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Annals of Horticulture 
 
 In North America 
 
 FOR THE YEAR 1890 
 
 A Witness of Passing Events and a 
 Record of Progress 
 
 L? H^ BAILEY 
 
 Copyrighted 1891 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 Rural Publishing Company 
 1891 
 
By the Same Author. 
 
 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE IN NORTH 
 AMERICA FOR THE YEAR 18S9. A Witness of 
 Passing Events and a Record of Progress. Cloth, $1 ; 
 paper, 60 cents. 
 
 *** A new volume is issued each vear. 
 
 THE HORTICULTURIST'S RULE-BOOK. A 
 Compendium of Useful Information for Fruit Growers, 
 Truck (lardeners, Florists and Others. Pp., 236. Cloth, 
 $1 ; paper, 50 cents. 
 
 THE NURSERY-BOOK. A Hand-Book of Pro- 
 pagation AND Pollination. A Complete Guide to 
 the Multiplication of Plants. Profusely Illustrated. 
 Cloth, $1 ; paper, 50 cents. 
 
 FIELD NOTES ON APPLE CULTURE. Pp., 90; 
 19 Illustrations. Cloth, 75 cents. 
 
 TALKS AFIELD: ABOUT PLANTS AND THE 
 SCIENCE OF PLANTS. Pp., 173; 100 Illustrations. 
 Cloth, Si. 00. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 SUPPOSE that all horticulturists are agreed that an an- 
 nals of yearly progress in horticulture is a desideratum ; 
 and yet there is no unanimity as to the plan or scope of 
 such a work. It must necessarily include a record of the 
 new plants of the year, and some reference to current books 
 and bulletins may be expected, together, perhaps, with direc- 
 tories of societies and other horticultural institutions. But 
 beyond these matters, perhaps no two horticulturists would 
 agree. It is, therefore, peculiarly difficult to prepare a yearly 
 volume which shall satisfy its readers. The field which these 
 volumes are designed to enter is an entirely new one, not only 
 because of the broad survey which they attempt to make, but 
 largely also, because they are made at the close of the year, 
 rather than at its beginning. They make no effort to compile 
 directories and trade-lists for the use of the year to come, but 
 they aim to glean the most important facts and movements of 
 each closing year, and to bind them up compactly into a single 
 sheaf. In a country so large and an industry so varied, it is 
 impossible to gather all which is worthy of record in a com- 
 pendium of horticultural progress ; but I hope that there is 
 enough in the following pages to enable the sympathetic 
 reader to arrive at some measure of the broader activities 
 of the year. 
 
 
 
4 hitroditdion. 
 
 It has been the desire to place in each volume the result of 
 some unique investigation which should represent the status 
 of a particular branch of American horticulture. In the vol- 
 ume for 1889, the Catalogue of American Kitchen Garden 
 ^'egetables occupied this place, and constituted the kernel of 
 the book. It was expected that the present volume should 
 contain a complete annotated census of all native North Amer- 
 ican plants and their horticultural varieties, which have been 
 introduced into cultivation, and reference is made to it upon 
 page 35. But it is so difficult to collect data upon which to 
 elaborate such a census, and the botany of our cultivated 
 plants is so little understood, that it was thought best to post- 
 pone the list ; and the size to which the volume has grown has 
 also justified the omission. 
 
 L. H. BAILEY. 
 
 Garden Home, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I — General Annals. 
 
 § I. Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests 7 
 
 Apples 7 
 
 Tasmanian Apples 9 
 
 Other Orchard Fruits 15 
 
 Oranges 15 
 
 Grapes 16 
 
 Small Fruits 16 
 
 Cranberry Crop 16 
 
 Vegetables 17 
 
 Melon Crop 17 
 
 Tomato Pack 17 
 
 California 17 
 
 Washington 28 
 
 Fruit Culture in Mexico .."...... 32 
 
 ^ 2. Ornamentals ....••■ 35 
 
 The Chrysanthemum 36 
 
 The Roses 41 
 
 Foreign Roses 44 
 
 Orchids 56 
 
 General Foreign Notes 58 
 
 Japanese Plants Worthy of Introduction 62 
 
 I 3. Plant Diseases and Insects 74 
 
 Plant Diseases 76 
 
 Insects 87 
 
6 Annals of Hoi^ticulture. 
 
 \ 4. National and Educational Interests 112 
 
 Legal Control of New Varieties 112 
 
 Nomenclature 129 
 
 Road Agitation 131 
 
 The Census 133 
 
 The New Tariff 133 
 
 Educational Matters 136 
 
 American Wild Flower Clifb 141 
 
 Societies 147 
 
 PART II— Special Annals. 
 
 § I. Introductions of i8go. 153 
 
 § 2. Plant Portraits of 1890 185 
 
 \ 3. Directory of the National, State, Provincial and 
 other most important horticultural societies in 
 
 North America 210 
 
 § 4. Directory of Horticulturists, or Those in Charge 
 OF Horticultural Work of Experiment Stations 
 
 of North America 215 
 
 \ 5. Botanic Gardens of the World 217 
 
 § 6. Title Index to Experiment Station Horticulture 
 in North America for 1890 (Including Publications 
 
 of the Department of Agriculture). 224 
 
 \ 7. Subject Index to Experiment Station Horticulture 
 in North America for 1890 (Including Publications 
 
 of the Department of Agriculture) 232 
 
 ^ 8. Books of 1890, Exclusive of Reports of Horticultu- 
 ral Organizations 243 
 
 § 9. Horticultural Periodicals of the World 246 
 
 \ 10. Tools and Conveniences of the Year 250 
 
 § II. Necrology of 1890 279 
 
 ?.?■ 
 
Part I 
 
 GENERAL ANNALS. 
 
 FP^UITS, VEGETABLES AND GENERAL 
 INTERESTS. 
 
 The year 1890 was marked in general by poor crops. The 
 orchard interests in particular suffered greatly in nearly all 
 regions east of the Rocky mountains. Several causes com- 
 bined to produce this disaster. The distribution of rainfall 
 was abnormal. In most of the eastern states the precipitation 
 was largely in excess of normal amounts, especially during the 
 blooming season, while in the upper Mississippi and Missouri 
 valleys rainfall was so light that very severe droughts followed. 
 The difficulties were aggravated by excessive rainfall in the 
 east in i88g and by insulHcient rainfall in the Mississippi val- 
 ley. The Pacific coast suffered from excessive precipitation 
 during the winter of 1889-90, but the summer was dry, es- 
 pecially in the northern regions. The temperatures of the 
 year were also abnormal. Throughout the region east of the 
 Rocky mountains the winter of 1889-90 was remarkably mild, 
 especially in its latter part, and trees bloomed much in ad- 
 vance of their usual time. Disastrous frosts followed in March 
 and later, bringing ruin to the fruit buds in all the middle and 
 southern states, and to many districts farther north. On the 
 other hand, the winter upon the Pacific coast was unusually 
 severe, and the spring was also below the average in tempera- 
 ture. Fruits in the east which escaped the disastrous spring 
 frosts were attacked to an unusual extent by fungous troubles, 
 which were no doubt augmented by the peculiar meteorologi- 
 cal conditions. 
 
 The apple crop was almost a complete failure east of the 
 
 (7) 
 
 -OPWTT JJBRARV 
 
8 A7inals of Horticulture. 
 
 Mississippi, barring partial crops in Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 As this loss followed a partial failure in 1889, it has proved a 
 serious menace to apple culture. Missouri gave the best yield 
 for 1890, it being not far from a half crop. Wisconsin, Michi- 
 gan, Ontario and Nova Sco^a produced probably less than a 
 fourth crop, while New England, New York and the middle 
 states produced almost none. Apples have been brought in 
 from the west to supply the demands, even in New York state. 
 The cause of the apple failure is not determined, although 
 it is supposed that an unusual and early development of the 
 apple-scab fungus was largely concerned in it, at least in New 
 York.* 
 
 The extent of the apple crop is well illustrated by the ex- 
 ports. The exports have been only about half as great as 
 last year and one-fourth as great as in 1888-9. The following 
 statement, furnished by Otto G. Mayer & Co., New York, 
 shows the movements of apples to February 14th, 1891, at 
 which time the exportations had practically ceased : 
 
 Barrels of apples exported lo Europe for week ending February 14, i8gi. 
 
 \ LIVERPOOL. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 GLASGOW. 
 
 VARIOUS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 From New York 
 
 Boston 
 
 385 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 
 470 
 
 6 S60 
 
 Portland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This week 
 
 7.578 
 11,061 
 
 60 
 12,317 
 
 25 
 415 
 
 
 7,663 
 23-793 
 
 Same week last year .... 
 
 This season 
 
 Last season to date .... 
 
 197,422 
 378,504 
 
 57,357 
 87,061 
 
 68,040 
 
 111,439 
 
 2,043 
 31,267 
 
 324,862 
 608,271 
 
 Short 
 
 iSi,o82 
 
 29,704 
 
 43,399 
 
 29,224 
 
 283,409 
 
 
 The apple export trade began in 1845, when five barrels 
 were shipped from Boston to Glasgow under the auspices of a 
 Scotchman — Buchanan. It was about thirty 3^ears later that 
 the enterprise began to attract general attention. Very heavy 
 exportations were made in 1885-6, and the largest trade was 
 reached in 1888-9. I^ ^^^^ latter year the exports were 1,407, 
 419 barrels from America, of which 942,400 barrels were from 
 the United States. The export trade gives promise of afford- 
 ing our most profitable market for winter fruit. 
 
 ♦Bailey and Dudley. Bull. xix. Corne 1 Exp. Sta. 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 9 
 
 The apple crop in Europe was short in 1890. In England 
 it was about one-fourth of a full crop, the poorest known in 
 many years. France produced an average crop, while Bel- 
 gium had a half crop and Holland even less. Denmark had 
 scarcely any apples. 
 
 Tasjnanian apples began to reach London the last of April or 
 first of May, and prices ranged from $10 to $12 per barrel. 
 These apples reach the market so late and the prices are 
 necessarily so high, because of the distance over which they 
 are transported, that they do not compete seriously with 
 American fruit. But some of this fruit found a market in San 
 Francisco in 1890, and it will undoubtedly be shipped to 
 America in large quantities in the future ; and there are so 
 many features of the Tasmanian apple industry which are in- 
 teresting and suggestive to our growers, that I have invited 
 John L. Conacher, of Tasmania, to prepare the following 
 paper for this occasion : 
 
 '^Although the apple industry of Tasmania may be consid- 
 ered as only in its infancy, I venture to express the conviction 
 that within the next few years, stimulated by the profitable 
 returns from the almost unlimited inter-colonial, European 
 and American markets, it will become one of the staple indus- 
 tries of the colony, and fully realize the recent prediction of 
 the Fruit Farm Review in becoming a ' gigantic concern. ' That 
 the orchardists of Tasmania enjoy to a pre-eminent degree 
 every element necessary to the perfect production of the apple 
 has been fully and practically demonstrated by the magnificent 
 results obtained in the high yield per acre, combined with a 
 quality which the great English expert, Sampson Morgan, de- 
 scribed as of a very high standard, and which Dr. Hogg, the 
 English pomologist, declares (even after the unavoidably de- 
 teriorating circumstances consequent upon a journey of four- 
 teen thousand miles) as equal to English hot-house fruit. 
 
 ''The climate and soils of Tasmania are very variable, from 
 the damp but rich forest lands of the west to the dry open 
 plains of the east and the high elevated table-land of the mid- 
 lands. The best fruit districts are the valleys of the rivers 
 Huon and Derwent in the south — the former being considered 
 the 'Kent of Tasmania;' although, owing to the drier climate 
 of the Derwent valley, some experts consider the fruit raised 
 
 A. H. 2 
 
lo An?ials of Horticulture. 
 
 in it better adapted for long transit. The soils most in favor 
 are friable surface (loam or dark sand) and clay sub-soil, or de- 
 composed rock and basaltic or tertiary formation. Great care 
 is necessary in selecting the particular site of the orchard — 
 shelter from winds and comparative freedom from spring 
 frosts, combined with clay sub-soil, being imperative requi- 
 sites, the latter to afford the necessary moisture to the tree 
 roots during our dry summers. 
 
 '' Most of our varieties are imported from England, America 
 and France, but some few are from Tasmanian seedlings. 
 Some time ago the Fruit Growers' Association of this colony 
 offered a prize for a paper on best apple trees to plant, and 
 after careful consideration they awarded first position to Dr. 
 Benjafield's essay, who thus writes: 'To find out what fruit 
 trees are best to plant, we must first know what markets we 
 have to supply with the fruit when grown. And we may 
 speak of them as four markets : (i) The home market in 
 Hobart and Launceston ; (2) New Zealand, with its seasons 
 even later ; (3) the Melbourne, Sydney and other colonial 
 markets, which require late keeping fruits chiefly; and (4) the 
 London market, requiring good keeping and carrying fruits, 
 but fruit that will gather early. The character and appear- 
 ance of fruit, too, must be taken into account. Salesmen, all 
 the world over, tell us they must have large fruit and well col- 
 ored. If with this we can obtain quality as well, we have 
 then reached what the market requires. But the grower must 
 consider the character of the tree he is planting — is it a strong 
 grower? will it bear well? is it a good bearer every year, or 
 only alternate years ? and so on. I shall try to remember all 
 these in the sorts now to be given, best six dessert and three 
 kitchen apples, and proportion of each in the 1,000. 
 
 DESSERT. 
 
 Cox's Orange Pippin 400 
 
 Sturmer Pippin 140 
 
 Adams' Pearmain 100 
 
 Ribston's, or King of Pippins 50 
 
 New York 50 
 
 Emperor Alexander 10 
 
 COOKING. 
 
 French Crab 100 
 
 Wellington's 100 
 
 Prince Bismarck 50 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. ij 
 
 ''The distance at which trees are planted is an ever varia- 
 ble one. Orchards situate near centers uf population are 
 planted at 12 to 17 feet apart, but in the more rural districts a 
 greater width is given, principally to allow tillage by horse 
 power, in which case root crops are grown between. The 
 style of tree most in favor, and which is almost universally 
 adopted, is what is termed the dwarf, with short stem and 
 twelve to fourteen cordon branches. The principal advan- 
 tages in this system are (r) ease of pruning, (2) fruit is better 
 protected from wind, and (3) fruit can be gathered with greater 
 care. 
 
 ''When trees come into bearing, and how long they bear 
 profitably are difficult questions to answer. It would be 
 almost impossible to lay down any hard and fast rule on 
 either of these points, so much depends upon the variety of 
 tree, situation and soil of orchard. Generally speaking, taking 
 the assortment as given above, the average yield obtainable per 
 acre in fifth year after planting is fifty bushels, and about 100 
 bushels in the succeeding (or sixth) year, gradually increasing to 
 tenth 3'ear, from which latter date to twenty-fifth the tree may 
 be said to be in its prime or best bearing period. As regards the 
 age at which our trees cease to bear profitably, this question 
 cannot, as yet, be answered from experience. In twenty-five 
 to thirty years a general decline is noticeable, gradually de- 
 creasing thereafter, although several instances have come 
 under m}^ notice where trees are bearing profitable crops in 
 their fiftieth or sixtieth years. 
 
 " Fruit gathering begins for the earlier varieties at the end of 
 February, but many crops are not ready for picking till end of 
 March and month of April. The careful handling of fruit is 
 one of the most vital essentials to the realization of successful 
 apple farming. Hitherto growers have not sufficiently realized 
 the imperative necessity of having each individual apple care- 
 fully picked and placed in a lined basket or case before re- 
 moval to store or packing room. At present the fruit is gath- 
 ered and placed in cases — in some instances packed in orch- 
 ard — conveyed to receiving house, and there packed for ship 
 ment. 
 
 "No point in fruit industry has received more attention 
 than that of exportation, so far as having matters publicly dis- 
 cussed in the press and at various meetings of the growers is 
 
12 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 concerned. At present no definite rearrangement of the past 
 methods has been agreed upon. Owing to the many risks to 
 which the fruit is subject in the cool chambers of the ocean 
 steamers by either having temperature too high or vice versa, 
 and the perishable nature of the apple, the various shipping 
 companies insist upon freight being prepaid, and this, in many 
 instances, is a barrier the producer has found it difficult to sur- 
 mount. Commercial houses of standing have stepped in, and, 
 under guarantee to shipping companies, chartered a given 
 proportion of cool chambers some time in advance of the fruit 
 which they undertake to ship, pay freight and other incidental 
 initial expenses, transmit the various consignments to any 
 sales agent the grower may prefer, and in due course forward 
 the original account sale with proceeds, less shipping charge 
 and initial expenses disbursed. 
 
 ''In treating of average yield per acre and profit of fruit- 
 farming, we venture on the solution of a very difficult prob- 
 lem. W E. Shoobridge, of Glenora, who may be considered 
 as the leading orchardist of Tasmania, in reply to our query 
 on this matter, says 'average yield per acre depends greatly 
 on situation, care and cultivation, good orchards yielding an 
 average of lOO to 200 bushels, and in some instances 300 to 
 400 bushels, according to season. ' Dr. Benjafield, on the other 
 hand, in reply, gave the following as the actual result of an 
 orchard of ten acres : '4,600, 3,600, 3,600 bushels for tenth, 
 eleventh and twelfth years respectively, or an average yield of 
 393.3 bushels per acre. Outside yields of 600 to 1,000 bushels 
 per acre have been obtained.' When considering this question 
 and tne profit, it must be borne in mind that the fruit producer 
 has, like his brother, the agriculturist, many troubles to contend 
 with. In the first place, labor is expensive and scarce at time 
 when most wanted, in addition to which there is the contin- 
 gency of excessive spring frosts, high winds and the apple 
 pests, principally the codlin moth and oyster scale. I should 
 also hesitate in giving any definite decision in matter of profit, 
 as this can only be done with any degree of accuracy by taking 
 the average of older established industries than that of fruit 
 culture in Tasmania. 
 
 "In treating of the average prices realized in the various 
 markets, we may class our home and inter-colonial sales under 
 one head. In this, the prices ruling for season just ending 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and Gener'al Interests. 13- 
 
 have been most unsatisfactory to the sellers. In the beginning 
 of the 3^ear, a second line of steamers was inaugurated between 
 Hobart and Sydney, reducing freight generally 50 per cent,, 
 but owing to irregular sailing dates, the result has, as was an- 
 ticipated by many, proved disastrous to the orchardist. The 
 fruit was placed in shipments of ten to thirty thousand bushels 
 per steamer, with sometimes only one and two days interval, 
 on the New South Wales markets, the results being as afore- 
 said. Fruit merchants and others were unable to judge when 
 a second steamer would arrive with a heavy shipment, there- 
 by reducing the value of fruit purchased by 40 per cent, to 
 75 per cent. Briefly, the average net return to the pro- 
 ducer for last five years for sales in Tasmania and adjacent 
 colonies may be put three shillings six pence to four shillings 
 per bushel at the orchard. During the past season, we have 
 opened a new market for the sale of our apples in San Fran- 
 cisco, with most satisfactory results and every encouragement 
 to materially increase our annual consignment thereto. Prices 
 ranged, according to quality and packing, from two to four dol- 
 lars per bushel, with an average of about $3. 
 
 '*In dealing with results obtained in London, I shall con- 
 sider it as the center of European markets. As far back as 
 1870 small test shipments of fruit were consigned as ordinary 
 cargo, the result being, as a rule, unsatisfactory. Five years 
 ago the matter was inquired into and arrangements made with 
 the shipping companies for conveyance of fruit in the cool or 
 refrigerated chambers of the ocean steamers, since which date 
 our shipments annually have materially increased. For the 
 ensuing season arrangements are in course of completion for 
 the consignment of probably about one hundred thousand 
 bushels of apples to be placed on London markets. Com- 
 plete returns for past season's sales. are not yet to hand — ac- 
 count sales for last two shipments being still wanting. The 
 average realized for shipments by four steamers is 
 
 Ribston Pippins ig i-. \ d. per case of say 43 lbs. 
 
 King of Pippins 1=^ s. \o d. 
 
 New York Pippin 15 .r. 6^/. " 
 
 Cox's Orange Pippin 15 j-. 5 </. " " 
 
 Sturmer Pippins 14 .f. 11 </. " " " 
 
 ''The foregoing averages may be considered as conclusive of 
 the qualit}' of Tasmanian apples, and as fully bearing out the 
 
14 An7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 opinions expressed b}^ the English pomological experts quoted 
 in my opening remarks. I may also add that our last ship- 
 ment this season was placed on the market at the same time 
 as consignments from Nova Scotia, the latter averaging accord- 
 ing to catalogue returns 15 j. to 17 j-. 6 <^. per three bushel bar- 
 rel, whereas Tasmanian one bushel case realized about 15 j-. 
 each all round. Against the foregoing high averages we re- 
 gret to add that this season's experience again emphasizes the 
 risk to which our fruit is subject in the cool or refrigerated 
 chambers during transit. 
 
 "To maintain the high averages in the European market ob- 
 tained in past two 3^ears, experience demands that only primest 
 quality of fruit should be shipped. Orchardists, instead of al- 
 lowing the tree to prematurely exhaust its resources, and spend 
 its energy and vitality in producing the necessary greater num- 
 ber of 'pips' consequent upon growing large and small ap- 
 ples, must give greater attention to growing the maximum 
 number of saleable apples which can be included in the 
 'graded' requirement of our English market. B}^ this means 
 the heavy freight expenses are reduced, the strength of the 
 tree is conserved, fruit of a finer quality produced, and instead 
 of having heavy crops every alternate year, a nearer approach 
 to continuous annual 3aeld is obtained. Other vital elements 
 are the picking and wrapping of each individual apple in good 
 impervious tissue paper. The past 5^ear's experience has con- 
 clusively proved that finest 'wrapped' realizes shillings 
 more per case than unwrapped. Economically it pays the 
 fruit producer so to do. A given quantity of apples wrapped 
 will fill eleven per cent, more cases than unwrapped, the sur- 
 plus increase defraying extra initial expenses incurred in labor 
 and paper. 
 
 "Tasmania maybe considered • as the best countr}^ in the 
 world for the production of pears, peaches, apricots and small 
 fruit. The pear has received special attention, some growers 
 having a very fine collection of best European varieties. The 
 apricot and peach are now being largely grown. It may par- 
 ticularly interest many of my readers to know that young 
 peach trees have been shipped from here this 3^ear to the Del- 
 aware Experiment Station for experimental purposes, with 
 the view of growing trees from this new stock that shall resist 
 the fatal '3^ellows.' Plums of ever3^ description are exten- 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and General hiterests. 15 
 
 sively cultivated and produce prolific crops, while currants 
 and strawberries far surpass their namesakes in England, both 
 in quality and fertility." 
 
 Other orchard fruits gave very poor yields throughout the 
 north. Peaches failed more completely than ever before per- 
 haps. In New Jersey, Delaware and southward the failure 
 was due to frosts which followed warm weather, and the same 
 was true of the peach region of Michigan and Southern Illi- 
 nois. In some parts of the country, particularly in New York, 
 the trees set fruit, but it was destroyed by severe attacks of 
 curl leaf {Taphrina deformans') upon the leaves. The yellows 
 is making rapid headway in the orchards of the Chesapeake 
 peninsula and is lessening the peach area. Peaches were 
 probably never more scarce than in 1890. Pears were nearly 
 everywhere much below the average in quantity and quality. 
 The pear scab and cracking of the fruit were prevalent and 
 serious. The Le Conte pear yielded well in some parts of 
 Georgia, however, notwithstanding the March freeze, and high 
 prices were realized. Plums and cherries have yielded fair 
 crops in some localities. Quinces were fair to poor. The nut 
 crop, mostly derived from wild trees, was also small. 
 
 Orchard fruits were below the average in Europe as a rule, 
 and the plum crop in England was one of the smallest for 
 many years. The French prune crop is reported as large. 
 The Smyrna fig crop is said to be below the average. 
 
 Oranges were a fair crop in Florida. About 2,000,000 boxes 
 were secured, against 2,150,000 in 1889. The March freeze 
 did much damage, probably lessening the crop by one-third, 
 but the young orchards and the second crop of flowers held up 
 the yield. Prices are good. The export trade in Florida 
 oranges, which began in 1886, is now assuming considerable 
 importance. The yield in California is probably the best ever 
 secured. Mexican oranges have reached American markets in 
 some quantity this year, and there is reason to expect that seri- 
 ous competition will soon arise from that source. Mr. Tem- 
 ple's account of fruit possibilities in Mexico, on a following 
 page, are instructive in this connection. Bonavia '' predicts 
 that the citrus fruits of India will lessen the demand for the 
 Florida product in foreign markets. ''Orange growers in 
 India and Ceylon, with their command of cheap labor, might, 
 
 *Oranges anil Lemons of India and Ceylon, xi (1890). 
 
1 6 Annals of Horticidture. 
 
 I think, advantageously compete in the London markets with 
 the growers of Florida and their dear labor. An English or 
 American laborer is paid 5s. 3d. per day, and skilled garden- 
 ers get higher wages ; that is, about ten times the wages of an 
 Indian 7naii. ^ * * j^ should be remembered that a suffi- 
 ciently good orange grower, if he has the right soil, requires 
 ver}^ little knowledge be3^ond that necessary for raising seed- 
 lings, budding them, and manuring and watering the trees at 
 the proper times, all which he might learn in a month. If 
 garden labor in India is ten times cheaper than that of Florida, 
 it would require that the carriage from Florida to London 
 should be ten times cheaper than that from Bombay and 
 Karachi to London, to enable the former to compete on equal 
 terms with the latter. It will be seen, moreover, that in 
 Florida, frosts are occasionally so severe as to turn all the 
 orange crop into ice-balls and ruin it, besides killing all the 
 young stock in the nurseries, if it does not also injure the adult 
 trees. There is, perhaps, no part of India where oranges are 
 grown extensively, which is subject to destructive frost, such 
 as that which is said to have occurred in Florida in 1885-6." 
 
 Grapes were a heavy crop in the great vineyard regions of 
 New York and Ohio, but were below the average in New Jer- 
 sey and Delaware. The fungous diseases were very prevalent 
 throughout and in most regions the copper salts had to be em- 
 ployed to save the crop. The raisin and grape crops of Cali- 
 fornia were large, and there was a sufficient raisin crop in Arizona 
 to attract the attention of fruit growers. The foreign raisin crop, 
 especially in the far east, is said to have been lessened by bad 
 weather and by the depredations of phylloxera. The Smyrna 
 raisin crop is reported as one-fourth short of last year. Mala- 
 gas were a good crop, but copper salts were largely used upon 
 them. 
 
 Small fruits nearly everywhere gave large yields, although 
 there was some complaint from various fungous diseases. 
 The returns on the average were fair, although they were very 
 low from the crop of Southern Illinois, particularly strawber- 
 ries, owing to the immense crop and the soft condition of the 
 fruit. The blackberry and raspberry yield in New Jersey and 
 Delaware was estimated at about a half crop. 
 
 The Cranberry crop of the countr}^ for 1890 was good, stand- 
 ing in round numbers, about as follows : 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and Ge7ieral Interests. 17 
 
 New England 375,000 bushels 
 
 New Jersey 150,000 
 
 Wisconsin 275,000 " 
 
 Total 800, 000 
 
 Prices opened higher than usual and the market continued 
 to improve until January ist, when there was a slight reaction 
 which continued for about six weeks. Since then there has 
 been improvement. The prices were on the whole steady, 
 and although not high were very satisfactory. Oregon and 
 Washington are beginning to attract some attention as cran- 
 berry states. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds yielded well. The year was a profit- 
 able one for the truckers about Norfolk. The potato crop v^diS 
 light and poor, probably no more than half an average crop. 
 Rot was very serious in many regions. The statistician of the 
 Department of Agriculture reports as follows upon the crop : 
 ''The potato crop suffered from unfavorable weather at time 
 of planting and at time of harvest. This was especially true 
 in New England and the Ohio Valley ; condition throughout 
 the season was low, and the returns of yield per acre were in 
 close harmony with the season's record. The estimated yield 
 per acre is onl}' SlY^ bushels, which, with two exceptions, is 
 the lowest yield ever reported. The same conditions which 
 injured the crop during the early growing season resulted in 
 making the area smaller than was originally intended. The 
 actual supply for consumption per head of population of this 
 important food crop is smaller than in any recent year." The 
 crop in Manitoba was large enough to afford some for impor- 
 tation into the United States. The crop was a failure in Ire- 
 land and great distress has resulted. In other parts of Europe 
 it appears to have been fair or good. 
 
 The ?nelon crop of the South is yearly becoming more im- 
 portant, and the area devoted to watermelons in Georgia alone 
 for i8go has been estimated at nearly 30,000 acres. 
 
 The to7?iato pack y^diS somewhat above the average of the last 
 three years. For the Union it was 3,166,177 cases, as com- 
 pared with 2,976,765 cases in 1889. Maryland, New Jersey 
 and Delaware gave heavy yields, while the pack in other states 
 was comparatively light. 
 
 California. In general, the fruit crop of California was the 
 
1 8 A7i7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 largest ever produced, and the scarcity of fruit in the east 
 caused prices to run high. The last year has witnessed a 
 widespread interest in California fruit throughout the country. 
 The present condition and prospects of California horticulture 
 are discussed for this occasion by Charles Howard Shinn, In- 
 spector of the California Experiment Stations : '^ The growth 
 of the horticultural industries of the State of California has at- 
 tracted much attention, but chiefly in a fragmentar}^ and un- 
 finished way. The field is so large that this is perhaps impos- 
 sible to avoid at present. Statistical science is not well main- 
 tained by the government of California, and horticulture has 
 been especially neglected in this regard. Some counties make 
 admirable reports of the orchards and of similar industries ; 
 others furnish little or nothing that can be depended upon. 
 The nurserymen give no statistics worth the name, and the 
 growers of ornamental plants, cut-flowers and vegetables are 
 not much better. Briefl}^, then, one must depend upon per- 
 sonal observation for a general review of the progress of Cali- 
 fornia horticulture from year to year and decade to decade. 
 
 ''A few of the larger statistics that may be accepted as ac- 
 curate are as follows : The area of wine and raisin grape 
 lands is 225,000 acres ; the wine product of 1890 was 18,200,- 
 000 gallons of wine, and 9,000,000 lbs. of dried wine grapes. 
 The raisin crop was 40,000,000 pounds : the prune crop was 
 15,000,000 pounds. The amount of green fruit shipped out 
 of the state was 105,000,000 pounds, or about twenty times 
 the shipments of 1880. The shipments of dried fruits, other 
 than prunes, was 66,318,000 pounds, or about one hundred and 
 twenty times the shipments of ten years ago. The orange 
 shipments now beginning to be sent away will be about 4,000 
 car loads. The value of the cereal, hay and root crops for 
 1890 was about $75,000,000. The population of the state has 
 only increased fifty per cent, since 1880, and is now about 
 1,250,000, but new industries have been created, and the old 
 ones have been developed with a rapidity that is one of the 
 surprises of American agriculture. The total value of all the 
 products of the state in 1890 was more than $303,000,000. 
 
 ''The fruit crop of California for 1890 shows, in the various 
 counties of the state, an increase of from twenty to one hun- 
 dred per cent, over the crop of 1889. At the beginning of 
 the season a short crop was expected by the fruit growers, 
 
Fniits, Vegetables and General Interests, 19 
 
 owing to the late frosts in some districts, and rains during the 
 blossoming time. The leadmg canners became convinced that 
 this was a mistake, and so the}' contracted in many cases to de- 
 liver enormous quantities of fruit at a low price. When the 
 situation was understood — a failure of the eastern peach crop, 
 and a great demand for all kinds of California fruit — the can- 
 ners hastened to secure contracts with the growers before prices 
 went up. They failed in most cases, and the unprecedented 
 profits made in 1890 in California fruit were made by the spec- 
 ulators who bought ' long ' on canned goods, and by the actual 
 growers of the fruits. One result of this state of affairs will 
 probably be a 'close combination' of all the California can- 
 neries. 
 
 ''The profits of fruit growers have been in many cases so 
 great as to pa}' for the land three times over. The local news- 
 papers of the state are crowded with well authenticated illus- 
 trations of the possibilities of California fruit growing. I will 
 give a few of these which I have myself investigated and can 
 vouch for as in every respect reliable : 
 
 *'The Oak Shade Fruit Company, of Davisville, shipped 
 seventy-five car loads of Bartlett pears to eastern markets, 
 and their entire fruit crop was 150 cars. This includes almonds, 
 raisins, prunes, etc. The profit from these was a total of 
 $30,000 from 360 acres, or eight per cent, on an investment 
 reckoned at $1,000 per acre. Ernest Dewey, of Pomona, re- 
 ports as follows : ' Golden cling peaches, 10 acres, seven years 
 old, produced forty-seven tons green, sold dried for $4,800; 
 cost of production, $243.70 ; net profit, $4,556.30. Soil, sandy 
 loam, not irrigated.' E. P. Naylor, of Los Angeles, says: 
 ' Fifteen acres of six year old prunes produced 149 tons ; sold 
 for $7,450 ; cost of production, $527 ; net profit, $6,923. Soil, 
 loam with some sand, irrigated one inch per ten acres.' The 
 dried prunes from ninety-seven trees on W. A. Gibson's place 
 near Calistoga, sold for v^537. The number of trees above 
 mentioned is a little less than prune-growers set on an acre of 
 ground. W. M. Baker, manager of the Colfax Mountain Fruit 
 Company, says that he has peach trees two years old on his 
 place at Landor, Nevada County, many of which yielded $1 
 per tree and some $5 per tree. A Woodland grower says : 
 * I would rather cultivate prunes than anything that grows. In 
 1889 I dried 15,000 pounds of prunes, my own and wdiat I 
 
20 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 bought on the tree. I got 6,300 pounds of the dried article 
 which I sold for six cents. My four year old prune trees 
 yielded me from 200 to 250 pounds to the tree of large and 
 beautiful fruit. Counting seventy-five trees to the acre, this 
 average would net about 83^ tons to the acre, worth about 
 ^350. ' James McPherson, of Oroville, cleared $100 per acre on 
 his Bartlett pear orchard in its first year of bearing. A four 
 year old peach orchard in the same district yielded $150 per 
 acre above expenses. The Paige & Morton fruit farm in Tul- 
 are County reports as follows : ' In this orchard there are in 
 bearing, the trees being four to five years old, 25 acres of apri- 
 cots, 119 acres of peaches, nearly ig acres of pears and 7}^ 
 acres of prunes. The fruit from these trees aggregated, weigh- 
 ed green as it came from the orchard, 3,047,754 pounds. Sixty 
 car loads were sold green to California canneries, or shipped 
 to New York, Chicago, Minneapolis or Boston. Ninety car 
 loads of green fruit were dried, making fifteen cars of dried 
 fruit, averaging 20, 000 pounds to the car. The apricots paid this 
 year per acre, net, $211.70; nectarines, $276 ; peaches, $350; 
 prunes, $600; pears, $427. The total receipts from the or- 
 chard, exclusive of vineyard, were nearly $90,000.' 
 
 '' One could easily obtain higher figures than any of these. 
 One prune grower cleared $650 per acre on his orchard. But 
 it does not seem wise to use many such illustrations. The 
 ' general average ' is better. In Riverside, for instance, 
 where about 543,000 orange trees are planted, the average 
 annual yield is $400 per acre. The average profits in all the 
 old and established deciduous fruit districts are so great as to 
 lead to the conclusion that one acre of good land in fruit paid 
 in 1890 about as well as 26 acres in wheat. Ten acres in 
 peaches or apricots, pears, plums, prunes, or any other decidu- 
 ous fruits are therefore more valuable than 250 acres in grain. 
 
 '' The census returns show that all the counties of California 
 that have urged forward horticultural developments have 
 greatly grown in population and wealth, while those that con- 
 tinue to depend upon sheep-raising and wheat-farming have 
 remained at a standstill for a decade and more. 
 
 *' ' Irrigation and sub-division ' is now the motto of the 
 progressive Californian. During the last year a very large 
 number of new irrigation districts have been established, and 
 many old ones have been enlarged. Not less than 250,000 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 21 
 
 acres will be brought under water before the close of i8gi ; 
 possibly nearly a million acres may be reclaimed in this man- 
 ner before 1892. Only about 2,500,000 acres of land are cul- 
 tivated in the whole state, while 33,000,000 acres are arable, 
 and 20,000,000 acres of wild mountain territory are covered 
 with forests. The vast increase in the number of irrigation 
 schemes has led to much activity in the way of new colonies. 
 Every possible method of organizing and establishing colonies 
 is illustrated in California. All sorts of co-operation are being 
 tested. There are colonies where the entire planting is car- 
 ried on by a board of directors elected by the colonists ; 
 there are others where each man pays a given sum monthly, 
 and at the end of a fixed term receives his land in a high 
 state of cultivation. A book is yet to be written upon the de- 
 tails of colony management, and the general conditions of life 
 in these colonies, which are for varied purposes — wine making, 
 raisin growing, olive culture, the orange industry, and dozens of 
 other enterprises. Women are combining to grow flowers for 
 San Francisco markets, and vegetables to ship east. Every 
 month in the year a number of new colony schemes are offered 
 to purchasers, and the greater number of them promise to be 
 successful. 
 
 "As I have already said, the statistics of tree-planting are 
 deficient. Some counties, however, have made admirable re- 
 ports. Such famous districts as Napa, Sonoma, Santa Clara, 
 Solano and Alameda — districts that will probably always lead 
 the rest of the state in deciduous fruits, and in table wines — 
 are districts that make but poor and badly classified statistical 
 reports. A very satisfactor}^ statement from Los Angeles 
 county may serve to illustrate the extent of the present grow- 
 ing industries in the state. Fully twenty out of the fifty coun- 
 ties of California make great showings in these fields. 
 
 LOS ANGELES HORTICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 Orange Trees. 
 
 Seedlings, 10 years and over 259,038 
 
 Seedlings, under 10 and over 5 years 24,378 
 
 Seedlings, 5 years and under 20,261 
 
 Budded, 10 years and over 68,611 
 
 Budded, under 10 and over 5 years 123,689 
 
 Budded, 5 years and under 491.115 
 
 Seedlings in nursery .' 1,642,315 
 
 Budded, in nursery 788,409 
 
 Ir^seed bed 4,446,600 
 
22 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Lemon Trees. 
 
 In bearing 37, 106 
 
 Not in bearing 29,524 
 
 Olive Trees. 
 
 Number of olive trees 170,654 
 
 In nursery 336, 594 
 
 Deciduous Trees. 
 
 Number of acres of deciduous trees 12,629 
 
 Number deciduous trees in nursery 287,075 
 
 Walnut trees no, 626 
 
 Walnut trees in nursery 12,900 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Orchard trees, citrus 1,336,002 
 
 Orchard trees, deciduous 1,515,480 
 
 Nursery trees, citrus and deciduous 3,067,293 
 
 In seed bed, citrus 4,446,600 
 
 Total 10,365,375 
 
 ''In this connection I may add that, since the above report 
 was made, a San Fernando firm has arranged to plant out 
 30,000 wahiut trees. Ventura and Santa Barbara are also be- 
 coming great walnut districts. 
 
 ''Butte is one of the most prosperous of the Sacramento 
 Valley counties. The assessor's report of that county gives 
 394,867 fruit trees planted in orchards. But the Oroville or- 
 chardists claim that a private census made by a committee 
 gives them over 500,000 trees. At Chico, Gen. Bidwell has 
 about 100,000 trees, and the rest of the county would carry 
 the total to nearly a million. About 60,000 olive trees and 
 100,000 oranges are planted chiefly in colonies. If complete 
 statistics were secured from Butte, the district would rank as 
 one of the first in the state. A great deal of land has been 
 bought there for planting this season or next. 
 
 "The State Horticultural Commission has compiled much 
 valuable statistical material, and its report on the Fresno dis- 
 trict may serve to show the nature of the development going 
 on in the San Joaquin counties. I quote from the Expositor' s 
 editorial : 
 
 "'There are 1,600 vineyardists in this county, the total 
 acreage of grapes is 49,068, the acreage in bearing is 22,280, 
 and the acreage in wine-grapes 5,908. The increase in the 
 
Fruits^ Vegetables and General Interests. 23 
 
 acreage during the season of 1889-90 has been particularly 
 heavy, the planting to vines of tracts of from 250 to 1,000 acres 
 being quite a frequent occurence.' 
 
 f What is especially interesting to the home-seeker in con- 
 nection with this information is the fact that every one of 
 these vineyardists is prosperous. No other horticultural in- 
 dustry is so profitable as the culture of the raisin grape ; in no 
 other is the work so pleasant ; and no other yields a return so 
 quickly. 
 
 '<An acre of Muscat vines in full bearing will yield from two 
 to three tons of grapes, on good heavy soil; at 5)^ cents a 
 pound in the sweatbox, this means from $225 to $325 per acre, 
 gross. Numerous instances are known, however, where the 
 yield of an acre of Muscats amounted to as much as $450, this 
 being the result of careful cultivation and favorable circum- 
 stances. Some grapes are borne on the vines when they are 
 one-year old, while two-year olds have been known to bear a 
 crop. At three years the vines pay the expenses and interest 
 on the money invested, and at four years from planting they 
 bring the first large paying crop. 
 
 ''An acre of wine grapes will yield from seven to nine 
 tons. These may be sold either wet or dried. The former 
 will sell at about $12 a ton, or from $85 to $100 for the yield 
 of an acre. Dried, the yield will shrink to from one and a-half 
 to two tons, which will bring $60 a ton. These figures are for 
 land that is of fair quality and which has received intelligent 
 cultivation. Some vineyards yield less and others more, so the 
 figures given are a fair average. 
 
 "■ Multiplying the 3^ield of an acre of grapes by the total num- 
 ber of acres in bearing, the value of its vineyards to Fresno 
 county at once becomes apparent. There is a difficulty, how- 
 ever, in striking an average for an acre of grapes for the pur- 
 pose of making this calculation, for the bearing vines are of all 
 ages and the difference in soil and methods of cultivation also 
 cut an important figure. Of the 28,000 acres in bearing, the 
 vines on about 20,000 must have attained their full growth by 
 this time. A very moderate estimate of the amount of money 
 to be gained from an acre of grapes is $200. This would bring 
 the total for the 20,000 acres to $4,000,000. 
 
 '' In about four years more the total acreage now in grapes, 
 49,086, will be in full bearing; multiplying this by $200, the 
 
24 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 value of an acre, the immense total of $9,817,200 is reached 
 for the entire grape crop of 1894 off the vines now planted. 
 
 ''Of the 5,600,000 acres cf land comprising this county 
 (Fresno) at least a fourth may be classed as agricultural land. 
 Owing to the absence of water in sufficient quantities, however, 
 only one-third of this amount, or about 400,000 acres, is suit- 
 able for the culture of the grape. But these 400,000 are here 
 awaiting the coming of the enterprising capitalist and the in- 
 dustrious home seeker. 
 
 "The California horticulturist finds it hard to procure 
 laborers. The case was well stated by Mr. W. H. Mills, in 
 his State Fair address. He says : 'The vineyard owned by 
 Senator Stanford is the largest in the world. It covers 3,900 
 acres of bearing vines. It is operated under a single control, 
 and is the largest operation of its kind known. The statisti- 
 cal facts relating to it would be the equivalent of statistical 
 facts relating to thirty-nine vineyards of 100 acres each, and 
 the facts are as follows : Exclusive of any labor employed in 
 planting or grafting old vines, the operations of the vineyard 
 require the labor of 135 men for six months ; that is the 
 maximum requirement of the period of cultivation ; then 
 comes the vintage. This requires the steady employment of 
 500 men every part of two months, but for three weeks of 
 that period the demand will be for 700 men. For steady 
 annual employment, but 70 men are required. Here we 
 have a minimum of annual employment equal to 70 men, 
 for the period of cultivation 135 men, and a maximum during 
 the vintage of 700 men. The maximum is ten times the 
 minimum in this case. There are about 200,000 acres of 
 bearing vineyard in this state. Carrying the proportions de- 
 rived from an exhibit of the great vineyard into the entire 
 vineyards of the state, and the 200,000 acres of vineyard in 
 this state would give us annual employment for 3,500 men. 
 It will at once be seen that, if grape- growing was the sole in- 
 dustry of the state, the 3,500 men who would find in it steady 
 employment would be the only available labor for the vintage, 
 and they would be grossly inadequate. As has already been 
 shown, the vintage requires ten times as many men as the in- 
 dustry affords annual employment. It would be impossible to 
 have the labor of nine men available for a few months in the 
 vintage season for one man who might find steady employ- 
 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and Ge?ieral hiterests, 25 
 
 ment. The value of a diversified industry comes into view, 
 and with the accession of population, industries become more 
 diversified.' 
 
 "In the leading fruit districts whole families 'camp out' 
 and gather fruit by contract. Japanese laborers are increasing 
 in numbers. Hundreds of girls and women are employed in 
 the canneries. At Fresno they are paid $1.75 a day. It is 
 certain, however, that there will be a scarcity of labor in a 
 few years more unless an unexpected increase in immigration 
 takes place. The lack of labor is the only doubtful feature 
 about the future of fruit growing. Many of the fruit growers, 
 it may be said, emplo}- Chinese, and wish that they could ob- 
 tain more. 
 
 <'One of the coming industries of the state is the growing 
 of winter vegetables for the eastern markets. The bean crop 
 of 1890 was 1,000,000 centals, but many farmers think that 
 the crop of winter cabbages, onions, potatoes, peas and simi- 
 lar products will be more important in a few years than even 
 the Lima bean fields of Ventura. 
 
 **A letter to the Salinas Index says : 'The enormous quan- 
 tity of potatoes per acre raised on the Buena Vista Ranch 
 this year is almost incredible. Several of the parties who 
 bought land there a little over a year ago, paying $100 per 
 acre, have raised this year upon the same upward of 200 sacks 
 per acre, and some as high as 300 sacks, and have sold them 
 on the ground at $1 to $1.25 per sack.' The winter fairs for 
 citrus fruits which have been held in Los Angeles, Riverside, 
 Pasadena, Oroville, Marysville, Sacramento and other cities of 
 northern and southern California are not less notable for their 
 winter vegetables and small fruits than for their oranges. 
 Beans, peas, red peppers, melons, tomatoes are exhibited at 
 these fairs as gathered from the open ground in January. 
 
 "A letter from Los Angeles in reference to winter cabbages 
 says : 'A good time to sow the seed is the latter part of Sep- 
 tember or the first part of October. A person should be gov- 
 erned by the time the land will be in condition to set the 
 plants, as regarding the time of planting the seed. The 
 plants should be from four to six inches high when trans- 
 planted, and allowed to grow from five to seven weeks from 
 the seed. To get the very best results in raising plants, the 
 
 A. H.— 3 
 
26 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 seed should be put in with a seed drill in rows from eight to 
 ten inches apart and not too thick. This year the cabbages 
 were cut so as to leave three or four of the bottom leaves to 
 keep the heads from bruising in the car, the cabbage being in 
 much better condition at destination than to have the head 
 stripped bare as formerly. The yield per acre in this part of 
 the country is from five to ten tons. The average price per 
 ton for the last four years has been from $13 to $14. The 
 best land to grow this vegetable is heavy corn soil. 
 
 ' ' ' The principal points to which cabbages have been shipped 
 the past season from this part of the country are Denver, 
 Ogden. Kansas City, and different points in Minnesota, Mon- 
 tana, Oregon, Washington and Texas. Denver has been by 
 far the largest distributing point. Texas has also been a good 
 customer. The freight on cabbages in car-load lots has been 
 go cents per hundred pounds to Denver and Salt Lake City, 
 80 cents to Portland and ^i to Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas 
 City and St. Paul, and all points in Texas. The demand for 
 cabbages can be pretty accurately figured in November by 
 those who are posted in regard to the condition of the cab- 
 bage crop and the amount raised in the eastern states. The 
 principal point that California has to compete with in raising 
 fresh winter cabbages is Florida. Some years January and 
 February shipments bring the best price, while other years 
 April and May take the lead.' 
 
 ''The horticultural meetings of 1890 showed increased 
 attendance, a very gratifying degree of success in fighting in- 
 sect pests, and a general advance in all that pertains to the 
 various departments of the industry. The State Board of 
 Horticulture was created by an act of 1883, and consists of 
 nine members, appointed by the Governor. It appoints a 
 salaried secretary, upon whom a great deal of work necessa- 
 rily falls, an inspector of insect pests, clerks, etc. The total 
 appropriation that it has for the fiscal year ending June 
 30th, i8gi, is ^12,500. Twenty-one counties have boards of 
 'county horticultural commissioners,' each with a salaried 
 secretary, and these boards meet in a yearly convention. B. 
 M. LeLong, the Secretary of the State Board, reports that 
 1,128 volumes of horticultural books are in the library. The 
 reports of the Board are considered very valuable abroad and 
 at home. They are large and expensively illustrated volumes, 
 
Fruits^ Vegetables and General Interests^ 27 
 
 well edited and full of practical information upon the olive, 
 orange, lemon, prune, fig, cherry and other fruits, besides 
 horticultural machinery, California patents, and all the sub- 
 jects that belong to the industry. The ten thousand copies 
 printed of each report are almost immediately exhausted. 
 Last year many schools wanted a copy for each pupil, but 
 only one copy could be sent to each district. 
 
 '*The University has charge of five experiment stations. 
 Three of them are well established, one at Jackson, Amador 
 County, for the Sierra foothill region, one at Folsom, for the 
 alkali soils of the San Joaquin, and one at Paso Robles for the 
 Coast Range. The central or home station at Berkeley 
 hardly represents any typical climate. A new and very im- 
 portant station has now been commenced in the Chino Valley, 
 about midway between Chino and Pomona, and this is to be 
 chiefly a citrus and semi-tropic station. The Chino Valley 
 lies mostly in San Bernardino county, and represents a happy 
 medium between the coast and the interior climate. It is not 
 as famous for oranges as the superb citrus colonies of River- 
 side and Redlands, farther inland, but it offers many advan- 
 tages for experiment, and the planting of orchards and laying 
 out of gardens has already commenced there. 
 
 ''The work that the California experiment stations have to 
 do is extremely varied. Not only fruits, but a great list of 
 economic and medicinal plants are tested, soils are constantly 
 analyzed, and the horticultural resources of the state are 
 mapped out in the rough by thousands of observations and in- 
 vestigations, which must continue for many years before their 
 full value is understood. A recent bulletin of Professor E. 
 W. Hilgard illustrates the extent of the field. It was a study 
 of ' the amounts removed from the soil by some of the chief 
 fruit crops, of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime, 
 these being, according to all experience, the only ones of 
 which the replacement need ordinarily be considered in ferti- 
 lization.' These amounts, the report says, are expressed both 
 with reference to 1,000 pounds of fresh fruit and to what, ac- 
 cording to our best information, maybe assumed to be a 'fair 
 crop ' per acre. The latter figure is, of course, liable to great 
 variations and differences of opinion ; but by the aid of a little 
 arithmetic each one can calculate for himself the data suitable 
 to his own case or views. The crop assumed in the case of 
 
28 - A7i7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 oranges is 325 boxes per acre of fifteen-year-old trees ; that of 
 grapes is intended to represent a mean between upland and 
 lowlands. 
 
 QUANTITIES OF SOIL INGREDIENTS WITHDRAWN BY VARIOUS FRUIT CROPS. 
 
 Total ash. Potash. Phos. acid. Nitrogen, 
 
 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 
 
 Grapes, 1,000 lbs 8.8 5.0 1.52 1.70 
 
 Crop of 10,000 lbs. per acre 50.0 1520 17.00 
 
 Oranges, seedless, per 1,000 lbs 6.07 2.78 .67 2.69 
 
 Crop of 20,000 lbs. per acre 55-6o 13.40 53-8o 
 
 Pears, 1,000 lbs 3.3 1.8 .5 .6 
 
 Crop of 20,000 Ids. per acre 36. 10. 12. 
 
 Plums, 1,000 lbs 2.9 1.72 44. 4.2 
 
 Crop of 30,000 lbs. per acre 51.60 13.20 167.7 
 
 Apples, 1,000 lbs 2.2 .80 .03 .6 
 
 Crop of 20,000 lbs. per acre 16.00 6.00 12.0 
 
 ''The drift of all experiments shows that lime and potash 
 are usually abundant in California soils but that nitrogen and 
 phosphoric acid are scarce. When the report alluded to was 
 published, it aroused immediate discussion in newspapers, 
 granges and horticultural meetings over the state. The need 
 of the application of fertilizers was universally acknowledged. 
 The University reports have gradually educated the public, 
 and the 'scientific farmer ' is not so rare a creature as he was 
 a decade ago." 
 
 Washington. Attention has been directed of late to the 
 remarkable horticultural resources of some parts of Oregon 
 and Washington. It appears that the region lying about the 
 Straits of Juan de Fuca, in the extreme northwestern corner 
 of our territory, possesses adaptabilities to fruit-growing of 
 an unusual character. The following correspondence upon 
 fruit-growing upon Orcas Island, by Rev. S. R. S. Gra\^, 
 which originally appeared in the Seattle Post-Intellige7icer, 
 indicates the possibilities of the region : 
 
 "The Japanese current exercises a profound influence upon 
 western Washington, where, entering through the grand chan- 
 nels called the Straits of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of 
 Georgia, it penetrates by sounds, by canals, by reaches, natural 
 harbors and vast bays, gulfs and channels far into the body 
 of land lying west of the Cascade range and east of the 
 Olympic range, so that thousands of square miles of agricul- 
 tural lands are influenced. Lying in that vast waterway 
 
Fruits^ Vegetables and General hiterests. 29 
 
 where the waters of the Gulf of Georgia and the Straits of 
 Juan de Fuca unite, in what is called the Archipelago de 
 Haro, is an island which, not only favored by climate, has 
 also great natural advantages for fruit and vegetable culture, 
 surpassing any other part of western Washington. Situate 
 partly in the cretaceous and partly in the lower silurian 
 epochs, it has a soil rich in lime and phosphates, made in 
 great part by the gradual erosion or decretion of the moun- 
 tain slopes. Orcas island, named by the Spaniards, is the 
 most favored of all the islands in the archipelago, or even of 
 those lying outside to the west, east and south. Mountains 
 rise on all sides, sheltering and warming by reflected heat 
 the valleys and rolling lands between them. The sides of 
 these mountains will some day be terraced and the grape be 
 cultivated ; and on higher slopes the peach and apple will find 
 a soil and exposure which will produce the richest results. 
 In every part of the island streams and natural springs abound 
 — plentiful for irrigation of the whole of the 28,000 acres 
 of bottom and valley lands. The soil, which varies from rich, 
 black clay loams to red and brown sand loams, is everywhere 
 underlaid at a depth of from eighteen inches to four feet with 
 a good clay subsoil. The prune and the pear find their 
 natural homes in the clay and heavy black loams, and the 
 gravel and boulder lands produce those superb apples and 
 peaches for which the island is famous. A well drained clay 
 subsoil, other things being equal, will always produce finer re- 
 sults than any other kind. The richness of the soil above is 
 never leached and wasted, as in those lands where the sub- 
 soil is of sand or gravel. Draining is very easily accom- 
 plished, as the lands are all rolling, and while so many ditches 
 are not required, those that are properly put in do more and 
 better work than where the land is level. Most of the drain- 
 ing has been done, so far, with cedar, or carefully constructed 
 rock work, but tile will probably, in the near future, take the 
 place of this rougher method. There has been a steady ad- 
 vancement in prices of lands for the past three years. To- 
 day uncleared ten and twenty-acre tracts bring an3^where from 
 $20 to $100 per acre, according to location, and cleared and 
 cultivated lands from $60 to $400 per acre, the higher prices 
 being obtained in the village, at the head of East Sound. 
 
 "The fruits raised for market are apples, apricots, pears, 
 
30 Annals of Hoj'ticiilture. 
 
 peaches, prunes, plums, strawberries, blackberries, and other 
 small fruits. The principal vegetables raised are cauliflower, 
 celery, cabbage, tomato, squash, pumpkin, and potato. 
 Grapes of certain kinds, and canteloupe melons have also been 
 successfully raised. Green corn is also a paying crop. It is 
 a well-known fact amongst fruit-growers that the late varieties 
 of apples pay much better than early ones, but many like to 
 grow some early and fall varieties for market and they pay re- 
 markably well at a net price of 75 cents per bushel. The Red 
 Astrachan, which in some localities becomes a striped apple, 
 is a good annual and early variety. But Williams' Early Fa- 
 vorite, a very dark crimson and juicy apple, is probably the 
 best variety grown. Later the Gravenstein takes the first 
 rank as an early fall variety. It is a fine golden apple with 
 red stripes in the sun, very juicy, with a mild, subdued flavor, 
 of a large or medium size. It brings 75 cents to ^i a bushel, 
 net. The Twenty-Ounce apple is the next variety of an}^ great 
 value. It is a large, boldly striped apple of second-rate quali- 
 ties, but as it yields enormous crops every year it is much 
 cultivated. About 3,000 boxes of this apple were shipped this 
 year from East Sound alone, and brought an average price of 
 80 cents. The next varieties of any great value are Blue 
 Pearmain, a large, purplish apple, with a fine bloom, aro- 
 matic, but generally of a second-class order ; the Tompkins 
 King, a large, brilliant scarlet apple of first quahty, of which 
 there was an enormous yield this year, bringing from $\ to 
 $1.25 net, and those held to Christmas this year will probably 
 bring nearly double ; Canada Reinette, Blenheim (erroneously 
 called the Dutch Mignonne), Fallawater, Paradise Winter 
 Sweet, Ben Davis, Jersey Black, Rhode Island Greening, Gil- 
 pin (erroneously called Vandevere), Monstrous or Gloria 
 Mundi, a fine cooking apple,- Fall Pippin (erroneously called 
 the Golden Ball), and the Yellow Belleflower, a fine and most 
 profitable apple. After these come the longest keepers : the 
 Lansingburg, a small green inferior apple, which yields 
 heavily, and as it keeps till April, a very profitable variety ; 
 Peck's Pleasant, Monmouth, English Russet, Golden Russet, 
 Ortley, a small medium sweet, green apple similar to the Lan- 
 singburg and locally called the Imperial, which yields heavily 
 every year and keeps till April, and the Belmont, a good 
 apple, but not as valuable as Monmouth or Peck's Pleasant. 
 
Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 31 
 
 Several other varieties are grown in smaller quantities and 
 are doing well. Cole's Quince, an early variety, American 
 Golden, and Grimes' Golden, are fall varieties and very valu- 
 able (the two last will probably be grown in great numbers) ; 
 the Baldwin, Esopus Spitzenberg, Jonathan, Yellow New- 
 town, Fameuse, Maiden's Blush and Ribston, are also popu- 
 lar. Other varieties are being tried, such as the Mcintosh 
 Red, Ronianite, Autumn Strawberry and Northern Spy. The 
 best apple orchards on the island will yield this year about 
 $500 to the acre. An average income can be obtained of 
 about $300 in ten-year-old orchards. But this amount could 
 be doubled and trebled if fruit-growers would follow Barry's 
 advice, which is practiced all through Europe, of growing 
 dwarf and semi-dwarf trees among the standards for the first 
 twelve 3^ears. 
 
 ''Pears are very profitable, but require a more thorough 
 culture than has yet been given. And if this fruit were grown 
 in pyramids, as well as standards, every acre would yield one 
 hundred times as much as at present. The Bartlett, whilst 
 not as large as the Bartlett of California, is much more lus- 
 cious and more highly flavored. The Seckel, Onondaga, Gray 
 Doyenne, Vicar, Anjou, Giffard, Flemish Beauty, Louise 
 Bonne, and many other varieties are grown with great success, 
 but perhaps the Bartlett and the winter pears pay best. They 
 bring from $2 to $4 per bushel, and are sold in half bushel 
 boxes. 
 
 ''The prune industry gives promise of rivalling, if not of 
 outstripping, the apple culture. The Fellenberg, commonly 
 called Italian, gives promise of being the most valuable va- 
 riety. The yield is simply enormous, averaging $400 per 
 acre in 7-year-old plantations. The German prune, which, 
 on good black loam, also yields very largely and is a most 
 valuable variety for drying, seems not to have grown into 
 favor so far. The Prune d'Agen is left to California growers, 
 being considered too small. The Silver prune in this locality 
 is often confounded with Coe's Golden Drop, which it resem- 
 bles only in color. The true Silver prune, the St. Catherine 
 plum, is a ver}^ valuable variety and it is extensively grown in 
 Belgium ; It is smaller than Coe's Golden Drop, slightly larger 
 than the Prune d'Agen, broad at the base, and upon turning 
 the plum so that the suture is hidden, it is seen that the right 
 
32 Annals of Horticulttire . 
 
 lobe is longer. There are about 10,000 acres suitable for 
 prune and pear culture on the island. 
 
 ''Cherries are an excellent and paying crop. But of the 
 varieties grown, the Black Republican, the proper name of 
 which is Llewellyn (an Oregon seedling), the Napoleon Bigar- 
 reau (erroneously called the Royal Arm), Murillo, Sparhawk, 
 Governor Wood and the Bigarreau are the most valuable va- 
 rieties. The Moorpark is the only apricot in bearing, but 
 other varieties are being grown. This fruit, if well cultivated 
 and severely pruned, will be one of the best paying fruits 
 grown. Peaches are a proved success, the early and late 
 Crawfords taking the lead. The Fidalgo, Waterloo, Troth's 
 Early and Alexander all yield abundant crops. Strawberries 
 are extensively grown, and do exceedingly well, yielding from 
 $500 to $1,000 per acre. The principal varieties are the 
 Sharpless, Crescent, Jucunda, Wilson and Manchester. 
 Blackberries, of which fruit only the Lawton is grown, yield 
 as high as $800 per acre. 
 
 ''There are about 28,000 acres of good fruit land on the 
 island, without counting the mountain slopes which will be 
 terraced and utilized also. Less than one twenty-eighth part 
 of this is now in use. But the population is rapidly increas- 
 ing, and one, five, ten and twenty acre tracts are being sold in 
 every direction-. During the past year over 1,000 acres have 
 changed hands in tracts of various sizes in the village of East 
 Sound alone, and over $75,000 worth of fruit lands have been 
 sold on the island. There is no reason why the island should 
 not in years to come be as densely populated as the Island of 
 Jersey, which is rather smaller in area than Orcas, but which 
 by fruit and vegetable culture has built up a city of over 
 60,000 people, as well as an immense rural population." 
 
 Fi'uit culture in Mexico has been brought into prominent no- 
 tice during the year through the discussions upon the tariff. 
 Orange growers fear serious competition from this source. 
 To determine somewhat of the extent of the fruit industry and 
 possibities in Mexico, I have invited A. V. Temple, of 
 Guanajuato, who is well acquainted with the country, to ex- 
 press his opinions : 
 
 " The result of my experiences with American fruits in the 
 state of Guanajuato is as follows : 
 
 "Apples, peaches, apricots, nectarines and cherries im- 
 
Fruits^ Vegetables and Ge7ieral hitefrsts, 33 
 
 ported from California do not do well, partly on account of 
 there being no cold season to give the trees a rest, and partly 
 because of the long dry season, succeeded by heavy, drench- 
 ing rains. The trees grow in a sickly fashion for two or three 
 years, and then become subject to various diseases and die. 
 I have experimented with some five or six hundred trees of 
 the above mentioned species, including some of the more 
 prominent kinds, but uniformly with unsatisfactory results. 
 The apricot trees are subject to a disease of the roots, which 
 swell, and appear to be affected by some sort of fungus. The 
 more vigorous the tree, the more it is subject to this disease. 
 I now have under cultivation Bartlett and Seckel pears, and a 
 few specimens of other varieties. They appear to be doing 
 fairly well, and I judge they will be successful. Japanese per- 
 simmons also are doing quite well. 
 
 ''I have under cultivation about 15,000 grape vines, mostly 
 imported from California. These vines are doing well, in fact, 
 quite as well as in California. The thicker-skinned and dark- 
 fruited varieties appear to do the best, but as the fruit ripens 
 mostly in the rainy season, we cannot count on a crop as 
 surely as in California, for the hail storms and the periodical 
 rains injure the fruit, and produce rot; but I think the crop 
 will be as sure as the grape crop in New York, which is more 
 or less subject to storms. The varieties known as Isabella, 
 American, Concord, etc., do not do well in this country. 
 They grow in a feeble, disheartened manner, and so far my 
 own have produced no fruit. 
 
 ''American horticulturists need fear no competition from 
 American fruits grown in the central mesa of Mexico — that is 
 to sa}^ in the great plain from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the 
 sea. But the competition that American horticulturists will 
 have to meet from this country is from the native fruits, which 
 grow in great perfection. I mean the sub-tropical fruits, such 
 as guavas, cherimoyas*, aguacatesf and sweet limes. These 
 are apparently subject to no special diseases, the trees grow 
 vigorously, and the fruit ripens to perfection. The fruit is 
 also better flavored than that grown on the coast, or in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the sea. 
 
 "The one element that will prevent a rapid extension of 
 
 *Anona Cherimolia. fPersea gratissima. 
 
34 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 this industry is that all these trees are of very slow growth, 
 requiring from eight to twelve years to come to full bearing, 
 and as the number of trees now under cultivation is small, be- 
 ing confined to the local consumption, it will be many years 
 before there will be any quantity of fruit for exportation. 
 Fruit cultivation as an industry by itself is almost unknown 
 in this country, the fruit trees being found mostly in the gar- 
 dens connected with large haciendas, and 1 know of no fruit 
 farm in the republic. The railroad communications with 
 Texas and Kansas, and the exportation of coast oranges by 
 rail through the central mesa is beginning to open the eyes of 
 the hacendados to the importance of this branch of agricul- 
 ture, and in a number of places trees are being set out, but as 
 I stated before, it will be many years before they are in bear- 
 ing. There are also a number of large vineyards, mostly of 
 California varieties of grapes, being set out with a view to 
 the manufacture of wine for home consumption. Mexico will 
 never be able to export grapes to the United States in my 
 opinion, but I think before many 3'ears the importation of 
 grapes and wine from the States to Mexico will cease. The 
 most serious competition from Mexico will come from the 
 orange trade from the coast states. 
 
 " The haciendas with their orchards are entirely owned by 
 Mexicans and Spaniards. The only American representatives 
 of horticulture in this country that it has been my pleasure to 
 meet, are the drummers for the nurseries, who travel through 
 the country with their picture-books in hand, and specimens 
 of fruit, but even they are not as well received nor doing as 
 good a business as a few years since. Last season about 
 2,500,000 cuttings of California grapes were imported, and 
 from Spain also quite a number. The California grapes have 
 so far given better results here than those imported directly 
 from Spain. American strawberries which I have experi- 
 mented with do not do as well as the native berry, on account 
 of the vines being more susceptible to drouth ; the American 
 berry is finer flavored and larger, but requires constant irriga- 
 tion, whereas the native berry needs less water." 
 
§ 2. ORNAMENTALS. 
 
 The ornamental gardening of the country is very rapidly 
 undergoing a change, particularly in its application to home 
 or private grounds. The formal and purely conventional 
 features of ornamentation are giving place to the freer use of 
 hardy perennials and native plants. Carpet bedding appears 
 to have passed its zenith, or certainly to have reached it. 
 The interest in native plants has never been so great as now ; 
 and it therefore appears to be an opportune time to compile 
 some statistics of the cultivated plants of our flora, which I 
 have attempted to do in a later part of this volume. Many 
 of the so-called old-fashioned plants are coming again into 
 favor, at least in their improved forms. All this indicates an 
 evolution in taste which must be abiding. 
 
 The national flower discussion, which was so wide-spread dur- 
 ing i88g, has greatl}^ subsided. The California State Floral So- 
 ciety, at its December meeting, 1890, chose the eschscholtzia as 
 the state flower, but beyond this no definite action has been 
 taken by state organizations. The Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction of New York obtained the votes of the school chil- 
 dren of the state, with the following result : Golden-rod, 81,308 
 votes; rose, 79,666; ox-eye daisy, 33,603; violet, 31,176; 
 pansy, 21,202; lily, 16,438; lily of the valley, 11,626; trailing 
 arbutus, 7,888; buttercup, 6,127. 
 
 The interest in flowers is spreading rapidly, especially in 
 the older portions of the country, and flower shows have 
 never been so numerous and never more successful- than 
 during 1890. Exhibitions in the large cities are now patron- 
 ized to such an extent as often to make even the most elab- 
 orate of them self-supporting. Several shows of unusual 
 merit were held during the year. The most notable was that 
 held under the auspices of the Massachusetts Horticultural 
 Society upon the occasion of the meeting of the Society of 
 American Florists. The practice of holding flower shows 
 has extended to many small cities all over the land. 
 
 (35) 
 
36 Anjials of Horticulture. 
 
 The Chrysantheimwi appears to have received greater atten- 
 tion during the year than any other plant, both with profes- 
 sional florists and amateurs. No plant combines so many 
 attractive qualities, as extreme variations in form, color and 
 habit, and ease of cultivation and adaptability to exhibition 
 purposes. Numbers of chrysanthemum exhibitions were held 
 during the fall of 1890, and without exception, apparently, 
 they were successful, and tended to still further popularize 
 the flower. The following notes upon the chrysanthemum 
 for 1890, have been made for me by B. M. Watson, Jr., of 
 Harvard University : 
 
 "The chrysanthemum season just passed has been an in- 
 teresting one. Never before have we had such an abundance 
 of good bloom ; the trade in cut-flowers has been satisfac- 
 tory, and the attendance at the various shows has been 
 greater than ever. While a large number of seedlings have 
 been brought forward, and while they show good variety in 
 form and color, we have no such additions to record as have 
 marked the two preceding years ; for instance, nothing has 
 been shown which approaches the Neesima collection. It is 
 noticeable that in many cases the still older sorts have held 
 their own against the newer introductions. The production 
 of seedlings is likely to continue, however, for some time. 
 This is undoubtedly a most interesting feature of the cultiva- 
 tion to most growers, and we shall probably get improve- 
 ments in different directions ; but new sorts will be more 
 critically examined by the gardener, and only those showing 
 some decided advance are likely to attract much attention. 
 It seems as if we had at present almost a sufficient variety in 
 form and color, and that the desideratum now is in the line 
 of good, marketable kinds. The gardener's interest in the 
 shows has centered more in cultural improvements than in 
 new varieties. 
 
 ' ' The demand for flowers up to this year has been largely for 
 yellows and whites, and these have been grown to the exclu- 
 sion of most others, by many of the larger growers. This 
 year, with the introduction in greater quantities of finely 
 grown flowers, there has been a call for more variety, and 
 willingness has been shown to pay roundly for them. The 
 trade in large flowers has been unsurpassed, and it looks 
 rather as if these alone were to be the chrysanthemums of 
 
Ornamentals. 37 
 
 the future. It seems, however, that there are two other 
 lines worth experimenting in, viz., the production of hand- 
 some and typical sprays, say of three flowers each, and, sec- 
 ondly, paying^ more attention to growing plants suitable for 
 house decoration. 
 
 ''It will not be easy for the commercial grower to bring 
 himself to the point of view which makes anything but the 
 biggest best. This is shown in the roses of the day, and, it 
 may be, the people who buy the flowers like the monstrosities 
 as well as the florist. There are signs in the air, however, that 
 a reaction may set in, and that the criterion of a well grown 
 flower will not always be size entirely. Even if size is re- 
 quired, a good showing can still be obtained by growing in 
 a more natural way. The cluster of three is natural to the 
 chrysanthemum, and if as carefully handled as in the one- 
 flowered system, there seems no reason to doubt that suf- 
 ficient size can be obtained, while a more characteristic effect 
 would be given ; the idea that chrysanthemums should be 
 bought, like cabbages, by the pound, would be abolished. 
 The long stems and fine foliage could easily be kept. Some 
 experiments would be needed to find out the varieties best 
 suited to this method of growing. Cut flowers so grown 
 might not at once commend themselves to the mass of 
 buyers. 
 
 "In regard to potted plants being offered for sale in quan- 
 tities, there are some difficulties in the way ; chiefly, because 
 as compared with cut flowers, plants are cumbersome to 
 handle not only in shipping but in distribution, and there is 
 is as yet, in our market at least, no decided demand for grow- 
 ing plants of any kind. The chrysanthemum is a good one 
 to begin with ; it seems in every respect a plant to be used as 
 a whole, and is never so attractive as when of moderate size, 
 and without that excessive staking which increases the na- 
 tural stiffness of all the compositae ; a plant can be grown so 
 that it will- be well developed in every part, and yet not re- 
 quire the support of a stake for each individual flower as well 
 as stem, nor need these stakes be arranged with too much 
 firmness. Plants in six and seven inch pots would not be 
 expensive to handle ; they could be put on the market with 
 good profit to grower and shopman, and become an important 
 feature in the trade. A well grown plant fairly in flower, the 
 
38 Annals of Horticidinre. 
 
 centers of the principal flowers just unrolling, will last in an 
 ordinary living room in good condition from two to four 
 weeks, with not nearly so much care as would be required 
 to keep cut flowers one half this time ; a single plant, or a group 
 is more effective than an equally costly arrangement of blos- 
 soms. The autumn shows have demonstrated how kindly 
 chrysanthemums blend with most foliage plants, palms, ferns,, 
 cycads, ficus, etc. Where such a collection is kept, nothing 
 better can be found to add to the interest of flowers during 
 the fall and early winter months, and no better background 
 could be desired to exhibit at its best the plant under consid- 
 eration. It may be doubtful if a great demand will arise 
 for flowering plants for these purposes, but the effort to intro- 
 duce them is worth considering ; the result cannot be deter- 
 • mined until they are marketed in larger quantities and in bet- 
 ter condition than they have yet appeared. 
 
 '' One good feature of this season's shows has been the 
 more uniform excellence of the cut flowers ; last year, there 
 were a few growers who staged specimens far above the aver- 
 age ; this year, there has been greater equality in this respect, 
 and for large and well colored flowers, the rank and file of 
 the gardeners have taken up the running, and pushed the 
 leaders hard. The size of the blooms is immense, and is 
 largely owing to the fact that for cut-flowers the plants are 
 grown in beds, sometimes made on the floor of the house, 
 where the piping allows this arrangement, sometimes on 
 benches where carnations or other things can follow. More 
 even conditions of moisture are by this method obtained and 
 richer soil and more liquid manure are used. When possible, 
 the glass is removed during the summer months. A plant 
 carries from one to four flowers, and it is hardly necessary to 
 say that disbudding is required. Another noteworthy point 
 is, that many of the older sorts hold their own against the 
 more recent introductions ; Jardindes Plantes and Fair Maid 
 of Guernsey are good examples of this. Mrs. C. H. 
 Wheeler, Cullingfordi, Edwin Molyneux, Comte de Ger- 
 miny, Grandiflorum, are also successful competitors against 
 the newcomers and the Neesima is one likely to keep its 
 place for sometime. It takes a little time to get the knack of 
 doing one's best with a new variety, so we cannot fairly make 
 comparisons as yet with last year's seedlings. Mrs. Alpheus 
 
Oriiamentals. 39 
 
 Hardy has been exhibited this year not only in fine flowers, 
 but also in some remarkably fine plants, showing that with 
 proper care it can be grown satisfactorily. It is said, too; 
 that it has proved a good money winner to the florists. Louis 
 Boehmer, the pink ostrich plume, has been shown occasion- 
 ally, but the color is not bright enough to make it very inter- 
 esting ; this is possibly owing to the distance it had 
 travelled. Another hairy flower, this time of tubular form, 
 has appeared in Lalla Rookh, a bronze or cinnamon-brown, 
 which, although of not much character, may prove of use for 
 breeding purposes. Others of this class are reported, but 
 have not yet been exhibited. 
 
 '' Belle Hickey, W. H. Lincoln, Kioto, Neesima and 
 Lilian B. Bird are all favorites of the practical florists, while 
 Mrs. Fottler, although of fine form and color, has the repu- 
 tation of not carrying well ; this is said too of Mrs. Langtry, 
 one of the purest of whites, of large size and a good grower. 
 Domination and Robt. Bottomley have been sent to market in 
 excellent condition, but there is an opportunity here for im- 
 provement in shipping qualifications. From Philadelphia, 
 Mrs. Bullock and Miss L. Canning come highly commended 
 as marketable whites. E. G. Hill, yellow with purplish 
 shading, is unique, and a flower of great substance. John 
 Thorpe has no rival in its peculiar color, deep lake, unless 
 it be in the seedling Mr. John Thorpe offers the present 
 year, described as being of the color of a Jacqueminot rose. 
 Ethel, Elaine, Christmas Eve and Gloriosum still please some 
 large growers, even if they no longer make much showing 
 at the exhibitions. Thunberg, yellow, seems a very satisfac- 
 tory late bloomer and is certainly a fine flower, truly Japanese. 
 The pale yellow tinge of the interior petals, free habit of 
 growth and flowering will always make Moonlight a favorite. 
 Among pinks should be mentioned, although none are of re- 
 cent introduction. Bouquet Fait, Flamboyant, Belle Paule and 
 Mad. C. Audiguier as being excellent and well worth growing. 
 Marvel, white with a bright maroon center, is very distinct. 
 Canon Farrar, white, tinged with pink at the base of the 
 petals, and Mrs. Anthony Waterer, of great size, white with 
 a blush tint, might be added ; these last three are compara- 
 tively new. 
 
 ''Among anemone-flowered chrysanthemums, Emily, 
 
40 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 pink, with delicate yellow center ; Sabine, white, with a pale 
 yellow center ; Mrs. Gane, an early white ; Mrs. R. Owen, also 
 white and of good size ; Nelson, a large dull red ; Mrs. M. 
 Russell, yellow, and Bessie Pitcher, rose with a lighter center, 
 seem desirable and worthy of more general cultivation ; some 
 of them when grown for single flowers make fine specimens 
 and give a pleasing variety. Something too should be said 
 for the Pompons, but so few are to be found that a select list 
 would be hard to make. It seems a pity that such an interest- 
 ing class should be so entirely overshadowed by the Japanese ; 
 the profusion of flowers and their bright and natty appear- 
 ance more than make up for what is lacking in size. It is 
 not profitable to extend any list of these flowers, although 
 it is difficult to pass by many favorites ; every gardener 
 will have his own successes and failures. What can be well 
 grown in one place is not always satisfactory in another. 
 
 ' ' There remains to be said a few words about insects. With 
 the more extensive and elaborate cultivation, as would be 
 expected, there have appeared several new pests, the most 
 injurious of which attack the plant while growing out-doors, 
 both in field culture and in pots. In many places, the plants 
 have been greatly damaged, and in some cases practically 
 destroyed during the past season by what appeared to be 
 a very small fly. The trouble begins soon after the plants 
 have been put in their summer quarters, but does not become 
 evident until they have attained some size ; then it will be 
 seen that there is a marked failure in the growing points ; 
 growth is stopped, and when new growth begins, it is again 
 stopped ; and so on until the vigor of the plant is destroyed. 
 This is probably caused by a leaf-hopper, but it is quite possible 
 that other insects may help. These insects are described with 
 care, and figured by J. G. Jack, of the Arnold Arboretum, in 
 Garden and Forest, Vol. iii. No. 133, page 439, and remedies 
 are suggested. It is doubtful whether this trouble is wide- 
 spread, but when it comes it seems to stay and increase. 
 When plants are grown under glass, the insects do not 
 appear in sufficient numbers to do harm, and it is certainly a 
 cure to lift and bring in the plants. Fumigation will drive 
 the insects from the greenhouse if it does not destroy them. 
 The mere work of lifting and potting in some cases seems to 
 drive them away. Mr. Jack advises spraying with a kerosene 
 
Orjiamentals. 41 
 
 emulsion, or with pyrethrum powder. Apparently the leaf- 
 hopper must be taken on the wing to kill ; this is not easy to 
 do, and makes constant repetitions necessary. Everyone 
 who is troubled in this way should consult the article named. 
 The so-called chrysanthemum fly, a much larger insect, is a 
 cause of complaint in some quarters. The damage is done 
 by the droppings discoloring the petals, mainly in white or 
 light colored kinds ; the harm is very slight and probably 
 some easy plan of getting rid of this fly could be devised. 
 Hand-picking would not be difficult. A leaf-borer which has 
 appeared on the French marguerite {Chrysanthemum friites- 
 cens), seems more alarming. Tobacco fumigation seems to 
 hold in check the fly which lays the eggs of the maggots ; 
 affected leaves should be destroyed." 
 
 The roses of the year are treated for me by E. G. Hill, of Rich- 
 mond, Indiana: "The various rose firms of Britain and the 
 continent have displayed their usual fertility of resource in 
 putting upon the market over one hundred new roses, most 
 of them seedlings. Of this great number probably ten or 
 twelve will be found useful as bedders in our own country, 
 while if even one tea variety proves a good forcing rose of 
 pleasing color, good form and substance, and distinct from 
 existing sorts, it will be given a hearty welcome by florists at 
 large, and in another season or two will be found in all the 
 leading cut-flower stores. Of the different classes of new 
 roses sent out, our American growers usually concentrate their 
 attention first on the teas and hybrid teas, in which we 
 always find our most useful roses. The climbing teas being 
 tender, are of little use except in those limited sections where 
 the thermometer registers but a few degrees of frost ; the 
 hybrid perpetuals, though representing the highest ideal of a 
 perfect rose, are not so popular as the everbloomers, from the 
 fact that they flower but once in the season, and also that 
 they require from two to four years to become established. 
 Bengals and bourbons at the present time attract scarcely a 
 passing notice. The polyanthas are gaining in popularity as 
 the years pass, and little wonder, for such hardy, flower- 
 covered bushes as Mignonette and Gloire des Polyanthas can 
 not fail of popular appreciation. Clotilde Soupert, while 
 showing rather too many of the traits of the tea family to be 
 
42 An?ials of Horticulture. 
 
 as distinctly a polyantha as we might wish, is a great addition 
 to our lists, and is destined to become as great a favorite as 
 Hermosa, if only it proves as hardy as that sturdy sort. 
 
 " The best new teas of the year are these : 
 
 ''Duchess Marie Salviata. \Soupert 6^ Netting.^ A strong, 
 vigorous grower ; flower large and double from long pointed 
 buds. Color a fine chrome orange, with shadings of rosy flesh, 
 the center pure saffron ; sweet violet scented ; the raisers claim 
 this to be a good forcer. It is a cross between Mme. Lambard 
 and M. Kuppenheim. 
 
 ' 'Jeanne Guillaumez. {^Bonnaire. ) A very vigorous grower ; 
 flower large and double, of good form, with beautiful long 
 buds. Color clear red, touched with salmon ; center coppery 
 red, with pale silvery shadings. Received first-class certifi- 
 cate from the Lyons Horticultural Society. 
 
 "Gustave Nadaud. {Soupert d^ Nottiiig.^ A free branch- 
 ing grower, with large double flowers ; the outside petals are 
 large and rounded, giving it an exquisite cup shape. Color 
 vermilion, with clear touches of carmine lake and soft pink 
 center. (yMvie. Lambard and Safrano. ) 
 
 "J. B. Varrone. {Gnillot.) A fine grower; flower large 
 and very double, with high center opening from long buds. 
 Color soft china rose, changing to a bright deep carmine of even 
 shading ; an extra good rose, and very sweet ; extremely 
 variable in color, ranging all the way from soft flesh pink to 
 deep china rose, with varying conditions of temperature. 
 
 "Mme. Marthe du Bourg. {Bernaix.') One of the finest 
 of the new roses. The habit and foliage are beautiful, denot- 
 ing a ready grower ; the flower is large, perfectly double, and 
 of beautiful form ; the outer petals recurve at the edges, 
 showing a beautiful pointed center ; the color is creamy 
 white, touched with carmine or pale heliotrope on the edges; 
 texture heavy. A very promising rose. 
 
 "The best hybrid teas are as follows : 
 
 "Bona Weillshott. (^Soupert 6^ Nottmg.') A very strong 
 grower ; flower large and double, and of the centifolia form. 
 Color rosy vermilion, with center of orange red ; very sweet. 
 {^Goubault and M. Batiniami.) 
 
 "Mme. de la Collogue. {A. Levet.) Bright rose color; 
 large, double, and of perfect form. A vigorous grower. 
 
Ornamentals. 43 
 
 '*Mme. H. Montefiore. {Soupert & Notting.) ri strong 
 grower ; flowers large, double and quartered. Color white, 
 marbled soft flesh, with center of chrome or ochre yellow. 
 
 "Augustine Guinoisseau or White La France. An exquis- 
 ite sport from La France, not white at all, but very much 
 lighter than the parent ; will probably be very widely grown 
 in this country. 
 
 "The hybrid perpetuals of value are: 
 
 ' ' Gustave Piganeau. {Perftet-Ducher. ) Flowers extra large, 
 equaling Paul Neyron in size, double and of cup form. Color 
 a beautiful shade of red and brilliant carmine. Received 
 four medals, and was illustrated in the Joiir7ial des Roses. 
 
 "Laforcade. Color brilliant carmine-red; flowers large 
 and quite double ; a strong grower. A variety of the very 
 highest order. 
 
 "Mme. Renah}^ (^Guillot.) Flower large, double, and of 
 fine globular form ; color rosy carmine, with brighter center ; 
 reverse of petal soft silvery heliotrope. Very sweet and very 
 free. 
 
 "Lady Arthur Hill. {Dickso?i.~) A most vigorous grower, 
 with flowers of the largest size, double, and finely formed. 
 Color fine silvery rose of most pleasing shade. Seedling from 
 Beauty of Waltham. Extra good. 
 
 "Roi de Suede. {Soupert 6^ JVottmg.) One of the very 
 darkest of hybrid perpetuals, with touches of brown in the 
 shadings ; very velvety in texture; a very distinct variety. 
 
 "Two new American teas are promising: 
 
 "Waban or Red Mermet. Catherine Mermet is a magnifi- 
 cent tea rose and universally admired ; and its sports, so far, 
 are keeping up the family reputation, judging by The Bride, 
 our finest white, and now Waban, which is a Mermet of deep 
 rose color, and the same splendid rounded form. As there 
 can be no question as to its forcing qualities, and as it does 
 not turn pale in dark weather, it will doubtless prove a great 
 acquisition. 
 
 "Rainbow* hails from California, a sport from Papa Gon- 
 tier ; it might be described, in short, as a light pink Gontier 
 striped and variegated with the true Gontier red ; it has 
 created great interest in the west, where it has been shown 
 in fine shape." 
 
 * Annals Hort., 1889, 104. 
 
44 Aniials of Horticulture. 
 
 Foreign roses. — American rose growers draw so largely upon 
 European es-tablishments that any account of the roses of 
 1890 must be very incomplete without some account of foreign 
 novelties. The following two papers appear to be judicial in 
 their estimates, and are likely to prove useful to our culti- 
 vators. 
 
 The following list of the novelties of i8go was compiled by 
 the editors of the Journal des Roses. The varieties are mostly 
 of French origin, and the originator's description is given with 
 each : 
 
 ^'Guillot & Sons, 27 Chemin des Pins, Lyon-Guillotiere, in- 
 troduced three seedling varieties : 
 
 "Mademoiselle Christine de Noue (tea). The plant is vig- 
 orous and flowers abundantl}^ The flowers are very large, 
 double, well formed and gracefully borne. The outer petals 
 are imbricated, of a deep red-purple maroon color ; those of 
 the center are straighter, lake rose and light purple in color, 
 blended with a beautiful silvery white ; very fragrant. 
 
 "Miss Wenn (tea). Plant vigorous; flower large, double, 
 well formed and china rose in color ; a free-blooming va- 
 riety. 
 
 "Madame la Comtesse de Bouchaud (noisette). Plant 
 very vigorous and branching ; buds long, ilower very large, 
 double, well formed ; internally the petals are yellow saffron 
 in color, externally yellowish-white. 
 
 "Three new roses are introduced by Joseph Bonnaire, 6 
 Chemin des H^rideaux, Lyons : 
 
 "Souvenir de Madame. Sablayrolles (tea). Plant very 
 vigorous ; the branches are upright and covered with beauti- 
 ful dark green foliage. The peduncle is very strong, and the 
 flower is large, double, spherical, almost always solitary. Its 
 color is apricot-rose blended with yellow, the edges of the 
 petals being bordered with carmine, which passes into a white 
 cream. This is an excellent variety for cut flowers. It is a 
 cross of Devoniensis and Souvenir d'Elisa Vardon. 
 
 " Elisa Fugier (tea). Plant very vigorous, branches 
 straight and somewhat erect ; it is a variety closely related to 
 Niphetos, but its habit is much superior ; it does not drop its 
 foliage, and its leaves are more abundant and always green. 
 The buds are very long ; flowers very large and double, and 
 pure white except at the center, which is clear light yellow, 
 
Orna7nentals . 45 
 
 and the external surface of the petals, which is tinged with 
 rose. It is exceedingly floriferous, very good for cut flowers, 
 and is very hardy. It is a cross of an unknown variety with 
 Niphetos. 
 
 ''Henri Brichard (hybrid tea). The plant is very vigor- 
 ous, the branches straight and erect, foliage large, dark 
 bronze-green in color. The flower is large, very double and 
 supported on a firm peduncle. Its color is pure white at the 
 borders, the interior being bright red-carmine, shaded with 
 rose-salmon. The flowers are produced abundantly and con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 "The firm of KettenBros., of Luxembourg, introduced three 
 seedling varieties : 
 
 "Astra (hybrid tea). Flower rose-carnation, sometimes 
 lighter at the borders of the petals, large, double, cup-shaped 
 and solitary. The plant is of medium vigor and very flori- 
 ferous. 
 
 " Chloris (hybrid tea). Flowers clear crimson-purple, 
 very large, very double, very fragrant. Plant of medium 
 vigor and very floriferous. 
 
