A. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: COMPRISING A SUMMARY ACCOUNT OF THE LIVES OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED PERSONS OF &11 Ags, fatimlr, aA |afoesiws; INCLUDING MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ARTICLES OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. BY THE REV. JOHN L. BLAKE, D.D., AUTHOR OF THE "FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE;" "DAILY SCRIPTURE READINGS;" "HOME IN THE COUNTRY;" "FARM AND FIRE-SIDE;" AND THE "F. ARMER'S EVERY-DAY BOOK." No species of writing seems more worthy of cultivation than biography, since none can be more delightful or more useful.-Dr. Johnso, Often does a single man illustrate his country, and leave a long track of light after him to future ages.-Mrs. Barbauld THIRTEENTH EDITION. PHILADELPHIA: H. COWPERTHWAIT & CO. 1859. Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by JOHN L. BLAKE, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of New Jersey. STEREOTYPED BY J. PAGAN. L - __ -_ __ INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION. NEARLY a quarter of a century has elapsed since the original publication of this work, in 1835; and, during that period two-thirds of a generation, or more than six hundred millions, of the human family have passed away. Death has been equally busy among the wise, the good, and the great, as among the undistinguished multitude, who, in the grave, are as little remembered by the living world as those who existed before the flood. With the view, therefore, of perpetuating the memory of those persons most worthy of remembrance, who have died during this period, it was considered advisable to publish an enlarged edition of this work, which should contain a brief account of their lives. A revision of the entire work was also deemed necessary, that it might be made to conform to the prevailing canons of taste in literature and typography. In these labors the author has been engaged nearly four years. When he commenced his task he had a very indefinite knowledge of the amount of new material which he would find it necessary to incorporate in the work, and, therefore, did not anticipate that it would occupy him so long, or that it would swell the volume to the dimensions since found to be indispensable. He then supposed that the number of new sketches would not exceed one thousand, and that a single year would suffice to collect and arrange them; but, as the reader will see, the result has been widely different. The actual number of new articles is over TWENTY-FOUR HUNDRED, which occupy about two-fifths of the entire number of pages. It is thus, in nearly every essential particular, a new production. The public, however, is fully competent to judge of its merits, as well as of its defects; and the favor shown the work in its original form-it having passed through twelve editions-confirms the author in his belief that he has no cause to fear an unfavorable decision. A comparison between the original work and the present volume, will satisfy the reader that the labors of the author have been long and tedious. In prosecuting his researches, he has consulted all modern kindred works to which he could procure access; has availed himself of all the various miscellaneous sources of information, particularly those afforded (iii) I _ L~ I s I ss--sI -III -I INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION. by the periodical press; and has also maintained an extensive correspondence with individuals in every section of the American Union. Although he is aware that he has not accomplished everything desirable, yet he feels conscious that much, very much, has been effected; more than one-half of the most elaborate new articles being strictly original-the materials having been obtained from his correspondents, and from other reliable sources; and more than nine-tenths of the whole are either entirely original, or are compilations from larger works. In many instances, in order to secure accuracy, his original sketches have been submitted to the inspection of the personal friends of the deceased. Yet no one can be more fully aware than the author, of the difficulty attending an attempt to include all worthy of notice; names will occasionally be overlooked; others may not be known to him; and of some he may be unable to obtain the necessary statistics, without which their insertion would be utterly useless. It is, likewise, impossible always to secure perfect accuracy. In this volume there are not less than FIFTY THOUSAND proper names-the orthography of a large number of them being as dissimilar as possible to everything in our own language; and, in letters received from correspondents, the chirography is frequently so very imperfect that it is difficult to decipher correctly the spelling of proper names. There are also, in this work, upwards of FIFTY THOUSAND dates, many of them unconnected with any known coincident facts which might assist, by association, in testing their accuracy. It should not, then, be a matter of surprise if the orthography of a proper name occasionally be wrong, or if a wrong date be given; and the experience of all who have been engaged in labors of a similar character will sustain the author in this opinion. After this general explanation of the circumstances under which the author again presents this volume to the public, it may not be improper for him to refer more particularly to the principles which have guided him in this labor, and to its consequent results, which are matters of fundamental importance to the public. The reader will naturally inquire-and in so doing he is perfectly correct-if the work is reasonably free from sectionalism; if it is based on a sufficiently broad foundation to embrace the whole human race, and, more especially, the States of the American Union --thus giving it, as an American work, a high character for nationality? He will also ask whether it is free from religious sectarianism, or political bias? In reply to these questions the author can honestly answer that, in both particulars, he has earnestly endeavored to make it so. If there be any exceptions, they will only be found in articles from the original volume, which were transferred thither friom other biographical works, and did not receive that careful revision which thoroughlytrained polemics, or political abstractionists might deem necessary. Not having been educated in that metaphysical school in which the student is taught to split hairs, the author may possibly have overlooked some passages to which an objection of this kind may be offered. Among the twenty-four hundred new articles, thirty have reference to parties who died during the first eight months of the year 1856; one hundred and two are those of I ' ' INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION. T persons who died in 1855; ninety-five of individuals wh) died in 1854; ninety-eight of such as died in 1853; eighty-five of persons who died in 1852; eighty of those mentioned died in 1851; eighty-four in 1850; and the greater portion of the residue are nearly equally divided throughout the preceding fifteen years. Many others also, accidentally omitted in the first edition, are now added to the work. It is possible that some of the individuals named have received undue prominence, unless considered in connection with local circumstances; hence they may hereafter be omitted, or receive less notice, in similar publications. This result is predicated upon a well-known principle in optics, that distance from an object renders it apparently smaller to the eye of an observer. It is then seen at a smaller angle of vision. Thus our sun to a person as remote from it as we are from the fixed stars would appear no larger than they do to us. Much in the same way we give more attention to our cotemporaries and those living near us, than to others, equally, and perhaps more meritorious, greatly removed from us by time or distance. On this account, only a few of those esteemed great men by their cotemporaries have descended, and will descend as such to posterity. And individuals are frequently, by accident, and without the aid of any personal merit, raised to positions of distinction, and receive that deference which is due only to great excellence. This is a conventional propriety justly due. Feeble-minded and wicked men, also, occasionally attain prominent public stations, and thus become associated on the historic page with men remarkable for wisdom and virtue. About two thousand articles- one thousand in the original work, and one thousand new ones, which have been added - relate to individuals who have lived or died in the United States; and these will, doubtless, on that account, possess a peculiar interest for American readers. They are not, however, culled in equal proportion from all the different sections of the Union; probably one-half the number being those of persons who existed prior to the settlement of the Western States. In view of this fact, it will appear extraordinary that so many men in the new States have risen to eminence, as is indicated by the numerous instances recorded in this work - and it is made evident that the hardy life of the western settlers has a tendency to develop the intellect, and form a high grade of character. From Ohio, which was a wilderness at the commencement of the nineteenth century, we have been furnished with the names of about fifty persons; from the still younger States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Louisiana, and Missouri, we can enumerate an average of twenty to each; and, doubtless, more might have been given, but the requisite information was not available to the author. In all the States mentioned, as well as in those more recently organized, there will unquestionably be opened, at the close of the present century, a rich field for the biographer. Many of the pioneers thither are forced by surrounding circumstances to engage in daring adventures, encounter hardships, and practice a self-denial, which will transmit their names to posterity, covered with a romantic renown. I - -_ - _ vi INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION. The older States, having been longer supplied with the means of furnishing their citizens with a high mental culture, and having, as is the case with some of them, a larger population, have afforded the author a more ample field from which to make choice selections. Maryland, Georgia, Maine, Rhode Island, and Vermont, have each contributed an average of fjrty memorials of citizens, widely known and honored throughout the Union-the highest number from one State being fifty, and the lowest thirty-five. South Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and North Carolina, have furnished a still larger quota-the highest number being eighty, and the lowest sixty-five from one State. The States of Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, at one time claimed as citizens more than one thousand of the individuals whose biographical memoirs now enrich this publication. These memoirs also bear evidence that a majority of the older States of our Republic have progressed in intellectual attainments in a ratio proportionate to their advancement in arts, in commerce, and in social elevation; and that the nation is rapidly approaching a position equally renowned in the world of science and literature, as it has already attained among sister nations by its physical powers. It was the intention of the author to have made a professional classification of the individuals noticed; but, finding it would involve a greater sacrifice of time than he deemed consistent with its real importance, he abandoned his design, after having progressed in it sufficiently far to glean the few facts presented below. Such a classification might, indeed, possess interest for curiosity-seekers, but would be of little or no utility to the general reader. The primary aim of the author having been, especially in preparing the additions to this work, to impart to it some novel features of general interest, he therefore sought every known source of information concerning wealthy individuals who had contributed a portion of their abundance to the promotion of objects of public beneficence. The exact number thus noticed, or the aggregate amount of their benefactions, he cannot state precisely; but it is thought the latter will not fall below the sum of twelve or fifteen millions of dollars. If a perusal of these deeds of benevolence should induce others at some future period to emulate them, one great object of biographical collections will have been accomplished-teaching good by example. He has, likewise, instead of confining his researches to men in the professional walks of life-to statesmen, to naval and military heroes and commanders, to the host of professors in literary and scientific institutions-in our volume amounting in number to about five thousand-and to the innumerable list of authors-filled many of his pages with memoirs of persons who were connected with the business and producing classes of society-working and thinking men-who, though not gifted with scholastic attainments, or possessed of conventional rank) were, in reality, the men who promoted national wealth, and gave perpetuity to public institutions. In filling up this outline, the author has enriched his work with notices of scientific and enterprising farmers and planters, whose industry caused the fertile soil to yield an abun i -,, b,, --- -- __ _ __ INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION. es vn dance of nutritious sustenance for the maintenance of health and vigor in mankind; of skilful mechanics, to whom we are indebted for all those improvements for the promotion of social comfort and artistic embellishment; of architects, whose labors will not be depreciated by a comparison with the existing remains of Grecian and Roman magnificence; of engineers, who constructed our bridges and railroads, which are the wonder and glory of the age; of intelligent merchants, who were, to the business circles in which they moved,'what the material sun is to the realms of nature--their mainspring, life, and joy; and last, though by no means least, of printers, whose brains, fingers, and types, have been the medium of disseminating intelligence from man to man, and from country to country, thus illuminating the full-orbed earth with the light of truth and knowledge. These are the men who should be remembered, and whom we should strive to honor, for they are verily the noblemen of the world! The reader will find upon our pages the names of more than one hundred and fifty farmers and planters; one hundred merchants; one hundred and fifty printers, publishers and booksellers; one hundred editors and journalists; fifty architects and engineers; one hundred and fifty artists; four hundred and twenty military and naval commanders; three hundred and fifty physicians, surgeons, and medical writers; five hundred lawyers, including judges, advocates, counsellors, and reporters; six hundred statesmen, in the various departments of civil government; and not less than fifteen hundred ecclesiastics, including Jewish Rabbis, dignitaries of the church, theological writers, professors of divinity, and parish olergymen. It would indicate a want of due appreciation and courtesy, if the author were to omit an allusion to individuals from whom he has received valuable assistance. He has mailed about two thousand letters or printed circulars to literary and professional men in different sections of the United States, for such information as he needed. From most of them he received prompt and valuable contributions. To them he returns his cheerful and hearty acknowledgements. To them the public is indebted for no small share of what is meritorious in the work. Space will not allow of an enumeration of all to whom his thanks are due; and a partial specification might be deemed an injustice to the rest. Probably the most able and copious contributor was at that time a member of Congress, who, alas! has his own memorial among those which he assisted in collecting. There are other similar cases. Several gifted and kind-hearted booksellers-eight or ten in particular-have been unwearied in their endeavors to furnish the author with the materials for biographical outlines of their deceased brethren in the trade; and one of the number prepared for him more than thirty sketches of the lives of naval and military officers. A few laymen in Connecticut, and five or six in Massachusetts, have been very active in their efforts to honor the memory of the worthy dead. To a learned clergyman of Indiana, to more than one in Illinois, to a few college presidents, and to upwards of a dozen college professors, the author's thanks are especially due; as, without their codperation, his labors would have been far more burden _ --a.- - -r - L I _ P- III1---- -~1 _- ~- L - _ - - I --- I Vill viii INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION some, and less profitable to the public. Lastly, though among the first having a claim upon his gratitude for kindred services, was a highly-accomplished young lady of North Carolina, now a happy matron in Alabama. The author cannot take leave of the reader without expressing his obligations to the stereotyper, and to' the gentleman in his employ who has had the supervision of this wvork while passing through the press. The good taste, rare acquirements, mechanical skill, and exemplary patience of that gentleman, have relieved the author from much of the perplexing toil incident to a revision of the copy, and reading the proofs. A few words more, and the author will close this prefatory salutation. He has been engaged for such a length of time in these biographical researches, that he has become greatly attached to them, continuing to prosecute them from force of habit, and he sincerely hopes that his labors in this department of literature will prove as satisfactory to the public as they are pleasurable to' himself; his present intention being to continue themn, and, from time to time, to embody their results in an Appendix. With this view he would be pleased to receive further assistance from those who are, like himself, interested in this pursuit; not only by the contribution of new materials, but also by the correction of any errors which they may discover in what i,, now offered to the reader. J. L. BLAKE ORANGE, N. J., November. 1856 I - - - - - I _ L BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. AA AARSENS AA, PETER VANDER, a bookseller of Leyden, who, under the title of Galerie du Monde, published in 66 vols. fol. an atlas of 200 charts, as explanatory of the various voyages made between the 13th and the close of the 17th century. These, though accompanied with prints to represent the customs, edifices and curiosities of different nations, display rather the labor and perseverance of the compiler, than either his judgment or accuracy. Aa made a continuation of Groevius' Thesaurus of Italian writers in six other volumes. He carried on an extensive business from 1682 until his death in 1730. AAGARD, NICHOLAs and CHRISTIAN, two brothers, born at Wiburg, in Denmark, in the beginning of the 17th century. The eldest, who was distinguished for the acuteness of his philosophical writings, died 1657, and the other, known for his poetical talents, died 1664. AAGESEN, SUEND, a Danish historian, better known by his Latin name of Sueno Agonis, flourished about the year 1186, and seems to have been secretary to Archbishop Absalom, the minister of state, who directed him to write a compendium of the history of Denmark. Aagesen is also the author of a history of the Military Laws of Canute the Great. His writings are much esteemed for their antiquity and accuracy. AALAST, EVERARD, a Dutch painter, born at Delft, 1602. His talents were displayed with peculiar success in the representation of shields and military accoutrements, of dead birds and inanimate subjects, and his paintings, few in number, are now highly valued for superiority of execution. He died in 1658. His nephew William became the rival of his uncle, and in his travels through France and Italy he deserved and obtained the friendship and patronage of the great, and particularly of the grand duke of Tuscany, who liberally rewarded his merit. His fruit and flower pieces were most admired. He died in Holland, in 1679, aged 59. AARON RASCHID, a caliph of the Abbassides, distinguished by his conquests, and the eccentricity of his character. Valiant in battle, he showed himself inhuman and perfidious towards the conquered, and ever made the sacred duties of the sovereign subservient to caprice, intemperance or resentment. At once master of the finest provinces of Asia and Africa, his power extended from Spain to the banks of the Ganges, and exacted a tribute from Nicephorus, the Roman Emperor of the East. He deserves our admiration for the patronage which he afforded to literature and to the arts. He died, A. D. 809, in the 23d year of his reign. AARON, a presbyter and physician of Alexandria in the 8th century, who wrote 30 books on medicine in the Syriac language, which he called Pandects. He is the first author who makes mention of the small-pox and of the measles, diseases which were introduced into Egypt by the conquests of the Arabians, about 640. AARON, ISAAC, an interpreter of languages at the court of Constantinople under the Comneni. He abused 2 the confidence reposed in him, and with unparalleled inhumanity recommended to Andronicus, the usurper of his master's throne, to put out the eyes and cut off the tongue of his enemies, a punishment which was afterwards inflicted on himself by Isaac Angelus, 1203. AARON BEN-ASER, a learned rabbi in the 5th century, to whom the invention of the Hebrew points and accents is attributed. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, printed 1515. AARON, MARGALITHA, a Polish rabbi, born 1665, and died about 1725. He became a convert to Calvinism, and afterwards went over to the Lutherans, wrote many learned works, was Professor of Jewish Antiquities at the Universities of Frankfort and Berlin, but died in prison, hated by his own nation for his apostasy, and deserted by those whose doctrines he had embraced. AARSENS, FRANCIS, Lord of Someldyk and Spyck, one of the ablest negotiators ever produced by the United Provinces. He was born at the Hague, in 1673, and died in 1741. Being early introduced into public life by his father, who was registrar of the States, he first became resident, and subsequently ambassador to the court of France, where he remained fifteen years. Profoundly skilled in the arts of diplomacy, he seems to have occasionally much annoyed the French cabinet by the depth of his penetration; but was, nevertheless, held in high esteem by Cardinal Richelieu. He was also employed in extraordinary embassies to England and Venice; that to England was to negotiate the marriage of William, Prince of Orange, with the daughter of Charles I. - the commencement of a family connexion which led to the most important consequences. Hie took an- active and dishonorable part in the proceedings against Barneveldt. Aarsens, at the time of his death, was esteemed the richest man in Holland. A volume of his negotiations has been printed. AARSENS or AERTSEN, PETER, surnamed Longo from his tallness, was born at Amsterdam, in 1519, where he also died in his 66th year. Though brought up, like his father, to the profession of a stocking-maker, he was at last permitted, by the entreaties of his mother, to follow the bent of his genius, and at 18 he began to study painting, architecture, and perspective. At Antwerp, where he married, and where he was admitted a member of the academy of painters, he gave proofs of his superior talents, and in his first pieces particularly excelled in representing the utensils of a kitchen. A painting of the death of the Virgin, for an altar-piece at Amsterdam, was highly esteemed: and another equally deserved the warmest admiration, in which he represented the crucifixion, with the executioner in the act of breaking, with an iron bar, the legs of the two thieves. This last was torn to pieces in a public insurrection, in 1566, and so unguarded was the painter in his complaints and reproaches on the occasion, that the ferocious populace were with difficulty prevented from murdering him. (9) IL L- - ~-- -_- -- _ _--- I- ~. - -1 ---- --I -- L ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I I AARTGEN 10 ABBADIE AATE I0 ABBD AARTGEN or AERTGEN, the son of a wool-comber at Leyden, who, after following his father's occupation, turned his thoughts to painting, in the prosecution of which he acquired reputation and consequence. Regardless of the conveniences of life, he was visited by Floris of Antwerp, and rejected the patronage and society of this amiable and disinterested friend, declaring he found greater gratification in his mean cottage, than in the enjoyment of opulence. He was drowned in the canals of the city in the night, as he amused himself, according to his usual custom, in playing through the streets on the German flute. ABA, brother-in-law to Stephen, the first Christian king of Hungary, defeated Peter, who had succeeded his uncle on the throne, and after he had banished him to Bavaria, he usurped the crown in 1041 or 1042. He disgraced himself by his cruelties, and after being conquered in a battle by the Emperor Henry III., he was sacrificed to the resentment of his offended subjects, in 1044. ABAFFI, MICHAEL, rose from obscurity by his abilities and intrigues, to the sovereignty of Transylvania, in 1661. He bravely assisted the Turks, and became formidable to the Emperor of Germany. ABAISI, TOMMASI, a sculptor of Modena, was employed with his two sons in the cathedral of Ferrara, in 1451. ABAKA, Khan of Tartary, was the grandson of Jengis; succeeded his father, Haluku, on the throne of Persia, in 1264; married a daughter of Michael Paleologus; was a just and enlightened prince, possessing many virtues rarely found among Asiatic rulers; died in 1282. ABASSA, an officer who revolted against Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, and afterwards was employed against the Poles, 1634, at the head of 60,000 men. The cowardice of his troops robbed him of a victory which his courage, his abilities, and his ambition seemed to promise, and he was strangled by order of the Sultan. ABASSA, or ABBASSA, a sister of Aaron Raschid, whose hand was bestowed by her brother on Giafar, on condition that she abstained from the marriage rights. The promise was forgotten: the birth of a son that was secretly sent to Mecca to be brought up, incensed the emperor: the husband's life was sacrificed by the tyrant, and Abassa reduced to poverty. The unhappy princess is said to have wandered about, reciting hei own story.in verse, and to have been relieved several years afterwards by a compassionate lady to whom she sang her misfortunes. There are still extant some Arabic verses which beautifully celebrate her love and her misfortunes. ABATE, ANDREA, (called Belvidere) a Neapolitan painter, who excelled in representing fruit, flowers, vases, and other inanimate objects; was employed by Carolus I. of Spain, in embellishing the Escurial; died 1732. ABATI, NIccoLo DELL, an eminent Italian painter, who accompanied Primaticcio to France, and was employed by Francis I, inornamenting the palace at Fontainbleau. He was noted for the extraordinary splendor and purity of his coloring. He died at Paris in 1571. ABATI, PIETRO PAOLO, brother of the preceding, and also a painter, excelled in battle pieces, and was conRidreprp n n *n a 9l rt in iqo +tmi fvr ths or\irf nrl nmi>m-r_ ABANCOURT, CHARLES XAVIE JOSEPH FRANQE-e designed horses and the attacks of VILLE D', a minister of Louis XVI., who fell a victim to combatants. Died about 1555. the massacre of the Orangery, in 1792. combatants. Died about 1555. ABANCOURT, FRANýOIS JEAN VILLEMAIN D', a French ABATI, ERCOLE, grandson of the first, was born at author, born in 1745, died in 1803; celebrated also for Modena, 1563 died 1613. He possessed an extraordinary his collection of printed and manuscript plays. genius for the art of painting, which he disgraced by "the depravity and intemperance of his conduct. ABANO, PETER DE, an Italian physician and philoso- ABATI PIETRO PAULO, son of the last named pher of the middle ages. His proficiency in mathematics ABATI, PIETRO PAULO son of the last named, proand astronomy caused him to be regarded as a magi- duced several pictures which are spoken of with comcian; hence he was arraigned before the inquisition, and mendation: died 1630, aged 38. escaped condemnation only by his death, in 1316. ABANTIDAS, became tyrant of Sicyon by the murder ABARIS, a Scythian philosopher, the history of whose of Cleinias, B. C. 264. He was fond of literature, and adventures as mentioned by Herodotus and others ap- was accustomed to attend the philosophical discussions pears more fabulous than authentic. of Deinias, and Aristotle the dialectician; on one of pears which occasions he was murdered by his enemies. ABAS, SHAH, was seventh king of Persia, of the race A i of the Sophis. He was brave and active, and enlarged ABATS, ANDREW, a painter, born at Naples, and enthe boundaries of his dominions. He took conjointly gaged in the service of the Spanish king. He died 1732. with the English forces, 1622, the island of Ormus, His fruit pieces and landscapes were admired. which had been in the possession of the Portuguese 122 ABAUZIT, FIRMIN, a French writer, born at Uzes in years. He died in 1629, in the 44th year of his reign, 1679, and died at Geneva in 1767. Though he published and obtained from his grateful and admiring subjects very little, he acquired an extensive scientific reputation, the surname of great, and of restorer of Persia. He and was esteemed for his genius, judgment, and profound had made Ispahan his capital, learning, by the most eminent men of his age, many of ABAS, SHAH, the great-grandson of the preceding, whom consulted him upon difficult questions. "You," succeeded his father in 1642, in his 13th year. He took said Newton, "are a fit person to judge between LeibCandahar from the Moguls, and valiantly resisted the nitz and me." Rousseau has given a glowing panegyric attacks of 300,000 besiegers. Blessed with an enlarged upon him in his Nouvelle Heloise. The modesty of understanding he patronised the Christians, and pro- Abauzit was not less conspicuous than his erudition. In mised by deeds of benevolence and liberality to rival the his religious opinions, this learned man leaned towards greatest heroes of antiquity, when he was cut off by Socinianism, or the modern Unitarian doctrine; but was death in his 37th year, Sept. 25, 1666. not distinguished as a partisan. ABASCAL, JOSE FERNANDO, viceroy of Peru during.ABBADIE, JAMES, D. D. a celebrated Protestant minseveral years of the South American war of independ- ister, born at Nay, in Berne, 1654, or according to ence, born 1743, died 1821. He entered the military others 1658. After improving himself in France and ence, Holland he visited Prussia and settled at Berlin, at the service of Spain at the age of 19, in which he continued Holand, he vsted Prussia andsettled at Berlin at the during the greater part of his life. solicitation of the elector of Brandenburg, where, as minister of the French church, he enforced the duties ABASCANTUS, a physician of Lyons in the second of religion and morality, and gained by persuasive elocentury, alluded to by Galen, who preserved an antidote quence the favor of the prince and people. After his invented by him against the bite of serpents. He is patron's death he accompanied the duke of Schomberg sometimes confounded with another of the same name, to Holland and to England, and after the battle of the who seems to have been a freedman of the emperor Boyne he was patronized by king William, whose cause Augustus. he ably supported by his pen, and was made minister of - I a CLI -~II IRJIIIIC~I-I re - C- I I - I Ir I I II I r_, ABBAS 11 ABBOT ABBAS 11 ABBOT the Savoy, and afterwards advanced to the deanery of Killaloe in Ireland. He died in London soon after his return from a tour to Holland, Sept. 23, 1727. Well informed as a writer, eloquent as a preacher, and as a man virtuous and charitable, he was universally respected and beloved. His writings were mostly on divinity, and they acquired unusual popularity, especially his treatise on the Christian religion. He also published a defence of the revolution, and, at the request of William, an account of the previous conspiracy in England, compiled from the materials furnished by the Earl of Portland and Secretary Trumbull. All the writings of this active and zealous, yet occasionally fanciful, divine, are in the French language; but several of them have been translated. ABBAS, HALLI, a physician, and one of the Persian magi, who followed the doctrines of Zoroaster. He wrote, A. D. 980, a book called Royal Work, at the request of the caliph's son, to whom he has dedicated it, in the pompous and bombastic language of the East. It was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch, 1127, which is now extant. ABBAS, an uncle of Mahomet, opposed the ambitious views of the impostor, but when defeated in the battle of Bedr, he was not only reconciled to his nephew but he warmly embraced his religion, and thanked heaven for the prosperity and the grace which he enjoyed as a Mussulman. He acquired fame as the interpreter of the verses of the Koran, and most powerfully served the cause of Mahomet at the battle of Honain by recalling his dismayed troops to the charge, and inciting them boldly to rally round their prophet, who was near expiring under the cimeters of the infidel Thakesites. His son, of the same name, became still more celebrated by his knowledge of the Koran. Abbas was regarded with so much veneration, that the caliphs Omar and Othman never appeared before him without dismounting from their horses, and saluting him with the most profound humility. He died in the 32d year of the Hegira; and 100 years after, Abulabbas Saffa, his grandson, investing himself with sovereign power, laid the foundation of the dynasty of the Abbassides, which continued to be transmitted in his family from father to son 524 years, during an uninterrupted succession of 37 caliphs, till they were dispossessed by the Tartars. Abbas Abdallah, the grandson of Abbas, the uncle of the prophet, was also distinguished as a teacher of the sacred book: as, before he was 10 years of age, he was said to have received inspiration from the angel Gabriel, whose communications with Mahomet were frequent and numerous. He died in the 68th year of the Hegira, and was universally lamented as the most learned doctor of Mussulmanism. ABBAS, SHAH, the Great. This celebrated Persian sovereign was born about the year 1558, and ascended the throne on the murder of his brother Ishmael, in 1585. The character of Abbas was sanguinary, but politic and determined. When he assumed the sovereignty, Persia was divided into satrapies or governments, the khans or heads of which were nearly independent. These he reduced to a state of subserviency; and, in addition to the strength thus acquired he enlarged his dominions by successful expeditions on every side. In his family Shah Abbas displayed the same jealous rigor as elsewhere--having three sons by as many wives, the two youngest were deprived of sight, and he put the eldest to death, in consequence of a conspiracy in his favor, which the dutiful prince had himself assisted to put down. This murder produced a great tumult among the people, and even the Shah, who excused himself on the score of self-preservation, affected or felt great remorse, and never would wear the insignia of royalty afterwards. Notwithstanding the public and domestic rigor of Abbas, he was much esteemed by his subjects, and his memory is held by the Persians in great veneration. He died at the advanced age of seventy. I ABBON, DE FLEURY, an ecclesiastic of Orleans, who after displaying his superior abilities in every branch of polite literature at Paris and Rheims, became Abbot of Fleury, and supported with vehemence and energy the rights of the monastic order against the intrusions of the bishops. He was employed by King Robert to appease Pope Gregory V., who wished to place the kingdom of France under an interdict, and he proved successful at Rome. He was killed in a quarrel between the French and Gascons, 1004, whilst he endeavored to introduce a reform in the abbey of Reole in Gascony. Besides canons, in which he explained the duty of kings and subjects, there is a volume of his letters extant, printed 1687, in folio. ABBOT, ABIEL, D. D., born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 17, 1770, and was graduated at Harvard University, in 1787. In 1794, he was settled in Haverhill, as pastor of the Congregational Society, where he remained eight years. Immediately after leaving this place, he was settled in Beverly; and the remainder of his life, about 24 years, was here passed in the performance of ministerial duties, unless interrupted in his labors by sickness. In consequence of the decline of health, he spent some part of the winter previous to his death, which happened, June 7th, 1828, in the island of Cuba. This furnished occasion for a volume of interesting and valuable "Letters from Cuba," which were published at Boston, 1829. In 1802, he published an Artillery Election Sermon; in 1812, Sermons to Mariners; in 1815, an Address on Intemperance; in 1816, a Missionary Sermon; in 1817, "a Sermon before the Salem Bible Society; and, in 1827, "a Convention Sermon. ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. D., one of the best and most fortunate teachers whose names have been recorded in the annals of American education. He was born in the year 1763, or the year previous, and graduated at Harvard University, in 1788. On graduating he became the Principal of Phillip's Academy, at Exeter, N. H. Here he remained in the uninterrupted performance of the duties of his station', the full period of fifty years, till the autumn of 1838; and, so far as his reputation was concerned, a kind of autocrat among the teachers of New England. That institution was founded, and so amply endowed, by the Hon. John Phillips, LL.D., as to be able to furnish gratuitous instruction to as many students as could be accommodated in the spacious edifice belonging to it; and gratuitous board as well as instruction to ten or twelve young men of genius and good moral character. Besides the Principal and a Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, there was constantly one, and sometimes more than one assistant teacher; all, with rarely an exception, from the best scholars of Harvard. Dr. Abbot was one of the most critical classical teachers in the country, and under his administration, the Institution became so popular that application was frequently made for pupils years in advance, before there were vacancies for admission. They came from the extreme parts of the American Union. If the author of this work has been particularly indebted to any one external agency for his own success in life, it was to the thorough mental discipline he received from that scholastic veteran. Dr. Abbot was fortunate too in his pupils. Many of them rose to the highest eminence. The following are a few of this class: Bushrod Washington, Joseph S. Buckminster, Lewis Cass, LL.D., Daniel Webster, LL.D., John A. Dix, Joseph G. Cogswell, LL.D., Lucius Manlius Sargent, Edward Everett, LL.D., John G. Palfrey, D.D., LL.D., Jared Sparks, LL.D., and Zachariah Alien, LL.D. Dr. Abbot died at Exeter, October 25th, 1849, aged 87 years. His pupils never ceased to love him, and when he retired from office there was a formal assemblage of them, from different parts of the country, to give him a united testimony of respect. ABBOT, GEORGE, son of a clothworker, and Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Guildford, in Surrey, 29th Oct., 1562. He was educated at Oxford; and was suc I - I -- -LIIe-~AI-~- -----c_ -----&--B-~IL-_-L - ---~ - --r a-i -- p - -- ABBOT 12 ABEILLE cessively Master of University College, Dean of Winches- ABBT, THOMAS, the German translator of Sallust, and ter, Vice-chancellor of Oxford, Bishop of Litchfield and the admired author of a treatise " on merit," and of anof London, and Archbishop of Canterbury. His learning other "of dying for one's country," was born at Ulm, was universally respected, as before his elevation to the and died at Buckeberg, 1766, aged 28. The works of Episcopal chair, he was the second of the Oxford divines Abbt abound in thought, fancy, and spirit, and it is whom King James appointed to translate the New Testa- believed that, had he lived, he would have become a ment, except the epistles; and as a negotiator he was leading German writer. employed to establish and cement an union between the ABDALLAH, father of Mahomet, was a slave and a churches of England and Scotland, where his address, driver of camels, who, however, possessed such merit, his eloquence, and moderation were particularly con- according to the followers of the prophet, that his hand spicuous. In his zeal for the Protestant faith, he pro- was solicited in marriage by the fairest and the most moted the union of the Princess Elizabeth with the Elector virtuous of the women of his tribe. He was then in his Palatine, and he strenuously withstood the influence 75th or 85th year. which James exerted, to make him declare in favor of the divorce between the daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, ABDALLAH, the Arabian king of Spain, at the close and the royal favorite Robert, Earl of Essex. He refused of the ninth century, when the sovereignty was entire, to sanction the mandate by which James permitted sports but in a declining state. He died in 901, after a troubled and pastimes on the Lord's day, and he forbade it to be reign of four years. publicly read at Croydon, where he then was. The ABDAS, a bishop in Persia, who, by inconsiderately evening of his life was darkened by a melancholy event, abolishing a Pagan temple of the sun, excited the public which his enemies wished to convert to his disgrace and indignation against himself and his religion. He was degradation. As he amused himself with a crossbow in the first victim of a persecution which called for the the grounds of Lord Zouch at Bransill in Hampshire, interference of Theodosius the younger in favor of the where he retired for recreation every summer, he acci- Christians, and which, during thirty years, produced dentally killed the park-keeper by an arrow which he war, carnage, and desolation, between the Roman and aimed at a deer. This homicide was attended with a Persian empires. settled melancholy in the archbishop, who, as an atonement for the accident, granted an annuity of ~20 to the ABDULMUMEN, a man of obscure origin, but of widow, and ever after once a month observed the fatal superior talents, who seized the crown of Morocco, by day, Tuesday, in penitence and prayer. In his general destroying the royal family of the Almoravide race, and character Abbot was moderate and inoffensive; though a who extended his dominions by the conquest of Tunis, rigid Calvinist, he recommended to his clergy rather to Fez, and Tremecen. He meditated the invasion of Spain, gain the public esteem by morality, than claim it as a when death stopped his career, 1156. His son Joseph II. due to their office. He was benevolent and humane, and carried his views of ambition into effect. among other acts of charity he endowed, with an income ABEEL, JOHN NELSON, D. D., a Presbyterian minister, of ~300 a year, a hospital at Guildford, for the support of distinguished eloquence, who died in New York, Jan. and -maintenance of the poor. His publications were 20, 1812, in the 43d year of his age. He graduated at chiefly divinity, besides some treatises occasioned by the Princeton College in 1787, and for some time afterwards situation of the times. He died on the 5th of August, was engaged in the study of the law. Subsequently he 1633, in the 71st year of his age. pursued the study of divinity, and was licensed to preach ABBOT, MAURICE, youngest brother of the archbishop, in April, 1793. For a short time he officiated in Philaacquired consequence in commercial affairs, and was em- delphia; but, in 1795 was installed as pastor of the Reployed in the direction of the East India Company's con- formed Dutch Church, in the city where he died. cerns, respecting the Molucca Islands, which were in the ABEEL, DAVID, D. D., an American missionary of the hands of the Dutch. He was employed in 1624, in Dutch Reformed Church, was born in New Brunswick, establishing the settlement of Virginia, and he was the N. J., June 12th, 1804. IHe received his education, classifirst person on whom Charles I. conferred the honor of cal and professional, mostly in his native city; and was knighthood. Raised by industry to opulence and dis- ordained to the Gospel ministry in 1826. In 1829 he tinction, he was elected representative for London, and went to China as a missionary. From China he went to in 1638, was raised to the mayoralty of the city, a high Java; thence to Batavia, Singapore, and Siam. In 1833, office, which he adorned by the amiableness of his he visited England, Holland, France. and Switzerland, manners, and the goodness of his heart. He died Jan. never forgetting the claims of the heathen, and especially 10th, 1640, fhose of China. He published " The Claims of the ABBOT, ROBERT, D.D., eldest brother of the two pre- World to the Gospel," and his " Residence in China." ceding, was born at Guildford, and educated at Baliol In 1839 he again visited Canton; but his health was so College. He soon became a very popular preacher, and frail, he was unable to accomplish much of all he desired. acquired the reputation of being one of the first polemic As far as able he continued to prosecute his study of the divines of the age. After having obtained several pre- Chinese language, and other labors having reference to ferments, he was raised, in 1615, to be Bishop of Salis- his vocation; but when his prospect for usefulness began bury. The infirmities of a sedentary life, however, to appear bright, his physical powers became entirely operated unfavorably upon his health; and, in a little prostrated. Accordingly, he returned to America, and more than two years from his consecration, his mortal died at Albany, Sept. 4th, 1846. His zeal was most labors were ended. His death took place, March 2d, pure; he had many high qualifications for the work in 1617, being one of the five Bishops who in six successive which he was engaged; and, as a pioneer, he did much years were installed at Salisbury. in preparing the way for others. ABBOT, SAMUEL, a distinguished benefactor of the ABEILLE, GASPART), a native of Riez, in Provenge, Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass. He was born 1648. His wit procured him the friendship of the marein that town, but became a merchant in Boston, where chal de Luxembourgh, who at his death recommended he accumulated a fortune, large portions of which he him to the prince of Conti, and the Duke de Vendn me. devoted to objects of charity. He gave twenty thou- His animated conversation proved agreeable to his sand dollars towards founding this seminary; and, he patrons, and his witticisms were attended with peculiar also, by will, bequeathed to it one hundred thousand effect when delivered with all the grimace of a wrinkled dollars more. He was distinguished for prudence, and deformed countenance, artfully distorted to express sincerity, and uprightness; and was amiable, pious, and the most ludicrous and comic ejaculations. He was at charitable to the poor. Thus it will be seen that he was the head of a priory, and had a place in the French the friend of learning and religion. Hie died, April 30, Academy. Besides odes and epistles he wrote several 1812, at the advanced age of eighty, tragedies, one comedy, and two operas, in a style, lan - ---- L ABEILLE 13 ABELARD ABEILLE 13 ABELARD guid, puerile, and uninteresting. He died at Paris, 21st May, 1718. ABEILLE, Louis PAUL, a French writer on commerce, agriculture, and manufactures, was born at Toulouse, in 1719, and died at Paris in 1807. Before the revolution he was inspector-general of the manufactures of France. His works are- 1. Corps d' Observations de la Soci6te d'Agriculture, de Commerce, et des Arts, etablie par les Etats de Brdtagne, 8vo., 1761. 2. Principes sur la libert6 du Commerce des Grains, 8vo., 1768. ABEL, King of Denmark, and son of Valdimar II., quarrelled with his eldest brother Eric, and when he had invited him to a reconciliation he ferociously murdered him, and usurped his throne, 1250. He was killed in battle two years after, during an insurrection of the Frisons, occasioned by his extortions and the severity of his taxes. ABEL, FREDERICK GOTTFRIED, a native of Halberstadt, who abandoned divinity for the pursuit of medicine, and took his doctor's degree at Konigsberg, 1744. He published a poetical translation of Juvenal in German, 1788, and after practising with great success in his native town died there, 1794, aged eighty. ABEL, CHARLES FREDERICK, an eminent musician whose performances on the viol digamba were much admired. He died 20th June, 1787. ABEL, NICHOLAS HENRY, a Norwegian mathematician, born at Findoe, August 5th, 1802. After receiving the elements of instruction from his father, who was the clergyman of that place, he was sent to the cathedral school of Christiania, where his genius for mathematics was called forth by the solution of geometrical and algebraical problems. While still at the university, which he entered in 1821, he published one or two papers on mathematical subjects, which brought him into notice, and, aided by the earnest recommendations of professors, obtained for him the patronage of the government. An annual allowance of six hundred dollars was bestowed upon him, that he might travel for his improvement. He accordingly visited Berlin, Paris, and Vienna. His efforts, during the stay he made in Paris, to induce men of science to promote the publication of some memoirs which he had prepared, were unavailing, and he went to Berlin, in no slight degree disappointed. Here he was so fortunate as to meet with precisely such a patron as he now wanted. Mr. Crelle, himself highly distinguished as a man of science, and thoroughly qualified to judge in the case, did not hesitate, on perusing the papers submitted to him by the young Norwegian, to pronounce their author to be entitled to take rank among the first living mathematicians. He engaged, moreover, to publish those papers in the "Journal for the Pure and Applied Mathematics," which he at once resolved upon editing. This journal, too, with the "Astronomical News," of Mr. Schumacher, became the principal mediums for the communication of Abel's futare labors to the scientific world. On his return to Christiania, Abel was appointed to supply the place of Professor Hansteen in the university and the school of engineers, during the absence of that gentleman on a tour to Siberia. He now applied himself with the most indefatigable ardor to the performance of the duties assigned him, and to the investigations in which he was engaged. But his bodily constitution was too feeble a support for a spirit like his. His health soon began to decline, and he expired, April 6th, 1829, aged 27 years. His works have been published in the French language, in two volumes 4to, at the expense of the King of Sweden. ABELA, JOHN FRANCIS, a commander of the order of Malta, known by an excellent work called Malta Illustrata, in four books in folio, 1647, in which he gives an account of the island. ABELARD, PETER, a native of Palais near Nantz in Brittany, born 1079, who became celebrated for his learning and his misfortunes. Blessed with a retentive memory and great acuteness of genius, he made unusual progress in logic, and wielded the weapons of subtle disputation with admirable dexterity. After having studied under William de Champeaux, and other eminent masters, he opened a school of theology and rhetoric, which was soon attended by more than three thousand pupils of all nations. Naturally vain of his person, which was elegant, graceful, and engaging, and not unconscious of the reputation which his learning had acquired, he listened to the applauses of one sex, and received with avidity the admiration and the praises of the other. His success had rendered him opulent; but amongst those whose favors he boasted he could gain, he selected Heloise, whom her uncle Fulbert, a canon of Paris, was ambitious to render as superior to her sex in learning as she was in personal charms. With this view the artful Abelard was easily persuaded to board in the house, and he was now intrusted with the education of the object of his heart, whose improvement he was exhorted by the unthinking Fulbert to promote by compulsion and even by stripes. The moments intended for mental instruction were soon devoted to love, and, as he says himself, our studies now furnished us with that privacy and retirement which our passion desired. The passion of the lovers however was unveiled to the public eye, but Fulbert alone remained unconscious of the guilt of the preceptor until the situation of the unfortunate Heloise at last filled him with remorse and resentment. Abelard fled from the house, and soon after persuaded Heloise to retire to his sister's house in Brittany, where she gave birth to a son, whom she called Astrolabus. The indignation of the uncle was pacified by offers of marriage from Abelard, who wished probably to recover the public esteem rather than to regain the confidence of Fulbert; and Heloise, though actuated by the singular wish of being the mistress rather than the wife of the man she loved, with difficulty consented. The nuptial blessing was pronounced in private; but whilst Fulbert wished the union to be publicly known, Heloise disdained to acknowledge it, and even solemnly denied it with an oath. Her conduct irritated Fulbert, and Abelard removed her from his pursuit to the convent of Argenteuil, where she assumed the religious habit but not the veil. This however provoked the resentment of her family, who seemed to dread further treachery from the lovers, and ruffians were hired by their intrigues, who in the dead of night introduced themselves into the unsuspecting husband's chamber and inflicted an inhuman mutilation on his person. Abelard fled upon this to a cloister, where he concealed his confusion from the public eye by assuming the habit of St. Denis. Here the immorality of the monks roused his indignation, and after he had wandered on the territories of the count of Champagne, and been exposed to the persecution of an ecclesiastical council at Soissons, he retired to a solitary place in the diocese of Troyes, where he built an oratory to which he gave the name of the Paraclete. His reputation and his misfortunes here drew around him a number of pupils, and by his eloquence the solitude of his residence was converted into a popular assemblage of theologians and philosophers. Still his subsequent life was by no means tranquil. His theological doctrines were censured as heterodox; he was condemned by a council; was driven from place to place, and was even imprisoned. But, at length, Peter, the venerable abbot of Clugni, received the melancholy wanderer with hospitality and compassion. In this peaceful retreat the husband of Heloise forgot his misfortunes, and in his intercourse with the monks he exemplified the virtues of humility and resignation, which he frequently enforced to them with the eloquence of youth. He died soon after at the abbey at St. Marcellus on the Saon near Chalons, April 21st, 1142, in the 63d year of his age, and his remains were claimed by the unfortunate Heloise, who deposited them in the Paraclete, and who, whilst she paid honor to his memory as the founder of her house, still remembered him with the keenness of anguish as the former object of her love. She survived him till the 17th May, 1163, and was buried in the same tomb, where her bones still repose. The loves of Abelard and Heloise have been 1ý __ ABELL 14 ABERNETHY ABEL 14 BEILETH immortalized by the pen of Pope; but the genius of the poet, however brilliant, cannot throw a veil over the failings of the man. If we execrate the conduct of Abelard to Heloise while in the house of Fulbert, we cannot but contemplate with increased indignation the coldness and indifference with which he treats in his letters the affections and the friendship of the abbess of the Paraclete. Whilst he languished during the decline of life under the unmanly vengeance of Fulbert, he forgot that Heloise, once virtuous, had sacrificed her name, her honor, and happiness to his passion. The writings of Abelard are mostly on divinity or logical subjects, but his letters excite interest from the sensibility, the animation, and the elegance which Heloise has infused into them. A voluminous life of these two lovers has been published in English by Berington. ABELL, JOHN, an English musician, known for a fine counter-tenor voice, and his skill on the lute. Charles II. in whose service he was, intended to send him to Venice, to convince the Italians of the musical powers of an Englishman, but the scheme was dropped, and Abell at the revolution was dismissed from the chapel royal for his attachment to popery. He quitted England, and after various adventures in Holland and Germany, in the midst of opulence and of poverty, he at last reached Warsaw, where hlie was invited to court. He evaded the invitation, till, obliged to attend in consequence of a second order, he found himself in the midst of a large hall, seated in a chair which was suddenly drawn up opposite a gallery where the king appeared with his nobles. At the same instant a number of bears were let loose below, and the terrified musician was ordered by the king to choose either to sing or be let down among the ferocious animals. Abell chose to sing, and afterwards declared he never exerted himself with such successful powers before. He returned to England, where he published a collection of songs dedicated to king William, 1701. The time of his death is unknown. He is supposed to have had some secret by which he preserved the natural powers of his voice to his last moments. ABELLI, LEWIS, a native of Vexin Fran9ois, who was made bishop of Rhodes. After three years' residence he abdicated his episcopal office, and chose rather to live in privacy at St. Lazare in Paris, in the bosom of literary ease. He died there 1691, in his 88th year. He published among other works Medulla Theologica, and his works are often quoted by the Protestants against the eloquence of Bossuet and of the Catholics, in the support of their worship of the Virgin. The style of Abelli was harsh and inelegant. ABENDANA, JACOB, a Spanish Jew, who died, 1685, prefect of the synagogue in London. He wrote a Specilegium, or Hebrew explanation of select passages in the Scriptures, much esteemed, and published at Amsterdam. ABENEZRA, ABRAHAM, a Spanish rabbi, surnamed the wise, great and admirable, for the extent of his learning. Though skilled in geometry, astronomy, and poetry, he preferred the explanation of the Scriptures, in which his zeal was often manifested by the boldness of his conjectures. His commentaries are highly valued, and also his Jesud Mora, in which he recommends the study-of the Talmud. He died, 1174, aged about 75, after having acquired and deserved the reputation of one of the greatest men of'his age and nation. ABENMELEK, a learned rabbi, who wrote in Hebrew a commentary on the Bible, which he called the perfection of beauty: Amsterdam, 1661, in folio, translated into Latin in 4to. and 8vo. ABERCROMBIE, JAMES D. D., a learned and eloquent clergyman of the American Protestant Episcopal Church, was born about the year 1758. During a part of his life, at least, he performed the double duty of a classical teacher and of a parish priest. For many years he was one of the associated rectors of Christ Church, St. Peter's, and St. James. In classical litera ture and impressive eloquence he had few superiors; * perhaps none among his brethren. As a teacher of youth and as a preacher he was widely known. He died at SPhiladelphia, the home of his long life, June 26th, 1841, Sin his 84th year. ABERCROMBIE, JOHN, M. D., an eminent Scotch physician and author, born at Aberdeen, November lth, 1781. Having taken his degree at Edinburgh in 1803, he permanently fixed his residence in the Scotch metropolis, where he soon gained the first rank as a practising and consulting physician. But the writings of Dr. Abercrombie contributed more to his fame than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works are meritorious, but the most permanent monuments to his memory are his " Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers," published, 1830; and the "Philosophy of the Moral Feelings," published, 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts accumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research to bear on various moral and metaphysical systems. To his wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was unassuming, and he will long be remembered for his large but unobtrusive benevolence. Dr. Abercrombie died in 1844, aged sixty-three years. ABERCROMBIE, SIR RALPH, an English general, celebrated for his bravery. As his ambition was to distinguish himself in the service of his country, hlie studied the duties of the military profession, and when he rose to the rank of major-general, in 1787, the title was due to his merits and to his experience. In the several stations to which he was appointed, he always conducted with the utmost bravery. Hlie was ever foremost in feats of danger and of glory. So much valor did not pass unrewarded by the ministry; after supporting the honor of the British arms on the continent, and in the West Indies as commander in chief, and reducing several of the enemy's colonies, he was made a Knight of the Bath, governor of the Isle of Wight and forts George and Augustus, and raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. After his return from the West Indies he commanded in Ireland and Scotland. In the attack made on Holland by the English, Sir Ralph bore a conspicuous part, and the landing at the Helder and the subsequent actions evinced not only the bravery of his troops, but the judicious arrangement and military skill of their heroic leader, whose abilities even the French themselves were eager to admire and commend. In the Egyptian expedition, the popularity of the veteran chief marked him as destined to gather fresh laurels for his country. After a long delay on the shores of the Mediterranean, which seemed to argue almost timidity, Sir Ralph soon convinced the enemy that every noble exertion in the field of honor and glory can be expected from a British army. He landed at Aboukir, in spite of the obstinate opposition of the French, 8th March, 1801, and advanced boldly towards Alexandria. On the 21st March a bloody battle was fought between the two armies; and the French, who had attempted to take the English by surprise, finding themselves unable to withstand the impetuosity of their opponents, retired dismayed and conquered. This victory however was dearly bought; Sir Ralph, whilst animating his troops, received a musket-ball in the hip, and died seven days after on board the fleet. His remains were conveyed to Malta, and there interred in the great church, where a noble monument with a becoming inscription records his meritorious services. Sir Ralph was descended from an ancient and respectable family in Scotland, and one of his brothers, likewise engaged in the military service of his country, fell at the melancholy affair of Bunker's hill in the American war. Another brother has also acquired high distinction in the army. ABERNETHY, JOHN, a Presbyterian minister, born at Coleraine in Ireland, October 19th, 1680. He was early removed to Scotland, where he escaped the miseries which his family endured at the siege of Derry; and after he had finished his studies at the university of Glasgow, and obtained the degree of M. A. he returned I __ I ABSENETHY 15 ABOX7LFEDA toe Lelafid, and was soon after appointed minister of the the war against the French republic; and on Napoleon's dissentinar congregation of Antrim. Abernethy becoming invasion of Spain, the part he took in the relief of Gemnoonular, abardoned by his congregation and forsaken rona in 1809, led to his promotion to the command of or anis Triends, retired to Dublin, where he became the Catalonia, where he displayed great energy, and reaped pastor of a small society in Wood-street, and for ten much success. Though defeated in the plains of Vi'ch years displayed moderation in opinions and exemplary by General Sonham, he a month afterwards forced Aumanners. He died of the gout, December, 1740, in the gereau to abandon Lower Catalonia; and, at the village 60th year of his age. He left several volumes of ser- of Abisbal, he compelled the surrender of a whole mons much esteemed, which were published 1748, and French column under General Schwartz. From this to which an account of his life was prefixed. action he took his title. Towards the close of the war, he commanded with brilliant success at the capture of ABERNETHY, JOHN, M. D., F. R. S., a learned and Pancorvo. In 1819 he suppressed a mutiny of the very eccentric surgeon, born in 1764, but whether in troops in the isle of Leon; but he fell into disgrace on Scotland or Ireland is not known. At a very early age suspicion of treachery, and it was not till 182, on the his parents removed to London. In 1773 the celebrated invasion of Spain by the French under the Duke d'AnJohn Hunter commenced his lectures, and Abernethy gouleme, that he recovered his position and fame. After became his pupil. Through Mr. Hunter's influence, in the restoration of Ferdinand, he retired to France, where 1780 Abernethy was appointed assistant surgeon to St. he resided, almost forgotten, till his death was anBartholomew's Hospital, and shortly afterwards lecturer nounced, in 1834, when at the age of 64. on Anatomy and Surgery. The new and bold view which he took of his subjects made a deep impression on his ABLE or ABEL, THOMAS, a chaplain at the court of auditors, and gained him considerable notoriety. In 1793 Henry VIII. His attachment to the cause of Queen he published "Surgical and Physical Essays," which Catharine, whose innocence he ably supported, brought extended the reputation he had already acquired. These upon him the resentment of the tyrant. He was accused Essays were followed at various periods, by "4Surgical as concerned in the affair of the Holy Maid of Kent, and Observations," the fame of which soon carried his name afterwards by the king's order he was sentenced to die over the continent of Europe. Among his other works on the pretence of denying his supremacy. July 30th, are-" The Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases,"- 1540, he was first hanged and then drawn in quarters. " Physiological Lectures," and " On the Injuries of the His writings are now lost. Head. His life was full of amusing anecdotes; and not ABOU-HANIFAH, surnamed AL-NOOMAN, a celebrated a little of his celebrity was occasioned by his blunt man- doctor among the Mussulmans, born in the 80th year of ners and his sarcasms. He died, March 18th, 1831, at the Hegira. Though he was imprisoned at Bagdad by the age of 61 years. His life has been published in the violence of a caliph, and though he died in his conan American edition, and is a very interesting and amus- finement, yet his learning, his virtues, and moderation ing book. found partizans in the east, and 335 years after his deABGILLUS, son of the king of the Frisii, was sur- cease the Sultan Melikshah erected a noble mausoleum named Prester John. He was in the Holy Land with in the city where his remains were deposited; and there Charlemagne, and afterwards it is said went to Abys- were not wanting enthusiasts who declared that his sinia, where he made extensive conquests. He is the name was enrolled in the Old Testament, and that his reputed author of a history of his journey and of that of birth had been foretold as well as that of the prophet. Charlemagne into the East. Whatever honors, however, Abou-hanifah received from this zeal of posterity and from his admirers who assumed ABINGER, JAMES SCAULETT, Lord, an eminent English the name of Hanifahites, they were due to his tempepractising barrister and judge, was born in Jamaica rance, to his exemplary life and the mildness of his about the year 1769. His family was eminent and influ- character. ential in the West Indies, and his younger brother, Sir William Anglin Scarlett. became chief justice of Jamaica. ABOU-JOSEPH, a learned Mussulman, appointed suHe studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, entered at the preme judge of Bagdad by the caliphs Hadi and Aaron Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1791. His' Raschid. He supported the tenets of Abou-hanifah, and practical sagacity, aided by a full, handsome person, maintained the dignity of his office by impartiality. which gave him, even in youth, an appearance of sedate When he was one day reproached for his ignorance of importance, procured for him a rapid and lucrative busi- one of the causes brought before him, for the decision ness. His temper, discretion, and industry, were always of which he received an ample allowance, he jocosely reto be relied on; and few English barristers, while yet plied, that he received in proportion as he knew; but, junior counsel, have been intrusted with the sole man- says he, if I was paid for all I do not know, the riches agement of so many important cases. There was no- of the caliphat itself would not be sufficient to answer thing striking or surprising in his eloquence, nor was my demand. he remarkable for original or profound legal views: but ABOULAINA, a Mussulman doctor, celebrated for his he had the most lucrative of all characters attached to wit. When Moses, son of the caliph Abdalmalek, put to his professional fame, that of getting many verdicts. In death one of his friends, and afterwards spread a report 1818 he obtained a seat in Parliament for Peterborough. that he had escaped, Aboulaina, on hearing the circumHe was one of the many eminent lawyers whose peculiar stance, said in the words of the lawgiver of the Hebrews, forensic powers have failed to please the House of Com- Moses smote him and he died. The sentence was remons, and he was not much heard there, except on profes- ported to the prince, and Aboulaina was summoned to sional matters. He had been an advocate of Romilly's law appear. Instead of dreading the threats of the oppressor reforms, and was generally counted in the Whig ranks, of his friend, he boldly replied in the words of the folbut he took a distinct step in a gradual change, by be lowing verse in Exodus, Wilt thou kill me to-day as thou coming attorney-general under Canning, in 1827. When killedst the other man yesterday? The ingenuity of the Sir Charles Wetherell was dismissed in 1829, for opposi- expression disarmed the anger of Moses, who loaded tion to Catholic emancipation, Scarlett took a farther him with presents. step by becoming attorney-general under the Wellington A F IT pic o mh i eS o n administration, and he followed up his accession by se- ABOftLFEDA: mSte Lb, cebado of Hamah g n Sygrap ond vere prosecutions of the opposition papers. In 1834 he of the most celebrated of the Arabian geographers and was made chief baron of the Exchequer, and raised to becam ngihe by his larning. In 1321 he wrote April t th, 1844, at the age of B5 yearso i an important geographical work, which Graevius pub. ri, 1 lished in London, 1660. He wrote also the lives of MaABISBAL, HENRY O'DONNELL, Count of, a celebrated homet and Saladin; the former was printed at Oxford Spanish general, born in Andalusia, 1770. Having en- in 1723, and the latter at Leyden in 1732. His Annals tered the royal guards at the age of fifteen, he served in of Mahometanism, a work in high estimation, was pub ABOU-LOLA 16 ACCIAIOLI lished with a Latin version at Copenhagen, in 5 vols. 4to. by the arts of the impostor, and reduced by conquest in 1789-1794. He was a soldier as well as a scholar, several of the Arabian tribes who wished to abandon the and served in several expeditions with his father; was new doctrines to return to the religion of their fathers. present at the storr.ing of Tripoli in 1289, and in 1291 Afterwards Abubeker turned his arms against foreign at the capture of Acca, distinguished himself as well by nations, and by the valor of his active general Khaled, his skill as his bravery. He died in 1331. at the head of thirty-six thousand men, he defeated an ABOU-LOLA, an Arabian poet, born at Maora in 973 army of two hundred thousand men whom the Greek Though he lost his sight in the 3d year of his age by th Emperor Heraclius had sent to ravage the borders of small-pox, yet his poetry was animated, and his descrip- Syria. His victories however were of short duration: a tions beautiful and interesting. He became a Brahmin, slow fever wasted his vigor: but before he died he apand devoted himself faithfully to the abstinence and pointed for his successor Omar, a valiant chieftain, and mortifications of that sect, and died 1057. after a reign of two years and six months he expired in mortifications of that sect, and his sixty-third year. He was buried in the toml of ABRABANEL, ISAAC, a Jew of Lisbon, who pretended Mahomet. to be descended from David, king of Israel. He was BUDT AR, the father of the Carmatians in Aremployed in offices ofimportanceby Alphonso V. king ARo e t enof Portugal;phutoonrthetaccessn of Jphonso V. heised bin, spread his doctrines by his eloquence as well as by of Portugal; but on the accession of John I. he shared the sword. He not only opposed the religion of Mahothe disgrace of the ministry, and, either from the con-met but plundered and insulted the templeofMecca, sciousness of guilt or the apprehension of persecution, and carried away the black stone which was superstihe fled to Spain, where he applied himself to literature. tiously believed to have fallen from heaven. His vioHis fame recommended him to Ferdinand and Isabel, lence was not checked by the Mussulmans, and he died but when the Jews were banished from Castile, he in peaceful possession of his extensive dominions, 953. yielded to the storm which neither his intrigues nor his in pace psson of his extensive dominions, 953. influence could avert. He found an asylum at the court ABULFARAGIUS, GREGORY, son of a Christian phyof Ferdinand king of Naples, but upon the defeat of the sician, was born at Malatia, near the source of the next monarch Alphonso, by the French armies under Euphrates. He followed his father's profession, but Charles VIII. he retired to Corfu, and at last to Venice, afterwards applied himself to the study. of the eastern Where he died in 1508, in his 71st year. He was buried languages and of divinity, and so great was his progress with great pomp at Padua without the walls of the city. that he was ordained Bishop of Guba in his twentieth Though engaged during the best part of his life in the year, whence hnce he was afterwards translated to Lacatumult and the intrigues of courts, Abrabanel cultivated bena and Aleppo. Though he gave way to the superstiliterature in his hours of privacy and retirement.ti ons of his time, he is to be remembered with gratitude Blessed with a strong mind, he wrote with facility, but for the Arabic history which he wrote, divided into dythe persecutions which his nation had suffered, and nasties. This excellent book, which is an epitome of which he himself had shared in all their bitterness, en- universal history from the creation to his own time, has venomed his pen, and scarce any thing was composed been published, two vols. 4to. with a Latin translation, which did not breathe the most violent invectives against 1663, by Dr. Pocoke, who has added a short continuation Christianity, and the most vehement desire of revenge, on the History of the East. Abulfaragius died in his His writings are chiefly commentaries or explanations sixtieth year, 1284, and his memory was deservedly of Scripture. honored with the highest encomium which his nation ABRAHAM, NIcHOLAs, a learned Jesuit, in the dio- could bestow. cese of Toul in Lorraine, who was for seventeen years ABULFEDA, ISMAEL, succeeded his brother as King divinity professor at Pont A Mousson, where he died of Hamath, in Syria, 1342. When a private man he disSeptember 7th, 1655, in his 66th year. His writings tinguished himself by his researches in geography, and were on theological subjects, besides some commentaries published in Arabic an account of the regions beyond on the classics, the Oxus, which was first edited by Groevius with a Latin ABRAHAM, USQUE, a Jew of Portugal, though Ar- translation, London, 1650, and more recently by Hudson, naud considers him as a Christian. He undertook with Oxford, 1712. Abulfeda, who had passed some parts of Tobias Athias to translate the Bible into Spanish in the his life in England, died in 1345, in his seventy-second sixteenth century; but though accuracy seems to per- year. vade the whole, yet it is justly viewed as a compilation ABULGASI-BAYATUR, Khan of the Tartars, was defrom preceding Chaldee paraphrases and Spanish glos- scended from the great Zingis, and as his youth was saries. Another edition was published for the use of spent in the school of adversity, misfortunes and expethe Spanish Christians, and the difference of the two rience fitted him for the government of a state. After translations is particularly observable in those passages a reign of twenty years, during which he was respected which appeal to the faith and belief of the readers. at home and abroad, he resigned the sovereignty to his ABSALOM, Archbishop of Lunden in Denmark, is son, and retired to devote himself to literature. He wrote celebrated as the minister, the favorite, and the friend a Genealogical History of the Tartars, which, though of Waldemir. He displayed is s abilities not only in the occasionally disfigured by conceited terms, and various cabinet, but in the field as a general, and at sea as the interpolations from the Koran, is truly valuable, as the commander of the fleet. By the erection of Copenhagen only Tartar history known in Europe. It has been castle he laid the foundation of that metropolis. To translated into German and French. He died 1663. these great qualities he added the virtues of a most ABU-MESLEM, a Mussulman governor of Khorasan, humane and benevolent heart. He died universally re- who in 746 transferred the dignity of caliph from the gretted, 1202. family of the Ommiades to that of the Abbassides, and ABSTEMIUS, LAURENTIUS, a native of Macerata, in by that revolution occasioned the death of above six the march of Ancona, who lived at the time of the re- hundred thousand men. The Caliph Almansor, whom vival of learning in Europe. His abilities recommended he had supported by his services, cruelly seized him and him to th.e Duke of Urbino, who patronised him. His threw him into the Tigris, 754. writings were chiefly explanations of difficult passages, ACACIUS, a bishop of Amida on the Tigris, who sold besides a collection of one hundred fables after the the sacred vessels of his churches to ransom seven thoumanner of AEsop, Phaedrus, Avienus, &c., in which he sand Persian slaves, which generous action produced a frequently lashes the vices of his age, especially the peace between the Persian king and Theodosius the immorality of the clergy, younger. ABUBEKER, father-in-law of Mahomet, was elected ACCIAIOLI, DONATUS, a native of Florence, who dishis successor, in opposition to Alu the son-in-law of the tinguished himself by his learning, and by his political prophet. He supported with energy the fabric erected services to his country. Besides several Treatises he __ I _C I ACCOLTI ACKERMAN ACCOLTIACKERMA Wrote Commentaries on the Ethics of Aristotle, and died May, 1792. He published several books on the translated some of the Lives of Plutarch. He died 1478, history of the European states, the law of nations, and in his fiftieth year, at Milan, in his journey to France as political economy. His chief merit consists in the settled ambassador from the Florentines to Lewis XI. to implore character he has given to, and the new light which he his assistance against the ambitious views of Pope Six- has thrown on the science, which explains systematically tus IV. His fortune was discovered to be so small that the nature and amount of the active powers of a state, his daughters were portioned for marriage at the public and hence deduces the sources of its physical and moral expense, as a mark of the gratitude of the country to the prosperity. He gave it the name of statistics. virtues of the father. ACHILLINI, CLAUDE, grand -nephew of Alexander, ACCOLTI, BENEDICT, a lawyer of Florence, but origi- was distinguished for his knowledge of medicine, theonally of Arezzo, secretary to the Republic. Besides an logy, and jurisprudence. As a professor of law he account of the great men of his time, he has written an acquired reputation and honor at Parma, Ferrara, and elegant narrative in three books of the War of the Chris- Bologna, and gained the applauses of the sovereign tians against the Infidels, for the recovery of the Holy pontiff. In poetry he shone among the learned of his Land, from which Tasso has drawn the foundation of age, and his well-known sonnet on the conquests of hig Jerusalem Delivered. His memory was so retentive Lewis XIII. in Piedmont, procured from Richelieu the that he repeated verbatim the Latin harangues of the liberal present of a chain of gold worth one thousand Hungarian ambassador, on his introduction to the Flo- crowns. He died at Bologna, 1640, in his sixty-sixth rentine senate. He died 1466, aged fifty-one, year. ACCOLTI, FRANCIS, brother to Benedict, acquired an ACHMET I. Emperor of Turkey, son and successor extensive reputation by the clearness of his judgment, of Mahomet III. made war against the Hungarians, and the graces of his eloquence, and his knowledge of juris- afterwards was engaged in quelling the commotions of prudence. He aspired to the purple, but Sixtus VI., in insurgents and of rivals. He died, 1617, in his thirtieth refusing it, flattered him with the compliment that such year, and 14th of his reign. a promotion would deprive his pupils and the world of ACHMET II. succeeded his brother Solyman IIL the advantages of his instruction. He died in 1470, 1691, on the throne of Constantinople. He was unforleaving a large property accumulated by excessive par- tunate in his wars against the Venetians and the Aussimony. He wrote some ill-digested law-books, and in- trians, but his private character was amiable. He died correct translations of St. Chrysostom. As he was a in 1695. native of Arezzo, he is sometimes called Aretin. ACTUMET TTT onn of Mahp TV -a rd n fn a ACCOLTI, PETER, a son of Benedict, patronised by the popes, and raised to the dignity of cardinal. He defended in his Treatises the right of the pope over the crown of Naples, and died at Florence, 1549, in his fiftysecond year. His brother Benedict, Duke of Nepi, distinguished himself as a poet; and his Virginia, a comedy, and some small poems are mentioned as deserving celebrity. ACCOLTI, BENEDICT, a man of violent passions, who conspired with five others to murder Pius IV. on pretence that, he was not lawfully elected. The frequent audiences that he demanded of the pope rendered him suspected; he was seized, and with his companions suffered capital punishment, 1564. ACESIUS, Bishop of Constantinople, rigidly maintained at the council of Nice, that those who had committed any sin after being baptised, ought not to be again admitted into the church, though they might repent. Constantine felt the severity of the remark, and said to the austere prelate, "Acesius, make a ladder for yourself, and go to heaven alone." ACHARD, FREDERIC CIHARLES, born at Berlin, April 28, 1754, an eminent naturalist and chemist, principally known by his invention, in 1800, of a process for manufacturing sugar from beets, which since that time has been brought. to greater perfection. He died at Kunern, April 20, 1821. ACHARDS, ELEAZAR FRANCIS DES, a native of Avignon, distinguished as much by his learning as by his piety and great humanity to the poor during a plague. He was nominated bishop of Halicarnassus by Clement XII. and soon after sent to China as apostolic vicar to settle the disputes of the missionaries. After four years of labor and danger, he died at Cochin in 1741, aged sixtytwo. A tedious account of his mission has been published in three vols. 12mo. by Fabre his secretary. ACHALEN, a British sovereign in the sixth century. When driven from his dominions, he took refuge in Wales. He is mentioned with some commendation by Owen in his Cambrian biography, for having with his brother Arthanad performed a difficult journey on horseback up the Maelwg hills in Cardiganshire to avenge their father's death. ACHENWALL, GODFREY, a professor at Gottingen. He was born at Elbing, in Prussia, Oct. 20, 1719, and 2* throne by the heads of a faction which had deposed his brother Mustapha II. After he had artfully destroyed those dangerous subjects, he endeavored to increase the revenues of his empire by new taxes and by an alteration of the value of the current coin. He granted a friendly asylum to Charles XII. of Sweden, after the battle of Pultowa, and the kindness and the hospitality which marked the whole of his intercourse with that unfortunate monarch are entitled to the highest encomiums. Achmet made war against the Russians and Persians, and wrested the Morea from Venice, but his armies were less successful against Hungary; and he was defeated by prince Eugene at the battle of Peterwaradin. H e was preparing another expedition against Persia, when an insurrection hurled him from his throne, and exalted his nephew Mahomet V. from a prison to assume the sovereign power. He died of an apoplexy, 23d June, 1736, in his seventy-fourth year. ACHIMET, GIEDIC, grand vizier under Mahomet II., was one of the greatest warriors and statesmen that ever conducted the affairs of a nation. He was the idol of the people and the army. He was secretly put to death in 1482, by the order of Bajazet. ACKERMAN, RUDOLPH, an English lithographer, but a native of Saxony, born in 1764. He received a good education at a Latin school, and then learnt the trade of a saddler from his father. According to a prevailing custom of that country he went abroad-successively to Brussels, to Paris, and to London - to work as a journeyman at his trade. In the latter city he published a journal of fashions, and afterwards made colored drawings of coaches and curricles, of so much beauty as to attract much notice. This led him to establish a Repository of Arts, containing an account of every thing new. The style in which it was gotten up gave it permanency, and secured for it a large patronage. He got up a series of the most beautiful topographical designs ever seen in that country, which was continued till it became quite a library. He also went into some branches of the publishing business, which had received no attention, and which, from the novelty, gave him large profits. For some years he published the first souvenir in England, called the "Forget Me Not." His operations were large, and it was stated that at one time he employed not less than six hundred persons in concducting them. His business naturally led him to the use of lithography, in which he made improvements, and be O I O IU NEW W-- M - 31H M -L -- -- --~ --- - s --- _ ---- ACONTIUS 18 ADALBERT _ ~ came at that period the best lithographer in London. His whole career gave evidence of his ingenuity and enterprise; not following in the path of others, but marking oat one for himself, like a man of genius. He was also the person who first made use of gas-lights in England; and through the brilliant illuminations caused by his reflectors and other fixtures on his own premises, became a personage of much notoriety. Ackerman in this way led to the lighting of large edifices and the streets of the metropolis with gas. And to his other useful labors, he added the art of rendering cloth, paper, and other substances impervious to water. He died January 30th, 1834, at the age of seventy years. ACONTIUS, a native of Trent, eminent as a philosopher, divine, and civilian. He became a convert to the Protestant religion, and found an asylum in the court of England, which he repaid by fulsome adulation to queen Elizabeth. His books met with great popularity, especially his works of the Stratagems of Satan, in which he wished to reduce to a small compass the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith, and introduce an universal toleration in religious tenets. He possessed extensive abilities and deep penetration, but as he carried his ideas on religion too near skepticism, he drew upon himself the odium of the clergy. The time of his death is unknown. He was still living in 1566. He wrote other works besides, but his best performance is a treatise on the method of studying, printed at Utrecht, 1658. ACOSTA, JOSEPH, a provincial of the Jesuits in Peru, was born at Medina del Campo, in the year 1600. Among his writings, his history, natural and moral, of the West Indies in Spanish and translated into French, is particularly celebrated. As a missionary he labored assiduously and successfully in the conversion of the South American Indians. Dr. Robertson, and other elaborate writers on America, frequently refer to this author, who died rector of the university of Salamanca in the year 1660, thus completing his sixtieth year. ACOSTA, URIEL, a native of Oporto, educatedtd in the omish religion, which his family, though of Jewish extraction, had embraced by compulsion. He was a man of learning; but his life was rendered a burden, by the endless persecutions which the fickleness of his religious opinions brought upon him. He apostatised to Judaism, and at last became a deist. The disgraceful and cruel treatment which he received from his persecutors roused his passions to the highest pitch. In attempting to shoot one of his principal enemies, as he passed through the street, he missed in his aim, and then immediately shot himself in the head with another pistol, 1640, or according to others 1647. ACQUAVIVA, Duke of Atri. He was distinguished as a patron of literature, and had the honor of being the publisher of the first Encyclopedia. Died in 1529. ACROPOLITA, GEORGE, one of the Byzantine historians in the thirteenth century, celebrated for his knowledge of poetry, mathematics, and rhetoric. He was employed as ambassador and as governor at the court of Constantinople, and was the means of a reconciliation and reunion of religion between the two churches of the East and West, to which he gave his solemn sanction in the name of the emperor, at the second council of Lyons, 1274. His history was discovered in the East by Douza, and published, 1614. It is a faithful narrative of the public transactions from 1205 to 1265. Acropolita is gonerally called Logothete, the name of the place or chancellorship which he held. He died about the year 1283, aged 62. His son Constantine distinguished himself also by the public offices he filled at the court of the Palseologi. ACTUARIUS, a Jew physician, who practised at Constantinople in the thirteenth century. His treatises in Greek are chiefly drawn from Galen Paulus, and preceding medical writers. It is said that ip 'louor of him, the name of Actuarius is still given to the physicians of the court. ACUNA, CHRISTOPHeR, a Jesuit of Burgos, employed as a missionary in America. He published an interesting account of the Amazon river, on his return to Madrid, 1641, and the work has been translated into French, in 4 vols. 12mo., 1682. ADAIR, JAMES, an English lawyer of eminence, son of an army agent. He was in Parliament for Cockermouth, in 1780, and afterwards for Higham Ferrers He succeeded Serjeant Glynne as recorder of London, and afterwards resigned that situation, in which he had displayed integrity as well as ability; but his expectations of superior preferment were disappointed. He was one of the lawyers employed in the prosecution of the persons accused of high treason, in 1794, and conducted himself with great candor and liberality. He died 1798. Two extracts were published by him, called thoughts on the dismission of officers for their conduct in Parliament, and observations on the power of alienations of the Crown, before the first of Queen Anne. ADAIR, JAMES, a trader and resident among the North American Indians, for more than forty years. He published a work entitled the History of the American Indians, particularly those nations adjoining the Mississippi, East and West Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia; London, 4to., 1775; in which he points out various customs of the Indians, having a striking resemblance to those of the Jews: and, thence infers that the former descended from the latter. At the time, this was esteemed a most visionary idea, but has since obtained some respectable advocates. ADAIR, GENERAL JOHN, a venerable citizen of Kentucky, distinguishedas a soldier and in the private walks of life. He was born in 1758. Ite served his State one term as a representative in Congress, and part of a term as a senator. He also commanded the troops of Kentucky at New Orleans, under General Jackson, in 1814 and 1815. General Adair died at Harrodsburg, May 19th, 1840, in the eighty-third year of his age. ADALARD, or ADELARD, son of Count Bernard, and grandson of Charles Martel, was related to Charlemagne. On the divorce of Ermengarda, by the emperor, Adalard left the court in disgust, and assumed the religious habit at Corbie. He was however still patronised by the great, and made prime minister of Pepin king of Italy; but he preferred solitude to the turbulence of an elevated station, and founded the abbey of New Corbie, or Corwey, in Saxony. He died, 2d Jan., 826, in his seventysecond year, greatly lamented, as his virtues hrd procured him the respect of the world, and his learning tha title of the Augustine of his age. Only fragments of his writings remain. ADALBERON, Archbishop of Rheims, and chancellor of France, was known for his great services as an ecclesiastic and as the minister of Lothaire. He died 988. ADALBERON, ASCELIN, Bishop of Leon, meanly betrayed into the hand of Hugh Capet, Arnoitl, Archbishop of Rheims, and Charles of Lorraine, the king's rival, who had taken refuge under his episcopal protection. He died 1030. He published a satirical poem, in fo-jr hundred and thirty verses, containing som-e curious historical facts. ADALBERT, Archbishop of Prag'ue, preached the gozpel among the Bohemians, and afterwards among the Poles, by whom he was murdered, 29th April, 997.Another of the same name, Bishop of Magdeburg, converted the Sclavonians, and penetrated far into Po;neI rania, as a Christian missionary. Hie died at Presburg, 20th June, 981.-- Another, Archbishop of Bremen, who became very powerful in Denmark, and even obliged the king to divorce his wife Gutha. because she was somewhat allied to him. Though intriguing and violent, h, possessed some good qualities, and in 1072, he formed some wise regulations for the conduct of the clergy and for the government of the kingdom in civil and ecclesiastical affairs. 1 i QL~---PWC -- ----1_ -_LL* _Cllg~Aaj-U(~PVD~-~--araii~~BI1 --- 8"11" - I I r 16 _ I - -" ~-- II- a ~I- -- a -- a ADAM 19 ADAMS ADAM, ALEXANDER, a schoolmaster and compiler, was was appointed by the Prince of Wales, afterwards George born at Rufford, in the shire of Moray, in 1741, and IV., to be successively his solicitor-general, attorneydied in 1809. He obtained the degree of LL. D., and general, and chancellor and keeper of the great seal for was for many years the head master of the High School the Duchy of Cornwall. In 1814 he was made one of the at Edinburgh. He compiled Roman Antiquities, a Latin barons of the exchequer in Scotland; and, finally, took Lexicon, and other school books, his seat on the bench in 1816, as the lord chief commissioner of the Jury Court for the trial of civil causes, then ADAM, MELOHOIR, a Protestant of Grotkaw, in Silesia, for the first time established in that part of the United remarkable for his learning and his perseverance. After Kingdom. He died in 1839, aged 78 years. being appointed rector of a college at Heidelberg, he published in four volumes, the lives of illustrious men, ADAMS, ANDREW, LL. D., chief justice of Connec who had flourished in Germany and Flanders, during ticut, was born at Stratford, January, 1736, and graduthe sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Though the ated at Yale College in 1760. In 1764 he entered upon lives are not numerous, yet the execution was laborious, the practice of the law at Litchfield; in 1789 he was He is however accused of partiality by the Lutherans, appointed a judge of the Supreme Court; and, in 1793 who consider him as too insignificant to pass judgment chief justice of the same. He died Nov. 26, 1799, aged on the merits and demerits of the literati of Germany. 