related to R. depallens Fr. but Maire says "nobody knows this, even in Sweden." R. o'bscura Rom. has a velvety-pruinose pileus whose color is rather uniform, and whose flesh is of a different consistency. Micro-chemical tests : G. (Gills' and flesh turn blue.) S V. (Gills and flesh turn bluish very slowly.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown). As this report was ready for the press there appeared in print the above name applied by Beardslee to a species from Asheville, N. C, which seems identical with ours. lj(j THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 127. Russula borealis Kauff. (Edible) Midi. Acad. Sci. Kep. 11, p. 69, 1909. i PILEUS 5-9 1111. broad, firm and rather compact, convex then jilaiio-depressed, outline broadly elliptical, often with a sinus on one side, Wood-red, disk darker or color uniform and not fading, jicllicle somewhat separable, hardly viscid, margin even or ob- scurely striate. FLESH white, red under the cuticle, not very thick. GILLS ochraceous, subdistant or moderately close, medium hrnad, broader in front, narrowly adnate, rather distinct, edge often rtMldisli anteriorly, equal, a few forked toward base, interspaces venose. STE3I white and tinr/ed red in places. fir)u, spongy-stuffed, tliickened below, 5-7 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick. SPORES deep ocliraceoits-yelloio in mass. TASTE mild, sometimes slightly and tardily acrid. ODOR none. Solitary. In mixed woods of hemlock, yellow birch and hard maple, in the Northern Peninsula. Huron Mountains, Marquette and Munising. August. Russula ahitacea is usually larger, stouter, the cap dull or sordid red, and with broader gills. Russula ochrophylla occurs in oak woods, has ''buff spores, dusted" on yellow gills, and has violaceous- purple or purple-red cap. Peck saw our plant but did not refer it to either species. This species and R. alutacea show the futility of using the striations on the margin of the cap as an important character to distinguish the main groups. A true pellicle is present in both and is often quite easily separated especially on the margin, and this with the character of the gills connects them very closely with the Fragiles. 7?. linnaei, which is not well known in Europe, looks like it according to Cooke's figures, but is said to have white gills nnd spores. 128. Russula alutacea Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illnstrntions: Cooke, 111., PL 1090 and 1097. Cillet, Champignons de France, No. 597. Berkley. Outlines. PI. 1,3, Fig. 8 (reduced in size). Prosndfdn. Fungh. mange, e. vel.. PI. 76. P;itonill;ird. Tab. Analyt, No. 513. Michnol. Ffilirer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 65 (as Rus- sulina alutacea). CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 151 Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 36, Fig. 2, 1900 (much reduced in size) . Gibson, Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, PI, 12, Figs. 2, 4, 6, p. 131, 1903 (much reduced in size). PILEUS 8-15 ciH. itrond. laiJie, firm, convex then depressed, with dull colors, dark reddish-purple, sordid red, sometimes mixed with other shades, the reddish color predominating, with somewhat separable pellicle, glabrous, somewhat viscid in wet weather, soon dry, pruinosc 5!». I'lLEUS ;5-7 i-ui. hroad. liiiii. jnujUe, color iiu-avnate or pale rose, the disk pale olivaceous or livid, sometimes darker or purplish, soon plane or slightly depressed on disk, quite viscid, margin striate and becoming elevated, surface faintly rugulose under lens. FLESH white. OILLS white, unchanged, subdistant, attached by a point, uarrotr, edge even. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 6-10 cm. thick, pure white, cylindrical or compressed, equal, spongy-stuffed, soon hollow, longi- tudinally-wrinkled under a lens. SPORES white in mass, sub- glol)ose, 7.5 micr. TASTE promptly and ver;\' acrid. Solitary or gregarious. In sphagnum bogs, low mossy ground in woods, etc., often attached to sphagnum. Distributed throughout the state. Not rare. July, August and Sei^tember. This species differs in two important particulars from R. fragilis. The gills are subdistant and the pileus is livid or olivaceous in the center. It is very characteristic of the sphagnum flora of the state. It has often been referred to R. fragilis as a variety. The pileus is not as lilac as shown in Cooke's figure. 133. Russula albidula Pk. Torr. Bot. Club, Bull. 25, 1898. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm, broad, white, broadly convex, glabrous, the pel- licle viscid and separable when fresh, the margin even. FLESH white, subfragile. GILLS white, rather crowded, adnexed, not broad, of equal length, some basifurcate, interspaces venose. STEM 2.54 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick, white, equal, spongy-stuffed, even. SPOBES white in mass, snbglobose, 7-10 micr. TASTE acrid. ODOR none. Solitary. In oak woods. Ann Arbor. July and August. In dried specimens the pileus and gills are ochraceous to yellow- ish, and stem whitish. The taste and viscidity^ seem to be the only marked difl'erences between this species and the other two white Bnssnlas of Peck, R. alhida and 7?. alhella. All three are rather frngile. while R. lactea is a compact firm plant with thick, broad, distant gills. There is a Avhite variety of R. emctica Avhich is very acrid and fragile and whose striations on the margin of the cap are like those r»f Hiat species. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 155 Section II. Taste acrid. Spore-mass cream-color, yellowish, ochraceoiis to alutaceous. 134. Russula sanguinea Fr. {R. rosacea Fr.) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1020 (as B. rosea). Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II (as R. rosacea). PILEUS 3-G cm. broad, rather firm at firsf, suhfragile, convex- plane or depressed, rosy-red, rSiscid, margin acute and thin, pellicle subadnate, easily separable on margin and tubercular-striate. FLESH rather thin, white, red under the pellicle. GILLS slightly adnate, close to subdistant, equal, not broad, creamy-icJiite. STEM 4-6 cm. long, subequal or tapering down, often eccentric, wliite or tinged rosy-red, spongy-stuffed then cavernous, rather fragile, glab- rous, even. SPOEES creamy-white in mass. TASTE tardily but truly acrid. Gregarious. On the ground among grass in frondose woods. Ann Arbor. September-October. Infrequent. The plants referred here are R. rosacea in the sense of Romell, and R. sanguinea according to most of the modern French mycologists. They are distinguished by the cream color of the spores and gills. The gills are not decurrent as they are supposed to be in J?, rosacea, but the stem is often eccentric as that species is described by Fries. Bresadola, Maire, etc., conceive R. rosacea Fr. as a plant with pure white gills and spores. Our plant agrees with a species, common around Stockholm, whose gills are usually creamy-white. It was placed by Fries among the rigid forms but is almost too fragile. It is not large and except for the color of the spores small fomis might be mistaken for R. fragilis. 135. Russula veternosa Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 75. Cooke, 111., PL 1033. PILEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded, with a somewhat separable pellicle, indisfinctly striate on the margin, deep rose-red (like R. emetica), viscid when moist. FLESH white, red under the cuticle. GILLS white at first, then straw-color or pale ochraceous, 156 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN narrow, aduate, close, broader in front, equal or few shorter, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM white, neve?- red, equal or sub- equal, sponj^'-stuffed, somewhat slender, fragile, hollow, even, 1.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick. SPORES pale yellowish-ochraceous, sub- globose, echiuulate, 8-9 micr. TASTE very acrid. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. Oak and maple woods of southern Mich- igan. July and Aug-ust. This rei)re.sents a group of red Russulas with acrid taste and gills varying pale ochraceous or somewhat yellowish in the different forms. I liave limited the name to those with white stem and a rather firm and hardly striate pileus, although it may include sev- eral forms of which only the spore-color has so far been a dis- tinguishable character. The separable, viscid, distinct pellicle and rather fragile stem, relates it to the Fragiles. From R. tenuiceps it is separated by the less deep ochraceous spores and gills, the firmer consistency of pileus and gills, and the uniform red color and even margin of the pileus. 136. Russula tenuiceps Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81, 1909. Illustration : Plate XX of this Report. PILEUS 7-12 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex to expanded, the somewhat viscid pellicle easily separable, margin at first connivent. striate, deep rosy-red or blood-red, sometimes white, spotted or tinged with orange blotches, sometimes uniform red, with or without minute rugae. FLESH white, red beneath the cuticle, veny fragile at maturity. GILLS white, then yellow-ochraceous, croivded, nar- row, frafjilc. narrowly adnate to free, few forked, interspaces venose, equal. STEM fragile, white or rosy-tinged, spongy-stuffed, subequal or ventricose, obscurely rivulose, white within and un- changed, 5-9 cm. long, "2-2.5 cm. thick. SPORES yellow-ochraceous, subglobose, 0-8 micr., echinulate. TASTE acrid, sometimes tardily but very acrid. ODOR not marked. Gregarious. IVfixed woods at Marquette; in oak and maple woods at Ann Arbor. July and August. Rather frequent. As in 7?. vrternosa, it is probable that several forms are repre- sented here. The red Russulas are verv troublesome, and we seem to have a considerable number of forms with acrid taste and yellow- ish to deep ochraceous gills, which cannot be easily kept separate. All efforts to refer them to old species like R. sardonia, R. rugnlosa, CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 157 R. rosacea, etc., failed repeatedly ; the fragile flesh and ochraceous, almost alutaceous gills are too distinctive. The maturing of the spores is sometimes slow and care must be taken to get a good spore print in these red species. All the collections which I have referred here showed red on some or all of the stems of each col- lection. Their edibility was not tested. I' 137. Russula palustris Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 53, 1000. PILEUS 4-7.5 cm. broad, fragile, subglobose or hemispheric, then convex or nearly plane, viscid, pellicle separable, obscurely tuber- cular-striate on margin, reddish-hufl or purplish-red especially on disk, glabrous. FLESH white, thin, tinged with the color of the pileus under the pellicle. GILLS narrowed behind, broader in front, close to subdistant, entire, whitish then yelloivish, inter- venose. STEM H-7 cm. loni?, 0-12 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, spongy- stuffed then hollow, fragile, white or tinged red. SPORES sub- globose, pale yelloio in mass, 7.5-10 micr. TASTE tardihj acrid. Gregarious or scattered. In low woods or swamps. Marquette, New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-September. Infrequent. The pileus is sometimes faintly glaucous. 138. Russula aurantialutea Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. 11, p. 81, 1909. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano-de- pressed, yellow (citron to luteus), or with orange shades inter- mingled, especially on the margin, slightly tubercular-striate, pel- licle viscid, shining and somewhat separable for some distance. FLESH white, thin toward the margin, unchanged with age. GILLS pale yellow, close, or subdistant at the outer extremity, equal or a few shorter, narrowly adnate, seceding with age, broadest to- ward front, often forked at the base, rarely elsewhere, interspaces venose. STEM 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick, white, flesh concolor and- unchanged, subequal, glabrous, even, spongy-stuffed. SPORES ochraceoiis-yelloio, subglobose, 8-9 micr. TASTE acrid in all its parts, often very acrid. ODOR not noticeable. Solitary or scattered. On debris or forest mould in hemlock or mixed woods of northern Michigan, in deciduous woods in the south- ern part of the state. July, August and September. Earlier in southern Michigan. Infrequent. 158 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN R. ochralcuca Fr. differs in having white to pallid gills and spores, aud a ciiieresceut stem: R. f/ranulosa Cke. has white gills and spores and a granular cap and stem; R. fellea Fr. has ochraceous or straw- yellow liesh and the more firm pilens is either straw or gilvous color, and its gills exude watery drops; 7v*. claroflara Grove has a cinere- scent stem and its gills are white then lemon yellow with an ochre tinge; R. ochracca Fr. has a mild taste, aud the flesh of the cap, gills and stem is ochraceous; R. sunillitna Pk. has white spores and a pale ochraceous pileus and stem; and R. decolorans Fr. has cin- eresceut tiesli and is stouter. Our species could be made on ecolog- ical variety of almost any of the above species, depending on the guess of the author who so interpreted it. Section TIL Taste mild. Spore-mass white. 139. Russula albida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 2, 1887 (R. albida). N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 50, 1897 {R. albeUa). Illustration: N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 105, PI. 96 {R. aWida). I'lLEUS 3-6 cm. broad, thin, fragile, broadly convex to plane, slightly depressed in the center, white or whitish, even or slightly striate on the margin, not shining. FLESH white, fragile. GILLS white or whitish, thin, moderately close, entire, equal, not broad, l)roadest in front, rarely forked at base, adnate or subdecurrent. STEM 2.5-6 cm. long, white, snbequal, glabrous, spongy-stuffed or solid. SPORES about 8 micr. diam., loliite. TASTE mild or sUfjhtly hitterish. Solitary. Hemlock or mixed woods in the Northern Peninsula. July and August. Peck's description of both R. alhida and R. alhella differs in minor particulars from our plants. The pileus of R. alMda has a viscid, separable pellicle, while that of R. alhella is dry. R. alhida is said to have a "slightly bitterish or unpleasant taste," while our l»lants were sometimes bitterish, sometimes tardily and slightly acrid. 7?. alhida is described with a stuffed or hollow stem; in one of my collections the stem was solid, in another it was spong;\'- stufTod. It is worth noting whether the sjiore prints are pure white or with yellow tinge; some of Peck's specimens of R. alhida had spores with a faint yellowish tinge. In my specimens the whole plant is ochraceous when dried ; specimens seen at the N. Y. Botan- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 159 ical Gardens were white when dry. As these species occur so seldom and far apart, it is difficult to obtain exact data with regard to their characters. R. anomala Pk. and R. alhidula differ in the acrid taste. 140. Russula subdepallens Pk. (Edible) Torr. Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 23, 1896. PILEUS 5-14 cm, broad, fragile, convex then plane and depressed, margin elevated in age, bright rosy-red, shading into yellowish blotches as if the red color were put over the yellow, disk paler in old specimens, disk (lavk-red in very young plants, with a thin, separable, viscid pellicle, tuherciilar-striate on margin, obscurely wrinkled elsewhere. FLESH white, rosy under the cuticle, becom- ing slightly cinereous, very fragile. GILLS white, broad in front, narrowed behind, adnate, subdistant, few forked, interspaces venose. STEM white, spongy-stuffed, rather stout, 4-10 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, subequal. SPORES jchite in mass, globose, echinulate, 7.5-8 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Gregarious. In woods of maple, yellow birch and hemlock of northern Michigan. August. Found in a number of places in considerable abundance. The fragile character, especially of the gills, is very marked and the mild taste, white gills and red cap help to flistinguish it. The flesh does not turn so strongly ashy as in Peck's plants, and this character did not seem to be always noticeable. It is distinguished from R. purpurina, the brilliant-red Russula, by its gregarious habit, large size and less viscid cap ; also the gills are not crenulate. Our specimens had the stature and appearance of R. rugiilosa and R. emetica var. gregaria. Peck's plants were found in Pennsylvania by Dr. Herbst, and reported but once; the species is not included in Peck's Xew York monograph. Our plant has so far been limited to the north. 141. Russula purpurina Quel. & Schultz (Edible) Hedwigia, 1885. Illustrations : Mcllvaine. American Fungi, PI. 45 [a, p.] 188, 1900. Plate XXI of this Report. PILELTS 3-7 cm. broad, fragile, viscid, usually very viscid, sub- globose then expanded and slightly depressed at the disk, brilliant rosy-red to blood-red or even darker, pellicle somewhat separable. HiQ THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN margiu iliiu but not striate except when fully expanded, surface- when dry as if with a bloom. FLESH white, red under the cuticle, thill, fragile, unchangeable. GILLS ivhite, later dingy-white or ••yellowish, '' medium close to subdistant, adnexed, not broad, broad- est in front, mostly equal, few or none forked, interspaces sometimes venose, vil by its uiedium size, bright yellow-ochraceous spores and gills, the hollow, often subventricose stem, the mild taste and the pinkish-yellow to peach-colored pileus. The stem is some- times enlarged at the apex, sometimes at the base, always fragile. Very few of our Russulas have such bright-colored spores and gills. The color of the cap varies rather rarely to a deeper red on the one hand or to ochraceous-tan and straw-color on the other. The flesh does not change on bruising, and the odor is not noticeable even in age. It is very different from R. integra Fr. It approaches R. nitida and is no doubt the plant usually referred to that species in this country. It differs in the laclf of the nauseous, disagreeable odor which is known to be constant in R. nitida. I formerly refer- red it to R. barlae Quel, which, however, is described as compact and firm. R. aurata Fr. has gills with a chrome-yellow edge. Micro-chemical tests: G. (Flesh turns blue quickly; gills become greenish-blue.) S V. (Flesh and gills slowly pinkish then blue.) F S. (Cystidia colored brown.) 146. Russula roseipes Seer. — ^Bres. (Edible) Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881. Illustration : Ibid, PL 40. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex then piano-de- pressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, margin tubercular-striate when mature, soon dry, rosy-red or flesh-red, disk tending to ochre- yellowish. FLESH white, thin, unchanged. GILLS soon truly H;4 THE AGARIC ACE AE OF MICHIGAN ochraceous, subdistant, mostly equal, broadest in front, veutricose, narrowly aduate or almost free, few forked, interspaces venose. ►STKM white and rosy-sprinkled, stuffed then cavernous, equal or taperiii-i: upward, even, 2.5-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick. SPORES ochraccoits, globose, echiuulate, 8-10 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or pleasant. Solitary or scattered. In mixed woods, but usually under coni- fers. Only found in the northern ]iai'i of the state. July and August. A middle-sized to small plant, fragile, and with a rosy mealiness on the stem. This last is quite characteristic of the species. It occurs under spruces and balsams in moist places. It is quite dis- tinct I'roin A'. jtncUaris Fr. to which Fries, who had never seen Secretan's plant, referred it as a variety. R. purpurina also has a rosy-sprinkled stem, but is very viscid and more brilliant shining red on the cap. Teck (Rep. 51. p. 'M)7) says the stem is not rosy- .sprinkled in his plants, but that the color resides in the stem; he does not seem to have had the typical plant. 147. Russula puellaris Fr. Monographia, 1863. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 1065. P.resadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 61. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 17, Fig. 2. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, very thin, convex then piano-depressed^ viscid, tuherciilar-striate on the margin, livid-purplish or livid- brownish, then sometimes yellowish. FLESH white at first, soon watery subtranslucent, fragile. GILLS pallid white to pale yellow, watery honey-colored in age, equal, thin, stibventricose, narrowed behind and adnexed, interspaces venose. STEM whitish, then irahrj/ lutin y-colored toirard base, spongy-sttiffed, soon cavernotis, soft and fragile, subequal or subclavate at base, 4-5 cm. long, 7-10 niin. thick. SPORES subglobose, echiuulate, pale yellow, 6-8 micr. TASTE mild or slightly acrid. ODOR none. Found in low, moist places in conifer or mixed woods of Europe. It has not yet been reported from Michigan with certainty. I have given Bresadola's description as that of a typical plant, which is verified by my notes of the Stockholm plants. I have not seen the tyjtical Swedish plant in this country, and Peck's specimens were evidently not typical as he says no yellowish stains occur in the stem. The stem soon becomes soft and then develops this charac- CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 165 teristic, translucent, light-yellowish color. Several varieties occur in Michigan differing mainly from the above description in the red caps and non-lutescent stems; these are referred here for the pres- ent. 148. Russula sphagnophila Kauff. Mich. Acad. Sci. Eep. 11, p. 86, 1909. PILEUS 2-4.5 cm. broad, very fragile, convex, umhonate, margin at length elevated and disk depressed and purplish-red or rosy-red, the space between the umbo and the margin pale olive-brown, cov- ered by a viscous i^ellicle, glabrous, margin slightly striate. FLESH reddish under the cuticle and under the surface of the stem fragile. GILLS white then pale ochraceous, narrow, adnato-decurrent, rather close, narrowed toward both ends, few forked here and there. STEM rosy-colored, usually ventricose or irregularly swollen, spongy-stuffed then cavernous, very fragile, rivulose-uneven, 4-5 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick. SP„OIiES cream-color, globose, echinulate, 6-7 micr. TASTE mild. Scattered. On sphagnum, in swamps. Cold Spring Harbor. August and September. Bare. Whole plant very fragile, always with an umbo, subpellucid and rosy stem, and pale gills. The only other Russula with an umbo, known to me, is 7?. caendea Pers. which differs in color and hab- itat. The red color rubs off on paper when moist. In some points it is near R. roscipes, in others it is nearest R, puellaris, and might perhaps be referi'ed to the latter as a variety but without settling anything as to its origin. 149. Russula chamaeleontina Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Blustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 1908. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 600. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PL 18, Fig. 2. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, rather small, fragile, thin, piano-depressed, with a viscid separable pellicle, margin even at first then stria tulate, color varying for different pilei, mostly some shade of red, purple, etc.. fading to yellowish especially on disk. FLESH white, thin. GILLS thin, crowded or close, adnexed or almost free, equal, rather broad, sometimes almost narrow, few forked, interspaces venose, 1(J6 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ochraceous or ochraceous-yellow. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, white, spoiigj'-stuffed then hollow, slender, equal or subequal to subveutrieose, sometimes subclavate, even or obscurely rivulose. SPOKJOS ocJiraccous. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Scattered or gregarious. In coniferous or mixed woods. So far reported only from northern Michigan. Like A'. Integra this has to be considered at present a composite species, from which several species have, from time to time, been segregated. According to von Post, a pupil of Fries, the master himself included many forms which do not fit into his own descrip- tion ; and Romell follows the Swedish tradition and refers to R. chomaeleontina all small forms with mild taste and ochraceous gills not otherwise accounted for. "No subacrid forms are in- cluded" writes Romell. Specimens with the caps a uniform red, rose colored, purplish, lilac, etc., and accompanied with a yellowish tint, are alw^ays included; sometimes also, whitish, faded forms must be placed here. 150. Russula abietina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1901. Illustration: Ibid, PI. 72, Fig. 1-11. 'TILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, thin, fragile, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed in the center, covered with a viscid, separable pellicle, tubercular-striate on the thin margin, variahle in color, purplish, greenish-purple or olive-green with a brown or blackish center, or sometimes purplish with a greenish center. FLESH white. GILLS narrowed toward the stem, subdistant, equal, rounded behind and nearly free, ventricose, whitish becoming ^x/Ze yelloii\ STEM 1-2.5 cm. long, equal or tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white. SPORES bright yellowish-ochraceous, subglobose, 8-10 micr. TASTE mild." Its place of growth is only under halsm fir. It has l)een reported from Michigan, but the description given is that of Peck. The important characters seem to be the bright yellow tinged spores. It is separable from R. pnellaris, "by the viscid cap, the gills rather widely separated from each other and nearly free, the stem never yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded, and the spores hav- ing an ochraceous hue." CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 167 151. Russula lutea Fr. (Edible) Syst Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 1082. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 622. Patonillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 321. Bresadola, Fnugh, mang. e. vel., PI. 79. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. Gl. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 18, Fig. 3. Plate XXII of this Report. PILEUS 3-6 cm. broad; small, thin, convex then piano-depressed, pellicle easily separable, viscid, margin even, becoming slightly striate in age, unicolorus, bright yellow or pale golden yellow. FLESH white, very thin, fragile. GILLS at length deep yellow- ochraceous, suhdistant, rather broad in front, narrowed behind and free, equal, interspaces often venose. STEM white, unchanged, subequal, stuffed then hollow, soft, fragile, even or obscurely wrinkled, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick. SPORES globose, echinulate, yellow, 8-10 micr. in diam. TASTE mild. ODOR none. Solitary, in coniferous and mixed woods of northern Michigan, in frondose woods in the south. July and August. Infrequent and few in number. Our plant is the same as the one occurring about Stockholm. It agrees with the characters as given in Hymenomycetes Europaei, except that the gills are subdistant, not truly narrow but relatively broad in front. The Stockholm specimens had the thin margins of the pileus at length slightly striate, as is also the case with the Michigan plants. Peck says he has found it but once in New York. I have found it a number of times in Michigan. R. vitellina Fr. which is said to resemble this species, is not known to Romell for Sweden, and he refers all their forms to R. liiiea. It may be that R. lutea and R. vitellina represent extremes of the species. Our plant described above and that about Stockholm do not agree with either of the descriptions, but is a compromise between the two. Our plants are not strongly striate nor have they any marked odor like R. vitellina; on the other hand they have broader and more distant gills than is warranted by the description of R. lutea. Ac- cording to Fries, R. lutea is found in beech forests and R. vitellina in coniferous woods. 7?. flaviceps Pk. is said to be larger, with nar- row and close, pale yellow gills. HYGROPHOREAE Fruit body soft, fleshy. Stem central, confluent with the pileus. Gills with a waxy consistency, more or less distant, thick, well- developed, with acute edge. This subfamily is well defined and set off from the others. The characteristics are not easily described in words, but the habit of the plants and the nature of the gills are soon learned by field study. The gills, although arute mi tlie edge, thicken toward the pileus, and are built up of a thick central layer (the trama), coated on both surfaces by a thick, waxy, hymenial layer of long basidia, which is more or less removable. Our species are included under two genera: Spores white. Hygrophorus. Spores blackish. Gomphidius. Gomphidius Fr. (From the Greek, fiomphos, a wooden bolt or peg, referring to the shape of the young plants.) Black-spored to smoky-olive-spored ; gills of a waxy or subgela- tinous consistency, decurrent, subdistant to distant, forked, edge acute ; stem central, confluent with the pileus ; pileus fleshy, viscid; partial veil when present membranous glutinous; spores elongated- subfusiform ; cystidia abundant. Terrestrial and puti-escent fungi, very infrequent in this region, sharply distinct by the nature of its gills and spores. The genus appears to have some relationship with Hygrophorus on the one hand and with Paxillus.on the other. In Europe, G. viscidus Fr. and G. glutinosis Fr. are a prominent part of the mushroom flora, al- though with us these two species seem to be entirely lacking, and no species can be said to be frequent. Peck has described five species from the United States; four of these came from the eastern states and are smaller than the two common European species mentioned above. Nothing is known of the edibility of our species. The genus is best recognized by the smoky, decurrent and usually distant gills, the viscid or glutinous cap, and the spotted stem. In the young stage a viscid veil connects the margin of the pileus with 170 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN the Stem; as the plaut matures the veil collapses on the stem and iu most rases causes the stem to appear viscid aud at length spotted or blolclied by the drying remnants of this veil. In our species this veil is scanty and it apparently disappears very early, and in most cases cannot be definitely seen. Our species occur iu swampy ground or in tamarack bogs. Only three species have been found in the state. G. niyricans Pk. reported in the 8th Eep. Mich. Acad. Sci., is doubtful. (1. rhodordufliiis i Scliw. i is referred to Paxillus. Key to the Species (a) Pileus 2-5 cm. broad, obtuse or depressed; stem dry, becoming red- disli-black spotted, yellow at base. 152. G. maculatus Fr. (aa) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, often umbonate; stem at first viscid from the veil, slender, (b) Stem yellow downwards. 154. G. flavipes Pk. (bb) Stem brick color to wine-reddish; not yellow at base. 153. G. vinicolor Pk. 152. Gomphidius maculatus Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Eicken, Bliltterpilze, PI. 3, Fig. 2. Plate XXI II of this lieport. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, soon plane or depressed, with a viscid, separable pellicle, glabrous, hroicnish-incarnate to pale clay color, rugulose, spotted and shining when dry. FLESH thick, soft, white or faintly incarnate. GILLS deeurrent narrowed behind, tliickish, subdistant to distant, distinct, subgelatinous to soft-waxy, dichotomously forked, at first whitish, then pale oliracrouf<-f/ra}/, finally siuol-jj, moderately broad. Stem 4-7 cm. long, apex 5-12 mm. thick, tapering downward, solid, firm, even, whitish above or with a tinge of incarnate, at first dotted with reddish scurf, glabrescent, hecoming hlack-spotted or blackish iu age or wlif'u luiudled, lase yellov. VEIL none or very evanescent. SPORES variable in size, cylindrical-subfusiform to elongated- elliptical, l.")-2.'^>xG-7.5 micr., smooth, pale smoky-brownish under the microscope. CYSTIDIA abundant on sides and edge of gills, cylindrical, obtuse, variable, 100-135x15-25 micr. TASTE mild. ODOR none or slight. Gregarious, subcaespitose or scattered, under tamarack trees (Larix), in bogs, on moss or debris. Between Chelsea and Jack- son. October-Xovember. Rare or local. Apparently this species occurs only in restricted localities in the bogs near inland lakes. This is the largest form so far found in CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 171 the state, altlioiigh it varies in size and the smaller plants have less distant gills, smoother stems and smaller spores. Probably because of the advance of cooler weather the plants mature slowly and the spores have not attained their full size in the small plants. The yellow color is sometimes confined to the base, sometimes it extends halfway or more than halfway the length of the stem. The latter condition may turn out to represent G. flavipes'Fk. The plants turn blackish when dried, but differ from G. nigricans Pk. in the absence of a partial veil. Ricken considers G. gracilis Berk, to be identical, which is very probable. G. furcatiis Pk. differs chiefly, according to Peck's description, in the lack of the yellow color at the base of the stem ; it is said to occur under tamaracks also. 153. Gomphidius vinicolor Pk. minor. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 51, 1898. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex then plane, sometimes umbonate, glabrous, even, with a viscid or glutinous separable pellicle, wine- red to rufous-cinnamon, fuscous in the center, paler toward margin. FLESH thick, pale incarnate. GILLS decurrent, subtriangular, rather distant, distinct, thickish, broad in the middle, not or rarely forked, olive-brown to fuscous-brown, sprinkled by dark spores. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, even, solid, viscid from the evanescent veil, flexuous, brick-color to vinaceous, concolor within, not yelloio at Mse, silky-fibrillose. SPORES elongated-ob- long to subfusiform, 13-16x6-6.5 micr., smooth, smoky-brown. CYS- TIDL4. abundant, subcylindrical, obtuse, 120-135 x 16-18 micr. ODOR very slight but disagreeable. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in low, swampy woods in region of hemlock and pine. New Richmond. September. Rare. This species is referred here as a minor form of G. vinicolor Pk. from whose description it differs in the smaller size and smaller spores. My experience with G. maculatus leads me to suspect that the spores of small plants do not- mature readily, as is shown also by the less smoky gills. Peck gives the spores 17.5-20x6-7.5 micr. and the type plants were much larger. I have found our plant on several occasions and as it seems to be constant, it may be necessary to separate it. When dried, it becomes black. Some consider G. vinicolor Pk. identical with G. gracilis B. & Br.; the latter is de- scribed with the base of the stem vellow. 172 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 154. Gomphidius flavipes Pk. N. V. Stale -Mus. Kcj). oi, i'JUl. Illustration: ' 11. i. I. Tl. I. Fiji. 1-t. rilJil s 1 !'.."» (III. l)io;ul, convex or plane aud sometimes um- bonate, vi.scid, (//>///// j>ink or yclloicish, tinged reddish, minutely tomentose on center, slightly fibrillose on the margin. GILLS decurrent, arcuate, subdistaut to distant, scarcely forked, whitish then i)ale smoky-brownish. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick, equal or tapering down, solid, slightly fibrillose, whitish at apex, elsewhere yellow within and without. SPORES elongated-fusi- form, 20-30x0-7.5 niicr., smooth, smoky-brown to brownish black. CYSTIDIA present Solitary or gregarious. On the ground in mixed woods. Harbor Sjti-ings. Sei>tenil)er. Eare. Only one collection has been made of what seems to be this plant. The spores were clearly immature and had not yet attained the size given by Peck. Hygrophorus Fr. (From the Greek hufjros, moist; and phero, to bear.) White-spored. Consistency of the gills waxy ; of pileus and stem waxy-fleshy or fleshy. Hymenophore continuous icith the trama of pileus and stem. Stem central. Gills variously attached, soft, not membranous, edge acute. Hymeniura loosely adherent to the trama of the gills. Trama of gills various: parallel, divergent or inter- woven. Putrescent, soft, terrestrial mushrooms, growing in woods, meadows, etc., and nniformly liavmless. They are medium or small in size and often brightly colored. The gills are usually distant or snbdistant, characters which ordinarily distinguish them from the species of Clitocybe for which those with decurrent gills might be mistaken. The genus corresponds to Gomphidius and Paxillus of the ochre-spored group. l)nt is distinguished from them by the gills not easily separating from the trama of the pileus. The PILEUS varies from conical to convex at first, in most cases l)ecoming plane at maturity, with or without an umbo and some- times umbilicate. In a great many species the expanded pileus is obversely subconiral. imlliug the gills into an ascending position, CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 173 SO that they appear decnrrent, even in those cases where they were merely adnate or adnexed at first. With age, the margin of the pileus becomes recurved or split. The surface is viscid or glutinous in many cases, others are hj^grophanous, but those of one subgenus include some with a dry pileus; a small number have minute squamules over the surface or on the disk. A great variety of col- ors is present; white, yellow, orange, red, green, ashy, brown, etc. Some have a striate margin, and others are even and glabrous. The FLESH is usually soft, and somewhat waxy or watery, often per- meated by differentiated lactiferous hyphae or crystals of oxalate of lime. The GILLS are peculiar in structure, and furnish the main characters by which we separate the genus. Their edges are acute, but they gradually thicken towards their attachment with the pileus, so as to be narrowly triangular in cross-section. The hymenial layer becomes soft when mature and rubs off from the trama proper of the gill's, leaving the skeleton of trama behind. They are mostly suhdistant to distant or very distant, and this character, along with the waxy consistency and their shape in sec- tion, constitutes a set of marks by which, after a little experience, one can tell the genus. As Mcllvaine says, "There is an indescrib- able, watery, waxy, translucent appearance about the gills, which catches the eye of the expert, and is soon learned by the novice." Their attachment varies from adnexed to adnate and decurrent. They are usually white, but may be similar in color to that of the pileus. The interspaces are often veined in a marked fashion. The STEM is central and similar in texture to the pileus, often very fragile or watery. It is either solid or if it is stuffed becomes quickly hollow. It often splits longitudinally witli considerable ease. In the subgenus Limaciuni, the plant when young is some- times enveloped by a slimy universal veil which breaks up into glutinous patches, scales or flocci on the stem or pileus, or by a partial floccose veil which is connected to the margin of the pileus and to the stem; as the plant expands or dries this partial veil breaks up into a floccose annulus or more often in the form of scabrous or punctate flocci at the apex of the stem. The plants of the other two subgenera do not possess either of these veils, but those species which are viscid develop this character from the cut- icle of the pileus or stem whicli is gelatinous and which dissolves into a slimy substance in moist weather, as in H. psitticinus. The SPORES may be subglobose, oval, oblong, cylindrical or elliptical. Fries (Hymen. Europ), speaks of them as "globose" only, and Patouillard says they are ovoid. DeSeynes (Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 5, 1 (1864) Tab. 1.3, Fig. 3,) figures the spores of FT. i:i THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN veiaccun as obovate with au obscure constriction in the middle, and says they vary characteristically in this genus to reniform, irreg- ular, L'tc. I am quite certain that the spores are often quite irreg- uhir, angular, etc., when immature, but have a regular outline when uiaiuri", aliliougli iliey often tend to be slightly thicker at one end in a number of species. In most species they appear granular- piiiu-tale, and usually have a transparent spot on one side, as if perforalL'd. Between most of our species there is not much dif- fi'renee in spore-size, but sufficient difference to be of diagnostic \alue. The spores are white in mass, and hyaline under the micro- scope. The BASIDIA are quite characteristic within the genus; they are long and slender, tapering to a narrow stalk. They are said to be often 2-spored. CYSTIDIA are not present in the subgenus Limacium, but occur in some of the species of the other subgenera. The ODOR is not marked in any of our species. Several European species are said to have a characteristic odor; for example: in //. cossus Fr. it is disagreeable, like that of a kind of moth; in II. nitratus Fr. it is strongly alkaline; in H. agathosmus Fr., like oil of bitter almonds. The TASTE is usually mild, and most of them are to be classed among our iest edible mushrooms. The HABITAT varies. They grow on the ground, usually in moist <>!• wet situations, in woods, copses, fields and pastures, although in our climate they develop mostly in shaded places. Some appear in early summer, and others are found only in late fall — some species never develop till after the frosts appear. H. liypotliejus (Ricken, Illiitteridlze) is said to occur only after the first frost. H. speciosus is found, often in good condition, as late as December first. The genus is divided into three subgenera, fundamentally limited by the structure of the gill-trama: I. Limacium (Hygrophorus proper). II. Camarophyllus. III. Hygrocybe. These three subgenera are raised by some authors to the rank of genera, and from a scientific standpoint should be so considered. But for practical purposes the old arrangement seems better. The key includes all species which are likely to be found within the limits of the state. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 175 Key to the Species (A) Plant white, disk of pileus with yellowish or reddish tints in some specimens. [See also (AA), (AAA) and (AAAA)] (a) Pileus viscid or glutinous, (b) Pileus entirely white, changing only in age. (c) Stem glutinous or viscid. (d) Apex of stem with white dots or squamules. Gills adnate to decurrent. (e) Stem floccose-tomentose below the glutinous annulus, apex at length reddish-dotted. 156. H. ruhroptmctus Pk. (syn. H. ghitin OS u s' PVi.). (ee) Stem glabrous, not annulate. (f) Stem firmly stuffed to hollow; plant persistently white. 156. H. eburneus Fr. (ff) Stem solid, plant changing color on drying. 156. H. eburneus var. unicolor Pk. (fff). Stems solid, caespitose. 156. H. eburneus var. de- cipiens Pk. (dd) Apex of stem not scabrous-scaly-dotted. (e) Gills emarginate-adnexed; pileus at first conical. H. purus Pk. (cc) Stem dry. (d) Pileus" large, 8-15 cm. broad, stout; autumnal. 165. H. sorclidus Pk. (dd) Pileus small, scarcely viscid, subumbilicate, thin, tough- ish. 170. H. niveus Fr. (bb) Pileus not entirely white. (c) Apex of stem decorated with yellowish granules or yellow glandular dots, (d) Pileus whitish, covered by yellowish or brownish gluten. 159. H. palndosus Pk. (dd) Pileus white, with numerous golden yellow granules on margin. 155. H. chrysodon Fr. (cc) Apex of stem white-scaly-dotted or slightly floccose. (d) Disk of pileus pinkish "or pale reddish-brown. 157. H. laurae Morg. (dd) Disk of pileus yellowisli or reddish-yellow. 158. H. flavodiscus Frost, (aa) Pileus and stem not viscid nor glutinous, (b) Plant stout. Pileus 3-7 cm. bnoad, dry, white. 169. H. vir- gineus Fr. (See also H. pratensis var. pallidus.) (bb) Plant slender; pileus 1-3 cm. broad, whitish. 171. H. borealis Pk. (AA) Plant yellow, bright green, olivaceous, orange or shades of these colors, (a) Pileus glutinous or viscid when moist, (b) Pileus at first olivaceous or green, (c) Pileus 3-5 cm. broad, color at length orange-yellow to tawny; gills yellow. 161. H. hypothejus Fr. (cc) Pileus 4-8 cm. broad; gills white-incarnate. 163. H. oUvdceoalbns Fr. (ccc) Pileus 1-2.5 cm. broad, parrot green at first; gills yellowish or greenish. 184. H. psitticinns Fr. (bb) Pileus orange-yellow, yellow, yellowish or tawny, (c) Becoming blackish in age or when bruised; pileus conical; gills free. 180. H. conictis Fr. (cc) Not becoming black when bruised. (d) Gills emarginate-adnexed; pileus 2-5 cm. broad, citron to golden-yellow. 178. H. cMorophanus Fr. (dd) Gills broadly adnate to decurrent. (e) Pileus 3-8 cm. broad, yellow in age; in tamarack swamps in late fall. 160. H. speciosus Pk. 176 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (ee) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad. ^ . ,. • 100 (f) Tough; pileus tawny-yellowish, not fading in age. 182. //. Idctiis Ft. (ff) Fragile; pileus wax-yellow to yellow, (g) Gills truly decurrent; pileus and stem fading to whit- ish in age. 181. //. nitidus B. & C. (gg) Gills adnate-decurrent; pileus not fading. 172. H. crraceus Fr. (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous. , „ ^ ^,„„. (h) Golden-oraiige-vellow; fragile; pileus and stem markedly fading, pills adnexed. deep orange-yellow. 179. H. marcjinatus Pk. (bb) Pale yellow; pileus 6-12 mm. bro^d; stem darker. H. jmrvuhis Pk (AAA) Plant Vermillion, scarlet, pink, flesh-color, rufous or shades of these. (a) Pileus viscid or glutinous. (b) Stem stout; pileus rather large, compact, firm, (c) Gills not becoming reddish-spotted. (d) Pileus scarlet, crimson or orange; stem viscid, in tamarack swamps. 160. H. speciosus Pk. (dd) Pileus tinged flesh color; stem dry. 164. H. jnidorinus Fr. (cc) Gills becoming reddish-spotted. 163. H. Rnssula (Fr.). (bb) Stem medium or slender; pileus fragile. (c) Pileus 1-2 cm., pinkish-flesh-color; stem slender and viscous. 183. H. peckii Atk. (cc) Pileus 3-7 cm., scarlet or vermillion; stem moist, not viscid, (d) Gills arcuate-adnate; base of stem yellow or orange. 176. H. coccineus Fr. (dd) Gills slightly adnexed; base of stem white; spores larger. 177. H. punicpus Fr. (aa) Pileus not viscid nor glutinous. (b) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, subglabrous to minutely scaly, vermillion to reddish-yellow. 175. H. miniatus Fr. H. cantherellus Schw. (bb) Pileus 3-7 cm. broad, flesh-color to tawny-reddish, glabrous. 168. H. pratensis Fr. (bbb) Pileus 3-10 cm. broad, salmon-rufous to testaceus; hoary when young; gills decurrent. 167. H. leporinus Fr. (AAAA) Plant neither white, yellow, orange nor bright red. (a) Pileus and stem glutinous or viscid. [See also (aa) and (aaa)] (b) Gills pure white; pileus grayish-brown, cinereous or fuliginous, (c) Stem hollow, fuliginous. 185. H. iinquinosus Fr. (cc) Stem solid, white or whitish. H. fuUgineus Frost, (bb) Gills not pure white, or at least changing in age, adnate-de- current. (c) Pileus purplish-red, virgate with darker flbrils; stem and gills concolor. H. capreolarius Bres. (cc) Pileus some shade of brown. [See also (ccc)] fd) Stem hollow, slender; plant fragile; pileus olive-brown, 1-2 cm. broad. H. dnvisii Pk. (dd) Stem solid, plant firm, larger. (e) Growing in sphagnum swamps; pileus white, covered with yellowish-brown gluten. H. palndosus Pk. (ee) In grassy woods; pileus smoky-olive, 3-6 cm. broad; spores 12x8 micr. H. liynacinns Fr. (ccc) Pileus dark brownish olivaceous. 162. H. olivaceoalbus Fr. (aa") Pileus with a gelatinous, subviscid pellicle; stem dry. (b) Pileus violaceous to smoky-lilac, hygrophanous, fading to gray ish : stem stuffed to hollow. 174. H. pallidus Pk. (bb) Pileus livid-rufescens to brownish, hygrophanous; stem stuffed to hollow; gills decurrent. 173. H. colemannianvs Blox. (bbb) Pileus grayish-brown or blackish-brown; stem solid. (c) Spores 6-8 micr. long. 166. H. fusco-albtis var. (cc) Spores 10-12 micr. long. H. morrisii Pk. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 177 (aaa) Pileus and stem not viscid nor glutinous (slightly viscid in H. amygdalinus ) . (b) Odor markedly noticeable. (c) Stem solid; pileus grayish-brown; gills adnate decurrent; odor of almonds. H. amygdalinus Pk. (cc) Stem stuffed then hollow; pileus hygrophanous. (d) Gills decurrent; pileus sooty-brown (moist); spores sub- globose, 5-6 micr. ; odor "peculiar." H. peckianus Howe, (dd) Gills sinuate-adnexed; pileus yellowish-brown (moist), odor offensive. //. mephiticus Pk. (bb) Odor not marked; stem solid. (c) Plant stout; pileus smoky or blackish, virgate with fibrils; spores 8-9x5 micr. ' H. carpinus Fr. (cc) Plant slender; pileus grayish-brown to blackish-brown, glab- rous; spores 10-12x6-7 micr. H. nigridms Pk. (Peck in his monograph, N. Y. State Mns. Bull. 116, 1907, of New York species mentions the following as very rare: H. rirgatiilus Pk., H. hurnhauii Pk., H. metapodiiis Fr., H. hasidiosus Pk., H. suh- rufescens Pk., //. imniiitohiUs Pk., H. laricinus Pk., //. laridus B. & C, H. minutulus Pk. Peck has described also H. serotinus Pk., E. ruher Pk., //. alhipes Pk., from Massachusetts; II. elegantulus Pk. from Maryland and H. sphocrosporus Pk. from Iowa.) SUBGENUS LIMACIUM: Provided with a glutinous universal veil or a floccose cortina or both. Trama of gills of divergent hyphae. Section I. Universales Provided with hotli a universal veil and a floccose cortina ; the lat- ter is connate to the inner surface of the former along the stem, sometimes forming a slight aunulus at the apex of the stem, or a floccose-dowu}^ edge on the 'incurved margin of the pileus. Stem viscid, subglabrous to floccose-fibrillose, shining or glistening-spot- ted ichen dry, apex scabrous-dotted or subglabrous. This section is intended to include only those with a universal veil. It corresponds to the subgenus Myxacium of the genus Cor- tinarius. This veil surrounds the very young button as a thick gelatinous layer, which becomes attenuated on the stem as this elongates and dissolves into a hyaline, or, in some species, into a somewhat colored gluten in wet weather. The apex of the stem is glandular or scabrous-dotted in those species in which the margin of the pileus is at first inrolled, but in those in which the margin of the pileus is merely incurved and continuous with the cortina, the apex of the stem is subglabrous and not floccose-dotted. H. speciosus is an example of the latter group. 23 178 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 155. Hygrophorus chrysodon Fr. (Edible) Syst. :Myc., 1821. Illustrations: Atkiuson, Mushrooms, Fig. 112, p. 110, 1900. Cooke, 111., ri. 885. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PL G, Fig. 4. "I'lLEUS 0-7 cm. broad, convex then expanded, viscid (moist), shining (dry), white, concolorous except for the numerous golden granules on the margin, or sometimes over entire surface, margin involute at first. FLESH white, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, dislaiit. irhite or yellow-powdered on the edge, interspaces venose. STIOM 1-7 cm. long, G-10 mm. thick, soft, equal, stuffed, white, apex decorated by yellowish granules, sometimes in the form of an im- perfect ring. SrOKFS oval-elliptical, smooth, 7-10xl:-6 micr., white. "Gregarious. In late summer or autumn. On the ground in open woods." Not yet reported from Michigan. 156. Hygrophorus ebumeus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. .34, Fig. 113, p. Ill, 1!)()0. Murrill, :\Iycologia, Vol. G, PL 131. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 1G4, p. 207, 1908. :Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL 30, p. 84, 1905. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54, PL 77, Figs. 13-14, 1902. (As //. 1(1 lira c var. unicolor.) - Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 94, PL 88, Figs. 8-11, 1905. (As //. laiirae var. decipiens.) Cooke, 111., PL 88G. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PL G, Fig. 5. PILFL^S 2-7 cm. broad, convex-expanded, pure white when fresh, glutinous, fihining, even, glabrous, margin at first involute and floccose-pubcscent. FLESH white, rather thick and firm. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, moderately broad behind, narrowed in front, subvenose, ichite, often dingy yellowish in age, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM G-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, elongated, subequaL tai)ering or fusiform, often flexuous, glutinous, shining- spotted when dry, persistently stuffed or becoming hollow, glab- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 179 rous, apex with white dots or squamules, not annulate, ichite often becoming clingy in age. ODOR and TASTE mild. SPORES cylin- drical-elliptic, smooth, 0-8x4-5.5 micr. BASIDIA slender, 4-spored, 40-42x7 micr. Gregarious or subcaespitose in woods, thickets, etc., often among grass. October-November. Frequent. Ann Arbor and probably- throughout the State. Var. unicolor l*k. Tiiis is said to ditfer by its solid stem and change of color on drying. It was referred by Peck to H. laurae as a variety. If it is distinct at all it appears to be better to attach it to H. ehumeus. Gillet says the stem of H. cburneus is solid or hol- low. There is so much variation in this respect in our plants — some having a persistent pith and apj)earing solid, and others becoming hollow — that it seems to me best to merge the variety in the species. Berkeley notes that sometimes the English plants turn "fox-red in parts" when they decay. Var. decipicns Pk. is closely related to the preceding variet\', but is caespitose and the gills are said to remain white. It was also attached to H. laurae hj Peck. All these have a uniform white color when young or fresh, and are provided with a hyaline, glutinous, universal veil which makes the cap and stem slippery and difficult to pull up or to handle. The shining pileus when dry reminds one of Tricholoma resplendens, but the pileus averages smaller than in that species, and the stem is glutinous. Hygrophortis rudrojnmctus Pk. is also said to be a white plant, but differs from the preceding by its stem being floc- cose-tomentose below the glutinous annulus, and studded at the apex with drops of moisture which in drying form glandular red dots; its stem is short but thick; and the spores measure 7.5-10x.5-r) micr. It has not been detected by me in Michigan. These white forms are all closely allied, and may be considered variations of one species. 157. Hygrophorus laurae IVIorg. (Edible) Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, 1883. Illustrations: Ibid, PI. 9. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54, PI. 77, 1902. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 170, p. 214, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 10. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, convex-expanded or depressed on disk, 130 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN uinbonate, more or less irregular, pinkish-brown or reddish on disk, white on margin, glutinous Avhen fresh, glabrous, even, margin at first involute. FLESH thickish, white. GILLS adnate to decur- rent, subdistant, rather narrow, white or tinged with cream-flesh- color, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, solid, glutinous, white or yel- lowish-wliite, upper half often squamulose-scabrous, the apex dotted witli scabrous points. SPORES elliptical, smooth, apiculate, 7-9x 4-5.5 micr., wliite in mass. BASIDIA slender, about 38x0 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in frondose woods, thickets, etc., among fallen leaves. Detroit, Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August-November. Frequent. This species usually has a cap which is wider than the length of the stem, while H. eburneus usually has an elongated stem and nar- row pileus. There is some discrepancy^ in the spore-measurements as given by Morgan and Peck. The latter author gives them as 6-7.5 micr. long. Such discrepancy usually points to different species studied by the ditferent authors, but in the genus Hygro- phorus, as in some other white-spored genera, the spores often ma- ture slowly, and it is often not easy to distinguish mature from immature plants, so that the best of observers may disagree. H. laurac is said to stain one's fingers as if Avith sumach. (S. Davis, Rhodora, 13, p. 63, 1911.) 158. Hygrophorus fiavodiscus Frost (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 35, 1884. Illustrations: Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Mem., Vol. 3, PI. 50, Fig. 1-6. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 167, p. 210, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PL 56, Fig. 11. I*1LEUS 3-7 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, glutinous when fresh, pale yellow or rcddisli-yellow on disk, white elsewhere, glab- rous, even, margin at first involute. FLESH white. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant, white sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint, trama of divergent liyphae. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, nearly equal, solid, very glutinous, apex with white scabrous points, white or yellowish below. Spores elliptical, inequilateral, 6-7.5x4-5 micr., white. Gregarious. On the ground in hemlock and beech woods. New Richmond. Sei)tember. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS . 181 This is close to the preceding, and may be a form of it peculiar to conifer woods. Peck thinks it belongs nearest to H. fuUgmeus, in whose company he has found it. According to this author, there are no scabrous points at the apex of the stem. In my specimens they were present, at least in the younger stages. The species was first published by Peck who obtained the name from Frost's manu- script description. The pileus has a thick fleshy disk, its margin is at first inroUed and is densely white-floccose on the side next the stem. The gills are sometimes intervenose ; at first they are simply adnate, but on the expansion of the pileus become decurrent. This change from the young to the old gills has caused some discrep- ancies in the descriptions by difl'erent authors of this and the pre- ceding species. The layer of glutinous tissue is very thick on the cap, thin on the stem. 159. Hygrophorus paludosus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bull., Vol. 29, 1902. 'TILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, u-JiitisJi, covered with a thick yellowish or hroivnish gluten. FLESH white. GILLS adnate or slightly decurrent, subdistaut, whitish, stained with greenish- yellow when old. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 4-G mm. thick, subequal, long and slender, flexuous, often curved at the base, solid, glutinous, white with yellow glandular dots at the top, streaked with brownish fibers or shreds of the dried gluten when dry. SPORES broadly elliptical. 8-10 x 5-7 micr., white. ODOR earthy. TASTE slightly acrid.'- Growing among peat mosses. Greenville. September. Reported by Longyear. The yellowish dots at the apex of the stem are said to become black on drying, and there are yellowish stains at the base of the stem. The plant seems rare, as it has not been reported since its discovery. It needs further study to show its relationship. 160. Hygrophorus speciosus Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 1, PL 51, Fig. 21-28. 1900, and Rep. 29, PI. 2, Fig. 1-5, 1878, Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 168, p. 211, 1908. Fries, Icones, PL 16G (Hygrophorus aureus Fr,). 182 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Bresadola, Fungi Trid., Vol. I, PI. 9 {Ilygropliorus iresa- ilolac Quel.). Plate XXIV of this Report PILEUS 2-8 cm. broad, oval, subconic or flattened convex when young, broadly convex and at length almost plane when mature, or varying subcampauulate and nmbonate, umbo usually subob- solete, fflutinous Avhen fresh, hriglit red or orange-vermillion when young or in full vigor, becoming paler with age or after freezing, often subvirgate, even or slightly rugulose from the drying gluten, margin at first incurved then decurved or spreading. FLESH wliite or tinged orange under the separable pellicle, soft, rather thick. GILLS decurrent, (listant, moderately broad in middle, acuminate at ends, arcuate, thick, intervenose, Avhite or tinged yel- lowish, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, 3-10 cm. long, 8-20 nnn, thick, variable in length, equal or irregularly subcom- pressed, soft and spongy within, not hoUow, straight or flexuous, . hyallne-irhite, floccosc-fihrillose to the apical, obsolete annulus, al- most glabrous at times, variegated with glistening spots from the drying of the gluten, sometimes ochraceous-stained when old, apex subglabrous to silky, base usually deeply imbedded in substratum or subrooting. UXIVEESAL VEIL of hyaline gluten. SPORES 8-0.5 X 5-(; micr., broadly elliptical, smooth, white in mass. BA- SIDIA slender, .^O-GO x 0-8 micr., 4-spored, sterigmata long and prominent. ODOR and TASTE mild. In troops, etc., solitary or caespitose. In tamarack swamps. Ann Arbor. October-November. Frequent locally, appearing every fall in the same places. This is the American form of Hygrophorus aureus of Europe. The illustrations of European authors as Avell as those of Peck, indicate a smaller average size and a pileus markedly nmbonate. In our region as Avell as in the Adirondack Mountains I have seen such plants occur with the rest, but the majority are broadly convex with or without an obsolete umbo and as a rule are larger than the European form. Sometimes vestiges of a distinct floccose annulus occur, but more often this cannot be seen ; on the other hand, the stem is usually covered by a white, floccose-fibrillose, appressed sheath which becomes dingy ochraceous or pale sordid reddish on drying, especially where gluten has dropped from the margin of the cap on the stem. Plniils in the same patch vary greatly in the size of the pileus and the stem. The stem of the young plant is at first large and stout as comiiared with the flat or convex, narrow young pileus. The partial veil is floccose-fibrillose. The margin of CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 183 the pileus is merely incurved at first, not inrolled as it is said to be in H. gJutinifer Fr. The color of the pileus of the typical American plant is a brighter red than that in Europe. This, however, is not unusual, as tlie reverse is true in Amanita muscarki. The pileus usually becomes pallid yellowish after exposure to sun and wind, or after being frozen. In the Adirondaclv Mountains I collected a color variety growing with the species, which diflfered from it at every stage of its development by its cadmium-yellow pileus. Hygroph- orus coloratus Pic. is said to differ from H. spcciosus by having a stuffed or hollow stem and a partial, floccose, v/hite veil. As the latter is sometimes noticeable in the Michigan plants, and because of the soft structure of the interior of the stem in our plants, I doubt whether H. coloratus is more than a variety of the species. 161. Hygrophorus hypothejus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., Plate 891. Patouillard, Tab. Aualyt., No. 510. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 337. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 5, Fig. 5. "PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, convex-expanded, at length depressed in center, obtuse, glutinous, olive-hrown, virgate with radial fibrils, even, decoming pale, or citron-golden-yeUow, tawny after the dis- appearance of the olive-hroivn superficial gluten. FLESH pale yellowish Avith a yellow periphery, thin. GILLS decurrent, dis- tant, yellow to orange-yellow, thickish. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, equal, stuffed to hollow, yellow to pale yellowish, glab- rous, glutinous, evanescently annulate from the partial floccose veil. SPORES cylindrical-elliptical, smooth, 7-9x4-5 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild." This species has not yet come to my notice within the State. It is said to be more common farther south, although its known north- ern limit should include Michigan. It is an inhabitant of pine •woods, and Ricken says it never appears until after the first frost in the autumn, when it flourishes till the snow falls. Its yellow gills distinguish it from related species. Some consider H. ful- igineiis Frost identical. Ig4 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 162. Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821, and Fung. Trid., 1881. Illustrations: Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PI. 92. Plate XXV of this Ileport. I'lLEUS 4-8 cm. broad, at first acorn-shaped or rounded-cam- panulate, then convex to subexpanded, umbouate, umbo often obso- lete, covered by a thick gluten, dark, olive-gray, stained ferruginous" in age, at length somewhat wrinkled from the drying gluten, mar- gin at first involute. FLESH white, thick, rather soft. GILLS adnate to decurrent, subdistant to close, moderately broad, dis- tinct, white or slightly incarnate, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM rather stout, 4-7 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, equal or tapering downward, peronate at first and floccose-scaly from the glutinous veil, at length marked by rusty-fuscous, subannular, irregular stains, apex at first beaded with drops and densely white-scaly- dotted, solid, subrooting and curved at base. SPORES broadly elliptical, sniootli or slightly rough-punctate, 9-12 x 6-7 micr. BASIDIA elongated, 50 x 8-9 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in woods of oak, maple, etc. Ann Arbor. October. Found but once. This is a very marked species. The slieathed, floccose stem with its several rings of staining gluten separates it from nearby species. The base of the stem is usually deep in the ground. Bresadola's figures sliow a darker plant, while Gillet, Michael and Ricken figure a more slender plant. Tlie colors of our plants approach more nearly those of the last three authors. flection If. Partiales. T'niversal veil none. Partial veil or cor- tina ilocco.se, adhering to the involute margin of the pileus. Stem dry, aiiex floccose-scabrous or subglabrous. This section corresponds to the subgenus Phlegmacium of the genus Cortiuarius. The stem is drj' except when the gluten of the cap falls upon it. The viscidity of the pileus is due to a gelatinous layer on its surface which becomes glutinous in some species in wot weather. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 185 m 163. Hygrophonis Russula Fr. (Edible) Syst. MycoL, 182L (as Triclioloma ) . Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 51, p. 71, 1908. (As Tricholoma Russula.) Michael, Fiihrer f, Pilzfreunde, Vol. II. (as Tricholoma Rus- sula.) Rickeu, Bliltterpilze, PI. 4, Fig, 1. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 54, PL 77, Fig. 1-5, 1902. (As Trich lorn a R ussula. ) Bresadola, Fungh. mang. e. vel., PI. 22. (As Triclioloma Russula.) Plate XXVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-12 cm. broad, firm, convex, at length plane or de- jjressed with margin elevated-wavy, viscid when moist, pale pink to rosy-red, somewhat variegated, disk somewhat scaly-dotted, margin at first involute and floccose-pruinose. FLESH compact, thick, white or at length reddish-tinged. GILLS rounded behind, at length spuriously decurrent, narrow, acuminate at ends, thickish, white at first then reddish-spotted, irama of divergent liyphae. STEM stout, usually sliort, 3-7 cm. long, 15-25 mm. thick, firm, solid, dry, equal or subventricose, apex white-flocculose, vliite, 'becoming reddish in age. SPORES narrowly elliptical, apiculate, smooth, white in mass. BASIDIA slender, elongated, 45 x 5-0 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Solitary or caespitose in troops. On the ground, among leaves, in frondose woods of oak, maple, etc. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Marquette, New Richmond and throughout the State. September- X'ovember. Common. This Hygrophorus has usually been placed with the Tricholomas with which it has some aftinity; but the character of the gills, which are somewhat waxy and whose trama is composed of diver- gent hyphae, the attenuated lower part of the basidia and its gen- eral characters ally it much better to Hygrophorus where Quelet and Ricken also place it. The involute, slightly floccose margin of the pileus is similar to that of H. pndorinus. It often occurs in troops in late autumn, when it is covered by leaves which it pushes up so as to form humps which betray its presence. It is among the very best of edible mushrooms, especially after cold weather sets in, at which time it is free from grubs. The bright color is similar to that of some Rnssulas, hence the specific name. Tricho- 186 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN loina ruhicunda Pk. is doubtless //. Russula iu spite of the argument for its autonomy b}- E. M. Williams in the Plant World, Vol. 4, p. 9, 1901. Jl. eruhcsccns Fr. is similarly colored, but consistently of a dilVerent habit, long stemmed and narrow-capped. The latter species as I saw it in Sweden, seems to me to be quite distinct. 164. Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111.. Plate 911. Gillet, Champignons de France, Ko. 347. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 67, PL 83, 1903. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 4, Fig. 3, 1910. PILEUS 2-10 cm. broad, firm, convex-campanulate, subexpanded, obtuse, viscid when moist, pale tan color, jnnkish-huff or tinged in- carnate, glabrous, even, margin at first involute and minutely downy. FLESH compact, thick, white or tinged flesh-color. GILLS acuminate-subdecurrent, subdistant, thickish, narrow, sometimes forked, interspaces venose, usually connected at the stem hy a nar- row border, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 5-20 mm. thick, stout, compact, solid, dry, equal or tapering downward, white, buff or incarnate-tinged, floccose-scahroiis at apex, floccose- fibrillose or glabrescent downwards. SPORES cylindric-elliptical, smooth, 0-9x3.5-5 micr. BASIDIA slender, 45-50x6-7 micr., 4- spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Edible. Gregarious to caespitose. On the ground, often among grass, in hemlock or frondose woods or thickets. Ann Arbor, Detroit, New Riclimond. September-November. Frequent. This is a variable species with us as regards size and coloration. Late in the season a small form appears (form minor) which has always a wliite stem, and forms considerable patches in oak woods. It is possible that this form is H. arhustivus Fr. In the typical and luxuriant specimens of H. pndoririus the stem is tinged flesh- color to pale isabelline. Occasional specimens are larger than the sizes given above, Avhich are made to include form minor. All of these are delicious food. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 187 165. Hygrophorus sordidus Pk. (Edible) Torrey Bot. Club, Bull. 25, 1898. Illustratious : Hard, Muslirooms, Fig. 170, p. 220, 1908. Plate XXVII of this Keport. PILEUS large, 8-lG ciu. broad, couvex-expanded to plane, firm, viscid wheu moist, pure white, rarely tinged yellowish-buff, gla- brous, even, margin at first incurved and slightly floccose. FLESH compact or somewhat soft, white, thick. GILLS adnate to decur- rent, subdistant, rather broad in middle, attenuate at both ends, ichite, slightly yellowish in age, waxy, interspaces sometimes veined, trama of divergent hyphae. STEM stout, 6-10 cm. long, 15-30 mm. thick, short, solid, dry, equal or attenuated downwards, white, glabrous or obscurely fioccose-mealy at apex, even. SPORES ellip- tical, smooth, C-8 X 1-5 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Gregarious. On the ground among leaves in frondose woods of maple, oak, etc. September-November. Ann Arbor, Xew Richmond. Frequent localh'. This is the largest and finest of the genus. Small individuals may be confused with Tricholoma resplendens, but due regard to broader pileus, shorter stem and the waxy gills which are de- current in expanded plants, will distinguish it at once. Microscopically the divergent hyphae of the gills, as well as the basidia, are a certain distinction. It has been met with for a series of years, every autumn, and is consistently a large white plant, so that it can hardly be referred to H. pudormus. When young, a floccose cortina is present. The universal veil is entirely lacking. It is edible, and vies with any mushroom in its abundant flesh and pleasant flavor. The pileus is sometimes quite obscured by adhering leaves or dirt. 166. Hygrophorus fusco-albus Fr. var. occindentalis var. nov. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., Plate 890. Plate XXVIII of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex-expanded, at length i^lane or de- pressed, viscid when moist, Mvid graijish-iroivn to irownish-ashy, sometimes blackish on disk, glabrous, even, becoming fragile, mar- gin at first involute and floccose-downy. FLESH white, rather thin, ISS THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN lather soft. (JILLS adnate to decurreiit, siibdistant to close, rather iKirroir, creamy-white, interspaces venose, trama of divergent hiiphuc. STEM slender, rarely stout, 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick I rarely lOli' iiuii. ), equal or tapering downward, dry, solid, straight, »)!• curved at Itase, sometimes Hexuous, rather fragile, apex floccose- scabrous, floccose-prumose elsewhere, glabrescent, ichite or pallid. SPOKES elliptical, smooth, 0-8 x 3.5-4.5 micr., Avhite. BASIDIA slender, 3G-38 x G-7 micr., 4-sp()red. ODOR and TASTE mild. (Jregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in oak woods. Ann Arbor, Detroit. October. Infrequent. This plant has been found in several places in successive years. It is well-marked, but ditfei-s in some respects from the published descriptions and figures of H. fusco-alhus. It appears that there is no unanimity among European mycologists as to this species. It was first figured by Lasch. Ricken figures it as a stout plant with a viscid stem and says the stem is glutinous-peronate. This departs M'idely from the description of Fries, Gillet, Massee and others. Cooke's figure more nearly depicts our plant. Fries says the gills are broad, but in our specimens they were always rather nan-ow. I'eck (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. IIG) has included it under //. fusco-albus, in the sense of Fries, in his monograph. The spores of our plant are slightly smaller than given by Peck, and much smaller than those given by Cooke and Massee. In view of these discrepancies and differences, it has seemed best to bestow on our plant at least a varietal position. It seems to come halfway be- tween H. fnsco-all)iis and H. livido-albus. The partial fioccose veil disappears early except on the involtite edge of the pileus. The stem is delicately floccose and entirely dry when fresh or young. 167. Hygrophoius leporinvs Fr. Epicrisis, 183G-38. Illustiation: Cooke. 111., PI. 930. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, at first oval-campanula te, at length ex- panded-]»lane, obtuse, often gibbous or irregular, opaque, rufous- testaceous i(» fulvous-rufescent, rariegated with a white, hoary, silk- iness when young, especially on margin, provided with a subviscid, separable, thin i)ellicle, becoming sidifibrillose or subvirgate. FLESn thick, compact on disk, abruptly thin on margin, firm, pal-, lid. tinged rnfescent to rufous-fulvous. GILLS nrciMiie-decurreiit, rigid, thirl,-. .snfxIixliDi t. distinct, attennate at both ends, frrniqi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 189 nous-fulvous to gilrous, pniiiiosc, trama divergent. STEM 3-8 cm. broad, siibeqiial or tapering downward, attenuated at hase, often curved, rigid, 8-16 mm. thick above, at first with an appressed, glaucous silkiness, glabrescent, innately fibrous and shining, solid, rufesccnt within and without. SPOKES narrowl}^ elliptic-lanceo- late to ovate, smooth, 7-9 x 4 micr., white. BASIDIA very slender, about G0x4 micr. ODOK none. TASTE mild. Scattered or gregarious. On the ground among fallen leaves in frondose woods. October. Ann Arbor. Kare. I have referred this large, well-marked plant to the above species on the strength of Cooke's figure, but with some hesitancy. It agrees well with that illustration. //. Icporinus is usually placed under the subgenus Camarophyllus, but the divergent gill-trama of our plant indicates plainly its position in my grouping. The spore- measurements do not agree with those given by others. Massee says they are subgiobose, 5-6 micr.; Eicken desclibes them as cylindric-elliptical, like ours, but smaller, 5-6 x 4 micr., which approx- imates somewhat closely. Berkeley" says spores of H. leporinus are umber-colored; this is manifestly an error. The rather rigid habit and color suggest a large and deeply colored CUtoci/he lac- cata, but otherwise they have nothing in common. The whole plant is more or less salmon-rufescent in color. The trama of the gills is composed of slender, diverging, compact hyphae, 5-7 micr. in diameter. The trama of the pileus is also pseudo-prosenchymat- ous, i. e., of narrow, compact hyphae. The species is variable in size and stout even when young. It is not found till late fall. It may turn out to be distinct. SUBGENUS CAMAROPHYLLUS. Veil none. Trama of gills of inter icoven lii/pJiae. Pileus and stem usually dry. Stem gla- brous or fibrillose, not scabrous-punctate at the apex. Although this subgenus was separated by Fries from the sub- genus Hygrocybe on account of its ''firm, non-viscid" pileus, he nevertheless, placed under it a number of thin, viscid species like H. fornicatus, H. iiiveus, etc. In view of the fact that such typical species of this group as H. pratensis and H. virgineus have a gill- trama of interwoven hyphae, and typical species of the subgenus Hygrocybe have a gill-trama of parallel hypliae, it seems that we have here a fundamental and natural separation of the two groups, as was insisted on by Fayod (Ann. d. Sci. Nat., 7 Ser., Vol. 0, p. 305). Thus, despite the statement of Peck and Earle, the dry char- acter of the pileus cannot be retained to characterize this subgenus. 19Q THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 168. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL IHT and 932. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 7, Fig. 2. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 345. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 11-12, 1909. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 1. l>efk, X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, Bot. ed., PI. 28, Fig. 11-17, 1896. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, disk compact, convex, siibexpanded, often turbinate, obtuse or umbonate, glabrous, even, reddish-fuh-ous or pale iannij, moist when fresh, not viscid, margin thin. FLESH wliite or tinged like pileus. GILLS decurrent, distant, thick, whit- ish, yellowish or tinged like pilens, intervenose, very broad in the middle, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM short, 4-7 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick, equal or narrowed downwards, glahrons, even, per- sistently stuffed, white or tinged like the pilens. SPORES G-8 x 4-."'».r) iiiici-., broadly elliptical or elliptic-ovate, smooth, white. BASIDIA slender, 40-42 x 5-G micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Solitary, gregarious or caespitose. On the ground, woods, thick- ets, gras.sy jdaces, etc. Marquette, Houghton, Bay View, New Rich- mond. Ann Arbor, etc. Most common apparently in the northern part of the State; mostly in frondose woods. July-October. Fre- quent. Var. pallid us. Plant whitish (Detroit). Var. cinereus. Plant cinereous or stem whitish. Otherwise like the typical form. The dry surface of the pileus often becomes rimnlose in expanded plants from the cracking of the cuticle. Such a condition is shown in Hard's Fig. 103, Plate 24, op. page 204; in other respects that illustration does not show the characteristic top-shaped pileus of the jdant, nor the short stubby stem. It is distingnishable by its glabi-ous cap and stem, its top-shaped pileus and the compact flesh of the center of the cap. It grows more often in exposed, grassy places than onr other Hygrophori. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 191 169. Hygrophorus virgineus Fr. var. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 175, p. 219, 1908. Peck, X. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 52, Fig. 8-12, 1900. Mcllvaine, Aiiiericaii Mushiooms, PI. 37, Fig G, p. 140, 1900. Cooke, 111., PI. 892. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 351. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, convex, often plane to depressed, dry, ob- scurel}' pruiuose, even white, margin thin. FLESH thick in center of cap, white. GILLS decurrent, close to subdistant, thickish, white or at lengtli tinged cream-flesh color, scarcely ever forked or veined, trama of interwoven hypliae. STEM short, 2-4 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, equal or tapering either way, solid, white within and with- out, (jlatrous, even. SPORES narrowly ovate or elliptic-ovate, smooth, 0-8x3.5-4 micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Solitary or gregarious. On sandy ground, in mixed, open woods of pine, beech and maple. New Richmond, Detroit. September- October. Found infrequently. This species, it is said, is to be looked for among grass in meadows, etc., but the writer has not found it in such localities. The description applies to the American form, which is usually smaller, its cap is rarely distinguished by rimose cracks, and the spores are smaller than given for the European plant. The recorded European spore-measurements vary from 8-10 x 5 to 10-12 x 0-7 micr. Our plant is probably a distinct variety if not a species. It has also closer gills than the type. It is hard to distinguish from the pallid variety of H. pratensis except for its narrower spores, and less umbonate or turbinate pileus, which is commonly pure white. 170. Hygrophorus niveus Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 183G-38. Illustrations : Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, 111. No. 89. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 7, Fig. 3. Cooke, 111., PL 900. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex or campanulate at first, then plane, uuittilicate, hygrophanous-white, glabrous, slightly viscid, striatulate when moist. FLESH thin, v.iiite. GILLS decurrent, distant, narrow, white, thin, subvenose, trama of interwoven 192 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN hvphae. tSTEM 2-8 cm. loug, 2-5 mm. thick, stuffed then usually hollow, equal or tapering downward, white, ghibrous, SPORES broadly elliptical, smooth. 7-8 x 5-G micr. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 40-45x5-0 micr., slender. ODOR none. Gregarious. On moist ground in low woods or on mosses in swamps. Ann Arbor, 2sew Richmond, Marquette. Throughout the State. August-September. Infrequent. Most of our collections were composed of small plants, with slender stems often only 2 mm. thick. The pileus varies from truly convex to canipanulate in the same patch. In some localities the pileus was tinged a slight cream-color, but otherwise the plant was the same. The umbilicus is sometimes obsolete. The pileus has a thin snbviscid pellicle. This species, with us, differs from H. horealis in its more slender habit and its pileus, which is very thin and umbilicate on the disk. It is rather tough, and when moist the pileus is slightly viscid. 171. Hygrophonis borealis Pk. (Edible) X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, 1874. PILEUS 1-3.5 cm. broad, convex then subexpanded, obtuse, moist, glabrous, even, white. FLESH thickish on disk, thin elsewhere, concolor. GILLS decurrent, arcuate, distant, intervenose, white. STEM slender, 2-5 cm. loug, 2-5 mm. thick, firm, equal or tapering downward, straight or flexuous, stuffed, white, glabrous. SPORES 7-9 x 5-0 micr.. broadlv elliptical. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On moist ground in swamps or Avoods of birch, maple, hemlock, etc. Marquette, New Richmond, Ann Arbor. August-October. Infrequently found, but probably commou in our northern Avoods. This is a slightly larger and firmer species than the preceding. Its pileus is rarely striate and is not viscid. It is, however, closely related to 77, nivcus. No data are at hand to determine what mav be the structure of the gill-trama. Var. suhhorralis, var. uov. A plant has been found which simu- lates Jf. horealis, whose spores are markedly larger. If these prove to be constant, it deserves to be considered a separate species. The full description follows: PILET\S 1-3 cm. broad, convex, broadly umbonate, obtuse or sometimes depressed-umbilicate, thick on disk, firm, watery Avhite, suh-hyc/rophanous, not shining, (jlahrons, even, the thin margin at first slightly incurved, at length spreading. FLESH white. GILLS CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 193 (lecurrent, distant, veined, forked, coucolor, trama of iuterwpven liyphae. STEM 34 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, tapering downward, dull white, stutfed then hollow, glabrous or innately silky-fibrillose. SPORES cylindric-cUiptivaJ, smooth, 10-12 (rarely 13) x 4-5.5 micr. BASIDIA slender, 15-50 x G-7 micr., Avith sterigmata about G micr. long. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. August-October. 172. Hygrophorus ceraceus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Michael, Fiilirer f . Pilzfreunde I, No. 33. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 174, p. 218. Cooke, 111., PL 904 (Bj. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PL 27, Fig. 2. . PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, convex-capmauulate, obtuse, soft and fragile, viscous, pale ceraceus to lemon-yellow, sometimes tinged orange^ not pallesoent, pellucid-striate, glabrous. FLESH coucolor, fragile. GILLS broadly adnate to subdecurrent, broad behind to subtriangular, thickish, subdistant, pale yellowish oi' whitish, trama of interwoven liyphae. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, equal, terete or compressed, hollow, glabrous, slightly viscid, soon dry, shining-undulate, waxy-yellow, sometimes tinged orange. SPORES 6-8 X 4 micr., short-elliptic, smooth. CYSTIDIA none. Gregarious. On moist ground, in woods of the northern and western part of the State. July-September. Frequent. This little species is usually placed under the subgenus Hy- grocybe, but the interwoven hyphae of the gills bar it. It is dis- tinguished from H. nitidus, a very similar species, by the color of the cap not fading as in that species; and from H. chlorophanus by the broadly adnate or subdecurrent gills. It seems to prefer the region of conifer woods, although it is not necessarily found only among conifers. 173. Hygrophorus colemannianus Blox. Outlines of British Fungology, Berkeley, 1860. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 903. Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. 2, PL 125. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PL 7, Fig. 5. Plate XXIX of this Report. 25 19 J THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN l'llJ:rs 1..') 1 (III. liroad. convex with obtuse umbo, finally tur- binate aud plaue to depressed, hygrophanous, with a thin, separable, subviscid pellicle, even or at length pellucid-striate, glabrous, livid rufescent then hrownish- flesh color, margin soon spreading. FJJOSII Ihin except disk, rather fragile, concolor. GILLS deciir- rctit from the first, distant, not broad, acuminate at ends, veiy vciiiv, wliitisli. liiigcd giayifsli-brown, tnuna of iiitcncovcn hypJiae. STI:M o-G cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, equal or subequal, elastic, in- nately librillose-striatulate, apex naked, stufifed or at length hollow, irhitis-h. Si'OKIOS broadly elliptical, smooth, ()-9 x 5-6 micr., white. 15ASII)1A slciidcr. Ml x (i iiiicr.. 1-sporcd. (^^STIDIA none. ODOK n(.ne. TASTi: mild. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground in mossy or grassy moist places, in low woods or edge of swamps. Ann Arbor, New Eich- mond. Infrequent. Hrcsadola gives a good figure, though our plants average smaller than Ills. It has the shape of H. pratcnsis but is hygrophanous and thinner, and must not be confused with the gray variety of that species. It prefers springy or moist places. The entire lack of odor separates it from IT. foetens Phil, and H. peckianus Howe. 174. Hygrophorus pallidas Pk. Torrcy Jiot. Club, Bull. 213. p. 6!). VMYl. Illustration: Plate XXIX of this Ileport. I'lLIOrS 2 (■» cm. hioad, couvex-campanulate, then expanded- |»lane to subdepressed, subturbinate, hygroplianous, glabrous, smoky-violaceous or smoky-lilac ivhen fresh and moist, fading to ]»ale gray, with a thin gelatinous pellicle, subviscid when moist, soon dry and shining, even. FLESH white, rather thin. GILLS arcuate- adnate to decurrent, distant, not broad, intervenose, colored like (he i/ilcus when moist, at length whitish or grayish-white, trama of interwoven hyphae. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2-8 mm. thick, slender or stout, equal or narrowed downwards, slightly fibrillose or glabrous, apex naked, at first stuped hy a large soft pith ivhich disappears, at length hollow and easily splitting, white or pale silvery-gray. ST'OKFS ovate-subglobose, smooth, 5-6.5x4-5 micr. ' BASIDIA short, 30x6-7 micr. ODOK none. TASTE mild. Gregarious or solitaiy. On moist ground in low woods or sw.iinjjs. Ann Arbor, Marquette, Negaunee, * New Richmond. IJather rare. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 195 A beautiful Hj'grophorus wheu fresh and moist, but very variable in the degree of color and viscidity. The deep color and the vis- cidity of the pileus disappear quickly on exposure to the wind, caus- ing it to appear like quite a different plant. The gelatinous cuticle can, however, be demonstrated in all conditions by means of the microscoi)e. Examples of our specimens were seen b}' Simon Davis, who collected the type specimens which were named by Peck. Hi/gropliorus snbviohiceous Pk. is very close to it, according to the description, differing only in its solid stem; Peck has, how- ever, referred it to the subgenus Limacium. I suspect that H. caerulescen.s B. & C. is the same plant. SUBGENUS HYGROCYBE. Veil none. Trama of gills of parallel hypliae. Entire fungus thin, watery-succulent, fragile. Pileus vis- cid when moist, shining when dry, rarely floccose-scaly. Stem hol- low, not scabrous-punctate at apex. Most specimens of this subgenus are brightly colored, are soft, aud grow in moist or wet places. As no data are at hand concerning the gill-trama of several species, these have been included tem- porarily under the subgenus Hjgrocybe. 175. Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. (Edible) Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 171, p. 215. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PL X, p. 60, 1903. I»eck, X. Y. State Mus. liep. 48, PI. 28, Fig. 1-10, 1891. White, Conn. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 15, PL 18, 1910. Cooke, 111., PL 921 (A). Eicken, Blatterpilze, PL 8, Fig. 9. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex-subexpanded, at length umhilicate, never viscid, vermillion, reddish-yellow or yellow, fading, minutely tonie?itose, at length minutely scaly, sometimes glabrous, even, fragile. FLESH thin, yellowish to pale. GILLS adnate to subde- current, subdistant, orange-red or yellow, at length paler, thickish, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 2-7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal, almost c^dindrical, orange-red or yellow, stuffed, at last lioUow, dry, glabrous. SPOKES variable, broadly elliptical, 7-9.5 x 5-G micr. ODOR and TASTE mild. Yar. Cantherellus Schw. {Hygrophorus Cantherellus Schw.) Stem longer and more slender, pileus narrower, gills a little more decurreut, s]>ores the same. 196 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Illiistratious of the variety: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 165, p. 208, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 9. Marshall, Mushroom Book, PI. X. p. 60, 1903. Peck. X. V. State .^lus. Jiep. 5i, PI. 7(5, Fig. 8-20, 1901. The var. CantlicreJhis is much more common with us than the type, but it iutergrades so much that it is often difficult to decide on the identity. The characters usually given for its separation, viz., the decurrent gills, minutely scaly pileus and slender stem, do not always hold good, so that it can hardly be an autonomous species. Numerous collections show all possible combinations, although the commonest type in Michigan is the plant with narrow pileus and a stem 2-3 mm. thick and 5-7 cm. long. A number of color forms of both have been named as varieties: (a) with red or orange cap and yellow stem; (b) with yellow pileus and red stem; (c) Avith both stem and pileus pale yellow. Var. sphagnopliilus Pk. is more marked, grows in sphagnum bogs, is very fragile and the white base of the stem is imbedded and attached to the moss. The spores of the whole series are rather variable, even in the same collection, but fall within the limits given above. Massee and Cooke give the spore lengths a little large for our plants. The color varies greatly and fades in age. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in moist conifer or frondose woods or on mosses. Throughout the State. June-Octo- ber. Quite common. 176. Hygrophorus coccineus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 4-6. Cooke, 111., PI. 920. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 7. Plate XXX of this Report. PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, campanulate or sometimes convex, Hcaroely expanded, obtuse, subviscid, cherry red or Uood-rcd, fad- in(/, glabrous, even. FLESH thin, fragile, concolor. GILLS arcuate adnatc, somtimes with decurrent tooth, suhdistant to dis- tant, orange-red to yellow, at length glaucous, thickish, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 4-7 cm. long, 3-9 mm. thick, vary- ing much in thickness, subequal or tapering downward, often com- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 197 pressed and furrowed, hollow, blood or cherry-red, orange or yellow at base, often undulate-uneven, naked. SPORES broadly elliptical, 7-9x5-G niicr. BASIDIA 40-50x6-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE none. Gregarious. On the ground, in low meadows or moist woods, thickets, clearings, etc., of conifer or hardwood regions. Marquette, Houghton. Detroit. Throughout the State. July-October. Infre- quent; more frequent in the northern part of the State. Among the largest of the bright-colored species of this group, approaching H. jmniceus in size in spite of the notes of some au- thors that it is smaller. It is variable in size, has a firm appearance, but is rather brittle. This is one of our most beautiful mushrooms when well developed. It is easily confused with H. puniceus, from which it is to be separated by its spores, the yellow base of the stem, the more distinctly adnate gills and the entirely glabrous stem. European authors disagree as to the spore sizes of H. coc- cineus and H. puniceus, but two species which agree in the other characters with the published descriptions and figures, and the spores of which are consistently of the two tyi^es given under these two species, are found in Michigan. They vary somewhat in size in each case, but the narrower and longer spore of H. puniceus is well-marked: 177. Hygrophorus puniceus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PL 52, Fig. 1-5, 1900. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 34. Cooke, 111., PI. 922. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 5. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 2. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, expanded at length and then loavy or lobed, bright red or scarlet, viscid, fading, gla- brous. FLESH fragile, white, yellow under the thin separable pel- licle. GILLS narroicly adnexed, thick, distant, yellow to scarlet, intervenose, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick, ventricose, unequal or tapering, hollow, yellow, or scarlet and yellow, loJiite at the base, dry, fibrillose-striute. SPORES cylindrical-elliptical, smooth, 9-12 x 4-5 micr. BASIDIA 40-42 x 5-6 micr. ODOR none, TASTE mild. 198 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, in moist places, bare ground, woods, tliickets, etc. August-October. Ann Arbor, Detroit. Infrehur or golden yellow, glabrous, sometimes pellucid-striate on margin. FLESH fragile, not becom- ing black when bruised. CULLS adnexed, ventricose, becoming emarginttic, tliiii, sulxlistaiit. rather broad, pale citron-yellow, trama of parallel hyphae. STIOM :5-7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. or less in thickness, equal or nearly so. sulpliiii- or ]);ile citron-yellow, unirolorous, hoi- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 199 low, rarely compressed, viscid, glabrous, even. SPORES narrowly elliptical, G-8 x 4-5 micr., smooth. Gregarious. Low, moist places in woods. Tlironghout the state. June-Sei)tember. Common. Known by its unicolorous viscid stem, and the adnexed, rather broad gills. The stem often dries quickly when exposed to the wind. Var. flavescens of the preceding species is almost as closely allied to this species, but its stem is fundamentally distinct. 179. Hygrophorus marginalus Pk. (Suspected) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 28, 1876. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 173, p. 217, 1908. Plate XXXI of this Report. PILEUS 1-4 cm. broad, fragile, irregularly convex or campanu- late, gibbous at times, at length plane, obtuse or broadly umbonate, hygrophanons, glabrous, varying golden yelloio to orange or varie- gated with olivaceous (moist), jading and pale yellowish (dry), striatulate or rimose on margin. FLESH thin, fragile, concolor. GrILLS arcuate adnate, becoming emarginate, subdistant, ventricose, rather broad, deep yellow or orange, color persisting, intervenose. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, fragile, hollow, dry, often flexu- ous or irregularly compressed, glabrous, yellow or tinged orange, jading to straw-color. SPOKES broadly elliptical, smooth, 7-8 x 4-5 micr. (rarely longer). ODOR and TASTE not marked. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in low, moist places in swamps of conifers or in frondose woods. Ann Arbor, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Houghton, Huron Mountains. Juh^-August. In- frequent. The striking characteristic of this species is the orange-yellow gills which retain their color even after drying, while the pileus and stem fade considerably; this is shown well in Hard's figure. The edge of the gills is sometimes more deeply colored. The whole plant is very fragile, and it is difficult to get good herbarium speci- mens. The plants found in the Northern Peninsula were mostly variegated with olive, while those in the frondose woods of the south lacked this character, which, however, soon disappears as the pileus fades. None of my specimens were viscid. It is a well- marked species. The stems are sometimes more elongated. 200 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 180. Hygrophorus conicus Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. IGG, p. 209, 1908. White, Conn. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 3, PI. 13, p. 34, 1905. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. 48. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 8. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 332, PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad and high, conical, unexpanded, subacute at a])ex, often splitting-expanded, or lobed on margin, viscid when moist, shining when dry, glabrous, yellow, orange or orange-red, subvirgate, often stained hlack in age. FLESH concolor, very thin, becoming black when bruised or old. GILLS almost free, ventri- cose, broad, almost triangular at times, thick, rather close to sub- distant, pallid to sulphur-yellow, when old black stained, trama of parallel hyphae. STEM 3-9 cm. long, 2-G mm. thick, subcylindrical, soft, dry, fibrillose-striate, usually tu'isted, hollow, citron to golden yellow. l)econiing black stained icith age, splitting longitudinally, SPORES broadly elliptical, 8-10 x 5-0.5 micr., smooth. CYSTIDIA none. BASIDIA 35-38x8 micr., slender. Gregarious or solitary. In low, moist, conifer or frondose woods, grassy places, etc. Throughout the State. May to October. (Earliest record May 8; latest October 15.) Very common. Easily recognized by its conical pileus and the blackening flesh. The whole plant usually turns black in drying. It is not unusual to find olive tints in the pileus, and the shades of yellow or orange to red vary much as the plant matures or ages. After having -be- come rain-soaked, the whole plant is sometimes black. 181. Hygrophorus nitidus B. & C. (Non. Fr.) Centuries of N. Amer. Fungi (Exsicatti), see also Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 23, 1870. Illiistiations: I»^^•k. N. Y. St:ite Mus. Bull. 94, PL 88, Fig. 1-7, 1 905. Muriill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27. V'vj^. C. ri LIN'S \--l~) (III. broad, fragile, convex, iiinbUicate, viscid when CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 201 moist, icax-yellow to lemon-yellow, wJiltish ivhen, dry, pellucid- striatulafe and shining when moist, glabrous. GILLS arcuate, de- current, distant, pale yellow, intervenose. STEM 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, fragile, hollow, equal or narrowed downwards, sometimes flexuous, viscid at first, wax-yellow, at length whitish. SPORES elliptical, 6-7 x 3-4 micr. ODOR and TASTE not marked. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in swamps or low woods in the conifer regions of the State. Marquette, Houghton, Huron Mountains, New Richmond. July to September. Frequent locally. A slender Hygrophorus whose cap and often also the stem, fade considerably on drying. This characteristic distinguishes it from H. ccraccKS. It has hitlierto been found only in mixed woods of hemlock, birch and maple or of maple and oalc in the northern and western parts of the state. The gills are usually quite decurrent, narrowed to a point on tlie stem, and their persistent color contrasts markedly witli that of the stem and pileus as the plant dries. There is no universal viscous veil as in the plant of the same name de- scribed bA^ Fries. The latter plant is now called H. friesii Sacc. 182. Hygrophorus laetus Fr. (Edible) Syst. Mtc. 1821. Illustrations: Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. S, Fig. 8, Fries, Icones, PI. 1G7, Fig. 2. Cooke. 111.. PI. 938. Gillet, Champignons de France. Xo. 338. "PILEUS 1.5-3 cm. broad, convex-plane, suhohiiise, viscid when moist, shining, tmoiy. not fadinf/, })ellucid-striate. FLESH con- color or paler, toitf/h. thin. GILLS subdecurrent, broadly adnate, subtrianguhir, distant, thin, yellow, greenish-yellow, grayish-yellow or at length pale orange. STEM slender, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, tough, glabrous, i:ery viscid, equal, tawny, undulate-uneven. SPORES elliptical, 6-7 x 4 micr. BASIDIA 30 x 5-6 micr. ODOR and TASTE not marked." Gregarious. In meadows, pastures, cedar swamps, etc. Lewis- ton, Houghton. -luly-August. I have given Ricken's description. Doubtless it is often confused with H. peckii. The dry state of the latter seems to imitate it. and differs only in its fragility, the sub- umbilicate pileus, and gills which are at first whitish. 202 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 183. Hygrophorus peckii Atk. Jour. o\- .Al.vn.l.. Vnl. 8. li)(»2. PILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, fragile, convex-plaue, hroadhj umhilicate or depressed, glntinons wheu moist, color varying pale yellowish- flesh color, jiiiikish or vinaccous-buff, rarely tinged greenish, gla- brous, pellucid-striatulate when moist, fading somewhat on drying. GILLS arcuate-decurrent. distant, rather broad, whitish to pale flesh color, trama of jiarallel hyphae. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, slender, equal, very viscid, shining, concolor, rarely greenish at apex, hollow, terete, even. SPORES broadly elliptical, G-8 x 5 micr. ODOR present or absent; taste mild. Gregarious or solitary. On the ground, moss, etc., of low, wet woods or swamjis of cedar and balsam in northern Michigan, maple and oak woods of the southern part of the State. Isle Roy- ale, Marquette, New Richmond. Ann Arbor, etc. July-August, rarely September. Frequent. Tills is much more common apparently than //. lactus, and may represent an American variety of that species. It differs from ff. psitticinus by the form of the pileus; in that species it is obtuse or umbonate, and the green color persists longer and is practically always present in the young plant, Avhile in H. peckii the green tinge is rare. Both these species are very slippery on the stem and cap when fresh or young. 184. Hygrophorus psitticinus Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 8, Fig. 6. Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, No. 65. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 9, Fig. 7-8, 1000. Cooke, 111., PI. 910. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 34G. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 2, PI. 27, Fig. 4. T'lLEUS l-;> cm. broad, cumpannlaie, then convex-expanded or plane, nmhonatr or ohtuse. glutinous and slippery, at first parrot- green, III Icii'^ih \;iiviiiLi livid-reddish, pinkish-flesh color or dingy cit iMHi-vcllowisli. pcllncid-xtriate. FLESH thin, sulironcnlor. GILLS adnate, ventricose. thick, snbdistant, greenish or incarnate- reddisli to yellowish, intervenose, trama of ]>arallel hyphae. STEM CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS • 203 4-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, equal, tourjliish, even, very viscid when fresh, glabrous, undulate-uneven, subpellucid, green above, usually tinged reddish-orange, flesh-colored or yellowish elsewhere, hollow. SPORES short elliptical, sm'ooth 6-7.5x4-5 micr. BASIDIA slender, 36-40 x 5-0 micr. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground in low, mossy woods or swamps, or in grassy places. Marquette, Houghton, New Rich- mond, Detroit, Ann Arbor. Throughout the State. July-October. Rather frequent. This striking species is one of the few bright green mushrooms. As in the case of Stropharia aeruginosa and PhoUota aeruginosa, it is always a delight to come across this beautiful little plant. The green color soon fades out when exposed to the wind and light, whereas those individuals which are protected by leaves, etc., retain this color for some time. There is no cortina in the young stage, and the gluten is derived from the cuticle of the pileus and stem ; otherwise, except for the structure of the gill-trama, it might be confused with the subgenus Limacium. Its colors are sufficiently characteristic in the early stage to prevent anyone from confusing it with other Hygrojjhori. 185. Hygrophorus unquinosus Fr. Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 924. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 350. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, fragile, hemispherical-campanulate, then subexpanded, obtuse, gray or smoky brown, glabrous, pellucid striate, very viscid, radiate-wrinkled in age. FLESH pallid, thin, very fragile. GILLS broadly adnate, subventricose, pure white, thickish, subdistant. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 3-8 mm. thick, subequal or variously thickened, hollow, compressed, viscid-slippery, glabrous, lead-gray. SPORES elliptical. 7-8x4-5 micr. BASIDIA 30-35 x 5-6 micr. Trama of gills parallel. ODOR none when young. TASTE mild. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the ground or moss of low woods or swamps. Detroit, Marquette, Houghton. July-September. Rather rare. This species must not be confused with H. fuligineus which be- longs to the subgenus Limacium, and has a solid stem and a veil. AGARICE^ Context of fruit-body fleshy, putrescent, that of pileus sometimes membranous, of stem sometimes cartilaginous or horny; neither leathery, nor vesiculose. Stem central, eccentric, lateral or lack- ing. Gills well-developed, acute on edge. Spores with a hyaline or colored epispore; their deposit in mass on white paper yields a series of "prints" of various shades of white, pink, ochraceous, brown, purple or black. This series is arbitrarily divided into five artificial groups as follows: (a) Black-spored. {Melanosporae) : Spore-print black. (b) Purple-brown-spored. iAinaurosporae) : Spore-print dark purple or purple-brown. (c) Rusty-spored or ochre-spored. (Ochrosporae) : Spore-print rusty-yellow, rusty-brown, ochraceous or cinnamon- brown. (d) Pink-spored. (Rhodosporae) : Spore-print flesh-colored, rosy or pale pink. (e) White-spored. (Leucosporae) : Spore-print white. The spore-print is in many cases indispensable in determining the proper group to which the mushroom belongs. It is obtained easily by cutting off the stem Just below the gills and laying the cap, with gills down, on a piece of white paper and covering it over night with a dish to prevent premature drying. Mushrooms which have been kept on ice do not seem to deposit spores thereafter, nevertheless it is well to avoid too warm a place, else the specimen may putrefy. The color of the spores may often be detected at the time of collecting by the deposit already made on the ground be- neath it or on other mushrooms when growing in a cluster. In ma- ture specimens the gills usually become colored by the color of the spores, but when young the gills are generally white; in some species, however, the gills are themselves colored, e. g., Clitoci/he ilhidens and Mi/cena Irljanu. After some ex])erience, it is usually possible to determine the group to which a species belongs by means of the microscope. The delicate tint of the color for each group is then discernible in the epispore of each mature spore. This method is especially useful in cases where it is a question of the presence of the purple tint of the purple-brown-spored plants; the spore- mass or gills often appear entirely dark brown to the naked eye in species whose separate spores have a purple tint under the micro- scope. 