 "Anna Scharsach (hybrid remontant). Flower clear rose, 
 at the center often bright purple ; large, double, cup-shaped. 
 Plant very vigorous and hardy. A cross between Baronne A. 
 de Rothschild and Madame Lauriol de Barny. 
 
 ' ' The following varieties were introduced by Messrs. Soupert 
 and Notting, Luxembourg : 
 
 " Princesse de Sarsina (tea). Plant vigorous; flower 
 large, double and of beautiful form. The ground color is 
 clear yellow, shaded with a light rose ; the center is apricot- 
 yellow, tinged with vermilion. The flower is fragrant and 
 blossoms in the fall. It is a cross of Madame Lambard and 
 Sulfureux. 
 
 " Comtesse de Vitzthum (tea). Plant vigorous; flower 
 large, double, perfect in form. The external petals are light 
 yellow, the center is a brilliant Naples-j^ellow ; very flor- 
 iferous. This variety may be particularly recommended for 
 grouping. It is a cross of Adele Jourgant and Perle des 
 Jardins. 
 
 " Gribaldo Nicola (tea). Plant very vigorous, climbing. 
 Foliage broad, large and glossy. Flower very large, very 
 double and of the same form as Souvenir de la Malmaison. 
 
4.6 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Color silvery-white on a rose ground color, the center shaded 
 with a nankeen-yellow, the under side of the petals being 
 Isabelle rose ; very fragrant. Cross between Bouquet d'Or 
 and Sylphide. 
 
 ''Charles de Franciosi (tea). Plant vigorous ; buds long, 
 well formed and orange-red in color. Flower large, double, 
 broad, in the form of a rosette. The color is a chrome-yellow, 
 shaded with a soft salmon-yellow. The exterior petals are 
 lightly tinged with rose. This variety is particularly good 
 for forcing in winter. Cross of Sylphide and Crombez. 
 
 ''Comtesse Eva Starhemberg (tea). Plant vigorous and 
 of good carriage ; flower large, double and of perfect form ; 
 buds elongated, petals firm and broad ; color a yellow-cream, 
 the center being chrome-ochre, and the edges of the external 
 petals tinged with a light rose. Cross of Etendard de Jeanne 
 d'Arc and Sylphide. 
 
 "Joseph Degueld (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous 
 and straight ; flowers large and double, having the exterior 
 petals imbricated ; color a brilliant lake-carmine blended with 
 vermilion, the under side of the petals blood-red ; very fra- 
 grant. A cross of Duhamel du Monceau and Charles Mar- 
 gottin. 
 
 ''Mr. Moreau-Robert, Chemin de la Treille, near Angers, 
 introduced the following : 
 
 "Madame Durand (tea). Plant very vigorous, almost 
 sarmentous ; foliage a beautiful purple ; wood firm, somewhat 
 thorny. The flowers are large and double, spherical, and open 
 early ; color a beautiful copper-yellow. The flowers are 
 borne in corymbs, and are very abundant. 
 
 " Madame Simon (tea). Plant very vigorous, sarmentous, 
 the old wood only slightly thorny ; foliage beautiful red when 
 young, passing into a light green ; flower very large and 
 double, of the same form as Souvenir de la Malmaison ; color 
 rose-white, sometimes slightly tinged with yellow ; very flor- 
 iferous. Seedling of Madame B^rard. 
 
 "Capitaine Basroger (moss rose). Plant exceedingly vig- 
 orous ; foliage a beautiful deep green, the leaves consisting of 
 5-7 leaflets ; wood very strong, with many very fine and hard 
 thorns ; flowers very large, well formed, spherical ; color a 
 bright carmine red, blended with black-purple. The plant 
 bears corymbs consisting of 15-25 flowers. 
 
Ornamentals. 
 
 47 
 
 ''Souvenir de Victor Landeau (bourbon). Plant very vig- 
 orous ; foliage deep green ; the old wood straight, strong and 
 thorny ; flowers very large, double and cup-shaped ; color 
 bright red, shaded with carmine ; corymbs very strong and 
 numerous. 
 
 "Commandant Larret de Lamalignie (hybrid remontant). 
 Plant vigorous, wood somewhat flexible ; foliage light green ; 
 flower large, double, opening well, and perfect in form ; color 
 a beautiful red scarlet ; floriferous ; flowers in corymbs. 
 
 "Madame Lemesle (hybrid remontant). Plant very vig- 
 orous ; wood large and robust, armed with recurved prickles ; 
 foliage beautiful deep green ; flowers large and double, globu- 
 lar, red velvety-purple passing into violet. 
 
 " Mr. Tesnier, near Angiers, introduced these varieties : 
 
 "Etoile de Angers (tea). Plant very vigorous; the old 
 wood green ; thorns few ; foliage glossy green ; buds long and 
 borne on a firm peduncle ; flower large, very double, spheri- 
 cal and well formed. The ground color is copper yellow, 
 largely bordered with red peach reflection from the bronzed 
 petals. 
 
 "Madame Dorgere (tea). Plant vigorous; wood deep 
 green and thorny ; foliage light yellow ; buds elongated, 
 oval ; peduncle long and firm ; habit excellent ; flower large, 
 very double, spherical ; color flesh carnation, softly shaded, 
 sometimes light salmon. The flowers remain half opened for 
 a long time and become purple rose as they grow older. 
 The variety is a cross between Sylphide and Catherine 
 Mermet. 
 
 "Madame Charles de Rostang (hybrid remontant). 
 Plant vigorous, older wood light green ; thorns few ; foliage 
 broad and glossy green ; flower large, double, well formed ; 
 color china-rose, the outer petals a soft rose-mallow, the 
 veins being- rose-carmine. A seedling of Comtesse d' Ox- 
 ford. 
 
 " The following varieties were introduced by Mr. Vigneron, 
 Olivet, near Orleans : 
 
 "Madame E. Forgeot (hybrid remontant).- Plant very 
 vigorous ; branches straight and firm ; foliage beautiful light 
 green ; buds borne on firm leafy peduncles ; flowers medium 
 to large, double, of fine form ; color a very clear and bright 
 
48 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 cherry red ; very floriferous. Cross between Jules Margottin 
 and Elizabeth Vigneron. 
 
 "Monsieur Jules Lemaitre (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 very vigorous branches straight and firm ; foliage deep 
 green ; flowers very large, double, spherical, and of a bright 
 red carmine color ; habit perfect ; floriferous ; very fragrant. 
 A seedling of Madame Isaac P^reire. 
 
 "Madame Eugene S^bille (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 vigorous ; branches straight and firm ; foliage light green ; 
 peduncle very firm ; flower large, double, finely formed ; color 
 cherry red, the center slightly darker ; very floriferous. 
 Seedling of Madame Charles Crapulet. 
 
 "Madame Schwartz, of Lyon-Guillotiere, introduced the 
 following seedling varieties : 
 
 " Mademoselle Juliette Berthaud (bourbon). Plant vigor- 
 ous ; foliage elegant ; flower medium in size, with reflexed 
 petals ; color yellow-white, mingled with carnation and rosy 
 white towards the center. The lower part of the petals is 
 citron-yellow ; fragrant and remontant. 
 
 "Roger Lambelin (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous; 
 foliage abundant, and light green in color; flower medium 
 size and well formed. The petals are clear red, margined 
 and spotted with pure white and light rose ; stamens numer- 
 ous and conspicuous. 
 
 "Madame Delville (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous; 
 foliage beautiful ; flower very large, double, perfect in form, 
 center compact ; color a bright rose, becoming lighter at the 
 borders, and passing into clear rose ; the under side of the 
 petals is silvery ; very fragrant. Seedling of Alfred Colomb. 
 
 " Eugene Verdier, of Paris, sent out the following varieties : 
 
 " Souvenir de Clairvaux (tea). Plant vigorous; branches 
 strong and erect ; foliage dark green and glossy ; thorns few ; 
 flower medium to large, very double and well formed, borne 
 on a firm peduncle ; color a beautiful shade of china-rose, the 
 base of the petals being apricot-yellow, flushed with nankeen 
 and marked with carmine ; floriferous and fragrant. 
 
 "Docteur Chopart (^bourbon). Plant vigorous; branches 
 straight and firm ; thorns numerous ; foliage deep green ; 
 flowers medium in size, and well formed ; color a soft beauti- 
 ful rose. 
 
 "Docteur Bastien (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous; 
 
Ornavientals . 49 
 
 branches erect and light green ; thorns few ; foliage deep 
 green ; flowers medium to large, double, perfect in form, 
 spherical ; petals broad and concave ; color a bright currant 
 rose magenta ; very fragrant. 
 
 "Souvenir de C^cile Vilin (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 vigorous, branches firm and* straight, thorns not numerous, 
 foliage dark green ; flowers large, double, well formed, like 
 Annie Wood ; color carmine-amaranth, with bright purple. 
 
 " Elie Lambert, Lyons, introduced Madame Elie Lambert 
 (tea). Plant exceedingly floriferous and uncommonly vig- 
 orous, although of small size ; buds borne on firm peduncles ; 
 flower cup-shaped, well formed, its center rose color, and 
 beautifully set off by the pure white of the exterior petals. 
 
 "Mr. Veysset, of Royat-les-Bains, introduced Madame 
 Angelique Veysset (hybrid tea). Flower rose colored, 
 streaked with bright red. It is a sport of La France. 
 
 "Alexandre Bernaix, of Villeurbanne, near Lyons, produc- 
 ed the following : 
 
 "Mademoiselle Adelina Viviand-Morel (tea). Plant 
 sarmentous, foliage glossy ; the coloring is very clear apricot, 
 passing into canary-yellow, with golden tints which fade into 
 straw-yellow, relieved by carnation ; very fragrant. 
 
 "Madame la Princesse Bassaraba (tea). Plant small, vig- 
 orous, branching, very floriferous ; bud ovoid ; flower medium 
 large and double ; color flesh carmine changing to carnation 
 in the outer petals, and changing from a canary yellow to pale 
 chrome while opening. 
 
 " Souvenir de Mademoiselle Elise Chatelard (dwarf poly- 
 antha). Plant dwarf branching at the base and forming a 
 thick symmetrical bush ; foliage small, deep green above, 
 paler on the under side ; flowers abundant, about an inch in 
 diameter, and finely formed ; the color is a fresh red-carmine. 
 The external petals are mucronate, those of the center 
 crimped. 
 
 "Jean Ducher, of Montplaisir-Lyons, introduced the 
 Beauts de Grange de H^by (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous, 
 wood smooth, branches straight ; foliage glossy, bronzed green, 
 thorns few. The flower is large, double, and borne on a firm 
 peduncle ; color pure white, lightly tinged with yellow at the 
 center. Cross between Baronne A. de Rothschild and 
 Madame Ch^danne Guinoiseau. 
 
50 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 ''Three roses were introduced by Mr. Pernet, of Charpen- 
 nes-les-Lyons : 
 
 ''Triomphe de Pernet p^re (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous, 
 branches straight and firm ; flowers large, almost double, 
 bright red, gracefully borne ; buds very long and opening 
 easily ; the plant flowers continuously and abundantly. It is 
 a cross between Monsieur D^sir and General Jacqueminot. 
 
 ''Marquise de Salisbury (hybrid tea). Plant vigorous, 
 branches straight and firm, thorns numerous ; foliage dense, 
 and dark green in color, bordered with red ; flowers medium 
 to large, almost double, bright velveted red ; buds long and 
 T-shaped ; very floriferous. 
 
 "Madam Dubost (bourbon). Plant vigorous, branching; 
 flowers borne in corymbs, almost double, medium to large, 
 light carnation at the borders of the petals, and bright red at 
 the center ; floriferous. 
 
 "Jean Perrier, of Lyons, sent out Professeur Ganiviat 
 (tea). Plant very vigorous and floriferous ; flower well form- 
 ed, large, double, and borne on a firm peduncle : color red, 
 shaded with crimson. 
 
 "M. Liabaud, of Lyons-Croix-Rousse, introduced: 
 
 "Comtesse de Bernis (hybrid remontant). Plant vigor- 
 ous ; branches straight, reddish ; foliage light green ; flowers 
 large, double, bright rose ; very floriferous. 
 
 " Docteur Branche (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous, 
 branches firm, thorns few and small ; foliage glaucous and 
 bearing small thorns on the under side ; flowers large, double, 
 the petals being large and cherry red. 
 
 " Rougier-Chauvi^re (hybrid remontant). Plant very 
 vigorous and the branches firm ; thorns strong, reddish, and 
 numerous ; foliage large, deep green, armed with small thorns 
 on the under side ; flowers large, double, velvety red-purple- 
 amaranth. 
 
 "Madame Joseph Linossier (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 vigorous, branches straight, thorns small and numerous, foli- 
 age light green and abundant ; flowers large, almost double ; 
 color very soft rose, margined and marbled with bright rose. 
 Sport of Madame Montet. 
 
 "Madame Pierre Liabaud (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 very vigorous, branches firm and always terminating in four 
 or five flower buds, thorns quite numerous ; foliage metallic- 
 
Ornamentals. 51 
 
 green ; flower large, double, arched, and carnation-white. 
 Seedling of Madam Isaac P^reire. 
 
 ''Souvenir de Lady Ashburton (tea) was introduced by 
 Charles Verdier, Ivry-sur-Seine. Plant very vigorous, 
 
 branched, and floriferous ; branches numerous, rather short, 
 the bark red and slightly glaucous ; thorns long, very sharp, 
 curved ; peduncles strong ; sepals reddish ; foliage glossy 
 green above, glaucous and often tinged with red below; flow- 
 ers large, double, and very variable in color, being copper-red, 
 salmon-yellow, sometimes red, often intense red, light yellow, 
 and presenting all these shades either separately or mingled, 
 depending upon the stage of flowering ; very fragrant. A 
 vegetable chameleon. 
 
 ''Nabonnand & Sons, of Golfe-Juan, introduced the follow- 
 ing kinds : 
 
 "Princess Marguerite d' Orleans (tea). Plant very vigor- 
 ous ; flower very large, double, perfect, peduncle long and 
 firm ; buds long and well formed ; the outer petals very deli- 
 cate pale rose, silvery on the lower side, the inner ones bright 
 carmine red. Cross of Papa Gontier and Isabelle Nabonnand. 
 
 "G6n^ral de Mertchansky (tea). Plant very vigorous; 
 flower large, double, erect, and of perfect form ; buds elon- 
 gated and opening well ; wood reddish, thorns few ; color a 
 soft carnation rose, the center more bright ; very floriferous. 
 
 ''Jaune Nabonnand (tea). Plant very vigorous; flower 
 very large, double, opening easily ; buds long and well form- 
 ed ; wood reddish, thorns few, foliage large. Color a chrome 
 yellow, tinted with chamois, the center somewhat copper col- 
 ored, the under side of the petals much lighter ; outer petals 
 very large ; floriferous. 
 
 " Maurice Rouvier (tea). Plant very vigorous and hardy, 
 forming a large bush ; flower very large and double, of per- 
 fect form ; buds long, opening well ; wood reddish-brown, 
 thorns few ; foliage light green ; flowers abundantly and con- 
 tinuously. Color a soft rose, lightly veined with red, the 
 outer petals somewhat lighter. 
 
 "La Chanson (tea). Plant very vigorous; foliage large, 
 deep green ; flower very large, double, erect, usually solitary 
 on a firm peduncle ; buds long and perfect ; color bright rose- 
 carmine, nacreous, the center darker, gilded. A cross of Isa- 
 belle Nabonnand and G^n^ral Schablikine. 
 
52 Annals of Hortiadture . 
 
 ''Etienne Levet, Montplaisir-Lyon, sent out Mademoiselle 
 Josephine Viollet (noisette). Plant vigorous, hardy, sar- 
 mentous ; flower very large and double, opening well, of 
 perfect form, very fragrant ; color copper-yellow at the cen- 
 ter of the petals and rose-salmon on the borders, sometimes 
 a soft rose white ; buds long, foliage dark green. Cross be- 
 tween Ophirie and Mar^chal Niel. 
 
 ' ' The following sorts were put out by M. Corboeuf-Marsault, 
 of Orleans : 
 
 "Mademoiselle Marie-Louise Bourgeois (moss). Flowers 
 large, double, well formed ; color a light carnation-white upon 
 a ground color of chrome-yellow ; fragrant and vigorous. 
 
 ''Madame C^cile Morand (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 moderately vigorous ; flower large, very double and well 
 formed ; color deep carmine-red, the under side of the petals 
 silvered ; very floriferous. 
 
 ''Mademoiselle Madeleine Delaroche (tea). Plant sar- 
 mentous : flower large, very double, carnation-rose ; very 
 floriferous. A seedling of Mathilde Lenaerts. 
 
 "M. Chauvry introduced two varieties : 
 
 " Mademoiselle Thirion-Montauban (tea). Plant very vig- 
 orous, of good habit, hardy ; foliage deep green, reddish-pur- 
 ple on the under side ; buds round, usually solitary ; flowers 
 cup-shaped, large, well formed ; color white, center light yel- 
 low, the borders of the petals rose, sometimes dotted with 
 red. Seedling of Shirley Hibberd. 
 
 "Souvenir de Pierre Magne (tea). Plant vigorous, 
 branches straight, foliage deep green ; flower medium to large, 
 semi-double ; color a deep china-rose on a copper-yellow 
 ground color, passing to light rose, the under side of the 
 petals a deeper rose ; very floriferous. Cross of Souvenir de 
 David d'Angers and Madame B^rard. 
 
 "L^veque & Son, of Ivry-sur-Seine, gave the following : 
 
 " Mademoiselle Andr^e Worth (bourbon). Plant very vig- 
 orous ; flower large, double, perfect in form ; color white, 
 slightly tinged with rose or pure carmine, shading exceedingly 
 delicate. 
 
 "Belle Yvryenne (hybrid remontant). Plant very vigor- 
 ous ; foliage glaucous-green and abundant ; flower very large 
 and double, perfect in form ; color a bright rose-red, mingled 
 with white and carmine. 
 
Ornamentals. ^2 
 
 ''General Korolkow (h3^brid remontant). Plant very vig- 
 orous ; foliage dark green ; flower large, double, well formed ; 
 color deep red-carmine, shaded with purple and brown. 
 
 ''Madame Brault (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous; 
 foliage lanceolate, light green ; flower large, double, well 
 formed ; color bright clear rose. 
 
 "Madame Theodore Vernes (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 vigorous ; foliage abundant and dark green ; flower large, 
 double, well formed; color bright rose, the borders of the 
 petals having a softer hue. 
 
 "Professeur Chargueraud (hybrid remontant). Plant 
 vigorous ; foliage abundant and deep green ; flower large, 
 double, well formed ; color deep red, marbled with brown 
 and crimson-red. 
 
 " Professor Lambin (hybrid remontant). Plant vigorous; 
 foliage glaucous-green ; flower large, double, well carried, the 
 color a bright rose or clear red. In form, color and florifer- 
 ousness it is of the first order. 
 
 "Eiffel (multiflorus climbing, not remontant). Seedling 
 of Grifferaie. It has the foliage of the parent, but the flow- 
 ers are larger, and deep red-crimson ; very floriferous. 
 
 "Giffard (multiflorus climbing, not remontant). Seed- 
 ling of Grifferaie; foliage same as that of the parent but the 
 flower is larger, well formed, and of a bright clear red-car- 
 mine color; very floriferous. 
 
 "Recapitulating, we find that the varieties are thus divided : 
 
 Tea 27 
 
 Hybrid Tea 7 
 
 Hybrid Remontant 24 
 
 Bourbon 5 
 
 Noisette 2 
 
 Multiflorus, not Remontant 2 
 
 Moss 2 
 
 Dwarf Polyantha i 
 
 Total 70." 
 
 Another view of new foreign roses is presented by C. P. 
 Strassheim in Eose?izeitung, as follows : 
 
 "During my many visits in the Moselle district I had excel- 
 lent opportunities for visiting the roseries of Lambert & 
 Reiter, Trier, and of Soupert & Netting, Luxembourg, and I 
 closely watched the new varieties that were being tested. In 
 
54 Aymals of Horticulture. 
 
 company with Mr. Netting, I repeatedly examined the novel- 
 ties in the latter place, and the following varieties impressed 
 me as being particularly valuable. I even believe that in the 
 future they will occupy permanent positions in our gardens. 
 There are still many other promising varieties, but they were 
 not in a condition most favorable for judging of their merits. 
 
 ''Of the many varieties that I saw the one which struck 
 me most favorably as regards form and color was the rose 
 Madame Moreau (tea) of Moreau-Robert. The deep copper- 
 yellow color of this rose can be found in no other. The 
 shade is sometimes approached in Beauts de I'Europe, and 
 perhaps in Madame B^rard and a few others, but in none is 
 there such a rich color as in Madame Moreau. If we con- 
 sider Clotilde Soupert (polyantha) as a novelty of 1890, it 
 nevertheless hardly requires mention here, for it is already so 
 well known on account of the color and number of its flowers. 
 
 "Another excellent tea rose is Sappho, of W. Paul & 
 Son. The color is a deep straw yellow. The buds are 
 almost perfectly spherical, but when expanded the flower is 
 in the form of a cup. The plant is of very free habit, blooms 
 abundantly, and is by no means to be neglected for cut-flowers. 
 
 "A third tea rose is Miss Marston (of Pries). Its ground 
 color is white with a flush of yellow, the outer petals having a 
 margin of pink at the tips, passing into apricot-yellow towards 
 the center. When the flower is fully opened the yellow 
 recedes, the inner petals appear to be white, and the outer 
 ones assume a deeper rose-pink. The form is spreading and 
 open, producing a magnificent effect. 
 
 ''Duchesse Marie Salviati, of Soupert & Netting, should 
 occupy the fourth place. The form of the flower is very dif- 
 ferent from that of the others. The buds are very long, as in 
 Niphetos when grown under glass, Reine Marie Henriette, 
 and a few others, but still the flower opens very easily. What 
 gives this variety an especial value, besides its form, is its 
 peculiar coloring. The shades are a dark orange-yellow, 
 flesh-colored rose, and the finest peach-red. Since these 
 tints run together, the gray-rose of David Pradel may some- 
 times be seen on individual flowers. In coloring, this variety 
 perhaps approaches most closely the beautiful old Mont Rose, 
 but in form it is radically different. 
 
 ''The tea rose Rheingold, of Lambert & Reiter, must also 
 
Ornamentals. 55 
 
 be mentioned on account of the beauty of its form and color. 
 Unfortunately it is of rather weak growth, due probably to 
 its continuous flowering. The coloring is almost exactly the 
 same as that of William Allen Richardson, but the form of 
 the flower is regular and faultless. It is an excellent rose for 
 bouquets. 
 
 ''Another tea rose worthy of mention is Jaune Guillaumez 
 (of Bonnaire). Its buds are also long, and the flower is of a 
 brick-red color, passing into a salmon-yellow towards the cen- 
 ter. This coloring is not often found in roses, and although 
 we have pink tea roses which pass into various tints of yel- 
 low towards the center, there is none possessing such a red 
 color as the Jaune Guillaumez. The form of the flower is also 
 very regular and beautiful. 
 
 ''Among the tea hybrids I could not fail to notice Bona 
 Weillschott (of Soupert & Notting) on account of its brilliant 
 color. This rose may be particularly recommended for group- 
 ing on a lawn because of the abundance of its flaming car- 
 mine flowers. 
 
 "The above are all seedling varieties, and may be highly 
 recommended. 
 
 " I shall now mention a few sports, of which two are excep- 
 tionally good. The best, most beautiful and undoubtedly the 
 most valuable is the tea hybrid Augustine Guinoisseau (of 
 Guinoisseau & Sons), or White La France. This rose has 
 the same character of wood, foliage, growth and abundance 
 of bloom as our old La France, and the flowers have the same 
 form, only they are white. It is a sport of La France, and so 
 much resembles the parent form that if without flowers it 
 would be mistaken for it. When opening, the blossom is of a 
 light cream color, such as is found in many other white roses, 
 as Elise Boelle, Madame Nomann, etc. 
 
 "A second rose, a pure tea, is The Queen* (of Dingee & 
 Conard). This comes from the old Souvenir d'un Ami, and 
 has its well known characters, only the flower is pure white. 
 
 "Another white tea rose, Madame Olga (of Leveque), is 
 also said to be a sport, although known for a long time. I 
 have a suspicion that M. Leveque does not possess our Gross- 
 herzogin Mathilde or else this sport would have been known 
 
 *See Annals Horticulture, 
 
^6 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 to him. I do not think I am mistaken, for the form and color 
 of the flower, the wood, growth and foHage of this sport re- 
 semble those of Grossherzogin Mathilde as much as one egg 
 does another. 
 
 "A third white tea rose is Climbing Niphetos (of Keynes 
 & Co). I am not very well satisfied with this rose either, for 
 what I have seen of the Climbing Niphetos is all Niphetos 
 with very little climbing about it. If that is to come later, the 
 originator unfortunately forgot to mention the fact. 
 
 ''In conclusion, I must mention another tea hybrid, one 
 which possesses all the characteristics which a good rose should 
 not have. This is the White Lady (of W. Paul & Son). But 
 it is very often of a pink color ; indeed, I have found this to be 
 the rule. Judging from most of the plants one would suppose 
 they were Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, of which the White Lady 
 is supposed to be a sport, nor is there an}^ cause for complaint 
 about an unusually strong growth, for not only is this moder- 
 ate, but indeed very moderate. Such roses, especially if they 
 are sports, had better remain with the originators. However, 
 I shall not pass final judgment, but rather hope that I am mis- 
 taken, and that time will remedy the defects of these two roses. 
 Nevertheless I stand by what has been said in regard to the 
 varieties first mentioned, and I hope to speak favorably of 
 those that were not in good condition, at their next period of 
 flowering." 
 
 Orchids. Among professional growers and fanciers, orchids 
 have received the usual amount of attention during the year, 
 and the extent of the introductions in this country can be 
 learned from the list of introductions given on a later page. 
 Popular interest in these plants is also growing, but there are 
 few general cultivators who attempt to grow them to any ex- 
 tent. The interest appears to be rather one of curiosity, 
 and exhibitions of them are always well attended. The in- 
 terest in orchids in England appears to be unabated, and as 
 we draw our supplies largely from thence, I have obtained from 
 W. J. Bean, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, the following com- 
 plete list of introductions into that county during 1890 : 
 
 By whom raised 
 Name. or introduced. Country or Origin. 
 
 iErides Augustianum Linden .... Phillipine Islands. 
 
 " d'Ansonii Low Natural hybrid? Burmah. 
 
 Angraecum Hetiriquesianum Island of St. Thomas, West Africa. 
 
 " primulinum Low Natural hybrid, Madagascar. 
 
Ornamentals. 
 
 57 
 
 By whom raised 
 Name. or inttoduced. Country or Origin. 
 
 Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides . . . Lansberge . . . Java. 
 
 Calanthe Mylesii Garden hybrid, C. nivalis X C. Veitchii 
 
 " rubens Langkawi Islands, Malay Peninsula. 
 
 " Veitchii, var alba Garden hybrid. 
 
 Cattleya Ballantiniana Sander .... " C. Trianie C. X War- 
 
 scewiczii. 
 
 " Gaskelliana, var. picta Venezuela. 
 
 " granulosa, var. Buysson- 
 
 iana Linden .... Guatemala. 
 
 " intricata, var. maculata Brazil. 
 
 " labiata, var. Warocqueana Linden . . . . South America. 
 
 " Rex ^ .... Central America. 
 
 " superba, var. alba .... Rand Amazon Valley. 
 
 Coryanthes Bungerothii Linden .... Venezuela. 
 
 Cymbidium Tracvaiium Sander .... Burmah. 
 
 Cypripedium Alci'ades Sander . . . . Garden hybrid, C. insigne X C. hirsu 
 
 turn. 
 " "Alice" " .... " 
 
 'Alfred" Drewett 
 
 Antigone Veitch . . 
 
 Aylingii Ayling . 
 
 Buchanianum 
 
 Castleanum Sander . 
 
 'Constance" Drewett 
 
 Cythera 
 
 Deboisianum .... Vervaet . 
 
 Doris Cookson , 
 
 Elinor" Drewett 
 
 Eyermannianum . . Sander . 
 H. Ballantine" . . . Veitch . . 
 Hera 
 
 C. Stonei X C. Spicer- 
 
 ianum. 
 C.venustum X C. Phil- 
 
 lipinense. 
 C. Lawrenceanum X 
 
 C. niveum. 
 C. niveum X C. cilio- 
 
 lare. 
 C. Spicerianum X C. 
 
 Druryi. 
 C. hirsutissinum X C. 
 
 superbum. 
 C. Stonei X C.Curtisii. 
 C. Spicerianum X C. 
 
 purpuratum. 
 C. venustum X C. Box- 
 
 allii, var. atratum. 
 C. venustum X C. 
 
 Stonei. 
 C. s el liger u m X C. 
 
 Veitchii. 
 C. barbatum X C. Spi- 
 cerianum. 
 C. Fairrieanum X C. 
 
 purpuratum. 
 C. Spicerianum X C. 
 
 villosum. 
 
 Hookerfe.var.Volon- 
 
 teanum Low & Sander Borneo. 
 
 insigne, var. longi- 
 
 sepalum Sander .... Northern India. 
 
 insigne, var. Macfar- 
 
 lanei " " 
 
 Leeanum, var. bi- 
 
 florum Garden hybrid, C. insigne, var. Chan- 
 
 tinii X C. Spicer- 
 
 Leeanum, var. gigan- 
 teum Heath 
 
 Maynardii Sander 
 
 Niobe Veitch . 
 
 Northumbrian" . .Drewett 
 Numa Veitch . 
 
 lanum. 
 
 C. insigne X C. Spice- 
 rianum. 
 
 C. purpuratum X C. 
 Spicerianum. 
 
 C. Fairrieanum X C. 
 Spicerianum. 
 
 C. insigne, var. Maulei 
 X C. calophyllum. 
 
 C, Lawrencianum X C. 
 Stonei. 
 
58 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Name. 
 Cypripedium CEnone . 
 
 " Osbornei 
 
 Pollettianum 
 
 By whom raised 
 or introduced. 
 Sander . 
 
 Osborne . 
 
 Sander 
 
 Country or Origin. 
 Garden hybrid, C. HookeraeXC. super- 
 
 Siamense 
 Vipani . 
 
 Weidlichianui 
 
 Bangkok, Siam. 
 
 Vipan Garden hybrid. 
 
 biens. 
 C. Harrisianum, 
 
 superbum X C. 
 
 cerianum. 
 C. calophyllum 
 
 venustum. 
 
 var. 
 Spi- 
 
 " Youngianum . . 
 
 Dendrobium atroviolaceum . . 
 " Cassiope (hybrid) 
 " Venus 
 
 Sander 
 Sander 
 
 Laelia anceps, var. Thomsoniana 
 " Tresederiana 
 
 Laelio-Cattleya " Proserpine" 
 
 MasdevalliaCostaricensis . . . 
 " fulvescens . . . . 
 
 " guttulata 
 
 " Lowii 
 
 " Measuresiana . . 
 
 C. niveum X C. Philli- 
 
 pinense 
 C. Hartwegii X C. 
 
 Schlimii. 
 C. superbiens X C. Roe- 
 belenii. 
 
 Veitch Eastern New Guinea. 
 
 Cookson . . . . D. JaponicaX D.nobile,var. albiflorum. 
 .... Garden hybrid, D. Falconerii X D. 
 nobile. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Statter Cattleya crispa •; Cattleya Loddi- 
 
 gesii. 
 Veitch Garden hybrid, Laelia Dayana X Cat- 
 tleya velutina. 
 Costa Rica. 
 New Granada. 
 
 . Tropical America. 
 
 Low New Granada. 
 
 Sander . 
 Hoesman 
 
 Sander 
 
 O'Brieniana 
 Rolfeana . . 
 Stella .... 
 
 Garden hybrid, 
 
 amabilis. 
 New Grenada? 
 
 M. Tovarensis 
 
 M. 
 
 Sander 
 Hincks 
 
 M. Estradae X M. 
 
 Maxillaria longisepala . . . 
 
 Moorea irrorata 
 
 Odontoglossum Leroyanum 
 
 " Wattianum 
 
 " Youngii . . 
 
 Oncidium Larkinianum . . 
 " Leopoldianum . 
 
 Phaius Cooksonii 
 
 Phal^nopsis Schilleriana, var. alba 
 Rodriguezia Fuerstenbergii . . , . 
 Scaphosepalum antenniferum . . . 
 Sobralia Lowii 
 
 " Sanderae 
 
 " Wilsoniana 
 
 Sophro-Cattleya Calypso (hybrid) 
 
 . Garden hybrid, 
 Harry ana. 
 Linden .... Venezuela. 
 
 Tropical America. 
 
 Leroy Garden hybrid, O. crispum X O. luteo- 
 
 purpureum. 
 Sander . . . . Natural hybrid. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Linden .... Andes. 
 
 Cookson . . . Garden hybrid, P. Wallichii X P. tuber- 
 culosus. 
 
 Phillipine Islands. 
 
 Sander .... New Grenada. 
 Shuttleworth . Tropical America, 
 
 Low New Granada. 
 
 Sander .... Central America. 
 
 Trichopilia punctata 
 
 Vanda Amesiana, var. alba . 
 
 Zygopetalum caulescens . . . 
 
 " Jorisianum . . 
 
 (Bollea) Whitei 
 
 Veitch Sophronitis grandiflora X Cattleyi 
 
 Harrisoniana. 
 Sander .... Costa Rica. 
 
 India. 
 
 Sander .... Brazil. 
 Linden .... Venezuela. 
 White New Granada. 
 
 General Foreigti 
 
 Notes. W. Watson, of the Royal Gar- 
 dens, Kew, writes as follows to Garden and Forest of the new 
 ornamentals of 1890: 
 
 ''The whole catalogue of the new plants of last year con- 
 tains scarcely anything of exceptional merit. Not even among 
 
Ornameutals. cq 
 
 orchids, usually so rich in new prizes for the cultivator, is 
 there any one plant of extraordinary interest or beauty equal 
 to those we already possessed, though there are not a few 
 which might be classed as first-rate acquisitions did they not 
 resemble so closely others already in cultivation. The ques- 
 tion naturally arises, how is it that so few good plants are in- 
 troduced now, compared with the rich harvest each year 
 brought, say in Dr. Lindley's time, or even later ? Have 
 nurserymen and others interested discovered that more can 
 be made out of the material already at hand by cross-breeding, 
 selection, etc., than out of new introductions ? It cannot be 
 that the ground is exhausted, that everything worth having 
 has been secured. There are scores, one may safely say hun- 
 dreds of beautiful plants known to botanists which have never 
 yet been seen in the garden. China, Upper Burmah, New 
 Guinea, Madagascar, Africa and South America teem with 
 good garden plants of all kinds. Even ground already beaten 
 over by collectors contains many beautiful plants unknown in 
 horticulture, while among early introductions, which have 
 since disappeared from gardens, there are a great number of 
 first-rate things. Of course we have an enormous number of 
 beautiful plants in every department of the garden, and, as 
 many would say, more than sufficient for our needs. Yet a 
 new introduction of sterling merit is certain to find general fa- 
 vor, and while we all love old favorites we are always ready to 
 welcome new friends. 
 
 "Orchids. — Perhaps the most interesting new orchid of 
 1890 is Aloorea irrorata, a new genus, which flowered at Glas- 
 nevin, and is named in compliment to the curator, Mr. Moore. 
 It is allied to houlletia, has a spike eighteen inches long, 
 bearing a dozen fleshy flowers, two inches across, and colored 
 rich reddish-brown. Unfortunately, Mr. Moore's plant is 
 unique, and w^e do not even know of what country it is a native. 
 Dejidrobiiim Macfarlanei, introduced and flowered by Messrs. 
 J. Veitch & Sons, is beautiful in flower, but it comes -from 
 New Guinea, and, like almost all the dendrobiums from that 
 region, it is, unfortunately, too difficult to manage to ever 
 find general favor. Among cattleyas the only new introduc- 
 tions of note are C. War oc que ana, C. Lrndeni and C. Rex, of 
 the Messrs. Linden. The first-named is an improved C. Gas- 
 ke//ia?ia, the second a good C. labiata, and the third not unlike 
 
6o Annals of Horticultitre. 
 
 the white C. aurea, known as C. Imschootiana. Cymbidiian 
 Tj'acyanuin is a big-flowered C. Hookerianum, the older name 
 for which is C. graudifloj'inn. Three new sobralias, named 6". 
 Lowii, S. Sandercp and S. Wilsoni differ only slightly in color 
 from species already known in gardens. There are only two 
 newly introduced cypripediums — C. Schoinburgkii and C. Sia- 
 inense — and these are scarcely more than botanical curiosities. 
 The same may be said of the seven new species of masdeval- 
 lia. This genus is attracting an unusual amount of attention 
 just now, as is shown by the fact that more new species have 
 been introduced lately than of any other genus of orchids. 
 The pick of the lot is AI. Lowii, which has the habit of M. 
 Chimcura, tailed flowers, three inches across, and white with 
 purple spots. Varieties of species already established in gar- 
 dens continue to appear among the numerous plants annually 
 imported, and some of these are valuable. Cattleyas have 
 produced C. Lawrenciana, var. Vinckii, with flowers of a de- 
 cided bluish or magenta hue ; C. aurea, var. Imschootiana, with 
 white sepals and petals and a richly colored lip ; C. gra?mIosa, 
 var. Buyssoniana, with white sepals and petals. Laelias have 
 revealed several excellent varieties, particularly in Z. prcsstans, 
 alha and L. elegans, Broonieatia. 
 
 ''Hybrid orchids eclipse in beauty and interest the new in- 
 troductions. Best of all is Fhaius Cooksoni, a hybrid between 
 P. tiiberculosiis and P. Wallichii, raised by Mr. Norman Cook- 
 son. It has the constitution of the latter parent and the ek*- 
 gance of the former, plus a rich rosy color. This orchid ought 
 to prove a useful garden plant. Equaling the phaius in in- 
 terest is the h3'brid Odoutoglossiim Leroyaniun, raised by M. 
 Leroy, gardener to Baron E. de Rothschild, at Gretz, its 
 parents being O. crispuin and O. luteo-piirpureiiin. It is the first 
 hybrid odontoglossum originated in the garden. Equally in- 
 teresting are the two bigeneric hybrids produced and flowered 
 last year by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons — namely, Epiphro7iitis 
 Vcitchii and SopJiro- Cat t ley a Calypso. Masdevallia stella is an ad- 
 ditional hybrid in this genus. Dendrobiums have produced 
 several beautiful hybrids, those exhibited by Sir T. Laurence 
 at the beginning of the year being at least as beautiful and in- 
 teresting as the best of those previousl}^ raised ; they are named 
 Juno, Luno, Chrx'sodiscus and Melanodiscus. Something like 
 thirty hybrids have been added to cypripedium, and, whilst a 
 
Ornamentais. 6i 
 
 few of them are good, most of them are of no account. The 
 cream of them are Aylingii, H. Ballantine, Pollettianum, Vi- 
 pani and Osbornei. Cattleyas and laeHas have added nothing 
 particularly noteworthy. 
 
 "Stove and Greenhouse Plants. — The most interesting new 
 plants in this department are the following : HeliampJiora nu- 
 ta?is, which has been successfully introduced from Roraima 
 by Messrs. Veitch and which flowered in their nursery last 
 year. It is a near ally of sarracenia, having erect, pitcher- 
 like leaves and regular white flowers not at all like those of 
 sarracenia and darlingtonia. Hitherto, however, the heliam- 
 phora has not shown a disposition to grow freely under culti- 
 vation. Messrs. Veitch have also distributed three new 
 nepenthes of good quality — namely, N. stcnopJiylla, a narrow 
 pitchered species not unlike TV". Curtisii, and two varieties of 
 the excellent N. Bui'kci, Tx^^xa^d prolific a and excel/ens. 
 
 ''Clematis Stanleyi'^ must be numbered among the prizes of 
 last year, but it needs no more than mention in these pages. 
 Hcemanthus Lindeni is a handsome species in the way of H. 
 Kalbreyeri 2iX\di H. pimiceus. Mr. ^\\\V s Sonerila orientalis and 
 varieties are pretty additions to this class of stove plants ; they 
 have prettily marked foliage, a free branching habit, and pro- 
 duce bunches of bright-rose attractive flowers in profusion. 
 A new fern in the way of Ptcj'is Cretica, but far more elegant, 
 has been introduced by Mr. Bull and distributed under the 
 name of Fteris ensifonnis, var. Victor cc. This will become 
 popular as a table plant, as its fronds are semi-erect, very 
 graceful and prettily mottled with silvery gray on a bright green 
 ground. 
 
 '' Calla Ellioitiana is a plant which ought not to be lost sight 
 of, as it has all the charm of the common C. ^-Ethiopica, differ- 
 ing onl}^ in the clear sulphur-yellow of the spathe. C. yEthio- 
 pica, var. Little Gem, is remarkable in having small flowers/ 
 and leaves scarcel}' a foot high. 
 
 ''Cineraria lanata, a tall, handsome-flowered greenhouse 
 plant, and Dipladejiia atropurpurea, with rich purplish-maroon 
 flowers, were reintroduced into gardens last year after an ab- 
 sence long enough to make them practically new. 
 
 " Hardy Plants. — Liliiim Henryi is the most interesting and 
 promising of these. It has already been noted in Garde ft and 
 
 * Figured and described in Gard & For., Oct. 22, 1890, 512, 513. 
 
62 Annals of Hortiadture. 
 
 Forest,^ but I may supplement the information already given 
 by recording the fact of the bulbs having stood uninjured the 
 severe weather here of the past two months. L. Bolafideri is 
 another new lily, small-flowered, almost black in color and 
 likely to please those who cultivate this beautiful but some- 
 what refractory genus. Three new species of gladiolus, 
 namely, G. decoratiis, G. prwiulinus and G. Kirkii, flowered at 
 Kew last year, and were so distinct in color and size as to have 
 attracted the attention of breeders of these plants. These 
 three will no doubt eventually be heard of again. Thalic- 
 tnim Delavayi, a pretty hardy plant from south-western 
 China, completes the list of new, good, hardy, herbaceous 
 plants. 
 
 "Trees and Shrubs. — Cytisus scopariiis, var. Afidrea?uis, is 
 the only beautiful new plant in this department. It is a seed- 
 ling variety of the common broom, the flowers large, rich yel- 
 low, with the wings colored velvety maroon. Grafted on 
 short stocks of the type it makes a presentable pot-plant and 
 flowers freely when small, so that it should prove valuable in 
 spring as a greenhouse plant." 
 
 The fear expressed by Mr. Watson that we are giving our 
 attention too exclusively to the improvement of old plants is 
 no doubt well founded. The days of active and general in- 
 troduction of new species have passed away. It is but nat- 
 ural that our chief effort should be that of ameliorating the 
 rich and varied harvest of a few decades ago, but there must 
 still remain in foreign lands more plants worthy of introduc- 
 tion than we now have in our gardens. Even the most fam- 
 iliar countries still possess treasures for us. We have drawn 
 so largely upon Japan, for instance, for our fruit and orna- 
 mental plants that there is a common feeling that it holds 
 nothing more for us. I have therefore asked Professor George- 
 son, of the Kansas Agricultural College, who was for three 
 years connected w^ith the Imperial College of Agriculture in 
 Japan, to write upon the question, What more can Japan con- 
 tribute to our horticulture ? 
 
 '' No other country of its size has contributed so much to en- 
 rich and beautify our gardens as Japan. There is not a pleas- 
 ure garden, scarcely a door yard, in the land, with a modest col- 
 lection of shubbery, which does not contain representatives 
 
 *iii ([890), 428, 484, 525. 
 
Ofiiavientals. 63 
 
 from that charming little country. But can we expect more 
 from that quarter ? The answer is a distinct affirmative. It 
 has still many gems to offer which now are unknown to us or 
 known only to botanists, and many which we do possess are 
 not appreciated. 
 
 " The writer does not pretend to know all that may be found 
 there, but will call attention to a few things that have come 
 under his observation. Japan's ability to contribute to our 
 horticulture is especially strong in the line of ornamental 
 plants. It is not that it lacks vegetables and fruits unknown 
 or unsuited to American gardens, for the list of these is long 
 and interesting, but their adoption here is more a matter of 
 fashion and caprice than is the case with ornamental plants. 
 A handsome new shrub or tree is always and readily appreci- 
 ated by everybody, but when a new vegetable becomes a can- 
 didate for favor, its success depends largely on the art of cook- 
 ing, and perchance its use involves an alteration in our ac- 
 customed diet, which is almost sure to prove fatal to its gen- 
 eral culture. The public stomach is exceedingly conservative. 
 The finocchio of Italy and the celeriac of Holland and Ger- 
 many have never become favorites in America, although their 
 value is conceded here, and they are highly esteemed at home. 
 We should probably not relish Japanese radishes which are a 
 foot and a half in length and four inches thick throughout, but 
 prepared as they are in Japan in a kind of pickle and eaten as 
 a condiment with rice, I can testify that one can learn to like 
 them. It would not be difficult to enumerate a score of vege- 
 tables worthy of culture for their intrinsic merits, but I shall 
 here confine myself chiefly to their ornamental plants, their 
 culture at home, if cultivated at all, and the merits which re- 
 commend them to this country. And in order that we may 
 understand their taste in landscape work, and the better ap- 
 preciate the plants they grow, let us first take a brief glance 
 at the conditions under which these have been developed. 
 
 " We of the western hemisphere are apt to consider Japanese 
 efforts at dwarfing trees and shrubs as bad taste and a trifling, 
 inexcusable waste of time and energy, and we cannot under- 
 stand their love for miniature representations of natural scen- 
 ery in their gardens. Nevertheless, a Japanese garden has a 
 grotesque charm about it which grows in strength as one dis- 
 covers the motive of the arrangement. The development of 
 
64 Ajiyials of Hortiailtu?'e. 
 
 the taste which takes expression in dwarfed forms, miniature 
 mountains and streams has no doubt been largely influenced 
 by the cramped conditions under which the people live. The 
 40,000,000 people in Japan are huddled together on about 
 20,000 square miles of country. This one fact throws light on 
 many otherwise inexplicable features of their agriculture and 
 horticulture. It explains why the land is nearly everywhere 
 worked b}^ hand. The farms, or rather gardens, are too small 
 to support beasts of burden in addition to the people. It ex- 
 plains the laborious, painstaking care with which ever}^ foot of 
 soil is worked and cropped twice and often three times a year. 
 It explains the industrious gathering and saving of fertilizers, 
 and the almost miserly economizing of space for all purposes. 
 It has made the Japanese a nation of horticulturists. The 
 whole cultivated area is one vast garden. This fact, too, is 
 no doubt also a leading cause in the dominating taste for 
 dwarf forms in ornamental trees. Their pleasure gardens, 
 often only a few yards square, did not afford room for free- 
 growing trees, and what thus had its origin in necessit}^ has 
 become a national characteristic. In their fields and culti- 
 vated patches there is no space especially dedicated to vege- 
 tables, as with us. Their peas, beans, greens, radishes and 
 yams grow side by side with wheat, barley and other grains 
 which would here be denominated field crops. The irrigated 
 rice alone cannot be classed with the garden crops, as it is 
 often grown over extensive tracts of low-land to the exclusion 
 of everything else. 
 
 ''The garden proper is a flower and pleasure garden alto- 
 gether. This enclosure either surrounds the house or in most 
 cases, in towns and villages, is situated back of the house, and 
 is very generally fenced by a hedge. It is crowded with dwarf 
 trees or low shrubs, has usually a lake or small pond, or at 
 least a basin in which water plants are growing, also a more 
 or less tortuous stream crossed by a bridge, an artificial 
 mound, a stone lantern and perhaps a grotto, all arranged 
 with much skill. The writer has seen all this in a garden twenty 
 feet square. These same features are dominant in all cases. 
 The rich man's garden may be larger, even park-like, but we 
 find the same attempt to imitate nature by artificial mounds 
 to represent hills, and lakes, streams, grottos and the land- 
 scape adorned with the favorite trees and shrubs, with bridges, 
 
Ornamentals. 65 
 
 stone lanterns and sometimes also buildings. Buddhist and 
 Shinto temples are numerous, for, according to their light, 
 the Japanese are a religious people. The grounds dedicated 
 to these temples constitute their public parks which are open 
 at all times, and where the people gather for recreation and 
 amusement. They differ from the gardens in that they show 
 little or no attempt at artificial landscape work, and usually 
 contain groves of majestic trees, while dwarfed and trained 
 specimens are comparatively scarce. 
 
 *' What trees and shrubs do we find in these places ? In 
 the temple groves forest trees predominate. Cryptomeria, 
 bamboo, pines, keaki, oak, camphor trees, ginkgo trees, cam- 
 ellias, flowering cherries and plums, and some shrubs especi- 
 ally regarded as sacred, like the Illicium religiosinn, are the 
 leading trees. In the gardens the available space generally 
 controls the character of the flora. The larger forest trees 
 are often absent ; flowering cherries and plums are always pre- 
 sent ; dwarfed and trained forms of pine and other evergreens 
 are great favorites, and besides these a large variety of shrubs 
 and flowering plants, some of which are well known here, 
 while others are not. 
 
 ''This brief outline of the character of the ornamental 
 stock in most demand gives us also a good index to the con- 
 tents of the nurseries. These establishments, w^hich are 
 usually numerous on the outskirts of every considerable town, 
 give little attention to the propagation of fruit trees and 
 berry plants, and, in fact, but few nurseries have any of these. 
 Ornamental stock is all important. They are interesting places 
 to foreigners. It was from these at Tokio, Nagasaki and 
 other open ports that Fortune procured the collections which 
 so enriched the gardens of Europe and America thirty years 
 ago. Evergreens of every kind, but especially conifers, pre- 
 dominate. Of the latter they have a dozen or more species, 
 and scores of varieties, in common culture, trained in many 
 forms. And I want especially to enter a plea for the intro- 
 duction and more general planting of the numerous dwarf 
 varieties of pines, firs, cypresses and arbor vitaes, and of many 
 other conifers. The leading species may usually be found 
 here, but their varieties are not. They differ much in habit 
 of growth, length of needles and general appearance, and are 
 known by distinctive names. And the same is true of nearly 
 
66 Ajinals of Horticulture. 
 
 every other species of plant under culture ; the varieties are 
 numerous and usually handsome. Owing to the length of the 
 voyage, cost of transportation and the difficulty of procuring 
 competent persons to make selections, importations are for 
 the most part confined to seed which, of course, does not re- 
 produce the varieties as seen there. The surest way to get 
 what they have that is desirable is to go there and make se- 
 lections as Fortune did. As an example of what we may yet 
 obtain from there, the Japanese maple may serve as an illustra- 
 tion. Perhaps there are 30 or 40 varieties cultivated here. 
 But a nurseryman at Oji, who grew them largely, told me that 
 he knew some four hundred varieties. Oji is a suburb on the 
 north of Tokio where the nurseries are noted for their collec- 
 tions of maples. Those mentioned, and camellias, azaleas, 
 flowering plums and cherries and some hardy palms {^Cham- 
 CETops excelsa and Rhapis flahelliformis'), together with a large 
 collection of miscellaneous kinds of less import, constitute the 
 stock of the nurseries. 
 
 "The fruit trees, persimmons, pears and grapes, are 
 mostly propagated by the growers themselves. Each of these, 
 too, could contribute to our horticulture. There are already 
 many of the persimmons in America, but so far as I have learned 
 there are none that can stand the winters even in the central 
 states. There are a few kinds which are hardy in the north- 
 ern part of the main island which might extend the limit of 
 their culture here. Of their pears there is possibly but one 
 variety, the Kago or Mino, which would be considered worth 
 culture here by people in general, though they are all excel- 
 lent cooking pears ; but those which root freely from cuttings 
 would be desirable for stocks, especially the wild species {Fyrus 
 Ussurieiisis). As for Japanese grapes, they excel our native 
 varieties in all desirable points, and could they be established 
 here would become the leading grape of the country. There 
 is, however, a question of their success here, as they are un- 
 doubtedly of vinifera origin. 
 
 "Following is a list of desirable trees and plants which 
 Japan can contribute to our horticulture. Some of them are 
 not new, but are still rare; others, and this is true of most of 
 the cultivated kinds, though known in a general way still have 
 many desirable varieties that are strangers to this country, and 
 still others I believe to be unknown to horticulture. 
 
Ornamentals. 67 
 
 "Flowering cherries {Frimus Psendo-Cei'asus, Lindley. 
 Japanese, Sakura). Fruit bearing cherries in Japan are rare, 
 and those which may be found there have been imported from 
 America. They have, however, a large number of kinds from 
 the above species, which are extensively cultivated solely for 
 their flowers. They bloom during April and early May, at 
 which season the whole country is gay with the pink blossoms. 
 No garden is so small and poor as not to have its cherry trees. 
 The}^ may be dwarfed and gnarled specimens grown in six 
 inch pots, or they may be stately trees that overshadow the 
 premises, but cherries will not be wanting. We in this utili- 
 tarian age and land are apt to look askance at cherry trees 
 that produce nothing but flowers, yet were they known they 
 would surely be appreciated. From modest single pink or 
 white flowers they vary through all shades of red to magnifi- 
 cent double ones two inches in diameter. A few kinds are 
 sweet scented, and at least one kind has green flowers. There 
 must be in the neighborhood of a hundred varieties, or per- 
 haps more, most of which would be an ornament to any lawn. 
 When fully expanded the trees are a perfect cloud of bloom, 
 and some of the double ones remain intact for a month. 
 
 "Flowering plums {Frinms Mume, Sieb. and Zucc. ; Jap., 
 Utne, Mwne). Although they bloom earlier, beginning in Tokio 
 in Januar}^ and continuing till April, I place these plums sec- 
 ond to the cherries, because less magnificent. But still they 
 are unique and greatly admired by the Japanese. They have 
 the advantage of being sweet-scented, and of blooming at a 
 time when they have but few rivals. Like the cherries, the 
 varieties are very numerous, the blooms shading from white to 
 dark red, single and double, large and small. They are grown 
 both as free standing trees and in pots, and being slow growers 
 and easily dwarfed, they are favorites for the latter purpose. 
 The blossoms, even the double ones, are followed by round 
 greenish-yellow plums of the size of the green gage, which, 
 however are not of a high quality. There are probably 50 va- 
 rieties, many of w^hich deserve to be generally planted for 
 ornament here. 
 
 "The double-flowered peach is found in many varieties 
 which I believe to be unknown here. The varieties bloom 
 later than the plums, and more profusely. On some kinds the 
 branches are literally solid spikes of flowers. 
 
68 Annah of Horticulture. 
 
 " Mematsu pine {^Piniis de?isiflora, Sieb. and Zucc. ; Jap., 
 Mematsu, Aka-matsii). This pine is a favorite everywhere. It 
 has many dwarf forms. A common mode of training these is 
 in the shape of a flat or round-headed bush, onl}^ a couple of 
 feet high. Another common way of training is as an irregular 
 P3^ramid, in which each leading branch is spread into a flat- 
 tened bunch, and these arranged one above the other with in- 
 tervals of a foot or so. Seen from a distance, trees so trained 
 remind one of stratified clouds on the horizon. Though such 
 methods of training would not harmonize with surroundings 
 here, yet these low pines, allowed to follow their natural bent, 
 would add much to the beauty of American gardens. 
 
 '-'Thunberg's pine {^Pinus Thunbergii, Parlot.; Jap., O-matsu, 
 Kuro-matsii). This species has also many dwarf forms which 
 would be desirable acquisitions. And the same remark ap- 
 plies to 
 
 "The oriental arbor-vitae. Some nursery catalogues men- 
 tion a golden arbor-vitae, but the Japanese have more than 
 one. I call to mind having noticed at least three ; one a good 
 sized, free-growing tree, another of medium size and growth, 
 with branches much flattened, and a third a dwarf, slow grower 
 with bunched branches, apparently a result of the suppressed 
 growth of the leading shoots, all three kinds with bright golden 
 shoots, especially on the south side. 
 
 '' Other arbor-vitaes are the following : Thuja obtusa, Mas- 
 ters ; Jap., Hinoki, KamakuraJiiba ; also a variety of this nam- 
 ed breviraf?iea, Jap., Chabo-hiba. Thuja pisifera. Masters 
 (^Retinospora pisifera, Sieb. and Zucc ); Jap., Sawara, Shinobu- 
 hiba. Thuja Japonica, Maxim.; Jap., Goro-hiba. Thuja dolabra- 
 ta, L. ; Jap., Hime-asunaro. All these are common forest trees 
 in the mountain regions of the main island, where they grow 
 to great size. They are beautiful ornamental trees, especially 
 the last named, and deserve attention here. 
 
 ^^ Cijptomeria Japonica, Don (Jap., Sugi, Euko-Sugi), is an- 
 other tree which, though no stranger here, deserves wider cul- 
 ture than it receives. It grows to enormous size. At Nikko, 
 for instance, specimens can be found six to seven feet in di- 
 ameter, a hundred and fifty feet tall and as straight as candles. 
 One of the finest avenues in the country is the road to Nikko, 
 which, for several miles, is closely lined on both sides by these 
 handsome trees. Plantations of artificial forest are also com- 
 
Ornamentals. 69 
 
 monly made of this tree, and closely planted groves of it can 
 be seen on every hand. It grows wild in the mountains of 
 Akita Ken in the north of the main island, but it does not 
 propagate itself readily, a circumstance from which it is 
 argued that it is an introduced tree. It is, however, easily 
 propagated from seed, which is borne in abundance, and the 
 young plants are very generally used for hedges, being planted 
 very close and trimmed freely. The wood is used for lumber 
 and building purposes and much resembles red cedar. 
 
 '■^ Podocarpus macropJiylla, Don (Jap., Alaki, Kusa-inaki), ^-nd 
 Podocarpiis Nageia, R. Br. (Jap., Nagi), and its variety rotundi- 
 folia, Maxim. {]2ip., Marul?a-nagi), are fine tall trees, the first 
 named especially having very large leaves. They thrive well 
 in Tokio, but their habitat is in southern Japan, and they 
 would, probably, not be hardy in the northern states. 
 "Of the firs may be mentioned : 
 
 ^^ Abies fif-ma, S. and Z. (Jap., Mcv/ii); Abies Veitchii, Lind- 
 ley (Jap., Shirabisd). Both of these are large forest trees 
 in the north, and are desirable evergreens. The bluish foliage 
 of the latter, with two narrow white lines on the under side of 
 the needles, renders it especially ornamental. They would be 
 hardy anywhere in the United States. Other species might 
 be mentioned, as A. Mariesii, Masters ; A. Jesoensis, S. and 
 Z ; A. Sachaliensis, Masters ; A. Tsi/ga, S. and Z. 
 
 ''A couple of magnolias should be mentioned as of special 
 merit, viz : Magnolia hypoleuca, S. and Z., Jap., Ho-7io-ki \ and 
 Magnolia Kobus, D. C, Jap., Koboshi. Both of them grow 
 in the northern island, and would be perfectly hardy in Amer- 
 ica. The first named, especially, is a magnificent tree. It is 
 of rapid growth and attains a height of 75 feet or more, and 
 the trunk a thickness of two feet. The leaves are obovate, often 
 a foot or more in length, shining bright green and arranged in 
 a close rosette around the flowers on the tips of the branches. 
 It blooms in June, when the strong fragrance of the flowers is 
 carried long distances by the wind. The flowers are some 
 nine inches in diameter, white, with flesh}^ petals. The fruit 
 is a cone-shaped pod, with red seed. Good judges pronounce 
 it equal in beauty to our Magnolia grandiflora, and it has the 
 great advantage of being hardy in the north. I confidently 
 predict that it will meet with general favor as soon as it be- 
 comes known here. The wood also has its merits ; it is fine 
 
yo Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 grained and close and takes a brilliant polish. It is much used 
 for carving and inlaid work. 
 
 ^'Magnolia Kobus is a somewhat smaller and more spreading 
 tree than the other, and it blooms earlier. It, too, is a desira- 
 ble ornamental tree. 
 
 "The family Styracaceae furnishes two trees which should 
 also be mentioned here : 
 
 ^' Styrax Japonica, S. and Z., Jap., Ye go, Ye go no-ki \ and Sty- 
 rax Obassia, S. and Z., Jap., Haku-unboku. The former is now 
 offered in some catalogues as a new thing. It is a small tree, 
 some twenty feet tall, with rounded head and rather close 
 growth. It is quite common in central Japan. In early sum- 
 mer it produces an abundance of white, pendant, slightly fra- 
 grant flowers, somewhat resembling small cherry flowers, and 
 these are followed by gelatinous berries which emit a strong 
 fragrance when crushed. Styrax Obassia is a larger and more 
 stately tree, and much the handsomer of the two. It is also 
 less common. In growth and leaf it reminds one of the 
 American linden. The flowers appear in June, in large, up- 
 right racemes. They are abundant, quite large, white and 
 fragrant. It is a tree that will meet with favor in American 
 gardens as soon as known.* 
 
 ''Albizzia Julibrissin, Boiv. (Jap. Nemu-no-ki'). This legu- 
 minous tree is common in the southern states, but I have also 
 seen it in northern Japan, my attention being particularly at- 
 tracted to a very handsome specimen in the court yard of the 
 government office at Sendai, in full bloom. The foliage is fine, 
 twice pinnate and the flowers pink, long stemmed and feathery. 
 It blooms in the last of July and beginning of August. 
 
 "Another striking tree, which, however, is peculiar to the 
 south, though it can be grown all over the main island, is 
 Sterciilia platanifolia, L. (Jap. Aogiri). It is a rapid grower with 
 few branches, smooth grayish-green bark and very large pal- 
 mately veined leaves, the leaf stalk being often a foot and 
 a-half to two feet long. 
 
 '' Zelkowa Keaki, Sieb. (Jap., Keaki). This tree belongs to 
 the nettle family and in foliage somewhat resembles the elm. 
 It is, however, a much larger tree than the elm. The trunk 
 has a smooth light gray bark and it branches rather irregularly. 
 It is, perhaps, the finest deciduous forest tree in Japan. The 
 wood is hard, white, fine grained and is commonly used for 
 
 *See Annals Hort., 1889, los; also introduction list in this volume. 
 
Ornamentals. yi 
 
 lumber and for every sort of wooden manufacture. It grows 
 to an enormous size ; trunks six feet thick are not rare and it 
 is tall in proportion. It has open cymes of small bluish or 
 purple flowers, but the beauty of the tree lies chiefly in its 
 majestic appearance. 
 
 ''Of the many species of oak indigenous to Japan I shall 
 mention only Quei-cus cuspidata, Thunb ; Jap., Shii, Shii-no-ki. 
 It is an evergreen oak largely used for hedges and ornament 
 in Tokio. It would probably be hardy anywhere south of 
 Washington. The leaves are two-ranked, shining dark green, 
 long, rather narrow, dentate and pointed, as the name indicates. 
 Its small acorns are peddled on the street and eaten like nuts, 
 having no bitterness or astringency whatever. 
 
 "Among shrubs, one of the most common in Japanese gar- 
 dens is Nandina dojuestica, Thunb. (Jap., Nanten), of which 
 there are many varieties under culture. It is an evergreen 
 bush with rather large, shining, dark green pinnate leaves and 
 slender upright branches. Old bushes are some eight feet 
 tall. The flowers are not conspicuous, but they are succeeded 
 by large persistent clusters of bright red or white berries, 
 which add greatly to the beauty of the plant. It would prob- 
 ably be hardy as far north as Maryland. The varieties differ 
 in size of leaf, habit of growth and color of berries. Photi- 
 nia glabra, Maxim (Jap., Kaneme-mochi^. A handsome ever- 
 green bush or small tree, with dark green, rather large leaves 
 and pretty white flowers resembling those of the privet. The 
 young leaves are purple, which gives the bush a peculiar ap- 
 pearance in spring. It is much used for hedges and orna- 
 ment. In this connection it might be mentioned that Camellia 
 Japofiica, the single flowered camellia, grows wild in central 
 Japan where I have often seen trees thirty feet high and the 
 trunk a foot thick. This wild species would doubtless be 
 hardy over a considerable portion of the United States and 
 would add variety to the shrubbery wherever it can thrive. 
 The innumerable varieties, both single and double, are grown 
 both in pots and as garden shrubs. Efikiantlius Japonicus, 
 Hook. (Jap., Doda7i tsr/tsugi) is a handsome deciduous shrub 
 belonging to the heath family, which is well worth introduc- 
 tion. It is wild over a large portion of Japan, and would 
 probably be hardy in the Middle States. Its leaves turn a 
 brilliant scarlet early in the fall, and on this account is much 
 
72 A?inals of Horticulture. 
 
 grown for ornament and hedges. The flowers are not showy. 
 Lindera sericea, Blume (Jap., Ktiro-vioji). A deciduous shrub 
 belonging to the laurel family, which is worthy of culture. 
 Its leaves somewhat resemble those of the syringa. The 
 wood is fragrant and is commonly used for tooth-picks. 
 Zanthoxylitm piper itum, D. C. (Jap., Sans ho) ; Z. schi?iifotiu??i, 
 S. and Z. (Jap., Ijiu-sansho) ; Z. ailanthoides, S. and Z., (Jap., 
 Karasu-sansho) ; Z. planispinum, S. and Z. (Jap., Fuyu-sa?tsho). 
 Are all hardy, fragrant shrubs well worth culture. They are 
 all more or less thorny, especially the last two, which also 
 grow to the size of small trees. Varieties of the first named 
 are grown for the seed and for ornament, and some of them 
 are thornless. Hex crenata, Thunb. (Jap., Inu-tsuge), is a box- 
 like evergreen bush of much beauty, and it is worth culture. 
 Lespedeza bicolor, Turcz., Jap., Hagi, Yawa-hagi, is a half- 
 woody shrub much grown for ornament, and is also abundant 
 wild. It sends up from the roots slender, willowy shoots, 
 clothed with feathery foliage and small purple pea blossoms 
 all summer long. It would probably be hardy everywhere in 
 America. Several other species of lespedeza are good fodder 
 plants. 
 
 ''Vines. Vitis inconstans, Miq. {]di'^., JVatsii-Zuta, Tsitta.) It 
 seems probable that this very handsome vine, which is so 
 common in Japan, has already found its way to this country, 
 but if so, I have failed to learn the fact. It is a woody vine, 
 which climbs by tendrils like the Virginia creeper, and clings 
 tenaciously to all objects of support, whether trees or build- 
 ings. It is found in abundance in groves and woods every- 
 where in central Japan, and I think it would be hardy any- 
 where in America. The leaves on the young wood are small, 
 those on older wood large, impressing the casual observer with 
 the idea that there are two distinct vines. In shape they re- 
 mind us of the grape leaf, and they are so numerous as to 
 form a "thick carpet on the wall. Earl}^ in the fall the vine 
 turns a brilliant scarlet. It is the handsomest vine for cover- 
 ing buildings that it has been my privilege to see. Akebia 
 lobata, Decaisne (Jap., Mintsba-akebid). This species of the 
 akebia is not known to American horticulture. It is a stronger 
 grower than A. quinata, and I believe hardier. It is common 
 in the mountains of northern Japan, where I have seen some 
 very large vines. The leaves have but three leaflets, and are 
 
Onimncntals. y. 
 
 larger than those of A. quinata. The fruit is hke that of the 
 latter. It climbs by twining. Actiuidiavolubilis, Planch. (Jap 
 Shirakiichi-zuru). Actinidia polygama is known here, but I be- 
 lieve the above species to be a stranger to this country It 
 would be hardy anywhere in America, as it is indigenous to 
 the island of Yezo. It chmbs to a height of 70 or 80 feet, and 
 may be suited to arbors. In appearance it resembles A. poly- 
 gama. Schizophragma hydrangeoides, S. and Z. (Jap., Yuki- 
 kazura Iwa-kagami, Uchi-wagi). This beautiful climber has 
 already been introduced, but it is not known as well as it de- 
 serves to be. In some portions of the mountain forests of cen- 
 tral Japan nearly every tree is covered with it. It climbs up 
 the straight trunks of the cryptomeria, and when it blooms in 
 July and August, the trunks from top to bottom are studded 
 with the large bunches of its odd white flowers. Kadsura 
 Japomca, L. (Jap., Sane-kadsura), is another wood-vine of much 
 beauty. It grows chiefly in the south. It climbs by twining 
 the slender branches about the objects of support, and would 
 be suited to verandas and arbors in sheltered positions The 
 foliage resembles that of the so called madeira vine " 
 
§3- FLANT DISEASES AND INSECTS. 
 
 Plant diseases were unusually prevalent and serious during 
 1890, and insects were about normal in numbers and destruc- 
 tiveness. Among fungi, attention was particularly drawn to 
 the apple scab, especially in New York, as it was supposed 
 to be responsible for much of the apple failure. Grape dis- 
 eases were also serious, and for the first time the mildew and 
 rot invaded the vineyards of western New York to an alarming 
 extent. A new grape disease has also occasioned much alarm in 
 California, and a new trouble has arisen in western New York. 
 The New York disease fortunately bids fair to submit to such 
 treatment as thorough under-drainage and careful culture, but 
 the disease invading the Pacific coast is yet wholly obscure. 
 The New York disease is known as rust or blight, and is indi- 
 cated by a browning or shrivelling of the leaves and the con- 
 sequent death or retardation of the fruit. The injury first 
 appears as small reddish or brown discolorations between the 
 veins. So far as known, the trouble is a physiological one, 
 apparently due to cold and insufficiently drained soil, and it 
 was probably brought on, or at least augmented, by the ex- 
 cessive rains of 1890.* 
 
 But experimentation has kept pace with the difficulties, and 
 it has been proved beyond all doubt that many of our worst dis- 
 eases and insects can be kept in check profitably by the use of 
 sprays. Grape growers in all the best grape regions are 
 adopting the copper sprays, and many orchardists are treating 
 apples, pears and other fruits with good success. In most 
 parts of the country the growers are following closel}^ upon 
 the experimenters in the application of fungicides and insecti- 
 cides. So great has become the general intererest in the sub- 
 ject that growers in several states are asking for the enact- 
 ment of laws looking to the control of plant diseases and in- 
 sects. It is only a question of a short time until nearly every 
 state will add this important labor to its government machin- 
 
 *See Journ. M^-cology, vi. 95. 
 
 (74) 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 75 
 
 ery. Laws for the suppression of peach yellows exist in 
 Michigan, Ontario, New York, Virginia and Delaware, 
 although in the last state the law applies only to the south- 
 ern half of the state. New Jersey has a law, which was ap- 
 proved in May, for the suppression of any new diseases which 
 may enter the state. It is entitled "An act to prevent the 
 spread of fungous diseases of plants," and is as follows: 
 
 "When the officers of the State Agricultural Experiment 
 Station shall discover any new fungous growth which is doing 
 injury to plants or vines, and while the same is confined to 
 limited areas, they are hereby authorized and empowered to 
 enter upon any lands bearing vines or plants so affected, and 
 destroy the same by fire or otherwise, as they shall deem best. 
 
 "Any damage to private property resulting from the opera- 
 tion of destroying the said fungous growth by the officers of 
 the state, shall be certified to by them, and the amount of 
 damage paid to the owners thereof, from the same fund and in 
 the same manner as is paid to owners of diseased animals 
 killed by the State Board of Health. 
 
 " Expenditures under this act shall not exceed one thousand 
 dollars in any one year. 
 
 "This act shall take effect immediately." 
 
 The most signal legislation of the year, however, is that 
 directed against the gipsy moth {Ocne?'ia dispar) in Massa- 
 chusetts. Public attention was first called to this insect by 
 Professor Fernald in a special bulletin of the Massachusetts 
 Hatch Experiment Station in November, 1889. The gipsy 
 moth appears to have been introduced into Medford twenty 
 years ago by L. Trouvelot, who was conducting experiments 
 upon silk culture. The insect escaped from him, and subse- 
 quently spread rapidly. In Europe the insect is regarded as 
 a great pest, for it is an omnivorous feeder. The state enacted 
 a law aiming at its destruction, and appropriated $50,000 for 
 the purpose. The first commission was a political one, and 
 little was accomplished, but the Governor dismissed it and 
 appointed new commissioners, selected from members of the 
 State Board of Agriculture. It is not yet determined if the 
 insect can be exterminated, but the venture is an important 
 one to the whole countr}^, because it will indicate the extent 
 to which we can hope for relief from insect depredations 
 through laws. J. G. Jack writes, in Garden and Forest, that 
 
76 Annals of Horticulhtre. 
 
 ''the appropriation and expenditure of $50,000 alread}^ voted, 
 however, will not have been altogether in vain ; for, besides 
 the accomplished temporary suppression of the pest, a wide- 
 spread popular interest in entomolog}' has been aroused, and 
 the value of a knowledge of such things has been once more 
 very effectually and practically demonstrated to those who 
 usually behttle such studies." The legislation in both New 
 Jersey and Massachusetts was the result of inquiries con- 
 ducted by experimenters of the respective states, and it is an 
 illustration of the influence which experiment stations are 
 already beginning to exert. 
 
 The larger part of the experimentation of the year in econo- 
 mic mycology and entomology has been that of perfecting the 
 means and materials for spraying plants, and much of the 
 best efforts of the next few years will probably be expended 
 in the same direction. The year has marked the advent of 
 several new pumps, particularly of the knapsack pattern ; the 
 ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper has superseded 
 the Bordeaux mixture in general favor, and initial experi- 
 ments have been made in the combination of fungicides and 
 insecticides and in the exact relations of the arsenites 
 to injury of leaves. Exact reference to all the experiment 
 work of the year w^ill be found in the ''Register of Experi- 
 mental Horticulture" in Part II. 
 
 Plant diseases. The gist of the year's results in plant dis- 
 eases is given for this occasion by D. G. Fairchild of the Di- 
 vision of Vegetable Pathology of the national Department of 
 Agriculture : 
 
 "The importance of investigating the diseases of our crops 
 is becoming more and more apparent as our knowledge on the 
 subject increases. To the older inhabitants whose memories 
 stretch back into the days of sure crops and bounteous har- 
 vests, the successive failures and multiplication of plant dis- 
 eases may well raise the question of what these plant parasites 
 are, where they come from and into what straits they must in- 
 evitably drive the horticulturist of the future. That the fung- 
 ous diseases of plants have increased during the past few 
 years there is no more reason to doubt than that the weeds of the 
 gardens have grown and spread their seed from field to field. 
 The two cases are analogous. From the beginning of hus- 
 bandry the attention of farmers has been called to the neces- 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 77 
 
 sit}' of thorough weeding, 3'et, with all the care given, many 
 farms are almost ruined b}^ noxious weeds. Is it any wonder, 
 then, when it is considered that the study of plant diseases is 
 only a few years old and that few attempts have been made 
 to combat injurious fungi, that orchards, gardens, and green- 
 houses are filled with these tiny parasitic weeds, visible only 
 by the aid of the microscope ? These minute fungi which 
 grow upon the living parts of our cultivated plants and send 
 their roots, or vegetating threads, deep into the leaf or stem, 
 instead of into the moist earth, have probably been here as 
 long as the oaks or poplars, and the fungus causing the grape 
 vine mildew has just as much right to be considered an old 
 inhabitant of the globe as the vine upon which it lives. The 
 maladies of plants, like the plants themselves, are migratory, 
 and we must expect to find new diseases in our greenhouses 
 and orchards just as much as new weeds in the garden. 
 While it may be said that this tendenc}^ to spread or migrate 
 may explain in part the apparently sudden appearance of 
 these diseases, the main reason is that we do not notice them 
 when they first begin their work. The average farmer or fruit 
 grower passes, unnoticed, hundreds of fungous diseases of 
 his growing crops ascribing causes of 'the weather' or 'too 
 much rain' for their sickly appearance. 
 
 "If these lower plant forms are looked upon as weeds, it 
 will not be wondered at that there should be found in one 
 year hosts of new forms, some of which are living upon cul- 
 tivated plants and are hence of interest to cultivators. Thus 
 in a New Jersey cranberry bog a new fungous disease has 
 been found which forms upon the cranberry stems and leaves 
 thousands of bright rose-colored galls or swellings, checking 
 the growth of the plant and preventing fruiting.* Because of 
 the pronounced habit of the fungus of swimming from plant 
 to plant and bog to bog, it has seemed advisable to destroy by 
 fire the whole infected region to prevent the spread of the 
 trouble. The disease has been named the cranberry gall 
 fungus {Synchytriiini Vaccini, Thomas) and is so described 
 that any one will be able to recognize it. In Connecticut Dr. 
 Thaxter has discovered a new and destructive rot of the lima 
 bean, caused by a new species (^Phytophthora Phaseoli), allied 
 to the potato rot fungus, f which, if allowed to spread, may 
 
 * Bull. 64, New Jersey Ex. Sta. 
 
 t Annual Rep. Conn. Ex. Sta. 18S9. Jour. Mycology U. S. Dep. of Ag. Vol. vi. No. 11. 
 
yS A?ma/s of Horticulture. 
 
 check materially the growth of that crop in America. Among 
 the hollyhocks of New York greenhouses a destructive malady 
 (^Colletotrichum malvariiui) has been at work which has already 
 made great inroads, in some cases stopping entirely the cul- 
 ture of this flower, and which, as will be noted later, has been 
 placed, through the efforts of the division of vegetable patho- 
 log}', successfully under control. Almost every scientific pub- 
 lication on the subject, and nearly every bulletin from the ex- 
 periment station botanists, announces the discovery of some 
 new disease of economic importance. Two entirely new 
 maladies of spinach in New Jersey have threatened the grow- 
 ers with disaster and called forth an excellent bulletin* on the 
 subject by Dr. Halsted. The discovery in France by Prilleux 
 and Delacroix of a destructive germ disease of potato and 
 pelargonium stems, the simultaneous rediscovery of the cu- 
 cumber mildew from Cuba in America and Japan, are both 
 points likely to prove of importance before another year. 
 
 ''That mysterious and as yet imperfectly known disease of 
 the California vine, the scourge of the region, has refused as 
 yet to be crowded into the categor}^ of bacterial or germ ma- 
 ladies, although studied both in its home and among the hills 
 of Sicily and Algeria by N. B. Pierce, agent of the division 
 of vegetable pathology. The malady resembles the foUetage 
 of the French vineyards and for the present it must be placed, 
 together with the new malady of western New York, with the 
 imperfectly understood diseases awaiting further investigation 
 on both sides of the Atlantic. The appearance in Kansas and 
 Georgia of a striking peach disease called peach rosette and 
 cosidered by Dr. Erwin F. Smith as only a form of the yel- 
 lows, reinforces anew the importance of the investigations 
 into this mysterious malady which promises more this year 
 than ever before to be identified as a specific germ disease. 
 Aside from these newly discovered diseases there are the old 
 troubles, which although well known by name, are but imper- 
 fectly understood. 
 
 "The fungus of the strawberry leaf-spot or rust, which 
 ruins hundreds of strawberry beds yearly, has been traced in 
 the laboratory of Cornell University through its winter growth, 
 and the reason why it is profitable to collect and burn the 
 
 * Bull. 70, New Jersey, Exp. Sta. 
 
Plant Diseases ajid Bisects. 79 
 
 leaves in the fall or winter is as evident now to the pathologist 
 as that weeds killed before they seed will diminish the next 
 year's weed crop. 
 
 " The onion smut, which has diminished the profits of onion 
 growing in Connecticut, has been so well worked out by Dr. 
 Thaxter* that the intelligent farmer with the facts before him 
 can scarcely fail to make this crop a success. By simply sow- 
 ing the seed in drills along which has previously been scatter- 
 ed a mixture of equal parts of air-slaked lime and fiowers of 
 sulphur, the fungus which enters the onion seedling beneath 
 the ground is immediately checked. 
 
 ''The cranberry scald, which yearly ruined hundreds of 
 bushels of this most profitable crop, and which not long since 
 was attributed to such indefinite causes as unfavorable atmos- 
 pheric conditions, has been so successfully studied at the New 
 Jersey Experiment Station that systematic and perfectly in- 
 telligent attempts are in progress against the trouble. 
 
 "The potato scab has attracted unusual attention this year 
 and at least two kinds have been described. One, discovered 
 by H. L. Bolley of Indiana, f is caused wholly by the attacks 
 of a germ or one-celled organism of extremely minute size, 
 known as a bactei-iiim, which enters the young growing tuber, 
 and by rapid growth in the cells beneath the skin, breaks 
 down the tissue and forms, upon the maturing of the potato, 
 the deep, ugly pits so well known. The other, equally well 
 described by Dr. Roland Thaxter in a paper at the meeting of 
 Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, resembles the 
 former in appearance almost precisely, and is the result of the 
 action of a fungus which is found abundantly upon rotting 
 manure, and is closely related to the moulds. These discov- 
 eries, together with that of the German investigator who finds 
 a very low form of plant life, a slime mould, as the cause of 
 the malady, give us a deeper insight into the hitherto some- 
 what mysterious affection, and form a basis for intelligent 
 practical experimentation. From these recent discoveries, the 
 contagious nature is fully settled and the danger of planting 
 scabby tubers, or employing lime, ashes, or especially stable 
 manure, in excess is pointed out. 
 
 *Ann. Report Conn. Exp. Station, 1S89. 
 fAgric. Sci. 243, 2;)7. 
 
8o A7inals of Horticultiire . 
 
 " Turning now to the question as to what progress has been 
 made in the matter of treating these various troubles about 
 which so much is already known, we have only to point to 
 the almost universal success during the season in the treat- 
 ment of pear leaf-blight, pear and apple scab, black-rot of 
 the grape and blight or rot of the potato and tomato. In the 
 minds of investigators there is no doubt as to the effective- 
 ness of the copper compounds, carbonate or sulphate, in the 
 treatment of such superficial diseases as pear or apple scab. 
 The experiments the past year in Michigan, Wisconsin and 
 Maryland point strongly to the necessity of early treatment, 
 and although another season is necessary to prove fully the 
 truth of the statement, three sprayings before the fruit is half 
 an inch in diameter will in all probability protect the fruit 
 from the disease. Later treatment will probably be unneces- 
 sary, and, judging from the trials this year, are likely to prove 
 corrosive in their effect upon the skin of the pear and apple. 
 The pear leaf-blight has for several 3^ears defoliated the 
 orchards of both this country and Europe, but is now subject 
 to the will of every fruit grower who uses the means at his 
 command. The solutions most profitable in its treatment, 
 judging from the year's experiments, are the ammoniacal 
 copper carbonate solution (3 ounces of the carbonate to one 
 quart of the ammonia and 22 gahons of water) and the well 
 known Bordeaux mixture.* Three sprayings with either of 
 these solutions will undoubtedly preserve the foliage intact. 
 The mildews of the grape vine have received their usual at- 
 tention, especially in Italy and France, during the past year, 
 the question considered being simply new modes of cheapen- 
 ing the labor of application. 
 
 ''The discovery above mentioned of a promising remedy 
 for onion smut, the successful treatment of the holl5^hock an- 
 thracnose in the greenhouses of Peter Henderson with the 
 Bordeaux mixture, the prevention of the mignonette leaf 
 spot by the same remedy, and the highly satisfactory experi- 
 ments in this country and France toward checking, economi- 
 cally, the ravages of potato blight, all show the interest that 
 is being aroused on the subject of remedies for plant diseases. 
 The question of economy, which has until recently prevented 
 
 Six pounds of copper sulphate, 4 pounds of lime and 22 gallons of water. 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 8i 
 
 many from attempting to combat the black-rot of the grape, 
 has been settled during the past year in a neglected vineyard 
 of Virginia. Here the Bordeaux mixture yielded as net gain 
 for a total outlay of $6.51, $25.89, or 297 per cent, upon in- 
 vestment ; the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, above 
 mentioned, yielded for an expenditure of $3.32, $22.60, or 685 
 percent, upon the outlay, while, where no sprayings were made, 
 no grapes whatever were gathered. 
 
 ''The new realization that, unless these fungous pests are 
 fought, there will be no profit in fruit growing and truck gar- 
 dening has created a demand for cheaper and less complicated 
 machinery with which to apply the various fungicidal mixtures, 
 and this demand has been promptly met by the manufacture 
 of various knapsack pumps, tw^o of which are shown in ' Tools 
 and Conveniences of the Year,' in Part II. One introduces 
 a new material into the construction of such machinery, in 
 the shape of indurated fibre-ware. This ware possesses the 
 advantage of being strong and light, and promises to be even 
 more durable than copper, should the demand for the pump 
 ever place it fully upon the market. The Galloway pump was 
 devised by B. T. Galloway, with the view of putting upon 
 the market a cheap and, at the same time, durable knapsack 
 sprayer. It has several advantages of simplicity and ease of 
 manipulation. Since no patents are upon it, any copper 
 manufacturer may construct it and may secure figures and a 
 description of its construction by applying to the Department 
 of Agriculture. 
 
 " Aside from this, the matter of the manufacture of a more 
 convenient fungicide, or a more convenient form of the old tried 
 formulas, has attracted some attention, and the firms of Peter 
 Henderson & Co. of New York City, Benj. Hammond of Fishkill- 
 on-the-Hudson, W. S. Powell & Co. of Baltimore, E. Bean of 
 Jacksonville, Fla., and perhaps others, have taken the matter 
 into consideration and we may expect soon to see commercial 
 fungicides, as well as commercial fertilizers, put up in the most 
 convenient form for immediate use. The progress of the year, 
 while it has not revealed any entirely new fungicides, has tested 
 old ones and suggested most valuable modifications and combi- 
 nations, such as that of the Bordeaux mixture with the arsenites 
 in the treatment of apple scab and codlin moth. The only 
 modification worthy of notice here is that discovered by M. 
 
82 An7ials of Hoi'tiailhwe . 
 
 Perret of France, which consists in adding to a 2 per cent, mix- 
 ture of copper sulphate and sodium carbonate in the propor- 
 tion of one to three, one-twentieth of a part of cheap molasses. 
 Should this fungicide prove to be what it promises, it will 
 supersede the old and well known Bordeaux mixture of copper 
 sulphate and lime, and greatl}^ reduce the cost of the treatment 
 of plant maladies. 
 
 ''But if an index of progress is looked for only in the sci- 
 entific facts discovered, or the application of these facts to the 
 needs of the fruit grower or gardener, a misconception of the 
 state of affairs may occur. Ten years ago few would have 
 believed that any state would legislate against such things as 
 pear blight, peach yellows or black-rot of the grape, yet in 
 1890 New Jersey framed a law which provides for the destruc- 
 tion of all plants affected by new diseases which are considered 
 dangerous to the agriculture and horticulture of the state, and 
 for the reimbursement of the owner from the state treasury. 
 
 ''A project is now on foot to connect in an international 
 association all economic vegetable pathologists, or students 
 of plant diseases. Should such a plan be consummated nothing 
 but good can result, as it will furnish the long looked for inter- 
 communication betw^een American and European investigators 
 which is so much needed. 
 
 "In conclusion, it may be said that one of the most promis- 
 ing indications of future good to be accomplished by the inves- 
 tigations of plant diseases is the constantly increasing interest 
 manifested in the work by practical men. Everywhere there 
 is a demand for more light on such matters and it is only a 
 question of time when this subject will be as thoroughly under- 
 stood as ordinary matters connected with the growing of 
 crops." 
 
 The treatment of grape mildew at the School of Agriculture 
 at Montpellier, France, in 1890, is told by George Bencker in 
 Le Progres Agricole: 
 
 "The national school of agriculture at Montpellier has this 
 year continued its experiments with the various preparations 
 used to prevent mildew on the grape. The materials were 
 applied to two plats of vineyard which had been used during 
 preceding years for experimentation ; one plat received 
 liquid treatment, the other was treated with powders. The 
 plats were divided into squares for the use of the various pre- 
 
Plant Diseases and Insect<i. 83 
 
 parations. The following table shows the amount of each pre- 
 paration used : 
 
 Bordeaux Mixture \ i k.* sulphate of copper Mo i hect.f of 
 
 [Boicilhe bo7-delaise) . . ^ 2 k. slacked lime f water. 
 
 Verdet ^ , ^ to i hect. of 
 
 {^Dibasic acetate of copper') ( \ water. 
 
 f I k. sulphate of copper . . ] 
 
 Improved Bordeaux Mixture J 5 k. sugar (to i hect. of 
 
 [Boui//ie bordelaise celeste) j 5 k. aluminium calcide . . . f water, 
 i I k. slacked lime I 
 
 Bordeaux Mixture and spori- ( ' ^ ^f^'^^l^y °^ ^°PP^'- " | to i hect. of 
 
 ( r-i \ -Nik. slacked lime - 
 
 vore (Glue) ) , . I water. 
 
 ^ ' ( I k. sponvore ) 
 
 Mixture of carbonate of soda j i k. sulphate of copper. . ^ to i hect. of 
 
 and sulphate of copper. { 2 k. crystals of soda .... f water. 
 
 Gelatinous hydrocarbonate of ^ i ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 CO p p e r yhydrocarbonate -(1.5 k [- 
 
 de ciiivre gelatineiix) ..,,,.( ) 
 
 Aluminium mixture, without \ i. 73 k. chloride of calium \ to i hect. of 
 
 copper I 3- 7 k- alum \ water. 
 
 Check square, no application. 
 
 ''Mr. Duchein, who conducted the experiments, made three 
 applications to each square : 
 
 The first application May 21, i8go. 
 
 The second application June 2, i8go. 
 
 The third application July 25, i8go. 
 
 "The following powders were used upon the squares of the 
 second plat, one kind to each square : Shawinski's powder, 
 Shawinski's sulphur, cuprosteatite, sulfosteatite, sulfocyanide 
 of copper, sulphated verdet {soufre au verdet), hydrated sul- 
 phate of copper {soufre a V hydrate de cuivre), sulphated sulphur 
 {soufre sulfate), cupro-phosphate {cuivro-phosphate), sulphur 
 and cupro-phosphate {soufre au cuivro-phosphate). 
 