63 years. He died in 1622. ADAMS, AMos, a clergyman favorably known in MasADAM, THOMAS, an English divine, born at Leeds, in sachusetts, at the time of his active labors. He was Yorkshire, and educated in his native town, and at Wake- graduated at Harvard University in 1752; settled at field school. He was of Christ College, Cambridge, but Roxbury in 1753; and died Oct. 5, 1775, in the fortyremoved to Har-hall, Oxford, where he took his bache- eighth year of his age. No less than twelve of his lor's degree. He afterwards obtained the living of Win- occasional sermons were published, two of which were tringham, Lincolnshire, where he resided for fifty-eight republished in London. He also delivered the Dudlean years, an active, pious, and benevolent parish priest, and lecture of Harvard University in 1770, entitled Diocesian where he died, 1784, aged eighty-three. He published Episcopacy, the manuscript copy of which is preserved lectures on the church catechism, sermons, a paraphrase in the College library. of the eleven first chapters of the Romans, and after his ADAMS, CHARLES BAKER, A. M., Professor of Chedeath appeared a collection of thoughts, to which his mistry and Zoology, and the Curater of the Cabinet in life is prefixed. Amherst College, Massachusetts, was born in Dorchester ADAM, ROBERT, an architect, born at Kirkaldy, in of that State, January 11th, 1814, and graduated at that Scotland, and educated at Edinburgh. He was pos- college in 1834 After leaving college he spent two sessed of a strong genius, and he improved himself by years in study at the Theological Seminary, Andover, study and application, and acquired in Italy a taste for and then united with the Rev. Dr.. Edward Hitchcock in whatever is great, bold and magnificent. He was pa- a geological survey of New York. This enterprise being tronized by George III., but resigned his employment relinquished, he spent some time in preparing a course of royal architect in 1768, on being elected member for of lectures on Geology. These lectures were delivered Kinross. The breaking of a blood-vessel put a period twice in Bradford Academy. In 1837 he was appointed to his labors, March 3d, 1792, and he was buried in tutor in Amherst College. In the same year he was Westminster Abbey. His talents had been happily called appointed professor in Marion College, Missouri. The into action by the public voice, and not less than eight latter office he declined. In 1838 he was appointed great public works, and twenty-five private buildings Professor of Chemistry and Natural History, in Middlewere designed the year preceding his death, to remain bury College, Vermont. He accepted the chair, and as monuments of his superior powers. performed its duties till August, 1847, when he was called to the station in Amherst College, connected with ADAM, SCOTUS, a monkish writer, born in Scotland his name at the head of this article, and which he held and educated at the monastery of Lindisferna, now Holy till his death. In 1845, 1846, and 1847, he made the Island, south of Berwick, at that time famous for the geological survey of Vermont, and published yearly relearning of its professors. He went to Paris and taught ports of the progress in the work, but no appropriations divinity at the Sorbonne, but afterwards became a resident being made for bringing out the final results, they were monk at Melross and Durham, where he wrote, besides never laid before the public. In 1844 and 1845 he an account of David I. of Scotland, the lives of Columbus visited Jamaica for scientific explorations; hlie did the and of some of the saints of the sixth century. He died same in 1848 and 1849; and in 1850 and 1851, for the 1180. His works were published at Antwerp, fol., same purpose visited Panama and different islands of 1659. the West Indies. He was Fellow of the American AcaADAM,WILLIAm, a British statesman and lawyer, born demy of Arts and Sciences; Corresponding Member of.ADAM, WTLLIAM, a Br~itish statesman and lawyer, born th Naurt History Society of Nuremberg; of the Acain the county of Kinrose, Scotland, in August, 1751. thdemy of Natural History Society of NurPhiladelphiamberg; of the Aca-Boston He was admitted to the bar of Scotland in 1773, but diety of Natural History of Philadelphia;e Lceum of Nathe Bostonural never practised in that country. In the year following ociety of Natuew York Citory; of the Lyceumber of Naturalhe he became a member of Parliament; and was most hos- Jamaica Society; and of several other societies. Be tile in his feelings to the American colonies, then begin- sides the Geological Rneports of Vermont, Professor Adams ning to struggle for liberty and independence. On one psished eleven numbers of Vr Contributions to Cochoof hs seecesmad in1779 Mr Fo comened ithpublished eleven numbers of " Contributions to Concho.of -his speeches, made in 1779, Mr. Fox commented with logy," Monographs of Several Species of Shells,'. much severity; and the consequence was a duel between g, Catalonue of Shells collected in Panama, with Notes the parties, in which Mr. Fox was slightly wounded. o their Synonymy, Station, and Geographical DistribuIn 1780 he was appointed to the office of treasurer of tion thElements ofGeology," and some papersin D Sillith ordnance, wh ^Ichh hlVorto.er; nIntion," "4Elements of Geology," and some papers -in Sillithe ordnance, which he held for two years; and, in g Journal. Professor Adams died at St. Thomas, the 1782, to improve the condition of his own finances, he 19th of January, 1853, at the age of 37 years. In his resolved to practice his profession. Accordingly he was own favorite departments of science he:' had. but few admitted to the English bar, where he rose to eminence. For the next thirty years he was alternately in and out jequals of Parliament; but, mostly, he was occupied with legal I ADAMS, EBENEZER, a learned professor in Dartmouth avocations rather than with public duties. His professed College, was born at New Ipswich, N. H., October 2, political principles were those of the Whig party; and i 1765. He was fitted for college in his native town, he was one of the managers appointed by the Commons under the tuition of the Hon. John Hubbard, then preto ccnduct the impeachment of Warren Hastings. In ceptor of the Academy there, and graduated at Dart1793 Mr. Adam had been made counsel to the king; and I mouth in 1791, with high reputation as a scholar, espcin 1802 Loinsal to the East India Company. And he cially in mathematics and philosophy. Onlabeaviug - ~-~II- -~ ---P~ ~e~-~e ---~- - -- - -~- ~--1R1 .. I - -- -- -- ___ _ ___ I _ I ADAMS 20 ADAMS ADAM 20 ADAMS_ col.16ge he became the principal of Leicester Academy, one of the best academic institutions at that time in Massachusetts. In this situation he remained fourteen years. In 1806, he took charge of Portland Academy, Maine, but was soon called to a professorship of mathema&tics in Phillips' Exeter Academy, under Benjamin Abbott, LL. D. Here our own acquaintance with him began; and from him we here received our first instruction in that branch of science. We shall never forget the enthusiasm he inspired in his pupils. In 1809, he was called to the professorship of languages in Dartmouth College; and in 1810 was transferred to that of mathematics and natural philosophy. Here he instructed with great success for twenty-three years; making in all forty-two years devoted by him uninterruptedly to the most useful and honorable labor of tuition. Professor Adams was one of the best teachers of his day; and when at Hanover, he did much in elevating the reputation of the college, and inspiring the students with that ardor in their studies, which caused so many of them in subsequent life to rise to the first eminence. Among those of this description were William Cogswell, D. D., Joel Parker, LL. D., Daniel Poor, D. D., Ether Shepley, LL.D., Charles B. Haddock, D. D., Absalom Peters, D. D., John Wheeler, D. D., Carlton Chase, D. D., Rufus Choate, LL.D., Thomas C. Upham, D.D., Caleb S. Henry, D. D., and many others. Such was Professor Adams' reputation as a scholar, that he was made a member of the Northern Academy of Arts and Sciences; of the New Hampshire Historical Society; of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; of the American Antiquarian Society; of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature; and of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen. He died August 15th, 1841, aged 76, from ossification of the heart. ADAMS, ELTPHALET, a graduate of Harvard University, and a minister at New London, Connecticut. He graduated in 1694; was ordained Feb. 9, 1709; and died in April, 1753, in the 77th year of his age. He had a good reputation as a scholar, and published nine occasional sermons. ADAMS, HANNAH, a native of Massachusetts, whose literary labors have made her known in Europe as well as in her own country. She was a woman of great excellence and purity of character, and was possessed of rare modesty and simplicity of manners. She derived only a small pecuniary advantage from her publications; but such was the estimation in which she was held, that without care she received ample means of subsistence. Among her works are the View of Religions, History of the Jews, and a History of New England. She died at Brookline, Dec. 15, 1831, aged seventy-six years. ADAMS, D. D., JASPER, President of Charleston College, in South Carolina, was born in Medway, Massachusetts, in 1793, and graduated at Brown University in 1815. Such was his reputation as a scholar that he was successively called to fill sundry important stations in the literary institutions of his country. Soon after completing his course of theological study he was invited to a tutorship in the college where he was educated. Then he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the same. In 1824 he took charge of Charleston College; but, not being satisfied with its organization, he soon after accepted an invitation to the presidency of Geneva College, in New York. After spending eighteen months there, he was induced by the trustees of the Charleston College to resume the presidency of that institution, which had just been reorganized and placed on a more elevated foundation. This took place in 1827. Here he remained for nine years, and succeeded in restoring the college to a flourishing condition. Then he resigned, and occupied his leisure time in preparing for press a Treatise on Moral Science. Subsequently he spent two years as Chaplain and Professor of Moral Philosophy in the United States Academy, at West Point, New York. On his leaving that post he returned to the State of South Carolina, and settled at Pendleton, where he proposed to establish a private seminary of a superior character for the education of young men; but, after a residence of one year, he was suddenly taken away by death. He died October 25, 1841, aged 48 years. ADAMS, JOHN, for some time a minister at Newport, Rhode Island. He graduated at Harvard University in 1721, and was distinguished, at that period, as a poet, and for his knowledge of ancient and foreign languages. He died in 1740, at the age of thirty-six years, deeply lamented by his acquaintance. A small volume of his poems was published in 1745. ADAMS, JOHN, the second President of the United States, was born at Braintree, Mass., Oct. 30, 1735. He graduated at Harvard University in 1755, and, while a member of that institution, was distinguished by diligence in his studies, and by the most unequivocal evidence of genius. The three years next succeeding his graduation he spent studying law, at Worcester, and, at the same time, as a means of subsistence, instructed a class of scholars in Latin and Greek. In Oct., 1758, Mr. Adams presented himself, a stranger, poor, and without the influence of friends, to the Superior Court, then sitting at Boston, for admission to practice as an attorney. He commenced the labors of his profession at Quincy, then in the county of Suffolk, and soon obtained an adequate share of lucrative business. In 1764, Mr. Adams was married to Abigail Smith; and in the year following he removed to Boston, where he acquired an extensive legal practice. Although he was offered patronage from the officers of the British government, he was induced to decline all such aids to personal distinction and affluence, choosing rather to espouse the cause of his native country, hazardous as this course evidently was. His patriotism was duly appreciated by his fellow-citizens, and he received numerous marks of public confidence and respect. He took a prominent part in every leading measure, and served on several committees, which originated some of the most important state papers of the time. He was elected a member of the Congress, and was among the foremost in recommending the adoption of an independent government. It has been affirmed by Mr. Jefferson, himself, "'that the great pillar of support to the Declaration of Independence, and its ablest advocate and champion on the floor of the House, was John Adams." In 1777, he was chosen Commissioner to the Court of Versailles, in the place of Mr. Dean, who was recalled. It is said that, at this time, he had been a member of ninety committees, and chairman of twenty-five. On his return from France, about a year afterwards, he was elected a member of the convention to prepare a form of government for the State of Massachusetts, and placed on the sub-committee chosen to draught the project of a Constitution. The clause in regard to the patronage of literature was written by him. Sept. 29, 1779, he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace, and had authority to form a commercial treaty with Great Britain. In June, 1780, he was appointed, in the place of Mr. Laurens, Ambassador to Holland, and in 1782 he went to Paris to engage in the negotiation for peace, having previously obtained assurance that Great Britain would recognise the Independence of the United States. After serving on two or three commissions to form treaties of amity and commerce with foreign powers, in 1785 Mr. Adams was appointed-first minister to London; and, in 1788, having been absent nine years, he returned to America, landing at Boston the 17th of June. In March, 1789, the new Constitution of the United States went into operation, and Mr. Adams was chosen the first VicePresident, which office he held during the whole of Washington's administration. On the resignation of Washington, John Adams became, March 4, 1797, President of the United States. He occupied this station four years, and then was succeeded by Mr. Jefferson, who was elected by a majority of one vote only. This was the termination of his public functions; and he spent the remainder of his days on his farm in Quincy, occupying himself with agriculture, and obtaining amuse -- --- - -----I----- r-----. _ ___, s ww ý -- - I- - WoNE_ ADAMS 21 ADAMS ment from the literature and politics of the day. He I that office, which he held during the eight years of that died on the 4th of July, 1826, with the same words on administration. On the 4th of March, 1825, John his lips, which fifty years before, on that day, he had Quincy Adams was inaugurated President of the United uttered on the floor of Congress - " Independence for States, and held the office for one term, the period of four ever." - His principal publications are, "Letters on the years. At the close of this term, in 1829, he returned American Revolution," "Defence of the American Con- to the family mansion at Quincy, where he had a season stitutions," " An Essay on Canon and Feudal Law," "1A of repose; but, in 1831, he was elected a member of the Series of Letters under the signature of Novanglus," and House of Representatives in Congress, from the district " Discourses on Davila." in which he lived, retaining the situation by successive elections to the day of his death. Few public men ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, LL. D., the sixth President of in any country have possessed attainments more the United States, was born at Quincy, on the 11th of varied than were those of Mr. Adams. Every deJuly, 1767. During his infancy the American Revolu- partment of literature and science received more tion was rapidly developing itself. He was son of John or less of his attention- every path of human improveAdams, the second President. His Christian name was ment seems to have been explored by him. As a statesfrom his maternal ancestor, John Quincy, his great- man, he was unrivalled in the profundity of his knowgrandfather. The latter was a man of wealth and poli- ledge. His State Papers, given to the world while tical influence, who was dying when the subject of this Minister, Secretary of State, President, and member memoir was being baptized. The daughter of the for- of Congress-his numerous addresses, orations, and mer - the grandmother of the latter - being present, speeches-are astonishing in number, and in the learning requested that this name should be given him. On ac- they display. His unpublished works also are very count of this affecting incident, the inheritor of it was voluminous, and would make a library of some magnialways peculiarly attached to it. His earliest education tude. Mr. Adams died at the capital, February 23d, was received from his mother, a woman of rare talents. 1848, aged 81 years. When eleven years of age he accompanied his father to ADAMS, S L, one of the most istinguihed men France, where he remained eighteen months, occupied cn t SAwieL oneof the most distinguished men connected with the American Revolution. He was born in studying the French and Latin languages. He re- at Boston, i t an rauto Haa n turned in 1779. Almost immediately he was the second at Boston, Mass., in 1722, and graduated at Harvard Unitime taken to the same country, and in Paris again at- versity in 1740o. He was one of the first who organized tended school. Then he was removed to Holland, being measures of resistance to the mother country; and for placed first at the Public City School in Amsterdam, and the prominent part which he took in these measures, he afterwards in the University at Leyden. When at the was proscribed by the British government. In 1776 he age of fourteen he accompanied the Minister Plenipo- signed the Declaration of Independence, with Franklin, tentiary for Russia, as his private secretary, to St. Jefferson, Hancock, and the other illustrious men whose Petersburg. After two years he left that city, visiting names adorn that instrument. He was a member of the Sweden, Denmark, Hamburg, and Bremten, spending Convention of Massachusetts which accepted the Consticonsiderable time at Stockholm, Copenhag en and Ham- tution of the United States, and, on the adoption of the burg; also accompanying his father to England. When Constitution of Massachusetts, was elected President of bur; aso ccopaninghisfater o Eglad. henthe Senate, From 17893 to 1794 he held the office of eighteen years of age he returned to his native country, en- the Senateg From 1789 to 1794 he held the office of tering Harvard University at an advanced standing. In leutenant-governor, and that of chief magistrate during 1787, he graduated with distinguished honor. He next the three succeeding years. He died Oct. 3, 1803, aged studied law, and established himself in the practice of eighty-to. it at Boston. In this situation he continued about four ADAMS, SIR THOMAS, a native of Wem, in Shropshire, years, introducing himself also to favorable notice by his who, after receiving his education in Cambridge, became writings in the periodical press. a draper in London, and rose to the high honor of Loid In 1794, at the age of twenty-seven, he was appointed MIayor of London, 1645. He was well acquainted with by Washington Minister Resident to the Netherlands. the privileges of the city, which he maintained with a From 1794 to 1801, he was in Europe, employed in diplo- spirit of independence. His partiality, however, to the matic business, and as a public minister in Holland, royal cause, rendered him suspected, and the republicans England, and Prussia. Just as President Washington searched his house for the unfortunate Charles. His was retiring from office, he appointed him Minister affection was afterwards transferred to the son, to whom Plenipotentiary to the court of Portugal. While on his during his exile he sent ten thousand pounds as a present. way to Lisbon he received a new commission, changing He accompanied Monk to Breda, to congratulate the lhis destination to Berlin. He resided in Berlin from monarch on his restoration, and for his loyalty he received November 1797 to April 1801. He was then recalled, the honor of knighthood and a baronetcy. His liberality just before the close of his father's administration, and in public and private life was unbounded; he erected arrived in Philadelphia in September, 1801. In 1802 and nobly endowed a school at his native place, founded he was elected, from the Boston District, a member of the Arabic professorship at Cambridge, and at his sole the Massachusetts Senate, and was soon after appointed expense printed the Gospel in Persian, which he disby the Legislature of that State, a Senator in the Con- tributed in the East. He died of the stone, 24th Feb., gress of the United States for six years, from the 4th of 1667, in his eighty-first year. After death his body March, 1803. As his views led him to adopt a course was opened, and a calculus of the extraordinary weight disagreeable to the Legislature of the State, he resigned of twenty-five ounces extracted, which is still preserved his seat in 1808. In 1809, President Madison nominated in the laboratory of Cambridge. His honors were him Minister to the Court of Russia. Some time, how- enjoyed by his descendants until the decease of Sir ever, previous to this, in 1806, he had been appointed Thomas, who held the position of captain in the navy. Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard University, an office A MS W D a Msr which he held with much repute for three ears. In ADAS, IIAM, D.D., Fellow and afterwards ster 1814he as ppoitedoneof te Cmmisionrs o Iof Pembrokre College, Oxford, was the friend of Dr. John184h wnas appitn^ on:f tyhh controvwsyer to hltraIT -^ Ghent for negotiating a peace with Great Britain. In son, and distinguished no less for the urbanity of his 1811, when at St. Petersburg, he was appointed aCjustice mne thant xt his lrn He w som oftheSurmeCuroheUitdSttebu evrtracts and sermons, and acquired celebrity by the manner took his seat on the bench. After the treaty of peaceinwcheatckdheeesoflu.Itasurg ththis controversy that the historian observed, that he was was signed at Ghent, Mlr. Adams, in company wi theolo M~essrs. Gahlatin and Clay, was sent to the Court of S pnn h aitie h isuewt h Jame tonegtiae ~aComercal reat wih Geatspirit and the manners of a gentleman. He died in 1789, James to negotiate ^a Commercial Treaty with Great,i i i j i. ~ii Britain. This treaty was signed July.3d, 1815. In 1817, beloved and respected by the society over which he prehaving been appointed Secretary of State, under Presi- sided for fourteen years. dent Monroe, he again returned to America to assume i ADAMS, WILLIAM, LL.D., an English lawyer of great ADAMSON 22 ADDISON celebrity, was born January 13th, 1772. His education that he might pursue studies more congenial to his taste. was begun under the well-known Dr. Vicesimus Knox; To make personal observations he visited regions where but at the age of 16 he was matriculated at Trinity HIall, botanists had not gone; among others, in the year 1748, Cambridge. When at the age of 21 he lost his father, and he repaired to the country adjacent to the river Senegal, two years after, his mother also. By her death he in- not deterred by the unhealthiness of the climate or herited some little property, but depended on his own violence from the natives. After an absence of five talents mainly for success. His legal studies were pur- years he returned to Europe, and in 1763 published the sued at Westminster Hall, and in 1799 he was honored results of his explorations, in two volumes, under the with the degree of Doctor of Laws. In a short time his title of " Familles des Plantes." Previous, however, to professional practice became very extensive, and in 1805, the appearance of this learned and comprehensive work, he was offered the place of King's Advocate General, some masterly essays of his were printed in the Memoires then worth six thousand pounds a year; but he declined of the French Academy, and procured for him the honor it. Between 1811 and 1813, he was employed by the of being chosen a member of the Institute. For a dozen government to prepare Tables of Fees for the Admiralty years or more he was zealously occupied in collecting Courts. In 1814, he was appointed a commissioner, in materials for a new and large encyclopedia, but it was company with Lord Gambier and Goulbourn, to negotiate never published. The revolution breaking out, he was and conclude a treaty of peace with the United States of reduced to extreme poverty, so that when invited to beAmerica. These were the commissioners who negotiated come a member of the National Institute, he declined the Treaty of Ghent. Among the American commis- the honor, not having a pair of shoes to wear. Upon a sioners for this treaty was John Quincy Adams. In 1820, knowledge of this fact a pension was granted him, which Dr. Adams was employed as one of the counsel in prose- he received till his death, in the year 1806, when at the cuting the bill for a divorce of Queen Caroline; and, age of 79 years. in the course of that trial, while preparing the numerous papers, a duty that devolved on him, he fre- ADDISON, LANCELOT, D.D., son of a clergyman of the quently had to sit up whole nights, without time for sleep same name, born at Maulds Meaburne, in Westmoreland, or relaxation. This severe application broke down his was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where his health; and in 1825, he relinquished his profession. He satirical reflections on the pride, ignorance, and hypocrisy was a man of great learning, and enjoyed the friendship of his superiors, in an oration, 1658, caused such irritaof some of the first men of the kingdom. Of this tion, that he obtained forgiveness only by a public recannumber were Lords Eldon and Stowell, Sir John Nicholl, tation on his knees. He was afterwards engaged as Dean Milner, Lord Gambier, the Bishop of Cloyne, Dr. chaplain at Dunkirk, and at Tangier; and in consideration Bennet, Archbishop Wrangham, Sir Alexander Croke, of his services, and of what he had suffered for his and Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren. Dr. Adams died loyalty, he was deservedly preferred to the living of at his residence, Thorpe, county of Surry, January 11th, Milston and a Sarum prebend, and in 1683 to the deanery 1851, in his 80th year. of Lichfield, and the archdeaconry of Coventry. He ADAMSON, PATRICK, a native of Perth, who, after died April 20th, 1703, aged seventy-one, and was buried studying at St. Andrews, travelled into France, as tutor, at Lichfield. He wrote several valuable treatises, among and with difficulty escaped the persecuting spirit which, which were his Historical Observations while Resident in at the massacre of Paris, doomed to torture and to death Africa, An Account of the Present State of the Jews, &c. the unfortunate Protestants. of every age and of every ADDISON, JOSEPIH, son of Dr. Lancelot Addison, was station. He escaped the general slaughter by ing c orn May 1st, 1672, at Milston, near Ambrosbury, Wiltcealed in a public inn for seven months, the master ofa hire, of which place his father was rector. The Charter which, aged seventy years, was thrown from the roof of House, at whichthe became acquainted with Steele, and his own house, for harboring a heretic. On his return the colleges of Queen's and Magdalen at Oxford, share to Scotland he was appointed minister of Paisley, and the honor of his education. His academical hours were afterwards, by the favor and interest of lord Moreton, never devoted to bacchanalian orgies, or disgraceful he was raised to the archbishopric of St. Andrews. In nr des t to bau tepo iw n of the miesnd we e uivaed his ate tat he asintrigues; but the powers of the mind wer e cultivated this elevated situation he was surrounded with dangers and improved; and the frequent composition of Latin and difficulties, and the virulence of the Presbyterians verses produced such correctness of style and elegance was successfully directed against him, as the firmest of diction, that the Musri Anglicanm alone would give pillar of Episcopacy. James VI., however, patronized celebrity to the name of Addison. He next, in his 22d him, and sent him as his ambassador to England, wherecer di o nae Addison e nis et in so hisaeloulseneande his address ayear, displayed his powers in English poetry, by some raised such a tideofpuaryinverses addressed to Dryden, and by a translation of part apopularity in favor of the young of Virgil's fourth Georgic on the Bees; and as the number king, his master, that the jealousy of Elizabeth forbade of his friends increased with his popularity, the student him again to ascend the pulpit while at her court. Inthe student hm5 ie nwoiasrcaledn th ppindt ie atenr rthedine was gradually converted into the courtier, and introduced tation of the Presbyterians against him, that at a pro-f m ay n wo in iseri mi di nt ws ttoeq r inTil syinod, h s accused An eommun ia; a man who in discerning merit did not wish it to be forvincialsynod, he was accused and excommunicated; and gotten that flattery is a tribute paid to power. By the neither appeals to the king and to the states, nor the pro- advice of Montague, Addison laid aside his intention of testations of innocence, would have saved him from this taking orders; and, studying the temper of the times, disgraceful sentence, if he had not yielded to the storm, he published a poem addressed to King William, and two and implored for pardon with the most abject submission. algeba ed t ac co in i His life continued a scene of persecution; even the mon- years after celebrated the peace of Ryswick in Latin arch grotewcniudeaf scpetionseandaluienate dn ithe r 7 verses, which paved the way to a pension of three hunarch grew deaf tohis petitions, and alienated thte revenue s dred pounds a year, and claimed the still more honorable son had to add to the indignities offered to his office, the mei o eng-n- h p in St h e i more poignant sufferings of indigence and wretchedness, poem since the rEneid. Raised now to easy circuminntheumidst of aforlorneadeserte, a ne sta dvingmil.stances, he travelled to Italy, and with the eyes and the iLinnieus. Hence he abandoned the study of divinity, with a dedication to lord Somers, and so great was its L _ _I_ Lj _ _ ___ ADDISON 23 ADHAB-EDDOULAT popularity that the book rose to five times its original In his retirement he now laid plans for literary labors: he price before it could be reprinted. When the victory of wrote a Defence of the Christian Religion, part of which Blenheim was obtained, Godolphin sought for a poet com- was published after his death, and he proposed a tra.gedy petent to celebrate the glory of his country, and Addison on the death of Socrates, besides an English Dictionary, was recommended by Halifax. Soon after, when he I and a version of the Psalms. He expired, June 17, 1729, had read to his patron what he had written, as far as the leaving only one daughter, who died unmarried, 1797. simile of the angel, he was appointed Commissioner of I Of Addison's character as a poet and a moral writer Appeals. In the following year he accompanied Halifax little more can be added; he was not only the ornament to Hanover, and was the next year made Under-Secretary of his age and countxy, but he reflects dignity on the of State. When the Duke of Wharton went as Viceroy to nature of man. He has divested vice of its meretricious Ireland, Addison accepted the place of his secretary, and ornaments, and painted religion and virtue in the modest with a salary of three hundred pounds a year as keeper and graceful attire which charm and elevate the heart. of the records of Birmingham, he made a rule, as Swift In Dr. Johnson's and Dr. Anderson's lives, from which observes, of never returning to his friends, out of polite, the above is extracted, a fuller account may be found. ness, the fees due to his office. During his residence in Ireland the first paper of the Tatler was published by ADELARD, an English monk, who in the 12th century, Steele, April 22d, 1709, unknown to him, though he soon visited Egypt and Arabia, and translated into Latin discovered by the insertion of a remark on Virgil, which Euclid's Elements, before the Greek manuscripts of the had originated with himself, who the author was., The work were known in Europe. Several other translations Tatler was succeeded in about two months by the Spec- by him, from mathematical as well as medical writers, tator, a series of essays of the same nature, but written are still preserved in Corpus Christi and Trinity College with less levity, upon a more regular plan, and published libraries, at Oxford. daily. In 1713, the Cato was produced on the stage, ADELER, CURTIUS, called also Servisen, a native of and was the grand climacteric of Addison's reputation. Norway, who served in the Dutch navy, and then went The last act was composed in haste, and a house was to Venice, where he was raised to the rank of admiral, assembled by the intrigues of Steele to judge of the and made Knight of St. Mark, with a pension for his merits of his friend's performance. When the play was meritorious services against. the Turks. He married a printed, the Queen expressed a wish it might be dedicated woman of rank at Amsterdam, and spent the latter part to her, but as Addison had promised it elsewhere, as a of his life at Copenhagen, where he died, 1675, aged man of honor he could not retract, and Cato appeared fifty-three, universally respected. without a patron; but such was its popularity, that it was translated into several languages, and introduced ADELGRIEF, J. A., a German scholar of high attainupon some of the other theatres of Europe. During the ments, who believed that he was the representative of representation of Cato, Steele published another daily God upon earth, that he was accompanied by seven paper called the Guardian, to which Addison contributed angels, and that he had a mission to banish all evil from much assistance. In this publication his papers were the world. He was executed on a charge of sorcery, in distinguished by a hand; in the Spectator they are 1636. marked by one of the letters which compose the name of the muse Clio. Success in literature did not render ADELUNG, JOHN CHRISTOPHER, an eminent German Addison indolent or conceited, and Steele has attributed lexicographer and literary character, was born in 1734, to him the comedy of the Drummer, which he said he at Spantekow, in Pomerania, became professor at the carried for him to the play-house, and the copy of which Erfurt gymnasium, removed thence to Leipsic, and was he afterwards sold for fifty guineas. These circum- subsequently appointed librarian to the Elector, at Dresstances are denied by Tickell; but as no writer has den, where he died in 1806. He was never married; it claimed the Drummer, it is deservedly considered as the was said of him that his writing desk was his wife, and production of the author of Cato. Political discussions the seventy volumes which he wrote were his children. occasionally engaged the attention of Addison, and on Adelung was an agreeable companion, and loved good temporary topics he wrote The Present State of the War cheer; he was-so fond of procuring a variety of foreign --The Whig Examiner--The Trial of Count Tariff; wines, that his cellar, which he used to call his Bibliopamphlets which disappeared with the subjects which theca Selectissima, contained forty kinds. He is best gave them birth. Some time after, an attempt was made known abroad by his Grammatical and Critical Dictionary to revive the Spectator, and eighty numbers were pub- of the German Language, in five volumes, quarto. But, lished, of which a fourth part was by Addison; and these as an original writer, he is of no mean class. papers, perhaps more valuable than the others, for the AELUNG, FREDERIC ON, nephew of the preceding, a religious and moral topics which they discuss, were col- distinguished historian and linguist, born at Stettin, lected to form an octavo volume. On the death of Queen distinguished historian and linguist, born at Stettin, Anne, Addison, who had been appointed Secretary to the 1768. Since the year 1825 he has been president of the Regency, was officially required to announce to the Elector Asiatic Academy at St. Petersburg. Having made himRegency, was officilly required to announce to the Eector self eminently qualified for the station, in 1803, he was of Hanover his accession to the English throne. He was, appointed tutor of the grand princes icholas and lhowever, so overpowered by the greatness of the event, Michael, and was honored with a title of nobility. Thus that the Lords grew tired while waiting for the niceties favored with patronage the most ample, he has been o his expres, and S l oe of te c s favored with patronage the most ample, he has been of his expressions, and Southwell, one of the clerks of enabled to devote his inquisitive, ardent, and powerful the office, was directed to close the despatches, which he mind to researches, the results of which will be highly immediately completed in the common style of business, beneficial to the cause of letters. not a little elated that he could do what seemed so difficult for the gigantic powers of Addison. Never losing ADER, WILLIAM, a learned physician of Toulouse, in sight however of his public character, he published the the seventeenth century, who wrote a book to prove that Freeholder twice a week, from December 23d, 1715, to the diseases and infirmities which our Saviour cured the middle of the following year, in support of the gov- could not have been removed by human art. Vigneul ernment, full of the most convincing arguments, and Marville says, this book was written to disprove what with humor forcible, singular, and matchless. In August, the author had before asserted, when he maintained a 1716, he married the Countess Dowager of Warwick. In contrary opinion. 1717 he was raised to his highest dignity, being made Secretary of State, a place to which he was unequal, as ADHAB-EDDOULAT, an emperor of Persia, after his he possessed neither boldness nor eloquence to defend the uncle Amad-Eddoulat. He was not only warlike but measures of government in the House of Commons, but humane, and a great patron of letters and of arts. He rather wasted away his time in his office in quest of fine embellished Bagdad and other places which he had conexpressions. He therefore soon solicited and obtained his quered, by magnificent public edifices, and died 982, dismission with a pension of fifteen hundred pounds a year. aged forty-seven. -VOM - W ADHELM: 24 ADRETS ADIIELM 24 ADRETS ADHELM, or ADELM, was born in Wiltshire, in the seventh century. He was made bishop of Shireburn, and extraordinary tales are related of his miraculous powers, and his voluntary chastity. He was, for the times, an eminent scholar, being acquainted with Grecian and Roman literature, a good writer, a poet of some merit, and an excellent musician. His works, which were numerous, are mostly lost. He died in 709. ADLERFELDT, GUSTAVUS, a learned Swede, who was in the suite of Charles XII., of whose battles he has given a faithful and minute account. He was killed by a cannon-ball at the battle of Pultowa, 1709, and on that fatal day his history concludes. The work was translated into French by his son, four volumes, 12mo., 1740. ADOLPHUS, Duke of Sleswick, refused the crown of Denmark after the death of Christopher III., and placed it on the head of his nephew Christiern I. He died in 1459, after a life of benevolence and wisdom. ADOLPHUS, Duke of Saxony, born 1685, noted for his active share in the wars of the empire during the first half of the 18th century, in which he acquired much renown, and especially for the check given to Frederick the Great after the surrender of Prague. Entered into military service 1701, succeeded unexpectedly to the duchy 1736, and died 1746. ADOLPHUS FREDERIC II. King of Sweden, showed himself the patron of learning and science, the dispenser of justice, and the friend of merit. He founded the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, at Torneo, and died 12th of Feb. 1771, in his 61st year, and in the 20th of his reign. ADOLPHUS, JOHN, an English barrister-at-law and author, a native of London, born in 1764 or 1765. His father was a German Jew, who had been attached in a chirurgical capacity to the household of the Great Frederick. In 1790 he was admitted to practise as an attorney and solicitor. It soon became apparent that he possessed great fluency of speech, and was an adroit debater; but it was not until 1820, when he was employed in the trial of Arthur Thistlewood, that his fame as an advocate reached its zenith. Then, and in defending Ings, Brunt, Davidson, and Tidd, he was regarded as a man combining all the sqperior qualities of Bearcroft, Garrow, and Gurney, with excellencies peculiarly his own. Mr. Adolphus was said to have followed the profession of an historical author as well as that of a lawyer, and his works acquired considerable reputation from their lucid narrative and the general accuracy of their facts. The following is a list of his works-' "Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution, 1799, 2 vols. 8vo."- "The British Cabinet, containing Portraits of Illustrious Personages, with Biographical Memoirs, 2 vols. 4to." -:" The History of England from the Accession of George III. to the Peace of 1783, 3 vols. 8vo." - " The History of France from 1790 to the Peace of 1802, 2 vols. 8vo." -"1The Political State of the British Empire, 1818, 4 vols. 8vo." -"Observations on the Vagrant Act.""Memoirs of John Bannister, Comedian, 2 vols. 8vo." - The History of the Reign of George Third, 7 vols." - He died July 16th, 1845, in his 80th year. ADORNE, ANTONY, a Genoese, of a plebeian family, raised to the dignity of Doge in 1383. His reign was in the midst of tumults and insurrections, which the Genoese attempted to appease by resigning their independence into the hands of Charles VI., of France, in 1396. Adorne was appointed Governor, but Genoa regained her liberty afterwards. ADORNE, PROSPER, a Genoese, made Doge after the expulsion of tihe French in 1460. He afterwards betrayed his power into the hands of the Duke of Milan, to avenge himself against his rivals in the state; but the love of independence prevailed, the Milanese were banished, and Pro?,oer declared the defender of Genoese liberty. His enemies at last prevailed, and at the end of a life chequered by popularity and by misfortunes he fled to Naples, where he died, 1486. ADORNE, JEROME, a Genoese of the same family, who opposed the party of the Fregoses, who aspired to the supreme power. His abilities were of great service to his country, and Genoa, placed by his means, in 1522, under the protection and in the alliance of Charles V., enjoyed peace and prosperity. He was much respected as a negotiator, as an admiral, as a politician, and as a public magistrate. ADRAIN, ROBERT, LL.D. an Irishman by birth, and an American by naturalization, born, September 30th, 1775. When a child he was remarkable for precocity of talents; but, at the age of fifteen his education was interrupted in consequence of the death of both parents. At this early age he resorted to school-keeping for a support, and soon had his taste for mathematics called forth. The civil war, or the rebellion of 1798, compelled the youthful adventurer, with many of his countrymen, to seek safety in the United States. He landed in New York during the prevalence of the yellow fever, and soon found occupation as a teacher at Princeton, New Jersey. He remained there two or three years, and then removed to York in Pennsylvania, to follow the same calling. In 1805, he changed the sphere of his labors to the academy at Reading, in Pennsylvania. While thus engaged in that State, he was also contributor to a scientific journal, published in the city of New York. Among his contributions were a " Disquisition concerning the Motion of a Ship which is steered on a given point of the Compass," and a."View of Diophantine Algebra." His solutions were remarkable for their simplicity, ingenuity, and elegance; and he soon became favorably and extensively known as a man of science. In 1810, he was appointed to fill the professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Rutger's College. lie soon after received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws; in 1812, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society; and, in 1813, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. At this post he remained three years, and then accepted an appointment to a similar professorship in Columbia College, New York. After thirteen years of persevering and indefatigable devotion to science in the latter institution, he returned to the professorship he before held in Rutgers, in order to recruit the failing health of his wife by a change to country air. Subsequently he was called to the professorship of Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania. Here he continued from 1827 to 1834,, when he resigned, and sought rest at New Brunswick. Soon, however, a disposition to be erratic, contracted in early life, led him to engage again in the business of instruction, in New York. But his energies were on the decline, and three years before his death, he removed to New Brunswick, where he rested from his labors. In addition to his other publications he brought out an imSproved edition of Hutton's Mathematics. He left behind him a number of manuscripts, which, like his published works, have been pronounced, by a competent judge, to exhibit a very high order of ability. He was also a good classical scholar, and was extensively acquainted with general literature. Dr. Adrain died at. New Brunswick, August 10th, 1843, aged sixty-eight years. ADRETS, FRANCIS BEAuMONT DES, a descendant of an ancient family in DauphinDe, possessed a bold enterprising spirit. He embraced the cause of the HIuguenots from resentment to the Duke of Guise, and glutted his vengeance by inflicting the most barbarous punishments and tortures on those who fell into his hands. It is said that he often compelled his prisoners to leap from the battlements on the pikes of his soldiers. One of these wretched victims, being severely reproved for having twice shrunk from the fatal leap, answered, "As bold as you are, I defy your leaping in the third attempt." The reply saved the devoted man. Even his friends feared him, and Coligny palliated his licentiousness by comparing him to a lion whose fury was accidentally converted to the good of his _ __ _I I I - I __ ADRIAN 25 JEGINHARD ADRIN 25A~GIHAI party. He died, despised and neglected, in 1587, leaving two sons and a daughter, in whom the family became extinct. One of the sons was engaged in the murders of St. Bartholomew, and he showed himself as cruel and vindictive as his father. The Life of Adrets was published by Guy Allard, Grenoble, 1675, in 12mo. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, PUBLIUs AELIUS, the Roman emperor, was born in 76, and was educated under the direction of the Emperor Trajan, who adopted him as a son, and whom he succeeded in 117. He was a successful soldier, and a great lover of literature, but disgraced himself by his sensuality. In the course of his reign, he visited nearly every part of his dominions, including Britain, and was the restorer of Jerusalem. Died in 138. ADRIAN I., a Roman patrician raised to the pontificate in 772. He highly embellished St. Peter's church, and proved to be very benevolent and humane, during a famine occasioned by the inundations of the Tiber. He died 26th December, 795. ADRIAN II. was raised to the popedom 867. He was in this character artful and intriguing, and was strenuously engaged in making the patriarch of Constantinople bow before the chair of St. Peter, and in subjecting under the papal power the kings and princes of western Europe, by threats of excommunication. He died 872. ADRIAN III. was elected Pope 884, and enjoyed his dignity only one year. He died as he was going to the Diet to be held at Worms. ADRIAN IV., a native of Langley in Hertfordshire, the only Englishman raised to the papal chair. His name was Nicholas Brekespere. In his youth he was employed in mean offices in the abbey of St. Alban's, and after being refused admission into a superior order, he travelled, though in obscure circumstances, into France, where his orderly behavior and his engaging appearance recommended him to the monks of Paris, and procured him an acquaintance with the most essential branches of literature. He afterwards retired to the abbey of St. Rufus in Provenge, where he was made superior, but the turbulent monks carried accusations to Rome against him, and the pope, Eugenius III., who admired the eloquence of Adrian, removed him from his persecutors, and created him cardinal and bishop of Alba, 1146. Under this patronage he was sent as legate to Norway and Denmark, and his popular preaching and influence were successful in spreading the light of the gospel in these uncivilized countries. On the death of Anastasius, Adrian was elected to the papal chair, November, 1154, and received on his elevation, through an embassy of three bishops and an abbot, the congratulations of Henry II. of England, who thus paid homage to a man who a few years before had left his kingdom as a mendicant. Henry was the favorite of the pope, and he received the papal permission and apostolic blessing, when he undertook the conquest of Ireland. In his government of Rome Adrian was jealous of his power: he repressed the insurrections of the councils who aspired to the independence of ancient times, and by the terrors of excommunication he rendered the king of Sicily submissive to his temporal authority. The emperor of Germany likewise acknowledged his power, and after holding the stirrup whilst his spiritual master mounted on horseback, he owned his dependence on the See of Rome, and humbly received consecration in the church of St. Peter. Yet, in the midst of prosperity, Adrian felt the oppressive weight of greatness, and in a familiar conversation with his friend and countryman, John of Salisbury, he bitterly complained that a position of dignity is not always the parent of happiness. He died September 1st, 1159, in the fourth year and tenth month of his pontificate, and was buried in St. Peter's church. He showed himself an able and prudent pontiff, and his short reign added much to the security and happiness of the Roman state. 4 ADRIAN V., a native of Genoa, raised to the pontificate in 1276. He died thirty-eight days after. He had been employed in 1254 and 1265, as papal legate in England, to settle the disputes between the king and his rebellious barons. ADRIAN VI., a native of Utrecht, of obscure birth. His abilities gradually raised him to consequence; he was preceptor to the Emperor Charles V., and obtained in the Spanish dominions the highest honors in church and state which could gratify his ambition. He was elected pope in 1522, and died after a short and turbulent reign of one year, in which, like his predecessor Adrain IV., he lamented the misery of greatness. ADRIAN DE CASTELLO, born at Cornetto in Tuscany, of obscure parentage, was employed by the popes as legate in Scotland and England. His great abilities recommended him to the friendship of Morton the primate, and to the patronage of Henry VII., by whom he was raised to the bishopric of Hereford, and afterwards of Bath and Wells. He resided chiefly at Rome, while the care of his diocese was intrusted to Wolsey; and in this place of intrigue and treachery he forgot the dignity of his character, by conspiring against pope Leo X., from the ambitious expectation of being raised to the pontificate, according to a prophecy which declared the name of the successor to be Adrian. He was fined twelve thousand five hundred ducats, and forbidden to leave Rome; but afterwards, upon the discovery of the plot, Adrian fled from the city, and in consequence was solemnly stripped of all his ecclesiastical honors, 1518. The place of his retreat, and the time of his death, are unknown, though some imagine that he concealed his disgrace among the Mahometans of Asia. Polydore Virgil, who shared his friendship and his liberality, has bestowed the highest encomium upon his character, as a man of taste and judgment, and as the first, since the age of Cicero, who had revived the classical style of chaste Latinity and pure diction. According to Polydore, he died at Riba in the bishopric of Trent. ADRIANI, JOHN BAPTIST, a noble of Florence, who was secretary to the republic, and distinguished himself as a Statesman and a man of letters. He died in 1579, in his 68th year. He wrote a history of his own times, which is a continuation of Guicciardini's, valuable for its candor and authenticity, and highly commended by the indefatigable Thuanus. He composed, also, six funeral orations upon the first characters of the times, and was the author of a letter on ancient painters and sculptors prefixed to Vasari. ADRICHOMIUS, CHRISTIAN, a native of Delft, who died at Cologne in 1585, in his 52d year. He was for some time director of the nuns of Barbara; and afterwards, when civil commotions drove him from his country, he presided in the same capacity over the canonesses of Nazareth. He published a description of Judoea, called Theatrum Terrae Sanctae, with a Chronicle of the Old and New Testament, fol. 1593, in which he depends too much on the authority of Annius of Viterbo. ZEGIDIUS, PETER ALBIENSIS, a writer sent by Francis I. to examine and to give an account of the most celebrated places of Asia, Greece, and Africa. lie was seized by pirates, but made his escape, and died of a surfeit, in his 65th year, 1555. He published an account of his travels, in addition to other works. seventh century, who first made known the cathartic powers of rhubarb. His works appeared at Paris in fol. 1532. IEGINHARD, a German, educated by Charlemagne, of whom he became the faithful secretary. He retired from the active scenes of life after the loss of Imma, his beloved wife, whom some have falsely called daughter of the Emperor, asserting that she conveyed her husband on her shoulders from her house through the snow, that his escape might not be traced by the jealousy of her father. jEginhard is the author of a valuable life of - CI' I ____ I ___ __ JEMILIUS 26 JETIUS.ZEMIIUS 2 ~TIU Charlemagne; also annals from 741 to 839, and letters. He died 840. His works were first edited at Paris, 2 vols. fol. 1576. JEMILIUS, PAULUS, a native of Verona, invited into France by Lewis XII. by the advice of Poncher, bishop of Paris, and engaged to write a Latin history of the French monarchy. The work, which employed eighteen, or according to others, thirty years of his life, and was left unfinished at his death, is divided into ten books, from the reign of Pharamond to the fifth year of Charles VIII. in 1488. The whole is written with judgment and precision; and though the author was delicate even to a fault in the choice and collocation of his words, yet his style is elegant and correct, if we except a studied affectation of antiquity in the names of men and of places. This history was continued by Arnoldus Ferronius, who completed it by the addition of nine books, reaching to the death of Francis I. ZEmilius died in 1529, and left behind him the character of a man of learning, virtue, integrity, and amiability. He was buried in the cathedral at Paris. ]ENEAS, SYLVIus, a native of Corsigny in Sienna, of the family of the Piccolimini. After struggling with poverty in his younger years, he rose to consequence by his abilities, and was employed as secretary to Cardinal Capranica, at the Council of Basil, in 1428. He came to Scotland to mediate a peace between that country and the English crown, and at his return was promoted to the dignity of secretary to the Council of Basil, an assembly which he defended against the usurpation of Rome, by his eloquence as well as by his writings. He was afterwards engaged in several embassies to Trent, Frankfort, &c., and in one of these, at Strasburg, he had an intrigue with a lady, by whom he had a son; a circumstance which he endeavors to palliate and ridicule in a letter to his father, with more affectation than vivacity. About 1439, he was sent as ambassador to the imperial court; and so high was his reputation, that the Emperor Frederic not only received him with kindness, but crowned him with the poetic laurel, promoted him to the highest dignities, and honored him with his friendship and confidence. During the schism which distracted Rome, he wished to stand neuter; but he at last followed the example of Frederic, and espoused the cause of Eugenius, to whom, after a recantation of his errors, he was reconciled. His elevation to the rank of cardinal as a reward for his services, was followed, in 1458, by his election to the papal chair, on the death of Callixtus, and by the publication of a bull, which condemned and renounced all that he had said or written in the defence of the Council of Basil of, and exhorted the members of his church to reject ZEneas Sylvius, and submissively to receive Pius II., the name which he assumed. The character of firmness and dignity which he had maintained in private life he displayed at the head of the churrch. He expelled tyrants, supported the election of princes, and everywhere established and confirmed the temporal power of Rome over the Christian world. He died in his 59th year, 14th of August, 1464, after a reign of nearly seven years, during which he deserved the eulogium passed upon him in the conclave by the Cardinal of Pavia, by his zeal for religion, his integrity of manners, his solid judgment and profound learning. His works, which consist of letters, - of Memoirs of the Council of Basil - of two books on Cosmography - of Euryalus, and Lucretia, a romance - of a Poem on the Crucifixion-of a History of the Bohemians,-of Memoirs of his own life, &c., were printed at Basil, in fol. 1551, and at Helmstadt, 1700. His life was published by Gobelin, his secretary, at Rome, 1584 and 1589, and at Frankfort, 1614. supporters expelled from towns and villages to the fields and woods, where their doctrines were propagated. He flourished about 385. ZERSENS, PETER, an eminent painter, whom the Italians called Pietro Longo, in consequence of his tallness, was born at Amsterdam in 1519. He became celebrated at the early age of eighteen for his bold and spirited handling. He commenced with very familiar life, but at length assumed the loftier department of historical painting. His principal pictures in the latter department were, " The death of the Holy Virgin," which he executed for the town of Amsterdam, and the "Crucifixion," which he painted for the grand altar-piece of the new church of the same town. Unfortunately for his fame, the latter was destroyed in an insurrection, notwithstanding that a lady offered two hundred crownrs for its preservation. LErsens, with the genuine feelings of an artist, risked his life by his strong expression of resentment for this outrage. Delft also contains two of his pictures, one of the "Nativity," the other, "The Wise Men's Offering," which show his talents to considerable advantage. He died in 1573. }ESCHINES, a disciple of Socrates, author of some Dialogues, of which only three are extant. 2ESCHINES, a celebrated orator, known particularly as the rival of Demosthenes. He flourished 342 B. C., and died at Samos or Rhodes. AJSCHYLUS, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, of whose plays only seven are extant. At the age of twentyfive he presented himself at the festival of Bacchus for the public prize, and fifteen years afterwards gained his first triumph. His pre-eminence was successfully maintained for sixteen years, when he was defeated by Sophocles, a younger rival. Mortified at this defeat, he quitted Athens, and went to the court of Hiero, king of Syracuse, where he seems to have spent the remainder of his life in partial retirement. He died in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. aSOP, the oldest Greek fabulist. He is said to have been a nltive of Phrygia, and a slave, but was manumitted by his owner. He lived in the age of Solon and Croesus, about six hundred years before Christ. He inculcated rules of practical morality, drawn from the habits of the inferior creation, and thus spread his fame through Greece and all the neighboring countries. asop is said to have been put to death at Delphos for the freedom with which he censured the manners of the inhabitants. His fables have been translated into all modern languages. Those of Croxall and Dodsley are deemed the best English versions. Such is the reputation of this writer that he has had numerous imitators. ETION, a Grecian painter, celebrated for his pictures, and among others for one representing the nuptials of Alexander the Great and Roxana, which was exhibited at the Olympic Games, and obtained so much applause, that Proxenidas the president bestowed his daughter upon the artist. Lucian saw this picture in Italy, and gave a very accurate description of it, from which Raphael sketched one of his finest compositions. ZETIUS, an able general under Valentinian III. He devoted himself to military affairs, and at one time weakened the Roman power by espousing the cause of the barbarians. His valor at last, however, was exerted nobly in the defence of the tottering empire, and he obliged the victorious Attila to retire beyond the Rhine. He was stabbed by Valentinian, 454, who was jealous of his military glory, and suspected that he aspired to the imperial throne. 7VlrDTTT.Q n, ^P QaTno C i' auLnuiku i -to avi wn v -\pp ýthni U, a> pre~u~yie ui oueaswa, ouU is supposueu uDy some to be the founder of the Presbyterians. He sepa- TETIUS, a Syrian, who from a menial servant rose to rated from the church because Eustathius was raised to consequence, and was made bishop by Eudoxus the patrithe bishopric of Sebastia in preference to himself; and arch of Constantinople. He was the founder of a sect asserting that presbyters and bishops were the same called Etians, which adopted the tenets of the Arians, in rank in the Christian church, he established a sect and also maintained that faith alone without good works which was branded with the name of heresy, and his was sufficient for salvation. He flourished 336. -- L I -- - -1p vwý AFFLITTO 27 AGRIPPA AFFLITTO, MATTHEW, an able civilian, born at Naples, often quoted by Jerome Rubens, and is full of uninter1443; he wrote various books on the civil and canon law, esting, yet deserved, sarcasm upon the debauchery of and died 1553. His family produced other men of the monks. celebrity. AGNESI, MARIA GAETANA, a learned Italian lady, born AFFRY, LEWIs AUGUSTINUS PHILIP, first magistrate at Milan, in 1718. In her ninth year she spoke the Latin of Switzerland after Napoleon had proclaimed himself the with correctness, and also delivered an oration in this protector of the Helvetic Confederacy, was born at Frey- language, in which she maintained that the study of the burg, 1743. Napoleon distinguished him above the ancient languages was proper for females. In her other deputies, and entrusted to him the formation of an eleventh year, she is said to have spoken Greek as administration, which was to ensure the peace and hap- fluently as her mother tongue. She now proceeded to piness of the ancient allies of France. He sought to perfect herself in the oriental languages, so that she was promote the views of the First Consul, and acted, in every- usually called a living polyglot. She next studied geomething with the ability, the intelligence and the experi- try and speculative philosophy. Shortly subsequent to ence of a thorough statesman. He died June 16, 1810. her twentieth year she devoted herself to mathematics, and composed a Treatise on Conic Sections; besides AGARD, ARTHUR, an English antiquary, born at Toston which, in her thirtieth year, she published a work on the in Derbyshire. He held the respectable employment of Rudiments of Analysis, which has been considered as deputy chamberlain in the exchequer office, which af- the best introduction to Euler. This gained her so much forded him the means of consulting valuable books and reputation, that she was appointed, in her thirty-second records, and his inquiries on political and constitutional year, Professor of Mathematics at the University of subjects were afterwards made public by Mr. Hearne, Bologna. But her deep study of abstruse science seems among the papers of the Antiquarian Society, to the estab- to have cast a gloom over her spirits; and, secluding herlishment of which he himself contributed. He died self altogether from society, she retired to the strict Order August 22d, 1615, in his 75th year, and was interred in' of Blue Nuns, and died 1799, in her eighty-first year. Westminster Abbey. Some of his papers were bequeathed for the use of his successors in the exchequer, but twenty AGOBARD, Archbishop of Lyons, supported the revolt volumes of his excellent collections were devised to his of Lothaire against Lewis le Debonnaire. In consefriend Sir Robert Cotton. quence of this violent opposition he was deposed at Thionville, but afterwards restored to his ecclesiastical AGATHOCLES, the tyrant of Syracuse, was the son honors, on being reconciled to Lewis. He died 840. of a potter, born about 359 B. C., and was elevated by his His works were edited by Baluze, in 1666, 2 vols. 8vo. talents and intrigues from the rank of a simple soldier They contain able arguments against image worship, until he became general, and made himself master of all against witchcraft, and against duelling. Sicily. He is said to have died by poison, B. C. 287. AGRICOLA, CNEIUS JULIUS, an illustrious Roman, AGATHON, a native of Palermo, elected to the papal known for his humanity when governor of Britain, and chair, 679. In his time the Eutychians or Monothelites immortalized by the pen of his son-in-law the historian were condemned at the Council of Constantinople. He Tacitus. His successes excited the jealous fears of died 682. Domitian, by whom he was covertly withdrawn from public employment. He died A. D. 93, aged fifty-six. AGELNOTHi, Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to AGRICOLA, JOHN, a German divine, born at Isleb. crown Harold king, though he had enjoyed the patron- He was the friend and disciple of Luther, but afterwards venteage of his father Canute. He died 1038, after being violently opposed him, and became the head of the Antiseventeen years in the See of Canterbury. nomians, a sect which regarded faith as the whole of the AGESILAUS I., king of Sparta from 957 to 913, B. C. duties of man. He was also engaged in a dispute with AGESILAUS II., king of Sparta from 399 to 361 B. C., Melanchthon, but with the most laudable motives he enis one of the most prominent characters in Grecian his- deavored to effect a reconciliation between the Catholics tory. He is renowned for his conquests in Asia Minor, and Protestants. He died at Berlin, 1566, aged seventy395, B. C., as also for his victories over the Boeotians four. His commentaries on St. Luke, 8vo., his Historia and Athenians. He was, however, at last defeated by Passionis J. C., fol., and his collection of German ProEpaminondas, in 363, only two years before his decease. verbs, have been printed, and possess merit. AGILULF, Duke of Turin, was appointed on the death AGRICOLA, RODOLPrUS, a native of Griningen, who of Antharic, king of Lombardy, his successor, and mar- travelled into France and Italy, where he was honored ried his widow Theudelinda. He abandoned Arianism with the patronage of Hercules d'Est, Duke of Ferrara. for the Catholic faith, and displayed great abilities as a He died at Heidelberg, 1485. His works on historical warrior and a statesman. He died 616, after a reign of subjects were published at Cologne, in 4to. 1539; but twenty-five years, and was succeeded by his son Adalnald. though flattered by the compliments of Erasmus, and AGIS, the name of some Spartan kings. The most famous are the second of that name, who was engaged in the Peloponnesian war, and died 427 B.C., and the fourth, who, in consequence of his attempts to restore Lacedoemon to her ancient discipline and glorious independence, was put to death, 241 B. C. AGLIONBY, JOHN, D. D., a native of Cumberland, educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and known for his great learning and his knowledge of school divinity. He was provost of St. Edmund's Hall, chaplain to James I., and one of those who translated the New Testament. He died at Islip, where he was rector, 1610, February 6th, in his 43d year, and was buried in the chancel there. His son of the same name, was Dean of Canterbury, an honor which he enjoyed but a few months, and died 1643. AGNELLUS, an abbot of Ravenna, in the ninth century, often confounded with a bishop of Ravenna of the same name in the sixth century. Agnellus wrote a History of the Lives of the Prelates of Ravenna, which is called in prose and poetry the Polition and Virgil of his time, they do not evidence any extraordinary talent. He had the singular merit of first introducing the study of Greek into Germany, and he himself gave lectures at Worms and Heidelberg. AGRIPPA, HEROD, grandson of Herod the Great, was noticed by the Roman emperors, and made king of all Judaea and some other neighboring provinces. He per. secuted the Christians, and was the person represented in Scripture as struck with death on his throne by an angel, for his impious vanity, A. D. 44. AGRIPPA II., son of the above, and his successor on the throne, and last king of Judama, was the monarch before whom Paul appeared as a prisoner, and whom he persuaded almost to be a Christian. He died at Rome A. D. 94. AGRIPPA, HENRY CORNELIUS, a native of Cologne, descended from a noble family. He was in the armies of the Emperor Maximilian, and distinguished himself so much by his courage and military abilities, that he was knighted after seven years' service in Italy. Eager to 40mý AGRPP 28 AJAL AGRIPPA 28 AJALA add to his laurels the honors of learning, he applied himself to the study of the more abstruse sciences, and took degrees in law and medicine. The fickleness of his temper, however, and his irritable passions, prevented him from acquiring that distinction which is due to superior genius and virtue. His writings, often severe, drew upon him the resentment of the monks, and though liberally patronised by the great, he led a fugitive and a solitary life. After reading lectures in several places in France, and at Pavia, where his eloquence commanded admiration, he retired to Metz by the solicitations of his friends; and afterwards to Switzerland. Fortune here seemed to favor him. Francis I. granted him a pension, and he was made physician to the queen mother; but his unwillingness to apply his knowledge of astrology to foretell success to the arms of France, incensed the court, and he was dismissed in disgrace. He retired with difficulty to Antwerp, and after receiving invitations from HIenry, king of England, and from other powerful princes, he preferred the protection of Margaret of Austria, governess of the Low Countries; and as historiographer to the Emperor, he began the history of the government of Charles V. The death of his patroness occasioned a change in his affairs, and though he was permitted to pronounce her funeral oration, he found that his enemies were inveterate against him, and that from their malevolence the favors of the Emperor were for ever forfeited. After being persecuted and imprisoned at Brussels, and at Lyons, he at last retired to Grenoble, where he died, 1535, in his forty-ninth year. He lived and died in the Romish church, according to Bayle, though others suppose that he favored the cause of Luther. Of this celebrated reformer he speaks with harshness, sometimes even with contempt, and only once with respect, in the nineteenth chapter of his Apology. He opposed the divorce of Henry VIII. from Queen Catharine, and ridiculed the meanness of his contemporaries, whose religious opinions yielded to the gold and the lust of a tyrant. His great learning and extensive information probably procured him, in these ages of darkness and barbarism, the fame of a magician and astrologer, and hence his enemies have been fond of recording his frequent intercourse with departed spirits, and with all the demons of the infernal regions. His works were published at Lyons, 1550, in 3 vols. 8vo. AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS, general of the Roman armies, and friend of Augustus Casar. He was born about the year 64 B. C., and died 12 B. C. His virtues and military talents contributed greatly to the glory of the reign of Augustus. AGRIPPINA, the virtuous wife of Germanicus Caesar, was banished, after her husband's death, by Tiberius, and died in exile, A. D. 33. AGRIPPINA, daughter of the preceding, took as her third husband the Emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned, to raise her son Nero to the throne. She perished by the order of that ungrateful son. AGUESSEAU, HENRY FRANCIS D', the descendant of a noble family of Saintonge, was born at Limoges, 1668, and after completing his education, which. was begun under the direction of his father, he cultivated poetry with taste and elegance, and acquired the esteem and friendship of men of letters, particularly of Boileau and Racine. In the office of advocate-general of Paris, in 1691, and, nine years after, of procurer-general, he displayed all the energies of his nature; he gave vigor and support to the laws, banished corruption from the tribunals, and distributed justice with an impartial hand. His attention was particularly directed to the management of the hospitals; and in the enlarged views of a benevolent heart, he often resisted with boldness and success the intrigues of favorites, and even the prejudices of Lewis XIV. After this monarch's death he was appointed by the Duke of Orleans, the Regent, to succeed Voisin as chancellor, and by his eloquence and firmness he opposed and rejected the schemes of Law, which were afterwards too fatally adopted, involving the entire kingdom in ruin and despondency. The machinations of enemies were however too powerful against integrity of conduct, and Aguesseau was twice obliged to resign the seals, and retire in disgrace to his seat of Fresnes; and twice again he was solicited by the Regent to resume a position which he adorned and dignified. The wishes nearest his heart were, to be useful to his country, to maintain her liberties, and not to accumulate wealth by oppression or dishonorable measures. On the tribunal his moderation and his equity were ever apparent; and in his retirement at Fresnes, where, as he says, he passed the fairest days of his life, the Chancellor of France was employed in the education of his children in literary pursuits, and often amused himself in digging the ground. Temperance and cheerfulness added to the pleasures of science, and contributed to the health of the body and vigor of the mind, and till his eightieth year he enjoyed a robust constitution. At this advanced age infirmities came upon him, he resigned the office of Chancellor, and died soon after, on the ninth of February, 1751. D'Aguesseau was humane and religious from his childhood; he never spent a day without reading the Scriptures, which he called the balm of his life. From the vast conceptions of his genius France derived new regulations, which tended to strengthen the liberties of the subject, check the rapacity of the nobles, and unite the whole kingdom in paying reverence to the laws, which he wished to see administered with impartiality and without unnecessary delay. His memory was quick and retentive, and besides a perfect knowledge of the dead languages, he spoke with ease the Arabic, Portuguese, English, Italian, and Spanish. His works have been published in nine vols. 4to. AGUI, a king of Bantam in Java, at the close of the seventeenth century, who, after succeeding to the throne on the resignation of his father Agouin, extended his power by means of the Dutch, and imprisoned the old monarch, who wished to check his ambitious career. AGUILLON, FRANCIS, a mathematician and linguist of Brussels, who published a Treatise on Optics, and another on Spheric Projections, and died, 1617, at Seville, in his fiftieth year. AGUIRRE, JOSEPH, a learned Benedictine, a native of Spain, who was raised to the rank of cardinal by Innocent XI. Besides his writings on theological subjects, he left a collection of the councils of Spain, six vols. fol. He died at Rome, 1699, in his sixty-ninth year. AHLWARDT, PETER, a native of Griefswalde in Germany, who, though but the son of a shoemaker, rose by his abilities, and became an eminent professor of logic and metaphysics. He wrote some treatises on the human understanding, on the immortality of the soul, and thoughts on thunder and lightning, and died 1791, aged eighty-one. AHMED KHAN, son of Hulagu, succeeded his brother Abaka on the throne of the Moguls, and was the first emperor who embraced the Mahometan religion. This change, so displeasing to his family, excited an insurrection against him, which proved successful, and, dooming him to death, placed his nephew Argoun on the throne, 1284. AIGNAN, STEPHEN, a member of the French Academy, was born in 1773, at Beaugency sur Loire. He adopted the principles of the revolution, and when only nineteen, held a legal situation in the district of Orleans. Subsequently he filled various offices under Napoleon. lie is the author of several dramas and poems, and of a translation of the Iliad. He also translated the Vicar of Wakefield, and other works from the English. He died in 1824. AJALA, MARTIN PEREZ D', a native of Carthagena, who, though of obscure birth, distinguished himself by his abilities, and served Charles V. at the Council of Trent. He was promoted to two bishoprics, and was at last made archbishop of Valencia, where he died, uni _ _I _s ~ a_ am t AIDAN: 29 AIRAULT AIDAN 29 AIRAULT versally respected, 1566, in his sixty-second year. He "wrote a Latin treatise in ten books on apostolic traditions. AIDAN, Bishop of Lindisfarne or Holy Island, in Northumberland, was a prelate, humane, mild, and benevolent, who by his exemplary zeal converted many of the northern heathens of Britain to Christianity. He died in 651. AIKIN, ARTHUR, the eldest son of John Aikin, M.D., a brother of Miss Lucy Aikin, and nephew to the celebrated Mrs. Barbauld, was born May 19th, 1773. After completing his education, in 1796, he settled in London, devoting himself in a quiet and unostentatious manner to the labors of scientific literature, as an author and lecturer. The first publication to which he attached his name was "The Natural History of the Year." This was in 1797. In the same year he published the "Journal of a Tour through North Wales and Shropshire." In 1802, he published, in two volumes, 4to., "A Translation from the French of M. Denon's Travels in Egypt," and he also commenced " The Annual Review," which continued under his superintendence four years. In 1807 he contributed to the formation of the Geological Society, of which he acted for many years as one of the secretaries, and for many more as a member of the Council, contributing several papers to its Transactions. In 1807 also, in conjunction with his brother Charles, he published "A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy," in two volumes, quarto, to which a supplement was added in 1814. In 1814 also, he published "A Manual of Mineralogy." In 1817 he was elected Secretary of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, and remained twenty-three years resident at their house. He contributed several papers to the Society's Transactions, and on his retirement, in 1840, was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Chemistry. He was also for thirty-six years a Fellow of the Linnman Society. Mr. Aikin died, April 15th, 1854, aged 80. AIKIN, JOHN, M.D., was born at Kibworth, in Lancashire, in 1747, educated at Warrington and Edinburgh, and took his degree at Leyden, in 1784. He first settled as a surgeon at Chester, whence he removed to Warrington. It was at the latter place that he commenced his career as an author, by publishing, in conjunction with his sister, the celebrated Mrs. Barbauld, a volume of Miscellanies. After having taken his degree, he fixed his residence at Yarmouth, where he remained for some years. He then removed to the metropolis, in which, or its vicinity, he continued till his decease. He died in December, 1822, at Stoke Newington. Dr. Aikin was a man of erudition and an elegant writer. Besides producing a Life of Huet, a Medical Biography, and other original works, he edited the first twenty volumes of the Monthly Magazine; the Atheneum; and various editions of poets; and was one of the compilers of a General Biographical Dictionary, in ten volumes, 4to. AIKMAN, WILLIAM, son of an advocate of Scotland of the same name, was brought up to the profession of his father. A natural bias for the arts, however, prevailed upon the son to relinquish the honors of the Scotch bar for distinction in the art of painting; and an absence of five years, employed in visiting Italy, Constantinople and Smyrna, served to improve and adorn his mind, and enlarge and correct his taste. Possessed of an independent fortune he did not court the patronage of the great by flattery, and to his merit alone he was indebted for the esteem of John, Duke of Argyle, and of the Earl of Burlington, as well as for the affectionate friendship of Allan Ramsay, Thomson, Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, Somerville, and the other wits of the age. His genius was exerted in portrait painting, and many of those who then shone in rank and fashion have received more celebrity from his pencil, than from the possession of beauty destroyed by incontinence, and of riches wasted in riot and effeminacy. A picture of the royal family of England, now in possession of the Duke of Devonshire, and several portraits of the Earl of Buckinghamshire's family, were among the last of his pieces. He died at Leicester Field, 1731, the seventh of June, in the forty-ninth year of bhs s-e. AILLf, PETER D', born of an obscure family, rose by his merit to the highest honors in the service of Charles VI., and was made Chancellor of the University of Paris, and afterwards Bishop of Puy and Cambray. His eloquence was exerted to heal the wounds which existed in the Romish Church, though he presided over the council of Constance, and shared their guilt when they condemned John Huss to the flames. He was rewarded by John XXIII. with a cardinal's hat, and the office of legate to the Holy See. He died the 8th of August, 1419. His works on theological subjects were published at Stras burg. AILRED, ETHELRED, or EABRED, Abbot of Revesby, Linconshire, was born in the year 1109, and educated in Scotland. He was fond of study, and refused ecclesiastical preferment. Several of his historical labors in Latin remain-"A History of the War of the Standard in the Reign of King Stephen"-"A Genealogy of English Kings"-"A History of the Life and Morals of Edward the Confessor"-and "A History of the Nun of Waltham," are to be found in Twisden's "Deum Scriptores," London, 1652. AINSWORTH, HENRY, a Nonconformist, known for his learning and for the commentaries which he wrote on the Holy Scriptures. As he embraced the tenets of the Brownists, he shared their persecutions and fled to Amsterdam, where, with Johnson, he erected a church, of which he became the minister. This union however was soon productive of a quarrel: Johnson was violent, and he was banished by the congregation, and Ainsworth afterwards shared his fate, and retired to Ireland. He soon after returned to Amsterdam, where he died, as it is supposed, a violent death. He had found a diamond of great value, and asked of the Jew to whom it belonged no other reward but a conference with the rabbis of his synagogue, concerning the prophecies relating to the Messiah. The Jew had not interest sufficient to fulfil his wishes, and in his disappointment he caused Ainsworth to be poisoned, in the beginning of the seventeenth century. His treatises were admired for their ingenuity as well as their profound learning, and so great was his reputation that Dr. Hall, Bishop of Exeter, wrote against him and refuted his arguments in favor of the Brownists. Dr. Lightfoot is said to have derived much assistance from his writings. AINSWORTH, ROBERT, was born at Woodyale, four miles from Manchester, in September, 1660, and educated at the grammar school in Bolton, founded by Robert Lever, of which he afterwards became master for a few years. From thence he retired to Londof, and opened a school at Bethnal Green, at Hackney, and other places, where his pupils were numerous and respectable. His great application procured him a comfortable competence, and he some time after retired from his laborious occupation to the enjoyment of literary ease. In 1714, a plan was proposed to the booksellers for the compilation of an English and Latin Dictionary, after Faber's plan, and Ainsworth was invited to undertake it, as his abilities were known, and his judgment mature and correct. The task, however, was soon discovered to be more difficult than was expected; his labors were suspended for some years, but at last application succeeded, and the book was published in 4to. in 1736, dedicated to Dr. Mead. The second edition was improved by Patrick, and published ten years after. The other publications by Ainsworth, were a Treatise on Grammar, and other small classical compositions, besides some specimens of English and Latin poetry. He died at London on the fourth of April, 1743, in his eighty-third year, and was buried, according to his desire, in Poplar church-yard. An inscription written by himself surmounts his tomb. AIRAULT, PETER, an advocate of Paris, born at Angers, where he also died, 1601, July 21st, in his sixtyfifth year. As a magistrate he behaved with firmness L _ L- -------C L --LL ~d.._rr_ I LL~lb~---~r~LsL------ ------- ---r- -;r---~-- --~-- - sF-------- -~ _ _ I~~ L_ IC _ _I I_ _ _I__ __ _ I AIRAY 30 ALAMAN AIRAY 80 ALAMAN and integrity, and was deservedly called the Rock of the Accused. He left ten children, the eldest of whom, Rend, was intrusted to the Jesuits for his education, and induced to enter into the order, from which he never could extricate himself, though his father procured the interest of the King of France and of the Pope. Ren6 died at La Fleche, December 18, 1644, in his seventy-seventh year. His father wrote some treatises, especially on the power of fathers, &c. AIRAY, HENRY, a native of Westmoreland, patronised by Bernard Gilpin, who was named the Northern Apostle. He became member of St. Edmund Hall, and afterwards of Queen's, Oxford, of which he was elected provost, 1598. He was vice-chancellor of the University, and published some tracts and sermons. He died 10th of October, 1616, aged fifty-seven, and was buried in the college chapel. He was a strict Calvinist, and was author of some theological pieces. AITON, WILLIAM, a native of Lanarkshire, first recommended by the friendship of Phillip juller, and known as a botanist and gardener in the Royal Gardens at Kew, to which he was appointed 1759. The high patronage which he received was due to his merit and taste, for, under his attentive eye and directing hand, Kew soon exhibited the most curious and valuable plants, collected from every part of the world by the munificence of his patron. He published, in 1789, an useful catalogue of the plants of the gardens, called Hortus Kewensis, and died of that dreadful distemper, a schirrous liver, Feb. 1st, 1793, after enjoying the friendship and esteem of men of rank, of virtue, and literary eminence. The king appointed his son successor in the care of the gardens. The private character of Mr. Aiton was highly estimable for mildness, benevolence, piety, and every domestic and social virtue. AITZEMA, LEOVAN, a noble of Dorcum in Friezland, employed as representative of the Hanseatic towns at the Hague. He wrote in Dutch, in seven volumes, fol., a History of the United Provinces-and a History of the Peace of Munster, valuable for the public acts and authentic records which it contains, but otherwise inelegant and injudicious. The work was continued by other hands to 1692. He died at the Hague, 1669, in his sixtyninth year. AKAKIA, MARTIN, a native of Chalons, professor of medicine at Paris. He was surnamed Harmless, which he altered to the Greek word Akakia. He published translations of Galen's writings, and died 1551. His son of the same name was physician to Henry III. He wrote the Medical Treatises, De Morbis Mulieribus-Consilia Medica, &c., and died, 1588, in his eighty-ninth year. There were other persons of the family who gained distinction by their talents in various professions. timidity to omit the objectionable passage in another edition. He published some odes afterwards, and virulently attacked Lord Bath under the title of Curio, as the betrayer of his country; but the phillipic was afterwards expunged. He first practised as a physician at Northampton, afterwards at Hampstead, and then at London, where his friend Dyson supported his appearance by an allowance of three hundred pounds a year. His abilities began now to recommend him; he published several medical treatises, read the Gultonian Lectures, and was elected Fellow of the College of Physicians, and Physician to the Queen. His hopes however were cut short by a putrid fever, which terminated his life 23d June, 1770, in his 59th year. Akenside possessed great powers of mind; his poem was published before he was twentythree years old, and afterwards altered and revised; but so excellent was the original considered, that it is printed separately with the corrections, to show that whatever comes from the hand of a master is never devoid of elegance or dignity. AKERLY, SAMUEL, M.D. a learned and philanthropic physician of New York, born about the year 1785. He studied medicine with his brother-in-law, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, having previously graduated at Columbia College in 1804. He contributed largely to medical and scientific journals, and was interested in agriculture. He was one of the founders and most efficient supporters of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Blind. Dr. Akerly was class-mate of the Rev. John McVickar, D. D. and of William Gracie. He died at Staten Island, July 6th, 1845. AKIBA, a learned rabbi, who quitted the obscure life of a shepherd, and at the age of forty, through his love for his master's daughter, who esteemed learned men, devoted himself to literature. He joined himself to Barchonebas, the false Messiah, and was, with his son Pappus and his family, flayed alive by the Romans, 135. He was one of the first who began the compilation of the cabalistic traditions of the Jews. ALABASTER, WILLIAM, a Protestant, born at Hadleigh in Suffolk, and educated at Trinity, Cambridge. He went to Cadiz with Essex, and after embracing the Catholic doctrines, returned to the English church, and was canon of St. Paul's. lie wrote a Hebrew lexicon, Pentaglotton, folio, and some theological tracts, besides Roxana, a Latin tragedy performed at Cambridge. He died 1640. ALAIN, CHARTIER, Secretary to Charles VII., of France, was born 1386. lIe distinguished himself by his writings, particularly his Chronicle of Charles VII., valuable for the elegance of the composition, and the important and interesting details which it contains. He has been compared to Seneca for the beauty of his sentences. AKBAR. a sultan of the Moguls, after his father Ile mayun, 1556. He enlarged his dominions by the con- And the Mexc arm u hiT a a i an ffairs quest of Bengal, Cashmere, and Scindi, and showed him- ALAMAN, DON LToAS, Minister of Foreign Affairs self a wise and powerful monarch. Selimn his son for the Republic of Mexico, was born near the close of rebelled against him and was pardoned. He died by the last century. He was a native of the State of Guam naxuato, and was descended fromitone of the most reignorantly taking poison which he had prepared for the naxueto, and was descended from one of the most redestruction of a courtier who had lost his favor, spectable families in that region. He received his education at the College of La Minerva. Soon after the AKENSIDE, MARKc, M.D., son of a butcher of New- war of Independence broke out, young Alaman entered castle-upon-Tyne, was educated in his native town, and the Mexican army; but his talents lay in another sphere at the age of eighteen went to Edinburgh to study divinity, -the sword did not agree with him. Resigning the post to qualify himself for becoming a dissenting minister. he held in the army, he commenced the study of law, Preferring, however, the medical profession, he went to and presently devoted himself with assiduity to the purLeyden, where, in 1744, he took his doctor's degree. suit of politics. After the d'eposition of Iturbide, His genius unfolded itself early, and his greatest work, Alaman became Minister of Foreign Affairs, which posithe Pleasures of the Imagination, was published in the tion he occupied until the return of the Emperor to Soto same year. Dodsley, to whom it was offered for sale, at la Marina in the year 1824. Retiring altogether from a high price, seemed reluctant till he had consulted Pope, the Cabinet,. Alaman visited Europe, and there conwho admired the composition, and advised the bookseller tracted obstinate prejudices against both the French not to make a niggardly offer, as it was no every-day and Americans. His predilections continued in favor writer. The publication was attacked by Warburton, be- of England; a circumstance perhaps attributable in cause a note on the third book maintained, after Shaftes- some measure to the fact that many of the valuable bury, that ridicule is the test of truth; and, though de- i mines of Mexico were held by British capitalists. fended anonymously by Dyson, Akenside had the sense or In December, 1829, the Administration of Guerrero wwwwwo I- I.C i C * I- a1 I --_ - I--, _I -- - -- -I - -- ;3-a~-~~)l~rpL1~IY - ALAMANNI 31 ALARD ALAMANNI 31 ALARD was overthrown, and, upon the invitation of Bustamente, Alaman resumed office as Minister of Foreign Affairs, though not without reluctance. The country was in the utmost confusion. Smuggling was openly carried on, robberies were frequent, and the government was quite powerless to remedy these evils. Alaman sought to remedy all grievances. Financial and political reform were made to act in unison; the disbursements of the Treasury were fully equalled by the receipts, and the country finally beheld a brief season of peace. During the years 1830 and 1831, Alaman was actively employed; and effected some really beneficial reforms in the government of the Republic. As President of the country, he encouraged a variety of industrial undertakings; a large portion of the customs was appropriated for the establishment of a bank for loaning funds to persons employed in manufactures; while another portion was expended for European machinery, which was loaned gratuitously to manufacturers. Under these arrangements, the prosperity of the nation rapidly increased. Santa Anna, however, previously appeared upon the stage. Dreading that Alaman was interfering with his plans, the wily chief sought by every means to thwart him. Alaman took the hint and disappeared from public life, and it was supposed he had sheltered himself in one of the convents of the country. Until 1837, he was absent from public life, but at that period he reappeared, upon the return of Bustamente to power. He afterwards became reconciled with Santa Anna. He was an adroit politician, and passed unscathed through all vicissitudes of fortune His death took place at the city of Mexico, June 15th, 1853, when he was about the age of 60 years. ALAMANNI, LEwis, a native of Florence, who opposed the power which Julius de Medici and his partisans exercised in that city. The conspiracy into which he had entered was discovered; one of the accomplices was punished with death, and he himself saved his life by flight. The election of Julius to the popedom by the name of Clement VII. seemed to forbid his restoration to his country; but the success of Charles V. at Rome, and the confinement of the pontiff in the Castle of St. Angelo, encouraged the Florentines to break their chains; the Medici were banished, and Alamanni recalled. The leader of a party however, is always in danger; and whilst Alamanni wished to solicit the patronage and alliance of the emperor, he became unpopular, and he again fled before the general odium of the city. His good offices, in the meantime, were not wanting to his ungrateful countrymen, but in vain, as after a few struggles the power of the Medici was re-established. Alamanni found an asylum in the French court, and was employed as ambassador by Francis I. to the emperor. Charles V. received him with coldness, and in answer to his fulsome but eloquent address, repeated the ludicrous verses which he had written against him. Alamanni vindicated himself, and by his firmness and the dexterity of his speech he changed the emperor's displeasure into admiration and esteem. After being employed in another embassy to Genoa, he died at Amboise, 18th April, 156G, in his 66th year. His Poems and other compositions in Italian are highly commended. ALAMOS, BALTHAZAR, a Spanish writer in the service of Anthony Perez, the Secretary of State under Philip II. He shared his master's disgrace, and was imprisoned for eleven years, till his abilities were called into action by Olivarez, the favorite of Philip IV. He was made counsellor of the Council of the Indies, and honored with knighthood. He died in his 88th year. He published an excellent translation of Tacitus, 1614, besides Aphorisms, much admired, written during his confinement. ALAN, ALLEN, ALLYN, WILLIAM, a native of Rossal in Lancashire, educated at Oriel College, and made Principal of St. Mary Hall in his twenty-fourth year. As he was a warm defender of the pope, he left his preferment in England on the accession of Elizabeth, and retired to the English College of Louvaine, where he supported the tenets of his religion by his writings. The intensity of his application, however, endangered his health, and his physicians advised his return to England. There, with more zeal than prudence, he publicly avowed his principles, and attempted to make converts; but neither Lancashire, nor Oxford, nor London could long conceal the author of virulent attacks against the established religion of his country, and he fled with difficulty to Douay. Here preferments were heaped upon him by the Guises, as he was considered the champion and martyr of the Catholic cause, and he was soon after raised to the dignity of Cardinal, and the Archbishopric of Mechlin. His resentment kept pace with his elevation; in 1586 he published a book to explain the pope's Bull, for the excommunication of Elizabeth, and to excite the people of England to revolt against their lawful sovereign, and espouse the cause of Philip of Spain, and of the invading Catholics; and several thousand copies of this unnatural composition were sent on board the Armada, but were happily destroyed with the projects of the tyrant. Elizabeth indeed complained of the indignity, by, Dr. Dale, sent as Ambassador to the Low Countries; but the Duke of Parma received the messenger with supercilious indifference. Alan died at Rome, 26th Oct. 1594, in his 63d year. ALAND, SIR JOHN FORTESCUE, was descended from Sir John Fortescue, Lord Chancellor under Henry VI. Naturally endowed with strong powers of mind, he cultivated his understanding with successful industry, and after being honored with a degree at Oxford, and called to the bar, his abilities were further distinguished by being made solicitor to the Prince of Wales, and afterwards to George I., and the next year, 1716-17, raised to the dignity of a Baron of the Exchequer. In his judicial capacity, he displayed integrity of heart and firmness of conduct; but his services were neglected, and either from private resentment, or the spirit of misrepresentation, which too often poisons the ears of kings, he was the only judge whose patent was not renewed on the accession of (eorge II. This apparent disgrace however was momentary; he was restored the following year to his profession, and he continued to dignify the bench and to benefit the public by his wisdom till 1746, when he resigned, and as a reward for his long and laborious services as a judge for thirty years, he was created a peer of Ireland. Sir John had assumed the surname of Aland, in compliment to the virtues of an amiable wife, of the Aland family at Waterford, and he maintained through life the dignity of character which had been so much admired in his great ancestor, and which received fresh lustre from the merits and eminent services of his descendant. He was remarkable for a small, short, fiat nose, and this deformity exposed him once to the sarcasm of a barrister, whom he censured for treating his cause rather obscurely:-- My lord, replied the undismayed lawyer, if you will have patience I will make it appear as plain as the nose in your lordship's face." He was born 7th of March, 1670, and died 1746. ALARD, FRANCIS, the son of a noble family in Brussels, a zealous convert from the Roman Catholic religion, was born in that town, in the beginning of the sixteenth century. His father obliged him to enter into the Do. minican order; but having privately obtained the works of Luther, he clandestinely forsook his convent, and studied Divinity at Jena and Wittemberg. Destitute however of resources, he ventured to return to Brussels, and seek assistance from his father, but was discovered in the streets by his mother, a violent bigot, who denounced him to the Inquisition, and, when no persuasions could induce him to recant, she demanded the execution of the law, and even offered to furnish wood to burn him. Sentence of death was accordingly pronounced; but by connivance, it is supposed, he contrived to escape, and arrived in safety at Oldenburgh, where he became almoner to the prince. lie subsequently returned home to his native country, notwithstanding the persecutions of the Duke of Alva, and in the end made a convert of his father. No longer Safe in the Netherlands, he had a curacy given him in Holstein, where he died in 1578. ~. I I C I - I M- I w --- -MM- p -m I -IN -TW PLýl~l~~.