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THE
HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY
FROM ITS,farliriet etflmnut to fe }reseat Wime.
EDITED BY
W. H. CARPENTER,
AND
T. S. ARTHUR.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1856.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by
T. S. ARTHUR AND W. H. CARPENTER,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON AND CO.
PHILADELPHIA.




PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
THERE are but few persons in this country who
have not, at some time or other, felt the want of an
accurate, well written, concise, yet clear and reliable
history of their own or some other state.
The want here indicated is now about being supplied; and, as the task of doing so is no light or
superficial one, the publishers have given into the
hands of the two gentlemen whose names appear in
the title-page, the work of preparing a series of CABINET HISTORIES, embracing a volume for each state in
the Union. Of their ability to perform this well, we
need not speak. They are no strangers in the literary
world. What they undertake the public may rest
assured will be performed thoroughly; and that no
sectarian, sectional, or party feelings will bias their
judgment, or lead them to violate the integrity of
history.
The importance of a series of state histories like
those now commenced, can scarcely be estimated.
Being condensed, as carefully as accuracy and interest
of narrative will permit, the size and price of the
volumes will bring them within the reach of every
family in the country, thus making them home-reading books for old and young. Each individual will,
7




8            PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.
in consequence, become familiar, not only with the
history of his own state, but with that of other states:
-thus mutual interest will be re-awakened, and old
bonds cemented in a firmer union.
In this series of CABINET HISTORIES, the authors,
while presenting a concise but accurate narrative of
the domestic policy of each state, will give greater
prominence to the personal history of the people.
The dangers which continually hovered around the
early colonists; the stirring romance of a life passed
fearlessly amid peril; the incidents of border warfare; the adventures: of hardy pioneers; the keen
watchfulness, the subtle surprise, the ruthless attack,
and prompt retaliation-all these having had an important influence upon the formation of the American
character, are to be freely recorded. While the progressive development of the citizens of each individual state
from the rough forest-life of the earlier day to the
polished condition of the present, will exhibit a picture of national expansion as instructing as it is inter:sting.
The size and style of the series will be uniform
with the present volume. The authors, who have
been for some time collecting and arranging materials,
will furnish the succeeding volumes as rapidly as their
careful preparation will warrant.




CONTENTS.
CHAPTER L
New Netherland-Traffic with the Indians-Settlement on
Manhattan Island —Argail's visit to Manhattan —The
States-General grant commercial privileges to discoverersBlock explores the harbour of New York-Coasts with
Christiaanse, Connecticut and Rhode Island-Manhattan
Island fortified-May enters the Delaware Bay-Authorities
appointed to govern New Netherland-Alliance with the
Iroquois-Increase.of population at New Amsterdam-The
Plymouth settlement-Dutch West India Company organized-A  colony planted on the Delaware —Fort Nassau
built-Administration of Minuits-Commercial prosperity
of New Netherland-New plan for colonization adoptedManors of Pavonia and Swanandael-De Vries' settlement
at Hoarkill-Offence given to the Indians-Massacre of
the colonists-Return of De Vries-Abandonment of the
Swanandael purchase...........................................Page  19
CHAPTER II.
Dispute between the patroons and the West India Company
-Manors of Pavonia and Swanandael abolished-Wouter
Van Twiller governor-Difficulties with the Plyniouth colony-Rival trading-houses on the Connecticut-Governor
Kieft-Minuits founds a Swedish colony on the DelawareIts prosperous condition-English settlers at Salem CreekDispossessed by the Swedes and Dutch-Printz succeeds
Minuits as governor of New Sweden-Encroachment of the
Puritans upon territory claimed by the Dutch-War with
the Indian tribes on the Raritan-Unsuccessful negotiations
for peace-Massacre of the Indians-Their terrible retalia.
9