 ''These squares received four applications : 
 
 The first application May 20, 1890. 
 
 The second application ... June 2, 1890. 
 
 The third application June 23, 1890. 
 
 The fourth application July 25, i8go. 
 
 " Since the mildew did not appear in the squares this year, 
 the relative merits of the substances used cannot be estimated, 
 except in regard to the length of time in which they remain 
 effective. 
 
 * Kilogram or kilo, i k. = 2. 2 lbs. f Hectolitre, = 26. 4 gals. 
 
84 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 ''Among the powders, the sulfosteatite and the cuprostea- 
 tite proved to possess the greatest adherence, and conse- 
 quently, in case of an attack they would have protected the 
 vines longer than the other substances. The principal ingre- 
 dient of these powders is talc, which, when dry, has the 
 greatest adhesive power. But while the sulfosteatite natur- 
 ally contains only lo per cent, of sulphate of copper, the cu- 
 prosteatite has 15 per cent, in the form of hydrate of copper, 
 and consequently it cannot burn, as sometimes occurs with 
 the sulfosteatite. 
 
 "We have frequently called attention to the danger of us- 
 ing substances containing soluble sulphates. The danger is 
 increased when the powders contain sulphate of copper in a 
 natural state, however finely divided. When a drop of w^ater 
 dissolves one of these particles a concentrated solution is im- 
 mediately formed and this has an exceedingly caustic action. 
 
 "The squares upon which the liquids had been applied re- 
 ceived the last application July 25. The summer rains soon 
 washed away all traces of the Bordeaux mixture and shortly 
 afterwards of the other materials also, excepting two. The 
 mixture of carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper resisted 
 the action of the weather admirably, but the stains of verdet 
 showed plainly upon the leaves even after they had fallen in 
 November. Like results have been obtained wherever the 
 verdet has been tried, and thousands of acres have been treat- 
 ed with it. This property of the verdet is of prime impor- 
 tance, for we are thereby enabled to make fewer applications 
 and these retain their efficacy for an indefinite period. Three 
 applications were made, in order to reach the later growths of 
 the vine. 
 
 "The above observations have led Mr. Duchein to arrange 
 the liquids in the following order, based upon the length of 
 time during which they remain effective : 
 
 "I. Verdet. 
 
 "2. Carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper. 
 
 " 3. Improved Bordeaux mixture. 
 
 "4. Sulphocyanide of copper (liquid). 
 
 "5. Eau celeste. 
 
 "6. Gelatinous hydrocarbonate of copper. 
 
 "7. Aluminium mixture. 
 
 "8. Bordeaux mixture and sporivore. 
 
 "q. Bordeaux mixture. 
 
Pla7it Diseases and Insects. 85 
 
 ''Powders. Although it is advisable to use liquids when 
 possible, those who find this method of treatment impracti- 
 cable will obtain good results with powders, especially cupro- 
 steatite. In the powder cupro-phosphate, the sulphate of copper 
 is in the form of a hydrate, and thus cannot burn. The phos- 
 phate of lime, in which this oxide is found, is also a fertilizer 
 for grapes ; certainly this is an advantage, but is it not to the 
 detriment of the adhesive quality? We must not lose sight 
 of the fact that we are trying to destroy the mildew ; the mixed 
 powders (sulphate and the salts of copper), designed to guard 
 against the oidium and the mildew, are not very successful. 
 It is better to combat the diseases separately, although at the 
 national school last year the sulphur of Skawinski was found 
 more effective against mildew than Skawinski's powder. 
 Plainly here was an anomaly. 
 
 "Liquids. This year Mr. Duchein wished to try a fungi- 
 cide having aluminium for its essential ingredient instead of 
 copper. It is composed of 2 k. of alum to i k. of chloride 
 calcium, used in the proportion of 5^ k. to a hectolitre of 
 water. Since the mildew did not appear, the value of this 
 compound could not be determined, but there is little reason 
 to believe that it would prove more valuable than the bouillie 
 biteri'oise which contains no copper and which was not used at 
 all this year, as it has been found to be worthless. 
 
 "The gelatinous hydro-carbonate of copper would have been 
 better than the preceding, but in regard to adherence and 
 durability it is far from being equal to the carbonate of soda 
 and sulphate of copper. 
 
 "Sporivore is a glue which is added in the proportion of i 
 k. in a hectolitre of water to a Bordeaux mixture consisting of 
 I k. of sulphate of copper and i k. of lime. This material is 
 still less adhesive than the hydrocarbonate ; besides, when 
 applied, it covered the leaves with an impermeable coating, so 
 that they drooped from want of air. But fortunately this was 
 washed off and growth recommenced. 
 
 "This proves the error of those who wish to make the Bor- 
 deaux mixture more adhesive by adding some substance such 
 as gelatine, gum, glue, etc. Adhesion should be obtained only 
 by means of soluble salts which recrystallize on the leaves in 
 the form of a tightly fitting net. 
 
 " In 1887 we maintained that a solution of verdet is and 
 
86 A7i7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 always will be the available form in which copper will be most 
 effective against mildew, and this solution alone fulfils all the 
 necessary conditions, viz : 
 
 ''I. Absolute certainty of never burning, whatever the 
 amount applied. 
 
 ''2. Ease of preparation. 
 
 ''3. Solution obtained without the addition of any other 
 substance. 
 
 "4. Copper dissolves without the addition of any other 
 substance. 
 
 ''5. The ease with which the substance remains in sus- 
 pension. 
 
 ''6. Immediate destructive action against mildew. 
 
 " 7. Complete adherence to the leaves. 
 
 ''8. Indefinite preservation. 
 
 ''9. Natural richness in the hydrate of the binoxide of 
 copper. 
 
 " 10. Cheapness. 
 
 ''II. Required number of applications as small as possible. 
 
 "One of the failings of the Bordeaux mixture, and of the 
 carbonate of soda and sulphate of copper, is that they do not 
 contain sufficient dissolved copper. This defecft might be re- 
 medied in the laboratory but it is impracticable to do so in the 
 field. Sugar and lime have been the principal agents used 
 for this purpose, giving rise to two classes of fungicides — 
 those prepared in the laboratory, and those made by the grow- 
 er. The preparation of either kind is difficult and expensive. 
 The same results do not always follow the use of the same 
 proportions of the ingredients. Sometimes more and some- 
 times less lime is required to exactly precipitate all the sul- 
 phate ; and again a certain amount of sugar does not always 
 dissolve a corresponding amount of the oxide. Nor does the 
 preparation retain a uniform strength. Its action grows 
 weaker so that only the amount to be used immediately should 
 be prepared. A still more serious objection is, that the 
 amount of lime or soda used to neutralize the acid may not 
 be sufficient, and consequently the valuable sulphates remain- 
 ing would, when applied, seriously burn the foliage. 
 
 " In the improved Bordeax mixture the most difficult opera- 
 tions have already been made. One admirable quality is the 
 ease with which it remains in suspension. Its cost is about 
 45 cents per hectolitre. In regard to adhesion and durability 
 
Plaiit Diseases and Insects. 87 
 
 it ranks third. But by analysis it was found to contain a 
 large proportion of free soluble sulphates, and consequently 
 there is a manifest possibility of its burning the foliage, es- 
 pecially if the solution on the leaves is concentrated by sev- 
 eral applications, or by the carelessness of the operator. If 
 more lime is added it unites with the sugar and is a total loss, 
 and still the solution may not be completely saturated. 
 
 ''The name improved Bordeaux mixture could more appro- 
 priately be applied to a preparation, the formula of which has 
 been given by Mr. Duchein. It combines the merits of the 
 Bordeaux mixture and the eau celeste. Mr. Duchein prepares 
 the Bordeaux mixture according to the formula already given, 
 but uses as little water as possible. The lime is in excess and 
 this facilitates the operation. Then he adds as little ammonia 
 as possible, just enough to obtain a blue coloration in the su- 
 pernatant liquid. All that is then necessary is to add suf- 
 ficient water to produce a hectolitre of the liquid. This is a 
 simple and cheap preparation, and perhaps the only objection 
 to it is its want of adhesive power." 
 
 Insects. Some of the most important results of the year in 
 economic entomology have been collated for me by Professor J. 
 B. Smith of the New Jersey Experiment Station : 
 
 "The plum-curculio was one of the favorite subjects of 
 investigation during the 3^ear, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa and New 
 Jersey having devoted considerable attention to it. In Ohio, 
 Weed carried on his plum spraying experiments 'under ordi- 
 nary commercial conditions,'* spraying one-half of an orchard 
 of 900 plum trees, and jarring the other. The result was extra- 
 ordinary. Of the sprayed trees not more than 3 per cent, of 
 the fruit was injured ; of the jarred trees not more than 4 
 per cent. There is no statement of what neighboring orchards 
 were like, and this record stands in strong contrast to the results 
 attained by Gillette and Cook. Cook, after strongly recom- 
 mending the arsenites for the curculio,t tried his own recom- 
 mendations most thoroughly, and with a most deplorable lack 
 of success. X Although treated in the most careful manner, every 
 plum on the sprayed trees was injured. He adopts now the 
 rather startling theory that the curculio is a friend, because it 
 
 *Bull. 8, vol. iii. Ohio Exp. Sta. fBull. 53, Mich. Exp. Sta. 
 
 tSee a thorough discussion of arsenites for the plum curculio in Annals Hort. 1889, 61. 
 
88 Annals of Horticultiu'e . 
 
 prevents over-bearing, and he suggests planting plum trees in 
 apple orchards to prevent injury to the apples. Webster has 
 reported * the results of his experiments in breeding curcu- 
 lios on different varieties of apples and plums, and concludes 
 positivel}^ that plums planted among apple trees do not protect 
 the latter. As with many other species, it is probably a ques- 
 tion of the number of insects; when numerous enough they 
 will take every fruit suitable to their purpose. When compara- 
 tively scarce, they may exercise a choice. Gillette reports^ as 
 the results of his studies, that the curculio prefers the import- 
 ed to the native varieties of plums, 48.8 per cent, of the former 
 and only 6.6 per cent, of the latter being infested. He also 
 reports that he found spraying an excellent remedy, although 
 not applied under the best conditions. He has since repeated 
 his spraying experiments under the best possible conditions 
 and reports absolute failure. The sprayed trees were more 
 infested than the unsprayed checks. Green, who tried spray- 
 ing with arsenites in Minnesota J again reports the most grati- 
 fying success. It is evident from these contradictory experi- 
 ences that spraying is far from being a satisfactory and reliable 
 remedy for the injuries of the plum curculio. The special cir- 
 cumstances that produce success in the one case and failure in 
 the other, are still beyond our ken. 
 
 "J. B. Smith has made some experiments in a different 
 line. § He finds that the insects will not develop in growing 
 apples, Avhile in dropped fruit, almost every egg-puncture was 
 represented by a full-grown larva later on, provided the ap- 
 ples were allowed to decay. When decay was prevented by 
 keeping the fruit absolutely dry, none of the larvae developed. 
 As a consequence, he strongly urges the systematic gathering 
 and destruction of all fallen fruit as the best way of prevent- 
 ing the maturing of the species. Nine full-grown larvae were 
 found in a single apple, and the destruction of all such fruit 
 must do much to lessen the numbers for the following reason. 
 
 ''All of the publications confirm the statement that there 
 is only a single annual brood of the curcuHo, although &gg 
 laying extends to the end of July, or even later. 
 
 " Gillette has also studied the plum-gouger {Coccotof^Jis pni- 
 
 * Insect Life ii. 305. t Bull. 9, Iowa Exp. Sta. 
 
 X Bull. 10, Minn. Exp. Sta. gGarden and Forest. Nov. 19, \%o. 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 89 
 
 fiicida), a species which ranks close to the curculio in destruct- 
 iveness, and he finds that this prefers the native varieties, 
 more than 27 per cent, of the fruit being infested. Spraying 
 is of no vakie in this c^zse, and jarring to collect the beetles is 
 recommended. The infested fruit does not drop, and gathering 
 it before August i is recommended to prevent maturing the 
 larvae. 
 
 " Miss Ormerod* in her thirteenth report describes an 
 attack by the ''pear blight beetle" of American writers, 
 {Xylebonis dispar-pyri) on plum, in some parts of England. 
 She suggests trapping by placing poles among the trees, on 
 the theory that dead or dying wood will exercise a superior 
 attraction, and then recommends burning these traps before 
 the insects mature. This is only another application of the 
 method adopted by the German foresters to protect growing 
 trees from the ravages of others of the bark borers {Scoly- 
 tidce). Badly infested trees should, of course, be cut and 
 burned. 
 
 "Weed gives usf a description of all stages of the cherry 
 louse (yMyzus cerasi), but adds nothing to our knowledge of 
 remedies. Smith treats the same insect, J and recommends 
 kerosene emulsion or fish oil soap as destructive agents. 
 
 ''The cherry slug {Selandi'ia cerasi) has been injurious to 
 both pear and cherry in Nevada, and Hillman § recommends 
 tobacco, hellebore and buhach, all of which were tried and 
 found successful. 
 
 "Peach insects received comparatively little attention. 
 Erwin F. Smith has given || a very complete description of 
 the peach louse (^Aphis persicce-iiiger), a new insect, and an ac- 
 count of its depredations in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and 
 New Jersey. He discusses its habits at considerable length, 
 and thinks that much of the injury to the peach, usually 
 called the yellows, may be due to this insect. He sug- 
 gests no remedies for the underground form, but has since 
 found Tf that tobacco dug into the ground around the tree 
 is satisfactorily. The true yellows, however, is not to 
 
 ♦Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests during the year 
 18S9. London. 1890. 
 t Bull. 2. vol. i. Ohio Exp. Sta. Technical Ser. 
 
 t Bull. 72. N. J. Exp. Sta. I Bull. 10, Nev. Exp. Sta. 
 
 II Entomo. Amer. vi. 101-201. 1[Bull. 75, N.J. Exp. Sta. 
 
 A. H. — 7 
 
go Annals of Hortiadture. 
 
 be confounded with this injury. J. B. Smith has treated of 
 the same insect,* and recommends potash in the form of 
 kainit as most satisfactory, acting both as a fertihzer and in- 
 secticide. For the serial forms, whale oil soap is recom- 
 mended. Later, he repeats E. F. Smith's recommendation of 
 tobacco for underground forms. 
 
 ''The peach tree borer has also been treated by J. B. 
 Smith, f who recommends mechanical means, wrapping the 
 base of the tree with upright straw or newspaper, to prevent 
 oviposition, or destructive means by pouring diluted kerosene 
 emulsion around the base after removing the top soil. 
 
 " Alwood, of the Virginia station, related at the meeting of 
 the economic entomologists in November, that painting the 
 trunk with ordinary white paint to which a little Paris green 
 is added is a perfect protection. Of course, all these applica- 
 tions must extend for a depth of at least six inches below the 
 soil to be effective. 
 
 ''Apple insects have received the usual amount of atten- 
 tion. Spraying for the codlin moth larvae was practiced at 
 several stations, and uniform success is reported. There is no 
 longer a doubt that we have a safe and reliable remedy for the 
 injuries done by this insect. 
 
 "Weed has studied the oyster-shell bark louse (yMytilaspis 
 po7noriH7i) and the scurfy bark louse (yCJiiotiaspis fiirfiiriis^ and 
 recommends J scrubbing trunk and branches with carbolic 
 mixture, i pt. crude carbolic acid to 7 parts of a solution made 
 by disolving i qt. soft soap or yi, lb. hard soap in 2 quarts 
 boiling water. 
 
 "The buffalo tree hopper {Ceresa bubahis) has proved in- 
 jurious in Ohio by puncturing twigs and branches for oviposi- 
 ting and for this, the kerosene emulsion, used after the young 
 insects have made their appearance, is recommended. 
 
 "In New Jersey, muriate of potash in water, used to wash 
 tree trunks, has proved effective in destroying the scurfy scale. § 
 
 "Apple plant lice were also reported on by Hillman, || who 
 recommends for the leaf lice the standard preparations of 
 kerosene and tobacco, and for the root lice {Schizo7ieura lanigera) 
 
 * Bull. 72, N. J. Exp. Sta. t2d Ann. Rept. N. J. Exp. Sta. 
 
 t Bull 4. vol. iii. 2, sec. Ohio Exp. Sta. § Bull. 75. N. J. Exp. Sta. 
 
 liBull. II. Nev. Exp. Sta. 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 91 
 
 suggests that the same application be made in a trench around 
 the base of the tree. 
 
 '' From New Zealand comes the statement * that soot, buried 
 6 or 7 inches deep under infested apple trees, rids them of this 
 same woolly-aphis, the ' American blight ' as they call it. 
 
 "In Miss Ormerod's report a number of apple pests are 
 treated, none of which are of particular interest to Amer- 
 ican horticulturists save the bud-moth {^Tffietocera ocell- 
 ina^ for which no satisfactory remedy is suggested. This 
 is interesting, because Harvey stated at the meeting of the 
 economic entomologists in November that this insect had 
 attacked the terminal buds of the blackberry in Maine, an 
 entirely new habit for this species. 
 
 '' Harvey has also studied the ' railroad worm ' {^Trypeta po- 
 monella) in Maine. His results are not yet published, but we 
 understand that gathering and destroying the infested fruit is 
 recommended as the most practical remed}^ 
 
 ''Gillette gives a brief account of the apple curculio f 
 (^Anthonomus quadri-gibbns^ which has been seriously injurious in 
 some parts of Iowa. Spraying, jarring and the destruction of 
 fallen fruit are all recommended for this insect. 
 
 "A second edition of Miss Ormerod's valuable 'Manual of 
 Injurious Insects and Methods of Prevention,' has been issued 
 in England, during the year. It contains much of interest to 
 horticulturists everywhere. Of present interest is the article 
 on the 'wood leopard moth' {Zeiizera cescali). This pest 
 has been quite recently imported into this countr}^, and is now 
 beginning to spread, radiating in every direction from the 
 vicinity of Jersey City. In Europe it is destructive to pear ; 
 in this country it has, thus far, been found only on elm. J 
 
 " Riley § has treated the 6-spotted mite of the orange {Tet- 
 ra?iychus 6-macidatus), and finds it easil}^ controlled by the 
 various soap and kerosene preparations, by sulphur and even 
 clear water. Clean culture is also an effective method of pre- 
 venting injury. He also calls attention || to the fact that some 
 of the scales infesting oranges in Florida have made their 
 apperance in California, and repeats his suggestion that a quar- 
 antine be established in these states against infested plants 
 
 * New Zealand Farmer, Dec. 1889, cited in Insect Life ii. 290. 
 
 tBull. 77. Iowa Agl. Exp. Sta. 
 
 JEnt. Amer. vi. 31. Garden and Forest. Jan. 1890, 30. 
 
 i Rept. Se'cy. Agl. for 1889 (issued 1890) || Insect Life ii. 341. 
 
92 A?i7ials of Hortic2dtu7'e. 
 
 received from the others. Coquillet has an excellent and inter- 
 esting article * on the use of hydrocyanic acid gas for the de- 
 struction of the red scale in California. He finds this perfectly 
 effective, and describes how, after the necessary apparatus has 
 been obtained, the gas can be produced at a cost of about 26 
 cents per ordinary sized tree, quite a reduction from the older 
 method which costs about 76 cents per tree. 
 
 ''Val^ry Mayet has issued a work on ' Les Insects de la 
 Vigne' (Paris 1890, pp. 470, 5 plates, 4 colored, and 470 fig- 
 ures), which is the most complete and important ever issued 
 on the subject, but calculated of course more particularly for 
 the European grower. 
 
 '' Newman f finds bagging grapes an effective protection 
 against insect attack, but recommends it only for choice 
 bunches. 
 
 ''Riley has described the early stages of the rose-chafer | 
 (^Macrodaciylus subspinosus), and gives a resume of the history 
 of the species as an injurious insect. No additions to reme- 
 dies against the mature insects are made, but it is suggested 
 that if their breeding places could be found, kerosene appli- 
 cations might destroy the larvae. J. B. Smith has given his 
 experience § with this insect in New Jersey, and finds that 
 none of the recommended applications are of the least avail 
 when the invasion is an extensive or serious one. It costs 
 more to protect the vineyard than the resulting crop is worth, 
 and he recommends bagging as the only practical remedy. 
 
 ''On currants. Miss Ormerod || describes an interesting 
 attack by mites {Phytoptus ribis) for which no practical remedy 
 has yet been found; and a white woolly scale (yPulvinaria 
 ribesice) allied to our cottony maple scale, for which she re- 
 commends whitewashing the plants in the winter. Koebele 
 reports \ that in the Santa Cruz mountains, California, it is 
 impossible to raise currants, owing to the attacks of one of the 
 buprestid beetles {Chyrsobothris inali), the larvae of which bores 
 into stems, branches and even roots. Collecting the beetles, 
 burning infested stalks, and whitewashing as a protection, are 
 suggested as possible remedies. Gillette also calls attention to 
 a new currant borer ** {^Hyperplatys aspersus), a beetle, hereto- 
 
 * Insect Lifeii. 202. fBull. 10, Ala. Exp. Sta. 
 
 X Insect Life ii. 295. g Garden and Forest July 16, 1890. 
 
 li p. i,^, report supra cit. \ Bull. 22, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agl. 
 **Bull. II, Iowa Exp. Sta. 
 
Plant Diseases and bisects. 93 
 
 fore found in cottonwood. The proposed remedies are the 
 same as for the imported borer, cutting and burning infested 
 stems. The currant has now a respectable Hst of insect pests ! 
 
 ''Webster gives some account of the strawberry crown- 
 borer* ^Tyloderma fraga7'i(B) and describes the egg. A jump- 
 ing beetle {Haltica igfiita) has been found injurious near 
 Columbus, Ind., and has been also complained of from Arizona 
 and Florida. The beetle is widely distributed and is a close 
 ally of the grape flea-beetle ; it may therefore become one of 
 the pests of the future. No suggestions as to remedies are 
 made. 
 
 *' J. B. Smith has treated monographically f the insects in- 
 festing the cranberry, giving the life-history of all the species 
 and the means of destroying them. He strongly recommends 
 laying out the bogs so that they can be flooded readily and 
 the insects drowned out. He has during the past season put 
 his own recommendations to practical use and the results, 
 eminently satisfactory, will appear in the forthcoming annual 
 report of the Station. 
 
 ''Weed has continued his experiments with the striped cu- 
 cumber beetle, and finds tobacco dust most successful, after 
 mechanical covering of the plants. J Smith reports § similar 
 success with tobacco for this beetle, and gives also the results 
 of a series of experiments on the squash borer, none of which 
 were entirely satisfactor}^ 
 
 "Miss Murtfeldt reports || a new rose slug {Cladius isome- 
 ras) as injurious in Missouri, and suggests hellebore as a 
 remedy. J. G. Jack finds ^ that an European saw-fly {Emphy- 
 tus cinctus, injured roses at the Arnold Arboretum. Riley and 
 Howard have described ** a new icerya (/. rosce^, injuring roses 
 at Key West. 
 
 "Bailey has made a series of interesting experiments ft to 
 ascertain the amount of injury to peach foliage by applications 
 of Paris green and London purple. He concludes that London 
 purple should not be used on peach ; that Paris green at the 
 rate of i lb. to 300 gal. of water, in a fine spray, did not injure 
 foliage, and that i lb. to 350 gallons of water would probably 
 be always safe. He found that nearly 40 per cent of London 
 
 * Bull. 33, Ind. Exp. Sta. t Bull. K, N. J. Exp. Sta. 
 
 t Bull. 3, vol. ii. ser. 2, Ohio Exp. Sta. § Bull. 75, N.J. Exp. Sta. 
 
 II Bull. 22, Ent. Div. Dept. Agl. \ Garden and Forest, March 26, 1890. 
 
 ** Insect Life iii. 93. ft Bull, xviii. Cornell Exp. Sta. 
 
94 Afinals of Horticulture. 
 
 purple is quickly soluble in water, while Paris green contains 
 no soluble arsenic. Anal3^ses showed that arsenic from London 
 purple entered into the texture of the leaf, while that from 
 Paris green remains entirely upon the surface. Experiments 
 upon plum showed that spraying with London purple so strong 
 as I pound to 200 gallons produced no injury, and the state- 
 ment is made that the supposed injury to plum foliage by the 
 arsenites is really due to a fungus. He also found, as stated 
 before by Cook, that old peach leaves are more susceptible to 
 injury than young leaves. The immunity of the young growth 
 is due to its waxy covering. Injury late in the season is more 
 apparent than early in the season, because of the cessation of 
 growth. A convenient device for producing a spray by com- 
 pressing the end of rubber hose, is described and figured. 
 Woodworth* has made some valuable tests upon the effects of 
 arsenites upon plants. He confirms Bailey's statement that 
 young leaves are less likely to be injured than old ones, and 
 that 'fresh white arsenic produces less injury than any of the 
 other arsenites,' but when the same material is not freshly 
 mixed it is more injurious than the other arsenites. 'Paris 
 green is uniformly less injurious than London purple.' He 
 also finds that some varieties of the same species are more 
 susceptible to injury than others, and he thinks that 'varieties 
 could be produced by selection to which strong poisoning 
 would do no injury.' As a rule, the lower surface of the leaf 
 is more easily injured than the upper surface. Gillette has 
 also made some most valuable experiments with the arsenites f 
 with the view of discovering some method of lessening injury 
 to the foliage. He finds that the addition of milk of lime to 
 Paris green or London purple will almost entirely prevent such 
 injury. As peach is admittedly the most susceptible, the re- 
 sults of this experiment with London purple are most inter- 
 esting in comparison with Bailey's recommendation that it be 
 not used on peach : 
 
 * Bull. 1 1, Ark. Exp. Sta. t Bull. lo, Iowa Exp. Sta. 
 
Plant Diseases ajid Insects. 
 
 95 
 
 I lb. purple to 25 
 
 I lb. purple to 50 
 
 gal. water. 
 
 gal. water. 
 
 
 
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 ;z; 
 
 J 
 
 •75 
 
 •55 
 
 .70 
 
 .02 
 
 •99 
 
 .60 
 
 .90 
 
 .02 
 
 I lb. purple to 100 
 
 I lb. purple to 200 
 
 gal. water. 
 
 gal. water. 
 
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 ^ 
 
 hJ 
 
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 ►J 
 
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 •05 
 
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 .00 
 
 "The London purple used in the Bordeaux mixture pro- 
 duced .02 injury at the rate of i lb. in 25 gallons of water, and 
 none at all at a less strength. No chemical reasons for this 
 difference in results are given. Analyses and experiments 
 made at the New Jersey Station show that the addition of 
 lime to London purple combines the soluble arsenic, forming 
 with it an insoluble compound, and that only a mere fraction 
 of I per cent will not so combine. This is really one of the 
 most valuable results of the work of the year and will make 
 London purple available at more effective strength than has 
 been heretofore deemed prudent. 
 
 ''This report would not be complete without a notice of 
 letters patent No. 440,612, dated November 11, 1890. This 
 was granted to Frank Jones, Morse, Kansas, on a wonderful 
 ' Process of Disinfecting for Destroying Insects on Trees and 
 Plants.' This consists in washing the body and limbs of the 
 plant or tree, with a mixture or compound of the following 
 ingredients in the specified proportion, to wit: soft water, 
 five gallons; indigo, dissolved in the water, one ounce; as- 
 afoetida tincture, three ounces ; soap, dissolved in the water, 
 two one-pound bars, and at or about the same time drenching 
 the roots of the tree with the following drench mixture applied 
 in connection with sulphur, as hereinafter specified, to wit : 
 Water five gallons; concentrited lye sixteen ounces; indigo 
 one and one-half ounces ; camphor tincture, four ounces, and 
 sulphur, a sufiicient quantity. In practice the sulphur is not 
 mixed with the compound except in the act of applying, and 
 the method of applying is as follows : In treating a tree six 
 
96 Anfiah of Hortiailhtre . 
 
 inches in diameter, I first sprinkle about four ounces of 
 sulphur upon the ground close around the foot of the tree. I 
 then pour about six quarts of the drench mixture upon the 
 sulphur around the root of the tree. The drench is absorbed 
 by the roots of the tree, and being carried to the bark and 
 leaves of the tree, combines with the wash above mentioned 
 which has been applied to the trunk, and the result is effec- 
 tive in destroying all insect life upon the tree, while the leaves, 
 bark and fruit remain uninjured.' Comment upon such a 
 patented mixture is needless !" 
 
 Dr. Riley, Entomologist of the national Department of 
 Agriculture, presented at the meeting of the Association of 
 Economic Entomologists at Champaign, Illinois, in Novem- 
 ber, an extended report upon the "Outlook for Applied 
 Entomology," from which I make copious extracts: 
 
 "The hydrocyanic acid gas treatment against scale-insects 
 is becoming more and more common in California, and has, 
 to a certain extent, superseded the use of washes, especially 
 against the red scale {Aspidiotus Aurantii). This is largely 
 due to the fact that recent experiments, carried on through 
 Mr. Coquillett, have resulted in a great cheapening of the 
 process. The expense has been reduced one-third, and the 
 bulky machinery mentioned in my report for 1887 has been, 
 for the most part, dispensed with. It has also been found 
 that the use of the process at night is safer and more benefi- 
 cial, in that it lessens the effect of the gas upon the foliage. 
 
 "The repeated importation of scale-insects from Florida 
 into Cahfornia has attracted much attention. The species 
 concerned are principally the purple scale {Mytilaspis citricold), 
 the long scale {M. Gloverii^, and the chaff scale {Parlaforia 
 Fergandei). The fact that these insects must have been 
 repeatedly imported into the state in past years, without 
 obtaining a foothold, has been used as an argument against a 
 quarantine, and a great deal of discussion on the subject has 
 been had in the California papers. From my own observa- 
 tions in the state I am convinced that where the proper con- 
 ditions of shade and moisture obtain there is no reason why 
 these scale insects should not get a foothold, but that they 
 will probably die out in the hotter, drier, and less shaded 
 localities. An agent who was sent to Pomona to investigate 
 certain newly planted orange groves of Florida trees found 
 
Plajit Diseases arid Bisects. 97 
 
 that while the trees were planted a year previously and had 
 been dipped, according to custom there, in a caustic solution, 
 every tree examined by him bore a few specimens of the pur- 
 ple scale. The excitement on this subject in California has 
 been fostered by the claims of rival nurserymen engaged 
 either in the importation of Florida stock or dealing in varie- 
 ties grown at home, and from such contrary claims from per- 
 sons prejudiced by their business interests it is difficult to 
 extract the truth. A rigid quarantine, not absolutely prohibi- 
 tive were wisest, for great injustice might be worked by abso- 
 lutely prohibitive restrictions. Careful inspection and thor- 
 ough treatment, if they could be guaranteed, would prove an 
 effective safeguard, but it were unsafe to trust to them with- 
 out a rigid quarantine. 
 
 "I have commenced a series of experiments upon the 
 black scale {Lecaniiim olecB), a species which, ordinarily 
 occurring upon the olive, has long damaged citrus fruits in 
 California. The horticulturist of the Wisconsin Station, 
 E. S. Goff, has modified the Nixon pump by adding a tube so 
 that kerosene may be drawn from one receptacle and a mix- 
 ture of soap and water from another, thus forming a mechan- 
 ical mixture in the act of spraymg. This modification, at the 
 request of Professor Henry, I have had tried in this series of 
 experiments, and although it is too early to state the results, 
 it may be said that so little time and labor are required in 
 preparing a stable emulsion that this mechanical substitute 
 will probably not come into general use. In this connection 
 it may be observed that the formulae recommended by some 
 of our most voluminous writers are very misleading, and are 
 calculated to produce only a mechanical mixture more or less 
 unstable. The use of kerosene temporarily combined with 
 water or soapsuds by mechanical means dates from many 
 years back ; it was a favorite remedy of my friend Thomas 
 Meehan, who urged it in 1871 in the Gardener's Monthly; 
 it was experimented with b}^ others, and I used it successfully 
 in 1872 against an undescribed lecanium on Austrian pine, 
 as also against aphides on the place of Julius Pitman, of St. 
 Louis, and in 1874 ^^^^ 1875 against the congregated young 
 of the Rocky Mountain locust. But the true and stable kero- 
 sene emulsion, which now forms one of the most satisfactory 
 and widely used insecticides, and which requires two parts of 
 
98 Aiinals of Horticulture. 
 
 the oil to one of the emulsifying agent, violently churned 
 until a stable, butter-like emulsion results, was the outgrowth 
 of my efforts in the investigation of the cotton worm, the milk 
 having been first suggested in 1878 by the late Dr. W. S. 
 Barnard w^hile working at Selma, Ala., and the most satis- 
 factory formula in 1880, by H. G. Hubbard, from experiments 
 which I had continued over two years, on orange trees. 
 
 ''The grape phyhoxera has continued to attract the atten- 
 tion not only of most European governments but also of 
 those of Australia and New Zealand. It continues its spread 
 in France, having at last invaded the more valuable cham- 
 pagne districts. The last report of the Superior Phylloxera 
 Commission of that country shows that about 240,000 acres 
 have undergone defensive measures, submersion being em- 
 ployed in 72,000, bisulphide of carbon in 145,000, and sulpho- 
 carbonate of potassium in 23,000. The work is practically at 
 an end in such departments as H^rault, Gard and Gironde, 
 where the American resistant vines have most effectually been 
 used ; while the wine growers of Algeria, Spain, Italy, Por- 
 tugal, Hungary, Austria and Switzerland are all battling 
 against it, and are all more or less aided by their respective 
 governments. 
 
 ''The advent of the insect in New Zealand has been the 
 cause of much writing and of much legislation there, and the 
 government has been quite anxious to get the best and latest 
 information on the subject. There is very little that is avail- 
 able in the way of published experience in this country, as my 
 Missoiiri reports are now very difficult to obtain. I would 
 repeat here in substance what I have recently written to F. D. 
 Bell, agent-general at London for New Zealand, because the 
 demand for the information is continuous, and our own peo- 
 ple are, to a great extent, unfamiliar with the facts. 
 
 "During the more than twenty years' struggle in France 
 against the species innumerable remedies have been proposed, 
 most of which have proved to be absolutely valueless. A few 
 measures have been devised, however, which, under proper 
 conditions, give fairly satisfactory results. These consist in 
 (i) methods which avoid the necessity of direct treatment, 
 comprising the use of American stocks and planting in sandy 
 soils; (2) the employment of insecticides (bisulphide of 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 99 
 
 carbon, sulpho-carbonate of potassium, and the kerosene 
 emulsion) ; and (3) submersion. 
 
 ''It was early found in the histor}' of this phylloxera that 
 most of the cultivated varieties of American grape-vines, as 
 also the wild species, resisted, or were little subject to, the 
 attacks of the root form {radicicola^ of the phylloxera, 
 although the leaf gall form {gatlicola), which in point of fact 
 does little if any permanent damage, occurs in greater num- 
 bers on many of our wild and cultivated sorts than on the 
 European grape-vines, which are all derived from the single 
 species, Vitis vifiifera, and which are so exceedingly subject 
 to the attacks of the root form. This fact was first noticed in 
 France by M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, and later by Gaston 
 Bazille, of Montpellier, and was independently proved on a 
 more extended scale by my earlier investigations in the United 
 States. The use of American stocks upon which to cultivate 
 the susceptible European varieties has resulted in an enor- 
 mous trade in certain American seeds and cuttings and now 
 supersedes all other methods against the insect. 
 
 " It was my privilege and pleasure to spend a week in Au- 
 gust, 1889, among the world-renowned Medoc and Sauterne 
 vineyards of the Bordeaux district in France. Here, by vir- 
 tue of the rich alluvial soil and the ease with which the chief 
 vine3'ards can be submerged, the phylloxera has made slower 
 headway, and the opposition to the use of American resistant 
 stocks has been greatest. Yet they have finally vanquished 
 prejudice and are, either from necessity or choice, rapidly 
 coming into general use. When I say choice, I mean that 
 even where the French vines yet do well and the phylloxera 
 is kept in subjection by other means it is found that great 
 vigor of growth and increase in healthfulness and yield of 
 fruit result at once from the use of American stocks. 
 
 "Without going into a lengthy discussion of the subject of 
 wild American species, those of practical importance to the 
 grape-grower are the following : Vitis cestivalis, V. riparia, 
 and V. Labj'usca. 
 
 "The varieties derived from V. cestivalis are of value for 
 their fruit as well as for their resistant qualities, and, being 
 easily propagated from cuttings, they are very often used in 
 France as stocks. The most important varieties are Jacquez, 
 Herbemont, Black July, and Cunningham. 
 
lOO Annals of Hortiailture . 
 
 "The varieties of Vitis riparia, both wild and cultivated, 
 are, on account of their special fitness, almost exclusively em- 
 ployed in France as resistant stocks, for which they easily 
 take first rank. The varieties used are, first, the wild forms ; 
 and, second, the cultivated varieties Solonis, Clinton, and 
 Taylor. Of the cultivated varieties, the Clinton was one of 
 the first vines tried for this purpose and has been extensively 
 used with fair satisfaction. The Solonis now ranks above it, 
 but is valueless for any other purpose on account of the 
 acidity of its grapes. In California, the Lenoir, Herbemont 
 and Elvira have been used, but late experience shows that the 
 wild riparia is most satisfactory there, as it is in France. 
 
 "The different varieties of Vitis Lab^^nsca are less resistant 
 to the phylloxera than those above mentioned. Certain var- 
 ieties have, however, been grown successfully in France, and 
 of these the Concord has given much the best results ; but 
 others, Isabella and Catawba, for example, succumb there to 
 the root-louse, as indeed they do in many sections of this 
 country. 
 
 "Of the many valuable hybrids obtained from the Ameri- 
 can species of vitis which are serviceable as stocks, the more 
 important are the Elvira, Noah and Viala. The last named, 
 perhaps of all the resistant varieties, gives the greatest per- 
 centage of successful grafts, and is admirably adapted for 
 grafting on cuttings. 
 
 "Early in the study of the subject it was found that the 
 nature of the soil has a very marked influence on the success 
 of the different stocks. The subject has now been quite fully 
 investigated in France, and the latest researches are formu- 
 lated by the experimental school at Montpellier in the state- 
 ment quoted below, which will be of interest as giving the 
 various classes of soils, together with the American vines best 
 adapted to each : 
 
 (i) New, deep, fertile soils : Riparia (tomentous and glabrous), Jacquez, 
 Solonis, Viala, Taylor and Ciinninghani . 
 
 (2) Deep soils, somewhat strong, not wet : Jacquez, Riparia, Solonis, 
 Ctinnins^ha??i, Viala, Taylor. 
 
 (3) Deep soils of medium consistency, new and not dry in summer : 
 Riparia., Jacquez, Solonis, Viala, Taylor, Black July. 
 
 (4) Light pebbly soils, deep, well drained, and not too dry in summer : 
 Jacquez, Riparia (wild), Taylor, Riipestris. 
 
 (5) Calcareous soils, with subsoil shallow or granitic : Solonis, Rupestris. 
 
Plant Diseases a7id Bisects. 
 
 lOI 
 
 (6) Argillaceous soils, white or gray : Cunningham . 
 
 (7) Argillaceous soils, deep and very wet : V. cinerea. 
 
 (8) Deep, sandy, fertile soils : Riparia (wild), Solonis, Jacquez, Cimning- 
 ha?n, Black Jtity, Riipestris. 
 
 (9) Light pebbly soils, dry and barren : Riipestris, York, Madeira, Ri- 
 paria (wild). 
 
 (10) Deep soils, with a tufa base and salt lands : Solonis. 
 
 (11) Soils formed of debris of tufa, but sufficiently deep : Taylor. 
 
 (12) Ferruginous soils, containing red pebbles of silica, deep and some- 
 what strong, well drained, but fresh in summer. All the varieties indicat- 
 ed, and in addition : Ilerbemont, Clinton, Cynthiana, Marion, Concord, Her- 
 })ian. 
 
 ''The accompanying table from the last report of the 
 Superior Phylloxera Commission indicates, better than words 
 can tell, the steady growth in the use of American vines : 
 
 Ykars. 
 
 American vines 
 covered 
 
 1881 22,000 acres. 
 
 1882 42,700 
 
 1883 70,000 
 
 17 departments. 
 
 22 ' 
 
 28 
 
 i»«4 131-909 " 34 
 
 1885 188,200 " 34 
 
 1886 276,900 " 37 
 
 1887 413,700 " 38 
 
 1888 536,900 ' ' 43 
 
 1889 719,500 " 44 
 
 "On the subject of cirect remedies, the value of the kero- 
 sene emulsion for this purpose has not been properly realized in 
 France, because of the relatively high price of petroleum in 
 her grape-growing departments. A series of experiments 
 which I made in 1883 showed conclusively its great value for 
 this purpose, as it not only destroys the insect in all stages, 
 but also stimulates root growth. 
 
 "In this connection I have recently had a series of expe- 
 riments made through Albert Koebele's agency, in the 
 Sonoma Valley, California, to ascertain the effect upon the 
 phylloxera of certain of the resin washes which proved so 
 valuable when used against the fluted and other scale-insects. 
 The results have been quite encouraging and the experiments 
 have already shown that in the use of those washes we have 
 a valuable addition to the underground remedies. Soaps 
 were made b}^ the use of bicarbonate of soda, sal soda, and 
 caustic soda, each mixed with resin. In the earlier experi- 
 ments the earth was removed about the base of the vine to a 
 depth of 6 inches and for a diameter of 4 feet. Ten gallons 
 
I02 Amials of Hortiadtiire . 
 
 of the mixture were poured into each hole and found to pene- 
 trate from 12 to i6 inches or from i8 to 22 inches from the 
 original surface of the ground. Most of the insects, as also 
 the eggs, were destroyed to a depth of 16 inches. In the 
 later experiments the holes were made only about 2 feet in 
 diameter, and nearly, if not quite, the same results were ob- 
 tained with half the amount, or 5 gallons of the mixture. 
 The plan, which I had previously adopted for the applica- 
 tion of insecticides to underground insects, of washing the 
 mixture in with pure water was tried with good success. Soon 
 after the first application 5 gallons of water were added, and 
 5 gallons more the following day. This would indicate that 
 in the spring, when rains are frequent (occurring almost every 
 day) in the Sonoma Valley, only a small amount of the mix- 
 ture need be applied, and the rains will do the rest, as exam- 
 ination has shown that up to a certain point each application 
 of water intensifies and extends the action of the original in- 
 secticide. The best soap was made with bicarbonate of soda, 
 but the results of that made with caustic soda are so little in- 
 ferior, while the price is so much less, that the caustic soda 
 and resin soap mixture is the one which I would recommend. 
 The formula which was found preferable is as follows : 
 
 Caustic soda (77 per cent.) 5 pounds 
 
 Resin 40 
 
 Water to make 50 gallons. 
 
 **The soda should be dissolved, over a fire, in 4 gallons of 
 water, then the resin should be added and dissolved. After 
 this the required water can be added slowly, while boiling, to 
 make the 50 gallons of the compound. To this, water may 
 be added at the rate of 9 gallons for i, making 500 gallons of 
 the dilute compound, sufficient for one hundred large vines, 
 at a cost of only 84 cents, or less than a cent a vine. 
 
 ''Considering the effective way in which the ravaged vine- 
 yards of France have been, and are being, redeemed by the 
 use of resistant American stocks, and considering the efficacy 
 of some of the direct remedies discovered, it is passing 
 strange that no disposition has ever been made of the pre- 
 mium of 300,000 francs offered in the early history of the 
 trouble by the French government. It cannot be awarded 
 to an}^ one person, but should be distributed among those 
 
Plant Diseases and bisects. 
 
 103 
 
 whose labors and discoveries resulted in the several feasible 
 and satisfactory methods of coping with the insect. 
 
 " Introduction of parasites and predaceous species. — The 
 success which has attended the introduction from Australia of 
 Vedalia cardinalis has been phenomenal."^ Indeed, few who 
 have not kept in knowledge of the reports and the actual 
 condition of things can appreciate the remarkable character 
 of the results, not only because of the brief period required 
 therefor, but because of the thoroughness of the work of the 
 little ladybird and the moral and financial benefit to orange 
 growers which have followed in its wake. 
 
 "The striking success of the experiment has served to fix at- 
 tention, not only of entomologists, but of fruit growers and 
 farmers, to this mode of dealing with injurious insects, and 
 there is no question but that the cases in which the experiment 
 may be more or less successfully repeated are numerous. Let 
 us hope, therefore, that the moral effect will be as great as its 
 practical effect in opening up means and wa3^s in the future, 
 as it should serve to remove the disposition to deride any ex- 
 penditure having such results for its object. Many fears 
 have been expressed lest after sweeping off the icerya the 
 vedalia, being so far as we now know confined to that species 
 for food, should perish and that the icerya, preserved in some 
 restricted places undiscovered by its enemy, would again 
 multiply and become destructive. I firmly believe what I 
 wrote in my last annual report as United States Entomolo- 
 gist, viz : 
 
 " 'We may hardly hope, however, that the last chapter in 
 the story is written. On the contrary, it is more than probable, 
 and in fact we strongly anticipate that the icerya will parti- 
 ally recuperate ; that the vedalia will, after its first victorious 
 spread, gradually decrease for lack of food, and that the rem- 
 nants of the fluted scale will in the interim multiply and 
 spread again. This contest between the plant-feeder and its 
 deadliest enemy will go on with alternate fluctuations in the 
 supremacy of either, varying from 3^ear to year according to 
 localit}' or conditions ; but there is no reason to doubt that 
 the vedalia will continue substantially victorious, and that the 
 power for serious harm, such as the icerya has done in the 
 past, has been forever destroyed. We have learned, also, 
 
 (*) See Annals Hort. 1889, 62. 
 
I04 Annals of Horticulhire . 
 
 that it will always be easy to secure new colonizations of the 
 vedalia where such may prove necessary, or even new impor- 
 tations should these become desirable.' 
 
 "During the year I have endeavored to return the favors 
 received from Australia and New Zealand by sending there 
 some of the natural enemies of the codlin moth, and from 
 last accounts, though jeopardized by the action of the custom 
 house authorities, the experiment promised success so far as 
 a species of raphidia from California is concerned. I have 
 also endeavored to introduce some of the parasites which at- 
 tack the hessian fly in Europe, and which do not yet occur in 
 this country. These efforts have been made by correspon- 
 dence, for you will be surprised to learn that the restrictive 
 'clause in the appropriations to the department of agricul- 
 ture for entomological work, which limits traveling expenses 
 to the United States, is still maintained in the face of the 
 vedalia experience, where by the expenditure of ^1,500 many 
 millions were saved. The maintenance of this restricting 
 clause in the last appropriation bill, under these circum- 
 stances, is a travesty on legislative wisdom, and all the more 
 remarkable because done by the Senate in opposition to the 
 House and the recommendations of both the Secretary and 
 Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 "While there is much to be done in this direction in future, 
 I can not let this occasion pass without giving a note of warn- 
 ing. Success will only come in any particular case when 
 exact knowledge is first obtained and the most thorough 
 scientific methods are then adopted ; and we cannot too 
 severely condemn everything that savors of buncombe and 
 ignorance. During the year the press of the country has pro- 
 minently heralded the fact that a gentleman from San Fran- 
 cisco, especiall}^ charged to study certain entomological mat- 
 ters in the east, found while in Washington the two-spotted 
 ladybird i^Cocinelia convergetata) feeding on "the aphis" right 
 under the windows of the Division of Entomology of the 
 Department of Agriculture, the inference intended being that 
 the entomologist and his assistants were ignorant of the cir- 
 cumstance. Indeed a writer in one of the California papers 
 of recent date announced this discovery under the sensational 
 heading "Another good bug — the woolly aphis has found 
 its Sedan." How supremely ridiculous this sort of thing ap- 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 105 
 
 pears to the well-informed entomologist I need not tell you, 
 but it may be well for the information of the public to say (as 
 I have not alluded to the matter elsewhere) that a number of 
 different species of ladybirds feed upon the woolly aphis and 
 that it is a rule with the insects of this family not to be selecSf 
 as to the particular aphid they prey upon. Hippodamia con- 
 vergens (the species referred to as the Sedan of the woolly 
 aphis) feeds over nearly the whole extent of the United States 
 upon this particular schizoneura, among others, and the fact 
 that both the species referred to feed upon various aphides is 
 well known. That one of the species is also common upon 
 the Pacific coast and that its being carried there from the east 
 is like "carrying coals to Newcastle" may not, however, be 
 so generally known. All such efforts as this carried on by 
 persons unfit, from want of any special knowledge, for the 
 mission, must invariably do harm, not only because of the ne- 
 gative results which follow but because of the lack of confi- 
 dence in such work which they will engender in the minds 
 of our legislators. 
 
 '' Insecticide machinery. — A profitable hour might be de- 
 voted to the subject of insecticide machinery, but I must con- 
 tent myself with a few words. At a trial of such machinery 
 at the Mareil-Marly vineyards, during the late Paris Exposi- 
 tion, I had an excellent opportunity of witnessing the latest 
 advances made in France in this direction, and it was extreme- 
 ly gratif3'ing to note that, wath whatever modification of the 
 power employed (and many of the machines were very inge- 
 nious), all other forms of spraying tip had been abandoned 
 for vineyard purposes in favor of modifications of the Riley 
 or cyclone nozzle. The superiority for most practical pur- 
 poses of the portable knapsack pumps of V. Vermorel, of 
 Villefranche (Rhone), France, was sufficiently evident. M. 
 Vermorel has identififd himself with the regeneration and 
 improvement of French grape culture in many directions, and 
 is, withal, an enthusiastic student of insect life. I spent a 
 very profitable day with him last year, both at the factory and 
 at his home, where he has established a virtual experiment 
 station in the midst of a fine vineyard on American roots, 
 and with every facility for various fields of investigations, 
 none of which are deemed more important than the work in 
 
 A. H.— 8 
 
lob . Anfials of Hortiadtiire. 
 
 entomology, for he fully realizes how much there is yet to 
 learn of some of the commonest insects destructive to the 
 vine, even in an old country like France. But in no direction 
 has he accomplished as much good as in his work with insec- 
 ticide and fungicide machinery. His sprayer with indepen- 
 dent pump, his diaphragm pump — L'Eclair — and his reservoir, 
 with suction and force pump, are all admirably adapted for the 
 purpose they were invented for and may be obtained in France 
 at a cost from $5 to $7, which is tripled before reaching this 
 country, thanks to our present tariff system. 
 
 ''The last number of the Journal of Mycology, the serial 
 publication of the Division of Vegetable Pathology of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture, gives full description, with figures, 
 of a knapsack spraying apparatus, for which the special merit 
 claimed is cheapness, and which is named the Galloway 
 sprayer. 
 
 ''The combination of a suction and a force pump with knap- 
 sack reservoir has been frequently made in France, as illus- 
 trated by the apparatus styled the ' Cyclone' of Vermorel ; the 
 Japy, Vigeroux, Nouges and Perrin sprayers, and the sprayer 
 of the society L'Avenir Viticole. A number of pumps manu- 
 factured in this country of this style were mentioned or de- 
 scribed in the Fourth Report of the U. S. Entomological Com- 
 mission. These, in general, are much inferior to the French 
 pumps named, which are, however, modeled after those 
 earlier and cruder forms. There are a host of other French 
 knapsack spraying machines which differ from those men- 
 tioned, by propelling the liquid by means either of air pumps, 
 diaphragm pumps, or devices in which the pump is attached to 
 the reservoir by means of a rubber hose. 
 
 "In 1888 Adam Weaber, of Vineland, N. J., brought out the 
 Eureka sprayer, a very serviceable knapsack pump modeled 
 after the French machines. The French sprayers will cost, 
 including duty, shipping, etc., from $18 to $25; the Weaber 
 sprayer is sold for $21, which is but little more than the cost 
 of manufacture. Professor Galloway's machine is sold for 
 $14, or from one-fourth to one-third less than the Weaber or 
 the French sprayers. 
 
 " In the first announcement of this pump in No. i, vol. 6, of 
 the publication cited, and in the later full description, no state- 
 ment is made of the indebtedness of the inventor to these older 
 
Plant Diseases and Insech. 107 
 
 machines, except in the case of the original description of the 
 lance and nozzle {op. cit. vol. 5, No. ii), where credit is given. 
 This naturally gives the impression that the apparatus is novel 
 in many or all its features. 
 
 "When compared with the French machines the following 
 facts become apparent : 
 
 ''I. The reservoir is practically identical with that of the 
 Vermorel, Japy, and other French machines ; and the opening 
 for introducing the liquid with strainer and lid presents no new 
 features. 
 
 ''2. The pump is an ordinary double cylinder (or hollow 
 piston) force pump, the hollow piston furnishing an air cham- 
 ber which causes the liquid to be forced out in a continuous 
 stream. 
 
 ''3. The lance and nozzle combination consists of the Riley 
 nozzle fitted to a lance and provided with a degorging appa- 
 ratus, which also acts as a stop cock model, exactly after 
 Raveneau's apparatus, and is practically the same as the Japy 
 degorger and stop cock, except that the action is reversed. 
 In the latter (see Insect Life, vol. i. p. 265, fig. 61) the spring 
 normally closes the discharge orifice, and in the former the 
 orifice is normally open and is closed by the action of a 
 lever in the spring. That this modification of the foreign 
 knapsack sprayers will prove a serviceable one for vineyard 
 work, and by reason of its cheapness and availability come 
 into general use, I have little doubt. 
 
 "A new and distinct type of insecticide machine, * the inven- 
 tion of G. F. Strawson, Newbury, Berks, England, has attrac- 
 ted no little attention and has received numerous awards during 
 the past two years at various agricultural shows in England, 
 and has been very favorably noticed and recommended by 
 competent judges. 
 
 ''International interests.— With the constantly increasing 
 facilities for intercommunication between different parts of the 
 globe the results obtained and experiences had in one part are 
 soon available for the rest of the world. Thus France has 
 more than repaid the United States for the good — however 
 vast and important — that has resulted to her by the use of 
 American resistant stocks. Her experience with these Am- 
 erican vines has reacted beneficially upon our own viticulture 
 
 * Annals Hort. 1889, 177, fig. 15. 
 
io8 Ayinals of Horticulhcre. 
 
 in many directions, but particularly in the great advance which 
 her sons have made in insecticides and fungicides and in con- 
 venient, portable insecticide and fungicide appliances. It 
 has often been said of the French that they are not an origin- 
 ating people ; however that may be, they are very quick at 
 adopting and improving ideas and discoveries once brought to 
 their notice, and no nation is more appreciative of the im- 
 mense practical benefits to be received by the adoption of the 
 most scientific methods. In fact no nation has given greater 
 government incentive to the pursuit of science in its bearings 
 upon the welfare of mankind, and we may stud}^ with profit 
 what she has of late years done in our own line. 
 
 '' I had a delightful visit last August from John West, who 
 came to this country as a delegate from Victoria to ascertain 
 all he could of our methods ; also from W. Catton Gasby, of 
 Adelaide, who came to this country in a similar capacity. 
 Economic entomology in their part of the world is extremely 
 interesting to us ; for while the seasons are reversed as com- 
 pared with ours many of the same injurious insects occur in 
 both countries. Thus, I was glad to get perfect confirmation 
 from Mr. West of the fact that the Northern Spy and the 
 Winter Majetin are found to protect the apple, grafted upon 
 them, from the woolly aphis. A great deal has been published 
 of late years in the New Zealand and Australian papers on 
 'blight proof apple stock, and they have had an important 
 experience, the outcome of sore necessity, for ScIiizo?ietira lan- 
 igera has there been one of the most serious drawbacks to 
 apple culture. 
 
 ''There can be no question but that this experience will 
 prove of value to our apple-growers wherever these varieties 
 grow well and the woolly aphis abounds. The use, as stocks, 
 of such varieties as enjoy immunity from the woolty aphis has 
 occurred to our own people, but no such extended experience 
 has been had in regard to any particular resistant varieties. 
 Some of our injurious insects are often worse in Australia 
 than they are with us, and we may expect to reap the benefit 
 of the experience had there with regard to them. This will 
 doubtless be true not only of the codlin moth but of their 
 peach aphis, which, from all that I can learn, is substantially 
 the same species as that which does so much damage in our 
 lighter soils along the Atlantic coast, and which Dr. Erwin F. 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 109 
 
 Smith, of the Division of Mycology of the Department at 
 Washington, has carefully studied lately and described in 
 great detail as a new species under the name of Aphis persicce- 
 niger, but which I have reason to believe is the Aphis prunicola 
 of Kaltenbach. 
 
 ''The Italians have been making a very interesting fight 
 against an insect which has threatened their very important 
 and extensive silk industry by its attacks upon the mulberry 
 tree. This insect was described by Targioni Tozzetti in 1885 
 as Diaspis pentagona. It occurs upon a number of different 
 trees, among them the paper mulberry, the spindle tree, the 
 peach, the cherry, laurel, and certain willows, as well as upon 
 the cultivated white mulberry, and it would seem that its taste 
 for the latter tree is one recently acquired, judging from the late 
 date at which the habit has attracted attention. The energetic 
 director of the entomological experiment station at Florence in- 
 vestigated the pest in 1886 and recommended the use of 
 mechanical means at the time of hatching of the young, viz ; 
 the scrubbing of the trunks and large branches with stiff 
 brushes and a subsequent application of a mixture of soap 
 and water with 4 or 5 per cent, of kerosene. 
 
 ''Professor Franceschini, the editor of the Rivistade Bacchi- 
 coltura, recommended the adoption of the Balbiani formula as 
 used against phylloxera and consisting of crude tar oil, naph- 
 thalin, quick lime, and water ; the naphthalin being dissolved 
 in the tar oil, and the water and lime afterwards added together. 
 The insect appeared first in several cantons of the province of 
 Como and speedily spread to the adjoining localities. The 
 matter was brought to the attention of the Ministry of Agricul- 
 ture and a commission was appointed, consisting of Professor 
 Targioni Tozzetti, Dr. Alpe, and Dr. Andres, who immediately 
 familiarized themselves with the methods in use in this country 
 and have made extensive experiments with our kerosene emul- 
 sion, with our fumigating processes, and with other new reme- 
 dies. The subject has been taken in hand with great vigor, 
 and the government has interested itself to the extent of ap- 
 pointing inspectors in the different communes in the infested 
 territory and establishing regulations which oblige the imme- 
 diate report of new localities and the adoption of measures of 
 extinction, when ordered by inspectors. These regulations 
 also provide that the inspectors must do the work at the ex- 
 
I lo Annals of Horticultui^e. 
 
 pense of proprietors when the latter refuse to do so ; they 
 prohibit the exportation of leaves from infested localities to 
 others, and provide for indemnity to owners for the destruc- 
 tion of trees when the degree of infection is such as not to 
 threaten the ultimate life of the trees. Expenses for experi- 
 ments of all kinds and for the watching and care exercised by 
 agents are borne by the state, while the expense for the execu- 
 tion of certain of the regulations are borne one-third by the 
 proprietor and two-thirds by the local society. A fine for dis- 
 obedience of the regulations is also provided for. The laws, 
 as published, are none too severe considering the urgency of 
 the case, and it is refreshing to notice the energy with which 
 the government has met the threatened danger, and at the same 
 time gratifying to note the appreciation shown of our ow^n 
 means and methods. 
 
 ''Use of contagious germs in the field. — IMost of 3'ou are 
 aware that I have not had the greatest faith in the availabihty 
 of contagious disease germs as a means of battling with in- 
 jurious insects in field, garden, orchard, or forest, as there 
 are so man}'' delicate questions involved and so many obstacles 
 in the way of practically carrying out any plan, however plau- 
 sible theoretically, or true in principle. Our ability to con- 
 taminate healthy by diseased specimens is but a short step and 
 leaves man}^ important questions, as of rapid dissemination, 
 untouched. The theory is very tempting and has been par- 
 ticularly dwelt upon by some who were essentially closet-work- 
 ers, having but faint realization of the practical necessities of 
 of the case. Theoreticall}", with those insect diseases of a 
 cryptogamic nature, having a complex life-history and a resting 
 spore, the dfficulties are greater than with those of a bacterial 
 origin, and it is to these last that we should look for important 
 aid if it be available. Yet if the work of Messrs. Lugger and 
 Snow should be fully substantiated, the best results have so 
 far been obtained with the entomophthora of the chinch bug. 
 No one will be more pleased to have his doubts dissipated by 
 some tangible evidence of the practicabilit}^ of this method 
 than m3^self. Success, if possible, will come only by investi- 
 gation upon thorough^ careful and scientific lines, such as 
 those begun and still pursued b}^ Professor Forbes. The ease 
 with which he conveyed the silk worm pebrine to other larvae ; 
 his conveying the cabbage worm micrococcus to other larvae, 
 
Plant Diseases and Insects. 1 1 1 
 
 and his carr3'ing this micrococcus in cultures over winter are 
 promising facts, as is also Professor Osborn's contaminating 
 cabbage worms in Iowa with specimens brought from Illinois. 
 Congress, having at its last session appropriated ^2,500 for 
 some further investigation of the boll worm, the possibilities 
 in this direction for this particular insect have caused me to 
 plan investigations having for their object thorough field ex- 
 periment with some of these disease germs. 
 
 ^' Heliothis arniigera, the boll worm, is one of those cosmo- 
 politan insects which has become more injurious in the United 
 States than in any other part of the w^orld, by virtue of its 
 partiality for green corn, green cotton bolls, and green toma- 
 toes. The polyphagous and partially endophytous habit of 
 the larva renders its destruction difficult, except during the 
 earlier free-living stages by the fine spraying of the arsenites 
 on the under surface of the leaves. The ideal treatment for 
 the larger burrowing worms is some rapidly spreading dis- 
 ease germ that would penetrate and destroy them in their 
 hidden recesses. The insect was reported as extremely 
 abundant in cotton bolls during the summer, especially in 
 Texas ; but by the time the appropriation became available 
 its numbers had decreased, and it was too late in the season 
 to do much more than prepare for next year. We may expect, 
 as a result of special investigation, much additional fact and 
 experience both as to habits, natural enemies and means of 
 control ; but it is my desire to make the trial of these disease 
 germs the special feature of the investigation. Of those em- 
 ployed in the investigation, F. W. Mally was a former assis- 
 tant to Professor Forbes and has some experience in the study 
 and culture of disease germs ; while Dr. A. R. Booth is some- 
 thing of an enthusiast on the subject and has already estab- 
 lished the suceptibility, through contact, of the boll worm to 
 the cabbage worm micrococcus (J/, pieridis) of Burrill. We 
 hope to carry the germs through the winter so as to continue 
 the experiment as early as possible next year. I have in 
 mind as probably the most promising germ, that which affecfts 
 Nephelodes violans in a similar epidemic way, but which, as 
 Professor Forbes informs me, is a quite distinct micrococcus, 
 and I shall be pleased to have any of you co-operate with me 
 next year, by informing me of any disease of this character 
 that may prevail in your several localities." 
 
§4- NATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. 
 
 There was an unusual activity in the discussion of general 
 questions relating to horticulture during 1890. Perhaps the 
 most important discussion is that upon 
 
 Legal cofitrol of Jiewvarieties. — The question of affording some 
 legal protection to originators or holders of new varieties, as in- 
 ventors are protected, was brought prominently into notice early 
 in the year by A. L. Bancroft of San Francisco, through the me- 
 dium of the California State Horticultural and Floral Societies. 
 As the question is not entirely new, it may be well to consider 
 it from its beginning. The measures so far advanced to afford 
 legal control of varieties fall more or less distincftly under 
 three heads : the plant patent, plant registration or certifica- 
 tion, and copyright or trade-mark. Definite propositions for 
 the plant patent appear to have originated with Jacob Moore, 
 of Attica, New York, who, so early as 1874, drew, up a bill 
 for the protection of ' ' the plant author. "* This bill was '■ ' de- 
 signed to supply, in part, the deficiencies of a bill introduced 
 in the legislature last winter for this purpose." From that 
 time until this — and probably even before that time — meas- 
 ures to secure a plant patent have been discussed. Thomas 
 Meehan, editor of the Gardener' s Monthly, always opposed 
 the proposition, however, for the very sufficient reason that 
 it is impracticable and impossible. He has thrown his influ- 
 ence, however, into the copyright or trade-mark scheme. 
 Five or six years ago, Jacob Moore again proposed the plant 
 patent system in an independent circular, and as this circular 
 does not appear to have been preserved in permanent form, 
 it is here inserted as a contribution to the histor}^ of our sub- 
 ject : 
 
 ''The plant patent. The originator of a valuable new 
 fruit, vegetable, or ornamental plant should have the exclu- 
 sive privilege of giving it a name, and the exclusive right to 
 grow, disseminate and sell it. This means in reference to 
 class 3, below specified, to disseminate and sell to be grown. 
 
 * Gard. Monthly, xvi. 361. 
 
 (112) . 
 
National a7id Educational Interests. 113 
 
 New varieties should be subjected to examination and trial by 
 a competent committee, that protective letters might not be 
 given for old sorts, worthless new ones, and those not distindl: 
 enough to be identified. It would be necessary to classify 
 plants, in the statute protecting them, according to the purpose 
 for which they are valued, and apply the protection accord- 
 ingly ; thus : 
 
 ''Class I. Perennial plants valued for the seed or fruit. 
 
 "Class 2. Plants valued for ornament. 
 
 "Class 3. Vegetables, vegetable fruits, cereals and other 
 annuals valued as edible and marketable products. 
 
 "The purchaser of the right to grow a variety for indi- 
 vidual use would not possess the right to sell the means of 
 propagation unless such means was the product for which the 
 variety was valued. For instance, such purchase would not 
 confer the right to disseminate plants or cuttings of varieties 
 belonging to class i, nor plants of perennial and seed of 
 biennial and annual sorts included in class 2, although the 
 flowers and foliage could be sold as the ornamental product. 
 With vegetable fruits such purchase would not confer the right 
 to disseminate and sell the seed apart from the product con- 
 taining it ; nor would purchase of the marketable product 
 when it was the means of reproduction, convey the right to 
 grow the plant unless that right was conveyed in writing by 
 the owner of the protective right. It must be borne in mind 
 that growing the plant, that is, the act of setting in the ground, 
 propagating and cultivating it, is synonymous with manufac- 
 ture, and the facility with which an article may be manufac- 
 tured does not invalidate in the least this exclusive right of 
 the patentee. The party, therefore, to whom the lawful dis- 
 seminator sold plants, cuttings, seeds, etc., of the variety — 
 according to the manner of its propagation — would receive 
 from the latter a conveyance of the right to grow the sort, 
 and to sell the marketable product under the name. If any 
 one procured the sort elsewhere, that person could not show 
 such conveyance when called for, and would have to pay the 
 penalty the law^ imposed. The right to propagate to obtain 
 the marketable product would be included in the right to grow 
 the plant in all cases, as propagation is the result of growth 
 with a majority of plants, and is part of the use. 
 
 ''Of course, growers of protected varieties could transfer 
 
114 A7i?ials of Ho rii ail hire. 
 
 the right to grow them with the real estate on which they 
 were situated. All advertisements and circulars of protected 
 varieties should be required to contain the words ' Protected 
 according to Act of Congress,' with date affixed to the name ; 
 and when the marketable product was the means of reproduc- 
 tion, the party exposing it for sale should be required to place 
 a sign or label of the name and affix with such product, or at- 
 tached thereto. All packages of the latter for sending to a dis- 
 tance would be required to have the same w^ords written or print- 
 ed thereon. This requirement could be enforced by a fine for 
 its neglect. When the system was inaugurated, the name, 
 with the word 'protected,' and date would be sufficient. The 
 penalty for growing the plant without right should be a mo- 
 derate price per acre occupied by it, the area of land so oc- 
 cupied to be estimated by the ordinar}' distance of setting 
 plants of the same class. For instance, it might be fixed at 
 $5 for an acre and a less area, of anything in classes i and 2 and 
 ^3 an acre for anything in class 3. This measure, besides 
 operating as a royalty to introducers of new productions, 
 would have a tendency to regulate the price of them. They 
 would seek to profit rather by sale of the exclusive right than 
 by selling a few plants or seeds at exorbitant rates as they now 
 do. To enable them to do so, the productions would have to 
 be decided acquisitions. Probably they would be extensively 
 taken on trial, to be paid for if found worth}^, and not other- 
 wise. The introducer of a new sort of potato or cereal of 
 great merit, could afford to sell farm rights at $2 each, and 
 yet secure ample compensation. An infringement of the right 
 to disseminate a production of this kind would be claiming 
 the right to sell it to be grown by any party not possessing 
 such right. It would not be selling the article to an}^ one, even 
 though the buyer should tell the seller he intended to grow 
 the plant. 
 
 "Under this system of protection, the introducers of new 
 productions w^ould have the exclusive right to appear in print 
 as the disseminators, and, if meritorious, this advantage alone 
 might enable them to obtain compensation. Whether a val- 
 uable production originates on an individual's land through 
 his design or by accident, it is his sole property. He has as 
 much right to the exclusive possession of that kind of proper- 
 ty as any other. This right is guaranteed to him by the con- 
 
National and Educational Interests. 115 
 
 stitution of the United States which says : ' No person shall 
 be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of 
 law.' If the owner disseminates it, and thus confers a general 
 benefit, it is no more than just he should have such exclusive 
 rights in its dissemination as will enable him to make the 
 benefit reciprocal. 
 
 ''But when the fact is considered that new varieties are 
 often disseminated without the consent of the producers, ow- 
 ing to the facility with which plants, cuttings or seeds of the 
 same may be stolen from the field or garden, for which there is 
 no legal redress ; that such productions are generally the re- 
 sult of many years of costly experiment ; that, even when not 
 stolen, the first sales of the production do not afford the orig- 
 inator an opportunity to obtain compensation (he must rely 
 on these) by reason of the cost of introduction ; when it is 
 considered further, that the protection proposed would confer 
 inestimable benefits upon the entire nation by stimulating 
 efforts to improve the products of the soil through the scientific 
 process of cross-breeding or hybridization ; that such measure 
 would protect the public in the purchase of new sorts by prevent- 
 ing unscrupulous nurserymen and dealers from furnishing old 
 sorts under the names of the new, which has been so extensively 
 practiced throughout the United States, then the unwisdom 
 and foul injustice of the present lack of legal protection for 
 the laborers in the highest department of horticulture begin to 
 be reaHzed. There is reason to believe that an enactment 
 protecting them would form an era in history, and constitute 
 one of the greatest legislative acts for the benefit of mankind 
 of the nineteenth century." 
 
 The registration idea appeared in three forms last year, in 
 Mr. Bancroft's and The Rural Pubhshing Company's proposi- 
 tions, where it was fully and carefully elucidated, and in a 
 modified form in Annals of Horticulture for 1889. The history 
 of Mr. Bancroft's effort is told as follows by a publication of 
 the California committee on registration, w^iich the extract also 
 describes: 
 
 ''As the present movement to establish a national plant 
 register seems to be an assured success, it is nothing more 
 than right that a correct history of the inception of the move- 
 ment should be given. The idea originated with A. L. Ban- 
 croft of San Francisco, about two years ago. The first publi- 
 
n6 An7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 cation regarding the matter was a communication by him of 
 crude ideas, which were pubhshed in Garden and Forest, issue 
 of January 23, 1889. A paper was then prepared and read be- 
 fore the Cahfornia State Floral Society, March 8, 1889. This 
 was published in the California Florist and Gardener, in an issue 
 of the succeeding month. * All of this time the ideas were 
 being turned over, improved and commented upon. In Jan- 
 uary, 1890, the California State Horticultural Society and the 
 California State Floral Society each elected a committee of 
 three, the two committees to form a joint committee to formulate 
 practical plans for the establishing of a national plant reg- 
 ister. The committee was given full power to act and add to its 
 numbers. A preliminary meeting was held February 17th, but 
 the first regular meeting for organization was held April 17th, 
 1890. The attendance at this meeting was large and enthusi- 
 astic, and the following officers were elected : President, A. 
 T. Perkins; Vice-President, Charles H. Shinn ; Secretary, 
 Emory E. Smith ; Treasurer, Leonard Coates. Executive 
 Committee — A. L. Bancroft, Chairman ; Emory E. Smith, Sec- 
 retary; G. P. Rixford, Charles H. Shinn and Fred C. Miles. 
 Since then several meetings have been held by the joint and 
 executive committees. The joint committee now has about 
 fifty members, including many of the leading men of California. 
 The report of the special committee was isued in circular form, 
 May I St, and published in California Fruit Groiver. The plans 
 for working have been submitted to and commented upon by 
 many of the best thinkers throughout the country, the result 
 of whose labors will be found in the accompanying circular, 
 which is preliminary to the completing of the bill for presen- 
 tation to Congress." 
 
 The first. full expression of Mr. Bancroft's plan was ''read 
 at the request of the California State Board of Horticulture 
 before the California State Fruit Growers' Convention at Los 
 Angeles, March 13, 1890. ' ' This paper was widely distributed 
 by the joint committee on registration, f but the committee 
 subsequently drew up a somewhat modified statement, which 
 it distributed during the summer, and which is as follows : J 
 
 "The present situation. — At the present time great confu- 
 
 *Cal. Florist and Gard. March, 1889, 78.— An editoral comment upon Mr. Bancroft's plan 
 was made in the preceding issue, page 36.— Z. H. B. 
 t Published in full in Cal. Frt. Gr. vi. 180 (March 22) 
 t Also in Cal. Frt. Gr. July 26. 
 
National a7id Educatio7ial Interests. 117 
 
 sion exists in the names of existing varieties of fruits, flowers 
 and plants, and the means of identification are entirely inade- 
 quate. There are many duplicate and local names, but there 
 is no source from which to establish official or authoritative 
 names. Those dealing in, or having to do with plants, are 
 caused great annoyance, trouble and expense on this account. 
 Our country is great, and has a large and growing population, 
 and as this becomes more dense, greater attention will be given 
 to horticulture in all its branches and to the refining influence 
 of flowers and plants for ornamentation. 
 
 ''It is fully time that horticulture throughout the entire ex- 
 tent of our country should be put upon a more business-like 
 and comprehensive basis. When this is done, the progressive 
 horticulturist will be justified in giving more attention to the 
 originating and developing of the edible, ornamental, and 
 otherwise useful plants, and mankind will be greatly bene- 
 fitted thereby. 
 
 ''The one thing which will give the greatest impetus to hor- 
 ticultural advancement at this time is, in our opinion, the es- 
 tablishing of a national plant register, which will give the 
 description, history, etc., of plants and varieties, which shall 
 be official and authoritative. In addition to this, the securing 
 to the originator such protection as will justify him in devoting 
 his time, thought and money to this work, would induce many 
 to devote their lives to the securing of better varieties than 
 we now have. 
 
 " These desired improvements can only be secured b}^ the 
 enactment of the necessary laws by the national government, 
 and the United States Department of Agriculture at Washing- 
 ton (assisted by the Experimental Stations, Agricultural Colle- 
 ges, etc.), is the most natural and appropriate place for their 
 execution. 
 
 "The proposed plan of registration. — The registration of 
 plants should commence at the point where botany ceases and 
 horticulture begins. Provision should be made for registering 
 at once the varieties of all species of plants having a commer- 
 cial value. If at a future time it is thought best to extend the 
 register to such species as have but a scientific or botanical 
 value, the same plan should be so arranged as to admit of its 
 being extended to any point desired. 
 
 "Lists of species should be started under which to register 
 
1 18 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 their varieties. No attempt should be made to classify the 
 varieties, but they should be added to their respective lists, 
 and these examined and passed upon and be numbered con- 
 secutively from the beginning. The ground to be covered by 
 the register should include the useful plants and their varieties 
 which are found naturall}^ or otherwise in the United States. 
 
 ''The register can contain, ist, the number ; 2nd, the official 
 name ; 3rd, the popular and local names, or synonyms ; 4th, 
 description ; 5th, short history and a statement of the pecu- 
 liarities and habits of the plant, and 6th, in many cases if not 
 always, a photograph, drawing or series of photographs or 
 drawings of the plant, fruit or flower. While the reproduction 
 of these views might be too expensive for general circulation 
 and distribution, complete copies of them should be found at 
 least in all the state libraries of the country and in many of 
 the other larger libraries and educational institutions, while 
 a printed copy of the register without photographs could be 
 within the reach of every one, as one of the ol3Jects of this 
 register is to provide a way for the identification of varieties 
 of plants and to settle all questions and disputes. 
 
 ''A great national botanical and horticultural garden would 
 in time, be a natural outgrowth of a national plant register 
 such as is suggested. 
 
 ''The originators of new varieties of plants, who do not 
 wish to secure exclusive sale-rights, should have the right to 
 offer them for registration with a proposed name, and if after 
 investigation they are accepted, the originator should be enti- 
 tled to a certificate, without, or for a nominal charge, setting 
 forth the facts of the case, which would secure to him the 
 honor and prestige to which he is entitled. 
 
 "Previous to registration, lists of new plants with proposed 
 names, descriptions, etc., should be published for examination, 
 criticism and suggestion, and the plants should be kept in the 
 list of proposed names until all questions are satisfactorily 
 settled, when they may be numbered and entered in the regis- 
 ter. After once being entered they should not be revised un- 
 less for very serious reasons. 
 
 "The plan is to employ the foregoing in a bill to be intro- 
 duced into Congress ; what follows to be embodied in a second 
 bill to be based upon the first, and to be introduced into Con- 
 gress shortly after the first. 
 
National and Educational Interests. 
 
 119 
 
 "The exclusive propagation and sale-rights for a limited 
 time to originators. — Originators should have the right to offer 
 new varieties for registration with a proposed name, upon the 
 pa3'ment of a fee of , for which he shall be granted an appli- 
 cation certihcate, at any time after the variety has been tested, 
 so as to be satisfied of its valuable qualities, provided the plant 
 has not been disseminated. The originator should give a his- 
 tory of the plant and state the points of excellence upon which 
 he bases the application for exclusive sale-rights. If, after due 
 investigation the plant is accepted, the originator after paying 
 
 an additional sum of , should be granted a certificate which 
 
 would secure to him the exclusive right to propagate and sell 
 
 the same for a term of years, without a right to renewal. 
 
 This would give him sufficient time to prepare stock for mar- 
 ket, and an abundance of time in which to enjoy the exclusive 
 privileges to sell. 
 
 "The author is protected by the copyright laws, the inven- 
 tor by the patent laws, and they certainly deserve no greater 
 recognition than the originator of new and valuable varie- 
 ties of plants. 
 
 "The purchaser of a plant entered under this act should 
 have the right to propagate it for his own use, but not to sell 
 nor disseminate it except by special arrangement with the 
 originator. At the time of purchase he should be furnished 
 with a certificate of purchase by the vendor, who should keep 
 an accurate record of the same as a means of protection to 
 himself and to the purchaser. At any and all times before the 
 expiration of the propagation right the possesor of a plant 
 may be required to show how he came into possession, or hold 
 himself responsible for violation of the law. 
 
 "Protection of this kind would be an incentive to extensive 
 and systematic experimenting, which would, without doubt, 
 result in producing new and valuable varieties. 
 
 " Note. — Even if there was dishonesty and fraud it could not injure the 
 originator to any great extent without risk of detection and punishment, so 
 long as he could not use the official name and number and description 
 under which to advertise the varieties. 
 
 " When a new plant was offered for registration, if the claims of exclusive 
 rights were not good, the plant should be rejected ; thus fraud would be 
 shut off at that point. All good plants being registered and numbered, very 
 few plants could be sold which did not have the official name, number and 
 description found upon the national register. 
 
I20 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 ''Plan of work for establishing the register. — In order to 
 accomplish the desired object in a reasonable length of time 
 it will be necessary to have active, energetic and prompt co- 
 operation from all parts of the country. Societies and organi- 
 zations of horticulturists, fruit-growers, viticulturists, farmers, 
 florists, nurserymen, gardeners, and all others interested, should 
 take up the question in their meetings, and pass resolutions 
 approving the general plan, and have them published in the 
 local papers in order to familiarize the people with the move- 
 ment. Copies of everything published upon the subject should 
 be sent to the members of Congress and United States Sena- 
 tors from each state, and to the Joint Executive Committee 
 in San Francisco. In every case Congress should be memori- 
 alized and petitioned to enact laws establishing the National 
 Plant Register. Newspapers and periodicals should every- 
 where be interviewed by the committees and urged to advocate 
 the movement. Duplicates of all memorials to Congress 
 should also be sent to the Joint Committee in San Francisco. 
 
 ''Two bills are being considered by the Joint Committee 
 and will soon be submitted to the public for consideration and 
 for suggestions. We would be glad to receive as many sug- 
 gestions as possible before the drafts of the bills are completed. 
 
 Respectfull}^ 
 
 OFFICERS OF JOINT COMMITTEE : A. L. BANCROFT, 
 
 A. T. Perkins, Pres. Emory E. Smith, 
 
 Chas. H. Shinn, Vice-Pres. Chas. H. Shinn, 
 
 Emory E. Smith, Sec. G. P. Rixford, 
 
 Leonard Coates, Treas. Fred. C. Miles. " 
 
 In June and July The Rural Publishing Company, through 
 The Rural New-Yorker 2lVl^ Tlie American Garden, presented the 
 following draft of a bill "to protect plantsmen": 
 
 "An act to secure to the originators and introducers of 
 new and valuable varieties of plants a proper share of the 
 benefits resulting from their labors and expenses in connection 
 with such new varieties, and to protect the public from fraud 
 in the purchase and sale of plants. 
 
 "Sec. I. — Necessity for the law. — Whereas, one of the first 
 objects of the government of the United States is to protect 
 its citizens in the enjoyment of the rights of labor; and 
 
 " Whereas, the originators and introducers of mechanical ap- 
 
National and Educational Interests. 
 
 121 
 
 pliances, and the originators and introducers of books and 
 periodicals, etc., are already so protected by the copyright and 
 patent laws ; and 
 
 " Whereas, the origination and introduction of new varieties 
 of plants are of great value to the nation and are the direct 
 results of study, research, labor and expense ; and 
 
 '' Whereas, there is no natural protection for such labor and 
 expense, and on the contrary the very nature of plants renders 
 them capable of being cheaply and easil}^ propagated, often to 
 the express injury of the originator and introducer under the 
 present lack of protection ; and 
 
 '' Whereas, unprincipled men do constantly obtain early speci- 
 mens, or duplicate plants and seeds, etc. , of such new varieties, 
 and rapidly propagate them soleh' for the purposes of gain to 
 themselves, and by such rapid propagation often to tfie injury 
 of the vitality of the plants so propagated, and consequently 
 to the injury of the reputation of the variety and the reputation 
 of its originator, and injury to the persons buying such plants ; 
 and 
 
 " Whereas, unscrupulous persons, for the purpose of dis- 
 honest gain, do frequently introduce and sell old and sometimes 
 worthless varieties of plants under new or false names and 
 descriptions, thereby deceiving the public into the purchase 
 of the seeds and plants of such varieties at increased and 
 fictitious prices, and bringing legitimate trade into disrepute, 
 and injuring honest growers and merchants : 
 
 "Sec. 2. — Testing stations. — Therefore be it enacted as 
 follows: The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby instructed to 
 invite the several state experiment stations which are in re- 
 ceipt of appropriations from the general government to co- 
 operate in the work outlined herewith, and in the event of 
 their refusal, tacit or direct, the Secretary is hereby authorized 
 to organize, locate, or designate other testing stations, at 
 public institutions or on private farms whose proprietors will 
 thus co-operate with the government for the purposes of this 
 act. 
 
 "Sec. 3. — Sending to stations under secretary's label: 
 Preliminary certificate for protection. — Originators or dis- 
 coverers of new varieties of useful or ornamental plants not 
 previously offered for public sale shall have the privilege of 
 
 A. H. 9 
 
122 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 sending samples or specimens of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots 
 and plants originated or discovered and propagated by them, 
 under the label of the Secretary, to each of said testing sta- 
 tions, which by agreement with the Secretary of Agriculture 
 shall have engaged to make careful trials of the same as here- 
 inafter specified. A written application to the Secretary of 
 Agriculture from the originator or discoverer, giving a sworn 
 description of a new variety and its origin, and accompanied 
 by a fee of $i shall entitle him to a preliminary certificate 
 which shall set forth his claims to proprietary right in the 
 said variety, and protect him in such right until such time as 
 a full certificate of registry may be issued for the same by 
 the Secretary of Agriculture, Provided that the said originator 
 or discoverer shall send the specimen seeds, bulbs, roots or 
 cuttings to the testing stations under the label furnished by 
 the Secretary of Agriculture within a period of six months 
 following the date of said preliminary certificate. The origi- 
 nator or discoverer shall also furnish to the board of experts, 
 on the request of the Secretary, a specimen plant, seeds, fruits, 
 bulbs or other product of his variety, for the purposes of iden- 
 tification and registry. 
 
 "Sec. 4. — Conditions of trial. — The Secretary of Agricul- 
 ture shall make arrangements with the testing stations to 
 receive seeds, plants, cuttings, bulbs or roots of new varie- 
 ties and to make careful trial of the same, by cultivation and 
 comparison with standard varieties, under proper physical 
 conditions for the various sections and localities, and to make 
 periodical itemized reports of such trials to the secretary. 
 
 ''Sec. 5. — Board of examiners. — The Secretary of Agri- 
 culture shall cause the reports of trials of varieties of plants 
 received from testing stations to be received by a board of ex- 
 perts skilled in the scientific and practical characteristics of 
 cultivated plants, which board or bureau he is hereby authoriz- 
 ed to organize from among the specialists in the employ of 
 the department of agriculture, including private citizens, also 
 specialists who shall be invited with full power to act with the 
 board, which shall hold periodical sessions at such times and 
 of such duration as the secretary shall determine. 
 
 "Sec. 6. — Register of cultivated plants: Certification of 
 varieties : Certificate of introduction. — This board of ex- 
 perts shall carefully examine and compare the reports of trials 
 
National and Educational Interests. 123 
 
 of varieties received from the testing station, shall give a 
 simple and characteristic name to each variety (preference 
 being given to the name desired by the owner), which official 
 name shall be entered in a register of cultivated plants along 
 with a brief account of its origin, the name of its originator 
 or discoverer, its botanical name, its local or synonymical 
 names and its economic characteristics as shown by the sta- 
 tion trials. The Secretary of Agriculture shall, upon the re- 
 commendation of the board of experts, issue a certificate to 
 the originator or discoverer of any useful variety of plants 
 when in their judgment the same is merited, and after pay- 
 ment of a fee of $25 to the department, which certificate 
 shall be duly numbered and registered in the archives of the 
 department and shall secure to the originator or discoverer, or 
 his assignees, the sole right of propagation and sale of such 
 certified variety for a period of 10 years following its date. 
 The Secretary of Agriculture shall also issue a certificate of 
 introduction to any citizen of this country who shall introduce 
 a valuable new variety of plant from a foreign country, which 
 shall be tested or reported by the testing stations and approv- 
 ed and registered by the board of experts in the same manner 
 as above provided for varieties originated or discovered in the 
 United States of America, after payment of a fee of $25 to 
 the department, and when he shall have proved that he has 
 parted with a valuable consideration for such variety to the 
 originator or discoverer in said foreign country, and shall have 
 proved that the said variety has not been in general cultivation 
 or offered for general public sale in any foreign country. 
 Said certificate of introduction shall protect the introducer or 
 his assignees for a period of five years in the propagation of 
 the variety in this country. 
 
 ''Sec. 7.— Register to include all cultivated plants. The 
 Secretary of Agriculture is hereby directed to make the re- 
 gister of cultivated plants complete by the entry of all varie- 
 ties of plants under cultivation, their classification and de- 
 scription under their best known and authoritative names ; also 
 to collect prepared specimens, photographs or sketches of the 
 varieties for purposes of identification not above provided for. 
 Copies of the register of cultivated plants and its yearly ap- 
 pendixes shall be prepared and furnished gratis to the libra- 
 ries of testing stations, the state agricultural colleges, the 
 
124 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 government departments and to such other institutions, socie- 
 ties and agencies as the Secretar}^ of Agriculture ma}' elect, on 
 account of services rendered in the furnishing of information 
 found valuable in its preparation. To all other people copies 
 of the register shall be sold at a price to be fixed by the Sec- 
 retar}^ of Agriculture, provided that the said' price be enough 
 to cover, at least, the extra cost of printing and furnishing these 
 copies additional to those above specified. 
 
 "Sec. 8. — Penalties for infringement. — Any person found 
 guilty of unlawfully propagating or offering for sale any seeds, 
 bulbs, roots, plants or cuttings of any variety of plant pro- 
 tected by the certificate of the Secretary of Agriculture, either 
 under its proper, or a fictitious name, shall be deemed guilty 
 of a misdemeanor and punishable in the same penalties as 
 pertain in cases of infringement of the laws of the United 
 States governing patent rights. It is provided, how^ever, that 
 lawful purchase shall entitle the holder to propagate such 
 plants for his own use and the sale of the products thereof, 
 excepting such as may be used as a means of propagation. 
 
 ''Sec. 9. — The sum of $50,000 is hereby appropriated for 
 the purposes of this act. 
 
 "Sec. 10. — This act shall take effect and be in force imme- 
 diately upon its passage and approval by the President." 
 