~r~~~t2 ALARIC loo ALBERONI ALARIC S2 ALBERONI ALARIC I., a celebrated King of the Visigoths, who made war against Arcadius, and after spreading his devastations over Greece, entered Italy and laid siege to Rome. Though his withdrawal was repeatedly purchased with gold, he at last plundered the imperial city, A. D. 400, and extorted the heaviest contributions from the inhabitants of Italy. He died soon after at Cosenza. ALARIC II., King of the Goths, the ninth in descent from Alaric I. His kingdom was invaded by the Franks, under the command of Clovis; and in a battle at Vou6lle, (A. D. 507), Alaric fell honorably by the hand of his rival. The body of laws which is known by his name, was digested, at his command, from the code of Theodosius. ALASCO, JOHN, a Roman Catholic bishop, uncle to the King of Poland. He became afterwards a convert to the Protestant principles, came to England under Edward VI. and acted as pastor of a Dutch congregation in London. His piety and his virtues rendered him popular, but in the reign of Mary he returned to the continent, where he died, 1560. He was much esteemed by the learned of the times, and particularly by Erasmus, whose library he bought. ALBAN, St., a native of Verulam, the protomartyr of England. He travelled in his youth to Rome, and during seven years served as a soldier in Dioclesian's army. On his return to England he renounced the Pagan religion, by the advice and influence of his friend Amphibalus, a monk of Caerleon, and during the persecution of Dioclesian, he was martyred for the Christian faith, 286 or 296, or seven years later according to Usher. Nearly five hundred years after, his memory was honored by Offa, King of the Mercians, who built a stately monastery over him, from which the modern town of St. Albans receives its name. While the church of St. Albans was being repaired in 1257, a tomb was opened, which, according to an inscription found therein, contained some relics of St. Alban. ALBANI, FRANCTS, son of a silk merchant at Bologna, forsook his father's profession for painting, in which nature had destined him to excel. He was the schoolfellow and afterwards the pupil of Guido, by whom he was introduced to the Caracchis; and after he had studied amongst the monuments of Rome for some years he returned to Bologna. Albani particularly excelled in expressing the delineation of female and infantine beauty; in his imitation of men he was less fortunate; but into everything which he drew he transfused the happiness and serenity of his disposition, and all the mild virtues of an amiable character. He died in his eighty-second year, October 4, 1660, and the whole city of Bologna testified their grief for the loss of a man who, during life, had been honored with the esteem not only of the most eminent of his fellow-citizens, but even of monarchs. Charles I. of England was one of those who invited him to visit his dominions. His pieces are highly esteemed, and are dispersed among the cabinets of Europe. His brother, John Baptist, was his pupil, and attained renown as a landscape painter. He died 1668. ALBANI, ALEXANDER, a Roman cardinal, who died 2d December, 1779, aged eighty-seven. He was a man of great merit, well acquainted with the records and monuments of antiquity, and a liberal patron of men of letters. His house, known by the name of Villa Albani, was famous for beautiful statues and other treasures of the fine arts. This prelate was librarian to the Vatican, and is author of some literary and political works which possess reputation. ALBANI, JOHN FRANCIs, also cardinal, and nephew and heir of the subject of the preceding article. He distinguished himself by his opposition to the suppression of the Jesuits, and to all concession on the part of the papacy, in favor of temporal innovation. In other respects he was chiefly distinguished by his taste for the fine arts and patronage of its professors. Tie also increased the valuable library of his uncle from twenty-five to thirty thousand volumes; and, in 1793, it was comn puted that the Villa Albani contained nearly two hundred thousand works of art and specimens of antiquity, all of which were dispersed or carried away when the French entered Rome. He died in 1803. ALBANY, JOHN DUKEp OF, a Scotch nobleman in the service of Francis I. King of France. He was intrusted by that monarch with an army of ten thousand men to attack Naples, but the frtal battle of Pavia obliged him to return to France, where he died, 1536. ALBATEGNIUS, an Arabian astronomer, who died 929. He wrote a treatise on the Knowledge and the Obliquity of the Zodiac of the Stars, printed 4to. at Nuremberg, 1537, and at Bologna, 1545. ALBEMARLE, ANNE CLARGES, DUTCHESS OF, daughter of a blacksmith, was brought up as a milliner, and retained the vulgarity of her manners in her highest elevation. She was first the mistress of General Monk when confined in the Tower, and afterwards his wife; but so clear was her understanding, that she was often consulted in the greatest emergencies; and there is little doubt but that, by favor and bribery, she filled up the list of privy counsellors which was presented to the second Charles on his landing. Her animosity was so great against Clarendon that she prevailed upon her husband to join in the ruin of his former friend; and as the virulence of her temper was unbounded, the general was often forced to yield to her threats, as he dreaded her invectives more than the cannon's mouth. ALBEMARLE, KEPPEL, LORD, a native of Guelders, one of the favorites of William III., by whom he was raised to an earldom. In the last of Queen Anne's wars he was made commander of the Dutch forces, and was defeated by Marshal Villars at Denian, 1712, and made prisoner. He died six years after. ALBERGATI, CAPACELLI MARQUIS, a native of Bologna, who spent the first years of his life in dissipation and licentiousness, and at the age of thirty-four began to make amends for all ill-spent hours by the severest application to literary pursuits. Nature had endowed him with great talents, and the knowledge of the world and salutary reflections had so enriched his mind, that at the age of forty he burst upon the public not only as an elegant, correct, and sublime dramatist, but as a lively, interesting, and judicious actor. Honored with the appellation of the Garrick of Italy, he displayed his abilities with effect, and acquired deserved reputation by the wit and facetiousness of his compositions. He died 1802. His works were published together, 1783, in 12 vols. 8vo. ALBERGOTTI, FRANCIS, an ancient civilian, born at Arezzo, where he practised till his removal to Florence. At Florence he was raised to the honor of nobility, and deserved for his talents the name of "'the teacher of solid truth." His Treatises on the Digest and the Code were much read in his time, but are now little known. Ile died at Florence, 1376. ALBERONI, JULIUS, Cardinal, and Minister of the King of Spain, was the son of a gardener. He was born in 1664, at Firenzuola, a village of Parma, and educated for the church. His first office was that of bell-ringer in the Cathedral of Piacenza. He had risen to the dignity of canon, when the poet Campistron, the favorite of the Duke of Vendome, was plundered on his way to Rome, and in his distress found a hospitable asylum in the house of the new ecclesiastic, who supplied him with clothes and money for his journey. The kindness was not forgotten; Campistron mentioned the generous treatment to the duke, and Alberoni soon after gained his protection and confidence. He accompanied his patron to the army in Spain, where, in the capacity of secretary, his abilities were employed to negotiate between the Duke and the Princess of Ursino, whose wit and whose intrigues had gained an ascendency over the Spanish monarch. He behaved with such dexterity, that he became the favorite of the princess; and to appear with greater dignity he assumed the character of agent of I IN I. ALBERT--q ~ --I- -- ALBERT 33 ALBERTI the Duke of Parma to the Court of Madrid, and employed his influence to fix a daughter of that house on the throne of Spain. Alberoni used all possible despatch in this delicate affair; the treaty was signed, and Philip V. received his new queen. The fortune of Alberoni was now made; for this princess, who obtained great ascendency over the King, gave him all her confidence, and enabled him to become Prime Minister and Grandee of Spain. His abilities deserved the honors he held; he gave vigor to the nation, and in a little time infused such a spirit of activity and enterprise into the indolent Spaniards, that after a lethargic repose of a century they rose to the hardihood and heroic deeds of their forefathers. Madrid became the centre of negotiation, and of intrigue; and the gigantic mind of the cardinal formed the design of seizing Sardinia and Sicily, of replacing the Pretender on the English throne by the hands of Charles XII. and the Czar of Russia; whilst in the East the Turks were to arm against Germany, whose sceptre in Italy was to be broken, and the Duke of Orleans at the same deprived of the regency of France. These vast projects however were defeated by the arts of Orleans, who with George I. declared war against Spain, 1719, and made it one of the conditions of peace, that the cardinal should be banished from the court. Alberoni yielded to the storm, and retired to Italy, where he was basely accused of intrigues and correspondence with the infidel Turks, and confined for one year. He however still retained some share of influence at Madrid; but he died at Placentia, 26th June, 1752, in his 89th year, leaving the reputation of a great and ambitious statesman. ALBERT I., son of the Emperor Rodolphus, was chosen Emperor of Germany, after the defeat of his competitor, Adolphus of Nassau. He was frequently guilty of injustice in his attempts to extend the power of his family, and to his oppressions the Swiss were indebted for the assertion of their independence. He was killed by his own nephew, John Duke of Swabia, 1308, leaving five sons and six daughters. ALBERT, Archduke of Austria, sixth son of the Emperor Maximilian, was at first a Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo; but in 15F43 he was made Governor of Portugal, and some time after Governor of the Low Countries. He here distinguished himself by the reduction of Calais, Ardres, and other towns; and afterwards he undertook the seige of Ostend, which lasted three years, three months and three days, and which, when taken, 22d September, 1604, after the slaughter of more than one hundred thousand men, was only a heap of ashes. The Archduke had resigned the purple in 1598, to marry Elizabeth, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, and he obtained as her portion the sovereignty of the Netherlands. He made a peace with the Dutch in 1609, and the last years of his life were usefully devoted to the happiness of his people, and to the encouragement of the arts. He died 1621, in his 62d year. ALBERT, CHARLES D', Duke of Luynes, was the descendant of a noble family of Florence, who settled in France. He was much noticed by Henry IV., and rose by degrees from inferior offices to be the favorite and counsellor of Lewis XIII. His power over the monarch was so great that the kingdom obeyed him as their sovereign; but his tyranny became so odious that, when he died of a fever in the camp of Longueville, 1621, the soldiers plundered his tent, and there could not be found a cloth to cover the remains of the royal favorite. ALBERT, King of Sweden, succeeded to the throne on the deposition of Magnus II. by his rebellious nobles, 1363. Though for some.time he weathered the storms of opposition, he was at last taken prisoner, 1387, by Margaret, Queen of Norway and Denmark, who had listened to the intrigues of his disaffected barons; and though he recovered his liberty, it was to see his attempts to regain the sovereign power utterly fail, and himself an exile at Mecklenburg, where he ended his days, 1412. 5 ALBERT, of Brandenburg, surnamed the Alcibiades of Germany, was son of Casimir Margrave, of Culenbach, and he distinguished himself by his opposition to the views of Charles V., against whom he made war with other confederate States. A reconciliation was at last effected, but it was of short continuance, as he provoked the resentment of his late allies, even of his friend Maurice, Elector of Saxony, by retaining in his hands the plunder of the Ecclesiastical States. A battle was fought by the rival powers, and Maurice was slain and Albert severely wounded. He was afterwards deprived of his possessions by the decree of the Diet of the empire, and died 1558. To the intrepidity and manliness of his character were united arrogance, violence, and licentiousness of manners. ALBERT, ERASMUS, a native of Frankfort, preacher to Joachim II. Elector of Brandenburg. He was the pupil of Luther, and he assisted his cause by collecting the greatest absurdities of the Conformities of Saint Francis with Jesus Christ, which he published in German and Latin under the name of the Alcoran of the Cordeliers. This satirical work, to which Luther wrote a preface, highly promoted the cause of the Reformation. Albert was at Magdeburg during its siege, and died at New Brandenburg, 1551. The last edition of his work is that of Amsterdam, 2 vols. 12mo. 1734. ALBERT, called the Great, was born at Lawingen in Swabia, and assumed the Dominican habit after visiting Pavia, Cologne, and Paris, where he read lectures with credit and reputation. He was called to Rome by Pope Alexander IV., and appointed Master of the. Sacred Palace, and afterwards raised to the Archbishopric of Ratisbon. A life of ease was, however, his delight, and the crosier was soon resigned for his monastic habit. His studies were eagerly pursued in his retirement, and the great knowledge which he possessed in an age not famous for inquisitiveness or information, soon passed among the vulgar and illiterate for magic and enchantment. Albert not only labored in quest of the philosopher's stone, but he was said to have formed a human head of brass, which, like an oracle, guided all his actions. His works were voluminous, without containing much information. They were published at Lyons, 1615, in 21 vols. folio. ALBERT, or ALBRET, JANE D', daughter of Margaret of Navarre, was married, at the age of eleven, to the Duke of Cleves, but this union was annulled by the Pope, and in 1548 she gave her hand to Antony, Duke of Vendome, and five years after gave birth to a son who became Henry IV. of France. A characteristic incident occurred on this occasion; her father, who was present at her labor, promised to deposit his will in her possession, if she would sing him a Bearnoise song, with which request she immediately complied, by singing an old popular air in her native dialect. On her delivery, the king performed his promise, by giving her a golden box, containing his will; and at the same time placing a chain of gold around her neck, he exclaimed, " These are for you; but this," taking away the infant, "is mine." In 1555, she was made Queen of Navarre on her father's' death, and she became zealous to promote the Reformation there. She was present at Paris at the nuptials of her son with Margaret of Valois, and died there suddenly, as it is supposed, in consequence of poison, 1572, in her 44th year. She had written some works which are still preserved. ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet in the thirteenth century, whose amorous verses were perfidiously published after his death by on.e of his friends, to whom he had intrusted the care of committing them 'to the flames. ALBERTI, CHERUBINO, an Italian painter and engraver of eminence, who died 1615, aged 63. ---Giovanni, brother of the preceding, was equally eminent in the perspective, and in historical pieces. He was born near Florence, and died 1601, aged 43. ~' e~ LlPBL -~4 ALBERTI 34 ALBUCASA ALBERTI 34 ALBUCASA ALBERTI, DomINICO, a native of Venice, whose musical powers were displayed in London in the suite of the Spanish Ambassador, and also at Rome, and other places on the continent. In 1737 he set to music Metastasio's Endymion, and published other pieces. As a performer on the harpsichord he was particularly admired. ALBERTI, JOHN, a German lawyer, surnamed Widman Stadius. His knowledge of the oriental languages enabled him to abridge the Alcoran, and illustrate it with learned notes; a work which procured him the Chancellorship of Austria. He also published a beautiful edition of the New Testament in Syriac, at the expense of the emperor, in which the Apocalypse, St. Peter's second epistle, St. Jude's epistle, and St. James's second and "third epistle were omitted. Of this work, one thousand copies were printed, half of which were kept by the emperor, and the others sent into the East. ALBERTI, LEANDER, a Dominican of Bologna, who wrote some interesting works, especially a History of Italy, quarto - Biographical Memoirs - the History of Bologna - and that of illustrious Dominicans, &c. He died 1552, in his 74th year. ALBERTI, LEON BAPTISTA, a Florentine, author of a valuable work on Architecture in ten books. He was well acquainted with painting and sculpture, and was employed by Pope Nicholas V. in ornamenting the buildings which he erected, for which he received much praise from the pontiff. He died 1485. ALBERTI-ARISTOTILE, called also Ridolfe Fioravente, a celebrated mechanic of Bologna in the sixteenth century, who is said to have removed one of the steeples of his native city, with all the bells, to the distance of thirty-five paces. He extended his fame in Hungary, where he built a remarkable bridge, and where he received the highest honors. He was also employed in erecting churches in Russia. ALBERTINI, FRANCIS, a Calabrian Jesuit, author of some theological works, in two volumes folio, and a Treatise, in which he asserts that brute animals have their guardian angels. He died 1619. ALBERTUS, Archbishop of Mentz, notorious for a conspiracy which he formed against the Emperor Henry V., whose favors and liberality he had repeatedly experienced. He was imprisoned for four years; but he was so popular that the inhabitants rose up in arms against the emperor and restored him to liberty. He died June 23d, 1137. ALBERTUS-MAGNUS, whose epithet of Great was given him for his extraordinary acquirements, was born of a noble family, at Lauingen in Swabia, either in 1193 or 1205, and studied at Pavia. After entering the Dominican order, he lectured on the philosophy of Aristotle with unprecedented success, was made, in 1254, Provincial of his order in Germany, and settled at Cologne, where he died in 1280. Albertus constructed an automaton, said to be capable of moving and speaking, which was destroyed by his disciple Thomas Aquinas, who imagined it to be the work of the devil; and he performed many curious experiments, which in that age of darkness were attributed to magic. His philosophical and other compositions have been collected in twenty-one folio volumes; many of the pieces in this enormous mass are, however, erroneously ascribed to him. ALBICUS, was made Archbishop of Prague by Sigismund, King of Bohemia. His partiality to John Huss, and the followers of Wickliffe, have exposed him to the severe censure of the Catholics. He wrote three Treatises on Medicine, printed at Leipsic, 1484. ALBINUS, an African, mentioned in ancient history, who having entered the Roman armies, was made Governor of Britain by Commodus; after the murder of Pertinax he was chosen emperor by the soldiers of Britain, amounting to about fifty thousand men; but Severus being elected by his own army, met him in Gaul with the same number, attacked and conquered him. His head was cut off by the order of Severus, and his body thrown into the Rhone. ALBINUS, BERNARD, a celebrated physician, born at Dessau in Anhalt. He studied at Leyden, and after travelling over the Low Countries and France for improvement, he was raised to a professor's chair, at Frankfort on Oder, and twenty-two years after enjoyed the same dignity at Leyden. He died 7th December, 1721, in his 69th year. He was a great favorite of the Elector of Brandenburg, who gave him ecclesiastical preferment, which he soon resigned. The list of his numerous medical treatises is in the Bibliotheque de M. Carrere. ALBINUS, BERNIARD SIGFRED, son of the preceding, was professor of medicine at Leyden, and surpassed all former masters in the knowledge of anatomy. He published three volumes folio, in 1744, 1749, and 1753, with elegant and accurate plates of the muscles, ligaments, and bones of the human body. He married in his seventythird year a young girl, and died 1771, aged eightyeight. His brother, Christian Bernard, who was professor at Utrecht, equally distinguished himself by an illustrated history of spiders and other insects. ALBOIN, or ALBOVINUS, succeeded his father Audoin as king of Lombardy. From Pannonia, where he had first settled, he advanced towards Italy, carried everything before him, and caused himself to be proclaimed king of the country in 570, making Pavia the capital of his new dominions. He had slain in battle Gunimond, king of a neighboring horde; but while he took his captive daughter for a wife, he wished to retain a monument of his victory by converting the head of her father into a drinking-cup. The lady stifled her resentment for a while; but receiving fresh provocation, by being, through her husband's orders, presented with wine in this cup, she headed a conspiracy against him, and succeeded in putting an end to his life by assassination in his own palace at Pavia. ALBORNOS, GILEs ALVAREZ CARILLO, a native of Suena, Archbishop of Toledo. He resigned his preferment when raised to the rank of cardinal, and taking up arms, he reduced Italy to the obedience of the church, and recalled the Pope from Avignon to Rome. When questioned about the money with which he had been supplied, he brought to the Pope's palace a wagon loaded with locks, keys, and bars, and declared that the money had been expended in obtaining possession of the cities to which those belonged. This truly great man founded the splendid College of Barcelona, and retired to Viterbo, where he died 1367. ALBRECHTSBERGER, JOHANN, the most learned contrapuntist of modern times, was born at Kloster Neuburg, a small town in Lower Austria, in the year 1736. He acquired his first knowledge of the organ and composition of M. G. Monn. In 1772 he was appointed court organist at Vienna, and subsequently chapel-master at the Cathedral of St. Stephen's in the same city. He had for his pupils some of the most eminent musicians of the last age, and amongst these the name of Beethoven figures as the chief. Haydn had the greatest friendship for Albrechtsberger, and it is said he frequently consulted him professionally. His principal work is his " Elementary Treatise on Composition," which was first published at Leipsic, in 1790. He died in 1803. ALBRICUS, a native of London, known as a learned philosopher and physician. He studied at Oxford about 1217, and travelled for improvement. Bayle has given a catalogue of his writings, which however were never published. ALBUCASA, or ALBUCASSIS, an Arabian physician of the eleventh century, who wrote some valuable tracts on medicine, ornamented with cuts of chirutgical instruments in use at that time. _ L ALBUMAZAR 35 ALDEN ALBUMAZAR 85 ALDEN ALBUMAZAR, an Arabian physician of the ninth century, known also as an astrologer. His works -De Magnis Conjunctionibus, Annorum, Revolutionibus, ac eorum Perfectionibus, appeared at Venice, 1526, octavo; and his Introduction and Astronomiam, 1489. ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO, a native of Lisbon, whose great genius laid the foundation of the Portuguese power in India. He was sent by Emmanuel, King of Portugal, in 1503, with his brother Francis, to form an establishment in the East; and by his bravery he supported his allies, and maintained the superiority of his nation. He gained large possessions on the coast of Cochin, which were secured by strong and impregnable fortifications. His return to Europe was attended by the death of his brother, who perished in the voyage;.but private sorrow gave way before public concerns, and Albuquerque, in 1508, invested with new power by his sovereign, sailed back to India. In his way he plundered the coast of Arabia, and with unparalleled boldness, at the head of a corps of only four hundred and seventy men, he undertook the siege of Ormuz, an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, subject to a king of its own, and defended by numerous forces; and after some months' obstinate resistance, the place submitted to the conqueror, and the king became tributary to Portugal. His arms were now directed against Goa, which he subdued; his power was extended over the whole coast of Malabar: he sailed towards the east, and made the islands of Sumatra, Malacca, and the neighboring cities, tributary to the Portuguese government. On his return to Goa, he meditated fresh conquests, when he suddenly fell sick, and died, 1515, in his sixty-third year. In him were happily united the valor of a hero, and the more amiable virtues of mildness and humanity; but this great, this illustrious character, whose genius erected the power of Portugal in the East, and whose memory was cherished even to adoration by the native Indians, experienced the persecution of envy: and on his death-bed he had the mortification to learn, that the monarch whom he had so faithfully served had the ingratitude to recall him by the appointment of a successor. ALBUQUERQUE, BLAISE, son of Alfonso, was born in 1500. The merit of his father, and the regret of Emmanuel for the loss of the conqueror of the East, raised him to the first honors of the State, and to the rank of nobility. He published an account in Portuguese of his father's victories, Lisbon, 1576. ALCIAT, ANDREW, a native of Milan, who, after studying law at Pavia and Bologna, was advanced to the professor's chair at Avignon. Francis I. knew his merit, and prevailed upon him to remove to Bourges, where his lectures on law were frequented and admired. His abilities, however, were too great to be lost in a distant country: the Duke of Milan invited him back to his native town, and welcomed his return by bestowing on him a large salary, as well as the dignity of Senator. These honors were not bestowed in vain; Alciat labored with indefatigable zeal in the service of science, and at Pavia, at Bologna, and afterwards at Ferrara, his lectures were delivered to crowded and applauding audiences. The Emperor raised him to the rank of Count Palatine and Senator, and Philip, King of Spain, gave him a gold chain as a mark of his favor. He died at Pavia, 12th January, 1550, in his 58th year. It was his intention to found and endow a college with his immense wealth,; but the insolence of some students to his person irritated him, and he adopted for his heir his distant relation, Francis Alciat. His publications were chiefly on law, with notes on Tacitus, and some emblems which have been justly commended for their elegance, purity, and the flow of genius which they display. He was succeeded in his professional chair at Pavia by his heir, whose law lectures were equally learned and equally admired. Francis was recommended to the patronage of Pope Pius IV. by his pupil, Cardinal Barromeo, and he was raised to a bishopric, the Chancellorship of Rome, and the dignity of Cardinal. He died at Rome, April, 1580, in his 50th year. ALCIBIADES, an illustrious Athenian, disciple of Socrates. He enjoyed popularity for a time, but afterwards felt the oppressive hatred of his fickle countrymen, and was at last assassinated in Persia, about 404 B. C., in his 46th year. ALCIMUS, called also Jachim, was made high-priest of Judea by Antiochus Eupator. He rendered himself unpopular by his oppression and avarice, and died two or three years after his elevation, about 165 B. C. ALCOCK, JOHN, an English divine, born at Beverley, raised in 1471 to the See of Rochester, and afterwards translated to Worcester and Ely. His great learning recommended him to the king's favor, by whom he was appointed President of Wales, and Chancellor of England. He was the founder of Jesus College, Cambridge. He wrote several theological tracts, and died 1st Oct., 1500. ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, FLACCUS, a native of Yorkshire, educated by venerable Bede, andEgbert, Archbishop of York. He was made Abbot of Canterbury, and afterwards passed to the Continent on the invitation of Charlemagne, whose favors he experienced, and whose confidence and friendship he fully enjoyed. He instructed his royal patron in rheteric, logic, divinity, and mathematics; while he labored to diffuse through Europe the learning and the genius which he so eminently possessed. With difficulty he obtained permission, through the fondness of the Emperor, to retire from Court to the Abbey of St. Martin at Tours, where he devoted the rest of his life to study and the duties of religion. He died on Whitsunday, 804, and was buried at Tours: a Latin epitaph of twenty-four verses of his own composition was placed on his tomb. His writings, most of which are extant, are numerous; his style is elegant and sprightly; his language sufficiently pure for the age; and he may be: considered as one of the learned few, whose genius dissipated the gloom of the eighth century. Andrew du Chesne published his works in one volume folio, 1617. ALCYONIUS, PETER, an Italian, for some time corrector of the press for Aldus Manutius, and author of some learned publications. He translated some of Aristotle's treatises, and was severely censured by Sepulveda for inaccuracy. In his work on Banishment he displayed such a mixture of elegant and barbarous words, that he was suspected of largely borrowing from Cicero's Treatise de Gloria; and it is said that to avoid detection of this illiberal act, he burnt the only extant manuscript of Cicero, which had been given by Bernard to the library of a nunnery, of which Alcyonius was physician. At Florence he was promoted to a professor's chair; but the ambition of rising to higher eminence drew him to Rome, where he lost all his property during the insurrection of the Colonnas. When the imperial troops took the city, 1527, he espoused the cause of the Pope, and, though wounded, he joined him in the Castle of St. Angelo: he afterwards, in bold and elegant language, arraigned, in two orations, the injustice of Charles V. and the barbarity of his soldiers. Alcyonius has been in some instances highly applauded for his many accomplishments, though his vanity, selfconceit, and abusive language, have tarnished his private character. ALDANA, BERNARD, a Spaniard, governor of Lippa, on the confines of Turkey, which, in a fit of panic, he set on fire, 1552. He was pardoned for his cowardice by the interference of Mary, Queen of Bohemia, and afterwards behaved with great valor at Tripoli. ALDEN, TIMOTHY, the founder and first president of Alleghany College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, was born, 1771. He was a native of Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard University, 1794. For several years he was pastor of a Congregational Church in Portsmouth, N. H. Subsequently he spent several years more in a female school, at Newark, N. J. Thence he removed to New York, where he prepared and published a collection of epitaphs and inscriptions, in five volumes. At the same time, he was largely occupied in arranging -I --tJX~RIIP---5LT=*pb-Ulk.~lbr - - -----I -- ------------------T--+~ --------rr-------C ---~h-----CC. _I e I ____ I_ ALDEROTI 86 ALEGAMBE ALDEROTI 36 ALEGAMBE the library of the New York Historical Society, of which the Bonny Christ Church Bells," and a smoking song. he made a most valuable catalogue, the best, perhaps, at Hie died Dec. 14th, 1710. that time published in this country. From New York he ALDROVANDUS, UYSSES, a native of Bologna, proremoved to Meadville:; but, instead of spending the re- f r of ph a philosophy. His inquiries into the mainder of his life in connection with the college he fessor of physic and philosophy. His inquiries into the fainder of his litfe n connection with the college he history of nature were so ardent that he visited the most founded, although it had a valuable library collected by istant countries in search of plants, minerals, metals, his agency, he withdrew from it for the want of patron-u. age and devoted himself again to the Christian ministry animals, and birds, and he spared no expense that he He diead at Pittsburg, Pa. July 5th, 189. might procure exact figures, taken from the life. It is to He died at Pittsburg, nPa., July 5th, 1889. be lamented that so noble a spirit of liberality should ALDEROTI, THADEUS, a Florentine, known for his have been checked; but the resources of Aldrovandus great abilities as a physician. He set so high a value failed, and he ended his days in an hospital at Bologna, upon his own skill, that only princes and prelates could 1605, at the great age of 80, and after surviving the loss be admitted as his patients. He died 1295, aged 80. His of his sight. About six large volumes folio, containing life has been written by Villani. the history of birds and insects, were published during "ALDHELM, or ADE, SAINT, an Elish di his life, and the work was continued on the same scale ALDHELM, or ADELM, SAINT, an English divine c L after his death, and under his name, as it certainly during the Heptarchy. He was related to the king of the derived high recommendation from its illustrious West Saxons, by whom he was raised to the bishopric of projecter. Shireburn, over the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Dorset, and Wilts. He travelled in ancnd in France and Italy and is ALDRUDE, COUNTESS OF BERTINORO, is celebrated in said to be the first Englishman that ever wrote in Latin, Italy for her courage and her eloquence. When Ancona and introduced poetry into the island. He led a most was besieged by the armies of the Venetians and of the exemplary life; and in those times of barbarous igno- Emperor Frederic I. in 1172, she pitied the situation of rance, he often gained auditors by stopping on the bridges the distressed inhabitants, and with heroic intrepidity and in the highways, and commanding attention to his flew to their relief, at the head of her dependants and religious discourses by adding ballads and songs to grave friends, and supported by William Degli Adelardi, of and serious exhortations. He died May 25th, 709. Ferrara. Her troops were animated by her eloquence ALDHUN, bishp of Holy Islad, whlef s bi- and her example, and the enemy fled at her approach; ALDHUN, a bishop of Holy Island, who left his hbi- and though on her return home she was attacked by some tationbecause it was surrounded by the Danes, and retireed esieers, she roue ye parties of the enraged besiegers, she routed them in with the body of St. Cuthbert to Durham, where he became every encounter, and added fresh laurels to her fame. the first bishop of that See. He built the Cathedral, and every encounter, and added fresh laurels to her fame. th firt ip ha. uil th Cathedral, The history of that memorable siege has been published died 1018. by Buon-Campagnono, of Florence. ALDRED, Abbot of Tavistock, and afterwards Bishop o apaoo of lore of Worcester, 1046. He was a great favorite of Edward ALDUS, MANUTIUS, a native of Bassano, illustrious as he Confessor, and his influence produced a reconciliation a correct printer, and as the restorer of the Greek and between that monarch and Griffith, king of Wales, and Latin languages to Europe. He is the inventor of the also with Swayne, son of Godwin, who had invaded the Italic letter, and was alone permi+ted by the Pope to kingdom. He was the first English bishop that visited use it. He died at Venice, 1516, at a good old age. Jerusalem, and after his return he was raised to the See ALEANDER,JEROME, was born in a small village of of York; a nomination which, when he appeared at Rome, Istria and recommended himself by his great abilities the Pope refused to ratify, on account of his ignorance and andsane ommope slandes geata bilieis the practice of simony. Aldred's solicittions however and his learning to Pope Alexander VI. and Lewis XII., the ractice of simony. Aldreds solicitations however under whose patronage he taught belles-lettres at Paris. prevailed, and he received the pallium from the Pontiff. On H afterwards in the service of Leo X. at the death of Edward, he crowned Harold, and afterwards e as in the service of Leo X. at Rome, the Conqueror, whose esteem he enjoyed, and whose tioand as Nunco oby the eloquent haranguSeee which he d greliveatred pun theapower he made subservient to the views of the church. Diet of Worms, against the doctrines of Luther, the When he had received some indignities from a governor burning of whose books he procured, though he could of York, he flew to London, and with all the indignation n ot silen e his preaching. On his return to Rome, he and haughtiness of an offended prelate, demanded ven- not silence his preaching. On his return to Rome, he and haughtiness of an offended prelate, demanded yen- was made Archbishop of Brindisi by Clement VIII., and geance, and pronounced a curse on the head of William. his services were again employed in Germany against His wrath was with difficulty pacified by the entreaties the Protestants, whose opinions he attacked with vi of the sovereign and his nobles, and the curse was recalled the Protestants, whose opinions he attacked with viruand changed into a blessing. It is said that he died with c, not, however, ithout being loaded in his turn grief, on seeing the North of England desolated by the with sarcastic relectios and invectives; but all his inravages of Harold and Canute, sons of Swayne, 11th trigues were unable to prevent the truce which Charles ravages of Harold and Cante sons of wayne,lth V. at last made with these persecuted men. His death, Sept., 1068. in February, 1542, was occasioned by taking a medicine ALDRICH, HENRY, a native of Westminster, educated in which some poisonous ingredients had been mixed by under Busby, and admitted at Christ Church, where he mistake. distinguished himself as a tutor. He was made D. D. and, great-nephew of the preceding, canon in ]681. and at the Revolution he replaced Massey, ALEANDER, JEROMIE, great-nephew of the preceding, canon in 1681, and at the Revolution he replaced Massey, was born at Friuli. He distinguished himself as an anthe popish dean of Christ Church. In this dignified was born at Fr. He distinguished himself as an ansituation he supported discipline, promoted religion, and tiquarian, a poet, and a lawyer, and died at Rome, 1631, encouraged learning. He published, with Dr. Sprat, in consequence of eating excessively at the table of one Clarendon's History, not however without being charged ofhis frends. He wasone of the original members of by Oldmixon with improper interpolations; an accusation the Academy of Humorists, and enjoyed the friendship which Atterbury proved to be false and invidious. He of Pope Urban VII., by whose means he passed from the which Atterbury family of the Bandini into that of the Barberini, who was fond of music, and collected materials for its history, famho of the Bains itto tha of the m i benne who which are still preserved; but as an architect he gained honored his remains with a most magnificent funeral. deserved praise; and to his liberality, as well as to his ALEGAMBE, PHILIP, a native of Brussels, who attaste, Christ Church is indebted for the erection of three tended the Duke of Ossuna, when Spanish Viceroy of sides of Peckwater quadrangle, Trinity College for its Sicily, and entered into the Society of Jesuits at Paelegant chapel, and the parish of All Saints for its beau- lermo. After studying divinity at Rome, he retired to tiful church. Dr. Aldrich was author of a compendium Gratz, where his good conduct and his abilities raised of logic, and several other useful publications; but he him to the professorial chair. He afterwards, as tutor particularly distinguished himself by editing several of to the Prince of Eggemberg's son, travelled for five years the Greek classics, which generally appeared annually through Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, for the benefit of the students of his society. He also and obtained offices of trust and respectability near his passes as the composer of the popular ballad, "Hark patron, and in the College of the Jesuits. He died at I ý - C -- ---~C I - - - ---- - N"N"- 3 - I ' _ _ LI_ I _ _I~__X_~I____ ~__ _ I~__~ ___ _ ALEMAN 37 ALEXANDER ALEMAN 37 ALEXANDER Rome, of a dropsy, 6th Sept., 1652. The few books which he wrote were in high estimation. ALEMAN, LEWIS, Archbishop of Aries, and a cardinal, was born at the Castle of Arbent, 1390. His abilities were employed as legate to Sienna, to procure the removal of the Council of Pavia to Sienna; but at the Council of Basil, where he presided, his opposition to Eugenius IV. was followed by his degradation from the purple, and his excommunication. He was restored to his honors by Nicholas V., and sent as legate into Germany. He died 1450, and was canonized. ALEMAN, MATTIIEW, author of the once popular "t History of Guzman d'Alfarache, the Spanish Rogue." He was bornin the neighborhood of Seville, and during the reign of Philip II. was much about court. His novel, which was not composed till towards the latter period of his life, exhibits, with much humor, a curious picture of the manners and morals of the age and country in which he lived. There are few European languages into which it has not been translated. ALEMBERT, JOHN LE ROND D', an illustrious philosopher, born at Paris, 16th Nov., 1717. He was the illegitimate son of Destouches Canon and Madam. Tencin, the lalst of whom unfeelingly caused him to be exposed as a foundling near the church, from which he was named John Le Rond. Informed of this discreditable fact, his father listened to the voice of nature, took measures for his instruction, and insured for him a suitable independency for life; and he had the satisfaction soon to learn that his abilities were brilliant, and his improvement unusually rapid. As the flashes of his genius were early displayed, he was encouraged by his friends to seek reputation and opulence in studying the law; but that pursuit, as well as the study of medicine, was quickly abandoned, and retirement and geometry seemed the only ambition of the young philosopher.- In the house of his nurse, whose ignorance and poverty did not diminish the flow of his affections, he passed forty years, and refused to quit this humble and peaceful dwelling for the splendor of a palace. Frederic of Prussia, whose friendship he enjoyed through life, wished to allure him to Berlin, with the most liberal offers of patronage and literary ease, but he refused; and when the Empress Catharine solicited him to take the care of the education of her son, with the promise of a pension of a hundred thousand livres, besides the most distinguished honors, he declined the princely offer in firm but respectful terms, and devoted the strong powers of his mind to the service of the country which gave him birth. His labors were usefully exerted on philosophical subjects. He examined the power of fluids on the motion of bodies; he wrote a discourse on the General Theory of the Winds, which obtained the prize medal at Berlin, in 1746; he solved the problem of the procession of the equinoxes, and explained the rotation of the terrestrial axis; and in these and other numerous philosophical works, he enriched science with new facts, produced original ideas, and explained the various phenomena of nature in the most interesting and satisfactory point of view. Few, but select, were the friends to whom this great man was known; and it must be considered as not the least striking part of his character, that he who was flattered by the learned, courted by the great, and admired by princes, did not pay his adoration to power; but with a gratitude which deserves the highest encomiums, he dedicated his work to the Count d'Argenson and his brother, two men who had been banished from the court, but who, in their prosperity, had seen and respected the philosopher, and rewarded his genius by the grant of a small pension. D'Alembert is to be considered also in a different light from that of a mathematician. Besides geometrical calculations, his mind was stored with all the resources of literature, and of a refined taste, and it has been said, with exactness and truth, that what he expressed on every subject, could by no other man have been expressed with greater elegance, more precision, or stricter propriety. To his gigantic powers, and those of Diderot and others, we are to ascribe the plan of the Encyclop6die; and he adorned this stupendous work, by writing the preliminary discourse prefixed to it, so deservedly admired for the masterly record which i it unfolds, concerning the rise, progress, connexions, and affinities of all the branches of human knowledge, and the gradual improvement of the arts and sciences. Besides his contributions to the Encyclopedie, which were very large and numerous, d'Alembert published a Dissertation on the Fall of the Jesuits. His Opuscules, or Memoirs, in nine volumes, contained, among other things, the solution of problems in astronomy, mathematics, and natural philosophy. After enjoying the highest honors in the French Academy, as well as the friendship of the literati of the age, and the veneration of Europe, this great man died 29th Oct., 1773, still in the full possession of all his faculties, leaving behind him a high character for learning and disinterestedness, in which, however, it must be confessed, were united profound dissimulation, affected candor, and imposing moderation. His eulogium as an academician, after the manner that he had honored seventy of his predecessors, has been drawn up by Condorcet, Hist. de l'Academie Roy. des Sciences, 1783. ALENIO, JULIUS, a Jesuit of Brescia, who went as a Missionary to China, where, for thirty-six years, he preached the Christian religion, and built several churches. He died August, 1649. He left several works in the Chinese language on theological subjects. ALEOTTI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian, who, from the mean occupation of carrying bricks and mortar to workmen, rose to eminence as an astrologer and geometrician by the strength of his genius, and even wrote books on the subject. He was concerned in the hydrostatic controversies about the inundations so frequent at Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna. He died 1630. ALES, ALEXANDER, a native of Edinburgh, who warmly opposed the tenets of Luther, which he afterwards as eagerly embraced, when he had suffered persecution for his religion, and seen with what fortitude his countryman, Patrick Hamilton, met his death at the stake, for his adhesion to Protestantism, by order of Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews. He came back tc London from Germany, when Henry VIII. abolished the papal power in England, and he there enjoyed the friendship of Cranmer, Cromwell, and Latimer. He afteri wards retired to Germany, and was appointed to a professorial chair at Frankford-upon-Oder, and afterwards, when persecuted by the Court of Brandenburg, to Leipsic, where he died March 17th, 1565, in his 65th year. He wrote a Commentary on the Writings of St. John, on the Epistle to Timothy, and on the Psalms. ALEXANDER I., King of Macedonia. Succeeded to the throne in B. C. 501, and died B. C. 451. ALEXANDER II., King of Macedonia, and uncle of Alexander the Great. Succeeded to the throne B. C. 369, and died, by assassination, in B. C. 367. ALEXANDER III., King of Macedonia, surnamed the Great, son of Philip of 1Macedonia, was born at Pella, 355 years B. C. After extending his power with unusual rapidity over Greece, and destroying Thebes, he invaded Asia. The defeat of the Persian forces at the three celebrated battles of the Granicus, of Issus, and of Arbela, rendered him master of the country; and after he had laid the foundation of Alexandria, in Egypt, as the future capital of his extensive dominions, and had wandered over Asia in quest of more enemies, he returned to Babylon, where he died of intemperance, B. C. 323, in his 33d year. His vast empire, which his wisdom and the great energies of his mind, if not corrupted by flattery and success, might have consolidated, was divided at his death among his generals. ALEXANDER, SEVERUS, a Roman emperor, by birth a Phoenician. He was distinguished by great virtues in - ---- I- I I -I I ALEXANDER 38 ALEXANDER A8 public and private life. He was cruelly murdered by his mutinous soldiers, A. D. 235, after a glorious reign of thirteen years. ALEXANDER, a bishop of Alexandria, who opposed the tenets of Arius, and displayed in his office the most exemplary piety, conjoined with every Christian virtue. He died about 325. ALEXANDER, a bishop of Jerusalem, known for his virtues and his sufferings. He was exposed to the persecutions of Severus, and also those of Decius, and died in prison, in consequence of ill-treatment, about 251. He wrote some letters, now lost, and founded a library at Jerusalem. ALEXANDER,. APHRODISCEUS, a Peripatetic philosopher, called also the Commentator, in the second century. His work, " De Fato," appeared at London, 1688, and his Commentaries on Aristotle were edited at Venice by Aldus. ALEXANDER, the Paphlagonian, an impostor, who gained the respect of his credulous and ignorant countrymen, and thus acquired such celebrity that Marcus Aurelius himself, deceived by his artifice, honorably invited him to Rome, A. D. 174. He died at the age of 70. ALEXANDER, King of Poland, succeeded his brother, John Albert, in 1501. He died five years after, aged 45, and left behind him the character of a man of courage, virtue, piety, and benevolence. ALEXANDER L, King of Scotland, ascended the throne 1107, after his brother Edgar, and merited, by his severity, the appellation of " the fierce," though in private liie he had been distinguished for meekness, benevolence, and moderation. He had the good fortune to suppress all the insurrections raised against his tyranny, and died 1124. ALEXANDER II., King of Scotland, 1214, succeeded his father, William the Lion, and was engaged in war with John of England, whose dominions he boldly invaded. Peace was restored to the two kingdoms in 1221, by the marriage of Alexander with the sister of Henry III He died, 1249, aged 51. ALEXANDER III., King of Scotland, son of the preceding by a second wife, succeeded his father, 1249, when eight years old. He married Margaret, daughter of Henry III. He was successful in his defeat of the Norwegians, who had invaded his kingdom; and he assisted his father-in-law against his rebellious barons. He was killed in hunting, 1285, and left behind him a high character for courage, benevolence, and magnanimity. ALEXANDER I., Bishop of Rome, 109, succeeded Saint Evaristus, and died 3d of May, 119. He is mentioned as a saint and a martyr in the Catholic calendar; and according to Platina, he first introduced the use of holy water into the Roman Church. The epistles attributed to him are spurious. ALEXANDER II., Pope, succeeded 1061. His elevation was opposed by the imperial court, and Cadalous, Bishop of Parma, was appointed under the title of Honorius II. Alexander, however, though of dissolute manners, prevailed, and banished his rival from Rome; he then employed himself in securing his power, and in extending the papal authority over the neighboring princes. His humanity towards the Jews, whom he protected against their persecutors and murderers, is deservedly commended. He died 21st April, 1073. ALEXANDER III., Pope, was a native of Sienna, and was raised to the papal chair after Adrian IV., 1159. His election, though acknowledged by England and France, was disputed by the Emperor Frederic, who caused Victor to be nominated in his stead at Pavia. Alexander for a while yielded to the storm; but after the death of Victor his imperial persecutor elected another successor, Cardinal Guy, under the name of Paschal IIIAlexander, who had fled into France, and who had hurled the thunders of excommunication against Frederic, and even absolved his subjects from their oaths of allegiance, now determined to maintain his cause by force, and to arm the Venetians in his favor. These bold measures might have succeeded; but Frederic, either tired of the contest, or terrified by the preparations, acknowledged Alexander as the lawful pontiff, and was reconciled to him at an interview at Venice. Alexander died at Rome, 30th Aug., 1181, beloved by his subjects and respected by the world. ALEXANDER IV., Bishop of Ostia, was raised to the papal chair at the death of Innocent IV., 1254. He opposed the settlement of the Emperor's natural son as king of Sicily, and bestowed the crown on Edmund, son of the king of England. He wished to reunite the Greek and Latin churches, but did not seriously attempt it. He died at Viterbo, 25th May, 1261. ALEXANDER V., Pope, was born of mean parents at Candia near Milan. While begging his bread from door to door, an Italian monk noticed his engaging manners, and procured his admission into his order. Thus enabled to cultivate his mind, he devoted himself laboriously to study, and after distinguishing- himself at Oxford and Paris, he obtained preferment by the patronage of the Duke of Milan, was made bishop of Vicenza, and then archbishop of Milan, and raised by Innocent VII. to the purple, and named legate in Lombardy. He was elected pope at the Council of Pisa, 1409, but he died the next year, 3d May, not without suspicions of poison administered by his favorite, Cardinal Cossa. He was a man of great firmness, and in his character liberal and munificent. ALEXANDER VI., Pope, a native of Valencia in Spain, originally called Roderic Borgia. The elevation of his uncle Calixtus III. to the pontificate paved the way to his greatness; he was made cardinal, and afterwards archbishop of Valencia. On the death of Innocent VIII., his intrigues ensured him the papal chair, though he was then infamous for his debaucheries, and offensive to the purity of the Holy Conclave, as the adulterous father of four sons and one daughter, by a Roman lady of the name of Vanozia. These children followed the example of their dissolute father, and became monsters of profligacy. The two eldest, the Duke of Candia and Caesar, disputed about the incestuous favors of their sister Lucretia, and the hoary father himself is said to have increased the abomination by a horrid commerce with his own daughter. Thoughithus devoted to the grossest licentiousness, Alexander found the time and the means to raise cabals, and to create intrigues in the courts of Europe, and to convert their dissensions to the advantage of the Holy See, and the enriching of his favorite, Caesar. His death, which happened 8th Aug., 1503, was such as might be expected to conclude an infamous life. The great opulence of Cardinal Corneto and others, excited the cupidity of the avaricious pope and his profligate son Coesar. These innocent victims were invited to a banquet, but by some mistake the poison intended for them was taken by the guilty pontiff and his son. The pope immediately expired, but Caesar survived the accident some years, to perish by the hands of an assassin. This account of the manner of his death is doubted by some. His life has been written in English by Alexander Gordon, 1729, folio, and by Burchard in Latin. ALEXANDER VII., Pope, a native of Sienna, whose name was Fabio Chigi. He gradually rose through the offices of inquisitor, legate, bishop, and cardinal, to the papal chair, 1655, on the death of Innocent X. Thus elevated by dissembled humility to the head of the church, he confirmed by a bull his predecessor's measures against the Jansenists, 1656. But while much was expected from him, he showed himself, as has been observed by a biographer, little in great things, and great in little ones. In his conduct towards men of let - I ALEXANDER 39 ALEXANDER ALEXANDER 39 ALEXANDER ters he was liberal and munificent, and he embellished have never been published, but remain in manuscript in Rome with some splendid buildings. He died 22d May, public libraries. 1667, aged 68. ALEXANDER, NEUSKOI, Grand Duke of Russia, born ALEXANDER VIII., Pope, Mark Ottoboni, was a 1218, signalised himself by a victory over the Northern native of Venice, and became bishop of Brescia and Powers on the banks of the Neva. His military and Frescati, and cardinal, and, in 1689, succeeded to the political character, which procured him the title of saint, papal chair on the death of Innocent XI. He died two was, five centuries after, more highly honored by the years after, 1st Feb., 1691, aged eighty-two. policy of Peter the Great. The spot where the victory S LEXANDER AB EXANRO,a ati f N s, had been won was consecrated for a monastery, where ALEXANDER, AB ALEXANDRO, anative of Naples, who the bones of the saint were deposited with religious applied himself to the law, but afterwards left it that he pomp, and which is now the saint were depmausoleum of the soremight more seriously devote his time to polite literature. reigns of Russia. There is an order of knighthood instiHe possessed genius and abilities, and his remarks on tuted in honor of the saint, comprising about one hunmankind are judicious and interesting. The particulars dred and thirty-five knights. of his life are related in his Genialiun Dierum, a work similar in style to Gellius' Attic Nights, which was published, with a learned Commentary by Tiraqueau, 1587. Alexander died in the beginning of the sixteenth century. ALEXANDER, CALEB, D. D. was born in Northfield, Mass., and graduated at Yale College in 1777. He was first settled, as a Congregational minister, at New Marlborough; and, afterwards, at Mendon, in his native State. His continuance in each of these situations was less than two years. The remaining part of his life was spent in teaching, and in other kindred pursuits. He published a Latin Grammar, an English Grammar, and some other small works. His death took place in April, 1828. ALEXANDER, FARNESE, Duke of Parma, distinguished himself in the sixteenth century by his military skill. He was engaged in the wars of Flanders and of France, and died of a wound which he received at the siege of Rouen, 2d Dec., 1592. ALEXANDER, FARNESE, uncle to the preceding, was a cardinal, and favorite of Pope Clement VII. He was engaged in different embassies in France, Germany, and Flanders, and afterwards retired to Rome, where he lived in great splendor, the friend of the indigent, and the patron of the learned. He died 1589, aged 69. ALEXANDER, JAMES, a native of Scotland, who came to New York in 1715. He was bred to the law, and became eminent in his profession. By honest practice and unwearied application to business, he acquired a great estate. For many years, he was a member of the Legislature, and of the Council. In 1721, he was appointed Attorney-general; and afterwards was Secretary of the province. His death took place in the beginning of 1756. ALEXANDER, DE MEDICIS, first Duke of Florence in 1530, was the natural son of Lorenzo de Medicis, and' nephew to Pope Clement VII. He owed his elevation to the arts of his uncle, and the influence of Charles V.; but his power, however weak, became odious by his cruelty, the debauchery of his manners, and his incontinence. He was at last murdered by his relation Lorenzo, who had gained his confidence by promising him an interview with a woman of whom he was enamored. He died in his 26th year, 1537, and the duchy passed into the hands of Cosmo de Medicis. ALEXANDER, NICHOLAs, a Benedictine of St. Maur, known for his charitable character, as well as his extensive knowledge of simples. He is author of two useful works, "Physic and Surgery for the Poor," published 1738, and a "Botanical and Pharmaceutical Dictionary," octavo. He was born at Paris, and died at St. Denis, 1728, at an advanced age. ALEXANDER, NOEL or NATALIS, an eminent writer, born at Rouen in Normandy. For twelve years he taught philosophy at the Great Convent at Paris, and, as a Dominican friar, propagated the- doctrines of his order from the pulpit, but as he did not possess in a high degree the fluency and eloquence required in a popular preacher, he afterwards devoted himself to ecclesiastical history, and was created a doctor of the Sorbonne in 1675. Colbert saw his abilities, and patronised them by intrusting him with part of the education of his son. The life of Alexander, spent in seclusion, contains no particular events; his studies were laborious, and his works numerous. His Ecclesiastical History is chiefly admired for its accuracy, moderation and fidelity. It was published in twenty-four volumes octavo, or eight volumes folio. He bore with infinite resignation the loss of his sight in the latter part of his life, and died of old age, 1724, in his 86th year. A catalogue of his works was printed at Paris, 1716. ALEXANDER, a Norman, nephew to Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, in the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen. By the interest of his uncle he was made Bishop of Lincoln, and he rebuilt his cathedral, which was destroyed by fire, and added to its security by making the roof of stone. Like the barons in those turbulent times, he raised the castles of Banbury, Sleaford, and Newark for his defence, and founded two monasteries, which he liberally endowed. After visiting the pope three times on the continent, he returned to England, where he died, 1147, in the 24th year of his prelacy. ALEXANDER, of Paris, a poet of the twelfth century, who introduced into a poem on Alexander the Great, verses of twelve syllables, which from him have been called Alexandrines. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, a poet and statesman of Scotland, born in 1580. Being flattered by the poets of the age, he became a regular attendant on the court, w.a kniarhtfd a.nd in 1621 rpe9CFiveod a rntr f Novaf. ALEXANDER, NATHANIEL, a Governor of North Caro- Scotia, which he proposed to colonize at his own expense, lina. He received his collegiate education at Princeton, and that of those who wished to embark in the enterN. J., obtained his first degree in 1776, and afterwards prise. The death of James prevented the creation of studied medicine. Subsequently he entered the army; baronets to the number of one hundred and fifty, who but at the close of the war pursued his profession in the were to contribute to support the views of the favorite; State, of which he became the Chief Magistrate in 1806. though Charles I. in some degree pursued the intentions In all his public stations, he had the reputation of con- of his father by granting patents of knight baronet to ducting his administration with ability and firmness. He the chief promoters of the settlement. The original died, March 8, 1808, aged 52 years. scheme was defeated, and Sir William sold his property in Nova Scotia to the French. Sir William served ALEXANDER, NECKAM, a native of St. Albans who, Charles with fidelity as secretary for Scotland, and was after studying in England, France, and Italy, gave public created Lord Stirling. He died 12th February, 1640, in lectures at Paris, which at that time contained the most his 60th year. His poetical works appeared in one vol. celebrated University in Europe. He returned to England, fol., three years before his death. where his genius and learning recommended him to preferment. He died, 1227, Abbot of Exeter. His works, ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, a Major-General in the which were written in elegant language for the time, American revolutionary army. He was born in New - -- ALEXANDER 40 ALEXIUS ALEXANDER 40 ALEXIUS York, 1726, received a classical education, and was distinguished for his knowledge of Mathematics and Astronomy. His father was a native of Scotland, and he was the reputed rightful heir to an earldom in that country; on which account he was usually called Lord Stirling; but was unsuccessful in his efforts to obtain from the government the acknowledgment of his claim. At the commencement of the Revolution he joined the American army, and in the battle on Long Island, August 27, 1776, was taken prisoner, after having, by attacking Cornwallis, secured to a large part of the detachment an opportunity to escape. He was always warmly attached to General Washington, and the cause which he had espoused. He died at Albany, Jan. 15, 1783, aged 57 years, leaving behind him the reputation of a brave, discerning and intrepid officer, and an honest and learned man. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, an able artist, born at Maidstone, 1768. His father, who was a coachmaker, gave him a good education, and sent him at an early age to study the fine arts in London, which he did with so much success, that he was selected to accompany the embassy of Lord Macartney to China.. On his return, besides his drawings in illustration of the work of Sir George Staunton, he published a splendid one of his own, entitled, "The Costume of China," which obtained so much notice that he was induced to publish a second part. At the time of his death, in 1816, he was keeper of the antiquities at the British Museum. ALEXANDER I., Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, and King of Poland, was born Dec. 22, 1777, and in 1801, on the death of his father, Paul, ascended the throne. Nature had endowed this monarch with great talents, which were well cultivated by a couise of early instruction; and the circumstances of the age in which he came before the public were favorable to an exertion of them, calculated to give their possessor a prominence not often found among the most distinguished princes in ancient or modern times. During the first four years of his reign his attention was wholly confined to his own dominions; but, from 1805 to 1815, his name and his influence were connected with the most important political transactions of Europe. In the year 1805 Alexander united with the Emperor of Austria against France. This coalition, however, was of short continuance; it was broken up in consequence of the success of Napoleon at Austerlitz. In the following year he joined with Prussia; but, in 1807, after having been defeated at Friedland, he signed, at Tilsit, a peace with the French emperor, very soon after which he became one of his closest allies. The interval between 1807 and 1812, was filled up with the seizure of Finland, and a war against Turkey. In the latter year hostilities were again commenced between France and Russia, and were actively continued till the downfall of Napoleon. During the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 Alexander bore a share in the dangers of the field. On the conclusion of peace he visited England. As a reward for his military assistance, Poland was erected into a kingdom by the Congress of Vienna, and he was crowned as its sovereign in 1815. He died at Taganrok, in November, 1825. ALEXANDRINI, JULIUS DE NEUSTAIN, a native of Trent, physician and favorite of Maximilian II. He died, 1590, in his 84th year. He was author of some medical treatises in prose and verse, which display his genius, sense, and erudition. He was the first who endeavored to show the connexion between the passions of the mind and the diseases of the body. ALEXIS, a Piedmontese, who applied himself to study, but with the determination of not revealing the discoveries he might make in the sciences. After fifty-seven years of travels, he saw a poor man die of a disorder which might have been removed if he had imparted his knowledge to the surgeon, and with such remorse was he visited, that he retired from the world, and arranged, fos the benefit of mankind, the-result of his researches, which were afterwards published under the name of his secrets, at Basil, 1536, and dispersed throughout Europe. ALEXIS DEL ARCO, a Spanish painter, known also under the name of El Sordillo de Pereda, because he was deaf and dumb, and the pupil of Pereda. He was born at Madrid in 1621, and in spite of his natural defects, acquired considerable reputation, especially in portraits. His drawing and coloring are good. Alexis died at Madrid in 1700. ALEXIUS, or ALEXIS I., COMNENUS, born at Constantinople, 1048, was nephew to the Emperor Isaac Comnenus. He usurped the throne in 1081, after banishing Nicephorus, and distinguished himself by his wars against the Turks and other northern invaders. He received the Crusaders with coldness; but, intimidated by their numbers and consequence, he signed a treaty of peace with them, and promised them support. He died in his 70th year, 1118. His daughter, Anna Comnena, has written a Greek account of his reign; but her history is a panegyric on the virtues of her father, rather than a truthful narrative. ALEXIUS II., COMNENUS, succeeded his father Michael on the throne of Constantinople, 1180, in his twelfth year. His tender age was the cause of dissension and tumult, and he was murdered, with his mother Mary, two years after, by Andronicus, who usurped the throne. ALEXIUS III., ANGELUS, dethroned his brother Isaac Angelus, 1195, and put out his eyes. An effeminate life rendered him despised at home and abroad; he was defeated by the Turks and Bulgarians, and his capital was soon besieged and taken, 1203, by an army of Venetians and French Crusaders, headed by Alexius, the son of the deposed monarch, who had fled to the court of Vienna. Alexius received from Theodore Lascaris the same cruel punishment which he had inflicted on his brother, and the young conqueror transferred his blind father from the dungeon to the throne, and reigned with him as Alexius IV.; but his elevation was succeeded by a rebellion resulting from heavy exactions on his subjects, and his life was sacrificed to the fury of the people, 1204. ALEXIUS V., DUCAS MURTZUPHLE or MOURZOUFLE, from his black eyebrows, an officer at the court of Isaac Angelus and Alexius IV., who dethroned and murdered his master, and usurped the throne of Constantinople. He was attacked by the Crusaders, who took his capital, and after putting out his eyes threw him down from the top of Theodosius' pillar, a height of 147 feet, and killed him, 1264, after a reign of only three months, characterized by extortion, arrogance, and cruelty. The conquerors elected two emperors; Baldwin was chosen by the Latins, and Theodore Lascaris by the Greeks. ALEXIUS, MICHAELOVITCH, son of Michael, Czar of Russia, succeeded to the throne at the age of sixteen, and distinguished himself by his wars against the Turks, the Swedes, and Poles. Respected abroad, he was beloved at home, as the improvement of his barbarian subjects was the sole wish of his heart. The laws of the empire were printed for public information, and no longer trusted to the incorrectness of manuscripts; commerce was encouraged, and manufactures of silk and linen were introduced; and the munificence of the emperor was supported by economy, and by the prosperity of the state. Alexius died in his 46th year, 1677, and was succeeded by his son, the famous Czar Peter. ALEXIUS, PETROVITCH, only son of Peter the Great and Eudocia Lapukin, was born 1690. His early youth was passed under the rule of women and ignorant priests, who neglected his education; but when, in his eleventh year, he was intrusted to the care of Baron Huysen, the instructions of this able and meritorious man were counteracted by the intrigues and policy of Mentshikof, one of the Czar's ministers. The young prince, incited to indulge every passion by the example and encouragement of the meanest and most debauched of the vulgar, who were his constant associates, grew unprincipled and vicious, and soon converted the scorn he felt for restraint into contempt for the conduct and character of his father. Mutual hatred between the Czar and his son was fomented - I I- I r --I AL-FARABIA 41 ALGAROTTI AL-FARABIA 41 ALGAHOTTI by the arts of enemies, and at last Alexis renounced all right to the succession, that he might spend in the retirement of a convent the remains of a life already weakened by intemperance. Persecution however attended him; though protected by the emperor of Germany, he was betrayed by his Finlandish mistress, whom he is said to have married, and conveyed to St. Petersburg, where he was tried by secret judges, and condemned to death, 1719. This cruel conduct of the father, which not all the imprudences and provocations- of a licentious son could justify, has been pallipted by the panegyrists of imperial power, who attribute the death of the prince to an apoplectic fit, brought on by his violent irregularities. AL-FARABIA, a Mussulman philosopher in the tenth century, remarkable for the versatility and greatness of his talents. He was killed by robbers in Syria, in 954. His works on various subjects are said to be in the Leyden Library. He published laws to the number of fifty-one, which were partly collated from those of his predecessor, King Ina, and from the Trojan and Grecian codes. He not only divided his dominions into counties, and other smaller subdivisions, but he made each householder responsible for the behaviour of his family; and as the tythings consisted of ten families, each became a pledge for the peaceful conduct of the rest, so that the whole kingdom was but. one large family, eager to preserve the public security, while they ensured domestic concord. As a man of letters Alfred gained a reputation; he not only translated and wrote several books, particularly Boethius' Consolations of Philosophy; but, that learning might find an asylum in England, he endowed several schools in the kingdom, and founded, or according to others reSstored, the University of Oxford, filling the professional chairs with men of taste, genius, and erudition. To his wisdom and foresight England may look back with gratitude for the first beginning of her naval greatness. Alfred not only built ships, and enured his subjects to ALFIERI, VICTOR, the most eminent of Italian tragic the toils and dangers or the sea, but he nad the bolness poets, was born at Asti in Piedmont, in 1749. His family to attempt to discover the north-east passage. Though was rich and noble. In his early youth he gave no pro- by profession and the circumstances of the times a mise of that talent which he finally displayed, he learned soldier, the humane monarch, who had been personally little or nothing, and the violence of his temper was a engaged in fifty-six battles for the defence and independbar to his obtaining esteem. At the age of sixteen he ence of his country, viewed with detestation the scenes of became his own master, and the seven succeeding years carnage which ambition or the love of plunder might exwere spent in travelling, as fast as horses could carry hibit, and considered his glory as better cemented by the him, over the greatest part of Europe, and in adventures peaceful occupations of his subjects than by war; and by which were marked only by dissipation and licentiousness. the promotion of industry and mutual confidence than by After his return to Turin love inspired him with the the use of arms. After a reign of above twenty-eight spirit of poetry; and, in 1775, he produced his tragedy years this magnanimous prince died on the 28th of Oct., of Cleopatra, and a burlesque upon it. Thenceforth he 900. History does not present a man more amiable in continued constant to the muses and to study; and the his public and private character, or one whose virtues result was no less than fourteen dramas in seven years, better entitled to a throne than this great and benevolent besides many compositions in verse and prose. He hero. He left, by his Queen Elswitha, two sons and three mastered Latin, French, and other languages, of which daughters, and was succeeded by his second son, Edward, till then he had been utterly ignorant; and, even at the surnamed the Elder. late age of forty-eight began Greek, and acquired such a ALFRED, or ALURED, son of Ethelred, by Emma, knowledge of it as to translate several works. In France, daughter of Richard, Duke of Normandy, was sent by his where he next settled with the Pretender's widow, the father with his brother Edward to the Norman court, Countess of Albany, whom he married, he composed five during the invasions of the Danes. After Canute's death, more tragedies. The deposition of Louis XVI., in 1792, he landed in England with a force, and might have sucdrove him from France; his property there was unjustly ceeded in the expulsion of Harold, if not thwarted by confiscated; and Alfieri ever after entertained a deadly the arts of Godwin. He fell into the hands of his enehatred of that country. Worn out by his incessant literary mies, who cruelly put out his eyes and confined him in labors, he died at Florence, in 1803. In the following Ely Monastery, where he was murdered, as it is supposed, year his posthumous works were published, in thirteen 1037, in his 34th year. volumes, two of which are occupied by his autobiography. As a tragic writer, Alfieri has had many imitators in ALFRIDE, or ELFRID, the natural son of Oswy, Italy, but his throne is still unshared by any rival-no King of Northumberland, fled to Ireland, or, as some one has yet equalled him in nervous dialogue, in grandeur suppose, to Scotland, to avoid the persecution of his broof style, or in the delineation of strong passions and ther Egfrid, whom he had succeeded on the throne. In energetic characters. his exile he still felt the virulence of his enemies, and at last the two brothers met to decide their fate by arms. ALFRED, the Great, fifth and youngest son of Ethel- Egfrid was slain, and Alfride ascended the vacant throne, wolf, King of the West Saxons, was born at Wantage, in 686, and deserved the love and applause of his subjects Berkshire, 849. After the death of his brother, Alfred by his benevolence and mildness, and the liberal patronmounted the throne of England, in his twenty-second age which he afforded to literature. Hle died 705. year, in 871, at a time when the kingdom was a prey to domestic dissensions, and to the invasion of the Danes. ALGAROTTI, FRANCIS, son of a Venetian merchant, His valor soon called him to the field, and battles were who, after improving himself at Rome and Bologna, followed by battles: but the slaughter of thousands came to Paris, where he published his Newtonianism for seemed not to heal the wounds of the country, or to re- the ladies, in Italian, a work which was translated into move the rapacious foe from the coasts. After a dreadful French by Du Perron, but was of inferior merit to Fonteoverthrow, Alfred concealed his regal dignity for a year nelle's Plurality of Worlds. From thence Algarotti under the dress of a peasant, till the success of one of visited England and Germany, and received repeated his chiefs, Odun, Earl of Devon, in defeating a body of marks of esteem and honor from the kings of Poland and the Danes, drew him from his retirement. With unusual Prussia. After some residence in the Polish court as boldness he examined the false security of the enemy's privy counsellor for the affairs of war, he returned to camp, he was admitted into the presence of the chief Italy, and died unexpectedly at Pisa, 23d of May, 1764, under the disguise of a harper, and returned to his friends in his fifty-second year. As a connoisseur in painting, to inspire them with courage and lead them to victory. sculpture, and architecture, he possessed taste and judgThe Danes were totally routed at Eddington. From that ment, and his genius as a poet is fully proved by the period the kingdom became more settled, and though the elegant trifles which he wrote in Italian. His works Danes occasionally repeated their predatory attacks, the were published in four volumes octavo, in 1765, and mind of Alfred was not shaken from its noble purpose translated into French at Berlin, 1772, eight volumes of enlightening his subjects and giving stability to their; octavo. They consist chiefly of historical and philosophiindependence, as well as protection to their property.I cal dissertations, essays, and poetry. 6 1 I _ _ ~___ I _ ~I_~ _ ALHAZEN 42 ALLARDICE ALHAZEN, an Arabian, who wrote on optics, about in the spring of 1820, he threw off the mask, and dethe year 1000. Having vaunted that he could render clared himself king of Epirus. After a brief struggle, regular the inundations of the Nile, the caliph Hakem however, he was deserted by the majority of his troops, employed him to accomplish that purpose, and rewarded and even by his sons, and compelled to take refuge in a him beforehand. Alhazen, however, having examined fort, which he had constructed on an island in the Lake the course of the river, discovered the folly of his scheme, Jannina. From that retreat he was at last decoyed, by and feigned madness to avert the wrath of the caliph. the Turkish general, under pretence that the Porte had He died at Cairo, in 1038. pardoned him, and he was then assassinated; but not till he had slain two of his assailants, and dangerously ALI, cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, was opposed wounded a third. He perished on the 5th of February, in his aspirations to succeed the prophet, by Othman and 1822. Ali was brave, intelligent, and active; but san. Omar, and retired ipro Arabia, where his mild and en- guinaryand perfidious, in thehighest degree. larged interpretations of the Koran increased the number of his proselytes. After the death of Othman, he ALISON, REV. ARCHIBALD, a Scotch clergyman and was acknowledged caliph by the Egyptians and Arabians, author, born in Edinburgh, 1757, and educated at the but in less than five years after he was assassinated in a University of Glasgow, where he attended the lectures mosque, 660. Ali, after the decease of his beloved Fa- of Dr. Reid, in company with Dugald Stewart. In 1784 tima, claimed the privilege of polygamy, and left fifteen he took orders, and was successively preferred to various sons and eighteen daughters. His memory is still held livings in the Church of England. In 1780, he published in the highest veneration by the Persians, who pronounce the work on which his reputation is founded, the "Eswith contempt the names of Othman and Omar, whilst says on the Nature and Principles of Taste." It is the Turks despise him and pay adoration to his oppo- remarkable that it should have attracted the public nents. notice in only a slight degree, until, on the publication ALT. BE, a Pol, born ofCristia of a second edition, with considerable additions, in 1811; ALI BEG, a Pole, born of Christian parents. When when it was highly commended in an article of great young he was made prisoner by the Tartars, and sold to ability, in the Edinburgh Review, from the pen of Mr. the Turks, ho educated him in the Mahometan faith. Jeffrey. It was the most valuable contribution, without He rose to consequence in the Turkish court, and was doubt, which had-hitherto been made by any individual appointed interpreter to the Grand Signior. He em- to the philosophy of the sublime and beautiful. Whoployed himself in translating the Bible and the English ever is capable of sympathising with the genuine feeling Catechism into the Turkish language; but his great of the beautiful which pervades these Essays, cannot work is on the Liturgy of the Turks, their Pilgrimages fail to derive the greatest pleasure from the perusal of to Mecca, and other Religious Ceremonies. This work them. Besides the Essays on Taste, Mr. Alison pubwas translated into Latin by Dr. Smith. Ali died, 1675, lished two volumes of Sermons, and some more miscellaat a time when he intended to abjure the Mahometan neous productions. In the year 1800, he removed from tenets and embrace Christianity. England to his native city, where he officiated as a clerALI BEY, a native of Natolia, son of a Greek priest, gyman, mingling at the same time familiarly in the In his thirteenth year he was -carried away by some rob- society of the many distinguished men of letters who bers as he was hunting, and sold to Ibrahim, a Lieu- adorned the capital of Scotland, until 1831, when a tenant of the Janissaries, at Grand Cairo, who treated severe illness compelled him to relinquish the performhim with kindness, and from a slave raised him to power ance of all public duties. He died in 1839, at the adand consequence; he became one: of the twenty-four vanced age of 82 years. beys who governed that country; and, in 1756, attained ALKMAAR, HENRY ', an eminent German of the the supreme power, and threw off his obedience to the fifteenth centuy, author o the a Gera of Reyn, Porte. In conjunction with Sheik Daher,. who had alsos w as he s a s revolted in Syria, he several times defeated -the Turkish ingenious poem,,)which lashes the vices and foibles of armies; but, at length, he was overthrown by the treason mankind under thesimilitude ofbeasts, especially of the f one of his ow- generals, and was either poisoned, fox. Gottsched has published a magnificent edition of this of one of his o generals, and was either poisoned, or valuable book. Some suppose that Alkmaar is the fictidied of his wounds. Among other plans formed during tious name assumed by Nicholas Baumaun, of Friesland, his prosperity, Ali meditated the revival of the ancient who died 1503. mode of carrying on the commerce of Europe with India, by way of the Red Sea. He left behind him a character ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM, an eminent Scotch historical -unrivalled for policy, for courage, and magnanimity. As painter, was born at Edinburgh in 1782. His parents Governor of Egypt, he behaved with the tenderness of a- moved in humble life, and his early education was limited; parent; and to the love of his country were united hu- but, when quite young, he manifested much taste for the minanity, a generous heart, and an elevated genius. art in which he ultimately became so distinguished. AlALI, TEPELINI, Pacha of Jannina. This extraordi- most before he reached manhood he was engaged in his nary man was descended from an illustrious Alb i- favorite studies, visiting Morocco, Greece, and Spain, family, an was bordescendat Tepelini, illustrious Albania, 1744. He and penetrating the remote and semi-barbarous territofamlost his fathernd whenas born at Tepelini, and made brave but ries of Russia and Turkey, that he might familiarize frutless efforts to defend his pafather when only sixternal inheritance bragainsve but himself with the rude and picturesque aspects there fruitless effighboringts to defend his pater nalinheritance against presented. "1The Polish Captives," " The Slave Market the neighboring pachas. After sustaining several de- at Constantinople," and various kindred subjects, testify feats, he was. taken prisoner; but at length recovered to his skill in this department of art; but he did much his liberty, and withdrew into a solitary retreat. This t hi i in is d o art; bu h i much his liberityand withdrew into a solitary retreat. This to illustrate the historic lore of his own land, as his vivid latter circumstance is said to have led to his subsequent representation of Mary and Rizzio, the Murder ofArchgreatness. While, lostinrevrepresentation of Mfary and Rizzio, the Mlurder of Archgreatness. While,. lost in reverie, he was one dab i AOYi sand, his attention was roused by the stick meeting th tify. He was an old and attached friend of Sir Walter re sisantionef as s oledi wby the otikmed "an with Scott; and his amiable and unassuming manners, and tresilscei ng, from asorick pbady owedfr, and dsaw in t his vast fund of anecdote, procured him general love and ther sand a box, which proved to be filled With gld esteem. In 1841 he succeeded Sir Dvid Wilkie as With this treasure he was enabled to raise two thousand men, and take the field against his enemies. -He was President of the Royal Scottish Academy, and soon after victs, and tkentherield triumhainstlyinto his natve areceived the honor of knighthood. Sir William died in place. From that period, during fifty years of constant warfare, he was uniformly successful, and he brought ALLARDICE, ROBERT BARCLAY, a captain in the Briunder his sway a wide extent of territory, which the tish army, and a remarkable Scottish pedestrian of Ury Porte sanctioned his - holding, with the title of pacha. and Allardice, was born August 25th, 1779. His family He ireceived, agents from foreign powers, and alternately was an ancient one, and noted in the annals of the counintrigued with England, France, and Russia. At length, try. His father was distinguished as a pedestrian. ~- I ALLATIUS 48 ALLEN ALLATIUS 43 ALLEN walking at one time 510 miles, from London to Ury, in ten successive days. His father was also distinguished as an agriculturist, regularly cultivating for thirty years two thousand acres of arable land. He also planted fifteen hundred acres of wood. The son was early inclined to pedestrian feats. His first match, for one hundred guineas, was decided when he was only fifteen years of age, by walking six miles within an hour. In December, 1799, he performed a journey of one hundred and fifty miles in two days. In June, 1801, he walke.d three hundred miles in five oppressively warm days. The same year he travelled one hundred and ten miles at the rate of one hundred and thirty-five miles in twenty-four hours. He also, in November of that year, gained, by an hour and eight minutes, a match fdr five thousand guineas. Among his other important feats was, walking one thousand miles in one thousand successive hours. One hundred thousand pounds depended on this match. The most remarkable fact attending it was, that after a sleep of about seventeen hours, when he had finished the journey, he was in perfect health and strength, and in five days after set off for Walcharen. Only one other pedestrian has surpassed Captain Barclay's performance. This was Richard Mauks, a native of Warwickshire, who walked one thousand miles in as many hours, at Sheffield, in 1850, commencing each mile at the commencement of each hour; Captain Barclay's wager was to walk each mile within each hour, and hence permitted him to walk two miles consecutively, and to sleep about an hour and a half at a time. At the close of the performance, the Captain's rate of travelling was a mile in twenty minutes, while Mauk required nearly an hour, fell asleep as he walked, and was only aroused by bodily suffering; the effort nearly costing him his life. It may also be mentioned, that Captain Barclay was equalled at least in another case; this was on Blackheath, in November and December, 1815, by Josiah Eaton, who walked eleven hundred miles in eleven hundred successive hours. The latter portion of Captain Barclay's life, like that of his father, was devoted to agricultural pursuits, particularly the improvement of the breed of sheep and cattle.. In this way he did great service to his country., By his death, which took place, May 8th, 1854, when in his 75th year, the county of Aberdeen lost one of its most enterprising and skilful farmers, and.one of the most universally popular and highly esteemed gentlemen that it contained. ALLATIUS, LEO, a native of the Island of Scio, who studied belles-lettres and the languages at Rome. After visiting Naples and his native country, he returned to Rome, wherehe h applied himself to physic, in which he took a degree, but literature was his favorite pursuit, and as his erudition was great, he distinguished himself as a teacher in the Greek College at Rome. He was afterwards employed by Pope Gregory XV. to remove the Elector Palatine's library from Germany to the Vatican; in reward for which services, though for a while neglected, he was appointed librarian. Though bred and employed among ecclesiastics, he never entered into orders, because, as he told the pope, he wished to retain the privilege of marrying if he pleased. His publications were numerous, but chiefly on divinity, and, though full of learning and ability, remarkable for unnecessary digressions. In the controversy of the gentlemen of the Port Royal with Claude concerning the Eucharist, he greatly assisted the f r or, for which he was severely abused by their bold antagonist. It is said by Joannes Patricius that he wrote Greek for forty years with the same pen, and that when he lost it he expressed his concern even to the shedding of tears. Allatius died at Rome in his 83d year, 1669. ALLEGRI, AN'rO.NIO, an illustrious painter, better known by:the name::of.Corregio, from the place of his nativity. As he was born in poverty,.his education was neglected, and he was not able to see and to study the beautiful models of ancient times, or the productions of the Roman and Venetian schools. Nature, however, had formed him for a painter, and his genius burst through the shackles of ignorance and indigence. His most celebrated paintings were, the Virgin and Child, with Mary Magdalen, St. Jerome, and the Notte or Night; but in everything that he did there was superior execution, great judgment, and infinite taste. The encomiums of Annibal Carracci, who, fifty years after his death, admired and imitated him, are strong, but just. "Everything," says he, "that I see astonishes me, particularly the coloring and the beauty of the children. They live -they breathe- they smile with so much beauty and so much grace, that the beholder smiles and partakes of their enjoyments." Corregio was employed by the canons of Parma to paint the Assumption of the Virgin on the cupola of the cathedral; but when the work, which will ever immortalise his name, was completed, the artist was illiberally treated by the proud and ignorant ecclesiastics, who abused his execution, and refused to fulfil their agreement. The painter was meanly forced to accept the small pittance of two hundred livres; and, to load him with greater indignity, it was paid in copper. Corregio hastened with the money to his starving family, but as he had six or eight miles to travel from Parma, the weight of his burden and the heat of the climate, adding to the oppression of his breaking heart, he was attacked with a pleurisy, which in three days terminated his existence and his sorrows, 1534, in his 40th year. ALLEGRI, GEoRIo,GGO an eminent composer, whose works are still used in the Pope's Chapel at Rome. His "C Miserere" is always used on Good Friday, and is much admired. Clement XIV. sent a copy of this beautiful composition to George III., in 1773. To his extraordinary merit as a composer of church music, he is said to have joined a devout and benevolent disposition, and an excellent moral character. Allegri died, 1672. ALLEIN, JosEPH, son of Tobias Allein, was born at Devizes, 1623. He was a member of Lincoln and Corpus Christi Colleges, in Oxford, and took orders, and afterwards went to Taunton, in Somersetshire. At the Restoration he was ejected as a Non-conformist, but as he continued his ministry in private, he was committed to Ilchester jail,. and sentenced at the Assizes, by Judge Foster, to pay a fine of one hundred marks, and to remain in prison till the payment. His confinement, which was extended to one year, ruined his constitution, and though the liberality of his friends enabled him to visit different places for the re-establishment of his health, all his care was ineffectual.. He died in November, 1668, in his 36th year. Anthony Wood has severely lashed him as a Non-conformist; but his learning, his piety, his inoffensive manners, cast an amiable light on his character. His Alarm to Unconverted Sinners has often been republished. ALLEIN, RIcHARD, a Non-conformist divine, born in 1611, at Ditchet, in Somersetshire. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1641 obtained the living of Batcomb, in Somersetshire, from which he was ejected for noncon-formity, and preached privately till his death, in 1681. ALLEN, EPHItAIM W., a veteran printer and editor, of Newburyport, Massachusetts, born about the year 1780. He published the Newburyport Herald for more than thirty years; in the early part of that period acting in person as printer, editor and carrier. In those times the mails were so tardy, that, not unfrequently, when important events were transpiring, Mr. Allen would prepare his paper for press on the day before it was to be published, then proceed to Boston on horseback, return with such news as he found there, put it in type with his own hands, and finally print and distribute the paper among his subscribers. The journal was highly respectable. Mr. Allen died March 9th, 1846, aged 66 years. ALLEN, ETHAN, a Brigadier-General in the American revolutionary army, was born in Salisbury, Connecticut, but was educated principally in Vermont, to which State - ~ I I ~ _ __ ALLEN 44 ALLEN ALLEN 44 ALLEN his parents emigrated whilst he was yet young. His education was of a limited character; but, in the year 1770, he distinguished himself in a controversy between the inhabitants of that State and the government of New York, and was declared by the latter an outlaw. In 1775, soon after the battle of Lexington, he collected a snmall party, and marched against the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; and in each of these enterprises he was successful. In the autumn of that year, he went several times into Canada to ascertain the disposition of the people, and endeavored to attach them to the cause of the Colonies. In an attempt to take Montreal, at the head of a small body of troops, he was captured, after a severe battle, and sent to England. On his release from confinement he repaired to the head-quarters of General Washington, where he was received with great respect. As his health was much impaired, he returned to Vermont, after having made an offer of his services to the commander-in-chief in case he should recover. His arrival on the evening of the last of May, 1778, gave his friends great joy, and it was announced by the discharge of cannon. As an expression of confidence in his patriotism and military talents, he was very soon appointed to the command of the State militia. He died February 13th, 1789. ALLEN, IRA, a brother of Ethan, was born about 1752. In early life he was removed to Vermont, where he became one of its distirnguished citizens. He was actively employed in the controversy between the inhabitants of this State and New York, and subsequently in the war of the American Revolution. He was a member of the Convention which formed the Constitution of Vermont, and became the first Secretary of the State. He also filled the office of Treasurer, was a member of the Council, and was appointed Surveyor-General. When the claims of the neighboring States to the Territory of Vermont were under consideration in Congress, he was appointed joint Commissioner with Mr. Bradley, to oppose them. Having risen to the rank of Major-General of the militia, in December, 1795, he proceeded to Europe to purchase arms as a private speculation, for the supply of the State. In France he contracted for twenty thousand muskets and twenty-four brass cannon, with a part of which, on his return to New York, he was captured and carried to England, being charged with the purpose of supplying the Irish rebels with arms. This led to a litigation of eight years in the Court of Admiralty; but the result was finally in his favor. He died at Philadelphia, Jan. 7th, 1814, aged 62 years. ALLEN, JAMES, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard University, in 1710. He was the first minister of Brookline, whfere he was ordained, in 1718. He died February 18, 1747, in the 56th year of his age. In 1722, he published a Thanksgiving Sermon; in 1727, a Discourse on Providence; in the same year, a Sermon on Human Merit and Humility; in the same year, "a Fast Sermon, occasioned by an earthquake; in 1731, "a Sermon before a society of young men; in 1733, a Funeral Sermon on the death of Samuel Aspinwall; and in 1744, an Election Sermon. ALLEN, JOHN, Archbishop of Dublin, took his degree of LL.D. at Cambridge, though educated at Oxford. He was nine years at Rome as at Rome as commissioner from Wareham, the primate, and at his return he entered into the service of Wolsey, who made him his chaplain, and the judge of his court as legate a letere. In 1528 he was raised to the See of Dublin, and made Chancellor of Ireland. He was murdered six years after by Thomas Fitzgerald, son of Lord Kildare. ALLEN, MosEs, a minister of Midway, Georgia, was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, September 14th, 1748, and graduated at Princeton, New Jersey, in 1772. He was ardently devoted to the interests of his country, and was the personal friend of James Madison. In 1778, his Society at Midway was dispersed by the British army under General Provost, who also burnt his meeting-house. His animated exertions in the cause of liberty, made him particularly obnoxious to the British. On this account, when taken prisoner by them, he was refused parole. Wearied with confinement on board a prison-ship, he attempted to regain his liberty by throwing himself into the river and swimming to an adjacent point, but was drowned in the attempt, on the evening of February 8th, 1779. ALLEN, COL. ROBERT, a citizen of Tennessee, born in 1777. He was bred a merchant, but acted in various public stations. For many years he served as clerk of the county court where he resided..He entered the army as a volunteer under General Jackson, in the war of 1812, commanding a regiment with distinguished honor and credit. At a later period of his life, he was elected and re-elected a member of Congress till he declined the office. Colonel Allen died near Carthage in Tennessee, August 19th, 1844, in the 67th year of his age. ALLEN, SAMUEL, Governor of New Hampshire, was a merchant of London. He became proprietor of New Hampshire by purchase from Mason's heirs in 1691, and was Governor until the arrival of Lord Belamont in 1699. His administration was attended with many vexations, and his purchase proved to him and his successors, as it had done to former proprietors, a fruitful source of contention and embarrassment. In private life he was upright and honorable, mild and charitable. He died May 5th, 1705, aged 70 years. ALLEN, SOLOMON, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, February 23d, 1751. He and four of his brothers entered the revolutionary army. Moses and Thomas Allen were chaplains. Solomon, in the course of the war, rose to the rank of Major. At the time of the capture of Andre, he was a Lieutenant and Adjutant, on duty near the lines of New York. To Allen, with a guard of nine men, Andre was entrusted, by Colonel Jameson, who ordered that he should be conveyed to Captain Hooglin, commanding a company of light horse at Lower Salem. This duty was satisfactorily performed, as was all the service committed to him by his superior officers. After the war, Major Allen was actively employed in quelling the insurrection of Shays. Although he had no advantages for education in the early part of life, except of the most humble sort, yet at the age of fifty he became impressed with the idea that it was his duty to become a preacher of the gospel. The difficulties attending the undertaking served to augment his zeal. He pressed forward and soon entered upon his new field of labor. His success, to human appearance, was better than that of many with all the aid of intellectual culture. He was instrumental in establishing four new churches, and reclaiming to a life of religion a large number of members. He was poor himself, but there were those connected with him who were rich, and by whose liberality he was enabled to accomplish his benevolent purposes. When one of his sons presented him with a hundred dollars, he begged him to receive the money again, as he had no unsupplied wants, and knew not what to do with it; but, as he was not allowed to return it, he purchased with it books for the children of his flock, and gave every child a book. From such sources he expended about a thousand dollars in books and clothing for the people, while at the same time he toiled incessantly in teaching them the way to heaven. These labors were performed in the western part of Massachusetts and the State of New York, where the country was then new and most of its inhabitants poor. Happy is the individual who has a mind thus to spend his life. Such an example of doing good, even surrounded with poverty, is of immense value to the interests of society. The author of it may be ranked among the best benefactors of mankind; and has rational expectation of glorious reward in another world. Mr. Allen died at the city of New York, in the society of his children, January 20th, 1821, aged 70 years. ALLEN, THOMAS, brother of Moses and Solomon, previously mentioned, was a respectable minister of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he remained from the time of his __ __ __ ___I __ __ ALLEN 45 ALLEYN ALLEN 45 ALLEYN ordination, April 18th, 1764, till his death, February 11th, 1810. He was born at Northampton, January 7th, 1743, and graduated at Harvard College in 1762. Mr. Allen took a deep interest in the affairs of his country during the revolutionary war; and contributed, by his own personal exertions, to some of the successful results of that war. He was with the American army at the capture of Burgoyne, and rendered himself conspicuous by the zeal which he manifested on the occasion. The publications of Mr. Allen were an Election Sermon in 1808, and four Funeral Sermons. ALLEN, SIR THOMAS, illustrious as an English Admiral, made the first hostile attack on the Dutch, in 1665. With only eight ships he attacked their Smyrna fleet, killed their commander Brackel, took four prizes, and drove the rest into Cadiz. The next year he was at the memorable battle of the 25th July, when De Ruyter, the Dutch commander, seeing his van defeated and three of his Admirals killed, exclaimed, " What a wretch I am, that, among so many thousand bullets, none can come and put an end to my misery!" ALLEN, THOMAS, illustrious for his knowledge of mathematics and philosophy. He was Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, which he quitted 1590, for Gloucester Hall, where he applied himself with greater assiduity to his favorite studies. His abilities not only procured him the friendship of the greatest mathematicians of the age, but gained him the esteem of the Earl of Northumberland. Robert, Earl of Leicester, was also particularly attached to him; he gave him his confidence, consulted him on affairs of state; but attempted in vain to withdraw him from his retirement by the offer of a bishopric. Allen, who was employed in collecting the most curious manuscripts on history and astronomy, did not escape the suspicions of the ignorant, who accused him of using magic and conjuration to effect a marriage between the Queen and Leicester. He published in Latin the second and third Books of Ptolemy concerning Judicial Astrology, besides Notes on Lilly's Books, and on Bale's work, De Scriptoribus Britan. He died at an advanced age, at Gloucester Hall, in 1632, universally respected for his great learning, his piety, and the affability of his manners. ALLEN, WILLIAM, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania before the Revolution, and a noted friend of literature. He was born at Philadelphia, where his father was an eminent merchant. He was the patron of Benjamin West, the celebrated painter, and co - operated with Benjamin Franklin in establishing the College of Philadelphia. His political principles were unfavorable to the independence of the Colonies; and, on the approach of the Revolution, he retired to England, where he died, September, 1780. ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY, a naval officer of the United States, distinguished for his courage, and his success in the war of 1812, with Great Britain. He was born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 21st, 1784. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and sailed with Bainbridge to Algiers. Having had much active service, in 1813 he was promoted to be master-commandant of the brig Argus, which carried Mr. Crawford, the American minister, to France. This part of his duty being effected, the Argus, agreeably to orders, proceeded to the Irish channel to harass the English commerce. It has been estimated, that in this cruise he captured property of the enemy to the amount of two millions of dollars. On the 13th of August, 1813, the Argus was taken by the British brig Pelican; and her brave commander received a mortal wound during the engagement, of which he died, the second day afterwards, lamented by all who knew him. ALLESTRY orALLESTREE, RICHARD, D. D., a nartive of Uppington in Shropshire, born in March, 1619. During the civil war he joined the king's party under Sir John Biron, and was at the battle of Keinton-field in Warwickshire. At the conclusion of the war he took orders, and was afterwards one of those expelled when the Parliament, in 1648, sent visitors to Oxford to demand the submission of the University. He found an asylum in the family of Lord Newport, Shropshire, and after the battle of Worcester, he was fixed upon by the royalists as a proper person to convey despatches, and have a conference with the King at Rouen. On his return from a second journey in 1659, he was seized at Dover by the Parliament party, but had the address to save his papers; and, after six or eight weeks' confinement, he was restored to liberty. Soon after the return of Charles, he was made canon of Christ Church, king's chaplain, Regius professor of divinity, and in 1665 promoted to the Provostship of Eton, which he resigned, 1678. He died of a dropsy in January, 1680. ALLESTRY, JACOB, an English poet, nephew of the preceding, and son of James Allestry, a London bookseller, who was ruined by the fire of 1666. From Westminster school he passed to Christ Church, Oxford, where he distinguished himself as the author of some verses and pastorals, which were repeated before the Duke of York when he visited the University. He died October 15th, 1686. ALLETZ, EDWARD PIERRE, Consul-General of France at Barcelona at the time of his death, and long known as a scholar and writer of his native country. Throughout his life he was the friend of Guizot and Lamartine, being ardently attached to literature. From 1844 to the overthrow of the government of Louis Philippe he was Consul-General of the kingdom at Geneva; and having never committed himself to extremes in politics, he was appointed under the Republic to the same office at Barcelona, where he soon became a victim to the malignant fever, which prevails there. The following works are the productions of his pen-" Walpole, Pobme Dramatique en trois Chants," " Esquisses de la Souffrance Morale," which gained him high distinction-"Essai sur 1'Homme, ou Accord de la Philosophie et de la Religion," " La Nouvelle, Pobme," "Etudes Poetiques du Coeur Humain," "Tableau de 1'Historie G6nerale de 1'Europe, depuis 1814 jusqu' en 1830," in three volumes, "Caractbres Poetiques," "4La Calomnie, Comedi6 en cinq Actes," " Lettre a M. de Lamartine sur la V6rit6 du Christianisme, envisag6 dans ses Rapports avec les Passions," and "De la Democratie Nouvelle, ou des Moeurs et de la Puissance des Classes Moyennes en France." Alletz died at Barcelona, February 16th, 1850. ALLEY, WILLIAM, a native of Wycomb, Bucks, who, after an Eton education, went to King's College, Cambridge. He afterwards studied at Oxford; but as he was a zealous advocate for the reformation, he retired during Mary's reign into the north, where he kept a school, and practised physic. Under Elizabeth he was made lecturer of St. Paul's, and in 1560, bishop of Exeter. He wrote the Poor Man's Library, containing sermons, &c., besides a Commentary on St. Peter's first Epistle, and a Translation of the Pentateuch, in the bishop's Bible. He died April 15th, 1570. ALLEYN, EDWARD, an English actor in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., but principally known as the founder of Dulwich College, was born at St. Botolph, London, Sept. 1st, 1566. He was one of the original actors in Shakspeare's plays, and his popularity procured him not only friends, but opulence. He built at his own expense the Fortune playhouse, near Whitecross-street, Moorfields, and still added to his income by being keeper of the king's wild beasts, with a salary of five hundred pounds per annum. His erection of Dulwich College is attributed to a superstitious cause. Whilst, with six others, he was acting the part of a demon in one of Shakspeare's plays, he is said to have been terrified by the real appearance of the devil, and the power of imagination was so great, that a solemn vow was made, and the College in 1614 was begun under the direction of Inigo Jones, and in three years finished at the expense of ten thousand pounds. This noble edifice, which was to afford an asylum to indigence and infirmity, was nearly ruined by the opposition of Chancellor Bacon, - I I 1 -C*-"l ' llblll3i*Illi I -I - OI~-----~ II - ~1 - - - - - -- ALLIONI 46 ALLYN ALLIONI 46 ALLYN who refused to grant the patent; but Alleyn's solicitations prevailed, and the hospital was solemnly appropriated, on the 13th Sept. 1619, to the humane purposes of the founder, who appointed himself its first master. The original endowment was eight hundred pounds per annum, for the maintenance of one master, one warden, always to be unmarried and of the name of Alleyn, four fellows, three of whom are in orders, and the fourth an organist, besides six poor men, and six women, and twelve boys, to be educated till the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then to be apprenticed. He died Nov. 25th, 1626, in his 61st year. ALLIONI, CHARLES, a Piedmontese physician and botanist, was born in 1725, and died in 1804, a man of extensive knowledge, and a member of many learned societies. His works, chiefly botanical, are numerous; but the most prominent of them is his Piedmontese Flora, in three folio volumes, with plates. His name was given, by Leoffling, to a genus of plants. ALLIX, PETER,D. D.., a native of Alengon, who became minister of the Protestant congregation of Rouen, and afterwards of Charenton near Paris. On the cancelling of the Edict of Nantes, he left his country and came to England, where he soon acquired a knowledge of the language, and distinguished himself, by his zeal and learning, in defence of the Reformed Church.. His Reflections on the Holy Scriptures were dedicated to King James II., and his Remarks on the Ecclesiastical History of the Churches of Piedmont, to William. He died in London, Feb. 21st, 1717, in his 76th year. His works, which are numerous, and expressive of his piety and great erudition, are all on theological subjects, and consist of Reflections on all the Books of Scripture, 1688, republished by Bishop Watson, in his Theological Tracts, - The Ancient Jewish Church vindicated against the Unitarians, 1691, octavo, mentioned with high commendation by Horsley in his letters to Priestley, - Remarks on the Ecclesiastical History of the Piedmontese Churches, quarto, &c. ALLORY, ALEXANDER, a painter of Florence, famous for his skill in the representation of naked figures. As he was well acquainted with Anatomy, his portraits are correct and graceful. He was nephew and disciple of Bronzin, and his pieces are preserved at Rome and Florence. He died 1607, in his 72d year. ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, an eminent American artist, born in South Carolina, 1779 or 1780, and educated at Harvard University, from which he graduated in 1800. The next year he went to Europe, to pursue the study of, and perfect himself in the art in which he became so distinguished. He remained abroad for a period of eight years, during which time, besides making himself familiar with the works of great masters, he became personally acquainted with, and secured the friendship of the leading poets and painters in Italy as well as in England. Of the former class were Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who have embodied his fame and his genius with the kindest poetic offerings; and'he received instructions from West, Reynolds, and Fuseli, in the use of the pencil. With such advantages to embellish and nurture taste and natural mental powers of the first order, it is not surprising that he was enabled to produce works that will remain imperishable monuments of his skill. Among the best of these works may be named, the "Angel liberating Peter from Prison""Jacob's Dream" - the "Dead Man restored to life by Elijah" -"Elijah in the Desert"-the "Angel Uriel in the Sun" --" Saul and the Witch of Endor" - "Anne Page and Slender" -" Gabriel setting the Guard of the Heavenly Host"--"Spalatro's Vision of the Bloody Hand"-and " Beatrice." There are also other exquisite productions of his. In such high estimation are they held, that some of them have been purchased, and are retained by the first amateurs of England as well as this country. We have not space for comments or criticisms upon them. It is sufficient that they are so appreciated by persons competent to judge of their merits. His poetical works, also, give evidence of considerable talent. When in England in 1813, he published a small volume, and produced many occasional pieces of undoubted excellence. He was also a reputable prose writer. As evidence of it his published tale, under the name of "Monaldi," is a creditable sample. Mr. Allston died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 2d, 1843, aged 63 years and some months. ALLY, VIZIER, Ex-Nabob of Oude. This unfortunate individual, a striking example of eastern vicissitude, was the adopted son of Ausuf ad Dowlah, late Nabob of Oude.:Hewas born 1781, and, it is said, was the son of a menial of the lowest description. His reputed father, a wealthy and eccentric prince, who had succeeded to the. musnud or throne of Oude, under the protection of the East India Company, was in the habit, whenever he saw a pregnant woman, whose appearance pleased him, to invite her to his palace to lie in. One of these women was the mother of Vizier Ally, who, being a sprightly child, engrossed the affections of the nabob, and, in conformity with Mahometan custom, was by him finally adopted as his successor. Vizier Ally succeeded accordingly, but was soon deposed by the English government in favor of the brother of the late nabob. A pension of two lacks of rupees, or twentyfive thousand pounds sterling was settled on the deposed prince, who was ordered to remove from Lucknow to the Presidency. He accordingly proceeded to Benares, to which place Mr. Cherry, the Company's agent, was despatched, to make arrangements for his proceeding to his destination. Shortly after his arrival, Mr. Cherry having invited him to breakfast, he came attended with an armed retinue, and, after complaining bitterly of the treatment which he had received from the Company, gave a signal, on Nhich his followers rushed in and cut to pieces Mr. Cherry and his assistant, Mr. Graham. They then proceeded to the house of Mr. Davis, another European resident, who found means to hold them at bay until succor arrived. On this, Vizier Ally made his escape into the territory of the Rajah of Berar, who, being pressed by the East India Company, at length agreed to give him up, on condition that his life should be spared. This proposal was acceded to, and the unhappy man was, for the remainder of his days, seventeen years and three months, confined in a kind of iron cage, his death taking place, in May, 1817, at the age of 36. ALLYN, JOHN, D. D., a clergyman of Massachusetts, born at Barnstable, in that State, March 21st, 1767. He graduated at Harvard University, 1785; and was in the class with the Rev. Thaddeus Fiske, D. D., and the Rev. Henry Ware, D. D., Hollis Professor of Divinity in the University. He graduated at eighteen years of age, and for some time after devoted himself to the business of instruction. Afterwards he studied Theology with the celebrated Dr. Samuel West, and, in 1788, took charge of the Congregational Society of Duxbury, in the same State. For about forty years he alone exercised the functions of his office; and then, in 1826, the Rev. Benjamin Kent became his colleague. In 1813, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity; and, as an appreciation of his talents and learning, he was made a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From the time of Mr. Kent's settlement, Dr. Allyn's health gradually failed him, so that he seldom engaged in any public service. Dr. Allyn stood high among his brethren, both as a scholar and as a man of sound intellect. His opinions were valued, and his aid sought in those ways which implied that his judgment was regarded with respectful confidence. He rather excelled, however, in extemporaneous discussion, than as a polished and able writer. He published about a dozen occasional Orations and Sermons, the Christian Monitor, and a Biographical Memoir of his theological instructor, the Rev. Dr. West, and of the Rev. David Barnes, D. D. Dr. Allyn was a kind hearted man to the poor, and to all who needed his ministrations. He died, July 19th, 1833, aged 66 years. I I I I I I- - aaa ------- r Ir ----np~--_ --- -- -- ---, -r- -- ---II _ __ ALMAGRO 47 ALOADIN ALMAGRO 47 ALOADIN ALMAGRO, DIEGO, one of the conquerors of Peru, was of so obscure an origin that he knew not his parents. He accompanied Pizarro in 1525, and everywhere showed the greatest valor mingled with the basest cruelty. He penetrated in 1525 to Chili, took Cuzco, and at lastassassinated his friend Pizarro. His violent conduct armed the partisans of Pizarro against hiri, and he was, after experiencing some success, defeated, and condemned, to be strangled, 1538, in his 75th year. His son undertook to vindicate his character, and avenge his death, but was defeated by Vacca de Castro, the Viceroy of Peru, and, with forty of his 'adherents, was beheaded, 1542. Almagro's cruelty to the unfortunate Atahualpa, is deservedly censured as infamous. ALMAMON or ABDALLAH III., son of Aaron al Raschid, caliph of the house of the Abbassides, after his brother Almamin, 813, was famous for his protection of learning and of learned men. He conquered part of Crete. He had the works of the last Greek writers translated into Arabic, and made a collection of those of the best authors. He also calculated a set of astronomical tables, and founded an Academy at Bagdad. He died 833. ALMANSOR or ALMANZOR, succeeded Alhacca on the throne of Cordova in Spain, 976. He took Barcelona, and rendered himself very formidable to the Christians, whom he conquered in several battles. He died 1002. ALMANZOR, the Victorious, second caliph of the race of the Abbassides, rose to the sovereignty, 753. He was opposed by his uncle Abdallah-ebn-Ali, whom he conquered by the aid of his brave general Abu Moslem, a man whose services he repaid by mean assassination. He died as he was going to Mecca on a pilgrimage, aged 63. ALMARUS, ELMERUS, or ELMARUS, was Abbot of St. Augustin's Monastery in Canterbury, when Archbishop Alphage was murdered by the Danes, 1011. He escaped, and, eleven years after, was made Bishop of Sherborne, before the See was transferred to Sarum. After an active life he became blind, and resigned his episcopal dignity to resume the habit of a monk. His memory was held in the highest veneration. ALMEIDA, FRANCIs, a Portuguese, who distinguished himself in the wars of Granada, and was sent out by Emmanuel in 1505, as first Viceroy of India. After a perilous voyage he doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded along the coast of Africa, where he. spread terror, and universal desolation. He took Quilloa and Mombassa, and made their inhabitants, as well as those of Onor, Cananor, and Narsinga, submit to the yoke of Portugal. With only seven hundred men he stormed the fort of Panama, which was defended by a strong rampart and a garrison of four thousand men of tried valor, and instead of sharing a booty which might have rendered his soldiers inactive and checked his ambition, he destroyed it by fire. When his son was killed in an engagement with the Arabians, the father declared that he had obtained a short but glorious life. The fame of Albuquerque, and the malice of enemies at home, however, soon stopped his career; but he refused to receive the order for his recall, and on pretence of avenging his son's death, sailed to Dabul in quest of fresh laurels, where, in an engagement with the enemy's fleet, he killed four thousand men. The animosities between the rival governors were appeased by the friendship and interference of Contigna; and Almeida, after resigning his power to Albuquerque, set sail for Europe. In his way he landed near the Cape of Good Hope, and, in an unfortunate quarrel with the natives, he was wounded in the throat with a javelin, and immediately expired. ALMEIDA, LORENZO, son of the preceding, accompanied his father to India, and was employed by him in many bold and hazardous enterprises. He destroyed the ships of Caulan, and in visiting Ceylon he made it tributary to Portugal, and brought away two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of cinnamon as the first annual pay ment. He was sent with eight ships. to attack the Arabians, who were supported by the Sultan of 'Egypt; but the superiority of the enemy's vessels and the dangers of the coast proved fatal to his views. His ship ran aground, and whilst the other vessels attempted in vain to relieve him from the pressure of a more powerful adversary, he fought with undaunted courage, regardless of the wounds he had received. A ball at last struck him on the breast, and ended his brilliant career. His sailors, now reduced to twenty in number, unwilling to submit, were boarded and overpowered, and met from their conquerors that humanity and attention which their valor and fidelity deserved. ALMODOVAR, the Duke of, a native of Spain, was successively ambassador to the courts of Russia, Portugal, and England. On his retirement from public life, he devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. He published, at Madrid, a species of literary journal, and translated Raynal's History of the Indies. He died at Madrid, in 1794. ALMON, JOHN, a political writer, born in Liverpool in 1738. After serving an apprenticeship to a bookseller, he went to sea, and in 1759 settled in London. On the death of George the Second, he published a Review of his Reign, which went through two editions. His next piece was a Review of the Administration of Mr. Pitt, which gained him the patronage of Lord Temple. He died in 1805. His publications were-1. Anecdotes of Lord Chatham, three vols., 8vo.; 2. Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons, three vols. 8vo.; 3. An edition of Junius, two vols., in which he attempted to prove that Hugh Boyd was the author of those celebrated letters. ALMY, WILLIAM, a distinguished philanthropist of Providence, R. I., was born February 17th, 1761. He married the only daughter of Moses Brown, described in another article of this work, and became a partner with his brother-in-law, Obadiah Brown, in the manufacture of cotton goods.' He was a public teacher among the Friends, became a man of wealth, was catholic towards all professed Christians, and respected and beloved by all who knew him. No one could have a better friend, or know a better man. His sound judgment, his urbane manners, his great catholicity of spirit, and his undoubted Christian sincerity, made him one of the most agreeable companions to be found in any class of society. His life abounded in deeds of love to his fellow-men; and, among his more prominent charities were large pecuniary gifts to the New England Yearly-Meeting Boarding-School, situated at Providence. This school gives instruction in the higher branches of education, and is equal in character to many American colleges. The excellent regime for mental development and culture in this institution is in no small measure to be ascribed to the superior intelligence and the unwearied agency of William Almy in its organization, and in his subsequent watchful care over it. Through life he was constantly giving his money to it, as if it were his own; and, what was of more value, he visited it daily, or on all needful occasions, to see that everything was well done. In this way he felt as affectionate towards the pupils as if they were his children; and, in return they loved him as they would a father. Besides all this, he paid the expenses for education, in full or in part, of eighty children placed there by him. For further particulars, see the Life of Obadiah Brown, to which allusion is above made. He died, February 5th, 1836, aged 75 years. ALOADIN, a Mahometan, Prince of the Arsasides or Assassins, was called the Old Man of the Mountain. He lived in a castle between Damascus and Antioch, and was surrounded by a number of intrepid youths, whom he intoxicated with pleasures, and rendered subservient to his views by promising still greater voluptuousness in the next world. They were thus incited to assassinate his enemies, and he became a terror to the neighboring princes. From the name and character of his followers, the word assassin is derived. -II --- L_ __ __ ---~_. -a~ -_~ ar~--e _ _I ~- ~---a_ ALOMPRA 48 - ALPINI ALOMPRA 48 ALPINI ALOMPRA, the founder of the Burman Empire. He was of obscure birth, but being bold and enterprising, he raised himself to independence and sovereign power, having established a new dynasty about the middle of the eighteenth century. He founded the city and port of Rangoon, and made a treaty with the English. His death took place in 1769. ALPAGO, ANDREW, an Italian physician, who visited the East, and resided some time at Damascus. On his return he was made Professor of Medicine at Venice, and died there, 1555. He translated Avicenna, Averroes, and Serapion, and enriched the work with notes, some of which now remain in manuscript. ALPHANUS, BENEDICT, Archbishop of Palermo, better known as a physician and a poet. He was author of the lives of some saints in verse, &c., and died, 1086. ALPHERRY, MEKEPPER or NICEPHORaTS, a native of Russia, descended from the imperial family. During the civil dissensions of his country, he came to England with his two brothers, and under the patronage of Mr. Bidell, a Russian merchant, he studied at Oxford, where his brothers fell victims to the small-pox. In 1618 he Ssucceeded to the living of Wooley, in Huntingdonshire, and though he was twice invited to return to Russia, with the prospect of being placed on the throne, he preferred the character of a parish priest in England to the splendor of the purple. He was ejected from his living during the civil wars, and ill treated by the Republican soldiers, though his Presbyterian successor behaved towards him with humanity. On the occurrence of the Restoration, he was replaced in his living, but retired to Hammersmith, where his son had' settled, and there died, aged above 80. The last descendant, of this fallen family married, at Huntingdon, a cutler named Johnson, by whom she had eight children. She was living in 1764. ALPHONSO I., King of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, of France, by Theresa, daughter of Alphonso, King of Leon, was only three years old at his father's death. He defeated five Moorish kings at the battle of Ourique, 25th July, 1139, though with a very inferior force; and thus he raised his country from a dependent State to a powerful Monarchy, of which he was proclaimed the first sovereign by his victorious soldiers on the field of battle. He was afterwards defeated and taken prisoner by Ferdinand II. of Castile, who nobly set him at liberty. He died 6th December, 1185, aged 76. ALPHONSO II., King of Portugal, succeeded his father, Sancho, 1211. He was engaged in war with the Moors, and his reign was unfortunately disturbed by a quarrel with his brothers. He died, 25th March, 1223, aged 38. ALPHONSO III., King of Portugal, brother of Sancho II., succeeded, 1248. His reign was disturbed by dissensions with his clergy and with the Pope. He died 16th February, 1279, aged 69. He abdicated the crown in favor of his brother Don Pedro, who presided over the State with the title of Regent, and also married the queen, who asserted that her union with a madman was not legal. Alphonso died at Cintra, 12th September, 1683, aged 41. ALPHONSO III., or the Great, King of Asturias, succeeded his father Ordogno, 866. He waged successful wars against the Moors, but the insurrections of his subjects, headed by Froila, Count of Gallicia, drove him from his throne. The usurper's tyranny soon became so odious, that he was murdered by the people of Oviedo, and Alphonso was recalled. Alphonso afterwards abdicated the crown in favor of his eldest son Garcias, who had some time before ungratefully raised an insurrection against him, and then been pardoned; but when the Moors threatened the kingdom, he quitted his retirement, and, at the head of his brave countrymen, he obtained a most signal victory over the enemy. He died soon after at Zamora, 20th Dec., 912, universally respected for valor and benevolence. He wrote a chronicle of the Spanish monarchs. ALPIHONSO V., King of Arragon, surnamed the Magnanimous, succeeded his father Ferdinand the Just, 1416. He extended the Spanish influence over Italy, and made himself master of Naples and of Sicily, where he was acknowledged king, 1442. He died 1458, aged 74, leaving the kingdom of Naples to his natural son Ferdinand, and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily, to Juan his brother, King of Navarre. He was not only a brave prince, but a man of learning, the patron of literature, and the father of his people. He gave a welcome asylum to the muses, which persecution banished from Constantinople, and everywhere encouraged the cultivation of the sciences. He walked with the greatest familiarity among his subjects, observing to his courtiers, who fancied dangers and conspiracies, that a father has nothing to fear among his children. Seeing one of his vessels on the verge of destruction, he hastened in a small boat to the assistance of the crew, exclaiming, " I had rather die with you than see you perish." His most remarkable sayings have been published under the name of "Genie," by Meri de la Canorgue, 1765. ALPHONSO VIII. or IX., King of Leon and Castile, surnamed the Good or Noble, came to the throne when only four years old, 1158. When of age he waged war against the Moors, and retook the places lost during his minority. He defeated his enemies at the great battle of Muradat, where the Moors lost near two hundred thousand men. He died 1212, aged 60, universally mourned by his affectionate subjects. ALPHONSO X., King of Leon and Castile, surnamed the Wise, succeeded his father Ferdinand III, in 1252. He married lolante, daughter of the King of Arragon, whom he was going to divorce for a Danish princess, because she proved for a time childless; but the queen at last brought him nin eh/il-dvrn.le wim qlert+cul T E~> ALPHONSO IV., King of Portugal, succeeded his of Germany in 1258, but as he delayed visiting the emfather Denys, 1325. Hle Was engaged in war with the pire, Rodolphus was chosen in his room, and all opposiKing of Castile, but afterwards assisted him against the tion proved fruitless. Respected for his eloquence and Moors. He was an able prince, popular and benevolent, political knowledge, he was notwithstanding troubled by and under him justice was administered with great im- domestic dissensions. His son conspired against him, and partiality. He died 28th May, 1357, aged 66. dethroned him; and though he fled among the Saracens for protection, and gained a victory over this unnatural ALPHiONSO V., King of Portugal, surnamed the child, yet he was not reinstated. He died of a broken African succeeded his father, Edward, though only six heart, 1284. As an astronomer and a man of letters, Alyears old, 1438. He made war in Africa, and took phonso obtained greater fame than as a monarch. He Arzilla and Tangier from the Moors: he was also en- perceived the errors of Ptolemy's Tables, and under his gaged in a quarrel with Ferdinand and Isabella of Cas- direction at Toledo, those tables, called the Alphonsine tile. He died of the plague at Cintra, 24th August, Tables, were drawn up by the skill of Hazan, a Jew, and 1481, aged 49. During his reign the Portuguese dis- their epoch fixed on the 30th May, 1332, the day on which covered Guinea, and began to propagate Christianity in he began his reign. Alphonso was the first Castilian king that part of Africa. Alphonso was a great patron of who had the public laws written in the vulgar tongue, learning, and in his character was very amiable. and the Scriptures translated into the same language. ALPHONSO VI., King of Portugal, succeeded his ALPINI, Prospero, a native of Marostica in the Venefather, John IV. His intellects proved to be weak, and tian territory, born November 23d, 1553. By the perin his conduct he exhibited the tyrant and the madman. suasion of his father he left the profession of arms, and I - -- ALREDUS 49 ALTILIUS I. ALREDUS applied himself to the study of botany and physic: and thus obtained preferment in the university of Padua. In 1580 he embarked for Egypt with his friend George Emo or Hemi, the consul of the Republic, and for three years he was employed along the banks of the Nile in learned researches, and in examining the nature of plants. On his return, he was appointed physician to Andrew Doria, Prince of Melfi, but his residence at Genoa was displeasing to his countrymen, who were unwilling to be deprived of his great services and abilities, and he was recalled in 1593, and honorably placed in the professorial chair of Padua, which he filled with dignity and credit. His health having been injured by his travels, he died at Padua, 5th of February, 1617, in his 64th year, and was buried, without pomp, in St. Anthony's church. His works, which are in Latin, chiefly on botanical and medicinal subjects, are valuable for the curious information which they contain. They are, De Medicina ZEgyptiorum, libri 4, - De Plantis AEgypti, - De Balsamo, - De Proesagienda Vita and Morte ZEgrotorum,-De M6dicina Methodica, - De Raphantico Disputatio in Gymnasio Patavino Habita,-De Plantis Exoticis, and some others, all composed in Latin, which he wrote with great purity and elegance. ALREDUS, ALFREDUS, or ALUREDUS, a native of Beverly in Yorkshire, who, after studying at Cambridge, became a secular priest and treasurer of St. John's Church in his own town. He is styled the English Florus, from the Latin history which he wrote of the Britons from King Brutus, and which he afterwards brought down to his own times. This work is highly esteemed for its elegance and perspicuity, as well as for the accuracy of dates and authorities. It was published by Hearne, at Oxford, 1716, with a preface. Alredus wrote besides a History of Beverly, not printed, but preserved in the Cotton Library. He died, 1126, or, according to others, two or three years later. ALSOP, ANTHONY, received his education at Westminster School and at Christ Church, where Dean Aldrich noticed his superior abilities. After holding the oiesofceo the college with credit, he was recommended to Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, who, with a prebend, conferred on him a tranquil retirement in the Rectory of Brightwell, in Berks. In 1717 he was sued by Mrs. Elizabeth Astrey, of Oxford, for a breach of a marriage promise, and damages for two thousand pounds were given against him. He retired abroad to avoid the sneers of the censorious, as well as to elude contributing with his purse to the triumph of the fair one. The time of his absence is not known. His death was occasioned by a fall into a ditch from near his garden door, June 10th, 1726. He possessed a poetical genius, which, however, was not frequently exerted. He early published ~Esop's Greek fables, in the preface to which he attacked Bentley. Some of his poems are preserved in Dodsley's and Peach's collections, and in the Gentleman's Magazine. ALSOP, RICHARD, a man of letters, born in Middletown, Connecticut, published a number of fugitive pieces in verse and prose, which had considerable success, besides several translations from the Italian and French. The principal one is the Natural and Civil History of Chili, from the Italian of the Abbe Molina, in two volumes octavo, reprinted in London. In 1815, he prepared the Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of J. R. Jewett among the Savages of Nootka Sound. He died, Aug. 20, 1815, in the 57th year of his age. ALSTEDIUS, JOHN HENRY, a Protestant, public professor of divinity at Nassau, and afterwards at Alba Julia in Transylvania, where he died, 1638, in his 50th year. He is best known for his Encyclopedia, which, though in many places not sufficiently accurate, yet obtained unusual popularity, and has become the foundation of all modern works of the same kind. His Thesaurus Theologicus and his Treatise on Arithmetic are equally esteemed, and show him to have possessed a mind well stored with all the treasures of literature. He defended 7 the doctrine of the Millennium, and fixed the beginning of Christ's reign on earth in 1694. ALSTON, CHARLES, a Scotch physician, who studied at Glasgow, and after taking his degrees at Leyden, settled at Edinburgh, where he lectured on the Materia Medica and Botany. He is author of Tyrocinium Botanicum Edinburgense, in which he censured Linne's sexual system, 1753,-Lectures on the Materia Medica, two volumes, quarto, 1770, besides some contributions to the Edinburgh Medical Essays. He died 1760, aged 77. ALSTON, JOSEPH, Governor of South Carolina, after having been for several years a distinguished member of the Legislature of that State, was elected Chief Magistrate in 1812. He married the daughter of Aaron Burr, and in consequence of that connexion was unjustly suspected of being concerned in the questionable enterprises of that individual. Mrs. Alston was lost on her passage from Charleston to New York in 1812. He died Sept. 10th, 1816, aged 38 years. ALSTON, WILLIS, a statesman of North Carolina, resident in Halifax County, who made his appearance in public life as early as 1794, and continued till 1832, when he retired from public service. He was elected to Congress in 1803, and continued till 1815; and, again in 1825, and served till 1831. In 1812, he was Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means in Congress, a position of high responsibility and difficulty at any time, but particularly so at the period when our country was at war with one of the most powerful nations on earth. Mr. Willis was a man of great tact, and successful in his enterprises. He was distinguished as a consistent, uniform, and decided politician. He died April, 10th, 1837. ALSTON, COL. WILLIAM, of Charleston, S. C., was born in 1757. He served as a captain under General Marion, in the revolutionary war. His father was Governor Joseph Alston. After the establishment of American independence, Col. Alston devoted himself mainly to agricultural pursuits. For many years he was a member of the Senate of South Carolina, and he was once an elector of President and Vice President of the United States. He died at Charleston, June 26th, 1839, in his 83d year. ALSTROEMER, JONAS, a Swede, who deserves to be numbered among national benefactors, was born in 1685, of poor parents, in the province of Westrogothia, made a fortune in England, by commercial speculations, and then returned to his native land. He introduced into Sweden improved breeds of sheep, the culture of potatoes, and of drugs used in dyeing, established refineries of sugar, and contributed to the formation of the Levant and East India Companies. For these services he was ennobled, and had a statue erected to him on the Exchange. He died in 1761. ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS, JOHN, a German civilian, was born about the middle of the sixteenth century, and died in the seventeenth. He was professor of law at Herborn, and Syndic of Bremen. In 1603, he published his Politica Methodice Digesta, in which he boldly taught that kings are nothing more than magistrates that to the people belongs the sovereignty, and thatiq|s a natural consequence, they may change and even punish their rulers. Althusen is author of several other works, the principal of which is a Latin Treatise on Roman Jurisprudence. ALTILIUS, GABRIEL, a Neapolitan poet, preceptor to Ferdinand, son of the King of Naples. He was a favorite of the court, and his learning recommended him to the Bishopric of Policastro, in 1471. Though some imagine that he forsook the muses when raised to the episcopal throne, it is certain that he wrote after that the first of his poems, his epithalamium on the marriage of Isabella of Arragon, found in the Deliciae Italor. Poet. Altilius died in 1484, or according to Bayle not before 1501. I I I ~ ~ ~ L - _ __ __ L ALTING 50 AMALARIC ALTING 50 AMALARIC ALTING, HENRY, was born at Embden in 1583. He ALVARADO, DON PEDRO, one of the conquerors of was the preceptor, the friend, and the minister of the Spanish America, was born at Badajoz. He accompanied Elector Palatine, and sat as one of the deputies of the Cortez in his Mexican expedition, produced an insurrecPalatinate at the Synod of Dort. He came near being tion in Mexico by his cruelty and rapacity, and narrowly killed by a soldier at the taking of Heidelberg, in 1622. escaped with life. He was subsequently appointed to He filled the theological chair of Groningen from 1627 the government of Guatemala; had violent contests with till his death in 1644. His works, which are on religious Pizarro; made discoveries on the Californian coast; and subjects, are numerous, and but little read. was at length killed in 1541. ALTING, JAMES, son of the preceding, was born at ALVARES DE LUNA, or ALVARO, natural son of Heidelberg, 27th Sept. 1618. He studied at Groningen Don Alvaro de Luna, by a common prostitute, was born and Embden, and afterwards passed into England, where in 1388. He was in his twentieth year introduced at the he was ordained by Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester. Court of John II., King of Castile, and so great was the His determination to reside in England was altered by power which he gained over the mind of the monarch, the offer of the Hebrew professorship at Groningen, that the whole empire was at his disposal. The indignant which he accepted. In this new office it was his misfor- nobles rose against the favorite, and he was banished tune to quarrel with Samuel des Marets, divinity pro- for a year and a half, but such was the king's partiality fessor, who with obstinate zeal maintained the doctrines that he was recalled and loaded with greater honors. of the schoolmen, against the simpler method of teach- For thirty years out of the forty-five which he spent at ing which his antagonist wished to introduce. Alting, court, he possessed such an ascendency that the king who followed the Scriptures, acquired popularity by his could not change a minister, or even alter his diet or his lectures; but he was soon impeached by des Marets as clothes, without the approbation of the favorite. Acts of an innovator, and the twenty-one articles of his accusa- tyranny and extortion, however, accomplished his ruin; tion were carried before the divines of Leyden, who ac- he was artfully seized by his enemies, and though he quitted the accused of heresy, though not of imprudence, tried by letter to soften the king to mercy, he was tried and passed a censure upon his accuser for want of mo- and sentenced to lose his head. His punishment was deration. These differences, which had embittered his attended with every possible ignominy. On the scaffold, life, were at last, after some little difficulties and objec- observing a hook on a pole, he asked the executioner tions, settled by the kind interference of their friends, what it meant; and being informed it was to suspend on the death-bed of des Marets; and though Alting saw his head upon, "You may," said he, "do what you some illiberal passages still preserved in the new editions please with my body after I am dead; death can bring of the works of his antagonist, he might reflect with no disgrace to a man of courage, nor is it untimely to a pleasure that he had procured a reconciliation before man who has enjoyed so many honors." He bent his he died. The three last years of his life were subject neck to the axe with the coolest intrepidity, 4th of June to constant pain and disease, and he died at last of a or 5th of July, 1453, exhibiting in his life and death the fever, in August, 1679. His works were printed in five danger and the uncertainty of royal favor, improperly volumes folio, Amsterdam, 1687, containing practical, bestowed and unworthily enjoyed. philosophical, and problematical tracts. ALTON, RICHARD COUNT D', an Austrian general, who had the command of the Low Countries in 1787. Though a strict disciplinarian and a man of bravery, he betrayed weakness during the insurrections in Brabant, 1789, for which he was sent for to Vienna, to clear his character. He died on the journey, 12th Dec. 1789. His brother distinguished himself against the Turks, and also against the French at the siege of Valenciennes. He was killed near Dunkirk, 24th of August, 1793, much regretted as a good soldier and an amiable man. ALVA, FERDINAND ALVAREZ, DUKE OF, a famous general descended from a noble and ancient family in Spain. He early followed the profession of arms, and was noticed by Charles V. for his intrepidity at the battle of Pavia and at the siege of Metz. He was intrusted with the expedition against the Holy See, and after he had obliged the Pope to sue for peace, he repaired to Rome, and with superstitious mockery threw himself at the feet of the humbled pontiff, and implored his forgiveness. When the flame of liberty was kindled in the Low Countries, no general was considered as better calculated to repress the insurrection than Alva, and he was accordingly sent with full powers by Philip II., 1567. His measures were at first crowned with success, the undisciplined forces of his opponents yielding before his veterans; but the minds of the people, which mildness and humanity might have soothed and reconciled to a foreign yoke, were alienated by the carnage and devastation that spread over their fields, under the direction of the governor and of his council, deservedly denominated the bloody tribunal. Alva, hated for his cruelties, soon felt the tide of fortune and of unpopularity setting against him, and after rendering his memory execrable in the Low Countries for his inhumanity, he solicited and obtained his recall, 1573. His abilities were afterwards employed against Portugal, and he had the good fortune to drive Don Antonio from the throne, 1581, and thus'to add fresh laurels to his military fame. He died, 1582, aged 74, respected for his valor and skill as a general, but despised and detested for his atrocities as a civil governor. ALVARES, FRANCIs, a Portuguese priest at the court of Emanuel. He was sent as ambassador to David, King of Abyssinia, and, after a residence of six years in that distant country, he returned to Europe, and published an account of his adventures, and of the country which he had visited. This history was translated into French, and abridged also by Ramusius. Alvares died in 1540. ALXINGER, JOHN BAPTIST D', a German poet, born at Vienna, in 1755, of a rich family, early acquired a thorough knowledge of the classics. Though he became a doctor of laws, and held the title of Court Advocate, he availed himself of his legal station only to arrange disputes, or plead for the poor. Poetry was his favorite pursuit. Besides minor pieces, he wrote Doolin of Mentz, and Bliomberis, two chivalresque epics, in Wieland's style. Alxinger was liberal, and firmly attached to his friends. He died in 1797. AMADEDDULAT, the son of a fisherman, rose by his abilities to the command of the armies of Makan, Sultan of the Deccan, and at last obtained possession of Persia, Irak and Caramania, which he divided with his two brothers. He fixed his residence at Shiraz, 933; and was the first of the dynasty of the Buides. He died, 949, much regretted by his soldiers and subjects. AMAK, a Persian poet of the fifth century, at the court of the Sultan, Khedar Khan, who made him President of the Academy of Poets, which he had established. His poem on the loves of Joseph and Zoleiskah was much admired. He lived to a great age. AMALARIC, or AMAURY, King of the Visigoths, son of Alaric II., succeeded his grandfather, Theodoric, in 526. He married Clotilda, the daughter of Clovis, King of France, whom he attempted to convert to Arianism, at first by caresses, afterwards by threats and violence, but in vain. The injured queen at last conveyed, as a token of her misery, a handkerchief covered with her blood to her brothers, in consequence of which, Childebert, King of Paris, marched against her oppresser, and defeated him near Narbonne. Amalaric was put to - I --- -__.~__ I I_ L- I -- AMALASONTHA 51 AMEILHON AMALASONTHA 51 AMEILUON death, either as he fled from the battle, or afterwards, by the hand of one of his soldiers, 531. AMALASONTHA, daughter of Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, was mother of Athalaric, by Eutharic. She inherited her father's possessions as the guardian of her son, but while, with the most enlightened views, she wished to educate him in the manners and learning of her polished neighbors of Rome, she offended her nobles, who conspired against her, and obtained the government of the young prince. Athalaric, now no longer -instructed in the arts and habits of polished life, but enured to debauchery, sunk under the fatal power of licentiousness in his seventeenth year, 534. The afflicted mother knew not how to support herself against her rebellious subjects, but by taking as her husband and her partner on the throne, her relation Theodatus; but so ungrateful did he prove, that this favored villain despatched his unsuspecting queen., by causing her to be.strangled in a bath, 534. She was universally regretted;.and for learning and humanity, she had few equals. AMALTHAEUS, JEROME, a member of a family which produced many literary men, was born in Friuli, in 1506, and became eminent as a physician, philosopher, and Latin poet. For many years he taught medicine and moral philosophy at Padua. He died in 1574. AMAMA, SIXTINUS, a Hebrew professor at Franeker, who refused the liberal offers of the University of Leyden, which tendered to him the vacant chair of Erpenius. He was long employed in the great design of refuting and censuring the Vulgate Translation, which had received the sanction of the Council 'of Trent. This.learned work, called "Antibarbarus Biblicus," was to consist of two parts, but only one was published before Amama died; and so powerful were his arguments, that some synods refused to admit candidates to holy orders, except they perfectly understood Hebrew and Greek originals. His precepts and example were successfully employed in checking the dissolute and intemperate' manners which prevailed in the University of Franeker, and aftet his death, in 1629, the gratitude of the people of Friesland for his memory was shown in their generous conduct towards his children, as his son Nicholas acknowledges in a dedication to his Dissertat. Marinarum' Decas. He was at Oxford in 1613, and for some time taught Hebrew in Exeter College. AMAURI,. DE CHARTRES, a Professor of Philosophy, born at Bonne near Chartres, in the thirteenth century. IHe formed a new system of religion on the metaphysics of Aristotle, and acknowledged three persons in the Godhead, which he considered as the primary cause of mat'ter, from which all beings are created. He supposed that there would be three epochs in the government of the world, as there were three persons in the Trinity.. The reign of God he limited to the extinction of the law of Moses: that of the Son was to last as long as the Christian religion; after which would succeed the empire of the Holy Ghost, when men would offer only a spiritual worship to the Supreme Being. These opinions were violently resisted, and Amauri having appealed to the Pope was condemned by him, and for fear of punishment retracted his doctrines, and soon after died at. St. Martin des Champes of disappointment. His most zealous disciple was Dizant. AMBOISE, FRANCES D', a lady celebrated for the improvement which she introduced in the manners and the sentiments of the Bretons. She was wife of Peter II., Duke of Britanny, whose great inhumanity towards her she bore with Christian resignation. After his death, 1437, she refused to marry the Duke of Savoy, and retired to the tranquillity of a convent, where she died, 1485. AMBOISE, FRANCOIs n', son of a surgeon of Charles IX., of France, rose to the rank of Counsellor of State by his learning and industry. He published the works of Abelard, and wrote several pieces for the theatre, which he refused to print. One of these, however, the Neapolitans, was published by the interference of his friends, 'and was most universally applauded. He died in the beginning of the seventeenth century. His brother Adrian, author of the tragedy of Holofernes, was bishop of Tregulier, and 'died 1616. James, another brother, studied medicine, and was rector of the University of Paris. Some of his orations are preserved. He died of the plague, 1606. AMBOISE, GEORGE D', of the house of Amboise in France, was born in 1460, was educated for the church, and at the age of fourteen elected bishop of Montauban. After the death of Louis XI., he favored the party of the Duke of Orleans, and for a while shared his disgrace, but his abilities were 'afterwards rewarded by 'the aichbishopric of Narbonne, which he 'exchanged for that of Rouen. As deputy of Orleans he restored tranquillity and confidence in' the province of Routin,' aind for his great services was promoted to' the dangerous' office of Prime Minister, when his patron, after the death of Charles VIII., ascended the throne under the name 'of Louis XII. In this high situation he deservedly acquired popularity. Instead of augmenting the taxes, 'he diminished the' burdens of the people, and, by combining economy with prudence, he maintained the honor and glory of the French' name. The Milanese was conquered, and added to the kingdom. Abuses were corrected, and the administration of justic.e was rendered more quick and impartial, so' that no longer power or opulence, but equity, guided the decision of the judge. He died of the gout in his stomach,' at Lyons, in his fiftieth year, 1510. He left behind' him a popular character, and though his genius was not gigantic, nor his counsels guided by ambition, yet he possessed firmness and energy, and he exhibited disinterestedness which awed cabal and intrigue into admiration. His nephew George succeeded him in his archbishopric, and was raised also to the dignity of cardinal. He died 1550. AMBROSE, Deacon of Alexandria, was of an opulent family. Hewas the patron of Origen, by whose eloquence he had been converted to Christianity. He died 250, at Alexandria. His letters, mentioned by Saint Jerome, are lost. AMBROSE, ISAAC, descended of the Ambroses of Ambrose-hall, in Lancashire, was of Brazen Nose College, Oxford, 1621, and took orders, which however he renounced to adopt the principles of the Presbyterians in the civil wars. " Being in indigent circumstances he was often," says Ward, "relieved by William, Earl of Bedford, and he became a preacher at Garstang and Preston, and distinguished himself by his vehement zeal in ejecting the ministers of the Established Church." He published a few Tracts, one of which, " Looking unto Jesus," was in high repute among Calvinists. He died of an apoplexy. AMBROSE, SAINT, Archbishop of Milan, died 4th April, 397, aged 57. He is famous for his zeal in the cause of Christianity, for his learning, and for the noble severity with which he censured and corrected the Emperor Theodosius, who had barbarously ordered several innocent persons to be put to death at Thessalonica. He is said to have composed that pious hymn called the 4" Te Deum." AMBROSIUS, AURELIANUS, a prince of Armorica, who came, 457, to assist the Britons in the expulsion of the Saxons, whom Vortigern had invited into the kingdom. After the death of Vortigern, he was placed on the throne of Britain as the reward of his meritorious services, and reigned with great popularity. He died at Winchester, 508. Arthur is said to have been his elbve. AMEILHON, HUBERT PASCAL, a judicious French historian, and a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the Institute, was born at Paris, in 1730, and died in 1811. Besides many minor essays and dissertations, he wrote the History of the Commerce of the Egyptians under the Ptolemies, and a continuation of Le Beau's History of the Lower Empire. __ --- ~ I- --- -- ---- --- - -~--- _ __ __ AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE 52 AMHERST AMELT DELA OUSSYE 2 AMERS AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, ABRAHAM NICHOLAS, a native of Orleans, 1634, sent as Secretary to the French Ambassador at Venice. His writings were numerous, but some of them gave such offence that he was confined in the Bastile. His most popular works were his translations of Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent, and his " Courtier," translated from Baltasar's Gratian's Oracular Manual. He also translated Machiavel's Prince, and the first six Books of Tacitus's Annals, and wrote A Preliminary Discourse for the Treaties of Peace between the French Kings and the Princes of Europe, &c. He died at Paris, 1706, aged nearly 73. AMELOT, DENIS, a French writer, born at Saintonge, 1606. In his Life of Charles de Gondren, one of the superiors of the Oratory founded by Philip of Neri, he spoke with severity of the Abbe St. Cyran, and drew upon himself the hatred of the gentlemen of the Port Royal. He however disregarded the sarcasms of their attack, and had influence enough in the Sorbonne, and with Chancellor Seguier, to prevent their obtaining the royal license to print the translation of the New Testament, which they had just completed. Still further to thwart their views, he himself published a translation in four volumes, octavo, which, though not free from error, yet had its admirers. In his old age, Amelot solicited his friends in power for a bishopric, but though he had supported their cause against the Society of Port Royal, his application was refused. He became a member of the Oratory, 1650, and died there, 1678. He also published a Harmony of the Gospels, 12mo., and an Abridgment of Theology, quarto. AMERBACH, JOHN, a native of Swabia, distinguished for his learning, and particularly as being one of the first printers, who, instead of the Gothic and Italian, recommended the round and perfect Roman letter. He settled with success at Basil with Froben, and died 1515. His son John was Professor of Law at Basil and Syndic, and the friend of Erasmus. He died 1562, aged 67. AMERICUS, VESPUTIUS, a native of Florence, whose mind was early bent to mathematics and navigation. The fame of Columbus attracted his notice, and, determined to rival his glory, he obtained from Ferdinand, King of Spain, a squadron of four ships, with which he sailed from Cadiz, 1497. During this voyage, which lasted eighteen months, he visited the coast of Paria and Terra Firma, along the Mexican gulf, and in a subsequent enterprise the following year with six ships, he extended his discoveries to the Antilles and the shores of Guiana and Venezuela. On his return, in 1500, he was received by the Spanish court with a coldness which his services ill deserved; but his discontent was forgotten under the patronage of Emanuel of Portugal, who furnished him with three ships in May, 1501. In this third voyage, Americus discovered the Brazils, from La Plata to the coast of Patagonia, and he returned to Lisbon, September, 1502. A fourth voyage was undertaken with six ships, with the intention of proceeding to the Molucca islands, and in a southern direction along the American coast, but he was dethined by contrary winds for five months near the river Curabado, and the want of provisions obliged him to return to Europe. Americus died in the island of Tercera, in 1514, aged 63. He published an entertaining account of his voyages; but he has become illustrious, as he obtained the singular honor of giving his name to the New World, and thus'fonopolized the glory which was due to the genius and the enterprise of the great Columbus. He has been accused by the Spanish writers of giving false dates to his writings, that he might establish his title to priority of discovery. The remains of his ship, the Victory, were preserved by the King of Portugal in the Cathedral of Lisbon. AMES, FISHER, LL. D., one of the most eloquent of American statesmen and writers, was born at Dedham, Massachusetts, April 9, 1758, of very respectable parents. He was educated at Harvard University, where he re ceived his degree in 1774. He studied law in Boston, and commenced the practice of it in his native village. But the affairs of the Revolution soon drew his attention to politics, and he became conspicuous as an orator and debater, and by his animated and beautiful style as an essay writer. He distinguished himself as a member of the Massachusetts Convention for ratifying the Constitution, in 1788, and from this body passed to the House of Representatives in the State Legislature. Soon after he was elected the Representative of the Suffolk District in the Congress of the United States, where he served with the highest honor during the eight years of Washington's administration. On the retirement of Washington, Mr. Ames returned to his residence at Dedham, where he occupied himself with the management of his farm and the practice of the law. The latter he relinquished, a few years afterwards, in consequence of his declining health, but he felt too deep an interest in the welfare of his country to withdraw his mind and pen from politics. He wrote much for the public papers, relating to the contest between Great Britain and revolutionary France, as it might affect the liberty and prosperity of America. In 1804, he was chosen President of Harvard College - an honor which he declined. He died July 4th, 1808. In the following year, his writings were published in one volume, octavo, prefaced by a Memoir of his Life, from the pen of the Rev. Dr. Kirkland. AMES, JOSEPH, a ship-chandler of Wapping, who, in an advanced period of life, studied antiquities, and rose by his genius and application to consequence, and to the secretaryship of the Society of Antiquaries. He published an account of the earliest printers, with a register of the books which they printed, in quarto, 1749, also the list of English heads engraved and mezzotinto, &c., in 8vo. He also compiled the " Parentalia," from Wren's papers. He died October 7th, 1759, and the following year his curious collection of fossils, shells, medals, &c., was sold by public auction. His daughter married Captain Dampier, of the East India sea service. AMES, WILLIAM, a native of Norfolk, who, after being educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, left his country, where his Calvinistical tenets were becoming unpopular, and settled as professor in the University of Franeker in Holland. Here he enjoyed fame and independence; but, as the air of the place was too sharp for his asthmatic constitution, he removed to Rotterdam with the intention of passing into New England. He, however, died at Rotterdam, November, 1633, aged 57. He was a learned divine, and his writings were voluminous, and all on controversial subjects, the principal of which is Medulla Theologica. AMHERST, JEFFERY LORD, an English General of considerable celebrity, descended from an ancient family of Sevenoaks in Kent. He was born 1727, and at the age of fourteen embraced the military profession. In 1741, he was aid-de-camp to General Ligonier, at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Rocoux, and in 1756 he obtained the Colohelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His abilities and experience were now called into action; he was employed, 1758, at the siege of Louisbourg, and was made Governor of Virginia, and Commander-inchief of the forces in America; and, in this part of the world, the fall of Niagara, Ticonderago, Quebec, and Montreal, with the submission of all Canada, marked the progress of his judicious and successful measures. His great services were honorably rewarded by the court; he was made a Knight of the Bath, in 1771, appointed Governor of Guernsey, the next year Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, and in 1776, created Baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778, he was made Commander-in-chief; and, though upon the change of the ministry these offices were withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793; when, two years after, he resigned the command of the forces to the Duke of York, and was raised to the rank of Field Marshal. He died Aug. 3d, 1797, aged 80 years. I _, -~ -- e~ I II I - p II II L I AMHURST 53 AMORY AMHURST 58 AMORY AMHURST, NICHOLAS, a native of Marden in Kent, tracts in Italian, both in prose and verse, and died there, educated at Oxford, from which he was expelled on a the 30th January, 1600, in his 69th year. charge of irregularity. This disgrace, which he attributed to the liberality and freedom of his opinions, and AMMONIUS, ANIREW, a native of Lucca, who settled to his attachment to the Hanoverian dynasty, he severely in England, and lived for a while under the patronage and resented, and all his powers of satire and abuse were i the house ofir Thomas More. He was intimate with exerted against the University and its members, in hiErasmus and corresponded with him. He was made exerted against the University and its m embers in bhl secretary to Henry VIII., and employed in a public "9 Oculus Britannie," and " Terrse Filius," published in secretar to Henry VII., and emlo the d i a publ two volumes, 12mo., 1726. After his expulsion he settled character by Pope Leo X. He died of that dreadful in London as a professional writer, but his most success- dsease, thesweating sickness, in 1517, in his fortieth ful undertaking was the conducting of the Craftsman, a year, and was greatly lamented by Erasmus. He wrote paper, ten or twelve thousand copies of which were circu- some poetical trifles in Latin, of considerable merit. lated daily, and which for a series of years guided the AMMONIUS, a Peripatetic philosopher, preceptor to public taste in politics, and awed the administration into Plutarch.-Another philosopher in the sixth century, son measures of popularity. When the act for licensing plays of Hermias of Alexandria, disciple of Proclus, and was passed, a letter in the name of Colley Cibber ap- author of Commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry, and peared in the Craftsman, July 2d, 1737, to ridicule the also of a Lexicon of Greek Synonyms, printed at Venice, check which the law had placed upon poetical effusions. 1497. This communication so offended the ministry that the AMMONIUS, SACCUS, a philosopher in the third cenprinter was arrested; but Amhurst surrendered himself, founder of the Eclectic sect. He is said to have hi tury, founder of the Eclectic sect. He iad a ve and, after being imprisoned, refusing to give bail for is reected the Christian religion, in which he was educated, good behavior, he obtained his release by appealing to the and to have established a school at Alexandria, in which habeas corpus, and the prosecution was dropped. On the he attempted to reconcile the tenets of Aristotle and reconciliation of the opposition to the court, his services, Plato. Longinus was of the number of his pupils. He which for twenty years had been exerted in the cause of died A. D. 243. his parliamentary friends, were forgotten, and the neglect with which he was treated depressed his spirits, and pro- AMO, ANTHONY WILLIAM, a Negro, born on the Gold bably hastened his dissolution. He died April 27th, 1742, Coast, about the beginning of the eighteenth century, and was buried at the expense of Richard Franklin, his was brought to Holland, 1707, and presented to the Duke printer, of Brunswick, who sent him to the University of Halle, whence he removed to Wittemberg. He had a perfect AMILCAR, surnamed Barcas, a Carthaginian general, knowledge of Astronomy, and spoke Hebrew, Greek, was descended from one of the ancient kings of Tyre. He Latin, German, Dutch, and French. After his patron's was early entrusted with military command, and for five death, he fell into a deep melancholy, and at length years distinguished himself in Sicily, against those uni- quitted Europe, to lead a solitary life in his own country. versal conquerors the Romans. The defeat, however, of He died in one of the Dutch Company's forts. Hanno, by the Consul Lutatius, induced the Carthaginians to make peace. On Amilcar's return he quelled the formi- AMONTONS, WILLIAM, an eminent mechanic, born in dable rebellion of the mercenary troops, defeated the i Normandy, 31st August, 1663. When at school at Paris Numidians, and restored tranquillity. Spain was the he was seized with such deafness that he gave up all next scene of his services. There, he conquered several pursuits of a public nature, and devoted himself to the nations, and founded Barcelona. After having remained study of geometry, and of the invariable laws which in that country nine years, he was slain in a battle regulate the motion of the planets. He suggested some against the Vettones. He was the father of Annibal. improvements in the structure of barometers and thermometers, on which he published a treatise; and he inAMIRAL, HENRY, a native of Auzolet in Auvergne, vented a method for the rapid communication of intelliknown during the French Revolution for his attempt to gence from one place to the other, which was afterwards assassinate Collot d' Herbois and Robespierre, and thus adopted under the appellation of telegraph. Much of to rid France of her tyrants. He was seized in the act, his time was employed in constructing a new hour-glass and condemned to die. He suffered with great intrepidity, for the use of the navy, which might not be subject to 1792. the irregularities of sudden and violent motion. In his AMMAN, JOHN CONRAD, a Swiss physician, success- new theory of friction, which he read to the Royal fully employed in France and Holland in teaching the Academy, in 1699, he evinced the penetration of his deaf to speak. He published a curious account of the genius, the delicacy of his judgment, and the exactness method he pursued in two tracts, called Surdus Loquens, of his experiments. He died of an inflammation in his and died at Amsterdam about 1730. bowels, 1lth October, 1705, aged 42. AMMANATI, BARTHOLOMEW, a native of Florence, AMORY, THOA,TH D. D., in the University of Edineminent as a sculptor and architect. Many of the Italian burgh, was son of a grocer at Taunton, in Somersetshire, cities, especially Rome, contained specimens of his labors and distinguished himself as a preacher among the Disand genius. He wrote a work called Cita, with designs senters. After passing the greatest part of his life near for all the public and ornamental buildings necessary in the place of his nativity, as public teacher, and as inScapital. He died 1586, in his 75th year, or according structor of youth, he removed to London, where he to some, in 1592. formed an intimate acquaintance with the most respectable members of his persuasion. He was a bold asserter AMMANATI, LAURA BATTIFERRI, wife of the pre- of toleration, and therefore, warmly espoused the cause ceding, was daughter of John Antony Battiferri, and of those who solicited the repeal of the Test Act. In his born at Urbino. She became celebrated for her genius general conduct, Dr. Amory was exemplary; his disand learning. Her poems, which abound with excellent courses from the pulpit were excellent, bat perhaps too morality, are highly esteemed among the productions of serious and philosophical for the vulgar apprehension. the Italian muse. She was one of the members of the His writings, which were mostly on theological subjects, Intronati Academy at Sienna, and died at Florence, No- have been enumerated by Dr. Kippis, Biogr. Brit. 1., p. vember, 1589, aged 76. 178. He died on the 24th June, 1774, in his 74th year. AMMIRATO, SCIPIO, a native of Lucca, in the King- AMORY, THOMAS, ESQ., an eccentric character, son dom of Naples. He was intended for the law, but he of Counsellor Amory, who went with King William to took orders, and, after a wandering and unsettled life Ireland, and acquired considerable property in the county through Italy, he fixed his residence at Florence, under of Clare. Young Amory was not born in Ireland, the patronage of the Grand Duke, who gave him a though he resided there, and frequently accompanied canonry in the cathedral. He wrote the History of Dean Swift in his walks and excursions round Dublin, Florence in two volumes folio, besides numerous other without being known. He afterwards lived in Orchard -00-00 AMSDORF 54 ANAXAGORAS AMSDORF 54 ANAXAGORAS Street, Westminster, about 1757, with his wife, and a son who acquired reputation as a physician, during a residence of 27 years at Wakefield. The most remarkable of his publications are his Memoirs on the Lives of several Ladies, octavo, 1755, and in 12mo., two vols., and his Life of John Buncle, Esq., four vols. 12mo. In this last he is supposed to give a description of himself. He is said by a person who knew him, to have had a peculiar look, though not without the deportment of the gentleman. His application to his studies was intense, and even in his walks through the most crowded streets, he was absorbed in deep meditation, and inattentive to what surrounded him. He died at the age of 97, in May, 1789. AMSDORF, NICHOLAS, a spirited follower of Luther, and Bishop of Nuremberg. He died at Magdeburg, 1541, and the sect who adhered to his tenets, and contended, in opposition to Melanchthon, that good works are not necessary to salvation, were called Amsdorfians. AMURATH I., an Ottoman Emperor, who succeeded his father Orchan, and was known for his cruelties towards his son, and those who espoused his cause. He was a great warrior, and obtained thirty-seven victories, in the last of which he perished by the hand of a soldier, 1889, aged 71. He was the first who established the formidable force of the Janizaries. AMURATH II., was son and successor of Mahomet, as Ottoman Emperor, and his armies were directed against the falling empire of the East. He was the first Turk who used cannon in the field of battle. He resigned the crown in favor of his son Mahomet, 1443, and retired to the seclusion of the dervises; but the invasion of the Hungarians roused him from his solitude to conquer at the dreadful battle of Varna. He afterwards reduced the rebellious Janizaries to obedience, and defeated the famous Scanderbeg. Finding his son unable to govern a turbulent empire, he abandoned his retirement again for the throne, and once more routed the Hungarians. He died 1451, aged 75. AMURATH III., succeeded his father Selim II., 1575, and to secure himself in the possession of the throne, he caused his five brothers to be assassinated. This act of cruelty so affected his mother, that she destroyed herself. Amurath, like the race of Mahomet, was valiant, and he added several of the Persian provinces to his dominions. He died 18th Jan., 1595, aged 50. AMURATH IV., succeeded his uncle Mustapha, in 1622, and was, like his predecessors, given to cruelty, and engaged in war. He took Bagdad, thirty thousand of whose inhabitants he put to the sword, though he had promised them protection. He died of excessive intoxication, in 1640, aged 31. AMYOT, JAMES, was born at Milan, 1513, of an obscure family, but though of a dull understanding, he improved himself by indefatigable application, and, after studying at Paris, he acquired independence and reputation as tutor to the children of persons of respectability. His merit recommended him to Margaret of Berry, sister to Francis I., and he was promoted to a public professorship in the University of Bourges. His time was here usefully devoted to literature, and he published transla-: tions of the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, besides Plutarch's Lives and Morals. He visited Venice and Rome, and on his return to France he was, at the recommendation of Cardinal de Tournon, intrusted with the care of the king's two younger sons, and for his meritorious services he was raised by Charles to the Bishopric of Auxerre, the Abbey of Cornelius de Compiegne, the high office of great almoner and curator of the University of Paris, and commander of the Order of the Holy Ghost. He died 6th February, 1593, in his 79th year. Among his various works, chiefly translations, the most celebrated iishis version of Plutarch, which remains unsurpassed in the French language. AMYRAULT, MOSES, a French Protestant divine, born at Bourgueil in Tourraine, 1596. He studied law, but afterwards entered the church, and was divinity professor at Saumur, and distinguished himself so much by his zeal and activity, that he was deputed by the National Council of Charenton to present an address to the French king, concerning the inspection of edicts in favor of the Protestants, without however paying homage upon his knees. Richelieu, who was present at this interview, saw and admired the bold character of Amyrault, and he interposed his efforts to procure a reconciliation between the Romish Church and the Protestants, but without effect. Amyrault's life was passed in the midst of theological disputes, in which he displayed much firmness and composure, and as he enforced by his writings, as well as his discourses, the obedience due to a lawful sovereign, and also the impropriety of resisting the constituted authorities in matters not of conscience, he was much esteemed by persons of different persuasions, and by the ministers of the king. This humane, virtuous, and charitable man died the 8th of Feb., 1664, leaving one son, who distinguished himself as an advocate at Paris, but retired to the Hague, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His works, which are very numerous, are chiefly theological. AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Trebizond, who was carried to Constantinople with David, Emperor of Trebizond, when that city was reduced, 1461. He renounced the Christian faith for Mahometanism, and assumed the name of Mahomet Beg. He translated several books into Arabic, at the desire of Mahomet II., whose favor he enjoyed. ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, who visited Athens in the age of Solon. On his return to Scythia, he wished to introduce the laws and customs of the more polished Greeks into his country, but was thwarted in his views by the king, and at last perished by the hand of this cruel sovereign. ANACREON, a lyric poet of Teos, who flourished about 532 years B. C. His morals were licentious, and his odes, therefore, exhibit the character of a man basely devoted to every intemperate indulgence, and who considers life as best spent in riot and debauchery. ANASTASIUS, BIBLIOTHECARIUS, a learned Greek of the ninth century, librarian of the church of Rome, and Abbot of St. Mary, beyond the Tiber. He wrote Liber Pontificalis, four vols. folio, 718, containing the lives of some of the Popes; and assisted at the eighth general council of Constantinople, whose canons he translated from Greek into Latin. Bishop Pearson places him in the sixth century. ANASTASIUS, THEOPOLITANUS, Bishop of Antioch, was banished from his See, 570, for supporting, against the sentiments of Justinian, the opinion of the Incorruptibles, who asserted that the body of our Saviour was incapable of corruption, even before his resurrection. He was restored 593, and died six years after. His successor was of the same name, and was author of some Religious Discourses. ANATOLIUS, Patriarch of Constantinople, yielded, after some dispute with respect to the equality of the two metropolitan churches, superiority in ecclesiastical affairs to Leo, Pope of Rome, and died 458. ANATOLIUS, a bishop of Laodicea, about 269, eminent for his knowledge of arithmetic, geometry, and literature. His Tract on the time of celebrating Easter, is in the Doctrina Temporum, printed at Antwerp, 1634. ANAXAGORAS, a Grecian philosopher, born at Clazomene, in lonia, B. C. 500, became a disciple of Anaximenes, at Miletus, and next settled at Athens, where he taught philosophy, and numbered the most eminent men of the age among his pupils. Being falsely accused of impiety, he was condemned to death; but the sentence was commuted to banishment, and he retired to Lampsacus, where he died, 428 years B. C. His philosophical doctrines, though in some points erroneous, were far I._ - - - __ _ __ _ __ ANAXARCHUS 55 ANDERSON superior to those of his contemporaries. It was he who Court of Denmark, and negotiating a treaty with the first assigned the creation of all things to a purely Russians, he was seized and imprisoned at the Insurrecspiritual cause. tion of Warsaw, in 1794. His enemies accused him ANAXARCHUS, a philosopher of Abdera, accom- of attempting to betray his country to the Russians, and panied Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition, they endeavored to prove the assertion by the papers and, on various occasions, reproved the pride and pre- which they found in his possession. He was in consesumption of that conqueror. Yet his enemies have not quence condemned and hanged at Warsaw with the greatfailed to accuse him of adulation. It is, however, not est ignomiy. probable that sycophancy existed in one who is acknow- ANCOURT, FLORENT CARTON D', a French actor and ledged to have sometimes spoken the honest truth-who dramatic writer, born at Fontainbleau, October, 1661. taught that virtue is the sovereign good, and that the The Jesuits endeavored to obtain him as a member of happiness of a real sage is independent of external ob- their society, but he preferred the study of philosophy jects. Nicocreon, tyrant of Cyprus, whom he had of- and law to divinity, and at last turned his thoughts to fended, is said to have pounded him to deathin a mortar, the stage, having, in his nineteenth year, married an after the death of Alexander; but the truth of this story actress. Not satisfied with the unbounded applause beis doubted. stowed on his dramatic exertions, he commenced writjng ANAXIMANDER, a Grecian philosopher, born at Mi- for the stage, and thus obtained additional reputation letus, 610 years B. C., was the disciple and successor of and wealth. His conversation was so agreeable that he Thales, the founder of the Ionic sect. He is said to have was universally courted, and Louis XIV. bestowed many discovered the obliquity of the ecliptic, fixed the epoch marks of favor upon him, as also did the Duke of Bavaof the equinoxes and solstices, invented the sphere and ria, whose arrival at Paris was celebrated by the poet, the gnomon, and taught that the earth revolves, and that by a particular entertainment written for the occasion. the sun is a globe of fire. Some of his philosophical Ancourt, after thus being the hero of the stage, retired, opinions, however, are grossly absurd. He died 547 in 1713, to his estate at Courcelles le Roy, in Berry, years B. C. that he might devote himself to religion. He there translated the Psalms into verse, and wrote a sacred ANAXIMENES, a philosopher of Miletus, was the tragedy, never printed. He died 6th December, 1726, disciple and successor of Anaximander. According to in his 66th year. His plays were fifty-two in number. his system, all things originated from the air; the sun, His works appeared in 9 vols. 12mo., 1729. the moon, and the stars were formed from detached parts of the earth; the earth was a plane figure; and the ANCUS MARTIUS, fourth king of Rome, gained vicheavens were a solid concave one, in which the stars tories over the neighboring States, extended the confines were fixed like nails. He died 504 years B. C. of his kingdom to the sea-shore, and built Ostia. He S ANAX ES, a native of Lampsacus, was a pil- died after a reigi of twenty-four years, B. C. 646. ANAXIMENES, a native of Lampsacus, was a philosopher, orator, and historian, and one of the preceptors ANDERSON, ADAM, a Scotchman, for forty years emof Alexander the Great. He wrote the Lives of Philip ployed as clerk to the South-Sea House, and also Trusand Alexander, and a History of Greece, all of which are tee for the Colonization in America, &c. He is known lost. By a stratagem he saved his native city from ruin. as the author of An Historical and Chronological DeducLampsacus having sustained a long siege against Alex- tion of Trade and Commerce, a most valuable book, ander, he resolved on its destruction, and foreseeing that published in 1762, and since republished, four volumes Anaximenes would plead for it, he positively swore to quarto. He died Jan. 10th, 1775. do the contrary of what his preceptor should desire. ANDERSON, JAMES, D. D., brother to Adam, was Aware of this, Anaximents requested him to destroy it; minister of the Scotch Presbyterian Church in Swallowand the necessary consequence was, that Lampsacus was Street, London, and Editor of the Diplomata Scotie, and Royal Genealogies. He was a thoughtless, impruANCILLON, DAVID, a Protestant divine, born at dent man. Metz, who, in his youth, refused to change his religion at the solicitation of the Jesuits. He studied divinity ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Professor of Mathematics and philosophy at Geneva, under Du Pin, Spanheim, the at Paris, and, in the 16th century, author of a book Deodati, &c., and was deservedly recommended by the called Supplementum Apollonii Redivivii, dedicated to Synod of Charenton to the church at Meaux. After the Cardinal Perron, 1592. revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he retired to Frank- ANDERSON, ANDREW, a Glasgow printer, who obfort, and settled at Hanau, where his discourses were tained, by clandestine means, a patent from Charles II. heard and admired by the most crowded audiences. His to have the exclusive right of printing in Scotland for colleagues in the ministry, however, were jealous of his forty-one years. After his death his patent was dispopularity, and their intrigues forced him to abandon puted, and though restricted to the printing of Bibles the place. He then removed to Berlin, where he was and acts of Parliament, it was disregarded. received with kindness by the court, and had the satisfaction of seeing his family promoted to places of honor ANDERSON, REV. CHRISTOPHER, a Baptist clergyand trust. He died in his 75th year, 3d Sept., 1692. man of Edinburgh, was born in that city, 1782. His As his learning was very extensive, he published several father was a wealthy merchant of Edinburgh; and there useful works, and, being in affluent circumstances, he he received the best education the ecclesiastical institipurchased so judicious a collection of books, that it was tions of that city could furnish. At an early period he frequently visited as a curiosity by foreigners who tra- formed the resolution of devoting himself to missionary veiled through Metz. The best known of his works are, labors. He studied theology with Dr. Ryland, then PreA Relation of the Controversy concerning Traditions, 4to., sident of a Baptist College at Bristol; intending to joir 1657, - An Apology for Luther, Zuinglius, and Beza, Carey and Marshman, pioneer Missionaries in the East, 1666, - The Life of William Farel, - Conversations, two but, his medical advisers telling him that his constituvolumes 12mo. published by his son. tion was such as not to admit a residence in an Indian ANCILLON, CHARLES, eldest son of the foregoing, climate, he returned to his native city to seek a field of was born at Metz, July 29th, 1659, and was made In- service. Having a moderate fortune of his own, he was spector of the French Courts of Justice, in Berlin, and willing to act as a missionary among the poorer classes; Historiographer to the king. He wrote concerning the but, in 1808, circumstances induced him to become the Edict of Nantes, and the Persecution of the Protestants, pastor of a Baptist Church in Edinburgh, over which he &c., and died at Berlin, July 5th, 1751. continued to preside till near the close of life. Nevertheless, he continued to interest himself in a wider ANCKWITZ, a Pole of considerable abilities. After sphere, and repeatedly visited many parts of the Highbeing employed by his country as Ambassador at the lands, and embodied the results of his inquiries and I _ ANDERSON 56 ANDERSON observation in a Memorial, urging the importance of in- discontinued upon the completion of eighteen small oc structing the Gaelic population through the medium of tavo volumes. He was also the author of several articles their own language. In 1814 he made a tour through for the Encyclop. Brit., 1st. vol., Edin., which are cornIreland, and followed it up by publishing a Memorial on prised under the heads Dictionary, Winds and Monsoons, the state of that country. In 1826, he published his i Language, and Sound. He contributed numerous essays work "On the Genius and Design of the Domestic Con- to the early numbers of the Edinburgh Weekly Magazine, stitution." This was followed, in 1828, by his more the principal of which were, Agricola, Timoleon, Germaelaborate work on the " Native Irish," giving a history nicus, Cimon, Scoto Britannus, E. Aberdeen, Henry of Irish literature, and of the various attempts to instruct Plain, Impartial, a Scot. He reviewed the subject of the people, at different periods, in their own tongue. agriculture for the Monthly Review for several years. But Mr. Anderson's principal work, and the one by He was born about the year 1739, at Hermiton, a village which he will be most known, is " The Annals of the about six miles from Edinburgh, and died in 1808. English Bible." He died February 18th, 1852, at the ANDERSON, JOHN, the son of a rich merchant at age of 70. Hamburg, of which city he himself became the principal ANDERSON, EDMUND, a native of Lincolnshire, de- magistrate in 1725. He was distinguished for literary scended from a Scotch family. He studied at Lincoln attainments, as well as for skill in diplomacy, which was College, Oxford, and afterwards at the Inner Temple, and called into action at different European courts. His was promoted to the dignity of Judge under Elizabeth, principal works are A Glossary of the Ancient Teutonic 1578. He was advanced to the office of Chief Justice and German Languages, A Commentary on the Bible, and of the Common Pleas, in 1582, and knighted, and four The Natural History of Greenland, Iceland, and other years after he sat in judgment upon the ill-fated Mary, parts of the Arctic regions. He died, 1743. Queen of Scotland, whose life and misfortunes occupy so ANDRN W D f prominent a place in history. He afterwards presided ANDERSON, JoM N WALLACE, M. D., a native of Haat the trial of Davison, who had issued the warrant for gerstown, Maryland. He was born in 1802, received the execution of that unfortunate queen. During the time his medical education at Philadelphia, and, on the comthat he served in the capacity ofjudge, he was esteemed pletion of it, in 1828, returned to his native town, and for his firmness and impartiality. He maintained the settled as a practising physician. Soon, however, he dignity of the throne, and the rights of the people; but resolved to devote himself to the colonists of Liberia. he never sacrificed his private feelings to influence and His object was, in a high degree, philanthropic-not cabal, and he resisted Elizabeth herself, when she was only to benefit them by his medical skill, but to promote, advised to act contrary to the laws of the land. He was inAfrica, the cause of temperance. He sailed Jan. 17th, continued in his office under James, and died 1st August, 1830, and arrived at the colony on the 1.7th of February. 1605. His works, which are all on law, and which fully Honorable and short was his career. He died, April 12, evince the integrity of his heart, as well as the depth of of the same year, aged 27. his judgment, were published by I. Goldsborough, Esq., ANDERSON, LAnz, a minister of Gustavus Vasa, 1653, in quarto, whose abilities and intrigues raised him from obscurity ANDERSON, GEORGE, a native of Weston, Bucking- to the dignity of Chancellor of Sweden. He caused the aX? Go: a n e ^ Wesong ing- introduction of Lutherism into Sweden. hamshire, who, though for some time engaged in the humble occupations of a day-laborer, distinguished him- ANDERSON, GtNERAL PAUL, a British officer, born in self by the powers of his genius, and his self-taught Waterford county, Ireland, 1765. He entered the army knowledge of mathematics. A neighboring clergyman while a youth, and, in 1788, was made Lieutenant under noticed the bent of his mind, and, with friendly interest, Sir John Moore, then stationed at Cork. The greater enabled him to receive instructions at a grammar school, portion of his military career was in company with this and to enter at New College, Oxford, where he took his distinguished commander; and when Sir John rose from Master's degree, as well as Deacon's orders. From Ox- one grade of office to another, Anderson was generally ford he came to London, and obtained the appointment advanced likewise. They served together in the West of clerk in the Board of Control, under Lord Melville; Indies; in Ireland, during the Rebellion in 1798-99; in but so indefatigable was his application, that he con- the campaign of 1800 to Egypt; in Sicily, 1806; in tracted a disorder which proved fatal, 30th April, 1796, Sweden, 1808; and afterwards in Portugal. On several in his 36th year. His widow received a pension, as the' occasions he greatly contributed to the success of Sir reward due the merits of her husband. He was author John; and on more than one to the saving of his life. of A General View of the Variations in the Affairs of the In the field, Anderson was remarkable for his intrepidity; East India Company, since the Conclusion of the War and everywhere for his good judgment and vigilance. of 1784; and he also translated Archimedes' Treatise on Sir John was accustomed to say that he had never known Measuring the Sand. any other man so perfectly self-possessed and unconANDERSON, JAMES, EsQ., an advocate at the Scotch scious of danger under a hot fire as he was. In 1827 Bar, and Clerk of the Scotch Parliament, 1700. He was the Duke of Wellington appointed him to the command author of a masterly vindication of the Independence of of Gravesend and Tilbury Fort, and, subsequently, in the Scotch Parliament, for which he was publicly thanked 1832, to that of Pendennis Castle; and in 1837, he reby that body, and rewarded with a pension of four hun- ceived from the same hands the colonelcy of the 78th dred pounds per annum. He made a collection of Re- Highlanders. He became Major-General in 1819; Lieutenant-General in 1837; and General in 1851. He died cords from King Duncan to Robert Bruce, which were tenateneral n 187; n beautifully engraved, and published in one volume folio at Bath, December 17th, 1851, at the age of 86 years. by Ruddiman. He died at Edinburgh, 1712, aged 42. ANDERSON, RICHARD, a native of the State of KenANDERSON, JAMES, a native of Scotland, and for- tucky, was for some years a member N. Congress, and nafterwards Mqinister of the United States to fColombin. merly of Monk's Hill, Aberdeenshire. Distinguished by superior talents for experimental husbandry, he was em- Hewas appointe E Extraordinary to the Assembly ployed by Government to examine into the state of the of American Nations at Panama, and, while on his way western coasts and islands of Scotland, and confirmed, ithither, died at Carthagena, July 24, 1826. by his relations, the accounts which had been given of j ANDERSON, RUrus, born in Londonderry, N. II., in the melancholy poverty and depression of the inhabitants. 1765, and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1791. In In 1780, the University of Aberdeen couferred' on him 1794, he settled as a Congregational minister in North the degree of LL. D. Dr. A. was the author of nume- Yarmouth. After a ministry of ten years in this place, rous works on agriculture and political economy; and he was dismissed; and, in the year following, was inwas conductor of the Bee, a periodical publication, con- stalled at Wenham, where he died in 1814, He pubsisting of essays, philosophical, philological, and miscel- lished two Sermons on Fasting, and Seven Letters laneous, published some years ago at Edinburgh, and against the Close Communion of the Baptists. I _ ANDERSON 57 ANDREW ANDERSON 57 ANDREW ANDERSON, WALTER, a Scottish clergyman and his- Novella married John Calderinus, a learned Canonist. torian, who died in 1801, at his living of Churchside, The works of Andreas were numerous, and all on law. which he had held for half a century. In 1769, he pub- He died of the plague at Bologna, in 1348, after enjoying lished a History of France during the Reigns of Francis his professorship forty-five years. In his epitaph, he I. and Charles IX., which, in 1773 and 1783, he con- was styled "Rabbi doctorum, lux, censor, normaque tinued down to the Peace of Munster. He is also the morum;" and Pope Boniface called him " Lumen Mundi." author of the Philosophy of Ancient Greece Investigated; ANDREAS, JOHN, a Mahometan of Xativa, in Valencia, and of a Life of Croesus. ANDREAS, JOHN, a Mahometan of Xativa, in Valencia, and of a Life of Cresus. converted to Christianity on hearing a sermon in the ANDIER DES.ROCHERS, JOHN, a French engraver, great church of Valencia. He was instantly baptized, born at Lyons, known for his engravings after Corregio, and called John Andreas, from the calling of St. John and particularly for his half-length portraits of persons and St. Andrew. He was afterwards admitted into holy distinguished by birth or talents, amounting to upwards orders, and exerted his abilities and his zeal with wonof 700, with descriptive verses at the bottom by Gargon. derful success in converting the Moors. He translated He was rewarded with a fine gold medal by the Emperor the laws of the Moors from the Arabic into the Spanish, Charles VI., for a portrait of his majesty. He died at an but his most valuable work was the Confusion of the advanced age, in 1741. Sect of Mahommed, in 12 chapters, in which he displays all the stories, fables, absurdities, and contradictions ANDRADA, DIEGO BE PAYVA n', a Portuguese, born which the impostor has used as weapons to propagate his at Coimbra. He was sent by King Sebastian to the religion among the credulous Arabians. This work has Council of Trent, 1562, and there, in defending the been translated into several languages, and is frequently Canons against Chemnitius, he distinguished himself by qued by Christian writers. his eloquence as a preacher, and by his forcible reasoning as a debater. Though a warm Catholic, his writings ANDREZE, JOHN GERHARD REINHARD, a native of are universally quoted by the Protestants, and their Hanover, son of an apothecary. He was brought up to author deservedly admired for his great erudition, deep his father's profession, and followed the bent of his inpenetration, and uncorrupted judgment. clination by travelling over different countries, to ascertain their natural history and their productions, and thus ANDRE, JOHN, a British officer, who forsook the count- enlarge his knowledge of chemistry and botany. He ing-house, entered the army, and embarked for the New died in 1793, aged 69. He wrote various works on his Continent under General Clinton, during the American favorite studies, the best known of which are his Tour Revolution. He rose by his merits to the rank of Major, in Switzerland, 4to., 1776-and a treatise on the several and when General Arnold made a treasonable offer to kinds of earth found in Hanover, 1769. surrender West Point to the British forces, Andre was intrusted with the delicate negotiation. In furtherance ANDREINI, ISABELLA, a famous actress, born at of his object he took the perilous step of entering within Padua, 1562. She distinguished herself not only on the the American lines. In retiring from them, after arrang- stage, but also as a poetess; and the eulogiums passed ing the foul business with Arnold, he was challenged by upon her, as well as her writings, show that she combined, three American militia-men, detained, and searched, with great personal beauty, wit and genius in a superior Papers betraying the plot were found in his boot. In degree. She visited France, where she was received by vain he offered his watch, money, and pensions, for the court with particular attention. She died at Lyons, liberty to proceed: his captors were inflexible. He 10th of June, 1604, in her 42d year. was conducted to General Washington's head-quarters; ANDREOSSI, COUNTANTHONYFRANCIS, eminent as a a court-martial was summoned; the unfortunate Andr6 was tried as a spy, found guilty, and sentenced to be soldier, diplomatist, and writer, was born at Castlenauhanged. Though he requested to die like a soldier, the dary, in Languedoc, in 1761, was a lieutenant of artillery ignominious sentence was executed upon him, 2d Octo- at twenty, and served with distinction in Italy and Egypt. ber, 1780. He died with great intrepidity, at the age of Napoleon raised him to the ranks of General and Count. 29. A monument was erected to his memory in West- He was successively ambassador to London, Vienna, and minster Abbey, with every mark of respect, for his Constantinople. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, devotion to the service of his king. Andreossi espoused his cause; and he was one of the nrnmiQinnP;ac Ph.anfn irpenof wmth fhh Allina 'rv +ba UUU11111mblIVLIuY6 UlUMUI IJ tortOM) WILLI mu -tiIllfj3 DY tuu ANDREAS, JAMES, an eminent Lutheran, born, 1528, provisional government. He died in 1827. in the Duchy of Wirtemberg. His parents, who were poor, had bound him to a carpenter; but he was relieved ANDREW, a native of Damascus, Bishop of Aleria in from this humble situation by some persons of distinction, Crete, and thence called of Crete, and of Jerusalem, bewho had observed his promising genius, and, after two cause he retired there and died, 720 or 723. He wrote years of close application, he made himself master of commentaries on some books of the Scriptures, besides Latin, Greek, and Logic. He took his degrees at Tiibin- Sermons, published at Paris, 1644, folio. gen, and was made minister of Stutgard in 1540, but soon ANDREW, a native of Pisa, known as a sculptor, after resigned. In the turbulent theological contentions architect, painter, and musician. He was highly honored of that period, he took a bold and active part. In 1561, he by the Florentines, many of whose edifices, as also the was made chancellor and rector of the University of arsenal of Venice, were designed by him. He died at Tiibingen, and by means of his learning and eloquence Florence, 1330, aged 60 acquired the friendship of the Dukes of Wirtemberg and Brunswick, and of the Emperor Maximilian II. His ANDREW DEL SARTO, a painter, born at Florence, works are numerous, and all on polemical divinity, the 1483, son of a tailor. He was a great favorite of Francis most famous of which is that on Concord. He died 7th I., of France, who wished to retain him, but in vain, as January, 1590. his wife insisted upon his residence in Italy. He is particularly commended for the coloring of his pictures, and ANDREAS, JOHN, a native of Mugello near Florence, the correctness and elegance of his figures, though there who studied the canon law at Bologna, and by his appli- is a coldness and uniformity in all. He possessed the cation obtained there a professor's chair. He attained eminence by his learning, as well as by the austerity of happy talent of copying pictures to such perfection, that eminence by his learning, as well as by the austerity of Julio Romano, who had finished the draperies of Raphael's his life: much of his time gwas vod fto pra w yer and Leo Xth, took a copy of that celebrated piece by Del fasting, and he slept upon the ground for twenty years, Sarto for the original. He died, 1530. covered only with a bear-skin. His daughter, Novella, was carefully instructed in the learning of the times, and ANDREW, IVEs MARY, a native of Chateaulin, in Coruaided her father by reading lectures to his scholars; but nouailles, Professor of Mathematics at Caen for 33 years. that her personal beauty might not distract the attention He was a man of great learning and genuine vivacity. of her audience, a curtain was placed before her. His poetry is admired; but his chief work is his Essai 8 L- I -- I _ ANDREW 58 ANDREWS. ( sur le Beau, as also his Trait6 sur 1'Homme. He retired from his laborious office in 1759, and died Feb. 26th, 1764, in his 89th year. His works were published together, 1766, in five vols., 12mo. ANDREW I., King of Hungary, eldest: son of Ladislaus the Bald, left his native country with Bela his brother, 1044, when Peter was raised to the throne. He was afterwards invited back by the people, who wished to restore the Pagan religion; but when invested with the royal power he violated his 'promise, and obliged his barbarous subjects to embrace Christianity. He was attacked by his brother, and slain in battle, 1059. ANDREW II., King of Hungary, succeded his nephew Ladislaus, 1204. He was in the Crusades, and behaved with such valor that he obtained the surname of lerosolymitan. He was successful in the wars in which he was engaged, and endeavored to ameliorate the situation of the middle ranks of his kingdom. He died in 1235. ANDREW III., King of Hungary, grandson of the preceding, succeeded on the death of Ladislaus, 1299. His elevation was opposed by Charles of Sicily, son of Ladislaus' sister, and a civil war and all its horrors were the consequence. The troubles continued till the death of both the rivals, which happened the same year, 1305. ANDREW, son of King Charobert of Hungary, King of Naples, was called by the Neapolitans, Andreasso. He married his cousin, Joan II., Queen of Naples; but such was the dislike engendered between these youthful sovereigns, that the queen was at last persuaded by her favorites to consent to the assassination of her husband in his 19th year, 1345. ANDREWS' or ANDREWE, EUsEBIUs, a Barrister of good family in' Middlesex, secretary to Lord Capel, and after the breaking out of the civil wars, a Colonel in Charles' service. After theloss of Worcester, he attempted the recovery of the Island of Ely, and being taken prisoner by the Republican Army he was prosecuted before Bradshaw in the high court of justice. He was condemned to be hanged and quartered, but on his petition the sentence was changed to beheading, which he suffered with great fortitude on Tower Hill, 22d August, 1650. ANDREWS, EBENEZER T., a successful and venerable New England printer and bookseller, was born at Bost-on, November 18th, 1766; He served an apprenticeship in ta printinrg-office with the celebrated Isaiah Thomas, LL. D., of- Worcester,s Massachusetts; and in the year after completing it, 1788, he commenced the printing and book-selling business, in Boston, in copartnership with Mr. Thomas; first under the firmof Isaiah Thomas & Co., and then of Thomas and Andrews. Their establishment was at No. 45 Newbury Street, afterwards a part of Washington. Street. On their sign was a statue of Faust, which gained not a little notoriety in those days, and continued there till the summer of 1820, more than thirty years. Their business for those -times was lucrative and very extensive. "In 1794, they established a branch of. it at Baltimore, under the name of Thomas, Andrews, and Butler; and, in 1796, another branch at Albany, under the name of Thomas, Andrews, and Penniman. In 1820, the interest of Mr. Thomas was purchased by Mr. Andrews, who subsequently disposed of the stock and closed up the business. Mr. Thomas residing in Worcester and doing business there, the operations of the firm were managed by Mr. Andrews. eAmong their publications were Bibles, the works of Noah Webster, the works of the Rev. Dr. Belknap, the Geographical works of the Rev. Dr. Morse, a great number of school books, and for five years, in monthly numbers, the Massachusetts Magazine, which acquired no ordinary celebrity. While in this honorable and useful business Mr. Andrews laid the foundation for a most ample fortune, and the last thirty years of his life were passed in the enjoyment of.a well-earned affluence. Although but few in the city where he was born, lived, and died, possessed greater wsalth, his good sense and his Christian principles.induced 1im. to avoid ostentatious display.. IHe took most pleasure in humility, and set an example to others, which by many is not wisely followed. His life is full of instruction, as it shows how much can be accomplished by enterprise, industry, and frugality in the prosecution of a business, commercially important to the community, as furnishing a means of subsistence to productive labor. Mr. Andrews died in his 85th year, early in October, 1851, leaving only one child, a son, William T. 6 Andrews, Esq., a merchant of Boston, to inherit his I wealth, and to do honor to his memory. ANDREWS, HENRY, a self-taught mathematician, was born of poor parents, in 1744, at Frieston, near Grantham. SAt an early age, he was placed as a servant to a shopkeeper, and next with a lady of Lincoln, where he amused himself at leisure hours in making weatherglasses. The gentleman with whom he afterwards lived encouraged him in his pursuits, by which means he was 'enabled to open a school, first at Basingthorpe, and lastly at' Royston, where he also carried on the bookselling Sbusiness, and died January 26th, 1820. For more than 'forty years he was the computer of the Nautical Ephemeris, -and calculator of Moore's Almanac. ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT, was born in 1737, and died in 1797. In his youth, he was an officer in the Berks militia, England, and was a police magistrate at the time of his decease. He is the author of a History of Great Britain, connected with the Chronology of Europe; -a continuation of Henry's English History, and other works of merit. ANDREWS, LANCELOT, an English divine born in London, 1565. After being educated at Merchant Taylor's, he entered on one of Dr. Watts' scholarships at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself as a public lecturer in divinity. His abilities were made known to. Walsingham, secretary to Elizabeth, who procured for him, on the death of Fulke, St. Giles Cripplegate, in London, and a prebend and a residentiaryship of St. Paul's. He was afterwards chosen master of his college, and on the decease of Elizabeth he gained the favor of James so much by his pulpit eloquence, that the monarch employed him to defend his knightly right against the attack of Cardinal Bellarmine, under the name of Matthew Tortus. Andrews supported his cause with firmness and spirit in his Tortura Torti, and the king rewarded his zeal with the rank of Privy Councillor, the place of Almoner, the Deanery of the Royal Chapel, and the Bishopric of Chichester, 1605. He was afterwards advanced to that of Ely, and then to Winchester; but though he enjoyed in the highest degree the favors of the monarch, he did not forget the dignity of his character, or his independence as an Englishman; and when;James wished to hknow the sentiments of his courtiers with respect to raising money without parliamentary authority, he found Andrews decidedly opposed to the unconstitutional measure. He died, September 27, 1626. Milton has written an elegant elegy on him. Besides the Tortura Iorti, he wrote A Manual of Devotions, in Greek, translated by Stanhope into English, and a volume of Sermons, printed after his decease by Laud and Buckeridge. He had also a share in translating the Pentateuch, and the books from Joshua to 1st Chronicles. ANDREWS, JOHN, D. D., a native of Maryland. He was born, April 4, 1746, received his education at Philadelphia, and was admitted to holy orders in the Episcopal Church, at London, Feb., 1767. After having officiated as a clergyman at different stations, in 1785 he was appointed principal of the Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia. In 1789 he was made Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania; and, in 1810 became provost of the same institution. He died March 29, 1818, aged 67 years. ANDREWS, MILES PETER, was the second son of an eminent London merchant, and became principal proprietor of the lucrative Dartford Powder Mills, on the death of his brother. On receiving this accession of fortune, he mingled with the circles of fashion, and devoted his m1 ~-~sLI ANDRIEU 59 ANGELON1 ANDRIEU 59 ANGEL&N1 leisure hours to writing for the stage; theatricals being his favorite amusement. He died in 1814. ANDRIEU, BERTRAND, was born at Bordeaux in 1761, and died at Paris in 1822; he distinguished himself greatly as an engraver of medals, of which art he is considered as the restorer in France. A large part of the medals in the royal cabinet and library, which are looked upon as masterpieces, are the work of Andrieu. ANDRONICUS, CYRESTES, an Athenian, said to be the inventer of weathervanes, and the architect of the famous Octagon Temple, built at Athens in honor of the winds. ANDRONICUS I., son of Isaac Comnenus, was imprisoned for his rebellious conduct against the Emperor Manuel, but after 12 years confinement, he escaped to Russia. On the elevation of young Alexis II., he returned, and had the address to cause himelf to be received as a protector, and as partner of the throne. Thus armed with power, he strangled the unsuspecting youth, and seated himself sole emperor on the throne of Constantinople, 1183, in his 71st year. His cruelties, however, rendered him odious, and two years after he was seized during an insurrection, put to death in the most ignominious manner, and Isaac Angelus placed in his room. ANDRONICUS, Livius, the oldest of the Roman dramatists. His first piece was presented before the Roman people about 240 B. C. ANDRONICUS, a Rhodian philosopher, who published the collected works of Aristotle. He flourished in the age of Sylla, about 63 B. C. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, JAMES, an architect, at the end of the 16th century, who furnished the designs for the grand gallery of the Louvre, the Pont Neuf, &c. He published some works on his profession, and died abroad, whither his zealous devotion to the doctrines of Calvin had caused him to seek safety. ANDRUS, JOSEPH R., a graduate of Middlebury College. He took his degree in 1812, and after a due course of theological study, received ordination in the Episcopal church. For several years he was strongly impressed with the idea of devoting himself to the benefit of the degraded and oppressed Africans. Being appointed agent of the American Colonization Society, early in 1821, he sailed for Sierra Leone, which place he safely reached; but where, in July following, death terminated his pious labors. ANDRY, NICHOLAS, a Professor of Philosophy, and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Paris, was a native of Lyons, and author of several treatises, few of which, except those on medicine, are now extant. A Treatise on the Generation of Worms in the Human Body---on Phlebotomy-on Orthopsedia, or the Method of correcting Deformities in Children, and others, remain as mementoes of his former fame. He died in 1742, aged 84.,ANELLO, THOMAS, commonly called Massaniello, a fisherman of Naples, born 1623. When the Austrian government, to which Naples, was subject, laid a nrew tax upon fruits, which the already oppressed people were unable to bear, stimulated by: Anello, the enraged and burthened populous rebelled, destroyed the toll'houses, and rifled 'the palace of the viceroy, who with difficulty made his escape. Anello possessed firmness and popularity, and being invested with the supreme power, he saw himself suddenly at the head of 150,000 people, who with the most implicit confidence obeyed all his commands. In his elevation he. did not forget the rights of the nation; he signed a solemn convention with the terrified government, and after he had secured the freedom of the subject, he nobly determined to lay aside his power, and to retire to a private station. The thought was heroic, but the solicitations of his wife and kindred, or the more powerful calls of ambition, overruled it; and he still continued his authority, lost in debauchery and intemperance, until, in 1647, the daggers of four assassins rid the world of a man whom the intoxication of splendor began to render cruel and vindictive. ANEURIN, a British poet, celebrated as the King of Bards, and also as the heroic leader of the Olidinian Britons, at the battle of Cattraeth. The valor displayed on this bloody day was celebrated by the warlike bard in a poem, which is still preserved among the records of Welsh literature, as also his Odes of the Months. He died about 570. Some suppose that this famed poet was the venerable historian Gildas. ANGE DE ST. JOSEPH, LE PERE, a Carmelite, of Toulouse, whose real name was La Brosse. He travelled into Persia as a missionary, and translated the Persian Pharmacopoeia into Latin, printed 1631, 8vo. Paris, besides a Treatise on the Language of the Country, a useful and very valuable work, edited Amsterdam, 1684, folio. He died at Perpignan, 1697. ANGELI, BONAVENTURE, a native of Ferrara, and professor of the law, author of the History of Parma, printed 1591. He died 1576, at Parma, where he had settled. ANGELI, PETER, a Latin poet of Barga, in Tuscany. After teaching the learned languages at Reggio, in Lombardy, he came to Pisa, where Cosmo I. patronized him, and seated him on a professorial chair. When the town was suddenly besieged by Strozzi, in 1554, Angeli animated the students by his example, and withstood the enemy till succours came from Florence. He wrote two poems, Cynegeticon, or Of the Chase, in six books, printed in 8vo. 1568, which cost him 20 years' labor, and Syrius or The Expedition of Godfrey de Bouillon, in 12 books, 1591, 4to. He died 1596, aged 79. ANGELIS, DOMINICO DE, a native of Lecce, in Otranto, whose learning procured him admission into the most celebrated academies, during his travels through France and Spain. When Philip V. of Spain, was Master of Naples, Angelis was appointed Historiographer, and aftewards was made Secretary to the Duke of Gravina. He deserved every distinction, as his services in literature show. His compositions are fourteen in number, in Italian, mostly upon historical, biographical, or critical subjects. He died at Lecce, 9th August, 1719, in his 44th year. ANGELO BUONAROTI, MICHAEL, a great painter, sculptor, and architect, He was born 1474, at the castle of Chiusi, in Tuscany, and was nursed by a woman of Settinianno, whose husband was eminent as a sculptor, so that he was said to have imbibed sculpture with his very milk. His genius was early displayed, and it raised such jealousy among his youthful: rivals, that one of them, Torrigianno, struck him, with such violence on the nose, that he carried the mark to his grave. The protection of Lorenzo del Medicis raised him to consequence. An academy was erected, but the painter fled with his patron during the troubles in Florence, and retired to Bologna. It is said that, about this time, he made and buried an image of Cupid at Rome, which was soon after dug up, and considered by Cardinal Gregory as a most valuable antique, till Michael Angelo proved it to be his own, by fitting to it the broken arm which it had lost, and which he had kept purposely. The most celebrated of his pieces is his Last Judgment, painted for Paul III.; though it is perhaps to be lamented that the artist's revenge has been cruelly- immortalized, by his representation of a cardinal, who was his enemy, in the number of the damned. His architectural abilities are best displayed in the public:buildings of Florence, and particularly of Rome, where he completed the building of St. Peter's church, in the execution of which he spent seventeen years, receiving no compensation for his toil. He was also an elegant poet, as his sonnets and canzonets fully show. He died, 1564, aged 90. ANGELONI, FRANCIS, born at Terni, in Spolatto, was author of a History of his Native Town, of a valuable Augustan History by Medals, from J. Caesar to Constan I _ __ __ ANGELUS 60 ANICH tine the Great, the best edition of which, is that of Soon after reaching this place, she was married to her Rome, 1685, fol. He wrote also the History of Terni, cousin, Duke of Angoulbme, the eldest son of the Count and died 1652. d'Artois, subsequently, Charles X. For the next sixANGELUS, CHRISTOPHER, a learned Greek, driven teen years she was mostly a wanderer, with her husANGELUS, CHRISTOPHER, a learned Greek driven ad, from court to court upon the continent, save what from Peloponnesus by the Turks. He came to England, from court to court upon the continent, save what time was passed in England. I n 1814, the course and studied at Cambridge, under the patronage of the time ws pased in Engla. In 1814 the course of Bishop of Norwich. He afterwards went to Baliol Col- events placed Louis XVIII. upon the throne of France, lege, Oxford, where he proved very useful in instructing and the Duchess of Angouleme was once more permitted the students in Greek. He died 1638. He was author to sleep beneath the roof from whence her parents were of several works, the most valuable of which is his driven to prison and to death. From this time she parfccount of hs a woSufferis, prthe t 16e of reew h iad h ticipated in the vicissitudes of the Bourbon Dynasty, till Account of his Sufferings, printed 1 in it ceased to enjoy the loyalty of the French nation Then, for a time, she again sought a resting place in ANGERSTEIN, JOHN JULIUS, a distinguished patron England; but, ultimately found a home, and a place of the fine arts, born at St. Petersburgh, in 1735, but whereon to die, in the native country of the mother she became a resident in England under the patronage of had never ceased to love. This place was Frohsdorf, a the late Andrew Thompson, with whom he was asso- castle which she purchased of a banished queen, like ciated in business for a period of more than fifty years. unto herself--Caroline Murat, Ex-Queen of Naples. Mr. Angerstein exhibited much public spirit on several The last illness of the Duchess manifested itself on the occasions, and was the first who proposed a reward of 13th of October, 1851; and on the 19th, at the age of 20001. from the fund at Lloyd's, to the inventor of the 73 years, she calmly expired, amid the prayers and tears life-boats. His celebrated collection of paintings was of the loved relatives and faithful friends who formed purchased after his death by the English Government at her little court. Rarely does one encounter so much an expense of 60,0001., as the nucleus of a national gal- stern and unmitigated adversity. She met her destiny lery. He died, Jan. 22, 1822, aged 87. with great apparent dignity. If she was sad, yet was ANGILBERT, ST. descended from a noble family of she serene, and never did she lose her strong affecANGILBERT, ST. descended from a noble family of o f t country which had so cruelly wounded Neustria, studied under Alcuinus with Charlemagne, and tion for the couventry which had so cruelly wounded not only became his minister and favorite, but married her. Of the seventy-three years of her n ife, she passed his daughter Bertha. He was mae Governor of theeight the best of her youth -in restraint or in a dungeon, and thirty-eight in exile; and yet she died accoast from the Scheldt to the Seine, but he resigned his gon and thirt-eight in exle and yt she died achonors and the company of his wife, and entered the knowledging the mercies and the glory of God. Monastery of Centula, or St. Requier, of which he be- ANGUILLARA, JOHN ANDREW DELL', one of the most came the Abbot. Affairs of state often drew him from celebrated Italian poets of the sixteenth century, was the privacy of religious retirement. He went three born at Sutri, in Tuscany, about 1517; the period of times to Rome, and saw Charlemagne crowned Emperor his death is unknown, but it must have been subsequent of the West. Of his works few remain. He wasss soto 1564. His principal work is his Translation of Ovid's elegant a poet that Charlemagne called him his Homer. Metamorphoses, which, though often unfaithful, and He died 18th Feb. 814. sinning against good taste, has still great merit. For ANGIOLELLO, born at Vicenza, wrote in the Italian the representation of his tragedy of (Edipus, a theatre and Turkish tongue a History of Mahomet I. which he was built at Vincenza by the celebrated Palladio. Aninscribed to him. He had been slave to Mustapha in an guillara, however, lived and died in poverty. expedition to Persia, 1473, and therefore his history is AN TIA M i r a that of an eye-witness. He wrote also the History of ANGUS, CAPTAIN SAUE, of the United tates Navy, Usson Casson. was born at Philadelphia in 1784. He entered the service when at the age of fifteen; in 1807 was promoted ANGLUS, THOMAS, an English priest, the friend of to the rank of Lieutenant; in 1813 to that of Master Sir Kenelm Digby, known by the several names of Albius Commandant; and in 1818 to that of Captain. He was Candidus, Bianchi, Richworth, White, and Vitus, which several times severely wounded; in 1800, in an action "he assumed in the different countries of Europe, where between the Constellation and French Frigate La V6nhe spent the greatest part of his life. He distinguished geance; soon after, in the action between the schooner himself by his learning and genius; but his fondness for Enterprise and a French lugger; in 1812, in an attack the Peripatetic philosophy, and his attempts to pply the upon the English opposite to Black Rock; and, afterwards principles of Aristotle to explain the mysteries of reli- while commanding the Flotilla on Delaware Bay. He was gion, created him many enemies, who procured the con- selected by Messrs. Adams and Clay, as Commissioners demnation of his writings, both t at ouay and Rome. for forming a treaty, to carry them to Ghent. Owing He died after the restoration of Charles II., but the year to injuries he had received when in the service, the mind is unknown. as well as the health of Capt. Angus became impaired, ANGOULJeME, DUCHEss OF,--MARIE THERESE CHAR- and he was ultimately dismissed from the navy. He LOTTE, of France--daughter of the unfortunate Louis died at Geneva, N. Y., May 29th, 1840, aged 56 years. XVI., and the beautiful Marie Antoinette, was born, ANGUSCIOLA, SOPHONISBA, a native of Almona, in December 19th, 1778. Nothing could have been more Italy, eminent for her paintings, historical as well as brilliant than the opening scenes of the life of the young portrait. She bestowed such attention on her profesprincess. With her young brother, the Dauphin, she sion, that she became blind. She died 1626, aged 93. enjoyed for a brief season of childhood the expiring, but Her sisters, Lucia and Europa, also excelled in the use ever gorgeous, glories of Versailles. The yet happy of the pencil. children knew nothing of the clouds that were gathering on the distant horizon, nor heard the murmur of their dis- ANICH, PETER, son of a turner, was born at Obertant thunder. "That boy," said Madame Schopenhauer, persuf, near Inspruck, 1723, and after being employed "was the most innocent sacrifice of the time-it was the as a laborer and a shepherd, his genius for mechanics Dauphin. The delicate little nymph was his sister, burst forth, and was improved and corrected by the afterwards the Duchess of Angouleme, one of the most friendly assistance of Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was unfortunate of her family." In 1793, the parents-first noted for his knowledge of Astronomy, and the elegance the father, then the mother, perished on the scaffold; and accuracy of the maps and charts which he drew. and their daughter, the subject of this sketch, became The pair of globes which he made for the University an exile for the greater part of her life. She was indeed of Inspruck were justly considered as of superior beauty rescued from death, but it was only to assume a weary and value. He died early in life, 1766, seriously lamented. pilgrimage of some twenty years. In 1798, she took and the empress queen honored his memory by bestowrefuge in Mittau with her uncle, afterwards Louis XVIII. ing a pension of 50 florins on his sister. ANICHINI 61 ANNESLEY ANICHINI, LEwis, a Venetian engraver, much cele- ment was marked by prudence, firmness, and wisdom, brated for the delicacy and precision with which he though in her private character she was vindictive and engraved even the minutest objects. It was at the sight violent. She died at Chantelle 1522, aged 60. of his pieces that Michael Angelo exclaimed, that under ANNE, of Britanny, was daughter and heiress of the his hand the art of engraving had reached the summit last Duke of that Duchy. She was wife of Maximilian of perfection. His best pieces were, a medal representing of Austria, and next married Charles VIII. of France, Alexander the Great prostrating himself before the high- and after his death Louis XII. She was celebrated for priest at Jerusalem, and one bearing the head of Pope her beauty, her modesty, and her patronage of the Paul III. on one side, and that of Henry III. of France, learned and the indigent. She died 1514, in her 38th year. on the reverse. ANKERSTAOOM, JOHN JAMES, a Swedish officer who, ANNE, of Cleves, a daughter of John III., Duke of in the war carried on by Sweden against Russia, was in- Cleves. Her picture by Holbein was shown by Lord duced to desert the interests of his country. He was Cromwell to Henry VIII., who demanded her for his discovered and sentenced to death, but was pardoned Queen. The painter had flattered the princess, and by the king. This, instead of producing gratitude and Henry, soon disgusted with his Queen, obtained a divorce loyalty, rendered his hatred more inveterate. He con- from his obsequious Parliament. Anne, without strugspired against Gustavus, and as the unsuspecting mon- gle, and indeed with apparent unconcern, left England, arch entered a room where a masked ball was assem- and retired to Cleves, where she died, 1557. bled, the assassin discharged at him a pistol contain- ANNE, daughter of James II., succeeded William III. ing two balls and some nails. The wound was mortal, as Queen of England. Her reign forms a brilliant epoch and the king expired, 29th of March, 1792. The 27th in English history, from the victories of Marlborough; but of April following the murderer was led to execution, she did not possess the firmness required to perceive the but instead of repenting of, he gloried in his deed. His merits and virtues of her subjects; and while she suffered right hand and his head were cut off. herself to be ruled by a cabal, she lost the power of quellANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comnenus, ing the dissensions which existed among her courtiers. Emperor of Constantinople, and celebrated for the Greek Under her administration, Scotland was united to England. history which she has written, in which, with great The Queen possessed the peculiar felicity of having for her elegance and spirit, though often with partiality, she ministers the ablest statesmen that ever lived, and, among records the events which distinguish her father's reign. her subjects, the mostlearned, sublime and eloquentwriters in the walks of poetry, science, and general literature; ANNA IVANOVNA, daughter of Ivan Alexiovitch, and therefore with truth her reign has been denominated Emperor of Russia, married in 1710, Frederic William, the Augustan age of England. In 1683 she married Prince Duke of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on the George of Denmark, by whom she had several children, throne, 1730. At the death of her husband, 1719, she who all died young. She died August 1714, aged 50. took for her favorite Biren, a person of low birth and ANNESLEY, ARTHUR,Earl of Anglesey, was a native of great duplicity. When she ascended the throne her sub- Dublin, 1614, and educated at Magdalesey, was a nativeege, Oxford, jects were ruled by this capricious and cruel minion, which he left to study the law ted at Magdaeincoln's Inn. In the who it is said banished no less than 20,000 persons to which he left to study trs he law at Lincoln's Inn. In the Siberia, to gratify pique, malice, and revenge. Anna died, beginning of the civil wars he favored the royal cause, 1740, aged 47. She was succeeded by her grand-nephew and sat in the Parrepubliament held at Oxford in 1648: ut he Ivan, whose minority was intrusted to the care of the afterwards espoused the republican side, and was emguilty Biren, now raised to the dignity of Duke of Courland. ployed with success as a commissioner in quelling the disturbances of Ulster, and in withdrawing the command ANNAND, WILLIAM, A. M. a native of Edingburgh, of Dublin from the hands of the Duke of Ormond. The who was chosen one of the ministers, and became a violence of his party, however, displeased him, and aftel popular preacher there. He behaved with great kind- the death of Cromwell, he began to favor the re-estab ness towards the persecuted Presbyterians, and opposed lishment of regal authority. On Charles's return, he James when he wished to dispense with the penal laws. was made a peer for his signal services, as his paten At the Revolution he was made Dean of Raphoe, in Ire- mentions, in effecting the restoration. He was mad4 land, where he died 1710, aged 64. He wrote a volume Treasurer of the Navy 1667, in 1672 Commissioner t< of valuable sermons, little known. examine the affairs of Ireland, and the next year thi ANNAT, FRANCIS, a native of Rouergue, of the Order Keeper of the Privy-seal; but his political quarrel wit] of the Jesuits, teacher of Philosophy at Toulouse, and Lord Castlehaven and the Duke of Ormond, with respec afterwards employed at Rome and in France, in the ser- to the insurrections in Ireland, rendered him unpopula vice of the Pope. He was made confessor to the French with the King, to whom, in 1682, he ventured to presen king, 1654, which office he held sixteen years, and then a petition against the succession of the Duke of York solicited his dismission on account of increasing infirmi- He then resigned, and retired to his seat at Bleachingdon ties. He is known for his great zeal in opposing the Oxford. He was marked out by James II. for the offics Jansenists, and for his uncommon modesty and disinter- of Chancellor, but his death, April 6th, 1686, in hie was 73 estedness, which never allowed the influence he possessed year, prevented his elevation to this dignity. He was amai at court to be used in the promotion of his family. His of abilities, as well as of great sagacity and learning writings, which are controversial, are admired for great He wrote, besides political pamphlets, a valuable Histor, wridgmentings, whichlearning, and moderation. He died at Paris, of the Troubles of Ireland from 1641 to 1660, said t judgment, learning, and moderation. He died at P have been destroyed. He was the first of those spirite 1670, aged 80. nobles who considered a choice library as an ornamer ANNE, of Austria, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, to their splendid equipage, and he made a costly an married Louis XIII., 1615, and was mother of Louis valuable collection. His interesting Memoirs were put XIV. of France. The intrigues of Richelieu rendered lished, 1603, 8vo. her mnarriage state unhappy. During the minority of ANNESLEY, SAMUEL, LL.D., a native ofCumberlanc her son she was permitted to govern the kingdom by educated at Queen's College, Oxford, afterwards chal means of Mazarine; but though she offended the nation ea a ship-of-war, and then minister of Blisse in Ken by retaining this favorite her power was rendered ou where his services as a pastor were marked by his ben< lar by the victories of the great CondO. When Louis ^ ^ afterwards, in consequence of his decide XIV. succeeded to the government in 1660, she reti sermons against the monarchy, obtained St. Giles Crij to a convent, and died 1666, aged 64. plegate, London, from which he was ejected by the A( ANNE, of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XII. of France, of Uniformity, 1662. He died 1696, December 31s married the Duke of Bourbon, and was Regent during aged 77. He was the author of several sermons. Joh ~a *.itu J~ hbr brother. Charles VIII. Her govern- Wesley, it is said, was his grandson by the mother's sid 1 r It e o e h t r t C. e d 3 -at d bI, pt, ead pet t, n e. I Tjllt: LLULLVIlt"y VL AAV& Wawwýw.j C _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ANNET 62 ANTHONY ANNET62 ATHON ANNET, PETER, a deistical writer, was a native of the town of Liverpool, and educated for a Dissenting minister. He first distinguished himself as an opponent to Christianity, by an attack on Bishop Sherlock's tract on the Resurrection; but his best known production is " The History of the Man after God's own Heart," occasioned by a comparison made by Dr. Chandler between George II., then just deceased, and King David. In 1762 he published a paper entitled, " The Free Inquirer," for which he was prosecuted and sentenced to the pillory and imprisonment. He died in 1778. ANNIUS, DE VITERBO, a Dominican, whose real name was John Nanni, master of the sacred palace of Alexander VI. He wrote Commentaries, &c., besides 17 books of antiquities, a foolish and injudicious collection of the spurious works attributed to Xenophon, Archilochus, Thilo, Fabius, Pictor, Berosus, &c., a mean artifice, which for some time imposed upon the unsuspecting judgment of the learned. He died 1502, at Rome, aged 70. ANSCHARIUS, a Frenchman, Bishop of Hamburg and Bremen, celebrated for the success of his preaching in the conversion of the Danes to Christianity. He died 865, aged 64. ANSELM, a native of Aost in Savoy, who came over to England in 1092, and was with difficulty prevailed upon by King Rufus to fill the vacant See of Canterbury. Though gratitude might have influenced the conduct of a subject, Anselm looked with indifference upon the monarch, and refused to receive the metropolitan pall from his hands. A quarrel thus began, was strongly fomented by the desire of one to abridge, and the other to enlarge the powers of the church. When Anslem left the kingdom to repair to Rome, the king seized the revenues and privileges of the archbishop. The prelate complained to Pope Urban II., who, while he wished to defend the rights of the bishop, did not fail to listen to the more powerful arguments of his rival, accompanied by presents and promises: so the dispute remained undecided till the death of the monarch and of the pope. On the accession of Henry I., Anselm, who had resided at Lyons, received an invitation to return, and his arrival was marked by the most extraordinary respect, both from the king and the people; but when re-investiture was demanded, and the homage generally paid to a new monarch, the haughty prelate refused, and found his conduct applauded at Rome. The king was firm in his determination, and Anselm was bound to obey the commands of the pope, who regarded the claims of the king as intrusive. The bishops, who had before espoused the cause of the king, now changed their sentiments, and, Anselm, who had retired into Normandy, at last had the gratification of receiving proposals for reconciliation from the king. Anselm returned to England before the final settlement of this dispute, and died 21st of April, 1109, in his 76th year. He was the first prelate who insisted upon the celibacy of his clergy in. the Synod of Westminster, 1102. In his time, it is remarkable, that the Archbishop of York attempted to throw off the dependency on the See of Canterbury, in which, however, he failed. Anselm was canonized under Henry VII. at the instance of his successor, Cardinal Morton. His works, (chiefly theological), were published at Cologne in 1612, and at Lyons in 1630. ANSELM, an Augustine monk, author of A Chronologiand increased by Ange and Simplicien to nine vols. folio, 1726. He died at Paris, 1694, aged 69. ANSELM, ANTHONY, son of a surgeon of Armagnac, distinguished himself as a preacher and poet. His panegyrics and funeral orations were much admired. He died, 1737, aged 86. ANSON, GEORGE, LORD, was born in 1697, at his father's seat in Staffordshire, and soon manifested an inclination to the sea. He first obtained a command in 1722, but did not acquire celebrity till placed at the head of an expedition to the South Sea in 1740. After losing all his ships but one, and encountering many difficulties, but not without having severely harassed the Spanish settlements, he was so fortunate as to capture a rich galleon on her passage from Acapulco to Manilla, and to reach England in safety after an absence of nearly four years, He was successively made' Rear-Admiral of the Blue, a Lord of the Admirality, Rear-Admiral of the White, and Vice-Admiral of the Blue. In 1747, he defeated a French squadron, and captured six men-of-war and four East Indiamen. He was rewarded with a Baronetcy, and rose through all the intermediate ranks of the navy till he became Admiral, and Commander-inchief of the British fleet. Lord Anson died in 1762. IHe was a brave and skilful seaman, but had little knowledge of the world, while his love of gaming made him the dupe of sharpers. ANSTEY, CHRISTOPHER, a poet, born in 1721, was educated at Bury St. Edmund's Eton, and King's College, Cambridge. At College he obtained a Fellowship, which he resigned in 1754, on his succeeding to his patrimonial property. For some time he blended the occupations of a country gentleman with literary pursuits, but afterwards resided principally at Bath. In 1766 appeared his New Bath Guide, which obtained rapid and deserved popularity. It has been often imitated, but its wit, humor, and playfulness, have not yet been equalled. Anstey produced several other poems, all of considerable merit, but inferior to the New Bath Guide. He died in 1805. ANSTIS, JOHN, a native of St. Neots in Cornwall, born 28th September, 1669, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and at the Middle Temple. He was member for St. Germain's in 1702, and opposed the bill for occasional conformity, for which he was ridiculed among the Tackers. He was commissioner of prizes under Queen Anne, and was garter-king-at-arms from 1714 to his death, which happened March 4th, 1744. He was buried at Dulo in Cornwall. He was distinguished by his great knowledge of heraldry, a science which he enriched by many learned publications. The best known of his publications were, A Letter on the Honor of the Earl-Marshal, 8vo. 1706, The Form of the Garter Installation, 8vo. 1720, The Register of the Noble Order of the Garter, 2 vols. folio, 1724, Observation Introductory, and an Historical Essay on the Knighthood of the Bath, 4to. 1725. He died a bachelor, December 5th, 1744. ANTHEMIUS, PRocoPTus, of the family of the tyrant Procopius, married Flavia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian. This alliance, together with his valor, procured him the title of Augustus, 467. He gave his daughter in marriage to Ricimer, a general, who soon after attacked Rome, and imbrued his hands in the blood of his fatherin-law, 472. ANTHONY, FRANCIS, was born in London, April 16th, 1550, and studied at Cambridge, where he laid the foundation of that chemical knowledge which enabled him to impose upon the credulous and the unwary, by selling his Panacea of Potable Gold, on which a Treatise was printed at Hamburg, 1598. His success as an empiric was great, but he was violently opposed by Drs. Gwinne and Cotta: it was even asserted that his nostrum was poisonous, and many on their death-beds attributed their decease to its use. The inoffensiveness of his manners, his learning and his private virtues, however, stemmed the torrent of unpopularity; and though he was fined and imprisoned for practising without a license, his reputation and his fortune increased. He died in Bartholomew Close, May 26th, 1623, aged 74. ANTHONY, King of Navarre, was son of Charles of Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, and married Joan d'Albert, 1548, who brought him the principality of Bearne and the kingdom of Navarre. He was a weak and irresolute prince. He abandoned the Protestant tenets for the Catholic faith, and then formed, with the Duke of Guise and the constable Montmorency, the famous league called _ y -,--___ IL~L_-L - -- I__~- _-~~__- - d-~-~-~---~I- -----~----V_~LI~ -_ _ _ ANTHONY 63 ANTONIUS ANTHONY 63 ANTONIUS the Triumvirate. During the civil wars in 1562, he took the command of the army, and Blois, Tours, and Rouen surrendered to his arms. He was wounded on the shoulder at the siege of this last place, and died thirtyfive days after at Andeli, 17th November, 1562. His son was afterwards the celebrated Henry IV. of France. ANTHONY, SAINT, the founder of Monastic life, was born at Coma in Egypt, 251. He sold his possessions, which he distributed to the poor, and retired into the desert, where, for twenty years, say the Catholics, his virtue was exposed to the greatest temptations from the wiles of Satan, till he finally prevailed, and saw himself surrounded by a crowd of followers, zealous to merit his blessing and to imitate his piety. He twice visited Alexandria to assist the suffering Christians under the persecution of Arius. He died 356, in the 105th year of his age. ANTHONY, titular King of Portugal, was son of Louis, the second son of King Emanuel. His pretensions to the throne were opposed by Philip II of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alva against him, 1580, and obliged him to fly from his dominions. Anthony was a wretched fugitive in Holland, France, and England, and died at Paris, 2d May, 1595, aged 64. ANTIGONUS, son of Aristobulus II., King of Judea, was led in Pompey's triumphal procession after the fall of Jerusalem. He attempted in vain to recover the kingdom by soliciting the favors of Ciesar, and then had recourse to Pacorus, King of Parthia, who placed him on the throne of Jerusalem. He was afterwards driven from power by the generals of M. Antony, and ignominiously put to death, B. C. 37, poetical compliment. These uncommon talents were im proved by the patronage of the Duke of Ferrara; and when Pius IV. was seated in St. Peter's chair, he remembered the youthful poet, and gave him an honorable situation in his palace. Antoniano was professor of belles-lettres at Rome, and saw not less than 25-cardinals among his auditors; and afterwards as rector, and under Pius V. secretary to the Sacred College for 25 years, he preserved the same dignity of character and the same popularity. He was at last made cardinal by Clement VIII., but he refused the honors of a bishopric, satisfied with literary ease and retirement. He died through excessive application, 1603, in his 68d year, leaving several admired pieces both in prose and verse. ANTONIDES, VANDER GOES, JOHN, a poet, born at Goes, in Zealand, April 3d, 1547. The early part of his life was passed at Amsterdam, and he was bred up as an apothecary; but the fondness which he had -for the classics proved more powerful than the attractions of pestle and mortar, and though he pursued his medical studies, and took a degree at Leyden, he applied himself to poetry. His first attempt was a tragedy, called Trazil, or the Invasion of China. His modesty would not permit him to make it public; but Vondel, who was engaged on a similar play, read it with admiration, and learning it was destined to the flames, obtained permission to adopt as his own some of the most striking and beautiful passages. On the conclusion of the war with England, in 1697, the poet wrote his Bellona Chained, and afterwards his beautiful poem called the River Y, in four books. In this he has displayed much merit as a poet. The river on which Amsterdam is built, is a fertile subject for superior talents, and as such it has been treated. The first books ANTIMACHO, MARK ANTONY, a native of Mantua, give a uescripuon o ueverytinng wormy o aumirauoauthor of some Latin poems, and of several Italian trans- on the banks of the Y, on which the city stands. In the lations from the Greek. He died, 1552, at Ferrara, second, he contemplates the navies whici repose on its where he was much respected as a Greek professor. bosom, and spread commerce and knowledge through the Sworld. In the third, in a masterly episode, he descends to ANTINE, MAUR FRANCOIS D', a Benedictine who was the bottom of the river, and sees the divinities of the born at Gouvieux in Liege, and died 1746, aged 58. H'e ocean going to celebrate the anniversary of Thetis's marwas highly admired for his piety, and the mildness' of his riage -with Peleus; in the last, he paints the wonders of manners. He published the first five volumes of Du the other side of the river; and' concludes with a delicate Cange, besides other valuable historical works, especially compliment to the magistrates of the city. He died of a one on the art of verifying dates, 1750, in 4to., re- consumption, 18th' Sept., 1684. His works were edited printed folio, 1770. at Amsterdam, 1714, in 4to. ANTIOCHUS, GRYPus, son of Sidetes, caused his ANTONINUS, MARCUS AURELIUS, surnamed the Philomother, Cleopatra, to drink a cup of poison which she sopher, succeeded the preceding, and married his daughhad prepared for him. He fell by the hand of one of his ter Faustina. His conduct on the throne was so universubjects, B. C. 97. sally popular that the gratitude of the Romans placed him "at his death among the gods, 180. He was succeeded ANTIPATER, a native of Macedon, the able minister by his worthless:son Commodus. both of Philip and of his son Alexander the Great.. The eminent political talents of Antipater seem to have been ANTONINUS PIUS, a celebrated Roman emperor, who unalloyed, from first to last, with mere personal ambition; succeeded Adrian 138, and died universally lamented, 161. and in consequence his services were as steady and faith- ANTONIO, NIcoLAs, a native of Seville, who, after ful as they were valuable. Of this truth Philip was so studying at Salamanca, retired to his native town, after sensible, that on one occasion, coming late to a levee, he studye composedg at alamanca retlired to hs ative townica, in fwhere said, "I have slept soundly this morning, but I knew he composed his useful Bibliotheca Hispanic, in four that Antipater was awake." vols. folio, 1672, containing an account of all the Spanish "writers. As he was an ecclesiastic, he was happily ANTIPATER, a Jew, minister to Hyrcanus, the bro- patronized both in Spain and at Rome, and the whole of ther of Aristobulus the high-priest. By the friendship his income was spent either in acts of charity, or in'the of the Romans he obtained the sovereign power over his purchase of books, which at last swelled his collection to country, but his conduct rendered him unpopular, and 30,000 volumes. Besides his Bibliotheque he projected he died by poison, B. C. other works, and wrote a Treatise on Exile, &c. He ANTONIA, daughter to Mark Antony and Octavia, died, 1684, aged 67, leaving nothing behind him but married Drusus, by whom she had three children, and his valuable collection of books. proved a virtuous wife in the midst of a dissipated city. ANTONIUS, MARCUS, a Roman orator of great celebShe died in the reign of her grandson Caligula. rity, and much commended by Cicero. He was killed in ANTONIANO, SILVIO, a man of extensive learning, the civil wars of Marius and Cinna, B. C. 67. born of obscure parents, at Rome, 1540. When he was ANTONIUS, MARCUS, a celebrated Roman, grandson but ten years old, he composed verses with uncommon of the orator. He distinguished himself in war, and, as facility; and as a proof of this, he was produced at the the friend of Julius Coesar, he obtained consequence at table of the Cardinal of Pisa, where Alexander Farnese 'Rome and in the armies. On the death of Caesar he gave him a nosegay, and desired him to hand it with an conducted himself with great art, and by his dissimulaappropriate address to the man whom he considered as tion obtained a share of the Roman Empire, in the likely to be Pope: he immediately presented it to the triumvirate which he formed with Augustus and Lepidus. Cardinal of Medicis, afterwards Pius IV., with a delicate,'He had married Octavia, the sister of Augustus, but his -- ------C- LL ---------l--P- I-- -Q~----~L_-l _____ -- _ I __ __ ANVARI 64 APPLETON ANVARI 64 APPLETON partiality for Cleopatra, the beautiful Queen of Egypt, occasioned a civil war. Antony, after the total defeat of his forces at the battle of Actium, fled to Egypt, where he committed suicide, B. C. 30. ANVARI, called King of Khorassan, from the superiority of his poetical talents, was the favorite of the Sultan Sangiar, and the rival of the poet Raschidi, who had espoused the cause of Alsitz. Whilst the two princes were engaged in war, the two poets assailed one another by rhymes, conveyed on the points of arrows; but this amusement was of short duration. Anvari was arraigned for his astrological predictions, and fled to Balke, where he died, 1200. He possessed genius: and to his correct judgment the Persians owed the repression of licentious compositions among their poets. ANVILLE, JOHN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D', a celebrated geographer, whose early developed genius portended that superiority which he has so justly acquired. While at school, he drew charts and globes for amusement, and traced with indefatigable zeal the routes of armies. At a riper age he applied himself daily for 15 hours during 50 years to impart accuracy and perfection to his labors. His maps are highly and deservedly esteemed, on account of their accurate delineation of modern discoveries. He is author of several very valuable works on geography and history, and also learned papers in the Academy of Inscriptions. The best known of his works are-A Dissertation on the Extent of Ancient JerusalemSome Particulars of Ancient Gaul from the Remains of the Romans-An Abridgement of Ancient Geography, 3 vols. -On Ancient and Modern Egypt, with a Description of the Arabian Gulf- The Governments Established in Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West -A Treatise on Itinerary Measures, Ancient and Modern -Geographical Analysis of Italy, &c. He died at Paris, Jan. 28th, 1782, aged 80. ANYTUS, a rhetorician of Athens who caused the condemnation and death of Socrates. He was afterwards stoned to death at Heraclea. APELLES, styled the prince of painters, was born at Cos, B. C 365. He was patronized by Alexander the Great, and the genius of the painter equalled the greatness of the hero. Perhaps the most celebrated of his works was the Venus Anadyomene, or Venus Rising out of the Ocean, which became so great a favorite with the Romans, that Ovid paid it the extraordinary compliment of saying, that but for this picture, Venus would have remained beneath the waves. The date of his death is unknown. He, however, survived his patron many years. APER, MARCUS, a Roman orator, said to be author of the Dialogues of Orators, printed generally with Tacitus and Quintilian. He died A. D. 85. APIAN, PETER, a mathematician and astronomer of eminence, was born at Misnia, in 1495, and became Professor of Mathematics at Ingolstadt. Charles V. esteemed his talents so highly that he knighted him, and presented him with 3000 pieces of gold. He died in 1552, and his son Philip succeeded him as mathematical professor. Apian was the first to make known that the tails of comets are always projected in an opposite direction from the sun, and to propose the discovery of longitude by lunar observations. APION, an ancient grammarian of Oasis in Egypt, who proved a great enemy to Josephus, and also to the Jewish nation. APOCAUCHUS, a Greek of mean origin, who became the favorite and the master of the Emperor Andronicus. He built prisons to confine his enemies, but was at last assassinated by some of those whom his cruelty had incensed, 1345. His son, who was governor of Thessalonica, perished in a sedition. In the 13th century, there existed another individual of the same name, who attained some literary consequence. Actuarius honored him by dedicating to him his works on medicine. APOLLODORUS, an Athenian painter, flourished about 408 years B. C. He was the first who blended and harmonized colors, and made a proper distribution of the shades. He considered himself as the prince of painters; but, in his latter days, his glory was eclipsed by that of Zeuxis. APOLLODORUS, a native of Damascus, was celebrated as an architect in the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He constructed Trajan's forum, the gigantic bridge over the Danube, and many other admirable structures. His plain speaking cost him his life. A temple of Venus having been erected, after a faulty design by Adrian, Apollodorus criticised it, and exclaimed, that if the goddess should wish to go out, she could not do it without breaking her head against the door-frame. To avenge himself for this sarcasm, the despot put the critic to death, about the year 130. APOLLONIA, SAINT, a martyr of Alexandria, who in her old age was threatened with death if she did not renounce the Christian religion. She threw herself into the flames kindled for her destruction, and perished, 248. APOLLOS, a Jew of Alexandria, who became a convert to Christianity, and employed his eloquence with such effect, especially at Corinth, that his sermons were more admired than those of Paul. Though the adherents of these two holy men were on the verge of schism, they were themselves united by the firmest bonds of charity and friendship. APONO, PETER D', was born near Padua, and studied at Paris, where he took his degrees in medicine and philosophy. As his abilities were great, his advice was eagerly solicited; but he was exacting in his demands for attendance, and refused to go to Pope Honorius IV. without receiving 400 ducats for each day's visit. His learning and success in his profession procured him enemies; he was suspected of the practice of magic arts, and was said to possess the power of calling back to his pocket the money which he had spent, and to have enclosed in a crystal bottle the spirits of seven familiar demons, who were devoted to his wishes. These were serious imputations in a barbarous age, and before a sanguinary inquisition; but he died in his 80th year, 1316, before the prosecution was completed. His body, however, was ordered to be burnt, in Padua; but it was removed by his friends, and only his effigy was thrown into the fire. APPIAN, a Greek historian, born at Alexandria, lived under the Emperors Trajan, Adrian, and Antoninus, and was a pleader at Rome. He is the author of a Roman History, originally consisting of twenty-four books. It is a work of great merit, but, unfortunately, only a part has escaped the ravages of time. APPIANI, ANDREW, a celebrated Italian painter, was born in the Upper Milanese, in 1754. He died in 1818, while executing an immense work in the palace of Milan. Appiani often proved himself no unworthy rival of Corregio, and particularly excelled in fresco paintings. He was a member of the Italian Institute, and was patronized by Napoleon, who gave him the cross of the Legion of Honor, and nominated him his painter. APPLETON, DANIEL, a distinguished book publisher of New York, was born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1785. He received his education at the common schools of his native village. tHis first business operations were in the dry goods trade, at Boston; but he was unfortunate,. and removed to New York, where he opened an agency for the sale of rare and valuable foreign books. He next visited England and the Continent of Europe, and made arrangements for an abundant supply of such books. This induced the American reading community to patronise a branch of literature of which it previously had but slight knowledge; indeed, it formed a new era in American literature. His book depot was soon an object of attraction among American scholars. Many of the American clergy too, especially of the Protestant Episcopal Church, were drawn to it, to enrich rrow" I MI Ml mI m I I ow 11 mmo I n o m I _ _ __ _ APPLETON 65i APTHORP APPLETON 65 APTHORP their minds with the treasures of standard European theology. His business increased rapidly. He was early aided in it by a son of rare sagacity in the book trade. To the importation of foreign books the business of publishing was added. The first volume was a little 18mo., called Daily Food; but volume succeeded volume-some of the largest class-until the list of publications from the house of D. Appleton & Co., in 1853, contained eight hundred different works! In 1862 the firm imported standard English Books valued at nearly one hundred thousand dollars; and, in the same year, the sales of their own, and other publications, exceeded half a million of dollars. The books published by D. Appleton & Co., are of the highest and most useful character, relating to the mechanic arts, to the sciences, to classical and general literature, to religion, and include, especially, the standard works of the Protestant Episcopal Church, as also splendid Bibles and Prayer Books of every size. Though dead, Daniel Appleton will long live in the memories of those who love the cause for which he labored; for untold coming generations his publications will remain monuments of his enterprise. He died, March 27th, 1849, aged 64 years, leaving his business a legacy to his four sons. APPLETON, JESSE, D.D., graduated at Dartmouth College in 1792. He was ordained Pastor of the Congregational Church, at Hampton, N. H., in Feb. 1797. In 1807 he was chosen President of Bowdoin College, the duties of which station he faithfully performed during ten years, when his health became impaired, and his earthly labors were terminated at the age of 47 years, Nov. 12, 1819. Few men have been more amiable, or beloved, than President Appleton. His publications were five ordination sermons, two funeral sermons, a dedication sermon, an election sermon, a thanksgiving sermon, a sermon on the perpetuity and importance of the Sabbath, a sermon on the suppression of public vices, an address on the suppression of intemperance, a sermon on foreign missions, one on education, one before a female asylum, and one on Unity. In 1820, a volume of addresses was published, containing his Inaugural Address, and eleven annual addresses to the graduates of Bowdoin College. In 1822 his Lectures and Occasional Sermons were published in one volume. The lectures, 27 in number, were mostly on subjects of a polemical character; and the sermons were of a more practical tendency. APPLETON, NATHANIEL, Congregational minister of Cambridge, Mass. He was born Dec. 9, 1693, at Ipswich; graduated, in 1712, at Harvard University; and was ordained, Oct. 9, 1717. He was much distinguished in his time for learning and moral worth. In 1771 his Alma Mater conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, an honor which, previously, had been awarded to but one person, Increase Mather, about eighty years before. He died Feb. 9, 1784, in the 91st year of his age. During his ministry, 2138 persons were baptized, and 784 admitted members of his church. Dr. Appleton published eight funeral sermons, six ordination sermons, two election sermons, four fast-day sermons, a thanksgiving sermon, a Dudleian Lecture, and nine other occasional discourses. APPLETON, SAMUEL, a rich merchant and a distinguished philanthropist of Boston, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, in 1766. His father was a respectable farmer, and the son spent his youth amidst the severe toils attendant on the pursuits of agricultural life. He was one of twelve children, several of whom acquired an honorable position in society. Samuel shared his good fortune with his brother Nathan, who was his partner in mercantile b?iness. Some amusing anecdotes are related of the early life of the subject of this sketch, illustrative of his humble origin and his fidelity. One of them recites that, when fourteen years of age, his father hired him to assist a driver of cattle ten miles through the woods, for which the father received twelve and a half cents. The boy satisfied the drover so well, that six and a quarter cents more were given him as a gratuity. This perhaps was the first money that he could call his own. When about twenty-one years of age he left home, and spent two or three years in clearing a lot of new land in Maine, on which was a log-cabin. The nearest residence was distant two miles, and his only guide to it was the marked trees. He carried his provisions, clothes, and other necessaries to his cabin in a pack on his back; and there he toiled alone in felling trees and performing other work incident to clearing new land. Next he became a common country school-master. Leaving this humble, but honorable avocation, he engaged in a country store. His success was good; but in 1794 he removed to Boston, where, with his brother Nathan, under the firm of S. & N. Appleton, he embarked in commercial pursuits, and became one of the most thrifty merchants of that city. His wealth increased rapidly; 'ut, from an early date in his accumulations, his charities gladdened the hearts of the widow and the orphan. The Boston Female Orphan Society was one of the first to participate in his munificence. His native town was occasionally remembered by him with filial affection. To a church erected in the vicinity of the spot where stood his logcabin in the woods of Maine, he presented a bell. Dartmouth College, the literary institution of his native State, which had educated so many eminent men, received, as a token of his regard, the sum of $10,000, to endow a Professorship of Natural Philosophy. Indeed, he was always ready to give according to his means, and when consistent with other claims, if the object presented was a good one, whether a public, or an individual charity. Mr. Appleton's life was passed in the performance of benevolent acts, the moral influence of which cannot be estimated. Not being blest with children, most of his estate, amounting to a million of dollars, was distributed by his will in the following manner:-He left to his widow specific bequests amounting in value to $200,000; also forty-two other bequests to nephews, nieces, and others, amounting in all to $320,000 more; among which may be mentioned $5000 "to his friend and pastor, Rev. Ephraim Peabody," and $5000 to the servants living in his family at his decease, to be distributed among them in the manner and according to the proportion, to be fixed upon by his widow. He then bequeathed to his executors manufacturing stocks valued at $200,000, "to be by them applied, disposed of, and distributed for scientific, literary, religious, or charitable purposes." Thus it will be seen that in all coming time, though dead, his influence, through his wealth, will be beneficially employed. He was a cousin of the Rev. Jesse Appleton, D. D., President of Bowdoin College. Others from the same geneological stock have established a name that will long survive them. Nathan Appleton, his brother and partner in business, was equally honored and respected; may it be long, however, before it will become the duty of any one to write his memoir. Samuel Appleton died July, 1853, aged 87 years. APROSIO, ANGELICO, an Augustinian, born at Ventimigila in the Genoese, 1607, a place which he greatly benefited by the present of a choice and valuable collection of books, of which he published an account in a book, in which, from an excessive delicacy for his character as an ecclesiastic, he disguised his identity under a variety of appellations. After travelling through Italy, he settled at Venice, and was honored with a place in several Academies, as a reward for his learning and his services to literature. He has been greatly praised by authors, and his life is written in the Bibliotheca Aprosiana, which he printed in 1673. He died about 1682. APTHORP, EAST, D. D., was the son of Charles Apthorp of Boston. He was born in 1732, and received his education at Cambridge College, England, where he graduated in the year 1758. Having taken orders, he was appointed, in 1761, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, as a missionary at Cambridge, Massachusetts; in which place he continued four or five years; but, not finding his situation altogether agreeable, he returned to England, and through the favor of Archbishop Seeker, obtained, in - Ip- ~c -*~~--_-- ---- --- M-- APULEIUS 66 ARAM APULEUS 6 ARA 1765, the living of Croydon in Surry. In 1778 he received the Degree of Doctor in Divinity, and obtained the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow in London. Both of these places he gave up in 1790, on being made prebend of Finsbury, in St. Paul's Cathedral. He died at Cambridge, England, April 16th, 1816, aged 83 years. Dr. Apthorp was distinguished as a writer. His publications were Discourses on the Prophecies, (an answer to Gibbon's statement of the causes of the spread of Christianity), and several special sermons and other small works. APULEIUS, LucIITs, a Platonic philosopher of the second century, who settled at Rome, and was author, among other things, of the " Golden Ass." AQUAVIVA, ANDREW MATTH. D', Duke of Atri, and Prince of Teramo, a Neapolitan nobleman, who patronised literature. He was also fond of military glory, and served with great credit under Ferdinand of Arragon. He wrote an imperfect Encyclopedia, also Commentaries on Plutarch's Morals, and died, 1528, in his 72d year. AQUAVIVA, CLAUDE, son of Andrew, was Governor of the Jesuits, and eminent for his moderation and meekness. He wrote several Letters and Lectures on his religion, and also a Tract on the Cure of Mental Diseases. He died 1615, aged 72 years. AQUAVIVA, OCTAVIO, Cardinal, Legate, and Archbishop of Naples, was descended from an illustrious family. He is eminent as the friend and patron of science and learned men, and he was particularly attached to the famous Peiresc. He obtained from Clement VIII. the legation of Avignon, where his government was guided by justice, wisdom, and moderation. He died 5th December, 1612, aged 52. AQUILA, a mathematician of Pontus, employed by Adrian to rebuild Jerusalem. He embraced Christianity, but afterwards became a Jew, and was circumcised. He was engaged in translating the Bible from Hebrew into Greek; and though he was in some instances very incorrect and partial, the work was generally approved by the Jews. Only a few fragments of it remain. AQUILANUS, SEBASTIAN, an Italian physician, whose real name is unknown. He was born at Aquila of Abruzzo, and was Professor at Padua. He was a follower of Galen, and obtained reputation and success in his profession. Among his Treatises is one, De Galico Morbo. He died, 1543, at Padua. AQUINAS, ST. THOMAS, called the Angelical Doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, descended from the Kings of Arragon and Sicily. He was educated by the Monks of Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples; but his inclination to embrace an ecclesiastical life was opposed by his mother, who, after great difficulties, rescued him from the power of the monks, and confined him in her castle for two years. He however escaped, and fled to Naples, and afterwards to Rome. After improving his mind by study, and listening to the famous lectures of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he appeared at Paris, and read public lectures to an applauding audience. On his return to Italy, he became divinity professor to several Universities, and at last settled at Naples, where he led an exemplary life of chastity and devotion. He refused the archbishopric of the city in the most disinterested manner, when offered by Clement IV. Gregory X. invited him to the Council of Lyons, to read the book which he had written against the Greeks; but he died on his way to join the pontiff at the monastery of Fossanova, near Terracina, 7th March, 1274, in his 50th year. He was canonized in 1323. His writings, which are numerous, and mostly upon theological subjects, display great learning and extensive knowledge. They have several times been published, in 17 vols. folio. It was in defence of Thomas Aquinas that Henry VIII. composed the book which procured him from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith. AQUINO, PHILIP, a Jew of Carpentras, converted to Christianity, and professor of Hebrew at Paris. He wrote a Hebrew Talmudical, &c. Dictionary, and corrected Le Jay's Polyglot Bible. He died in 1650. His son, Louis d'Aquino, was author of several valuable books in Oriental literature. Antoine, son of Louis, was physician to Louis XIV., and died, 1696. ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS, a distinguished French philosopher and statesman, was born February 26th, 1786. He was the eldest brother of a numerous family, the members of which have been noted in science, literature, or arms; and his father distinguished himself during the French Revolution by his disinterested patriotism and public spirit. The subject of this sketch was sent to a school at Toulouse, and afterwards entered the Polytechnic school at Paris, where he made rapid progress in his studies, and graduated with high honors. He was then attached to: the Observatory at Paris, and was sent to Spain to make scientific observations with the celebrated astronomer, M. Biot. While he was in the Spanish dominions, war broke out between France and Spain, and M. Arago was taken prisoner by the Spaniards. After a series of escapes and adventures in the countries on the Mediterranean, Arago returned to Francin 1809. He in 1809. He repaired to Paris, and was elected a member of the French Institute. A series of brilliant discoveries in astronomy and other branches of science, marked his career in that celebrated national institution. Among these may be mentioned his determination of the diameters of planets, afterwards adopted by Laplace; the discovery of colored polarization, and that of magnetism by rotation, which gained for him the Copley medal of the Royal Society of Great Britain. He also contributed to various scientific periodicals a large number of important papers, on the results of his researches and scientific investigations. His Biographical Sketches of Men of Science are awell known to many readers, and his Treatises on Astronomy are valuable contributions to the cause of learning and science. For many years he was at the head of the Paris Observatory, and directed all the operations which have given celebrity to that institution in the annals of astronomical science. Arago was a member of every great scientific society in Europe. He several times visited England, and in Scotland received the honorary citizenship of Edinburgh and Glasglow. He was as much distinguished in literature and oratory as in science. The versatility of his talents and genius caused Arago for a time to enter the field of politics. Accordingly we find him taking an active part in the revolution of July, 1830, which drove Charles X. into exile, and placed Louis Philippe on the throne of France. Arago was democratic in his feelings, and would have preferred a republic to the monarchy under the House of Orleans. He afterwards was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from the department of the Pyrenees Orientales. Although active in politics, the ardor of his scientific and literary pursuits never abated. When Lamartine formed his Provisional Government at the Revolution of 1848, Arago was placed on the list of his colleagues, and was zealous for the establishment of a Republican Government. As Minister of Marine he succeeded in obtaining the adhesion of the whole of that important service to the Republic; and ably discharging the duties of his office, he proved how narrow were the views of those who had asserted that a life of scientific labor was destructive of business habits and ability. After the accession of Louis Napoleon, Arago took but little part in the affairs of the nation, but occupied himself almost exclusively with his favorite pursuits in science, until the decline of his health compelled him to desist. He died in 1853, in the 68th year of his age. ARAM, EUGENE, a native of Ramsgill, Yorkshire, son of a gardener. His genius displayed itself whilst he followed the humble occupation of his father; mathematical calculations and geometrical knowledge were quickly acquired; and with the most indefatigable zeal, Lilly's Grammar, though in unintelligible language, was fully committed to memory, and afterwards Camden's Greek, till this self-taught classic unfolded the meaning of a few Latin lines, and then with rapid steps advanced to ARANTIUS 67 ARQON ARANIIT 67_~ AI1_OI_ the comprehension of more difficult authors, till the whole stores of Latin and Greek literature were familiarized to his understanding. He also studied and made himself perfect in Hebrew. Through these great acquirements he gained his livelihood by teaching in several schools in the south of England. In 1757 he entered the free school at Lynn, a perfect master of the most abstruse studies, and acquainted with heraldry and botany. He had commenced to make collections for radical comparisons between the modern languages and ancient tongues, and more than three thousand words were selected to establish this surprising affinity in a comparative lexicon, when his labors were arrested by the interposition of the law. He was taken up at Lynn, 1758, for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker of Knaresborough, who had been murdered thirteen years before. He was tried,. defended himself with coolness and ability, was found guilty of the crime, and, after attempting to commit suicide, suffered death at York, August, 1759. He acknowledged the justice of his sentence, and attributed the crime to a suspicion of adultery between his wife and Clarke. ARANTIUS, JULIuS, an Italian physician and anatomist of eminence, the pupil of Vesalius and Bart. Magus, rendered eminent by a learned Treatise on the Human Foetus, printed at Venice, 1595. He was born at Bologna, and died there, 1581, aged 61. ARBUCKLE, MATTHEW, Brevet-Brigadier General of. the United States Army, was born in Greenbrier County, Virginia, about the year 1775. About thirty years before his death, he went to the south-west and commanded at Fort Gibson and Fort Smith. In the Mexican war he' was in several skirmishes, and was much respected as. an officer and a gentleman. At the time of his death he commanded the seventh military department of the army. He died June 11th, 1861, at the age of 75 years. ARBUTHNOT, ALEXANDER, son of Lord Arbuthnot, was eminent for his learning as a scholar and his piety as a divine. He was a zealous defender of the Reformation, and published Buchanan's History of Scotland; also some poetic trifles, and Orations on the Origin of Law, printed in 1572. He died at Aberdeen, 1538. ARBUTHNOT, RIGHT HON. CHARLES, an English diplomatist, was born in 1768. At the time of his death he was one of the Board of Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations; and at a previous period had been Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1793 he received an appointment in the Foreign Office; and in 1794 was returned to Parliament for the Borough of East Love, which he represented two years. In 1795 he was appointed Secretary of Legation in Sweden, where he was Charg6 des Affaires for two years. He was next appointed Consul-General in Portugal, and was Charg6 des Affaires at.Lisbon for about six months, from June 8th, 1800. On the 5th of April, 1802, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Stockholm, which appointment he held till October 10th, 1803. On the 5th of April, 1804, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to Turkey, and on that occasion he was sworn of the Privy Council on the 27th of June following. His mission ceased on the 5th of July, 1807, and from that date he enjoyed a pension of ~2000. In 1810 he was appointed Joint Secretary to the Treasury, an office he held four years. For many of the last years of his life he resided with the Duke of Wellington; and it was understood that he held the confidential office of his Grace's private secretary. Mr. Arbuthnot died August 18th, 1850, at the age of 82 years. ARBUTHNOT, JOHN, M. D., son of an Episcopal clergyman, was descended from the noble family of the same name, and born at Arbuthnot, near Montrose. After finishing his education at Aberdeen, he came to London, where he acquired notoriety by attacking Woodward's Essay on the Natural History of the Earth. He soon rose in the medical profession, after his successful treatment of Prince George of Denmark, who was taken suddenly ill at Epsom. He was made physician to Queen, Anne, 1709; and soon after formed an acquaintance. with the most celebrated.wits of the age, with two of. whom, Swift and Pope, he engaged, in 1714, to compose, in the true Cervantic style, a satire on degenerated taste and the abuse of learning; but only the: first book was published, under the name of Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus. The Queen's death in some degree arrested the hopes and fortunes of Arbuthnot, who left England and passed some time with his brother, the banker, at Paris. In 1727, he published in 4to., his Tables of Ancient Coins, &c., and afterwards employed his pen in writing medical tracts, one of which, Effects of Air on Human Bodies, was suggested by the unfortunate asthmatic complaint under which he labored. He died under this dreadful disorder at his residence, Cork-street, 1735. His benevolence was equal to his wit, and it is admitted that he was inferior to none in learning, vivacity, and genuine humor. The letter to Pope, which he wrote on his death-bed, is a strong instance of the goodness 'of his heart, the purity of his principles, and the constancy of his religious faith. ARCADIUS, an African bishop, put to death by order of Genseric, the Vandal king,. 