10                    CONTENTS.
tion-Overtures for peace-Council at Rockaway-War renewed-Settlements on the Passaic destroyed —Captain
John Underhill-His successful descents upon Long Island
-Arrival of reinforcements-Vigorous prosecution of the
war-Interposition of the Mohawks-Peace declared —Unpopularity of Kieft-His recall-Lost at sea............ Page 3
CHAPTER III.
Governor Stuyvesant-His character-His wise and cautious
policy-Quarrel with New England-Belligerent desires of
Stuyvesant-The West India Company counsel peace-Negotiations opened-Provisional treaty concluded-Second
English attempt to found a colony on the Delaware frustrated-Swedish colony threatened by Stuyvesant-Fort Cassimir constructed-Printz builds Fort Elsingburg-Rising
governor of New Sweden-Takes Fort Cassimir by stratagem-The Swedes conquered by Stuyvesant-Indian hostilities-Activity of Stuyvesant-Prosperous condition of
New Netherland-Lord Baltimore claims the territory on
the west bank of the Delaware-Its cession to the city of
Amsterdam-Perilous position of Stuyvesant-Stringent
regulations of the West India Company-Concessions demanded by the people-Haughty reply of Stuyvesant-A
popular assembly established-New Netherland granted to
the Duke of York-Arrival of the English fleet-Stuyvesant summoned to surrender-Capitulation..................... 44
CHAPTER IV.
The Duke of York's patent to Berkeley and Carteret-The
province of New Jersey-Liberal policy of the proprietaries
-Their concessions to popular freedom-Nicholls governor
of New York-His activity in colonizing New Albania —
Carteret appointed governor of New Jersey-Establishes
his capital at Elizabethtown-Inducements held out to settlers-Rapid increase in population-Puritan settlement
on the Passaic-Threatened by the Hackensack IndiansPeace restored-Newark founded-Narrow policy of the
colonists from Connecticut.-First legislative session of New
Jersey-Partial adoption ~f the harsh New England code




CONTENTS.                       11
-Local rights of self-government claimed-Opposition to
quit rents-Great dissatisfaction throughout the province
-A new assembly constituted-Deposition of the governor
-Carteret sails for England-Carteret's authority confirmed-Power of the assembly curtailed-War between England and Holland-Capture of New York by the Dutch
-Its restoration to the English....................... Page 55
CHAPTER V.
The Duke of York confirmed in his title to New York-Andros appointed governor-Petition of New Jersey-The
Quakers punished as recusants-Unjust charges against
them-Their principles proscribed-Their persecution in
England-Advised to settle in America-Salem  settledGovernments of Fenwicke and Carteret-The boundaries
of East and West New Jersey established-Constitution promulgated-Its liberal concessions-Emigration of wealthy
Quakers-Anecdote of Charles II.-Difficulty with Andros,
governor of New York-Burlington settled-Fear of Indian hostilities-A special treaty entered into-Speech of
an Indian sachem-Progress of the colony-Increase of
population................................................................    65
CHAPTER VI.
Dispute between New Yerk and East New Jersey-Arbitrary
conduct of Andros-Cllms jurisdiction over New Je6seyCarteret refuses to,resign his government-His ariestTried at New York and aequitted-Andros attempts to cont
trol the assembly PL East New Jersey-Their spirited response-Heavy tax on imports-Remonstrance of the N4w
Jersey proprietaries-Their complaints referred to commit.
sioners-The tax pronounced illegal-The Duke of York
relinquishes his claim to govern New Jersey-Byllinge governor of West New Jersey-Appoints Jennings deputygovernor-First legislative assembly convenes-Adoption
of a constitution-Burlington erected the capital of the
province - The assembly maintains its prerogative -
Amendment of the constitution-Jennings elected governor-Is sent to England-Olive governor-Byllinge- ap.