 The copyright or trade-mark system was clearly and forcibly 
 outlined by Eugene Glen, of Rochester, N. Y. , in Januar}^, 
 1878,* and so earh^ as 1879 D. B. Wier, of Illinois, had copy- 
 righted varieties of cherries, f Since then the trade-mark 
 has been used with good results. One of the most prominent 
 instances of its use is that by the Niagara grape company. The 
 copyright discussion has been lately revived. Definite out- 
 line of it was made in an editorial in Garden and Forest in 
 August, 1888, J in the course of remarks upon nomenclature as 
 considered by the Societ}^ of American Florists : " The ques- 
 tion of obtaining from Congress the enactment of a law per- 
 mitting trade-marks or copyrights to be taken out for the pro- 
 tection of the rights of raisers of new flowers was not brought 
 before the convention. The question of copyrighting new 
 flowers is not altogether a new one, and has been discussed in 
 different European countries at various times, as well as in 
 the United States. The right of a man to enjoy the results of 
 
 *Gard. Monthly, XX. 25. f Ibid, xxi. 284, 314, 364. :t Gard. and For. i. 313. 
 
National and Educational Interests. 125 
 
 his labors is as true when the product is a new flower as when 
 it is a new book or work of art. The intelhgence, thought 
 and study expended in growing a new race of garden plants 
 or new varieties of such a race are as great as is required to 
 produce a book ; but as long as the raiser of new plants must 
 lose all benefits of these creations of his brain as soon as he 
 sells the first individual, and so puts it in the power of his 
 competitors to reap the benefits which should belong to him, 
 the principal incentive to the production of new plants does 
 not exist. This is a subject of such vital importance to the 
 future of horticulture, here and everywhere, that we venture 
 to suggest to the executive committee of the association that 
 it deserves careful consideration at their hands." 
 
 Several societies have taken up the question, and the Amer- 
 ican Association of Nurserymen appointed a committee to 
 take the whole subject into consideration and to report in 
 1891. The last public discussion of the subject in 1890, 
 appears to have been the following review which I contributed 
 to The American Garden for August : 
 
 "Control of new varieties by the originator has been a 
 prolific source of discussion for a few years. Inventors are 
 protected by patents, and authors by copyrights ; should not 
 originators of varieties of plants be similarly protected ? 
 The question seems, at first to .admit of only an affirmative 
 answer. But there are differences between plants and books 
 or tools. 
 
 "The earlier movement designed to protect the originator 
 was in the direction of a patent for new varieties. This 
 movement looked upon varieties as inventions, and for this 
 reason possesses elements of fatal weakness. It is a fact that 
 nearly all new varieties are mere accidents to the 'originator,' 
 who either picks them up in a chance fence-row, or finds them 
 among a miscellaneous batch of seedlings. The 'originator,' 
 is usually a mere 'finder,' and he may as well claim a patent 
 for the invention of a white raspberry or double hepatica 
 which he may find in the woods, as upon a new peach found 
 in his hedge-row. When the time comes that men breed 
 plants upon definite laws, and produce new and valuable 
 kinds with the certainty and forethought with which the 
 inventor constructs a new machine, or an author writes a 
 book, plant patents may possibly become practicable. 
 
126 Annals of Ho7'tiailture. 
 
 *'It is true, however, .that the original proprietor of a new 
 variety should be in some manner protected. One of the 
 most important steps 3'^et taken in this direction is the propo- 
 sition to devise a national register of plants. This scheme 
 originated with A. L. Bancroft, of San Francisco, and it has 
 been adopted and advertised, together with a plan of propa- 
 gation rights, by a joint committee of the California Horti- 
 cultural and Floral societies. Essentially the same idea has 
 been put into form by the present writer, and lists have been 
 published which may 'serve the purpose of the certificates 
 issued for new varieties by the Royal Horticultural Society in 
 England, and by similar organizations in other countries.'* 
 Mr. Bancroft's plan of registration appears to be too heavy 
 and cumbersome; and the same may be said of the proposed 
 federal law to secure a propagation right to the originator or 
 introducer. 
 
 ''The proposed legislation to protect plantsmen and grow- 
 ers possesses the fault of all attempts yet made to secure 
 protection for the originator — the absolute impossibility of 
 determining what a variety is, and if it is entitled to be styled 
 a novelty. There are hundreds of varieties now upon the 
 market upon which no body of judges, even if expert horti- 
 culturists, could agree as to their distinctness from older 
 sorts. A character which is regarded as worthy varietal 
 recognition by one man is disregarded by another. In one 
 soil, or under one treatment, a plant ma}^ be very different 
 from one of the same stock grown under other conditions. 
 Some contend that, among fruits, a seedling is always a dis- 
 tinct variety, no matter if its characters are identical with 
 those of an older sort. This opinion is vehemently main- 
 tained by one of the earlier agitators for plant patents. But 
 even if this position is correct, there are hundreds of instances 
 in which the origin is wholly unknown, and which cannot, 
 therefore, be brought as testimony. In fact, there are scarcely 
 any two horticulturists who hold the same views regarding 
 the limitations of varieties ; and it is a fact that the limits 
 constantly become more obscure the longer one studies varie- 
 ties, a fact v/hich the horticulturists of the experiment stations 
 are rapidly learning. If this is true of men in the business, 
 what can w^e expect of others who might be called to judge if 
 
 *Annals Hort. 1F89, 1,96. 
 
National and Ediicatioiial Into'csts. 127 
 
 varieties are infringements ? It is extremely doubtful if 
 Congress could ever be persuaded to pass such a law. To 
 this objection some have replied that there is also great diffi- 
 culty in determining merits of new machines, but the patent 
 law is not invalidated for that fact. But this statement does 
 not satisfy the question. A machine is the same in Maine 
 and California, while a variety may be different on adjacent 
 farms. 
 
 "It is possible, it seems to me, to secure protection under 
 existing laws if the registration of varieties is once secured. 
 Trade-marks, trade-names, and brands are now protected. 
 The name of a variety, once used in trade or admitted in a 
 national register, becomes a trade -mark, with inviolable rights. 
 This name could not be used to designate other varieties, and 
 so long as the variety could not be admitted to the register 
 under any other name, the originator would be tolerably 
 secure. 
 
 "This might not prevent the re-naming of the variety by 
 obscure persons, in defiance of the national register, but those 
 who steal varieties need also to steal the best known name as 
 an advertisement. If this scheme would not entirely over- 
 come risks, it would at least reduce them to a minimum and 
 would result in as thorough protection as could possibly be 
 secured by any special law. An organized effort strong enough 
 to effect a registration of plants would find little difficulty in 
 discovering tricksters. The originator should secure a certi- 
 ficate of registration, and the public would very soon learn to 
 buy only of those who hold one. Sale of the right to use the 
 name or trade-mark should be recorded at the office of regis- 
 tration, so that all stock could be traced to its source. This 
 is an imitation of the registration of domestic animals. There 
 is no law to compel one to register an animal, but every 
 breeder knows that it is only through registration that he can 
 advertise, sell and protect blooded stock. And there is no 
 intelligent purchaser who would think of negotiating for such 
 stock without having obtained the testimony of the herd- 
 book. 
 
 "To be sure, this plan would not remove the difficulties 
 concerning the limitations of varieties, but it would place the 
 definition of varieties upon the experts in charge of the na- 
 tional register, rather than carr}^ it into court. In fact, it 
 
1 28 Annals of Horticidtiire. 
 
 would prevent all litigation, for all varieties admitted to the 
 register would be legitimate, and for all others protection 
 could not be expected. 
 
 "The solution of the whole matter is exceedingly simple. 
 Let a register of cultivated plants be instituted at the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture. Then let the originator send to the de- 
 partment a specimen, description and, perhaps, picture of his 
 novelty ; if the variety appears to be a new one, a certificate 
 of registration is issued for it. If the originator chooses to 
 sell his stock to dealers, let the fact be recorded, and a record 
 of transfer be issued to the purchaser. If the originator de- 
 sires to control the propagation of the variety he can do so 
 for any length of time by specifications in his contracts with 
 dealers. It is evident that after a variety is put upon the re- 
 tail trade, it becomes public property, and no statute can 
 further protect it. When a man buys for the purpose of 
 planting, he buys also the privilege of selling the fruit or 
 other commercial portion, and this portion is often the very 
 one used for propagation of the particular variety. No law 
 could prevent the propagation of melons and most other vege- 
 tables, when the varieties are put upon the market, even were 
 there no common rights at issue. 
 
 "An eastern nurseryman has already secured a copyright 
 upon the name of a new grape. With the aid of a register 
 to record his variety and others, he would be practically se- 
 cure. In fact, he finds himself secure even now. The re- 
 gister, as I have suggested it, is not a burdensome affair, 
 although objection has been raised to registration for the very 
 reason that it would entail so much expense. A list of Amer- 
 ican kitchen-garden vegetables, comprising 2,696 entries, is 
 made by a private individual in the 'Annals of Horticulture,' 
 and the greater part of the work lay in revising the names. 
 And the same volume makes a catalogue of the introductions 
 of i88g, which is certainly very nearly complete, comprising 
 444 entries. These lists are the first attempts yet made in 
 this country toward a registration of plants. If the fuller 
 register is ever made by the Department of Agriculture, de- 
 scriptions will have to be added, but one clerk could peform 
 all the labor required to do this, after existing varieties were 
 entered. 
 
 "All this needs no memorial to Congress, no great ma- 
 
National and Educational Interests. 129 
 
 chinery, no new law. It is in every way feasible and practi- 
 cable, and no doubt a mere petition to the Secretary of Agri- 
 culture by the leading horticultural organizations would effect 
 its execution. On the other hand, it is probable that Con- 
 gress w^ould never pass the laws proposed. If they should 
 exist, they could never be enforced, and they would be so 
 cumbersome, circuitous and tedious as to fall of their own 
 weight ; and it should be borne in mind that all special pro- 
 tection is likely to increase prices of the protected article to 
 such an extent as to greatly lessen its sale or to impose unne- 
 cessary burdens upon the planter." 
 
 Nomenclature. Discussions of nomenclature of varieties re- 
 ceived considerable attention during the year. The proper 
 naming of varieties must precede any attempt to secure legal 
 protection for the varieties, and the subject therefore has a 
 great impprtafice beyond the more immediate one of avoiding 
 confusion and educating the popular taste. Two distinct en- 
 deavors are commonly confounded under the discussions of 
 nomenclature. Nomenclature proper has to do with the form 
 and character of the name, and does not consider the plant to 
 which the name is applied. The labors of the American Po- 
 mological Society, which are now well known, and those of 
 the committee on nomenclature of the horticulturists of the 
 experiment stations* are good examples in point. The other 
 movement is one to determine synonymy, or the different 
 names under which a variety or species passes. It considers 
 the plant rather than the name. Concerted effort in determi- 
 ning the synonymy of plants has been reached at last by the 
 Society of American Florists, and its last reportf contains a 
 good list of synonyms. The experiment stations early be- 
 gan working in the same line with vegetables. 
 
 There is a perceptible gain apparent throughout the country 
 in the furtherance of a revised and modest nomenclature for 
 all varieties. The movement is necessarily one of slow growth 
 and its promoters must not expect too early results. The 
 movement is also spreading somewhat in Europe, although 
 mor-e slowly than in this country, and it is only in certain classes 
 of ornamental plants that definite reform has been attempted. 
 The following rules for the naming of orchids, adopted recently 
 
 *. Annals Hort. 18S9, 78. 
 fRep. 1890, Append, v. 
 
130 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 by the Council of the Ro3'al Horticultural Society of England, 
 deserve a wide publicit_y both for their immediate value m 
 simplif3'ing orchid nomenclature, and as a guide for the naming 
 of other plants, to which they ma}' be also applied : 
 
 ''Section i. Genera, species, well-marked varieties and 
 natural h3'brids. 
 
 " I. The names of natural genera, species, and well-marked 
 varieties, as well as of presumed wild hybrids, shall be writ- 
 ten so as to accord w^ith botanical language and ways, and to 
 conform with the laws of botanical nomenclature {Lois de la 
 Noj)ienclature Botanique) as adopted at the International 
 Botanical Congress at Paris, in 1867. 
 
 " 2. Exhibitors showing for the first time a plant under a 
 Latin name, shall be required to furnish the name of the 
 botanist who has described the plant. 
 
 "Section II. Artificial h}^brids between genera. 
 
 "3. Every bigenfer shall receive a generic name in Latin, 
 formed by combining the names of the parent genera, and a 
 specific name also in Latin, the sign of hybridit\^ (x) being 
 always added. 
 
 "Section III. Artificial hybrids between species. 
 
 "4. Hybrids between species raised artificially shall be 
 named in Latin, with the addition of the word hybrid, or of 
 the sign of hybridity (x). 
 
 "Section IV. Artificial crosses between varieties. 
 
 "5. Crosses between varieties raised artificially should 
 receive suitable vernacular names. 
 
 "Section V. General recommendations. 
 
 "6. The orchid committee shall decline to recognize any 
 unauthorized name, or any name that is deemed unsuitable, 
 or is not applied in conformity with the preceding rules. 
 
 "7. A name once authoritatively adopted shall not be 
 altered, unless in case of material error. 
 
 "8. An award may be made to an}' plant that is considered 
 by the committee w^orthy of such distinction, even though it 
 be unnamed, or not named in accordance with the preceding 
 regulations, provided that, within a reasonable time, to be 
 determined by the committee, a proper name be given. Any 
 award made under the circumstances shall be suspended until 
 the plant has been properly named. 
 
National and Educational Interests. 131 
 
 "9. The operation of these rules shall be prospective, not 
 retrospective. 
 
 ^'lo. The council wishes to impress upon orchid growers 
 the desirability of obtaining drawings or photographs of all 
 new and certified orchids, and of depositing such drawings in 
 the library of the society, for reference. 
 
 "II. The council also desires to remind cultivators of the 
 great importance of preserving specimens for future reference 
 and comparison, and suggests that, wherever practicable, 
 specimens should be sent for this purpose to the Director of 
 the Ro3'al Gardens, Kew." 
 
 Road agitation. For two or three years there has been great 
 activity in the discussion of means for improving country high- 
 ways. The necessit}^ of improved methods of making and 
 maintaining roads has been brought to the attention of several 
 legislatures, and new laws have been enacted. The general 
 agitation of the highway problem is a matter of contempor- 
 aneous history; it is only necessary here to call attention to a 
 system of numbering country residences and naming the roads, 
 which originated with A. L. Bancroft of San Francisco. The 
 general plan of the movement may be learned from the follow- 
 ing editorial comment in The American Garden for August ; 
 
 ''The latest proposition for the socialization of the country 
 comes from California, and it is known as the 'ten-block sys- 
 tem' of numbering land and houses. 'The system is to divide 
 each mile along the roads into ten equal parts, or imaginary 
 blocks, of 528 feet, 176 yards, or 8 chains each, and to assign 
 to each block two numbers, one on each side of the road. 
 Any or every house within a block is given the number of the 
 block. The first one — and in nearly every case it will be the 
 only one in the block — has simply the number ; the second 
 one has the number, followed by the letter A ; the third by the 
 letter B; the fourth by C, and so on — Nos. 196, 196A, 196B, 
 196C, etc. If there is no house in the block, the number is 
 assigned to it just the same, and it remains in readiness should 
 a house be built at a future time.' 
 
 "The further details of the system are few, but we cannot 
 present them here. This is the first practicable attempt yet 
 made, so far as we are aware, to know and record the inhabit- 
 ants of the country. The movement is spreading in the 
 Golden State, and it ought to spread in every township in the 
 
132 A?inals of Horticulture. 
 
 land. The advantages it presents are numerous and important. 
 The traveler could instantly compute distances and acquire 
 directions. The numbers on the gate-posts or over the doors 
 would be mile-stones. Country directories could be published. 
 Mileage of jurymen could be calculated. But above all, it 
 would quicken communication and intercourse in the country. 
 It would be a powerful civilizer. 
 
 "To make this feasible, a system of naming country roads 
 must be inaugurated, and this, too, our California friends are 
 perfecting. In Contra Costa county, lying against San Fran- 
 cisco, are such charming bits as the following : Contra Costa 
 Highway, running through the county and striking the county 
 seat ; Rio Vista, Mountain Drive, Willow Pass Road, Golden 
 Gate Way, Lime Ridge Crossing, Stanley Road, and the like. 
 We know of nothing so good as this since the efforts of dear 
 old Jacob Bigelow in naming the famous walks and drives of 
 Mount Auburn. 
 
 "All this could add much charm to the country, for it would 
 personify nature, commemorate events, and localize senti- 
 ments." 
 
 The extent to which this movement has been carried is told 
 in a late issue of the California Fruit Grower : * 
 
 "Contra Costa county has in the last few months become 
 famous throughout the United States, on account of its bold 
 and original movement to name all the roads and number the 
 residences in the county. So general has been the interest 
 awakened in the scheme that several states and numerous 
 counties are preparing plans and estimates for systematically 
 introducing and adopting the same plans. Even foreign pa- 
 pers have commented favorably and have advised the local 
 adoption of the Contra Costa scheme entire, or in more or less 
 modified form. The good people of Contra Costa county cer- 
 tainly have every reason to feel proud of the enviable notoriety 
 thus obtained. It has taken the people themselves quite a 
 while to become thoroughly imbued with the necessary en- 
 thusiasm for the successful carrying out of this new and gene- 
 rally beneficial measure. The work is now, however, nearl}^ 
 completed. 
 
 "The roads are all located and names listed and such ap- 
 proximate estimates made as are necessary, and the whole is 
 
 *VoI. vii. 387 (Dec. 20, 1890). 
 
National and Educational Interests. 133 
 
 ready for presentation to the board of supervisors. The 
 residents of the county are ahnost unanimously in favor of 
 the adoption of the proposed plans, and the count}^ officials 
 will, no doubt, accept them without hesitation. It is but 
 seldom that men have the opportunity to make for themselves 
 such an honorable place in the history of their county and of 
 their countr}- ; for, undoubtedly, the adoption of the Contra 
 Costa system of road-naming and house-numbering will in a 
 short time become general throughout the United States and 
 in European countries, and ever}^ one of the hundreds of thou- 
 sands of sign-boards erected will stand a monument to the 
 projectors and executors of ihe Contra Costa plan." 
 
 The Census. The eleventh census has undertaken the compi- 
 lation of statistics of horticulture. This is the first attempt 
 yet made by the government to measure the extent of our 
 horticultural interests, and it comes as a response to repeated 
 demands from the agricultural press. Several horticultural in- 
 terests are to be made the subjects of special reports, as the 
 nursery business, semi-tropical fruits, seed-farms, truck farms 
 and the florists' business. These subjects have been placed 
 in charge of J. H. Hale of South Glastonbury, Connecticut. 
 As a preliminary labor, a directory is being made of all horti- 
 culturists in the United States who cultivate one-fourth acre 
 or more. 
 
 The general census schedules contained the following 
 questions concerning orchard and garden products : Onions : 
 Field crop, number of acres, bushels produced and sold, and 
 value. Potatoes : Sweet and Irish, bushels produced and 
 sold. Market garden and small fruits : Number of acres in 
 vegetables, blackberries, cranberries, raspberries, strawberries 
 and other small fruits, and total value of products in i88g. 
 Vegetables and fruits for canning : Number of acres and pro- 
 ducts, in bushels, of peas and beans, green corn, tomatoes, 
 other vegetables and fruits. Orchards : Apples, apricots, 
 cherries, peaches, pears, plums and prunes, and other orchard 
 fruits; in each the number of acres, crop in i88g, number of 
 bearing trees, number of young trees not bearing, and value 
 of all orchard products sold. Vineyards: Number of acres 
 in vines bearing, and in young vines not bearing ; products 
 of grapes and raisins, and value in 1889. 
 
 The new tariff. The Fifty-first Congress passed ''An act 
 
134 
 
 Annals of Horticultiwe . 
 
 to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for 
 other purposes," the general provisions of which went into 
 force October 6, i8go. Following are the schedules of duties 
 upon horticultural products, with corresponding rates under 
 the old law : 
 
 New Old 
 
 Schedule. Schedule. 
 
 Beans, per bushel, 60 lbs 40 cents. 10 per cent. 
 
 Peas, dried, per bushel 20 " 30 
 
 Peas, green, in bulk, in barrels, sacks, etc, per 
 
 bushel, 60 lbs 40 " 10 
 
 Peas, split, per bushel, 60 lbs 50 " 20 
 
 Peasin cartons, paper and other small packages, lb. i " — 
 
 Beans, peas, and mushrooms, prepared or pre- 
 served in tins, jars, bottles or otherwise, ad 
 valorem 40 per cent. 30 ' ' 
 
 Cabbages, each 3 cents. 10 " 
 
 Onions, per bushel 40 " • 10 
 
 Potatoes, per bushel, 60 lbs 25 " 15 cents. 
 
 Vegetables in natural state not specially provided 
 
 for, ad valorem 25 per cent. 10 per cent. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, 
 including pickles and sauces of all kinds, not 
 specially provided for, ad valorem 45 " 30 " * 
 
 Garden and agricultural seeds not specially pro- 
 vided for 
 
 .... (Agricultural seeds free, old schedule). .20 " 20 " 
 
 Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, com- 
 monly known as nursery stock, and not spe- 
 cially provided for, ad valorem 20 " Free. 
 
 Apples, green or ripe, per bushel 25 cents. 
 
 Apples, dried, per lb 2 " " 
 
 Grapes, per bbl. of 3 cu. ft 60 " 20 per cent. 
 
 Plums and prunes, per lb 2 " i cent. 
 
 Figs, per lb 2^ " 2 cents. 
 
 Oranges, lemons, limes, in packages of capacity 
 of \% cu. ft. or less, new schedule, 13 cts.; 
 old schedule, 13 cts. per half-box of oranges, 
 
 16 cts. lemons 
 
 In packages between t%. to 2>^ cu. ft., new 
 schedule, 25 cts. ; old schedule, 25 cts. per 
 
 box of oranges, 30 cts. lemons 
 
 In packages between 2}^ to 5 cu. ft. , new sched- 
 ule, 50 cts. 
 In packages exceeding 5 cu. ft. for every addi- 
 tional cu. foot 10 cents. 
 
 In bulk, per M, new schedule, I1.50 ; old sched- 
 ule, $1.60 oranges, $2 lemons 
 
 * Pickles and sauces, 35 per cent. 
 
National and Educational Interests. 
 
 135 
 
 New Old 
 
 Schedule. Schedule. 
 
 Also 30 per cent, ad valorem upon boxes or 
 bbls. containing oranges, lemons or limes. 
 
 Old schedules per 196 lb. flour bbl., 55 cts. for 
 
 oranges ; and oranges, lemons and limes in 
 
 unenumerated packages, 20 per cent, ad 
 
 valorem. 
 
 Raisins, per lb 2^ cents. 2 cents. 
 
 Comfits, sweetmeats and fruits, preserved in sugar, 
 
 syrap or molasses or spirits, not specially 
 
 provided for, and jellies and jams of all kinds, 
 
 ad valorem 35 per cent. 35 per cent. 
 
 Fruits preserved in their own juices, ad valorem. 30 " 20 
 
 Orange and lemon peel, preserved or candied, 
 
 per lb 2 cents. 35 
 
 Almonds, not shelled, per lb 5 " 5 cents. 
 
 Clear almonds, shelled, per lb 7^2 " lYz 
 
 Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, 
 
 per lb 3 " 3 
 
 Filberts, shelled, per lb =. . 6 " 3 
 
 Peanuts, not shelled, per lb i " i 
 
 Peanuts, shelled, per lb i^ " i^ " 
 
 Nuts, shelled or not shelled, not specially pro- 
 vided for, per lb xyi " 2 " 
 
 Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bot- 
 tles containing each not more than one quart 
 
 and more than one pint, per dozen $8 00 I? 00 
 
 Containing not more than one pint each and more 
 
 than one-half pint, per dozen 4 00 3 50 
 
 Containingone-half pint each or less, per dozen . 2 00 i 75 
 
 In bottles or other vessels containing more than 
 
 one quart each, in addition to $8 per dozen 
 
 bottles on the quantity in excess of one quart, 
 
 at the rate of, per gallon 2 50 2 25 
 
 Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial 
 
 and vermuth, in casks, per gallon 50 50 
 
 In bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles 
 
 or jugs, containing each not more than one 
 
 quart and more than one pint, or 24 bottles 
 
 or jugs containing each not more than one 
 
 pint, per case i 60 i 60 
 
 Cider, per gallon 5 cents. 20 per cent. 
 
 Free List : — 
 
 Currants, Zante or other i cent per lb 
 
 Dates I " 
 
 Fruits, green or dried, not specially provided for 
 
 Tamarinds 
 
 Cocoanuts, Brazil nuts, cream nuts, palm nuts, palm nut kernels. 
 
 Olives, green or prepared 
 
 Orange and lemon peel not preserved or prepared 
 
136 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Free List, continued. 
 
 Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms and other plants used for forcing 
 under glass, for cut-flowers or decorative purposes 
 
 Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seeds, imported by the Department of Agricul- 
 ture or U. S. Botanic Gardens. 
 
 Saurkraut. 
 
 Seeds as follows, not specially provided for : anise, canary, caraway, carda- 
 mon, coriander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, horehound, 
 mustard, rape, St. John's bread or bene, sugar beet, mangel wurzel, 
 sorghum or sugar cane, all flower and grass seeds. Also bulbs and 
 roots, not edible. 
 
 Tapioca or cassava. 
 
 Tea and tea plants. 
 
 Yams. 
 
 Educational matters. The only important question of edu- 
 tion brought before the horticultural societies of the year was 
 that of a better education for florists, as outlined in the ad- 
 dress of President J. M. Jordan before the Society of Ameri- 
 can Florists. The following editorial comment upon this ad- 
 dress by The American Garden^ will sufficiently indicate its 
 scope : 
 
 ''The Societ}' of American Florists has a high ideal set be- 
 fore it in the address of the retiring president. The society 
 should be more than a trade organization. Its objects are 
 ' not only to instruct its members in their daily avocations, 
 but to educate the masses in horticulture, b}^ widening and 
 deepening an interest in our profession, by increasing our 
 membership, active and honorary, until we embrace all the 
 leading m.en of the country who are interested in the various 
 callings of horticulture ; all men engaged in scientific re- 
 search tending to advance the profession ; the formation of 
 kindred associations : encouraging exhibitions of plants and 
 flowers, by bri*nging into closer relations the retail dealer with 
 the grower and wholesale dealer.' 
 
 "All this calls for general education and culture, and it de- 
 mands a more wide-spread appreciation of ornamental gar- 
 dening. We have not yet come to that stage in this country 
 when gardening is in general appreciated as a work of art. 
 Ornamental gardening is usually judged solely by its gross 
 form and color. Gardeners must get out of old ruts. They 
 must put spirit and expression into their work. But this, 
 again, means that the fjardener must be educated. 
 
 xi. 617 (Oct, 
 
National and Educational Interests. 137 
 
 ''President Jordan sees two general ways of elevating the 
 garden and the gardener. Cities are growing, and the coun- 
 try is taking on a better life. Gardening is adapted to all con- 
 ditions, ' and it is committed to our hands to extend our parks 
 and boulevards far into the country until city is linked to city, 
 and the most rural districts will feel the vitalizing forces of 
 plants and flowers.' Those who are benefitted by institutions 
 of learning ' are very few compared with the great mass of 
 people that frequent our parks and public grounds to take ob- 
 ject-lessons, where young and old, rich and poor, learned and 
 illiterate meet on one common level to drink in nature's best 
 gifts to man.' Yet in the educational institutions a higher 
 and more symmetrical culture can be attained. President 
 Jordan again calls the attention of the societ}^ to the impor- 
 tance of some school or college training for the florist. 
 'Science shows us how the things we have to deal with in our 
 homeliest toil connect us (if we but understand the linking) 
 to what is most elevating in man's thoughts and hopes. It 
 helps supply that food for the mind, without which we starve 
 in drudgery, but by the strength of which we rise to a higher 
 plane of life ' 
 
 ''The education problem has long been a vexed question 
 among the florists, and there is yet no appearance of a solu- 
 tion of it. Members are divided b}^ conflicting aims, and 
 there has been no one with a practicable and clear-cut propo- 
 sition who could lead the organization to any definite action. 
 Many are making the vital mistake of supposing that the first 
 requisite in a florists' school is a corps of florists to direct it. 
 The first requisite in any school is men who can teach. When 
 it so happens that the teacher is also a successful grower, the 
 highest ideal is attained. But the first requirement of any 
 man who imparts instruction is ability to fire the enthusiasm of 
 his students. So it often happens that the most successful 
 teachers are distanced by their pupils. President Jordan 
 thinks that wealthy men could be induced to endow florists' 
 schools, and no doubt the}^ will do so as soon as they feel as- 
 sured that a sufficient demannd and interest exists. The be- 
 quest of the late Henry Shaw, of St. Louis, is an example 
 worthy of emulation. But some of the land-grant colleges 
 would no doubt take up this work actively if the florists should 
 
138 A^inals of Horticulture. 
 
 once present a definite plan or request to them. Nothing can 
 be accompHshed without united and positive action, and the 
 apparent lack of interest in the discussion which followed 
 President Jordan's address to the society at Boston seems to 
 indicate that the time is not yet ripe for florists' schools." 
 
 The most important educational movement of the year was 
 the passage of an act by Congress to extend the facilities of 
 colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts which are founded 
 upon the land grant of 1862. This act was approved by the 
 President August 30, 1890. It was introduced by Senator 
 Morrill, of Vermont, to whom the nation also owes the land 
 grant. The document is so important that I append it in full : 
 
 "An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public 
 lands to the more complete endowment and support of the 
 colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts 
 established under the provisions of an act of Congress ap- 
 proved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two. 
 
 ' ' Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there 
 shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any 
 money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, arising 
 from the sales of public lands, to be paid as hereinafter pro- 
 vided to each State and Territory for the more complete en- 
 dowment and maintenance of colleges for the benefit of agri- 
 culture and the mechanic arts now established, in accordance 
 with an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hun- 
 dred and sixty-two, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars for the 
 year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, and 
 an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation there- 
 after for ten years by an additional sum of one thousand 
 dollars over the preceding year, and the annual amount to 
 be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be twenty- 
 five thousand dollars, to be applied only to instruction in agri- 
 culture, the mechanic arts, the English language and various 
 branches of mathematical, physical, natural and economic 
 science, with special reference to their applications in the in- 
 dustries of life, and to the facilities for such instruction: Provi- 
 ded, That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State 
 or Territory for the support or maintenance of a college where 
 a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of stu- 
 dents, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges 
 
National aiid Educational Interests. 
 
 139 
 
 separately for white and colored students shall be held to be 
 a compliance with the provisions of this act if the funds re- 
 ceived in such State or Territory be equitably divided as here- 
 inafter set forth : Provided, That in any State in which there 
 has been one college established in pursuance of the act of 
 July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and also in which 
 an educational institution of like character has been established, 
 or may be hereafter established, and is now aided by such 
 State from its own revenue, for the education of colored stu- 
 dents in agriculture and the mechanic arts, however named 
 or styled, or whether or not it has received money heretofore 
 under the act to which this act is an amendment, the Legis- 
 lature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary 
 of the Interior a just and equitable division of the fund to be 
 received under this act between one college for white students 
 and one institution for colored students established as afore- 
 said, which shall be divided into two parts and paid accord- 
 ingly, and thereupon such institution for colored students 
 shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and subject to its 
 provisions, as much as it would have been if it had been in- 
 cluded under the act of eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and 
 the fulfillment of the foregoing provisions shall be taken as a 
 compliance with the provision in reference to separate colleges 
 for white and colored students. 
 
 "Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States 
 and Territories for the further endowment and support of col- 
 leges shall be annually paid on or before the thirty-first day 
 of July of each year, by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon 
 the warrant of the Secretary of the Interior, out of the Treas- 
 ury of the United States, to the State or Territorial treasurer, 
 or to such officer as shall be designated by the laws of such 
 State or Territory to receive the same, who shall, upon the 
 order of the trustees of the college, or the institution for 
 colored students, immediately pay over said sums to the treas- 
 urers of the respective colleges or other institutions entitled 
 to receive the same, and such treasurers shall be required to 
 report to the Secretary of Agriculture and to the Secretary of 
 the Interior, on or before the first da}^ of September of each 
 year, a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its 
 disbursement. The grants of moneys authorized by this act 
 are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States 
 
140 Annals of Hoi'ticultnre . 
 
 and Territories to the purpose of said grants : Provided, That 
 payments of such instalments of the appropriation herein made 
 as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the 
 regular sessson of legislature meeting next after the passage 
 of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor 
 thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 "Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received b}^ the 
 designated ofBcer of the State or Territory for the further and 
 more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of 
 colleges, or of institutions for colored students, as provided 
 in this act, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished 
 or lost, or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by the State or 
 Territory to Avhich it belongs, and until so replaced no subse- 
 quent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State 
 or Territory; and no portion of said moneys shall be applied, 
 directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the 
 purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or 
 buildings. An annual report by the president of each of said 
 colleges shall be made to the Secretary of Agriculture, as well 
 as to the Secretary of the Interior, regarding the condition 
 and progress of each college, including statistical information 
 in relation to its receipts and expenditures, its library, the 
 number of its students and professors, and also as to any im- 
 provements and experiments made under the direction of any 
 experiment stations attached to said colleges, with their costs 
 and results, and such other industrial and economical statis- 
 tics as may be regarded as useful, one copy of which shall be 
 transmitted by mail free to all other colleges further endowed 
 under this act. 
 
 ''Sec. 4. That on or before the first day of July in each 
 year, after the passage of this act, the Secretary of the Interior 
 shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as 
 to each State and Territory whether it is entitled to receive 
 its share of the annual appropriation for colleges, or of insti- 
 tutions for colored students, under this act, and the amount 
 which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If 
 the Secretary of the Interior shall withhold a certificate from 
 any state or territory of its appropriation the facts and rea- 
 sons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount 
 involved shall be kept separate in the treasury until the close 
 of the next Congress, in order that the state or territory may, 
 
National and Educational Interests. 141 
 
 if it should so desire, appeal to Congress from the determina- 
 tion of the Secretary of the Interior. If the next Congress 
 shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into 
 the Treasury. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby 
 charged with the proper administration of this law. 
 
 "Sfx-. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall annually 
 report to Congress the disbursements which have been made 
 in all the states and territories, and also whether the appro- 
 priation of any state or territory has been withheld, and if 
 so, the reasons therefor. 
 
 ''Sec. 6. Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or re- 
 peal any or all of the provisions of this act." 
 
 American Wild- flower Club. It is gratifying to know that 
 at least some organized attempt has been made to protect the 
 native plants of the country. The American Wild-flower 
 Club was organized a year or two ago, and its labors appear 
 to meet with favor in all directions. The history and scope 
 of the organization are told in the following extracts from 
 one of its publications : 
 
 "Its raison d' etre was the desire on the part of an American 
 woman, compelled by circumstances to make her home in 
 England and reproached persistently by returned British tour- 
 ists with the unbeautiful aspect of 'civilized' American land- 
 scape — its barren pastures and weedy hillslopes, its desolate 
 waysides and despoiled thickets — to see if something could 
 not be done, if not to re-stock denuded localities, at least to 
 avert so far as possible the extermination of an indigenous 
 flora from regions where it remained as yet unawakened. 
 Her notes on the subject, forwarded to a Philadelphia friend, 
 were read and discussed in a circle of flower lovers in that 
 city, the result of the conference being a determination to un- 
 dertake the preservation of our better wild growths in meth- 
 odical fashion through the institution of a system of local clubs, 
 which, knit together, should constitute a national association. 
 While however, the project transmitted from London as a 
 suggestion, thus took definite form in Philadelphia, its authors 
 were alike agreed that the Philadelphia atmosphere, or indeed 
 that of any great metropolis, was not suited to its fuller growth 
 and development. In the words of one of their number, the 
 perpetuation of American wild flowers was a work pertaining 
 essentially to the country. Establish its headquarters in the 
 
142 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 midst of a population whose interpretation of the floral king- 
 dom was a bunch of paper roses in the winter and an india 
 rubber plant dominating a bed of pickling cabbage vegetation 
 in summer, and it would inevitably perish of its own inconsis- 
 tency. The centering point must of course be a city large 
 enough and closely enough in touch with the world and con- 
 temporary life to permit of resort to the most approved meth- 
 ods of organization and administration ; but such a city re- 
 quired in turn to be set among fruit and flowers and penetra- 
 ted daily by the influences of nature. Of the various localities 
 falling within range of these stipulations, Wilmington, Dela- 
 ware, appeared best fitted for the Association's purpose and 
 it was selected accordingly. The secretary's office in this city 
 is in charge of a gentleman well known for his devotion to 
 floriculture. 
 
 "These were the preliminaries. That the idea set forth in 
 the tentative essay, ' Shall We Save Our Wild Flowers?' was 
 destined eventually to take root in the public mind its projec- 
 tors cherished no doubt. But they were content to feel that 
 they must hasten slowly, overcoming much inertia in the 
 course of their progress. They had been confronted with the 
 fact that while whatever in native growths was coarse, rank, 
 vile, whatever was offensive to touch, to sight, to smell, grew 
 and flourished apace ; w^iatever was beautiful,^ graceful, fra- 
 grant, if it had not already vanished beyond recall, was perish- 
 ing swiftly and surely. At fairs and flower shows held in 
 Eastern cities whose skirting woodlands were within their re- 
 membrance fair with arbutus, clematis, cowslip, with orchid 
 and azalea and laurel, they were forced to see that over 
 against the lavish wealth of English, Dutch, German flowers, 
 of flowers from Japan, China, Africa, Australia, there was set 
 not a blossom or plant or shrub indigenous to the soil of the 
 state. But there had appeared to be so willing a submission 
 to this condition of things, such unprotesting acquiescence 
 in the vandal practice of pillaging and plundering every chance 
 spot in which wild flowers yet survived, the stripping bare of 
 each surburban building site, the uprooting of every vine and 
 creeper and shrub from picnic woods and tenting grounds, 
 that to hope for a ready welcome for so 'disturbing' an in- 
 stitution as the A. W. F. C, would have suggested itself as 
 unreasonable. 
 
National and Educational Interests. 143 
 
 *' But the apparent indifference which they had noted so re- 
 gretfully, veiled a dormant interest which needed only a 
 word to awaken to sympathetic activity. From the outset 
 the project was everywhere received with eager enthusiasm. 
 Responses poured in from all quarters, suggestions, queries, 
 offers of help and counsel, scraps of experience from those 
 who in their own modest way were seeking to foster the flora 
 of their respective localities. So far as seemed requisite for 
 a beginning, the nature of the club's work and the methods of 
 local organization had been outlined. By the help of these 
 hints, clubs were formed in sections the nearest and the most 
 remote ; in Maine, in Illinois, in Pennsylvania, in Tennessee, 
 in Nebraska, in Florida. Before a month's time and almost 
 without effort on the part of its originators, the project of pre- 
 serving our American wild flowers has passed from the realm 
 of possibilities into that of established facts. 
 
 "In the interval which has since elapsed the ground first 
 cursorily surveyed has been gone over more in detail ; sugges- 
 tions have been offered as to the choice of flowers to be per- 
 petuated, the cautions to be observed in their cultivation, the 
 limits and regulations of floral exchange, the formation of 
 plants, nurseries, etc. etc., the whole accompanied by illustra- 
 ted articles descriptive of the best types of our American flora. 
 
 "So long, then, as the oflicial organ of the association. The 
 Home Joui-nal, could be supplied them, enquirers were at no 
 loss how to proceed. But the demand has been so great that, 
 despite the publisher's hearty and faithful co-operation, the 
 association has been unable to keep pace with it. Edition 
 after edition has been exhausted until now, with changes in 
 the oflice of publication, while thousands of letters still wait 
 unanswered, the earlier issues have become altogether unob- 
 tainable. At the same time to republish as current matter the 
 mass of essays, editorials and technical articles which have 
 appeared in them and with which club members are already 
 familiar, was for obvious reasons deemed impracticable. To 
 meet the difficulty there, the association decided to embody 
 in pamphlet form the substance of its most important printed 
 matter, adding thereto whatever seemed essential to a clear 
 comprehension of the character and scope of the undertaking 
 to which it stands pledged. Thus revised, these essays — or- 
 iginally prepared by the association's direction and under its 
 
144 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 express supervision — constitute a complete hand-book of 
 American Wild-Flower Club work, the perusal of which will 
 enable sympathizers everywhere to bring themselves without 
 further question or instruction abreast of the earliest estab- 
 lished clubs." 
 
 ''The national association A. W. F. C. is a union com- 
 posed of the various local clubs formed up to date. Its pur- 
 pose is to facilitate communication between local clubs, to 
 transact business beyond the range of their power or authority, 
 and to further such details of the A. W. F. C. work as can be 
 best furthered through extended combination. 
 
 ''Local clubs are entitled to admission to the association 
 under the following rules : 
 
 "I. No admittance fee shall be charged by the association, 
 nor shall it exact any dues from, nor lay any assessment upon 
 either local clubs or members of the club-at-large. 
 
 ''2. A local club upon its organization must report 
 through its secretary to the association, giving list of officers 
 and members of the club, upon receipt of which report the 
 secretary of the association will in return forward a certificate 
 of membership for the club as a body, together with cards 
 and badges for each ofHcer and member. 
 
 "3. A local club must consist of at least three members, 
 (a) But an}^ person can become a member of the club-at-large 
 by sending name and address to the secretary of the asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 "4. In towns of less than three thousand population, not 
 more than one club can be formed simultaneously, (a) Mem- 
 bers of any local club seceding therefrom and forming a rival 
 local club will not be recognized by the association. 
 
 "5. Local clubs dissolving their organization must return 
 certificate of membership and members' cards to the associa- 
 tion ; also badges of all such members unless such as may 
 elect to join the club-at-large. 
 
 "6. A local club will be regarded as in full membership 
 so long as a quarterly report is received from the secretary. 
 Failure so to report will be followed by a suspension from the 
 privileges of the association until such failure is made good, 
 (a) All matter embodied in local club reports will become 
 the property of the association, which reserves the right to 
 publish it or any portion of it, either in its official organ, or 
 
National and Edncational Interests. 145 
 
 in book form, (b) But this shall not debar local clubs from 
 furnishing the same matter to the press of their various com- 
 munities ; Provided, that it be not given the local press in ad- 
 vance of its forwarding to the association. 
 
 "7. Local clubs will be expected to discharge all indebt- 
 edness promptly. Neglect to comply with these rules, will, 
 on complaint to the association, be visited by suspension un- 
 til the obligation is discharged. A club which after having 
 been suspended, shall be a second time guilty of this offense 
 will be dismissed from the association. 
 
 ^'8. Differences occurring among members of local clubs 
 should, so far as possible, be adjusted by the club itself. But 
 should points arise upon which a settlement cannot be had, 
 they may be referred to the association, whose decision in the 
 case will be regarded as final. 
 
 "9. Every local club is at liberty to make any by-laws, 
 or formulate any regulations for its government that it may 
 see fit, provided that such local rules do not conflict with the 
 rules of the association. 
 
 " 10. On and after June ist, 1890, no rule of the associa- 
 tion can be altered or revoked, except at the request of two- 
 thirds of the whole number of local clubs in full membership 
 at the time." 
 
 ''The primary aim of the A. W. F. C. is the preservation 
 and perpetuation of our best wild flowers. And in manifold 
 instances this can mean to only a very limited extent, either 
 the guarding of them in haunts where they still flourish, or 
 their replacement in localities from which they have already 
 vanished. No care, no watchfulness can meet the contingen- 
 cies whose effect is to change the face of the region and bring 
 about the disappearance of its indigenous fauna and flora. 
 Trees must be felled, land must be cleared for the plow, marsh- 
 es and bog meadows must be drained to dryness ; hillside 
 and prairie, to-day joyous with bloom, will to-morrow be staked 
 off into building lots. The guide to action here is unmistaka- 
 bly given in the dealings both of the national government 
 and of private agencies, with the surviving types of our abori- 
 ginal fauna. Under certain conditions, to be noted later on, 
 we may succeed in re-stocking localities at present denuded, 
 but to insure the perpetuation of our wild flowers, past the 
 hazard of those circumstances which have so widely wrought 
 
146 An7ials of Horticulture . 
 
 this destruction, we must see to it that they cease to be wild. 
 Whatever the specimens we desire to preserve, some speci- 
 mens of them must be transferred to our own premises, where 
 we can keep guard over their safety, and where they will be, 
 not tenants-at-will but free-holders. Once fairly set as garden 
 growths, the perpetuation is assured. They will become 
 settled inhabitants, as much a detail of bed and border as the 
 pansies and clove pinks, side by side with which they stand, 
 and the same familiar delight to generations of loving eyes 
 ' far on in summers that we shall not see.' 
 
 ''As a rule, sun loving plants may be relied upon to take 
 most kindly to cultivation ; woodland blooms are exquisite in 
 form and tint, but our showiest varieties are flowers of the un- 
 screened open, growing where the sun glares upon, the storms 
 pelt and the winds buffet them, and in their fearless tenacity 
 to life, best calculated to endure the shock of change from 
 savagery to civilization. In the transfer of any flower from 
 the wild to gardens, however, the conditions of its original 
 habitat should, so far as possible, be repeated. Whatever 
 modifications of environment it may in course of time learn 
 to submit to, at the outset of its sophisticated career cinnamon 
 fern will not thrive on a hot sandy hillslope, or Labrador tea 
 in the damp chilliness of a shady border. Neglect of this car- 
 dinal precept has, more than any other cause, served to denude 
 suburban localities in the middle and New England states of 
 their flowers and flowering shrubs. Fairmount Park owes to 
 it the disappearance, so deplored by the park botanists, of the 
 exquisite wild azalea and the charming valerian. In like 
 manner free woodlands have been well nigh bared of maiden- 
 hair, evergreen fern, squirrel corn, hepatica, and anemones 
 which — snatched from out a leaf mold, light as toilet powder 
 — have been planted to swift death in a garden soil composed 
 of equal parts of street dirt and angle worms. Begin then 
 with shade for your woodland, sun for your prairie flowers ; 
 with moisture for your meadow growth, with sand, or loam or 
 sod for the plant accustomed to draw its life from such a 
 source. 
 
 "This repetition of native soils and conditions does not, 
 however, involve the rejection of artificial fertilizers. On the 
 contrary, their effect will often be found to be the imparting 
 of vigor to struggling plants. The application of them likewise 
 
National and Edncafioiial Interests. 147 
 
 overcomes the tendency to sterility so often observable in 
 bulbous rooted growths, both wild and tame ; while it is upon 
 their use that we must largely rely in our endeavor to augment 
 the size and improve the tints of flowers. Administer them 
 sparingly the first year and increase the quantity as the plants 
 show themselves thriving under it. Flowers thus treated will 
 become neutral minded as to soils, much sooner than will 
 those grown in naturally constituted earth. 
 
 '' Of our wild flowers the majority are perennials. All such 
 should be kept from seeding until they evidence themselves 
 thoroughly well established. The maturing of seed is a strain 
 on the strength of a plant, which, under unaccustomed con- 
 ditions it cannot be trusted to survive, and should only be 
 compelled to undergo when, as in annuals and biennials, the 
 seed is necessary to the continuance of the species. 
 
 " Another caution which every one should observe is to give 
 the wild growths room, so that they will neither be encroached 
 upon by prior occupants of the garden nor require to be 
 checked or maimed lest they crowd too closely upon one another. 
 American wild flowers are characterized by singular fineness 
 and delicacy of leaf growth. It would be difficult to name a 
 really superior variety the foliage of which is coarse or rank. 
 But should any transplanted flower take so kindly to its new 
 home as to spread overfast, there is but one safe method of 
 reduction — uprooting. It is a too common blunder of amateur 
 florists, pushed for space, to temporarily chasten the exuber- 
 ance of their spring flowering perennials, by cutting down to 
 the ground at the end of the blooming season, but the blunder 
 is one which they generally have cause to rue. Only exception- 
 ally tenacious lived plants bear to be thus deprived of their 
 breathing apparatus, and those which do outlive it are always 
 weakened as to leafage and paled and impoverished as to 
 bloom." 
 
 In this connection it is interesting to notice that Professor 
 T. J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University, has started a 
 movement to induce the Illinois Central Railroad to take 
 measures to preserve the native flora along its lines. 
 
 Societies. Horticultural organizations are rapidly increasing 
 in number and extending in usefulness, especially those of 
 a trade or semi-trade character. The national conventions of 
 the year w^ere seven in number, as follows : Columbian Horti- 
 
14^ Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 cultural Association, Chicago, Aug. 27 ; American Association 
 of Nurserymen, New York, June 4-6 ; Societ}^ of American 
 Florists, Boston, Aug. 19-22 ; Association of American 
 Cemetery Superintendents, Boston, Aug. 19-22 ; American 
 Seed Trade Association, Saratoga, June, 10 and 11 ; Cider 
 and Cider Vinegar Makers' Association of the Northwest, St. 
 Louis, Dec. 16 and 17; American Cranberr}' Growers' Associ- 
 ation, Philadelphia, Aug. 26. 
 
 The Columbian Horticultural Association is a body organ- 
 ized to further the horticultural interests of the Columbian 
 Exposition. The initial movement was made by the execu- 
 tive committee of Illinois State Board of Horticulture, in 
 convention at Sailor Springs, Illinois, in July, 1890. This 
 committee issued a call Juty 30th for a delegate convention 
 of all horticultural organizations in the United States, to 
 meet at the Sherman House, Chicago, August 27th. The 
 full proceedings of this convention, which resolved itself into 
 an association to exist until the close of the exposition, w^ill 
 no doubt soon become so valuable as to warrant their record 
 here. I choose the following report from the Orange Judd 
 Farmer : 
 
 '^Pursuant to call, the horticulturists of the country met 
 in delegate convention at the Sherman House, Chicago, 
 August 27. Order was called by Jabez Webster, President 
 of the Illinois State Horticultural Societ}^, and the object of 
 convening made known, after which, John Thorpe, of Pearl 
 River, N. Y. , was elected president pro te?n, and A. C. Ham- 
 mond, of Warsaw, 111., secretary /r^ t€i?i. The committee 
 on credentials — N. H. Albaugh, Tadmor, O.., J. C. Vaughan, 
 Chicago, C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa — reported the fol- 
 lowing as being entitled to representation : 
 
 "American Pomological Society, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa; 
 American Horticultural Society, Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss., and 
 W. H. Ragan, Greencastle, Ind. ; Society of American Florists, John 
 Thorpe, Pearl River, N. Y., and E. G. Hill, Richmond, Ind.; The Ameri- 
 can Association of Nurserymen, James D. Raynolds, Riverside, 111., and 
 S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn.; The American Seed Trade Association, J. 
 C. Vaughan and S. F. Leonard, Chicago ; The Ohio and Mississippi Val- 
 ley Horticultural Association, Geo. W. Endicott, Villa Ridge, 111.; Arkansas 
 State Horticultural Society, S. H. Nowlin, Little Rock, and John Karr, Little 
 Rock ; Colorado State Bureau of Horticulture and Forestry, W. D. Osborn, 
 Loveland ; Delaware and Maryland Peninsular Horticultural Society, 
 Wesley Webb, Wilmington, Del.; Indiana State Horticultural Society, Prof. 
 
National and Educational Intei'-ests. 149 
 
 J. Troop, Purdue University; Iowa State Horticultural Society, C. L. 
 Watrous, Des Moines, and G. B. Brackett, Denmark ; Illinois State Horti- 
 cultural Society, Jabez Webster, Centralia, and A. C. Hammond, Warsaw; 
 Central Illinois Horticultural Society, G. W. E. Cook, Lacon, and F. I. 
 Mann, Gilman ; Southern Illinois Horticultural Society, E. A. Riehl, Alton, 
 and Wm. Jackson, Godfrey; Northern Illinois Horticultural Society, 
 Arthur Bryant, Princeton, and Andrew Dunning, Chicago; Kansas State 
 Horticultural Society, Judge L. Houk, Hutchinson, and F. Wellhouse, 
 Fairmount; Kentucky State Horticultural Society, Wm. L. Dulaney, Bow- 
 ling Green ; Massachusetts State Horticultural Society, Benjamin G. Smith, 
 Cambridge, and O. B. Hadwin, Worcester ; Michigan State Horticultural 
 Society, R. Morrill, Benton Harbor, and C. J. Monroe, South Haven; 
 Missouri State Horticultural Society, L. A. Goodman, Westport ; Nebraska 
 State Horticultural Society, G. J. Carpenter, Fairbury, and F. W. Taylor, 
 Omaha; Northwestern Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, H. B. Beatty, 
 Oil City ; Ohio State Horticultural Society, N. H. Albaugh, Tadmor, and 
 N. Ohmer, Dayton; South Dakota State Horticultural Society, Oliver 
 Gibbs, Jr., Ramsey ; Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, B, S. Hoxie, 
 Evansville, and M. A. Thayer, Sparta ; Bureau of Pomology, Department 
 of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. , H. E. Van Deman ; Chicago Floral Club, 
 Frank Bentley, Chicago, and G. L. Grant, Chicago; Indiana Florists' Society^ 
 J. D. Carmody, Evansville ; Indianapolis Floral Club, Wm. Langstaff, 
 Indianapolis, Ind. ; Cook County (111.) Horticultural Society, Edgar Sand- 
 ers, Chicago; Northwestern Cider and Cider Vinegar Makers' Association, 
 L. R. Bryant, Princeton, 111. ; Tri-City Floral Society, J. Temple, Daven- 
 port, Iowa, ; Illinois Fruit Growers' Association, N. M. Burns, Clay City, 
 and Israel Mills, Clay City ; West Michigan Fruit Growers' Association, 
 Joseph Lannin, South Haven, and Walter Phillips, Grand Haven ; The 
 Warsaw (111.) Horticultural Society, J. T. Johnson, Warsaw ; Marshall 
 County (111.) Horticultural Society, E. R. McKinney, Lacon; and Honorary 
 Members, E. S. Goff, Madison, Wis , Henry C. Freeman, Alto Pass, 111. 
 
 "While awaiting above report, the convention listened to 
 an interesting paper from A. C. Hammond, secretary of the 
 Illinois Horticultural Society, which set forth an informal out- 
 line of plans, etc., regarding horticultural exhibits at the 
 World's Fair. 
 
 ''Permanent officers were elected as follows: President, 
 S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn. ; vice-president, C. L. Wat- 
 rous, Des Moines, Iowa ; secretary and treasurer, H. B. 
 Beatty, Oil City, Pa. ; assistant secretar}^, G. L. Grant, 
 Chicago. 
 
 ''An informal talk followed, touching the exhibit. H. E. 
 Van Deman, of Washington, D. C, said : 'The horticultural 
 exhibit should be cut loose from the agricultural exhibit ; 
 though twins, they should be separate in order to do each jus- 
 tice. Plorticulture covers the universe, and the wise course 
 to pursue is to appoint a commissioner of horticulture, with 
 
150 Aiuials of Horticulture. 
 
 four superintendents of departments — i, floriculture ; 2, 
 pomology; 3, nursery and forest; 4, seeds and vegetables.' 
 On motion by Hon. C. L. Watrous, the following gentlemen 
 were unanimously elected by ballot to the positions indicated, 
 subject to approval by the National Commission and Local 
 Directors of the World's Fair : Commissioner of Horticul- 
 ture, Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss.; Supt. of Floricul- 
 ture and Landscape Gardening, Jas. D. Raynolds, Riverside, 
 111.; Supt. of Pomology, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa; 
 Supt. of Nursery and Forest products, Geo. B. Thomas, 
 West Chester, Pa.; Supt. of Seeds and Vegetables, J. C. 
 Vaughan, Chicago. A committee was appointed, with Pres- 
 ident S. M. Emer}^ chairman, to formulate and present an 
 address, as to action of this meeting, to the executive depart- 
 ment of the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 ''Horace J. Newberry, alternate for Kansas, offered the 
 following resolution, which unanimously prevailed : 
 
 ''Resolved, That this organization be known as the Colum- 
 bian Horticultural Association, and that the advisory execu- 
 tive committee consist of the president and secretary, and 
 Messrs. Parker Earle, G. B. Brackett, James D. Raynolds, 
 J. C. Vaughan and George B. Thomas, and that the Asso- 
 ciation remain an active organization until the close of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, and that all elected officers 
 be permanent until said expiration. 
 
 ''Oliver Gibbs, Jr., presented the following resolution, 
 which was carried : 
 
 ''Resolved, That delegates from state and other societies 
 now existing in America, entitled to representation under the 
 call of this meeting, shall be admitted and enrolled by the 
 secretar}^, on presentation of proper credentials to the execu- 
 tive committee at any future meeting of this association. 
 
 "On motion of S. M. Emery, it was 
 
 "Resolved, That each society here represented be requested 
 to contribute $25 as a contingent fund for expenses of perma- 
 nent organization. 
 
 "The offices of secretary and treasurer were separated, 
 and M. A. Tha^'er, Sparta, Wis., elected treasurer. By 
 appointment, Vice President Bryan met members of the asso- 
 ciation at the Sherman House, Thursday, g a. m., when all 
 ^proceeded to visit and view the different sites offered for 
 
National and Educational hiterests. 151 
 
 World's Fair purposes. The journey was replete with inci- 
 dents, and frequent individual preference was made, but as 
 an association no decision was put on record. Adjourned, 
 subject to call of the president." 
 
 The horticultural features of the Columbian Exposition 
 have occasioned much discussion, but no definite arrange- 
 ments had been made at the close of the year, and the direc- 
 tor, or commissioner, had not been chosen. The American 
 Garden has urged * that an international congress of horti- 
 culture be assembled at the exposition, and that the opportu- 
 nity be seized to make a comprehensive stud}^ and report of 
 our horticultural industries. There is every reason to expect 
 that the occasion will afford one of the best exhibits of horti- 
 cultural products ever made. 
 
 The leading papers and discussions of the various societies 
 are here presented as showing the trend of the year's in- 
 quiries. — 
 
 American Association of Nurserymen : 
 
 New Fruits — H. E. Van Deman. 
 
 Root-Grafting and Budding — L. H. Bailey. 
 
 Can Stock be Dug and Shipped too Early in the Fall ? — G. E. Meissner. 
 
 Does the Future of our Business Look as Promising as the Past ? — 
 
 H. S. Wiley. 
 Do We Live and Learn ? — Thomas Meehan. 
 The Cause of Low Prices for Nursery Stock — S. M. Emery. 
 How Can We Best Prevent Duplicates in our Mailing Lists ? — J. T. 
 
 Lovett. 
 Advertising — G. J. Carpenter. 
 Looking Backward (poem) — N. H. Albaugh. 
 Grapes, their Character as affected by Climate and Situation— Geo 
 
 W. Campbell. 
 Transplanting Evergreens — Fred. W. Kelsey. 
 Peach Culture — J. H. Hale. 
 
 Are Hardy Plants Desirable for our Catalogues ? — J. W. Manning, Jr. 
 Chestnut Culture— Samuel C. Moon. 
 
 The Relation of Nurserymen to the Forestry Problem — B. E. Fernow. 
 Pear Leaf Blight, its Cause and Treatment — B. T. Galloway. 
 Nurserymen, Agents, Tree Peddlers and Humbugs — George J. Kellogg. 
 Fruits for the West and North— J. L. Budd. 
 The Nursery Outlook in England — Wm. Fell. 
 
 Society of American Florists : 
 
 The Growing Importance of the Easter Trade, and how to Prepare for 
 it--James Dean. 
 
 * xi. 234 (Apr.),"295 (May), 423 (July), 555 (Sept.). 
 
152 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 The Value of System in Business — D. B. Long. 
 
 Best Method of Treating Callas during Summer to have them bloom 
 for the Holidays— E. M. H. Edwards. 
 
 Marketing Cut-Flowers — J. D. Raynolds. 
 
 Is the Selling of Flowers through Commission Men the best possible 
 Plan of Marketing our Produce ? — Frank Huntsman. 
 
 Berry-bearing Plants for Decorative Purposes — Robert Veitch, Jr. 
 
 Twenty-five Indispensable Plants for the Extreme South — R. D. Hoyt. 
 
 Fertilizers Under Glass — Professor S. T. Maynard. 
 
 Succulents — E. S. Miller. 
 
 Best Twenty-five Hardy Herbaceous Plants for Florists' use — J. Wood- 
 ward Manning. 
 
 Can Hellebores be Grown to Advantage by the Commercial Florist ? — 
 William Falconer. 
 
 Can We Reasonably Expect a Race of Early Chrysanthemums, Bloom- 
 ing in September and October, Valuable for America ? — John Lane. 
 
 The Twenty Best Native Plants for Florists' use — A. Gilchrist. 
 
 Nomenclature — W. H. Manning. 
 
 Review of Plants of Recent Introduction — W. P. Simmons, E. G. Hill^ 
 John Thorpe. 
 
 Petroleum as Fuel — Jos. B. Moore, and B. P. Critchell. 
 
 Florists' Business in Louisiana, iSSg-'go — R. Maitre. 
 
 Crossing and Hybridizing^E. S. Carman. 
 
 Peter Henderson — A. D. Cowan. 
 
 John Henderson — John H. Taylor. 
 
 Overhead Heating — L. Wight. 
 
 General Discussion of Landscape Gardening, evoked by William Mc- 
 Millan's paper of last year.* 
 
 Report of Nomenclature Committee, giving an extensive list of syno- 
 nyms. 
 
 Association of American Cemetery Superintendents : 
 
 Life of Adolph Strauch — F. Enrich. 
 
 Cemetery Roadways — G. Troup. 
 
 Mistakes in Cemeteries — A. W. Blaine. 
 
 What Trees and Shrubs to Plant in Cemeteries, and when to Plant 
 
 Them — Wm. Salway. 
 What Trees and Shrubs Should We Plant in Cemeteries ? Where; 
 
 Should They be Planted ?— O. C. Simonds. 
 
 * Annals Hort. 18S9, 34, 
 
Part II. 
 
 SPECIAL ANNALS. 
 
 § I. INTRODUCTIONS OF i8go. 
 
 A LIST OF THE FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 
 INTRODUCED INTO AMERICAN TRADE DURING THE YEAR. 
 
 The following list is a record of the novelties of the year, 
 SO far as it has been possible to obtain them. The greatest 
 pains have been taken to make the list complete and accurate. 
 Nearly all the introducers whose names appear in the list have 
 been consulted, and experimenters and others have aided in 
 the preparation. It cannot be hoped, however, that the list 
 is complete, but it is certainly sufficiently ample to possess 
 value as a historical record and as a basis for many interesting 
 calculations. 
 
 The compilation of such a list is peculiarly difficult, not 
 only because of the widely scattered material but because of the 
 unsatisfactory aid which is often rendered by introducers them- 
 selves. These parties often send in lists of introductions for 
 the 3^ear containing plants which they had introduced and 
 catalogued in a previous year, and many times the information 
 concerning the novelties and their history is so inadequate or 
 uncertain that definite record cannot be made of it. Many 
 dealers decline or neglect to give information, and to these 
 difficulties must be added the unsystematic methods of enter- 
 ing novelties in catalogues, by which it is often impossible to 
 determine when the plant was introduced, for the same 
 A. H.— II (153) 
 
154 Annals of Hortiadture . 
 
 ^'novelty" even though '^entirely new", may remain in the 
 *' novelty pages" of the catalogue for two or three or more 
 years; and a direct application to the dealer may elicit no in- 
 formation. All this difficulty is no doubt, for the most part, 
 a simple indifference to any rigid or systematic attempt to- 
 wards a yearly record, and it has its origin in the life-long 
 half careless methods of introducing novelties. 
 
 It is often difficult, also, to determine when a plant is ''in- 
 troduced," as I pointed out last year (Annals, 1889, 96). 
 Sometimes plants have been widely distributed from friend to 
 friend long before they are offered for sale ; some are adver- 
 tised in catalogues one year, but not actually sold until the 
 next ; sometimes plants are re-introduced, after having dropped 
 from sight ; some are introduced in Europe a year or two be- 
 fore reaching this country , and many are widely known among 
 experimenters and from reports in the press before appearing 
 upon the markets. To avoid as many as possible of these diffi- 
 culties I have attempted to record only the date of introduction 
 into ''American trade." 
 
 There is no attempt whatever towards any revision of names 
 or the determination of synonyms, as the purpose of the list 
 is a simple record of the activities of the year. I have attemp- 
 ted to give a brief description of the plants, obtained from the 
 originator or introducer. These descriptions are simply such 
 as I have been able to collect, and in no case can I vouch for 
 their accuracy. 
 
 The list contains 575 plants, against 434* in the list for 
 1889. .This increase of 141 varieties is due in part to the more 
 thorough canvas of the field which I have made this year, but 
 I am of the opinion that greater activity was shown in the in- 
 troduction of new varieties in 1890 than in 1889, particularly 
 in the case of some vegetables. The most remarkable circum- 
 stances common to nearly all these novelties is the assurance 
 that perfection has been reached, that every old variety has 
 been out-done, and that the new comer just fills the niche 
 which was void. The English language is commonly taxed 
 to its utmost to express the superlative virtues of the claimants, 
 particularly among vegetables, and. in order to emphasize be- 
 yond the power of expression, epithets are frequently piled 
 
 * Omitting ten chrysanthemums marked " 1890." 
 
Introductions of i8go. 155 
 
 upon each other until the impression is made by mere weight 
 of letters and words. I do not wish to criticize all this. I 
 only wish to ask my reader ten years hence, or even five years 
 
 if I should be so fortunate as to have one then — to count up 
 
 the number of the varieties in this list which have won public 
 favor. 
 
 Acacia mollissima. Schlegel ^ Fottler. 
 
 — pendula. Kelsey. 
 
 A very fine and hardy acacia, of distinct weeping habit, and resem- 
 bling the weeping sophora ; foliage a delicate light green, exceedingly 
 graceful and pretty. England. 
 
 Allium, The Bride. Biickbee. 
 
 Almond, Commercial. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Hatch's No. i. A. L. Hatch. 
 
 — Texas Prolific. W. R. Strong Co. 
 Andromeda Japonica, aurea. Temple 6" Beard. 
 
 From France. 
 Apple, 
 
 — Akin's Red. ///. State Hort. Society. 
 
 — Black Annette. A. Branson. 
 
 — Bostick Queen. Win. Hy. Smith. 
 
 — Coppleton (sweet). Coppleton, Mich. 
 
 — CuUin's Keeper. Griesa, Ka?isas. 
 
 — Dr. Walker. Downer. 
 
 — Early Sweetheart. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Elkhorn. Kennan. 
 
 — Family Favorite. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Gloege. Gloege, Wisconsin. 
 Gracie. F. M. Gideon, Minn. 
 
 — Jones' Seedling. Win. Hy. Smith. 
 
 — Marshall Red. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Mason's Orange. Griesa, Kansas. 
 
 — Poorhouse Greening. Wm. Hy. Smith. 
 
 Princess Louise. Smith cr' Kerman, St. Catharines, Ont. 
 
 Ragan's Yellow Horse. Win. Hy. Smith. 
 
 — Rainbow. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Red Riches. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Ronk. Albertson d^ Hobbs. 
 
 — Sonoma. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Spencer. Stark Bros. 
 
156 A^inals of Horticulture. 
 
 Apricot, Acme. G. J. Carpenter Co. 
 
 A new apricot from northern China, which was given to Professor 
 J. L. Budd by a returned missionary. The tree is an immense grow- 
 er, very hardy and productive ; fruit the very largest size ; a sweet 
 and delicious freestone, yellow, with red cheek. 
 
 Aquilegia chrysantha, alba. Henderson. 
 
 Flowers pure white. 
 Arbor Vitae, Stark's American Golden. Stark Bros. 
 Argyreia tiliaefolia, or Mammoth East India Climber. Heii- 
 derson. 
 
 A perennial climbing plant of high and rapid growth ; large green 
 heart-shaped leaves, silvery white underneath ; very large flowers of 
 white and violet. 
 
 Arnebia cornuta, or Arabian Summer-Flowering Primrose. 
 Hefiderson and others. 
 
 Discovered by Dr. Regel. The plant grows in bushy form, about 
 two feet high and about the same breadth. It blooms with unusual 
 profusion during the whole summer. Flowers over ^4^ of an inch 
 across, and of a rich primrose yellow, marked with five black spots ; 
 the spots change on the second day to a rich maroon, and on the third 
 day vanish, leaving the flower a clear, bright yellow. Annual. 
 
 Aster, Siirpasse Triomphe, or Scarlet Triumph White-Edged. 
 Henderson. 
 
 A new variety of Perfection aster. The flowers are large, fre- 
 quently measuring five inches across, perfectly double, of a brilliant 
 crimson purple, each petal being margined with white. The plants 
 are very dwarf, and bloom profusely. 
 
 Azalea mollis, Sinensis. Kelsey. 
 
 Double, hardy, bright yellow. Holland. 
 Bean, Buist's Lightning Early Valentine. Buist. 
 
 — Burpee's Saddle Wax. Burpee. 
 
 — Ely's Prolific Dwarf Wax. Ely. 
 
 — Griswold's Everbearing Wax. Johnson & Stokes. 
 
 A bean bearing handsome round yellow pods, which are thick, 
 fleshy, entirely stringless, growing six to seven inches in length, and 
 rich, buttery and fine flavored when cooked. Bears in great abund- 
 ance throughout the season. The stalk is stiffer and branches out 
 more than other beans. The beans are a fine kidney shape, and very 
 distinctly marked. Thos. Griswold, S. Wethersfield., Ct., originator. 
 
 — Livingston's Improved Six Weeks. Livi?igston. 
 
 An early strain of the old Six Weeks. 
 
 — New Union White Valentine. Johnson &^ Stokes. 
 
 Earlier and of a dwarfer habit than the old White Valentine, the 
 pods being rounder, smoother, plumper and more meaty, and entirely 
 
- Introductions of i8go. 157 
 
 stringless, remaining in a tender cooking condition longer than any 
 other green-podded variety. The beans, when ripe, are pure white. 
 
 Bean, Ruby Dwarf Horticultural. Rawson. 
 
 A strong grower (similar in this respect to the Goddard), and pro- 
 duces large, broad, well-filled pods, somewhat flattened, and of a very 
 dark ruby color. 
 
 — Saddleback Wax. LandretJi. 
 
 A golden-podded wax variety, introduced for the first time in the 
 autumn of 1889. Named Saddleback by reason of the peculiar form 
 of the pods, which on the back are unusually broad, flat and indented 
 with a decided crease, so much flattened on back and front as to have 
 the greatest thickness or diameter from side to side, which peculiar 
 quality cannot be pointed out for any other bean. Produces edible 
 pods as early as Black Wax, nearly twice as large, rounder, more 
 pulpy and absolutely stringless. More prolific than any other bean, 
 hardier than Black Wax or Golden Wax, and rust-proof. 
 
 — Stokes' Evergreen Lima. Johnson &^ Stokes. 
 
 The result of several years' selection from Salem Mammoth. Not 
 only holds the full size and great productivenes of the Salem Mam- 
 moth, but has the additional quality of holding entirely the deep 
 green color of the unripe or green state in all stages of growth and 
 even when dry and shelled. 
 
 — Thorburn's Early Refugee Wax. Thorburn. 
 
 A perfect Refugee with wax pods. Pods long and yellow. 
 
 — Washington Market Lima. Bai'7iard. 
 
 Earlier, more productive and of finer flavor than any of the ordi- 
 nary limas The pods are long and contain five or more beans of 
 unusually large size when in the green state. Originated near Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Beet, Dingo Turnip Blood. Kendall 6^ Whitney. 
 
 A rich, blood-red beet, of fine grain and flavor, and is earlier than 
 either the Egyptian or Eclipse. It originated with a leading market 
 gardener, and was brought to perfection after ten years of careful 
 cultivation. 
 
 — Mitchell's Perfected Earliest Dark Red Turnip. Johnson 
 & Stokes. 
 
 It has the color and small top of the Egyptian, but it is tender, 
 sweet and juicy, even after it has lost its leaves from age. (Same as 
 Mitchell's Dark Red Turnip of last year ?) 
 
 — New Half Long Blood. Ferry. 
 
 The roots are only half as long as the Long Blood, but weigh as 
 much on account of their thickness. They are always smooth and 
 handsome, and their rich, dark red flesh is very sweet, crisp and ten- 
 der, never becoming woody, even in the exposed portion. 
 
 — Yellow Leviathan Mangel Wurzel. Ferry. 
 
 Most field beets are liable to one of two faults : either they are so 
 
158 A7i7ials of Horticulture, 
 
 small and lacking in vigor as not to give a good crop, or if large they 
 grow so coarse and with such large neck and top that the flesh is 
 coarse and comparatively valueless. This variety is an improvement 
 in these respects. It is uniformly well shaped, and very large, being 
 the most productive of any. It grows half out of the ground and is 
 easily harvested, yet never becomes woody. The white flesh is sweet 
 and tender. 
 
 Begonia, Dewdrop. Robert Scott 6^" Son. 
 
 A seedling begonia raised by W. J. Chinnick, of Trenton, N. J. It 
 is a dwarf, compact-growing variety. The foliage is bright glossy 
 green, with shell-shaped leaves and stems of light crimson. The 
 blooms are produced in clusters of from six to eight florets, which are 
 satiny white, with golden yellow stamens. When planted out in the 
 sun during the summer, the color changes to a delicate shade of pink, 
 with crimson stems, making a beautiful contrast. It is a profuse 
 bloomer. 
 
 — Scharffii. Schlegel 6^ Fottler. 
 Berchemia racemosa. Saitl. 
 Buphane toxicaria. Rcasoner Bros. 
 
 South Africa. 
 Cabbage, Bismarck. Childs. 
 
 — Louderback's All Year Round. Johnson c^ Stokes. 
 
 This cabbage originated with Daniel Louderback, of Philadelphia. 
 It is not only the finest Early Drumhead, but is equally as good for 
 second and third early, intermediate and late. It heads large and 
 solid, with very short stem and few outer leaves. 
 
 — New Diamond Winter. Johnson &= Stokes. 
 
 Very compact, the stem short, and does not crack. The heads will 
 average from 15 to 18 pounds in weight after they are trimmed for 
 market. Extra hard, solid, round and somewhat flattened on top ; 
 possesses a fine, small rib. Long Island. 
 
 — New Race Horse. Buckbee. 
 Calliopsis, New Double. Childs. 
 Callitris robusta. Rcasoner Bros. 
 
 Cypress pine. Australia. 
 Campanula punctata, New Spotted Bell Flower. Hejtdcrsojt. 
 
 An elegant hardy perennial, about i]4. feet high. Flowers numer- 
 ous, pendulous, bell-shaped, milk v^hite, dotted and striped with red 
 on the inner surface, and as large as the well known Canterbury 
 Bells, and are produced the entire season. 
 
 Canna Childsi (The Tiger Canna). Childs. 
 
 It is of a rather dwarf habit, shorter than either Ehemanni or Nou- 
 toni. Its foliage is rank, and of a light green shade. The flowers 
 are borne in large, compact panicles, are of a large size and perfect 
 shape, with broad petals, and of a bright glossy yellow color, thickly 
 spotted with crimson. Seedling from one of Crozy's. 
 
Introductions of iSgo. I59 
 
 Canna, Crozy's for 1890, introduced by various dealers: 
 
 Admiral Courbet, Ampere, Antoine Chantin Antome Crozy. Com- 
 anda^t Dubuis, Enfant du Rhone, Francois Corbm. Francoise La- 
 nente Gen de Negrier. Geofiry St. HiUaire. Goury. Isaac Casati, Jac- 
 Tuemet de'Bonnefond, Jules Chretien. Louis C\^f ^-^' L- Chnsten 
 S Antoinette de AlUary, Mad. LiabaudMme. Oriole. Petit 
 Teanne, Princess Lusignani. Professor David. Souv. de Asa Gray. 
 Souv. de Jeanne Charieton, W. Pfitzer. 
 
 Carnation, Constancy. Chas. T Starr possessing 
 
 A child of the Century, contammg blood of P^^^^^' P°^f.f;.°f 
 its color with larger flowers, not running to so many small, inferior 
 florets as does its parent, after the first flush of fall bloom. It is a 
 blowing scadet fringed ; growth strong and healthy, dark green and 
 fuxJnant, and will Lceed Portia in the number of long-stemmed 
 blooms to the same space occupied. 
 
 Golden Gate. Chas. T. Starr. 
 
 A seedling of Hinzie's White, fertilized with Field of Gold Ihe 
 plant has thl characteristics of Hinzie's. but more dwarf in stalk and 
 Fs early flowering. It is a deep golden yellow, without any stripe or 
 foreign color ; healthy and free. 
 
 T R. Freeman. Chas. T. Starr. 
 
 ' A seedling of Century, crossed with Anna Webb ; exceedingly pro- 
 fuse Flowers almost all on long stems, full and double ; does not 
 burst, and is a rich cardinal crimson color ; clove scented. 
 
 — Lasandria. Chas. T. Starr. 
 
 Peculiarly a long-stemmed pink, like Portia, which it resembles in 
 manner of growth^and style of flower, but of a rich carmine color ; 
 early and free. 
 
 Marsfuerite. Henderson. 
 
 The flowers are of brilliant colors, ranging through many beautiful 
 shades of reds, pinks, white, variegations, etc.; they are of perfect 
 form and large size, and the calyx never bursts. They bloom in 
 abo^t four months after sowing the seeds ; they come eighty per cent^ 
 double The plants are dwarf, much branched, compact and robust m 
 habit, consequently supporting themselves without the use of stakes. 
 
 _ Pomona. Chas. T. Starr. , . u i, .o.. 
 
 Low growing, like L. L. Lamborn, and adapted to benches near 
 the glass It is of a deep crimson color, of great substance. Flowers 
 will keep a long time, and are borne on single, stiff, upright stems that 
 do not need supporting. Foliage always healthy and vigorous . of a 
 bluish green color. 
 — Wm, F. Dreer. Chas. T. Starr. 
 
 Seedling of Buttercup, fertilized with Century. Is of e>cceedingly 
 strong hellthy growth, upright and robust, ^ftainmg he style of 
 flowel of Buttercup ; has a majority of long stems. Its color is a 
 beautiful rose pink ; deeply-fringed petals, very large, often three 
 inches in diameter, and does not burst. 
 
i6o Anjials of Horticulture. 
 
 Carrot, New French Bellot. Thorburn. 
 
 A new strain, of superior quality, being in size between the Extra 
 Early Forcing and Early Horn varieties. 
 
 — Rubicon Half Long. Johnson & Stokes ; Barnard. 
 
 Earlier than the Danvers, and about the same length ; the leaves 
 are one-third shorter, fewer and finer. It grows without neck, the 
 crown is hollow, and it grows well under the ground, which prevents 
 it from becoming sun-burnt. Connecticut. 
 
 Cauliflower, Fottler's Improved Erfurt. Schlegel & Fottler. 
 
 — New Dwarf Danish. Schlegel & Fottler. 
 Celery, Dilks' Many-Hearted. Johnson & Stokes. 
 
 It originated with George Dilks, Philadelphia, from one stalk found 
 growing in a field of Golden Dwarf, in 1884 It is very distinct in 
 appearance, being much stouter, thicker and heavier near the root 
 than any other variety. 
 
 — New Giant Pascal. TJiorburn ; Henderson. 
 
 The result of selection from Golden Self-Blanching. It partakes 
 of the nutty flavor of that variety. About two feet high, with stalks 
 that are solid, crisp, not stringy, very large and broader than those of 
 any other. Before blanching it is green, with heart of a golden yel- 
 low and very full. It is very easily blanched, requiring only five or 
 six days earthing up, while its preservative qualities make it a fine 
 shipper. 
 
 — Schumacher. Thorburn. 
 
 Of immense size, very solid and crisp, with light green foliage and 
 golden-yellow solid heart. It will keep in splendid condition all 
 through the winter and into the spring. 
 
 — Thorburn' s Heart' s-Content. Thorburn. 
 
 Half-dwarf, with light green foliage, with large, solid and crisp 
 golden stalks. 
 
 Centaurea Cyanus fl. pi. Henderson. 
 
 Cephelandra palmata, Scarlet Fruited Palm-leaved Climber. 
 Henderson. 
 
 A rapid-growing climber from south Africa, growing about 30 feet 
 high. The vines are long, slim and straight, bearing very large pal- 
 mate light green leaves. Flowers large, reddish orange, succeeded 
 by small, bright carmine, cucumber-shaped fruits. 
 
 Cherries, Belle Montreuil. Williams. 
 
 — Black Mastodon. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — California Advance. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Purity. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Thompson Tartarian. Leonard Coates. 
 Chestnut, Cut-leaved. Kelsey. 
 
 A form of the Spanish, having large handsome green foliage of 
 deeply lobed finely cut leaves. France. 
 
Introductions of i8go. i6i 
 
 Chestnut, Variegated. Kelsey. ' 
 
 A new type of the Spanish Chestnut, with large, bold foliage, strik- 
 ingly variegated with bright yellow. England. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Arizona. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Dwarf and stiff stems, flowers composed of tubular 
 petals on the outside, and flat incurved in the center, light chrome 
 color. 
 
 — Bohemia. U. S Nur. 
 
 Large reflexed flowers of deep Venetian-red color, supported on 
 stout stems ; last long in perfection ; considered the best red chrysan- 
 themum. 
 
 — Bruinhild. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Incurved very large flower of unusually broad petals, 
 brown-red on inside, yellow on outside surface, florets partly tubular 
 and closely incurved. 
 
 — Carrie Denny. Hill ^ Co. 
 
 Clear amber ; comes in large spherical balls, incurving and slightly 
 whorled. 
 
 — Charles A. Reeser. Hill c^ Co. 
 
 Recurved ; rosy pink, with lighter shadings. 
 
 — Clara Rieman. Hill &^ Co. 
 
 Rich lavender rose in color, shading to silvery rose, with a white 
 center. A very large open-surfaced flower of fine texture. 
 
 ' — Connecticut. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Of the same robust constitution as Bohemia. The flowers are 
 large, with twisted petals of deep madder, the tips white. 
 
 — Cortez. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Incurved, large flowers of stiff broad petals of mahog- 
 any color inside, lighter on the outside. 
 
 — Crown Prince. Hill 6r-^ Co. 
 
 Flower very large ; petals very broad. Color ox-blood red on upper 
 surface ; old gold beneath. Fine incurved form ; early bloomer. 
 
 — Edwin Lonsdale. H. Watcrer. 
 
 — Elliott F. Shepherd. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Very large flowers, petals broad and ribbon-like, of 
 beautiful lemon color. 
 
 — Gipsy. Harry E. Widcncr, Hill &^ Co. , H. Watcrer. 
 
 Bright lemon yellow in color, without shadings. Flower large, 
 on stiff, stout stem ; incurving, petals crisp and stiff ; very free in 
 growth. 
 
 — Huron. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Large flowers of delicate mauve florets, tubular, di- 
 lated at extremities, and incurved. 
 
i62 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Indiana. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Large flat flowers showing the center of a rich crim- 
 son-lake color. 
 
 — lona. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Reflexed flower made of tubular, deep rose petals. Stems stiff, 
 leafy to the flower. 
 
 — Iowa. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Chinese. Fine, perfect formed flower, white tinted mauve at 
 the ends. Stems stout, leafy to the flowers. 
 
 — Iroquois. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Large flowers, petals tubular, flat at the ends, magenta- 
 red, setting off the nankeen-yellow center. 
 
 — Ithaca. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Flowers full, outside petals tubular, inside florets 
 twisting spirally ; rose color. 
 
 — Jean Humphrey. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Large flowers of a fawn color, outer petals long, 
 tubular with spatulate ends, the inner incurved of a fawn color. 
 
 — John Lane. Hill 6^ Co. 
 
 Color a rose pink with peach or light shadings on underside of 
 petals, ends of center petals tipped with gold. Flowers borne on 
 long, stiff, stout stems. 
 
 — Kansas. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Petals drawn together at the ends as if bunched, color 
 sulphur yellow. 
 
 — Kearsarge. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Chinese. Flowers light mauve supported on stiff, leafy stems. 
 
 — Landon Humphrey. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Flowers of the same shape as Ithaca, but much deeper 
 rose color. 
 
 — Manitou. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Large flowers, florets clear white, incurved, not quite 
 covering yellow center. Catalogued in Annals for 1889. 
 
 — Minnewawa. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Incurved Japanese. Large flowers of fine mauve color, good stiff 
 stems, and good foliage. 
 
 — Miss Mary Weightman. Hill 6- Co. 
 
 Distinct chrome-yellow, form loose and feathery, large and full. 
 Flowers ten inches across. Early. 
 
 — Model. H. Water er. 
 
 — Mohawk. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Large red flowers, rather flat. 
 
 — Molly Bawn. Hill 6- Co. 
 
 Sport of Syringa. Pure white. 
 
hitrodudioJis of i8go. 163 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Moonstone. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Large ; irregular, flat flower, with broad silver-white 
 pointed petals. 
 
 — Mrs. Charles Dissel. H. Waterer. 
 
 — Mrs. Cornehus Vanderbilt. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Flowers very large, composed of a number of long 
 petals of rose madder. 
 
 — Mrs. Edmund Smith. Hill &- Co. 
 
 Pure white ; long, narrow, interlaced petals ; great substance and 
 lasting quality. 
 
 — Mrs. Frank Chnton. H. Waterer. 
 
 — Mrs. Grace Hill. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Incurved Japanese. Good form and substance, of a delicate bluish 
 color. 
 
 — Mrs. Hicks Arnold. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Flowers very large and deep, of beautiful soft rose 
 color ; dwarf grower, the stiff stems being leafy to the flower. 
 
 — Mrs. J. T. Emlen. Hill 6- Co. 
 
 Deep blood-red on upper surface of petals, underside old gold. 
 Flowers large, incurved, of splendid shape. 
 
 — Mrs. Libbie Allan. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Incurved, well formed, large yellow flower not unlike 
 Mrs. W. K. Harris. 
 
 — Mrs. Minnie Wanamaker. H. Waterer. 
 
 — Mrs. Winthrop Sargeant. Hill c^ Co. 
 
 Bright straw color, incurved, carrying its flowers on long stiff stems. 
 Very large. 
 
 — Oneida. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Chinese. Full flowers, of a fine light pink color. 
 
 — Osceola. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Quite large flowers of irregular shape of a great num- 
 ber of long tinted petals, narrow, bright red on inner side, pale yel- 
 low on outer surface. 
 
 — Passaic. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Flower loose, composed of white, stiff, standing tubular petals. 
 
 — Piquat. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Dark red, curious, tubular, reflexed petals. 
 
 — President Harrison. H Waterer. 
 
 — Raleigh. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Incurved Japanese. Buff color tinged with rose ; the protruding 
 middle petals are lemon yellow. 
 
 — Reward. H. Waterer. 
 
164 An7ials of Ho7^ticult2ire . 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Robert S. Brown. Hill &^ Co. 
 A magnificent dark crimson. Very large. 
 
 — Rohallion. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Japanese. Retiexed, of great depth ; petals long, twisted, open at 
 the end, of beautiful dark chrome-yellow, strong grower. 
 
 — Semiramis. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Very large flowers of broad, stiff, incurved petals, ma- 
 roon-red on inner, pale yellow on outer surface ; does not show 
 center. 
 
 — Shasta. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Large spherical blooms of tubular florets of pure white ; 
 dwarf growing plant with stiff stems. 
 
 — Tacoma. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Chinese. Flower of perfect form, incurved ; white, slightly tinted 
 with pink in the bud, becoming cream-white when fully expanded ; 
 of very large size, full center and broad, stiff petals. 
 
 — Tecumseh. H. P. Walcott. 
 
 Japanese. Very large flower, petals incurved, brown-red on inner 
 surface, light mahogany color on the outside, closely overlapping 
 each other, and do not show center. 
 
 — Twihght. H. Waterer. 
 
 — Virginia. U. S. Nur. 
 
 Chinese. Delicate rose, madder color, perfect flowers, produced 
 on stiff leafy stems. 
 
 — White Cap. H. Watere?-. 
 
 — multicaule. Tho7^bur7i. 
 
 This dwarf annual bedding plant has hitherto been known in Eu- 
 rope and America only as a botanical curiosity. Though a native of 
 South Africa it has been found to be admirably adapted to our cli- 
 mate. The form of the leaves, the whole habit, length of flower 
 stalk, and the look of the flower itself remind one of the English 
 daisy, but the flowers are of a golden yellow color. In this latitude 
 plants from seed sown as late as the middle of May, bloom from the 
 end of June until frost 
 
 Citron. Varieties introduced from Italy and Sicily by the 
 Divisio7i of Po77iology, U. S. Dept. Agriciiltiwe: 
 
 Amalphi, Calabria, Cedro vero, Citrus medica, Icompio, Limon- 
 ziana, Macrocarpa, Pereltone, Pomo d'Adamo, Sorrento, Testi di 
 Turco. 
 
 Corn, Sweet, First of All. D)'ce7\ 
 
 Selection from the Cory, but better and ten days earlier. 
 
 — Guarantee. Joh7iso7i 6^ Stokes. 
 
 It grows a good-sized, handsome, white ear ; grain very much 
 shrivelled when dry, coming in second early or intermediate, and 
 producing three to four ears on each stalk. 
 
hitrodudions of iSgo. 165 
 
 Corn, Landreth Sugar. 
 
 Remarkably productive, two ears on every stalk, often three, some- 
 times four. Stalks two feet shorter than Evergreen, very close join- 
 ted ; ears set low, large and well filled. Ripens after Concord, eight 
 days earlier than Evergreen. 
 
 — Maine. Kendall c^ Whitney. 
 
 A twelve-rowed variety, ears of medium size, quite dwarf in habit 
 of growth. It ripens about ten days earlier than Crosby's Early. 
 The pearly white kernels are tender, succulent and of a rich sugary 
 flavor. It remains in a green state a long time. 
 
 — New Champion. Pi'ice &= Reed. 
 
 Introduced as the earliest large sweet corn. Cob white. 
 