200 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN MELANOSPORAE Coprinus Pers. (prof. L. II. PENNINGTON) (From the Greek. Jcopros, dung.) Spores (lark brown or black; gills free or slightly attached, at first closely in contact laterally, separated in mam^ cases by pro- jecting cystidia, soon deliquescing, or drying quickly to a black line upon the lower side of pileus. Many small species develop at night and almost entirely disappear by morning. The flesh of the pileus is thin, in the smaller species often membranaceous or apparently lacking entirel}^ A universal veil is present in a majority of the species. The stem is fleshy to fibrous. Most of the species grow upon dung or richly manured ground, several upon wood or veg- etable debris, and a few upon lawns, sand, or even upon walls in cellars. The spores of the dung inhabiting species usually germinate read- ily to produce a fine white or colorless mycelium upon which sporo- phores will often appear within 7-10 days after the spores are sown. C. radiatns, various forms of C epliemerus, C. patouiUardi, G. semi- lanatus, C. narcoticus and several similar kinds are readily grown in pure cultures in the laboratory. C. sclerotigenous grows from rather small black sclerotia in dung or in a mixture of soil and dung. Some of the wood inhabiting species, C. laniger and C. rad- ians are often found growing from dense masses of fine yellow my- celial threads, called ozoniuni. Others, e. g. C. quadrifidus, grow rrmii louuli coarse black fibres, termed rhizomorplis. The pileus is .scaly from the breakini; iiji ol' the cuticle into rather large squamose scales in llic Coiii.iti; into tine innate fibrils in the Atramentarii ; smootli 1)11 1 covered at first with floccose, mealy or granular scales, wliicli wlioUy or partly disappear in the Picacei and Tomentosi; or prninose with minute hairs in forms of C. ephemerics and 0. radi- at us. The stem is stuffed or hollow, fleshy or fleshy-fibrous, often very fragile. Tt difl'ers in texture from the trama of the pileus and nsually separates easily from it. The gills are white at first. In sonio species they become purplish then black, m others they becoiiic bn.wii or smoky, then black. They are free or slightly at- tached, or adnate in a few species. The universal veil is usually seen as scales, fibrils or granules at CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 207 the base of the stem or upon the pileus. In a few instances it forms a movable ring upon the stem in C. comatiis, C. hulMlosus and frequently in C. sterquilinus ; in the last named species the veil may form a distinct volva at the base of the stem. The taste is mild and the odor is usually pleasant. A few species, as C quad- rifidus and C ndi-coticiis, have a strong disagreeable odor. None of the species of Coprinus are considered poisonous and many are highly esteemed by the myco])hagist. The spores are very dark brown or sooty black in mass. By transmitted light they vary from light brown to very dark brown or smoky black. There is a wide variation in the size and shape of the spores. Some species may be identified by the spores alone as C. insifjnis, C. houdicri and some forms of C. cphemcrus, etc. The genus can be divided into two fairly distinct groups (see Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10. p. 123, 1890) according to the size of the plant and the thickness of flesh or cuticle covering the gills; these groups can be further subdivided into sections as follows : A. B. Pelliculosi: I. Comati II. Atramentarii III. Picacei IV. Tomentosi V. Micacei VI. Glabra ti (No species reported) Veliformes : VII. VIII. Cyclodei Lanulati IX. Furfurelli X. Hemerobii Key to the Species (A) Plants larse, usually over 3 cm. broad; pileus fleshy or sub-fleshy, (a) Pileus with cuticle torn into distinct scales or almost smooth, (b) Cuticle torn into distinct scales; ring or volva present. (c) Spores over 20 micr. long; volva usually evident. 188. C. sterquilinus Fr. (cc) Spores less than 20 micr. long; movable ring usually present upon stem, (d) Pileus cylindrical; spores 15-17 micr. long. 186. C. comatus Fr. (dd) Pileus ovate; spores less than 15 micr. long. 187. C. ovatus Fr. (bb) Pileus smooth or with innate fibrils. (c) Spores smooth, plants usually densely caespitose. 189. C. atramentarius Fr. (cc) Spores distinctly warted. 190. C. insignls Pk. (aa) Cuticle not torn into scales; veil breaking up into superficial patches, scales, or granules. 20S THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (b) Veil felt-like, breaking up into areolate patches. (c) Rhizomorph or ozonium not evident; plants densely caespitose. 192. C. ebtilbosus Pk. (cc) Rhizomorph or ozonium present. (d) Plants growing from rhizomorph; 5-8 cm. broad. 191. G. quadrifidus Pk. (dd) Plants growing from fine yellow ozonium; 1-3 cm. broad. 193. C. laniger Pk. (bb) Veil not as above. (c) Veil of fibrillose scales or a dense coat of white mealy vesicles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills broad; growing upon sand. 199. C. arenatus Pk. (ee) Gills narrow. (f) Disk livid; upon rotten wood in forest. 197. C. lago- indes Karst. (ff) Disk buff; upon cellar walls. 198. C. jonesii Pk. (dd) Spores more than 10 micr. long, (e) Gills attached. (f) Disk obtuse; reddish or reddish brown. 202. C. domes- ticus Ft. (ff) Disk narrow, not colored; veil often composed of mealy vesicles. 200. C. niveus Fr. (ee) Gills free. (f) Pileus at first cylindrical. 196. C. tomentosus Fr. (ff) Pileus not cylindrical, (g) Veil more or less mealy; plants small, not in troops, (h) Spores 11-13 micr. long. 201. C. semilanatus Pk. (hh) Spores 15-17 micr. long. 200. C. niveus Fr. iSS) Veil never mealy; plants large; in troops upon dung heaps, (h) Stem not rooting. 194. C. fimetarius Fr. (hh) Stem rooting. 195. C. fimetarius var. macrorhizus Fr. (cc) Veil of small granules or micaceus particles, (d) Spores less than 10 micr. long. (e) Plants not growing from ozonium; densely caespitose. 203. C. micaceus Fr. (ee) Plants from ozonium or at least with radiating mycelium at base of stem, single or caespitose. 204. C. radians Fr. (dd) Spores 10-12 micr. long. 209. C. micaceus var. conicus Pk. (AA) Pileus thin, plicate; if subfleshy then less than 3 cm. broad when expanded, (a) Veil present as superficial scales or granules. (b) Ring present upon the stem. 205. C. bulbilosus Pat. (bb) Ring absent, (c) Pileus covered with a dense white floccose or mealy coat, (d) Spores 12 micr. or more long. (e) Spores 12-13 micr. long. 201. C. semilanatus Pk. , (ee) Spores 15-16 micr. long. 200. C. niveus Fr. (dd) Spores less than 12 micr. long. (e) Plants growing from black sclerotia in dung. 207. C. sclerotigcnous E. & E. (ee) Not growing from sclerotia. (f) Plants growing upon plant stems. 209. C. brassicae Pk. (ff) Plants growing upon dung or soil. (g) Odor strong; spores 10-11 micr. long. 208. C. nar- coticus Fr. (gg) Little or no odor; spores 6-8 micr. long. 206. G. stercorarius. (cc) Pileus with a few micaceus particles or granules. (d) Spores ovate triangular or pentagonal, compressed. 210. G. patouillardi Quel, (dd) Spores elliptical. 211. C. radiatus Fr. I CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 209 (aa) No veil present, (b) Spores angular. (c) Spores key-stone shaped; plants growing upon ground in woods. 214. C. houdieri Quel, (cc) Spores not key-stone shaped; plants upon dung. 213. G. epJiemerus Fr. form, (bb) Spores not angular. (c) Plants growing upon dung or recently manured ground. 213. C. ephemerus Fr. (cc) ' Not growing upon dung, (d) Growing among grass; spores broadly ovate, compressed. 215. C. plicatilis Fr. (dd) Growing in woods; spores gibbous-ovate. 213. G. silva- ticus Pk. PELLICUL08I. Pileiis covered with a distinct fleshy or mem- branous cuticle, not splitting along the lines of the gills but be- coming lacerate and revolute. Plants usually large. Section I. Comati. Ring formed from the free margin of the volva : cuticle torn into scales. ) 186. Coprinus comatus Fr. (Edible) (The Shaggy Mane) Fries, Epicr., p. 242. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL G58. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 3. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 31-38. Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 269, 270. Gillet, Chami>ignons de France, No. 174. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 448. PILEUS 7-10 cm. high, cylindrical, then more or less expanded, at first even, the cuticle becoming torn into broad adpressed scales, pale ochraceous, becoming darker in age, interstices whitish. GILLS up to 12 mm. broad, almost free, white, crowded, then pink- ish, at length black. STEM 10-15 cm. long, 12-17 mm. thick, sub- equal, slightly attenuated upwards, white, even, hollow, more or less bulbous, bulb solid, ring movable. SPORES almost black, ellip- tical, 1.3-18x7-8 micr. Gregarious. In lawns and fields, very common in autumn, occa- sional in spring. The Shaggy Mane is probably more generally used for food than any other Coprinus. By many people, however, it is not consid- ered equal in quality to Coprimes micaceus. 27 ' . 210 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 187. Coprinus ovatus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr.. ]>. -4'2. UliistraiiiMis : SclineUer, Icon., Tab. 7. Cooke. 111., ri. (159. IMLFFS about 5 cm. acros.s when expanded, at first ovate and covered with an even pale ochraceous cuticle, which becomes broken into lai-ge concentric scales, the apical portion remaining intact like a cjip. margin striate. FLESH, thin, white. GILLS about 4 mm. Itroad, free, distant from the stem, whitish then black. STEM G-10 cm. long, 10 mm. thick, attenuated u])wards, tlocculose or fibrillose, white, hollow, the lower portion bulbous, solid, rooting, ring evauescent. SPOKES smoky black, 11-12x7-8 micr. This i)lant, which is often considered as a smaller form of Cop- rinufi comatus Fr., was found but once groAving upon a lawn at Falmvra, Mich. It differs from Coprinus comatus Fr. in that it has a smaller ovale jiileus and smaller s})ores. In the specimens found tlic pilens was about :> cm. high and the s})ores 11-13x7 mm. But for its much smaller spores the plant might easily be taken for a form of Coprinus sterquilinus growing in soil. In shape and color the s[>ores of Coprinus comatus, C. oratus and C. sterquilinus are very .vimilar. In size, hov>ever, there is much variation, the meas- ureuients runniug from 11 microns in C. ovatus to 20 microns in C. stcrquilinus. 188. Coprinus stcrquilinus Fr. (Edible) Fries. Ei»icv.. p. 242. Illustrations: Patonillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 437. (Jillet, (Miami)ignoi!s de France, PI. 130 (as C. ohlectus Fr.). Cooke, III.. IM. (UiO. Murrill, :\IycoIogia, Vol. 3, PI. 49, Fig. 3. Plate XXXII of this Report. I'lLEFS 5-0 cm. broad when exjjanded, at first short cylindrical, conical then ex]»anded, white tinged with brown or fuscous at disk, juticle at first villous or silky, later torn into squarrose scales espex'ially at disk. FLESH iliin. white, sulcate half \ya\ to disk. (;iLT>S free, white then purplish, soon becoming black. STEM 10- 1."> cm. liii-l,. sligliily attenuated upward. sul»tibrillose, white slowly becoming discolored when bruised, often entirely black with spores. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 211 hollow, base solid, thickened, peronate, the sheath or volva with a free margin. 8POKES 18-25 micr., smoky black. In old manure, straw, or in manured ground. June. This plant has been reported as Coprinus stoiocolcus Lindb. It is also Coprinus niacrosporus Pk. When growing in manured ground, the volva is not as evident as when the plant grows in old manure or straw. From plates and descriptions it appears that this i^lant has also been called Coprinus oNectus Fr. In the her- barium of the New York Botanical Garden a specimen from Kew labeled Copritius ohiectus Fr. is very plainly Coprinus sterquilinus Fr. Moreover in a collection of many individuals, specimens may be picked out which tit the description of ('. sterqiiiliniis, C. steno- coleus, C. oblcctus and C. macrosporus respectively. It is very prob- able that these names are all svnonvms. The plants are frequently found in June upon old manure which has been lying out in the open over winter or in heavily manured ground. The young unexpanded plants resemble rather small short specimens of C. coiiiatus Fr. Undoubtedly C. sterquilinus Fr. is frequently taken for C. comatus or C. ovatus. In fact the writer has had typical specimens of C. sterquilinus pointed out to him by a nmshrooiii collector as "the shaggy mane mushroom, very good to eat." The gills sometimes remain ])erfectly white for several hours and then change rapidl}- through a purplish color to a smoky black. The flesh is thin and, as the pileus expands, it often becomes revolute and in bright sunshine it dries in this condition. Sometimes the stem becomes dark when bruised or when dried. Usually, however, it remains white unless it becomes covered Avith spores. This mushroom is edible and has a more pronounced "mushroom" flavor, than the ordinary Coprinus. Mcllvaine says, ''Coprinus macrosporus is an excellent species, higher in flavor than any other Coprinus." 212 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Section II. Atramcntarii. Kinc: imperfect, not volvate, sqiiam- ules of luleiis minute, innate. 189. Coprinus atramentarius Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 24:3. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. G22. (Jillet, Champignons de France, No. 172. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 39-42. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig' 271-272. Murrill, Mvcolgia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 4. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad when expanded, ovate then expanded, firm, often lobed and plicate, grayish, silky fibrous, or minutely mealy, apex brownish, often minutely squamulose. FLESH thin. GILLS crowded, broad, ventricose, free, white then black, often with a purplisli tinge. STEM 10-15 cm. high by 1-2 cm. thick, white, silky shining, hollow, ring basal, very evanescent. SPORES 11-12 x 5.5-6 micr. CYSTIDIA numerous, large, subcylindrical. Common, gregarious or densely caespitose, about stumps or on rich soil, but not upon dung. Both the smooth and the scaly, or squamulose, forms are found. These characters often seem to depend upon weather conditions, the smooth form being found under moist atmospheric conditions and the scaly form under dry atmospheric conditions. Its close broad gills make it very thick and meaty in the unex- panded condition. For this reason some people consider this species tlie most desirable Coprinus for the table. 190. Coprinus insignis Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 20, p. 60, 1874. Illustration : Plate XXXIII of this Report. I'lLEUS 5-7.5 cm. broad, ovate then campanulate, thin, sulcate- sTriate to the disk, grayish brown, glabrous or with a few innate fibrils, disk sometimes cracking into small areas or scales. GILLS fi-ee, ascending, crowded. STEM 10-14 cm. high, 10 mm. thick, hollow, .slightly fibrillose, striate, white. SPORES 10x7 micr., rough. About trees in woods. Tills plant was found but twice in low woods at Ann Arbor. It resembles C. otramcniarius in some respects but differs very decid- edly in the distinctly warted spores. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS - 213 Section III. Picacei. Universal veil flocculose, at first contin- uous, then torn into superficial areolate patches by the expansion of the pileus. 191. Coprinus quadrifidus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 50, p. 106, 1897. Illustration : Plate XXXIV of this Report. PILEUS 5-8 cm. broad, oval then campanulate, finally more or less expanded, tliin, margin becoming revolute; covered at first with a fioccose-tomentose veil, which soon breaks into evanescent flakes or scales and reveals the finely striate surface of the pileus; whit- ish, becoming gray or grayish brown with age; margin often wavy or irregular. GILLS broad, thin, crowded, free, at first whitish, then dark purplish brown, finally black. STEM 7-10 cm. long by 6-8 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white, floccose-squamose, sometimes with an evanescent ring at the base. SPORES 7.5-10 X 4-5 micr. Gregarious or caespitose upon or near decaying stumps or logs, growing from an abundant rhizomorph. Ann Arbor, Bay View. Although nothing is said in the original description about the rhizomorph, some few strands may be seen at the base of the stem in some of the type specimens. The writer has found this plant growing in Xew York from richly developed rhizomorph upon the roots and trunk of dead basswood. 192. Coprinus ebulbosus Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 22, 1895. Illustrations : Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 271. Plates XXXV and XXXVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-7 cm. broad, thin, campanulate, somewhat striate, grayish brown, margin at length revolute, lacerated, cuticle break- ing into broad superficial persistent whitish scales. GILLS nar- row, thin, crowded, free, slate-colored becoming black. STIPE 7-15 cm. long, 10-15 mm. thick, equal, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-10 x 5 micr., elliptical. Caespitose near or upon decaying trees or stumps. 214 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 193. Coprinus laniger Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. 122, 4iJl, 1895. Illustration: J'late XXXVIL of this Report. PILEUS 12-25 mm. broad, thin, conical or campaniilate, pallid, tawny oi- grayish-ochraceons, sulcate-striate, covered with tawny, tomentose or floccose scales, which AA'holly or partly disappear. GILLS crowded, whitish, tlien brownish black. STEM 2.5 cm. long, 24 mm. thick, slightly thiclcened at base, hollow, white, pruinose. SPOKES 7-10x4 micr., oblong-elliptical. Caespitose or gregarious upon or near decaying wood. Unfor- tunately the type specimens of this species have been lost. The plants referred to this species are found growing from a more or less jd'ofusely developed yellow ozonium upon various kinds of de- caying wood. The three species ('. laniger, C. ehulbo.^us anerplexing group of brown- spored wood-inhabiting Cojtrini, which are as yet very imperfectly known. C. kinif/cr is smaller than either of the others and we have alwavs found it associated with the fine strands of yellow ozonium. It resembles C. radians, but it has a thicker veil, which breaks into evident patches instead of minute particles as in C. radians. C. quadrifidits and (\ ebnlbosus are not readily distinguished and may both prove to be the species which have been known as C. floe- citlosus (DC) Fr. or C. {Agaricus) domesticus Bolt. Section IV. Tomeniosi. Universal veil a loose villose web which becomes torn into distinct floccose scales. 194. Coprinus fimetarius Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 245. Illustration: Plate XXXVIII of this Report. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. across, clavate then conico-expanded, soon split and revolute, giayish, ai)ex tinged with brown, at first covered with white floccose scales, ihen naked, rimose-sulcate; disk even, flesh tliin. GILLS free, lanceolate, becoming linear and wavy, very early becoming black with spores and rapidly deliquescing. STEM 12-15 cm. long. 4-(; mm. thick, hollow, thickened at the solid base. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 215 white, squaniiilose. SPORES 12-14x7-8 micr. CYSTIDIA large and numerous. Solitary or in troops. Common upon dung heaps. The clavate caps already dark with spores may be found emerging late in the afternoon or in the evening. In the morning there will be little remaining except a small mass of inky fluid at the apices of the stems. 195. Coprinus fimetarius var. macrorhiza Fr. Fries, Hym, Eur., }». 324. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 670. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PI. X, Fig. 1. ■ Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 275. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 178. PILEUS at first with feathery squamules which become more or less squarrose, especially at the disk where they often form a crown. STEM short, villous, often sub-bulbous and with a more or less elongated base. The type and this variety are very common, the latter being rather more frequently found than the former. In moist weather they may be found in almost any dung heap, a fresh troop appear- ing each evening and disappearing early the following day. There seems to be considerable variation in size, length of root and char- acter of scales. In the t3'pical form the root is usually reduced to a rather indefinite mass of hyphae, while the scales are more or less squarrose over the entire surface. In the variety the veil is more silky and closely ap])ressed to the pileus, later becoming squarrose at the disk forming a crown of scales. 196. Coprinus tomentosus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 24G. Illustration: Bulliard, t. 138. PILEUS 2.5-4 cm. long, sub-membranaceous, cylindrical, narrowly conical, then ex])anding and splitting, striate, floccose-tomentose, pale gray, the floccose veil becoming torn into more or less persist- ent flakes or i)atches u]>on the expanded pileus. GILLS free, nar- row. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, equal or slightly enlarged below, hollow, velvety, white or grayish. SPOKES 12-13 x 7-8 micr., elliptical. 216 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Solitary or gregarious upon dung or various kinds of debris. This is one of the earliest species of Coprinus to appear in the spring. The long cylindrical or narrowly conical pileus distinguishes this plant from the various forms of C. -fimetarius, which usually appear a little later in the season. This may be the C. lagopus of various authors. 197. Coprinus lagopides Karst. Karsten, Hatts., 1, 5.35. Illustrations: Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PI. 10, Figs. 20-22. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, very thin, companulate, sulcate, grayish, disk livid, ornamented mth free white scales joined by hairs. GILLS subcrowded, narrow, remote, black. STEM up to 17 cm. high, white, fl6ccose, hollow, equal. SPOKES G-8 x 5-G micr., apic- ulate. Upon very rotten wood in forest. Found ,once at Bay View. We have found this plant in New York also. 198. Coprinus jonesii Pk. Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 22, p. 206, 1895. PILEUS 2.5-5 cm. broad, at first blunt, or truncate, becoming campanulate or broadly convex, submembranaceous, grayish, buff at apex, covered at first with white or tawny-cinereous floccose scales which wholly or partly disappear with age, striate, margin revolute and splitting. GILLS crowded, linear, free, whitish, be- coming black. STEM 5-9 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal or sliglifly ta])ering upward, minutely floccose, hollow, white. SPORES 7.5-8.5x0 micr., broadly elliptical. Fragile, sometimes caespitose. Found upon the wall in a cellar at Ann Arbor. Peck says "This species is closely related to C. fimetarius of which it might easily be considered a variety, but it is easily distinguished by the truncate apex of the young pileus, the differently colored pileus and smaller spores." It grew on what appeared like uncracked hard and dry plaster of the wall. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 217 199. Coprinus arenatus Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 4G, p. 107, 1892. PILEUS 2..J-5 cm. broad, thin, at tirst broadly ovate or sub- hemispherical, soon convex or campanulate, adorned with small white tomentose scales, striate on the margin, whitish or grayish- white, becoming grayish-brown with age, reddish brown in dried plant. GILLS crowded, broad, free, grayish-white, soon purplish- brown, finally black, furnished with numerous cystidia. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-1 mm. thick, equal, glabrous, hollow, white. SPOKES 7.5-9 X G-7.5 niicr., broadly ovate or subglobose, purplish brown by transmitted light. Solitary or gregarious in sandy soil, Ann Arbor. The mycelium binds the sand together in balls at the base of the stem. 200. Coprinus niveus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 216. Illustration : Cooke, 111., Pi. 073 B. PILEUS 1.5-2.5 cm. across, elliptical then campanulate and ex- panded, submembranaceous, almost persistently covered with snow-white floccose down. GILLS slightly attached, narrow, be- coming blackish. STEM 4-8 cm. high, subequal or slightly attenu- ated upwards, villose, white, hollow. SPORES IG x 11-1.3 micr. This plant is frequently found upon dung heaps, street sweepings or in recently manured ground. Upon the pileus the veil is of a mealy nature but the tomentose character shows at the margin of the pileus and upon the stem. The spores are somewhat flattened, measuring 15-17x11 to 13x8-10 micr. The plant referred to this species is C. stercorarius (Bull.) Fr. and has been distributed under that name in Sydow Mycotheca Marihoa, No. 2101. 201. Coprinus semilanatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 21, p. 71, 1872. Illustrations : N. Y. State Museum Report 24, PI. 4, Fig. 15-18. PILEUS 2-2.5 cm. broad, convex then expanded and revolute, sometimes split, submembranaceous, finely and obscurely rimose- 218 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN striate, faiinaceo-atomaceous, white, theu pale gTajish-brown. GILLS narrow, close, free. STEM 10-15 cui. high, slightly tapering upward, fragile, liollow, Avliite, the lower half clothed with loose cottony llocci which rub otf easily, upper half smooth or slightly farinaceous. SPOKES 12.5 micr., broadly elliptical. Kich ground and dung. This plant is freciueutly found on cow dung in woods and shaded pastures. It resembles C. niveus Fr. but ditfers from it in its smaller size, free gills and constantly smaller spores. The spores in both species are broadly elliptical and somewhat flattened. This fungus grows readily from spores in laboratory cultures. 202. Coprinus domesticus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 251. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 081. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 17G. Plate XXXYIII of this Report. FILEUS, 3-5 cm. across, thin, ovate, then campanulate. obtuse, furfuraceous, squaniulose, pale grayish-white, disk brown or red- dish brown, undulate, sulcate, splitting. GILLS adnexed, crowded, narrow at first, reddish white then blackish brown. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, slightly attenuated upwards, subsilky, white, hollow. SPORES 11-10x7-8 micr. Usually caespitose, on various kinds of vegetable debris, some- times in gardens where rubbish has been plowed under. i^ection V. Micacci. Fileus at first covered with more or less micaceous squamules or granules, which soon Avholly or partly dis- ai»i)ear. 203. Coprinus micaceus Fr. (Edible) Fries, Epicr., p. 247. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 073. Atkin.'jon, Mushrooms, p. 44, Figs. 43, 44, Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1, PI. 3, Fig. 5. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 273. Plates XXXIX and XL of this Report. PILEUS 4-0 cm. across, submembranaceous, elliptical theu cam- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 219 paiiulate, coarsely striate, disk even, margiu usually more or less repand, ochraceous-taii, disk darker, when young densely covered Avitli minute glistening particles which usually soon disappear, GILLS sub-crowded, lanceolate, adnexed, whitish, then brown, fin- ally nearly black. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-G mm. thick, equal, even, hollow, silky white. SPORES 7-8 x -t-5 micr., dark brown in mass. Very common, generally densely caespitose about stumps or trees, or growing from decaying wood buried in the earth. Under favorable conditions this Coprinus may be found from early spring until late autumn. It often appears at intervals of one to two weeks in the same place for a considerable length of time and it may be found year after year in the same place. It has a good flavor and is considered by many the best Coprinus for the table. C. niicaceus var. coniciis Pk, (Not published.) This variety differs from the type in having a distinctlj^ conical pileus, darker colored, larger spores, 10-12 micr. long. It was found once at Palmyra, Michigan. 204. Coprinus radians (Desm) Fr. Fries, Epicr., ]). 218. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. (>7G a. Lloyd, Mycological Notes, Vol. 1, p. 116, Fig. 69. Massee, Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, PI. X, Figs. 6-8. PILELTS 2-5 cm. across, ovate, conical or campanulate, yellowish- fulvous, soon becoming paler especially at the margin, striate to disk, covered with small brown granules which are more numerous at the disk. GILLS rather narrow, attached, pale then brownish black. STEM 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal or slightly swollen at base, hollow, white, smooth or minutely mealy at first, more or less evident yellow or white strands of mycelium radiating from the base. SPORES 7x1 micr., elliptical, brownish black. Rather common, single or sub-caespitose, upon wood, rubbish, etc., or even in humus, sometimes growing from dense masses of yellow ozonium. This is the plant illustrated by Lloyd and determined by Patouil- lard as C radians (Desm.) Fr. It is also C. pitlchrifoliiis Pk. It is possible also that it may be C. granulosus Clements. C. radians 220 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN as figured by Cooke and Massee alwaj's has jellowish brown my- celium radiating from the base of the stem. Saccardo, Syll., Vol. 5, p. 1092, says tliat in Italy this plant grows upon Ozonlum stuposum Fr. The writer has sometimes found our plant growing from masses of yellow ozoninm, upon decaying niaj)lc\ black locust and black ash logs. It appeared once in our laboratory cultures upon mycelium which was white at first then gradually became yellowish brown. This is not the only Coprinus, however, wliich grows from a yello>v ozoninm. C. radians resembles C. laniger from which it may be separated by the much smaller scales upon the pileus. VELIF0RME8. Pileus very thin, plicate-sulcate, splitting along the lines of the gills. Plants usually small. Section TTJ. Cj/clodci. Stem v>-ith a movable ring. Plants small. 205. Coprinus bulbilosus Pat. Patouillard, Tab. Anal. Fung., GO. Illustrations: Ibid, Fig. 658. Plate XL of this Report. PILEUS 8-10 mm. across, convex, margin striate, at first incurved then expanding, gray, disk tinged yellow, covered with white meal. GILLS narrow, gray. STEM 2-3 cm. long, slender, white, base bulbous, ring loose, at some distance from base, white. SPORES 8-9 X 7-8 X 4 micr., compressed, oval to subglobose. On liorse dung. Readily grown in cultures from spores. Sac- cardo, Sylloge, says "spores angular." In our specimens the spores are slightly nngnlar as seen in one plane. Section Till. Ldniilafi. Pileus covered with a downy or cottony layer which often has the appearance of a dense coat of soft mealy vesicles. 206. Coprinus stercorarius Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 2.")1. Illnstnition: Cooke, Til.. PI. 085 A PILEUS 1-25 cm. high, ovate then companulate, sometimes ex- pan. -50. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. <'.8() b. Plate XLI of this Report. riLET^S 1-2 em. aeross, foetid, very thin, cylindric-clavate then exi>ande(l, at length revolute, covered at first with recurved, white floccose scales, then naked, grayish white, hyaline, striate. GILLS free but nearly reaching the stem, white then black. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, fragile, at first covered with white down, then almost glabrous, hollow. SPORES 11x5-0 micr., elliptical. On dung, caespitose. ODOR strong and disagreeable. Not com- mon. 209. Coprinus brassicae Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Museum Rep. 43. 1878. Illustrations: Peck, N. V. State Mus. Re}>. 4:5, PI. 2, Fig. 9-14. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PI. 56, Fig. 4. PILEUS 8 10 nnn. broad, at first ovate or conical, then broadly convex, squanudose, finely striate to the disk, white becoming gray- ish-brown, mend)ranaceous, margin generally splitting and becom- ing recurved. (ilLLS narrow, crowded, reaching the stipe, brown with a ferruginous tint. STEM lG-20 mm. long, slender, glabrous, hollow, sliglitly thickened at tlie base, white. SPORES 7.5x5 micr., elJiplical, brown. On decaying stems of cabbage and other vegetable debris. Occasional upon vegetable debris of vai'ions kinds. Palmyra, Ann Ai-I)oi-. We have found this fungus upon corn stalks, weed stalks and dead grass. It seems very probable that this is the plant figured and de- scribed as ('. tif/rincUus, Boudier, Table l:*.!), and C. fricsii Quel. ( PattMiilJard, IM. IKi.) CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 223 Section IX. FurjurcUi. Pileus witli niieaceons particles or mealy granules. 210. Coprinus patouillardi Quel. Quelet. Assoc. Fr., 1884, p. 4. Illustration: l»late XLII of this Report. PILEU8 1-^) cm. liroad, ovate, obloni>, then conico-cauipanulate and finally revolute, at first finely striate then deeply plicate, very thin, white or ashy with pulverulent particles, yellowish to brown at the center. GILLS narrow, free but close to .stem, Avhite then smoky brown. STEM 2. .5-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, fragile, smooth or slightly tomentose or })ulverulent at base, Avhite. SPORES 8-7 X 4..") iiiicr., ovate-triangular to pentagonal. Common on dung, usually appearing with C. radiatus or a little later. There seems to be considerable variation in this plant both in regard to size and color. In young stages, especially in dry weather, the pileus is densely covered with dead white to gray ])articles, Avhich gradually become brown as the pileus develops. The shape of the siiore is characteristic and the variation in size less than in many other ro])rini. In young stages it is readily dis- tinguished from ('. r(id'uiiiii< by its longer, more cylindrical shape and by its thicker white veil. 211. Coprinus radiatus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 251. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PI. 682 a. PILEUS 2-15 mm. wide, at first ovate or short cylindrical, then cam])anulate, finally nearly or quite plane and .slightly depressed at the center, very thin, deeply plicate; pileus with a few brown granular flecks or scales, slightly pruinose with a few gland-tipped hairs, pale brown or yellowish brown, darker at disk, becoming gray. GILLS narrow, distant, free. STEM 2-G cm. high, 1.5 mm. thick, slender, fragile, hollow, white, becoming darker with age, slightly inuinose with glandular hairs. SPORES 10-13 x 8-10 micr., regularly elliptical, very dark. Very common upon dung. This is probably our most common dung-inhabiting Coprinus. It may be found at almost any time during the summer season upon dung in pastures. If fresh horse 224 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN dung be placed in a damp chamber, troops of this fungus will ap- pear within 10-14: days. Larger specimens appear at first; succes- sive plants a])iiear smaller and smaller until they are often only one or two millimeters in diameter and one or two centimeters high. Just as there is much variation in the size of the fungus there is wide variation in the size of the spores. Occasionally the speci- mens are foiiud with small spores 7-10x5-8 micr., as given by Sac- cardo (Sylloge, Vol. T), p. 1101). Usually, however, they average as large as given in our description. Specimens of this plant have been distributed in exsiccati under the name of C. ephemerus and G. plicatilis. The plant figured by Buller as C. plicatiloides (Re- searches in Fungi) is evidently C. radiatus. Section X. Hemerohii. Pileus always glabrous or slightly prui- nose with minute hairs. No universal veil. A few scurfy particles may be found by the breaking of the cuticle or trama when the pileus becomes plicate. 