437, because he opposed the Arians with great violence. ARCERE, ANTHONY, a native of Marseilles, who was a priest of the Oratory. Being skilled in -the Oriental languages, he travelled into the East, where he made a valuable collection of manuscripts. He began a French and' Turkith Dictionary, the compilation of which was 'unfortunately prevented by a fever, which proved fatal, 1699, in his 35th year. ARCERE, Louis ETIENNE, a priest of the Oratory of Marseilles, known as a poet, but more as the historian of Rochelle and of Amiens, in 2 vols. 4to., 1756. He died, 1781, in extreme old age. ARCHDALE, JOHN, Governor of North Carolina. He arrived in the summer of 1695, and rendered himself highly popular with the settlers. The colony, under his administration, became prosperous. The culture of rice, which has since become so valuable in this State, was introduced by him. He continued in the country but five or six years, and then returned to London. ARCHIMEDES, a celebrated mathematician of Syracuse. He defended his country against the besieging Romans, and at last perished by the hand of a soldier, who would not respect his literary retirement and peaceful occupation, B. C. 208. ARCHON, Louis, a chaplain of Louis XIV., born at Riom in Auvergne. He was patronised by the Cardinal of Bouillon, and made himself known by his entertaining History of the French King's Chapel, in 2 vols. 4to., 1711. He died at the Abbey of St. Gilbert-neuf-fontaines, of which he was the head, 1717, in his 72d year. ARCHYTAS, of Tarentum, a soldier, and a philosopher of the Pythagorean school, eminent alike for his valor and his wisdom. He was repeatedly chosen General of the Tarentines, and was Plato's instructor in geometry. He was one of the first who applied the theory of mathematics to practical purposes; and many marvellous stories are related of his skill in mechanics. He flourished about 400 years before the birth of Christ, and is said to have been shipwrecked in the Adriatic, and thrown upon the Apulian coast. AR 1ON, LEMICEAUD D', a French General and Engineer, was born at Pontarlier, in 1733, and died in 1800. He was intended for the church; but, from an early age, the time that he should have dedicated to languages and theology, he spent in drawing plans of fortifications. His picture having been painted as an abbe, he obliterated the clerical dress, and replaced it by that of an Engineer; and this silent hint induced his parent to comply with his wishes. D'Ar9on distinguished himself during the seven years' war in the defence of Cassel. In 1780, he invented the floating batteries, which were intended to L -I I I I _ ARDEN 68 ARGENSOLA ARDEN 68 ARGENSOLA reduce Gibraltar. They failed; not, however, by his fault; and he became an object, of ridicule with those who measure merit by success; others, nevertheless, did honor to the genius of the projector. D'Ar9on is the author of several works on his profession, which, though faulty in style, display talent and skill. ARDEN, EDWARD, a native of Warwickshire, of a respectable family, who married Mary, daughter of Sir George Throgmorton, and lived a retired life on his estate, both from inclination and from his attachment to the Catholic religion. He had frequent quarrels with his neighbor, the great Earl of Leicester, whose pride looked down with contempt on the independence of a countrygentleman, and his ruin was determined. Somerville, a rash, thoughtless young man, who had married one of Arden's daughters, was drawn into a supposed conspiracy against the life of Queen Elizabeth; and though no evidence appeared against him, except the report of a letter which had been thrown into the fire by his fatherin-law, not only he, but Arden, his wife, his daughter, wife of Somerville, and Somerville's sister, were conveyed to the Tower, and after torture had been barbarously applied to draw confessions from Arden, and from Hale, a priest, who was supposed to have been concerned, this unhappy family were condemned to suffer death. Somerville was found strangled the night before his execution, as was supposed, that he might not accuse his persecutors, and Arden expired by the hand of the executioner in Smithfield, December 20th, 1583, in his 52d year, amidst the tears of pitying thousands. The rest were pardoned, but the mangled heads of the father and sonin-law were exposed on London Bridge. The dignity of this respectable family was restored by the prudence and good fortune of the two next heirs, and became nearly allied to the Fieldings, Earls of Denbigh. ARDERN, JOHN, a medical writer of some note, settled at Newark from 1348 to 1370, after which he came to London. He was eminent in his profession, but his cures were attributed by the ignorant to magic and superstition. ARENA, ANTHONY DE, a native of Soliers, near Toulon, author of some inferior treatises on Jurisprudence. He also wrote Macaronic Verses, a farago of barbarous language, partly French, partly Latin, and partly Provincial, first brought into fashion by Merlin Coccaio. His chief work is his War of Charles V. in Proven9e, reprinted in 1747. He was Judge of St. Remi, near Arles, and died 1544. His other pieces appeared 1670, 12mo. ARETIN, LEONARD, a native of Arezzo, whence his name, better known than his family appellation of Bruni. He was one of the most learned men of the 15th century, and may be considered as the restorer of the Greek language to Italy. He was employed as Secretary of the Briefs under five popes, after which he became Secretary to the Republic of Florence. He translated some of Plutarch's Lives, and wrote some historical pieces, admired for their elegance and accuracy. His History of the Goths also acquired him fame and patronage; but his reputation suffered, when Christopher Peronna discovered it to be nothing but a compilation or translation of Procopius. He died at Florence, 1443, in his 74th year. ARETIN, PETER, natural son of Lewis Bocci of Arezzo, became so celebrated for his satire, that he was called the scourge of princes. His friendship was courted by Charles V. and Francis I., who no doubt dreaded the venom of his pen more than they esteemed his merits; and he grew so arrogant, that he represented himself on a medal as a god, and on the reverse as receiving the presents of obsequious monarchs. His lampoons, it was observed, rendered even princes subservient to him. It is to be lamented that a genius, so strongly possessing the powers of satire and genuine humor, was not fully employed in denouncing the vices of men. The name of:Arezzo will be execrated by the modest and the virtuous, for the obscenities, the profane and immoral writings with which he has insulted the world. His comedies were highly applauded, his letters are valuable, and his devotional works will produce in the reader feelings of amazement conjoined with satisfaction. Some have said, but untruly, that he abandoned his lascivious principles. He ridiculed Peter Strozzi, who threatened him with personal chastisement, which so terrified the poet, that he confined himself during the stay of his antagonist at Venice. He died, 1556, aged 65. ARGALL, SAMUEL, Deputy Governor of Virginia, in 1609. It appears that his object in accepting the ap. pointment was to engage in trade, and in his commercial pursuits he entirely disregarded the laws which it was his duty to administer. His conduct was connived at for the benefits it conferred. In 1612 he carried off Pocahontas to Jamestown. In 1613 he visited Mount Desert, an island now included in the State of Maine. Finding a French settlement there, he broke it up, and made most of the settlers prisoners. He thus fomented a war between the French and English colonists. He soon after destroyed the French settlements of St. Croix and Port Royal, under the pretext that the French had encroached on the rights of the English, as founded on the prior discovery of the Cabots. On his return from this expedition, he subdued the Dutch settlement at Hudson's River. In 1614 he visited England, and returned in 1617, still retaining his office. The settlement at Jamestown had undergone great changes for the worse during his absence, which he immediately attempted to remedy, by enacting some severe sumptuary, and other laws. These were enforced by very severe penalties, extending even to the punishment of death. This course soon made him odious in the colony, and caused him to be recalled to answer for his conduct. Owing to the death of Lord Delaware, the letter of recall fell into the hands of Argall. He made such use of this information, that he was enabled to leave the colony, with all his effects, before the arrival of the new governor, in 1619. His connection in trade with the Earl of Warwick saved him from being called to an account, either as regarded the government or the company. In 1620 he was employed as a captain in an expedition against the Algovines; in 1623 he was knighted by King James; in 1625 he was engaged in Cecil's expedition against the Spanish. An account of his voyage from Jamestown, 1610, and his letter respecting his voyage to Virginia in 1613, are preserved. ARGENS, JOHN BAPTIST DE BOYER, MARQUIS D', born at Aix, in ProvenCe, in 1704, was the son of the Solicitor-General to the Parliament, and was intended for the law, but entered the army against the wish of his father, and, after many curious adventures, was disinherited. A fall from his horse having incapacitated him for military service, he settled in Holland, took up the pen for his livelihood, and produced his Jewish, Chinese, and Cabalistic Letters. Frederick the Great invited him to Potsdam, made him his Chamberlain, and gave him his friendship and a pension. He died at Aix, in 1771, while on a visit to his family. His numerous works, once popular, have fallen into greater neglect than they deserve, considering the talent and erudition displayed. ARGENSOLA, LUPERCIO LEONARDO D', a Spanish historian and poet, born at Balbastro, in Aragon, about 1565, was Secretary of War and State at Naples, under Viceroy Count de Lemos. He died in 1613, in the Neapolitan capital. He is the author of poems, and three tragedies, Isabella, Philip, and Alexander. ARGENSOLA, BARTHOLOMEW, brother of Lupercio, born in 1566, was Canon of Saragossa, and Chaplain of the Empress Maria, of Austria, accompanied his brother to Naples, was appointed, after his return, Historiographer of Aragon, and died at Saragossa, in 1631. He is the author of a History of the Conquest of the Moluccas, and a Continuation of Zurita's History of Aragon. It was said of the two brothers, that the perfect resemblance of their talents made their countrymen believe them to be twins of Apollo and a Muse. - C-L ------ - --- --- -- ---15--BI11YmZtP-hC~;3~-- ~ - UF-- ------ - ARGENSON 69 ARISTIDES ARGENSON 69 ARISTIDES ARGENSON, MARK RENE LE VOYER, MARQUIS D', celebrated as the first who introduced Letters de Cachet, during his administration of the Police, at Paris, 1697, was born at Venice, where his father was Ambassador from the French Court. He was highly respected for his abilities, and the firmness of his character. He succeeded d'Aguesseau in the office of Chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced the following year, and died of a broken heart in 1721, aged 69. ARGOLI, JOHN, the son of a celebrated mathematician, was born in 1609, at Tagliacozzo, in the Neapolitan Territory, and died about the year 1660. Several philological and archaeological works proceeded from his pen, but he is best known as a poet. When only fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the Silk-worm, and two years subsequently his Endymion, in twelve cantos, which he completed in seven months, during which period he shut himself up, and suffered no one to enter his room except to bring his food. ARGONNE, DON BONAVENTURE D', a native of Paris, author of some useful works, especially Miscellanies of History and Literature, replete with entertaining anecdote, and valuable reflections, published under the name of Vigneul de Marville, reprinted, 3 vols. 12mo., 1725. He died a Carthusian Monk, at Gaillon, near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. He also wrote a Method of Reading the Church Fathers, 12mo. 1697. ARGYROPYLUS, JOANNES, a learned man, who fled from Constantinople when that city was taken by Mahomet II., and contributed to the revival of Greek literature in Europe. He was received with kindness by Cosmo de Medicis, Duke of Tuscany, placed in the professor's chair at Florence, and made tutor in the Prince's family. During the continuance of the plague he retired to Rome, where he lectured on Aristotle. He died of a fever occasioned by eating melons, in his 70th year, about 1478. He translated several of Aristotle's works, in a manner which proved him to be an able Greek scholar, and of the most comprehensive erudition. He was said to be an inordinate epicure, so that the whole of his fortune was squanderel in supplying the delicacies of his table. He treated the character of Cicero with contempt, because he had said of his favorite Greek, that is a language verborum inops. He left some sons equally learned. His Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics was printed 1541, folio. ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I., married to Zeno, who succeeded to the imperial throne as emperor, 474. She was so disgusted with the intemperance of her husband, and so eager to enjoy the company of her favorite Anastasius, that she disgraced her dignity and character by barbarous cruelty. Zeno, when intoxicated, was shut up in a sepulchre, where he was suffered to die; and Anastasius, though of obscure origin, was placed on the throne. She died in 515. ARIAS MONTANUS, BENEDICT, a native of Seville, eminent for his knowledge of ancient and modern literature. He was engaged by Philip II., of Spain, to publish an edition of the Polyglot Bible, which he completed, and published at Antwerp, 1569-72, in 8 vols. folio. The monarch liberally offered the author a bishopric, but it was modestly refused, and only a pension of 2000 ducats accepted, with the honor of being Chaplain to the King. Arias wrote some Biblical and Historical Treatises, besides translating the Psalter into Latin verse. He died 1598, in his 71st year. ARIOSTO, LODOvIco, or Louis, an illustrious poet, born at Reggio, 1474, of a family allied to the Dukes of Ferrara. His early genius displayed itself in the composition of the play of Pyramus and Thisbe, which he acted with his brothers and sisters; but his father, like the father of Ovid, viewed his studies with an unfavorable eye, and bade him forsake the muses for the Bar. After his father's decease, he returned to his favorite pursuits, and, under the friendly patronage of Hippolito, Cardinal d'Este, he began the plan of a poem, which was to immortalize the Italian muse. He was invited to write in Latin, by Cardinal Bembo; but, with the ardor of a poet, he replied, that he aspired to the first rank of Italian composition, and knew he must be placed only second as the votary of the Latin muse. He read with attention the works of Homer and Virgil, and, with a mind stored with all the learning of ancient times, he borrowed a subject from Bojardo's Orlando Inamorato, and produced his incomparable poem of Orlando Furioso. Though so much devoted to poetry, Ariosto was also employed in negotiations; and when, on the death of Hippolito, Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara, succeeded as patron of the poet, he showed his regard for him by appointing him Governor of Graffignana, the duties of which post he discharged with honor and fidelity. For his retirement, he built a house at Ferrara; and when questioned why he, who shone in the description of magnificent halls and splendid palaces, had made his own mansion so small, he replied, that words were more cheaply put together than stones. He read his poems with so sweet a voice, that his friends delighted to hear him; and he possessed so delicate an ear, with so choleric a temper, that he once entered the shop of a potter, who had been repeating some of his verses with an improper accent, and broke a great number of the pots exposed to sale. The man expostulated in vain at the violence of the stranger. " I have not sufficiently revenged myself on thee," exclaimed Ariosto, "I have broken only a few pots, and you have spoiled the most beautiful of compositions to my face." He died at Ferrara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th year. Orlando Furioso has been deservedly extolled, and it ranks high after Homer. Ariosto possesses all the fire of poetry; he passes with incredible rapidity and ease from the terrible to the tender, from the soft to the sublime; every character is interesting; his heroes combine valor with prudence, his heroines are the embodiment of all the feminine virtues; and nature appears in all her native majesty, adorned by the graces of art, and recommended by the most enchanting language of poetry. Besides the Orlando, Ariosto wrote satires, comedies, and miscellaneous poems. ARISTARCHUS, a native of Samos, supposed to have flourished about 280 years B. C., was the first who asserted the double motion of the earth, round its axis and round the sun. He also invented a peculiar sundial, and was the author of a Treatise on the Dimensions and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which is still extant. ARISTARCHUS, the grammarian and critic, was a native of Samothrace, born 160 years B. C., resided at Alexandria, and was tutor to the children of Ptolemy Philometer, by which monarch he was much esteemed. He revised Homer's poems, and scrutinized each verse with such critical rigor, that his name has ever since been applied to all very rigid censors. Finding himself attacked by an incurable dropsy, he starved himself to death in the Isle of Cyprus, at the age of 72. ARIOSTI, ATTILIO, a musician, born at Bologna. He ARISTIDES, an Athenian, whose equity and integrity was the first of the Order of the Dominicans, but quitted gained for him the glorious appellation of the Just, was the society by permission of the Pope, and distinguished the son of Lysimachus. Being an admirer of the laws himself as a composer at Bologna, and Venice, and in of Lycurgus, he preferred an oligarchy to a democracy, Germany. He afterwards came to England, where his and was, consequently, the great opponent of Themisabilities, especially his masterly execution on the viol tocles, the head of the democratical party. The dissend'amore, a new instrument, gained him applause and sions between these two eminent men were so prejudicial opulence. He published by subscription, a book of Can- to the common weal, that Aristides himself once extatas, 1725; but at what period he died has not been claimed, that " the Athenians would never prosper till ascertained. he and Themistocles were consigned to the dungeon for i. ARISTIDES 70 ARMAND ARISTIDES 70 ARMAND condemned criminals." The self-denial and patriotism of Aristides were strongly manifested by his giving up his share of the command to Miltiades, before the battle of Marathon; and his conduct after the battle, when entrusted to divide the spoils, was equally praiseworthy. In the year 491 B. C. he was Archon, or Chief Magistrate; an office which he filled with high reputation. Themistocles, however, succeeded in having him sentenced to banishment by ostracism. On this occasion, a voter who could not write, and did not know him, met him, and asked him to inscribe the name of Aristides on the shell for him. " Did Aristides ever injure you?" said the patriot. "No," replied the man, "but I am weary of hearing him called the Just." Aristides wrote his own name, and returned the shell. Being recalled from banishment, when Xerxes was preparing to invade Greece, he laid all private differences aside, and acted in perfect concert with Themistocles. At the battle of Platsea he commanded the Athenian forces, and fought bravely, and after the battle, his wisdom appeased a dangerous quarrel which had arisen between the confederates. He died of old age, about 467 years B. C., and did not leave sufficient property to defray the expense of his funeral. He was buried at the public cost; a pension and an estate were given to his son, and suitable portions to his daughters. ARISTIDES, ELIUS, a celebrated orator, born in Mysia, A. D. 129.. He travelled four times through the whole of Egypt, penetrated into Ethiopia, and at last settled in Smyrna, where his eloquence gained him high reputation. Smyrna having been destroyed by an earthquake, he so pathetically described the calamity to Antoninus, that the emperor ordered the city to be rebuilt. For this service the grateful inhabitants erected a statue to Aristides, in the temple of Esculapius. ARISTIPPUS, a native of Cyrene in Libya, a philosopher who flourished about 400 years before Christ. The great reputation of Socrates induced him to remove to Athens, that he might become his disciple; but he soon found the doctrines of his master too rigid, and deviated widely from them. His extravagance having injured his fortune, he opened a school of rhetoric, and was the first of the disciples of that philosopher who took money for teaching. After several adventures at Egina, Corinth, and Rhodes, he visited the Court of Dionysius at Syracuse, and appears to have resided there for a considerable time. He, however, returned to Athens. The time of his death is unknown, but must have been subsequent to 366 B. C. Aristippus was a man of wit and elegant manners, but is charged with having been too much addicted to pleasure. ARISTOGITON, an Athenian, who, in conjunction.with his friend Harmodius, formed a conspiracy against the tyrants Hipparchus and Hippias, B. C. 516. Hipparchus was slain, but Hippias escaped, and caused the two friends to be put to death. The Athenians, afterwards, paid almost divine honors to their memory. ARISTOMENES, a Greek warrior and patriot, was the son of Nicomedes, a descendant of the ancient Messenian kings. Indignant at the subjection in which his countrymen were held by the Spartans, he raised the banner of freedom, B. C. 685, and, by acts of surpassing valor, long made head against the oppressors. He died at Rhodes, while on a visit to his son-in-law. ARISTOPHANES, an Athenian comic dramatist, lived about the middle of the fifth century B. C., and was contemporary withEuripides, Plato, and Socrates. Aristophanes was the author of fifty-four comedies, of which only eleven have descended to us. His style has always been admired for its Attic elegance; his wit for its poignancy; and his delineation of manners for its perfect fidelity. ARISTOTLE, a celebrated philosopher of Stagira. He was employed as the tutor of Alexander the Great; but his fame is founded on the works which he composed on ethics, poetry, politics, physic, and logic. He died about 323 B. C., and it is said that he threw himself into the Euripus, because he could not explain satisfactorily the causes of the flux and reflux. ARIUS, founder of the sect of Arians, was an African by birth. Disappointment made him a sectary. He propagated the opinion that the Word was not a divine person; and the heresy, though condemned by various councils, gained followers, and excited schisms in the Roman empire. The Nicene Creed was drawn up to combat his errors. He Was the violent enemy of Athanasius. He died at Alexandria, 386. ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD, rose to opulence and reputation from the humble station of penny barber, in Bolton, Lancashire. He was the inventor of the spinning-jenny, a system of machinery which, by his genius and. perseverance, and by the assistance of Kay, a watch-maker of Warrington, and Atherton of Liverpool, was made to shorten and facilitate the labor of spinning cotton, and which has introduced plenty and independence among the lower orders of the community, by giving employment to the industry of many thousand families. He received the order of knighthood for his invention, and at his death, 3d August, 1792, he left property to the amount of nearly 500,0001. ARLAUD, JAMES ANTONY, a native of Geneva, eminent as a painter. He came to Paris, where he was patronised by the Duke of Orleans, regent of the kingdom, and afterwards removed to London. His most celebrated piece was a copy of Leda, which at last, in a moment of superstitious devotion, he himself destroyed, by cutting it up in an anatomical style, and dividing the limbs among his friends. A copy of this celebrated picture was sold in London for 6001. He died at Geneva, May 25, 1743, aged 75. ARLOTTO, whose right name was Mainardi, though he is better known as Arlotto, was born at Magello, in Tuscany, 1385. He was brought up in the trade of the woollen manufacture, then the main dependence of the Florentines, but left this employment and entered the Church. He had the good fortune, to obtain the rural Deanery of St. Cresci, in the Diocese of Fiesole. The income of this was sufficiently large to maintain him in ease and independence; and as residence was not required, he indulged his partiality for foreign countries by travelling. As he possessed an inexhaustible fund of genuine humor, he became the frequent companion of the gay and dissipated, and frequently forgot the dignity of his ecclesiastical character, by descending, during the most solemn services, to the low buffoonery of a mimic, or the broad jest of a debauchee. Among the patrons and friends of Arlotto were Lorenzo Medici, and his brother Guliano, who loved him for his vivacity and the witticisms of his conversation. He died at Florence, 1483, in his 98th year. ARMAND,- CHARLES, Marquis de la Rouarie, an officer in the American Revolutionary army. Before leaving his native country, France, he had been ten years in the military service. On the 10th of May, 1777, Congress gave him the commission of colonel. He was a zealous and spirited officer throughout the war. He was with La Fayette, in New Jersey, after the battle of Red Bank, in the fall of 1777, and the next year was actively engaged in West Chester County, New York, in opposition to the corps of Simcoe and Emerick, and the Loyalists under Ridgefield, Connecticut, under General Robert Howe. Subsequently he was at:Clermont, South Carolina, under General Gates. In 1781; hewent to France, to procure clothing:and accoutrements, but came back in time to join the army before Yorktown, in October of that year. In 1783, at the recommendation of Washington, he rec ceived from Congress the: commission of BrigadierGeneral. In 1784 he returned to France, where he took an active part in the revolution of his own country, and for a time, in 1789, was a prisoner in the Bastile. He took an active part in the sanguinary scenes of MENE I - - - -~ ARMINIUS 71 ARMSTRONG ARMINIUS 71 ARMSTRONG La Vendee; but when the execution of Louis XVI. was made known to him, his nervous system was so deranged, that he became physically prostrate, and on the 30th of January, 1793, sunk under the pressure of his malady. He was buried privately, by moonlight; but his remains were disinterred by the Revolutionists within a month afterward, and the papers inhumed with him revealed the names of associates, some of whom were afterwards guillotined. ARMINIUS, a brave chief of the Catti, called the deliverer of Germany. Though noticed and honored by Augustus, he determined to avenge the wrongs of his enslaved country. The Romans were defeated under Varus, but Arminius, after various encounters with the enemy, was finally assassinated, A. D. 21. ARMINIUS, JAMES, a native of Oude-water, in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect of the Arminians. As he lost his father when quite young, he was supported at the University of Utrecht, and of Marpurg, by the liberality of his friends; but when he returned home, in the midst of the ravages caused by the Spanish arms, instead of being received by his mother, he found that she, as well as her daughters, and all her family, had been sacrificed to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy. His distress was for a while inconsolable; but the thirst for distinction called him to the newly founded University of Leyden, where his industry acquired him the protection of the Magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose expense he travelled to Geneva and Italy, to hear the lectures of Theodore Beza and James Zabarella. On his return to Holland, he was ordained Minister of Amsterdam, 1588. As Professor of Divinity at Leyden, to which office he was called in 1603, he distinguished himself by three-valuable Orations on the Object of Theology-on the Author and End of it - and on the Certainty of It; and he afterwards commented on the Prophet Jonah. In his public and private life, Arminius has been admired for his moderation; and though many gross insinuations have been made against him, his memory has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, and he seems justly entitled to the motto which he assumed,-'"'A good conscience is a paradise." A life of perpetual labor and vexation of mind at last brought on a sickness, of which he died, Oct. 19, 1619. His writings were all on controversial and theological subjects, and were published in 1 vol. 4to. Frankfort, 1661. ARMISTEAD, BREVET BRIG. GENERAL W. K. of the United States Army, born about the year 1780. He entered the army, at the age of eighteen, as second Lieutenant of Engineers, and was through life distinguished for correct military deportment and the highest moral excellence. For many years he was the Chief of the Corps of Engineers, whence he- was transferred to the head of a marching regiment; and, as a general officer, had for one campaign, in 1840 and 1841, the chief command in the war against the Florida Indians. Gen. Armistead died at Upperville, Virginia, October 13th, 1845. ARMSTRONG, DR. JOHN, a celebrated poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, where his father and brother were ministers. He took his degrees of M. D. in the University of Edinburgh, 1732; but he did not meet with that success in his profession which his merits deserved. His first literary productions were some small medical tracts, which were followed by the Economy of Love, a poem after the style of Ovid, objectionable for its licentiousness, though admired for the spirit of its lines, corrected and purged in the edition of 1768. In 1744, the Art of Preserving Health was published, and on this great and highly finished performance the fame of Armstrong now depends. By means of his friends the poet was recommended to the notice of the great. He was appointed physician to the lame and sick soldiers behind Buckingham-house, and in 1760 he was made physician to the army in Germany. It was at this time that he wrote his poem called Day, inscribed to John Wilkes; and the freedom of remark which he used in one passage upon 1 Churchill, not only drew the resentment of that satirist upon him, but severed the friendship which had before cordially existed with Wilkes. He collected his scattered pieces for publication in 1770, and the following year he wrote A Short Ramble through France and Italy, by Lancelot Temple. He died in September, 1779, leaving behind him about 30001.; a sum which surprised his friends, as they knew that his income was small. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, generally spoken of as General Armstrong, is somewhat identified with American history. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and served with credit as an officer in the Revolutionary War. After the war he published what were called the "Newburgh Letters," to obtain recompense for ill treatment endured by the officers of the army. These Letters were ably written, and produced a great sensation; and had it not been for the prudence of Washington, they might have led to melancholy results. After some important military services in his native State, he settled in New York; by which State he was sent to the Senate of the United States. On the return of Chancellor Livingston from the French embassy, General Armstrong was commissioned minister in his place. On his return to his own country, he was called, by President Madison, to the War Department, as Secretary. His flight from Washington, at the sacking of the city by the British in 1814, did not add to his reputation. It was asserted that the city was lost through his neglect to provide for its defence. He was dismissed from his office, and Mr. Monroe succeeded to his station. From that time he lived in retirement. He published a brief, but able History of the War, intended to vindicate his own character, and of course to cast on others all merited censure. He died at his own residence, Red Hook, New York, April 1st, 1843, aged 84 years. ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL T. a printer and bookseller of Boston, who acquired a fortune from his business, and rose to high respectability as a citizen. His publication of Dr. Buchanan's Researches in Asia, had a sale unparalleled at that time; and his edition of Scott's Bible involved an outlay of cash, which only a few publishers would then have hazarded. However, it proved a successful operation. He served Boston as Alderman, and afterwards as Mayor. He was a Senator in the State Legislature, and Lieutenant-Governor of the State. In the latter capacity he acted as Governor during the unexpired term of Governor Davis, who was chosen United States Senator in 1836. Mr. Armstrong died, March 26th, 1850, aged 66 years. ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM JOSEPH, D. D., Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, was born at Mendham, New Jersey, October 20th, 1796. He was son of the Rev. Amzi Armstrong, D. D., pastor of the Presbyterian Church in that town. He graduated at Nassau Hall in 1816. Of the same class were Gov. James McDowell, LL. D., Bishop Charles P. i Mcllvaine, D. D., of Ohio, and John Maclean, D. D. He then spent three years in theological studies, when he was sent to Albemarle County, Virginia, to serve as a missionary. In 1824, he was installed pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Richmond, of that State, as successor to the Rev. John H. Rice, D. D., who had been appointed to a professorship in the Union Theological Seminary. Here he labored with success and reputation for a period of ten years. In addition to his parish Seminary, and Manager in Temperance, Sabbath School, Colonization, and other Societies. In 1834, a Central Board of Foreign Missions was constituted for the Presbyterian Church in Virginia and North Carolina, and Dr. Armstrong was appointed Secretary; at the same time, he became a General Agent of the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions for the above two States. In September of that year he was appointed to succeed the Rev. Dr. Wisner as Secretary of the American Board. For two years and a half he labored --- ~- --- -- 1--- ---- ARMYNE 72 ARNOBIUS ARMYNE 72 ARNOBIIJS as such in Boston; but, in April, 1838, by the advice of the Prudential Committee, he took up his residence in the city of New York. His position was highly responsible, and, both in Boston and New York, his labors were arduous, but always well directed and efficient. He had often to travel back and forth between the two cities, in the performance of his duties. When on his way from the former to the latter city, November 27th, 1846, the boat in which he took passage from Norwich was overtaken by a violent storm, during which the steam-pipe burst. The boat was wrecked, and many perished, among whom was Dr. Armstrong. He died in the 51st year of his age. This frightful disaster produced a great panic in the community at large, and particularly among his personal friends, and the friends of Missions. Every demonstration of respect was rendered to his memory. A Memoir of his Life, with a collection of his Sermons, was published by M. W. Dodd, of New York; and from that Memoir, the above few facts are gleaned. ARMYNE, LADY MARY, daughter of Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George, Earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir William Armyne, and distinguished herself by her piety and benevolence, as well as by her knowledge of history, of divinity, and of the languages. She was very liberal to the poor, and contributed largely towards the encouragement and support of the missionaries sent to instruct the Indians in North America. She also endowed three hospitals; and died 1675. ARNALD, RICHARD, B. D. a native of London, educated at Benet's and Emanuel College, and presented to the Rectory of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire. He published several sermons, but his best known performance is his Commentary on the Apocrypha. He died 1756. ARNALL, WILLIAM, an attorney's clerk, who became a political writer in the pay of Sir Robert Walpole. It appears from a report of a secret committee, that, in four years, he received 10,9971. 6s. 8d. for his pamphlets; but though so liberally rewarded, he died of a broken heart and in debt, 1741, aged 26. ARNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a physician, who increased his knowledge by travelling through Europe, and created many enemies by having recourse to astrology. He enjoyed some reputation at Paris, and afterwards retired to Sicily, to Frederick, King of Aragon. He was shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa, 1310 or 1313, as he was returning to attend Pope Clement, who labored under a severe illness. His works appeared at Lyons, in 2 vols. folio, 1520, and Basil, 1585. ARNAULD, HENRY, a French ecclesiastic, the son of an eminent advocate, was born in 1597, and, after having been entrusted with important missions to Rome, as well as other Italian courts, was made Bishop of Angers, in 1649, and thenceforth devoted himself strictly to the performance of his episcopal duties. His piety and charity were exemplary, and the only time, during nearly half a century, that he quitted his diocese, was when he reconciled the Prince of Tarento to his father. Angers having revolted, the queen-mother threatened that city with severe vengeance, and was long inflexible. Arnauld at length saved it, by saying, when he administered to her the sacrament, "Receive, madam, your God, who pardoned his enemies, even when he was dying on the cross." To a friend, who told him that he ought to take one day in the week for recreation, he replied, " I will readily do so, if you will point out any day on which I am not a bishop." This worthy prelate died in 1692, deeply lamented by his flock, who looked on him as a saint, and eagerly sought to obtain even the merest trifles that had once belonged to him. His Negotiations in Italy were published, in 1748, in five volumes. his first appearance on the arena of controversy, where, during the remainder of his life, he made so conspicuous a figure. He next espoused the cause of Jansenius, for which he was expelled from the Sorbonne. The result of this was, that he was compelled to live in retirement till the year 1668, and, while thus secluded, he produced many treatises. The Calvinists were the next objects of his attack; after which he had a contest with Malebranche. The intrigues of his enemies having rendered it necessary for him to quit France, he withdrew to the Netherlands, where he continued hostilities against the Jesuits and Protestants. He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnauld was a man of extensive erudition, and an indefatigable and excellent writer on a variety of subjects, literary and philosophical as well as theological. His works extend to no less than 45 quarto volumes. Though in social life his manners were mild and simple, he was of an impetuous disposition. Nicole, his fellowlaborer in some of his controversies, having declared to him that he was tired of ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest, "Rest!" exclaimed Arnauld, "will you not have all eternity to rest in?" ARNAUD, DE BRESCIE, a bold and independent ecclesiastic, the disciple of Peter Abelard, in the 12th century, who maintained that it was unlawful for the clergy to hold a temporal estate. On the death of Innocent II., by whom he had been condemned, and obliged to fly to Switzerland, he attacked the papal power, drove the pontiff from Rome, and reformed the government of the city. He was afterwards seized, and by order of Adrian IV., burnt alive, in 1115, and his ashes thrown into the Tiber. Some of his followers came to England, 1160, but were all put to death, as persons dangerous and hostile to the happiness of the State. ARNDT, JOHN, a native of Bellenstadt in Anhalt, known as minister of Quedlinburg, and afterwards of Brunswick, where his exertions as preacher were obstinately opposed by the envy of his ecclesiastical brethren. As he lived in times when controversial points were disputed with acrimony, he felt the rancor of opposite opinions. He was for eleven years minister of Kell, on the presentation of the Duke of Lunenburg, where he died, 1621. His chief work is his Treatise on True Christianity, in four books, in German, which, on account of its excellence, has been translated into several languages, and, among others, into English, by Boehm, and dedicated to Queen Anne, 1712, in 3 vols. 8vo. ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE, son of an upholsterer in Covent Garden, whom Addison characterized in the Tatler, Nos. 155 and 160. He was educated at Eton, and bound to an attorney: but he possessed a strong inclination for music, and soon rose to be leader of the band at Drury Lane. He composed, in 1733, the music for Addison's opera of Rosamond; in 1738 that for Milton's Comus, and in 1740 that of Mallet's Masque of Alfred, in which Rule Britannia was first introduced. In consequence of his high reputation he was created Doctor of Music at Oxford, in 1759. He died of a spasm in the lungs, March 5, 1778. He was the author of the favorite operas of Artaxerxes, the Guardian Outwitted, and the Rose. Mrs. Cibber, the famous actress, was his sister. Though apparently little attached to religion, he was a Catholic, and died a penitent son of Rome. ARNGRIM, JONAS, a learned ecclesiastic of Ireland, who wrote a piece on the Runic Letters, found in Olaus Wormius' collection, besides other tracts illustrative of the history of his country. He died about 1649. ARNIS2EUS, KENNINGUS, a German professor of physic at Helmstadt. He is known for his able political treatises in defence of the authority of princes. He travelled through France and England, and was honored with the place of counsellor and physician to the King of Denmark. He died, Nov., 1635. ARNAULD, ANTHONY, brother of Henry was born at PT~kriv n 1 Alf1 9 4 -.zl-,i: in;, a l uI Vn P-. Y UIU v ir I.-rl, i,.u I.'j.,I) bu.tU Inl. te collteges oi u atllvi aInt IIm Sorbonne, and took his doctor's degree in 1641. The ARNOBIUS, Rhetorical Professor at Sicca, in Numidia, publishing, in 1643, of his work on Frequent Commu- at the end of the third century, was at first a violent nion, which was virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was enemy to Christianity, and afterwards its steadfast friend. _I _ _ _ --w v ARNOLD 73 ARNOLD ARNOLD 73 ARNOLD ARNOLD, BENEDICT, the American traitor, though he escaped the punishment due to his crime, left a name that "will be forever branded with infamy. At the commencement of the American Revolution, Arnold commanded a volunteer company at New Haven, in Connecticut. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he marched his company to the American head-quarters, and reached Cambridge, April 29, 1775. The Massachusetts Committee of Safety appointed him a Colonel, and authorized him to raise 400 men to attack Ticonderoga. That fortress was taken by him and Col. Allen, on the 10th of May. In 1775 he commanded the expedition against Canada. He commenced his march on the 16th of September, through the wilderness of Maine, with about 1000 men, and quitted Canada on the 18th of June following. After this period he commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain. In the Northern campaign of 1777, he acted a conspicuous part in the army of General Gates, and shared in the capture of Burgoyne's army. Being rendered unfit for actual service by a severe wound in the leg, after the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British he was appointed to the command of the American garrison there. The thoughtless extravagance of his living induced him to resort to every and any means to support his credit. He was guilty of every species of artifice by which property, both public and private, might be converted to his own use. More than half the amount of his official accounts were rejected, first by the commissioners, and afterwards by Congress. He was soon obliged to abide the decision of a Court Martial, upon charges preferred against him by the Executive of the State of Pennsylvania, and he was subjected to the mortification of receiving a reprimand from the Commander-in-chief. It is probable that this was the moment, when, smarting under the infliction of supposed injuries, he resolved to obtain revenge by the sacrifice of his country. By artifice he obtained command of the important post of West Point. He had previously, in a letter addressed to Col. Beverley Robinson, signified his change of principles, and his wish to restore himself to the favor of his Prince by some signal proof of his repentance. A correspondence now commenced between him and Sir Henry Clinton, the object of which was to concert measures for surrendering West Point into the hands of the British. The plan was skilfully devised, and threatened imminent danger to American independence; but an overruling Providence interposed, and thwarted the design. The arrangement was effected through the agency of Major John Andre, Aid-de-Camp to Sir Henry, and Adjutant-General of the British Army. Andre, after concluding his business with Arnold, set out on his return to New York, protected by a pass from the traitor, authorizing him, under the feigned name of John Anderson, to proceed on the public service to the White Plains, or lower, if he thought proper. He had passed all the.guards and posts on the road without suspicion, and was journeying in apparent security, when the reins of his horse were seized and the animal stopped. Andr6, instead of producing his pass, asked the man hastily, where he belonged, and being answered, "To below," replied immediately, And so do I." He then declared himself to be a British officer on urgent business, and begged that he might not be detained. The man who stopped him was a militia-man, and being instantly joined by two others, Andr6 discovered his mistake: but it was too late to repair it. The militia-men could neither be coaxed nor bribed from doing their duty. Andre contrived to apprize Arnold of his danger, and the latter effected his escape. He received from the British government the stipulated reward of his treachery, and remained in their service during the war. He died in London, in June, 1801. The melancholy fate of Andr6 is narrated under the proper head. ARNOLD, JEFFERY, author of a History of Mystical Theology, and of a History of the Church and of Heretics, printed at Leipsic, 1700, besides other tracts; he was a zealous minister of Perleberg, and a strong advocate of the Pietists. He died, 1714. 10 ARNOLD, LEMUEL H., a citizen of Rhode Island, but a native of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, was born January 29, 1792. He graduated at Dartmouth College, 1811, in the class with William Cogswell, D. D., Daniel Poor, D. D., Joel Parker, LL. D., and Ether Shepley, LL. D. Mr. Arnold studied law with James Burrill, LL. D., but soon left the practice of it to engage in manufacturing pursuits. He served one term, from 1845 to 1847, as Representative in Congress; and during the years 1831 and 1832, he was Governor of the State. Governor Arnold died at Kingston, R. I., June 27th, 1852, aged 49 years. ARNOLD, NICOLAS, a Protestant of Lesna, who improved himself by travelling, and after.wards succeeded to the professor's chair of theology at Franeker, in Friesland, where he acquired reputation by his sermons and polemical works, printed at Leipsic, in 1598. He died, 1680, aged 62. ARNOLD, REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER, clergyman of the Established Church of England, and rector of the parish at Linden, was born in 1800, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He acquired a very widespread reputation as the author and editor of a whole library of books, adapted for educational purposes. One of his earliest productions was the " Essentials of Greek Accidence," published in 1838; in the same year he produced "A Practical Introduction to Greek Prose Composition;" and in 1839, a similar book for Latin Composition, and also " Henry's First Book of Latin." In his list, also, were the " First German Book"-" The First French Book"-" The Italian Analyst"-and the " HandBook of Hebrew Antiquities." Then he edited a series of School Classics, in which he availed himself very extensively of the labors of the scholars of Germany. These books include portions of the works of Homer, Herodotus, Demosthenes, Thucydides, jEschines, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes; and in Latin, of Ovid, Cornelius Nepos, Virgil, Horace, Cicero, and Tacitus. Besides these learned labors, Mr. Arnold conducted for three years, single handed, a series of small periodical works on religious subjects. He abridged the American translation of Hengstenberg's Christology, and published five pamphlets on the logical and ecclesiastical questions that were agitated in the Church of England; and a volume of Sermons for Sundays, Festivals, and Fasts. Nor does this include a full summary of his literary labors. He died suddenly, of bronchitis, March 9th, 1853, at the age of 53 years. ARNOLD, SAMUEL, an eminent musical composer, educated under Gates and Nares, at St. James' Chapel. His Cure of Saul, and his Prodigal Son, obtained him great applause and celebrity, so that, in 1778, he was honored with the degree of Doctor of Music by the University of Oxford. After leaving Covent-Garden, where he first appeared, 1760, he became proprietor of the fashionable Marylebone Gardens; and, in 1783, succeeded Dr. Nares as organist of the Royal Chapel. He was also organist of Westminster Abbey, in which his remains are deposited. He died Oct. 13th, 1802. Besides musical compositions, he began a splendid edition of Handel's Works, in 1786. ARNOLD, THOMAS, D. D., was born at the Isle of Wight, June 13th, 1796 At the age of sixteen he was placed at Oxford, where he devoted his attention chiefly to the study of the works of philosophers and historians of antiquity. Among his favorite authors were Aristotle and Thucydides. In 1815 he gained the prize for an English essay on the subject of the "Effects of Distant Colonization on the Parent State;" and, in the same year, he was elected a Fellow of Oriel College. In 1817 he obtained a prize for a Latin essay. Having overcome certain scruples respecting some points in the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, with which he appears to have been harassed about the time he graduated, he was admitted to Holy Orders in 1818. He then spent alut ten years in preparing young men for the univeisities, and in maturing his edition of Thucydides. In 1828 he obtained the degree of D. D. On the death of Dr. Nares, in 1841, he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at __ I _ I_ I_ ARNOTT 74 ARTAXERXES ARNOTT 74 ARTAXERXES Oxford. In 1835 the office of a Fellowship in the Senate of the new London University was offered to Dr. Arnold, which was accepted; but in consequence of some disagreement with his co-laborers, three years afterwards, he withdrew from it. In addition to his labors as Professor at Oxford, and in the London University, from 1828 he held the office of Head Master of Rugby School, and obtained the highest reputation as a thorough teacher. Besides his elaborate edition of Thucydides, he published a Roman History, in three volumes, and other works of a more miscellaneous character. Dr. Arnold died at Rugby, June 12th, 1842, at the age of 47. ARNOTT, ARCHIBALD, M. D., a venerable British medical practitioner, born about the year 1771. Dr. Arnott was in the army upwards of sixty years, but retired from active service in 1826. He was the medical attendant of Napoleon at St. Helena, and in 1822 published a book entitled an " Account of the Last Illness, Decease, and Post-Mortem Appearances of Napoleon Bonaparte." Dr. Arnott was universally loved and respected for his conduct and deportment in the private relations of life, as well as for the manner in which he discharged his duties as a magistrate. His memory will long be cherished in the neighborhood where he spent his last days. He died, July 16th, 1855, when in his 84th year. ARNTZENIUS, JOHN HENRY, a learned Dutchman, law professor at Utrecht, where he died, 1799. He wrote Academical Discourses and Dissertations-MiscellaniesInstitutiones Juris Belgici, 2 vols. 8vo.-Sedulius and Arator-Panegyrici Veteres, &c. ARNU, NICHOLAS, a Dominican, born at Merancourt, near Verdun. He was Professor of Metaphysics at Padua, where he died, 1692, aged 63. His works, in 10 vols., were chiefly on the theology and philosophy of Aquinas: they were curious for the extravagance of his ideas, and his denunciations against the Turkish Empire. ARNULPH or ERNULPH, a monk of St. Lucian de Beauvais, made Bishop of Rochester under Henry I. He wrote a history of the church of his diocese, whidh is still preserved at Rochester, and which has been published by Dr. Thorpe. He was also author of some theological treatises, and died in March, 1124, aged 84, after being nine years bishop of. the See of Rochester. ARNULPH, natural son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, was elected Emperor of Germany in 888, and crowned at Rome, 896, by Pope Formosus. He died, as is supposed, by poison, 899, and was succeeded by his son, Louis IV. ARNWAY, JOHN, a native of Shropshire, who studied at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, and became Rector of Hodret, and Ightfield, in his native country. In the civil wars he lost his estates, and retired to Oxford, 1640, where he served the king, and was made archdeacon of Coventry; but, on the success of Cromwell he left the kingdom, and went to the Hague, where he published two pamphlets on the Moderation of Charles I.-and An Alarm to the English. He afterwards went to Virginia, where he died of a broken heart, 1653. ARPINO, JOSEPH D', a celebrated painter, born at Arpino, 1560. In his 13th year he filled the humble situation of waiter on the painters who were adorning the Vatican; and it was at this time that his genius developed itself. The Pope was made acquainted with his merit, favors were heaped upon him, and he was created Knight of St. Michael. He possessed spirit; but when his rival Caravagio attacked him, he refused to fight him before he was a knight like himself. Against Annibal Carachi he likewise meditated revenge; but the painter showing him his pencil, added, "With this weapon I defy you!" The best pieces of Arpino, who is known among painters by the name of Josepin, are from the History of Rome, the most praiseworthy of which is the Battle of Romulus with the Sabines. He died at Rome, 1640, aged 80. ARRAN, JAMEs HAMILTON, EARL OF, a Scotch nobleman, who was highly favored by Henry II. of France, in 1555, and made captain of his Scotch Life-guards. He was distinguished for his virtues and abilities, and at one time aspired to the hand of Queen Elizabeth of England, which desire, however, he did not disclose; and afterward sought the favor of her more beautiful rival, the widowed Queen of Scots. Mary received his proposals with indifference or contempt, and Arran sunk into despair and insanity. He died in 1609. ARRIA, a Roman lady, the wife of Caecina Paetus, whose fortitude and conjugal affection have immortalized her name. Several acts of noble firmness were crowned by that which terminated her existence. Her husband, having rebelled against Claudius, was ordered to destroy himself. Seeing him hesitate, Arria plunged the poniard into her own breast, and, drawing it forth, presented it to him, saying, at the same time, "Paetus, it is not painful!" ARRIAGA, RODERIC D', a Spanish Jesuit, Professor of Theology at Salamanca and Prague. His works comprised Metaphysics, printed at Antwerp, 1632, and Divinity, 8 vols. fol., 1643. He died at Prague, in 1667, aged 75. ARSENIUS, Bishop of Constantinople, excommunicated Michael Palkeologus, for dispossessing John Lascaris of the crown. The Emperor demanded absolution, but the prelate refused except on the condition of abdication. In consequence of his firmness, he was banished to an island, where he died in the 13th century. ARSENIUS, a Roman deacon, appointed by Pope Damasus preceptor to Accadius, son of Theodosius. The virtues of the master were inadequate to correct the haughtiness of the pupil. One day Theodosius found his son sitting and the preceptor standing before him, upon which he ordered him to sit down and his pupil to rise: but this did not avail. It is even said that the licentious prince ordered his master to be murdered; and that Arsenius, discovering the design, fled from the court to Egypt, and passed the rest of his life among the anchorites of Scetis, where he died, aged 95. His tract for the rule of the monks is still extant. ARSENIUS, Archbishop of Malvasia in the Morea, was excommunicated by the patriarch for submitting to the Pope. He was author of a Collection of Apothegms, and some Scholia on Euripides. He died at Venice, 1435. ARTALI, JOSEPH, a native of Mazara, in Sicily, who in his youth fought a duel, killed his adversary, and fled to Candia when it was besieged by the Turks. Here he highly distinguished himself: he was knighted, and, on his return to Europe, was patronised by several princes, especially the Duke of Brunswick and the Emperor Leopold. He was so skilful as a duellist, that he was called the Chevalier du Sang. He cultivated poetry with success, and wrote several pieces. He died, at Naples, 1679, in his 51st year. ARTAUD, Archbishop of Rheims, was besieged in his palace by Hubert and Hugues, Counts of Paris, assisted by William of Normandy. His enemies prevailed, and Hugues was named his successor. He was afterwards restored to his diocese, where he died, 948. ARTAXERXES I. King of Persia, son of Xerxes, is supposed to be the Ahasuerus of Scripture. He died 424 B. C., and was succeeded by Xerxes. ARTAXERXES II., surnamed Mnemon, defeated his brother Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, 401 B. C. He died, aged 94, after a reign of 62 years. ARTAXERXES III. succeeded the second, and slew the whole of his family. He made war against Egypt, and was murdered, B. C. 338, by Bagoas, the eunuch, who converted his bones into handles for knives. ARTAXERXES BEBEGAN, son of a shepherd, first king of Persia, of the race of the Sassanides. He defeated Ardavan, and married his daughter, whom he I ~ ARTEAGA 75 ASCHAM ordered to be put ft death, because she attempted to tributed the success with which Henry IV. invaded Engpoison him. Her life was spared, however, because land, and seized the crown. He was a zealous defender she was pregnant; and the child she brought forth was of the temporal power of the Church. He persecuted received with gratitude by the father, and became his the followers of Wickliffe with great severity, and forbade successor, under the name of Sapor, A. D. 240. the translation of the Bible into the vulgar tongue. He ARTEAGA, DON STEPHANO, a Spanish Jesuit, who died, 1414. died at Paris, 1800, aged 55. He is author of a Treatise ARUNDEL, THOMAS HOWARD, EARL OF, is famous for on Ideal Beauty, in Spanish, an edition of which ap- the discovery of the Parian marbles which bear his name, peared in Italian; the Revolutions of the Italian Theatre and which he gave to the University of Oxford. Prito the Present Time, in Italian, 3 vols. 8vo., 1785. He deaux, Chandler, and Mattaire, are in the number of left in MS. another learned work in Italian, called Ritmo those who published an account of these valuable relics Sonoro, e del Ritmo Muto degli Antichi. of antiquity. ARTEDI, PETER, a physician. of Sweden, so intimate ASAPH, ST., a native of North Wales, who was a with Linnaeus, that they devised to each other their manu- monk of Llanelvy, under Kentigern, bishop of that See. scripts and literary property. He is known for his dili- He succeeded to the bishopric, and so great was his gence in the compilation of the history of fossils and qua- sanctity, that Llanelvy exchanged its name for St. Asaph. drupeds. He was accidentally drowned in a canal at The bishop wrote the Ordinances of his Church, the Life Leyden, 1735, in his 30th year, and the works which he of his predecessor, &c., and died about 600. The See intended to publish were completed for him by his friends, was vacant nearly 500 years after his death. under the titles of Bibliotheca Ichthyologica, and Philo- ASBURY, FRANCIS, senior Bishop of the Methodist sophia Ichthyologica. Episcopal Church in the United States. He was born ARTHINGTON, HENRY, a native of Yorkshire, who, near Birmingham, England, August 20, 1745; but as in conjunction with Edmund Coppinger, and Hacket, under most of his life was spent in laborious services among the pretence of being inspired, attempted to introduce a the American Methodists, he is identified with them, in reformation in the kingdom by the most violent schemes. their own feelings, and in the view of the public. He Hacket was hanged for his conduct, and Arthington ob- came to this country in 1771, at the age of twenty-six, tained a pardon by recantation. as a preacher. In 1773, the first Annual Conference of the Methodists was held at Philadelphia, when it conARTHUR, a British prince, whose existence some his- sisted of ten preachers, and about eleven hundred memtorians regard as fabulous. He is said to have succeeded bers. He was consecrated bishop by Dr. Coke, in 1784, his father as King of Britain, 516. He attacked the an office which he continued to fill with great reputation Saxons, whom he defeated, and afterwards marched his till his death, which happened in Virginia, at the house victorious army against the Picts, as well as against Ire- of his old friend, Mr. George Arnold. He stopped there land, and the western isles of Scotland. Relinquishing while on a journey, and died suddenly, March 31, 1816, warlike pursuits, he devoted himself to the cultivation of in the 71st year of his age, and the 55th of his ministry. the arts of peace, and became a most popular king. He His remains, by order of the General Conference, were established the Order of the Knights of the Round Table, brought to Baltimore, and deposited in a vault prepared at Winchester, and died about 542. for that purpose, under the recess of the pulpit of the ARTIAS, N JOHN, was born at Mo ntevideo, in Methodist Church in Eutaw Street, in that city. From and compelled t seek refuge in Paraguay, where the time of his consecration, a period of thirty-two years, 1760, and was originally in the Spanish service, but Bishop. Asbury travelled yearly through the United quitted it to fight for the independence of1826. N orthallerton, Yorkshire, known feeor his learning, andAfter having greatly contributed to establish the Repub- liarly calculatheditable share ep the boreat machin the educatio SAVIEUX, LAURENT D, a ative Of Marseilles, who, of the family of Henry VIII. Under the liberal and lic of Buenos Ayres, hbecame an object of suspicion tohe travelling connection in mAnotion.y WIn the exercise waof his the government of hat State, was emp declared a traitor, episcopal office, he probably ordained not less than three and compelled to take uparmsin his own defence. For thousand preachers,elf by his application, and preached seventeen thousand some years he kept possession of the territory called the sermonsr Banda Oriental. At length, however, he was defeated t and tincompelled to seekppo, anrefuge in Paraguay, where he ASCHAMers, Henry, a native of KirbyWiske,s of Sufnear died in 126.b Northallerton, Yorkshire, known for his learning, and more for the creditable share he bore in the education ARUNDEUX, LAURENT D, a nativer of Marseilles, who, of the family of Henry VIII. Under the liberal and during 12 years' residence in Palestine, acquired the early patronage of Sir Anthony Wingd othfield, he. waHe Oriental languages, and wastl employed as a negotiator brought up at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he by the French Court. His name deserves to bby 25 men, she men- distinguished himself by his application, and asuperior tioned with every mark of respect, for his deliverance of knowledge of the Greek language. He was introduced.380 captives from the dungeon of Tunis, who, in testimony to Henry VIII., to whom he inscribed his Treatise on of their at gratitude, presented him with a purse of 600 Archery, and he not only received a pension, but, as he pistoles, which he generously refuserors basely violated. He also redeemed wrote a beautiful haLond, he was appointed to instruct in,240 s1669,laves at Algiers, After serving his country at writing, Princeate-Hall, indward, thershLadyElizabeth,ands the Constantinople, haplepo, aelnd other places, he died, 1702, two brothers, Henry and Charles, Dukes of Suffolk. Elizabeth was indebted to him also for her knowledge ARUNDEL, TBLACH, daughter of Arundel, was pleasureek and Latin, as he read with hersion of the best part of and wife of Lord Arundel, is celebrated for her brave Livy, Ciceroand familys,wh Sophocles, and other works. His defence of Wardour Castle against theo YoParliamentaryhene time was not unpleasantly spent in Germany, as he asforces. Thourgh assisted only by25 men, she resisted the University, and wasppinvited, in 550, to poliattend sir thoffice attack of 1300 mChancellor. His quarrel wcapitulated on honh- Richard MorII. successfully that hsine inwrote a book on the affaires V.of theand, orable tiged him to leaveh the cokingdom, and to sely violated. Shrefuge in empire. He was appointed, on hisited Lady Jane Grey, atnd, Egne. To his resentment may, in some degree, be at- Latia Secretary to King Edward, an office which was _ ___ I ASCHAM 76 ASHER ASOHAM 76 ASHER still continued to him under Mary and Elizabeth; but, though a favorite at court, and universally respected, he did not use his influence to raise himself to preferment. A prebendary in the Church of York, conferred on him by the crown, without any solicitation on his part, was the only favor he received. He died in London, January 4th, 1568, aged 53, and was interred in St. Sepulchre. ASCHAM, ANTHONY, a friend of Cromwell, and a member of the Long Parliament. He was educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge. Having been sent to Spain as envoy from England, he and his interpreter were assassinated there, by six exiled royalists, June 6th, 1650. He wrote a Discourse on the Revolutions and Confusions of Governments, 8vo. 1648. ASCHARI, a Mussulman doctor, founder of a sect which bears his name. He supposed that the Supreme Being follows only general established laws; but the Hanbalites, at the head of which was his father-in-law, Hanbalite, contended that Providence acted differently in particular circumstances. Aschari died at Bagdad, 940. ASCOLI, CECCO DI, or FRANCISCO DE STABILT, Professor of Mathematics at Bologna, wrote an Italian poem on the System of Empedocles, for which he was burnt as a heretic, at Florence, 1328, aged 70. He was also author of a Commentary on the Sphere of John Holy Wood, or Sacrobosco. ASCOUGH, WILLIAM, LL. D., made Bishop of Sarum, 1438, was murdered at the altar by Jack Cade and his followers, 1450. He was descended from a very ancient Lincolnshire family. ASDRUBAL, founder of New Carthage, in Spain, brother-in-law of the great Hannibal. He was assassinated by a Gaul. ASDRUBAL BARCA, brother of Hannibal, was killed at the battle of the Metaurus, 208 B. C., as he was advancing into Italy with reinforcements. English Language; and he also wrote an Introduction to Lowth's Grammar, which has passed through a great number of editions. ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BARING, LORD, the second son of Sir Francis Baring, and for many years the head of the great mercantile house---Baring, Brothers and Company," was born in 1774. After due initiation into business in London, he came to the United States, where he aided in swelling the fortunes of his firm. His political life commenced in 1812, as member of Parliament for Taunton, which he continued to represent till 1820, after which he sat for Callington in successive Parliaments till 1831, and in 1832 he was returned for North Essex. Lord Ashburton commenced life as a Whig. On the formation of the Peel ministry, in 1834, he became President of the Board of Trade; and in 1835, he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as a Special Commissioner to settle disputes about the Oregon Territory, which then threatened to involve this country in a war with England. Lord Ashburton continued to support the policy of Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure of free trade in corn was proposed in 1846, when his position as a peer, and a great land-owner, probably overcame his convictions as a man. In 1798, Lord Ashburton married the daughter of William Bingham, of Philadelphia, and by that lady, who survived him, he left a numerous family. He died, 1848, aged 74. ASHE, SIMEON, a Nonconformist, Chaplain to Lord Warwick during the civil wars. Hie was a man of property, and of great influence among his persuasion. He was educated at Emanuel College, and settled in Staffordshire, where he became acquainted with Dod, Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others. His principles were obnoxious to Cromwell's party, and it is said that he was greatly instrumental in the restoration of Charles II. He died in 1662. He published Sermons, and edited Ball's Works. ASHER, ADOLPHUS, a German bookseller and English ASELLI, GASPAR, a physician of Cremona, known as author, of Berlin, was born about the commencement of the discoverer of the lacteal veins in the mesentery. He the nineteenth century. His edition of the Travels of was Professor of Anatomy at Paris, where he died, 1626. Benjamin of Tudela, published in 1840, is preferable to He published a valuable account of his Discoveries, all others, as containing the best reading of the Hebrew printed at Milan, 4to., 1627. text, the best translation, and, beyond all comparison, ASGILE, JOHN, a lawyer of eminence, known for his the best critical illustrative dissertations. His other wit and his misfortunes. He was brought up at Lin- publications- one on the Set of Early Voyages, pubcoin's Inn, under the patronage of Judge Eyre, in King lished by Levinus Hulsius, and the other on the CollecWilliam's reign, and his abilities were such that he ac- tive Editions of the Early Historians of Germany- are quired much notoriety. Two Treatises, replete with of less bulk and less importance, but contain information humor and sarcasm, had already given him popularity, valuable to bibliographers on the subjects to which they when he published another on the Possibility of Avoiding refer. All three of these works, though published in Death, which drew down upon him the odium of the Germany, and written by a German, Mr. Asher being a friends of the Church, and particularly of Dr. Sacheve- native of Stettin, are in the English language, for which rell. He afterwards went to Ireland, and, by success in he had a remarkable partiality, making use of it whenthe practice of law, purchased an estate, and procured a ever it was practicable, both in writing and in speaking. seat in the House of Commons, but was ignominiously He spent about five years of the early part of his life in expelled for the contents of his pamphlet. On his return England, from 1820 to 1825, a portion of this time as a to England, he was elected to Parliament from Bramber, clerk at Rothschilds. He afterwards set up at St. Pein Sussex; but here the morality of his writings was also tersburgh, in the diamond trade; and it was only by an called in question, and though he made an eloquent de- accidental speculation in which he was engaged at one fence in favor of his opinions, which he refused to retract, of the Leipsic fairs, in 1827, that his attention was he was expelled as a disgraced and unworthy member. turned to bookselling. Into this he soon plunged with This blow hastened the ruin of his fortunes, he became an eagerness that belonged to his temper. In 1830, his a prisoner of the King's Bench, and afterwards of the operations were very extensive in Russia, but owing to Fleet, where he continued to subsist by writing Political the hardships imposed on the Jews there, he finally Pamphlets, and by transacting some professional busi- settled down in Berlin. One iniportant part of his transness. After 30 years thus spent in confinement and actions was in supplying public libraries. The British poverty, he expired in November, 1738, aged upwards Museum was greatly indebted to him for its large colof 80. lection of rare works. The same may be said of the Royal Library of Berlin. He was intimately acquainted ASH, JOHN, LL. D., a Baptist divine, born in 1724. with the book trade, its channels, and its usages, not He was at one period coadjutor with Dr. Caleb Evans in only in England, France, and Germany, but in Portugal, the management of an academy at Bristol, for the edu- Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, and Ruscation of theological students of his own persuasion; and sia. The above two libraries were accustomed, yearly, subsequently became pastor of a congregation at Per- to furnish him with lists of the books wanted; and, if shore, where he died in 1779. Besides some religious to be had between Greece and Finland, or between Icepublications, he was the author of a Dictionary of the land and the Algarves, they would be speedily furnished. I _ _ _ _ ASHLEY 77 ASHWELL He dealt very largely in Hebrew literature. He was on of Africa, of his piety and regard to justice, and his a tour for the collection of rare books, when he was great services to the colonists. overturned in his carriage, and broke his collar-bone. ASHMUN, JOHN HOOKER, a distinguished American This was in Italy, twenty miles from Rome; and he scholar, was born at Blandford, Mass., on the 3d of died at Venice, Oct. 2d, 1853, in his 53d year. July, 1800. He graduated at Harvard University in ASHLEY, CHESTER, a lawyer and statesman of Ar- 1818, and was appointed Professor of Law in that Instikansas, but a native of Westfield, Mass., was born June tution, in 1829. Although he did not attain the age of 1st, 1790. He early removed to Hudson, New York, 33 years, he acquired an enviable reputation. He died and graduated at Williams' College in 1813, in the class April 1st, 183. " The honors of the University," says with Azariah G. Orton, D. D., and Elisha P. Swift, D. D. Judge Story, in his funeral discourse, "4were never more He then studied law, and removed to Illinois. After two worthily betowed, never more meekly worn, and never years' practice ind Illinois, he migrated to the Territory twmore steadily brightened. He gathered about him all the years' practice in Illinois, he migrated to the Territory honors which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." of Arkansas, and established himself at Little Rock, then honors which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." a mere landing-place. His fortunes grew with the place; ASHMOLE, or ASMOLE, ELIAS, was born at Litchhis influence steadily increased; and in 1844 he was field, May 23d, 1617, and is known as an antiquarian almost unanimously chosen to represent Arkansas in the of much celebrity. He was educated at the grammarSenate of the United States. In the Senate he was school in his native town, and at' the age of 16 was adChairman of the Judiciary Committee; being respected mitted into the family and under the patronage of James as a lawyer and statesman, and beloved in the social Paget, Baron of the Exchequer, by whose aid he rose circle. He died at Washington, D. C., April 29th, 1848, to be solicitor and attorney in the Common Pleas. At aged 58 years. the beginning of the disputes which preceded the civil war, he retired to Oxford, where he labored with great ASHLEY, ROBERT, a native of Nashhill, in Wilts, assiduity in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. educated at Harthall, Oxford, and the Middle Temple, Ever employed in advancing science, his labors were inLondon. He practised law, and distinguished him- defatigable in procuring a collection of the manuscript self as an eminent writer, as a collector of books, in works of English chemists, and also in tracing the Roman Holland, France, &c., and as a benefactor to the society roads mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus. His to which he belonged. He published a book on the greatest work was the History of the Order of the Garter, Kingdom of Cochin-China, and the Life of Almanzor, &c. which procured him not only fame and additional repuHe died, October, 1641, at an advanced old age, and was tation, but the patronage of Charles I1. The valuable buried in the Temple Church. assortment of coins, to the number of 9000, besides books ASIHMAN, JEUDnI, Agent of the American Coloniza- and other curiosities, which he had accumulated, was untion Society, was born of pious parents, in Champlain, fortunately destroyed at the Middle Temple, by fire, in New York, on the western shore of the lake of the same 1679; but his most precious gold medals, and his manuname, in April, 1794. He graduated at Burlington Col- scripts were then at Lambeth, and thus escaped the dreadlege in 1816, and, after preparing for the ministry, was ful conflagration. So much public merit did not pass unelected a Professor in the Theological Seminary at Ban- rewarded by the learned body to which he belonged; the gor, Maine, in which place, however, he continued but University of Oxford granted him the degree of Doctor a short time. Removing to the District of Columbia, he in Physic by diploma, and in 1683 they erected a handbecame a member of the Episcopal Church, edited the some building for the reception of the valuable collecTheological Repository, and published Memoirs of Rev. tion of manuscripts, books, medals, and curiosities, which Samuel Bacon. He also projected a Monthly Journal he purposed depositing within its precincts as a token of for the American Colonization Society, and published his gratitude, and as the memorial of his zeal in the one number; but the work failed for the want of pa- cause of science. Ashmole died at Lambeth, May 18th, one number; but the work failed for the want of patronage. Being appointed to take charge of a reinforce- 1692, aged 75. ment to the Colony at Liberia, he embarked for Africa, ASHTON, CHARLES, a learned critic, elected Master June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape Monserado, August of Jesus College, Cambridge, 1701. He lived to a great 8th. He had authority, in case he should find no agent age, distinguished for his erudition and for the delicacy there, to act as such for the Society, and also for the.and correctness of his criticisms. His works were all Navy Department. In the absence of the agents, being critical. It was said of the University of Cambridge a period of great difficulty, he assumed the discharge of that, among those whom the fellows appointed to the their duties. The settlers were few, and surrounded headship of a college, there were not three equal to with numerous enemies. It was necessary for him to those three whom the privilege of visitors selected act as a legislator, and also as a soldier and engineer, to preside over societies to which before they did not to lay out the fortifications, and superintend their con- probably belong; that is, Bentley, of Trinity, by the struction. Though suffering great affliction of mind, on King; Ashton, of Jesus, by the Bishop of Ely; and Waaccount of the death of his wife, and laboring under an terland, of Magdalen, by the Earl of Suffolk; a circumattack of fever, he attended faithfully to all the duties of stance highly honorable to the elector as well as to the his charge, and animated the colonists to provide means elected. of defence against hostile assaults. About three months ASHTON, THOMAS, D. D. a learned divine, educated after his arrival, just as he was beginning to recover at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, and afterwards strength, and while his whole force was but thirty-five ted to the Rectory of Aldingham, in Lancashire, men and boys, he was attacked at the dawn of day, No- prom oted to theRectory of Aldingham, in Lanoashire, vember 11, by eight hundred armed savages; but by the and St. Botolph in London. He was also Fellow of vember 11,gy and desperate valor of the savagent, the assailants Eton, and, as preacher at Lincoln's Inn, acquired were repulsed. Four colonists were killed, and four great popularity by the elegance of his lange published wounded. A few days after, when the enemy returned the persuasive eloquence of his delivery. He published with redoubled numbers, they were utterly defeated some sermons on various occasions, besides controversial When ill-health compelled him to take a voyage to Ame- pamphlets against Jones, a Methodist, and upon filling,hen i eas com led to thlake f aragtion Ma the Eton fellowships with persons who are or have been rica, he was escorted to the place of embarkation, March Fellows of King's College. He died March 1st, 1775, 26, 1828, by three companies of militia; and the men, women, and children of Monrovia parted from him with in his 59th year. tears. He left a community of twelve hundred freemen. ASHWELL, GEORGE, was born in Ludgate street, and He arrived at New IHaven, August 10th, a fortnight be- educated at Harrow, and Wadham College, Oxford, of fore his death. He died in the evening of August 25, which he became Fellow. During the civil war he 1828, aged 34 years. An eloquent discourse was preached preached frequently before the king; but he submitted by Leonard Bacon, at his funeral, descriptive of his re- to the authority of the parliamentary visitors, and was markable character, its important influence on the tribes afterwards Rector of Hanwell, near Banbury, where he I - I - --C---*----- ---- -~ IC LII _ __ ASHWORTH 78 ASTOR ASHWORTH 78 ASTOR died 1693, aged 66. He wrote on Divinity, but his labors were not much esteemed. The best known was a Treatise on the Apostolic, Athanasian, and Nicene Creeds, 8vo. 1613. ASHWORTH, CALEB, a native of Northamptonshire, who, from the humble employment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction and patronage of Dr. Doddridge, to the position of minister of a Dissenting congregation, and at last successor in the school of his able master. He wrote the Paradigms of Hebrew Verbs, and other works, and died at Daventry, 1774, aged 65, respected as a man and as a scholar. He was created D. D. by a Scotch University. ASKEW, ANNE, daughter of Sir William Askew, of Kelsay, Lincolnshire, was eminent for her virtues and misfortunes. When young she married Mr. Kyme, against her inclination; and the treatment which she received from her husband was so inhuman, that she came to the court of Henry VIII. in person to solicit a divorce. Her story interested the ladies of the court; but, as it was suspected that she was attached to the Reformation, she was seized, confined in Newgate, and afterwards cruelly tortured in the Tower. In 1546, she was burnt in Smithfield, with her tutor and two other persons, who, like herself, were more attached to faith than to life. Some of her letters, preserved by Fox and Strype, prove her to have been amiable, accomplished, and virtuous. She was about 26 when she suffered. ASKEW, ANTHONY, a native of Kendall, in Westmore or Annals, ascribed also to him, printed at Oxford, 1691 fol. It is said that he persuaded Alfred to found Oxford, and to maintain professors there. He died in 909. ASSHETON, DR. WILIAif, born in 1641. He distinguished himself as the projector of the most charitable scheme of providing a maintenance for the widows of clergymen and others, by a jointure payable by the Mercers' Company. This project was the labor of many years, and before it was completed, he had addressed himself to the corporation of the clergy and to the Bank of England, who showed an unwillingness to adopt his plan. He died in his 69th year, in Sept. 1711. He wrote, besides devotional tracts, some pieces against the Dissenters and Papists. ASTELL, MARY, a learned woman, daughter of a merchant of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. She was educated by her uncle, a clergyman, not only in logic and philosophy, but in the learned languages, so that the works of the most difficult authors, Plato, Epictetus, Cicero, and Antoninus, were as familiar to her as those of her own countrymen. She lived at Chelsea, where she employed herself in acts of devotion and charity; and she became acquainted with the most learned men of the age, Atterbury, Dodwell, Norris, Hickes, &c., and like them advanced the cause of science and piety, by useful publications on religion and morality. She did not long survive the amputation of one of her breasts for a cancer; but after she had caused her shroud and coffin, to be placed by her bed-side, she expired, 1731, in her 63d year. land, eminent as a physician and as a man of letters. ASTLE, JOHN, was born at Whem, in Shropshire, and He was educated at Sedburgh School, and Emanuel Col- apprenticed to Hudson the portrait-painter, known as lege, Cambridge, where he took his first degree, 1745. the master of Sir Joshua Reynolds. After improving his He afterwards studied one year at Leyden, and then talents at Rome, under the patronage of Lord Chesteraccompanied the English Ambassador to Constantinople. field, and copying some of the finest works of Titian and On his return to England, he took his degree of M. D. Bentivoglio, he returned to England, and thence passed at Cambridge, and began to practise. He was also made to Ireland, where he rapidly gained reputation, and inFellow of the Royal Society, and of the College of Phy- creased his fortune 30001. On his return to London, sicians; but his celebrity arises more from his fondness he passed through Knutsford, where, at an assembly, he for literature than his success in the medical profession. gained the heart of Lady Daniel, who gave him soon He collected a most valuable library, which was disposed after, with her hand, the whole Duckenfield estate in fee, of by public auction for above 50001. He died at Hamp- worth 50001. a year. A fondness for extravagance and stead, 1784. dissipation seemed to be his only passion; but while he ASPASIA, a celebrated Grecian courtesan, a native squandered with one hand, Fortune seemed, in the most of Miletus, in lonia, settled at Athens, where she ac- profuse manner, to replenish the other. The death of quired great influence, by her beauty and talents. Her his brother brought him 10,0001.; and through his sucskill in politics, philosophy, and rhetoric was extensive, cess in painting, and from other causes, his property and her eloquence was of a superior order. Socrates increased so much, that at one time he was worth upwas her friend, or, as some say, her lover; and Pericles wards of 100,0001. was so.fondly attached to her, that, in order to marry ASTLE, THOMAs, an English antiquary, born in Stafher, he divorced his wife. After the death of Pericles, fordshire, where his father was a farmer. He was she was united to Lysicles, an obscure man, whom she engaged, in 1763, under the patronage of Mr. Grenville, raised to importance in the state. Cyrus gave the name in examining the Records of Westminster with Sir Joseph of Aspasia to his favorite mistress Milto, in compliment Ayloffe and Dr. Ducarel; and, in 1766, he superintended to her charms. the printing of the ancient Parliamentary Records. He ASPELT, PETER D', a native of Treves, who studied was, in 1775, made chief clerk of the Record Office in the medicine at Paris, and was, in consequence of his curing Tower, and succeeded Sir John Shelley as keeper. He the Pope of a dangerous disorder, raised to an arch- died, Dec. 1803. He wrote a curious work on the bishopric by the grateful pontiff. He died, 1320. Origin and Progress of Writing, as well hieroglyphic as elementary, first printed, 1784, in 4to. and again edited, ASPINWALL, WTLLIAM, an eminent physician, was 1803. He also contributed some valuable papers to the born in Brookline, Mass., 1743. In the war of the Revo- Archaeologia, and other publications. lution, he acted as a surgeon in the army. He engaged in the business of inoculating for the small-pox, and ASTOR, JOHN JACOB, at the time of his death, the erected hospitals for that purpose. He became cele- richest, or one of the richest merchants in the United brated, both for the numbers who were his patients, and States, and deserving also to be remembered for a bethe skill with which he treated the disease. Upon quest in his Will of four hundred thousand dollars, to being convinced of the efficacy of vaccination, he shut establish and maintain a free public library, in the city up his hospitals. He died in April, 1823, in his 80th of New York, of which Joseph Green Cogswell, LL. D. year. was the first Librarian. The history of Mr. Astor contains an invaluable moral for merchants generally, and ASSELYN, JOHN, a pupil of Vandenvelde, who after for young men in particular. He was born near the visiting Italy settled at Amsterdam, where he acquired ancient city of Heidelberg, in Germany, 1763. His celebrity as an historical and landscape painter. He parents moved in humble life. He came.to this country died, 1650, aged 40. when about nineteen years of age. At that time the ASSER, of St. David's, a learned author in the reign State of New York was mostly a wilderness. He made of Alfred, raised to the See of Sherborne by that prince, frequent excursions up the Mohawk river, to traffic with of whose life he wrote an account. There is a Chronicle the Indians for furs. He gradually enlarged his business I__~ L- - _b- I. - - _I_~ _ L --I _-_-~---I -I--------~i~t-- -- -L - Ie - --- -~--I -- - - C _ _ _ I _ _ I _ __ ASTORGAS 79 ATHERTON ASTORGAS 79 ATHERTON as his means increased. After a while the American Fur Company was formed, and he became a- competitor with the great capitalists of Europe, who controlled the Northwestern and Canadian Fur Companies. Such was his enterprise that he extended his business to the mouth of the Columbia river, and formed the first fur establishment there, known as Astoria. For many years previous to the war of 1812, and subsequently, Mr. Astor was extensively engaged in the Canton trade, and during the war, was fortunate in having several of his ships arrive here in safety with valuable cargoes. The profits on these ships were enormous. Mr. Astor made large investments in American stocks, which he purchased during the war with Great Britain, at sixty to seventy cents on the dollar, and which, after the peace, went up to twenty per cent. above par. His great fortune, however, accumulated more from the purchase of real estate than -from any other source. On his death most of his estate went to his son, Wm. B. Astor, and, consisting in a great measure of property not subject to a regular appraisal, it is not known how much he was worth. A year or two previous to his death, his wealth was estimated, from the best known data, to be twenty-five millions of dollars. In his business career he was noted for persevering industry, rigid economy, and strict integrity. He had a genius, bold, fertile, and expansive; a sagacity quick to grasp and convert every circumstance to its advantage, and a singular and never wavering confidence of signal success. Mr. Astor died at New York, March, 1848, aged 84 years. ASTORGAS, MARCHIONESS OF, a lady who, in the reign of Charles II. of Spain, killed with her own hands a beautiful mistress, to whom her husband was criminally attached. She afterwards prepared the heart of this unfortunate victim, and when her husband had eaten of it, she rolled the bleeding head of his murdered mistress before him on the table. This most guilty woman took refuge in a convent, where she became insane through rage and jealousy. ASTRUC, JOHN, a celebrated French physician, was born at Sauve, in 1684, and studied medicine at Montpelier, where he subsequently became professor. In 1743, he was appointed King's Physician, and Professor of the Royal College of Paris. For a while he resided at Warsaw, as first physician to the Polish Monarch; but he returned to Paris, where he died in 1766. His medical works are numerous, and have considerable merit; but he is said to "have contributed nothing to the fortunate revolution by which medicine was brought back to the safe and good principles of Hippocrates." ATABALIPA, or ATAHUALPA, the last King of Peru, of the race of the Incas. He was made King of Quito on his father's death, 1529; but he aspired to the whole kingdom, and defeated his brother Hualascar, who sat on the throne of Peru. When Pizarro with the Spaniards invaded the kingdom of Peru, the unhappy monarch was invited to a parley, treacherously seized, and soon after barbarously strangled, or burnt at the stake, 1533, though he had paid for his ransom all the gold which a room pointed out by the Spaniardq could contain. Some of the Spanish authors have endeavored to represent him as an usurper, and as faithless in the first treaty which he had made with Pizarro; but little credit is to be given to their assertions. ATHA, a celebrated impostor of the 8th century, was a native of Meron, and originally a fuller. He entered as a soldier in the army of Abu Moslem, the leader of a sect, the head of which he became on the death of Abu. He pretended that the divine spirit, after having inspired Adam, Noah, the great prophets, and Abu, had been transmitted to him. Being besieged in the castle of Kech by the army of the caliph, he set fire to the place, and destroyed himself, his wives and all his followers willingly sharing his fate; some say, they all took poison. Having lost an eye in battle, he wore a golden veil, whence he obtained the name of Mokanna. He is the hero of Moore's Veiled Prophet, in the poem of Lalla Roohk. ATHANASIUS, ST. a native of Alexandria, raised, in consequence of his abilities and great eloquence, to the See of his native town, A. D. 326. He was a violent opponent of the Arians, and suffered great persecution for his firmness. He died, 371. ATHELING, EDGAR, son of Edward, and grand-son of Edmund Ironside, King of England, was regarded as the future monarch; but the intrigues of Harold prevailed against him. The battle of Hastings, 1066, in destroying his rival, cut off his hopes of success; and, after making some ineffectual resistance at York, he fled to Scotland, and afterwards to Normandy. He was reconciled to the conqueror, and was at the first crusade with Baldwin II. where he behaved with great intrepidity. He passed the last years of his life at Malmsbury. ATHELSTAN, though a natural son of Edward the elder, was made King of England after his father's death, 925. He was successful against the Danes, whom he defeated in Northumberland; and afterwards he devoted himself to the arts of peace. He encouraged commerce, by bestowing the title of Thane on such of his merchants as had performed three voyages. He died, 941. ATHERTON, CHARLES HUMPHREY, an eminent citizen of New Hampshire, born August 14th, 1773, graduated at Harvard College in 1794, commenced the practice of the law in Amherst in 1797, and soon rose to eminence in his profession. He was a member of Congress in 1816 and 1817, at the same time with Daniel Webster; and was also an ardent member of the Federal party; but the most of his life was passed in professional pursuits. He won a distinguished reputation at the bar. He was one of that brilliant circle that has reflected so much honor on New Hampshire, and which includes in its list the names of Webster, Mason, Smith, Livermore, Bartlett, Woodbury, and Pierce; and by them he was respected for his solid attainments and exact habits of investigation. Mr. Atherton was the son of Hon. Joshua Atherton, who was a descendant of James Atherton, one of the founders of Lancaster, Mass. Joshua Atherton was a graduate of Harvard, in 1762, and settled in Amherst prior to the Revolution; and subsequently, 1792, Representative to the General Court, a Senator in 1793, and the same year was appointed Attorney-General of the State. Nearly all the men of this stamp have united the pursuit of literature, in some one of its departments, with that of professional life. So it was with Mr. Atherton. The collections of the New Hampshire Historical Society, of which he was an early member, bear witness to his industry and exact habits of mind. There will be found several memoirs of eminent sons of his native State; but perhaps the most elaborate of all is the fine Annual Address delivered before the Society in 1831, in which he examines the tenure by which real estate is held, and the American policy of subdividing the soil. These contributions show the scholar of fine taste and of thorough learning. In such pursuits, continued down to the day of his death, Mr. Atherton lived to a ripe old age, enjoying that respect which his great personal worth, united to long and useful service, so universally inspired. He was in the enjoyment of his usual health on the 1st, but died on the 8th of January, 1853, leaving one son, Hon. Charles G. Atherton, shortly previous to his death appointed Senator from New Hampshire to the Congress of the United States. This son also, in November of 1853, died of apoplexy. A lovely trait of character in the son was made known by his Will. He had no children. After providing liberally for his wife, he divided the residue of his estate, over one hundred thousand dollars, into sixteen equal parts, to be given to his sixteen cousins; one of them being Mrs. Mary Jane Adams, wife of the Rev. Francis A. Adams, an eminent scholar and teacher. I - I -- ----1 -- - -l-sl---- iael _.