 — Potter's Superb. Mills, Thorn Hill, New York. 
 
 Originated with Rev. W. T. Potter, who has grown it for many 
 years. Ofifered for trial only in 1890. 
 
 — Shoe Peg. Johnson a^Stokes. Breck. 
 
 The stalks are of medium height, without suckers ; joints short, and 
 sometimes yield as many as five ears, well filled out The kernel is 
 small, very long, white and tender, sweet and of a rich juicy flavor ; 
 medium late. Grain deep and cob small. Originated at Bordentown, 
 N.J. 
 
 — Simpsonia Prohfic. Wilson. 
 
 The ears remain in a good eating condition longer than other kinds. 
 Grows to a medium height, has a strong, stiff, leafy stalk, ripens 
 medium early, often bearing 3 good ears to a stalk, each 10 to 12 
 inches in length. Originated with Simpson Large, Bucks Co., Penna. 
 
 — Stabler' s Pedigree Sweet. Burpee. 
 
 — Thomas. Delano Aloore. 
 
 A very early yellow variety, ears six to nine inches long. Originat- 
 ed in Presque Isle, Me. 
 
 Cornus alternifoHa, argentea. Temple &^ Beard. 
 
 Elegantly marked with pure white, like C. Siberica, elegantissima. 
 Sport of our native species found by H. M. Pratt, in Vermont. 
 umbracuhfera. Temple c^ Beard. 
 
 From Germany. 
 
 — brachypoda, variegata. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 Habit upright, branches horizontal or drooping, foliage three- 
 fourths white. From Japan. Very handsome. Tender. 
 Cucumber, Buckbee's CKef. Bicckbee. 
 Size of White Spine ; dark green. 
 
 — Parisian Prolific Pickling. Several dealers. 
 
 Very long, slender, cylindrical, densely covered with fine prickles, 
 and deep, rich green in color. The flesh is very crisp and tender, 
 making it one of the best for slicing as well as for pickles. The vine 
 produces its fruit in clusters. France. 
 
1 66 An7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 Cucumber, Pekin Giant. Btickbee. 
 
 — Thorburn's New Everbearing. Tho7-btirn. 
 
 Of small size ; very early and productive, and valuable as a green 
 pickler. The vines continue to produce fruit until killed by frost. 
 
 Currant, Red Oak. H. A. Jo7ies, Himi'ods, N. V. 
 
 Seedling from Cherry. Originated near Elmira, N. Y. Season 
 later than other varieties ; good cropper, perfectly hardy ; leaves re- 
 sembling an oak leaf. 
 
 — Saunders. IVm. Saujiders, Ont. 
 
 Cydonia Japonica, pendula. Temple ^^ Beard. 
 
 A remarkable form of the Japan quince, with habit somewhat like 
 that of Forsythia siispensa. Found among imported seedlings at 
 Shady Hill, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Dahlia, Floral Park Jewel. Colors various. Childs. 
 
 — Thomas Ware's, introduced by various dealers : 
 
 Amphion, Asia, Dorothy, Diadem, Excellent, Florie Fisher, F. W. 
 Strandling, HertieKing, Honoria, Isaac Pitman, J. Humerston, Kate, 
 Lustrous, Major Clark, Margery, Miss Jekyll, Miss Louisa Pryor, 
 Miss Ramsbottom, Mrs. B. S. Liddall, Mrs. Edward Morley, Mrs. 
 G. Reid, Mrs. Jas. Grieve, Mrs. Peter McKenzie, Nelly Cramond, 
 Panthia, Plutarch, Professor Baldwin, Purple Princess, Royalty, 
 Sidney Hollings, Sir Trevor Lawrence, The Ameer, Walter, Zulu. 
 
 Daphne Cneorum, majus. Te^nple 6^ Beard. 
 
 Larger than the type. Holland. 
 Variegated. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 Foliage bordered with white. Holland. 
 
 Date. Varieties introduced from Egypt and Algiers, by the 
 Divisiofi of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture : 
 
 Amhat, Amreeyeh, Deylet Nour, Hazaneh, M'Kentichi-Degla, 
 Nakleh-et-Pasha, Rars, Rasheedeh, Seewah, Sultaneh, Zeb-et-Aled. 
 
 Dewberry, Wilson's Mammoth White. Wilson. 
 
 Originated in Texas. 
 Dodocatheon Clevelandi, or Giant American Cowslip. He7i- 
 derson ; Farquhar. 
 
 Perennial, discovered in California, and named by Prof. Edward 
 L. Greene, of the State University of California, in i888" Stems 
 one foot high, surmounted with from six to ten large, beautiful, cycla- 
 men-like flowers of violet blue, with y*ellow and black center. It is 
 perfectly hardy, and a beautiful plant for partially shaded situations. 
 
 Elderberry, Brainard. Brandt. 
 
 Fully three times as large as the common elderberry. 
 
 Encephalartos brachyphyllus. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Natal. 
 
Introductions of i8go. 167 
 
 Fig, Capri (Wild fig of Europe). Division of Pomology, U. 
 S. Dept. of Agr.; also the following : 
 
 A frutti nero, Bianco precoce, Brianzola, Black Brogiotto, Black 
 Dattato, Dattato, Delmatino, Dr. NapoliTivano, Guigliona, Lordeialo, 
 Natalino, Prolifero, Rubado, Sanvito, San Piero, Synirna{?), Tro- 
 jano, White Brogiotto. 
 
 Forsythia intermedia. Temple c^ Beard. 
 
 A new cross, with habit between F. suspensa and F. viridisswia, and 
 foliage ditto. Very valuable. From Germany. 
 
 Garcinia Mangostana. Reasoner Bros. 
 Mangosteen, E. Indies. 
 
 Genista Andreana. Saul. 
 
 Hardy ; flowers golden yellow. 
 
 Gentiana, Little Gem. Buckbee. 
 
 Geranium. The four following introduced by Childs : 
 
 Jupiter. Enormus double flower of the richest dark vermilion. 
 Mars. Large, double flower glowing amaranth scarlet, rayed with 
 intense violet scarlet, and orange yellow center. 
 
 Venus. Beautiful large single flower of perfect shape, and light 
 orange scarlet color. 
 
 Saturn. A beautiful large single flower exactly the color of Mars. 
 A free grower and great bloomer. 
 
 — The following French varieties were offered by various 
 dealers in i8go : 
 
 Boguereau. Large truss, florets more than semi-double, clear 
 damask rose color, with white mark on the upper petals. Very beau- 
 tiful. 
 
 Brutus. Truss of the largest size, with large florets, scarlet shading 
 to soft amaranth. Very free flowering. Single. 
 
 Catulle Mendes. Flower very large, double, purplish rose, upper 
 petals carrying large white mark. Plant very free flowering. 
 
 Fornaise. Immense truss, large flowers of the most brilliant orange 
 scarlet. Single. 
 
 L'Abbe Bourgeois. Enormous truss, with flowers of extreme size, 
 double, bright vermilion color. 
 
 La Vestale. Fine umbels, large flowers, quite round, pure white 
 and a very vigorous grower. A splendid white bedder. Single. 
 
 M. Berger. Double. Very wide truss disposed in half spherical 
 form, bright rosy shade with capucine shading. Flower holds well. 
 
 M. Eiffel. Flowers medium sized, of rosy lake color, with touches 
 of orange. A beautiful color and a plant of fine habit. Single. 
 
 M. Moissan. Large truss of double flowers, orange shading to terra 
 cotta. Fine habit. 
 
 Soleil Couchant. Plant very free in flower ; flowers large and bright 
 capucine, the nearest approach to yellow. Single. 
 
1 68 Anfials of Horticulture. 
 
 Gladiolus, California. Biirbank. 
 
 Often double, flowers arranged around the stalk as in the hyacinth. 
 Originated by Burbank. 
 
 Gloxinia, Defiance. He?iderson. 
 
 Flowers large and erect and the edges of the petals are delicately 
 fringed. Foliage very rich and veined with silvery white. It comes 
 about 95 per cent, true from seed. 
 
 Godetia, Stray Beaut}^ Bitckbee. 
 
 Creamy white, shading to pink. 
 Gooseberry, Pearl. Smith 6^ Kermaii. 
 
 — Prairie. Nehring, III. 
 Gourd, Carsley. Delano Moore. 
 
 Offered for 1890, but an accident to the seed prevented its intro- 
 duction. 
 
 Grape, Campbell. T. V. Mimson. 
 
 — Colerain. Colerain Grape Co. 
 
 Vine a strong, healthy grower, of marked Labrusca type ; perfectly 
 hardy and free from disease, showing no tendency to rot or mildew 
 wherever tested. An abundant bearer ; very early, ripening from 
 the 15th to the 30th of August, and hanging a long time on the vine. 
 Bunches and berries medium size ; bunches shouldered ; color light 
 green, with a delicate white bloom ; skin very thin and tender ; flesh 
 very juicy and remarkably sweet, fairly vinous, generally but one 
 small seed to a berry. Originated by D. Bundy, Colerain, Ohio, from 
 seed of Concord planted in 1879. 
 
 — Cortland. R. Lambert &-' Sons. 
 
 — Leavenworth. Stayman. 
 
 — Northern Light. Biicke. 
 
 — Osage. Stayman. * 
 
 — Ozark. Stayman, 
 
 — Progress. Stayma?!.. 
 
 — Wells. Rabords. 
 
 — White Beauty. Stayma?i. 
 
 — White Imperial. Stayman. 
 
 — Willis. Rabords. 
 
 — The following varieties were introduced from Persia by 
 Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture : 
 
 Alhakhee, Askaree, Black Shahanee Chavooshee, Dizmar, Dooda, 
 Hutab, Khallilee, Khishnigoor, Paykanee, Razugee, Red Tabarza, 
 Rish Baba (Galinburmaghee, or Shirazee), White Shahanee, White 
 Sifide, White Slishmish. 
 
 Helianthus argophyllus, Texanus. Thorburn. 
 
 A native of Texas. The stock was procured from India and the 
 seed grown in Florida. It is a marvel when in full bloom, and pre- 
 
Introductions of i8go. 169 
 
 vious to flowering, its silvery foliage is very showy. It is at home in 
 the south, where it attains a height of ten feet, branching from the 
 ground to the top, and forming a perfect pyramid with nearly one 
 thousand golden yellow flowers on the one plant, and continuing to 
 bloom until frost. 
 
 Hibiscus, New Japanese. Wilson. 
 
 Hydrangea, Sapphire. Lovett. 
 
 The formation of trusses of this is different from most any culti- 
 vated hydrangea ; they are formed by a few bracts surrounding a 
 cluster of flower heads. The bracts are delicate porcelain white, and 
 the flower heads are a deep azure blue, producing a very pretty effect. 
 The foliage is very rich, and free from fungous attacks. 
 
 Hypericum Moserianum. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 A hybrid with very large flowers of yellow, having a large center of 
 reddish stamens. France. 
 
 Impatiens Sultani, variegated. Originated with F.A. Scholes, 
 
 Brooklyn. 
 Kalmia angustifoha, aurea. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 France. 
 
 — latifoha, crispa. Temple a^ Beard. 
 
 Foliage prettily crimped. England. 
 Laburnum, Park's Golden-leaved. Kelsey. 
 
 Leaves a solid bright yellow, permanent and very distinct ; flowers 
 in long, golden racemes of a different shade of yellow, similar to 
 those of the common or " Golden Chain " variety. England. 
 
 Lantana, NelHe Bly. Viek. 
 
 Sweet scented ; pure white, with lemon-yellow center. A strong 
 grower and profuse bloomer. 
 
 Lath3Tus splendens, or Pride of Cahfornia. He7iderso?i. 
 
 A striking climber of southern California, producing brilliant clus- 
 ters of deep rose-red flowers. 
 
 Lettuce, Big Boston. Henderson. 
 
 Identical in color, shape and general appearance with the famous 
 Boston Market Lettuce, but is double the size. It is about one week 
 later in maturing. 
 
 — Blonde Block-Head. Gregory. 
 
 Sent out by Vilmorin. In structure and habit of growth it much 
 resembles the Neapolitan cabbage lettuce, so well known by its fine 
 heading qualities, but differs from it in its rich golden-yellow color. 
 
 — Carmine Gem. Buckbee. 
 
 — Early White Self-Folding Cos. Ferry. 
 
 A cos lettuce which does not need tying up. It forms a large, solid 
 head like that of an Early York cabbage. The head is nicely self- 
 blanched, yellowish-white in color, and very crisp, tender and of su- 
 perior flavor. 
 A. H. — 12 
 
lyo Annals of Ho7'ticulture . 
 
 Lettuce, Longstander Bronze Head. Johnson &" Stokes. 
 
 A long-standing sort with compact head and golden bronze color. 
 
 — Sunset. Henderson. 
 
 It forms large, solid heads, of a rich golden yellow, a shade of color 
 hitherto unknown in this class of lettuce. It stands very long before 
 going to seed, and is also an excellent keeper after being cut. 
 
 — Trianon Cos. Henderson. 
 
 Long, narrow leaves, which form solid heads, almost like a Wake- 
 field cabbage, which bleach and quickly become snowy white. The 
 cos lettuces excel all others in quality, having a taste and crispness 
 unequalled. The leaves, when bleached, are stiff like celery stalks, 
 and can be eaten in the same manner. 
 
 — Thorburn's Cold-frame White Cabbage. Thorbnrn. 
 Lilac, Alphonsus Lavalle. Sanl. 
 
 Double ; flowers large, violet-blue. 
 Lonicera Tartarica, variegata. Temple & Beard. 
 
 From Dr. Dieck, Germany. 
 Macadamia ternifolia. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Queensland nut. Australia. 
 Mangoes, Black and Yam. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 Mauritia flexuosa. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Mariti Palm. South America. 
 Melothria punctata, or African Oak-leaved Climber. He?i- 
 derson. 
 
 A rapid growing climbing annual from South Africa. The leaves 
 are palmate (or palm-shaped) and of a bright refreshing green, and 
 it grows so luxuriantly that it is difficult to penetrate it with the hand. 
 Flowers are succeeded by great numbers of blue-brown berries. 
 
 Momordica involucrata, or New Red Balsam Apple. He7i- 
 derson. 
 
 Climber from the mountains of Natal. The vines are strong, with 
 vivid green, deeply cut foliage. The flowers are borne in profusion 
 and are very large ; some are creamy white, dotted with black, and 
 others pure white with red pistils. The flowers are succeeded by 
 beautiful sulphur-yellow fruits two inches long, which change to rich 
 carmine scarlet ; when ripe they burst and show the seeds of blood- 
 red color. The fruits and flowers are borne on the vine at the same 
 time. 
 Mulberr}^, Black Northern. Stark Bros. 
 Musk Melon, California Christmas Pine Apple. Wilson. 
 
 A winter melon ; originated with Ira W. Adams, Napa Co., Cal. 
 
 — Giant of Colorado. Johnso7i of Stokes. 
 
 Fruits very large, with green flesh. Colorado. 
 
Introductions of i8go. 171 
 
 Mask Melon, Ideal. Biickbee. 
 
 Myosotidium nobile, or Giant Forget-Me-Not. Henderson. 
 
 Perennial, growing about one and a-half feet high, producing dur- 
 ing the spring months, and occasionally in the autumn, large dense 
 clusters of forget-me-not bloom. The individual florets are one-half 
 an inch across, brilliant blue, shading to white at the center. The 
 leaves are large, nearly ten inches in diameter. 
 Myristica moschata. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Nutmeg. East Indies. 
 Nerine flexuosa. Reasoner Bros. 
 Natal. 
 
 — tiexuosa, var. pudica. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Natal. 
 CEnothera, Ice King Primrose. Lovett ; Hallock. 
 
 The plant is of dwarf bushy growth ; the flowers of immense size, 
 white, delicately shaded blush, and are produced in great profusion, 
 blooming all summer. It is also said to be very hardy, coming from 
 Montana. 
 
 Olive. U. S. Dept. of Agr., as follows : 
 
 Ascolana, Correggiola, Du Guazzo, Gentile, Grassia, Infrantoi, Lec- 
 cino, Marinella, Oriola, Piangente, Razza. St. Caterina. 
 Onion, White Multiplier. Henderson ; Wilson. 
 Oreodoxa sp. Reasoner Bros. 
 Demerara. British Guiana. 
 Pansy, New Peacock. Wilson. 
 A parti-colored English sort. 
 Papaver orientale and bracteata hybrids. Henderson. 
 
 These hybrid varieties include charming new colors, including ex- 
 quisite blush pink, blotched purple, deep blood red, blotched black, 
 glowing scarlet, pure reddish orange, soft salmon, etc. 
 
 Parsley, Beauty. Bnckbee. 
 Passiflora, John Spalding. Henderson. 
 
 A variegated-leaved sport of Constance Elliott, originating with 
 John Spalding. 
 
 Pea, Buckbee's Lightning Express. Buckhee. 
 
 Eighteen to twenty-five inches high. Good keeper. 
 
 — Chelsea. Henderson. 
 
 One foot in height, and is of compact short-jointed habit ; it is as 
 early as American Wonder and earlier than Little Gem, and gives a 
 much larger crop than either of these sorts, bearing in pairs from the 
 bottom to the top an abundance of handsome pods, which are half as 
 long again as thase of any other first early dwarf kind. 
 
 — Early Prize. Gregory. 
 
 A cross between Tom Thumb and the Advancer, by Mr. Reed of 
 
172 A7inah of Horticulture. 
 
 Vermont. Eighteen inches high, being slightly taller than Premium 
 Gem, and, while equally early, it is decidedly a better cropper than 
 either that or Tom Thumb. Pod large, heavy, and well filled. Also 
 equal to the wrinkled varieties in sweetness and flavor. It can be 
 planted earlier than these without danger of rotting. 
 
 Pea, Electric. Tillingliast, 
 
 — Favorite. Gregory. 
 
 A green wrinkled variety of branching habit. Grows two feet high, 
 branching at the ground. Medium early. This is of the Abundance 
 type, but the pods fill out better than that variety, and it is a better 
 pea than either that or the Everbearing. 
 
 — Heroine. Gregory. 
 
 Ripens with the Champion, but the pods are longer and wider. A 
 fine cropper. Three feet high. From Messrs. Sharpe, England. 
 
 — Iowa's Challenge. Iowa Seed Co. 
 
 An extra early variety. Vines eighteen inches. 
 
 — Marblehead Early Marrowfat. Gregory. 
 
 Pods large, often containing eight peas. Vines immensely strong ; 
 remains in bearing a long time. Comes in after the earliest. 
 
 — Nonpareil. Tate &-' Son. 
 
 — Pride of the Garden- (Sugar). Afi7/s, Thorn Hill, N. Y. 
 
 From four and one-half to five feet high, of very stout growth ; 
 the foliage is a healthy green and the vines are crowded with pods. 
 Medium early. 
 
 — Queen. Gregory. 
 
 This pea has two very valuable characteristics, viz. : the extreme- 
 ly large size of the peas (much larger than Champion), and the re- 
 markably dark, rich green color of the pods. Height two feet. 
 Rather later than Champion. From Messrs. Sharpe, England. 
 
 — Shropshire Hero. Gregory ; Henderso?i. 
 
 About as early as Advancer, and as good a bearer, while both the 
 pods and peas are much larger. Vines three feet high. From Eng- 
 land. 
 
 — White Prolific Marrow. Gregory. 
 
 This is not of the Marrowfat class, but a wrinkled pea as early 
 as the Champion ; vines two feet in height, bearing long, straight 
 pods. From Messrs. Sharpe, England. 
 
 Pea, Sweet,' Countess of Radnor. Breck. 
 
 Pale mauve standards, with a deeper shading of mauve ; wings 
 pale lilac. 
 
 — — Primrose. Breck. 
 
 A near approach to a yellow sweet pea ; quite distinct in color, the 
 standards and wings pale primrose yellow ; awarded first-class certif- 
 icate by the Royal Horticultural Society. Eckford. 
 
 Peach, Alpha Cling. Leonard Coa'tes. 
 
Introductions of i8go. 173 
 
 Peach, Austin Winter. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Captain Ede. Hamilton. 
 
 — Champion. Hamilton. 
 
 — Chase Early Free. R. G. CJiasc &■' Co. 
 
 Very early, ripening with Alexander ; of best quality. A chance 
 seedling in the garden of S. W. Hopkins, Geneva, N. Y. 
 
 — Future Great. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Gen. Grant. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — George's Late Chng. C. M. Silva. 
 
 — Grover Cleveland. I^eojiard Coates. 
 
 — Gulley. A. G. Gulley, Mich. 
 
 — Hardy Tuscany. Leo?iard Coates. 
 
 — Hollister's Free. £. A. Riehl. 
 
 — Knight's Mammoth. /. T. Whitakcr. 
 
 — Late Golden. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. Y. 
 
 Originated near Seneca Lake, N. Y. 
 
 — Lovett's White. Lovett. 
 
 Valuable especially for hardiness of blossom and tree, rendering 
 it a sure cropper. The fruit is large, pure white, of fine quality and 
 ripens late. 
 
 — Madison Mammoth. Kcnnan. 
 
 — Missouri Blood Leaf. Stark Bros. 
 
 — North American Apricot. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Stark Heath. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Strong's Mammoth. Jackson. 
 
 — Superb Cling. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Ulatis. Leofiard Coates. 
 
 Pear, Anne Ogereau. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Coreless. Baylcs. 
 
 — Fitzwater. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. Y. 
 
 Fruit beautiful canary or golden-yellow, of medium size, slightly 
 flushed on one cheek with a few freckles distributed evenly over the 
 surface, mostly at the calyx ; flesh juicy and melting to the core ; 
 flavor better than Bartlett. Small core and seeds. Ripens Novem- 
 ber to January. Originated near Seneca Lake, N. Y. 
 
 — Groveland. Lippincott, Ala. 
 
 — Old Kentucky. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Santa Ana. W. R. Strono; Co. 
 
 — Victor. S. Miller, Mo. 
 
 Pepper, Cardinal. Henderson ; Ferry. 
 
 A distinct variety, growing from five to six inches in length, being 
 about two inches broad at the top and tapering to a point. Pepper 
 slightly scimetar-shaped and is a glossy bright red color. Very sweet 
 and thick fleshed. 
 
174 Annals of Horticultnre . 
 
 Pepper, New Brazilian Sweet Upright Mammoth. Thorbiirn. 
 New bright red extra large sweet variety. 
 
 — Thorbiirn' s New Fancy Wrinkled. Thorbuj'u. 
 
 About the size of the Cherry pepper, but distinct in appearance. 
 This is one of the prettiest peppers ever introduced. It comes of 
 two colors, red and yellow. 
 
 — Yellow Upright. Landreth. 
 
 Phlox, Childs' New Jubilee. {^P. Drunimondii.') Childs. 
 Physalis Peruviana. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Peru. 
 Pinus Balfourii. Kelscy. 
 
 An exceedingly handsome pine of comparatively slow growth and 
 very distinct peculiar cone-like foliage of very dark, rich color ; 
 very hardy. Scotland. 
 
 Plantain, Chene Chumpa. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 India. 
 Platanus orientalis, Variegated Golden. Kelsey. 
 
 A new form of the eastern plane ; of moderately rapid growth and 
 compact habit ; large, heavy, thick leaves, rich yellow or variegated 
 dark green and yellow. England. 
 
 Plectocomia elongata. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Java. 
 Plum, Bassford, Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Bunker Hill. H. A. Jones, Himrods, N. V. 
 
 Originated near Seneca Lake. A seedling from the Sugar Plum. 
 Size of Washington, quality of Bradshaw and season of Reine 
 Claude. 
 
 — Bur bank. Bur bank. 
 
 The fruit is usually from five to five and a-half inches in circum- 
 ference, and varying less in size than the other Japan plums ; nearly 
 globular, clear cherry red, with a thin lilac bloom. The flesh is a 
 deep yellow color, very sweet, with a peculiar and very agreeable 
 flavor. The trees are unusually vigorous, with strong, upright shoots, 
 and large, rather broad leaves. Commences to bear usually at two 
 years of age. 
 
 — Engle's Gage. -Eng/e, Mich. 
 
 — Golden Prune. Leonard Coates. 
 
 — Hill Top. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Illinois Ironclad. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Japan Freestone Gage. Biirbank {iSgo /). 
 
 — Lincoln. Lovett. 
 
 The largest of all plums we know ; reddish purple in color, with am- 
 ber flesh ; juicy, rich and delicious, ripens early ; tree a weak grower. 
 
 — Middlebury. Willard. 
 
Introdicdioiis of 18^0. 175 
 
 Plum, Missouri Apricot. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Okaw. Nehring. 
 
 — Poole's Pride. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Prairie Flower. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Tragedy Prune. W. R. Strong Co. 
 
 — World Beater. Stark Bros. 
 Poppy, Childs' Rosette. Childs. 
 
 Petals fimbriated, bright pink. 
 
 Potato, Brownell's Winner. Burpee. 
 
 — Corona Beauty. TJiorbiirii. 
 
 This is an intermediate variety, originated on Long Island. The 
 skin and flesh are white and the quality exceedingly fine. It is much 
 of the shape of Rural No. 2, but entirely distinct in growth. 
 
 — Finch's Prolific Snowball. Finch. 
 
 Originated in the garden of Frank Finch, Clyde, New York. It 
 is a cross between Finch's Early Perfection and the Snowflake, and 
 is a late potato. It is very smooth and handsome in appearance ; 
 very solid and of fine flavor. 
 
 — - Governor Rusk. Sahcr. 
 
 Medium to large, roundish oblong to oblong. 
 
 — Mills' No. 10. Mills, Thorn Hill, N. Y. 
 
 White inside and outside, fine grained, late keeper. Originated 
 with the introducer. Offered for trial in 1890. 
 
 — Red Giant. Gid dings. 
 
 Red, oblong ; eyes even with the surface. 
 
 — The People's. Ford c^ Son ; Maule. 
 
 Originated in Minnesota; medium round or oblong, oval, skin 
 creamy white, very much russeted ; eyes few and even with the sur- 
 face, giving it a handsome, smooth appearance ; size large ; a very 
 strong grower. 
 
 — Vick's Perfection. Vick. 
 
 A chance seedling The tubers grow compact in the hill, are 
 large and uniform in size, oblong, inclining to oval, but generally 
 flattened. Color white, with a tinge of pink around the eyes similar 
 to the Hebron. The vine is of strong, vigorous growth, yet stocky 
 and short jointed, maturing about the same time as White Star. 
 
 — Wilson's First Choice. Wilson. 
 Ptelea mollis. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 From Dr. Dieck, Germany. 
 Pyrus communis, heteroph_yl]a. Temple & Beard. 
 Three forms; obtained from Dr. Dieck, Germany. 
 
 — Malus, Scheideckeri. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 Handsome double flowering crab from Japan. 
 
176 Afuials of Horticulture. 
 
 Pyrus, Malus, wild Red Rose Flowering. Stark Bros. 
 
 Quince, Fuller. Lovett. 
 
 Evidently belongs to the Orange group, but is larger than the 
 Orange, ripening at the same period or a little earlier and is of ex- 
 ceedingly brilliant color. Quality is good ; tree a strong grower and 
 prolific. 
 
 Radish, All Seasons. Iowa Seed Co. 
 
 Handsome shape, stump-rooted, and ivory white in color. Equally 
 good for spring, summer, fall or winter use. Exceedingly tender, 
 crisp and delicious China. Offered only as a premium in 1890. 
 
 — Eldorado. Henderson. 
 
 This novelty is identical with the old favorite Scarlet Turnip radish 
 in shape, size and quality, but is a golden yellow color. 
 
 — Felton's Model White Box. Johnson 6^ Stokes. 
 
 Differs from the Philadelphia White Box as follows : The shape 
 is rounder and handsomer. It is earlier, with fewer and shorter 
 leaves. Originated by Mr. Felton, Philadelphia, by selection. 
 
 — French Early Deep Scarlet Forcing. Thorburn. 
 Early Scarlet Forcing. Thorburn. 
 
 Early Scarlet White-Tipped Forcing. Thorburn. 
 
 — Huntington's New White Transparent. Hu7itington. 
 
 The finest pure white hot-bed radish ; of exceedingly large size, 
 rapid growth, tender and sweet. In size and shape it resembles very 
 closely the Summer White. The tops are very short. It never 
 cracks or rusts, and will attain a larger size, without running to seed, 
 than any other sort. 
 
 — Mammoth Chinese. Vaughan. 
 
 — New Celestial. Henderson. 
 
 Imported from China. It is ready for use when two and a-half or 
 three inches long and continues until nearly six inches long, making 
 it almost an all seasons' radish. The flesh is firm and solid and pure 
 white, and is very attractive in appearance. 
 
 — New Champion. Faiist. 
 
 Three weeks after sowing, this radish is ready for the table. It is 
 perfect in shape, bright scarlet color, very crisp and tender. The 
 leaves' are short and make a very small top. 
 
 — New Crystal Forcing. Buckbee. 
 
 — Non Plus Ultra. Thorburn. 
 
 Round, scarlet, short-leaved. 
 
 — Rapid Forcing. He7iderson. 
 
 It resembles the Scarlet Turnip White-tipped variety, but is 
 much earlier, coming to maturity in twenty-two days from the time 
 of sowing, and having very small tops. 
 
Introductions of i8go. 177 
 
 Radish, Short-Top Earliest White Turnip. LandreiJi. 
 
 A remarkably early sort, suitable for forcing ; very few and small 
 leaves. 
 Raspberry, Acme. Palmer, Ohio. 
 
 American Everbearing. TJiompson. M. Hatfield, IVayfie 
 
 Co., Indiana, originator. 
 Black-cap. 
 
 — Cromwell. Butler, Conn. 
 
 — Doomore. Sneably, Ohio. 
 
 — Gladstone. Green' s Nursery Co. 
 
 A large red berry, giving fruit from the middle of July until Octo- 
 ber. Originated with Charles Carpenter, Ohio. 
 
 — Idaho. Palmer, Ohio. 
 
 — Kansas. Griesa, Kansas. 
 
 — Lotta. Brackett, Kansas. 
 
 — Ransom's Everbearing. Stark Bros. 
 
 — Winona. Smith. 
 
 Rhus vernicifera. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 Varnish Tree. Japan. 
 Robinia Pseud-Acacia, mimosctfolia. Temple 6^ Beard. 
 
 From France. Leaflets minute. 
 Rose, Clotilde Soupert. Hill &-' Co. 
 
 This plant is a vigorous grower, a free bloomer, very double and 
 handsomely formed. It forms a bush from fifteen to eighteen inches 
 high. The outer petals are pearl-white, shading to center of rosy 
 pink, but varying sometimes from pearl-white to deep silvery rose. 
 It makes a fine pot plant, on account of its free blooming habit and 
 fragrance. Polyantha. (Soupert & Netting.) First appeared in this 
 country in i88g. 
 
 — Count Henri Rignon. Kelsey. 
 
 Silver-flesh tint ; equal to American Beauty in size. (Hybrid Tea.) 
 
 — Ernest Metz. Kelsey. 
 
 Large silvery pink (Guillot et fils). 
 
 — Madame Pierre Guillot. Kelsey. 
 
 Large ; orange-yellow, lined with rosy crimson ; fine for bedding. 
 (Guillot et fils.) 
 
 — Marquis of Salisbury. Kelsey. 
 
 Bright rose-crimson, shaded with silver. 
 
 — Oscar II, King of Sweden. Kelsey. 
 
 Large flower and foliage ; petals a peculiar shade, maroon-brown 
 or brownish crimson. 
 
 — Princess Victoria. Miller. 
 
 This is said to be a sport from the old Malmaison ; its habit and 
 
178 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 growth do not deny it, In growth it is as vigorous as its parent. It 
 is very double, petals evenly arranged, and is almost a white rose, 
 although when first expanding showing a sulphur tinge. 
 
 Rose, Souvenir de Wootton. Strauss 6^ Co. 
 
 This rose is a cross between Bon Silene and Prince Camille de 
 Rohan. It is a good grower, every shoot bearing a bud. Flowers 
 very large and exquisitely fragrant. Color, rosy crimson with velvet 
 shadings. (Hybrid Tea.) First appeared in 1889. 
 
 — White Perle. Hill 6^ Co., and others. 
 
 A sport from Perle des Jardins. It is of strong, vigorous growth, 
 producing freely very fine white flowers. 
 
 Salvia splendens, Clavanad and Ingenieur. Schlegel & Fottler, 
 
 and others. 
 Scabiosa, Snowball. Childs. 
 
 Double white. German. 
 Sophora Japonica, pendula nova. Temple & Beard. 
 
 Broader in habit than the common form. Originated at Shady 
 Hill Nurseries, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Spruce, Albert's New Glaucous. Kelsey. 
 
 A form of our common hemlock, but more compact. It has the 
 same graceful pendulous foliage, but in this new variety, from Scot- 
 land, the under side of the leaf is a silvery green color, contrasting 
 effectively with the darker yet rich delicate green of the upper leaf. 
 
 — Black Hills. M. E. Hinkley. 
 Squash, Fordhook. Burpee and others. 
 
 It is extremely handsome ; a bright yellow outside, and straw- 
 yellow within. The flesh is. dry and sweet, and the best in quality of 
 winter squashes. Placed in a cool, dry room, keeps in perfect con- 
 dition throughout the winter and spring, until late in June, when 
 summer squashes are ready. The stem is thin and hard, and also 
 the roots, consequently it is perfectly free from the attacks of the 
 squash borer. Matures early. The meat is very thick and seed 
 cavity small. 
 
 — Henderson's Golden Custard Bush. Henderson. 
 
 Exceeds in size any of the scalloped edged sorts, frequently attain- 
 ing a diameter of two feet. The color is a dark rich golden yellow, 
 and for quality cannot be excelled. 
 
 — Sweet Nut. Wilson. 
 
 Combined summer and winter squash, somewhat of the scallop 
 type. Cream-color streaked with green. Originated with Paynter 
 Frame, Delaware. 
 
 — Warren. Gregory. 
 
 Three years ago a vine appeared in a field of Essex Hybrid 
 Squashes raised by a neighbor at Marblehead, Mass., bearing three 
 squashes, which were distinct from the rest in that they had rough, 
 
Introductions of i8go. 179 
 
 warty and thicker shells, and were of a richer color. The seeds 
 from the three squashes have been planted by themselves, with the 
 objoct of permanently fixing the new type. Not only is the shell 
 generally harder and thicker than the Essex Hybrid, but the color is 
 richer and deeper, and the quality decidedly better. 
 
 Stangeria paradoxa. Reasoner Bros. 
 
 South Africa. 
 Strawberry, Alabama. J. ScJmadlebach, Alabama. 
 
 A strong grower, perfectly free from rust. Stands drought ex- 
 ceedingly well. Fruit large, similar to Haverland in size and shape ; 
 exceedingly productive. Color a beautiful crimson ; blossom per- 
 fect. Ripens between Stevens and Michel's Early. 
 
 — Beder Wood, or Racster. Brandt. 
 
 Berries large bright glossy red, quite smooth and of even size and 
 shape, of excellent quality, very early and enormously productive. 
 The plant is a dark green, strong and perfectly healthy, with a per- 
 fect blossom. 
 
 "It was introduced last spring by Mr. Racster, after whom it was 
 named by an Iowa Horticultural society, but since that time conclu- 
 sive evidence has been presented to prove that the honor of originat- 
 ing it belongs to Mr. Beder Wood, of Moline, 111., who sowed the 
 seed that produced it in 1881, and saw the first fruit in 1883. Some 
 years ago he let out twelve plants, under rigid restrictions, to an Iowa 
 man, who subsequently reported that they had all died; but now he 
 has just fruited half an acre, and has a large new plantation coming 
 on, while a neighbor of his has disseminated thousands of plants of 
 the same variety under the name of Racster. Mr. Wood, on his part, 
 had given the berry his own name in full, and was having it tested 
 by various parties with a view to its introduction, when he discover- 
 ed the facts recorded above." — Brandt. 
 
 — Bessie; J. Schnadkbach, Alabama. 
 
 A seedling of the Crescent. The plant is very vigorous. Fruit is 
 medium to large, of a beautiful glossy crimson, its glossiness being 
 retained even when over ripe. It is very firm. Quality of the best. 
 
 — Boynton. Frice c^ Reed. 
 
 Originated near Albany, N. Y. The Boynton is the best all round 
 berry yet offered. It is a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless ; 
 berries are large, bright red, firm and solid ; good for shipping. 
 Known locally for two or three years. 
 
 — Chambers. Khiney 6^ Sons, originators. Brandt. 
 
 — Dew. Deia, Lansing, Mich. 
 
 — Edgar Queen. Brandt. 
 
 A pistillate berry, one of 4,000 seedlings from seeds sown in 1883 
 by D. Brandt, Bremen, Ohio. 
 
 — Engle. Engle, Mich. 
 
 — Enhance. Younsr. 
 
i8o Annals of Horticultuye . 
 
 Strawberr}', Gem. Nehring. 
 
 — Hinman. Ford 6^ Son. 
 
 This is a chance seedling that, from its vigorous growth and healthy 
 foliage, attracted the attention of Mr. Hinman on his berry farm at 
 Akron, Ohio. The plants are strong and vigorous, multiplying free- 
 ly ; foliage healthy ; equalling the Crescent in productiveness, of 
 much larger uniform size, holding its size to the last picking. They 
 color all over at once, a beautiful bright crimson. The fruit is firm ; 
 the blossom is perfect. Fruit ripens medium early, with the Jessie. 
 
 — Jucunda Improved. Lovett Co. 
 
 A reproduction of the old Jucunda, or Knox's Seven Hundred, ex- 
 cept that the fruit is larger and very uniform in size and shape, 
 while the plant is a strong healthy grower, the old Jucunda being a 
 weak grower. 
 
 — Lady Rusk. Wm. Stahl, III. 
 
 Vigorous grower and is firm as Wilson. Larger than Crescent, 
 holding its size throughout the season. Several days earlier than 
 Crescent. Pistillate. 
 
 — Lovett' s Early. Lovett Co. 
 
 Originator's description: " Lovett's Early originated some five 
 years since on poor old clay soil, that had not been cultivated for 
 seven years. Parent supposed to be Crescent. Plant large, well- 
 rooted, as vigorous and healthy as any known variety. Mats over 
 the ground same as Crescent. Ripens among the very earliest. Will 
 succeed better on poor soil than any other 1 know of, while on good 
 soil and good cultivation there is as much improvement as any other 
 strawberry. Yields as many berries in number as Crescent and fully 
 as large as Sharpless, of first quality and a first rate shipper. Per- 
 fect blossom." Mr, Morris, Kentucky, originator. 
 
 — Middlefield. Aitgur 6^ Sons. 
 
 " The plant is strong and healthy, and produces runners freely. 
 The blossoms are pistillate; the season medium. The fruit is large 
 and quite regular in form and size ; berries are nearly conical. The 
 fruit is quite firm, solid, and a good shipper ; color, a dark glossy 
 crimson, which gives it a brilliancy and attractiveness which few 
 varieties possess. The flesh is crimson clear through. The berries 
 color all over (no green tips) ; as the berries ripen they first turn to 
 glossy scarlet and deepen in color to crimson as they approach matur- 
 ity. In quality it is a favorite with our berry customers. It is pro- 
 ductive and profitable." — Augur 
 
 — Neptune. Young, Ohio. 
 
 — Oliver. Stnibler, III. 
 
 — Oregon Everbearing. Wilson ; Brandt. 
 
 — vSaunders. Jolin Little, Grant on, Ont. 
 
 Healthy, vigorous, prolific, bright red, glossy. 
 
 — Shaw. Little. 
 
Introductions of i8go. i8i 
 
 Strawberry, Space's Perfection. Stay man. 
 
 — Stayman's No. i. Stay man ; Clei^eland Nur. Co. 
 
 Late. Pistillate. 
 
 — Sta3'man's No. 2. Stayman. 
 
 — Stevens. J. Schnadletnich, Ala. 
 
 The plant is a healthy and vigorous grower. Berry size of Wilson 
 and color of the Crescent. Fruit similar to Chas. Downing on the 
 surface. Blossom imperfect. 
 
 — Tippecanoe. Allen, Md. 
 
 This is a selection from several hundred seedlings grown from seed 
 produced in France. The plant is equally as hardy as any of our 
 American strawberries, of very large size and wonderfully robust 
 and strong, producing a large number of strong runners, which set 
 plants rapidly. Quite productive for so large a variety, producing 
 on the same ground fully double the yield of Sharpless or Cumber- 
 land, even late runners bearing large trusses of fruit. Fruit large 
 and beautiful. It is of a most beautiful globe shape, with now and 
 then a flattened berry. The flesh is highly colored. It ripens with 
 the Cumberland and stands the drouth well. The flavor is rich and 
 delicious, a characteristic of all French berries. Staminate. 
 
 — Townsend, Nos. 2, 3, 19, 20. Towtisend, Ohio. 
 
 — Van Deman. Bauer, Ark. 
 
 — West Brook. Brandt and others. 
 
 — Williams. David Greig, Gainesville, Ontario. 
 Styrax Obassia. H. H. Berger c^ Go. 
 
 From Japan. Attains a height of 8 to 10 feet. Introduced also in 
 1889 by U. S. Nur. (Annals Hort. 1889, 105 — the specific name mis- 
 spelled.) 
 
 Syringa Japonica, argentea. Temple c^' Beard. 
 
 The first distinct sport yet obtained of this remarkable species. 
 Foliage about half pure white ; bark very black. Originated in a lot 
 of several thousand seedlings at Shady Hill Nur., Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Thrinax Barbadensis. Beasoner Bros. 
 
 Barbadoes. 
 Tomato, Buckbee's Autumn King. Buckbee. 
 
 Smooth, scarlet. 
 
 — Early Ruby. Henderson. 
 
 A large, very early, solid sort found growing in a field of Perfec- 
 tion, near Monmouth, New Jersey. 
 
 — Green Mountain. Giddings. * 
 
 — Ithaca. Gornell Experiment Station. 
 
 " Medium size, about 3 inches in diameter, nearly spherical, very 
 smooth and remarkably uniform in size ; color, light cherry. A new 
 variety, very promising among table tomatoes ; apparently valuable 
 
1 82 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 for forcing, in which capacity we shall test it during the winter. The 
 history of this variety is as follows : 
 
 "About twenty years ago, L. S. McWhorter, a retail grocer of 
 Ithaca, who was attracted by a very fine specimen tomato shown by an 
 old English gardener, purchased the fruit, and the succeeding year 
 planted the seed in his private garden. The parent was the French 
 pomme d'' amour, or ' Love Apple.' Some years after one plant ap- 
 peared, which was a marked improvement. From this, Fred Mc- 
 Whorter, his son, has made careful selections for several years, until 
 he has secured a superior strain. It is strictly a local variety. We 
 shall not dispose of seeds this season." — Bull. 21, Oct., i8go, Cornell 
 Exp. Sta. 
 
 Tomato, Mansfield Tree. Mills, Thorn Hill, A^. Y. 
 
 — Marquis. Bvckbee. 
 
 An angular variety, originating in France in 1888. 
 
 — Mitchell No. i. Mitchell, St. Marys, Ont. 
 
 — Red Cross. Gregory and others. 
 
 This tomato in form is of the Livingston class — round and hand- 
 some, but is earlier. It is even in size throughout the season, per- 
 fectly solid, a brilliant crimson in color, ripens close up to the stem, 
 and bears harvesting better than most varieties. 
 
 — Ruby Queen. Childs. 
 
 Large, smooth and crimson-red. 
 
 — Table Queen. Henderson. 
 
 It grows in clusters of from four to six, and a large proportion of 
 the individual fruits weigh from 12 to 16 ounces. As large as the 
 Mikado, but perfectly smooth and round ; solid, and contains fewer 
 seeds than any other. A dark, rich shade of crimson. Offered only 
 as a premium in 1890. 
 
 Tropaeolum, Asa Gra}^ Henderson ; Gardiner. 
 
 This new variety of T. Lobbianum is the lightest color yet pro- 
 duced, being a delicate primrose or soft sulphur yellow. 
 
 Turnip, Milk. Salzer. 
 
 — Moore's Golden Crown. Delajio Moore. 
 
 Flesh very yellow and fine flavored. Noted for symmetry of form, 
 immense size and keeping quality. Originated by Delano Moore, 
 Presque Isle, Me. 
 
 Ulmus Americana, aurea. Temple &^ Beard. 
 
 Foliage all soft golden in color. Discovered in Vermont by F. L. 
 Temple. 
 
 — 'campestris, pendula Smithi. Temple &' Beard. 
 
 A dwarf, twiggy and yellow variety from England. 
 Walnut, Various Japanese. Burbajik. 
 
 " Last winter [i888-g ?] I obtained from Japan six other new kinds 
 of walnuts. The foliage and growth of all are similar. The nuts are 
 
Introductions of i8go. 183 
 
 of various strange forms : No. i. (/. Manschiirica). A large nut ij4 
 inches long by \)i inches through ; shell corrugated like the butter- 
 nut. No. 2. Smooth, same form as ^nebolaiaiia, but only half as 
 large ; a handsome little nut. No. 3. In form and general appear- 
 ance about half way between Sieboldiana and the common English or 
 Madeira nut. No. 4. A very large, long, smooth, hard-shelled nut. 
 No. 5. A strange looking nut, flat and pointed like a chestnut. \}i 
 inches long, i inch across, Yz inch thick ; smooth, very thin shell and 
 a delicious, sweet kernel, which always comes out complete in one 
 piece with only a slight blow. No. 6. Larger than No. 5, otherwise 
 similar, except a suture on each side so deep as to give the nut the 
 appearance of being double ; very tender, rich, sweet kernel." Some 
 or all of these have been introduced by //. H. Berge}- &^ Co. 
 
 Watermelon, Fordhook. Biwpee ; Wilso7i. 
 
 Fruit nearly round, tough-skinned, medium green. Flesh bright 
 red ; seeds white. Originated with Paynter Frame, Delaware. 
 
 — Gragg. Livingston. 
 
 Very juicy, sweet and melting — in these respects equaling, if not 
 excelling, the Ice Cream. Distinct in both outside and inside appear- 
 ance. The latter is of a delicate salmon tint, which is exceedingly 
 handsome and tempting. The outside color is dark green, with alter- 
 nate stripes of a lighter green, the whole being covered with a deli- 
 cate tracing of dark veins, giving the fruit a peculiar and handsome 
 appearance. It occasionally shows a melon of a lighter shade, some- 
 what resembling the Gypsy. Originated in Northern Texas. 
 
 — Hoosier King. F. C. Hu7iti7igton & Co. 
 
 It originated with a prominent melon grower in Sullivan Co., Ind. 
 The melons are of extra large size, oblong, and of even diameter 
 through their whole length. Flesh exceedingly fine flavored and firm. 
 Rind very thin, though very tough. A long keeper. 
 
 — Johnson's Dixie. Johnson & Stokes. 
 
 Cross between Kolb Gem and Cuban Queen, and a week to ten 
 days earlier than either ; the meat more scarlet and better flavored. 
 Hard rinded and a good shipper. Originated by George Collins, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 — Rosy Cream. A. W. Smith, Ga. 
 
 White fleshed, with about six longitudinal rosy streaks. Firm and 
 crisp. 
 
 — Ruby-Gold. A. W. Smith, Ga. 
 
 Cross between Green-and-Gold and Jones. Flesh yellow and red, 
 free from stringiness. 
 
 — The Wild. Henderson. 
 
 This variety is believed to have originated with the Seminole In- 
 dians in the Everglades of Florida. It is a long melon like the Rattle- 
 snake, resembling that variety in the markings on the rind, but far 
 superior in quality. It also differs in shape from that sort, being 
 much larger at the blossom end than at the stem end. In its native 
 
184 Ayuials of HorticiUture. 
 
 habitat it sometimes attains the weight of 75 or 80 pounds. "Wild " 
 was the name it received from the Indians. It is a fine melon as to 
 flavor, is crisp and ripens evenly within X i^ch of the outer rind. 
 The seed is very peculiar, and distinct from any other variety. 
 
 Watermelon, Vaucluse Red-Flesh. Thorbiirn. 
 
 It is of French origin, very early, and of large size, with stem end 
 slightly inclined to point. The flesh is a bright crimson, very sweet, 
 not in the least stringy, and coming to within yi inch of the skin ; the 
 seeds are also red. The rind, though thin, is very tough and the 
 shell glossy. It is of a dark green color, beautifully threaded with a 
 still darker green. 
 
 — Wisconsin Hybrid. Salzer. 
 Wineberry, Child's Japanese. Childs. 
 
 Rtthns pJuxnicolasins from Japan, from seeds sent to J. T. Lovett 
 Co. by Professor C. C. Georgeson. 
 
2. PLANT PORTRAITS OF iSgo. 
 
 A List of all the Illustrations in Leading Horticultural 
 AND SOME Agricultural Journals which are of such 
 Character as to Aid in the Determination of the 
 Species.* 
 
 Abbreviations. — Af?i. Agric, American Agriculturist ; Am. F/or., Ameri- 
 can Florist ; Ai/i. Gar., American Garden ; Bot. Mag., Botanical Magazine ; 
 Cal. Frt. Gr., California Fruit Grower; Caji. Hort., Canadian Horticultur- 
 ist; Gar. &= For., Garden & Forest; Gar. Chron., Gardeners' Chronicle; 
 Gar. Mag., Gardener's Magazine; Gar. IVor/c/, Gardening World; Gar/., 
 Gartenflora ; //or/. Beige, Revue de 1' Horticulture Beige et Etrangere ; 
 //ort. Art Journ., Horticultural Art Journal ; ///. //art., L'lllustration Hor- 
 ticole; Jard., Le Jardin ; Jour. JHort., Journal of Horticulture; Jour, 
 /ioses. Journal des Roses; Orch 6^ Gar., Orchard & Garden; Fop. Gar., 
 Popular Gardening; /^e-j. //ort.. Revue Horticole ; /v. N.-Y., Rural New- 
 Yorker ; Vick's Mag., Vick's Magazine. 
 
 C, colored plate. 
 
 (2), refers to the second volume, in such periodicals as run into two vol 
 umes in one year. 
 
 Abies brachyphylla, Bot. Mag. t. Abutilon vexillarium, Garden, 274. 
 
 7113, 7114. C. C. 
 
 — bracteata. Gar. Chron. 673. — vitifolium, Pop. Gar. 34. 
 
 — concolor, Ggr. Chron. 748, 749. Acacia armata. Jour. Hort. 205. (2). 
 
 (2). — cordata, Jour. Hort. 205. (2). 
 
 — Fraseri, Gar. Chron. 685. (2). — Drummondii, Jour. Hort. 205. 
 
 — grandis, Garden 291. (2). (2). 
 
 — Lowiana, Gar. Chron. 750. — ovata. Jour. Hort. 237. 
 
 (2). — pulchella, Jour. Hort. 205. (2). 
 
 — magnifica, Garden 591. — Riceana, Am. Flor. 67. (2). 
 
 — Nordmanniana, pendula, Rev. — verticillata, Jour. Hort. 205. 
 
 Hort. 440. (2). 
 
 — violacea, Gar. Chron. 751. (2). Acaena microphylla, Garden, 177. 
 Abutilon Golden Fleece, Vick's Mag. Achimenes, Rosy Queen, Gar. 
 
 169. World, 823. (2). 
 
 — Thompsoni, Gar. World, 133. Acineta densa, Bot. Mag. t. 7143. 
 (2). C. 
 
 * The nomenclature in this list is that which accompanies the illustrations. The editor 
 does not vouch in any manner for the accuracy of the illustrations indexed. 
 
 A. H. — 13 (185) 
 
1 86 
 
 Afmals of Hortiadiiire. 
 
 Aconitum Fischeri, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7130. C. 
 Acroclinum roseum, var. flore pleno, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 487. 
 Actiniopteris radiata, Gar. Chron. 
 
 107. (2). 
 Adiantum Bausei, Jour. Hort. 67. 
 
 — capillus-veneris, var. grande, 
 
 Gar. Chron. 696. (2). 
 
 — dolabriforme, Gar. World, 217. 
 
 (2). 
 
 — gracillimum, Orch. & Gar. 8. 
 Adonis vernalis, Pop. Gar. 85. 
 iErides augustianum, Gar. Chron. 
 
 233- 
 
 — HouUeti, Orchidophile, 17. C. 
 iEsculus Hippocastanum, Hort. 
 
 Beige, 209. 
 
 — Parryi, Gar. & For. 357. 
 Agapanthus umbellatus, Garden, 
 
 503- (2). 
 Agaricus campestris, Gar. World, 
 248. (2). 
 
 — detiquescens, Gar. World, 249. 
 
 (2). 
 
 — melleus, Orch. & Gar. 12. 
 Agave Americana. Am, Gar. 759. 
 
 — Consideranti, Rev. Hort. 391, 
 
 392. 
 
 — Palmeri, Vick's Mag. 305. 
 Alkanet, the Italian, Gar. World, 
 
 645- 
 Allamanda violacea, Bot. Mag. t. 
 7122. C. 
 
 — — Garden, 224. C. 
 Allium cyaneum, Gart. 113. C. 
 
 — Kansuense, Gart. 113. C. 
 Almond, Commercial, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. 17. C. 
 Alocasia Bachi, 111. Hort. 77. C. 
 Aloe Bainesii, Gar, & For. 115. 
 Alsophila excelsa, Gar. Mag. 364. 
 Alum-Root, Heuchera cylindrica, 
 
 Am. Agr. 138. 
 
 — Heuchera parvifolia, Am. Agr. 
 
 138. 
 Amarantus caudatus. Gar. World, 
 709. 
 
 — tricolor. Gar. World, 709. 
 
 Amaryllis Conqueror, Gar. World, 
 441. 
 
 — Johnsoni, Vick's Mag. 265. C. 
 Amelanchier vulgaris. Gar. Chron. 
 
 621. 
 Ammobium alatum. Rev. Hort. 523. 
 AmphicomeEmodi, Garden 458. (2). 
 Ananassa sativa, Gart. 273. 
 Anemone Japonica, Orch. & Gar. 
 
 219. 
 
 — Pennsylvania, Pop. Gar. 177. 
 
 — Pulsatilla, Rev. Hort. 545. 
 
 — Rose Japan, Vick's Mag. no. 
 
 — Rue, Pop. Gar. 259. 
 
 — Virginiana, Gar. Mag. 763. (2.) 
 
 — White Japan, Pop. Gar. 27. 
 
 — — Vick's Mag. 109, no. 
 Angrascum caudatum, Gar. Mag. 
 
 553- (2). 
 
 — fuscatum. Garden 61. 
 
 — Kotschyi, Garden loi. 
 
 — Sanderianum, Jour. Hort. 489. 
 
 (2.) 
 Anguloa uniflora. 111. Hort. 37. C. 
 Anona reticulata, Gart. 273. 
 Antennaria margaritacea. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 521. 
 Anthericum albo-medio pictum, 
 
 Jour. Hort. 155. 
 Anthurium Andreanum, 111. Hort. 
 57. c. 
 
 — Scherzerianum, 111. Hort. 67. 
 
 C. 
 
 — — var. maximum album. 111. 
 Hort. 29. C. 
 
 Antirrhinum, a green flowered. Gar. 
 
 Chron. 131. (2.) 
 Apple, Adam and Eve, Am. Gar. 
 
 273- 
 
 — Arkansas Beauty, R. N.-Y. 
 
 875. 
 
 — Arkansas Seedling, R. N.-Y. 
 
 875. 
 
 — Aromatic Russet, Gar. Mag. 
 
 572. (2.) 
 
 — Benham, Am. Gar. 273. 
 
 — Bloomless, Am. Gar. 6. 
 
 — Bogdanoff, R. N.-Y. 738. 
 
 — Bramley's Seedling, Gar. Mag. 
 
 621. (2.) 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 187 
 
 Apple, Candile-Sinoppe, Rev. Hort. 
 
 399- 
 
 — Cellini, Gar. Mag. 619. (2.) 
 
 — Cox's Orange, Gar. Mag. 622. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Dial's Fig, Am. Gar. 624. 
 
 — Duchess of Oldenburg, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 746. (2.) 
 
 — Early Queening, Orch. & Gar. 
 
 25- 
 
 — Early Ripe, Orch. & Gar. 25. 
 
 — Galloway Pippin, Gar. Mag. 
 
 621. (2.) 
 
 — Gano, Am. Gar. 272. 
 
 — Gibson, Can. Hort. 43. 
 
 — Golden Spire, Gar. Mag. 778. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Gravenstein, Gar. Mag. 117. 
 
 — Grenadier, Gar. Mag. 620 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Hawthornden, Gar. Mag. 844 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Henderson's Seedling, Can 
 
 Hort. 332. 
 
 — Hubbardston's Nonesuch, Can 
 
 Hort. 97. C. 
 
 — Irish Peach, Gar. Mag. 653 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Kandyl Synap, Can. Hort 
 
 17- 
 
 — Kansas Beauty, Am. Gar, 274 
 
 — Lady Henniker, Gart. 265. C 
 
 — La Rue, Can. Hort. 8. 
 
 — Longfield, R. N. Y. 738. 
 
 — Lord Grosvenor, Garden, 291. 
 
 — Mannington's Pearmain, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 205. 
 
 — Marshall's Red, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 13. C. 
 
 — McLean, Can. Hort. 44. 
 
 — Mr. Gladstone, Gar. Mag. 
 
 653. (2.) 
 
 — Mrs. Barron, Gar. World, 89. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Ozone, R. N. Y. 873. 
 
 — Pear-shaped, Pop. Gar. 221. 
 
 — Peasgood's Nonesuch, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 341. (2.) 
 
 — Queen, Gar. Mag. 60. 
 
 — Red Beitingheimer, Can. Hort. 
 
 239- 
 
 Apple, Renaud's Seedling, Can. 
 Hort. 331. 
 
 — Seedless, Am. Gar. 272. 
 
 — Shannon, R. N. Y. 873. 
 
 — Small's Admirable, Gar. Mag. 
 
 620. (2.) 
 
 — Sori-Sinoppe, Rev. Hort. 398. 
 
 — Star or Caimite, Am. Gar. 405 ; 
 
 Trade Jour. 18. 
 
 — Tom Putt, Gar. Mag. 619. (2.) 
 
 — Vicar of Beighton, Gar. Mag. 
 
 46. 
 
 — Yellow Transparent, Orch. & 
 
 Gar. 112. 
 
 — Warner's King, Garden, 481. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — York Imperial, Am. Gar. 273 
 
 — Tree, Lord Suffield, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 725. (2.) 
 Apricot, Russian, Am. Gar. 646, 
 
 647. 
 Aquilegia chrysantha. Rev. Hort. 
 
 304. 
 
 — coerulea. Rev. Hort. 304. 
 
 — — flore pleno. Rev., Hort. 
 304. 
 
 — Red Gold, Gar. World, 725. 
 Araucaria excelsa, Cal. Frt. Gr. 
 
 151 ; Jardin, 263. 
 
 — imbricata. Gar. Chron. 593, 
 
 596. (2.) 
 Arbor-vitae, Biota elegantissima. 
 
 Garden, 443. 
 Arbutus Menziesii, Gar. & For. 515. 
 
 — Unedo, Cal. Frt. Gr. 277. 
 Arisaema fimbriatum, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7150. C. 
 
 — ringens, Garden, 577. 
 
 — speciosum. Jour. Hort, 243 ; 
 
 Garden, 576. C. 
 
 — Wrayi, Bot. Mag. t. 7105. C. 
 Aristolochia Goldeana, Gar. Chron. 
 
 521 ; Gar. Mag. 286. 
 
 — grandiflora, Gar. & For. 597, 
 
 598, 599- 
 
 — longecaudata, Gar. Chron. 
 
 493- (2.) 
 Arnebia Cornuta, Am. Gar. 181 ; 
 Am. Flor. 400 ; Gar. Chron. 
 52. 
 
 — echoides, Gar. Mag. 299. 
 
i88 
 
 Annals of Ho7iiailtic?^e. 
 
 Artocarpus incisa, Gart. 273. 
 
 — integrifolia, Gart. 273. 
 Arum crinitum, Garden, 29. (2.) 
 
 — detruncatum, Westnik, Nov. 
 
 i8go. 
 Arundinaria Simoni, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7146. C. 
 Arundo Donax, Gart. 209. 
 Asarum caudigerum, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7126. C. 
 Asclepias Cornuti, Rev. Hort. 548. 
 
 — tuberosa, Vick's Mag. 310. 
 Ash, Weeping White. Vick's Mag. 
 
 331- 
 Asimina triloba, Am. Gar. 713. 
 Asparagus retrofractus arboreus, 
 
 Jardin, 255. 
 
 — Sprengeri, Gart. 491. 
 Aspidium acrostichoides, Am. Gar. 
 
 659- 
 
 — Lepidocaulon, Rev. Hort. 
 
 369. 
 Asprella Hystrix, Rev. Hort. 525. 
 Aster acris (Blue Starwort), Garden, 
 
 248. C. 
 . — Dwarf Bouquet, Vick's Mag. 
 
 141. 
 
 — Juwel, Gart. 562. 
 
 — Mignon, Gart. 614. 
 
 — New Rose, Vick's Mag. 141. 
 
 — Prinzess Schneeball, Gart. 
 
 614. 
 
 — ptarmicoides. Gar. & For. 153. 
 Astilbe (Spiraea) Japonica, R. N.-Y. 
 
 82. 
 Atriplex halimoides var. monumen- 
 
 talis. Blatter silberweiss, 
 
 Gart. 105. 
 Aubergine, Scarlet Fruited, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 817. (2.) 
 Aurantium Pomelo, Am. Gar. 717. 
 Auricula " Golden Queen," Garden, 
 
 108. (2.) C. 
 Azalea indicata, Gart. 34. C. 111. 
 Hort. 59. C. 
 
 — indcia, var. M'lle Marie Ver- 
 
 vaene, 111. Hort. 49. C. 
 
 — indica, var. Perle de gend- 
 
 brugge. 111. Hort. 87. C. 
 
 — indica var. Pharailde-Mathilde, 
 
 111. Hort. 69. C. 
 
 Azalea, Johanna Gottschalk, Gart. 
 34- C. 
 
 — President Auguste van Geert, 
 
 Gart. 34. C. 
 
 — Regierungstat von Eschwege, 
 
 Gart. 34. C. 
 
 — Williams, B. S., Gart. 34. C. 
 Batchelor's Buttons, Vick's Mag. 
 
 361. C. 
 Bambusa palmata, Gar. Chron. 641. 
 Banana, Abyssinian, Am. Agr. 267. 
 Banksia integrifolia, Jour. Hort. 
 
 504- (2.) 
 
 Barbacenia squamata. Gar. Chron. 
 
 409. (2.) 
 Batemannia Wallisi, Jour. Hort. 9. 
 
 (2.) 
 Bean, Burpee's Bush Lima, Orch. & 
 Gar. 55 ; Pop. Gar. 24. 
 
 — Common Pole Lima, Pop. Gar. 
 
 24. 
 
 — Dwarf Large Lima. Cal. Frt. 
 
 Gr. 7. 
 
 — Haricot du Bon Jardinier, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 41. 
 
 — Haricot prodigo a rames a 
 
 grain vert. Rev. Hort. 41. 
 
 — Haricot Shah de Perse, Sev. 
 
 Hort., 41. 
 
 — Henderson's Bush Lima, Pop. 
 
 Gar. 26. 
 
 — Kumerle Bush Lima, Pop. 
 
 Gar. 26. 
 Beech, Weeping, Vick's Mag. 332. 
 Beet, Reine desnoires, Rev. Hort. 9. 
 
 — Silvery Spinach or Seakale, 
 
 Garden, 249. 
 
 — White Curled Swiss Spinach, 
 
 Garden, 249. 
 
 — White-leaf or Spinach, Garden, 
 
 249. 
 Begonia Adonis, Rev. Hort. 156. C. 
 
 — Beaumanni, Jardin, 273. 
 
 — Blanche Duval, Gar. World, 
 
 761. 
 
 — Credneri, Gart. 563. 
 
 — Double Flowered, 111. Hort. 19. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Lady, Gar. World, 757. 
 
 — lutea nana flore pleno, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 204. C. 
 
Plant Portraits of iSgo. 
 
 Begonia, Metallic-leaved, Pop. Gar. 
 
 37- 
 
 — Mme. A. Gourtois, Rev. Hort. 
 
 205. 
 
 — M. Paul de Vicq. Gar. World, 
 
 761. 
 
 — multiflora rosea, Rev. Hort. 
 
 204. C. 
 
 — Pearle Humfeld, Am. Flor. 
 
 283. 
 
 — Rex, Pop. Gar. 195. 
 
 — Rosamonde, Gar. World, 761. 
 
 — Scharffiana, Hort. Beige, 17. 
 
 — semperflorens, Vick's Mag. 
 
 105. C. 
 
 — semperflorens Sieberiana, Gar- 
 
 den, 389. (2.) 
 
 — Simple Flowered, 111. Hort. 17. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Sobeil D'Austerlitz, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 204. C. 
 
 — tuberous, double flowered. Am. 
 
 Flor. 457. 
 
 — — group of, Am. Flor. 455. 
 
 — — Melle, Amma Maris de 
 
 Duras, 111. Hort. 79. 
 C. 
 -» — Melle. Marguerite de 
 Montpansin, 111. Hort. 
 79. C. 
 
 — — Mme. Leon Tissier, 111. 
 
 Hort. 79. C. 
 
 — — Mme. Thibaut, 111. Hort. 
 
 79. c. 
 
 — — Mme. Treyve-Marie, 111. 
 
 Hort. 79. C. 
 
 — — Phenomenal, 111. Hort. 
 
 79. c. 
 
 — — single-flowered. Am. 
 
 Flor. 455. 
 
 — — Souvenir de M. Marie, 
 
 111. Hort. 79. C. 
 Benthamia fragifera. Garden, 416. 
 
 (2.) C. 433. (2.) 
 Berberis Sieboldii, Gar. & For. 
 
 249. 
 
 — stenophylla, Gar. Chron. 619. 
 
 — virescens, Bot. Mag. t. 7116. 
 
 C. 
 Betterave Reine des noires. Rev. 
 Hort. 9. 
 
 Bignonia rugosa, Bot. Mag. t. 7124. 
 C. 
 
 — Tweediana, Gar. World, 377. 
 Billbergia nutans \Liboniana, Gart. 
 
 145. C. 
 
 — X Perringiana, Gart. 145. C. 
 
 — Quintusiana, Gart. 203 
 
 — Saundersii, Gart. 89. C. 
 Biota elegantissima, Gard. 443. 
 Bitter Sweet, Am. Gar. 29 ; Trade 
 
 Jour. 681. 
 Blackberry, Early King, Orch. & 
 
 Gar. 177. 
 Blandfordia princeps, Jardin, 203. 
 Boronia heterophylla, Hort. Beige, 
 
 229. C. 
 Brachycome iberidifolia. Gar. 
 
 World, 789. 
 Briza maxima, Rev. Hort. 488. 
 Broccoli, Branching, Pop. Gar. 5. 
 
 — Sharpe's Monarch, Gar. Mag. 
 
 87. 
 
 — Sutton's Bouquet, Jour. Hort. 
 
 47- 
 Bromeliad, Gigantic, Jour, of Hort. 
 
 487. 
 Brugmansia Knighti, Garden, 129. 
 
 (2.) 
 Brussels Sprouts, Gilbert's, Garden, 
 
 595- 
 Buckleyadistichophylla, Gar. & For. 
 
 237- 
 Bulbophyllum Godseffianum, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 540. (2.) 
 Burchellia Capensis, Rev. Hort. 441. 
 Cabbage, Chou rouge conique. Rev. 
 Hort. 56. 
 
 — — fence hatif d' Erfurth, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 56. 
 
 — — gros. Rev. Hort. 56. 
 
 — Early Summer, Am. Agr. 201 ; 
 
 Am. Gar. 290. 
 
 — Flat Dutch, Am. Gar. 290. 
 
 — Jersey Wakefield, Am. Agr. 
 
 201 ; Am. Gar. 289. 
 
 — Netted Savoy, Am. Agr. 201. 
 
 — Noel. Rev. Hort. 9. 
 
 — Winnigstadt, Garden, 535 (2.) 
 
 C. 
 Cactus, Eagle's-claw, Gar. Chron. 
 159- (2.) 
 
igo 
 
 Annals of Hoj'ticulture. 
 
 Calanthe, Sport of, Am. Gar. i6i. 
 Calceolaria, herbaceous, Garden, 
 
 505- 
 Calla, Riehardia a 1 b o-maculata, 
 
 Can. Hort. 23. 
 Callistemon lanceolatum, Gart. 295. 
 Calochortus Madrensis, Gar. Chron. 
 
 320. (2.) 
 Camellia reticulata. Garden, 552. C. 
 Camoensia maxima, Gar. Mag. 348. 
 Campanula Barrelieri, Garden, 87. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — carpathica pelviformis, Pop. 
 
 Gar. 23. 
 
 — — turbinata. Pop. Gar. 22. 
 
 — isophylla. Garden, 86. (2). 
 
 — persicifolia alba. Garden, 573. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — primulacifolia, Gart. 225. 
 
 — — Brotero, Gart. 225. 
 
 — punctata, Gart. 591. 
 
 — rotundifolia. Garden, 225. 
 Canna Ehemanni, Am. Agr. 19. 
 
 — Emile Leclerc, Am. Agr. 19. 
 Cannas, Crozy, Orch. & Gar. 74. 
 Capsicum annuum (Pimento), Gar. 
 
 Chron. 335. (2.) 
 
 — Celestial Pepper, Gar. Mag. 47. 
 Caraguata angustifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7137- c. 
 
 Carica Papaya, Gart. 273. 
 Carludovica Caput-Medusae, Bot. 
 Mag. t. 7118. C. 
 
 — elegans, Gar. World, 409. 
 
 — palmaefolia. Gar. World, 665 ; 
 
 Jour. Hort. 383. 
 Carnation, Alice Ayers, Gar. Mag. 
 658. (2.) 
 
 — Bn. Jules Beerens Cotman, 
 
 Hort. Beige, 241. C. 
 
 — Crimson Coronet, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 61. C. 
 
 — Fred. Creighton, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 61. C. 
 
 — Germania, Gar. Mag. 656. (2.) 
 
 — Jennie McGowan, Am. Gar. 60. 
 
 — Marguerite, Rev. Hort. 497. 
 
 — Mile. Tilla De Kerchove, Hort. 
 
 Beige, 241. C. 
 
 — Mme. D'Hoop Goethals, Hort. 
 
 Beige, 241. C. 
 
 Carnation, Mr. Le Juge D'Hoop, 
 Hort. Beige, 241. C. 
 
 — Mrs. Frank Watts, Gar. Mag. 
 
 657. (2.) 
 
 — Mrs. Reynolds Hole, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 659. (2.) 
 
 — Peachblow Coronet, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 61. C. 
 
 — Robert Houigrave, Gar. World, 
 
 745- 
 
 — Scarlet Bizarre, Gar. World, 
 
 9- (2.) 
 
 — Self, EmmaLakin, Gar. World, 
 
 745- 
 
 — White Coronet, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 61. C. 
 Carrot, Altringham, Garden, 388. 
 
 — Chantenay, Pop. Gar., 76. 
 
 — Early French Forcing, Garden, 
 
 389. 
 
 — Early Scarlet Dutch Horn, 
 
 Garden, 389. 
 
 — Intermediate Scarlet, Garden, 
 
 388. 
 
 — Navet, Rev., Hort. 202. 
 
 — orangegelbe siisse von Barletta, 
 
 Gart., 192. 
 
 — Stump-rooted, Am. Agr. 73. 
 Cassava plant. Am. Agr. 370. 
 Cassinia fulvida, Gart. 241. 
 Castanea vesca, Hort. Beige, 41. 
 Castilloa elastica, Gar. Chron. 649. 
 Catalpa bignonioides, Gar. & For. 
 
 539- 
 Catananchecaerulea, Rev. Hort. 523. 
 Catasetum Bungerothi, 111. Hort. 
 
 117. C. 
 Cattleya Alberti, Orchidophile, 328. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Bowringiana, Gar. Mag. 493 ; 
 
 (2.) Rev. Hort. 300. C. 
 
 — Buyssoniana, Gar. Chron. 
 
 589. (2.) 
 
 — Dowiana aurea, Gar. World, 
 
 41. (2.) 
 
 — Empress Frederick, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 251. (2.) 
 
 — Gaskelliana, Am. Flor. 185. 
 
 — guttata. Pop. Gar. 62. (2.) 
 
 — intermedia var. Candida splen- 
 
 dida, Gart. i. C. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 191 
 
 Cattleya Lawrenceana, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7133. c. 
 
 — Lindeni, Jour. Hort. 471. (2.) 
 
 — O'Brieniana, Jour. Hort. 25. 
 
 — pumila, Dayana, Rev. Hort. 
 
 490. 
 
 — Skinneri, Gar. Chron. 289; 
 
 Gar. & For. 201. 
 Cauliflower, Early London, Garden, 
 
 151- 
 
 — Veitch's Autumn Giant, Gar- 
 
 den, 151, 
 Cedre du Libau en candelabre, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 534. 
 Cedrus Atlantica fastigiata, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 32 ; Garden, 195. 
 Celastrus articulata, Gar. & For. 
 
 550- 
 Celeriac, Apple-shaped, Pop. Gar. 
 20. 
 
 — common, Pop. Gar. 20. 
 Celery, a couper. Rev. Hort. 90. 
 
 — Apple-shaped, Garden, 349. 
 
 — Bouquet, Pop. Gar. 51. 
 
 — Clayworth Park Pink, Garden, 
 
 330. (2.) 
 
 — Curled Solid White, Garden, 
 
 , 349- 
 
 — Pascal, Rev. Hort. 9. 
 
 — plein blanc ordinaire. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 90. 
 
 — rave. Rev. Hort. 91. 
 
 — — geant de Prague, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 91. 
 ' — sauvage, Rev. Hort. 90. 
 
 — Soup, Garden, 349, 
 
 — Turnip-rooted, Garden, 349. 
 Celmisia Lindsayi, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7134- c. 
 
 Celosia pyramidalis. Rev. Hort. 522. 
 Celtis occidentalis, Gar. & For. 39, 
 
 40, 41- 
 Centaurea Cyanus, Vick's Mag. 361. 
 
 C. 
 Cerasus Pseudo-Cerasus, Garden, 
 
 276. (2.) C. 
 Cereus chloranthus. Am. Gar. 473. 
 
 — flagelliformis. Am. Gar. 527 ; 
 
 Trade Jour. 33. 
 
 — giganteus, Am. Gar. 451, 528; 
 
 Vick's Mag. 302. 
 
 Cereus Geggii Fruit, Am. Gar. 474. 
 
 — Pringlei, Vick's Mag. 303. 
 
 — (Pilocereus) senilis, Am. Gar. 
 
 479- 
 Chamaecyparis Lawsoni pendula, 
 
 Gart. 449. 
 Cheiranthus annuus grandiflorus 
 
 plenus, Rev. Hort. 304. 
 Cherry, Governor Wood, Can. Hort. 
 
 191. C. 
 
 — Windsor, Hort. Art Jour. 64. 
 
 C. 
 Chestnut, American Sweet, Orch. & 
 Gar. 162. 
 
 — Japan Giant, Orch. & Gar. 162. 
 
 — Numbo, Orch. & Gar. 162. 
 
 — Spanish, Orch. & Gar. 162. 
 Chimaphila maculata. Am. Gar. 
 
 600. 
 Chionodoxa Lucilise. Jardin, 51. 
 Chironia palustris, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7101. C. 
 Choisya ternata, Gar. Chron. 645 ; 
 
 Gar. Mag. 256. 
 Chrysanthemum, Ada Spaulding, 
 
 Am. Gar. 3 ; Gar. & For. 
 
 587 ; Orch. & Gar. 75. 
 
 — American. Garden, 532. C. 
 
 — Autumn Queen, Am. Agr. 563. 
 
 — Bailey, I. J., Am. Flor. 227. 
 
 — carinatum. Gar. World, 805 ; 
 
 Jour. Hort. 139. (2). 
 
 — (Culture Japonaise), Jardin, 
 
 249. 
 
 — Fair Maid of Perth, Am. Flor. 
 
 181 ; Gar. Chron 445. (2). 
 
 — Elaine, Am. Flor. 181 ; Gar. 
 
 Chron. 445. (2.) 
 
 — Golden Gem, Gar. World, 313. 
 
 — Harry E. Widener, Am. Flor. 
 
 229. 
 
 — Indicum, Gar. Chron. 565 ; 
 
 Gar. Mag. 729. (2) ; Pop. 
 Gar. 77. 
 
 — inodorum plenissimum. Am. 
 
 Flor. 301. 
 
 — Jane and its yellow variety, 
 
 Garden, 484. C. 
 
 — Japanese, Jour. Hort. 111. 
 
 — — Gloire de Rocher, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 405. (2.) 
 
192 
 
 A7i7ials of Horticulture . 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Japanese, Puritan, 
 Jour. Hort. 377. (2.) 
 
 — — varieties, types of, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 321. 
 
 — Kiku, Pop. Gar. 75. 
 
 — Lady Brooke, Garden, 632. C. 
 
 — Lincoln, W. H., Jour. Hort. 
 
 547- (2.) 
 
 — Louis Boehmer (New Velvet), 
 
 Gar. Mag. 712. (2.) 
 
 — Mary Ward, Am. Flor. 227. 
 
 — maximum. Am. Flor. 329. 
 
 — Mme. P. Jung, Hort. Beige, 
 
 276. C. 
 
 — Moseman, G. F., Am. Flor. 
 
 227. 
 
 — Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, Can. 
 
 Hort. 25 ; Hort. Beige. 39. 
 
 — Mrs. Carter, Pop. Gar. 123. 
 
 — Mrs. Frank Thomson, Am. 
 
 Flor. 227. 
 
 — Mrs. Fottler, Am. Flor. 227. 
 
 — Mrs. Pres. Harrison, Am. 
 
 Flor. 227. 
 
 — Mrs. Sailer, L D., Am. Flor. 
 
 258. 
 
 — nouvelles de. Rev. Hort. 132. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Rose Laing, Hort. Beige, 37. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Ruche toulousaine, Rev. Hort. 
 
 564. C. 
 
 — Sam. Houston, Am. Flor. 227. 
 
 — Sinense, Gar. Mag. 730. (2.) 
 
 — single-flowered varieties, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 276. C. 
 
 — sport of. Am. Gar. 161. 
 
 — Sunflower, Gar. World, 153. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Thos. Cartlege, Am. Flor. 227. 
 
 — uliginosum. Garden, 523. (2.) 
 
 — Waban, Am. Flor 303. 
 Chrysophyllum Cainito, Am. Gar. 
 
 405- 
 Cineraria aurita, Garden, 252. C. 
 
 — hybrida grandiflora, Gart. 614. 
 
 — Webberiana, Garden, 207. 
 Cinquefoil, shrubby, Pop. Gar. 173. 
 Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum. Gar. 
 
 Mag., 197. 
 Cissus discolor. Garden, 27. 
 
 Cistus florentinus. Garden, 177. (2.) 
 Citron, Fingered, Gar. Chron. 385. 
 Citrus Aurantium, Gart. 273. 
 
 — decumana, Gart. 273. 
 
 — Japonica, Gar. Chron. 393. 
 Clearia stellularia, Jour. Hort. 133. 
 
 (2.) 
 Clematis coccinea, Can. Hort. 86 ; 
 Hort. Art Jour. 40. C. 
 
 — crispa, Can. Hort. 86. 
 
 — Fremontii, Gar. & For. 381. 
 
 — indivisa lobata, Garden, 557. 
 
 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 151. 
 
 — Lady Caroline Neville, Garden, 
 
 537 ; Vick's Mag. 280. 
 
 — Jackmanni, Can, Hort. 86. 
 
 — kermesinasplendida, Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 89. C. 
 
 — lanuginosa, Can. Hort. 86. 
 
 — orientalis glauca, Rev. Hort. 
 
 561. 
 
 — paniculata. Gar. & For. 621. 
 
 — patens vesta, Gart. 569. C. 571. 
 
 — Stanleyi, Gar. Chron. 327. (2) ; 
 
 Gar. & For. 513 ; Jour. 
 Hort. 295. (2.) 
 Clerodendron Balfourianum. Gar. 
 Chron. 133. (2.) 
 
 — paniculatum, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7141. C. 
 
 — serotinum, Am. Gar. 757. 
 Clianthus Dampieri marginatus, 
 
 Garden, 298. C. 
 Clitoria Ternatea, Jour. Hort. 112. 
 (2) ; Garden, 132. (2.) C. 
 Clivia miniata, 111. Hort. 39. C. 
 Clivias, Gar. Mag. 241 ; Jour. 
 
 Hort. 29. 
 Coburgia trichroma. Rev. Hort. 108. 
 
 C. 
 Cocos australis, Am. Flor. 515. 
 
 — nucifera, Gart. 273. 
 
 — Weddelliana, Hort. Beige, 
 
 219. C. 
 
 Codiaeum Warrenii , Gar. World, 457. 
 
 Coelogyne cristata. Am. Flor. 87. 
 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 747 ; (2.) 
 Hort. Beige, 85. C. 
 
 — cristata maxima, Garden, 549. 
 
 — pandurata, Jour, of Hort. 425. 
 Coffea Liberica, Rev. Hort. 104. 
 
P/ajit Portraits of i8go. 
 
 193 
 
 CoffeaLiberica, fruits du, Rev. Hort. 
 
 105. 
 Colchicum autumnale, Gar. World 
 
 117. (2.) 
 Coltsfoot, Tussilago Farfara varie- 
 
 gata, Garden, 435. 
 Cordyline australis, Garden 409. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — indivisa, 111. Hort. 99. C. 
 Coreopsis aristosa. Garden 199. 
 
 — auriculata. Garden 202. 
 
 — cardaminifolia, Garden 203. 
 
 — Drummondii, Garden 203. 
 
 — lanceolata. Garden 203. 
 
 — tinctoria, Garden 202. C. 
 Corn, Cory Sweet, Pop. Gar. 76. 
 Cornel, Weeping, Orch. & Gar. 44. 
 Cornus Baileyi, Gar. & For. 465. 
 Cottonia macrostachya, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7099. C. 
 Cowslip, Virginian, Pop. Gar. 209. 
 Cranberry, Dennis, Am. Gar. 586. 
 
 — Early Black, Am. Gar. 585. 
 
 — Makepeace, Am. Gar. 586. 
 Crassula Rochea X Jasmineo-cocci- 
 
 nea, Hort. Beige 12. C. 
 Crataegus coccinea var. macra- 
 
 cantha. Am. Gar. 509. 
 Crinodendron Hookeri, Garden 273. 
 
 (2.) 
 Crinum Powelli, Garden 80. C. 
 Crocosmia aurea imperialis. Am. 
 
 Gar. 341. 
 Croton, Mrs. Dorman, Gar. World 
 
 121. (2.) 
 
 — variegatum, 111. Hort. 11. C. 
 Cucumber blanc long. Rev. Hort. 
 
 10. 
 
 — de Russie, Rev. Hort. 222. 
 
 — Duke of Edinburgh, Am. Gar. 
 
 543- 
 
 — Green Cluster, Orch. & Gar. 
 
 lOI. 
 
 — jaune hatif de Hollande, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 222. 
 
 — long vert d'Athenes, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 223. 
 
 — Sion House, Am. Gar. 543. 
 
 — Telegraph, Am. Gar. 543. 
 
 — vert long, Rollisson'sTelegraph, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 222. 
 
 Cucumber vert petit de Paris, Rev. 
 Hort. 223. 
 
 — — tres-long de Chine, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 223. 
 Cucumis dipsaceus, Gar. World 341. 
 Cunila Mariana, Jour. Hort. 528. 
 
 (2.) 
 Cupressus macrocarpa. Garden 363. 
 
 Currant, Crandall, Orch. & Gar. 
 
 193- 
 
 — Fay's Prolific, Gart. 189. 
 Cyathea dealbata, Gar. Mag. 364. 
 Cycas revoluta. Garden 557. 
 
 — revoluta, Vick's Mag. 140. 
 Cyclamens, Giant, Am. Flor. 539. 
 Cyclamen Persicum, Gar. World 
 
 249. (2.) 
 
 — — giganteum splendenS; 
 
 Gart. 489. C. 
 
 — — grandiflorum. Gart. 657. 
 
 C. 
 Cymbidium Traceyanum, Gar. 
 Mag. 841. (2.) Jour. Hort. 
 
 535- (2.) 
 Cyphomandra betacea, Am. Gar. 
 
 409 ; Trade Jour. 25 ; Jour. 
 
 Hort. 15. 
 Cypress, Knee of, Gar. Chron. 332, 
 
 328. 
 Cypripedium Arnoldianum. Am. 
 
 Flor. 115. (2); Gar. Chron. 
 
 633. (2.) 
 
 — Aylingi, Gar. Chron. 797 ; 
 
 Jour, of Hort. 481. 
 
 — bellatulum, Gar. Chron. 556. 
 
 — Binoti, Orchidophile, 120. C. 
 
 — caudatum, Gar. Mag. 795- (2) ; 
 
 Gar. World, 633 ; Pop. Gar. 
 62. (6.) 
 
 — Constance, Jour. Hort. 353. (2.) 
 
 — Curtisii, Gar. Chron, 557. 
 
 — EUiottianum, Jour. Hort. 199. 
 
 — Galatea majus. Jour. Hort. 5. 
 
 — Germinyanum, Jour. Hort. 89. 
 
 (2-) 
 
 — grammatophyllum speciosum, 
 
 Gar. Chron. 297. 
 
 — insigne, Gar. Chron. 691. (2.) 
 Lathamianum, Gar. Chron. 
 
 318. 
 
 H. 
 
 14 
 
194 
 
 Annals of Horticultuj-e. 
 
 Cypripedium longifolium, Gar. 
 Chron. 728. (2.) 
 
 — Lowi, Gar. Chron. 729. (2.) 
 
 — Morganae X. Gar. Chron. 545 ; 
 
 Gar. Chron. 264 ; Gar. Mag. 
 641. (2.) 
 
 — Niobe, Gar. World 601. 
 
 — Philippinense, Gar. & For. 
 
 309- 
 
 — Roihschildianum, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7102. C. 
 
 — Schroderae, Gar. World 201. 
 
 (2) ; Jour, of Hort. 405. 
 
 — Spicerianum, Gar. Chron. 264 ; 
 
 Orchidophile, 148. C ; Am. 
 Gar. 159. 
 
 — Stonei, var. platytaenium, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 548. 
 
 — superbiens, Gar. Chron. 689. 
 
 — tessellatum porphyreum, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 119. 
 
 — villosum, Gar. Chron. 688. (2.) 
 
 — Youngianum, Gar. Mag. 476. 
 Cyrtanthus sanguineus, Garden 
 
 344- C. 
 Cytisus scoparius var. Andreanus, 
 
 Jour, of Hort. 439. 
 Dafiodil, Queen Anne's Double, 
 
 Pop. Gar. 257. 
 
 — sporting, Gar. Chron. 491. 
 
 — Stella, Pop. Gar. 256. 
 
 — white, group of, Garden 82. 
 
 (2) C. 
 Dahlia Barkeriae, Pop. Gar. 50. 
 
 — Cactus, Am. Flor. 391. 
 
 — Cactus, Charming Bride, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 605. (2. ) 
 
 — — Prince of Wales, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 604. (2.) 
 
 — Cannell, H., 111. Hort. 119. C. 
 
 — — Favorite, 111. Hort. 119. 
 
 C. 
 
 — coccmea, Pop. Gar. 63. 
 
 — glabrata. Pop. Gar. 64. 
 
 — Kentish Sun, 111. Hort. 119. C. 
 
 — Lady Kerrison, Gar. World 
 
 21. (2.) 
 
 — Mrs. Douglas, 111.. Hort. 119. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Seedless, Am. Gar. 692. 
 
 Dahlia superflua, Pop. Gar. 63. 
 
 — White Dove, Orch. & Gar. 45 
 Daphne Indica alba. Garden jo. 
 Darlingtonia Californica, Garden 
 
 147 ; Gar. Chron. 85. 
 Davallia Canariensis, Garden 549 ; 
 Vick's Mag. 315. 
 
 — fceniculacea, Jour. Hort. 73. 
 
 (2.) 
 Decaschisiia ficifolia, Gar. Chron. 
 
 629. (2.) 
 Delphinium Cashmerianum, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 305. 
 Dendrobium Ainsworthii, Gart. 
 
 177 ; Jour, of Hort. 445. 
 
 — Dalhousianum, Garden 608 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Devonianum, Gar. Chron. 680. 
 
 — Leechianum, Jour. Hort. 85. 
 
 — juno, Jour. Hort. 85. 
 
 — Macfarlanei, Jour. Hort. 177. 
 
 — nobile, Orchidophile 304. C. 
 
 — — album, Orchidophile 
 
 304. C. 
 
 — — Burfordvar. . Jour. Hort. 
 
 63. 
 
 — — Cooks o n i a n u m, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 63. 
 
 — Wardianum, Jour. Hort. 8. 
 
 (2.) 
 Dendrocalamus Sikkimensis, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 793. 
 Desmodmm penduliflorum,Pop.Gar. 
 
 233- 
 Deutzia candidissima. Am. Flor. 
 263. 
 
 — — flore-pleno, Jour. Hort. 
 
 297. 
 
 — scabra. Garden 315. 
 Dianthus alpinus, Garden 269. (2.) 
 
 — Caryophyllus, 111. Hort. 9. C. 
 
 — neglectus, Garden 8. C. 
 DictamnusFraxinella, Am. Flor. 328. 
 Diervilla Middendorfiana, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 581. 
 
 Dimorphotheca graminifolia, Gar- 
 den 180. (2.) C. 
 