212. Coprinus ephemerus Fr. Fries, Epicr., p. 252. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. 685 f. Plates XLII and XLIII of this Report. PILEUS 1-2 cm. across, ovate, then campanulate, finally ex- panded, often splitting and revolute, margin sometimes uneven, striate, plicate when expanded, very thin, disk even or slightly ele- vated. Yellowish brown to reddish bay at the disk, at first slightly pruinose with minute hairs. GILLS linear, slightly adnexed or barely reaching the stem, usually white at margin. STEM 3-6 cm. high, 1-2 mm. thick, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, white. SPORES 15-17 x 7-8 micr.. black in mass. Common upon dung or freshly manured ground. In an examination of different exsiccati, we have found abundant evidence of the truth of Saccardo's statement that many different species have been confused under the name of C. ephemerus. We have found well-marked specimens of C. radiatus, C. plicatilis, and C. spraquei all under the name of C. epliemerus. Even as we have limited this species, there are many distinct forms which may be readily distinguished. We have grown several of these varieties from spores and have found them to be constant and, even in young stages, the differences are often apparent to the naked eye. One CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 225 common form has shorter spores (11-13 micr.), which are distinctly angular when viewed in one plane. The deep bay disk and peculiar l^ruinose character of the plants make it possible to identify this form almost as soon as the buttons appear, see plates XLII, XLIII. A less common form resembles in the young stages very small speci- mens of C. micaceus. The spores are elliptical, 11-13 micr. long. We have grown another larger and lighter colored form with two- spored basidia. 213. Coprinus silvaticus Pk. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 24, p. 71, 1872. Illustrations: Ibid, PI. 4, Fig. 10-14. PILEUS 12-30 mm. broad, convex, membranaceous, plicate-striate on margin, dark brown, disk very thin, fleshy. GILLS sub-distant, narrow, adnexed, brownish then black. STEM 5 cm. high, 1 mm. thick, slender, fragile, smooth, hollow, white. SPORES 12.5 micr. long, gibbous-ovate. On ground in woods. This plant was found once at Ann Arbor and once at Bay View. The gibbous spores are very characteristic. 214. Coprinus boudieri Quel. Quelet, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1877. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 2G, p. 60, as C. angulatus. Illustrations : Ibid, Tab. 5, Fig. 4. Lloyd, Mycological Notes, Vol. I, Figs. 21-22, p. 47. (As 0. angulatus.) PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, membranaceous, hemispherical, or convex, plicate-sulcate, reddish brown, smooth or minutely pruinose^ disk smooth. GILLS subdistant, reaching the stem, whitish then black, the margins often remaining white. STEM 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, equal, smooth or sub-pruinose, white. SPORES 7-12 X 6-10 micr., compressed, angular, key-stone shaped. Upon soil in woods. Rare. The peculiar angular sub-ovate or key-stone shaped spores are very characteristic of this plant. 29 ' • 226 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 215. Coprinus plicatilis Fr. Flies, Epicr., p. '2o'2. llliistiatioiis: Cooke, 111., PI. 686 a. Massee, Aim. Bot., Vol. 10, PL XI, Figs. 23-25, 1896. Gillet, Cliampigiioiis de France, Xo. 185. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. across, ovate-cyliudrical, then campanulate, membrauaceous, silicate to disk, brown, then grayisli; disk remain- ing darker, rather broad, becoming depressed. GILLS distant, narrow, attached to a collar at some distance from the stem. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, equal, wdiite, smooth, hollow. SPORES 10-12 X 7.5 to 8.5 X 5-6 micr., compressed, broadly ovate. Rather common among grass at roadsides, etc. As in the case of C. ephemerus there has been considerable con- fusion of species under the name of C plicatilis. We do not, how- ever, find HL much variation in this plant as in C. ephemerus. Psathyrella Fr. (From the Greek, diminutive of Psathyra.) Black-spored. Gills at length uniformly dark-colored, not del- iquescing, nor variegate-dotted. Pileus membranous, striate or sulcatc, margin at first straight, not exceeding the gills. Stem slender, confluent. Veil inconspicuous. Small, thin-capped mushrooms, growing on debris in woods, on the ground in low grassy places, in gardens, etc. With the excep- tion of P. disseminata, the species are not well known. Peck has named twelve species found in the United States and a number of Friesian species are known to occur. The plants often have the appearance of the small, evanescent species of Coprinus, but the gills do not deliquesce. They diiler from Panoeolus in the striate pileus, the non-variegated gills and the margin of pileus not ex- ceeding the gills. I have definitely studied only two species. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 227 216. Psathyrella disseminata Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PI. G57. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 58G. Patouillard, Tab. Aualyt., No. 351. Atlvinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 49, p. 48, 1900. Riclven, Bliitterpilze, PI. 23, Fig. 4. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 280, p. 347, 1908. PILEUS 5-10 mm. broad, oval then campanulate, at first white, then gray or grayish-brown, j)rominently sulcate-plicate to the small buff umbo, at first covered by microscopic, erect, one-celled hairs, scurfy, glabrescent. FLESH membranous, very thin. GILLS adnate, ascending, rather broad, ventricose, sub-distant, at first white, then ashy and finally uniformly black. STEM slender, 2-3 cm. long, .5 to 1 mm. thick, liollow, white, at first minutely hairy with spreading hairs, glabrescent. SPORES 7-10 x 4-5 micr., elon- gate-elliptical, smooth, purple-black under microscope. BASIDIA subcylindrical, 20-27 x G-7 micr., 4-spored, interspersed with abund- ant sterile, inflated cells. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE mild. On debris and on the ground in woods in extensive gregarious and caespitose clusters of numerous individuals. Throughout the State. May-October. Common. This species is well named; the thousands of plants which often cover the ground and debris around stumps are an attractive sight when fresh. It sometimes appears in greenhouses according to Atkinson. The microscopic structure of the hymenium is similar to that of the Coprini, and some authors (vide Ricken) refer it to that genus. 217. Psathyrella crenata (Lasch.) Fr. Hymen. Europ., 1874. " Illustration: Cooke, 111., PI. 847. "PILEUS 2-3.5 cm. broad, hemispherical, hygrophanous, rufe- scent or ochraceous, then pallid, atomate, sulcate-plicate, margin at length crenate. FLESH membranous. GILLS adnate, subventri- cose, yellowish-fuscous than black. STEM 6-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, slender, glabrous, whitish, striate and mealy at apex." 228 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN The description is adopted from Fries. Our plants had a more convex pileus, at first dark gray then rufescent or ochraceous; the gills were rather narrow, sub-distant, edge white-fimbriate ; stem fragile, stulfed-hollow ; the spores elliptic-oblong, 10-12.5 x 6-7 micr., smooth, purplish-black under microscope. CYSTIDIA few or none. The crenate folds of the margin of the cap included two to three striae. It agrees well with Cooke's figure. Panoeolus Fr. (From the Greek, pmiaiolus, meaning all-variegated.) Black-spored. Gills grayish-black, dotted by the spores, ascend- ing, more or less attached but seceding. Stem central, polished, subrigid. Pileus not striate, rather firm but not very fleshy. Veil woven-submembranous or subsilky. Dung-inhabiting, slender-stemmed, slightly persistent but putre- scent mushrooms, whose otherwise glabrous pileus is either ap- pendiculate or slightly white-silky on the margin by the collapsing of the more or less evanescent veil. Often ring-marked on the stem by the spores falling on the remnants of the veil. It is a rather small genus, and the rarer species are not well known. Peck has described five species, of which P. epimyces is to be looked for under Stropharia. The spores are opaque, black, smooth and usual- ly lemon-shaped or elliptical; they remain aggregated in tiny clusters on the gills as these mature and so produce the dotted- variegated appearance of the gills. Later the gills become entirely gray-black to black. 218. Panoeolus solidipes Pk. (Edible) X. Y. Slate ^fus. Eep. 2.3, 1872. Illustrations: Ibid, PI. 4, Fig. 1-5. Hard, Muslirooms, PI. 41, Fig. 278, p. 34.3. ^^■llite, Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., Xo. 3, PI. 27, p. 53. Plate XLIV of this Report. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, large, firm, at first hemispherical then broadly convex, obtuse, moist, glabrous, it7iife when fresh, even, at length rimosc-ficahj and yclloicish, especially on disk. FLESH rather thick, white, watery near the gills. GILLS ascending, nar- *»" CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 229 rowly adnate, 'broad, ventricose, close, white at first, then ashy to black, variegated by the spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM long and rather stout, 8-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick, equal, firm, solid, fibrous, glabrous, ivhite within and without, apex striate and beaded wdth drops, straight or curved at base, sometimes twisted. SPORES broadly elliptical, abruptly narrowed at base, smooth, 15-18x9-11 micr., black. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, broadly lanceolate, 30-35 micr. long, subobtuse. BASIDIA short- clavate, about 33 x 14 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE slight. Edible. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On manure piles rich in straw, on dung and on richly manured lawns. Ann Arbor. May-July. Spas- modic. This is our largest Pana^olus and an excellent species for the table. It is probably to be found throughout the southern part of the State; it has only appeared during a few seasons but then in abundance. The large size, white color when fresh, the solid stem and the marked striations on the upper portion of the stem are its distinguishing characters. The striations sometimes extend the whole length of the stem. Its flavor when cooked is quite agree- able. It is often a noble plant and our illustration does not do it justice. 219. Panoeolus retirugis Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1838. Illustrations: Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 509. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 3, PL 40, Fig. 7. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PI. 11, Fig. 45, p. 45, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 40, Fig. 276, p. 340, 1908. Reddick, Ind. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Resour. Rep. 32, Fig. 9, p. 1231, 1907. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, rather firm, at first elliptic-oval, then campanulate-hemispherical, obtuse, glabrous, dark smoky when young and wet, becoming paler, or in dry weather grayish, pale clay color or creamy-white, sliining-micaceous when dry, surface usually reticulate-veined on disk, sometimes even, margin connected with stem in young stage by a foccose-submembranoiis, ring-like veil, veil soon broken and margin markedly appctidiculate in ex- panded pileus. FLESH rather thin, equal. GILLS adnate-seced- ing, broad, ventricose, close, white then variegate-spotted by the 230 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN black spores, edge white-flocciilose. STEM 5-lG cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick, equal, cylindrical, sometimes flexiious, Avhitish, rufcscent or tinged pnr{»lish Avitliin and without, darker below, hollow, often covered- with frost-like blootn, sometimes minutely rinuilose, bulbil- late. SPOKES broadly oval-elliptical, ventricose, 15-18x9-11 micr., smooth, black, i^tcrilc cells on edge of gills, narrow, subcapitate. dregarious or scattered on dung-hills, manured lawns, fields, road-sides, etc., in woods or in the open. Throughout the State. May-October. A'ery common. The most widely distributed of our species. In favorable weather it occurs abundantly where stock is pastured. In dry weather it is smaller and paler. In the woods or in drizzly w^eather the stems are large and the colors are very different. Some disagreement ex- ists as to the size of the spores, which are variable in dimension but rather constant in shape. Kicken describes and figures a form which is scarcely our plant, and Cooke's figure is not convincing. It is not poisonous but is rather unattractive and usually avoided when collecting for the table. The older name is P. carhonarius. It is possible that this runs into P. canipanulatus Fr. and is often con- fused with it. 220. Panceolus campanulatus Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 183G-38. Illustration: Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. G9, Fig. 8. ''PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, brownish-gray or yellowish-gray, per- sistenthj conic-campanulate, never expanded, glahrous, often some- what silky-shining, neither hygrophanous nor viscid, margin some- what appendiculate by the rather persistent veil. FLESH thin, coucolor. GILLS adnate, ventricose-ascending, broad, close, varie- gated gray to black by the spores, edge white-flocculose. STEM 7-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. tliick, straight, rigid-fragile, equal, reddish- hroiai, pulverulent-pruinose, apex striate, black-dotted and beaded with drops in wet weather. SPORES lemon-shaped, 15-18x10-13 micr., smooth, opaque, black." The description is adopted from Ricken. According to Godfrin (Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, 19, p. 45) this species differs from P.* retirugis in the structure of the cuticle. In the latter species the surface cells of the pileus are four or five layers thick, gradually passing into the longer, tramal cells below; while in P. campanu- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 231 latus there are only one or two rows of abruptly clitferentiated cells with large, clavate, erect cystidia-like cells intermiugled. The species has not been uniformly conceived by different authors and needs further comparison. It is said to be very common in Europe and is widely reported in this country. The majority of authors give the same spore-size as Kicken. 221. Panoeolus papillionaceus Fr. (Suspected) Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustration: Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PL 09, Fig. 3. "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, subhemispherical, at length exjjanded, never viscid nor hygrophanous, at length rimose-scaly or areolate, pallid or sordid-tcliitish to smoky-gray or brownish-pallid, margin with evanescent, pallid veil. FLESH slightly thick, white. GILLS broadly adnate, often very broad, ventricose, close, variegated gray- blackish from the spores, at length black. STEM 6-8 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, cartilaginous-toughish, rigid, hollow, somewhat attenu- ated, whitish, with brownish base, apex striate and white-pruinose. SPORES lemon-shaped, 15-18 x 9-11 micr., smooth, black." The description is adopted from Ricken. The spores are some- what more narrow according to most authors. This species seems to be infrequent with us. Small forms occur A\hich may be referred here, in which the pileus is less than a centimeter broad and the spores are smaller. The species is not too well known. Its main character seems to be the whitish stem but no doubt the forms with such a stem need segregation as shown by some of my collections. > 222. Panoeolus j-^p. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate, obtuse, not expanded, 1-1.5 cm. high, hygrophanous, bibulous, smoky gray ichen moist, livid-buff when dry, glabi ous, dull and subpruinose, at length coarse- ly crenate-wavy when dry; veil absent or fugacious. FLESH thickish, rather firm, concolor (moist), then pallid. GILLS rounded behind, adnate-seceding, not broadly attached, ventricose. crowded, gray then variegated black, edge white-flocculose. STEM 5-7 cm. long, slender, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, rigid-fragile, flexuous or straight, hollow, livid smoky-gray, concolor within, pruinose, gla- brescent, base white-mycelioid. SPORES elliptical, ventricose, 9-10 232 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN X G micr., smooth, obtusely pointed, black. Sterile cells on edge of i,'ills, linear, subcapitate, 30-40 x 4-5 micr. ODOR none. Gregarious. On horse dung and soil, in woods pastured by horses. Ami Ailxir. October. This is close to P. sphbwtrinus Fr. in most of its characters, but differs in its niucli smaller spores and in the lack of a persistent, appendiculate veil. The surface portion of the pileus has the same structure that is given by Godfrin (1. c.) for P. spMnctrinus. AMAUROSPORAE Psalliota Fr. (From the Greek, Psallion, a ring or collar.) Purple-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, separable from the pileus, provided with a persistent or evanescent annulus. Gills free, usually pink or pinkish in the young stage. Fleshy, mostly compact and large mushrooms, growing on the ground in woods among fallen leaves, etc., or on lawns, pastures, open ground or cultivated fields. They correspond to Lepiota of the white-spored group. They are all edible, the larger ones being among the best known and most widely used of edible mushrooms. Several species have been cultivated a long time and are of con- siderable commercial importance, especially in Europe. (See re- marks under P. campestris.) Tlie 1*ILEUS is glabrous, fibrillose or fibrillose-scaly, either white or whitish or dark colored by the color of the fibrils on its surface; the.se fibrils compose a thin layer on the very young cap, and as the cap expands are broken up, except at the slow-growing center, into fibrillose scales. The young cap of these species is therefore much more uniformly colored than later in the expanded stage. The sur- face of the whitish species is often stained somewhat with yellowish of i-ufcscont hues when bruised or in age. The she varies; most spe- cies may become quite large, P. suhrufescens reaching a size of 20 cm. across the cap ; a few are quite small. The surface is dry, or it may be slightly viscid as in P. cretacella. The GILLS are free, as in Loi»iola. ^^'hen tlie button is quite small it is white, but in some species, e. g. P. campestris, becomes pink quickly. This character has been used to separate the species, but is a dittlcult point for be- ginners to dotorniiue. As the spores begin to take on color, the pur- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 233 plish-brown hues appear and when old, most gills appear blackish- brown because of the dense layer of spores. The STEM is either almost undifferentiated within and is then solid, or has a distinct pith which soon disappears and leaves it hollow, often in the form of a narrow tubule. It is fleshy and when fresh has no cartilaginous cortex; it is, however, of different texture from that of the pileus and easily separates from it. The VEIL is single or double. When double the substance of the under layer is similar to that of the pileus and the base of the stem and is probably a part of a universal cuticle. Sometimes it is very voluminous and forms a large pendulous annulus, as in P. placomyces and P. siibrujesccns. Usually it is quite thick and persistent. The lower layer breaks off soonest, ceases expansion and cracks into radial patches which remain on the under side of the annulus ; sometimes, as in P. abruptihulha, it is veiy evane- scent. The genus may be divided irito two sections based on the structure of the veil. The Friesian grouping is entirely artificial, and the difference in the color of the young gills, used by some as a basis for grouping, seems too variable a criterion for the purpose. Kcfj to the Species (A) Plants large; pileus normally much more than 4 cm. broad. (See P. campestris.) (a) Growing in forests, thickets, groves, etc. (b) Pileus white, not fibrillose-scaly, usually glabrous. (c) Pileus turning yellowish on disk when rubbed; stem with small, abrupt bulb. 226. P. abruptidulha Pk. (cc) Pileus firm, cha,lky-white, not stained yellow; without abrupt bulb. 223. P. cretaceUa Atk. (bb) Pileus with fibrils or fibrillose scales on the surface. (c) Flesh turning pink to blood-red where broken; fibrils brown- ish-gray. 231. P. haemorrhodaria Fr. (cc) Flesh not or scarcely changing color. (d) Annulus single, not covered on under side with floccose patches; fibrils brown. 230. P. silvatica Fr. (dd) Annulus double, as shown by the patches on under surface, (e) Disk of pileus blackish, fibrils brown; odor not marked. 227. P. placomyces Pk. (ee) Disk reddish-brown, fibrils tawny; odor of almo4ids; large. 228. P. subrufescens Pk. (aa) Growing in fields, open places, cultivated grounds or lawns, not scaly. (b) Annulus as a broad band with spreading edges; gills very nar- row as compared to the thick flesh; in cities. 224. P. rodmani Pk. (bb) Annulus different. (c) Pileus large, surface stained yellowish on disk when bruised; annulus double. 225. P. arvcnsis Fr. (cc) Pileus medium, surface unchanged; annulus lacerated, simple; gills bright pink. 229. P. fiampestris Fr. 234 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (AA) Pileus 1-5 cm. broad. (a) Flesh of stem soon blood-red; in hot-houses. 235. P. echinata Fr. (aa) Flesh whitish, not turning red. (b) Fibrils of pileus grayish-brown or brown; gills at first gray. 232. P. micromegctha Pk. (bb) Not markedly fibrillose. (c) Pileus creamy-white, with yellowish stains. 233. P. comtula Fr. (cc) Pileus with pinkish to reddish-brown hues, slightly fibrillose. 234. P. diminutiva Pk. Section I. Bifchircs. Aniiiiliis double, with thick flocciilose patches on under side. 223. Psalliota cretacella Atk. (Edible) Jour, of Mycology, Vol. 8, 1902. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, convex to expanded, thin, glabrous, white, sometimes inclined to be slightly viscid in wet weather, even. FLESH white, sometimes with a tinge of pink. GILLS free, crowded, narrow, 3-4 mm. broad, narrowed behind, white at first, tJioi slowly pink, later dark grayisJi-hroicn, not becoming blackish. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 0-10 mm. thick, tapering from the enlarged base, white, glabrous above the annulus, chalky-white below and covered with minute, white, powdery scales often arranged in irregular concentric rings below, solid, but center less dense. AN- NULUS double, persistent, white, smooth above, the lower surface with very fine floccose scales similar to those on the stem from which the annulus Avas separated. SPORES 4-5 x 3 micr. ODOR and TASTE of almonds as in P. arvensis. Gregarious or subcaespitose. On the leaf-mold, debris, etc., in coniferous regions. Marquette, Bay View. August-September. In- frequent. The description is adapted from that of Atkinson. P. cretacella is closely related to /'. crrtaceus Fr. which differs, according to Fries' description, in the hollow stem, the blackish-fuscous gills when mature and in that the pileus becomes at length scaly. Our plants liave a glabrous chalky-white pileus and solid stem. Rickeu gives spores of P. cretaceus as 8-9 x 5-0 micr. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 235 224. Psalliota rodmani Pk. (Edible) N. y. State Mils. Rep. 3G, 1884. Illustrations : Peck, A'. Y. Mus. Eep. 48, PL 9, Fig. 1-G, 189G. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 25, op. p. 7G, 1905. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 17, p. 19, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 250, p. 309, 1908. Plate XLY of this Report. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, (more often medium size), at first de- pressed-hemispherical to broadly convex, at length subexpanded to plane, firm, dry, glahrous, subsilky, ivhite or whitish, cream color to subochraceous in age, the margin at first incurved and surpassing the gills. FLESH thick, compact, white, not changed by bruising. GILLS free but nearly or quite reaching the stem, abruptly rounded behind, narrow, icidth ahout one-third the thickness of pileus, crowd- ed, at first dull pink, then purplish-brown, finally blackish-brown, edge entire. STEM short, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. thick, stout, equal, solid, glabrous below, apex slightly scurfy, white within and with- out, provided at the middle or helow with a 'band-like, double, white ANNL^LUS, with somewhat spreading edges, sometimes narrow and merely grooved, or somewhat lacerated. SPORES minute, 5-6.5 x 4-4.5 micr., broadly elliptical or broadly oval, smooth, purplish- brown, blackish-brown in mass. BASIDIA 30-3G x 8 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Solitary on the ground especially along city pavements, or caespitose on lawns or grassy places. Throughout the State. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Holland, Houghton, etc. Maj^-October. Not infre- quent. A well-marked species, whose margined, band-like annulus, nar- row gills, solid stem and squatty habit characterize it sufficiently. The young gills are white for a much longer time than in P. campestris. The pileus may become yellowish-tinged but the flesh is not changed by bruising except that it becomes slightly rufescent in the stem. Peck says the annulus is rather thick at times ; in our specimens it was thin and almost membranous. Sometimes it occurs on lawns in dense, caespitose clusters of 50 to 100 individuals; such a growth was observed in Ann Arbor by myself, and the same condition has been reported to me by Dr. L. L. Hubbard at Houghton. It apparently prefers city conditions, as it is almost exclusively found there. It is edible and much "prized by those acquainted with it. 236 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 225. Psalliota arvensis Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1836. Illustrations: Fries, Sverig. iitl. o gift. Swamp, PL 4. Cooke, 111., PI. 523. Gillet, riiainpignons de France, No. 571 (as Pratella). Berkeley, Outlines, PI. 10, Fig. 4. :MicIiael, Fiilirer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. I, No. 61. Kieken, Blatterpilze, PI. 62, Fig. 2. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 34 and Fig. 252, p. 312. Swanton, Fungi, etc., PI. 38, Fig. 13, op. p. 114. Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 48, PL 8. Plate XLVI of this Report. PILEUS 5-20 cm. broad, large, subhemispherical at first, then convex-expanded, disk plane, firm, even, gkihrous, almost shin- ing, or with appressed, small, fibrillose scales, dry, lohite or tinged yelloicisli-ochraceons on disk, especially iclien I'uhhed, sometimes rimose-areolate. FLESH thick, ivJiite, at length yellowish-tinged. GILLS free, crowded, rather broad, at first ichitish then slowly grayish-pink, finally Mackish-'broicn, edge entire. STEM 5-20 cm. long, 10-30 mm. thick, stout, white, yellowish-stained tvJiere hruised, silky-shining above the annulus, stuffed by a loose pith, then Jiollow, equal-cylindrical above the abrupt, small and short bulb, glabrous; ANNULUS thick, rather large, douhle, the lower layer radially cracked into rather large ochraceous-tinged patches. SPORES 6-7 X 4-4.5 micr., elliptical, smooth, purplish-brown, blackish-brown in mass. ODOR of anise or of tenzaldeliyde. On the ground, cultivated fields, pastures, on grassy mounds in woods, in the north on lawns; scattered-gregarious or solitary. Tlu-ougliout the State, more frequent in the Northern Peninsula. July-Octolicr. Infi-ecpient in the south part of State. The 'Tield mushroom" or "ploughed land mushroom" is not limit- ed to cultivated fields. It w^as found in several cities along Lake Superior on lawns. It is much prized by the inhabitants for the table. It is larger than P. campestris, and can be distinguished by the tendency of the center of the cap and base of stem to turn yellow- ish-ochraceous when rubbed or bruised. The gills, although pink for a brief time at one stage, are white much longer than in the other species. Also there is often a slight but distinct odor of oil of bitter almonds when the flesh is crushed. It is curious to note the various spoi-e-monsurements given by authors. Ours agree practically with CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 237 the size given by Bresadola, Kicken and Massee. On the other hand, Karsten, W. Smith, Schroeter, Saccardo and Peck give them 9 (or 11) x6 micr. and as one suspects from other remarks about the plant, some other species is probably at times mistaken for it, Eicken, whose figure is numbered, through an error, for that of P. cveiaceus, emphasizes the point that in his plants the flesh of the stem becomes blackish in age. This has not been observed in our region and the dried specimens do not show it. Its edibility is not to be questioned. 226. Psalliota abruptibulba Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 91, 1905 (as Agaricus). N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, 1900 (as Agaricus ahruptus). Illustrations: Ibid, PI. 59, Fig. 8-14, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 254, p. 313, 1908. Atkinson, Mushrooms, Fig. 19-20, 1900 (as P. silvicola). Marshall, Mushrooms, PL 26, op. p. 77, 1905. Plate XLVII of this Keport.^ PILEUS 7-15 cm. broad, convex then expandcd-plane, brittle, dry, glabrous or covered with white, appressed silky fibrils, sometimes obscurely appressed-scaly, icJiite or creamy-tvhite, often with dingy yellowish stains on disk, silky-shining. FLESH moderately thick, turning yellowish iclien hruised, especially under the cuticle. GILLS free, remote, crowded, narrow, soon pink, then dark brown, edge entire. STEM 8-15 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, cylindrical or tapering upward from a small, snbahrnpt hiilh, relatively slender at times, creamy-white, yellowish when bruised, stuffed then hollow, subglabrous. ANNULUS broad, douMe, smooth above, cracking be- low into thick, sometimes evanescent, yellowish patches. SPOKES 5-0 X 3-4 micr., elliptical, smootli, purple-brown. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Scattered or subcaespitose on the ground among fallen leaves in frondose or mixed woods. Throughout the State. July-October. Fairly common. The species is known by its habitat in woods, its flat cap at ma- turity which is shining-whitish, the rather slender, abruptly-bulbous stem and the tendency for the flesh of the cap and stem to become yellowish where bruised. It differs from P. arvensis in its very different stature; from P. placomyces in the absence of any brown- ish or rufous fibrils on the cap, and from P. sylvaticus Fr. by its 238 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN bulbous .stem. Teek first referred it to P. arvensis as a variety, later be called it Agaricus ahriqjtus; but as tbis name was pre- omptet locally during some seasons, rare at other times. This is the Avell-known ''pink-gilled" or ''edible" mushroom, by many people in this country considered in addition to the "sponge mushroom," Morchella esculenta, as the only mushroom safe to eat; all others are dubbed "toadstools." Some persons, hov.ever, know and eat a larger number of kinds ; again, all others are ''toadstools" to them. The Avord toadstool, therefore, means nothing definite; it only expresses the ignorance of people concerning those fungi of which they are afraid. The two words refer to the same group of plants and can be used interchangeably. In the young or ''button" stage the gills are soon tinged pink,, and as it is possible to mistake the button 'of the deadly, white Amanita verna for it at this stage, every button should be broken open while collecting. By the time the veil breaks the pink color of the gills is quite marked. All who use this mushroom, should read carefully the remarks under Amanita. This mushroom has been eaten from time immemorial, and its artificial cultivation carried on extensively for centuries. In and around large cities, large establishments exist to raise it for the market, selling it for 75c to 90c a pound in this country. ''The an- nual product of the Chicago mushroom beds is said to be from sixtv to seventv-five tons." (Nat. Hist. Surv. of Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VII, part 1, p. 90.) Special underground mushroom houses, caves, abandoned mines, cellars, etc., have been adopted for the cultivation of this mushroom. Duggar states that in 1901 the total product of the mushroom industry in the environs of Paris, France, was 5,000 tons or 10,000,000 pounds. This shows the extent to which Europeans eat mushrooms as compared witli our American consumption. About the same ratio exists in the use of the many different edible wild species. In this country we have hardly begun to realize the immense amount of palatable food that goes to waste in our fields and woods. Numerous varieties of P. cainpcstris have been described. With 31 242 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN US the white variety is the common form, although an occasional patch of the variety with brownish and more fibrillose caps may be found. The caps are apparently not as large as in more moist cliinalcs. although occasionally one finds large plants in cultivated tields. \ar. rillalivK-s Fr. has been raised to specific rank by Bres- adola ; [hv pileus of this species is large and scaly and the stem is scaly and coated or subvolvate by the inferior veil. I have not seen it. No discussion is given here of the cultivated varieties. Those iiiicicsicd ill ilicir cultivation should read Duggar's "The Principles ot .Mushroom Growing, etc." Bull. No. 85, Bureau of T^lant Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr., or the chapter in Atkinson's Mushrooms, last (Hlition. 230. Psalliota silvatica Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 183G. Illustrations: Bresadola, Fung. Trid., Vol. I, PL 00. Cooke, 111., PI. 530 {=P. penara per Bres.) Michael, Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. II, No. G8. "PILEUS 8-11 cm. broad, campanulate then expanded, at first cinereous then yellowish-Avhitish with a rufous-fuscous center, cover- ed by brown scales. FLESH rather thick except margin. GILLS free, remote, crowded, white at first, then rosy-flesh color, at length reddish-cinnamon. STEM 6-9 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, hollotv, whitish, glabrous, or subfibrillose, equal or with a bulbous base, bulb sometimes marginate, white within when broken, yellowish at apex, slightly rose-red on sides. ANNULUS simple, ample, distant, superioi'. white, substriate, flocculose. SPOEES 6-7x3.5-4 micr., elliptical, incarnate fulvous. BASIDIA clavate, 25 x 6-7 micr. ODGK and TASTE agreeable." Reported by Longyear. In woods. The doscrii)tion is adopted from Bresadola. The descriptions ill our iiiuslirooiii books are scarcely satisfactory. The figures of (/Ooke and Gillet are said to depart from the characteristics of the plant. It seems to be rare, and I have never collected it. The gray coloi- of the young plant and the truly brown color of the scales, the hollow stem and spores ought to make it recognizable. Ricken emphasizes the change of gills and flesh to blood-red when bruised and considers P. hacmorrhoidaria as an autumnal form. This com- plicates matters, especially iu the absence of specimens of our own. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 243 231 Psalliota hsemorrhodaria Fr. (Edible) Hymen. Europ., 1885. Illiistratioiis : Cooke, 111., PL 531. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 577 (as Pratella), N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, PL 75, 1901. PILEUS 5-10 cm. broad, at first subglobose to subovate then campaniilate-expanded, nearly plane, covered by rather dense, fibrillose, brownish-gray, appressed scales, sometimes glabrous toward margin and paler, margin subpersistently incurved. FLESH white, turning jiink to l)lood-red ichen broken, thick on disk, thin on margin. GILLS free, moderately broad, crowded, white at first, then rosy-Hesh-color, finally dark brown. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal, rarely bulbous, stuffed then holloiD, floccose-fibrillose, glabrescent, white or pallid, darker in age. ANNULUS large, pendulous, persistent, superior, simple, white, at length colored by spores. SPORES 6-7 x 4 micr., elliptical, purplish-brown, smooth. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clavate, enlarged-rounded above. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Caespitose or scattered, on the ground or about the base of trees in low places in mixed woods, usually near birch and maple trees. Marquette, New Richmond. August-October. Infrequent in the coniferous regions of the State. Easily known by the change of the flesh to red, which color fresh plants immediately show when broken. This character is said to be found also in the seashore mushroom, P. halophila Pk. which has a solid stem and has not been found inland. Peck says its flavor when cooked is similar to P. campestris, and gives to the milk in which it is stewed a brownish color. Ricken considers it a mere form of P. silvatica, but describes the latter differently from most authors. It is certainly distinct. 232. Psalliota micromegetha Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, 1001. (As Agariciis jmslllus). Illustration : N. Y. State Mus. Bull. IIG, PL 107, Fig. 1-6, 1907. "PILEUS 2-7 cm. broad, fragile, convex becoming plane, some- times subdepressed in center, dry, silky-fihriUose or phrillose-scahj, grayish-hrown or hrnini in center, often with yellowish or ferrugi- 244 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN nous stiiiiis. FLl'^SIl white or wiiitisli, not chamjiny color irliere wounded. (JILLS free, close, (jrai/ish at first, soou pinkish, tinally brown. STEM 2-5 em. long, G-10 mm. thick, equal or slightly taper- ing u]t\vard, sometimes bulbous, stulTed or hollow, slightly fibril- lose, wliile. AXXULUS slight, often evanescent. SPOKES broadly elliptic or subglobose, 5x4 micr. Edible.'' Solitary or caespitose, on grassy ground, in sandy or clay soil. SeplemberOsovember. Detroit. The description is adapted from the revised one in N. Y. State Bull. IIG, p. 44, 11)07. The original description was made largely from smaller plants sent to Peck from Detroit by Dr. R. H. Stevens, and named Agariciis pusiUus; later the name was changed to that given above, meaning small to large in size. I have not seen it. 233. Psalliota comtula Fr. (Edible) Epicrisis, 1830. Illustrations: Fries, Tcones, PI. 130. Tooke, 111., PI. 533. liicken. Bliitterpilze, PI. 62, Fig. 1 (as P. rusiaphylla) . Atkinson, ^Mushrooms, Fig. 24, p. 25, 1900. PILEUS 2-4.5 cm. broad, convex-subexpanded, subumbonate or umbo obsolete, silky, creamy-white to grayish-white, tinged irith yeJloiri^sh hues on disk, sometimes rufous-tiuged. FLESH whitish, becoming ochraceous under cuticle, thickish on disk. GILLS free, broader in front, narrowed behind, up to 5-6 mm. broad, dingy in- carnate, at length smoky-umber. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. thick, subequal, hollow, innately silky, pallid or slightly yellowish- stained. ANNULUS median, membranaceous, thin, whitish, often suhevunescent. SPORES 5-6x3-3.5 micr., elliptical; smooth, dark purple-brown. BASIDIA 20 x 6 micr. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills inflated-clavate. ODOR not marked. On the ground among fallen leaves in pine and beech woods. New Richmond. Sei)tember. Infrequent. The description shows a slight variation from that of other authors. Atkinson gives the spore measurements 3-4x2-3 micr. Ricken considers Fries' plant as identical with P. rusiophylla Lasch, and also gives small spores and basidia. Except for the pale color of the cap, our plants could be referred to Ricken's P. saga t a Fr. The species needs further studv. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 245 234. Psalliota diminutiva Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 20, 1874. Illustrations : N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, PL 74, Fig. 1-8, 1901. Plate L of this report. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, fragile, convex then plane, sometimes subdepressed, silky-fibrillose, the fihrils forming delicate, pinkish- drab to reddish-brown scales toward center and on disk, paler and denuded on margin, white or tinged gray under fibrils, not striate. FLESH thin, whitish. GILLS free, not remote, thin, close, moder- ately broad, ventricose, edge entire. STEM 3-5 cm. long (rarely longer), 2-5 mm. tliick, equal or tapering upwards, stuffed by deli- cate white pith then hollow, glabrous, innately silky, even, whitish, sometimes subbulbous at base. ANNULUS delicate, thin, rather persistent, narrow, whitish, STERILE CELLS on edge none. BASIDIA 27 X 5-0 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE none. Solitary or gregarious on mossy ground, or among leaf -mould in low moist frondose or mixed Avoods. Tliroughout the State. August- September (rarely in spring). Frequent. This dainty little Psalliota is known by its delicate pinkish or reddish fibrils on the cap, the entire gills and persistent annulus. It is not supposed to possess, like the preceding, the yellowish stains on cap and base of stem, but specimens are found which have this character which do not seem to belong elsewhere. As they are rather scattered in occurrence no sufQcient study has been made of these forms. It may be that several little species run into each other. Peck says they are very jtalatable when fried in butter, but their small size does not attract the collector who is looking for a meal. 235. Psalliota echinata Fr. Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 155 (as Pholiota). Cooke, 111., PI. 395 (as Inocybe). Ricken, P>latterpilze, PI. 31, Fig. (as Inocybe). Montague, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1830, PI. 10, Fig. 3 (as Agariciis oxyosmus) . PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, obtusely campanulate then expanded, margin at first incurved and somewhat appendiculate, then recurved, densely covered with smoky-brown, minute-floccose, wart-like or 246 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN pointed scales, not striate, sometimes rimose iu age. FLESH whitish at first, then reddish, thin. GILLS free, thin, narrow, crowded, bright pink to old rose-color, finally dark purplish-red. STEM '2o cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, stutfed with loose w^hite fib- rils then tubular, elsewhere soon hlood-red within, surface floccosely- pulverulent with a smoky bloom below the annulus, often mycelioid- swollen at base. VEIL floccose-submembranaceus, easily lacerated, coucolor, forming an imperfect ANNULUS. Spores minute, ellip- tical, 4-5 X 2-2.5 micr., smooth, with a tinge of purple-l)roiDn under microscope, many immature and hyaline, cinnahar-purple prown in mass. CYSTIDIA none. Trama of gills composed of large cells, about 20 micr. in diameter. ODOR and TASTE slight, not of cu- cumber, even after crushing. Subcae8i)itose or gregarious, in a green-liouse of the Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing. September. Rare. As shown by the references, this plant has been placed in three different genera. It is therefore difficult of identification, the more so because of its rarity. It seems that the spores mature slowly, or perhaps in some regions or under hot-house conditions do not take on a purplish tinge. Under the microscope some of the spores of our specimens showed the usual delicate tint in the exospore which is characteristic of many of this group. Fries (in Hymen. Europ.) says he never saw them rosy. Patouillard says they are hyaline under the microscope but that on a white background they appear tawny ("fauve"). Ricken applies the word "erdfarbig." All the illustrations picture our plant well, which, to quote Berkeley, *'is a most curious species." In Europe it occurs in hot-houses al- most exclusivel3^ Stropharia Fr. (From the Greek, strophos, a sword-belt, referring to the annulus.) Purple-brown-si)ored. Stem fleshy, confluent ivith the pileus; an- nulus membranous or fibrillose-floccose. Gills attached. SPORES I»uri)le-brown or violet. Pileus usually viscid. Putrescent, terrestrial or coprinophilous, of medium size, in fields, barnyards, dung hills or forest. They correspond to Armil- l;iri;i f>f 1lio white-spored, and Pholiota of the ochre-brown-spored groujts in the adnate gills and annulate stem ; differing from Hyj)holoma in that the veil collapses on the stem to form an annulus, instead of remaining as a fringe on the margin of the pileus. It would bo preferable, in my judgment, to limit the genus to CLASSIFICATION OP AGARICS 247 those species with a viscid pellicle; but with the data at hand it seems best to defer this arraugemeut. Ricken divide's the genus by the size of the spores, but this method neglects other more im- portant morphological characters. On the other hand, some species could be better located iu the genus Hypholoma as is done by Ricken for S. ca put-medusae Fr., ^. scoUnaceum Fr, and xS'. lattarae Fr. There are then two sections: Viscipelles and Spintrigeri. Key to the Species (a) Pileus with bluish-green or olive shades, viscid. (b) Stem 4-7 mm. thick, greenish-blue; pileus thick, green; on debris in woods. 236. 8. aeruginosa Fr. (bb) Stem 1.5-2 mm. thick, long and slender; pileus thin, olvaceous- gray; on dung and mud. (See 268. Psilocybe ucla Fr.) (aa) Pileus without green or olive. (b) Stem ventricose-radicating; pileus umber to tawny-alutaceus, viscid. 237. 8. ventricosa Mass. (bb) Stem not radicating. (c) Parasitic on Coprinus, whitish. 244. S. epimyces (Pk.) Atk. (cc) Not parasitic; pileus viscid or subviscid. (d) Growing on dung. (e) Pileus citron-yellow, 2-5 cm. broad; common. (f) Pileus persistently hemispherical. 242. 8. semiglobata Fr. (ff) Pileus convex-subexpanded. 241. 8. stercoraria Fr. (ee) Pileus ochraceous-brown, 1-2.5 cm. broad, conic-campanu- late. 243. 8. umbonatescens Pk. (dd) Not on dung, (e) Pileus 5-10 cm. broad, cinnamon-drab, viscid, stem squar- rose-scaly. 238. 8. depilata Fr. (e) Pileus 1-4, cm. broad, (f) Gills strongly violet-purplish; pileus ochraceous-pallid. 240. 8. coronilla Bres. (f) Gills strongly gray-tinged; pileus white to buff. 239. 8. albonitens Fr. Section I. Viscipelles. Pileus provided with a distinct gelatinous pellicle, hence viscid; glabrous or scaly. ^Groicing on the ground or on debris. 236. Stropharia aeruginosa Fr. (Suspected) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PL 551. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. G50. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. G3, Fig. 4. Pattouillard, Tab. Aualyt., No. 231. Swanton, Fungi, PI. 38, Fig. 7-9. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, pt. II, PI. (34, 1913. 248 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad (often rather small in our climate). Cami»ami]ate-convex, at length plane, snbnmbonate, covered ivith verdit/ris (jrccn, thick (jlutcn, lience viscid, sometimes dotted with scattered, white .scales, especially on margin, at length fading to yellowish, i»ellicle separable. FLESH pallid, or tinged blue, rather soft, thickish. GILLS broadly adnata, sometimes emarginate-sin- iiate, rather broad, close, whitish at first, soon drab-gray or reddish- gray, finally purplish-chocolate-brown, edge ivhite and minutely flocculosr. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, equal, hollow, soft, greenish hliic, viscid, at first scaly or fibrillose below the annulus. ANNULUS distant from apex, narrow, submembrauous, here and there floccose, subevanescent. SPOKES pale, smooth, 7-8 x 4-5 micr., oval-elliptical. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clavate, lanceo- late. On debris in liemlock woods, and occasionally in frondose woods. Houghton, New Eichmond, Detroit. August-October. Infrequent. Although this is a brightly colored and striking plant, we have come across it infreciuently, but in Europe it is said to be very common in forest, field and garden. The gills sometimes run down the apex of the stem in lines. The annulus is sometimes lacking. Our plants are well shown by the figures of European authors, and seem to agree perfectly. It is said to be poisonous. It is probably more common northward. 237. Stropharia ventricosa Massee British Fungus Flora, Vol. I, p. 400, 1892. Illnstrntion : Cooke, 111., PI. 1188 (as a^. merdaria var. majors. I'lLEUS ?>-7) cm. broad, parabolic then convex-expanded, margin for long time decurved, very viscid, somewhat uneven when young, glabrescent and shining pale umber at first, then tawny-alutaceus. FLESH white, thick on disk, abruptly thin on margin. GILLS adnate, at length decurrent by tooth, close, rather narrow, pallid at first, tlien mouse-gray with purplish tinge, finally purplish- brown. STEM 8-12 cm. or more long, ventricose-radicating, up to 15 mm. thick at broadest part, thinner above, rooting-attenuate at base, sometimes subequal, white at first, becoming dingy yellowish. dry, covered up to the annulus hy sqaarrose scales, markedly striate above, stuffed, whitisli within. ANNULUS persistent, white, large, striate above. SPORES 9-12x5-0 micr., elliptical, smooth, with a puiple tinge under the microscope, brown in mass. CYSTIDIA CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 249 oval or short veutricose, obtuse at apex, about 45 x 24 micr., hya- line. Caespitose ou very decayed debris about stumps and roots in forest of hemlock, maple, etc. Bay Mew. September. Kare. This has very much the stature of Cooke's figure of PJioUota radi- cosa (111., PL 301) and grows in similar places, but the pileus of our plants has a glabrous, viscid pellicle, and the spores are purple- tinged. The odor Avas not noted. The root-like prolongation pushes deep down into the debris and the mycelium was attached to dead roots. This agrees so well with Massee's description that I have ventured to refer it thither, in spite of its larger size and more scaly stem. 238. Stropharia depilata Fr. Hymen. Europ., 1874. Illustrations: Harper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. IG, PI. 62 and G3, 1913. PILEUS 4-12 cm. broad, firm, convex to plane or broadly umbo- nate, obtuse, glabrous, viscid, light cinnamon-drab (Kidg.) when young and with a smoky tinge, at length dark olive-buff or pinkish- buff (Ridg.), even on the decurved margin whicli is sometimes ap- pendiculate when young. FLESH Avhitish, thick except the thin margin. GILLS adnate, often subdecurrent and running down the stem in lines, close to crowded, broad, pallid at first, soon pale purple-drab (Ridg.) or aslti/, at length purplish-black. STEM 6-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. thick, subequal or subventricose, stufl'ed, whitish within and without, becoming yellowish-tinged, clothed helow an- nulus hy suhsquarrose, lacerate, fihrillose or floccose whitish or creamy-yellow scales, apex glabrescent, often deeply immersed at base. ANNULUS distant, membranous, persistent, at first white, firm and erect, then deflected and clove-brown (Ridg.). SPORES elliptical, smooth, 9-12 x 5-6.5 micr., dark-gray with tint of purple under microscope. CYSTIDIA none. Edge of gills with sterile cells. ODOR none. TASTE tardily disagreeable. Solitary or subgregarious, rarely subcaespitose ; among debris or about logs and stumps in mixed woods of balsam, si)ruce, birch, etc. Northern Michigan. Frequent locally. September-October. The large size, scaly stem and slate-gray gills are the striking characteristics of this species. Harper reports it from Neebish Island. It is also an inhabitant of the Adirondack Mountains, 250 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN where I have collected it. It seems to fruit preferably in the autumn and in dry weather. 239. Stropharia albonitens Fr. (Suspected) Monographia, 1SG3. Illustrations: Fries. Icones. PI. 130, Fig. 2. Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. G3, Fig. 3. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, campanulate, then plane-subumbonate, witli a viscid pellicle, icliite to huff, sometimes yellowish-tinged om disk, becoming gray on margin, shining when dry, glabrous, even. FLESH white, moist, thin. GILLS adnate becoming emarginate, suhdistant, rather broad, ventricose, gray to purplish-gray then darker, edge minutely white-fimbriate. STEM elongated, 3-7 cm. long, l*-.'> iimi. thick, equal, stuffed with a white pith then hollow, whitish, tinged yeUoio in age, yellowish within, dry, pruinose or flocculose. ANNULUS superior, white, evanescent, soon colored by spores. SPORES 7-9 x 4.5 micr., elliptical, smooth, puri)le-brown in mass. CYSTIDIA. ODOR none. On the ground in open, grassy woods. Ann Arbor. October. Known by the gray color of the gills and the yellowish tinge to the stem in age. «fe^ 240. Stropharia coronilla Bres. (Suspected) Fung. Trid., Vol. I, 1881 (Fr.. Syst. Myc, 1821). Illustrations : Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. G3, Fig. 5. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., ^'o. 232. Cooke, 111., PI. 535. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex-expanded, subviscid, even, ocliraccous-ichitish, glabrous, subpruinose when dry. FLESH white, rather thick. GILLS adnate, rounded behind or sinuate, ventricose, close, moderately broad, fuscous-violaceous then purple-hlackish, edge Avhite-fimbriate. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, equal or slightly ta]KM'ing upward, stuffed then hollow, dry, white, minutely flocculose above the annulus. tibrillose below then shining. AN- NULUS thickish-membranous. persistent, distant from apex, striate above. SPORES 8-0.5x4-5 micr.. elliptic-ovate, violet-purple un- der microscope, smootli. CYSTIDIA short, broadly clavate, round- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 251 ed but apiculate above. ODOR slight, unpleasant. On the ground in woods of white pine and beech. ' New Eichmond. September. Infrequent. This differs from S. alhonitens in the strong violet color of gills and spores. The cap is more ochraceous and more convex. The gills are more crowded. This seems to be closely related to S. melaspcrma Fr,, and the cystidia figured for that species by Patouil- lard (Tab. Analyt., No. 555) are characteristic of our specimens. /S'. Mlamellata Pk. is a much larger plant, with larger spores, and the thick annulus has radiating gill-like ridges on its upper surface. (See Peck, PI. 112, Fig. 5-10, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 122, 1908 and Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, Pt. II, PI. 65.) **Growmg on dimg. 241. Stropharia stercoraria Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations : Cooke, 111., PI. 538. Harper, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 17, Pt. II, PL G7. PILEUS 2-6 cm. broad, convex-hemispherical, then broadly con- vex or suhexjmnded, viscid from the separable, gelatinous pellicle, glabrous, even, citron-yellow, buff or whitish when dry, often stained by the spores. FLESH white or tinged yellow, thin on margin^ soft. GILLS adnate at length subdecurrent, very broad, close, um- ber-fuscous to purplish-olivaceous or blackish, edge white flocculose. STEM 6-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm, thick, elongated-cylindrical, stuffed by white pith then hollow, base thicker, yellowish-white, covered up to the evanescent, narrow annulus by the floccose-scaly thin remains of a membranaceus veil. SPORES large, elongated-elliptical, 15-21 X 8-12 micr., variable in size, smooth, violet-purple under microscope, blackish-purple in mass. "CYSTIDIA on the sides and edge of the gills, lanceolate, 50-70x12-18 micr." (Ricken.) TASTE of pellicle slightly bitter. On dung hills, manure piles or similar places; gregarious. Throughout the State. May-October. Common, apparently more common than the next, at least in southern Michigan. So close in appearance to S. semiglobata that they are difficult of easy separation. S. stercoraria is aj)parently almost limited to dung or manure, while the other has a wider range. It differs microscopic- 252 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN ally acconliii}; to Kickon. by the presence of cj'stidia which occur also on the sides of ilie j;ills mid wliicli are absent in S. semiglobata ex- cept on the edersisteutly hemis- pherical. A sterile form has been observed, in every particular like the above, except that the gills remained pale yellow or straw- color; spores were lacking at full expansion of the pileus and the hymeniuni was composed of large, inilated, sterile cells in place of the basidia. 242. Stropharia semiglobata Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Cooke, 111., PL 539. Gillet, Cham])ignons de France, No. 651. I'atouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 234. Kicken, Blatterpilze, PL G3, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Muslirooms, Fig. 30, p. 31, 1900. Hard. Mushrooms, Fig. 200, p. 320, 1908. Mnrrill, :Myco]ogia, Vol. 4, PL 56, Fig. 3. PILEUS 1-1 cm. broad, persistently hemispherical, very viscid from tlie pellicle, glabrous and naked, even, citron-yellow, shining when dry. faded in age, stained purplish-black by spores. FLESH tliick on disk, thin on margin, pallid, soft. GILLS broadly adnate, rery broad, close to subdistant, olive-gray to purplish-brown, clouded blackisli, edge minutely wliite floccose. STEM 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, subequal or cjdindrical, straight, hollow, I'igid, often viscid Avlien young or fresh, covered below up to the narrow annulus by tlie tliin, membranous, llocculose veil. SPORES elliptical, 15-18 X 9-10 micr., smootli, violet-purple under the microscope, brownish- pnrple in mass. CYSTIDIA only on, edge of gills, short-filamentous, 30-45 X 3-4 micr. (Ricken.) On dung liiils and grassy i)laces in tlie open. Probably through- out the State. May-October. Frequent. See notes on the preceding. 243. Stropharia umbonatescens Pk. (Suspected) X. Y. State :\rns. Rep. 30, 1878. Illnstrations: Hariier, AYis. Acad. Sci. Trans., VoL 7, Pt. II, PL (;5, P.. Plate LI of this Report. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 253 •PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, conico-camiKinuJate, at length more or less mammilately iimbonate, with a viscid pellicle, pale ochraceous- brownish or grayish on margin, umho hrUjht ochraceous hroivn to reddish-hroicn, even or obscurely substriate, shining, glabrous. FLESH thin, pallid. GILLS adnate to adnate-decurrent, hroad to suMrianguhir, close, at first wliitish then gray, finally jjurplish- brown to blackish. STEM 5-10 cm. long, slender, equal, stufl'ed then hollow, toughish, puUid, tinged ochraceous, covered at first by thin, obscure, scaly remnants of the veil up to the fugacious AN- NULUS. SPORES 17-19 x 10 micr., elliptical, smooth, purple-brown under microscope, dark purplisli in mass. ODOR often strong of radish or foetid. . Gregarious on dung hills or about manure heaps. September- October. Ann Arbor. Not infrequent. Much more slender and with a thinner, smaller cap than the two preceding; also, the cap is very difl'erent in shape. Its rather foetid odor and large spores distinguish it from others. It is close to /S. paradoxa P. Henn. in the shape of pileus and size of spores. Section, JT. Spintrigeri. Pileus without a distinct pellicle, usuall}^ innately fibrillose, not viscid. 244. Stropharia epimyces (Pk.) Atk. Plant World, Vol. X. Figs. 21-21, p. 121, 1907. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 35, 1884 (as Panoeolus epimyces Pk.). Jour. My col.. Vol. 8, 1902 (as Stropharia coprinophila Atk.). Illustrations : Atkinson, Plant World. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 227, p. 311, 1908 (as Panoeolus). Miss Sherman, Jour. MycoL, Vol. II, PI. 80, opp. p. 1G9, 1905 (as Panoeolus). PILEUS 2-G cm. broad, rarely larger, at first globose-oval, then convex-expanded, sometimes margin is elevated in age, silky-fibril- lose, white then dingy, even, margin at times appendiculate. FLESH thick except tlie tliiu margin, wliite. (HLLS narrowly adnate, rather narrow, broader in front, close, thin, grayish at first then blackish-brown, edge ivhite-finilriate. STEM 2-7 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick, fleshy, equal or tapering ui)ward, solid-stufl'ed then liolb)\v, soft, flocculose-mealy, striate, ivhite-annuhite near the 'base from the white floccose-veil, often abruptly obconic at base wliere it is in- serted in the depression (often volva-like) of the host mushroom. SPORES oval-elliptical. 7-S.5 x 3.5-5 micr., smooth, darl- purple- 254 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN broirti iiiuh r microscope, almost black iu mass. CYSTIDIA on sides and cdjio of jiills, clavate or subventricose on a slender stalk, obtnse at apex, 40-00 x 10-14 niicr., abnndant on edge. BASIDIA 25-35x7-9 micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE mild. Parasitic, from one to seven on the host; on Coprinus atrnmenta- riiis and Coprinus comatus. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Port Hnrou. September-November. Infre- quent. This curious Agaric, like Nyctalis asterophora and the European Volvaria Joveiana, seems to have no other home than on the founda- tion furuislicd by some species of another Agaric. Rumors have come lo luc that it occurs also on C. micaceous, but no specimens have been seen. It is distributed over northeastern North America, having been seen iu the states of New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and by Dr. Pennington in Canada as far west as Winni- peg. It is a good Stropharia, although at first referred by Peck to Panoeolus with a suggestion that it might be put under Hypholoma. As Atkinson has shown (Plant World), the nature of the veil and annulus and tlie purple tinge to the spores are Stropharia char- acters. The host mushrooms are deformed and may not de- velop sufficiently to be recognized. Excellent specimens were re- ceived from Mr, A. W. Goodwin of Port Huron. Harper has pointed out (Mycologia, Vol. 5, p. 167) that the figures of an European species, Pilosace algeriensis Fr., by Lanzi (Fung. Mang., PL 67, Fig. 3) may represent our plant. An examination of these figures has convinced me that there is a probability that they illustrate our species. It remains very doubtful, however, whether Lanzi's ])lant when fresli had free gills. In any case, our plant is not a Pilosace, although collectors may disagree as to whether it is a Stropharia or a Hypholoma. Hypholoma Fr. (From the Greek, hijpha, a web, and loma, a fringe; referring to the fringe left by veil on margin of pileus.) T'uride-brown-spored. Stem fleshy, confluent with the pileus; gills adnate-secedinf/. Veil breaking aivay from the stem, leaving shreds or a silJci/ border on the margin of the pileus, flocculose-fibrillose. Margin of pileus at first incurved. Putrescent fungi, growing on decaying wood or on the ground, often very caespitose around stumps or decayed roots of trees. The CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 255 genus corresponds to Tricholoma of the white-spored group, in the lack of a true annulus and by the attached gills. Many of the Hypholomas are, however, much thinner and more fragile than the Tricholomas. It differs from Stropharia and Psalliota in that the veil which is cortinate remains as a fringe on the margin of the pileus instead of forming an annulus on the stem. It is more difficult to separate the thin-capped species from Psilocybe. The latter differs in some cases only in a relative sense. The cortina-like veil in Psilocybe is only very slightly developed and leaves no shreds on the margin of the pileus or on the surface as in the hygrophanous species of Hypholoma. An account of the development of H. sub- lateritium by Miss Allen (Ann. Myc, Vol. 4, p. 387, 1906) shows that the young button is surrounded by a universal veil. This is probably also true of the hygrophanous species where this outer veil often leaves flocciilent particles on the surface of the young cap. The genus is divided into two sections whose species are notably different in their general appearance and the texture of the flesh. In the first section the PILEUS is thick, compact and firm; in the second, it is rather thin, somewhat fragile and soft. The former have usually brighter colors, while the latter are brownish, gray or white. The GILLS vary much in color during the course of their development. This character is often used to separate the species, but is less reliable for the purpose than in the genus Cortinarius. The STEM is fleshy, and in the fragile forms it is soon hollow. The SPORES are elliptical except in H. popuUna Britz. var., where they are variously shaped. In H. velutinum and H. 7-ugocephaliim they are more or less tuberculate. Many species have CYSTIDIA on the sides of the gills, or sac-shaped sterile cells on the edge. The large fleshy ones are edible, although at times they develop a dis- agreeable bitter taste. This is thought by some to be due to the passage of the larvae of insects tlirough the flesh; needless to say, such bitter plants should not be eaten. Of the thin ones, H. mcertum and allied forms are much sought after. Key to the Species (A) Pileus firm, compact, not hygrophanous, dull reddish or yellow; caespitose. (a) Pileus dark brick-red, especially on disk. (b) Gills at first whitish. 245. H. suUateritium Fr. (bb) Gills at first yellow. 245. H. sublateritium var. perplexum Pk. (aa) Pileus yellow or yellowish; no red. (b) Gills at first sulphur-yellow, soon green. H. fasciculare Fr. (bb) Gills at first pallid, never with green shades, (c) Gills gray or smoky gray. H. capnoides Fr. 256 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN (cc) Gills purple-gray, at length coffee-brown; stem long-radicating. //. epixanihium Fr. (AA) Pileus rather fragile, sometimes hygrophanous, rarely red or vellow. (a) Pileus viscid, small, bay-brown. 246. H. peckianum sp. nov. (aa) Pileus not or slightly viscid. (b) Stem with a wine-colored juice when broken. 250. H. vinosum sp. nov. (bb) Stem not with a colored juice. (c) Pileus with innate hairy or fibrillose scales. (d) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, with umber-brown hairy scales; spores irregular; gregarious-scattered. 249. H. populininn Britz. var. (dd) Pileus 3-10 cm. broad; caespitose. (e) Pileus whitish, dotted with brownish scales. 247. H. lachi-ymabundum (Fr.) Quel, (ee) Pileus tawny to yellowish; gills often beaded on edge. 248. H. velutinum (Fr.) Quel, (cc) Pileus soon glabrous and naked. (d) Pileus 6-10 cm. broad, rugose, subviscid. 251. H. rugoceph- alum Atk. (dd) Pileus not over 6 cm. broad, hygrophanous. j (e) Growing on lawns, fields or other grassy places, rarely in I woods; densely gregarious-subcaespitose. 252. H. incer- | turn Pk. (ee) In woods, swamps, thickets, etc. (f) Caespitose around stumps, etc. (g) Pileus when moist watery dark brown; gills at first grayish-brown; spores minute. 255 and 256. H. IxyclropTiiliim Fr. (gg) Pileus when moist honey-brown; gills at first per- sistently whitish. 253. H. appendinilatum Fr. (ff) Gregarious-scattered, singly; gills narrow. (g) Pileus 4-7 cm. broad, umber-brown when moist; gills very narrow. 254. H. coronatiim Fr. (gg) Pileus 1-3 cm. broad, pale watery brown when moist; very fragile. 257. H. saccharin ophilum Pk. (ggg) Pileus 3-6 cm. broad; pale honey brown when moist; stem 5-10 cm. long. 252. H. incertum var. sylvestris. Section I. Fascicuhnia. Pileus flesliy, naked aud glabrous, margin at first silky, brightly colored, not hygrophanous. * Large, caespitose: pileus not viscid. 245. Hypholoma sublateritium Fr. (Edible) i:i)icrisis, 1830-38. Illustrations:' Cooke, 111., PI. 577. (iillet, Champignons de France, No. 357. Atkinson, Muslirooms. Fig. 25, opp. p. 2(3, 1900. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 29, opp. p. 81, 1905. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 257 Reddick, Ann. Rep. Geol. & Xat. Res. Ind. 32, p. 1231, Fig. 11, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 1, (as H. perplexum). Plate LI of this Report. PILEUS 3-8 cm. broad, firm, convex-expanded, obtuse, dark 'brick- red, darker on disk, paler on margin, even, glabrons, naked except the decurved margin, which is white-silky from the veil. FLESH thick, compact, whitish, in age slightly yellowish. GILLS aduate, crowded, narrow, at first tvhitish, then grayish to sooty-olive, finally dark purplish-brown, edge minutely wliite-crenulate. STEM 8-12 cm. long, rather stout, 5-12 mm. thick, equal or attenuated down- ward, stuffed, whitish above, ferruginous below, floccose-fibrillose, glabrescent, ascending or curved from the crowded insertions. SPORES 6-7x3-4 micr., oblong-elliptical, smooth, purple-brown,, blackish purple in mass. BASIDIA about 24 x 5 micr., 4-spored. CYSTIDIA few or scattered, obclavate with apiculate apex, 30 x 12 micr.; sterile cells on edge, shorter, inflated. ODOR none. TASTE mild or bitterish. Very caespitose, forming large clusters in autumn, growing from the base of trees or stumps or on buried roots, etc. August-November. Throughout the State. Very common. Var. perplexum Pk. has the gills yellow at first, finally dark pur- ple-brown, intermediate stage with olive tints. The STEM becomes hollow. The PILEUS has more yellow on the margin. SPORES etc. the same as in H. sublateritium. This species is widely distributed and common in autumn. It is easily recognized by its dark brick-red cap, by the compact, thick flesh and caespitose habit. It is quite variable, and Peck seems to have based his species H. perplexum (N. Y. State Cab. Rep. 23, 1872) on such a variation. The conditions of weather, the nature of the wood and other factors no doubt produce some of these forms. An effort has been made by Peck, followed by Mcllvaine (see the latter, p. 355, 1900) to provide a key for the separation of these two and of related European species. In the southern part of the state I have examined many clusters for the purpose of verifying this key but found that the mild or bitter taste, the stuffed or hollow stem, and the various shades of color which the gills possess during the process of maturing, were so variable and unreliable that no distinct species could be separated by them. I have not met the other European species: H. capnoides, H. epixanthium and //. fasiculare, which lack the red color of the pileus of our plants, and 33 258 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN all of which are described with caps colored some shade of yellow. Our plant is edible^ aud is eaten by many with safety and relish. In luirope, the same species is said to be poisonous, and is so niaiked by Iticken in the latest, extensive work of that country. **Pileus viscid. 246. Hypholoma peckianum sp. nov. P ILEUS 1-2 cm. broad, convex, obtuse, subexpanded, viscid, ji:l:iI)rons, hay-brmni, blackish on disk, paler on marj^in, even, mart?in bordei'od by white, silky fibrils from the veil. FLESH whitish, moderately Ihin, thicker on disk. GILLS adnate, rounded behind, 2.". mm. broad, abruptly narrower in front, close, at first flesh- cnJored then dark purplish-brown, edge white-fi,mh)-iate. STEM 3-4 (111. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, equal, white-floccose above, innately fibril- lose elsewhere, pallid to hroivnisJi, brown within except the white [)i(li, at length hollow, flexuous. SPORES 10-12 x 5-6 micr.. ventri- cose-elliptical, pointed at ends, smooth, tinged purple under the microscope, purplish-brown in mass. CYSTIDIA none. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, clustered, linear-cylindrical, obtuse, about 20 X 4 micr. BASIDIA subcylindrical, 30 x micr., 4-spored. ODOR and TASTE none. Scattered on debris of leaves and decayed wood in woods of hem- lock, beech, maple, etc. New Richmond. September. Rare. The viscid, dark-colored cap, the flesh-colored young gills and the small size, distinguish the species. The cortina is white and distinctly fibrillose. flection II. Limbata. Pileus somewhat fleshy or thin, at first innately fibrillose or dotted with superficial floccose scales on the surface or margin. This grouj) approaches the genus Psilocybe, but the veil is always recognizable under favorable weather conditions by the series of floccose remnants which border the margin of the fresh pileus; in wind and rain these rapidly disappear. In most of the Ki>ecies the remnants of the veil are scattered over the surface of the very young i)ileus as superficial flocculent particles or minute scales ; tliese usually disappear early. In other species the veil remains hanging to the margin of the pileus in an appendiculate manner. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 259 *Pileus innately hairy, fibrillose-scaly or velvety. 247. Hypholoma lachrymabundum (Fr.) Quel. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821 (Pro parte) ; Jura et. Vosges, 1872. (See Miiire, Soc. Myc. de France, Bull. 27, p. 411, 1911). Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 1.34, Fig. 1. Cooke, 111., PI. 543 (as H. storea var. caespitosa). (iuelet. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Vol. 23, PI. 2, Fig 5 (as Stro- phnria cotonea). Plate LTI of this Report. PILEFS 4-10 cm. broad, convex then campanulate, obtuse or dis- coid, f/roiind-color whitish to huff, then pale brownish-ochraceous, moist, covered except on disk by scattered, rather large appressed broicnish hairy scales, paler on margin, not striate, margin at first incurved and appendiculate from the thickish, floccose-white veil, sometimes rugulose on disk. FLESH thick, thin on margin, firm, white. GILLS adnate-seceding, narrow, crowded, at first whitish, at length purplish-brown, edge white-flocculose, sometimes distilling bead-like drops. STEM 6-12 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal, hollow, striate above, fibrillose or subscaly below, glabrescent, ivhitish then sordid, base sometimes stained yellowish when bruised, white- mycelioid at base. SPORES 6-7.5 x 3-4 micr., elliptical, slightly curved, smooth, dark brownish-purple under microscope. CYS- TIDIA on sides and edge of gills short, rather abundant, 30-40 X 12-15 micr., ventricose. Densely caespitose at or about the base of trees, in beech, maple and birch woods of conifer regions. Bay View, Houghton. August- September. Rather rare. This differs from H. velutina (which is the H. lachrymahundum of most books) in the whitish color, paler gills at first, the small spores and different cystidia. According to Maire (1. c.) the two species were originally combined bj^ Fries, and later segregated by Quelet. It has been described under various names and much con- fusion has resulted. The unravelling of the tangle is due to Prof. Maire, with the result that the species ordinarily called H. lachry- mahundum in this country is really H. velutina. H. aggregatum Pk. is in my opinion only a smaller form of the same plant. The gills of this species are rarely found ''weeping," although in H. velutina thev are usually '"beaded with drops." 200 THE AGARICACEAE OP" MICHIGAN 248. Hypholoma velutinum (Fr.) Quel. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821 ; Jura et. Vosges, 1872. (See Maire, Soc. Myc. de France, Bull. 27, p. 114, 1911). Illustrations: Cooke, 111.. PI. .~)<;:5. (JilU't. Clianipignous de France, No. 358. Clillet, CliaHipignons de France, No. 356 (as H. lachrymahiui- duin). Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 117 (as H. lacJirymahumlum) . lierkeley. Outlines, IM. 11, Fig. 2. Atkinson, Musli rooms. Fig. 28, p. 29, 1900 (as //. hichrijma- hiDiduin). Hard, Mushrooms, Figs. 263-2G1, pp. 325-320, 1908 (as H. Jachnjmahnndum) . Plate LIII of this Eeport. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, convex then broadly campanulate, some- times obtusely umbonate, finally plane, at first covered by a hairy tomenlum, then a^ypressed fihrillose-scaly, not striate, tawny to yel- loicish, darker to umber on center, sometimes radially rugulose, margin at first appeudiculate from the veil, at length split. FLESH thick on disk, soft, watery-brown to sordid yellowish. GILLS ad- nate-seceding, broad behind but sinuate, narrowed toward front, crowded, not reaching margin of pileus, at first pale yellowish then umber and dotted by spore masses, edge white-flocculose, headed with drops. STEM 2-8 cm. long, variable in length, 1-10 mm. thick, equal, soon hollow, fibrillose to floccose-scaly and tawny up to the obsolete annulus, whitish above; veil soft-fibrillose, soon breaking, dingy, wliite, remnants clinging to the margin of the pileus. SPOKES oval to broadly elliptical, 9-12x7 micr., tiiherculate, dark I»urplisli-umber under microscope. CYSTIDIA few or scattered on sidc\s of gills, CA'liudrical, in groups of several, about GO x 9-10 micr., abundant on edge, cylindrical-subcapitate, 45-55x0-7 micr. ODOR and TASTE earthy. Caesjjitose," scattered or solitary on alluvial soil or swampy grounds in woods. Throughout the State. July-October. Fre- quent. This is the II. lachrymahundtun Fr. of most authors. See notes on the preceding. It is distinguished by its tawny or darker color, very characteristic, tuberculate spores and cylindrical cystidia. The gills usually distil drops from their edge in moist weather. These drops are often dark colored from the spores, hence Fries CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 261 remarks that the edge is "nigro-pimctate." Peck (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 150, p, 81, 1911) has given (iiuder H. lachryma'bundum) spore measuremeuts which are misleading ; and the rest of the description applies to extreme forms. 249. Hypholoma populinum Britz. var. Bot. Centralbl., Vol. 77, p. 402, 1899. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, convex to subcampannlate, obtuse, at length expanded, innately pilose-scaly, not striate, hygrophanous, grayish-'huff, scales uiiihcr-hrown to inirplish-hiown, fading to pale grayish-white, margin appeudiculate at first from the veil. FLESH concolor, rather thin. (JILLS adnate-seceding, rounded behind, moderately broad, close, thin, at first whitish, soon drab, then dark purplish-brown, edge wliite-fimbriate. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick, equal, white, dotted with fuscous, fibrillose scales, stuffed then hollow, shining when dry, base submycelioid. VEIL mem- branaceus, white, soon disappearing. SPORES variously shaped, subtriangular, inequilateral-elliptical, subangular, etc., sometimes curved, G-7.5 x 4.5 micr., dark purple-brown. CYSTIDIA clavate to obclavate, or subventricose, stalked, not abundant, 50-40 x 15-18 micr. ODOR none. On very rotten wood, scattered ; in frondose low woods or swamps. Ann Arbor, May-June and September. Infrequent. / Characterized by the peculiarly shaped spores, which are often the shape of corn-kernels, or are elliptical, curved or very irregular. Britzelmayr's species is much larger, the cap measuring 7 cm. across ; his spores also are a little larger. It is probably a distinct species. 250. Hypholoma vinosum sp. nov. PILEUS 5-20 mm. broad, fragile, convex, then companulate, sub- umbonate, pulverulent-floccose, velvety in appearance, umber-color- ed, obscurely tinged with purple, darker in center, dry, even, obscure- ly rugulose, margin appeudiculate at first by pale fragments of the veil. FLESH thin, dingy-white, fragile. GILLS adnate, seceding, crowded, rounded behind, ventricose and rather broad, hrif/lit vinaceous-umber (Sacc.) finally dark umber, edge entire. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, except enlarged base, straiglit, slender, hollow, vinaceous-uviher, color persisting, pulverulent like pileus, iclth a slight purplish, juice when broken in the fresh con- dition. SPORES minute, 5-G x 2.5.3 micr., oblong, suiooth, obtuse 202 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN at ends, inirplish-black in mass, pale under microscope. CYSTIDIA none. On very decayed wood, or logs in mixed woods of hemlock and beech, etc. lia.v View, New Richmond. August-September. In- frequent. This striking little Hypholoma is known by its tinge of dark wine- color mixed with umber, the purplish Avatery juice of the stem and the minute spores. The trama of the gills and pileus is composed of large, inflated cells, 75-90x20 micr., and the surface layer of the pileus of globose cells, several rows thick, uj) to 30 micr. diameter, tinged smoky vinaceous. When fresh and young it is provided wiih a thin, evanescent veil, which sometimes forms a slight ring on the stem, and which soon disappears. It has no relationships to such i»lants as Lephta haematosperma (Fr.) Bres. and Aniiillaria haematites Berk. & Br. which are much stouter plants, have whitish or red-tinged spores, and well developed annulus. It ap- proaches more closely FsalUota echinata Fr., but the gills are not free, and the trama is composed of larger cells. The pileus never has pointed scales, and is ditferently colored. The base of the stem is slightly bulbous. **Pileus glabrous, rugose, not hygrophanous. 251. Hypholoma rugocephalum Atk. (Probably Edible) Mushrooms, 1900. Illustration: Ibid, PI. 8, Fig. 29, opp. p. 30. PILEUS G-10 cm. broad, convex-expanded to plane, the margin at length elevated, broadly umbonate, strongly radkitcly rugulose, moist or subviscid, glabrous, watery brown to tawny, then alutaceus- tan. FLESH thick on disk, thin on margin, tinged yellowish. GILLS adnate, seceding, rounded behind or sinuate, moderately close, rather broad, 5-7 mm., mack-sprinkled, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 8-12 cm. long, G-10 nnn. thick, equal, subbulbous, even, glab- rous, hollow, concolor below, paler above, subannulate by obscure threads of the veil, marked by the blackish stain from the spores. SPORES 9-11 X 6-8 micr., ventricose-elliptical, abruptly pointed at both ends, minutely fuherculate, inequilateral, dark purple brown, black in n.ass. CYSTIDIA on sides of gills cylindrical, enlarged at apex, clustered, hyaline: on edge narrowlv flask-shaped. ODOR and TASTE mild. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 263 On the groimd, siibcaespitose or gregarious, iu low or swampy frondose woods. Ann Arbor, South Haven, New Kichmond. July- September. Not infrequent. This species approaches H. vclutinum in the character of the spore-surface and habit, the cap lacks the fibrillose covering of that species. The shape of the spores is distinctive. *** Pileus hijgrophanous, at the first dotted tcith superficial flocculent particles or scales, glahrescent. 252. Hypholoma incertum Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 29, 1878. Illustrations : N. Y, State Mus. Bull. 25, PI. 58, Fig. 13-20, 1899. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, PI. 60, Fig. 1-9, 1900. Marshall, The Mushroom Book, PI. 28, opp. p. 80, 1905. Atkinson, Mushrooms, PL 7, Fig. 26 and 27, p. 27, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, PI. 37, Fig. 262, p. 324, 1908. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. 4, PI. 56, Fig. 1 (as //. appendictila- tum ) . Plate LIV of this Report. PILEUS 3-7 cm. broad, fragile, at first oval, obtuse, then broadly campanulate to expanded, at length split radially, hygrophanous, pale honey-yellowish, then buff to white as moisture disappears, white-flocculeut or at length glabrous, even or slightly wrinkled when dry, the margin at first hung with loose shreds of the veil, in age often violaceous, lilac towards margin. FLESH thin, white. GILLS adnate-seceding, narrow, almost linear, thin, close, at first white, then pale dingy lilac or rosy-brown, finally purplish or darker, edge minutely white-fimbriate. STEM 3-8 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, rather slender, equal, hollow, subrigid, easily splitting lengtliwise, even, white, innately silky, flocculose or mealy above. SPORES 7-8 x4 micr., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, smooth, purple brown in mass. CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills. STERILE CELLS sac-shaped, i. e. inflated above, obtuse, 30-40x12-15 micr. BASIDIA 32x9 micr., short-clavate. ODOR and TASTE agreeable. Densely gregarious or subcaespitose, sometimes scattered, among grass on lawns, roadsides, fields or rarely in woods among sticks and debris, nearly always around old stumps or buried remains of stumps, roots or decayed wood ; sometimes in greenhouses. j.ll THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Throutrliout llio State. May to September. (Earliest record May ;'.().) \'(iv ((Miiiuon (luring rainy seasons in early summer. This is j)r(»halily the American form of //. candolleanum Fr, The siMj,'h' j)hrase, ''}i;ill.s at first violaceous," in Fries' description de- terred Peck from referring it there. Rickeu says "gills at first white, then sordid-rosy or violaceous"; this gives the gill-colors of the lOuropean plant without a doubt, and this condition is not much (lilferent from that in our plants. As in H. suhlatcritium, the gill- color varies somewliat with the conditions surrounding the develop- ment of the plant. Because of the abundance of individuals usually found in a ])atcli, its well-known edibility makes it a plant much sought after. Although the caps are thin, the meat is crisp and of delicate fhivor and it often growls at our very doors in the grass over some old hidden remains of a stump. This is also presumably the //. append'wulatum of many American authors. A rarictij occurs in the woods, which only differs in that the plants are mostly solitary and long-stemmed, scattered here and there among decayed sticks or leaves; its spores are perhaps slightly longer and sliglitly variable in shape, but otherwise it is very similar. It may be called var. sylvestris. * Illustrations of H. candolleanum Fr. Tooke, 111., PI. 546. <;illet, Champignons de France, No. 352 (as H. appendicula- tinn). Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. G4, Fig. 4. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 350. 253. Hypholoma appendiculatum Fr. (Edible) Ei)icrisi.s, 183G-38. Illustrations: Kicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 64, Fig. 5. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt, No. 349 (faded condition). "PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, campanulate-hemispherical, hygrophan- ous. dark-hnnei/hrou-n (moist) isabelline to ochraceous (dry), wath a dull luster, naked, hut at first floccose or fihrillose on the surface or fipitrndiculate from the white veil, slightly wrinkled and almost atomatc when dry. FLESH thin, pallid. GILLS broadly adnate, ascending, n-owded, 6-7 mm. hroad, almost equal in width, at first and (I loufi time irhitish. ihen gratjish-piirplish, at length purple- bntwii. STEM .")-10 em. long, 3-6 mm. thick, fragile, narrowed up- CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 265 wards, often elongated, mostly curved worm-like, uudulate, white, silky-sliiuing above, apex mealy and striate, rarely with loose shreds forming a temporary ring. VEIL white, floccose-membranous, at first uniting the margin of the pileus with the stem, very soon dis- appearing. SPOEES almost cylindrical-elliptical, 9-11x4-5 micr., smooth, red-brown under microscope. CYSTIDIA almost lance- olate, on sides and edge of gills, 40-45 x 10-13 micr." ''Caespitose, in beech woods on leaves and about stumps." The description is adapted from Ricken's Blatterpilze. This species has been much discussed, and is reported in most American books. The pileus is brown when moist according to most European authors and occurs in the forests where it forms caespitose tufts. I have not been able to distinguish it in the southern part of the state, but have given a description from the most recent work on European Agarics, for the sake of comparison. 254. Hypholoma coronatum Fr. Hymen. Europ., 1881. Illustration : Fries, Icones, PL 134, Fig. 3. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, fragile, at first oval, then convex-campan- ulate, hygrophanous, obtuse or subumbonate, umher-hroivn on disk, gradually paler toward margin, irhltish-tan or paJc ahifaceous tchen dry, disk often retaining an umber shade and at length blackish stained in spots, at first dotted with white, flocculent, superficial scales, soon denuded, even or obscurely wrinkled on margin, margin hung by remains of veil in a dentiform manner. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS narrowly aduate, seceding, very narrow, crowd- ed, at first dingy-white, soon pale lilaceous-brown, then um'ber- colored, edge minutely white-fimbriate. STEM 5-7 cm. long, rather slender, 3-4 mm. thick, tapering upward or subequal, hollow, slightly toughish, ichite, dingy in age, often innately flocculose-scaly then glabrescent and shining, even, sometimes subcompressed. SPORES elliptical, G-7 x 4 micr., smooth, purplisli-brown. CYSTI- DIA none. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills, broadly cylindri- cal, obtuse, abruptly short-stipitate, 36 x 10 micr. ODOR and TASTE pleasant. Gregarious or scattered, attached to leaf-mould, fallen leaves and very rotten wood. Ann Arbor. July-August. Rare. This dift'ers from the solitary form of H. incertiiin, wliich also occurs in woods, by the umber color of the entire very young pileus 266 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN wliicli has evaiR'scont wliite-floccose scales sprinkled over it, and in the less roseate line of the ijills in the intermediate stage. It has the si/c ami shape of //. incerium. The margin of cap does not become violaceons-tinged in age. Fries says "caespitose" in habit, and In that extent onr plant is a variety. 255. Hypholma hydrophilum Fr. (sense of Rickon) (Suspected) Fpiciisis. ]S;'(!-:?S. (Hymen. p]nrop. as Bolbitins.) Illiisti-alioii : Kicken. Bliitterpilze. PI. (U, Fig. (1. riLI\;iS l!-(i (111. broad, fragile. cam|>annlate-convex, then ex- panded, watery ciiDKiinon-hroicn to cJiestnut-hroirn when moist, hygrophanons, ochraceons-bntl" when dry, even or pellucid-snbstriate on margin, often wavy, margined Kith a delicate^ superficial , white, silkif border which represents the remains of the veil. FLESH thin, coucolor. GILLS" adnate-seceding, thin, ventricose, not broad, crowded, at first (jraijish-hroini, then purplish-um'bcr or dark hrotcn, edge minutely white-fimbriate when young. STEM 4:-() cm. long, 3-0 mm. thick. e(pml, hollow, splitting, elastic, glabrous except the ]»ruinose apex, shining-u-hite, undulate, base mycelioid. SPORES 5-6x2.5-3 micr.. minute, smooth, pale purplish-brown under micro- scope. CYSTIDIA few or none. STERILE CELLS on edge of gills inflated-saccate, short. :'.0-8 micr. ODOR and TASTE none. Caespitose in extensive clusters on or near stumps and decayed wood, or at base of living trees. Ann Arbor, New Richmond, (prob- ably throughout the State). Sej)tend)er-Novend)er. Not infrequent. Fries says it distills drops of moisture along the edge of the gills, but this is rare in our climate, although it does occur. It is a very fragile plant, willi a white stem and a watery-brown cap which fades quickly in the wind as the moisture escapes. Its minute spores distinguish it, although European authors are not agreed on the spore size. Ricken and Massee give them as above. Saccanio seems to be in error, or there may be two closely allied plants as with us. We have another species, which is almost like it. 256. Hypholoma hydrophilum Fr. (sense of Saccardo) This dilVers from the preceding as follows: PILEUS at first sprinkled over its surface with white, floccose particles or minute CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 267 scales, even on margin when moist. STEM fibrillose-flocculose, glabrescent. SPORES 7-8 x 4-5 micr., slightly nneqnally elliptical. CYSTIDIA on sides of gills scattered to somewhat unmerons, ventricose-sublanceolate but obtuse, about 50 micr. long. STERILE CELLS pyriform-inflated. numerous on edge of gills. In large or small tufts about logs, stumps, etc., in swampy woods. June-July. Ann Arbor, Detroit, Bay View. Not infrequent. This may be PsUocyhc pohjccpliala (Paul.) (see N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 157, p. 98, PI. 127, Fig. 1-9, 1912), which it approaches very closely. It is not Psilocyhe spadicea and does not appear to be closely related to it. It is close to H. hydropliilum with which it agrees except in the pointy mentioned. Cooke's figure (111., PI. 1157) which is doubtfully referred to H. instratum Britz. is per- haps the same; at least it is not Britzelmayr's plant Avhich has rounded-triangular spores. 257. Hypholoma saccharinophilum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 25, 1873. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, fragile, obtuse, ovate at first, then cam- panulate to plane, pale watery-brown and even when moist, pallid- ochraceous when dry, hygrophauous, in age assuming a livid-graij or icatery -soaked appearance when remoistened, at first sprinkled with white flecks or flocculent scales, glabrescent and subatomate. FLESH soft, thin. CILLS adnate-seceding, narrow, sublinear or subventricose, close, white at first, slowly becoming pinkish to fuscous-purplish, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 3-7 cm. thick, fragile, subequal, undulate, white, silky-fibrillose, pruinose-floccose at apex, hollow', even, subbulbillate at base with radiating mycelium. VEIL delicate, flocculose-fibrillose, white, evanescent. SPORES 6-7 X 3-4.5 micr., elliptical-oblong, smooth, obtuse, purplish-brown in mass, pale under microscope. CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills. STERILE CELLS on edge, large, undulate-cjdindrical, abundant, broadly obtuse, 10-50 x 9-11 micr. Gregarious or scattered, attached to sticks, humus, decaying leaves and wood in low swampy woods of maple, elm, poplar, etc. Ann Arbor. July-August. Frequent. Although this species was rejected by Peck in his monograph of the New York species (Bull. 150, 1911) it is revived here to supply a name for our species. The cap is characterized by its nou- striate margin, and by its peculiar change in color when nuitnre oc.s; THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN and wlu'ii it a^'ain becomes moist. On drying the cap finally be- comes grayish-white; mature specimens during wet weather assume a li\ ill ,may api-caraiur. wliich is also the case w^hen kept moist in a box al'icr colbHiiii,-;-. It is a rather small, unimportant plant of swamps wiicic ii is soinelimes plentiful. Psathyra Fr. (From the Greeli, psathyros, friable.) rnri>]e-brown-spored. Stem icith a cartilaginous cortex, rigid- fragile, slender and liollow. Gills ad-nate or adnexed. Margin of pilcus at first straight. Veil either none or universal, in the latter case leaving dclirate Hecks or fibrils over the surface" of the young pileus and stem. Pileus hygrophanous. Putrescent, terrestrial or on decayed wood. The genus corre- sponds to Mycena of the wdiite-spored group in that the stem is somewhat cartilaginous and the margin of the pileus is at first straight and appressed to the stem; the pileus is therefore likely to be persistently cam])anulate as in Mycena. See Plate LVI. The species are slender, fragile and hygrophanous. It is somewhat dilliiult to tell some of the species from Psilocybe except in the I)resence of very young stages showing the straight margin of the cap. The genus naturally falls into two sections, the first composed of species without cortina or universal veil; the second, where the young plants are surrounded by a delicate, usually white, fibrillose or flocculose universal veil. The veil breaks up early and leaves til in superficial flecks or scales on cap and stem, or sometimes merely white fibrils, which are unrecognizable in age or after rains. The species occur rather infrequently, but quite a number have been found in the state. Of these only a part are here presented, as it has been impossible to identify the others with any certainty. Their edibility has not been reported. Key to the Species (A) Pileus at first with fibrillose fiecks or hairs, (a) Densely caespitose; pileus even, slightly pelliculose; stem short. 262. P. microspcnna Pk. (aa) Gregarious; pileus and stem superficially white-hairy at first. 261. P. semivcstitn Berk. (AA) Pileus glabrous; stem polished. (a) Caespitose on or near wood; pileus striatulate when moist; stem long. 259. P. umb07iata Pk. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 269 • (aa) Not densely caespitose; solitary or gregarious. (b) Spores 7-9 micr. long; pileus umber. 259. P. ohtusata Fr. (bb) Spores 10-12 micr. long; pileus rufous-brown. 260. P. per- simplex Britz. Section I. Conopilac. (Incl. of Obtusatae Fr.) Surface of pileus glabrous; stem polished and shining. 258. Psathyra umbonata Pk. N. y. State Mus. Rep. 50, 1897. Illustrations: Plates LV, LVI of this Report. PILEUS 2-5 era. broad at maturity, 2-3 cm. high, subcylindrical at the very first, then eonico-campanulate, at length strongly and obtusely umbonate, hygrophanous, dark hay-hroicn to purplish- hroivn and striatulate' (moist), grayish-white, even and atomate (dry), sometimes faintly rugulose when dry. FLESH thin, con- color. GILLS ascending, adnatc-seceding , rather broad, 3-4 mm., narrowed in front, close, becoming dark purplish-brown, finally al- most black, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, slender, flexuous, rigid-fragile, equal, hollow, sometimes twisted, shining-ivhite becoming pallid. SPORES 13-15.5 x 7-8 micr., elliptical, obtuse, smooth, dark purplish under the microscope, black in mass. CYSTIDIA none on sides of gills; sterile cells on edge, cystidia-like, ventricose, apex obtuse. BASIDIA 4-spored, narrowly stalked, inflated above. Caespitose or gregarious-subcaespitose, on decayed wood, usually stumps and logs. June-September. Ann Arbor, New Richmond. Not infrequent. Forming large clusters of many individuals, often at the end of old moist logs. Its long slender stems and cone-shaped caps distinguish it at once from Hypholoma clusters. Sometimes only a few individuals occur in one place. It has the stature and general appearance of P. conopilea Fr., as shown in the published figures, but differs in the truly adnate gills and the striate margin of the moist cap. Peck compares it with P. corrugis Fr. (B) Another species sometimes occurs, which difters from the preceding mainly in the size of its spores : 15-18 x 7-8 micr. This differs from P. elata Mass., in the margin being long-striate. The size, shape and colors are the same as in P. iimhonata. Because of its almost black spores it might be mistaken for PsathyreUa suhatrata, but that species does not grow on wood. .^7j THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 259. Psathyra obtusata Fr. Syst. Myc. 1821. riLi;rs 1 :; cm. hroa*!. cninpamilate-convex, obtuse, hygropha- iKius. kiiiIki- and laintly or not at all striate when moist, pale otliraicous to l)iiir and atoniate when dry, glabrous; veil none. FLi:siI thin. (JILLS ascending, aduate, rather broad, close to sub- distant, undK'r when mature, edge white-fimbriate. Stem 5-8 em, long. 1-;; mm. thick, equal, glabrous, hollow, white then pallid, rigid- li-agih'. (lexuous, curved at base. SPOKES elliptical, 7-9x4-4.5 niici-.. smooth, dark purplish-brown. Solitary or subcaespitose,, on very rotten wood. September. New Richmond, Bay View. Infrequent. Distinguished from the preceding by the obtusely convex pileus, more scattered liabit and shorter stems. Form minor: This varies smaller, with a i)ileiis .5-1 cm. broad and rather slender stem. The sjmres, etc., are the same. Cook's figure (111., PI. 593) does not r('l)rosent our plants. 260. Psathyra persimplex Britz. Bot. Centralbl., VoL 77, p. 436, 1899. PILEUS 1-2.5 cm. broad, campanulate at first then campanulate- convex, obtuse, margin soon spreading, hygrophanous, rufous-brown to fuscous brown and striatulate when moist, whitish-buff to pale orhraceous wlieii dry, atomate, glahroiis. Veil none. FLESH very tliin. (JILLS ascending-adnate, rather broad, ventricose, close to sulxlistant, Avhitish then gray to grayish-umber, edge white-fimbriate. STEM 4-10 cm. long, slender, 1-2 mm. thick, equal, whitish or pallid, somewliat fragile, stuffed by white pith then hollow, glabrous, shin- ing, tlcxuous, pruinate at apex, rooting at base and attached to w.hhI l.y Iijiirs. SPORES elliptical, 10-12x5-6.5 micr., obtuse, smooth, dark purple-brown under the microscope. CYSTIDIA scattered or few on sides of gills, up to 70 x 15 micr., sometimes bif\irciUe at apex, ventricose-lanceolate ; smaller on edge, 30-45 x 6-12 micr., obtuse. BASIDIA 30x10-12 micr., 4-spored. ODOR none. 'atevJ-hvo^vn (moist) cinereous-buff (dry), at first with scattered flocculose white scales, glabrcscent, margin at first straight. FLESH thin, concolor. GILLS adnate-seceding, close, not broad, subventricose, narrowed toward front, at first whitish then grayish-brown tinged purplish, edge white-fimbriate. 272 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN STEM 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, equal, rigid-fragile, hollow, pj^re tchitc, apex .sultprniuose, subfibrillose, at first covered by minute, white fibrils from the universal veil. SPOKES elliptical, 6-8x4-4.5 micr., smootli. purplish-brown. Vcri/ eaesjiitose, on grass or about stumps in or near woods. Ann Arbor. October. Kare. This sjjecies wa.s described by Peck from material sent from Ohio; he does not rei»ort it from Xew York State. The pileus is ]inivi(lc(l with a slight pellicle Avhich is scarcely gelatinous. The stem separates rather easily from the pileus when the gills have receded from it. Our specimens grew out of the turf with no sign of nearby wood. They were sent to Peck who identified them as his species. It is easily mistaken for a Psilocybe, but the margin of the young cap is straight at first. Psilocybe' Fr. (From the Greek, psiJos, naked, and l^ybe, head, referring to the lack of veil-remnants on the pileus.) Purple-browu-spored. Stem with a cartilaginous cortex, rigid- fragile or toughish. Gills adnexed to adnate-subdecurrent. Veil scarcely noticeable or entirely lacking, neither forming an annulus nor appendiculate on the margin of the pileus. Margin of pileus at first incurved. Putrescent, terrestrial, on very decayed wood or around stumps, buried roots, sticks, etc. The genus corresponds to Collybia of the wliite-si)ored group in that the stem has a cartilaginous cortex and the margin of the pileus is at first incurved. The species are usually rather thin and fragile and not large. They are distinguished from the Hyi)liolomas by the scanty or absent veil; those species which possess a veil often show no signs of it in windy or dry weather. The PILEUS is convex or campanulate and expands in many cases until quite plane. The color is usually dull, even in those with reddish, yellow or olive hues. It is usually glabrous; a few species, however, like P. canofacious, have a somewhat fibrillose sur- face. The GILLS are broadly adnate and mostly slightly decurrent or triangular in the first section; in the other sections they are rounded behind or adnexed-emarginate. In age they are often sprinkled in a variegated manner by the spores. The STEM is neither stout nor truly fleshy. It is often white when young, but varies to brownish, reddish or grayish. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 273 The geiuis is divided here into three sections, separated funda- mentally by the broad, snbdecurreut gills of the first group, the pellicle of the pileus in the second group, and the hygrophanous flesh of the plants in the third group. Few species have any record for or against their edibility; P. foenlsecil, however, is known to be edible. Key to the Species . (A) Pileus hygrophanous. (a) Spores in mass brick-reddish. 277. P. conissans Pk. (aa) Spores not red in mass. (b) Large; pileus 5-12 cm. broad, brown when moist. 270. P. larga sp. nov. (bb) Smaller; pileus 4 cm. or less in width. (c) Spores large, 13-18 micr. long; common on lawns and grassy places. 276. P. foenisecii Ft. (cc) Spores less than 13 micr. long. (d) Pileus subviscid and rufous-brown when moist; gills very broadly adnate. (e) Growing on dung or pastured fields. 264. P. suiviscida Pk. (ee) Growing on the ground in woods. 265. P. atrorufa Fr. (dd) Pileus not subviscid; gills not subdecurrent. (e) Stem pale fuscous, 10-15 cm. long; on sphagnum. 267. P. airobrunnea Fr. (ee) Stem white, shorter. (f) Spores small, 6-7 micr. long. (g) Pileus 1-4 cm. broad, livid-brown when moist and striate. 271. P. cernua Fr. (gg) Pileus less than 1 cm. broad, dull-brownish when moist, spotted. 275. P. submaculata Atk. (ff) Spores 8-10 micr. long or longer, pileus dark-brown when moist, (g) Stem falsely bulbous from adhering sand, often sub- caespitose and clavate. 273. P. arenuUna Pk; P. ammophila Mont, (gg) Stem not markedly enlarged by adhering sand, equal, (h) Gills narrow; spores 10-12x6 micr.; stem slender, 1-2 mm. thick. 272. P. murcida Fr. (hh) Gills medium broad; spores 7-9x4-5 micr.; stem 3-4 mm. thick, shorter. 274. P. agrariella Atk. (AA) Pileus not hygrophanous. (a) Pileus with white fibrils or hairy scales on the surface; umber- colored. 268. P. canofaciens Cke. (aa) Pileus glabrous except margin, viscid or subviscid. (b) Stem long, 7-10 cm., pileus grayish-olive; on sphagnum or dung. 268. P. uda Fr. (bb) Stem shorter; pileus without olive tints. (c) On dung; pileus livid-brownish-yellow; gills broadly adnate; spores very large. 263. P. merdaria Fr. (cc) On the ground in woods; pileus tawny-fulvous; gills emargin- ate-adnate. 219. P. ericaea Fr. Section I. Deconicae. Gills broad and broadly adnate, some- times decurrent by a tooth; margin of pileus at first with a floc- culose or fibrillose, delicate and very evanescent veil. 35 274 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN This set'tiou approaches Stropharia ; it was raised to generic rank by ^^^ O. Smith under the name Deconica. The veil, although usually very evanescent, may at times leave a slight annular mark ou the stem so as to simulate Stropliaria, and hence the species must be carefully compared with species of that genus. 263. Psilocybe merdaria Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821 (as Stropharia in Hym. Europ.). Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 130, Fig. 3 (as Stropharia). Cooke, 111., PI. 537 (?) (as Stropharia). Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 619 (as Stropharia). Kickcu, Bliitlerpilze, PI. G6, Fig. 1. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, campanulate-hemispherical, finally plane, livid-broicnish to livkl-yelloiv, obtusely subumbonate, slightly darker on umbo, glabrous, even, subviscid, at first with slight flecks on the margin. FLESH pallid, thin. GILLS 'broadly adnate to triangu- lar-subdecurrent, hrood, suhdistant, yellowish at first, then pow- dered by purple-brown spores, at length dark brown. STEM 2-1 cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, equal, even or slightly ridged at apex by decurrent gills, delicateh^ flocculose-fibrillose, glabrescent, jiale yel- lowish, stull'ed then hollow, often with slight annular remnants or fibrils. SPORES larf/e, 14-17x7-8 micr., elliptical, smooth, pur- plish-brown under the microscope. CYSTIDIA none. ODOR mild. On horse dung along with Stropharia stcrcoraria. Ann Arbor. May-June. Infrequent. Not to be confused with Naucoria semiorhicularis, N. pediades and A*. platysj)cr7na, the spores of which are smaller and lack the purple tinge. It is said to differ from P. coprinophila by the grayish young gills of the latter. I have followed Karsten and Britzelmayr (quoted by Sacc.) in referring this plant with large spores under /*. merdaria. Other authors differ widely and it is clear that several species are either confused or that the plant needs segregation. Oooke, in the Illustrations, gives the size 8x5 micr. ; W. G. Smith, 9x6 micr. ; Ricken, 12-13 x 7-9 micr. Ricken says ''the purplish color of the spores disappears in dried specimens," hence the study of exsicatti is of little value. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS • 275 264. Psilocybe subviscida Pk. N. Y. State Miis. Eep. 41, 1888 (as Decouica). PILEUS 5-15 mm. broad, fragile, ovate-campanulate then subex- panded and obtusely umbonate, hygrophanous, at first viscid and chestnut-brown or rufous-hrown and striatulate when moist, very soon buff with or without an ochraceous umbo when dry, glabrous, suhviscid. FLESH thin. GILLS broadly adnate, subtriangular, thickish, subdistant, broad, at first whitish, then umber. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, slender, equal or tapering downwards, pallid to fuscescent, varying to chestnut brown within and without, at first covered with delicate white fibrils. SPORES oval or ovate, 6-7 X 4-5 micr., smooth, pale brown tinged with wine-color under microscope. VEIL slight, fugacious. In pastured fields among grass, on dung, and on moss in woods. April-June. Ann Arbor. Infrequent. This approaches P. physaloides Fr. (sense of Ricken) in color, but the gills are not crowded and the spores are smaller. It also differs from P. bullacea Fr. in the subdistant gills. The latter species is doubtless native here, but the discrepancies in the descriptions by the different authors make it difficult to place. Saccardo fol- lowing Fries, says cap of P. bullacea is fulvous-bay-color when moist, and gives the spores 6-10 x 4-7 micr. ; Ricken describes the cap as chocolate-brown when moist, with spores like our P. sub- viscida. Which of these, if any, is P. bullacea is therefore hard to tell; nevertheless it is desirable to follow the description of Fries. The chestnut or rufous-brown color, and the visicidity quickly dis- appear and the pileus is then tan-colored and even. 265. Psilocybe atrorufa Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustration: Cooke, 111., PL 571. PILEUS 5-12 mm. broad, convex-hemispherical, obtuse, hygroph- anous, umber-brown then rufous-brown and striatulate lohen moist, glabrous and pale alutaceus when dry, not viscid, margin faintly veiled. FLESH tliin, concolor, broadly adnate or subdecurrent, subtriangular, close, at length umber-colored. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, slender, hollow, equal or tapering downward, ob- scurely flocculose-fibrillose, glabrescent, rufous-bai/ color through- 276 • THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN out. SPOKES 5-8 X 4-.J.5 iiiicr., oval, somewhat pointed at ends, smooth, r{'(hlish-bi"own nnder microscope. CYSTIDIA none. STEKILE CELLS on edge of gills, slender, lanceolate-subulate, 30- 34 X 5 micr. (Ircgaricnis. on ilie ground in woods. Ann Arbor, Ba}' View. (Pr(>bably throughout the State). June-July. Dilleiing from the preceding in the non-viscid pileus and closer gills. Here again two very different spore-sizes have been given, and althougli Cooke's figure is somewhat illustrative of our plant, his sj>ores are too large, 10-12 x 6 micr. >lant prefers low, moist hemlock woods although it is found elsewhere. Its viscid character disappears in dry weather, and the pileus in luxuriant plants is often very rugose; this is var. retiriigis Pk. The European species, P. erebia, as figured by Cooke and Patouillard remind one very much of our plant. But the pileus of that species is described as hygrophanous although Fries says it is also subviscid. The cystidia are also figured difierently bj^ Patouillard, yet I should not be surprised if our plant were to turn out to be identical with P. erehia Fr. Some specimens have a distinct fuscous-purplish tinge to the gills, and the spores under the microscope suggest a Stro- pharia rather than a Pholiota ; but this character also seems vari- able, even where spores and cystidia are the same. Section II. Truncigeni. Lignatile, caespitose or solitary. Pileus scaly, not hygrophanous. Gills changing color. Cystidia lacking. *GiUs at first white or icJiitish. 289. Pholiota destruens (Fr.) Bres. Fungi Tridentini, I, 1881. Hymen. Europ., 1871. (As Pholiota destruens Fr., Pholiota comosa Y^\, and Pholiota heteroclita Fr.). CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 299 Illustrations : Bresadola, Fung. Trid., I, Plate 84. Cooke, 111., PL GOO (as Pholiota coniosa). Cooke, 111., Plate 366 (as PJwUota heteroclita) . Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 522. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 521 (as Pholiota comosa). Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 214, p. 264, 1908 (as Pholiota heter- oclita) . Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PL 45 (as P. comosa). Harper, ibid, PL 46 and 47 (as P. heteroclita) . Chicago Nat. Hist. Sun., Bull. VII, Plate 9, 1909 (as Pholi- ota comosa). Plate LX of this Report. 'TILEUS 0-15 cm. broad, fleshj, convex then expanded, sometimes gibbous or broadly unbonate, suh viscid, yellowish-white, disk ful- vous, elegantly covered ivith white, ivooly, seceding scales, margin at first involute and librillose. GILLS crowded, rounded-adnexed behind or adnate, decurrent by a line, whitish at -first then cinna- mon-umber. STEM 5-17 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, solid, attenuated at apex, bulbous-radicate at base, white-squamose, glabrescent in age, concolor. FLESH white, fulvous-cinnamon at base of stem. SPORES elliptical, or obovate, 8-10 x 4-6 micr., yellow under micro- scope. BASIDIA clavate, 20-25 x 6 micr. ODOR strong, somewhat nauseous. TASTE rather agreeable." Solitary or subcaespitose. On trunks of poplar, birch and willow. Autumn. Detroit, Frankfort. Infrequent. The description is that of Bresadola, who has shown the identity of the three species given by Fries (see above). It was collected by Dr. Fischer near Detroit and one of his photographs was pub- lished by Hard as P. heteroclita. It seems to be rare in the state. Harper recently reported it from Frankfort. 290. Pholiota squarrosoides Pk. (Edible) N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 31, 1879. Illustrations : Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, Plate 73. Hard, Mushrooms, Plate 21, p. 42, 1908. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PL 36 and 37. Conn. State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3, Plate 21. PILEUS 3-10 cm. broad, firm, subglobose when j'oung, then convex, 300 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN viscid lolien moist, adorned tcith terete, erect, pointed, tawny scales, more dense on disk, on a whitish ground-color. FLESH white, thick. GILLS rather narrow, adnate or arcuate subdecurrent, often becoming sinuate in age, close or crowded, whitish becoming brownisli-ferruginous. STEM 5-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal, firm, stiiljcd. rough with numerous, thick, floccose, tawny scales, which terminate above in a lacerated, floccose ANNULUS, glabrous and white above the annulus. SPOKES oblong, short-elliptical to ovoid, 5-5.5x2.5-3.5 micr., smooth, rusty-brown. CYSTIDIA scat- tered, about 30 micr. long, obtuse at apex. (Dried: Ochraceous, with tawny scales.) Very caespitose, up to 50 in a cluster. On trunks of living maple, birch and beech, also on dead wood: logs, stumps, etc., of deciduous trees. Northern Peninsula, frequent; not found else- where. August-September. Edible. The "sharp scale" Pholiota is closely related to the European P. squarrrosa. It is said (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 54, p. 183) to differ in tlie viscid pileus, emarginate gills and smaller spores. The gills, however, are not constant, and frequently I have seen our plant with arcuate-decurrent gills, without a sign of emargination. In 1908 in company of C. G. Lloyd, I came across a tuft of a Pholiota in the grounds of Upsala University, Sweden, which had all the macros- copic characters of our plant; it was slightly viscid (moist), and the colors were the same as in the specimens collected in northern Michigan. Unfortunately, I was unable to get the spore-measure- ments. Fries in Epicrisis, p. 166, says the color of P. squarrosa is croceo-ferruginous, and it is thus figured by Michael, Vol. II, No. 76, and Cooke, 111., Plate 367. On the other hand, Patouillard in Tab. Analyt., p. 154 and No. 340, paints it like our species and unites with it P. verruculosa Lasch. which Cooke in Illust., Plate 614, figures in such a way as to remind us strongly of P. sqiiarrosoides. Either the American plant occurs in Europe also, or there is great variation in the color of P. squarrosa, both of cap and gills. The gills of the latter are said by all the European authors, to be pale olivaceous at first, and the spore measurements are given as 8 x 4. Maire (Soe. Myc. France Bull., Vol. 27, p. 437) says the spores are smooth. Fur- ther, the odor of P. squarrosa is said to be strong, disagreeable. Patouillard, Gillet and Michael describe the flesh as yellow. P. squarrosa may then be said to difl'er from P. squarrosoides, in the color of the young gills, the disagreeable odor, the yellow flesh, the crocus-yellow or tawny color, and the larger, smooth spores. It has been reported from the United States by various authors, and it CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 301 seems desirable that the two species be more carefully studied. I have never found a plant in Michigan which could be referred to P. squarrosa, but Harper has illustrated collections from Frankfort, Michigan, under the latter name. 291. Pholiota albocrenulata Pk. X. Y. State Mus. Eep. 25, 1S7.3. Illustration : Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PL 42 and 43. PILEUS 3-12 cm. or more broad, firm, broadly convex or campan- ulate, often unbonate, very viscid, orange-fulvous, becoming ferru- ginous-tawny in age, spotted loitli superficial, darker, fihrillose, scales which become whitish on drying, margin even and at length rellexed, often appendiculate. FLESH thick, whitish. GILLS adnate, becoming sinuate and rounded behind, very broad, close, whitish at first, then grayish, at length rusty-umber, edge cremilate and headed with wliitc drops. STEM 5-15 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, firm, equal or tapering slightly upward, stuft'ed by a loose pith, soon hollow, dingy whitish or ochraceous, covered with squarrose, brown scales up to the fugacious ANXULUS, apex pruinose and white. SPORES ventricose-subfusiform, inequilateral, 11-14 x 5.5-6.5 micr., smooth, rusty-umber. CYSTIDIA none. Solitary, or two or three in a cluster. Mostly growing out of a crack or Avound of living trees, towards the base of the trunk; on living sugar maple, yellow birch and hemlock. Julj^-September. Frequent in the Northern Peninsula, rare in southern Michigan. This fine plant prefers the sugar maple, and may yet be found to be injurious to the living trees, as it has the characteristic habit of parasitic mushrooms. Peck and Harper report it on prostrate trunks and decaying wood, but I have always found it on living trees. Morgan also reports it from Ohio on the base of standing maple trees. The white-headed edge of the gills, the peculiar scales and large spores distinguish it. The spores average longer than noted by Peck, although they vary considerably in length. The pileus may attain to quite large dimensions. Its edibility is un- known. 302 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN 292. Pholiota fulvosquamosa Pk. ToiT. Bot. Club. Bull. 30, 1903. lllu.stialion : Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol 17, PI. 60. "PILIOUS G-12 cm. broad, fleshy, rather thin, convex becoming nearly i)lane, dry, adorned with numerous, appressed, tawny scales, concentrically cracked about the disk. FLESH white, becoming brown isli where cut. GILLS narrow, close, attenuated towards the stem and attached to a narrow collar, whitish becoming pinkish- cinnamon. STEM 5-8 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, equal, rigid, stuffed or hollow, adorned below with numerous, erect, subfloccose, tawny scales, glabrous above and below the ample, jtersistent ANNULUS, whidi is white above and tawny floccose-squamulose below. SPOKES elliptical, 7-8x4-5 micr. ' ODOR and TASTE of radishes." About the base of oak trees. M. A. C, East Lansing. Septem- ber. B. O. Longyear. Neebish Island, October, E. T. Harper. I have never collected this species. It was discovered by Long- year, and found again by Harper. Its ample annulus, narrow gills, and the tawnj^ scales seem to distinguish it. 293. Pholiota curvipes Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, Plate 104. Cooke, 111., Plate 370. PILEUS 1-3 cm. broad, convex then expanded, innately floccose all over when j'oung, then minutely scaly, taicny-yellow, dry, not- striate, margin incurved. FLP^SH rather thin, firm when dry. GILLS adnatc, not emarginate, hroad, close to subdistant, whitish at first then yellowish to rusty-cinnamon. STEM short, 2-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, curved or ascending, equal, stuffed then hollow, becoming fibrillose. ANNULUS soon vanishing, at first floccose- radiate, almost lacking. SPORES elliptical, 6-8 x 3-4 micr., smooth, pale-yellowish under the microscope, rusty-brown in mass. CYS- TIDIA none. ODOR none. TASTE mild. Solitary or gregarious. On logs of elm, etc. Ann Arbor. June. Infrequent. Closely related to species of Flammula, because of its poorly de- veloped annulus. The different color of the young gills and the CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 303 nature of the scales on the pileus, separate it from P. murlcata. It is evident, from his description of the species (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 122) that Peck has referred a different plant under this name, since the spores of his specimens are too large, and the gills are yellow and close. From present advices the large-spored species is prob- shlj P. tuhcrciilosa Fr, On the other hand, Hard (Mushrooms, p. 264, 19U8j and Moffatt (Chicago, Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull VII, p. 78) ■doubtless had our species. I cannot agree with those who would combine P. muricata Fr. with this species, although the spores are very similar. 294. Pholiota erinaceella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Kep. 28, 187G (as P. detersihilis) . Illustration : Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PI. 51. "PILEUS l-2.,5 cm. broad, hemispherical or convex, dry, densely •coated tvitli small, erect, separable pyramidal or spine-like scales, tawny-brown. FLESH thin. GILLS adnexed, broad, close, pallid becoming cinnamon-broAvn. STEM 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, €qual, stuffed or hollow, densely squamulose below the slight an- nuliis, often curved, colored like the pileus. SPORES boat-shaped, 7.5-9 X 4-5 micr." On logs in woods. Frankfort. August. Rare. Reported by Harper. The description is adapted from Peck, who says that the small, soft, crowded scales of the pileus which can be easily rubbed off, constitute a prominent character of the species. Peck changed the original name in the 30th N. Y. State Mus. Rep. because it had been preoccupied. This species may be an ■extreme form of P. curvipes, which differs in the innate floccosity of the surface of the young pileus. From P. muricata it seems to differ mostly in its larger spores, pallid young gills, and the superficial scales on the cap. 304 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN **GiUs at first ydloK, 'becoming ferruginous. 295. Pholiota muricata Fr. Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Harper, "Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PL 52 and 53. PILEUS 2-4 cm. broad, convex or nearly plane, dr}^, obtuse or depressed, covered with dense, fasciculate or granular, taicny -yel- low, pointed scales, ferruginous on disk, not striate, margin when young often adorned by remnants of the veil. FLESH thin. GILLS adnate, seceding, moderately broad and close, yellow at first then ferruginous-stained, edge concolor and minutely fimbriate from the sterile cells. STEM 2-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, curved, stuffed then hollow, tawny, floccose-fihrillose or granular scaly up to the fugacious ANNULUS. SPOKES short elliptical, 6-7x3-4 micr., smooth, pale ferruginous-brown. CYSTIDIA none. Solitary or gregarious. On decaying logs, etc. Ann Arbor, Bay View. August-Se^jtember. Infrequent. Our plants fit well the description of Fries, except that the gills are not adnexed. They approach P. curvipes, but seem to me suffi- ciently ditferentiated by the pointed, fasciculate or granular scales of the cap, which are sometimes also found on the stem, and by the color of the gills which is yellow at first. P. erinaceela Pk. is also close, but the scales on the cap are superficial. 296. Pholiota spectabilis Fr. Epicrisis, 1836-38. Illustrations: Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PI. 44. Fries, Icones, Plate 102. Eicken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 55, Fig. 1, (As Pholiota aurea), Cooke, 111., Plate 352. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 529. Plate LXI of this Keport. PILEUS 4-10 cm. broad, convex, then campanulate-expanded^ finn, sometimes broadly umbonate, tawny-orange, dry, surface glabrous at first, then broken into minute fibrillose scales, margin even and sometimes wavy. FLESH thick, compact, yellowish, thin CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 305 at margin. GILLS adnate becoming emarginate with decurrent tooth, narrow, crowded, yellow then ferruginons, edge niinntely floccose-fimbriate. STEM stont, 4-10 cm. long, 7-15 mm. thick, comjiact, often hard, solid, sahventricose, peroiiate-scaly, fibrillose in age, concolor to fnscons below the ring, prninose and j)aler above. ANNULUS near apex of stem, membranaceons, persistent, thin, mostly entire, yellowish. SPOKES broadly-elliptical, 7-9 x 5-G micr., ferrnginous, tnherciilate-rough. CYSTIDIA none, bnt edge of gills are tnfted with sterile cells. TASTE markedly hitter. Growing from the base of yellow birch trunks. Marquette, Nee- bisli Island. August-September. Infrequent. A very imposing and elegant plant. Its colors, narrow gills, apical annulus, bitter taste and rough spores separate this from all others. P. adiposa has similar colors but differs widely in all other respects. The figures of European authors show the plant with a peronate stem in its best condition and they are excellent, but somewhat misleading after the annulus has become pendant. The spores are similar to those of many Cortinarii. 297. Pholiota adiposa Fr. (Edible) Syst. Myc, 1821. Illustrations: Atkinson, Mushrooms, Plate 43, Pig. 144, p. 152, 1900. Hard, Mushrooms, Fig. 211, p. 260, 1908. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PI. 40. Murrill, Mycologia, Vol. I, PL 7, Figs. 1 and 2. Marshall, Mushroom Book, Plate XI, p. 61, 1905. Freeman, Minnesota Plant Diseases, Fig. 129, p. 263, 1905. Clements, Minnesota Mushrooms, Fig. 37, p. 62, 1910. PILEUS 3-10 cm. or more broad, compact, convex to hemispher- ical, obtuse, very viscid, covered with separable, chrome-yellow to orange concentric scales which are darker in age and often squar- rose, margin even, appendiculate, at first incurved. FLESH tliick, firm, yellowish-Avhite. GILLS adnate, becoming emarginate, broad, close, thin, yellow then ferruginous, toughish, edge entire. STEM stout, 3-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick, solid, firm, usually curved, subequal, yellow, becoming ferruginous-stained from spores, scaly, glabrescent. ANNULUS slight, floccose, fugacious. SPORES 7-8 X 4-5 micr., elliptical, smooth, ferruginous. CYSTIDIA none, 39 30ti THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN and veiy short; sterile cells on edge of gills. ODOR none, TASTE mild. Solitary or caespitose. On decaying logs, etc., and from wounds on trunks of living sugar maple and white ash. Throughout the State. June-October. Frequent, especially in the autumn. Edible. Easily recognized by its bright color and viscid pileus. In wet weather the pileus becomes glutinous. The floccose annulus termi- nates the scaly part of the stem above, and is often lacking. The stem of our plant is always solid, and Fries (Hymen. Europ.) must have erroneouslj^ written/'farcto," as other European authors refer to it also as solid. Massee and Rickeu give spore-measurements which are too small for the American plants. Occasional specimens become larger than the size of the plant given above. The gelatin- ous layer of the cap should be i^eeled before cooking. 298. Pholiota flammans Fr. Svst. Mvc, 1821. Illustrations: Fries, Icones, PI. 101. Cooke, 111., PL 368. Michael, Ftihrer f. Pilzfreuude, Vol. II, No. 75 (as Pholiota flammula A. & S.). Rickeu, Bliitterpilze, PI. 55, Fig. 5. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PI. 41 C. '•PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad, convex-expanded to plane, entirely dry, subunibonate, fiery-yellow to almost orange-red, clothed hy super- ficial, sulphur-yelloiD, squarrose-fihrillose scales. FLESH bright yellow, becoming reddish-brownish. GILLS emarginate-adnexed, i-ery narrow, thin, crowded, bright yellow, becoming ferruginous. STEM 5-7 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick, equal, mostly curved, stuffed then hollow, hright yellow, dry, squarrose-scaly, up to the torn, some- what membranous annulus. SPORES minute, cylindrical-elliptical, 4x2 niicr. ODOR almost like radish." On decaying stumps and logs, probably only on coniferous wood. Northern Michigan. September. Known by the paler, sulphur-yellow scales on a more deeply color- eil l)ackground, and by the very small spores and squarrose-scaly cap and stem. It is usually caespitose. Harper reports it from NeoI)isli Island. The description is adapted from Ricken. cLlAlSsification of agarics 307 299. Pholiota lucifera (Lasch.) Bres. Fungi Ti'identini, I, 1881. Illustrations: Ibid, Plate 85. Ricken, Blatterpilze, PI. 54, Fig. 1. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, convex then plane, at length umbonate, viscid, sulphur-yellow to flavus, covered on disk by tawny or red- dish-broAvu, appressed, fibrillose, thin scales, margin even, incurved and appendiculate. FLESH whitish, yellow under cuticle. GILLS adnate-subdecurrent, becoming sinuate, bright yellow, at length ferruginous, moderately narrow, crowded, edge crenulate from the flask-shaped sterile cells. STEM 2-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick, fibrous, equal or subequal, yellow, paler at apex, ferruginous at base, solid, fihrillosely 'peronate. ANNULUS narrow, floccose, fugacious, rusty-yellow. SPORES obovate, 7-8 x 4-5.5 micr., smooth, ferrugi- nous in mass. Gregarious. On very rotten wood, in mixed woods. Marquette. August-September. Rare. This is a well-marked plant, found but once, and apparently limited to our northern woods. Our specimens had rather short stems which were solid, and in this respect differ from Bresadola's description. P. limoneUa Pk. appears to be similar, but differs in its gills which are whitish at first and adnexed. P. adiposa has broad gills and the scales are large and often recurved. 300. Pholiota luteofolia Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 27, 1875. Illustration: Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol 17, PI. 48. PILEUS 2-5 cm. broad, compact, convex-expanded, dry, obtuse, scaly, dotted on disk ivith fasciculate-pointed pinkish to reddish- hroivn scales, elsewhere areolate-cracked and with ochraceous- brown, adpressed scales. FLESH lohite. GILLS emarginate, hroad, subdistant, yelloio then ferruginous, edge serrate. STEM short or long, 3-6 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick, firm, stuffed then hollow, curved, fibrillose, subequal, yellowish, floccose-pruinose above the slight, evanescent ANNULUS. SPORES elliptical, 7-8x5 micr., smooth, ferruginous in mass. CYSTIDIA none. 308 THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Siibcaespitose. On decaying- log of white oak. Ami Arbor. Sep- tember, liare. lias the stature ot P. acnujinosa, but the scales and colors differ. Our plants have pointed tuberculate scales on the disk of the pileus at first, and the stem does not remain solid. 301. Pholiota aeruginosa Pk. N. \. State Mus. Eep. 43, 1890, Bot. ed. Illustration: Plate LXII of this Keport. PILEUS 3-5 cm. broad, hemispherical or convex, obtuse, p-m, subglabrous to scaly, the scales erect, pointed and mostly on the disk, ojten areolate cracked, dry, varying in color, dark green, green- ish or fulvous-yellow hlotched with green, the scales darker when present, margin incurved at first, often adorned with fragments of the veil. FLESH whitish, tinged green, thin except on disk. GILLS adnate and rounded behind at first, then emarginate with decurrent tooth, hroad, close, yellowish at first, hecoming bright orange-ferruginous, edge entire. STEM short, 3-4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick, equal or tapering at base, straight or curved, tough, cortex subcartilaginous, fibrillose, sulcate-striate at apex, colored like pileus leloiv the lacerate, submembranaceous, fugacious ANNULUS whose remnants are soon colored by bright ferruginous spores. SPOKES 0-8x3-4.5 micr., subelliptical, smooth, copious, bright ferruginous. CYSTIDIA none. Solitary or gregarious. On old railroad ties, board-walks, old logs in woods, etc. Throughout the State; Ann Arbor, New Rich- mond ananulate, then expanded and umhonate, hygrophanous, striatulate on margin and rufous-ochraceous (moist), yellowish or pale ochrace- ous (dry), hcconiing rugose-wrinldcd on drying. FLESH thin, con- color. GILLS adnexed, close to subdistant, not broad, slightly venti-icose, pallid ochraceous (ft first, then rusty brownish, white- fimbriate on edge. STEM 3-5 cm. long, 1-3.5 mm. thick, slender, eciual or .slightly thickened at base, hoUotr, fihriUose or scaly teloiv the annulus, white-mealy at apex, concolor or pallid. ANNULUS distant, mendu-anous, persistent, beautifully striate on upper side, whitish beneatli. CYSTIDIA none; club-shaped sterile cells on edge of gills. SPOKES elliptical, 10-12x5-6 micr., smooth. ODOR and TASTE none. Solitary or gregarious. On very decayed wood or on the ground in wet places. In mixed or frondose woods. Throughout the State. CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 313 Bay View, Marquette, New Eichmoiid and Ann Ai-boi*. August- October. Frequent. This species is closely related and perhaps identical with either P. togularis Bull, or P. hiattaria Fr. At the present time it seems impossible to determine its status with certainty. The figures of P. togularis by Fries and Ricken show the median annulus and the striations on its upper surface as in our species, and in most other respects they illustrate our plant well. Ricken also giyes the spores of P. togularis as 10-12 x 5-G micr. Other European authors give smaller spores. Fries changed his conception of P. togularis as ex- pressed in Systema and Epicrisis so that in Hymen. Europ. he omits the hygrophanous character; Ricken, howeyer, says it is hygro- phanous, and both authors indicate that it is striatulate on the cap when moist. As to P. hiattaria, Fries considered it a smaller plant, more ferruginous in color and with almost free gills. Ricken dis- tinguishes it from P. togularis by the nature of the annulus which he saj'S is striate also and at length falls to pieces. He also de- scribes the plant as Galera-like, a comparison which Fries had made of P. togularis. Ricken assigns spores to P. hiattaria measur- ing 7-8 X 3-4 micr., Massee gives them smaller yet, while Schroeter and Rritzelmayr say they measure 9-11 x 5 micr. With such data not much can be decided. Harper has reported and described the two species, and giyes the spore-sizes the reverse of those of Ricken. The markedly rugose surface of the pileus of the American plant de- scribed above as P. rugosa Pk., the expanded pileus, the colors and the spore size, would indicate that it had better be kept distinct at present. Illustrations : of P. togularis Bull. Fries, Icones, PI. 101, Fig. 4. Gillet, Champignons de France, No. 530. Patouillard, Tab. Analyt., No. 339. Ricken, Bliitterpilze, PI. 56, Fig. 5. Harper, Wis. Acad. Sci. Trans., Vol. 17, PI. 59 (as P. hiat- taria). A variety or closely related species of the same stature and ap- pearance as P. rugosa was found in low, rich woods. Its PILEUS was hygrophanous, chestnut-brown (moist), pale-alutaceous (dry), never striate nor rugulose, glabrous. GILLS rounded behind, adnate, pallid at first (not ochraceous), then pale brown, moderately nar- row close. STEM bulbilate, liollow, innately fibrillose-striatulate, 314 THE AGARICACEAE OP MICHIGAN pallid or brownish, subfragile. ANNULUS apical, sul) persistent, soft-floccose-fibrillose, wliite. SPORES 7-8x4 micr., smooth. It seemed intermediate between the genera Pholiota and Naucoria. 308. Pholiota mycenoides Fr. Sys. Myc, 1821. Illustration: Cooke, 111., Plate 503. "PILEUS 2-3 cm. broad, membranacens, campaniilate then con- vex, everywhere striate, hygrophanous, ferruginous-tawny or pale tan when dry. GILLS adnate, rather distant, narrow, ferruginous. STEM 3-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick, glabrous, ferruginous, hollow. ANNULUS superior, membranaceous, w^hite. SPORES 8-10x5-6 micr. Among moss in swamps." This species was reported by LongA'ear in 4th Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. as having been found by Beardslee in Montmorency county. The description is adapted from Massee. Cortinarius Fr. (From tlie Latin, Cortina, a curtain, referring to the cobwebby threads which hide the gills of the young plants.) Cinnamon-spored or rusty-brown-spored. Stem fleshy and continu- ous with the pileus. When young provided witha cohtvehby cortina which connects the edge of the pileus with the stem; often also with a universal veil which on collapsing leaves an annulus, sub- annular rings, a sheath or shreds on the stem. Gills persistent, dry, adnate becoming emarginate, changing color during process of maturing, at length powdei'y with the clinging dark brown spores. Putrescent, terrestrial, mostly forest mushrooms, composing a most natural group. The caps are often brightly colored and when young the gills of different species also assume various shades of color. The genus is divided into seven subgenera: Myxacium, P>ulbopodium, Phlegmacium, Inoloma, Dermocybe, Telamonia and Hydrocybe. Of these the first three have a viscid pileus, and in this respect approach the genus Hebeloma. The latter is however, separable by its paler, alutaceus spores and fibrillose or absent cortina. The subgenera Inoloma and Dermocvbe agree with the CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 315 genus Inocybe in having innately silky or scaly dry caps, but Inocybe differs in having paler spores, a more scanty, fibrillose-cortina and often with verrucose-pointed cystidia on the gills. The genus Fhun- mula often has rusty spores, but is lignicolous. Many of the species are known to be edible and while no information is at hand that any of them are poisonous, the flavor of many of them is insipid or disagreeable, and others have as yet not been reported on. The species of the genus Cortinarius are very numerous. Peck has described 83 species from North America. Fries, in his last complete work on the Hymenomycetes of Europe, records 234 species; of these he found a large majority in Sweden, where he had exceptional opportunity to study them by reason of the aston- ishing number of species and individuals which occur in that moist and cool climate. To quote from his Epicrisis (183G-38), "No genus is more natural nor more sharply distinguished from others. Beginners alone would confuse them with the brown-spored genera, while experienced persons can distinguish them by their habit at the first glance. But although it is a great natural group, the species are so intimately related among themselves that to dis- tinguish the separate ones is almost to be despaired of. The large mass and number of individuals compose at least half of the Agarics of Northern forests"; and in Systema Mycologia (1821), "I did not admit even one-half the number that I had met by dili- gent search, and only included those that agreed in their primary characters; very many were disregarded. In the young stage and immediately after a rain, they are quite easily distinguished. After becoming discolored and in age or dry weather even the large, well- marked species are scarcely separable." The PILEUS may be viscid, dry, silky or scaly, or hygrophanous, and these characters are used in the separation of the subgenera. The color is often veyy attractive: violet, purple, red, yellow, green or shades of brown^ but in most cases it fades into some shade of brown or tan in age. The size varies greatly; in the subgenera Inoloma, Bulbopodium and Phlegmacium the plants are usually of large size. In Dermocybe and Hydrocybe they are rather small. Telamonia is represented by all. sizes. The GILLS are, next to the cortina, the most definite means of recognizing the genus. When young they may be whitish, yellow, green or olive, blue, violet, purple, red or shades of brown. As they mature, they become dis- colored from the cinnamon or rusty-brown spores which cling to the surface for some time, often producing a powdery appearance. The color of the young gills must be known in order to determine a ■Sia THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN species correctly, iind in tlie following pages the subgenera are divided into subsections on this basis. The mature gills often show traces of tlie original color, esi)ecially if the spores are removed, and this makes it possible at times to determine even a fully ma- tnred jdant especially when other characteristic marks are still l)resent. The attachment of the gills varies somewhat but in nearly all species they are at length emarginate-adnate or emarginate-ad- nexed; a few species have the gills obscurely subdecurrent. Many species are well marked by crowded, subdistant or distant gills and frequently their width can be used to discriminate between them. The edge is scarcely ever sufficiently constant for use in diagnosis; sometimes it is very entire, sometimes much eroded or minutely serratulate, but only a few species show well developed projecting sterile cells. The trama is of the '^parallel" type. The STEM is used as a means of distinguishing some of the subgenera. When it is at first covered by the glutinous veil, the plant is referable to the subgenus ^lyxacium. "When it has a sharply defined marginate bulb, the subgenus Bulbopodium is indicated. In the larger forms of the subgenera Phlegmacium, Inolonm and Telamonia the stem is often clavate-bulbous. The veil-remnants on the stem of the sub- genus Telamonia separates that hygrophanous group from Hydro- cybe. Its texture is most often spongy-fleshy in the large forms, while in the smaller ones, especially of the subgenus Hydrocybe the external layer is rigid and subcartilaginous. The tissue of the stem is continuous with that of the pileus, and hence the stem is not separable from it as in Lepiota, etc. The COKTINA is composed of loose silky hyphae, almost from the time it is discernible, and forms a ''cobwebby" curtain in front of, i. e., below the gills. The threads of this curtain are inserted for some distance vertically along the stem and converge in a wedge- shaped manner toward the edge of the pileus and then coalesce with the tissue of the upper surface of the pileus. In some species it is very copious and as the pileus expands the cortina collapses. on the upper portion of the stem forming a loose, fringe-like spurious ring which often becomes discolored by the falling spores. Sometimes it is more scanty and disai)])ears early or is noticeable in the ex- panded plant only as a slight annular stain on the stem. In other cases, the margin of the pileus as it spreads carries with it the silky threads which remain as decorative shreds near its edge; in this case the nuirgin is at first definitely incurved and the cortina is attaclied at a little distance from the incurved edge. Although the very young plant shows that the hyphae of the cortina and the CLASSIFICATION OF AGARICS 317 surface of the pileiis are coiitiuiious, as it matures the tissue along the margin of the pileus is ditferentiated and becomes looser so as to appear superficial along the margin. Lying adjacent to the cortiua and continuous with it on its outer side, is a thin layer of tissue, more intimately woven to- gether — sometimes almost membranous — which is called the Uni- versal Veil. It is present in a more or less well-developed form in some of the .species of all the subgenera except Hydrocybe. In Myxacium it is composed of gelatinous hyphae and when moist be- comes viscid or glutinous; it envelops the young button below and becomes continuous with the gelatinous layer of the pileus. In Bulbopodium and Phlegmacium it is scarcely or not at all gelatin- ous but fuses above with the gelatinous and similarly colored pellicle of the pileus. In the other subgenera, Avhen present, it leaves shreds, annular zones or a sheath on the stem and is dry and silky-woven. Further descriptions of this veil are given under the subgenera. The SPOKES are of great diagnostic value in this genus, since in the various species they differ sufficiently for use as a check to distinguish forms otherwise very similar. Some authors (Ricken, Die Bliitterpilze) have attempted to separate the sections of some of the subgenera on spore-characters. The marks which are useful are size, shape and the structure of the epispore. The color, al- though not entirely uniform, cannot be used effectively. Their size is most important. "There is no doubt that the size of the spores of a single individual varies, and that it varies when there is every evidence that the spores are mature. But that they vary within limits Avhich are sufficientlv constant, anv one can determine for himself."' (Kautfman, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., Vol. 32, p. 813, 1905.) Some species have relatively large sjjores, 12-15 micr. or more in length, others are small, 3-5 micr. in diam. Their shape is elliptical, often almon