12                     CONTENTS.
points John Skene deputy-governor-Death of Byllinge
-Sale of his interest in New Jersey-Dr. Coxe claims
entire executive control-A change foreshadowed...... Page  77
CHAPTER VII.
Quit-rent disputes-East New Jersey purchased by Penn and
others-Extension of the partnership- Robert Barclay
made governor-Appoints Thomas Rudyard his deputySession of the assembly-The province divided into counties
-Administration of Rudyard-Gawen Laurie governorMixed character of population in New Jersey-Scottish
emigrants-Scot of Pitlochie's book-Lord Campbell appointed deputy-governor of East New Jersey-James II.
violates his obligations-Difficulties with New YorkNew Jersey threatened-Remonstrance of the proprietaries
-Surrender of East and West New Jersey to the jurisdiction of the crown -Andros commissioned governor
-Flight of James II.-Resumption of the proprietary
governments-Hamilton  governor-Land titles —Hamilton superseded by Basse - Inter-provincial disputes -
Hamilton re-appointed governor-New Jersey becomes a
royal province..................................................   86
CHAPTER VIII.
The New constitution for the Jerseys-The legislative power
-In whom vested-Slave trade ordered to be encouraged
-The judiciary-Arrival of Lord Cornbury-His demand
for a permanent salary rejected by the assembly-Cornbury's illegal proceedings-Opposed by Lewis Morris and
Samuel Jennings-The assembly wait upon Cornbury with
a remonstrance —His response-Retort of the assembly
-Conduct of Cornbury censured by the English ministry
-His removal-Imprisoned by his creditors-Popular administration of Lovelace-His death-Ingoldsby deputygovernor-War between France and England-Capture of
Port Royal............................................................   98




CONTENTS.                       13
CHAPTER IX.
Arrival of Governor Hunter-His speech to the assembly
-His popularity-Invasion of Canada advocated by Nicholson-Organization of the provincial levies-Disastrous
failure of the expedition —Treaty of Utrecht-Quaker
difficulties in New Jersey-Opposition against HunterHis success-Provincial demonstrations of regard-Burnet
appointed governor-His removal to MassachusettsMohtgomery governor-Petition for a separate government
-Administration of Crosby-Of Hamilton-Separation of
the Jerseys from the government of New York-Morris
commissioned governor-Rapid decline of his popularityMaintains the royal prerogative-War declared between
England and France-Shirley plans an expedition against
Louisburg-Sharp controversy between Morris and the
Assembly-Death of Morris-Succeeded by HamiltonFeeble and abortive attempt to invade Canada-Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle........................Page 109
CHAPTER X.
Belcher governor-Revival of quit-rent disputes-A commission of inquiry ordered by the crown-Claims of France
to the Ohio valley-Mission of George Washington to
Fort Le Boeuf-The works commenced at the forks of
the Ohio seized by the French-Washington  ordered
to protect the Virginia frontier-Skirmish and death
of Jumaonville-Formal declaration of war-A plan of
colonial confederation proposed-Rejected by the provinces and the Board of Trade —Campaign of 1755
-Defeat of Braddock-Victory of Lake George-Alarm
of the colonies-Indian incursions-Campaign of 1756
-Loudoun appointed commander-in-chief- Descent of
Montcalm on the forts at Oswego-Treaty with the Delawares..........................................   117
CHAPTER XI.
Increase of British power in the colonies-Subordination of
colonial officers-Indignation in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey-Campaign of 1757-Co-operation of New Jersey
-Expedition against Louisburg-Inactivity of Loudoun
2