 Diospyros Virginiana, Am. Gar. 
 
 651. 
 Dipladenia Brearleyana, Garden 
 
 185. 
 
Plant Po7'traits of i8go. 
 
 195 
 
 Disa grandiflora, Garden 516. 
 
 — tripetaloides, Gar. Chron. 768. 
 Dogwood, Weeping, Cornus florida 
 
 pendula, Vick's Mag. 333. 
 Doronicum plantagineum var excel- 
 sum, Gart. 653 ; Garden 
 
 437- (2.) 
 Drosera cistiflora, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7100. C. 
 Durio Zibethinus, Gart. 273. 
 Echinocactus cylindraceus, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 167. (2.) 
 
 — Emoryi, Am. Gar. 459; Vick's 
 
 Mag. 303. 
 
 — hexaedrophorus, Am. Gar. 461. 
 
 — pectinatus robustus, Gart. 513. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Simpsoni, Gar. Chron. 166. (2.) 
 
 — Visnac;a, Am. Gar. 461 
 Echinops Ritro, Rev. Hort. 524. 
 Egg-Plant, Large Round Violet. Am. 
 
 Gar. 219. 
 
 — Long Violet, Am. Gar. 220. 
 
 — Round White, Am. Gar. 221. 
 
 — Scarlet Fruited, Gar. Mag. 
 
 817. (2.) 
 
 — White Chinese, Am. Gar. 220. 
 
 — Group of, Am. Gar. 21S. 
 
 — scarlet-fruited, Gar. Mag. 817. 
 
 (2.) 
 Eichhornia azurea. Rev. Hort. 540. 
 C. 
 
 — (Pontederia) crassipes, Am. 
 
 Flor. 511. 
 Ela^agnus longipes. Pop. Gar. 15. 
 Embothium coccineum. Gar. Chron. 
 
 717. 
 Epacris ardentissima, Am. Flor. 543. 
 
 — hyacinthiflora candidissim a, 
 
 Am. Flor. 543. 
 
 — — fulgens. Am. Flor. 543. 
 
 — rubella. Am. Flor. 543. 
 
 — Sunset, Am. Flor. 543. 
 Ephedra altissima, Gar. Chron. 792. 
 Epiphronitis Russelian u m var. 
 
 Gaertneri, Gart. 581. 
 
 — truncatum, Am. Flor. 135 : 
 
 Am. Gar. 535 ; Gar. 
 Chron 173. 
 
 — — on Pereskia stock, Vick's 
 
 Mag 152. 
 
 Epiphronitis Russelianum var. ro- 
 seum. Am. Flor. 327. 
 
 — Veitchi. Jour. Hort. 518. (2.) 
 Episcia maculata, Bot. Mag. t. 7131. 
 
 C. 
 Equisetum sylvaticum. Gar. Mag. 
 
 524. (2.) 
 Eremurus aurantiacus, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7113. C. 
 
 — Bucharicus, Gart. 57. C. 
 Erianthus Ravennse, Rev. Hort. 546. 
 Erica andromedaeflora, Gart. 25. 
 Eriogonum androsaceum. Gar. 
 
 Chron. 260. 
 
 — compositum. Gar. Chron. 261. 
 
 — corymbosum. Gar. Chron. 
 
 525- (2.) 
 
 — ovalifolium. Gar. Chron. 260. 
 
 — racemosum. Gar. Chron. 528. 
 
 — Thomasii, Gar. Chron. 529. (2.) 
 Eryngmm Olivierianum, Garden 97. 
 Erythrolaena conspicua, Gart. 563. 
 Eucalyptus Andreana, Rev. Hort. 
 
 346. 
 
 — calophylla. Rev. Hort. 558. 
 Eucharis Amazonica, Am. Flor 
 
 363 ; Gar. Chron. 193. 
 
 — Bakeriana, Bot. Mag t. 7144 
 
 C. ; Gar. Chron. 417. 
 Eugenia myrtifolia. Am. Gar. 756 
 Eupatorium probum. Gar. Chron 
 
 321. 
 Euphorbia heterophylla, Gart. 105 
 
 — meloformis, Am. Gar. 463. 
 Exochorda grandiflora. Am. Flor 
 
 565 ; Gar. Chron. 613 ; Orch 
 & Gar. 92. 
 Fern, Chatti, Gar. Chron, 461. 
 
 — Maiden Hair, seedling of. Pop. 
 
 Gar. 178. 
 
 — Royal. Gar. World 18 r. (2.) 
 
 — Stag Horn, Am. Gar. 145. 
 
 — Walking, Am. Gar. 225. 
 
 — filmy, Gar. Chron. 100. (2.) 
 
 — New Zealand filmy. Garden 
 
 173- 
 Ficus caverneux du jardin de Pera- 
 
 denia. Rev. Hort. 438. 
 Fir tree. Silver, Garden 159. 
 Forsythia suspensa. Garden 598. C. 
 
igb 
 
 Amials of Hortiadtiu^e . 
 
 Foxglove, Can. Hort. ig. 
 FrancisceaHopeana, Westnik, Nov. 
 i8go. 
 
 — latifolia, Westnik, Nov. 1890. 
 Fritillaria (Korolkowia) Sewerzowi, 
 
 Jour. Hort. 257. 
 
 — racemosa, Jour. Hort. 217. 
 Fuchsia, Black Prince, Am. FIor.29g. 
 
 — General Roberts, Gar. Mag. 
 
 525- (2.) 
 Funkia Sieboldi, Garden 79. (2) ; 
 
 Am. Gar. 57. 
 Gaillardia Maxima, Am Flor. 329. 
 Galanthus Elwesii, Gar. Chron. 268. 
 
 — imperati, Gar. Chron. 269. 
 
 — latifolius, Gar. Chron. 269. 
 
 — nivalis. Gar. Chron. 26g, 271. 
 
 — plicatus, Gar. Chron. 268. 
 Garcinia Mangostana, Gart. 273. 
 Gardenia Stanleyana, Garden 322. 
 
 C._ (2.) 
 Gaylussacia frondosa. Gar. Chron. 
 
 580. 
 Genista capitata, Jour. Hort. igg. 
 
 (2.) 
 Geonoma Carderi, Jardin 239. 
 
 — gracilis, Hort. Beige 220. 
 Geranium platypetalum, Rev. Hort. 
 
 85. 
 Gerbera Jamesoni, Gar. & For. 507, 
 
 501- 
 Gesnera refulgens. Am. Gar. 416. 
 Geum coccineum duplex grandi- 
 
 florum, Rev. Hort. 305. 
 
 — miniatum, Garden 298. (2.) 
 
 C. 
 
 Gladioli, Lemoine's Hybrid, Cal. 
 Frt. Gr. 281 ; Garden 327. 
 (2) 
 
 Gladiolus Colvillei, The Bride, Gar- 
 den 48g. (2. ) 
 
 — hybridus, 111. Hort. 107. C. 
 
 — Snow White, Am. Flor. 279. 
 
 — sulphureus, Garden 58, 66. 
 
 (2.) C. 
 
 — Turicensis, Gar. & For. 8g. 
 Gloriosa superba, Garden 576. C. 
 
 Gloxinia, Garden 271. 
 
 — hybrida grandiflora Kaiser 
 
 Fredrich, Gart. 616. 
 
 Gloxinia, Mile. Berthe, Hort. Beige 
 217. C. 
 
 — — Iglesias, Hort. Beige 
 
 217. C. 
 
 — Mme. Brabant, Hort. Beige 
 
 217. C. 
 
 — — Charles d e Bosschere, 
 
 Jour. Hort. Beige 217. 
 C. 
 
 — — Cocina, Hort. Beige 217. 
 
 C. 
 
 — -De Masy, Hort. Beige 
 
 217. C. 
 
 — group of, Am. Flor. 485. 
 Godetia, White Pearl, Gart. 563. 
 Goldfussia isophylla. Gar. Mag. 257 
 Gomphocarpus arborescens, Gart 
 
 106. 
 Gomphrena globosa, Rev. Hort. 522 
 Goodia latifolia. Jour. Hort. 157 
 
 (2.) 
 Grape, Black Hamburgh, Gar. Mag, 
 586, 587- (2.) 
 
 — — Prince, Gar. Mag. 587 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Calabrian Raisin, Gar. Mag 
 
 588. (2.) 
 
 — Canada Rupestris, Prog. Agr 
 
 et Vit. 58. C. 
 
 — Colerain, Hort. Art Jour. 79 
 
 — Esperione or Espiran, Gar 
 
 Mag. 586. (2.) 
 
 — Gros Colman, Gar. Mag. 586. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — — Guillaumeor Barbarossa, 
 
 Gar. Mag. 587. (2. ) 
 
 — — Maroc, Gar. Mag. 587. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Horsford's Mammoth, R. N.-Y. 
 
 737- 
 
 — Keystone, Am. Farm Hort. 3. 
 
 — Lady Downes, Gar. Mag. 588. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Madresfield, Gar. Mag. 588. 
 
 — Mrs. Prince or Prince's Mus- 
 
 cat, Gar. Mag. 589. (2.) 
 
 — Muscat of Alexandria, Garden, 
 
 306 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 589. 
 (2.) 
 
 — New Brilliant, R. N.-Y. 602. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 197 
 
 Grape, Rupestris Petit-bouschet, 
 Prog. Agr. et Vit. 172. C. 
 
 — West's St. Peter's, Gar. Mag. 
 
 5S9. (2.) 
 
 — White Muscat, Gal. Frt. Gr. 
 
 23- 
 
 Gunnera scabra, Gar. Chron. 665. 
 
 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 845. (2.) 
 Gymnosporangium macropus, Orch. 
 
 & Gar. 135. 
 Gymnotrix latifolia, Rev Hort. 546. 
 Gynerium argenteum. Rev. Hort. 
 
 489. 
 Gypsophila paniculata, Rev. Hort. 
 
 Habenaria militaris. Jour. Hort. 
 
 223. (2.) 
 Haemanthus Lindeni, Gar. Chron. 
 
 437 (2); 111. Hort. 89. C. 
 Hakealaurina, Bot. Mag. t. 7127. C. 
 Hawthorn, a spray of, Garden 467. 
 Hebenstreitia comosa, Gart. 191. 
 Hedera Helix, conglomerate. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 193. 
 Heliamphora nutans, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7093. C. 
 Helianthus globosus fistulosus, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 113. 
 Helichrysum bracteatum, double- 
 flowered, Rev. Hort. 
 372. C. 
 
 — — grandiflorum. Rev. Hort. 
 
 486. 
 Helleborus maxima. Am. Gar. 63. 
 
 — niger altifolius. Gar. World 
 
 281. 
 
 — punctatissimus. Gar. World 
 
 281. 
 
 — punctatus. Gar. World 281. 
 Hemiorchis Burmanica, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7120. C. 
 Heuchera cylindrica. Am. Agr. 138. 
 
 — parvifolia. Am. Agr. 138. 
 Hicoria glabra. Am. Gar. 386. 
 
 — ovata. Am. Gar. 386, 387, 388. 
 
 — microcarpa, Am. Gar. 385, 386, 
 
 388. 
 Holboellia latifolia, Rev. Hort. 348. 
 
 C. 
 Hollyhocks, Garden 138. 
 Hordeum jubatum. Rev. Hort. 488. 
 
 Houlletia odoratissima var. Antio- 
 quiensis, ?Iort Beige 121. C. 
 
 Howea (Kentia) Belmoreana, Gar. 
 Chron. 75. (2.) 
 
 — Forsteriana, Gar. Chron. 75, 
 
 533 (2) ; Garden 197. (2.) 
 Hoya imperialis. Gar. Mag. 211. 
 Hyacinths, Smgle and Double, Vick's 
 
 Mag. 300. 
 Hydrangea, Climbing, R. N.-Y. 621, 
 
 622. 
 
 — Hortensia, Pop. Gar. 58; 
 
 Vick's Mag. 68. 
 
 — Otaksa, Am. Gar. 415 ; Can. 
 
 Hort. I. C ; Orch. & Gar. 
 no. 
 
 — paniculata, Can. Hort. 2 ; 
 
 Garden 455. 
 
 — — grandiflora. Garden 569. 
 
 (2) ; Vick's Mag. 67. 
 
 — pink. Garden 373. 
 
 — ramulus coccinea, Am. Flor. 
 
 361 ; Orch. & Gar. log. 
 
 — red-branched, Hort. Art Jour. 
 
 77. C. 
 
 — Thomas Hogg, Am. Flor. 483. 
 
 — vestita, var. pubescens. Gar. 
 
 & For. 17. 
 Hymenocallis Caribba^a, Gar. World 
 421. 
 
 — rotata, Am. Gar. 209. 
 Hypericum densiflorum. Gar. & 
 
 For. 527. 
 
 — Kalmianum, Gar. & For. 113. 
 
 — Moserianum, Hort. Beige 97. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Hypericum prolificum. Gar. & 
 
 For. 526. 
 Hypoxis erecta, Am. Gar. 420. 
 Idesia polycarpa, Gart. 64. 
 Ilex longipes, Gar. & For. 345. 
 Inula glandulosa. Gar. Mag. 541. 
 
 (2-) 
 
 Ipomoea hederacea, Jardin 128. 
 
 — limbata, Jardin 128. 
 
 — Mexicana grandiflora alba, Jar- 
 
 din 128. 
 
 — pandurata, Jardin 129. 
 
 — purpurea, Jardin 128. 
 Iresine Herbstii aureo-reticulata. Am. 
 
 Gar. 414. 
 
198 
 
 A7inals of Horticuliure. 
 
 Iris Bakeriana, Garden 642. C ; 
 Gar. Chron. 293. 
 
 — (Xiphion) Boissieri, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7097. C. 
 
 — Bornmulleri, Garden 462. C ; 
 
 Gar. Chron. 293. 
 
 — Danfordiae, Bot. Mag. t. 7140. 
 
 C ; Gart. 401. C. 
 
 — Gatesii, Gar. Chron. 17. (2.) 
 
 — Germanica, Hort. Beige 145. 
 
 C. 
 
 — — Madame Chereau, Pop. 
 
 Gar. 133. 
 
 — iberica, Gar. World 629. 
 
 — Japanese, Orch. & Gar. 129. 
 
 — Japan Seedling, Am. Agr. 467. 
 
 — Kasmpferi, Hort Beige 83 ; 
 
 Rev. Hort. 1S8. 
 
 — Monspur, Garden 462. C. 
 
 — ochroleuca, Garden 462. C. 
 
 — orchioides, Bot. Mag. t. 71 11. 
 
 C. 
 
 — pavonia, Garden 530. (2.) C. 
 
 — — coerulea, Garden 530. (2.) 
 
 C. 
 
 — Persica, Gar. Chron. 577. 
 
 — (Juno) Rosenbachiana, Bot. 
 
 Mag. t. 7135. C; Gar. 
 Chron. 577. 
 
 — reticulata, Rev. Hort. 133. 
 
 — Sindjarensis. Bot. Mag. t. 7145. 
 
 C ;.Gar. Chron. 365 ; Jour. 
 Hort. 377. 
 
 — Spanish, Garden 295 (2) ; 
 
 Vick's Mag. 375. 
 Irises, German, Am. Flor. 183. 
 Ivy, variegated, Garden 545. (2.) 
 Juneberry, Dwarf Moscow, Pop. 
 Gar. 2. (6.) 
 
 — Dwarf, "Success," Hort. Art 
 
 Jour. 29. C. 
 
 — Saskatoon, Can. Hort. 257. 
 Juniperus Californica, Am. Gar. 
 
 10. 
 Kalanchoe carnea. Gar. & For. 53. 
 Kale, True Scotch, Garden 492. (2.) 
 Kalmia latifolia. Gar. & For. 453. 
 Kentia Forsteriana, Garden 197. (2.) 
 Laburnum vulgare. Am. Gar. 283. 
 Lachenalia pendula aureliana. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 396. C. 
 
 Laelia Amanda, Gar. Mag. 61. 
 
 — anceps Schroderi, Gar. Mag. 
 
 813. (2.) 
 
 — — var. Stella, Gar. Chron. 
 
 500. (2.) 
 
 — — Veitchiana, Gar World 
 
 284. 
 
 — — Vestalis, Gar. Mag. 812. 
 
 .(2-) 
 
 — Arnoldiana, Am. Flor. 303. 
 
 — glauca. Gar. Chron. 357. 
 
 — Gouldiana, Gar. Chron. 169. 
 
 — pumila, Gart. 171. C; Orchido- 
 
 phile5r. C; Am. Gar. 158. 
 
 — purpurata. Am. Flor. 223. 
 
 — Cattleya Hippolyta, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 303. 
 Lagenaria verrucosa, Gart. 106. 
 Lagurus ovatus. Rev. Hort. 488. 
 Lamarckia aurea. Rev. Hort. 546. 
 Lansium domesticum, Gart. 273. 
 Latania Borbonica, Orch. & Gar. 26. 
 Lathraea clandestina, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7106. C. 
 Ledum palustre, Jour. Hort. 45. (2.) 
 Lepismium cavernosum, Gart. 153. 
 
 — dissimile, Gart. 150. 
 Lespedeza Delavayi, Rev. Hort. 
 
 226. 
 Lettuce blonde geante, Rev. Hort. 9. 
 Leuchtenbergia principis. Am. Gar. 
 
 . 464 
 Leucojum vernum. Pop. Gar. 193. 
 Leucophyllum Texanum, Gar. & 
 
 For. 489. 
 Ligustrum Sinense, Gar. & For. 213. 
 Lilac Madame-Lemoine, Jardin 267. 
 Lilies, Rosea and Azurea, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. I. C. 
 
 — Zanzibar Water, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. I. C. 
 Lilium avenaceum. Gar. Chron. 39. 
 (2.) 
 
 — Bolanderi, Garden 396. C. (2.) 
 
 — Browni, Garden 173. (2.) 
 
 — Canadense, Gar. Mag. 556. (2.) 
 
 — candidum. Gar. Chron. 50. (2.) 
 
 — cordifolium. Gar. Chron. 41. 
 
 .(2.) 
 
 — giganteum. Gar. Chron. 46. (2.) 
 
 — Henryi, Gar. Chron. 380. (2.) 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 199 
 
 Lilium longiflorum, Gar. Mag. 779. 
 
 (^•). .. 
 
 — — Harrisii, Gar. World 
 
 233. (2.) 
 
 — maritimum, Gar. 396. C. (2.) 
 
 — Nepalense var. ochroleucum, 
 
 Gar. 368. 
 
 — pardalinum luteum, Gar. 396 
 
 C.^(2.) 
 
 — pomponium, Gar. Chron. 51 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — rubrum, Gar. Mag. 557. 
 
 — superbum, Gar. 506 C. (2.) 
 
 — Thunbergianum var. Alice Wil- 
 
 son, Gar. 440. C. (2.) 
 
 — Van Houttei, Gar. 440. C. (2.) 
 Lily, Chinese Sacred, Gar. Mag. 
 
 302. 
 
 — Double Tiger, Pop. Gar. 82. 
 
 — Martagon or Turk's Cap, Pop. 
 
 Gar. 48. 
 
 — White Martagon, Gar. 393. (2.) 
 Linum arboreum. Jour. Hort. 193. 
 Liquidambar styraciflua, Gar. 208. 
 
 (2.) 
 Lithospermum canescens. Am. Gar. 
 
 598. 
 Loasa lateritia, Hort. Beige 193. C. 
 Lobelia gracilis, Garden 354. (2.) 
 Locust, Robmia Pseudacacia, Gar. 
 
 & For. 311. 
 Lonicera flava. Gar. & For. 190. 
 
 — splendida, Gart. 65. 
 
 — Sullivantii, Gar. & For. 191. 
 Lotus peliorhynchus, Gart. 601. C. 
 Luculia gratissima, Rev. Hort. 180. 
 
 C. 
 LueddemanniaPescatorei, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7123. C. 
 Lunaria annuelle, Jardin 112. 
 
 — biennis. Rev. Hort. 487. 
 
 — vivace, Jardin 112. 
 
 Lupine, changeantde Guikshanks by- 
 bride. Rev. Hort. 252. C. 
 
 — hybrideatrococcine, Rev. Hort. 
 
 252. C. 
 
 — jaune scafre, Rev. Hort. 252. 
 
 C. 
 
 — nain. Rev. Hort. 252. C. 
 
 — subcarnosus, Rev. Hort. 252. 
 
 C. 
 
 Lycaste Schilleriana, Gart. 233. C. 
 
 — Skinneri, Garden 397 ; Gar. 
 
 Chron. 424 ; Vick's Mag. 233. 
 C. 
 Lycopodium laxum, Gart. 97. 
 
 — Phlegmaria var. parvifolium, 
 
 Gart. 100, loi. 
 Lycoris squamigera. Gar. & For. 
 
 177. 
 Lysimachianummulariaaurea.Hort. 
 
 Beige 164. 
 Madura aurantiaca. Gar. Mag. 808, 
 
 809. 
 Madrona, Arbutus Menziesii, Gar. 
 
 & For. 515. 
 Magnolia parviflora. Jour. Hort. 3. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — stellata. Am. Flor. 305; Gar. 
 
 Chron. 617 
 Malpighiailicifolia, 111. Hort. 47. C. 
 Malva moschata alba, Pop. Gar. 108. 
 Mamillaria (Anhalonium) fissurata, 
 
 Am. Gar. 465. 
 
 — micromeris. Am. Gar. 460. 
 Manettia cordifolia, Am. Agr. 263. 
 Manzanita Arctostaphylos, Am. Gar. 
 
 26. 
 Maranta zebrina. Garden 85. 
 Marianthus Drummondianus, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 399. 
 Marsdenia erecta Gar. Chron. 747. 
 Martynia, Orch. & Gar. loi. 
 
 — fragrans, Jardin 259. 
 
 — lutea, Jardin 259. 
 
 — proboscoides, Jardin 260. 
 Masdevallia Carderi, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7125. C. 
 
 — fulvescens, Gar. Chron. 325. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Harryana, Orchidophile 80. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Lowii, Gar. Chron. 268. (2.) 
 
 — Schroederiana, Jour Hort. 557. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Shuttleworthii, Gart. 457. C. 
 Massangea hieroglyphica, Garden 
 
 244. 
 Medlar, Fruit of. Am. Gar. 185. 
 INIelhania melanoxylon, Gar. Chron. 
 
 513- 
 Melica macra, Rev. Hort. 547. 
 
200 
 
 Arinals of Horticulture . 
 
 Melon d'Antibes blanc d'hiver, Rev. 
 Hort. 176. 
 
 — Bayview, Orch. & Gar. 100. 
 
 — Countess, Jour. Hort. it. 
 
 — de Gavaillon, Rev. Hort. 175. 
 
 — Holborn favorite, Jour. Hort. 
 
 73- 
 
 — de Malte d'hiver a chair rouge, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 176. 
 
 — muscade des Etats-Unis, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 175. 
 
 — de Porse on d'Odessa, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 176. 
 Melothria punctata, Gart. 107. 
 Microcacrys tetragona, Jour. Hort. 
 
 419. 
 Mignonette, Giant, Am. Flor. 431. 
 Miltonia flavescens, Gart. 433. C. 
 Momordica involucrata, Gart. 590. 
 Monstera deliciosa, Jardin 247. 
 Montbretia crocosmiaeflora, Hort. 
 
 Beige 92. 
 
 — Etoile de feu. Rev. Hort. 36. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Gerbe d'or, Rev. Hort. 36. C. 
 
 — Incendie, Rev. Hort. 36. C. 
 
 — Pottsii, Gar. Chron. 301. 
 
 — pyramidalis, Rev. Hort. 36. C. 
 
 — Rayon d'or, Rev. Hort. 36. C. 
 Morning Glory, Clarkia, Jour. Hort. 
 
 ^ 569- (2.) 
 Mulberry, New American, Am. Gar. 
 
 573- 
 
 — Russian, Am. Gar. 562. 
 Musa sapientium, Gart. 273. 
 
 — Seemanni, Gar. Chron 182. (2.) 
 Muscari botryoides, Jardin 51. 
 Mushroom freak. Jour. Hort. 178. 
 Mussaenda erythrophylla, Gar. Mag. 
 
 380. 
 Mutisia decurrens, Gar. Mag. 573. 
 Myosotidium nobile, Gart. 190. 
 Myosotis Cintra, Gart. 191. 
 Myrica rubra. Am. Gar. 13. 
 Nanodes Medusae, Jour. Hort. 51. 
 
 (2) 
 Narcissus bicolor. Am. Agr. 561. 
 
 — bicolor Madame de Graaff, 
 
 Gar. World 553. 
 
 — Bulbocodium var. monophyll- 
 
 us. Jour. Hort. 315. 
 
 Narcissus, Countess of Annesley, 
 Jour. Hort. 277. 
 
 — Crown Imperial, Am. Agr. 
 
 561. 
 
 — Emperor X N. triandrus, Gar- 
 
 den 153. (2.) 
 
 — Glory of Leyden, Gar. Chron. 
 
 484 ; Gar. World 537. 
 
 — gracilis, Gar. World 597. 
 
 — incomparabilis albus expansus, 
 
 Jour. Hort. 322. 
 
 — — Queen Sophia, Jour. Hort. 
 
 345- 
 
 — — Sir Watkin, Jour. Hort. 
 
 321. 
 
 — Johnstoni, Gar. Chron. 495. 
 
 — Macleai, Gar. Chron. 493 ; Gar. 
 
 World 393. 
 
 — Madame de Graaff, Gar. Chron. 
 
 485 ; Jour. Hort. 337 ; Gar. 
 World 533. 
 
 — minor, Gar. World 393. 
 
 — odorus. Gar. World 393. 
 
 — — rugulosa. Gar. World 
 
 405- 
 
 — poeticus, Jour. Hort. 325. 
 
 — Prodigy, Gar. Chron. 549. 
 
 — Pseudo-Narcissus bicolor Em- 
 
 press, Jour. Hort. 316. 
 
 — — var. minimus, Jour. Hort. 
 
 317- 
 
 — Pseudo-Narcissus var. minor. 
 
 Jour. Hort. 317. 
 
 — Sir Watkin, Gar. Chron. 481. 
 
 — Tazetta, Gart. 637. 
 
 — — Chinensis. Gar. World 
 
 521. 
 
 — — papyraceus, Jour. Hort. 
 
 323- 
 
 — — Trew's, Gar. Chron. 
 
 492. 
 
 — triandrus albus. Jour. Hort 
 
 319- 
 
 — — calathinus, Gar. World. 
 
 393- 
 
 — — var. pulchellus, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 487. 
 Nemophila Menziesii discoidalis. 
 
 Gar. World 773. 
 Nepenthes O'Brieniana, 111. Hort. 
 
 109. C. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 20 1 
 
 Nepenthes O'Brieniana Burkei, Gar. 
 World 137. (2.) 
 
 — — Burkei excellens, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 161. (2.) 
 
 — — Curtisii, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7138. C. Gar. World 
 477- 
 
 — — cylindrica, Gar. World 
 
 477- 
 Nephelium lappaceum, Gart. 273. 
 Nephrolepis davallioides furcans, 
 Garden 35. 
 
 — exaltata, Garden 365. 
 Nicotiana colossea, Gart. 662. Hort. 
 
 Beige 52; Trade Jour. 88. 
 Nidularium princeps var. magnifi- 
 
 cum, Gart. 291. C. 
 Nigella, de Damas, Rev. Hort. 545. 
 
 — Damascena, Garden 130. 
 
 — Hispanica, Garden 130. C. 
 
 — sativa, Am. Gar. 570. 
 Nopaleacoccinellifera, Am. Gar. 457. 
 Nymphaea odorata sulfurea, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 540. C. 
 
 — Zanzibariensis, Hort. Beige 
 
 108. C. 
 Nyssa aquatica, Gar. & For. 491. 
 Oak, Major, Gar. & For. 263. 
 
 — Quercus lobata, Gar. & For. 
 
 611. 
 
 — — macrocarpa, Gar. & For. 
 
 407. 
 Ocymum comosum, Gart. 190. 
 Odontoglossum A n d er.so nianum, 
 Gart. 377. C. 
 
 — Bleui splendens, Jour. Hort. 
 
 461. 
 
 — cristatum Lindi, var. Leh- 
 
 manni Gart. 57. C. 
 
 — Pescatorei var. Am. Flor. 333. 
 
 — Harryanum, Orchidophile 208. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Horsmanii, Gar. World 573. 
 
 — Humeanum, Gar. Mag. 271. 
 
 — Insleayi, Gart. 474. 
 
 — luteo-purpureum, 111. Hort. 
 
 27. C. 
 
 — Noevium, Pop. Gar. 62. (6.) 
 
 — Pescatorei, Gar. Chron. 200. 
 
 — ramosissimum, Jour. Hort. 
 
 503- 
 
 A. H. 15 
 
 Odontoglossum Rossii var. majus, 
 Hort. Beige 106. 
 
 — Schroederianum, Jour. Hort. 
 
 127. 
 
 — Wattianum, Garden 416. C. 
 Olearia Gunniana, Gar. Chron. 623. 
 
 — Haasti, Gar. 149. (2.) 
 Olive, Japan Wild, Pop. Gar 15 
 
 (6.) 
 
 — Mission. Gal. Frt. Gr. 388. 
 
 — Picholine, Am. Gar. 200. 
 
 — Saillern, Am. Gar. 200. 
 Oncidium flexuosum, Gar. World 
 
 53. (2.) 
 Onion, Flat Tripoli, Garden 232. 
 
 — Globe Tripoli or Madeira, 
 
 Garden 232. 
 
 — Italian Tripoli, Garden 232. 
 
 — Prizetaker, Pop. Gar. 27. 
 Opuntia angustata, Am. Gar. 469; 
 
 Vick's Mag. 306. 
 
 — Emoryi, Am. Gar. 531. 
 
 — Ficus-Indica, Am. Gar. 471. 
 
 — monacantha var. variegata, 
 
 Am. Gar. 529. 
 
 — Rafinesquiana, Jardin 236. 
 
 — Rafinesquii, Am. Gar. 462. 
 
 — Tuna, Am. Gar. 473 ; Vick's 
 
 Mag. 304. 
 
 — versicolor, Vick's Mag. 306. 
 
 — Whipplei, Am. Gar. 468. 
 Orange, Bushiukan, Am. Gar. 335. 
 
 — Dwarf Mock, Pop. Gar ^-x 
 
 (6.) 
 
 — Kawachi, Am. Gar. 333. 
 
 — Marumi-kinkan, Am. Gar. 335. 
 
 — Maltese Blood, Hort. A r t 
 
 Jour. 37. C. 
 
 — Natsu-dai-dai, Am. Gar. 334. 
 
 — Oonshiu, Am. Gar. 333. 
 
 — Osage, Gar. Mag. 808, 809. 
 
 — Otaheite, Am. Agr. 513. 
 
 — Sakura-jima, Am. Gar 334. 
 
 — Satsuma, Am. Gar. 268. 269. 
 
 — — Fruiting branch of. Am. 
 
 Gar. 271. 
 
 — Shirawa-koji, Am. Gar. 334. 
 Oreocome (Selinum) Candollei, Gar. 
 
 221. (2.) 
 Osmunda cinnamomea, Am. Gar 
 658. 
 
202 
 
 Ajuials of Hoi'ticuItu7-e. 
 
 Osmunda Claytoniana, Am. Gar. 
 
 659- 
 
 — regalis, Garden 209. 
 
 Ostrya vulgaris, Gar. Chron. 275. 
 
 (2.) 
 Oxalis Bowieana, Gar. 508. C. 
 
 — crenata, Gar. 509. 
 
 — Deppei, Gar. 509. 
 
 — floribunda, Gar. 509. 
 Oxera pulchella, Rev. Hort. 274. 
 Pachira insignis, Jour. Hort. 595. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Pachysandra procumbens, Am. Gar. 
 
 346- 
 Pachystoma Thomsonianum, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 441. 
 Pseonia, single flowered, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 737. 
 
 — corallina. Gar. Chron. 740. 
 
 — Wittmanniana, Gar. 201. (2.) 
 
 — Single White Moutan, Gar. 
 
 370. (2.) C. 
 
 — Tree, Gar. 481. 
 
 Palm, Cocoanut, Vick's Mag. 591. 
 Pancratium amoenum. Trade Jour. 
 27 ; Am. Gar. 419 ; Gar. 303. 
 
 — fragrans. Gar. Chron. 359. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — illyricum. Gar. 22S. (2.) C. 
 
 — rotatum. Am. Flor. 257. 
 Panicum capillare, Rev. Hort. 525. 
 
 — plicatum. Garden 245. 
 
 — virgatum. Gar. 245 ; Rev. 
 
 Hort. 525. 
 Pansy, Duchess of Fife, Gar. 552. 
 (2.) C. 
 
 — Hartree, Gar. 552. (2.) C. 
 Papaver croceum, Rev. Hort. 60. 
 
 C. 
 
 — nudicaule, Orch. & Gar. 128 ; 
 
 Vick's Mag. 297. C. 
 
 — rupifragum. var. Atlanticum, 
 
 Bot. Mag. t. 7107. C. 
 Passiflora coerulea, Jardin 50. 
 
 — Constance Elliott, Gar. 37. (2); 
 
 Vick's Mag. 343. 
 
 — Miersii, Bot. Mag. 7115. C. 
 
 — quadrangularis, Gar. 584. 
 
 — princeps. Gar. 584. 
 
 — vitifolia, Gar. Chron. 21^. 
 
 (-) 
 
 Passion Flower, Passiflora racemosa, 
 
 Gar. Mag. 335. 
 Pea, Rostroy, Can. Hort. 16. 
 
 — Stratagem, Pop. Gar. 251. 
 
 — Sweet, Gar. 330. 
 
 Peach, Champion, Orch. & Gar. 
 191. 
 
 — Dwarf Japan Blood, Trade 
 
 Jour. 69. 
 
 — Early Imperial, Cal. Frt. Gr. 
 
 309- 
 
 — Tree, Model, Am. Gar. 129. 
 Pear, Bergamotte Esperen, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 32. 
 
 — Beurre Bachelier, Gar. 366. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Beurre Bosc, Gar. Mag. 794. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — — Clairgeau, Gar. 367. (2.) 
 
 — — Clairgeau, Gar. Mag. 
 
 624. (2.) 
 
 — — d'Amanlis, Gar. Mag. 4. 
 
 — — de I'Assomption, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 18. 
 
 — — de I'Assomption, Gar. 
 
 World 88. (2.) 
 
 — — de Ranee, Gar Mag. 71 
 
 — — Dial, Garden. 241. 
 
 — Colmar d'Ete, Gar. Mag. 616. 
 
 — Doyenne Boussock, Gar. 367. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Easter Beurre, Gar. Mag. 622. 
 
 • (2.) 
 
 — Fondante d'Automne, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 762. (2.) 
 
 — Gerber, Hort. Art. Jour. 21. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Glout Morceau, Gar. Mag. 624. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — Jersey Gratioli, Gar. Mag. 88. 
 
 — Josephine de Malines, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 623. (2.) 
 
 — KruU Winter, Pop. Gar. 167. 
 
 — Louise Bonne of Jersey, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 623. (2.) 
 
 — Marie Louise, Gar. 367. (2) ; 
 
 Gar. Mag. 625. (2.) 
 
 — Marie Louise d'Ucele, Garden 
 
 477- 
 
 — Ne Plus Meuris, Gar. 367. (2.) 
 
 — Prince of Wales, Gar. Mag. 604. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 20 • 
 
 Pear, Sapieganka, Can. Hort. 238. 
 
 — Wilder Early, Can. Hort. 252. 
 
 C. 
 
 — — Early, Pop. Gar. 46. 
 
 — William's Bon Chretien, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 625. (2.) 
 
 — Worden, Am. Gar. 753. 
 Pecan, Carya olivaeformis, Hort. 
 
 Art. Jour. 85. C. 
 Pedicularis megalantha, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7132. C. 
 Pelargonium Countess of Derby, 
 
 Vick's Mag. 201. C. 
 
 — a grandesfleurs, Rev. Hort. 87. 
 
 — Jealousy, Garden 400. 
 
 — zonal. Rev. Hort. 86. 
 Pelecyphora aselliformis var. con- 
 color. Am. Gar. 474. 
 
 Peliosanthes albida, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7110. C. 
 Pellaea atropurpurea. Am. Agr. 74. 
 
 — gracilis. Am. Gar. 660. 
 Pennisetum longistylum. Rev. Hort, 
 
 489. 
 Pentstemon gentianoides, Gar. 603. 
 
 — Menziesii var. Scouleri, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 204. 
 Pepper, Bull's Nose, Gar. Mag. 134. 
 
 — Cardinal, Rev. Hort. 10. 
 
 — Cayenne, Gar. Mag. 207. 
 
 — Celestial, Gar. Mag. 47. 
 
 — Chinois, Rev. Hort. 10. 
 
 — Pimento (C. annitiini), Gar. 
 
 Chron. 335. (2.) 
 
 — Procopp's Giant, Pop. Gar. 29. 
 Pereskia aculeata, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7147- c. 
 
 — Bleo, Am. Gar. 462. 
 Pescatorea Klabochorum, Gart. 321. 
 
 C. 
 Petunia fimbriata venosa, Gart. 614. 
 
 — Webb's Star, Gar. Mag. 119. 
 
 — Yellow throated, Gar. Mag. 85. 
 PhaiusCooksoni Xi Gar. Chron. 389. 
 
 — Humblotii, Gar. World 729 ; 
 
 Hort. Beige 265. C. 
 
 — hybridus Cooksoni, Jour. Hort. 
 
 444- 
 Phalaenopsis amabilis. Am. Flor. 
 89. (2); Gar. 157. (2); 
 Hort. Beige 25. C. 
 
 Phalaenopsis, F. L. Ames, Gar. & 
 For. 29. 
 
 — Harriettae, Gar. 156. (2.) C. 
 
 — Schilleriana, Hort. Beige 30. 
 Phlebodium aureum. Gar. 351. (2.) 
 Philadelphus grandiflorus. Gar. 413. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — microphyllus, Gart. 40 ; Pop. 
 
 Gar. 109. 
 Phlox, Queen of White, Gar. 459. 
 
 — white herbaceous, Gar. 105. (2.) 
 Phoenix Roebelenii, Gar. & For. 273. 
 
 — rupicola, Hort. Beige 220. 
 Phormium tenax, Vick's Mag. 340. 
 Phyllocactus Ackermanni, Am. Gar. 
 
 446. 
 
 — a seedling. Am. Gar. 467. 
 Picea Breweriana, Gar. & For. 66, 
 
 67. 
 
 — concolor violacea. Gar, 123. 
 
 — Nordmanniana, Orch. & Gar. 
 
 III. 
 Picotee, heavy-edged, Gar. World 
 
 745- 
 
 — Yellow-ground, Gar. World 
 
 745. 
 Pierardia dulcis, Gart. 273. 
 Pilocereus Columna Trajani, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 129. 
 
 — senilis, Rev. Hort. 128. 
 Pine Tree, Japanese, Gar. Chron. 
 
 12. 
 Pinguicula caudata, Blumen lila, 
 
 Gart. 96. 
 Pink, Boiard, Gar. World 357. 
 
 — Clove, Pop. Gar. iii. 
 
 — Dianthus alpinus. Garden 269. 
 
 (2) 
 
 — George Hodgkinson, Gar. 
 
 World 357. 
 
 — Her Majesty, Garden 346. 
 
 (2.) C. 
 
 — James Thurston, Gar. World 
 
 357- 
 
 — John Dorrington, Gar. World 
 
 357- 
 
 — laced. Gar. World 696. 
 
 — laciniated Chinese, Pop. Gar. 
 
 71- 
 
 — Mrs. Thurston, Gar. World 
 
 357- 
 
204 
 
 Annals of Hortiadture. 
 
 Pink, neue niedrige Remontant, Gart. 
 
 20I. C. 
 Pinus densitlora, Vick's Ma?. 3. 
 
 — — albiflora, Vick's Mag. 4. 
 
 — Montezumse, Gar. Chron. 465, 
 
 466, 467, 475. (2.) 
 
 — parviflora, Vick's Mag. 5. 
 
 — ponderosa, Gar. Chron. 557, 
 
 561. 569. 
 Piptanthus Nepalensis, Jour. Hort. 
 
 399- (2.) 
 Pitcairnia Darblayana, Rev. Hort. 
 
 33- 
 Platycenum grande. Gar. Chron. 
 
 97- (2-) 
 Platycodon grandiflorum, Gar. 
 
 World 713. 
 Pleurothallis ornata, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7094. C. 
 
 — platyrachis, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7129 C. 
 Plum, AnijelinaBurdett, Garden 337. 
 
 — Boian, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Botankio. Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Burbank, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — — No. 2, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Chabot, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — des Bejonieres, Rev. Hort. 228. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Early Red, Am. Gar. 625. 
 
 — Golden Beauty, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. 45. C. 
 
 — Grand Duke, Hort. Art. Jour. 
 
 72. C. 
 
 — Green Gage, Garden 409. 
 
 — Hattankio, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Kelsey, Am. Agr. 16 ; Rev. 
 
 Hort. 543. 
 
 — Lincoln, Orch. & Gar. 67. 
 
 — Masu, Am. Agr. 16, 
 
 — Moldavka, Am. Gar. 625. 
 
 — Ogon, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Prince of Wales, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. 69. C. 
 
 — Prunus Simoni, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Purple-leaved, Pop. Gar. 51, 
 
 — Satsuma, Am. Agr. i5 ; R. N.- 
 
 Y. 230. 
 
 — Ura-Beni, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Voronesh Yellow, Am. Gar. 
 
 625. 
 
 Podophyllum pleianthum, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7098. C. 
 Poison Ivy, Vick's Mag. 317. 
 Polyanthus, laced, George IV, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 240. 
 Polygala paucifolia. Am. Gar. 597. 
 Polygonum lanigerum, Gart 224. 
 Polypodium vulgare. Am. Gar. 660. 
 
 — — var. t r ic ho m a n o ides, 
 
 Garden 53 ; Gar. Mag. 
 412 
 Pomelo, Aurantium, Am. Gar. 717. 
 Poppies, Shirley, Vick's Mag. 1 C. 
 Poppy, Papaver nudicaule, Orch. & 
 Gar. 128; Vick's Mag. 297. 
 C. 
 Populus nigra, Hort. Beige 256. 
 Potato, Alaska, R. N.-Y. 151. 
 
 — EarlySix Weeks Market, Orch. 
 
 & Gar. 80. 
 
 — Howe's Premium. R.N.-Y. 150. 
 
 — The Ideal, Am. Farm Hort. 7. 
 
 — Pomme de terre Junon, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 161. 
 Potentilla hybrida flore pleno, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 305. 
 Prepusa Hookeriana, Gar. Chron. 
 
 421. 
 Prestoea Carderi, Bot. Mag, t. 7108. 
 
 C. 
 Primrose, Double Chinese. Pop. 
 
 Gar. 83. 
 
 — evening. Ice King, Orch. & 
 
 Gar. 173. 
 Primula Allioni, Gar. Mag. 409. 
 
 — 'Chinensis cristata hybrida, 
 
 Gart. 616. 
 
 — cortusoides Sieboldi, Gar. 
 
 World 535. 
 
 — double Chinese, Garden 127. 
 
 — obconica, Can. Hort. 54. 
 
 — the wild Chinese, Gar. Chron. 
 
 564. (2.) 
 Primulina Sinensis, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7117. C. 
 Protea nana, Bot. Mag. t. 7095. C. 
 Prunopsis Mume, Rev. Hort. 209. 
 Prunus Allegheniensis, Gar. & For. 
 
 429. 
 
 — Japonica spaehrica. Rev. Hort. 
 
 468. C. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 205 
 
 Pruuus Pissardi, Jour. Hort. 283. 
 
 — Pseudo-Cerasus, Gar. Chron. 
 
 609. 
 
 — Siberica, Am, Gar. 646. 
 
 — Simoni, Am. Agr. 16. 
 
 — Sinensis, Garden 605. (2.) 
 Psidium Passeanum, Rev. Hort. 233. 
 Psilotum flaccidum, Gart. 97, loi. 
 
 — triquetrum, Gart. loi. 
 Ptelea aptera, Gar. & For. 333. 
 Puya Chilensis, Gar. Chron. 685. 
 Pyrethrum, Single, Vick's Mag. 329. 
 
 C. . 
 
 — uliginosum, Pop. Gar. 30. (6.) 
 Pyrus arbutifolia, Gar. & For. 417. 
 
 — coronaria. Am. Gar. 650. 
 
 — heterophylla, Gar. Chron. 115. 
 
 — spectabile, Am. Flor. 565. 
 Quercus lobata, Gar. & For. 611. 
 
 — macrocarpa, Gar. & For. 407. 
 Quince, Champion, Hort. Art Jour. 
 
 81. C. 
 
 — Common Scarlet Japan, Am. 
 
 Agr. 137. 
 
 — Fuller, Orch. & Gar. 157. 
 
 — grandiflora. Am. Agr. 137. 
 
 — Seedling grandiflora. Am. 
 
 Agr. 137. 
 
 — Sunray, Am. Agr. 137. 
 Radish, blancde Russie, Rev. Hort. 
 
 326. 
 
 — gris d'hiver de Laon, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 326. 
 
 — gros blanc d'Augsbourg, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 326, 
 
 — long d'hiver. Rev. Hort. 326. 
 
 — noir gros rond d'hiver, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 326. 
 
 — rose de Chine, Rev. Hort. 2, 
 
 326. 
 
 — violet long d'hiver de Gournay, 
 
 Rev. Hort. 326. 
 Ramie (Boehmeria utilis). Rev. 
 
 Hort. 184. 
 Ramondia Pyrenaica alba. Garden 
 
 30- c. 
 
 Ranunculus Asiaticus superbissimus, 
 
 Hort. Beige 133. C. 
 Raphiolepis ovata. Jour. Hort. 277. 
 
 (2.) 
 Raspberry, Gladstone, Am. Gar. 564. 
 
 Raspberry, Kansas, Am. Farm Hort. 
 
 13- 
 
 — Lovett, Orch. & Gar. 209. 
 
 — Muskingum, Am. Farm Hort. 
 
 10. 
 
 — Progress, Am. Farm Hort. i ; 
 
 Can. Hort. 82 ; Orch & Gar. 
 
 3- 
 
 — Thompson's Early Prolific, 
 
 Orch. & Gar. 125. 
 
 — Winona, Am. Farm Hort. 15. 
 Ravenala Madagascariensis. Rev. 
 
 Hort. 152. 
 Rehmannia glutinosa. Gar. Chron. 
 
 15G. (2,) 
 Reinwardtia tetragyna, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7136. C. 
 Renanthera Lowii, Hort. Beige 60. 
 
 C. 
 Rhipidopteris peltata, Gart. loi. 
 Rhipsalis funalis, Am. Gar. 465. 
 
 — Houlletii, Gart. 119. 
 
 — Regnellii G. A. Lindberg n. 
 
 sp., Gart. 119. 
 
 — salicornioides, Am. Gar. 463. 
 Rhodanthe Manglesii, Rev. Hort. 
 
 523- 
 Rhodochiton volubilis, Hort. Beige 
 
 252. C. 
 Rhododendron Boothii, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7149. C. 
 
 — Countess of Haddington, Gar. 
 
 World 505. 
 
 — Manglesi, Garden 225. (2.) 
 
 — maximum. Am. Gar. 595. 
 
 — Nilgaricum, Gar. Mag. 381. 
 
 — praecox rubrum. Garden 32. 
 
 (2.) C. 
 Rhodostachys andina, Bot. Mag. t. 
 7148. C. 
 
 — Pitcairniaefolia var. Kirchhoffi- 
 
 ana, Gart. 345. C. 
 Rhodotypus kerrioides, Orch. & 
 
 Gar. 92. 
 Rhyncospermum Japonicum, Vick's 
 
 Mag. 4. 
 Ribes, Double Crimson, Gar. Chron. 
 
 653. 
 Richardia ^thiopica, Gar. Chron. 
 
 755- (2-) 
 Rochea, M.Buchner, Gar. Chron. 229. 
 
205 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Rochea, Mad. Foucart, Gar. Chron. 
 229. 
 
 — Mr. Pfitzer, Gar. Chron. 229. 
 
 — Mrs. Cannell, Gar. Chron. 229. 
 
 — Mrs. Wynne, Gar. Chron. 229. 
 
 — group of Hybrids, Am. Flor. 
 
 433. 
 Rodgersia podophylla, Garden 125. 
 
 (2) ; Gar. Mag. 477. 
 Romneya Coulteri, Am. Flor. 397. 
 Rosa berberifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 7096. 
 
 C. 
 
 — foliolosa, Gar. & For. loi. 
 
 — multiflora, Bot. Mag. t. 7119 
 
 C. ; Gar. & For. 405. 
 
 — rugosa, Orch. & Gar. 91 ; Rev 
 
 Hort. 17. 
 
 — — fimbriata. Rev. Hort. 427 
 
 — Sayi, Am. Gar. 317. 
 
 — Watsoniana, Gar. & For. 477 
 Roscoea purpurea, Gar. Chron. igi 
 
 (2.) 
 Rose Aimee Vibert, Garden 401 
 
 (2.) 
 
 — alba var. suaveolens, Gar 
 
 Chron. 44. 
 
 — Alphonse Soupert, Jour. Roses 
 
 88. C. 
 
 — Autumn, group of, Garden 73. 
 
 — Baroness Rothschild, Vick's 
 
 Mag. 65. C. 
 
 — Bennett, W. F., Am. Flor. 
 
 431- 
 
 — Bouquet d'Or, Garden 180. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Bride, Am. Flor. 431. 
 
 — Camoens, Jardin 206. 
 
 — Capucine jaune bicolore. Jour. 
 
 Roses 24. C. 
 
 — Capucine ou bicolor, Jour. 
 
 Roses 23. C. 
 
 — Clotilde Soupert, Hort. Art. 
 
 Jour. 25. C. 
 
 — Comtesse Julie Hunyadi, Jour. 
 
 Roses 56. C. 
 
 — Copper Austrian, Garden 600. 
 
 (2.) C. 
 
 — Docteur Grill, Garden 56. C. 
 
 — Edmond Sablayrolles, Trade 
 
 Jour. 2. 
 
 — Emilie Dupuy, Garden 438. C. 
 
 Rose felicite perpetue, Hort. Beige 
 205. C. 
 
 — gallica var. trigintipetala, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 45. 
 
 — Georges Bruant, Am. Gar. 417; 
 
 Trade Jour. 19. 
 
 — Gloried'Dijon, Hort. Art Jour. 
 
 57. C. 
 
 — Grace Darling, Hort. Beige 7. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Gustave Regis, Jour. Roses 
 
 136. C. 
 
 — Harrison's Yellow X Rosa ru- 
 
 gosa, Am. Gar. 663. 
 
 — Jacqueminot, Vick's Mag. 283. 
 
 — Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Jour. 
 
 Roses 184. C. 
 
 — La France, Garden 233. (2.) 
 
 — Madame Eugenie Fremy, Jour. 
 
 Roses 168. C. 
 
 — MadameEugene Verdier, Jour. 
 
 Roses 40. C. 
 
 — Marguerite de Fenelon, Jour. 
 
 Roses 8. C. 
 
 — Mme. Hoste, Am. Flor. 431. 
 
 — Mrs. Paul, Garden 484. (2.) 
 
 C. 
 
 — Moss, Vick's Mag. 33. C. 
 
 — Noisette Mademoiselle Adelina 
 
 Viviand Morel, Jour. Roses 
 104. C. 
 
 — Papa Gontier, Jour. Roses 72. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Pink seedling tea, R. N.-Y. 
 
 231- 
 
 — Reine Olga de Wurtemberg, 
 
 Jardin 206. 
 
 — Souvenir de Madame Sablay- 
 
 rolles, Jour. Roses 152. 
 C. 
 
 — Tea, Niphetos, Garden 467. 
 
 — Triomphe de Rennes, Garden 
 
 343- (2.) 
 
 — Viscountess Folkestone, Jour. 
 
 Roses 120. C. 
 
 — White Baroness, Vick's Mag. 
 
 65. C. 
 
 — White Rugosa, Am. Agr. 371. 
 Roses, Cherokee, Am. Gar. 668. 
 Rubus Canadensis, Am. Gar. 637. 
 
 — hispidus, Am. Gar. 642. 
 
Plant Portraits of i8go. 
 
 207 
 
 Kubus neglectus, Am. Gar. 721. 
 
 — occidentalis, Am. Gar. 722. 
 
 — strigosus, Am. Gar. 723. 
 
 — villosus, Am, Gar. 720. 
 Saccolabium bellinum, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7142. C. 
 Salvia prunelloides purpurea, Gart. 
 
 563. 
 
 — splendens var. Bruanti, Am. 
 
 Flor. 331. 
 Sarcodes sanguinea, Am. Gar. 600. 
 Sarracenia decora, Gar. World 777. 
 Satyrium membranaceum.Bot.Mag. 
 
 t. 7104. C. 
 Saxifraga Boydi, Garden 10. (2.) 
 
 C. 
 
 — sarmentosa, Gar. Chron. 237. 
 Scaphosepalumpulvinare, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 7151. C. 
 Schinus molle, Jardin 191. 
 Schubertia grandiflora, Gar. & For. 
 
 369- 
 Sciadopitys verticillata, Garden 499. 
 
 Scolopendrium rhizophyllum, Am. 
 Gar. 225. 
 
 — vulgare cristatum, Am. Gar. 
 
 226. 
 
 — — lato-digitatum, Am. Gar. 
 226. 
 
 Scutellaria Costaricana, Hort. Beige 
 
 73. C. 
 Selenipedium caudatum var. War- 
 
 scewiczii, Gar. & For. 285. 
 Senecio Ghiesbreghti, Rev. Hort. 
 
 492 C. 
 Sequoia gigantea, Gar, & For. 575. 
 
 — sempervirens.Gar. Chron. 303, 
 
 306. (2.) 
 Shortia galacifolia, Garden 204 
 
 (2.) C. 
 Sicana odorifera, Rev. Hort. 516 
 
 C. 
 
 — spherica, Bot. Mag. t. 7109. C 
 Silene pendula compacta, Gar 
 
 World 197. (2.) 
 Skimmia fragrans, Jour. Hort. 427, 
 Snowflake, Leucojum vernum, Pop 
 
 Gar. 47. 
 Sobralia xantholeuca, Rev. Hort. 12 
 
 C. 
 
 Solanum macranthum, Gar. Chron. 
 81. 
 
 — jasminoides, Am. Agr. 321. 
 
 — Wendlandi, Garden 104. C ; 
 
 Gar. Mag. 601. (2) ; Jour. 
 Hort. 227. (2) ; Pop. Gar. 
 51. (6.) 
 
 — William's Improved, Gar. Mag. 
 
 130. 
 Solidago speciosa, Gar. & For. 561. 
 Sonerila orientalis. 111. Hort. 97. C. 
 
 — — guttulata, 111. Hort. 97. 
 
 C. 
 
 — — picta, 111. Hort. 97. C. 
 
 — — punctata, 111. Hort. 97. 
 
 C. 
 Sonerilas, Gar. Jour. Hort. 509. 
 Sophora, Weeping Japan, Vick's 
 
 Mag. 331. 
 Spinovitis Davidii, Rev. Hort. 465. 
 Spiraea ariaefolia. Am. Gar. 125. 
 
 — Japonica compacta multiflora, 
 
 Gar. Mag. 640. (2.) 
 
 — opulifolia L. var. heterophylla 
 
 fol. aur. marg. Gart. 10. 
 
 — Thunbergii, Vick's Mag. 36. 
 
 — trilobata. Am. Gar. 503. 
 
 — Van Houttei, Hort. Art Jour. 
 
 93. C. 
 Spruce, Blue, R. N.-Y. 131. 
 
 — Sargent's Weeping, Pop. Gar. 2. 
 
 — Weeping, Vick's Mag. 334. 
 
 — — Norway, Vick's Mag. 247. 
 Squash, Hubbard, Orch. & Gar. loi. 
 
 — Red China, Pop. Gar. 3. 
 Stachys affinis, Gart. 47. 
 Stanhopea Spindleriana, Gart. 625. 
 
 C. 
 Stapelia gigantea. Jour. Hort. 359. 
 
 (2.) 
 Star Apple, Am. Gar. 405. 
 Statice pyramidalis, Rev. Hort, 524. 
 Sterculia rupestris, Gar. World 489. 
 Stipa pennata. Rev. Hort. 489. 
 Strawberry, Alpine, Pop. Gar. 250. 
 
 — Belmont, Am. Gar. 521. 
 
 — Bomba, Am. Gar. 519. 
 
 — Bubach, Can. Hort. 240 ; Pop. 
 
 Gar. 190, 230. 
 
 — — No. 5, Can. Hort. 65. C. ; 
 
 Pop. Gar 230. 
 
208 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Strawberry, Cloud, Am. Agr. 417. 
 
 — Competitor, Gar. Mag. 492. 
 
 — Daisy, Am. Agr. 417. 
 
 — Edgar Queen, Am. Farm Hort. 
 
 4. 
 
 — Edouard Lefort, Rev. Hort. 
 
 84. C. 
 
 — Enhance, Am. Farm Hort. 6. 
 
 — Gandy, Pop. Gar. 48. (6.) 
 
 — Golden Defiance, Pop. Gar. 2. 
 
 (6.) 
 
 — Haverland, Am. Agr. 417; Am. 
 
 Gar. 523 ; Pop. Gar. 48, (6.) 
 229. 
 
 — Hinman, Am. Farm Hort. 11. 
 
 — Ivanhoe, Pop. Gar. 231. 
 
 — Jessie, Am. Agr. 417 ; Pop. 
 
 Gar. 231. 
 
 — Lady Rusk, Am. Agr. 417 ; 
 
 Can. Hort. 81. 
 
 — Laxton's Competitor, Jour. 
 
 Hort. 99. (2.) 
 
 — Lovett, Orch. & Gar. 209. 
 
 — Lower, Pop. Gar. 231. 
 
 — Middlefield, Am. Farm Hort. 
 
 I ; Orch. & Gar. 176. 
 
 — Monmouth, Pop. Gar. 231. 
 
 — Mrs. Cleveland, Am. Farm 
 
 Hort. II. 
 
 — Parker Earle, Can. Hort. 311. 
 
 C. 
 
 — Pearl, Am. Gar. 417 
 
 — Sharpless Seedling, Gar. Chron. 
 
 43- (2.) 
 
 — Shuster's Gem, Am. Agr. 417 ; 
 
 Orch. & Gar. 23. 
 
 — Sterling, Pop. Gar. 48. (6.) 
 
 — Warfield, Am. Agr. 417 ; Pop. 
 
 Gar. 231. 
 
 — Waterloo, Jour. Hort. 99. (2.) 
 
 — Wilson, Am. Gar. 517 ; Pop. 
 
 Gar. 231. 
 Strelitzia Nicolai, Garden 327. 
 Streptocarpus Dunnii, Gar. & For. 
 
 609. 
 
 — Kewensis, Hort. Beige 169. 
 
 C. 
 
 — polyanthus, Jardin 125. 
 
 — Watsoni, Hort. Beige 169. C. 
 
 — White Pet, Hort. Beige 169. 
 
 C. 
 
 Symphoricarpus occidentalis. Gar. 
 
 & For. 297. 
 Syringa Pekinensis, Gar & For. 165. 
 Taxodium distichum. Gar. Chron. 
 
 325 ; Gar. & For. 155. 
 Tecoma grandiflora, Gar. & For. 
 
 393- 
 
 — jasminoides. Jour. Hort. 105. 
 
 — radicans, Hort. Art Jour. 96. 
 
 C. 
 Thalictrum Delavayi, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7152. C ; Gar. Chron. 125. 
 
 (2.) 
 Thunbergia coccinea, Rev. Hort. 
 
 197. 
 Thunia Bensoniae, Pop. Gar. 62. 
 
 (6.) 
 Thuya occidentalis Spathii, Gart. 
 
 225. 
 Thyrsacanthus strictus. Gar. Mag. 
 
 1S3. 
 Tillandsia amethystina, Bot. Mag. t. 
 
 7121. C. 
 
 — usneoides. Garden 221. 
 Tomato, Champion, 202. 
 
 — Cherry-shaped, Gar. Mag. 181. 
 
 — Cyphomandra betacea. Jour. 
 
 Hort 15. 
 
 — Green Gage, Gar. Mag. 193. 
 
 — Hathaway's Excelsior, Garden 
 
 513- 
 
 — King Humbert, Gar. Mag. 193. 
 
 — Large Red, Garden 513. 
 
 — Laxton's Open-air, Gar. Mag. 
 
 43- 
 
 — Mansfield's Tree, Pop. Gar. 
 
 45- (6.) 
 
 — Matchless, Pop. Gar. 45. (6.) 
 
 — Old Red. Gar. Mag. 149. 
 
 — Peach, Pop. Gar. 103. 
 
 — Pear-shaped, Gar. Mag. 180. 
 
 — Queen, Gar. Mag. 193. 
 
 — Red Cherry, Orch. & Gar. loi. 
 
 — Red Currant or Grape, Gar. 
 
 Mag. 166. 
 
 — Station, R. N.-Y. 17. 
 
 — Table Queen, Pop. Gar. 45. 
 
 (6.) 
 
 — Tree, Trade Jour. 25 ; Am. 
 
 Gar. 509 ; Jour. Hort. 15. 
 
 — Trophy, Gar. Mag. 148. 
 
Plant Portraits of iSgo. 
 
 ;o9 
 
 Torenia Fournieri, Am. Flor. 401. 
 Trachycarpus Khasyanus, Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 712S. C. 
 Trichopilia suavis, Garden 185. {2.) 
 Trillium grandiflorum, Gar. Mag. 
 
 131 ; Am. Gar. 213. 
 
 — sessile var. Californicum, Gar. 
 
 & For. 321. 
 Trochetia Erythroxylon B 1 u t e n 
 
 weiss, Gait. 96. 
 Tulipa Archiduc d' Autriche, Rev. 
 
 Hort. 420. C. 
 
 — Billietiana, Rev. Hort. 476. 
 
 — cornuta, Rev. Hort. 476- 
 
 — double de Gesner, Rev. Hort. 
 
 475- 
 
 — double Murillo, Rev. Hort. 
 
 420. C. 
 
 — dragonne, Rev. Hort. 476. 
 
 — Due de Thol, Rev. Hort. 474. 
 
 — flamande, Rev. Hort. 475. 
 
 — glusiana, Rev. Hort. 476. 
 
 — Greigi, Jardin, 51 ; Rev. Hort. 
 
 476. 
 
 — Lac van Rhein, Rev. Hort. 
 
 420. C. 
 
 — simple de Gesner, Rev. Hort. 
 
 475- 
 
 — — native, Rev. Hort. 474. 
 
 — sylvestris, Rev. Hort. 476. 
 Tussilago Farfara, variegata, Gar- 
 den 435. 
 
 Ursinia pulchra var aurea, Garden 
 
 392. C. 
 Vanda Amesiana, Bot. Mag-.t. 7139. C. 
 
 — coerulea, Gar. Chron. 17 ; Gar. 
 
 & For. 77. 
 
 — Orchidophile, 376. C ; Gart. 
 
 545- C. 
 
 — Kimballiana, Bot, Mag. t. 
 
 7112. C ; Gar. 322 C. ; 
 Jour. Hort. 41. 
 
 — suavis, Gar. Chron. 133 ; Hort. 
 
 Beige 157. C. 
 
 — tricolor, var. Patersoni, Gar. 
 
 Chron. 135. 
 
 Vegetable Marrow, Long Bush, Gar. 
 
 594- 
 Verbascum Olympicum, Gar. 55. 
 
 (2-) 
 
 Viburnum pauciflorum. Gar. & For. 
 
 — plicatum, Orch. & Gar. 92. 
 
 — pubescens. Gar. & For. 125. 
 Vinca rosea, Vick's Mag. 49. 
 Virginia Creeper, Vick's Mag. 317. 
 Vitis rutilans. Rev. Hort. 444. C. 
 VrieseaGravisiana, Gart. 495 ; Hort. 
 
 Beige 49. C. 
 
 — X Weyringeriana, Gart. 8. 
 
 — Kitteliana, Gart. 327. 
 
 — Mariae, Jour. Hort. 221. 
 Waitzia aurea. Rev. Hort. 523. 
 Waldsteiniafragarioides, Rev. Hort. 
 
 510. 
 Watermelon, Georgia Rattlesnake, 
 Orch. & Gar. 100. 
 
 — Volga, Pop. Gar. 3. 
 
 Wax Plant, Bella, Pop Gar. 13. 
 Weigelas, white flowering, Pop. Gar. 
 
 235- 
 Willow, Ring-Leaved, Pop. Gar. 
 
 50. (6.) 
 Wmeberry, Japanese, Am. Agr. 515 ; 
 
 Am. Farm Hort. 9 ; Orch. & 
 
 Gar. 48. 
 Wistaria, Chinese, Am. Flor. 587. 
 Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Hort. Beige 
 
 181. C. 
 Xeranthemum annuum. Rev. Hort. 
 
 486. 
 Yucca gloriosa, Gar. Chron. 693. (2.) 
 
 — gloriosa, var. recurvifolia, Am. 
 
 Gar. 661. 
 Zamia Wallisii, Bot. Mag. t. 7103. 
 
 C. 
 Zenobia speciosa var. pulverulenta, 
 
 Gar. Chron. 612. 
 Zephyranthes Atamasco, Gar. 155. 
 
 — Candida, Gar. 154. C 
 Zinnia Haageana fiore pleno, Gar. 
 
 World 37. (2.) 
 
§3- DIRECTORY OF THE NATIONAL, STATE, PRO- 
 VINCIAL AND OTHER MOST IMPORTANT 
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN NORTH 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Alabama Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Geo. I. Motz, Huntsville. 
 Sec, Frank Boykin, Seale. 
 
 American Association of Nurserymen : 
 
 Pres., S. M. Emery, Lake City, Minn, 
 Sec, Chas. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 American Chrysanthemum Society : 
 
 Pres., John Thorpe, Pearl River, N. Y. 
 
 Sec, Edwin Lonsdale, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 
 
 American Cranberry Growers' Association : 
 
 Pres., J. H. Brakeley, Bordentown, N. J. 
 Sec. and Treas., A. J. Rider, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 American Forestry Congress : 
 
 Pres., James A. Beaver, Bellefonte, Pa. 
 Sec, C. C. Birmey, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 American Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss. 
 Sec, E. A. Popenoe, Manhattan, Kan. 
 
 American Pomological Society : 
 
 Pres., P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga. 
 Sec, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa. 
 
 American Seed Trade x\ssociation : 
 
 Pres., Albert McCullough, Cincinnati. 
 Sec. and Treas., John Fottler, Jr., Boston. 
 
 Arizona Fruit Growers' Association : 
 Pres., Dr. A. J. Chandler. 
 Sec, H. R. Patrick, Phoenix. 
 
 Arkansas Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., D. L. McLeod, Judsonia. 
 Sec, W. K. Tipton, Little Rock. 
 
 Association of American Cemetery Superintendents : 
 Pres., Chas. Nichols, Newark, N. J. 
 Sec, A. H. Sargent, Akron, O, 
 (210) 
 
Directory of Horticultural Societies in No7'th America. 211 
 
 British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association : 
 Pres., J. M. Browning, Vancouver. 
 Sec, A. H. B. MacGowan. Vancouver. 
 
 California Fruit Association : 
 
 Pres., James A. Webster, Vacaville. 
 Sec, F. A. Buckingham, Vacaville. 
 
 California Fruit Union. 
 
 Pres., J. Z. Anderson, San Francisco. 
 
 V. Pres. and Sec, L. W. Buck, San Francisco. 
 
 California Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley. 
 Sec, E. J. Wickson, Berkeley. 
 
 California State Board of Horticulture : 
 
 Pres., Elhvood Cooper, Santa Barbara. 
 Sec, B. M. Lelong, San Francisco. 
 
 California State Floral Society : 
 
 Pres., E. J. Wickson, Berkeley. 
 
 Sec, Emory E. Smith, San Francisco. 
 
 California Viticultural Commission : 
 
 Pres., I. DeTurk, Santa Rosa. 
 
 Sec, Winfield Scott, San Francisco. 
 
 Cider Makers' Association of the Northwest : 
 Pres., G. W. Milliard, Brighton, 111. 
 Sec, L. R. Bryant, Princeton, 111. 
 
 Colorado Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., C. S. Faurot, Boulder. 
 Sec, Alexander Shaw, Denver. 
 
 Connecticut. No state society. 
 Delaware. No state society. 
 Dominion Horticultural Association : 
 
 Pres., D. P. Penhallow, Montreal. 
 
 Sec, W. W. Dunlap, Montreal. 
 
 Eastern Nurserymen's Association: 
 
 Pres., W. C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y. 
 Sec, William Pitkin, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Florida Fruit Exchange : 
 
 Pres., Geo. R. Fairbanks, Jacksonville. 
 Sec, M. P. Turner, Jacksonville. 
 
 Florida Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Dudley W. Adams, Tangierine. 
 Sec, E. O. Painter, De Land. 
 
 Florida Orange Growers' Union : 
 
 Pres., J. C. McKibbin, Pomona. 
 Sec, A. H. Manville, Palatka. 
 
212 Annals of Horticuliin'e. 
 
 Foreign Fruit Exchange : 
 
 Pres., D. Wegman, New York City. 
 Sec, F. S. Robinson, New York City. 
 
 Georgia Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. 
 Sec, T. L. Kinsey, Savannah. 
 
 Illinois Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Jabez Webster, Centralia. 
 Sec, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw. 
 
 Indiana Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., E. J. Rowland, Rowland. 
 Sec, W. H. Ragan, Greencastle. 
 
 Inter-State Shippers' Association : 
 
 Pres., A. M. DuBois, Cobden, 111. 
 Sec, Thomas Buckle, Villa Ridge, 111. 
 
 Iowa Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Eugene Secor, Forest City. 
 Sec, Geo. Van Houten, Lenox. 
 
 Kansas Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., L. Houk, Hutchinson. 
 Sec, G. C. Brackett, Lawrence. 
 
 Kentucky Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., R. F. Dulaney, Bowling Green. 
 Sec, John C. Hawes, Louisville. 
 
 Louisiana. No state society. 
 
 Maine Pomological Society : 
 
 Pres., Chas. S. Pope, Manchester. 
 Sec, D. H. Knowlton, Farmington. 
 
 Massachusetts Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., William H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain. 
 Sec, Robert Manning, Boston. 
 
 Michigan Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., T. T. Lyon, South Haven. 
 Sec, Edwy C. Reid, Allegan. 
 
 Minnesota Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Wyman Elliott, Minneapolis. 
 Sec, S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park. 
 
 Mississippi Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., H. E. McKay, Madison Station. 
 Sec, W. H. Cassell. Canton. 
 
 Missouri Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., J. C. Evans, Harlem. 
 Sec, L. A. Goodman, Westport. 
 
 Montana. No society. 
 
Directory of Horticultural Societies i?i North America. 213 
 
 Montreal Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., D. P. Penhallow, Montreal. 
 
 Sec, W. W. Dunlap, Montreal, 
 Nebraska Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., F. W Taylor, Omaha. 
 
 Sec, G. j. Carpenter, Fairbury. 
 
 Nevada. No society. 
 
 New Hampshire. No society. 
 
 New Jersey Horticultural Societ}^ : 
 
 Pres., Ralph Egge, Hopewell. 
 Sec, E. Williams, Montclair. 
 
 New Mexico Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Arthur Boyle, Santa Fe. 
 Sec, Geo. H. Cross, Santa Fe. 
 
 New York Horticultural Society. Non-active. 
 
 North Carolina Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., J. Van Lindley, Pomona. 
 Sec, S. Otho Wilson, Raleigh. 
 
 North Dakota. No society. 
 
 Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Society : 
 
 Pres., Henry Chipman, Grand Pre. 
 
 Sec, C. R. H. Starr, Wolfville. 
 
 Ohio Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware. 
 Sec, W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville. 
 
 Ontario Fruit Growers' Association : 
 
 Pres., A. M. Smith, St. Catharines. 
 Sec, L. Woolverton, Grimsby. 
 
 Oregon Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., J. R. Cardwell, Portland. 
 Sec, E. R. Lake, Corvallis. 
 
 Oregon Pomological Societ}^ 
 
 Pres., E. P. Roberts, The Dalles. 
 Sec, J. A. Varney, The Dalles. 
 
 Oregon State Board of Horticulture : 
 
 Pres., J. R. Cardwell, Portland. 
 Sec, Ethan W. Allen, Portland. 
 
 Peninsular Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., John J. Black, New Castle, Del. 
 Sec, Wesley Webb, Dover, Del. 
 
 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., G. W. Childs, Philadelphia. 
 Sec, D. D. L. Farson, Philadelphia. 
 
214 Annals of Horticiilhire. 
 
 Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association : 
 Pres., H. C. Snavely, Lebanon. 
 Sfec , E. B. Engle, Waynesboro'. 
 
 Rhode Island Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., Edward I. Nickerson, Providence. 
 Sec, Chas. W. Smith, Providence. 
 
 Society of American Florists : 
 
 Pres., M. H. Norton, Boston. 
 Sec, W. J. Stewart, Boston, Mass. 
 
 South Carolina Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., H. B. Buist, Greenville. 
 Sec, G. Wanner, Walhalla. 
 
 South Dakota Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., H. C. Warner, Forestburg. 
 Sec, C. A. Keffer, Brookings. 
 
 Tennessee. No society. 
 
 Texas Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney. 
 Sec, D. H. Watson, Brenham. 
 
 Texas State Nurserymen's Association: 
 
 Pres., E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney. 
 Sec, J. M. Howell, Dallas. 
 
 Utah. No society. 
 
 Vermont. No society. 
 
 Virginia Pomological Society. Non-active. 
 
 Washington Horticultural Societ}^ : 
 
 Pres., Henry Bucy, Tacoma. 
 Sec , A. N. xMiller, Puyallup. 
 
 West Virginia. No society. 
 
 Western New York Horticultural Society : 
 Pres., W. C. Barry, Rochester. 
 Sec, John Hall, Rochester. 
 
 Western Nurserymen's Association: 
 
 Pres., G. J. Carpenter, Fairbury, Neb. 
 Sec, J. W. Schoette, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 West Tennessee Horticultural Society : 
 Pres., J. C. Tharp, Gibson. 
 Sec, A. 'A. Cawdery, Gadsden. 
 
 Wisconsin Horticultural Society : 
 
 Pres., M. A. Thayer, Sparta. 
 Sec, B. S. Hoxie, Evansville. 
 
 Wyoming. No society. 
 
§4- DIRECTORY OF HORTICULTURISTS, OR THOSE 
 IN CHARGE OF HORTICULTURAL WORK, 
 OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN NORTH 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Alabama : 
 
 P. H. Mell, M. E., Ph. D., Auburn, Botanist and Meteorologist. 
 
 Geo. F. Atkinson, Ph. D., Auburn, Biologist. 
 Arkansas : 
 
 A. B McKay, B. S., Fayetteville, Horticulturist. 
 California : 
 
 E. J. Wickson, A M., Berkely, Supt. of Grounds. 
 Canada (Agricultural College) : 
 
 J. Hoyes Panton, Guelph, Botanist. 
 Canada (Central Experimental Farm) : 
 
 John Craig, Ottawa, Horticulturist. 
 Colorado : 
 
 C. S. Crandall, M. S., Fort Collins, Botanist and Horticulturist. 
 Connecticut (State Station) : 
 
 Roland Thaxter, Ph. D., New Haven, Mycologist. 
 Delaware : 
 
 M. H. Beckwith, Newark, Horticulturist and Entomologist. 
 Florida : 
 
 James C. Neal, Ph. D., M. D., Lake City, Botanist and Entomologist. 
 Georgia : 
 
 Gustave Speth, Griffin, Horticulturist. 
 Illinois : 
 
 Thomas J. Burrill, Ph. D., Champaign, Horticulturist and Botanist. 
 Indiana : 
 
 James Troop, M. S., LaFayette, Horticulturist. 
 Iowa : 
 
 J. L. Budd, M. H., Ames, Horticulturist. 
 Kansas : 
 
 Edward A. Popenoe, A. M., Manhattan, Horticulturist. 
 Kentucky : 
 
 H. Garman, Lexington, Entomologist and Botanist. 
 Maine : 
 
 W. M. Munson, B. S., Orono, Horticulturist. 
 Mar3dand : 
 
 Thomas L. Brunk, B. S., College Park, Horticulturist. 
 Massachusetts (Hatch Station) : 
 
 Samuel T. Maynard, B. S., Amherst, Horticulturist. 
 Michigan : 
 
 L. R. Taft, M. S., Agricultural College, P. O., Horticulturist. 
 Minnesota : 
 
 Samuel B. Green, B. S., St. Anthony Park, Horticulturist. 
 
 (215) 
 
2i6 Annals of Horticult2ire. 
 
 Mississippi : 
 
 Howard E. Weed, M. S., Agricultural College, P. O., Horticulturist 
 and Entomologist. 
 Missouri : 
 
 J. W. Clark, B. S., Columbia, Horticulturist and Entomologist. 
 Nebraska : 
 
 Charles E. Bessey, Ph. D., Lincoln, Director and Botanist. 
 Nevada : 
 
 R. H. McDowell, B. S., Reno, Agriculturist and Horticulturist. 
 New Jerse}^ : 
 
 Byron D. Halstead, Sc. D., New Brunswick, Botanist and Horticulturist. 
 New Mexico : 
 
 A. E. Blount, A. M,, Las Cruces, Agriculturist and Horticulturist. 
 New York (Cornell) : 
 
 L. H. Bailey. M. S., Ithaca, Horticulturist. 
 New York (State) : 
 
 C. E. Hunn, Geneva, Acting Horticulturist. 
 
 George W. Churchill, Geneva, Acting Pomologist. 
 North Carolina : 
 
 W. F. Massey, C. E., Raleigh, Horticulturist. 
 North Dakota : 
 
 C. B. Waldron, B. S., Fargo, Arboriculturist. 
 Oregon : 
 
 George Coote, Corvallis, Horticulturist. 
 Pennsylvania : 
 
 George C. Butz, M. S., State College, Centre Co., Horticulturist. 
 Rhode Island : 
 
 L. F. Kinney, B. S., Kingston, Horticulturist. 
 South Carolina : 
 
 E. A. Smyth, Jr., A. B., Columbia, Botanist and Entomologist. 
 South Dakota : 
 
 Charles A. Keffer, Brookings, Supt. Forestry and Horticultural Experi- 
 ments. 
 Tennessee : 
 
 R. L. Watts, B. Ag., Knoxville, Horticulturist. 
 Texas : 
 
 S A. Beach, B. S., College Station, Horticulturist. 
 Utah : 
 
 E. S. Richmond, B. S., Logan, Horticulturist and Entomologist. 
 Vermont : 
 
 B. W. Minott, B. S., Burlington, Horticulturist. 
 Virginia : 
 
 W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Botanist and Entomologist. 
 West V^irginia : 
 
 Charles F. Millspaugh, M. D., Morgantown, Botanist and Microscopist. 
 Wisconsin : 
 
 Emmett S. Goflf, Madison, Horticulturist. 
 
§ 5- THE BOTANIC GARDENS OF THE WORLD 
 {WITH CORRECTIONS TO DATE BY PRO- 
 FESSOR D. P. PENHALLOW). 
 
 Algeria — i. 
 
 Algiers, Jardin d' Acclimation du Hamma, Charles Riviere, Director. 
 
 Australia — 4. 
 
 Adelaide, (South Australia), Dr. R. Schomburgk, Director. 
 
 Brisbane (Queensland). 
 
 Melboiir7ie (Victoria). 
 
 Sid7iey (New South Wales), Charles Moore, F. L. S., Director. 
 
 AUSTRO-HUNGARY 1 4. 
 
 Brmm, Botanic Gardens, Prof. Alex. Makovsky, Director. 
 
 ^/^^a/><?5/ (Transylvania), University Botanic Garden, Dr. L. Juranyi, 
 
 Director. 
 Czer7iowitz (Bukovia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Ed. Tangl, Dir. 
 Gratz (Styria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. G. Haberlandt, Dir. 
 Innsbruck (Tyrol), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Emil Heinricher, 
 
 Director. 
 Klagenfiirt (Carinthia), Baron Marcus V. Jabornegg-Gamsenegg, Dir. 
 A6'/c2'.sz/ar(Transylvania), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Aug. Kanitz, Dir. 
 Krakau (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jos. Thorn, De Rosta- 
 
 finski, Director. 
 Leniberg (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Th. Ciesielki, Dir. 
 Prague (Bohemia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. M. Willkomm, Dir. 
 Schemnitz (Transylvania), Prof. Ludwig Fekete, Director. 
 Trieste (Istria), Raimondo Tominz, Director. 
 Vienna, University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. J. Kerner, Director. 
 Vienna, Imperial Horticultural Gardens of Hofburg, Fr. Antoine, Dir. 
 
 Belgium — 5. 
 
 Antwerp, Dr. H. Van Heurck, Director. 
 
 Brussels, Royal Botanic Gardens, Francois Crepin, Director. 
 Ghent, University Botanic Garden, Dr. J. J. Kickx, Director. 
 Gembloux, Botanic Garden of the Agricultural Institute, Dr.C. Malaise, 
 
 Director. 
 Liege, University Botanic Garden. 
 
 Brazil — 2. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, Botanic Gardens of the Agricultural Institute, at Cor- 
 
 rigez. Dr. Nicolau J. Moreira, Director. 
 Rio de Janeiro, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. J. B. Rodrigues, 
 
 Director. 
 
 Canada — i. 
 
 Montreal (P. Q.), McGill University Botanic Garden, Prof. D. P. Pen- 
 hallow, Director. 
 A. H. — 16 
 
2IJ 
 
 Armals of Hortic^dtiire. 
 
 Canary Islands — i. 
 
 Orotava (Tenerifife), Jardin d'Acclimatation, Mr. Wildpret, Chief Gar. 
 dener. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope — 3. 
 
 Cape Town, Prof. MacOwan, Director. 
 
 Graaf Reinet, J. C. Smith, Chief of the Garden. 
 
 Grahani' s Town, Edward Tidmarsh, Chief of the Garden. 
 
 Ceylon — i. 
 
 Peradeniya. Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Henry Trimen, Director. 
 
 Chili — i. 
 
 Santiago, Prof. Fred. Philippi (fils), Director. 
 
 China — i. 
 
 Hong Kong ^ Government Botanic Gardens, A. B. Westland, Supt. 
 
 Cochin China — i. 
 
 Saigon, Colonial Botanic Garden, Dr. Regnier, Director. 
 Denmark — 2. 
 
 Cope?ihagen, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Eug. Warming, Dir. 
 
 Copenhage?i, Royal Gardens of Rosenberg, Tyge Rothe, Director. 
 
 Ecuador — i. 
 
 Quito, Prof. R. P. Al Sodiro, Director. 
 
 Egypt — i. 
 
 Cairo, Gastinel-Bey, Director. 
 France — 20. 
 
 Angers, Dr. Em. Lieutaud, Director. 
 
 Besancon, F. Paillot, Director. 
 
 Caen, Otto Lignier, Director. 
 
 Cannes, Comte d'Empremesnil, Director. 
 
 Clerino7it- Ferrand. 
 
 Dijon, Dr. Laguesse, Director. 
 
 Hyeres, Emile Davrillon, Director. 
 
 Lille, T. Meurein, Director. 
 
 Lyon, Dr. Ant. Magnin, Director. 
 
 Monipellier. 
 
 Nancy, Prof. G. Le Monnier, Director. 
 
 Nafites, Dr. Ecorchard, Director. 
 
 Orleans, M. Rossignol, Director. 
 
 Paris, Gardens of the National History Museum, Prof. Maxima Cornu, 
 
 Director. 
 Rochefort, Dr. Barallier, Director. 
 Rouen. Emm. Blanche, Director. 
 St. Quentiti, Charles Magnier, Director. 
 
Directories. 219 
 
 France, continued. 
 
 Toulon, J. B. Chabaud, Chief Gardener. 
 Toulouse, Dr. Dominique Clos, Director. 
 Tours^ Prof. David Barnsby, Director. 
 
 Germany — 36. 
 
 Aix- la- Chape lie, Botanic Gardens, Dr. A. Forster, Director. 
 
 Bamberg (Bavaria), Dr. Funk, Director. 
 
 Berlin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Prof. A. Engler, Director. 
 
 Berlin, University Botanic Gardens, Dr. S. Schwendener, Director, 
 
 Bo7in (Rhenish Prussia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr, Ed. Stras- 
 
 burger. Director. 
 Breslau (Silesia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr. K. Prantl, Director. 
 Brimswick (Brunswick), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School. 
 
 Dr. W. Blasius, Director. 
 Carlsruhe (Baden), J. Pfister, Director. 
 Cologne (Rhenish Prussia), Prof. J. Niepraschk, Director. 
 Darmstadt (Hesse), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School, Dr. 
 
 Leopold Dippel, Director. 
 Dresden (Saxony), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Oscar Drude, Director. 
 Erlafigen (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Max. Rees, Dir. 
 Frankfort on- Main (Hesse-Nas?au), Botanic Garden of the Medical 
 
 Institute, , Director. 
 
 Freiburg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. F. Hildebrand, Dir. 
 Giessen (Hesse), University Botanic Garden, Dr. H. Hoffmann, Dir. 
 Gdrlitz (Silesia), Dr. R. Peck, Director. 
 G'ottingen, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Peter, Director. 
 Greifswald (Pomerania), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Fr. Schmitz, 
 
 Director. 
 Halle-upon-Salle (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Greg. Kraus, 
 
 Director. 
 Hamburg, Dr. Sadebeck, Director. 
 
 Heidelberg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Pfitser, Dir. 
 Jena (Saxe-Cobourg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Stahl, Dir. 
 Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein), University Botanic Garden, Prof. J. Reinke, 
 
 Director. 
 Konigsberg, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Chas. Leurrsen, Director. 
 Leipzig (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Aug. Schenck, Dir. 
 Marbourg (Hesse-Nassau), University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. Wigand, 
 
 Director. 
 
 Munden (Hanover), Forestry Botanic Garden, , Director. 
 
 Mu7iich (Bavaria). Dr. C. G. Von Naegeli, Director. 
 
 iy//«.y/'^r (Westphalia), Botanic Garden of the Academy, Dr O. Bre- 
 
 feld. Director. 
 Potsdam, Dr. Juhlke, Director. 
 Rostock (Mecklenburg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. H. Gobel, 
 
 Director. 
 6'/rfl;j(^«r^ (Alsace-Lorraine), University Botanic Garden, Comte Herm. 
 
 de Solms-Laubach, Director. 
 Tha/rand (Saxony), Forestry Academy Garden, Dr. Fred. Nobbe, Dir. 
 
220 A7inals of Horticulture. 
 
 Germany, continued. 
 
 Tubingen (Wurtemberg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. W. Pfeffer, 
 
 Director. 
 Wurzberg (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jul. von Sachs, 
 
 Director. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland — 12. 
 
 Birmingham (England), Mr. Latham, Director. 
 
 Cambridge (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Francis Dar- 
 win, Director. 
 
 London (England), Chelsea Botanic Gardens, Thos. Moore, Curator. 
 
 London (England), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Prof. W. T. T. Dyer, 
 Director. 
 
 Londo7i (England), Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, W. Coom- 
 ber, Superintendent. 
 
 Lofidon (England), Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, South Kensing- 
 ton, A. F. Barron, Superintendent. 
 
 Manchester (England), Bruce Findlay, Curator. 
 
 Oxford (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. S. H. Vines, Dir. 
 
 Dublin (Ireland), Royal Botanic Gardens of Glasnevin, Dr. Moore, 
 Director. 
 
 Belfast {Ireland.), Royal Belfast Botanic Gardens, R. Motherell, Sec'y. 
 
 Edinb7irgh (Scotland), Royal Botanic Gardens, I. B. Balfour, Director. 
 
 Glasgow (Scotland), R. Bullen, Curator. 
 
 Greece — i. 
 
 Athens, Dr. T. de Heldreich, Director. 
 Guatemala — i. 
 
 Guatemala, Dr. Francesco Abella, Director. 
 Guiana — i. 
 
 Georgetown, G. S. Jenman, Superintendent. 
 Holland — 4. 
 
 Amsterdam, Prof. C. A. J. A. Oudemans, Director. 
 Groninge7i, Prof. P. De Boer, Director. 
 Leyden, Dr. W. F. R. Suringar, Director. 
 Utrecht, Dr. N. W. P. Rauwenhoff, Director. 
 
 Indian Empire — 8. 
 
 Bangalore (Madras), Col. W. L. Johnson, Director. 
 Bombay, A. Shuttleworth, Director. 
 
 Calcutta, Royal Botanic Gardens, Prof G. King, Director. 
 Ganish Kind {Poom.), G. W. Woodrow, Director. 
 
 Mysore, Government Botanic Gardens, , Director. 
 
 Ootacatnud, Mr. Jamieson, Director. 
 Pondichery. 
 
 Saharanpur and Mussourie (Bengal), Government Botanic Gardens, 
 F. J. Duthie, Director. 
 
Directories. 221 
 
 Italy — 23. 
 
 Bologne. 
 