___,I L --. _ _ - C I --- - - - I C - -- I -- ATHERTON 80 ATTERBURY ATHERON 8 ATTRBUR ATHERTON, JOSHUA, a lawyer of New Hampshire, was born at Harvard, Massachusetts, June 29th, 1737, and graduated at Harvard College in 1762. He commenced practice in Petersham, of his native State, in 1765; removed to New Hampshire in 1768; and, in 1772, established himself at Amherst, where he resided till his death. He was a member of the Convention for revising the State Constitution in 1792, and in 1793 was elected Senator in the Legislature. The same year he *was appointed Attorney-General of New Hampshire, and filled that office until 1801. He died, 3d April, 1809, aged 71 years, leaving an only son, the Hon. Charles H. Atherton, of Amherst, N. H. ATHIAS, JOSEPH, a learned printer of Amsterdam, who published an edition of the Hebrew Bible, 2 vols. 1677, highly esteemed, besides editions in Spanish, English, and German. His services were rewarded with a gold chain and medal by the States. He died, 1700. ATKINS, JAMEs, D. D. a learned Scotchman, of Kirkwall, in Orkney, educated at Edinburgh and Oxford, and patronised by the Marquis of Hamilton. He was made Bishop of Moray, in 1677, and afterwards translated to Galloway. He died at Edinburgh, Oct. 28, 1687. He wrote against the Presbyterians; but his Treatises are now unknown. ATKINS, SIR ROBERT, was descended from the ancient family of the same name in Gloucestershire. He was educated at Baliol College, and after being made Knight of the Bath, and taking his degrees in law, he was appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1672, which he resigned in 1679, through disgust at the conduct of the government. He was impartial on the bench, though his mind was occasionally tinctured by superstition; and at the Revolution, which he favored with all the ardor of a patriot, he was made Lord Chief Baron by William. In June, 1695, he resigned his high office, and spent the last fourteen years of his life in peaceful and dignified retirement at Saperton Hall, in Gloucestershire. He died in the beginning of 1709, aged 88. He was twice married, and his only son, Sir Robert Atkins, inherited his virtues, and was for a long time representative of the county. He published, in folio, the History of Gloucestershire, from the materials collected by Dr. Parsons; and died, 1711, aged 64. The writings of Judge Atkins are all on constitutional and judicial subjects, and are highly valued. ATKINSON, THEODORE, graduated at Harvard College in 1718. He filled many public offices in New Hampshire; was Secretary in 1741; was a Delegate to the Congress at Albany; and subsequently was appointed Chief Justice of the Colony. The Revolution deprived him of the offices of Judge and Secretary. He died in 1779, bequeathing ~200 to the Episcopal Church, the interest to be expended in bread for the poor, to be distributed on the Sabbath. ATRATUS, HUGH, or BLACK, called the Phoenix of his age, from the great powers of his mind, and his unwearied application, was born at Evesham, in Worcestershire, and was made a cardinal by Martin II., 1281. He died of the plague, six years after. He wrote Genealogia Humana, Problemata, Canones Medicinales, &c. ATTENDULI, MARGARET, a sister of Sforza, Grand Constable of Naples. When her brother was perfidiously seized, she armed her friends and domestics, and at their head made reprisals, and thus obtained the liberation of the captive. ATTERBURY, LEWIS, son of Dr. Atterbury, rector of Mlilton, Northamptonshire, was educated at Christ Church, and submitted to the republican visitors. He was, 1654, made Rector of Great Rissington, Gloucestershire, and three years after, obtained the living of Milton Bucks. After the Restoration he took. his degree of D. D. at Oxford. On his return from London, he was drowned near his house, Dec. 7, 1693. He published three sermons. ATTERBURY, LEwIS, LL. D., eldest son of the preceding, was educated at Westminster School, and Christ Church, Oxford. He was chaplain, in 1683, to the Lord Mayor, Sir William Pritchard, and the next year became Rector of Symel, in Northamptonshire, which he afterwards resigned for a higher position. He succeeded as preacher at Highgate chapel, where he had officiated for the late incumbent, Daniel Lathom, and, by being one of the chaplains of the Princess Anne, he recommended himself to favor, and was afterwards, 1707, presented to the living of Chepperton by the Queen, and by the Bishop of London to that of Hornsey, 1719, in which parish his own chapel was situated. His charitable disposition was strongly displayed in his studying physic for the benefit of the poor at Highgate, and distributing advice and drugs gratis. On the death of Dr. Sprat, the archdeacon- of Rochester, he made application for the office, and as his brother was Bishop of the See and patron, he expected no refusal; but he was disappointed and Dr. Brydges was nominated. He died at Bath, Oct. 29, 1731, in his 75th year. ATTERBURY, FRANCIS, Bishop of Rochester, was born March 6, 1662; and after finishing his education at Westminster, he entered at Christ Church, where he became known by his wit and his learning. His poetical abilities were early displayed; and he also acquired celebrity as a defender of the Protestant religion. On leaving Oxford, he was elected lecturer of St. Bride's, London, 1691, and soon after made Chaplain to William and Mary. With the eloquence of a popular preacher, he possessed the obstinacy of a controversialist, and therefore his sermons and works, when published, drew upon him the animadversions of Hoadley, Bentley, Wake, and others. His zeal, however, in the service of the church, and in support of the rights of convocations, was rewarded by the thanks of the Lower House of Convocation, and by a diploma of the 'degree of D. D. from the University of Oxford. Preferment and distinction were now heaped upon him in quick succession; and in 1713 he attained the height of his ecclesiastical dignity, by being made Bishop of Rochester, and Dean of Westminster. When George ascended the throne, the bishop was treated with coolness and indifference: he resented the affront, and displayed his attachment to the house of Stuart, by refusing to sign the Declaration of the Bishops, and by opposing in the Parliament, with vigor and eloquence, the measures of the government. This decided and hostile behaviour proved the beginning of his misfortunes. He was suspected of favoring the Pretender, and, Aug. 24, 1722, was arrested as a traitor, and confined in the Tower. March 23, 1723, a bill was brought in the House of Commons to inflict penalties on Francis, Bishop of Rochester, and he was ordered to prepare his defence. He declined using his influence among the Commons, but, as he wrote to the Speaker, he reserved the vindication of his conduct in that House, of which he had the honor to be a member. The trial lasted above a week. The Bishop was supported by all the learning and the eloquence of the Bar, and he spoke in his own cause with all the energy of the persuasive powers which he was known to possess; but he was condemned by a majority of 83 to 43 votes; and the King, on the 27th of May, confirmed the decision of Parliament. The Bishop met the disgrace of banishment with unusual firmness and dignity; he took an affectionate leave of his friends; and, June 18, 1723, embarked in the Aldborough man-of-war, and was landed at Calais, where he met Lord Bolingbroke, whom the Royal pardon recalled to England, upon which he observed with his usual facetiousness, " Then his lordship and I are exchanged." It is to be lamented that persecution is not softened by the fall of an enemy. Atterbury, in his exile, was pursued with more vindictive rage than when in England. Worn out by the unkindness of mankind, and domestic sorrow, he died at Paris, Feb. 15, 1732. His private character as a man was most amiable and exemplary; as a preacher, he was great and eloquent; and as a writer, his sermons, his letters, and other tracts, woman= I ~ - I I I---I r -~ - - P- C-~-e I ~~~~II~~- I - --n -. --- I -- - -~ ATTICUS 81 AUCHMUTY ATTIUS 8 AIJHMUT prove most decidedly, that he possessed piety, genius, flow of language and erudition. ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS, a Roman of the most amiable manners, who in the midst of civil wars and party animosities, maintained his independence, his character, and his possessions. He was respected by all parties, and his virtues and moderation deserved the general esteem. He died, B. C. 54, aged 77. ATTILA, King of the Huns, succeeded his uncle, A. D. 434. Having rallied to his standard nearly all the barbarians of Scythia and Germany, he challenged the whole world to war. His first expedition was against the Emperor Theodosius, and was marked with the most brilliant successes. The death of his enemy led him from the East to Italy, and his armies carried devastation through the greater part of Gaul and Burgundy. In a famous battle at Chalons-sur-Marne, Attila was compelled to retreat; but it was only for the purpose of recruiting, and renewing the war. Up to the time of his death, in A. D. 453, he continued engaged in this struggle for the sovereignty of the world, and well deserved the name of 4 The Scourge of God." ATWOOD, GEORGE, a mathematician, born in London, in 1745, was educated at Westminster, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and early manifested eminent mathematical talents. In 1784 he published the Lectures on Experimental Philosophy, which he had delivered before the whole university, and also a Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies. Mr. Pitt, who was his friend at college, gave him a sinecure office, that he might devote the chief part of his time to financial calculations; in which he proved exceedingly useful to the minister. Atwood died, unmarried, in 1807. Besides the works already mentioned, he published Treatises on the construction of Arches, and on the Stability of Ships. AUBERT DU BAYET, N., a French officer engaged in the American war. At the Revolution, he distinguished himself in favor of the popular cause, in the National Assembly, at the defence of Mentz, in 1798, and in the war of la Vend6e. He was afterwards ambassador at Constantinople, and died of a fever, brought on by excess and intemperance, December 17th, 1797. AUBERT, JOHN Louis, Abbe, Professor of Literature in the Royal College, was born at Paris, in 1731, and died in 1814. His poetry, in general, is characterized by ease and elegance; but he particularly excelled in the apologue. For some of his efforts in the latter species of composition he was warmly applauded by Voltaire, and his countrymen considered him as no unworthy follower of La Fontaine. AUBERT, PETER, a French lawyer, who died in 1733, aged 91. He left his valuable library to his native city, Lyons, where he had held various civil offices. He was author of Retor d'Isle d'Amour, a romance - 2 vols. of Factums, in 1710-an edition of Richelet's Dictionary, 3 vols. folio, 1728, and other works of less note. AUBERTIN, EDME, minister of the Reformed Church at Charenton, and afterwards at Paris, 1631, died at Paris, 1652. He was author of a work on the Eucharist of the Ancient Church, fol., 1633, which was attacked by Arnauld and others. AUBERY, or AUBRY, JOHN, a physician of BourboAUBERY, ANTHONY, a lawyer of Paris, remarkable for his uncommon application to study, from five in the morning till six in the evening. His works, the principal of which are, his History of Richelieu, 2 vols. folio, 1660; of Mazarin, 4 vols. 12mo., 1651; and of the Cardinals, 5 vols. 4to., 1642, are not possessed of superior merit, though they contain historical anecdotes and judicious remarks. He also wrote a Treatise on the 11 Pre-eminence of the Kings of France, 4to., 1649, and on the French King's Pretensions to the Empire, 4to., 1667. He died from the effects of a fall, 1695, aged upwards of 78. AUBERY, Louis, Sieur du Maurier, travelled with his father, who was ambassador to Holland, and visited Poland, Berlin, and Rome. After a few years passed at court, he retired to lead a life of literary and philosophical ease at his country-seat, where he died, 1687. His Memoirs on the History of Holland, 2 vols. 12mo., 1682, are often quoted, and are truly valuable. His grandson published, in 1737, his Memoirs of Hamburg, Lubeck, Holstein, Denmark, and Sweden. AUBESPINE, CHARLES DE, Marquis of Chateauneuf, Chancellor of France, was an able statesman, but proud and haughty in his demeanor. He excited the jealousy of Richelieu and Mazarin, and, though the favorite of the court, was imprisoned for ten years. He died 1653, aged 73. AUBESPINE, CLAUDE DE L', was descended of a noble family in Burgundy. Hle was usefully employed in the service of Francis I., Henry II., and his two successors, so that his advice often guided the measures adopted in the cabinet. He died in 1567, the very day after being consulted by Catherine de Medicis. AUBIGNE, THEODORE AGRIPPA D', a learned Frenchman, grandfather to Madame Maintenon. He is said to have translated the Crito of Plato into French, when he was only eight years old; but the improvement of his mind was checked by the death of his father, when lie had attained his 13th year, so that he forsook letters for the court, and became the favorite of Henry IV. An uncourteous behaviour, however, soon rendered him unwelcome; and he retired to Geneva, where his abilities were greatly admired. His principal work is an Histoire Universelle, 3 vols. fol., which was publicly burnt by the Parliament of Paris, because he treats the name of king with harshness and studied contempt. He died at Geneva, 1630, in his 80th year. He wrote an account of his own life, which was printed, 1731, besides two satirical pieces, The Confession of Sancy, and The Baron de Feneste. AUBREY, JOHN, an English antiquary, born in 1625, or 1626, at Easton Piercy, in Wiltshire, was educated at Oxford and the Inner Temple. He was unfortunately reduced to indigence by lawsuits, but he bore"his ill fate with a fortitude that does honor to his character. Lady Long, of Draycot, in Wilts, supported him in his latter years. He died in 1700. Aubrey was one of the first members of the Royal Society; wrote several antiquarian works, and contributed to the Monasticon Anglicanum. He possessed considerable abilities, but was exceedingly credulous and superstitious. AUBRIOT, HUGoo, a native of Burgundy, famous as the builder of the Bastile, by order of Charles V., of France, in 1369. He was accused of heresy, became the founder of the sect of Huguenots, who derived their name from him, and for this was condemned to be confined for life between two bare walls; but he was liberated by the Maillotins, who rebelled against the power of the Inquisition, and desired him to be their leader. He died in Burgundy, 1382. AUCHMUTY, ROBERT, an eminent lawyer, and the first of the American family of that name. He was the descendant of an ancient Scotch family, holding a barony in the north of Scotland. His father settled in England. Early in the eighteenth century, Robert came to America and settled in Boston. When he was admitted to the bar does not appear, but he was in practice about the year 1719. He possessed extraordinary talents; and the fame of his wit and shrewdness, and of the anecdotes told of him, has been preserved for more than a century. It is said the profession in Massachusetts is indebte, to himfor the high character it has since maintained In 1703 he was appointed Judge of the Court of Ad|miralty. In 1740 he was one of the directors of the.~~ -T. ---~plYlpi~C -- -~p~p~-. -rr~-. Ipl - I,--h --- -- -- --I AUCHMUTY 82 AUDRAN AUCUMTY 82AUDRA Land Bank. In 1741 he was sent to England as agent for the colony in the question of disputed boundary with Rhode Island. While in that country he is said to have projected the expedition to Cape Breton, and published a pamphlet entitled The Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, and a Plan for Taking the Place. In 1733 he was again appointed Judge of the Court of Admiralty. He died in April, 1750, leaving two sons, Samuel and Robert, mentioned below, and a daughter, who became the wife of Chief Justice, Benjamin Pratt, of New York. He also left a third son, James Auchmuty, a talented lawyer and a judge in Nova Scotia. AUCHMUTY, ROBERT, son of the preceding, was for many years an eminent lawyer of Boston. As an advocate he was eloquent and successful. Among his cotemporaries were Otis, Quincy, Hawley, and Judges Paine, Sargent, Bradbury, R. Sewall, W. Cushing, and Sullivan, and though less learned than some of them, he was employed in most of the important jury trials. He did not receive a Collegiate education; but his natural talents and his industry enabled him to get along without it. In 1767 he was appointed Judge of the Court of Admiralty, and continued to hold the office as long as the British authority was recognised: but, being a zealous royalist, in 1776 he left America and went to England, where he died. AUCHMUTY, SAMUEL, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York, at the time of the American Revolution, was a son of the elder Robert Auchmuty, and brother of the junior Robert, mentioned above. He was born at Boston, 1725, and graduated at Harvard University, 1742. He then went to England to study for Holy Orders. On being ordained, he was appointed, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, an assistant minister of Trinity Church in New York; and in 1764, upon the death of the Rector, he was assigned the charge of all the churches in that city. At the time of the Revolution, he had made arrangements again to visit England, in expectation of being consecrated Bishop of New York, but the perilous condition of affairs made it necessary that he should remain with his affectionate and devoted people. He continued his ministrations in the church, and succeeded in keeping his flock together. Dr. Auchmuty being opposed to the Revolution, and adhering to the cause of the mother country, honestly continued, in the public services of the church, to read prayers for the king. In 1777, when the Americans took possession of New York, this practice being offensive to them, Lord Sterling sent him a message that if he continued to do it, he would on the following Sunday send a file of soldiers and take him from the desk. But the Doctor, thinking he could not omit these prayers without violating his ordination vows, commenced the reading of them as usual; upon which Lord Sterling marched into the church with a company of soldiers, the band playing "Yankee Doodle." The Doctor's voice never faltered, but he went on and finished the prayers; and the soldiers marched up one aisle and down another, and went out again without any violence. After church, he sent for the keys of Trinity and its chapels, and took them to New Jersey, ordering that they should not again be opened until the liturgy could be performed without interruption. When the British got possession of the city, he resolved at once to return to his beloved parish, and applied for leave to pass the American lines. This request was denied. With the unfailing energy that characterized his whole career, he determined to return on foot by a circuitous route, to avoid being stopped. After undergoing great hardships, sleeping in the woods, and heedless of exposure, he reached the city. During his absence, Trinity Church and his parsonage had been burned to the ground. His papers and the church records were all destroyed. The Sunday following, he preached in St. Paul's for the last time. The hardships he had undergone brought on an illness, which terminated his life in a few days, March 4th, 1777, in the 52d year of his age. AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL, Brigadier-General in the British Army, was a son of the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, D. D., and born in 1758. He graduated at Columbia College, 1775, and entered the army as a volunteer, in 1776, under Sir William Howe. In 1783 he had command of a company in the East Indies, and was present at the siege of Seringapatam, under Lord Cornwallis. Previous to this, in 1781, he joined the expedition to Egypt, when he was appointed Adjutant-General. Returning to England in 1803, he was ordered to South America in 1806, where he had the command of the troops, with the rank of Brigadier-General, and in February, 1807, took by assault, after the most determined resistance, the fortress and city of Montevideo. In 1809 he was appointed Commander-in-chief of the Carnatic, and, in 1811, reduced the valuable settlements of Java and Batavia under the dominion of Great Britain. On his return to Europe, he became the chief of the forces in Ireland. There he died suddenly of apoplexy, Aug. 11th, 1822, in the 66th year of his age. He was distinguished for his great bravery, and the other attributes of an accomplished military chieftain. On two occasions he received the formal thanks of Parliament; and after his return from South America a service of plate and the rank of Lieutenant-General. AUCKLAND, WiLL-IAM EDEN, LORD, was the third son of Lord Robert Eden, and was educated for the bar at Eton and Oxford, being admitted to practice in 1769. In 1778 he accompanied the Earl of Carlisle to negotiate terms with the revolted American Colonies, and was chief secretary during the same nobleman's viceroyalty in Ireland. In 1785 he was Ambassador Extraordinary to negotiate a commercial treaty with France, and in 1788, performed a similar service in Spain. In 1789 he was sent to the Hague, where he concluded a treaty between Great Britain, the Emperor, and the King of Prussia, in the settlement of the affairs of the Netherlands. In the same year he was created Baron Auckland, in the Kingdom of Ireland, and in 1793 was advanced to the English peerage by the same title. He was an able diplomatist, and the author of the following political works-The Principles of Penal Law; Five Letters to the Earl of Carlisle; On the Population of England, in Answer to Dr. Price; View of the Treaty of Commerce with France; The History of Holland; Remarks on the War of 1795, and Various Speeches in the House of Lords. He died in 1814. AUDEBERT, JOHN BAPTIST, a French naturalist, born at Rochefort, 1759. As an engraver his merit was very great, and his application in the cause of science was indefatigable. He died, 1800. His first performance was l'Histoire des Singes, des Makis, et des Galeopitheques, 1 vol. fol., 1802; and such was the execution of the work that he was introduced to the ablest artists and the most eminent persons of Paris. AUDIUS, the founder of a sect in the 4th century, was banished into Scythia, where his disciples became numerous. He celebrated Easter like the Jewish Passover, and considered the Deity as having a human form. AUDLEY, JAMES, LORD, of Heileigh, Staffordshire, is distinguished for his valor in the wars of France under Edward III., at the battle of Poictiers. After performing deeds of heroism, he was so severely wounded that his attendants with difficulty bore him from the field. These great services were rewarded by the Black Prince, who bestowed on him a pension, and made him Constable of Gloucester Castle, Governor of Aquitaine and Seneschal of Poictou. He was one of the first Knights of the Garter, and died about 1386. AUDLEY, EDMUND, a descendant of the above, educated at Oxford, and successively made bishop of Rochester, Hereford, and Salisbury. He died, 1524; and the honor of being Chancellor of the Garter, which he held, has passed, by the interest of Bishop Seth Ward, to his successors at Salisbury. AUDRAN, GIRARD, son of an engraver of Lyons, perfected at Rome what he had previously learned, and on his --------- I II -- -- AUDRAN 83 AUGUSTUS ATJDRAN 83 AUGUSTUS return to Paris, engaged to finish the representation of the Battles of Alexander, by Le Brun. He gained great reputation, as he was esteemed the most correct historical engraver that ever lived. Besides Alexander's Battles, he finished six sheets of the Cupola of Val-de-grace, from the designs of Mignard. He died, 1703, aged 63. His uncle Charles, also an eminent artist, was born at Paris, 1594. His works are marked with a K. AUDRAN, CLAUDE, brother to Girard, an historical painter, employed by Le Brun. He was Professor of the Academy of Painting, and died at Paris, 1684, aged 42. His nephew, of the same name, excelled as a painter of ornaments. His best work is The Twelve Months of the Year, with the Presiding Deities. He died, 1734, aged 49. This family has been particularly distinguished for the number of painters and engravers it produced. There were one or -two still living in 1789, worthy inheritors of the reputation of their ancestors. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, an eminent Ornithologist, born of French parents, at New Orleans, May 4th, 1780. His education was obtained in Paris. His large work on Ornithology will be a perpetual monument of his genius, his well-cultivated taste, and of the enthusiasm and perseverance with which he pursued his favorite study. He commenced his own active life as a pioneer of civilization and social progress in the West. When thirty years of age, or as early as 1810, he sailed down the Ohio River in an open boat, with his wife and child, in search of a suitable location, in those wilderness regions, for his forest home, where he could pursue the researches to which he devoted all his energies, mental and physical. From that time his life was one of bold and fearless adventure, of romantic incident, and constantly varying fortune. Hardly a region in the United States was left unvisited by him, and the most solitary and inaccessible haunts of nature were disturbed by this adventurous and indefatigable ornithologist, to whom a new discovery or a fresh experience was only the incentive to greater ardor, and further efforts in his favorite department of science. By those who knew him, he is described as a man of marked and original character, simple in his manners, and in his whole appearance and habit stamped with the characteristics of genius and energy. Such would be our own individual opinion from a personal acquaintance formed about the year 1825, when he had so far advanced in his career, as to be under the influence of hope verging into the full fruition of his most ardent desires. For some years prior to his death, he led a quiet, retired life on the banks of the Hudson, mixing little in society; and to the public at large was more of an historical character, familiar by name and associations, than an actual member of the living world. He left behind him a name and a fame which, as a legacy to his family and to American science and art, are above all price. His death took place, January 27th, 1851, at the age of 71 years. AUGER, ATHANASIUS, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Paris in 1734, and died there in 1792. He translated Demosthenes, and other Greek orators, but his versions, though correct, are deficient in spirit. His best work is The Constitution of the Romans under the Kings, and during the Period of the Republic, on which he was occupied more than thirty years. AUGER, EDMUND, a Jesuit, whose eloquence is said to have converted 40,000 Protestants to the Catholic faith. His disinterestedness was such that he refused promotion in the church, and even a bishopric. He died, 1591, aged 61. AUGER, Louis SIMON, a member of the French Academy, was born at Paris, in 1772, and put an end to his existence in 1829. He was a man of much erudition and talent. He conducted several journals; was one of the principal authors of the Universal Biography; wrote Eulogies on Boileau and Corneille; and edited and commented upon a variety of standard works. AUGUSTIN, ANTONY, a native of Saragossa, distinguished by his abilities, and employed by the Pope as Ambassador to England, 1554, and afterwards as his agent at the Council of Trent. In 1574, he was made Archbishop of Tarragona, and so charitable was his deportment in this high station, that he did not leave enough wherewith to be buried, 1586. He was author of some Treatises and of Dialogues on Medals, in Spanish, 1587. AUGUSTINE, SAINT, a father of the church, born at Tagaste in Africa. He became, from a debauched youth, a steady and zealous Christian, and was made Bishop of Hippo. He died, 430, aged 76. His works, which are much esteemed, were edited in 10 vols. folio, 1579, and 1690, Paris. AUGUSTINE or AUSTIN, SAINT, first Archbishop of Canterbury, was sent with forty others by Pope Gregory I. from Rome to convert the Britons to Christianity, and he landed in the isle of Thanet about the year 596. He met with a kind reception from King Ethelbert, and after making a number of proselytes returned to Aries in France, where he was consecrated metropolitan of the English church. He fixed his seat at Canterbury, and by the direction of the Pope treated with tenderness and moderation his new converts, by permitting them still to assemble in the temples, which were now converted into Christian churches, and by only destroying the idols to which they paid the most solemn worship. The conversion of the whole nation, however, was a work of difficulty. Austin found adversaries unwilling to yield to reason and argument; and probably the disrespect which he showed to the Britons in receiving their deputies sitting, and without the common forms of civility, irritated against his doctrines a people naturally superstitious, and strongly attached to the religious tenets of their forefathers. With too much haughtiness he insisted on their celebratiig Easter as the Romish Church did; and though he was lenient in some particulars, he was too sanguine in establishing the Pope's supremacy among independent barbarians. Austin died at Canterbury, 604, and superstition has ascribed miracles to his ashes. AUGUSTINE, LEONA-RD, commonly called Agostini, a learned antiquarian of Sienna in the 17th century. His valuable work called Le Gemme Antiche Figurate, first published in 1657, 2 vols. 4to., and 1707, four vols. 4to., has been universally admired, and was translated by Gronovius into Latin, printed at Amsterdam, 1685, and Franeker, 1694. AUGUSTULUS, ROMULUS, the last Emperor of Rome, was son of Orestes who had deposed Julius Nepos. Young and inexperienced, he was unable to withstand the attacks of Odoacer, King of Italy; and, after the death of his father, Orestes, and the ruin of his country, he retired to Campania, where he spent the rest of his life in obscurity, support only by a small pension. AUGUSTUS, C. JUL. CES. OCTAVIANUS, the first Roman Emperor, was born B. C. 62. He was educated under the care of his uncle, Jul. Caesar, and after his death he had the artifice to conclude a treaty with Antony and Lepidus, and by thus establishing a triumvirate, he made himself absolute at Rome. His associates, Antony and Lepidus, were removed in consequence of quarrels and intrigues, ahd the young Cuesar, now sole master of Rome, although but 36 years of age, was given the title of Augustus by the obsequious Senate, and invested with the sovereign power. Thus raised to the and prudence, and all his measures tended to increase the glory and the triumphs, the comforts and the prosperity of Rome. Augustus died at Nola, A. D. 14, aged 76, and his memory was embalmed by the panegyrics of the poets and historians, whom, with a lavish hand, he protected and patronised. AUGUSTUS, GEO, E B., a lawyer f Mississippi, but a native of Alabama, was born November 12th, 1802. He served his native State in the Legislature, both as Representative and as Senator. He was also a Judge of Probate in Noxuba County; but, having no taste for pub e - Ib I g I ICI I I II e I II _ _ __ I__C __I___ I _I_ _ _ UP __C_ _ _ __ AUHADI-MARAGAH 84 AUSTIN lic life, soon declined to accept any office, preferring to AUSONIUS, DECIMs MAGNUS, a Latin poet of the devote himself to the labors of his profession, and the fourth century, born at Bourdeaux. He was preceptor amenities and charities of private life. He died, much to Gratian, Valentinian's son, and wrote some admired lamented, October 28th, 1850, aged 48 years. poems. AUHADI-MARAGAH, a Musselman poet, who put into AUSTIN, BENJAMIN, a political writer, early espoused Persian verse the Giam-giam, a book full of Mahometan the democratic or republican side in the political controspirituality. He was born poor, but was raised to afflu- versies which raged during the administration of the first ence by the presents of the Emperor of the Tartars, in Adams. After the triumph of Mr. Jefferson, he was ap1319. His tomb is held in great veneration at Ispahan. pointed Commissioner of Loans for Massachusetts. He died 1820, aged 68 years. His political writings, over AUNGERVILLE, RIOHARD, a native of St. Edmunds- the signature of "Old South," have been published in a bury, Suffolk, educated at Oxford. He was tutor to volume. Edward III., and for his services was raised to the See of Durham, 1333, and in 1334, made Lord Chancellor, AUSTIN, SAMUEL, D. D., President of the University and two years after Treasurer. He was not only learned, of Vermont, was born at New Haven, Connecticut, Octobut the munificent patron of learned men, and founded ber 7th, 1760. He was educated at Yale College, where a library at Oxford. He wrote Philobiblos, or The Right he graduated in 1783, receiving the first appointment at Use of Books, printed at Oxford, 1599, and died at Dur- commencement; which.may be considered a high honor, ham, 1345, aged 74. as his class consisted of forty-two members, among whom were David Daggett, LL. D., Abiel Holmes, D. D., LL. D., AUNOY, MARIE CATHAIINE JUMELLE DE BERNVILLE, Jedediah Morse, D. D., and John Cotton Smith, LL. D. COUNTESS D', widow of Count d'Aunoy, and niece of He spent about two years, after leaving College, in teachMadame Desloges, is known as a careless, though volum- ing, and in the study of divinity. Such was his popularity inous, writer of romances remarkable for much affecta- that he lost no time in obtaining a settlement. His first tion of the supernatural and marvellous. The Adventures location was with the Society of Fairhaven, in New of Hippolytus, Earl of Douglas, and Tales of the Fairies, Haven, where he was ordained in 1786. He removed, are her best pieces. Her husband was accused of trea- however, to Worcester, in Massachusetts, in 1790, and son, and with difficulty cleared himself. One of his three became the pastor of the First Congregational church in accusers, afterwards, through remorse of conscience, con- that town. This place was the sphere of his labors for fessed the charge to be false. She died, 1705. nearly twenty-five years; and here he acquired no small AURELLI or ARELLI, JOHN MUTIO, a Latin poet, degree of celebrity as an eloquent and learned preacher. who closely imitated Catullus, but without following his He was generally popular, and his services were extenfeeble or indecent styles. Pope Leo X. made him sively solicited by the denomination to which he begovernor of a place, where, soon after, he was found longed. The reputation he thus acquired made him dead, with his mule, at the bottom of a well, 1520. It a suitable candidate for the Presidency of the Uniis supposed that his tyranny had drawn upon him this versity of Vermont, to which he was called in the year violent punishment from the inhabitants. 1815; but, after a residence of six years in Burlington, the seat of this institution, he resigned his office and reAURENG-ZEB, Great Mogul, conspired with Morad, moved to Newport, R. I., where he took the pastoral one of his brothers, against his father, Shah-Gehen, at charge of a small and pecuniarily embarrassed congregaAgra, and kept him in confinement till he caused him to tion, once under the pastoral care of Dr. Hopkins, the be poisoned by one of his physicians. His brothers, Morad celebrated divine. This was pre-eminently a labor of love. and Dara, were destroyed with equal cruelty, and he be- He selected this people on account of their inability to came master of a large dominion, which he extended by give him an adequate support; and, with his characterthe conquest of the Deccan, Visapour, Golconda, and istic frankness and generosity sent them word that he nearly the whole Indian peninsula. A power acquired would become their minister, if they desired it. His by perfidy and bloodshed, was maintained with vigor and proposition was readily accepted, and he went to Newequity; and though Aureng-Zeb did not escape the tor- port, with as much pleasure, as if embarking on a missiontures of a reproving conscience, he was mild in his ary enterprise. Here he laboured earnestly for a period manners, and consulted the good of his subjects. As he of four years; but increasing age and other infirmities had been cruel to his father, he dreaded retaliation admonished him that he needed repose, and in 1825, he from his sons, and lived constantly in his camp, in the returned to Worcester to enjoy it in the bosom of midst of his soldiers. He died at Ahmednager, 1707, his former circle of cherished and endeared friends. aged 89. Owing probably to some peculiar trials he was unexAUREOLUS, MANIUS, ACILIUS, a Dacian, who from pectedly called to encounter, his intellect was much a shepherd became a General, and had the meanness to impaired, and for the remainder of his life he was particause his patron, Gallienus, the Emperor, to be assassi- ally deranged. He continued in this state till the day nated. He was put to death at Milan, 267, by the second of his death, which occurred on the 4th of December, Claudius. 1830, in the 71st year of his age. The following is a list of Dr. Austin's publications:-A View of the Church; AURIA, VINCENT, a native of Palermo, distinguished Letters on Baptism, 1805; Reply to Merill's Letters, as a man of letters. He wrote several works in Latin 1806; Dissertations on several Fundamental Articles of and in Italian. The most esteemed of his writings are Christian Theology, 1806; and the following sermons: his History of the Great Men of Sicily, in 4to., 1704, and On Disinterested Love, 1790; A Funeral Sermon on the his History of the Viceroys of Sicily, folio, 1697. He death of a Mr. Smith and a Miss Smith, of Exeter, N. H., died, 1710, aged 85. He was born poor; but indigence 1790; On the death of Miss Hannah Blair, 1794; A is the mother of industry, and should always be respected. Thanksgiving Sermon, 1797; At the Ordination of the AURILLON, JEAN BAPTISTE ELIE, a native of Paris, Rev. Samuel Worcester, 1798; Of Leonard Worcester, admired for his eloquence in the pulpit, his piety and 1800; Before the Massachusetts Missionary Society, his learning. He was author of some divinity tracts, 1803; Dedication of the Meeting-house at Hadley, 1808; and died, 1729, aged 78. Ordination of the Rev. Warren Fay, and of the Rev. J. SM. Whiton, 1808; A Fast-day Sermon, 1811; two FastAURIOL, BLAISE D', professor of the canon law at day Sermons, 1812; Dedication of the Meeting-house at Toulouse, known by some poetical pieces, and Treatises Worcester, 1823; Address at Worcester, on the Religious on Jurisprudence. He was so terrified at the prediction Celebration of the Fourth of July, 1825; and also numerof an approaching deluge, by a pretended prophet of his ous contributions to the periodicals of his time. time, that he built himself a large ark, in which, like another Noah, he hoped to survive the general calamity. AUSTIN, WILLIAM, a Barrister of Lincoln's Inn, author Ie died, 1540. of Hsec Homo, or the Excellency of Women, partly ex ~1 n~~-I -~~-~Y P~-- _~ Y~ Ii-U~~I IC~FliIP~~~Y~J 7B-d--- bý,I f................ I,"--. ~R AUTEROCHE 85 AVERANIUS AUTEROCHE 85 AVERANIUS tracted from Agrippa's book, De Nobilitate et Praecellent, Foeminei Sexus. He wrote also, Meditations on the Fasts and Feasts of the Church, published after his death, folio, 1637. AUTEROCHE, JEAN CHAPPE D', son of Lord Auteroche, was born at Mauriac, in Upper Auvergne, and distinguished himself in his youth by his rapid progress in the acquisition of learning, which was aided by the advantages of rank and of opulence. His superior abilities, especially in drawing and mathematics, soon recommended him to public notice. De la Tour, the principal of the College at which he was educated, mentioned him to Cassini, and the philosopher found him equal to his great expectations. Auteroche was employed to survey the royal buildings, and he advanced his reputation by translating Dr. Halley's Works, and displayed the accuracy of his calculations in his assiduous observations on the two comets which appeared in 1760. The transit of Venus over the sun's disk, on the 6th of June, 1761, added still more to his popularity. While Pinge was sent to the Isle of Roderigo, the Abbe Auteroche braved the rigors of the north, and fixed upon Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia, as the place for his observations. The appearance of the philosopher, with his mathematical apparatus, was viewed by the barbarian natives with astonishment and terror, so that the governor was obliged to protect his person with a guard; but the cause of science triumphed, and though the clouded skies seemed not to promise a favorable day, yet the transit became visible, and the exulting astronomer, who made his observations in the presence of the Archbishop of Tobolsk, and other men of science, immediately dispatched a courier to Paris with the result of his observations. In 1769, he prepared to view another transit of Venus, and crossed the Atlantic in a small vessel, eager to reach the coast of California, which was the place most favorable for the observation of the phenomenon. A pestilential disease had spread devastation over the country; but the abb6, fearless of danger, landed at St. Joseph, determined there to make his astronomical observations, against the advice of his friends. The 3d of June, the wished-for day arrived, the observations were completed, and the disorder seemed to respect the person of the abbe; but three days afterward he was attacked. He might perhaps have struggled against the violence of the disease, and survived the dreadful shock, had he not imprudently exposed himself to the air, and to the fatigue of observing an eclipse of the moon, on the very day that he took physic. His fate was now hopeless; he grew worse, and died August 1st, 1769, in his 49th year, a remarkable instance of indefatigable application, resulting in self-sacrifice to a too eager pursuit after knowledge. His papers were preserved by M. Pauli, who accompanied him, and were presented to the world by young Cassini. AUTREAU, JAQUES D', a painter of Paris, who, at the age of 60, began to write for the stage. His pieces were favorably received, and though they were deficient in intricacy of plot and action, yet they were admired for vivacity, ease, and comic spirit. His works were published in 1749, in 4 vols. 12mo., with a preface by Pelessier. The best known of his pictures was his Diogenes, with a lantern in his hand, in search of an honest man, which he finds in a representation of Cardinal de Fleury. Autreau lived in retirement, an enemy to the parade, bustle, and follies of life, and happy in his poverty. He died at Paris, 1745, in the Hospital of Incurables. AUVERGNE, ANTHONY D', a native of Clermont, director of the Opera at Paris, and known as a very eminent composer, whose works are held in the highest admiration. He died at Lyons, 12th February, 1797, aged 84. AUVERGNE, THEOPHILUS MALO DE LA TOUR D', a French Republican, distinguished by his learning and his heroic qualities, was descended from an illegitimate branch of the house of Bouillon, and was born in 1743, at Carhaix, in Lower Brittany. He served with honor in the army during the American war, and was living in retirement, on his half-pay, when the Revolution called him again to the field. Though he refused any higher rank than that of Captain, he was entrusted with the command of a corps of 8000 grenadiers, at the head of which he signalized himself on the Spanish frontier. The peace with Spain, in 1795, allowed him to return to his studies; but he once more quitted them, in 1799, for the benevolent purpose of taking the place of a friend's only son, who had been drawn for the conscription. In the following year, Bonaparte conferred on him the honorable title of First Grenadier of France. He fell, universally lamented, at the battle of Neuberg, in 1800. La Tour d'Auvergne was humane, singularly disinterested, knew all the European languages, and was thoroughly versed in ancient history. He is the author of a Franco-Celtic Dictionary; a Glossary of Forty-five Languages; and other philological works. AUVIGNY, N. CASTRES D', a man of great genius, born in the Hainaut, and intimate with l'Abb6 des Fontaines, who nurtured and directed his taste. He was an officer in the Light-horse Guards, and was killed at the battle of Dettingen, 1743, in his 31st year. His writings were numerous for his age, and all on historical subjects, the most admired of which are his Lives of Illustrious Frenchmen, 8 vols. 12mo.-his History of Paris, 4 vols. 12mo.; besides Memoirs of Madame Barneveldt, 2 vols. 12mo., and Abridged Histories of Rome and France. He is authentic, though his style is occasionally too declamatory and romantic. AUXENTIUS, a native of Cappadocia, made Bishop of Milan by Constantius, but excommunicated by a council at Rome. He was an Arian by principle. He died 374.-Another of the same name was so violent in his tenets that he challenged St. Ambrose to a public disputation, which he prudently declined. AUZONT, ADRIAN, a native of Rouen, known as a mathematician. He is said to be the inventor of the micrometer in 1667, the merit of which, however, is claimed also by the English. He first suggested the idea of applying the telescope to the astronomical quadrant, though some attribute it to Picard. He died, 1691. He wrote A Treatise on the Micrometer, printed 1693, folio. AVALOS, FERDINAND FRANCIS D', Marquis of Pescara, in the kingdom of Naples, was distinguished for his valor in the service of Charles V. IHe was taken prisoner at the battle of Ravenna, 1512, and employed the hours of his captivity in writing a Dialogue of Love, addressed to his wife, the virtuous Victoria Colonna. His abilities contributed much to the success of the battle of Bicoque, the recovery of the Milanese, and the victory of Pavia. It is said that the Pope wished to gain him to his cause by the promise of the kingdom of Naples. He died without issue, at Milan, Nov. 4, 1525, aged 36. AVENTIN, JOHN, was born of obscure parents, 1460, at Abensperg, in Bavaria, and after studying at Ingolstadt and Paris, became professor of the learned languages at Vienna and Cracow. He was made tutor to the Duke of Bavaria's children, and increased his reputation by writing the Annals of Bavaria, which were first published in 1554, by Jerome Zieglerus. In 1529, Aventin was rudely seized and imprisoned, it is supposed, on a complaint of heresy; but as no charge was made against him, he was released from his captivity by his patron, and, though now 64, he began to think of marriage. In the effervescence of a heated brain, he consulted his Bible, and determined to take as his wife the first willing woman he met, which proved to be his own maid, deformed, poor, and ill-tempered. He died, 1534, aged 68. AVENZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 12th century, author of A Treatise on the Proper Use of Medicine. He was a follower of Galen. He died at Morocco, at the advanced age of 135. Dr. Friend speaks of his practice and of his abilities with great commendation. AVERANIUS, JOSEPH, a native of Florence, possessed of strong powers of mind. He acquired very rapidly an AVERANIUS 86 AVILER AVERANIUS 86 AVILER intimate knowledge of the learned languages, of mathematics and philosophy, and of law. Besides translating the works of Archimedes, in his leisure hours, he ascertained the momentum of bodies on inclined planes, defended Galileo's philosophy, and inquired into the swiftness and propagation of sound. He died, Sept. 22d, 1738, aged 76. There are four volumes of his Dissertations in the Florentine Academy. AVERANIUS, BENEDICT, eldest brother of the preceding, was born at Florence, 1645, and early distinguished himself by his advancement in literature, and his familiar acquaintance with the obscurest writings of Plato and Aristotle. He also cultivated poetry; but, by the direction of his father, he studied jurisprudence at Pisa, and in 1676, was made Greek professor there. He was universally respected for his learning, and was solicited by the University of Pavia, and also by Pope Innocent XI., who admired his genius, to accept a Professor's chair. To improve and facilitate his style, he translated Sallust, Celsus, and other Latin authors into Greek, and wrote Greek elegies. In 1688 he published his Orations, and died in 1707. His dissertations, delivered at Pisa, his orations, his poetry, and other works, were printed after his death, in 3 vols. folio, at Florence, 1717. AVERDY, CLEMENT CHARLES DE L', a native of Paris, Minister and Controller of the Finances under Louis XV., was at one time the favorite of the people. Though he attempted the reform of abuses, and encouraged commerce and industry, his endeavors proved abortive in the midst of a luxurious court and of an unprincipled ministry; and, in 1764, the measures which he was forced to recommend proved so unpopular, that he solicited and obtained his dismissal. He retired to his country-seat, where the Revolution found him engaged in agricultural pursuits, regardless of the politics and the prejudices of party. The recollection of his services and of his abilities was too powerful to suffer him to end his days in privacy; he was suspected, and consequently condemned and guillotined, Oct., 1794, aged 74. AVERROES, an Arabian philosopher, born at Corduba, where his father was judge, under the Emperor of Morocco. His knowledge of law, divinity, mathematics, and astrology, was very extensive, and to this was added the theory, rather than the practice of medicine. After being Professor in the University of Morocco, he was summoned to succeed his father in the important office of judge, in Corduba, and soon after was invested with the same powers in Morocco and Mauritania. So extensive an authority did not fail to raise enemies, jealous of merit, and detractors of eminent talents; but the genius of Averroes rose superior to private envy. He possessed a firmness and patience of mind, which could distinguish and investigate the bias of human passions, and he was everywhere humane and liberal, so that the opulence which he derived from his offices was not heaped up, but generously bestowed in the relief of indigence and starving merit. The repeated attacks of malice however have too often prevailed, and Averroes is in the number of those whom -superior virtues have not always shielded. He was at last represented by the nobility and doctors of Corduba, to Mansor, King of Morocco, as a profane philosopher and a heretic, and the judge upon this accusation was arrested and imprisoned. Many of his enemies urged the necessity of capital punishment on so great an offender; but it was at last agreed by the doctors, whom the monarch consulted, that Averroes should retract. He was accordingly conducted to the gate of the mosque, bareheaded, where every one who entered indignantly spat in his face; after which he was asked by the doctors if he repented of his heresy, to which he replied in the affirmative, and was discharged. He continued under disgrace, though permitted to read lectures at Fez. till the king discovered that his successor did not possess the same uprightness and virtue, and that the dignity of the law could be supported by none better than Averroes. He was therefore restored to all his honors, and, though unwilling to leave the tranquillity of retirement, he was yet glad to find his innocence acknowledged by the people and the monarch. He died at Morocco, 1206. The best edition of his works is that of Venice, 1608. AVERY, WAIGHTSTILL, a Revolutionary patriot of North Carolina, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, and graduated at Nassau Hall, 1766. He studied law in Maryland, and then removed to North Carolina, and was licensed to practice in 1769. His success in his profession was good, and he took an active part in all matters of public interest, particularly in what related to American liberty. In 1775 he was delegate from Mecklenburg, to the State Congress, at Hillsboro, which placed the State in military organization. In 1777 he was appointed by Governor Alexander Martin, with Brigadier-General John M'Dowell, and Colonel John Sevier, to treat with the Cherokee Indians. In the same year also he was appointed the first Attorney-General of North Carolina, but soon resigned the commission. In 1781 he removed to Burke County, which he represented for many years in the State Legislature, and where, enjoying peace and plenty, and the love and regard of his neighbors, he died, in 1821; being at the time of his death, the Patriarch of the North Carolina Bar; an exemplary Christian, a pure patriot, and an honest man. AVICENNA, a famous Mahometan physician and philosopher, who early applied himself to the study of literature, to botany, arithmetic, and mathematics. At the age of 16, he was so far acquainted with physic that he visited patients with great reputation and success; and, that he might still more improve his knowledge he applied himself to Aristotle's metaphysics, which, after reading forty times, he gave up in despair as unintelligible, till by accident he met a beggar, who offered for sale a treatise of Al Farabius on metaphysics, which clearly opened to him the sense and the meaning of the Grecian philosopher, whose works he had so long studied in vain. He now acquired credit as a physician by curing the King of Khorassan; but his enemies raised a persecution against him. When the monarch's library was destroyed by fire, Avicenna was foolishly accused of the mischief, that he might arrogate to himself all the learning which he had received from books. There have not been wanting persons to assert that all his celebrity arose from the superior talents of his master, to whom his mother had bound him as a servant on pretence of being deaf. The old man, as it is said, admired his fidelity and services, and left his papers open to his view, which the crafty pupil copied and sent to his mother, and, after his master's death, published as the result of his own knowledge and experience. In the opinion of Dr. Freind, who must be considered as a competent judge, Avicenna had but little merit, his writings being chiefly extracts from Galen, from Rhazes, and from Halyabbas; and he often confuses the nature or description of a disease by an affected display of learned terms. Avicenna died, 1036, in his 56th year, with the character of a learned man. AVILA, Louis D', a native of Placentia, general of cavalry under Charles V., at the siege of Metz, 1552, the defence of which was conducted by the Duke of Guise. He wrote Memoirs of the African War, and of the wars of Charles V. against the Protestants of Germany, printed, 1546, and is censured by De Thou for his partiality. AVILER, AUGUSTIN CHARLES D', a native of Paris, taken by the Algerine pirates as he was sailing from Marseilles to Rome with the view of enlarging his ideas of architecture. During his two years of captivity at Tunis, he merited the thanks of the Dey by producing the much admired plan of the mosques there; and on regaining his liberty, he visited Rome, and afterwards beautified Montpelier by the erection of a magnificent gate in honor of Louis XIV. He died at Montpelier, 1700, aged 47. He wrote a course of architecture in two vols. 4to., highly esteemed. _ I __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ~ __ xVITUS 8 AVITUS, MARK MuECILIUS, a native of Auvergne, Emperor of the West on the death of Maximus, 455. His elevation was not attended by popularity and by virtuous actions; on the contrary, he devoted himself to pleasure, and soon offended the Senate, so that at the end of fourteen months he was marked for disgrace and death. He fled from the hands of his persecutors towards the Alps, and died on the road. His daughter married Apollinaris Sidonius, an historian, who perpetuated the memory of his father-in-law. AXTEL, DANIEL, a Colonel in the Parliamentary Army, of whose private character but little is known. He was so strenuous in the cause of the Parliament, that from a grocer he became a soldier, and by his good conduct rose to the place of colonel. He was one of the officers employed at the trial of the King, and his behaviour showed that he had not preserved much reverence for fallen majesty. He afterwards went to Ireland, but being dissatisfied with the conduct of Henry Cromwell, the LordLieutenant, he gave in his resignation; but the expulsion of the second Protector, and the restoration of the old Parliament, called him again to action. He was however opposed by Monk, and dispossessed of his command; and after supporting General Lambert against Ingoldsby, he was obliged to fly, but was soon taken and committed to the Tower. He was the 50th of the 52 excepted from the bill of indemnity, and he was accordingly tried as being concerned in the King's murder. It was sufficiently evident that he had acted with unusual severity against the King, and that he had been concerned in his execution; and he therefore was sentenced to be hanged at Tyburn, which sentence was executed on the 19th Oct., 1660. His head was set up at the end of Westminster Hall, and the limbs exposed in other places. He left a widowand seven children, for whom he had provided in the days of his prosperity a sufficient maintenance. AYESHA, daughter of Abubeker, was the most beloved of the wives of Mahomet, though she bore him no child. After his death, she opposed the succession of Ali, but, though violent and revengeful, her character was respected, and when taken prisoner she was dismissed without injury. She died 677, aged 67. AYLESBURY, SIR THOMAS, a native of London, educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, where he took his Master's degree. His abilities as a mathematician and man of science recommended him to the Duke of Buckingham, by whose influence he was made a baronet, and master of the mint. During the civil wars he suffered much from the hostility of the Parliament, and on the King's death retired to Flanders, where he died, 1657. In his public character he was a great patron of literature; and among his particular friends was Thomas Harriot, as well as Thomas Allen, who intrusted his MSS. to his confidential care. His daughter married Lord Clarendon. AYLESBURY, WILLIAM, son of the preceding, was born at Westminster, and, like his father, educated at Westminster School and Christ Church. Charles I., who knew his merits, appointed him tutor to the young Duke of Buckingham, and his brother Lord Francis Villiers, with whom he travelled. On his return he was made groom of the royal chamber, and encouraged to translate d'Avilla's History of the Civil Wars of France, which appeared in London, in folio, 1647, and 1678. The civil wars having reduced him from comfortable independence to poverty, he went to Jamaica, where he died about 1657. Wfhile in Italy, it is said, he was nearly murdered by two assassins, who mistook him for a person whom they had been employed to assassinate. upAYLETT, RoBErT, an English author of the 17th century. He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.D. in 1614, and afterwards became Miaster in Chancery. He wrote Susanna, or the Arraignment of the Two Elders, in 8vo. 1622, and Divine and Moral Speculations, in verse: the Britannia Antiqua Ulustrata, though ascribed to him, was supposed to be written by his nephew, Aylett Sammes. 37 AYRES VT AYRES AYLMER, JOHN, an English prelate, was born at Aylmer Hall, in Norfolk, 1521, and educated at Cambridge. Lady Jane Grey was subsequently under his tuition. He warmly espoused the cause of the Reformation, and his pulpit eloquence was instrumental in converting many of the people in Leicestershire; but when Mary came to the throne, having shown himself too zealous against popery to be safe in England, he fled to Strasburg and Zurich, where he resided until the accession of Elizabeth recalled him home. He was one of the eight divines appointed to dispute with the same number of Catholics; but, though his learning was great, and his zeal unceasing, he received little preferment, because it is said he had, with some asperity, reflected upon the indolence of the bishops and their excessive incomes. His abilities, however, were at last rewarded, and he was made Bishop of London when Sandys was translated from that See to Canterbury. His conduct as a bishop was exemplary; he watched with a jealous eye over the dignity of the clergy, and none but deserving persons were admitted as candidates for orders. During the plague, the bishop's humanity was eminently conspicuous. By his orders, the sick were visited by his clergy, every possible comfort was liberally administered, and books containing directions for preventing the spread of the contagion were freely circulated at his expense. Near the close of his life, he wished to exchange his diocese for that of Ely or of Winchester; but when this could not be effected, he desired to resign in favor of Dr. Bancroft, but the latter would not listen to his proposal. He died at Fulham, June 3d, 1594, aged 73. AYLOFFE, SIR JOSEPH, born, about the year 1708, was educated at Westminster School, and St. John's College, Oxford, and became eminent for his learning, and his knowledge of the history and antiquities of his country. Sir Joseph was elected Vice-President of the Antiquarian Society, and his various publications on the Antiquities of England, as well as on Local History, and on Different Monuments, proved how well he deserved the public favor. In 1734, he married Mrs. Margaret Railton, widow, by whom he had an only son, who died of the small-pox, at Cambridge, in his 21st year, Dec. 19th, 1756. The father died at Lambeth, April, 1781, aged 72, and was buried with his father and son in the vault of Hendon church. His manuscripts were sold after his death. Besides various papers in the Archueologia, he published Calendars of the Ancient Charters in the Tower of London, 1772, 4to. - Addition to Leland's Collectanea, 9 vols. 8vo. - Liber Niger Scaccarii, 2 vols. 8vo. - Hearne's Curious Discourses, 2 vols. 8vo.; and some other works of less note. AYMON, JOHN, a Piedmontese who embraced the tenets of Calvin while residing in Holland, and afterwards returned to the Romish Church under the patronage of the Cardinal Noailles, who procured for him a pension. He was permitted access to the king's library at Paris, but dishonorably abused the confidence reposed in him by conveying away some of the books, and, Samong others, the manuscript original of the Synod of Jerusalem, held in.1672. This he printed in Holland with other pieces, under the name of Monumens de la Religion des Grecs, et de la Faussete de plusieurs Confessions de Foi, 1718, in 4to. AYOLAS, JOHN DE, a Spaniard, Governor of Buenos Ayres in 1536, obtained great advantages over the Indians, and founded the city of Assumpcion; but, in an attempt to open a communication by land with Peru, he and his troops were destroyed by the savages. AYRES, JOHN, an English penman of considerable eminence, of whose life but few particulars are known. In 1694, he was one of the household of Sir William Ashurst, Lord Mayor of London, to whom he dedicated his Arithmetic Made Easy, a popular work, of which a 12th edition appeared, 1714. His Tutor to Penmanship, engraved by John Strut, was published in 1695, and inscribed to King William; and in 1700, appeared his I _ _ _ _ _ ii - L _ -- II - - - -~ AYRMIN 88 AZZOLINI AYRMIN 88 AZZOLINI Paul's-School Round Hand. He lived at the Hand-andPen, in St. Paul's church-yard, where he published several other works on Penmanship. AYRMIN or AYERMIN, WILLIAM, a native of Lincolnshire, made Chanceller of England by Edward III. and afterwards Treasurer. He was also sent as Ambassador to Rome, where, by his intrigues, he obtained the nomination to the vacant Bishopric of Norwich from the Pope, which so offended the King, that he refused for a long time to admit him to his See. He died about 1387. AYSA, a Moorish female, taken prisoner by the Spaniards under Charles V. at the siege of Tunis. She rejected with noble indignation the offers of Muley-Haseen, who wished to redeem her from captivity, and observed that, as he had been stripped of his kingdom, she disdained to owe her liberty to so great a coward. AYSCOUGH, GEORGE EDWARD, son of Dr. Ayscough, Dean of Bristol, and of Anne, fifth sister of Lord Lyttleton, was an officer in the Foot-Guards, and distintinguished by his literary accomplishments. He wrote Semiramis, a tragedy, in 1777, and on his return from the continent, which he visited for the benefit of his health, published Letters from an Officer of the Guards to his Friend in England, with some Account of France and Italy, 1778, 8vo. He fell a victim to a rapid consumption, 14th Oct. 1779. AYSCOUGH, SAMUEL, an indefatigable compiler. He was born at Nottingham, where his education was conducted, under the care of Mr. Johnson, until the misfortunes of his father put a stop to his further progress in learning. After following for some time the mean occupation of servant in a mill, young Ayscough was, in 1770. through the friendship of a school-fellow, who knew his merit and his industry, admitted into the British Museum, where he displayed so much diligence, and such a desire to gain knowledge, that he was promoted to be assistant librarian. He afterwards took orders, and obtained respectable church preferment. A variety of laborious Indexes and Catalogues were compiled by him, of which the most important are an Index to Shakspeare, and a Catalogue of the British Museura. He died in 1804, at the age of 59. AYSCUE, Sm GEORGE, a gallant English admiral, descended from an ancient family in Lincolnshire. He was knighted by Charles I., but on the outbreak of the civil wars declared for the Commonwealth. When the fleet revolted to Prince Rupert, he brought his ship, the Lion, into the Thames, and was rewarded for his attachment to the Parliament with a command on the Irish station, where his valour and experience greatly contributed to the reduction of Ireland. In 1651, he took Barbadoes, and the next year defeated a Dutch fleet. Soon after, in consequence of his dispute with Blake, he retired from the service, and assumed the command of the fleet of Charles Gustavus, King of Sweden. After the Restoration, he was promoted in the English navy, and in 1666, commanded the Royal Prince, the largest ship in the world; when, in a desperate fight of four days with the Dutch fleet, he unfortunately, after performing repeated acts of heroism, struck on the Galloper Sand, and was, against his will, obliged by his crew to surrender. The Dutch, proud of their captive, carried him from town to town as a spectacle to the people. After this, Sir George never went again to sea, but lived and died in retirement. AZAICUETA, MARTIN, surnamed Navarre, a lawyer, born 1494, at Verasoa, near Pampeluna, was distinguished as a professor in various universities. He died at Rome, 1586. His works appeared at Lyons, in 6 vols. folio, 1597. AZARA, DON JOSEPH NICHOLAS D', a native of Aragon, was born in 1731, and studied at Salamanca, where he highly distinguished himself. He manifested also a taste for the fine arts, and contracted a friendship with Mengs, the painter. In 1765, he entered on a diplomatic career, and was sent to Rome, as agent for ecclesiastical affairs. On the death of the ambassador there, Azara was appointed to succeed him. HIe continued at Rome till driven thence by the French invasion. Subsequently, lie was named Ambassador to Paris. Azara died in 1804. He wrote a Life of Mengs, and-a Funeral Eulogium on Charles III. He translated Middleton's Life of Cicero, and various other works. AZARIAS, a Rabbi, author of a Hebrew work called The Light of the Eyes, containing various miscellaneous historical subjects, and also Aristeas' Letter on the Septuagint, translated into Hebrew. The work was printed at Mantua, in 1574. AZEVEDO, IGNATIUS, a Portuguese Jesuit, born in 1527. He relinquished the possession of a large fortune to embark as a Missionary to India. The vessel in which he embarked was attacked by pirates, and he and his nineteen companions massacred, July 15th, 1570, near Palma. This cruel event was felt and lamented throughout Europe, and Azevedo was canonized as a martyr by a Papal Bull. AZNAR, Count of Gascony, was sent, in 824, by Pepin, King of Aquitaine, to suppress a revolt of the Navarrese Gascons, a task which he accomplished. Pepin, however, having subsequently given him cause for discontent, Aznar put himself at the head of the same Gascons, passed the Pyrenees in 831, seized on a part of Navarre, and became the founder of the kingdom of that name. He died in 836. AZUNI, DOMINIC ALBERT, an Italian civilian, was born in Sardinia in 1760. and died in that island in 1827. Among his works, all of which are much esteemed, are a History of Sardinia; a Dictionary of Mercantile Jurisprudence; and a System of the Principles of the Maritime Law of Europe. AZZOGUIDI, VALERIUS FLACCUS, a learned antiquarian of Bologna. Ho wrote on the origin of the town of Bologna; the chronology of the first king of Etruriae; and on the age of the patriarchs mentioned in Genesis. He died at Bologna, "1728, aged 77. There were two other authors of that name, of no great celebrity. AZZOLINI, LAWRENCE, Secretary to Pope Urban VIII. and Bishop of Narni, died in 1532. He wrote an admired Satire against Debauchery, 8vo. His relation, Dicio, was raised to the dignity of Cardinal by Innocent X. He wrote political aphorisms, and was the favorite of Christina, Queen of Sweden, who left to him all her property. He died in 1689, aged 67. -wp rmý I _ _ _ _L1_ sRI _ _ L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ BAAN 89 BACHE AAN 89BAH B. BAAN, JOHN DE, a Dutch painter, born at Haerlem, in 1633. He studied under Beker, and acquired so much celebrity, that Charles II. and all the royal family sat to him for their portraits. After a residence in England, he went to Italy, where he was patronised by the Grand-Duke of Tuscany. This ingenious man, whom his pencil had rendered rich and independent, died at Amsterdam in 1702. BAART, PETER, a Latin and Flemish poet and physician, author of the Flemish Georgics, a poem in imitation of Virgil, and highly commended, though with undiscerning partiality, by his countrymen. He wrote also another poem, called Le Triton de Frise. The year of his death is unknown. BABA, a Turkish impostor. In 1260, in the town of Amasia, he announced himself as the messenger of God; and when opposed by the Turks, he collected a number of adherents, by whose aid he laid waste the fairest portion of Natolia. He was at last overpowered, and his sect totally dispersed. BABEK, a Persian, who in 823 assembled a multitude of fanatical followers, and defeated the troops of the Caliph Almamon. He was conquered by the next caliph, and after being led about on an elephant through the streets of Samara, his hands and legs were cut off, and he expired in the midst of the greatest agonies. One of the ten executioners who followed him, declared that he had himself put to death not less than 20,000 men. BABEUF, FRANCIS NOEL, a native of St. Quintin. He was at first a menial servant in the family of a benevolent master near Roye, whose kindness in instructing him in reading and writing he repaid by distressing him in an iniquitous lawsuit. He next became an attorney, and in the beginning of the French Revolution, escaped from the prison of Arras, where his dishonesty had immured him, and came to Paris, where, assuming the name of Gracchus, he published a paper called The Tribune of the People. By disseminating the most pernicious principles, and recommending the division of all property, he acquired popularity, and, on the fall of Robespierre, was regarded as a proper person to succeed the tyrant, and to guide the destinies of France, by shedding the blood of her virtuous citizens. This profligate character was at last denounced by some of his accomplices, and condemned to the guillotine. He died with great composure, 1797, at the age of 37. An account of his trial, in which he displayed great eloquence and astonishing firmness of mind, has been published in 3 vols. 8vo. BABINGTON, ANTHONY, a native of Derbyshire, known in English history for his conspiracy, with other Roman Catholic associates, to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, and thus to procure the release of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. This diabolical scheme was zealously undertaken, in the hope that Mary would reward her deliverer by sharing her throne with him. The plot was discovered by Walsingham, and the conspirators suffered death, 1586. BABINGTON, GERVASE, D. D., a native of Nottinghamshire, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a Fellow. By the interest of Henry, Earl of Pembroke, to whom he was chaplain, he obtained preferment, and was at last raised to the See of Llandaff, thence translated to Hereford, and, in 1597, to Worcester. He was a great benefactor to the cathedral library at Worcester. He died of the jaundice, May 17th, 1610. He wrote Notes on the Five Books of Moses, Expositions of the Creed, and sermons, published in folio, 1615, and 1637. 12 BABUR, grandson of Tamerlane, disputed with his elder brother, Aly Doulat, for the sovereignty, and, in consequence of a treaty, obtained the province of Georgia. He was afterwards engaged in bloody wars with his relations, and, after a terrible battle, ordered the head of his brother Mohammed, who had fallen into his hands, to be cut off in his presence. He died in 1471, from the effects of a violent fit of passion. BACCHINI, BENEDICT, a Benedictine of Parma, author of a literary journal which gave offence to his superiors. He retired to Modena, where he became librarian and historiographer to the Duke, and afterwards filled the chair of ecclesiastical history with ability. He published several very learned works, and collected material for a History of the House of Este, which he left in the hands of Muratori. He died, 1721, aged 70. BACH, JOHN SEBASTIAN, a German musician, born at Eisenach, was in the service of the Duke of Saxe Weimar, and attained eminence by his skill in playing on the organ. His compositions are much admired. He died at Leipsic, 1754, aged 69. His sons, Charles and John, were equally eminent as musicians and composers. BACHE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, a printer, is perhaps entitled to remembrance as the editor of the most influential opposition print, the Aurora, during the administrations of Washington and Adams. He died in 1799. BACHE, RICHARD, Postmaster-General of the United States from 1776 to 1782. He probably obtained the appointment through his connexion with Dr. Franklin, whose only daughter he married in 1767. He died in 1811. BACHE, MRs. SARAH, the only daughter of Benjamin Franklin, was born in Philadelphia, in September, 1744, and in 1767 was married to Richard Bache, a merchant of that city. She is worthy of being remembered for her patriotic services in the time of the American Revolution, as well as for her good sense and domestic virtues. The winter of 1780 was a most trying one for the American army. Many of the soldiers were barefoot and only half clad. The ladies undertook to supply them with clothing. Robert Morris and other rich patriots contributed money, and the ladies purchased the necessary materials, and made the garments with their own hands. Mrs. Bache was one of the most zealous in this good work. The Marchioness de Lafayette contributed one hundred guineas, and the Countess de Luzerne gave six thousand dollars, in continental money. Those who had no money were active in the employment of the needle. It was charity of the noblest kind, and originated in the purest motives. During these beneficent services the Marquis de Chastelleux visited Philadelphia, and described his acquaintance with Mrs. Bache in the following glowing style. "If there are ladies in Europe," says he, " who need a model of attachment to domestic duties and love to their country, Mrs. Bache may be pointed out to them as such. Simple in her manners, like her respectable father, she possesses his benevolence. She conducted us into a room filled with work, lately finished. by the ladies of Philadelphia. The ladies bought the linen and made it into shirts for the soldiers of Pennsylvania. On each shirt was the name of the married or unmarried lady who made it, and they amounted to twenty-two hundred." Thus were the hearts of the suffering army made glad, and many a one no doubt saved from an untimely and agonizing death. On several other occasions, her active benevolence was called into exercise. She performed hospital duties, dressing the wounds of the soldiers, and administering to them medicines, cordials, and such other things as were calculated to mitigate their sufferings. Thus did she manifest her love for her I - - - ------ ---- --- PI - - - - - I I BACHELIER 90 BACON country. Thus did she become an angel of mercy. Mrs. his exertions the Baptist denomination in America is Bache died in 1808, at the age of 64 years. much indebted for the prosperity now experienced. He BACHELIER, NICHOLAs, an architect and sculptor died November 20th, 1806, aged 82 years. His publicawho, after studying at Rome under Michael Angelo, in tions were numerous; among others a History of the troduced at Toulouse and Lucca the graceful and easy Baptists three volumes. architectural style of his master, instead of the heavy BACON, ANTHONY, elder brother to the Chancellor, Gothic which then prevailed. He adorned several distinguished himself by his great knowledge of politics, churches by his sculpture, and the beautiful productions which, however, he did not display in the public service, of his chisel were universally admired. He died after as he was satisfied with the tranquillity of a more private 1553. station. He was very intimate with Essex, assisted him with his advice in the midst of his distresses, and even BACHI, PIETRO, Doctor of Philosophy and teacher of resided for some time in his house, as he was unable the Italian and Spanish languages in Harvard University, from lameness to visit him frequently. He left his estate for a period of twenty years, was born in Sicily, in 1787. to his brother, the Chancellor. Being implicated in Murat's attempt to reascend the throne of Naples in 1815, he was banished from the BACON, SIR FRANCIS, Viscount of St. Albans, whom country and retired to England, where he remained until Pope, in one emphatic line, has truly characterized as 1825, when he came to the United States of America. In " the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind," was the ancient and modern languages he was highly accom- son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and was born January 22d, plished, and was also conversant with German and Eng- 1561. The promise of his future talents was so early lish, as well as with Italian literature. It was remarked displayed, that Queen Elizabeth was accustomed to call by Judge Story, that so familiar was he with the princi- him her "young Lord Keeper." Trinity College, Camples of jurisprudence, it would have been easy for him to bridge, had the honor of his education; and, while there, rise to distinction at the American bar. In the social before he was sixteen, he began to express his dissent relations of life he was also much beloved, as he pos- from the Aristotelian philosophy. On his return to Engsessed great kindness of heart and affability of manners. land, after having accompanied Sir Amius Paulet to He died at Boston, August 22d, 1853, at the age of 66 France, he entered at Gray's Inn, and, at the age of 28 years. became one of the Queen's Counsellors. Being the BACKHOUSE, WILLIAM, a Berkshire gentleman, edu- friend of Essex, to whom Cecil was hostile, Bacon was cated at Christ Church. He left Oxford without taking debarred from preferment. For this, however, Essex a degree, and retired to his mansion, where he devoted generously compensated him by the gift of a considerhimself to alchemy and astrology, and numbered among able estate. In reward for this gift Bacon pleaded his pupils and friends Elias Ashmole, who always ad- against Essex on his trial, and afterwards wrote a dressed him by the title of father. He died, 1662. He pamphlet to blast the memory of his benefactor. Hayvwas author of The Pleasant Fountain of Knowledge, ing, previously to the accession of James I., contrived to translated from the French, 8vo., 1644; The Complaint obtain the good graces of the Scottish party, that monof Nature; The Golden Fleece, &c. He also invented the arch, as soon as he ascended the throne, knighted him, instrument called the Way-wiser. and gave him pensions to the amount of one hundred pounds per annum. But it was not until 1607 that he BACKHUYSEN, LITDOLPH, a painter of Embden. obtained the long coveted post of Solicitor-General. In Though intended for mercantile pursuits, at Amsterdam, 1611 he was appointed a judge of the Marshal's Court; his time was more occupied in the company of painters and in 1613, Attorney-General. As a crown lawy6r he than in the counting-house. His fondness for shipping was slavishly obsequious to the sovereign, and a dangerled him frequently to make sketches with a pen of the ous enemy of freedom. At length he attained the sumvessels in the port, which he executed so admirably, that mit of his ambition. In 1617 he was made Lord Keeper; collectors were eager to purchase them at liberal prices. in 1619, Lord High Chancellor, with the title of Baron From this beginning he rose to eminence in the profes- Verulam; and, in 1620, he was created Viscount St. sion. He died, 1709, aged 78. Albans. Fortunately for posterity, the mind of Bacon BACKUS, AZEL, D. D., President of Hamilton College was not wholly engrossed by ambition; philosophy and in the State of New York. He was a son of Jabez Backus, Novumce held a large place in it. His great work, the of Norwich, Conn. and graduated at Yale College in 1787. had already published his Essays the Advanceme nt1620 H When in College he was a Deist, but was reclaimed to Learning; the Treatise on the Wisdom of the Ancients; Christianity by the kind agency of his uncle, the Rev, and some othe Tretise on the Wisdom of the ncivery moments;, however, Dr. Charles Backus. In early life he was ordained suc- and some triumph of his g enius was completed, his political cessor of Dr. Bellamy, at Bethlem. Upon the establish- when the triumph of his gemus was completed, his political cessor of Dr. Bellamy, at Bethiem. Upon the establish- downfall was near at hand. In 1621 he was accused in ment of Hamilton College he was appointed the first downfall was near at hand. In 121 he was accused in President. He died, December, 1816, aged 51 years Parliament of gross bribery and corruption. He pleaded President. He died, December, 1816, aged 51 years. guilty, and was sentenced to pay a fine of forty thousand' Dr. Backus published a Sermon on the death of Governor guilty and was sentenced to a fine of sy thousand Wolcott, 1797; an Election Sermon, 1798; and an Ordi- pounds; to be imprisoned during the royal pleasure; nation Sermon, 1813. and to be rendered incapable of filling any office, of sitting among the peers, and of coming within the verge of BACKUS, CHARLES, D. D., a graduate of Yale College the court. The fine and imprisonment, however, were in 1769. He was born in Norwich, Conn., 1749, and was soon remitted, and even a pension was granted to him. ordained pastor of the Congregational church of Somers The remainder of his life was spent in retirement, and in in that State, 1774. Here he remained till his death, the ardent pursuit of literature and science; often emwhich took place, December 30th, 1803. Dr. Backus bittered by the embarrassments which arose from his became eminent in his profession, and published the fol- habits of lavish expenditure. He died at Highgate, on lowing works-A Sermon at the Ordination of Freegrace the 9th of April, 1628. As a courtier and a politician Reynolds, 1795; of Tim. M. Cooley and Joseph Russell, he merits no severity of censure; as a man of genius and 1796; of Thomas Snell, 1798; Five Discourses on the a philosopher, no language can be too lofty for his praise. Truth of the Bible, 1797; A Centennary Sermon, 1801; N JH E b and a volume on Regeneration. BACON, JOHN, an English sculptor, born at Southad a v m on. wark, November 24th, 1740. At the age of fifteen he ~BACKUS, ISAAc, a distinguished Baptist minister of was bound to a china manufacturer at Lambeth; and in Massachusetts, was born at Norwich, Conn., in 1724, and this employment he so distinguished himself by his commenced preaching in 1746. He was ordained as a assiduity, that in a little time the improvements of the Congregationalist in 1748; but, in 1751, was baptised by manufactory were all the efforts of his genius. From immersion. He was settled in Middleborough, both pre- the various models which were presented to his view he vious to, and subsequent to his change of sentiments. To laid the foundation of his future fame; and in his execu I Oh _ I __ BACON 91 BADCOCK BACON 91 BADOOCK tion displayed such taste and correctness, that he obtained nine premiums from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts. He formed and perfected the design of making statues of artificial stone, and, in 1763, began first to use the instrument, since improved, by which he transferred the form of the model to the marble. His figure of Mars much increased his reputation. The statues of Judge Blackstone, Johnson, and Howard; a bust of George III.; and the monuments of Lord Chatham, Mrs. Draper, and Guy, the founder of the hospital, are among his principal works. An inflammation in the bowels proved fatal to this most ingenious artist, August 4th, 1799. BACON, NATHANIEL, GENERAL, a Virginia rebel, was educated at the Inns of Court in England, and after his arrival in this country was chosen a member of the Council. The murder of six Indian chiefs induced the savages to take terrible vengeance, inhumanly slaughtering sixty for the six. Their incursions caused the frontier plantations to be abandoned. Governor Berkeley built a few forts on the frontiers; but this was a wretched expedient, and produced no beneficial effect, for the savages quickly discovered, as an old history expresses it, " where the mouse-traps were set." The people were for wiser and more active measures. They chose Bacon for their General, who sent to the Governor for a commission, which he refused. He then marched without one, at the head of eighty or ninety men, and defeated the Indians. For this act Bacon was proclaimed a rebel. He was taken, tried, and acquitted, restored to the Council, and promised also, in two days, a commission as General for the Indian war, agreeably to the ardent wishes of the people. As the Governor refused to sign the promised commission, Bacon soon appeared at the head of 500 men and obtained it by force. The people had not misjudged his capacity to serve them, as, by the adoption of wise and energetic measures, he succeeded in restoring confidence, and the scattered populace returned to their plantations. While he was thus honorably employed the Governor again proclaimed him a rebel. This measure induced him to countermarch to Williamsburg, whence he issued his declaration against the Governor, and soon drove him across the bay to Accomac. He also exacted of the people an oath to support him against the forces employed by the Governor. He then prosecuted the Indian war, after which he again put the Governor to flight and burned Jamestown. At this period he adopted a singular expedient to prevent an attack by the Governor, besieged by him. He seized the wives of several of the Governor's adherents, brought them into camp, and then sent word to their husbands that they would be placed in the van of his forces. Entirely successful on the western shores, Bacon was about to cross the bay to attack the Governor at Accomac, when he was arrested by death, Oct. 1st, 1676. BACON, SIR NICHOLAs, Keeper of the Great Seal, under Elizabeth, was born in 1510. He was employed under Henry VIII., to whom he proposed a plan, which, however, was never adopted, for erecting a College for the instruction of young statesmen in all the branches of political knowledge. He was knighted by Elizabeth, and made Keeper of the Seals in lieu of Heath, Archbishop of York; but, as he favored the Suffolk succession, he was treated with coldness, and suspected of assisting Hales in writing a tract to favor the claims of the Duchess of Suffolk against the rights of the Queen of Scotland. However, he was soon after reinstated in the Queen's good opinion by the interference of Sir William Cecil. He died February 20th, 1579. I BACON, PHANUEL, D. D., an Oxford divine, celebrated for his wit and humor. In 1735 he became rector of Baldon, Oxfordshire, where he died, January 2d, 1783. He wrote, besides five plays published in 1757, an elegant poem called The Artificial Kite, first printed in 1719, and inserted in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1758. BACON, ROBERT, an English friar, known at Oxford as divinity professor, as well as by his opposition to Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winton, the favorite of Henry III. He visited Paris; and, in 1233, was made. Treasurer of Salisbury cathedral. Among other things he wrote the Life of St. Edmund, the Primate. He died, 1248, and was buried at Oxford. BACON, ROGER, was born, 1214, near Ilchester, of respectable parentage. He was educated at Oxford, and visited Paris, the common resort of the learned of the times. After taking the degree of doctor, and becoming monk of the Franciscan order, 1240, he returned to his native country. A strong, inquisitive mind soon raised him to consequence, and he made the most rapid strides in the advancement of science and philosophy. His experiments and his calculations were so far above the comprehensions of his age, that he was accused of magic; and the eagerness with which he studied astrology strongly supported the charge. The monks of his order grew jealous of his reputation, his works were rejected from their library, and the principal of the order was prevailed upon to imprison him. After ten years of painful solitude, he was set at liberty by the interference of his friends. The remainder of his life was spent in academic repose at Oxford, where he died June 11th, 1294. Bacon is universally allowed to have been a man of superior merit; and his vast scientific attainments in a barbarous age are strong evidence of the success with which industry and perseverance may labor in the road of learning. The discoveries and the more accurate experiments of the moderns pay daily tributes of gratitude and reverence to this father of philosophy, and it is now manifest that his comprehensive mind was acquainted with many of the secrets which the toil and repeated efforts of succeeding ages have scarce brought to light. He was conversant with the structure of an air-pump, and with the laws of optics and the power of glasses; he understood the preparation of phosphorus, and clothed in unintelligible language the name of gunpowder, which he said was formed with sulphur, nitre, and charcoal; as if he anticipated the devastation which its discovery by Schwart, some ages after, was to bring upon mankind. In his writings, which amounted to above eighty treatises, he used an elegant and nervous style, and was always accurate in his observations on nature. BACON, THOMAS, an Episcopal minister at Fredericktown, Maryland, died in 1768. He compiled A Complete System of the Revenue of Ireland, published in 1737; also A Complete Body of the Laws of Maryland, folio, 1765. He also wrote other valuable productions. BADAKSCHI, a Persian poet under the caliph Moctafi. His divan, or collection of poems, is written concerning the fortunes which attended the great men of the court. He says that the varied scene in human affairs ought not to create surprise, as we see that life is measured by an hour-glass, and that what is above one hour is below the next, in alternate succession. BADCOCK, SAMUEL, an English divine and writer, born in 1747 at South Moulton, in Devonshire, was, for some years, a Dissenting minister, but at length conformed to the Church, and became assistant preacher at the uctagon nChapel, Batn. nie died in London, in io88. BACON, ANNE, second daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, As a pulpit orator he was much admired; and as a litepreceptor to King Edward VI., and wife of the preceding, rary man he displayed talents far above mediocrity. He was eminent for her learning, piety, and virtue. She was one of the best writers in the Monthly Review; was translated Ochine's Sermons from the Italian into Eng- a correspondent of several magazines, and contributed lish, and Jewel's Apology for the Church of England, largely to Dr. White's Bampton Lectures; but produced from the Latin; and died about the beginning of the reign no separate publications, except a Sermon, and a Pamof James I., at Gorhambury, near St. Albans. phlet on Dr. Priestley. - JLL -~lk__zi-;----~-__LI --- -- -__r BADEN 92 BAGFORD BADEN 92 BAGFORD BADEN, CHARLES FREDERICK, GRAND DUKE OF, was descended from the sovereign family of that name in Germany, which was distinguished by many eminent statesmen and military leaders since the llth century. He was defeated several times by Moreau, and concluded a treaty of peace with the French Republic, 1796; gave in his adherance to the Confederation of the Rhine, 1805, and received the title of Grand Duke. He died, 1811. BADEN, JAMES, a Dane, born in 1735, is considered as one of the founders of Danish literature. In 1760, on his return from his travels, he gave, at Copenhagen, the first course of Lectures on Belles-lettres that had ever been delivered in the language of the country. He was the Professor of Eloquence and Latin in the University of Copenhagen, and held other offices connected with public instruction. His Critical Journal, from 1768 to 1779, contributed much to improve the Danish taste. He translated Tacitus, and other classics, and published a Latin and Danish Dictionary, and several grammars. BADEW, RICHARD DE, a native of Badow, Essex. lie was Chancellor of Cambridge, 1326, and laid the foundation of a college called University Hall, which was accidentally destroyed by fire; and, when rebuilt by the daughter of Robert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, was called Clare-Hall. BADGER, JOSEPH, one of the first American Missionaries west of the Alleghany Mountains, was born in Wilbraham, Mass., February 28th, 1757. The country being new, he had but few advantages for early education except what he received from his parents. At the age of 18 he entered the Revolutionary army as a soldier. With the exception of a few weeks, he remained in the service of his country until the end of 1778, enduring all the privations, hardships, and perils at that time incident to such a life. On leaving the army he had saved about two hundred dollars. This sum was in Continental bills, which had become so reduced in value as not to be sufficient to purchase him cloth for an ordinary coat. He was, of course, in a state of destitution, but was resolved on obtaining an education. He was then in his 22d year, and had to commence with the elements of the common school instruction, spelling, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In due time he began the study of Latin and Greek, paying his expenses by the labor of his own hands. At this period he boarded with the father of the Rev. Jeremiah Day, D.D., afterwards President of Yale College, and of the Hon. Thomas Day, LL. D. In the fall of 1781 he entered Yale College, and graduated in 1785, obtaining money to pay his college bills by keeping school. In the same class were Return J. Meigs, Timothy P. Aitken, LL. D., Governor Samuel Huntingdon, Barnabas Bidwell, LL. D., and the Rev. Abel Flint, D. D. Having studied for the ministry, and spent a few years in preaching in Connecticut, in 1800 he was sent by the Connecticut Missionary Society to the unsettled parts of Ohio. Here his labors were unlimited, and his hardships almost past endurance. He was obliged to travel on foot, or upon horseback, where there were no roads, no bridges over the rivers, and sometimes no settlements for a whole days' journey. On one occasion, when traversing a wide and dense forest on horseback, about two hours after sunset, in the midst of a drenching rain, he was met by a huge bear, which he recognised by the gnashing of his teeth, his growls, and the flashing of his eyes. In this emergency he rode to a tree, tied his horse to one of the branches, raised himself upon his feet on the saddle to reach the highest branches, to which he ascended, and there secured himself to prevent falling. In this way he spent the night, and the bear being wearied with watching took his departure. On the return of daylight he was able to continue his journey. During the war of 1812, Mr. Badger was appointed by General Harrison, Brigade-Chaplain in the United States Army. His familiar acquaintance with the country enabled him to act the part of a temporal as well as spiritual guide, which rendered his services of the greatest value to the commander-in-chief. At the close of the war he resumed his missionary functions. General Harrison never ceased to cherish for him the most sincere friendship. At times his poverty was extreme. Thus, in 1826, he was induced to apply for a national pension for revolutionary services. It was promptly granted, and he was placed on the pension roll at $96 a year. For about ten years more he continued his regular ministrations, and then, in June, 1835, he went to Wood county, in the same State, to reside with an only surviving daughter. There he died, in 1846, at the age of 89 years. Such incessant toils, and such personal sacrifices should never be forgotten. They cast a bright gleam over the moral darkness of the world, and make a glorious counterpart to the selfishness too common among professed Christians. BADGER, Louis, a native of Lyons, has immortalised his memory by an heroic instance of fraternal affection. To save his brother, who had assisted in defending Lyons against the Republicans, and who was consequently exposed to death after the surrender, he assumed his name, and cheerfully suffered for him. BADGER, WILLIAM, a prominent citizen of Gilmantown, New Hampshire, was born in 1779. The early part of his life was devoted to business; but, possessing the confidence of his fellow-citizens, many responsible offices were bestowed upon him. He represented his town for three years in the Legislature; and, in 1814, 1815, and 1816, was a member of the State Senate. The latter year he was chosen President of the Senate. From 1816 to 1820 he was one of the Associate Justices of the Court of Common Pleas. In May of 1820, he was appointed High Sheriff of Stafford county, an office which he held for ten years; and, in 1834 and 1835, he filled the high station of Governor of the State. He was chosen Elector of President and Vice President of the United States three different times. Governor Badger died September 21st, 1852, aged 73 years. BADIA Y LEBLICH, DOMINGO, a Spaniard, was born in 1766, and educated at Valencia. Being well-skilled in Arabic, he resolved to travel in the East; and, accordingly, after having been personally qualified to pass as a Mahometan, he assumed the name of Ali Bey. By means of his disguise he visited Tripoli, Egypt, Mecca, and Syria undiscovered, and was everywhere received with favor, as a true believer. On his return to Spain he espoused the cause of Joseph Bonaparte, and, after the Battle of Vittoria, took refuge in France. He died in 1824. His Travels in Africa and Asia were published in two quarto volumes. BAFFIN, WILLIAM, an able English navigator, was born in 1584, and acted as pilot to several of the voyagers to the Arctic regions. Geographers have given his name to the vast bay which he explored, and which commences at Davis's Straits. Its existence has been doubted, but has recently been verified. Baffin proposed to attempt a passage round Northern and Eastern Asia, but could not obtain support. He was killed at the siege of Ormutz, in 1622. BAGGESEN, JENS, a Danish poet, who also wrote much in German, was born at Corsor, Feb. 15, 1764. In 1785 he displayed, in his Comic Tales, his power and humor as an author. Augustenburg, the Prince of Holstein, aided him to travel through Germany, France, and Switzerland. In 1793 he visited Italy. He afterwards received from the Danish Government an appointment in Copenhagen. In 1800, he went with his wife, a niece of the famous Haller, to reside at Paris. In 1811, he was appointed Professor of the Danish language at Kiel, and, in 1814, resigned his office and went to reside in Copenhagen. At this time his poetical fame reached its highest point. He again left Denmark, and died suddenly at Dresden, Oct. 3, 1826. BAGFORD, JOHN, a native of London, originally a shoemaker, and afterwards a bookseller and an antiquarian, and a collector of old English books, curious prints, &c. He enriched the famous library of Moore, Bishop ~-CI ----~~- I ~II --C - --- I -- ------ - - -- - I _ _ _ _I II _ _ _ ___ __ __ BAGGER 93 BAILLET BAGGER 93 BAILLET of Ely, for which he was admitted into the Charter-house by the prelate. He died at Islington, May 15th, 1716, aged 65, and was buried at the Charter-house. His very valuable collection of books and antiquities, procured not only at home but abroad, was purchased by the Earl of Oxford, and added to his library. In 1707 he published proposals in the Philosophical Transactions for a General History of Printing; and his manuscripts, though badly written, and worse spelled, may be consulted with advantage. Some of his letters and collections are preserved in the British Museum, and in the public library of Cambridge. A likeness of him was engraved by George Vertue, in 1728. BAGGER, JOHN, made Bishop of Copenhagen at the age of 29, because of his extensive knowledge of Oriental learning and of theology, was a native of Lunden, and died in 1693, aged 47. He published some learned Discourses in Danish and Latin. BAGLIONI, JOHN PAUL, a native of Perugia, who usurped the sovereignty of his country, of which he was disposesseed by Caesar Borgia. He afterwards served in the Italian armies, especially in the pay of Venice, and was at last treacherously invited to Rome by the Pope, Leo X., who dreaded his intrigues, and cruelly beheaded, 1520. BAGLIVI, GEORGE, a native of Apulia, who, after studying at Padua, settled as Professor, of Anatomy at Rome, where he died, 1706, in his 38th year. He poseessed superior abilities in his profession, as is fully evinced by his compositions, all written in Latin, and first published in 1710, in 4to. BAGOT, SiR CHARLES, Governor-General of the British North American Provinces, was born September 23d, 1781, and was the second son of William, first Lord Bagot. In 1807, he acted as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs with Mr. Canning. In 1814 he was appointed Minister to the Court of France. In 1820 he was made Ambassador to St. Petersburgh; and, in 1824, Ambassador to the Hague. On the dissolution of the Melbourne administration, he was appointed GovernorGeneral of Canada, that office having become vacant by ththe death of Lord Sydenham. He died at Kingston, Upper Canada, May 18th, 1843, at th ate age of 61 years. BAGOT, RICHARD, D. D., Bishop of Bath and Wells, third son of William, first Lord Bagot, was born November 22d, 1782. He was educated at Oxford, and took his Bachelor's degree in 1803. In 1829 he was consecrated Bishop of Oxford, and in 1845 was translated to the See of Bath and Wells. On the appearance of the Tracts for the Times, Bishop Bagot was forced, against his will, into prominent notice, He was so virulently accused of favoring them, that he was induced to require that the publication of them should cease. This did not satisfy the enemies of these Tracts. A violent personal attack was made on him in the House of Commons, because he had inducted the Rev. Mr. Bennett into the living of Frome, which by law he was compelled to do. This was the forerunner of that painful mental aberration which afflicted the Bishop shortly afterwards. From this period up to the time of his decease, the affairs of the Diocese of Bath and Wells were under the administration of the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, by an act of Parliament passed for that purpose. Bishop Bagot died May 15, 1854, aged 71 years. BAGSHAW, EDWARD, M. A., a student of Christ Church, Oxford, for some time assistant at Westminster, under Buzby. He was ordained by Brownrigg, Bishop of Exeter, but proved so violent in his principles that he was imprisoned for Nonconformity, and died in Newgate, 1671. BAGSHAW, WILLIAM, a native of Tidswell, educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and minister of Glessop, which he resigned in 1662, sooner than submit to the Act of Uniformity. He continued to preach privately, being an eloquent and popular orator; and, on the occurrence of the Revolution, a large meeting-house was erected for him. He wrote several valuable Treatises; and died, 1703, aged 75. BAHALI, a Mussulman, author of a book on the Derivation of Arabic Names. He died in the 220th year of the Hegira.