14                     CONTENTS.
at Halifax-Energetic movements of Montcalm-Siege of
Fort William  Henry-Surrender of Munro-Attempted
massacre of the prisoners-Heroic conduct of Montcalm
-Alarm of General Webb - Death of Governor Belcher-Campaign of 1758 -Masterly arrangements of
Pitt-Hearty response of the colonies-Capture of Louisburg-Repulse of Abercrombie before Ticonderoga-Fort
Frontenac taken by Bradstreet-Evacuation of Fort Duquesne-Indian council at the forks of the Delaware -
Campaign of 1759-Invasion of Canada projected-Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the FrenchSurrender of Fort Niagara-Capture of Quebec-Peace of
Fontainebleau-Change of governors in New Jersey-Indian outrages................................................. Page 130
CHAPTER XII.
Colonial expenditures during the war-Project to tax America-Obnoxious to the colonists-Unanimity of the provinces-Stamp Act proposed-Remonstrance of the colonies-Stamp Act passed-Spirited resolutions of Virginia
-National Congress recommended-Disapproved of by
the New Jersey house-Indignation of the people against
their representatives-House again convenes at AmboyDelegates appointed to the Congress-Petition and remonstrance forwarded to England-New Jersey stamp-distributor resigns-Stamp Tax repealed-Party lines drawnOpposition to the Quartering Act —Townsend's tax bill
passed-Agitation in the colonies-Language of the New
Jersey house-Non-importation agreements-Violated by
New York traders-Their reception in New Jersey-Repeal
of all taxes except the duty on tea-Popular tumults in
Monmouth and Essex counties-Odious nature of the tax
on te&-Rendered nugatory by non-importation agreements-Parliament endeavours to force tea into America
-Tea destroyed at Boston and in New Jersey-Port of
Boston closed-New Jersey people sympathize with their
Massachusetts brethren-National Congress of 1774-Battle
of Lexington..........................................................  143
CHAPTER XIII.
Affair of Lexington-Military activity of the provincials
- Proceedings of Congress — Ticonderoga surprised by




CONTENTS.                       15
Ethan Allen-Lord North's conciliatory plan rejected by
New Jersey-Organization of the militia-Battle of Bunker
Hill-Evacuation of Boston by the British-Declaration
of Independence-State of New Jersey formed-Livingston elected governor-New  York menaced by HoweActivity of Washington-Battle of Long Island-New
York evacuated by the Americans-Capture of Fort Washington by the British-Retreat of Washington across the
Jerseys-Condition of his troops-Meeting of the first
state legislature-The American army crosses the Delaware-Capture of General Lee-Surprise of the Hessians
at Trenton.....................................Page 157
CHAPTER XIV.
Washington takes post at Trenton-Cornwallis advances
against him-Perilous situation of the American commander-His -daring scheme to escape-Attacks and defeats the enemy at Princeton-Subsequent movements of
the contending armies -Washington  goes into winter
quarters at Morristown-Inspiriting effect of the late
victories-Outrages committed by the enemy-New Jersey
militia take the field-Skirmishes near Springfield and
Hillsborough-Washington's proclamation to the disaffected inhabitants-Exceptions taken to it-Legislature convenes-Difficulties in framing a new militia law —Nonresistance principles respected —-Dissatisfaction of Livingston-" Council of Safety" appointed-Its extraordinary
powers-Bill to confiscate the estates of Tories-Its favourable conditions-Plundering expeditions of the Tories from
New   York..................................................... 168
CHAPTER XV.
Opening of the campaign of 17-7-American stores at Peekskill destroyed-Skirmish at Boundbrook-Washington takes
a strong position at Middlebrook-Howe's feint to draw
him from his camp-Its ill success-Howe retreats to Amboy-Washington advances to Quibbletown-Howe returns
to attack him-Is again foiled-Retires to Staten Island,
and embarks for the southward-Perplexity of Washington