 Cagliari, Dr. P. Gennari, Director. 
 Caserta, Dr. N. Terracciano, Director. 
 Catania, Prof Fr. Tornabene, Director. 
 Ferrara, Dr. Carus Massalongo, Director. 
 Florence, Prof. T. Caruel, Director. 
 Genoa, Prof. Fred. Delpino, Director. 
 Lucca, Dr. C. Bicchi, Director. 
 Messina, Prof. A. Borzi, Director. 
 ISIUan, Prof. Fr. Ardissone, Director. 
 Modina, Dr. A. Mori, Director. 
 Naples, Dr. J. A. Pasquale, Director. 
 Padova, Cav. Dr. P. A. Saccardo, Director. 
 Palermo, Dr. Aug. Todaro, Director. 
 Parma, Prof. J. Passerini, Director. 
 Pavia, Prof. J. Briosi, Director. 
 Perotise, Prof. Al. Bruschi, Director. 
 Pisa, Dr. J. Arcangeli, Director. 
 Portici, Dr. Horace Comes, Director. 
 Rome, Dr. R. Pirrotta, Director. 
 Siena, Prof. Att. Tassi, Director. 
 Turin, Prof. G. Gibelli, Director. 
 Venice, Sen. Ruchiner, Director. 
 
 Japan — 2. 
 
 Tokio, Koiskekowa Botanic Gardens, Prof, K. Ito, Director. 
 Sapporo, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. K. Miyabe, Director. 
 
 Java— I. 
 
 Buitenzorg, Dr. M. Treub, Director. 
 
 Malta — i. 
 
 La Valette, Dr. Gavino Gulia, Director. 
 
 Mauritius — i. 
 
 Port Louts, J. Home, Director. 
 
 Natal — i. 
 
 D' Urban, Natal Botanic Gardens. J. Medley Wood, Curator. 
 
 New Zealand — i. 
 
 Christchurch, J. B. Armstrong, Director. 
 
 Peru — i. 
 
 Lima, Dr. Mig. de los Rios, Director. 
 
 Philippine Islands — i. 
 
 Manilla (Luzon), — , Director. 
 
222 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Portugal — 3. 
 
 Coimbra, Dr. J. A. Hienriques, Director. 
 Lisbon, Prof. J. de Andrade Corvo, Director. 
 Oporto, Dr. F. de S. G. Cardoso, Director. 
 
 Reunion, Island of — i. 
 
 St. Denis, M. Richard, Director. 
 
 ROUMANIA 2. 
 
 Bucharest, Dr. Brandza, Director. 
 Yassy, Dr. A. F§tu, Director. 
 
 Russia — 16. 
 
 Z>orp at {Livonia), Dr. Ed. Russow, Director, 
 
 Helsingfors (Finland), , Director. 
 
 Kazan (Kazan), Prof. N. W. Sorokin, Director. 
 Kharkoff, Prof. W. Palladin, Director. 
 Kiev, Dr. J. Schmalhausen, Director. 
 Moscow, Dr. J. Goroschankin, Director. 
 iSlikita (Crimea), Mr. Basarow, Director. 
 Odessa, Dr. L. Reinhard, Director. 
 Orel, P. G. Tretjakoff, Director. 
 Ouman (Kiev), Prof. L. Scrobichewski, Director. 
 Penza (Penza). 
 
 St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanic Gardens, Dr. Ed. de Regel, Director. 
 St. Petersburg, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Andre Bikitoff, 
 Director. 
 
 Tiflis, Prof. W. Scharrer, Director. 
 
 Woronesh, Dr. J. E. Fischer, Director. 
 
 Warsaw, Dr. A. F. de Waldheim, director. 
 
 Scandinavia — 7. 
 
 Christiania (Norway), Dr. F. C. Schubeler, Director. 
 
 G'oteborg (Sweden), Hort. Soc. Bot. Gardens, Prof. C. Lowegren, 
 
 Director. 
 Lund (Sweden), Dr. F. W. C. Areschong, Director. 
 Stockholm (Sweden), Gardens of the Royal Academy of Agriculture, 
 
 Dr. V. Wittrock, Director. 
 Stockholm (Sweden), Royal Gardens of Haga, Prof. M. A. Werner, 
 
 Director. 
 Stockhohn (Sweden), Swedish Society of Horticultural and Botanical 
 
 Gardens, M. A. Pital, Director 
 Upsala (Sweden), Dr. Th. M. Fries, Director. 
 
 Servia — I. 
 
 Belgrade, , Director. 
 
 Siberia — i. 
 
 Tomsk, Mr. Schestakoff, Director 
 
Directories. 223 
 
 Spain — 2. 
 
 Madrid, Dr. Miguel Colmeiro, Director. 
 
 Valencia, Dr. Jose Arevalo Boca, Director. 
 Straits Settlements — i. 
 
 Singapore, N. Cantley, Director. 
 Switzerland — 3. 
 
 Basle, Dr. H. Vochting, Director. 
 
 Berne, Dr. L. Fischer, Director. 
 
 Zurich. 
 Tasmania — i. 
 
 Hobart Town, Mr, Abbot, Director. 
 
 United States— 5. x, f r- q 
 
 ^r^^M«^(Mass.), Arnold Arboretum of Havard College, Prot. C. b. 
 
 Sargent, Director. . ^ , t^ ^ c r- /i 
 
 Cambridge (Mass ), Havard College Botanic Gardens, Dr. G. S. Good- 
 ale, Director. ^ . . 1 r- n „^ 
 La7isi7ig (Michigan), Botanic Garden of State Agricultural College, 
 
 Dr. W. T. Beal, Director. ^ „. o^ i 
 
 St. Louis (Missouri), Missouri Botanic Gardens, Dr. Wm. Trelease, 
 
 Washingtol\Ty. C), U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Gardens,Wm. Saunders, 
 Superintendent. 
 
 West Indies — 6. 
 
 Havana (Cuba), J. Lachaume, Director. 
 
 King's House (Jamaica), Wm. Harris, Superintendent. 
 
 A-^/f./^;/ (Jamaica). Government Botanic Gardens, Wm. Fawcett, Dr. 
 
 St. ^..rru (Trinidad), Government Botanic Gardens. H.Prestoe, Din 
 
 St. Pierre (Martinique), Colonial Botanic Gardens, M. Thierry, Dir. 
 
§ 6. TITLE INDEX TO EXPERIMENT STA TION 
 HORTICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA FOR 
 i8go (^INCLUDING PUBLLCATIONS OE THE DE- 
 PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.-) 
 
 It is impossible to draw a sharp line of separation between 
 horticulture and other divisions of general agriculture ; but the 
 following lists (sections 6 and 7) have been made sufficiently 
 comprehensive to include all that can possibly be called horticul- 
 ture, and some entries may, perhaps, belong rather to general 
 farming. 
 
 Explajiation.—The figures in the left margin are the numbers of the 
 bulletins and reports. If the number stands independently it indicates that 
 the bulletin contains only horticultural matter ; but when it stands in a 
 parenthesis, the bulletin contains other matter than that which is indexed. 
 A few bulletins dated late in 1889 had not been received when the previous 
 volume was printed and they are inserted in this list. 
 
 Alabama : 
 
 A. Agricitltiiral Experinient Station. 
 
 10. Grape Culture. Jan. J. S. Nezujnan. 
 
 11. Peaches and Plums. Feb. J. S. Neiuman. 
 15. Insecticides. April. G. F. Atkinson. 
 
 (17.) London Purple for the Cotton Worm. July. G. F. Atkinson. 
 
 20. Small Fruits and Vegetables [Strawberries, Raspberries, Musk 
 Melons, Water Melons, Beans, Tomatoes, OnionsJ. Novem- 
 ber. J. S. Nezvman and Jas. Clayton. 
 
 B. Canebrake Experiment Station. 
 (7.) Peas. 
 
 Arkansas : 
 
 (12.) Insects. April. C. W. Woodivorth. 
 
 13. Strawberries. Aug. J. McNeill. 
 
 14. Effects of the Arsenites upon Plants. Sept. C. W. Woodivorth. 
 
 15. Some New Insecticides. Dec. C. W. Woodivorth. 
 
 California. 
 
 85. Observations on Olive Varieties. Feb. E. W. Hilgard. 
 
 86. Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits. The Sulphuring of Dried 
 
 Fruits. May. E. W. Hilgard. 
 Canada : 
 
 A. Agriculticral College {GuelpK). 
 LII. Black-knot on Plums. June. 
 
 B. Central Experimental Farm {Ottawa). 
 
 (1889 report.) Horticulturist's report [Small Fruits and Vegetables]. 
 W. W. Hilbo7-n. Report of Entomologist and Botanist [Vari- 
 ous Injurious Insects]. James Fletcher. 
 
 (224) 
 
hidex to Experiment Station Horticulture. 225 
 
 Delaware : 
 
 (VIII.) The Value of Sulphide of Potassium as a Remedy against Pear 
 Scab. F. D . Chester. London Purple as a Remedy against 
 Codlin Moth. M. H. Beckwiih. March. 
 (X.) Fungicides. Oct. M. H. Beckxoith. 
 
 Colorado : 
 
 (2nd report.) Report of Section of Botany and Horticulture [Apple, 
 Pears and Ornamental Trees, Grapes, Strawberries, Goose- 
 berries, Currants, Potatoes, Sweet Corn, Peas, Celery, Onions. 
 Cabbages, Tomatoes, Carrots, Pumpkins and Squashes, The 
 Growing of Seeds for Distribution, Insects and Insecticides]. 
 i88g. Max C. Brose. 
 
 Connecticut : 
 
 (97.) Fungous Diseases of Plants. April. Roland Thaxter. 
 102. Fungicides. March. Roland Thaxter. 
 (105.) Potato Scab. December. Roland Thaxter. 
 
 Florida : 
 
 9. Insects and Insecticides. April. Ja?>ies C. Neal. 
 fii.) Irish Potatoes. Oct. 
 
 Georgia : 
 
 (6.) The Potato Sphinx. The Twig Girdler. Jan. J.P.Campbell. 
 
 (7.) Notes on a Destructive Insect. April. /. P. Campbell. 
 
 8. Potato Experiment. July. Gtcstave Speth. 
 
 (10.) Corn. Dec. 
 Indiana : 
 
 31. Small Fruits and Vegetables. April. James Troop. 
 
 (33.) Small Fruits. Entomological Notes. Nov. James Troop. 
 
 Iowa : 
 
 (9.) Plum Curculio and the Plum Gouger. May. C. P. Gillette. 
 (10.) Experiments with Arsenites. C. P. Gillette. Stocks for the 
 
 Cherry, Plum, Prune and Apricot. /. L. Biidd. Aug. 
 (11.) The Potato Stalk-Weevil and Remedies. The Apple Curculio 
 and Remedies. A New Currant Borer. Nov. C. P. Gillette. 
 
 Kansas : 
 
 10. Notes on Conifers. May. E. A. Popenoe. 
 (12.) Fungicides. Aug. W. A. Kellerman. 
 
 14. Winter Protection of Peach Trees. Notes on Grapes. Dec, 
 E. A. Popenoe. 
 
 Kentucky : 
 
 Circular No. 3. Insecticides, Fungicides, Orchard Treatment. 
 
 25. Strawberries. April. James Murray. 
 
 31. Some Strawberry Pests. Dec. H. Carman. 
 
 Louisiana : 
 
 3. Large Fruits and Various Vegetables. H. A. Morgan. 
 
 4. Irish Potatoes. Diseases of Potatoes. H. A. Morgan and 
 
 /. G. Lee. 
 
226 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Maryland : 
 
 (9.) Strawberries. June. W. H. Bishop. 
 
 (1889 report.) The Tomato. E. Lewis Sturtevant. Report of the 
 Horticulturist [various tests with Tomatoes, Potato Experi- 
 ment, General Notes on Vegetables] . W. H. Bishop, 
 
 Massachusetts : 
 
 A. Hatch Experiment Station. 
 
 (7.) Small Fruits [Blackberries and Raspberries]. Girdling the 
 Grapevine. Report upon Vegetables [Tomatoes, Sweet Corn, 
 Lettuce, Potatoes]. Combined Fungicides and Insecticides in 
 Potato Growing. Protection of Fruit Trees from Mice, Rabbits 
 and Woodchucks. Jan. S. T. Maynard. 
 
 (8.) Experiments in Greenhouse Heating. April. S. T. Maynard. 
 
 10. Special Fertilizers for Greenhouse Crops [Carnations, Pansies, 
 Lettuce, Tomato Plants, Raspberries, Blackberries and Straw- 
 berries.] Oct. S. T. Maynard. 
 (11.) Insecticides, Fungicides. 
 
 (1889 report.) Division of Entomology [Jumping Sumach Beetle, 
 Bud Moth and Remedies, Grape-Vine Leaf-Hopper, Ants, 
 Experiments with Remedies, Alum not Destructive to Cur- 
 rant Worms, Poisonous Doses of Insecticides]. C. H. Fern- 
 aid. Division of Horticulture [Plant Bed Cloth as a Sub- 
 stitute for Glass, Protection of Peach Buds from Injury by 
 Cold, Girdling Apple Trees, Girdling Grape-Vines, Protecting 
 Trees from Mice, Reports on Varieties of Apples, Pears, 
 Peaches, Plums, Cherries and Grapes, Raspberries, Black- 
 berries and Strawberries] . S. T. Mayjiard. 
 
 B. State Experivient Statioti. 
 
 (34.) Potato Scab. June. Jas. Ellis Humphrey . 
 (7th report.) General Account of Fungi. Potato Scab. 1889. Jas. 
 Ellis Humphrey . 
 
 Michigan : 
 
 57. Experiments with Vegetables [Tomatoes, Potatoes, Beets, Cab- 
 
 bages, Cauliflower, Corn, Lettuce, Peas and Radishes]. 
 March. L. R. Taft. 
 
 58. Insecticides. March. A. J. Cook. 
 
 59. List of Fruits for Michigan. Notes on Vegetables. Arsenites for 
 
 the Codlin Moth. The Plum Curculio. Black Knot. L. R. 
 * Taft. Notes on The Fungus of Apple Scab. B. T. Galloway. 
 
 Treatment of Apple Scab in Michigan. L. R. Taft. April. 
 (60.) Potatoes. April. E. Davenport, 
 63. Greenhouse Building and Heating. July. L. R. Taft. 
 67. Fruit Testing. Oct. T. T. Lyon. 
 
 Minnesota : 
 
 9. Description and Value of Russian Willows and Poplars for 
 
 Minnesota. Samuel B. Green. Insects Affecting Poplars 
 
 and Willows. Oito Ltigger. Nov. 1889. 
 
 10. Experiments with Onions and Cabbages. Spraying with London 
 
 Purple to Kill the Curculio on Our Native Plums. Bagging 
 
Index to Experi7nent Station Hortiadture. 227 
 
 Minnesota, continued. 
 
 Grapes. Rollingstone Plum. Potatoes at Different Depths. 
 
 Samuel B. Green. Oak Caterpillars. Otto Lugger. March. 
 (11.) Peas, Beans and other Crops. June. Willet M. Hays. 
 (12.) Preserving Vegetables in Carbonic Acid Gas. American Grown 
 
 Cauliflower Seed. July. Samuel B . Green. 
 
 Missouri : 
 
 10. Analyses of Apples at Various Stages of growth. Bordeaux Mix- 
 ture for Grape Rot. Experiments with Small Fruits and 
 Potatoes. April. /. W. Clark. 
 
 Nebraska : 
 
 (12.) Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Beans Peas, Onions, Radishes, 
 Parsnips, Salsify, Beets, Carrots, Turnips, Ground Cherries, 
 Cucumbers, Muskmelons, Watermelons and Pumpkins. Feb. 
 Jared G. Smith. 
 14. Injurious Insects. June. L. Briiner. 
 (15). Peas, Lettuce and Radishes. Sept. Jared G. Smith. 
 
 Nevada : 
 
 8. The Codlin Moth. Jan. F. H. Hillman. ' 
 
 9. A Serious Rose Pest. May. F. H. Hillman. 
 
 10. The Pear and Cherry Slug. July. F. H. Hillman. 
 
 11. Plant-Lice Infesting the Apple. Sept. F. H. Hillman. 
 
 New Jersey : 
 
 70. Some Fungous Diseases of the Spinach. July. Byron D. Hal- 
 
 sted. 
 72. Various Injurious Insects, and How to Deal With Them. Oct. 
 
 John B. Smith. 
 76. Some Fungous Diseases of the Sweet Potato. Nov. Byron D . 
 
 Ha Is ted. 
 Special Bulletin K. Insects affecting Cranberries. Feb. John B. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 New York : 
 
 A. Cornell University Experimetit Station [Ithaca). 
 
 XVIII. The Effect of London Purple and Paris Green upon Peach 
 
 Foliage. Trials of Nozzles. July. L. H. Bailey. 
 
 XIX. Report upon the Condition of Fruit-Growing in Western 
 
 New York, Aug. L. H. Bailey. 
 XXI. Tomatoes. Odl. L. H. Bailey and W. M. Munson. 
 XXIII. Insects Injurious to Fruits. Dec. /. H. Co??istock and M. 
 V. blingerland. 
 (XXV.) The Hollyhock Rust. W. R. Dudley. The Forcing of Beans. 
 Influence of Latitude upon Potatoes ; a Criticism. Notes upon 
 Methods of Herbaceous Grafting. The Influence of Depth of 
 Transplanting upon the Heading of Cabbages. Peach Yellows. 
 The Paper Flower Pot. Experiences in Crossing Cucurbits. 
 L. H. Bailey. Dec. 
 
 B. State Experijnent Station [Geneva). 
 
 Circular. Methods Adopted for the Systematic Testing of Small 
 
228 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 New York, continued. 
 
 Fruits. A List of Fruits at the Station. A List of Trees Plant- 
 ed at the Arboretum. March. C. E. Htmn and G. W. 
 Churchill. 
 24. Strawberries. Od. 
 
 North Carolina : 
 
 (72). Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Quinces, Nuts, 
 Grapes, Figs, Raspberries, Blackberries, Strawberries, Cur- 
 rants, Gooseberries, Osier Willows. June. W. F. Massey. 
 74. Tests of Garden Vegetables and Fruits. Dec. W. F. Massey. 
 
 Ohio : 
 
 I. Experiments with Potatoes. Jan. W. J. Greett. 
 (4). Spraying to Prevent Insect Injury. Bark-Lice of the Apple 
 and Pear. The Buffalo Tree Hopper. Fungous Diseases of 
 Plants and Remedies. Clarence M. Weed. Directions for 
 Collecting, Preserving and Studying Plants. Freda Detmers. 
 April. 
 7. Strawberries and Raspberries. Aug, W. J. Green. 
 (8). Plum Ciirculio Experiment. Remedies for Striped Cucumber 
 Beetle. The Rhubarb Curculio. Potato Blight Experiment. 
 Sept. Clarence M. Weed. 
 9. Experiments with Asparagus. Transplanting Onions. Oct. 
 W. J. Green. 
 10. Preventing Downy Mildew or Brown Rot of Grapes. Clar- 
 ence M. Weed. The Smut of Indian Corn. C. E. Bessey. Nov. 
 (2, Vol. I, Technical Series.) Flowering Plants. Moses Craig. 
 Fourth Contribution to Life History of Little Known Plant- 
 Lice. Clarence M. Weed. May. 
 
 Oregon : 
 
 (4). Notes on Vegetables, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Orchards 
 and Small Fruits. Jan, E. R. Lake. 
 
 (5). Some Injurious Insects and Remedies. April. F. L. Wash- 
 burn. 
 7. Comparative Tests of Small Fruits and Vegetables. Oct. 
 George Coote. 
 
 Pennsylvania : 
 
 (10). Should Farmers raise their own Vegetable Seeds ? Notes on New 
 Varieties of Vegetables (Beans, Cabbages, Cauliflower, Sweet 
 Corn, Celery, Peas, Radishes and Tomatoes). Jan. Geo. C. 
 Butz. 
 13. Black Knot on Plums. A few Ornamental Plants. Oct. 
 Geo. C. Butz. 
 
 Rhode Island : 
 
 (7). Catalogue of Fruits. Results of Wintering Outside and in the 
 
 Cellar. June. L. F. Kinjiey. 
 (Second report). Fruits and Vegetables. L. F. Kinney. 
 
Index to Expei'iment Station Hoi'ticulture . 229 
 
 South Carolina : 
 
 (2nd report.) Entomology (Cabbage Butterfly, Genus Colias, A New 
 Butterfly for South Carolina, Insects of the Fig). Botany 
 (Compositae). Ellison A. Sinyth, Jr. 
 
 South Dakota : 
 
 18. Cut-Worm and Remedies. March. /. H. Orcutt. 
 
 Tennessee : 
 
 I. Experiments in Growing Potatoes. Jan. C. S. Pliwib. 
 
 Special Bulletin C. Treatment of Fungus Diseases. F. Lamsojz 
 Scribner. 
 (2nd report.) Report of the Division of Botany and Horticulture (A 
 ' ' grass-garden, " Diseases of some Small Fruits and Vegetables. ) 
 F. Lai/ison Scribner. Report of the Entomologist (European 
 Cabbage Butterfly, Southern Cabbage Butterfly, Harlequin 
 Cabbage Bug, Plum Curculio, Nematode Worms, Experiments 
 with Arsenites). //. E. Siininiers. 1889. 
 5. Fruit Trees at the Experiment Station (Apple, Peach, Pear, 
 Nectarine, Apricot, Cherry, Plum, Fig.). Dec. R. L. Watts. 
 
 Texas : 
 
 (7). Fungus on Forest and Apple Trees. The Pear. Fungi on Sweet 
 
 Potatoes, Treatment of Forest and Apple Trees. Nov. 1889. 
 
 L. H. Panimel. 
 (8). Notes on Experimental Vineyards. Powdery Mildew, Black Rot, 
 
 Grape Leaf Blight, Leaf Spot Disease, Anthracnose. Notes 
 
 on Strawberries, Blackberries and Raspberries. Best Varieties 
 
 of Fruits for Texas. List of Fruits Growing in Experimental 
 
 Grounds. Dec. 1889. T. L. Briink. 
 (9). Pear Stocks. T. L. Bnmk. Some Parasitic Fungi of Texas, 
 
 with Notes. H. S. Jennings. May. 
 
 United States (Department of Agriculture) : 
 
 A. Division oj Pomology. 
 
 Bulletin 3. Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild Grapes 
 of North America. T. V. Munson. 
 
 (1889 report.) Procuring and Distributing Seeds, Plants and Scions 
 of Fruits. Fruits ordered from Foreign Countries (Asiatic 
 Persimmon, Fig, Asiatic Peaches, Grape, Date, Citron). Na- 
 tive Fruits (Chestnut, Plum, Currant, Apple, Pear). Grape 
 Syrup. A Fruit Ladder. Fruit Growing in Florida. Trop- 
 ical Fruits (Cocoanut, Sapodilla, Mango, Banana). Semi- 
 Tropical Fruits (Kaki). Future Work. H. E. Van De/nan. 
 
 (1890 report.) The Fruit Crop. Trips of Investigation. Distribu- 
 tion of Seeds, Plants and Scions of Fruits. Nut Culture 
 (Pecan, Chestnut, Almond, Propagation). Native Fruits 
 (Apple, Strawberry, Grape). Tropical Fruits (Pineapple). 
 Semi-Tropical Fruits (Kaki, Goumi). H. E. Van Deman. 
 
 B. Division of Vegetable Pathology. 
 
 Bulletin 11. Report on the Experiments made in 1889 in the Treat- 
 ment of the Fungous Diseases of Plants. [Devoted largely 
 
230 Annals of Hortiadhire. 
 
 United States, continued. 
 
 to experiments in treatment of apple scab and grape diseases.] 
 B. '!'. Gallinvay. 
 (1889 report.) Treatment of Grape Diseases. Treatment of the 
 Diseases of the Apple, Pear and Quince (Apple Scab, Bitter 
 Rot of the Apple, Apple Rust, Apple Powdery Mildew, Pear 
 Leaf-Blight, Quince Diseases). Treatment of the Blackberry 
 Rust and other Diseases at Ocean Springs, Miss. Treatment 
 of the Potato, Tomato, and Melon for Blight and Rot. Straw- 
 berry Leaf-Blight. Investigation of Peach Yellows. The 
 California Vine Disease. A Mignonette Disease. B. T. Gal- 
 loway. 
 (1890 report.) Experiments near Washington (Treatment of Black 
 Rot of the Grape ; Treatment of Pear, Cherry and Strawberry 
 Leaf-Blight as affecting Nursery Stock. Treatment of Pear 
 Leaf-Blight and Scab in the Orchard). Cooperative Experi- 
 ments (Experiments in the Treatment of Apple Scab, Rasp- 
 berry Leaf-Blight ; Experiments in the Treatment of Potato 
 Rot). Some Practical Results of the Treatment of Plant Dis- 
 eases. Fungicides and Spraying Apparatus. Peach Yellows 
 Investigation. The California Vine Disease. Hollyhock An- 
 thracnose. Anthracnose of Cotton. Ripe Rot of Grapes and 
 Apples. B. T. GalloTvay. 
 
 C. Division of Gardens and Grounds. 
 
 (1889 report.) Grape Mildew. Well-ripened Wood. Watering 
 Plants in Pots. Citron, Citrus Medica. Horticulture in the 
 Department (Objects and Aims of the Experimental Garden, 
 Grapes, Pear Trees, Peaches, Japan Persimmons, Cinchones, 
 Chinese Tea-plant, Coffee, Orange, Lemon and other Citrus 
 fruits. Apples, Olives, Eucalyptus, Figs, Testing the Merits of 
 Species and Varieties of Plants, Laying out the Grounds and 
 Planting the Arboretum, The Conservatory, Pineapples, Build- 
 ing Glass Houses, Hedges, Miscellaneous Plants Propagated 
 and Distributed). William Saunders. 
 
 (1890 report.) Descriptive Catalogue of the more Important Eco- 
 nomic Plants in the Department Collection [an alphabetical 
 list comprising 431 species]. Williaju Saunders. 
 
 D. Division of Entomology. 
 
 Bulletin 21. Report of Trip to Australia, Made under Direction of 
 the Entomologist, to Investigate the Natural Enemies of the 
 Fluted Scale. Albert Koebele. 
 
 (1889 report.) The Fluted Scale. The Six-Spotted Mite of the Or- 
 ange. C. V. Riley. 
 
 (1890 report.) The Boll Worm Investigation. Some New Iceryas. 
 Experiments Against the Black Scale (on Orangesand Lemons). 
 The Green-Striped Maple Worm. A New Peach Pest [Ceratitis 
 capita ta). The Rose Chafer. C. T\ Riley. 
 
 E. Division of Ornithologv and A/ammalogy. 
 
 (1889 report.) Investigations Concerning the Economic Relations of 
 the Gopher, Hawks and Owls, Crow, Crow Blackbird, Potato- 
 bug Birds, Collection of Bird Stomachs. C. Hart Merriam. 
 
Index to Experime7it Station Horticulture, 331 
 
 United States, continued. 
 
 (1890 report.) Seed Planting by Birds. Birds which Feed on Mul- 
 berries. C. Hart Merriain. 
 
 F. Division of Microscopy. 
 
 (1890 report.) Mushrooms (Edible) of the United States. Mush- 
 room Culture. Artificial Mushroom Spawn. Twelve Poison- 
 ous Mushrooms. Thomas Taylor. 
 
 G. Office of Experiment :i>tations. 
 
 Bulletin 5. Organization Lists of Agricultural Experiment Stations 
 and Agricultural Schools and Colleges. March. 
 
 Bulletin 6. List of Botanists of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
 tions and Outline of Work in Botany at the Several Stations. 
 May. 
 Vermont : 
 
 (3rd report.) Report of the Horticulturist (Seed Tests, Cutting 
 Potatoes, Fungicides, Russian Poplars and Willows, Orchards 
 and Small Fruit Plats, A Circular to the Proprietors or Origi- 
 nators of New Fruits, Tests of Vegetables). C. W. Minott. 
 Report of the Entomologist, (Insects and Insecticides). G. H. 
 Perkins. 1889. 
 
 19. Questions Concerning Injurious Insects. April. G. H. Perkins. 
 
 Virginia : 
 
 4. Field Experiments with Tomatoes, Chemical Composition of To- 
 matoes. Jan. Wm. B. Alwood 2.ndi Walker BoTvman. 
 7. Experiments with Varieties of Strawberries. July. Wm. B. Al- 
 
 ivood. 
 
 Wisconsin : 
 
 (22). Potatoes, tests of Varieties and Experiments in Methods of 
 
 Planting. Jan. E. S. Goff. 
 23. Prevention of Apple Scab. April. E. S. Goff, 
 
7. SUBJECT INDEX TO EXPERIMENT STATION 
 HORTICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA EOR 
 iSgo {^INCLUDING PUBLICATIONS OF THE DE- 
 PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE), 
 
 Explanation. — Numbers standing alone refer to the number of a bulletin. 
 Those preceded by p. refer to pages of reports. 
 
 Almond — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., 1890, rep. p. 417. 
 Apple, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93 and 145. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 23 and 
 
 117. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. pp. 17 and 28. Mich. 59. 
 
 N. Y. Cornell xix. N. Y. State A Circular, 1890. N. Car. 72. 
 
 Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 7 and 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
 
 1889 rep. pp, 125, 442 ; 1890 rep. p. 418. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 121. 
 
 Apple, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Bark-Lice^ Ohio, 4. Bitter-Rot, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 .rep. p. 412 ; 
 
 1890 rep. p. 408. Black-Rot, Tenn. 2nd. rep. p. 13. Bucadatrix, 
 N. Y. Cornell, XXIII. Ctirculio, la. 11. Flat Headed Apple-Tree 
 Borer, Oregon, 5. Maggot, Del. 1889 rep. p. no. Plant-Lice, Nev. 
 II. Powdery Mildezu, Ohio 4 ; U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 414. 
 Rust, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 413. Scab, Mich. 59. Ohio, 4, 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 405 ; 1890 rep. p. 399. Wis. 23 ; 
 7th. rep. p. 193. Tent Caterpillar, Neb. 14. Tree Borer, Del. 1889 
 rep. p. no. Twig Borer, Del. 1889 rep. p. 100. Woolly Aphis or 
 Woolly Louse, Oregon, 5. Worm or Codlin Moth, Del. VIII ; 2nd 
 rep. pp. no, 122. Mich. 59. Nev. 8 Oregon 5 . 
 
 Apple, Miscellaneous — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 295, 300. Mo. 10. Analyses of 
 Pomace, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 297, 301. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 74. 
 
 Apricot, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 la. 10. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. 
 Texas 8. 
 
 Artichoke, Culture and Varieties— 
 
 Vt. 3rd. rep. p. 100. 
 Asparagus, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 96. Ohio 9. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 100, 115. 
 Asparagus, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Beetle, Del. 2nd rep. pp; no, 113, 128. 
 Asparagus, Miscellaneous — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State. 7th rep. p. 306. 
 
 (332) 
 
Index to Experiment Station Hoyticiiltnre. 233 
 
 Banana — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 448. 
 Bean, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station, 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 35, 100, 120. Kans. 
 2nd rep. pp. 133, 135. Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Minn. 11. Nebr. 12. 
 N. Y. Cornell 25. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 100, 115, 
 125. 
 Bean, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Anthracnose, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Leaf-Beetle, Kans. 2nd rep. p. 210. 
 Plant-Bugs Kans. 2nd rep. p. 212. Root-rot of Vine, Tenn. 2nd 
 rep. p. 13. Weevil, Kans. 2nd rep. p. 206. 
 
 Beet, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 99. Mich. 57. Nebr. 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 pp. 100, 115, 129. 
 
 Blackberry, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 95, 147. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Ind. 
 31, 33 vol. II. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 7 and 10; 1889 rep. pp. 40, 
 45. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. N. C. 72, 
 74. Oregon 4. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 122. 
 
 Blackberry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Cane-Borer, N. Y. Cornell 23. Rnst, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 416. 
 Black-Knot — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889, rep. p. 87. Can. Agr. Coll. LII. Mich. 59. 
 Minn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Penn. 13. 
 
 Borage — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115. 
 
 Broccoli — 
 
 Vt. ^rd rep. pp. loi, 115. 
 
 Brussels Sprouts — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115. 
 Cabbage, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 41. Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. 
 p. 44. Mich. 57. Minn. 10. N. C. 74. N. Y. Cornell 25. 
 Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. loi, 115. 
 
 Cabbage, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Aphis, Del. 2nd rep. p. no. N. J. 72. Bug, Del. 2nd rep. p. 130. 
 Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14. Btitterfly, S. C. 2nd rep. p. 97. European 
 Butterfly and Southern Butterfly, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14, White 
 Butterfly, Del. 2nd rep. p. 123. Worin^ Del. 2nd rep. pp. no, 
 124, 135- 
 Canker-Worm'^ — 
 
 Del. 2nd rep. p. no. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 152. 
 Carnation — 
 
 Mass. Hatch, 10 (fertilizers for). 
 
 A. H. 17 
 
234 Annals of Horticulhcre . 
 
 Carrot, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 34, 141. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 41, 99. 
 Md. 2nd rep. p. 60. Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 170, 171. Nebr. 
 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 102, 115, 129. 
 
 Carrots, Miscellaneous — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State, 7th rep. pp. 34, 181, 182, 295, 300. 
 
 Cassava — 
 
 Texas 8. 
 Cauliflower, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Mich. 57. Minn. 12. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 103, 115. 
 Celery, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 38. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 103, 115, 
 130. 
 Celery, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Plant-Lotise, Ohio, 2. 
 
 Cherry, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. p. 93. la. 10. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 
 rep. p. 32. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. Nebr. 12. N. Y. State, Circu- 
 lar 1890. N. C. 72. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 p. 121. 
 
 Cherry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Black-Knot, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Leaf-Blight, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 
 rep. 396. Powdery Mildew, Ohio 4. Scollop- Shell Moth, N. Y. 
 Cornell 23. Slug, Nev. 10. Tj'ee Tortrix, N. Y. Cornell 23. 
 
 Chervil — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115. 
 Chestnut — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 439 ; 1890 rep. p. 416. 
 
 Chicory — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115. 
 
 Citron — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. pp. 116, 439. 
 
 Cocoa-nut — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 447. 
 
 Conifers — 
 
 Texas 8. 
 Corn, Sweet — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 32, 102, 121. Ga. 10. Ind. 31. Mass. Hatch, 7. 
 Mich. 57. Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd 
 rep. p. 135. Wis. 17. 
 Corn, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Aphis and Btui Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Curciilio, Del. 2nd rep. 
 p. 129. Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. 132. 
 
Index to Experi7ne7it Station Horticulture. 235 
 
 Cranberry — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State, 7th. rep p. 302. 
 
 Cranberry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Black-lieaded Cranberry Worm, Fruit Worm, Cranbeny Scale, Tip Worm, 
 Ye I low-headed Cranberry Worm, N. J. Special Bulletin K. 
 
 Cress — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 104, 115. 
 
 Cucumber, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 100, 121. La. 3. Nebr. 12. Oregon 4, Vt. 3rd 
 rep. pp. 104, 115, 137. 
 
 Cucumber, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Nematode, Mass. State, 7th rep. p. 229. Striped Cucumber Beetle, Del, 
 2nd rep. p. 117. Ohio 8. 
 
 Currant, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 94. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 30. Ind. 31, 33 
 vol. II. Mich. 59. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ore- 
 gon 4. R. I. 7. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 441. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 p. 112, 122. 
 
 Currant, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Borer, la. ii. Oregon 4. Leaf Roller, N. Y. Cornell 23. Roller and 
 Worm, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Worm, Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 
 25- 
 Currant, Miscellaneous — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State, 1889 rep. p. 306. 
 Cut- Worm — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 70. Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Fla. 9. 
 Oregon 5. S. Dakota 18. 
 
 Dandelion — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. p. 114. 
 Date — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 438. 
 Dewberry — 
 
 Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. R. I. 7. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 
 115- 
 Egg-Plant — 
 
 Vt. 3rd. rep pp. 104, 115. 
 
 Elm, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Borer, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 154. Canker-Worm, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 152. 
 Cockscomb Gall Louse, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 162. Fall Web Worm, Vt. 
 3rd rep. p. 153. Gall Louse, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 160. Leaf Beetle, 
 Vt. 3rd rep. p. 155. May Beetle, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 156. Mourning 
 Cloak Butterfly, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 150. Pla7it Lice, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 
 157. Tussock Moth, Vt. 3rd rep. p. 150. 
 
236 A7mals of Hortiadture. 
 
 Endive — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115. 
 
 Fig — 
 
 La. 3. N. C. 72, 74. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. 
 pp. 127, 436. 
 
 Fig, Diseases and Insects of — 
 S. C. 2nd rep. p. 105. 
 
 Fungi — 
 
 Conn. 97. Del. 2nd rep. p. 69. Ky. 31. Mass. Hatch 7. Mass. 
 State, 1889 rep. pp. 195, 214. Mich. 59. Nebr. 11. N.J. 70, 76. 
 Ohio 4, 10. Texas 7. 9. 
 
 Fungicides — 
 
 Conn. 102. Del. X. Kans. 12. Ky. Circular No. 3. Ky. 31. Mass. 
 Hatch 7, 11; 1889 rep. p. 49. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 401. 
 Wis. 7th rep. p. 199. 
 
 Gooseberry, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 30. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Mich. 59. N. Y. State, 
 Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ind. 31, 33 vol. II. Oregon 4. R. 
 I. 7. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 112, 122. 
 
 Gooseberry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Fruit Worm, Oregon, 5. Saiv-FlyX^^"^- 2nd rep. p. 125. 
 
 GOUMI 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 423. 
 
 Grafting — 
 
 Herbaceous, N. Y. Cornell 25. 
 Grape, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 10. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 94. Colo. 
 2nd rep. pp. 24, 119. Ind. 33. Kan. 14. Mass. Hatch, 7; 1889 
 rep. pp. 18, 33, Mich. 59. Minn. 10. Mo. 10. N. Y. Cornell 
 19. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72, 74. Oregon 4. R. 
 . I. 7 ; 2nd rep. p. no. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. Pom. Div. 
 Bull. 3; 1889 rep. pp. 119, 437, 444; 1890 rep. p. 420. Vt. 3rd 
 rep. p. 122. Wis. 17. 
 
 Grape, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Anthracnose, Texas 8. Berry Moth, Del. 2nd rep, p. 130. Black-Knot, 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 87. Black-rot, Del. 2nd rep. p. in. 
 Texas 8. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 
 399 ; 1899 rep. p. 394. Brozvn-rot, Ohio 10. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 
 13. Brown and Grey Rot, Texas 8. Dozvny Mildew, Mass. State, 
 1889 rep. p. 206. Ohio 10. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. 
 pp. Ill, 399. Leaf Blight, Tenn. 2nd. rep. p. 13. Texas 8. Leaf 
 Hopper, Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 21. Leaf Spot Disease, Texas 
 8. Powdery Mildew, Mass. State, 1889 rep. pp. 29, 30, 50, 312. 
 Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Texas 8. Procris., Del. 2nd rep. p. 131. 
 Rot, Mo. 10. Saw-Fly, Del, 2nd rep, p. 131. Vine Leaf Borer, 
 Del. 2nd rep. p. in. 
 
Index to Experime^it Station Horticulture. 237 
 
 Grape, Miscellaneous — 
 
 Analyses, Mass. State, 1SS9 rep. pp. 303, 304. 
 Greenhouse — 
 
 Heating, Mass. Hatch 8. Mich. 63. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 
 130. 
 
 GUAVA — 
 
 La. 3. Texas 8. 
 
 Hollyhock, Diseases of — 
 
 N. Y. Cornell 25. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 407. 
 
 Insects — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 44, 126. Fla. 9. Neb. 14. Ohio i vol. H. and 4. 
 Ohio 4 and i vol. H. Vt. 19. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Ent. 
 Green Aphis, Fla. 9. Oregon 5. 
 
 Insecticides — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 16 and 17. Ark. 14 and 15. Colo. 2nd rep. 
 p. 44. Del. Vni ; 2nd rep. pp. 79, 106, 133. Fa. 9. la. 10 and 
 II. Ky. Circular No. 3. Mass. Hatch 7, 11 ; 1889 rep. pp. 26, 
 49. Mass. State, 1889 rep. p. 278. Mich. 58 and 59. Mo. 10. 
 Nebr. 14. N. Y. Cornell 18. Ohio 4. Oregon 5. Tenn. 2nd 
 rep. p. 14. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 145. 
 
 Juneberry 
 
 R. I. 7. 
 Kale — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp, 105, 115. 
 Kohl-rabi — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115. 
 
 Leek — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115. 
 
 Lettuce, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 95. Colo. 2nd rep. p, 99. La. 3. Md. 
 2nd rep. p. 60. Mass Hatch 7 and 10. Mich. 57. Nebr. 15. 
 Oregon 4. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 105, 115. 
 Mango — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 448. 
 Maple— 
 
 Green-striped Worm, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 253. 
 Melon, Musk — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. loi, 121. La. 3. 
 Nebr. 12. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 106, 115. 
 Melon, Water — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. loi, 121. La. 3. 
 Nebr. 12. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 106, 115, Diseases, U. 8. Dept. Agr. 
 1889 rep. p. 418. 
 
238 Aiinals of Horticulture. 
 
 Mignonette — 
 
 Disease of, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 429. 
 Mulberry — 
 
 Birds attacking, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 285. 
 
 Mushroom — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 366. 
 Nectarine — 
 
 Mo. 10. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. Tenn. 5 
 
 Nuts — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 123. N. C. 72. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. U. S. Dept. 
 Agr. 1890 rep. p. 415. 
 
 Olive — 
 
 Cal. 85. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 126. 
 Oak Caterpillar — 
 
 Minn 10. 
 
 Onion, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 40, 98. La. 3. Minn. 
 10. Nebr. 12. Ohio 9. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 107, 115. 
 
 Orange — 
 
 La. 3. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 123. 
 
 Orange, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Scale bisects, Fla. 9. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Div. Bull. 21 ; 1889 rep. 
 PP- 334. 340. 355 ; 1890 rep. pp. 250, 251. 
 Pansies — 
 
 Mass. Hatch, 10. 
 Parsley — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. p. 107. 
 Parsnip — 
 
 Nebr. 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 107. 
 
 Pea, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Canebr. 7. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 35. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 
 33, 97, 120. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. p. 151. La. 3 Md. 2nd 
 rep. p. 61. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 44. Mich. 57. Minn. 11. 
 Nebr. 12 and 15. N. C. 74. Oregon 4, 7. Pa. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 pp. 108, 115. 
 
 Pea, Diseases and Insects of — 
 Weevil, Oregon 5. 
 
 Peach, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 31. 
 Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Ore- 
 gon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. 
 pp. 120, 436. 
 
Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 239 
 
 Peach, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Black Peach Aphis, N. J. 72. Borer, Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. Del. 
 2nd rep. p. III. Leaf Curl, Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13. Maggot, U. 
 S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 225. Tree Aphis, Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. 
 Tree Borer, Oregon 5. Vellozvs, Del. 2nd rep. p. 92. N. Y. Cor- 
 nell 19. 25. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 421 ; 1890 rep. p. 404. 
 
 Pear, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93, 146. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 23, 117. 
 Kans. 14. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep. p. 31. Mich. 59. Mo. 
 10. N. Y. Cornell 19. N. Y. State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. 
 Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5. Texas 7, 8 and 9. U. S. Dept. 
 Agr 1889 rep. pp. 120, 444. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 112, 121. 
 
 Pear, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Bark Lice, Ohio 4. Blight Beetle, Del. 2nd rep. p iii. Leaf Blight, 
 Ohio 4. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 415 ; 1890 rep. p. 396. 
 Leaf Blister, N. Y. Cornell 18. Scab, Del. VIII ; 2nd rep. p. 88. 
 Slug, Del. 2nd rep. p. 11 1. Nev. 10. Stag Beetle Borer, N. Y. 
 Cornell 18. Tree Slug, Oregon 5. 
 
 Pecan — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 415. 
 Pepper — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 102, 120. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 
 108, 115. 
 
 Persimmon, Japanese, or Kaki — 
 
 La. 3. Oregon 4. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. pp. 121, 436, 449; 1890 
 rep. p. 422. 
 Pineapple — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 130; 1890 rep. p. 421. 
 
 Plum, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 11. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 93, 146, 
 Colo. 2nd rep. p. 117. la. 10. La. 3. Mass. Hatch, 1889 rep, 
 p. 32. Mich. 59. Minn. 10. Mo. 11. N. Y. Cornell 18. N. Y 
 State, Circular 1890. N. C. 72. Oregon 4. R. I. 7. Tenn. 5 
 Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 440. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 122 
 
 Plum, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Black-Knot, Can. Agr. Coll. LII. Penn. 13. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 13 
 Curculio, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii, 120. Ind. 33. la. 9. Mich. 59 
 Minn. 10. Ohio, 8. Tenn. 2nd rep. p. 14. Gouger, la. 9 
 Fruit Rot, Ohio 4. 
 
 Poplars — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 145. Minn. 9. 
 
 Poplar, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Borer, Minn. 9. Girdler, Minn. 7. Leaf Gall Louse, Del. 2nd rep. p 
 128. 
 
240 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Pot, Flower — 
 
 The Paper, N. Y. Cornell 25. 
 Potato, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 36, 141. Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 31, 104. 
 
 Ga. 8. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. pp. 168, 195. La. 4. Mass. 
 
 Hatch, 7. Md. 2nd rep. p. 51. Mich. 59 and 60. Minn. 10. 
 
 Mo. 10. Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. N. Y. Cornell 25 Ohio i. 
 
 Oregon 4. Pa. 10. R. I. 2nd rep. p. iii. Tenn. i ; 2nd rep. 
 
 p. 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 75 and 76. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 143. Wis. 17 
 
 and 22. Wis. 7th rep. p. 205. 
 
 Potato, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Blight, Ohio 4 and 8. Bug-eating Birds, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 
 369. Coiorado Beetle, Del 2nd rep. p. 118 La. 4. Rot, La. 4. 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 417 ; 1890 rep. p. 400 Mass. Hatch, 
 II. Scab, Conn. 105. La. 4. Mass. State, 34. Sphinx, Ga. 6. 
 Stalk-Weevil, la. 11. 
 
 Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits — 
 
 Cal. 86. 
 Prune — 
 
 la. II. 
 Pumpkin — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 41, 102, 222. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. Nebr. 12. N. 
 Y. Cornell 25. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 108, 115. 
 
 Quince — 
 
 La. 3. N. Y. Cornell 19. N. Y. State, Circular, 1890. N. C. 72. 
 Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 416. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 
 112, 122. 
 
 Radish — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 95. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 99. La. 3. Md. 
 2nd rep. p. 62. Nebr. 12 and 15. Oregon 4. Penna. 10. Vt. 
 3rd rep. pp. 108, 115. 
 
 Raspberry, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 94, 120, 
 131,147. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. Ind. 31, 33 Vol. II. Mass. Hatch, 
 7 and 10; 1889 rep. p. 38. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, Circular 1889. 
 N. C. 72, 74. Ohio 7. R. I. 7. Texas 8. Vt. 3rd rep. p. 123. 
 
 Raspberry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Leaf -Blight, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 399. 
 Rhubarb — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 96. 
 Rhubarb, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Curculio, Ohio 8. 
 
 Rose, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Beetle, Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 88. Del. 2nd rep. p. iii. Nev. 
 9. Slug, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii, 115. 
 
Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 241 
 
 bALSIFY — 
 
 Nebr. 12. 
 Sapodilla — 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr. i88g rep. p. 447. 
 
 Seeds, Germination and Testing of — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, 1889 rep. p. 17. Del. 2nd rep. pp. 37, 46. Vt. 3rd 
 rep. pp. 99, 118. Wis. 7th rep. p. 126. 
 Seeds and Plants, Distribution of — 
 
 Cal. 81 and 84. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 132 ; 1890 rep. p. 
 413- 
 Spinach — 
 
 Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 108, 115. 
 Spinach, Diseases and insects of — 
 
 Anthracnose, Black Mould, Leaf Blight, Mildezu 2in<l White Smut, N. J. 
 70. 
 
 Squash, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Colo. 2nd rep. pp. 42, 102. La. 3. Md. 2nd rep. p. 62. N. Y. 
 Cornell 25. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. 109, 115, 138. 
 
 Strawberry, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Ark. 13. Can. Exp Farm, 1889 rep. pp. 
 95, 120, 130, 148. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 27. Del. 2nd rep. p. 103. 
 Ind. 31, 33 Vol. II. Ky. 25. La. 3. Md. 9. Mass. Hatch, 10; 
 1889 rep. p. 91. Mich. 59. Mo. 10. N. Y. State, 24 and Circular 
 1890. N. C. 72. 74. Ohio 7. Oregon 7. R. I. 7 ; 2nd rep. p. 
 III. Texas 8. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 418. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 pp. 112, 123. Vir. 7. Wis. 7th rep. p. 213. 
 
 Strawberry, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Beetle, Fla. 9. Blight, N. Y. State 24. Crown Borer, Ind. 33 Vol. 2. 
 Ky. 31. False Worm, Ky. 31. Grub, Del. 2nd rep. p. in. Ky. 
 31. June Bug, Ky. 31. Leaf-Blight Fungus, Ky. 31. U. S. Dept. 
 Agr. 1889 rep. p, 419 ; 1890 rep. p. 396. Leaf Roller, Ky. 31. Root 
 Worm, Ky. 31. Sfueared Dagger, Ky. 31. I'arnished Plant Bug, 
 Ky. 31. 
 Sweet Potato — 
 
 Nebr. 12. N. C. 74. Texas 7. 
 
 Sweet Potato, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Black Rot, Dry Rot, Leaf Blight, Leaf Mould, Soft Rot, Scurf, Soil Rot, 
 Stem Rot, White Rot, N. J. 76. 
 
 Tomato, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Ala. Agr. Exp. Station 20. Can. Exp. Farm 1889 rep. p. 117. Colo. 
 2nd rep. pp. 41, 104. Ind. 31. Kans. 2nd rep. p. 198. La. 3. 
 Md. 2nd rep. pp. 43, 67, 74. Mass. Hatch, 10. Mich. 57. N. 
 Y. Cornell 21. N. C. 74. Oregon 4, 7. Tenn. 10. Vt. 3rd rep. 
 pp log 115, 138. Vir. 4. 
 
242 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Tomato, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Rot, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1889 rep. p. 418. Worm, Del. 2nd rep. pp. iii 
 126. 
 
 Turnip, Culture and Varieties — 
 
 Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. pp. 33, 117. Colo. 2nd rep. p. 103. Nebr. 
 12. Oregon 4. Vt. 3rd rep. pp. no, 115, 142. 
 
 Turnip, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 I-lea Beetle, Can. Exp. Farm, i88g rep. p. 72. 
 Willow — 
 
 Minn. 9. N. C. 72 
 Willow, Diseases and Insects of — 
 
 Flea Beetle, Nebr. 4. Grove Plant Louse, Ohio 2. Saio-Fly, Minn. 9. 
 Nebr. 14. ^^ng, Minn. 9. Spotted Plant Louse, Ohio 2. Spotted 
 Will 07V Slug, Nebr. 14. 
 
 Wines, Conservation of — 
 
 Cal. 87. 
 
§ 8. BOOKS OF 1890, EXCLUSIVE OF EFFORTS OF 
 HOE TICUL TUEA L OE GANIZA TIONS. 
 
 This list contains some of the books of 1889 which did not 
 appear in the list for that year (Annals 1889, 213). The titles 
 of books in foreign languages are given in English. 
 
 Andrae, E. A. A Guide to the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in Texas, and 
 Instructions for "Wine Making. Dallas, Texas. 
 
 Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture for 1889. New York. 
 
 — Horticulturist's Rule-Book New York. 
 
 Barral & Sagnier. Dictionary of Agriculture, No. 23. Paris. 
 
 Bellair, G. Ad. Fruit Trees. Paris. 
 
 Bergmann, Ernest. An Excursion in Portugal. Meaux. 
 
 Birmingham Gardeners' Association. A Series of Papers read before the 
 Association in 1886 and 1887. 
 
 Bois, D. The Little Garden. Paris. 
 
 Bonavia, E. The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons, etc., of India and Cey- 
 lon. 2 vols. London. 
 
 Bon Jardinier for 1890. 134th ed. Paris. 
 
 Bosschere, Charles de. Horticulture at the Paris Exposition. Ghent. 
 
 Bouche, C. & J. Construction and Arrangement of Greenhouses. Bonn. 
 
 Brooks, C. Mushrooms and their Culture. London. 
 
 Bunyard, Frederick. Fruit Farming for Profit. Maidstone, Eng. 
 
 Carter. Carter's Practical Gardener. London. 
 
 Dame, Lorin, and Brooks, Henry. Typical Elms and Other Trees of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Embellished 4to. Boston. 
 
 Daul, A. Cacti. Stuttgart. 
 
 Dilling, Gustav. Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach : a Sketch of His Life. 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Earl of Meath. On the Public Parks of America. London. 
 
 Eisen, Gustav. The Raisin Industry. A Practical Treatise on the Raisin 
 Grapes, their History, Culture and Curing. San Francisco. 
 
 E. V. B. Days and Hours in a Garden. 7th ed. London. 
 
 Ferns, Book of Choice, for the Garden, Conservatory and Stove. London. 
 In monthly parts. 
 
 Fleischer, Dr. C. The Most Important Enemies of Fruit Trees, and Meth- 
 ods for their Destruction. Dresden. 
 
 Garola. C. G. The Use of Fertilizers. Amiens. 
 
 German Agricultural Society. The Stone Fruits of Germany. Berlin. 
 
 Goethe, R. Report of the Royal School for Fruit Culture at Geisenheim. 
 Wiesbaden. 
 
 Greiner, T. How to make the Garden Pay. Philadelphia. 
 
 Griffith, A. B. Diseases of Crops and their Remedies. London. 
 
 (243) 
 
244 Annals of Hortiadtin^e . 
 
 Halsted, Byron D. Reserve Food — Materials in Buds and Surrounding 
 Parts. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. ii. No. i. New York. 
 
 Harris, Jos. Nitrate of Soda for Manure, and the Best Mode of its Em- 
 ployment. Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Hartig, Dr. Robert. Timbers and How to Know Them. Translated by 
 William Sommerville. Edinburgh. 
 
 Hartwig, J., and Heinemann, F. C. The Clematis. Leipzig. 
 
 Heinemann, F E. Aquarium, In-Door Garden and Conservatory. Leip- 
 zig. 
 
 — The Culture of Common Bulbous Plants. Leipzig. 
 Henderson, Alfred. Peter Henderson. A Memoir. New York. 
 Hensel, Julius. Explanation of Hensel's Universal Fertilizer. Berlin. 
 Hofer, A. N. Grape Growing. McGregor, Iowa. 
 
 Howe, Walter. The Garden, as Considered in Literature by Certain Polite 
 
 Writers. New York. 
 Hubert, Philip G. Jr. Liberty and a Living. New York. 
 Jones, Walter. Heating by Hot Water. 
 
 Jiihlke, F. Garden Book for Ladies. 4th edition. Berlin. 
 Kettlewell, Arthur M. The Art of Landscape Gardening. London. 
 Kirchner, Dr. Oskar. The Diseases and Injuries of our Cultivated Plants. 
 
 Stuttgart. 
 Kolb, Max. European and Trans-Oceanic Alpine Plants. Stuttgart. 
 Kraetzl, Franz. Sweet Rowan (Pyrus Aucuparia, var dulcis). Vienna and 
 
 Olmiitz. 
 Lebl. Indoor Gardening. Leipzig. 
 
 — Mushroom Culture. 3rd edition Berlm. 
 
 Lepki. Open Letters for Garden, Field and Forest Culture. Prag-Wein- 
 berge. 
 
 Lisbonne, Gaston. Legislation on Raisins. Montpellier, France. 
 
 M' Alpine, A. N. How to Know Grasses by their Leaves. Edinburgh. 
 
 Maries, Charles. Mangos of India. London. 
 
 Mark, M. Latest Guide to all Garden Literature. Erfurt. 
 
 Martin, Edward Alfred. Glimpses of Natures' Secrets. London. 
 
 Mathews, F. Schuyler. The Golden Flower [Chrysanthemum]. In Col- 
 ors. Prang & Co. Boston. 
 
 Mayfahrt Ph. & Co. Vegetable and Fruit Culture in the Field, with Refer- 
 ence to Canning and Preserving. Frankfort a. M. 
 
 Meulenaere, O. de. Descriptive List of Winter Chrysanthemums. Ghent. 
 
 Mills & Shaw. The First Principles of Agriculture. Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Milner, H. E. The Art and Practice of Landscape Gardening. London. 
 
 Missouri Botanical Gardens. First Report, by the Director. St. Louis. 
 
 Monkemeyer, W. Handbook of Botanical Terms for Gardeners. 2nd edi- 
 tion of Kohl's Work. Berlin. 
 
 Morgenthaler, J. Grape, Fruit and Garden Culture at the Paris Exposi- 
 tion, and the International Agricultural Congress from the 4th to nth 
 of July, 1889. Zurich. 
 
 Morton, James. Southern Floriculture. Clarksville, Tenn. 
 
 Mossdorf, Otto. Studies for Landscape Gardeners. Leipzig. 
 
 Moyen, J Les Champignons. An Elementary Treatise upon Mycology, 
 with descriptions of useful, dangerous and remarkable species. 
 
 Miiller, Ludwig. Guide to Horticultural Literature. Berlin. 
 
The Books of i8go. 245 
 
 Ohrt, H. The Parks and Gardens of the Grand Duke, at Oldenburg. Leip- 
 zig. 
 Oliver, F. W. On Sarcodes sanguinea, Torr. London. 
 Ormerod, Miss E. A. Report on Injurious Insects. London. 
 Parey, Paul. Novelties of the Past Year. Berlin. 
 
 — Phylloxera Laws. Berlin. 
 
 Poole, Mrs. Hester M. Fruits and How to Use Them. New York. 
 
 Pratt, Mara L. The Fairyland of Flowers. Boston, Mass. 
 
 Ravenscroft, B. C. Tomato Culture for Amateurs. London. 
 
 Reeves, J. A. Sap ; Does it Rise from the Roots ? 
 
 Remark, Fred. The Cactus Friend. Minden i. W. Germany. 
 
 Report of the Tree Planting and Fountain Society of Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Rexford, Eben E. Home Floriculture. Vick, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Ritzema, J. Injurious and Beneficial Animals. Berlin. 
 
 Runge, C. Catalogue of the Fruits Adapted to the Province of Branden- 
 burg. Berlin. 
 
 Sandmann, J. Manual of the Markets. Berlin. 
 
 Schomburg, R. Report on the Progress and Condition of the Botanic 
 Garden. Adelaide (South Australia). 
 
 Schwaab, Ernest F. Secrets of Canning. A Complete Exposition of the 
 Theory and Art of the Canning Industry. Baltimore. 
 
 Schweizer, Garden Calendar for 1890. Zurich 
 
 Scribner, F. Lamson. Fungus Diseases of the Grape and other Plants and 
 their Treatment. Little Silver, N. J. 
 
 Seymour, A. B. and Earle, F. S. Economic Fungi. (Exsiccate). 
 
 Sorgues and Berthault. Raisins and Their Uses. Paris. 
 
 Stoll, Dr. R. On the Apples and Pears of the Vienna Market. Klosterneu- 
 burg. 
 
 Strassheim, C. J. Desirable Roses. Frankfort, a. M. 
 
 Sturtevant, E. Lewis. On Seedless Fruits. Memories of the Torrey Botani- 
 cal Club, Vol. i. No. 4. 
 
 Sutton & Sons. The Art of Preparing Vegetables for the Table. Reading, 
 England. 
 
 Terry & Root. How to Grow Strawberries. Medina, Ohio. 
 
 Thomayer, Fr. Technical Pomology. Prague. 
 
 Thompson, W. Practical Treatise on the Grape Vine. loth edition. 
 Edinburgh & London. 
 
 Veitch & Sons, James. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants Cultivated under 
 Glass in Great Britain. Part VI. Coelogyne, Epidendrum, etc. 
 London. 
 
 Vergara, M. The Falling of Grapes. Translation of Charles Baltet's work. 
 Madrid. 
 
 Wait, Frona Eunice. Wines and Vines of California. San Francisco. 
 
 Whitehead, Charles. F. L. S. Hints on Vegetable and Fruit Farming. 
 London. 
 
 — Injurious Insects and Fungi : 3rd annual Reports. London. 
 Woodward, Miss Florence H. The Genus Masdevallia. Issued by the 
 
 Marques of Lothian, chiefly from plants in his collection. Grantham. 
 Wynne, Brian. Our Hardy Fruits. London. 
 
§ 9- HORTICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF THE 
 
 WORLD. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 This list includes all the periodicals which are strictly hor- 
 ticultural. Many agricultural papers publish horticultural de- 
 partments, and a few, of which the Florida Dispatch and 
 No7'thiuest Horticulturist, Agriculturist and Stockman are exam- 
 ples, give particular attention to horticultural matters. 
 
 American Farm and Horticulturist. Lakewood, Ohio. Quarterly. 
 
 American Florist. Chicago Weekly. 
 
 American Garden. New York. Monthly. 
 
 California Fruit Grower. San Francisco. W. 
 
 Canadian Horticulturist. Grimsby, Ontario. M. 
 
 Floral Instructor. Ainsworth, la. M. 
 
 Florists' Exchange. New York. W . 
 
 Fruit and Grape Grower. Charlottesville, Va. M. 
 
 Fruit and Vegetable Grower. Cheswold, Del. M. 
 
 Fruit Growers' Journal. Cobden. 111. Semi-monthly. 
 
 Fruit Trade Journal. New York. W. 
 
 Garden and Forest. New York. W. 
 
 Green's Fruit Grower. Rochester. Quart. 
 
 Horticultural Art Journal. Rochester. M. 
 
 Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society. Columbus, O. Quart. 
 
 Lindenia. M. (An English edition of the French journal, with a central 
 
 American office in New York). 
 Mayflower. Queens, N. Y. M. 
 National Horticulturist. Cambridge, Md. M. 
 Nebraska Horticulturist. Bower, Neb. M. 
 Orchard and Garden. Little Silver, N. J. M. 
 Ornamental and Forest Tree Grower. Evergreen, Wis. M. 
 Park's Floral Magazine. Fannetsburg, Pa. M. 
 Pilot Point Horticulturist. Pilot Point, Texas. M. 
 Popular Gardening. Buffalo. M. 
 Seed Time and Harvest. La Plume, Pa. M. 
 
 Southern Horticultural Journal. Denison, Texas. Sejjii-mcnthly . 
 Vick's Magazine. Rochester. M. 
 Vineyardist. Penn Yan, N. Y. Serni-monthly. 
 Western Garden. Des Moines, Iowa. M, 
 
 (246) 
 
Horticultural Periodicals of the World. 247 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Amateur Gardening. London. Garden Horticultural Gazette. Man- 
 Botanical Magazine. London. Chester. 
 
 Floral Magazine. London. Gardener. London. 
 
 Floral World and Garden Guide. Gardeners' Chronicle. London. 
 
 London. Gardeners' Magazine. London. 
 
 Florist and Pomologist. London. Gardening Illustrated. London. 
 
 Fruit Farm Review, Gardening World. London. 
 
 Fruit Trade Journal. London. Dis- Horticultural Record. London. 
 
 continued with the year. Horticultural Times. London. 
 
 Garden. London. Journal of Horticulture. London. 
 
 Garden Almanac. London. Northern Gardener. Manchester. 
 
 IN FRENCH. 
 
 Annales de 1' Horticulture. Brussels. 
 
 Annuaire General d' Horticulture. Toulouse. 
 
 Art dans 1' Horticulture. Paris. 
 
 Belgique Horticole (La). Gand (Ghent). 
 
 Bulletin d' Arboriculture. Ghent. 
 
 Bulletin d' Arboriculture, de Floriculture, et de Culture Potagere. Gand 
 (Ghent). 
 
 Bulletin de la Federation des Societes d' Horticulture de Belgique, public 
 par le Ministere de 1' Agriculture. Gand. 
 
 Bulletin d 1' Horticulture. Clermont (Oise). 
 
 Bulletin de la Societe Horticole, Viticole et Forestiere de Sens. Auxerne. 
 
 Bulletin de la Societe d' Horticulture de Bongival. Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 
 
 Bulletin du Cercle Floral d' Anvers. Anvers. 
 
 Bulletin du Syndicat des Viticulteurs de France. Paris. 
 
 Bulletin Horticole (Le). Huy. 
 
 Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe d' Horticulture Pratique du Rhone. Lyons. 
 
 Chasse et Peche, Acclimation et Elevage. Organ of the Royal Society of 
 St. Hubert. Brussels. 
 
 Flore des Serres et Jardins de 1' Angleterre. Gand (Ghent). 
 
 Horticulteur L'. Mons. 
 
 Jardin (Le). Argenteuil. 
 
 Jardin de la France. Tours. 
 
 Journal d' Agriculture et d' Horticulture. Bordeaux. 
 
 Journal de Horticulture Pratique. Paris. 
 
 Journal des Orchidees. Brussels. 
 
 Journal de la Societe Centrale d' Horticulture. Paris. 
 
 Journal de Vulgarisation de 1' Horticulture. Paris. 
 
 Journal des Roses. Paris. 
 
 Illustration Horticole, L'. Brussels. 
 
 Lindenia, Iconographie des Orchidees. Brussels. 
 
 Orchidophile, L'. Argenteuil. 
 
 Lyon Horticole. Lyons. 
 
 Moniteur d' Horticulture, Arboriculture, Viticulture, Sciences, Arts et In- 
 dustries Horticoles. Paris. 
 
248 A7i7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 Progres Agricole et Viticole. Montpellier. 
 
 Reveil Viticole. Paris. 
 
 Revue Horticole. Paris. 
 
 Revue Horticole, Viticole, et Apicole de la Suisse Romande. Geneva. 
 
 Revue Vinicole. Paris. 
 
 IN GERMAN. 
 
 Berliner Blatter fiir Botanik, Gartnerei und Landwirthschaft. Berlin. 
 
 Deutsche Garten-Zeitung. Leipzig. 
 
 Deutscher Garten. Berlin. 
 
 Deutscher Garten-Kalendar. Berlin. 
 
 Deutsches Magazin fiir Garten-und Blumenkunde. Stuttgart. 
 
 Freyhoff's Garten-und Ackerbau-Zeitung. Oranienburg. 
 
 Gartner. Berlin. 
 
 Garten-und Blumenfreund. Cassel. 
 
 Garten-und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg. 
 
 Gartenflora. Berlin. 
 
 Hamburger Garten-und Blumen-Zeitung. Hamburg. 
 
 Illustrirte Monatshefte fiir des Gesammt-Interessen des Gartenbaus, 
 
 Munich. 
 Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart. 
 Monatsblatt fiir Gartenbau. Keil. 
 
 Monatsschrift des Gartenbauvereins zu Darmstadt. Darmstadt. 
 Monatsschrift fiir Obst und Weinbau. Frauenfeld. 
 Nachrichten aus dem Gebiete des Gartenbaus, der Landwirthschaft, Fish- 
 
 erei und Jagd. Vilshofen and Hacklberg. 
 Obstbau. Stuttgart. 
 
 Obstgarten. Klosterneuburg bei Wien (Vienna). 
 Obstdeutscher Anzeiger fiir Gartenbau. Thorn. 
 Obstmarkt, Berlin. 
 Pomologische Monatshefte. Stuttgart. 
 
 Praktische Obstziichter. Klosterneburg bei Wien (Vienna). . 
 Practische Ratgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau. Frankfurt a. d. O. 
 Rheinsche Blatter fiir Obst-Wein-und Gartenbau. Strassburg. 
 Rheinische Gartenschrift. Carlsruhe Vereinigte Frauendorfer Blatter. 
 
 Frauendorf. 
 Rosen-Zeitung. Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zetung. Vienna. (Journal of the Imperial 
 
 Horticultural Society.) 
 Zeitschrift fiir Obst-und Gartenbau. Leipzig. 
 
 IN ITALIAN, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE. 
 
 Bulletin© della Societa Toscana d' Horticultura. Florence. 
 
 Frutta e Vino. Milan. 
 
 Giardini. Milan. 
 
 Gardiniene. Milan. 
 
 Jornal de Horticultura Practica. Oporto. 
 
Horticultural Periodicals of the World. 249 
 
 L' Orticoltura Genovese. Genoa. 
 
 O' Floricultor. Oporto. 
 
 Revista de Horticultura. Rio de Janiero. 
 
 Revista Horticologica. Barcelona. 
 
 Revista Orticola. Pallanza. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 Dansk Havetidende. Copenhagen. 
 
 Gyumolcseszeti es Konyhakerteszeti Fiizetek. Budapest 
 Het Neederlandsche Tuinboublad. Arnhem. 
 Journal of the Board of Viticulture. Victoria, Australia 
 Kerteszeti Fiizetek. Budapest. 
 Nepkortesze. Budapest. 
 Sadovodstvo. Moscow. 
 Sempervirens ; Gronewegen. Amsterdam. 
 Tidning for Tradgordsodlare. Stockholm. 
 
 A. H.— 18 
 
§ lo. TOOLS AND CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR. 
 
 VARIOUS DEVICES FOR FACILITATING HORTICULTURAL LABOR 
 WHICH HAVE BEEN INVENTED OR HAVE BEEN FIRST PROMI- 
 NENTLY MENTIONED DURING 189O.* 
 
 Weeder. — (Fig. I.) 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
 This is a purslane weeder, designed 
 to follow a culti- 
 vator. It pulls 
 up and collects 
 all the purslane 
 and similar 
 weeds, beingnar- 
 rower at the rear 
 end. The teeth 
 are about i 4 
 inches ip length, 
 round 
 iron, yz 
 or f^ in. 
 in diam- 
 
 eter. — Eugene Willet, i?i Populai' Gardeni?ig, vi 
 
 Home-made Garden Hoe. — (Fig. 2.) Made from 
 a blade of an old buck-saw. — Fi-ed W. Cai'd, 
 AmeiHcan Garden, jgj. 
 
 Hoes.— -(Fig. 3, page 251.) Various designs by 
 A. B. Tarj-yer, i?i American Garden, 20J, 204, 264, 
 26s, 614. 
 
 Hoes. — (Fig. 4, page 252.) ''Nos. i and 2 
 I use for stirring the soil and for the general 
 purposes of a weed hoe, and Nos. 3 and 4 
 for more delicate work among close rows of 
 plants." — D. S. Marvin, in America^i Gar- 
 den, 631. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 * None of the tools mentioned are in any manner recommended by the Editor. 
 
 (250) 
 
Tools a7id Co7ivenie7ices of the Year. 
 
 251 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
252 
 
 A7i7ials of Horticulture. 
 
 ^^^=z==sO 
 
 Fig. 3, continued. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
Tools a7id Conveniences of the Year. 25-5 
 
 Clearing FoRK.-(Fig. 5.) A strong fork for removing 
 cabbage stumps, stones, etc. — Fred IV. 
 Card, in Ainerican Garden, jgj. 
 
 Clod Crusher or Grater.— (Fig. 6 ) 
 Made from an old stone-boat by driving 
 strong spikes through it in a slanting direc- 
 tion, or threshing machine teeth may be 
 used. Stones and 
 rubbish may be 
 drawn from the 
 field at the same 
 time that the im- 
 plement works 
 the ground. — 
 Fred W. Card, in 
 American Garden, 
 393- 
 
 Home-made 
 Garden Marker. 
 — (Figs. 7, 8 and 
 9-) ''For the 
 beam or head 
 
 ,/ . (Fig- 7) I use 
 
 i>^x2 m. stuff 4 ft. 2 in. long, plow- 
 ing a grove >^xi/^ in. in the lower 
 side. I then bore i^-in. holes every 2 in., beginning 2 in 
 
 ick Lk'e The h ^'^ '^-^^ ^^^- '^ ^^^ -^^^ of'oak, from a 
 fnH / beam, With a tenon 2 in. wide by V, in hi^h 
 
 mort<V" '"^- ^''° ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^his tenon or shoulder I 
 t" ro "h ?h ' T '" ''^l'^! joint-bolt, which is inserted 
 fvt^o^^l T ^^^.«l^the tooth. This joint-bolt 
 witf AV ^^'1' ^^''?' '/« ^^- di^^eter, and pointed, 
 with a thread turned on the lower end. The hole 
 m which the bolt lies should be y, in., to allow 0I 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
254 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 easy transference. The lower end 
 somewhat like a double mould 
 plow. For handles I use two 
 rake handles about 5 ft. long, 
 which are fastened in the head 
 between the bolt holes. The 
 teeth can be adjusted to any dis- 
 tance in a very short time, and 
 the implement is a useful and 
 durable one. The rings on the top of the 
 joint-bolt allow it to be turned with a stick 
 when a wrench is not handy." — JoJui Jea7min, 
 Jr., in American Garden, lyg. 
 
 Seed Dropper. — (Fig. 10, page 254.) ^'The 
 part reaching the ground, which is fitted into 
 the bottom of the box, is made of two strips 
 of wood grooved out on one side, and fas- 
 tened to- 
 B gether, for- 
 mingatube 
 through 
 which the 
 seed drops. 
 Carrying 
 the tool in 
 number of 
 
 the tooth is sharpened 
 
 Fig. II. 
 
 foot.^ 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 -Fred W. Card, i?i American Garde?i, jgj 
 
 the hand, the 
 seeds that are 
 wanted in the hill is pushed 
 in w i t h the 
 thumb, which 
 remains over 
 the opening, 
 p r e ven ting 
 the escape of 
 more seeds 
 till the next 
 hill is reach- 
 ed. The cov- 
 ering of the 
 seeds is usu- 
 ally done rea- 
 dily with the 
 
Tools and Convenie7ices of the Year. 
 
 255 
 
 Lima Bean Planter. — The bean planters in use are apt 
 to break or split the bean. A machine which appears to 
 have overcome this difficulty has been invented by J. D. Mor- 
 gan, of Ventura, California. It consists of a cast wheel con- 
 taining pods or fingers, which grasp the beans as the wheel 
 revolves, each picking up one or two beans, and holding them 
 
 firmly until deposit- 
 ed in the mouth of 
 the tube, from which 
 they are conveyed to 
 the ground. The 
 wheel can be so ad- 
 
 Vl^'. «iV-£; _^ the beans at any de- 
 sired distance apart. 
 The planter is made 
 so that it can be eas- 
 ily adjusted to a sul- 
 \^ ky cultivator frame. 
 — California Fr u i t- 
 Grower, Feb. 8. 
 
 A Handy Cart. — 
 (Fig. II, page 254.) 
 y This IS a platform hand-cart, so stable that it can be used 
 in the field as a table, upon which the sorting and weighing 
 of experimental crops is done. We use a 3-ft. wheel and a 
 wide tire. The body is provided with a border an inch high 
 all around." 
 L. If. Bailey, 
 in American 
 Garden, 88. 
 Handy 
 
 G A R D E N 
 
 Wag on. — 
 (Fig. 12, p. 
 254.) ''This 
 is a combin- 
 ation fruit 
 and truck wagon 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 The body projects over the wheels, giving 
 a very large surface for the handling of crates, boxes, barrels, 
 etc. I use a 3-ft. wheel with a 21^-in. tire. The body is 4 
 
256 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 ft. 8 in. by 12 ft. It is used either behind a pole or thills. 
 L. H. Bailey, in At/ierican Garden, 88. 
 
 Lawn Mower Attachment. — (Fig. 
 13, page 255.) — A patented device for 
 catching and holding the grass thrown 
 off by a lawn mower. — Rural New- 
 Yorker, y4S' 
 
 Root Lifter.— (Fig. 14, page 255.) — 
 The beam is of hard wood, 5 feet long 
 and 2>^X3>^ in. In front is an inch 
 hole through which the wheel-rod 
 passes. The upper end of the clevis 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 is turned up and a threaded 
 hole cut in it to receive the 
 thumb-screw which holds the 
 wheel-rod in place. The iron 
 lifter is inserted in a mortise 
 about mid-way of the beam, 
 and is held in place by a key, 
 which provides means for ad- 
 justing it to various depths. 
 The foot is made of ^-inch 
 jv, f iron 3 inches wide, with a small 
 .y^":*^ wing of steel riveted to the 
 3^^^^-^-.?,.^ 1 o w er end. The roots are 
 ''^--"' topped with a hoe before being 
 lifted. — A7n. Agriculturist, ji^. 
 
Tools ajid Conveniences of the Year. 
 
 257 
 
 Step Ladder for Fruit Pickers. — (Fig. 15, page 256). A 
 self-supporting step lad- 
 der with a revolving 
 holder for the basket. — 
 Canadia?i Horticulturist. 
 
 Fruit Picker. — (Fig. 
 16, page 256). A blouse 
 fruit-picker, designed for 
 picking choice fruits. 
 The fruit is taken off with 
 scissors ; it falls into the 
 sleeve and enters the waist 
 of the blouse. If neces- 
 sary, the over plus may be 
 conducted into a padded 
 basket. — Rural New- Yorker, 66j. 
 
 Bean Cleaner. — (Fig. 17.) A swinging sieve for cleaning 
 beans as they are poured into it. The standards should be 
 about 2x3 at the base, and 2x2 at the top. The rack should 
 be about 4>^ ft. long, and is hung on strong wires about 20 in. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 long. P^or beans the size of the Navy, five meshes to the inch 
 will be required ; but for larger beans coarser sieves may be 
 used. — Popular Gardening, v. 11^. 
 
 Hamilton's Fruit Grader. — (Fig. 18.) A new machine 
 
258 
 
 Annals of Hortiadture. 
 
 for grading fruit, and said by the inventor to be the only one 
 which is adapted to both green and dried fruit. Made at San 
 
 Jos6, CaHfornia 
 
 Fruit Sorter 
 (Fig. 19)— A 
 simple device 
 which sorts the 
 fruit by allowing 
 the small speci- 
 m e n s to fall 
 through the 
 wire screen as 
 the cylinder is turned. — Rural New-Yorker, ^go. 
 
 California Fruit Fitter. — (Fig. 20.) A machine com- 
 pleted late in 1889, and put upon the rnarket in California 
 early this year. It cuts and pits the fruits. — California Fruit 
 Grower, April 5, 216. 
 
 Almond Huller. — (Fig. 21, page 259.) A California ma- 
 chine. '' A man, with a boy to feed, will hull two tons of al- 
 monds in a day, 
 formerly the 
 work of eight or 
 ten men. It con- 
 sists of irregular 
 hardwood slats, 
 fastened to an 
 endless belt. 
 Bars underneath 
 it are set on spir- 
 al springs, which 
 can be geared to 
 any size of al- 
 mond. Those 
 nuts that pass 
 through un- 
 hulled are 
 picked dut and hulled by hand. Very few shells are broken 
 in a day's work." — C. H. S., in Rural New-Yorker, y2g. 
 
 Potato Sorters. — (Figs. 22-25). Figs. 22 and 23 (page 
 260) show patented devices, the former being the Hoover and 
 
Tools and Conve7iie7ices of the Year. 
 
 259 
 
 the latter the CoUins. {^Rm-al New-Yorker, 485.') A home- 
 made sorter is shown in Figs 24 and 25 (page 261). It com- 
 prises one screen cyhnder inside another. The inner cyHnder 
 is coarse enough to allow the dirt and small potatoes to pass 
 through, while the outer one is finer, and allows only the dirt 
 to pass. The large tubers, therefore, follow the inner cylin- 
 der, and the small ones are caught between the two. — W. D., 
 in Rural Neiv- Yorker, 6oy. 
 
 Celery Hiller. — A machine has been invented by Maurice 
 M. Ranney, of Michigan, for hilling celery. The hilling is 
 done by means of mold-boards. '' The mold-boards are ad- 
 justable to suit 
 the height of 
 the plants, and 
 laterally to cor- 
 respond with 
 the width of 
 the rows, the 
 machine being 
 designed to 
 crowd the 
 earth from the 
 bottom of the 
 furrows under 
 the leaves, sim- 
 ultane ously 
 upon both 
 sides of the 
 rows. The 
 side beams of 
 
 the frame are adjustable laterally upon the cross beams, and 
 from the under side of each side beam projects a pedestal 
 with an attached spud axle, upon which the drive wheels re- 
 volve. A post extends downwardly from a bracket on the 
 under side of each side beam, through a staple and eye formed 
 on a plate attached to the forward end of the mold-board, 
 each post being stayed by a brace bar, and the eyes and 
 staples, being large enough to move freely upon the post. 
 For the vertical adjustment of the mold-boards, a link con- 
 nects the staples on the forward end of the mold-board, each 
 post being stayed by a brace bar, and the eyes and staples 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
26o 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 being large enough to move freely upon the post. For the 
 vertical adjustment of the mold-boards, a link connects the 
 
 staple on the 
 forward end of 
 each with the 
 forward end of 
 a lever, f u 1 - 
 crumed upon 
 an upright of 
 the frame," a 
 rack secured to 
 one of the side 
 beams being 
 provided for 
 each lever. 
 Fig. 22. which extends 
 
 to within easy 
 reach of the 
 driver. A stir- 
 rup is bolted up- 
 on the outer face 
 of each mold- 
 board at its rear 
 end, a chain 
 from each stir- 
 rup passing over 
 a friction pulley, 
 journaled at the 
 upper end of a 
 rack secured to^^ 
 the center cross "-^ 
 beam, to attach- 
 m e n t with a 
 lever pivoted on 
 the forward 
 cross beam, and 
 extending to the 
 driver. The mold-boards are so hung that they are quite a 
 distance apart at their forward ends, and nearer together at 
 the rear, where the two boards are connected by a spiral 
 spring, which spring is attached through short, adjustable 
 
 ,'<^/-; 
 
 FiG. 23. 
 
Tools and Conve7iie7ices of the Year. 
 
 261 
 
 arms, whereby the spring may be lengthened, when it is de- 
 sired to only half hill the rows. The driver, by resting his 
 
 feet in the stir- 
 rups of the mold- 
 bo a r d s , can 
 adapt them to 
 any crookedness 
 of the rows or 
 irregularities of 
 the surface, the 
 machine being 
 adjustable to 
 rows from three 
 to five feet apart, 
 and from six 
 inches to two 
 and a-half feet 
 in height." — 
 Scientific Ameri- 
 can. 
 from the point 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 Cane Cutter. — (Fig. 26.) '-It is made 
 of an old cradle scythe, united to a hard-wood handle about 
 three feet long, with a leather loop tacked on six inches from 
 the end." — American Garde?!, 244. 
 
 Plant Peg. — (Fig. 27.) A wire peg used 
 in England for holding down layers and ^ a 
 vines. — American Garden, 24'/. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Fig. 26 Fig. 27. 
 
262 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Wire Stretcher. — (Figs. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 Flower-pot Hanger 
 263.) '' Constructed of three wires of equal 
 length, each extending one-third around the 
 pot with its bottom end twisted to the next 
 
 wire, forming an 
 outwardly extend- 
 ing arm ; then all 
 bent upward, their 
 top ends joined 
 and twisted into a 
 hook. — John Lane, 
 Popular Gardening, 
 V. 84. 
 
 Pot Holder for Trellis. — (Figs. 33 and 
 34, page 263.) Fig. 33 shows an iron holder, 
 which is slipped onto a wall trellis, as shown 
 in Fig. 34. — Revue Horticole, j^j. 
 
 28 and 29.) This has two ad- 
 vantages : It can easily be made 
 from heavy wire ; and it can be 
 used at any time without cutting 
 the wire, and applied anywhere 
 along the wire to be stretched. 
 Notches are filed near the ends 
 of the stretcher to hold the 
 wire after it has been stretched. 
 — W. , in Der Praktische Ratgeber 
 im Obst und Garte?tbau, yo2. 
 
 Garden Bag. — (Fig. 30.) An 
 English leather bag for carrying 
 tools, seeds, labels, etc. — Popu- 
 lar Garde?ii?tg, v. 2^8. 
 Gardening Apron. 
 — (Fig. 31.) An apron 
 c o n t ainiDg 
 pockets for car- 
 rying tools and 
 p 1 a nts. 
 — Sister 
 Gracious 
 in Ajnerican 
 Garden, 24g. 
 32, page 
 
 (Fig 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Fig. 31, 
 
Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 
 
 263 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 
264 
 
 Annals of Horttculiure. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Pot Carrier.— Figs. 35 and 36, page 263). This is a rack, 
 Fig. 35, make of thin, light slats with ratches for pots, which 
 sets upon the top of 
 a wagon box, as seen 
 in Fig. 36. In order 
 to bring the pots ^^ 
 above whatever load 
 may be in the wagon 
 box, a strong iron 
 frame is made to carry 
 the slats, as shown by 
 the dark line b, a, d, 
 in Fig. 36.-L. B. ^^^- 37- 
 
 - ---^ Pierce, in Popular Gardening, v. 204. 
 
 Oetzmann's Flower Pots. — (Fig. 37.) 
 This English device (patented) consists 
 of ornamented flower pots, so made that 
 any number of them can be joined solid- 
 ly together, and they will fit into the 
 curves or angles of windows in chain-like 
 fashion. — Gardeners' Chronicle, May 24, 
 632. 
 
 Chrysanthemum Cup and Tube. — (Fig. 
 -This device, the invention of Edwin Beck- 
 ert, Elstree, England, furnishes a stand for cut- 
 flowers which supplies water and is adjustable 
 in height. Tube 
 a contains the 
 water, and the cap 
 
 b, containing a 
 thread, fits on it. 
 6 is the flower 
 cup, in the bot- 
 tom of which is a 
 clip, shown at d, 
 for holding the 
 flower. This tube 
 
 c, screws down 
 
 the extent 
 Horticulture, jyS. 
 
 into the water to ^^:?^\.- 
 desired. — -Jour7ial of 
 
Tools and Coyiveniences of the Year. 
 
 265 
 
 vegetables through sev- 
 eral degrees of latitude 
 so arranged as to 
 
 New Fruit Car. — A California fruit car, made by the Earl 
 Fruit Company, is designed for the shipment of fresh fruits 
 and 
 
 It is 
 be thrown 
 into either a refrigerator or 
 ventilator car. 
 
 Toope's Pot Stand. — (Fig. 
 39, page 264.) — A device for 
 keeping snails and other in-^^ 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 truders away from pots. — 
 Gardeners' Chronicle, April 
 12, 460. 
 
 Utilizing Tin Cans. — 
 (Fig. 40.) — Tin fruit cans 
 are burned until they fall 
 to pieces, when the cylin- 
 drical portion is treated as 
 in the figure, by means of 
 strong shears, so that the 
 edges can be clasped to- 
 They make useful substitutes for pots. — S. H. Tay- 
 vi, 4(p. 
 
 gether 
 
 LOR, in Popular Garde ni?i^, 
 
 Berry-box Holder. — (Fig. 41.) 
 enough to hold a quart berry box. 
 through the funnel. A ---- 
 
 strap passes around the 
 picker's body, and 
 gives him the use of 
 both hands ; and the 
 box cannot be tipped 
 over, and the berries 
 are not dropped or 
 spilled. — Orange Judd 
 Farmer. 
 
 Improved Watering 
 Pot.— (Figs. 42, 43.) 
 Ordinary watering pots / 
 
 are apt to drizzle when 
 
 A. H. — 19 
 
 This is a tin box, large 
 The berries are dropped 
 
 Fig. 
 
266 
 
 Annals of Ho7'ticulttire. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 44- 
 
Tools and Co7ive7iie7ices of the Year. 
 
 267 
 
 the water is 
 nearly exhaust- 
 ed, as shown in 
 the lower illus- 
 tration in Fig. 
 42. To remedy 
 this difficulty, 
 the neck of the 
 spout, «, should 
 be made larger, 
 as shown at b. 
 The cross sec- 
 tion of the neck should 
 be twice greater than it 
 commonly is, as repre- 
 sented by the circles in 
 Fig. 43. — Der Praktischer 
 Ratgeber i??i Obst-und Gar- 
 tenbau, 22g. 
 
 Indestructible Label. 
 (Figs. 44, 45.)— The tag 
 is made of ordinary glazed 
 earthernware, the name 
 being sunken and colored 
 blue. Heavy copper wire 
 bent into spirals is used 
 for fastening the tag to a 
 plant. — R. ZoRN, in Der 
 Praktischer Ratgeber im 
 Obst-und Gartenbau, j. 
 
 Zinc Label. — (Fig. 46, 
 page 268.) A zinc label, 
 fastened to the tree or 
 stake by driving into it 
 the ends of a stiff wire 
 loop. — Isaac Hicks, in 
 Rural New- Yorker ^ 266. 
 
 Double Wooden La- 
 bel.— (Figs. 47, 48, page 
 268.) It consists of two 
 
 Fig 43. 
 
268 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 ordinary v/ooden labels, fastened together by a wire. The 
 ~ name is written 
 
 upon the outside 
 of the double la- 
 b e 1 , as in any 
 label, but it is also 
 written on the in- 
 side for perma- 
 nence. When the 
 outside writing is 
 worn off, the label is opened and the inside writing will be 
 found to be bright. The label is fastened to the tree by a 
 tack. Fig. 48. — 
 F. S., in Rural 
 New- Yorker, 21^. 
 Seed Protect- 
 or.— (F i g . 49. ( 
 A box a foot 
 square, with a 
 wire cloth bot- 
 tom, for setting over papers and pans of drying seeds, to pro- 
 tect from wind and vermin. — L. H. Bailey, in American Gar- 
 den, 8g. 
 
 Apparatus for Testing the Vitality of Seeds. — (Figs. 
 
 50, 51, page 269.) This consists 
 of three parts : a tin tank (r) for 
 holding water ; a block of gypsum 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 Fig. 48 
 
Tools a7id Conveniences of the Year. 
 
 269 
 
 {b) which contains several compartments for the reception of 
 seeds, and which draws up the water and keeps the seeds 
 moist ; a glass cover {a). When the seeds have been placed 
 
 Fig. 
 
 50. 
 
 in the compartments of the block of gypsum, the latter is 
 placed in the pan containing the water. The glass cover is 
 fitted to the block. — R. Betteu, in Der Praktischer Ratgeber 
 im Obst-und Gartenbau, 22g. 
 