-Another, who abridged A Treatise on the Diversity of Opinions of Mahometan Doctors, died the 321st year of the Hegira. BAHRDT, CHARLES FREDERIC, M.A., a native of Bichoswerda, studied at Leipsic,and and assisted his father, who was divinity professor. He soon removed from Leipsic to Erfurt, where he gave Lectures on Biblical Antiquities; and then removed to Giessen, and afterwards to Durkheim. Here, as preacher to Count Von Leiningen Dachsburg, he opened a house for the instruction of youth, which he called Philanthropinum; but his plans failing, he went to Holland, and then to England, where he obtained four pupils. On his return to the continent, he found that his conduct had given offence at Vienna; he therefore retired to Prussia, and next settled at Halle as innkeeper and farmer. His sentiments were deistical, and his life licentious. So much suspected was his character, that he was condemned and imprisoned at Magdeburg. He died, 1792, aged 51. BAIAN or BAION, a native of Goa, who embraced Christianity, and came to Rome, where he was ordained priest, about 1630. He was author of some ingenious works, and also a translation of the ZEneid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad of Camoens into Latin. BAJAZET I., Emperor of Turkey, succeeded his father Amurat I., 1389. He conquered, with unusual rapidity, the provinces of Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly; and after he had made the Emperor of Constantinople tributary to his power, and defeated the army of Sigismund, King of Hungary, 1396, he marched to attack Tamerlane, in the East, whom he treated with such contempt, that he caused his ambassadors to be shaved in derision. lie was, however, totally defeated near Angoury, 1402, and taken prisoner; and when the proud conqueror asked him what he would have done with him if he had obtained the victory, Bajazet answered, "I would have confined you in an iron cage." "Such, then, shall be thy fate," rejoined Tamerlane. In his cage Bajazet behaved with his native fierceness, expecting that his sons would rescue him; but when he was disappointed, he dashed his head against the bars of his prison-house, and died, 1403, at Antioch, in Pisidia. Some writers assert that he was honorably treated by Tamerlane. BAJAZET II. succeeded his father Mahomet II., 1481, and caused his brother Zizim, who opposed him, to be assassinated. He extended the boundaries of his kingdom, and, though checked in his attacks on Syria, made himself master of the strongest places of Peloponnesus, BAGRATION, a Russian prince, senator, and imperial aud obliged the Venetians to sue for peace. His reign counsellor. He distinguished himself by his military was distracted by intestine discords, and he fell by the counsellor. He distinguished himself by his military perfidy of his son Selim, who not only dethroned him, services in the campaigns in Poland in 1792 and in 1794; p d his o e poisoned, 1w12, in his 60th year. and in those in Italy, under Suwarrow in 1799, and par- but caused him to be poisoned, 1512, in his 60th year. ticularly at the battle of Austerlitz. He was afterwards BAILLET, ADRIAN, a learned Frenchman, born of appointed Commander-in-chief of the army of Moldavia; poor parents at Neuville, near Beauvais, in Picardy, and and he continued to add to his reputation by the display educated by the humanity of the fathers of the neighborof skill and courage on several occasions, till at length ing convent. He soon distinguished himself by his great he was mortally wounded at the battle of Moscow, dur- application; and when in orders, and possessed of the ing the invasion of Russia by Bonaparte, in 1812. small living of Lardieres, which produced,ot more than!wow 'III 1 11 `--~1~~C -~~uu.~ 7 I _~_I __ __ I ______I I___ BAILLIE 94 BAINBRIDGE BAILLIE 94 BAINBRIDGE 801. a year, he maintained himself and his brother respectably. In 1680 he became librarian to M. de Lamoignon, and began to compile an Index of every subject treated of in the books he possessed. So voluminous were his labors, that they filled 35 folio volumes, all written with his own hand. His next work was " Jugemens des Savans," which had a very rapid sale. This he gave entirely to the bookseller, requesting only a few copies for his friends. As in this work he mentioned not only the praises but the censures passed on different authors, he met with violent opposition from those who suffered under the severity of his criticism. The Jesuits were particularly incensed against him, because he had spoken disrespectfully of their society, and, on the other hand, expressed himself in handsome terms of the gentlemen of the Port Royal. Besides these, his indefatigable labors produced a prolix Life of Descartes, 2 vols. 4to.A History of Holland-The Lives of Saints, 4 vols. fol.and several theological works. He originated the plan of "An Universal Ecclesiastical Dictionary," which was to contain a perfect system of divinity, supported by authorities from Scripture and from the Fathers of the Church, in 3 vols. folio, but died of a lingering illness, without perfecting his designs, January 21st, 1706, in his 57th year. BAILLIE, JOANNA, one of the most distinguished female writers of Great Britain, was born about the year 1765. Her first dramatic productions made their appearance in 1798, under the title-A Series of Plays, in which the author attempted to unfold the stronger passions of the mind, each passion being the subject of a tragedy or comedy. In 1802, another volume appeared, and, in 1812, a third volume. During the interval she gave the world a volume of miscellaneous dramas, including the Family Legend, a tragedy founded upon a story of one of the Macleans of Appin, and which, principally through Walter Scott's influence, was brought out at the Edinburgh theatre. In 1809, this drama was played there with great temporary success, being on the boards fourteen nights, nearly in succession. In 1814, it was brought forward in London. The only Play of the Passions ever represented on a stage, was De Montfort, brought out by John Kemble, and played for eleven nights. In 1821, it was unsuccessfully revived by Edmund Kean. In fact it was a poem-a poem full of genius and the true spirit of poetry; but not a play. In 1836, Miss Baillie published three more volumes of plays. Previous to this, in 1823, a long promised collection of poetic miscellanies appeared, containing Scott's Dramatic Sketch of "1 Macduff's Cross." She always lived in retirement, and the latter part of her life in strict seclusion, in her retreat at Hampstead. The literary fame which she had acquired by her own works, aided in no small degree by the long and loudly expressed admiration of Sir Walter, who always visited her when in London, never succeeded in drawing her much into society. During the greater part of her life she lived with a maiden sister, named Agnes, also a poetess. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and her mother was sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. Talent and genius were hereditary in the family. Her death occurred in 1850, when she was about 75 years old. a hundred plates, several of which are copies from Rembrandt. He died at the beginning of the nineteenth century. BAILLY, JOHN SYLVAIN, a famous astronomer, born at Paris, September, 1736. The friendship of the Abb6 de la Caille, formed accidentally, directed him in the pursuit of science; and, in 1763, he introduced to the Academy his Observations on the Moon, and the next year his Treatise on the Zodiacal Stars. In 1766 he published his Essay on the Satellites of Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged still further on the important subject. In 1775, the first volume of his History of Ancient and Modern Astronomy appeared, and the third and last in 1779; and, in 1787, that of Indian and Oriental Astronomy, in 3 vols., 4to. He was drawn from his literary retirement to serve the public as a deputy to the first National Assembly; and such was his popularity that he was, on July 14th, 1789, nominated Mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office, he conducted himself in a very becoming manner, eager to check violence, and to enforce respect for the laws; but his impartiality was soon considered as a crime; and when he spoke with reverence of the royal family, on the trial of the Queen, he was regarded as unfit to preside over the destinies of a rebellious city. In 1791, he surrendered his office, and retired to Melun, with the determination of devoting the rest of his life to literature and science; but the sanguinary tribunal over which presided Robespierre, who knew his merit and would not protect it, ordered his execution. He was guillotined, November 12th, 1793, exhibiting, in his last moments, heroism, resignation, and dignity. BAINBRIDGE, JOHN, a physician, and astronomer of Ashby de la Zouch, in Leicestershire. After taking his degrees at Emanuel College, Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards Bishop of Norwich, he settled in his native county, where he practised physic, and took charge of a grammar school. Thence, he was invited by his friends to London, where his application to astronomy and mathematics, and his scientific description of the comet of 1618, published in 4to., raised him to fame and consequence. In 1619 he was made, by his friend Sir Henry Saville, first Astronomical Professor at Oxford; and he entered at Merton College, where he was appointed reader of Linacer's Lecture. He died in 1643, aged 61. Bainbridge was indefatigable in his literary pursuits, and at the age of 40 began to study the Arabic, that he might give a more correct edition of all the ancient astronomers, agreeably to the statutes of his founder. Several of his works have been published. His Procli Spheera, Ptolemsei de Hypothesibus Planetarum Liber Singularis, with Ptolemy's Canon Regnorum, appeared in 1620, in 4to. BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAMT, one of the most prominent officers in the American Navy, was born at Princeton, N. J., May 7th, 1774. His father was a physician there, and soon after that time removed to the city of New York. The personal appearance of young Bainbridge was very fine, and he was early trained for the sea. Until he was twenty-five years of age he sailed on board merchant vessels; and in that service he showed much qnrrun;nifv nwl infrin;midif~v indientivp nf flip fhcmpn hp. qfff.Prr BAILLIE, MATTHEW, the son of a divinity professor wards acquired. In 1798 he joined the navy, and was at Glasgow, born in 1760, was educated in his native appointed Lieutenant-Commander of the Retaliation. city and at Oxford, at which latter place he took his In less than two years he was promoted to a captaincy degree of M. D. Being a nephew of Dr. William Hunter, for his success in the cruises to which he had been he was so fortunate as to receive the valuable instructions assigned. In 1800 he was sent to Algiers in the George of that celebrated man. Aided by this advantage, and Washington, of 28 guns. While at that place it was his own great talents, he soon obtained an extensive arranged between the Dey and Bainbridge, that his ship medical practice in the metropolis, and accumulated a should be used to carry the tribute of the former to the large fortune. Dr. Baillie died in 1824. He is the Sultan, at Constantinople. This service was a novel and author of the Morbid Anatomy of the Human Body, a unexpected one; but the circumstances which led to it, work of superior excellence. and which grew out of it, make an interesting chapter in the Commodore's biography. On his return to America, BAILLIE, WILLIAM, an English amateur artist, born he was assigned, in May, 1801, to the frigate Essex, of about the year 1736, was originally a captain of cavalry, 32 guns, which, with the President, of 44 guns, and the but quitted the army in order to devote himself to en- Philadelphia, of 38 guns, were to be sent to Tripoli to graving. He displayed much talent, and produced about demand redress for injuries inflicted. The squadron was - ----~ ~ r, I -c I I ~ - --, I I 1 II I I I - --- i I I L- I_-_-------p_ I --- BAIRD 95 BAKER _ _ under the command of Commodore Dale. Succeeding to this expedition was the agency of Captain Bainbridge in the Tripolitan war, and particularly in the loss of the Philadelphia. He was a prisoner nineteen months in Barbary, and returned to the United States in 1805. Between this date and 1812, not being wanted in active service, he had leave of absence, and employed a portion of his time in the command of merchant ships. This was necessary to the support of his family. On the breaking out of the war of 1812, he was again employed in the service of his country. When in command of the Constitution Frigate, he captured the British Frigate Java, after an obstinate resistance. In this action Bainbridge was wounded, although the loss in his crew was but trifling. He now returned to America, reaching Boston, February 27th, 1813. He resigned the command of the Constitution and took charge of the Navy Yard, Charleston, until 1819, when he was for the fifth time sent to the Mediterranean at the head of a squadron. His flag-ship was the Columbus, of 80 guns. After one year he returned home, and this was his last service afloat. He had made ten cruises in the public service, had commanded a schooner, a brig, five frigates, and two line-of-battle ships, besides having been at the head of three different squadrons. He was a favorite in the navy, and was employed on land till disabled by disease. He died, July 28th, 1833, in the 59th year of his age; at the time of his death being the third in rank ia the American Navy, and having a long list of captains beneath him. BAIRD, GENERAL SIR DAVID, distinguished by his services in the East Indies, in the expedition by which the Cape of Good Hope was taken, and subsequently at Corunna, where the command devolved on him. He entered the army as ensign in 1772, and died in 1829. BAIUS, or DE BAY, MICHAEL, a native of Melin, made divinity professor of Louvain, by Charles V. His abilities were so respectable, that he was sent as deputy to the Council 3f Trent; but his wish to bring back the followers of Luther and Calvin to the bosom of the Church, induced him to adopt some of their tenets with respect to justification, which drew upon him the clamors of the Franciscans and other Catholics, and his writings were not only denounced by the Inquisition of Louvain and the Sorbonne, but the Pope, Pius V., condemned 76 of the points which he advanced. He was obliged, therefore, to acknowledge his errors and make his submission to the Holy See; and a second time the papal power interfered between his followers and those of the Jesuit Lessius, who filled Louvain and the Low Countries with their clamor and altercation. Baius died September 16th, 1589, aged 76. His works, which are written in a correct and close style, far superior to the learning of the times, were published, 1696, in 4to., at Cologne. BAKER, DAVID, an English Benedictine, studied at Broadgate Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford, and was converted from Atheism to Christianity. He travelled in Italy, and resided in England, as missionary in the time of Charles I.; after which, he became the director and confessor of the English nuns at Cambray. He died in London, 1641. He was remarkable for his religious zeal. His writings were mostly on theological subjects, and are said by Wood to be preserved in the monastery at Cambray. His collections for an Ecclesiastical History of England, in six folio volumes, are lost. Though none of his works were ever printed, they were judiciously written, and have proved, according to Hugh Cressy, very serviceable to succeeding authors. BAKER, HENRY, an ingenious naturalist, born in Fleet Street, London. He was brought up in the service of an eminent bookseller; but soon resigned this occupation, and engaged in philosophical pursuits. His chief employment was to correct the stammering of adult persons, and to teach the deaf and dumb to speak; and so successful were his exertions, that hie acquired an ample fortune by this most honorable profession. He was an active and useful member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, to whose high reputation he contributed by frequent and sensible communications. He wrote poetry in his youthful days, and maintained throughout his life a character for urbanity of manners, and a conciliating deportment. He died in the Strand, November 25th. 1774, in his 71st year. His microscopical experiments were very valuable, and have been published. His name must be mentioned as the first who introduced into England the large Alpine strawberry, the seed of which was transmitted to him in a letter by Professor Bruns, of Turin. He likewise introduced the seeds of the true rhubarb, rheum palmatum, sent over to him by Dr. Mounsey, the physician of the Empress of Russia. BAKER, ISAAC D., a highly meritorious book publisher of New York, was born April 1st, 1819. Mr. Baker was one of the founders and proprietors of the extensive and popular publishing house of Baker and Scribner, which commenced operation in the year 1846. Their first publications were the works of Charlotte Elizabeth; but these were followed in rapid succession by the electrifying productions of J. T. Headly, and the no less exciting productions of Donald G. Mitchell, under the assumed name of Ik Marvell. Of the former, upwards of 200,000 volumes were sold, and of the latter, more than 70,000. They also published the popular works of N. P. Willis, Mrs. Ellet, Mrs. Kirkland, R. H. Dana, and various others. Occasionally the reading community seemed to be almost in a panic to purchase and read some of these books. Edition succeeded edition with a rapidity before rarely known in this country. The consequence was a natural one. The house of Baker and Scribner became one of the most prominent publishing establishments in the United States. Its sphere of action was increased. Larger works were taken up, which, if less calculated to produce literary excitement, are of a more enduring character. Of this class are the works of the Re-v. Dr. John M. Mason; the Lives of the Chief Justices of the United States; Life of Dr. Archibald Alexander; Cyclopedia of Missions; Lives of the British Historians; Schaff's History of the Apostolic Church; and, last in order, a Cyclopedia of American Literature, a work of superior merit. It is believed that no American publishing house, in a period of ten years, has accomplished so much in arriving at an enviable position, whether viewed in reference to commercial acquisitions, or respectability of character. Mr. Baker, unfortunately, soon failed in health, and was for a time obliged to be a spectator of the progressive and well-directed operations of his partner. He was not long permitted to do even thishe did not live to witness all that had been so well devised, Early did he go down to the grave, leaving a well-deserved competence to his widow and children; and also the business itself, to be continued and increased by his kind-hearted and enterprising associate. Mr. Baker died, greatly lamented, November 23d, 1850. His family subsequently removed to a suburb of Auburn; a place combining, in a rare degree, the refinements of city life, with the beautiful rural scenery of western New York. BAKER, Sin RICHARD, author of The Chronicles of the Kings of England, was born at Sissinghurst, in Kent, and after studying three years at Hart Hall, Oxford, went abroad to complete his education. He was knighted at Theobalds by James I., 1603; and, as he possessed Middle Ashton, and other property in Oxfordshire, he "Was made Sheriff, 1620. He died February 18, 1645. He was a man of extensive learning, as his miscellaneous works sufficiently prove. The last edition of his Chronicle was published in 1730, folio. BAKER, THOMAS, a native of Ilton, Somersetshire, who, after studying at Magdalen Hall and Wadham College, Oxford, obtained the vicarage of Bishop's Nymmet, in Devonshire, where he lived a retired and literary life, and died, 1690, aged 65. He distinguished himself by his general knowledge, and particularly by his acquaintance with mathematics, as he demonstrated by his useful book, called Geometrical Key, 1684, in 4to., and by the I ~--~L- -P-- I -r _ _,CIP__ld___L---_----~I - L~eb--O___lg---~I_~IC- d= ______ - -~1 - I-~m ~Ir -r. r~-crr -----~-~- ~---~--~--~-P~~ - - I ~- -- -- --~-~~--Y - -- BAKER 96 BALDWIN BAE 6 ADI answers he sent to the queries proposed to him by the Royal Society, for which he received their medal. BAKER, THOMAS, a learned antiquary, born of very respectable parentage, September 14th, 1656, was educated at Durham Grammar-School, and afterwards at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became Fellow, 1680. He entered into orders, and was presented to Long Newton Rectory by Bishop Crew, to whom he was chaplain; but he was soon after disgraced, for refusing to read James II.'s declaration for liberty of conscience. He resigned his living, 1690, and returned to college, where he enjoyed his Fellowship until, with twenty-one others, he was dispossessed, in 1717. He might have retained his position, but he refused to subscribe to what his conscience disapproved, and expressed greater indignation against the unprincipled time-serving conduct of his immediate friends, than against the severity of his persecutors. Though deprived of all offices, he still continued to reside in the college, a commoner master, until the day of his death, supported, it is said, by Mathew Prior, who retained his fellowship to furnish an income to his friend. He was attacked by a paralytic stroke, which in three days terminated his existence, July 2d, 1740. In private life, Baker was distinguished by his affability, and his easy and mild manners. As a scholar he was equally known. None of his works have been published, except his Reflections on Learning, which passed through eight editions, and his Preface to Bishop Fisher's Funeral Sermon for the Countess of Richmond and Derby, but his labors were indefatigable in making collections for the History of St. John's College and the Antiquity of Cambridge University, so that not less than 39 volumes in folio and three in 4to. of these valuable manuscripts are preserved, both in the British Museum and the public library of Cambridge. BAKEWELL, ROBERT, eminent as the improver of British cattle, was born, 1726, at Dishley, Leicestershire, where his father had a farm. His attention was directed to the improvement of the breed of cattle, and so successful were his labors, that the Dishley sheep became celebrated throughout the country, and one of his rams was hired for the extraordinary price of 400 guineas, and his bulls at 50 guineas each, during a season. He died, much respected, 1788. BALAMIO, FERDINAND, a native of Sicily, physician to Pope Leo X., about 1555, was eminent in literature as well as medicine, and translated some of Galen's works into Latin, which were published, 1686, at Venice. BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ DE, a Castilian, famous for his enterprising genius and his misfortunes. He acquired reputation as one of the American adventurers, and, in 1513, left Spain to discover the South Sea, and, in one month after his departure, he reached the wished-for ocean. Fame, and not the accumulation of wealth, was the object of his heart. Though he could possess pearls and gold, he preferred the love of his fellow-adventurers. He established a colony on the Isthmus of Panama, and, in building the town of Santa Maria, labored assiduously in the construction of a hut, for his own residence. The Spanish governor of Darien, actuated by jealousy of his popularity, accused him of disloyalty, and a design to revolt. These charges were easily proved before a corrupt tribunal; and the unfortunate Balboa was beheaded in 1517, at the age of 42. BALBUENA, BERNARD DE, a Spanish poet of eminence, was born at Toledo, and educated at Salamanca, where he took his doctor's degrees. He settled in America, and died there, 1627, after being seven years Bishop of Porto Rico. BALCANQUAL, WALTER, a Scotchman, who attended James I. when he came to England, and became his chaplain. iHe took the degrees of D. D. at Oxford, and appeared at the Synod of Dort as representative for the Church of Scotland. He was successively Master of the Savoy, in 1624 Dean of Rochester, and in 1639 Dean of Durham. He was a great sufferer during the rebellion, and with difficulty escaped his persecutors. He died at Chirk Castle, Denbighshire, Christmas day, 1695. BALDE, JAMES, a native of Upper Alsatia, very highly applauded in Germany for his poetry, and surnamed the Horace of his country. He died at Neuburg, 1668, in his 65th year; and so much honored was his memory, that the senators of the place eagerly sought to obtain his pen, which, as a most precious relic, was carefully kept in a silver case. The labors of Balde are miscellaneous, partly dramatic, partly odes, exhibiting strong flashes of genius, but without the correctness and judgment of mature taste. His Uranie Victorieuse was rewarded by Alexander VII., with a gold medal. The best editions of his works are Cologne, 4to. and 12mo., 1645. BALDI, BERNARDIN, an Italian, of almost universal genius, was born at Urbino, in 1553, and was made Abbot of Guastalla by the sovereign of that State. Hle was at once theologian, mathematician, philosopher, historian, geographer, antiquary, orator, and poet; understood the ancient and oriental languages, and almost all the European; and had a prodigious memory, a sound judgment, and indefatigable application. Baldi is the author of several poems and scientific works. He died in 1617. BALDI, LAZARRO, a disciple of Peter da Cortona, born in Tuscany, and distinguished as a painter. He was employed by Alexander VII. in the painting of the gallery at Monte Cavallo. He died in 1703. BALDINI, JOHN ANTHONY, a nobleman of Placentia, engaged as ambassador at various courts of Europe, and at the Congress of Utrecht. He died, 1735, aged 71. He made a valuable collection of curiosities and of books, a catalogue of which appeared in the Italian Literary Journal. BALDINUCCI, PHILIP, a Florentine of the Academy of La Crusca, well acquainted with painting and sculpture, of which he commenced the history, at the request of Cardinal Leopold of Tuscany. His death, in 1696, in his 72d year, prevented the excution of a well-conceived and ably-conducted plan. He wrote The General History of Painters, 6 vols.-An Account of the Progress of Engraving on Copper, and a Vocabulary of Designs. BALDOCK, RALPIHE DE, was educated at Merton, Oxford, and made Bishop of London on the death of Gravesend, 1304. His election was disputed; but was confirmed by the Pope, and he was consecrated at Lyons by the Cardinal of Alba, 1306. On his return to England he was made Chancellor of the Realm by Edward I. which office he resigned on the king's death. He was a virtuous and charitable prelate; and his history of British affairs, now unfortunately lost, though extant in the time of Leland, proves that he possessed learning and great judgment. He died at Stepney, July 24th, 1313. BALDWIN I., Count of Flanders, was engaged in the Crusades, and behaved with such bravery, that when Constantinople was taken, 1204, by the united forces of the French and Venetians, he was appointed Emperor of the East. His virtues merited this noble reward, but he did not long enjoy it. He was defeated in a battle which he fought with the Greeks and Bulgarians, 15th April, 1205, and, being taken prisoner by his ferocious enemies, he was, after a confinement of sixteen months, barbarously put to death, in his 35th year. BALDWIN II., the last Latin Emperor of Constantinople, ascended the throne after his brother Robert, 1228, in his 11th year. His reign was agitated by the dissensions of powerful rivals; and though he was once victorious over his enemies, he had the misfortune to see his capital taken by Michael Palteologus, in 1261. To avoid falling into the hands of the conqueror, he fled to Negropont, and then to Italy, where he died, 1273, aged 55. His only son, Philip, died two years after him. BALDWIN I., King of Jerusalem, was brother of Godfrey de Bouillon, whom he accompanied to Palestine during the Crusades. After the death of Godfrey, 1100, I Doak% ow---sL LsI ~---P BALDWIN 97 BALECHON BALDWIN 97 BALECHON he succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem, and the next year conquered the towns of Antipatris, Coesaria, and Azotus, to which Acre was added in 1104, after an obstinate siege. He died, 1118, and his remains were deposited in a church on Mount Calvary. BALDWIN II., King of Jerusalem, was son of Hugh, Count Rethel, and succeeded to the throne, 1118, after Eustace, brother to Baldwin I., had declared his unwillingness to reign. He was a brave warrior, and defeated the Saracens in 1120; but four years after he was unfortunately taken prisoner, and obtained his release only by delivering up the town and fortress of Tyre. He died in 1131. BALDWIN III., King of Jerusalem, son of Fulk, of Anjou, succeeded his father, 1143, under the guardianship of his mother. He was successful in some battles, took Ascalon, andd died 1163. BALDWIN IV., King of Jerusalem, succeeded his father Amaury, 1174. As he was a leper, Raymond of Tripoli held the reins of government, which were resigned by the subtle sovereign to his nephew, Baldwin V. He died in 1185, and his successor in the following year-poisoned, it is said, by his mother, in order that her husband, Guy de Lusignan, might ascend the vacant throne. BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, eminent as a statesman, and President of the University of Georgia, graduated at Yale College in 1772. He was a member of the Convention which formed the Constitutiostitution of the United States in 1787, and held a seat successively in both Houses of Congress. He died at Washington in 1807. BALDWIN, ASHBEL, a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States, was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, March 7th, 1757, and educated at Yale College, where he graduated in 1776. After his graduation, he served in the Revolutionary war, as Quarter-Master, and did not receive ordination until 1785. Holy Orders were conferred on him by Bishop Seabury, who, on the 14th of November of the previous year, was consecrated in Scotland, being the first prelate of that Church in this country. Mr. Baldwin's was the first Episcopal ordination in America; and he was an active and efficient laborer and guide, in the vineyard to which he was thus, in its infancy, assigned. In 1793 he was called to fill the place so. long and honorably occupied by the Rev. Dr. Johnson, the great-uncle of his wife, and remained there until 1824. He was long a member of the Standing Committee of the Diocese, delegate to the General Convention, Secretary of the Diocesan Convention for many years, and Secretary of the Generial Convention several times,. After leaving Stratford, he officiated at Wallingford for several years, and a short time at Meriden, North Haven, and Oxford, until 1832, when he became disabled by age from any active duty. He died at Rochester, N. Y., February the 8th, 1846, in the 89th year of his age, having preached about ten thousand times, baptized three thousand and ten, married six hundred couple, and assisted at the burial of about three thousand individuals. BALDWIN, BrISCOE G., a learned jurist of the State of Virginia, born at Winchester, on the 4th of January, 1789. In 1842 he was placed on the Bench, as one of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Parker. Well qualified for this station by extensive literary and legal studies, he was an honor to the Court. He died at Staunton, Va., May 18th, 1852, at the age of 65 years. BALDWIN, HENRY, LL.D. one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a native of New Haven, in Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College, in that city, 1797. He rose to eminence at the Bar, having the confidence of his clients and the respect of his professional brethren. During several sessions he was an active and efficient member of Congress from the State of Pennsylvania. In 1830 he was appointed to 13 the Bench of the United States Supreme Court, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Bushrod Washington. In this new station, as well as in previous ones, he gained in public confidence and in the number of personal friends. His political and judicial life was characterized by an ability equal to any exigency, and by a fidelity never open to suspicion. He died at Philadelphia, April 21st, 1844, aged 65 years. Few men were ever more beloved or more lamented. The death of such a man is a public loss. He was a classmate of the Rev. Doctor Lyman Beecher, Samuel A. Foot, LL.D., George Griffin, LL.D., and Bethel Judd, D.D. BALDWIN, SIMEON, a prominent citizen and jurist of Connecticut, born at Norwich, in that State, December 14th, 1761, was educated at Yale College, and graduated in 1781. James Kent, LL.D., Chancellor of New York, belonged to the same class. Two years after graduating, he was appointed tutor in Yale College, and served in that capacity until 1786, when he was admitted to the Bar in New Haven. Herb he commenced practice, and in 1790 was appointed Clerk of the District and Circuit Courts of the United States. In connection with an extensive law practice in the State Courts, he performed the duties of this clerkship until the autumn of 180.3, when he was elected a Representative in the 8th Congress of the United States. After serving in this station two sessions, or four years, he declined a re-election, preferring to resume the practice of his profession. After leaving Congress, in 1806 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of his own State, and of the Supreme Court of Errors. By annual appointments he held this office till 1817, when he again, for a short season, devoted himself to professional labors at the Bar. In 1822 Judge Baldwin was appointed one of the Board of Commissioners to locate the Farmington Canal, and was made President of that Board. On the completion of the canal, in 1830, he resigned this trust. In 1826 he was elected to the Mayoralty of the city of New Haven; but for thle last twenty years of his life he held no office. Judge Baldwin died at New Haven, May 26th, 1851, aged 89 years. BALDWIN, THOMAS, D. D., a Baptist minister of Boston. He was invited thither in 1790, and acquired a high rank as a preacher. He was the head of his own denomination in New England, and to him all his brethren looked for advice. He died in 1828, aged 71 years. He published several sermons, and a work entitled, The Baptism of Believers only, and Particular Communion Vindicated. BALE, JOHN, an English divine, born in 1495, at Cove, in Suffolk, was educated at Norwich and Cambridge, and became a zealous convert from Popery to Protestantism. Under Edward VI. he was made Bishop of Ossory, and excited the hatred of the Irish Catholics by his reforming zeal. When Mary ascended the throne, he fled to Basle, but returned on the accession of Elizabeth, and was appointed a Prebend of Canterbury. He died in 1563. His works are numerous; but chiefly controversial; and his writings of this class, some of which were published under the name of Harrison, are abundantly acrimonious. He appears to have been the last writer of those religious dramas, called Mysterious. The most noted production of his pen is his Latin Account of the Lives of Eminent British Authors. BALECHON, NICHOLAS, an eminent engraver, born at Aries, was the son of a button-seller. He died suddenly at Avignon, August, 1765, aged 46. There was much delicacy and softness in his execution. His principal pieces are Les Belles Marines, Ste. Genevieve, and a portrait of Frederic Augustus, King of Poland. Of this last he took proof impressions, contrary to his promise to the Dauphiness; and for this violation of his word he was expelled from the Academy, and consigned to a disagreeable retirement. He was well acquainted with chemistry. __ _ _ _ _~s __ _ _ LI_ II _ _L_ _ _ m _ BALEN 98 BALLIN BALEN, HENRY VAN, an eminent Flemish painter, Governor of Carlisle, 1248; and the guardianship of was born at Antwerp, studied in Italy, and rose to high Alexander III. of Scotland, and of Margaret, daughter reputation. His death took place in 1632. Vandyke of King Henry III. of England, his wife, was intrusted received his first instructions from him. to his care. An accusation of misconduct drew upon Shim the vengeance of the English king, which he averted BALES, PETER, a great master of penmanship, was by paying a large sum of money. The foundation of born in 1547, and died, in indigence, about the year his college was laid, 1263, and the building was com1610. Some of his performances were astonishing, for plted by his lady. During the wars of Henry III. and their minuteness and perfect legibility. Bales taught his barons, he supported the king's power. He left his art at Oxford and London, and was employed by three sons. Walsingham in counterfeiting hand-writings, for the purpose of detecting treasonable correspondence. He BALIOL, JOHN BE, King of Scotland. He was deis the author of the Writing-School Master. scended from David, Earl of Huntington, brother of King William, called the Lion; and on the death of BALEY, WALTER, a native of Portsham, Dorsetshire, Queen Margaret, on her passage from Norway, he laid was educated at Winchester-school, and New College, claim to the crown, in which he was opposed by Bruce. Oxford, of which he became a Fellow. He was Proctor His rights were established by the decision of Edward I. of the University, 1558, and took his degrees in physic, of England, who acted as arbitrator; and he did homage, whilst he studied divinity with equal attention. He was 12th November, 1292. When, however, he found himmade Professor of Physic at Oxford, and soon after be- self, not an independent monarch, but a vassal of Engcame physician to Queen Elzabeth, which station pro- land, he boldly shook off the yoke, made an alliance cured him practice and led to opulence. He died March with the French king, and commenced hostilities against 3d, 1592, aged 63, and is buried in New College chapel. Edward. The battle of Dunbar, however, proved fatal His writings were chiefly on the Eye-sight and the means to Baliol. He was captured, together with his son, and of its preservation, and were neither valuable nor learned, imprisoned in the Tower, from which he was released by He also wrote a Discourse on the Qualities of Pepper, the intervention of the Pope's legate, 1299. Baliol re1588, 8vo. -Directions for Health, 4to. tired to France, where he died, 1314. His son Edward BAFOU, ALTER, an American Uniersalist cler- afterwards claimed the kingdom, and obtained it for a gyman, but a native of Scotland, was born in 1778. He extingssuct, te family became was educated as a Presbyterian. At the age of twenty he emigrated to the United States, and attracted much BALLARD, GEORGE, a native of Campden, in Glounotice as a popular extemporaneous speaker, for which cestershire, who, while the obscure apprentice of a his ready use. of language admirably qualified him. habit-maker, employed the hours which his companions When at the age of thirty he became a Baptist. Ten or devoted to sleep, to the acquisition of the Saxon laneleven years after that he changed again, embracing the guage, and recommended himself by his industry to the peculiar sentiments of the Universalists. These inci- patronage of Lord Chedworth, who liberally offered him dents in his life gave him the notoriety to be expected an annuity of 1001. a year, of which, however, he only under such circumstances. In addition to frequent accepted 601. as sufficient for his expenses. He went to preaching he became an author, vindicating, as a con- Oxford, where, by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was troversalist, his own new views. He published two made one of the eight clerks of Magdalen College, and large works, under the title of Inquiries-also, Essays afterwards one of the beadles of the University. His - and, The State of the Dead. Mr. Balfour was set- weakly constitution was impaired by the severity of his tled at Charlestown, Massachusetts, for a long period; studies, and he died June, 1755, in the prime of life. His and there died, January 3d, 1852, at the age of 74 access to the Bodleian library was the means of increasing years. his valuable collections; but he published only Memoirs of British Ladies celebrated for their Writings, BALGUY, JOHN, an English divine, was born at Shef- in 4to. 1752. His account of Campden church was read field, where his father was master of the grammar before the Antiquarian Society, November 21st, 1771. school. He was admitted to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he laments, that two years were lost by BALLENDEN, or BULLANDEN, SII JOHN, a Scotch him in reading romances; from which inactivity he was historian, a favorite of James VI. He took orders, and aroused by perusing Livy, and by reflection urged to was made Canon of Ross and Archdeacon of Murray, more serious and honorable pursuits. After being ad- and afterwards succeeded to the office of Clerk-register mitted to orders he soon distinguished himself as a to the Court of Chancery, which the troubles of the preacher. During the four first years of his residence times obliged him to resign, but to which he was reon the donative of Lamesley and Tanfield, in Durham, stored in the succeeding reign. He was also a Lord of he never omitted writing a new sermon every week. He Session; but the opposition which he, with Dr. Laing, afterwards committed to the flames, at one time, 200 of made to the Reformation, rendered him obnoxious to the these valuable compositions, in the presence of his son, ruling powers, so that he retired to Rome, where he afterwards Archdeacon and Prebendary of Winchester, died, 1550. He wrote several pieces in prose and verse, whom he wished to excite to the same laudable applica- and also a translation of Hector Boetius' History. tion. He acquired reputation as a writer in the Ban- BALLEXFERD, a native of Geneva, author of the gorian controversy, and at all times maintained the Education Physique des Enfans, a valuable composicharacter of a good divine, and a warm advocate in the tion, honorably noticed by the Society of Sciences of cause of rational religion and Christian liberty. His Haerlem. He also wrote on the Causes of the Death of works consist of sermons and of tracts, all on divinity; so many Children, an equally meritorious publication. and though some of his philosophical opinions are con- Iie died 1774, aged 48. sidered erroneous, his principles must ever be applauded, BALLIN, LA kilful artist of chased wok and his discourses highly admired. He was a great BALLIN, CLAUDE, a skilful artist of chased work in friend to toleration, and, whilst he abhorred the tenets gold and silver. He was born in Paris in 1615, and of the Romish Church, he cultivated an acquaintance brought up to the occupation of a goldsmith, under his with the most respectable of the Dissenters and of the father, who practised that art. He studied drawing, Quakers. His defence of Hoadley recommended him to and improved his taste as a designer by copying the the friendship and patronage of that prelate; but he pictures of Poussin. When only nineteen, he made four nobly disdained to use the esteem of the great as a step silver basins, decorated with figures representing the to rise to preferment. He died 21st September, 1748, four ages of the world. These were purchased by Carin his 63d year. dinal Richelieu. He was subsequently employed in making plate services for Louis XIV., the workmanship BALIOL, SIR JOHN, the founder of Baliol College, of which, it is said, enhanced the value of the material Oxford, was born at Barnard Castle, Durham. He was tenfold. He died in 1678. _ j = I__rr_ __ _ ___ C s _ _ C* __ _ ___ BALLOU 99 BALUZE BALLOU, HOSEA, a prominent minister of the Uni- occupations, was surprisingly great. His two principal versalist denomination in America, was born at Rich- works, not already named, are, A Series of Twenty-six mond, New Hampshire, April 30th, 1771. His father Lecture Sermons, and Twenty Select Sermons. He was the Rev. Maturin Ballou, a Baptist clergyman, who preached over ten thousand sermons. It is estimated had six sons; the youngest of whom, Hosea, in early that his essays, fugitive sermons, and other published life became a Universalist. Three of his sons, Benja- works, would make an hundred 12mo. volumes. It is min, Maturin, and David, like his father, were for a time said he united more persons in matrimony than any Baptist preachers, but Benjamin and David, influenced other clergyman in the country. At the time of his perhaps by the subject of this memoir, afterwards be- birth, the Universalists were not known as an organized came Universalist preachers. Thus all, so far as known, denomination; but he lived to see more than a thousand of the distinguished preachers of that name, among the societies; about eight hundred meeting-houses; seven Universalist denomination in Massachusetts, descended hundred preachers; eighty-two associations; and ninefrom the Rev. Maturin Ballou, the Baptist minister of teen annual State Conventions. Mr. Ballou died June Richmond, New Hampshire. The latter received no 7th, 1852, aged 81 years. salary for preaching; his family was large; all had to BALMES, JA IES LUCIEN, an eccleisti, one of the labor daily with their hands; and, at times they were so destitute that, it is said, Hosea for weeks together most renowned of the late Spanish writers, whose philohad no shirt to his back. He, like his brothers, toiled sophical, theological, and political treatises have given incessantly; yethe, we h as s is brothers, evinced in him a great European fame. He was born at Vich, in early life an ardent desire for knowledge; and, rarely Catalonia, in 1810, and was early distinguished for his indeed, do so many of the same family, under circum- acquirements. In 1833, he was appointed to the Chair stances so discouraging, become so distinguished for of Mathematics in his native place. His writings were powerful intellect. If ever there was a self-made man, chiefly in defence ofthe Roman Catholic Church, which it was the subject of this paragraph. In his case, as in he endeavored to restore to its ancient dignity and influmany others, outward poverty and wealth of intellect ence. His Protestantism and Catholicism compared in existed side by side. At that time, there were no schools their Effects on the Civilization of Europe, a very able in his native town; and in his father's family, neither work, has been translated into English, French, and pen, ink, nor writing-paper were to be found. When German. He died i 1848. learning to read he had to be his own teacher as well as BALTHASAR, CHRISTOPHER, a King's Advocate at in learning to write. As a substitute for paper he used Auxerre, who abandoned the emoluments of his office, birch bark- and in lieu of pen and ink, a piece of char- and the Catholic religion, to embrace the tenets of the coal. Nevertheless, by the time he was sixteen he read Protestants. He wrote several controversial treatises, fluently, and wrote decently. The family stock of litera- especially against Baronius, which werereceived with ture was comprised in the -Bible. From its pages he great avidity. The Synod of Loudun granted him, in imbibed his first love of philosophy and poetry, of his- 1659, a pension of 750 livres, for his literary services. tory and logic, of grammar and rhetoric. He persevered in the pursuit of knowledge, until in the end he ranked BALTHAZARINI, surnamed Beaujoyeux, an Italian with the most gifted and discriminating preachers of his musician, recommended by Brissac, Governor of Piedtime; and among the members of his own denomination mont, to Henry III., of France, by whom he was liberwas long esteemed as a father and as an oracle. When ally patronized, and for the entertainment of whose about the age of eighteen he was admitted into the Bap- court he wrote several ballads and pieces of music. He tist church, under the pastoral care of his father; but, composed a ballet called Ceres and her Nymphs, for the soon becoming an avowed Universalist, he was excom- nuptials of the Due de Joyeuse with the Queen's sister, municated from it. He began to preach when a little Mademoiselle de Vaudemont. This is regarded as the more than twenty-one. He taught school for two or origin of the Ballet Heroique of France. three years, and preached on Sundays. Then he was called on so often to preach that he relinquished teach- BALTUS, JOHN FRANCIS, a Jesuit of Metz, author ing. His labors at that period were mostly confined to of several works, especially of an answer to Fontenelle's Rhode Island. Subsequently, various portions of New History of Oracles, printed at Strasburg, 8vo. Baltus England experienced the benefit of his labors. He was possessed considerable learning and talents, which he much sought after; and, wherever he went, it took but employed solely in defence of Roman Catholic orthoa short time to gather a congregation for him to address, doxy. At the time of his death, which occurred March as well on secular evenings as on Sundays. In 1794 or 9th, 1743, at the age of 76, he held the office of librarian 1795, he settled in the town of Dana, Mass., preaching of Rheims. there a portion of the time, and the other portion in BALUE, JOHN, a Cardinal, born of mean parents, in Oxford and Charlton, near by. Here he continu;ed Poitou. He raised himself to consequence by flattery seven years. At the age of thirty years he removed to and merit, and eventually became Bishop of Evereux Vermont to officiate in Woodstock, Hartland, Bethel, and of Arras. He was raised to the purple by Paul II., and Barnard. While at this place, he wrote and pub- and was honored with the confidence of Louis XI., belished his very popular work, called Notes on the Para- came his minister, and acted as general over his troops. bles. When living at Barnard, he also wrote his Treatise Regardless of his duty to his master, he formed intrion the Atonement. In 1807, in his 36th year, he became gues with the Dukes of Burgundy and Berri. When at pastor of the Universalist Society in Portsmouth, N. H. last discovered by the king, he was imprisoned for eleven Here he distinguished himself by his controversial writ- years. On his release he repaired to Rome, and obings, which spread his fame still more. In 1815, he tained new preferments. He afterwards came to France removed from that place to Salem, Mass. In addition ' as Pope's legate, though so little deserving of the confito preaching, he still employed his pen in his favorite dence and honor of his country. ile died at Ancona, way, by giving utterance, through the press, to his own 1491. distinctive opinions on religion. Near the close of the year 1817, he removed from Salem to Boston, where PBALUZE, STEPHEN, a native of Tulles, in Guienne, he labored over thirty-five years. Preaching to his own patronised by Peter de Marca, Archbishop of Toulouse, society, however, was only a part of his labor; there by Tellier, afterwards Chancellor of France, and by Colwas seemingly no end to calls on him from the adjacent bert. He employed his easy independent life in enrichtowns, and indeed from some at a great distance. In ing the libraries of his patrons with valuable manuscripts. 1819, he commenced the Universalist Magazine; for a In his 39th year he was appointed professor of canon law few years conducted solely by himself, and afterwards in the Royal College, with every mark of distinction. by the Rev. Thomas Whittemore. The amount of labor His Lives of the Popes of Avignon proved so interesting performed in the course of Mr. Ballou's life, including to the king that he granted the author a pension, but his preaching, writing for the press, and miscellaneous attachment to the Duke of Bouillon, the history of whose -- -0--~-~----~-~~ - -- L --- I p_~_ I-l~----L -~1 -- -----~-_-- - - L - -L- ~__--- --~ _ - _ IL - ~---~-_ -- - 3 - BALZAC 100 BANGS BALZAC 100 BANGS family he had undertaken to write, but in which he in- Sciences. After graduating, he spent some time in serted some offensive remarks, was soon after productive teaching. He then studied theology, was licensed to of trouble. When the Duke was banished he shared his preach, and spent three years as a missionary in Nova disgrace, and was confined by a lettre de cachet at Or- Scotia. In 1786, he was settled in Worcester, Massaleans. He was, however, restored to favor, though not chusetts, where he spent the residue of his life. He was reinstated in the directorial chair of the Royal College. one of the pioneers in what is called liberal Christianity; He died, 28th of July, 1718, in his 87th year, and left and his clear views and decision of purpose gave him behind him the character of an indefatigable collector of great influence with that class of Christians with whom curious manuscripts and annotations. he associated, being their champion on all suitable occaA, J s, a n e An msions. He usually took an active part in associations, BALZrAC, JOHN Louis GEZDE, a nativeof Angoulme, convenions, and ecclesiastical councils, and his views who visited Holland in his 17th year, where he wrote a always received with great deference. In 1807 he Discourse on w the State of the United Provinces Hat e published The Life of Washington, in one large volume, travelled with the Dukre dEpernon, and was at Rome nz a e t extensive sale, and is likely to be in with the Cardinal de la Valette, but discovered at last that which has had an extensiv te sale, ad s1822 he publishedin the tranquillity of retirement on his estate at Balzac was demand for a lon trove rsial Sermons. ThrIn 1822ug he out hblished more congenialurt to hichlieu, who flattered his ambitions than pro-aying early ministry he was in straightened pecuniary circumcourse to ichelieu, who flat He was universally admired for stances; and in the last years of his life he was oppressed mises of high patronage. He was universal i by severe domestic afflictions., He died August 19th, the elegance of his writings, especially his letters to Vol- b39 sev doesti af s e die HA n. George taire; who, however, censures his style, but allows him, whL.en, the eminent historian, ge. was a son of Dr.ge th erharmony and numbers to Bancroft, LL. D., the eminent historian, was a son of Dr. the merit of having given harmy and nuimbers t aron Bancroft. French prose. His writings created some political opponents, but, though he dreaded the weapons of an adver- BANCROFT, RICHARD, was born near Manchester, sary, he was flattered by the familiarity of the great, and and educated at Jesus College. He was Chaplain to a pension from the court of 2000 livres, and the pompous Queen Elizabeth, and Bishop of London, 1597, and was title of Historiographer of France and Counsellor of advanced to Canterbury on the death of Whitgift, 1604. State. He was of a weakly constitution, so that he A strong advocate for the royal prerogative, he was indeused to say, when he was about 30, that he was older fatigable in his endeavors to establish Episcopacy in than his father. He died February 18th, 1654, in his Scotland. He died at Lambeth, 1610, aged 66. 60th year. BANCROFT, JOHN, nephew to the primate, was born BAMBRIDGE, CHRSTOPHER, a native of Westmore- in Oxfordshire, and educated at Christ Church. Hie was land, educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and employed afterwards elected Master of University College, and, as ambassador from Henry VIII. to Pope Julius II., who during the twenty years in which he presided over the raised him to the purple. He was made Bishop of Dur- Society, he employed himself vigorously in establishing ham, and, in 1508, translated to York. Six years after their rights and improving their property. In 1622 he he was poisoned by his servant, who thus revenged him- was raised to the See of Oxford, and built the palace of self for some blows which he had received from him. Cuddesden for the residence of the bishops. He died, BAMPFYLDE, SIR CHARLES WARWICK, a Baronet, de- 1640, and was buried at Cuddesden. scended from one of the oldest and most distinguished BANDELLO, MATTHEW, an Italian Dominican, was families in Devonshire. He was the fifth baronet of his born at Castelnuovo di Scrivia, in 1480. Though befamily, and had sat for the city of Exeter in seven Par- longing to a religious order, the greater part of his life liaments. Sir Charles was assassinated by a man named was spent in secular pursuits. Ile was preceptor to the Morland, whose wife had lived in his service. The act celebrated Lucretia Gonzaga, was employed in negotiawas perpetrated almost at his own door, in Montague- tions by Italian princes, and resided with various noble square, in the vicinity of which the murderer waylaid personages. In 1550 he was made Bishop of Agen, in him, and, after a short conversation, discharged one France. His death occurred subsequently to 1561. His pistol at his victim, and with a second immediately blew great work is his Tales, which is reckoned among the out his own brains. The baronet lingered several days, classical productions of modern Italy. a n d th e n e x8 ir e d A p r il 1 9, 1 8 2 3, in h is 7 1s t y e a r. u n etr e h, h i d b and then expired April 19, 1823 in his 71st year. BANDINELLI, BACIO, a celebrated sculptor, the son BANCHI, SERAPHIN, a Dominican of Florence, who of a goldsmith, was born at Florence, in 1487. In his came to France for the improvement of his studies. youth he gave the first indication of his talent by making When Peter Barrere, a youth of 27, formed the diaboli- a gigaritic figure out of snow. In manhood he realized cal project of assassinating Henry IV., Banchi became the promise of his early years, and his productions were acquainted with the secret, which he prudently revealed much admired. Among his best works are, a copy of to one of the lords of the Court. The assassin was thus the Laoco6n; an Orpheus; and a Hercules binding Cacus. thwarted in his design, and Banchi was rewarded with He attempted painting also, but did not succeed. Banthe bishopric of Angouleme, which, however, he resigned dinelli was vain, proud, and envious. He died in 1559. in 1608, and adopted the life of a recluse in the Monas- BANDURI, ANEL, a monk, born at Ragusa, who tery of St. James de Paris, where he died some years t ANDUI, AnSELr, a monk, born at nagusa who after. o his writings were chiefly controvdied in rance, where he was patronised by the Duke tr sof Orleans, and admitted into the Academy of InscripBANCK, LAWRENCE, a Swede, professor of law at tions. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was not ignorNorkoping, his native place, was author of several works ant of his merit, intended to place him at the head of the on Jurisprudence, and treatises against the Pope's usur- Academy at Pisa. He died at Paris, 1743, aged 72. pation. He died in 1662. His Antiquitates Constantinopolitane, in two vols. folio, BANCROFT, AARON, D. D., a Congregational minister and his Numismata Roman. Imperat. a Trajano ad Palmof Massachusetts, born in Reading, of that State. Novem- ologos, 1718, are chiefly valuable. her 10th, 1755. He graduated at Harvard University in BANGS, NATHAN, D. D., a prominent Methodist minis1778. The eminent jurist, Nathan Dane, LL. D., was of ter and ripe scholar, was born in Stratford, Connecticut, the same class, as also Judge George K. Minot, and the May 2d, 1778. He commenced business life as a schoolRev. Reuben Peiffer, D. D. During Dr. Bancroft's stay master and land surveyor, which occupations he continued in College his studies were much interrupted by the to pursue for about four years, in the course of which he stirring events of the Revolution; yet he became one of went to Upper Canada. In 1801, being in the twentythe most accomplished scholars of the country. His third year of his age, he entered the itinerant ministry knowledge of history, especially that of his own country, of the Methodist Church. In the discharge of the maniwas extensive, and in his profession he was unrivalled, fold duties of this position, he continued to travel He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and through the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, from - L --- ___ BANGUIS 1( Detroit to Quebec, for about seven years. In 1808 he returned to the United States, and had charge of several circuits, stations, and districts, until 1820, when he was elected agent and editor of the Methodist Book Concern. -In this office he remained eight years, when by appointment of the General Conference, he became editor of the Christian Advocate and Journal, and also editor of all the books issued from the book establishment. Four years after, he was appointed editor of the Quarterly Review, and continued in his office of general book editor. In 1836 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church; and, in 1840, was re-elected to the same office, which he resigned in 1841, upon receiving the appointment of President of the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Connecticut. In 1843 he resigned the latter office, and took charge of different churches in New York and Brooklyn. Dr. Bangs is the author of The Errors of Hopkinsianism, Predestination Examined, Reformer Reformed, Life of the Rev. Freeborn Garretson, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church, History of Missions, An Original Church of Christ, Emancipation, Letters on Sanctification, and State, Prospects, and Responsibilities of the Methodist Episcopal Church. BANGUIS, PETER, a native of Helsingburg in Sweden, Professor of Theology at Abo for thirty-two years, and in 1682, raised to the See of Wyburg. He wrote An Ecclesiastical History of Sweden, A Sacred Chronology, and other works, and died, 1696, aged 63. BANGUISI, THOMAS, author of an Hebrew Lexicon, and of a Treatise on the Origin of the Diversity of Languages, was professor of Hebrew, theology, and philosophy at Copenhagen, where he died, 1661, aged 61. BANIER, ANTHONY, an ecclesiastic of the diocese of Clermont, in Auvergne, who acquired by his industry, and the patronage of his friends, those means of education which the poverty of his parents could not supply. He was intrusted with the care of the children of Monsieur de Metz, President of the Chamber of Accounts at Paris and it was for their education and improvement that he applied himself to mythological studies, and soon produced h HisHitorical Explanation of Fables. This work on its appearance was universally admired, and procured the author admission to the Academy of Inscriptions, besides eliciting the applauses of the learned world. The fruits of his literary labors were numerous and valuable; various essays and not less than thirty dissertations were produced by him before the Academy of Belles Lettres; the Treatises on History and Literature, by Vigneul Marville, or rather Bonaventure D'Argonne, were republished; and new light and beauty given to the voyages of Paul Lucas into Egypt, aml of Cornelius le Brun to the Levant. In the last ten years of his life Banier particularly devoted his time to his favorite study of mythology, and then translated the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with Historical Remarks and Explanations, published at Amsterdam in folio, 1732. It was also at that time that he completed his Mythology, or Fables Explained by History, Paris, 1740, in 3 vols. 4to., or 7 in 12mo., a book abounding in erudition, and deservedly admired. He was prevailed upon by the booksellers, while laboring under the attacks of a fatal distemper, to superintend a new edition of A General History of the Ceremonies, &c., of all the Nations in the World, which twenty years before had appeared in Holland; and he had the gratification to see it finished in 1741, in 7 vols. folio. MIuch assistance was given him in this work by Le MaSerier, a Jesuit of learning. Banter died November 19th, 1741, in his 69th year. BANISTER, JOHN, a learned physician of the 16th century, who, after studying at Oxford, and taking his first degree in physic, in 1573, removed to Nottingham, where he acquired great reputation. He was author of several works on physic and surgery. BANKS, SIR JOHN, an eminent barrister of Gray's Inn, born at Keswick in Cumberland, and educated at Queen's )1 BANNISTER College, Oxford. In 1630 he was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales, and was afterwards made Chief-Justice of the King's Bench, from which he was removed to the Common Pleas. He died at Oxford, December 28th, 1664. Several of his manuscripts on law are still extant. His wife is famous for her defence of Corff-castle against the Parliament, until relieved by the Earl of Carnarvon. BANKS, SIR JOSEPH, was born, in 1743, at Revesby Abbey, in Leicestershire, and educated at Eton and Oxford. His love of travelling, and of natural history, prompted him to explore foreign countries; and, accordingly, in 1763, he made a voyage to Labrador and Newfoundland; in 1768, he accompanied the great navigator, Cook; and, in 1772, visited Iceland and the Western Isles of Scotland. While with Captain Cook, he nearly lost his life by the intense cold, at Terra del Fuego. On his return, the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1778 he obtained the Order of the Bath, and the Presidency of the Royal Society; but, after having held this office for about five years, his conduct so deeply offended so many scientific members, that a schism was on the point of taking place. The differences were, however, arranged, and he retained his position until his decease, on the 9th of May, 1820. He wrote some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and a tract on the Rust in Wheat. His collection of books on Natural History was the most complete in Europe. BANKS, LINN, a noted citizen of Madison County in Virginia, and for twenty successive years Speaker of the House of Delegates in that State, was so well qualified to preside over that body that he was selected to fill the position, regardless of all political party changes. In 1838 he retired from the State Legislature, and was elected a member of Congress for the unexpired term of Mr. Patton, who was chosen Councillor. In 1839, and again in 1841, he was re-elected to the same office. February 24th, 1842, the body of Mr. Banks was found in a stream of water he was obliged to cross, in coming from Madison Court House to his own residence. BANKS, THOMAS, an eminent sculptor, was born in 1735, in Gloucestershire, and was brought up by Kent, the architect. His genius, however, led him to prefer the study of sculpture. Having gained prizes from the Royal Academy, he was sent by that body to perfect himself in Italy. After having completed his studies, he resided two years in Russia, and the Empress purchased his statue of Cupid. On his return home, he attained high reputation, and was much employed till his death, in 1805. BANNAKER, BENJAMIN, a negro of Maryland, who died in 1807. By dint of talents, without any other assistance than Ferguson's works and Mayer's Tables, he acquired, in his leisure hours, a complete knowledge of mathematics, and for many years calculated and published the Maryland Ephemerides. BANNIER, JOHN, a Swedish General under Gustavus Adolphus. He distinguished himself in various battles, and after the death of his master added to the glory of Sweden by fresh victories, and by the taking of several important places from the Germans and Saxons. In the latter part of his life he was unfortunate, and, after the death of his wife, he espoused the daughter of the Prince of Baden, and renounced his military career. He died May 10th, 1641, aged 40. BANNISTER, JOHN, an eminent Botanist. In 1680 he transmitted to Mr. Ray a catalogue of plants discovered by him in Virginia. With his own hand he drew representations of the rarer species. His death was occasioned by his devotion to his favorite pursuit. In one of his botanical excursions, while clambering the rocks, he fell and was killed. He published in the Philosophical Transaction, besides his Catalogue of Plants, Observations on the Natural Productions of Jamaica; The Insects of Virginia; Observations on the Musca Lupus, or several sorts of Snails; A Description of the Pistolochia 111 ---1 _- __ I - - - - _ - __ __ __ __ BANNITSTER 102 BARBAROSSA BA NNTSTER 102 BARBAROSSA or Serpentaria-Virginia Snake Root. The time of his had acquired a knowledge of Greek, was conversant with death is not accurately known. Hebrew at eight, and in his eleventh year translated from the Hebrew into French the Travels of the Rabbi BANNISTER, WILLIAM BOSTWICK, A. M., an American Benjamin of Tudela, which he enriched with valuable philanthropist, was born in Brookfield, Massachusetts, annotations. His proficiency in mathematics was so November 8th, 1773, and graduated at Dartmouth Col- great that he submitted to the London Royal Society a lege, 1797, in the class with Daniel Adams, M. D., and scheme for finding the longitude, which, though ineffithe Hon. Phineas White. He studied law with Judge cient, exhibited the strongest marks of superior abilities, Farrand of Vermont; and, about the year 1800, opened and of laborious mathematical calculation. He visited a law-office in Newbury, in that State. In 1807 he re- Halle with his father in 1735, where he was offered by moved his office to Newbury, Massachusetts, for the the University the degree of A. M. The young philosopractice of his profession, but gradually relinquished pher drew up fourteen theses, which he caused to be professional avocations for mercantile pursuits. In the printed, and the next morning disputed upon them with latter he was successful, and acquired an ample fortune. such ability and logical precision that he astonished and From 1810 to 1819, he passed much of his time in public delighted a crowded audience. At BBerlin he was relife, having been several times a member of each House ceived with kindness by the King of Prussia, and honof the Massachusetts Legislature. He took a very deep ored with those marks of distinction which his superior interest in the cause of education; being for many years genius deserved. His great and splendid abilities, howa faithful guardian of the public schools of his own com- ever, were but like a meteor flash; a constitution naturmunity. For sixteen years Mr. Bannister was a Trustee ally delicate, was rendered still weaker by excessive or Visitor of the Andover Theological Seminary; and for application: and a pulmonary disease terminated his life, the same length of time was a member of the Corporation at Halle, October 5th, 1740, in his 20th year. Baratier of Amherst College. He also held other trusts of a has been deservedly mentioned as a prodigy of learning similar description. He was a liberal friend to the en- and of genius; his memory was remarkably retentive, terprises of the day; and, in his will, after providing for and his application is scarcely reconcilable with the fact, his family, he donated forty thousand dollars, to be that he spent twelve hours in bed until his tenth year, divided equally between the American Bible Society, the and ten afterwards. In one winter he read twenty large American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, folios, with all the attention of a comprehensive mind; the American Education Society, the Massachusetts and the large work which he prepared on Egyptian An Home Missionary Society, and the American Coloniza- tiquities, displayed the variety of materials collected, as tion Society. He was much esteemed in private life; well as their judicious and laborious arrangement. In was cheerful, hospitable, and urbane in his manners; his domestic economy he was very temperate; he ate and he retained and exhibited these attributes of charac- but little flesh, and lived entirely on milk, bread, and ter in an unusual degree to the end of his life. For fruit. forty-six years he was a member of the Christian church, and did honor to his profession. He died July 1st, 1853, BARBARO, FRANCIs, a noble Venetian, distinguished at the age of 70 years. by his learning as well as his political talents. He deSA fended Brescia, of which he was governor, against the BAPTIST, JON, surnsamed Monnoyer, a native of Duke of Milan, and obliged the besiegers to retreat. He Lisle, resident for some time in England, and distin- died in 1454, aged about 56. He is principally noted for guished as a painter of flowers. He studied at Antwerp, partial translations of Plutarch's works, ad a Treatise, and displayed the superiority of his talents by assisting De Re Uxoria. The latter was published at Paris, in Le Brun to paint the palace of Versailles, in which the 1515. Some of his familiar epistles were also published flowers were executed by him. The Duke of Montague, s late as 1743. who was Ambassador in France, saw and admired his merit, and he employed him, with La Fosse and Rous- BARBARO, ERNOLAO, the elder, nephew to Francis, seau, in the decoration of Montague House, now the was Bishop of Trevisa, and afterwards of Verona, where British Museum. A looking-glass which he adorned he died in 1470. When only 12 years of age, he transwith a garland of flowers for Queen Mary, is still pre- lated some of.Esop's fables into Latin. served at Kensington palace. There is a print of him, BARBARO or BARBARUS, p dERiOLAUS, grandson of from a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in Walpole's. r Vnt, emoy gadon o Anecdotes. He died in 1699. Francis, a learned venetian, employed by his countrymen as a mbassador to the Emperor Frederic, to his son BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a Spanish physician and Maximilian, and to Pope Innocent VIII. He was honored poet, a native of Luceria, in Andalusia, continued the by the Pope with the vacant patriarchate of Aquileia, romance of Ariosto, under the title of The Tears of An- contrary to the wishes of his countrymen, who had gelica, and executed his task in such a manner as to gain enacted a law that their ambassadors should accept no the applause of Cervantes. He is also the author of favors from the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable were some eclogues stanzas, and sonnets. the Venetians, that Barbaro's father, who was far adBARANZANO, REDEMPTUS, a monk born at Serravalle, vanced in years, and intrusted with the first offices of the near Verceil, in Piedmont, was professor of philosophy State, was unable to avert their resentment, and died, in atAnneci, and the correspondent of the great Bacon hconsequence, of a broken heart. Barbaro wrote some He possesse ad vast energy of mind, and cquigrd reat excellent treatises, a, well as poetry; and showed his reputation at Paris, both as a preacher and a philoso- abilities as a Greek scholar by translations from Plutarch reputation at Paris, both as a preacher and a philoso- and Dioscorides. According to Bayle, he died at Ro5e, pher, but more especially as a warm and judicious oppo- of the plague, 1493, aged 39. nent of Aristotle's doctrines. Hie died at Montargis, o te Prague 1493, ae oi. December 23d, 1622, in his 33d year, and thus early was BARBARO, DANIEL, coadjutor of his uncle Hermolaus, finished a career, which promised to add much splendor the Patriarch of Aquileia, was sent as ambassador from to literature and to criticism. His works on philosophi- Venice to England, where he remained till 1551. He cal subjects, were Doctrina de Coelo, 1617, folio, De died in 1570, and left several learned works, among Novis Opinionibus Physicis, 8vo., 1617, and Campus which were A Treatise on Eloquence, in 4to., 1557, Philosophorum, 8vo., 1620. Venice; An Italian Translation of Vitruvius, 1584, and BARATIER, JOHN PHILIP, a most extraordinary per- The Practice of Perspective, folio. son, born Janiiary 19th, 1721, at Schwobach, in the BARBAROSSA, ARucH, a well-known pirate, who took Mlargravate of Anspach, had such uncommon powers of possession of Algiers, and murdered the king, Selim memory, that nt the age of four years he conversed with Entemi, whom he had engaged to assist and defend his mother in French, with his father in Latin, and with against' the Spanish invaders. He afterwards made himthe servants in German. The rapidity of his improve- self master of Tunis, and of Tremecen, whose sovereign ments augmented with his years, so that at six years he was assassinated by his own subjects. His career was I I _ __ _ _ _ L _ e_ I __ ___ BARBAROSSA 103 BARBIER stopped by the Marquis of Gomares, Governor of Oran, Bauche, during 23 years, in the completion of his works. whom the heir of the Tremecen dominions had invited to His first publication, in 1759, was his Mappe Monde Hishis support. He was besieged in the citadel, but made torique, an ingenious chart, in which was united all the his escape by a subterranean passage; and though no information which geography, chronology, and history expenditure was spared for the purpose of effecting his could furnish. He published also the Tablettes Chronoescape, he was overtaken, attended by but a few Turks, logiques of Lenglet, a Translation of Strahlemberg's Deand, after a brave and desperate defence, was slain, in scription of Russia, La Croix's Modern Geography, 1548, in his 44th year. besides contributing largely to the works of his friends, BARBAROSSA, CHEREDIN, successor to his brother and the two last volumes of the Bibliotheque de France, Aruch on the throne of Algiers, was the able admiral by Le Long. Barbeau struggled with poverty during his of the naval forces of Selim II. He obtained possession entire life; but it did not ruffle his temper, or render him of Tunis, but was checked by the arms of Charles V.; unwilling to communicate to others from the vast stores after which he plundered several towns of Italy, and of his knowledge in geography and history. He died of then advanced to Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered apoplexy, at Paris, Nov. 20th, 1781. for the Emperor of the Turks. He died in 1547, aged BARBER, FRANCIS, a clerical soldier of the American 80, leaving his son Asan in possession of the kingdom. Revolution, was born at Princeton, New Jersey, 1751, BARBAROUX, CHARLES, deputy from Marseilles to and graduated at Nassau Hall, in 1767. He was then the National Convention, proved himself one of the installed Rector of an academic institution, and at the bitterest enemies of the unfortunate Louis XVI., whose same time Pastor of the Presbyterian Church, at Elizaaccusation he triumphantly read in the Assembly. He bethtown, in that State, where he remained until the was intimate with Roland, and boldly attacked the Or- commencement of the Revolution, when he left these leans party, the usurpation of Robespierre, and the pastoral charges and joined the patriot army. In 1776 machinations of the Jacobins. His conduct rendered him he was commissioned by Congress a Major of the Third obnoxious to the demagogues in power; and when the Battalion of New Jersey troops. At the close of the Girondists were overthrown, he was accused, but escaped year he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and subseinto Calvados. He afterwards passed from Quimper to quently became Inspector-General under Baron Steuben. Bourdeaux, where he was recognised and immediately He was in constant service during the whole war, was in guillotined, June 25th, 1794. the principal battles, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. He was with the ContinenBARBAULD, ANNA LETITIA, daughter of the Rev. tal Army at Newburgh, in 1783; and on the very day John Aikin, born at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, June when Washington announced the conclusion of the treaty 20, 1743, was one of the most distinguished female of peace to the army, Col. Barber was killed by the fallwriters of the age. She received from her father, who ing of a tree, while riding along the skirt of a wood. in the early part of her life presided over a Dissenting BARBEYRAC, JHN, a native of Bariers, in LangueAcademy at Warrington in Lancashire, an excellent lite- do ARBEYRAC JOHN a native of Band afters in Languerary and classical education, to which she was indebted doc, teacher of philosophy at Berlin and afterwards, for for the full development of her great natural talents, and seven years, Professor of Law and History at Lausanne, of an elegant and imaginative poetic vein. Her earliest whence he removed to Griningen. He was eminently production was a small volume of miscellaneous poetry, proficient in the laws of nature and of nations; and in printed in 1772, which, in the year following, was suc- addition to A Treatise on the Morality of the Fathers, ceeded by a collection of pieces in prose, to which her and another on Gaming, 2 vols., he translated Puffenoeb, yoclr iohn A of p Stoke Newingetoh, co- dorf's works into French, besides Noodt's Discourses, brother, Doctor John Aikin, of Stoke Newington, con- Grotius' De Jure Pacis, &c., and some of Tillotson's Sertributed. In 1774 she accepted the hand of the Rev. mons &c ome of is citical anlitera r re r Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she went to reside at mons, &c. Some of his critical and literary remarks Plgrve, in Suffolk, and there composed the works on were also inserted in the various journals of the times. Palgrave, in Suffolk, and there composed the works on He died in 1729, Aged 55. His brother Charles was which the durability of her reputation is most securely He died inas a phys29ician at 5Cer Hs brother harles was founded, viz: Early Lessons and Hymns for Children, eminent as a physician atCereste, in Povende, at ntas pieces which are justly considered of standard merit, in the friend of Locke and Sydenham. He died at iIontconveying the first rudiments of instruction to the infant pelier, in 1699, aged 70. He was the author of two mind. In 1785 she accompanied her husband on a tour works, Traites de M, dicine, 12 m-and Questiones to the continent, and on their return, resided for several Medicie Dodecim, 4to., 1658. at Hampstead, but in 1802 again removed to Stoke New- BARBIE DUBOCAGE, JOHN DENNIS, a geographer, ington, in order the more constantly to enjoy her brother's the only pupil of d'Anville, and not unworthy of his society. In 1812 appeared the last of her separate pub- master, was born at Paris, in 1760, became Geographer lications, entitled, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, a for Foreign Affairs to Napoleon, and was a member of poem of considerable merit; previous to which she the Institute, and of other scientific bodies. He died in amused herself by selecting and editing a collection of 1825. His productions are numerous and valuable. English novels, with critical and biographical notes. A Among them are the Maps to the Voyage of Anacharsis; similar selection followed from the best British Essayists a fine Map of the Morea; and the Maps and various of the reign of Anne, and another from Richardson's geographical notices in Choiseul Goufier's Picturesque Manuscript Correspondence, with a Memoir and Critical Journal in Greece. Essay on his Life and Writings. Mrs. Barbauld died at BARBER, A OY, brn in 15, at Stoke Newington, March 9, 1825, in her 82d year, leaving BARBIER, ANTHOY A, was edct bor the Icurc, at many unpulished manuscrits both in prose and Colommiers, in France, was educatedfor the church but "many p p, boh in prose n verse quitted it, and was successively Librarian to the Directory, BARBAZAN, STEPHEN, a native of St. Fargeauen to Napoleon, and to Louis XVIII. He was dismissed Puisaye, in Auxerre, who made himself acquainted with from the service of Louis in 1822, and this circumstance the works of authors of the middle centuries, from whose preyed upon his spirits, and probably aggravated his diswritings he gleaned the most curious anecdots anecdotes and re- ease, ananneurism, of which he died in 1825. His bibliomarkable stories. He assisted in the completion of the graphical works are much esteemed; the most famous Recueil Alphabetique, in 24 vols., 12mo., published in is a Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works, 1745, and the following year; a laborious but desultory 4 vols. 8vo. work. He also wrote Instructions from a Father to a BARBIER D'AUCOUR, JOHN, a native of Langres, Son, 1760, 8vo. He died in 1770, in the 74th year of whose great application raised him from the obscurity his age. and indigence of his family. He devoted himself to the BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, JEAN LOUIS, son of a study of the law, but was unsuccessful in pleading his wood-monger at Paris, rose by the strength of his genius first case, either from fear, or failure of memory; a cirfrom the humble occupation of his father. He resided cumstance to which Boileau has alluded in the Lutrin. 10 or 15 years in Holland, and on his return assisted M. i So small were his pecuniary resources, that he consented BARBOUR 104 BARCLAY to marry his landlord's daughter, in order to satisfy the for three successive terms. Under the administration d hi h h h d him The atrona e of Preside e J i.rg tigtam t L l n l ll a 1l. U pui i. X l.. 1. -. Uv