 Grape Bags.— (Figs. 52, 53, 54.) The three illustrations 
 show a convenient method of preparing and applying common 
 paper bags to grapes. — Rural New-Yorker, 414. 
 
 Pollinating Bag.— (Fig. SS^ page 270.) Grocer's manilla 
 bags (the ^-Ib. bag is most ser- 
 viceable) are prepared by run- 
 ning a soft string through two of 
 the edges, about an inch from'^ 
 the open end, and the string is 
 tied at one of the edges to keep 
 it from falling out. The bags 
 are dipped into water an instant 
 
 FiF. 51. 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
270 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 before they are used, to make them soft enough to tie snugly 
 about the stem of the flower. — 
 L. H. Bailey, in American Gar- 
 den, 8g. 
 
 Pollinating Kit. — (Figs. 56, 
 57, page 271.) A tin box 9x12 
 inches and 3 inches deep, with 
 compartments for materials. 
 Along the front of the box is a 
 compartment for pencils, pinc- 
 ers and brushes, one for scissors 
 and one for a lens. In the upper 
 left hand corner is a place for 
 bags, and adjoining it is a com- 
 partment (shown divided in the 
 cut by mistake) for labels. 
 Across the right end is a narrow 
 compartment for string, and a 
 corner for a bottle of alcohol. 
 The note book is kept behind a 
 }-L, guard on the cover. 
 Bailey, in 
 Garden, 88. 
 
 Reliable Seed 
 
 Case.— (Figs. 58,59, 
 
 page 271.) Fig. 58 
 
 shows a tin box g in. 
 
 long, 714 in. wide 
 
 and 5 inches deep. 
 
 ''The cover slides 
 
 back. There is a 
 
 little rim or elevation 
 
 on the front end of 
 
 this cover, made by 
 
 turning up the tin, 
 
 which serves two or 
 
 three good purposes. 
 
 This rim, strikes the 
 , top of the pigeon- 
 
 hole when the box is shoved in, causing the 
 box to close tightly. It also prevents the 
 
 Fig 
 
Tools and Conveniences of the Yeai\ 
 
 271 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
272 
 
 Annals of Hoyticulhwe . 
 
 box from going in too far, in case the pigeon-hole is too 
 deep. Then, when the box is shut and shoved in, the thumb 
 is pressed against this rim while the box is drawn out, so that 
 
 Pro- 
 
 -(Fig- 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 the box is self-opening and self-closing. The boxes are placed 
 loosely in a pigeon-hole case, shown in Fig. 59, and may be 
 taken out entirely, if occasion requires. On the front of the 
 box is a form 
 into which a la- 
 bel is d r o p - 
 ped."— L. H. 
 Bailey, in 
 American Gar- 
 den, 8g. 
 Plant 
 
 TECTOR.— 
 
 60.) An Eng- 
 lish device con- 
 sisting of an 
 iron form, so 
 made that it 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 will hold panes of glass for protecting 
 tender plants. — Popular Garde?ting,v. 132. 
 Propagating Box. — (Fig. 61.) A 
 bottpmless box about four feet long by 
 three feet wide and two feet deep, cov- 
 ered with two sashes, one of which raises 
 upon a hinge. This is set upon the 
 greenhouse bench. — Fred W. Card, in 
 American Garde?i, joy. 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 
 
 273 
 
 -(Fig. 62, page 272.) ''A box, a, 
 and for use in the house a water- 
 
 3 or 
 
 tight 
 
 Propagating Box.- 
 4 inches high is taken 
 hning (painted 
 tin or galvan- 
 ized iron) is 
 filled inside; 
 and between 
 this lining and 
 the sides and 
 ends, enough 
 space is left to 
 allow glass, /^, 
 to be inserted 
 and held firmly 
 in place. The 
 glass should 
 come about 10 
 in. above the 
 box." The box 
 is filled with 
 
 sand, and may be set upon the back of the kitchen stove or on 
 greenhouse pipes. — Hortus, in American Garden, ^40, ^41. 
 
 A Cheap Ventilator. — (Figs. 63, 64.) "This is a modifi- 
 
 cation and improvement of an old device, 
 raising the whole sash in low and cool houses. 
 
 It is useful for 
 Fig. 63 shows 
 the fixtures in 
 place upon one 
 side of the 
 sash only. The 
 upper lever has 
 a joint, the top 
 portion being 6 
 in. long, while 
 the lower por- 
 tion is about 16 
 in. The lower 
 lever has a slot 
 3 or 4 in. long, 
 to. allow the 
 sash to slide. 
 When the up- 
 
274 
 
 An?ials of Horticiiliure. 
 
 per levers are pulled down, the sas^h 
 until the top of the lower portion of the 
 when any further pulling of the levers 
 must raise the whole sash, as shown 
 in Fig, 64. The first downward move- 
 ment of the sash allows the top of the 
 sash to lie under a cap, to prevent 
 leaking." — L. H. Bailey, in American 
 Garden, 8g. 
 
 Automatic Rain- Water Switch. — 
 (Fig. 65.) A is the conductor from 
 the roof, and it terminates in the 
 switch D. B is the pipe leading to 
 the cistern, and C is a flaring receiver 
 constructed to receive one end of the 
 switch, D, when it is tilted in that 
 direction. ^ is a barrel for receiving 
 the first water from the roof, i^ is a 
 float, connected with the switch and 
 raising it by rod G. — Pop. Gar, v. p6. 
 
 is carried downwards 
 lever strikes the sash, 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 Knapsack 
 Pumps . — Sev- 
 e r a 1 knapsack 
 pumps have 
 been introduced 
 during the year, 
 all of which pro- 
 ceed upon the 
 same principles. 
 The Galloway 
 pump (Fig. 66) 
 perhaps c o m - 
 bines more mer- 
 its than any 
 other. The 
 lance nozzle, 
 which is also 
 shown in the fig- 
 ure, is an inven- 
 tion of note (see 
 
Tools and Conveniences of the Year, 
 
 275 
 
 pages 81, 105). Mr. Galloway has also applied paper indu- 
 rated fibre, such as is used in the manufacture of pails and 
 
 other utensils, to the con- 
 struction of knapsack 
 tanks, but so far, tanks of 
 this material have not been 
 placed upon the market. 
 Spraying Device. — (Fig. ^y.) This is a de- 
 vice to which a hose, 5, is attached, and the 
 force of the water drives the liquid insecticide 
 through the rose at the opposite end. 2, 2 
 are stop-cocks. The receptacle, 3, holds two or 
 three quarts, and the insecticide is put in at 4. 
 — Mr. Whiting, in American Florist, v. 368. 
 
 Torch for Destroying Insects. — (Figs. 68, 
 69.) It consists of a small tank which contains 
 the oil, and a tube for holding the wick. The 
 tank is pointed at both ends, to allow of its easy 
 passage among branches; and the tube is bent 
 so that all parts of the tree may be 
 reached. — Jos. Stebel, in Der Praktische 
 Ratgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau, 82'/. 
 
 Adjustable Nozzles. — Two adjust- 
 able nozzles for spra3'ing bushes and 
 trees, made upon a new principle, are 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 Fig. 6g. Fig 68. 
 
276 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 described and figured in Bulletin i 
 
 Fio. 71. 
 
 , Cornell University 
 Experiment Station, 
 40, 41. They proceed 
 upon the principle of 
 compressing the end 
 of a rubber tube. 
 
 Self-Acting Tobac- 
 co Sheets. — Figs. 70, 
 \7i, 72.) McDouwal's 
 tobacco sheet is cellu- 
 lose saturated light 
 tobacco, and which, 
 when burned, gives off 
 strong tobacco fumes, 
 with little heat and no 
 
 noxious gases. Fig. 70 (p. 275) 
 shows the method of lighting and 
 using it in houses. Fig. 71 is a 
 movable screen or cover for trees 
 out of doors, and it is being put 
 in position in Fig. 73. When in 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 position, a tobacco 
 sheet is burned 
 under it. — Garden- 
 ers' Chronicle, Nov. 
 8, 537' 
 
 FUMIGATOR (Fig. 
 
 73). A barrel is 
 filled with tobacco 
 stems, and steam 
 from a steam pipe, 
 A, is conducted into 
 it. By turning the 
 
Tools ajid Conveniences of the Year. 
 
 277 
 
 valve B, a quick and neat fumigation is secured. — A. H. 
 
 Lange, in American Florist, v. 
 336. 
 
 Spraying Outfit. — Bulletin 
 18, Cornell University Experi- 
 ment Station, describes and fig- 
 ures a convenient wheel-barrow 
 tank for use in spraying bushes 
 and other small plants. 
 
 Fumigating Box. — (Fig. 74.) 
 ''There is a piece of zinc in the 
 bottom of the box, to prevent 
 its taking fire from dropping of 
 coals. On this set three flower 
 pots, and on these the pan con- 
 taining the leaves [of tobacco]. 
 The pan should have a hole in 
 it the size of an Q^g, to give suf- 
 . ficient draught so that the leaves 
 will be all consumed." A shelf 
 above the fumes holds the plants 
 to be treated. — America?! Agriculturist, ^4. 
 
 Gopher Trap. — (Fig. -jc^^ A spring trap, set in the bot- 
 tom of a gopher's hole, and which is readily understood by 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Fig. 75. 
 F. L. Washburn, 
 
 in Rural New- 
 
 reference to the cut. 
 Yorker, ^j/. 
 
 Sulphur Gun. — (Fig. 76, page 278) ''Made of two pieces 
 of stove-pipe, the one fitting outside of the other, and working 
 up and down over the other piece, the latter being held firmly 
 with its pointed end in the hole, by one hand grasping the 
 
278 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 long handle, while with the other hand one pumps the fumes 
 down the burrow. B represents a perforated disk fitting into 
 a smaller pipe, and held in place near the lower or conical 
 end, A. It is on this plate that one places pieces of old 
 woolen rags, which are set on fire. Upon this burning mass 
 is poured powdered sulphur. — F. L. Washburn, Rural New- 
 Yorker, 486. 
 
 Fig. 76. 
 
§ II. NECROLOGY OF i8go. 
 
 PETER HENDERSON. 
 
 Peter Henderson, so widely known as a seedsman, gar- 
 dener and florist, died at his home on Arhngton Avenue, 
 Jersey City, on Friday, January 17th. Although he had been 
 suffering from an attack of the prevailing influenza, his ill- 
 ness was not regarded as serious until it turned to pneu- 
 monia. On Thursday evening the symptoms became alarm- 
 ing, and within twelve hours from that time he died. He was 
 born in 1823 in the Scotch village of Pathhead, near Edin- 
 burgh. His father was the land steward of a gentleman in 
 the neighborhood. His early education was obtained in the 
 parish school, where he was successful in obtaining a number 
 
 (279) 
 
28o Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 of prizes. He was always a close observer and had the 
 faculty of turning his observations to good advantage. He 
 early became interested in botany and the arts associated 
 with it, and before he was eighteen years of age had twice 
 obtained the medals offered by the Botanical Society of Edin- 
 burgh for the best herbarium. At sixteen he was appren- 
 ticed to a gardener, and before he came to this country at the 
 age of twenty, he had already written for some of the English 
 horticultural publications. In 1843, with little capital except- 
 ing pluck, industry and a strong constitution, he came to this 
 country, and entered the employ of George Thorburn, Astoria, 
 Long Island. He also worked with the late Robert Buist, and 
 Charles Spang of Pittsburgh. By frugality he accumulated 
 a small capital, and in 1847 he began business as a market 
 gardener in Jersey City.* He worked hard and was success- 
 ful, and for upwards of twenty years this was his principal 
 business. He began the cultivation of ornamental plants, 
 and the business became so great that market gardening was 
 gradually given up. A little later he became a seedsman, 
 and this soon proved the most important part of his business ; 
 at the time of his death he was accounted the most success- 
 ful and widely known seedsman in the country. In 1865 the 
 firm of Henderson & Fleming began business as seedsmen in 
 Nassau street, and afterward it was moved to the present 
 location in Cortlandt, with the firm name so familiar to all 
 gardeners. He was probably the most widely read on matters 
 pertaining to his business of any writer of his time. His 
 contributions were always welcome to any horticultural publi- 
 cation and his books among the best selling published. He 
 always retained an affection for his countrymen and gardeners 
 in general, assisting many of them in different ways. He 
 was a busy man,- but even those nearest him say they could 
 hardly understand how he accomplished so much. He was 
 indefatigable in his efforts to extend his business, his sagacity 
 was rarely at fault, and his activity and observation were 
 ceaseless. His kindly nature and uniform courtesy endeared 
 him to those who met him, even casually, and have been the 
 inspiration of many a young florist. Having a strong consti- 
 tution by nature, he rarely suffered from ill health, a circum- 
 stance which he himself attributed to his practice of spending 
 some hours in the open air each day, working about his 
 
Necrology of i8go. 281 
 
 grounds or superintending others. Although careful, he was 
 liberal, and many benefitted by his kindness. He leaves a 
 widow, two sons and two daughters. — American Garden, Feb. 
 1890, 113. 
 
 The following sketch of Peter Henderson is adapted from 
 a eulogy read before the New York Florists' Club by A. D. 
 Cowan : 
 
 'Born of respectable and industrious parents in the little village of 
 Pathhead, in Midlothian, Scotland, where he received the first rudiments of 
 his education, we find young Henderson at the age of 14 on his way to 
 Edinburgh to fill his first situation, which he held for the next two years. 
 One of the great ambitions of a youth on leaving a provincial school is to 
 obtain a situation in the Scotch capital, and this is given as an explanation 
 of his having started out in life in the employment of an inn-keeper, this 
 being the only position available at the time. In after life he never regret- 
 ted this early experience, which was to some extent instrumental in shaping 
 his future destiny, and he was always proud of having left the business as 
 uncontaminated as when he entered it. Throughout his entire life he was 
 an earnest and devoted friend of the temperance cause, and we know that 
 many workingmen by taking his advice own their own homesteads to-day. 
 His subsequent four years' apprenticeship, served in the gardens of Melville 
 Castle, one of the most noted country seats in Scotland, made him a profi- 
 cient gardener, and having by this time acquired a botanical and mathe- 
 matical education, he had thus become possessed of the groundwork of his 
 career. It was during this period that the attention of botanists was drawn 
 to the young student by his successful competition for the medal offered by 
 the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Society for the best herbarium of native 
 and exotic plants. At the age of 20 he landed on these shores, and it is not 
 strange that an honestly earned reputation preceded him. His services 
 were immediately sought after, and for the next five years he was employed 
 by two of our leading nurserymen, and also in laying out the grounds, 
 planning and supervising the erection of greenhouses for a prominent resi- 
 dent of Pittsburgh. 
 
 "We have now reached the period when the young gardener's reputation 
 for fidelity, industry, and ability was attracting wide attention ; but he 
 wisely concluded at this time to change his occupation to the commercial 
 production of vegetables and flowers, and with the capital which he had 
 accumulated ($500), he bought the stock and appliances of a florist and 
 market gardener's business in the vicinity of Jersey City. This was Peter 
 Henderson's first venture, his establishment consisting of three small green- 
 houses, six cold-frames, and twelve acres for raising vegetables for market. 
 No additions were made to his plant until 1854, when he built another 
 greenhouse ; and he afterwards kept adding to his area of glass until, in 
 1865, it had reached a total of 13 houses. * * * * in 1866 Gardenins^ 
 for Profit appeared, and perhaps to that work more than to any other cause 
 may be ascribed the rapid advance of American vegetable gardening. 
 Peter Henderson at this time was engaged in an occupation which required 
 16 hours of attention a day, most of the work involving manual labor, but 
 
282 Annals of Hortictdture. 
 
 during the short noon intervals and night hours, when his body required 
 rest as did his mind, he wrote Gardening for Profit, lying on his back on the 
 floor with a pillow under his head. Under these circumstances, knowing 
 from living witnesses that he wrote every word of that book, and dictated 
 to an amanuensis the works that followed, I cannot avoid referring at this 
 moment to the reprehensible action of obscure individuals, who under 
 anonymous protection, being unfortunately accorded access to some of our 
 horticultural papers, are trying to cast a doubt upon the genuineness of the 
 author's personal accomplishments. They merely show to the world their 
 jealous rivalry, and their ignorance of the intellectual powers he possessed. 
 To Peter Henderson will belong for generations to come the credit of popu- 
 larizing, improving and developing gardening in the United States. 
 
 "One of the most beautiful traits in his character was his humility. In 
 his public performance, he was entirely destitute of anything like vanity or 
 self-complacency ; and in his private conduct he was remarkably unassuming 
 and retiring. He was never jealous of anyone's success, and always seemed 
 pleased to know of the advancement of a competitor. In truth, Peter 
 Henderson was among the most humble of men, and when his great talents 
 and achievements are contemplated, his manly virtues, his modesty and 
 humility appear pre-eminently conspicuous, and will tend to enhance the 
 estimation in which he was held by his fellow citizens. Briefly as I have 
 referred to these fine qualities, we all know that their source could only be 
 found in a benevolent heart." 
 
 Peter Henderson's work and writings have exercised a 
 profound influence upom American horticulture, particularly 
 upon vegetable gardening. Gardening foi' Profit marks an 
 epoch in market gardening in this country. Nearly 250,000 
 copies of this work have been sold. This was written in one 
 hundred hours, it is said, while the author was closely pressed 
 by many duties ; and to this fact is probably to be ascribed 
 its directness and conciseness. Its influence lay in its sim- 
 plicity and timeliness. In 1868 Practical Floricttlture appeared, 
 and in 1875 Gardening for Pleasure was written. The Ha7id 
 Book of Plants was published in 1881, Garden and Farm 
 Topics and How the Farm Pays, in 1884. Mr. Henderson's 
 contributions to the agricultural press were also considerable. 
 No American writer has written so much to so good purpose 
 upon the common practices of commercial horticulture. 
 
 The influence of his business successes has been felt far 
 and wide among the horticultural trades, and few men, if any, 
 have done so much to simplify and improve the methods 
 of handling plants for commercial purposes. His personal 
 influence was strong and abiding. A fuller account of his life 
 and work has been published in a pamphlet of forty-eight 
 pages by his son, Alfred Henderson. . 
 
Necrology of i8go. 
 
 283 
 
 The portrait on page 279 is a faithful copy of a photograph 
 which is commended by Peter Henderson & Co. as the best 
 one to be had. 
 
 CHARLES GIBB. 
 
 Charles Gibb, whose name is familiar to all who grow fruits 
 in the cold north because of his work upon Russian and other 
 hardy fruits, died in Egypt in March of la grippe, while on his 
 way home from a horticultural trip to China and Japan. The 
 following biographical sketch is written by John Craig, of 
 the Experimental Farm at Ottawa. The above portrait is 
 made from the best photograph of him. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was born at Montreal, on the 29th 
 of June, 1845, and died at Cairo, Egypt, March 8th, 1890 
 His father was a notary by profession who amassed a fortune 
 in Montreal, dying in 1857. The son' s early education began at 
 the high school of that city, going from there to the grammar 
 
284 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 school at Lennoxville, P. Quebec. He entered Bishop's col- 
 lege, Lennoxville, but on the completion of the first year took 
 up work at McGill university, Montreal, where he graduated 
 in 1865, taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts. On account 
 of overwork at college his health was much impaired and eye- 
 sight weakened. After consulting eminent American skill, he 
 went to Europe and placed himself in the hands of the famous 
 oculist Von Graeffe, who recommended a walking tour. Ac- 
 cordingly he set out, accompanied by an old college chum. 
 In this trip they covered Sw^itzerland, Germany, Holland, 
 Norway and Sweden, which improved his health very much. 
 In the winter of 1867-8 he accompanied his uncle, Mr. I. J. 
 Gibb, of Como, P. Quebec, to the East, visiting Constantin- 
 ople, afterwards extending the journey up the Nile as far as 
 the first cataract ; from here going on to Palestine and then to 
 Corfu, returning by Venice and Rome. 
 
 In 1869 he went to Mercersburg, Pa. and bought a peach 
 orchard; coming back to Montreal in 1870, he brought with 
 him the first canned fruit exhibited in the country (one jar 
 of which is still in the possession of Mr. I. J. Gibb, Como, P. 
 Quebec). His interest in fruit culture was now fully awakened 
 and he began to look around for a permanent location for a 
 fruit farm, which he found at Abbotsford, P. Quebec, where 
 he established himself in 1873. From that time till the date 
 of his death he was an active, independent worker in horticul- 
 ture, and being possessed of moderate means, he was enabled 
 to devote his time and money fully to experimental work. 
 His travels were extensive, and included tours of Manitoba 
 and northwest territories, British Columbia, the southern and 
 western states and the West Indies. 
 
 But probably the one of greatest importance, and with which 
 his name will always be connected, was that to Russia in com- 
 pany with Professor J. L. Budd in 1882. This trip was under- 
 taken entirely at his own expense and without any encourage- 
 ment from the Provincial government of Quebec. The results 
 of this journey — a most arduous and costly one — are well 
 known to the horticultural public. Importations of trees, 
 scions and seeds followed, and were distributed among the 
 local societies of the Province and to the system of Dominion 
 Experimental Farms just then being inaugurated. In 1886 
 he went over the same ground again, verifying the work of his 
 
Necrology of i8go. 285 
 
 former trip and making such additional importations as in his 
 added experience he thought advisable. He also, on this 
 journey, made a study of the fruits of Norway, Denmark, 
 Sweden and the adjacent islands. In July, i88g, he left Abbots- 
 ford on what proved to be his last journey. His route was 
 across the continent to British Columbia, taking steamer from 
 that point to Yokohama. It was his intention to make a 
 study of the fruits of northern China, Japan and India. In 
 this he succeeded, though laboring under many difficulties, it 
 being the summer of the many floods in China, which made the 
 mountain roads almost impassable, From China, Japan and 
 India he sent home numerous packages containing seeds and 
 scions of plants which interested him as being useful and orna- 
 mental. It was on reaching Cairo, Egypt — thus completing a 
 tour of the world, having visited tnis point via England in 1867, 
 —that he was attacked by la grippe, which developed into dou- 
 ble pneumonia resulting in death on the 8th of March, after an 
 illness of six days. Writing to friends at home on the 6th, two 
 days before his death, he says : ''I had hoped to have seen 
 you all again, but am ill and do not expect to see Canada 
 again. We do not like to do things this way." It certainly 
 was hard, after accomplishing his self imposed task, to die thus 
 with his face turned toward home. 
 
 He was an active worker in a number of horticultural socie- 
 ties. The Montreal Horticukural Society owes its present 
 prosperous condition to his untiring energy and executive 
 ability. Through his instrumentality several county associa- 
 tions were organized which have aided largely in the dissemi- 
 nation of horticultural knowledge and the furthering of fruit 
 interests. As a member of the Council of Agriculture for Prov- 
 ince of Quebec, he assisted in obtaining grants of money 
 which were of prime importance to the early welfare of these 
 societies. His generous nature was fully exemphfied by con- 
 stant donations in a quiet unostentatious way to various 
 charitable and public institutions. The Redpath Museum of 
 McGill college is indebted to him for many interesting acquisi- 
 tions from Florida, West Indies, China and Japan. 
 
 On his farm, at Abbotsford, he had collected, undoubtedly, 
 the best collection of hardy fruits, trees and ornamental shrubs 
 in Canada. This estate is now in the hands of Wm. Craig, 
 for twenty years his farm manager. 
 
286 Annals of Hoi'ticulture. 
 
 Though cut off in the full vigor of manhood, his life work 
 apparently only fairly begun, he has left many evidences of 
 the careful and painstaking manner by which his horticultural 
 W'Ork was characterized. The following is a list of his most 
 important publications, the principal of which have been pub- 
 lished in the reports of the Montreal Horticultural Society: 
 "Ornamental and Timber Trees not Natives of the Province of 
 Quebec, " being a comprehensive list of those species of possible 
 value to Canadian planters; "Report on Russian Fruits," a 
 plain unvarnished tale giving descriptions and first impressions 
 of the Russian apples and their value ; ''Hasty Notes on the 
 Trees and Shrubs of Northern Europe," a concise descriptive 
 list of the hardiest East European trees and shrubs ; ''Rus- 
 sian Apples Imported by the Department of Agriculture, 
 Washington, in 1870," a laborious work of translating and com- 
 paring Russian opinions with the experience of American 
 growlers; "Nomenclature of the Russian Apples," a work 
 undertaken at the instance of the American Pomological So- 
 ciety, of "Translating and Rendering into Euphonious English 
 Unpronounceable Russian Names, also Throwing out Syno- 
 nyms ;" " Fruits for the Cold North," compiled after personal 
 visits to the principal fruit growing districts of the northwest- 
 ern states, contains a brief description of the varieties best 
 adapted to northern latitudes. In addition to the above, we 
 have from his pen many interesting papers, mostly descrip- 
 tive of new and little known fruits and plants of foreign coun- 
 tries. The Bishop of Quebec writes of him : " He was one 
 of my first boys at Lennoxville, and I have always had a most 
 affectionate remembrance of him. Mr. Williams and I en- 
 joyed beyond description a visit of a few days to him at Ab- 
 botsford, but indeed all my remembrances of him were colored 
 by the atmosphere of his kindly and genial nature. He had, 
 too, a force of character which is something far higher than 
 good nature, and which, directed as it was to the improvement 
 of our fruit culture, made him a public benefactor, and I was 
 proud of him." 
 
 Professor J. L. Budd, of Ames, Iowa, wTites : "The one 
 thing that struck me most forcibly in my long and close rela- 
 tions with him w^as his modesty of character. He contributed 
 ^500 towards my expenses (Russian trip), yet he at first con- 
 veyed the impression that the sum was furnished by the friends 
 
Necrology of i8go. 287 
 
 of horticulture in Quebec, and when he found that 1 knew 
 it to be a private donation, he positivel}^ refused to permit me 
 to make it public. In his relations with me and the public, 
 he wished to do the greatest possible good, sub-rosa. There 
 literally was no selfishness in his composition, so far as I was 
 ever able to discover." 
 
 Mr. Gibb, though physically far from robust, by strictly tem- 
 perate habits and being of an active, energetic and persever- 
 ing temperament, accomplished vastly more in the same space 
 than many gifted by nature with greater strength. His most 
 prominent characteristic was extreme modesty, ever shrinking 
 from public eulogy of his own work. His deeds of charity will 
 make his name long remembered. As a public speaker he did 
 not excel, but as a conversationalist his manner and expression 
 of thought were charming. As a man of sterling integrity and 
 a public benefactor his name will linger long in the memory of 
 the Canadian people whom he loved. 
 
 PATRICK BARRY. 
 
 The death of Patrick Barry, June 23, of the firm of EU- 
 wanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, removed the most 
 commanding figure in recent American horticulture. He was 
 a man of strong personality, clear perception and great integ- 
 rity, and his opinion alwa3^s exerted wide influence. He was 
 one of the greatest and best known nurserymen of the century. 
 He entered the nursery business when American horticulture 
 was 3'oung, and when there was need of a commanding per- 
 sonality to extend and popularize it. Along with the Down- 
 ings, Prince, Parsons and others, he was a pioneer. He helped 
 to build up a great business which is not only a commanding 
 financial success but a stimulus to ah to grow fruits and orna- 
 mental plants. He did much to give standing and stability to 
 the nursery business throughout the country. 
 
 Mr. Barry was also well-known as a horticultural writer. 
 In his early years his pen was prolific, especially in an editorial 
 way. He was once editor of the famous Horticulturist, and 
 later he was horticultural editor of the Genesee Farmer. In 
 his later years he became widely known among pomologists 
 from his work on the fruit catalogue of the American Pomo- 
 loo^ical Societv. This was work in a new field. But his most 
 
288 Aiuials of Horticulture. 
 
 important literar}^ work is the Fruit Garden, which first ap- 
 peared many years ago, and which in its revised edition is one 
 of our best and most popular books upon fruit culture. All 
 his work was strong and inspiring. His memory will long 
 remain a great inspiration to horticulturists. 
 
 For more than thirty years and until his death, Mr. Barry 
 was president of the Western New York Horticultural Society; 
 he was also president of the New York Agricultural Society, 
 and one of the board of control of the State Agricultural 
 Experiment Station ; president of the Rochester City & 
 Brighton Railroad Co., of the Flour City National Bank, 
 Mechanics Savings Bank, Rochester Gas Co. and Powers 
 Hotel Co. 
 
 The following tribute is from John Hall, secretary of the 
 Western New York Horticultural Society, of which Mr. Barry 
 was so long president. It first appeared in The Af?ierican 
 Garden for August : 
 
 It is impossible to do full justice to the life and work of Mr. Barry. He 
 was born in Ireland, near the city of Belfast, in 1816. After receiving a 
 liberal education, he emigrated to this country at the age of twenty years. 
 Entering the employ of the Princes, of Flushing, -Long Island, as a clerk, 
 he devoted his time and energies to his chosen occupation, and in the 
 remarkably short space of four years had acquired a very thorough knowl- 
 edge of the nursery business as it then existed. 
 
 In 1840 he moved to Rochester, N. Y., where he formed a partnership 
 with George Ellwanger. The young firm started business with seven acres 
 of land, known as the Mount Hope nurseries, and now of world-wide repu- 
 tation. The young horticulturists of to-day find themselves the possessors 
 of an inheritance secured to them through the privations and vexations of 
 years of patient and persistent effort by the firm with which the late Mr. 
 Barry was identified. 
 
 In those early days these pioneers found themselves in a new country, 
 possessing no collections of fruit, with no telegraphic or cable facilities, 
 with no railroads or fast ocean steamers, and separated from the Old World 
 by a distance which then required almost as many weeks to traverse as days 
 now suffice. Necessarily, therefore, many weeks and months were spent in 
 the effort to procure new stocks, both in Germany and France, which, when 
 gathered, were transported to the sea-ports by stage coach, and thence con- 
 veyed by sailing vessels to the New World. When the young firm started 
 to budding trees they were sneered at, and called fools and lunatics for their 
 pains. Such were some of the difficulties encountered by these men in the 
 efforts to introduce new stocks into this country. But they persevered, and 
 Mr. Barry was identified with the growth of horticulture to the present 
 time, having succeeded in giving to the American people the most desirable 
 plants that can be successfully grown upon its soil. Every new apple and 
 pear was imported from abroad and tested, in order to determine its quality 
 
Patrick Barry. 
 
290 A7i7ials of Horticiiliu7'e . 
 
 and adaptability to the climate before it was placed upon the market. It 
 IS safe to say that no other nursery firm in the country pursued such a 
 course ; nor, indeed, is it now so necessary, since the United States govern- 
 ment and individual states, as well as some colleges, have established 
 experiment stations for the purpose of continuing just such work as the firm 
 of Ellwanger & Barry inaugurated forty years ago. 
 
 Mr. Barry occupied numerous positions of prominence and trust in the 
 state and in the "flour city," and was identified with many enterprises 
 which have helped to make Rochester the prosperous city it now is. For 
 more than thirty years he was the president, and a most liberal patron of 
 the Western New York Horticultural Society, and in his last communica- 
 tion to that body, at its annual meeting in January last, he thus expressed 
 himself: "And now a word as to the presidency. You have given me 
 this post of honor for a very long period of years ; I am no longer able to 
 perform its duties, and lay it down with profound gratitude, and with an 
 affectionate regard for the society and every individual member." But the 
 assembled horticulturists with one voice declared that so long as Patrick 
 Barry was able to write "yours truly," so long he should be continued as 
 their president. 
 
 In an editorial, a Rochester paper thus referred to Mr. Barry: "He 
 was a man of exceptionally strong character. The slightest contact with 
 him elicited some manifestation of personal power. He was straightfor- 
 ward in his methods, honorable in his purposes, and of an integrity that 
 would not tolerate even the suspicion of indiscretion. In private and public 
 affairs he was a stern, aggressive personality whose influence went always 
 for what was honest, genuine, and true ; and in his loss the community 
 loses not simply an individual life but a moral force." And the bishop of 
 the church with which Mr. Barry worshipped, as he stood by his casket, 
 thus beautifully made reference to the dead horticulturist: "This man 
 and the others associated with him raised the occupation to which they 
 devoted their life work to the dignity of a liberal profession, not manual or 
 clerical, but a profession that needed long years of study and careful appli- 
 cation. By intellectual labor and by extensive reading, he contributed to 
 make their profession worthy to be called one of the libeial professions — 
 raising those who were engaged in it above their fellow men ;" and again, 
 "he ruled in his household wisely, conscientiously, lovingly, as a man 
 should rule in it." 
 
 Such was Patrick Barry, a man to whom every lover of horticulture 
 owes a debt of gratitude that can best be acknowledged by constant efforts 
 to perpetuate his example. 
 
 He leaves a widow, one daughter and three sons. 
 
 The portrait on page 289 is commended b_v W. C. Barry as 
 a good likeness of his late father. 
 
Necrology of i8go. 
 
 291 
 
 GEORGE THURBER. 
 
 Dr. Thurber, long known to all lovers of rural life as one 
 of our most genial writers, died in April. The following 
 sketch of him was prepared by Dr. Byron D. Halsted, of Rut- 
 gers College, who knew him long and intimately. The por- 
 trait is a faithful interpretation of the most characteristic pho- 
 tograph extant. 
 
 George Thurber, A. M,, M. D., a brief sketch of whose life and labors 
 is herewith recorded, was born in Providence, R. I., on September 2, 1821, 
 and died at his home near Passaic, N. J., on April 2 of the present year, 
 and was, therefore, in the 69th year of his age. In ancestral lines he was 
 of Scotch descent. As a boy he possessed a special fondness for natural 
 history, and after enjoying a partial course in the Union Classical and En- 
 gineering School of Providence, he became interested in pharmacy and 
 served an apprenticeship as an apothecary, at the end of which period he 
 engaged in that business for himself and was soon a master of the history 
 and derivation of every drug in his store. During this time he became en- 
 thusiastic in chemistry and botany in addition to his strictly pharmaceutical 
 studies. His appointment soon after, as lecturer upon chemistry at the 
 Franklin Society of his native city, is sufficient evidence of the early prog- 
 ress in sciences of the rising apothecary. A copy of Turner's chemistry 
 in the possession of his relatives shows that it was a present to him by his 
 class in 1840, or when he was only nineteen years of age. While fond of 
 the natural sciences in general, he found his greatest delight in botany, a 
 branch of science congenial with his occupation, and particularly adapted 
 
292 
 
 Aiuials of Horticulture. 
 
 to his comprehensive mind. At a very early age his love for collecting and 
 classifying plants grew to be an absorbing passion, and he soon took a high 
 rank among American botanists and became, while yet a young man, closely 
 associated with Drs. Torrey, Gray and Englemann, and others of that noble 
 order of scientists. These well-sustained relations opened up a new career 
 for Mr. Thurber, for in 1850 his desire for exploration was realized by an 
 appointment to the position of botanist, to which were added those of quar- 
 termaster and commissary, upon the United States and Mexican boundary 
 survey under Commissioner J. R. Bartlett. During four years he was ac- 
 tively engaged in exploration along the boundary of the United States from 
 the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. Much of the territory passed over 
 was unknown to science, and with his strong love for plants, it is needless 
 to say that Thurber made valuable contributions to American botany. In 
 Commissioner Bartlett's own words, " He was indefatigable in his exertions 
 to make thorough examinations and complete collections of everything be- 
 longing to his department." Many of the more important of Thurber's 
 discoveries in botany formed the basis of the historic contribution by Dr. 
 Gray, namely : " Plantae Novae Thurbereanse," published in 1854. At that 
 time the honor of a new genus was conferred upon the discoverer in a plant 
 of the mallow family, Thiirberia thespesioides, which Thurber found in 
 Sonora. Later it was determined that this genus was included in gossypium, 
 and Mr. Bentham afterwards, in the journal of the Linnaean Society, xix. 
 58, dedicated another genus to Thurber, comprising grasses of our south- 
 western country of which the Thiirberia Arkansana (Bentham), figured in 
 the recent work "Grasses of the Southwest," by Dr. Vasey, is a member. 
 The exceeding appropriateness of this choice of a generic name will be fully 
 appreciated in the light of further facts connected with Thurber's extensive 
 and critical work done upon American grasses, to be mentioned later. 
 
 During the boundary survey Thurber, among his many interesting dis- 
 coveries, found a species of pilostyles, a small parasite upon the shoots of 
 leguminous plants, and consisting mostly of buds and flowers developing 
 directly from the bark of the host. Drs. Torrey and Gray could scarcely 
 believe the truthfulness of Thurber's remarkable discovery and determina- 
 tion, but became fully convinced after a full investigation of the curious 
 subject. 
 
 The honorary and well-merited degree of Master of Arts was conferred 
 upon Thurber by Brown University upon his return to Providence at the 
 close of the boundary commission. Soon after, largely because Dr. Torrey 
 was its chief, he accepted a position in the United States assay office in New 
 York, for which his previous knowledge of chemistry was able to fit him 
 without further preparation, which indicates the thoroughness of Thurber's 
 early study and the retentiveness of his remarkable memory. In 1856 the 
 position was resigned on account of political differences, and. we have in 
 this a characteristic illustration of the honesty and sincerity of Thurber's 
 whole nature. When asked for a contribution to the campaign fund of the 
 party in power, a usual thing in such places, Thurber, strongly in sympathy 
 with the abolition movement and a supporter of Fremont, inquired if it was 
 an invitation or a demand, and upon learning it was of the latter class, at 
 once tendered his resignation. In no one was there ever a keener sense of 
 justice, and his strict adherence to duty often cost him hardships which he 
 bore as a martyr. Almost at once he became lecturer upon botany and 
 
Necrology of i8go. 293 
 
 materia medica in the College of Pharmacy of the city of New York, and 
 also established connection with the Cooper Union as lecturer upon botany 
 and allied subjects, while at the same time prosecuting his study of the 
 Mexican boundary collection of plants, the results of which were published 
 in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 
 
 The degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him in 1859 by 
 the New York Medical College, and in the same year Dr. Thurber accepted 
 the professorship of botany and horticulture in the Michigan Agricultural 
 College, a position which he filled with great credit to the institution and 
 himself until his resignation in 1863, when he assumed the editorship of the 
 American Agriculturist, which honorable and difficult position he held with 
 singular success for twenty-two years, when he was forced by failing health 
 to relinquish the active control of the journal, while still contributing to its 
 columns and aiding substantially in its management by his wide experience 
 and wise counsel. 
 
 While Dr. Thurber has done a vast amount of solid work as explorer, 
 lecturer, professor and scientist, it was as editor that he performed the great- 
 est work for the American people. An editor who is well able to judge has 
 said; " His writings were characterized always by sound common sense, 
 based on exact knowledge of many subjects, and they did more, in his time, 
 to elevate the standing of the agricultural and horticultural press of the 
 country than the writings of any other man." 
 
 Soon after assuming his editorial labors, and in order that they might be 
 the more complete and effective, he established himself upon a few acres in 
 a retired place near Passaic, N. J., which he styled " The Pines," after a 
 small grove of stately trees located near his house. Here, with a sister and 
 brother-in-law, Mr. George C. Woolson, and their two children, very dear 
 to him, he spent the last years of his life. While he did not usually write 
 under his own name, he was well and favorably known as the author of the 
 " Notes from the Pines," in which he shared with the public the pleasure 
 he took in his extensive ornamental grounds and experimental gardens. 
 The careful use of his test grounds furnished the foundation facts for much 
 that he wrote, and accounts, in part, for the remarkable accuracy that char- 
 acterized all his contributions. For extent and accuracy, these papers are 
 conspicuous in horticulture for the botanical information that was contained 
 in them. A second series of papers was the " Doctor's Talks," which he 
 contributed for years without interruption. And with his rare faculty 
 of clear explanation, these columns for the boys and girls were models of 
 their kind and read with profit by old as well as young. Thousands of now 
 grown up men and women will long hold in grateful remembrance the 
 name of "The Doctor," over which title appeared from month to month 
 much solid science in the garb of clear, charming diction. He possessed 
 a remarkable fondness for children, seemed to fully appreciate their needs, 
 and loved to instruct them in a thousand useful ways. This is perhaps all 
 the more remarkable as he never married, and best of all, never grew old. 
 
 Dr. Thurber revised and in part re-wrote Darlington's "Agricultural Bo- 
 tany, " which was subsequently published under the title of ' 'American Weeds 
 and Useful Plants," and still remains the standard work upon the subjects 
 treated therein. In his strictly botanical wcrk, much of which had a strong 
 practical bias. Dr. Thurber had a particular fondness for the grasses, and 
 he early conceived the design of preparing a book upon this great family of 
 
294 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 plants as represented in America. While editorial duties and failing health 
 prevented the accomplishment of this great task for which he was so well 
 prepared, he was able to do much for his beloved science. For example, 
 he contributed all the botanical papers in the Appleton's New American 
 Cyclopedia, a work the usefulness of which can only be known by those 
 who saw how much of botanical error and untruth were published in the 
 original edition. He was the author of nearly a hundred pages upon the 
 graminae in the "Botany of California." 
 
 There is a vast amount of substantial scientific work that cannot be out- 
 lined here, for it was done in connection with his oversight of the publica- 
 tion of hundreds of rural books upon a wide range of subjects by the firm 
 with which he was so long associated — The Orange Judd Company. 
 
 In 1880 Dr. Thurber, accompanied by his lifelong friend, Dr. M. Miles, 
 spent a few months in Europe, where he met many of his former corres- 
 pondents and friends in the botanical and horticultural world. Nearly all 
 the letters of condolence from these friends across the ocean contain com- 
 plimentary words of Thurber's important visit to their countries. It was 
 his wish to travel, but his heavy frame and rheumatic limbs made long jaunts 
 painful to him, and, therefore, he was almost always at home and at work. 
 
 He was a life member and vice president of the American Pomological 
 Society, and presided at the Atlanta meeting. To the botanists of his own 
 city he was best known as the long-time president of the Torrey Botanical 
 Club, the immediate successor of his old friend and botanical adviser for 
 whom the club is named. Dr. John Torrey. He was president of the New 
 Jersey Horticultural Society, member of both the New York and the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Sciences, and various other societies. 
 
 As a worker, Dr. Thurber was indefatigable and rested only when he 
 could work no longer. He knew neither day nor night so long as his 
 strength lasted. " Not infrequently would his labors continue through the 
 night, the hours uncounted, until the family rising perhaps late Sunday 
 morning, would find him still engaged at his writing, the rays of his lamp 
 mingling unnoticed with those of the sun." During the last years of his 
 life it was a custom to have his couch by the side of his table, where he 
 would work to exhaustion and then retire until strength was gained sufficient 
 to resume his task. 
 
 As an editor, Dr. Thurber always held broad and liberal views of every 
 important question that bore upon the best interests of his constituents. 
 His contempt for anything that favored of sham was unbounded, while his 
 praise of worthy objects and honest men was equally generous. As the 
 writer of the "Humbug columns," he made his journal the terror of 
 swindlers and charlatans, and largely because of his straightforward, truth- 
 ful and convincing exposures in well-chosen words that cut like a knife. 
 Although frequently tempted by alluring offers, he would not grant an un- 
 scrupulous advertiser space in his journal. In short, his abhorrence of 
 quackery and adulteration was such that even in the smallest matters he 
 took all possible precautions to discourage and condemn them. For example, 
 he had his own little hand pepper-mill at table, and ground out upon the 
 spot, frequently with words of commendation of the principle at stake, the 
 condiment needed for his viands. His intense love for getting at the solid 
 underlying facts of things sometimes almost made him uncomfortable. 
 This is humorously illustrated in his not being able to enjoy his green peas 
 
Necrology of i8go. 
 
 295 
 
 at dinner if he could not be assured of the name of the variety. Into 
 everything, and particularly his editorial work, he carried this desire for 
 exactness and bottom facts. 
 
 The following brief extracts from a large number of notices of our 
 friend's life serve to emphasize the statements already made in this sketch 
 Beginning from across the ocean, Maxwell T. Masters, editor of 'J'he Gar- 
 deners' Chronicle, writes; "Thurber did excellent work as a botanist, whilst 
 as editor he occupied a unique position and delighted and instructed thou- 
 sands who knew nothing of his personality and were ignorant even of the 
 Doctor's name." 
 
 The American Agriculturist records these words for its revered editor • 
 "Few men, if any, have exerted so powerful an influence on progressive 
 American agriculture as has Dr. Thurber." 
 
 In the 'lorrey Bulletin the following, among appropriate words by Dr. 
 Rusby, may be found: " Graminology was his well-known specialty and 
 there were few, either in this country or abroad, who were his equals.'' 
 
 The leader in the Garden and Forest for April 9 opens as follows : "The 
 death of Dr. Geo. Thurber ends the career of the most accomplished hor- 
 ticultural writer America has produced." 
 
 In person Dr. Thurber was remarkably conspicuous, while at the same 
 time extremely modest and retiring. As a young man when starting out 
 upon the Boundary Commission he was like an arrow in straightness fully 
 SIX feet in height, broad shouldered, fair in complexion and remarkably 
 handsome. His face, as familiar to the writer in later life, was brim full of 
 kindness and sunshine, and with his massive head and long flowing hair 
 "The Doctor" was "the observed of all observers" wherever he might be 
 His conversation was animated and ofttimes brilliant, full of a mother's 
 tenderness and pity for the unfortunate, and reeking with sarcasm for the 
 pretender in any form. He suffered wrong in silence when he only was 
 concerned, but would always champion the cause of the injured and 
 oppressed. When he returned from Mexico on the Boundary Commission 
 he brought with him a youth of Chihauhua, who for some time attended 
 school at Thurber's suggestion and expense. And so it was throughout his 
 life._ He was ever doing some kindness to others, often to his own incon- 
 venience. His open heartedness prevailed at all times when there was any 
 genuine call for sympathy. In short, genial and generous, great in knowl- 
 edge, patient in work, keen of perception, kind hearted, frank and true 
 sound m judgment, with a most retentive memory, sensitive and sympa- 
 thetic, considerate and courageous, such are some of the sterling qualities 
 which combined to make up our revered scientific editor and friend It is 
 men of this stamp who make the world better while they live and long 
 after, but sadden with a deep loss the lives of many when they pass away 
 To have the intimate friendship of such, is to dwell in the companionship 
 of great souls. ^ 
 
 Severe labors and accompanying exposure during the four years upon the 
 frontier were largely responsible for the rheumatism to which Dr Thurber 
 was a victim for many years. This and overwork paved the way for more 
 serious troubles that nearly incapacitated him for labor during his last few 
 years, and entailed much pain and suffering from which death only could 
 relieve him. ^ 
 
 He was buried in the Swan Point cemetery, overlooking a beautiful valley 
 near Providence, R. I., where in early life he first began a career of bot- 
 anizing that reached across the continent, and the results around the world 
 
296 A?i7ials of Horticulhire . 
 
 PETER KIEFFER. 
 
 Peter Kieffer, the originator of the Kieffer pear, died at 
 Roxborough, Philadelphia, November 7th. He was born in 
 Alsace in 1812, and came to America in 1834. The following 
 account of him is from his friend, Thomas Meehan : 
 
 "Mr. Peter Kieffer was a near neighbor of mine. He was, when a young 
 man, educated as a gardener, and I may say highly educated, much above 
 the average class. He came to America from Alsace. He was of French 
 descent. He was gardener for many years at Mount Airy to Mr. James 
 Gowen, long known as President of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural 
 Society, and kept up his connections with friends in the Old World, oc- 
 casionally introducing rare plants and trees, many of which are still existing 
 in Germantown. Being of a frugal and saving disposition, after some years 
 he had means enough to purchase a few acres of ground near here, on which 
 he established a nursery and market garden. Among his introductions was 
 the Chinese Sand pear. His land here increased in value to such an extent 
 that he sold it for a considerable advance, and with the proceeds bought a 
 farm near Roxborough, about three miles from where I now live ; on this 
 ground he transplanted some of his Sand pears, planting them among some 
 Bartlett pear trees. The branches of the Bartlett pears and the Chinese 
 Sand pears intermixed. There was a great demand for Sand pear trees by 
 the neighbors for ornamental gardening, on account of the delightful odor 
 of the fruit, besides the thrifty, healthy growth of the foliage, and he raised 
 seedlings from his trees in order to supply this demand. On one occasion 
 he noticed among the seedlings one with somewhat different foliage than 
 the rest ; this he saved for himself, and when it bore fruit, the one which 
 we now know as Kieffer pear was the result. It is, of course, only guessed 
 at from this that the Kieffer pear is a hybrid between the Sand pear and 
 the Bartlett. I mention this because some have contended that this is not 
 a hybrid, but simply a sport, without any real intermixture of pollen from 
 the Bartlett tree. Of course, we are all entitled to our opinion, and my 
 opinion is, that it is really a hybrid. Mr. Kieffer was a very generous man, 
 child-like and unsuspecting in his disposition, and, though he knew the great 
 value of this fruit, he seldom resisted applications for grafts or cuttings, and 
 though hundreds of thousands of dollars have been made by different parties 
 by the sale and distribution of the Kieffer, it is probable that he never made 
 many dollars out of it for himself. Mr. Kieffer's knowledge of gardening 
 was of a very high order ; he knew how to ripen pears, and it is a remark- 
 able fact that no matter what the season or what the crop, Kieffer pears dis- 
 tributed by Mr. Kieffer were always of the highest excellence. I never 
 knew a Kieffer pear to come from Mr. Kieffer that one would not say was of 
 a higher character than almost any pear that he ever ate; but those who 
 know no more of the art of gardening than to put in a tree, and let it mature 
 of itself, without any help at all on the part of the grower, conclude that 
 Kieffer pears are scarcely worth eating. Undoubtedly these pears are of 
 no account in the way of excellence as we usually find them, but in Mr. 
 Kiefier's hands this pear was something to remember with keen pleasure 
 after having once eaten it. 
 
Necrology of i8go. 
 
 297 
 
 "Peter Kieffer spelled his name as here written, and pronounced it as if 
 written Kifer, the e in the first syllable being silent. Discussions are con- 
 tinually going on that he ought to have pronounced his name in a different 
 manner, following the German rule, but Mr. Kieffer was not a German, but 
 a Frenchman, and I suppose would be justified in judging for himself how 
 his name should be pronounced." f 
 
 Dr. C. C. Parry, one of the most indefatigable of Ameri- 
 can botanical explorers and collectors, died at his home in 
 Davenport, Iowa, February 20th, from pneumonia following 
 influenza. He began his explorations in 1849 as one of David 
 Dale Owen's party to survey Wisconsin. The next year he 
 was with the Mexican boundary survey. From that time until 
 his death his labors were unceasing, and he added greatly to 
 the knowledge of western botany. Dr. Parry was born in 
 England, in 1823. 
 
 * 
 Sidney Wilkinson, manager in the seed house of Henry A. 
 Dreer, Philadelphia, died March 28th. He was born in Prov- 
 idence, R. I., in 1851. 
 
 Charles E. Hitchings, one of the firm of Hitchings & Co., 
 manufacturers of greenhouse heaters and supplies, died 
 December 31, 1889, at 37 years of age. 
 
 Oscar K. Kreinberg died early in January, at his home in 
 Philadelphia, of influenza. He was well known as a grower 
 of out-door summer flowers. 
 
 ^ ^t % ^ ¥: ^ 
 
 R. C. Affaurtit, an editor of the Dutch journal Sempervi- 
 rens, died Feb. ist, at 65 years of age. 
 
 . Dr. Ralph Ainsworth, formerly a member of the Council 
 of the Manchester Royal Botanical Society, died aged 79 
 years. He was deeply interested in orchids, and Dendrobium 
 AinswortJiii was raised in his collection. 
 
 t It is evident that the name should be pronounced Keef'-r, after the German method for 
 It IS a German name. A true French pronunciation would be neither Keefer nor Kifer 
 In Alsace the name would ordinarily be pronounced with a long e even by Frenchmen.-^ 
 L. H. B. 
 
 A. H. — 21 
 
298 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 
 SHIRLEY HIBBERD. 
 
 Shirley Hibberd died at Kew, November i6th, aged 66 
 years. He was a well-known writer on horticultural subjects, 
 having published many books, among the most important of 
 which are Bramble and Bay Leaves, Rustic Ador?wie7its, Fer?i 
 Garden, The Ivy, Town Gai'den 2.ndi Ainateu)-'' s Rose Book. At the 
 time of his death he was editor of the Ga?'deners' Magazine. He 
 had filled this position for thirty years and raised the magazine 
 to its present state of excellence. 
 
 Mr. Hibberd was born at Stepney, England, in 1825. He 
 was intended for a bookseller, but early turned his attention 
 to literary work, in which he continued uninterruptedly until 
 his death. He wrote upon a great variety of subjects, some 
 of them historical. He was one of the most accomplished 
 men who ever adorned horticultural professions, and his ex- 
 ample must always remain an inspiration. 
 
 The above portrait of Mr. Hibberd is reproduced from the 
 Journal of Horticulture. 
 
Necrology of i8go. 
 
 299 
 
 BENJAMIN S. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Benjamin Samuel Williams died June 23, aged 68 years. 
 He was born at Hoddesdon, England, and at the age of 14 
 entered the celebrated garden of John Warner, where his 
 father was long employed as a gardener. At the age of 20 he 
 entered the lists as an exhibitor, and soon acquired fame as a 
 cultivator and exhibitor of the pansy. He next took up the 
 ranunculus, and very soon launched out into floriculture of a 
 comprehensive kind, accomplishing wonders with the aid of 
 a few frames to enable him to grow flowers for exhibition in 
 March and April. His ambition growing with his talent, he 
 soon became an exhibitor of vegetables and fruits in the neigh- 
 boring towas. 
 
 He soon felt the scarcity of books, and resolved that he 
 
300 A7i7ials of Hortiadture. 
 
 would do something to provide gardeners with truthful infor- 
 mation in the department to which he was now giving special 
 attention, and he became a careful note-taker, accumulating 
 material towards the object in view. 
 
 In the year 1852, Messrs. Chapman & Hall published Mr. 
 Williams first book, which was none other than his now fa- 
 mous " Orchid Growers' Manual." Other books followed on 
 <' Ferns and Lycopods," "Stove and Greenhouse Plants," 
 and the *' Orchid Album," all of them characterized by sound- 
 ness of teaching, a generous breadth of view of every subject 
 treated, convenience of arrangement, and all that is implied 
 in the term "good book-making." 
 
 A considerable part of his labors has been bestowed in the 
 formation and management of the Victoria and Paradise nur- 
 series, first in Hornsey and later at Upper Holloway, where 
 his son became his partner. Here orchids certainly take the 
 lead, and the collection is, for the present, the best monument 
 of the skill, taste and business energy of an honored veteran, 
 whose like we may not for many years look upon again. — 
 Adapted from the Gardefiers' Magazi?ie. 
 
 The portrait of Mr. Williams is reproduced from The Gar- 
 deners' Chronicle. 
 
 James Backhouse, director of the York Nurseries, died in 
 September, aged 65 years. He was one of the most promi- 
 nent of English horticulturists. 
 
 W. H. Baxter, formerly curator of the Oxford Botanic 
 Gardens, died June ig, aged 74 years. He was associated 
 with Mr. Loudon, and was a constant writer for horticultural 
 papers. 
 
 Henry Bennett died at his home in Shepperton, England, 
 August 12, from heart disease. He was one of the most suc- 
 cessful and best known growers of seedling roses. He 
 began life as a general farmer, but finding it somewhat un- 
 profitable, undertook rose culture. Among his most famous 
 roses are Her Majesty, Mrs. John Laing, Princess Beatrice, 
 Grace Darling, Viscountess Folkstone, Lady Mary Fitzwilli- 
 am, Earl of Pembroke, Cleopatra and Captain Hayward. He 
 
Necrology of i8go. 301 
 
 visited this country in 1887 and attended the meeting of the 
 Society of American Florists at Chicago, where he met with a 
 warm reception. 
 
 Theodor Bernhardt, formerly director at the Botanic 
 Gardens at Erfurt, died in the latter part of November, 1889, 
 aged 80 years. 
 
 * * 
 
 John M. Braidwood, of the forest department, Naini Fal, 
 India, died, aged 50 years. 
 
 Alphonse Du Breuil, one of the most popular authors on 
 arboriculture, died in May, aged 80 years. He held many 
 important positions under the government, and in 1846 pub- 
 lished A Course in Arboriculture. He also assisted Mr. Girar- 
 din in writing the Course in AgriculturCy and was also connected 
 with the Revue Horticole. In 1853 and following years, the 
 French Minister of Agriculture employed him to travel over 
 France for the purpose of giving instruction in the cultivation 
 of fruit trees. His influence upon the horticulture of France 
 was very great. He is known to English readers through the 
 translation of the Tliomery System of Grape Culture (New York), 
 contained in his Cours (T Arboriculture, and William Wardle's 
 translation (London), Scientific and Profitable Culture of Fruit 
 Trees, Du Breuil was born at Rouen in 181 1, in the botanic 
 garden of which his father was head gardener. 
 
 D. Buehler, landscape gardener at Lausanne, died March 
 18, aged 79 years. 
 
 Dr. Alexander von Bunge died June i8th, aged 87 years. 
 He was a Russian botanist of great note, and he did much to 
 extend our knowledge of the plants of many remote regions. 
 
 W. Caudmell, F. R. H. S., died March 22, aged 67 years. 
 He was well known as a grower of primroses and hardy garden 
 flowers. 
 
302 
 
 Annals of Horticulhire. 
 
 William Chapman died September 25, aged 76 years. He 
 was commonly known as "Pear Chapman," from his success 
 in raising and exhibiting hardy fruits. 
 
 5H 
 
 Dr. E. Cosson, a celebrated French botanist, died Septem- 
 ber 30, 1890, in his 70th year. Immediately after receiving 
 his degree of doctor of medicine, he studied the plants around 
 Paris, and published the Flora of the Vicinity of Paris, which 
 has remained a classic treatise. He continually contributed 
 articles to papers, and at different times published the results 
 of his labors in Algiers and Tunis. 
 
 * * 
 
 * 
 
 Jules Courtois, one of the most respected horticulturists 
 of France, died December 25, 1889, at the age of 76 years. 
 He was one of the most distinguished pupils of Mr. Hard}-, 
 gardener-in-chief at Luxemburg, and later he tried to spread 
 the excellent principles received from his teacher. He zeal- 
 ously tried to introduce practical courses in fruit culture in the 
 department of Eure-et-Loir ; and at the same time he founded 
 the Society of Horticulture and Viticulture of Eure-et-Loir, 
 to which he afterwards bequeathed 25,000 francs, 
 
 Adolf Credner died May 7, aged 39 years. He first be- 
 came known through his winter flowers, which he exhibited 
 in January, 1881, at Berlin. Later he became connected with 
 L. Moller's Deutscher Gartnerzeitimg, and finally with the firm 
 of Haage & Schmidt. 
 
 George Deal, of the firm John Weeks & Co., horticultur- 
 al builders, Chelsea, died June 30, aged 56 years. 
 
 Friederich Georg Donat, gardener of Count Carl von 
 Schoenburg-Forderglauchau, died March 17, at the Castle 
 Wechselburg on the Mulde. 
 
 Francis Dumur died recently at Moscow, Russia, aged 76 
 years. He was for twenty-four years head gardener of Mos- 
 cow. 
 
Necrology of i8go. 303 
 
 JosiAH Goodwin died June 3, aged 70 years. He was form- 
 erly the editor of the Joi/rnal of the Bath and West of England 
 Agricultural Society and of the four nal of the Royal Agricultural 
 Society. 
 
 * 
 Octave Gravot, chief of a section in the firm of Vilmorin, 
 Andrieux & Co, died August 17th, in Paris. 
 
 Mr. Grun, university gardener at Strassburg, in Els, died 
 Februrary i6th, aged 40 years. 
 
 Thomas Harrison, Sr., of the firm of Harrison & Sons, died 
 at Leicester, England, aged 75 3'ears. 
 
 Enoch Harvey died October ist, aged 64 years. Mr. 
 Harvey was senior member of the firm Harvey, Alsop, Stevens 
 & Harvey. He was a devoted lover of herbaceous and alpine 
 plants, and was for many years chairman of the Liverpool 
 Horticultural Company. His loss will be deeply felt by 
 orchid growers. 
 
 Seraphin van den Heede, commercial gardener at Lille, 
 France, died, aged 79 years. 
 
 William Holmes, of London, died September i8th, aged 
 38 years. He was a prominent landscape gardener and con- 
 tractor. 
 
 Mr. Houllett, for a long time superintendent of the green- 
 houses in the Botanical Garden of Paris, died in his 75th 
 year. The genus of orchids, Houlletia, was named in his 
 honor. 
 
 William Humphries, for twenty-six years head gardener at 
 Wimpole Hall, died, aged 68 years. 
 
 Herman Jager, the most popular German gardener and hor- 
 ticultural writer, died January 5th, aged 74 years. 
 
304 Annals of Horiiailtnre. 
 
 Mr. Jager was born at Munchenbersdorf, Saxe-Weimar. 
 He visited Switzerland, Itaty, and particularly France, where 
 he worked a long time. On his return home he was ap- 
 pointed inspector of the gardens of Eisenach, a position which 
 he held till late in life. During his long career, he wrote nu- 
 merous excellent works on horticulture, and assumed, in 1880, 
 the direction of Moller' s Deutsche Gcwtnerzeitung. He also 
 directed the arrangement of many parks and gardens which 
 revealed his wide experience and profound knowledge of hor- 
 ticulture ; and at the same time he treated aesthetic questions 
 with enthusiam and great conviction. 
 
 J. James, one of the most prominent English horticulturists, 
 died August 8th. 
 
 Dr. Janka, keeper of the botanical department of the Na- 
 tional Museum of Hungary, Buda Pesth, died recently, aged 
 55 years. 
 
 Alphonso Karr, well-known as the author of the popular 
 work, ''Voyage Autour de Mon Jardin," died September 30th, 
 aged 82 years. Mr. Karr was born in Paris, in 1808. He early 
 became a journalist, and assumed the editorship of Figaro in 
 1839. He was well known as a novelist. 
 
 Stuart H. Low, well-known as the head of the firm of Hugh 
 Low & Co. ,of Upper Clapton, England, died April 22d, aged 
 63 years. 
 
 * 
 H. LuDOLPH, the Royal inspector of gardens at Karbsaul, 
 near Kassel, died December nth, 1889. 
 
 Andrew Mackenzie, an extensive writer on horticultural 
 topics, and superintendent of the Corn Exchange, Edinburgh, 
 died in 1890. 
 
 ^< , % 
 
 E. Maggs, director of the improvements in the park of the 
 Manor House, at Aylesbury, England, died February 23d. 
 
Necrology of i8go. 305 
 
 Jules Monges, for a long time president of the Horticul- 
 tural Society of the Bouches-du-Rhone, died March 3d, at 
 Marseilles, aged 64 years. 
 
 Dr. Carl Muller died at Stuttgart, November 28th, 1889, 
 aged 70 years. 
 
 Maud Naftel, R. W. S., well-known through her beautiful 
 flower pieces, died February i8th. 
 
 Julius Niepraschk, died October 14th. He was the direc- 
 tor of the Royal Garden "Flora," at Cologne, and was well- 
 known as an able horticulturist. 
 
 Marianne North, well known from her wonderful paintings 
 of plants and natural scenery, died August 30. Her works, 
 some over 800 in number, occupy a building in the Royal 
 Gardens, Kew. She was an extensive traveler, and an artist 
 of rare ability. Her early years were spent in New England. 
 
 * * 
 
 Gotthelf Wilhelm Poscharsky, court gardener at Dresden, 
 Germany, died Sept. 7, aged 72 years. He was well known 
 as a landscape gardener, and many honors were bestowed 
 upon him as rewards for his valuable services. 
 
 Theodor Rau, gardener at the castle in Gusow, died in the 
 early part of the year, aged 33 years. 
 
 Joseph Robinson, formerly well known as a cultivator of 
 verbenas, pelargoniums, fuchsias and chrysanthemums, died 
 at Chelmsford, England, aged 79 years. 
 
 Fritz Sattler, of the firm of Sattler & Bethge, in Qued- 
 linburg, died December 5, 1889. 
 
 ^< , ^ 
 
 E. Seidel, gardener to the Grand Duke at Arco, Tirol, 
 died June 10, aged 52 years. 
 
3o6 Annals of Ho}ticnlture. 
 
 M. F. Senelar, President of the Horticultural Society of 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, died on the 17th of March. 
 
 ^ ^ * 
 
 John Shaw, a landscape gardener of note in northern Eng- 
 land, died in his ygth year, September 14. 
 
 Hugo Stark, director of the gardens of the Grand Duke of 
 Mecklenburg, died at Neustrelitz. 
 
 John Stewart, for twenty-five 3^ears secretary of the Royal 
 Caledonian Horticultural Society, died at the age of 76 years. 
 
 Robert Walker, botanist and amateur gardener, died March 
 21. He wrote a history of the Buchan (England) flora. 
 
 John Webster, head gardener of the Duke of Richmond, 
 died in his 76th 3^ear. 
 
 Enoch White, nurseryman at Bournemouth, England, died, 
 aged 59 years. 
 
 * .!. ^ 
 
 William W^ildsmith, for twenty-five years gardener at 
 Heckfield Place, Winchfield, England, died January 29. He 
 was a man of great mental breadth and varied experience, 
 and admirably adapted by his temper and extensive knowledge 
 for aiding and improving the plans of his employer, the late 
 Viscount Eversley. 
 
 In the course of his industrious career he won no less than 
 a hundred and fifty prizes, many of them firsts, and a consid- 
 erable portion for grapes, although he was such an all-around 
 man that he might be expected in any department of an ex- 
 hibition in which high-class English gardening might be rep- 
 resented. — TJie Gardene?-s' Magazine. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Abies flrma (i9 
 
 — Jesoeusis W) 
 
 — Mariesii 69 
 
 — Sachaliensis 69 
 
 — Tsuga 69 
 
 — Veitchii 69 
 
 Actinidia polygama 73 
 
 — volu bills 73 
 
 brides, Introductions of ... 56 
 
 Affaurtit, R. C, Obituary of . . 297 
 
 Aguacates, in Mexico 33 
 
 Ainsworth, Ralph, Obituary of 297 
 
 Akebia lobata 72 
 
 — quinata 72 
 
 Albizzia Julibrissin 7 
 
 Almonds, Tai'iff on 135 
 
 Alpe, Dr.. quoted 109 
 
 Alwood, W. B., Investigations of 90 
 
 Andres, Dr., quoted 109 
 
 Angreecums, Introductions of . 56 
 
 Anona Cherimolia, in Mexico . 33 
 
 Anthonomus4-gibbus 91 
 
 Aphis pei*sicae-niger 89-109 
 
 — prunicola 109 
 
 Apples, Crop of . . .... 7 
 
 — Insects of 90 
 
 — in Mexico . . 32 
 
 — in Washington 29 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 — Tasmanian 9 
 
 Apricots in California 20 
 
 — in Mexico 32 
 
 — in Washington 29-32 
 
 Apron, Gardening 262 
 
 Ai^bor vitee in Japan 68 
 
 Arsenites and foliage 93 
 
 Aspidiotus Aurantii 96 
 
 Azaleas in Japan 66 
 
 Backhouse, James, Obituary of . 800 
 
 Bailey, L,. H., Investigations of 93 
 
 Bag, Garden 262 
 
 Basrs. for grapes 269 
 
 — Pollinating 269 
 
 Page 
 Bancroft, A. L., quoted .... 
 
 112,115,126,131 
 
 Barry, Patrick, Obituary of . . 287 
 
 Baxter, W. H., Obituary of . . 300 
 
 Bean, W. J., Article by .... 56 
 
 Bean, Lima, Disease of .... 77 
 
 Beans in California 25 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Bencker, George, Article by . . 82 
 
 Bennett, Henx-y, Obituary of . . 300 
 Bernhardi, Theodore, Obituary 
 
 of 301 
 
 Blackberries, Crop of 16 
 
 BoUey, H. L., Investigations of . 79 
 
 Boll worm Ill 
 
 Books of 1S90 243 
 
 Booth, A. R., quoted Ill 
 
 Bordeaux mixture .... 76,80,83,87 
 
 Botanic gardens of the world . 217 
 Braidwood, John M., Obituary 
 
 of 301 
 
 Budd, J. L., quoted 286 
 
 Bud-moth 91 
 
 Buehler, D., Obituary of ... . 301 
 
 ! Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides . 57 
 
 1 Bulletins, Index to 224-232 
 
 Bune-e, Alex, von. Obituary of . 301 
 
 Burrill, T. J., Laborsof .... 147 
 
 Cabbages in California 25 
 
 — in Washington 30 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Calanthes, Introductions of . . 57 
 
 California, Horticulture in . . . 17 
 
 Calla ^thiopica • • 61 
 
 — Elliottiana 61 
 
 Camellia Ja])onica 71 
 
 Camellias in Japan 66-71 
 
 Cane cutter '-261 
 
 Car for fruit 26.> 
 
 Carbolic acid wash - 9" 
 
 Cart 355 
 
 Cassava, Tariff on i3(> 
 
 Cattleya aurea 6o 
 
3o8 
 
 Annals of Horticulture. 
 
 Page 
 Cattleya Gaskelliana 57-59 
 
 — granulosa var. Buyssoniana 57,60 
 
 — Imschootiana 60 
 
 — labiata 57,59 
 
 — Laurenciana Yai\ Vinckii . . 60 
 
 — Lindeni 59 
 
 — Rex 57,59 
 
 — Warocqueana 57,59 
 
 Cattleyas, Introductions of . . . 57 
 Caudmell, W. Obituary of . . . 301 
 Cauliflower in Washington . . 30 
 Celery hiller 259 
 
 — in Washington 30 
 
 Cemetery Superintendents, As- 
 sociation of 153 
 
 Census 133 
 
 Cirisa bubalus 90 
 
 Chameerops excelsa 66 
 
 Chapman, William, Obituary of 302 
 
 Cherimoyas in Mexico 33 
 
 Cherries, Crop of 15 
 
 — in Japan 67 
 
 — in Washington 32 
 
 Cherry, Insects of 89 
 
 Chionaspis furfurus 90 
 
 Chrysanthemums 36,161 
 
 Chrysanthemum tube ..... 264 
 
 Chrysobothris mali 92 
 
 Cider, Tariff on 135 
 
 Cineraria lanata 61 
 
 Cladius isomeris 93 
 
 Cleaner for beans 257 
 
 Clematis Stanleyi 61 
 
 Clod crusher 253 
 
 Club, Wild flower 141 
 
 Cocoanuts, Tai'iff on 135 
 
 Cocinella convergetata 104 
 
 Coccotorus prunicida 88 
 
 Codlin moth 90 
 
 Columbian Horticultural Associ- 
 ation .... 148 
 
 Conacher, John L., Article by . 9 
 Cook, A. J., Investigations of . 87 
 Copyright on plants .... 112,124 
 Coquillet, Investigations of . 92,96 
 Corn, Sweet, in Washington . . 30 
 Coryanthes Bungerothii .... 57 
 Cosson, E., Obituary of .... 302 
 Courtois, Jules, Obituarv of . . 302 
 Cowan, A. D., on Peter ilender- 
 
 son 281 
 
 Craig, John, on Chas. Gibb ... 283 
 Cranberry, Crop of 16 
 
 — Disease of 77,79 
 
 — Insects of 93 
 
 Credner, Adolph, Obituary of . 302 
 
 Cryptomeria Japonica 'o'^ 
 
 Cucumber, Mildew of 78 
 
 Page 
 
 Curculio 87 
 
 Currant, Insects of 92 
 
 Currants, Tariff on 135 
 
 Cymbidium grandiflorum ... 60 
 
 — Hookerianum 60 
 
 — Tracy anum 57,60 
 
 Cypripedium Schomourgkii . . 60 
 
 — Siamense 5S,60 
 
 Cypripediums, Introductions of 57 
 Cytisus Scoparius var. Andrea- 
 
 nus 62 
 
 Dates, Tariff on 135 
 
 Deal, George, Obituary of . . 302 
 Delacroix, Investigations of . . 78 
 Dendrobium Aiusworthii . . . 297 
 
 — McFarlanei 59 
 
 Dendrobiums, Introductions of 58 
 
 Diaspis pentagon a 109 
 
 Dipladenia atropurpurea .... 61 
 Directory of societies 210 
 
 — of experimenters 215 
 
 — of botanic gardens 217 
 
 Diseases of plants 74 
 
 Donat, Freidrich Georg, Obitu- 
 ary of 302 
 
 Du Breuil, Alphonse, Obituary 
 
 of 301 
 
 Dumur, Francis, Obituary of . 302 
 
 Educational matters 136 
 
 Emphytus cinctus 93 
 
 Engravings of plants 185 
 
 Enkiauthus Japonicus 71 
 
 Epiphronitis Veitchii 60 
 
 Experiment Stations, Indexes . 
 
 224-232 
 Fairchild, D. G., Article by . . 76 
 
 Figs, Tariff on 134 
 
 Filberts, Tariff on 135 
 
 Firs in Japan 69 
 
 Florists, Education of 136 
 
 — Society of 151 
 
 Forbes, Professor, quoted . . . 110 
 
 Fork, Clearing 253 
 
 Franceschini, Professor, quoted 109 
 
 Fumigator 276,277 
 
 Fungi injurious 74 
 
 Fungicides 76,79,80,83,236 
 
 Georgeson, C. C, Article by . . 62 
 
 Germs, Contagious 110 
 
 Gibb, Charles, Obituary of . . . 283 
 Gillette, C. P , Investigations of 
 
 87,88,91,92 
 
 Gipsy moth 75 
 
 Gladiolus decoratus 62 
 
 — Kirkii 62 
 
 — primulinus 62 
 
 Glen, Eugene, quoted 124 
 
 Goff, E. S., Investigations of . . 97 
 
Index. 
 
 309 
 
 Page. 
 Goodwin, Josiah, Obituary of. . ^08 
 
 Gopher trap '-^•^ 
 
 Graders for fruit, etc 257 
 
 Grapes, Bagging 'J2 
 
 — Crop of 1*' 
 
 Grape, Diseases of 74,7S,S() 
 
 Grapes in California 1S,~2 
 
 — in Japan ^'^ 
 
 — in Mexico 33,34 
 
 — in Wasliington 30 
 
 — TarifE on ^^^ 
 
 Grape, Pliylloxera of 98,109 
 
 Gravot, Octave, Obituary of . . 303 
 Gray, S. R. S., Article by .... 28 
 Green, S. B., luvestigations of . 88 
 
 Griin, M., Obituary of 303 
 
 Guavas, in Mexico 33 
 
 Gun, Sulphur 277 
 
 HtEmanthus Lindeni 61 
 
 — Calbreyeri 61 
 
 — puniceus 
 
 61 
 
 Hale, J. H., and census 133 
 
 Hall, John, on Patrick Barry . . 278 
 Halsted, B. D., Investigations of 78 
 
 on Geo. Thurber 291 
 
 Haltica ignita 93 
 
 Hanger for pots 262 
 
 Harrison, Thomas, Sr., Obituary 
 
 of 303 
 
 Harvey, Enoch, Obituary of. . . 303 
 P. L., Investigations of ... . 91 
 Heede, Seraphin van den. Obit- 
 uary of 303 
 
 Heliamphora nutans 61 
 
 Heliothis armigera Ill 
 
 Henderson, Peter, Obituary of . 279 
 Hibberd, Shirlev, Obituary of. . 298 
 
 Hill, E. G., Article by 41 
 
 Hillman, F. H., Investigations of 90 
 
 Hippodamia convergens 105 
 
 Hitchings, Chas. E., Obituary of 297 
 
 Hoes 250 
 
 Holder for boxes 265 
 
 Hollyhock, Diseases of 78, 80 
 
 Holmes, William, Obituary of. 303 
 Houllett, Mr., Obituary of . . . 303 
 Humphries, William, Obituary of 303 
 Hydrocyanic gas insecticide . . 92,96 
 
 Hyperpiatys aspersus 92 
 
 Iceryarosae 93 
 
 Iceryas 103 
 
 Ilex crenata '''2 
 
 lllicium religiosum 65 
 
 Insecticides 102,237 
 
 Insects, Injurious 74,87 
 
 Introductions of 1890 153 
 
 Inventions 250 
 
 Irrigation in California 20 
 
 Page. 
 Jack, J. G., Investigations of . 4o,93 
 Jager, Herman, Obituary of . . 303 
 
 James, J., Obituary of 304 
 
 Janka, Dr., Obituary of 304 
 
 Japan, Horticulture in ... . 62 
 
 — Plants of 67 
 
 Jones, Prank, Invention by . . . 95 
 
 Jordan, J. M., quoted 136 
 
 Kadsura Japonica 73 
 
 Karr, Alphonso, Obituary of . . 304 
 Kerosene Emulsion, History of . 97 
 Kieffer, Peter, Obituary of.. . . 296 
 
 Kit, Pollinating 270 
 
 Koebele, Investigations of . . 92, 101 
 Kreinberg, Oscar K., Obituary of 297 
 
 Labels 267 
 
 Ladder 257 
 
 Lselia elegans var. Broomeana . 60 
 
 — prsestans var. alba 60 
 
 Laslio-Cattleya 58 
 
 Laelias, Introduction of 58 
 
 Laws, for insects and fungi . . '<'4-82 
 
 Lecanium ole^e 97 
 
 Leopard moth 91 
 
 Lespedeza bicolor 72 
 
 Lilium Bolanderi 62 
 
 — Henryi 61 
 
 Limes, in Mexico 33 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Lindera sericea 72 
 
 Literature, of experiments . . 224,232 
 
 — books 243 
 
 London purple and foliage ... 93 
 Low, Stuart H., ObituaiT of . . 304 
 Ludolph, H., Obituary of . ... 304 
 Mackenzie, Andrew, Obituary of 304 
 Macrodactylus subspinosus ... 92 
 
 Maggs, E., Obituary of 304 
 
 Magnolia grandiflora 69 
 
 — hvpoleuca 69 
 
 — Kobus 69,70 
 
 Magnolias in Japan 69 
 
 Ma'lly, P. W., quoted HI 
 
 Maples in Japan 66 
 
 Marker 253 
 
 Masdevallia Chimaera 60 
 
 — Lowii 58, 60 
 
 -Stella 58,60 
 
 Masdevallias, Introductions of . 58 
 Massachusetts, Gipsy moth in. . 75 
 
 Maxillaria longisepala 58 
 
 Mavet, Val^ry, Book of 93 
 
 Meehan,Thomas,on Peter Kieffer 296 
 
 quoted 112 
 
 Melon crop 1''' 
 
 Melons in Washington 30 
 
 Mexico, Horticulture in 32 
 
 Micrococcus pieridis HI 
 
3IO 
 
 Page. 
 
 Mignonette, Disease of 60 
 
 Monges, Jules, Obituary of . . . 305 
 Moore, Jacob, on plant patent . . 112 
 
 Moorea irrorata 58,59 
 
 Morrill, Senator, Bill of ... . 138 
 
 Movver, Attachment for 256 
 
 Miiller, Carl, Obituary of .... 305 
 Muriate of Potash as an Insecti- 
 cide 90- 
 
 Murtfeldt,Miss,Investigations of 93 
 
 Mvtiiaspis citricola 96 
 
 — 'Gloveri 96 
 
 — pouiorum 90 
 
 Myzus Cerasi 89 
 
 Naftel, Maud, Obituary of . . . 305 
 
 Nandina domestica Tl 
 
 National flower 35 
 
 Nectarines in California .... 20 
 
 — in Mexico 32 
 
 Nepenthes Burkei, vars 61 
 
 — Curtisii <3l 
 
 — Stenophylla 61 
 
 Nephelodes violans Ill 
 
 New Jersey, Law in 75 
 
 Newman, Investigations of . . . 92 
 Niepraschk, Julius, Obituary of. 305 
 
 Nomenclature 129 
 
 North, Marianne, Obituary of . . 305 
 
 Nozzles 275 
 
 Nurserymen, Association of . . 151 
 Nuts, Crop of 15 
 
 — Tariff on 135 
 
 Ocneria dispar 75 
 
 Odontoglossum crispum 60 
 
 — Leroyanum 58,60 
 
 — luteo-purpureum 60 
 
 Odontoglossums,Introductionsof 58 
 Olives in Calif orna 22 
 
 — Tariff on 135 
 
 Oncidiums, Introductions of . . . 58 
 
 Onion, Smut of 79 
 
 Onions in California 25 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Oranges, Crop of 15 
 
 — in California 21,25 
 
 — Mexico 3-1 
 
 — Tariff on 134,135 
 
 Orange, Mite of 91 
 
 — Scales of 91-96 
 
 Orcas Island, Horticulture on . . 28 
 Orchids 56-59 
 
 — Nomenclature of 130 
 
 Ormerod, Miss, Investigations of 
 
 89,91,92 
 
 Ornamentals 35 
 
 Osborn, Professor, quoted ... Ill 
 Parasites, Introduction of . . 103-108 
 I'aris green and foliage 93 
 
 A?inals of Horticulture. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Parlatoria Pergandei 96 
 
 Parry, C. C, Obituary of .... 297 
 
 Patent of plants ii»2 
 
 Peaches, Crop of 15 
 
 Peach, Disease of 78-89 
 
 — yellows. Laws for 75 
 
 — Insects of 89 
 
 Peaches in California 19 
 
 — in Japan 67 
 
 — in Mexico 32 
 
 — in Washington 32 
 
 Peanuts, Tariff on 135 
 
 Pear-blight beetle 89 
 
 Pears, Crop of . . 15 
 
 — in California 20 
 
 — in Japan 66 
 
 — in Mexico 33 
 
 — in Washington 31 
 
 Peas in California 25 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Peg for plants 261 
 
 Pelargonium, Disease of 78 
 
 Periodicals, List of 246 
 
 Per ret, M., Discovery by . ... 82 
 Persea gratissima in Mexico . . 33 
 
 Persimmons in Japan 66 
 
 Phaius Cooksonii 58,60 
 
 — tuberculosus 60 
 
 — Wallichii 60 
 
 Phalsenopsis Schilleriana, var. 
 
 alba 58 
 
 Photinia glabra 71 
 
 Phylloxera 98-109 
 
 Phytophthora Phaseoli 77 
 
 Phytoptus ribis 92 
 
 Picker 257 
 
 Pierce, N. B., Investigations of . 78 
 
 Pines, Japanese 68 
 
 Pinus densiflora 68 
 
 — Thunbergii 68 
 
 Plants, Tariff on 134-136 
 
 Plum curculio 87 
 
 — ganger 88 
 
 Plums, Crop of 15 
 
 — in Japan 66,67 
 
 — Tariff, on 134 
 
 Podocarpus macrophylla .... 69 
 
 — Nageia 69 
 
 Pollinating, Outfit for .... 269,270 
 
 Portraits of plants 185 
 
 Poscharsky, Gotthelf Wilhelm, 
 
 Obituary of 305 
 
 Potato crop 17 
 
 — Diseases of 78,79,80 
 
 Potatoes in California 25 
 
 — in Washington 30 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Potato Sorter 258 
 
hidex. 
 
 311 
 
 Page. 
 Pot holders 202,'^64 
 
 — stand 265 
 
 — Watering 265 
 
 Pots, Flower 264 
 
 Preserved fruits, Tariff on . . . 135 
 Prilleux, Investigations of . . . 78 
 
 Propagating box 272,273 
 
 Protection for plantsmen . . . . 112 
 
 Protector 2T2 
 
 Prune, Crop of 15 
 
 Prunes in California 18,19 
 
 — in Washington , 31 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Prunus Mume 67 
 
 — Pseudo-Cerasus 67 
 
 Pteris Cretica 61 
 
 — ensiformis var. Victorse ... 61 
 Puget Sound Horticulture at . . 28 
 
 Pulvinaria ribesi^ 92 
 
 Pumpkin in Washington 30 
 
 Pumps for spraying. . .76,81,105,274 
 
 Pyrus Ussuriensis 66 
 
 Quercus cuspidata 71 
 
 Quinces, Crop of 15 
 
 Railroad worm 91 
 
 Raisins in California 18,23 
 
 — Tariff on 135 
 
 Raspberries, Crop of 16 
 
 Rau, Theodor, Obituary of . . . 305 
 Registration of plants .... 112-115 
 
 Retinospora pisifera 68 
 
 Rhapis flabelliformis 66 
 
 Riley, C. V., Investigations of . 
 
 91,92,93 
 
 — Paper by 96 
 
 Roads, Agitation concerning . . 131 
 Robinson, Joseph, Obituary of : 305 
 Rodriguezia Fuerstenbergii ... 58 
 
 Root lifter 256 
 
 Rose chafer 92 
 
 — Insects of 93 
 
 Roses in America 41 
 
 — Foreign 44 
 
 Rural Publishing Co. quoted .115-120 
 Sattler, Fritz, Obituary of . . . 305 
 Seed case 270 
 
 — sower 254,255 
 
 — tester 268 
 
 Seeds, Tariff on 134-136 
 
 Seidel, E., Obituary of 305 
 
 Selandria Cerasi 89 
 
 S6n(51ar. M. F., Obituary of . . . 306 
 
 Scale insects 91-96 
 
 Scaphosepalum antenniferum . . 58 
 
 Schizoneura lanigera 90-108 
 
 Schizophragma hydrangeoides . 73 
 Shaw, John, Obituary of .... 306 
 Shinn, Chas. Howard, Article by 17 
 
 Page. 
 
 Small Fruits, Crop of I6 
 
 Smith, E. F., Investigations of . 
 78,89,108 
 
 — J. B., Article by ....... 87 
 
 Investigations of . . .88,90,92,98 
 
 Sobralia Lowii 58 60 
 
 — Sanderaj 58'60 
 
 — Wilsoniana 58,60 
 
 Societies 147 
 
 Soils in California 27 
 
 Sonei'ila orieutalis. . , 61 
 
 Soot as Insecticide 91 
 
 Sophro-Cattleya 58-60 
 
 Spinach, Diseases of 75 
 
 Spraying 76,105 
 
 — Device for 275 
 
 — outfit 277 
 
 Spruces in Japan 59 
 
 Squash in Washington 30 
 
 Stark, Hugo, Obituary of .... 306 
 State Flower, California .... 35 
 
 New York ... 35 
 
 Stations, Index of 224-232 
 
 Sterculia platanifolia 70 
 
 Stewart, John, Obituary of . . . 306 
 Strawberries, Crop of 16 
 
 — in Mexico 34 
 
 — in Washington 32 
 
 Strawberry, Insects of 93 
 
 — Rust of 78 
 
 Strawson, G. P., Invention by .' 107 
 
 Strawsonizer 107 
 
 Stretcher for wire 262 
 
 Styrax Japonica 70 
 
 — Obassia 70 
 
 Sulphur gum ' 277 
 
 Switch for conductors 274 
 
 Synchytrium Vaccini 77 
 
 Tamarinds, Tariff on 135 
 
 Tariff 133 
 
 Tasmania, Apple culture in . , . 9 
 
 Tea, Tariff on 136 
 
 Temple, A. v.. Article by .... 32 
 
 Tetranychus maculatus 91 
 
 Thalictrum Delavayi 62 
 
 Thaxter, R., Investigations of . 77-79 
 Thurber, George, Obituary of. . 291 
 Thuya dolabrata 68 
 
 — Japonica 68 
 
 — obtusa 68 
 
 — pisifera 68 
 
 Tin cans. Utilizing 265 
 
 Tmetocera ocellana 91 
 
 Tobacco sheets 276 
 
 Tomato, Pack of . 17 
 
 Tomatoes in Washington .... 80 
 
 Tools 250 
 
 Torch for insects 275 
 
A^mals of Horticulhire. 
 
 Tozetti, Targioni, quoted . 
 Trade Mark on Plants . . . 
 Trap for gophers .... 
 Trichopilia punctata . . . 
 Trypeta pomonella .... 
 Tvloderma fragariae . . . 
 Yanda Amesiana, var. alba 
 Vendalia cardinalis 
 
 Page. 
 
 . . 109 
 112-124 
 
 58 
 91 
 
 .93 
 58 
 
 102 
 
 Vegetables, Crop of 17 
 
 — in California 25 
 
 — Tariff on 134 
 
 Ventilator 
 
 Verdet 
 
 Vines in Japan 
 
 Vitis incoustans 
 
 — species and phylloxera . . . 
 
 Wagon 
 
 Walker, Robert, Obituary of . 
 Walnuts in California 
 
 — Tariff on 
 
 Washington, Horticulture in 
 Watson, B. M., Jr., Article bj 
 
 — W., Article by 58 
 
 Wester, Investigations of ... . 93 
 
 273 
 83 
 72 
 
 255 
 
 306 
 
 22 
 
 135 
 
 28 
 36 
 
 Page. 
 Webster John, Obituary of.. . . 306 
 Weed, C. M., Investigations of. .89-93 
 
 Weeder 250 
 
 White, Enoch, Obituary of . . . 306 
 Wier, D. B., on copyright .... 124 
 
 Wild Flower Club 141 
 
 Williams, B. S., Obituary of . . 299 
 Wildsmith, William, Obituary of . 306 
 Wilkinson, Sidney, Obituary of. 297 
 Wine in California 18,22 
 
 — in Mexico 34 
 
 Wines, Tariff on . . 135 
 
 Woodworth, Investigations of . . 94 
 
 Xyleborus dispar-pyri 89 
 
 Yams, Tariff on 136 
 
 Yellows of peach, Laws for ... 75 
 Zanthoxylum ailanthoides ... 72 
 
 — piperitum 72 
 
 — planispinum 72 
 
 — schinifolium 72 
 
 Zelkowa Keaki 70 
 
 Zeuzera oescali 91 
 
 Zygopetalums, Introductions of. 58 
 
 

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