16                     CONTENTS.
in regard to his movements-Loyalists on Staten Island
become troublesome-Sullivan's attempt against themHowe lands at the head of Chesapeake Bay-Battle of
Brandywine -Wayne surprised at Paoli —Howe enters
Philadelphia-Clinton ravages East Jersey-Battle of Germantown-American successes at the north-Movements
on the Delaware-American works at Byllinsport captured
-Defences near the mouth of the Schuylkill-Donop assaults Red Bank and is repulsed-Re-election of Livingston-Dickinson's attempt against the Staten Island Tories
-Fort Mifflin evacuated and Red Bank abandoned-British in full possession of the Delaware-Skirmish near
Gloucester Point-Washington goes into winter quarters
at Valley Forge..................................................Page 179
CHAPTER XVI.
Distress of the American prisoners in New York-Sufferings
of the army-Measures taken by the state for their reliefArticles of confederation brought before the legislature of
New Jersey-Alliance between France and the United Colonies-Objections of the legislature to the Articles of Confederation-British foraging party under Mawhood enters
Salem county-Conflict at Quinton's Bridge-Gallant exploit of Andrew Bacon-British forces a second time repulsed at Quinton's Bridge-Americans massacred at Hancock's Bridge-Correspondence  between Mawhood and
Colonel Hand-British return to Philadelphia-Expedition
against Bordentown-Narrow escape of Lafayette at Barren
Hill-Clinton ordered to evacuate Philadelphia-He retreats
across the Jerseys-Washington starts in pursuit-Battle
of Monmouth Court House-Lee's conduct during the
action censured-He is arrested, tried, suspended, and finally
dismissed from the service......................................    193
CHAPTER XVII.
D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet-Sullivan's unsuccessful attempt against Newport-Massacre of Baylor's cavalry
regiment near Tappan-British expedition against Little
Egg Harbour-Chestnut Neck burned-Pulaski's legion
surprised in the vicinity of Tuckerton-New legislature




CONTENTS.                      17
elected-Livingston re-chosen governor-Articles of Confederation approved-French fleet sails for the West Indies
-Campaign of 1779-Difficulty with the Jersey brigadeCapture of Stony Point by the British-Recaptured by
Wayne-Major Lee surprises the English garrison at Paulus
Hook-Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of New
York-Fierce partisan contest in New Jersey-Operations
in the south-Financial difficulties of Congress —New
Jersey legislature orders nine millions of dollars to be
raised-Distress of the American army at MorristownWashington's requisition upon New Jersey for suppliesUnsuccessful attack upon Staten Island................... Page 207
CHAPTER XVIII.
Campaign of 1780-South Carolina invaded and overrun by
the British-Discontent inWashington's army-Knyphausen
lands at Elizabethtown Point-Marches toward Springfield
-Burns the village of Connecticut Farms-Retires to the
Point-Is joined by Clinton-Patriotism of the Rev. James
Caldwell-He becomes obnoxious to the Tories-His wife
is murdered by a refugee, during'the attack on Connecticut
Farms-He is shot by a sentinel at Elizabethtown PointClinton advances against Springfield-Is met by GreeneSpringfield burned-Clinton retires to Staten Island-Arrival of Rochambeau-Gloomy opening of the year 1781Revolt of the Pennsylvania line-Part of the New Jersey
brigade mutinies-Mutineers shot-Cornwallis in the south
-Battle of Cowpens-Battle of Guilford Court HouseGreene partially recovers South Carolina-Cornwallis enters
Virginia-Fortifies himself at Yorktown-Is besieged by
the allied armies, and the fleet under De Grasse-He capitulates-Prospect of peace —Toiy outrages in New Jersey
-Murder of Captain Huddy-Peace................. 219,CHAPTER XIX.
Embarrassed situation of the country-Conditional cession of
public lands by Virginia-Objected to-Grounds of New
Jersey's objection-Virginia withdraws her condition, and
the cession is accepted-Federal imposts proposed-Favoured by New Jersey and other states-Defeated in conse2*




18                     CONTENTS.
quence of the opposition of New York-Ill feeling thus
created-Embarrassing resolution of the New Jersey legislature-National convention recommended-Meets at Philadelphia-" New Jersey Plan" —" Virginia Plan" adoptedConstitution submitted to the states-Ratified by the New
Jersey convention-Republican and Federal parties-Polities of New Jersey-Washington chosen president-His
journey from Mount Vernon to New York-His reception at
Trenton-Trenton established permanently as the capital
of the state-Death of Governor Livingston-William Patterson governor-Is made an associate judge in the Supreme
Court of the United States-Resigns the executive of New
Jersey-Is succeeded by Richard Howell-New partisan
differences-Alien and sedition laws-Decline of the Federalists-Joseph Bloomfield elected governor of New
Jersey by the Republicans-Removal of the Brotherton
Indians.............................................................Page   232
CHAPTER XX.
Re-election of Bloomfield-Act for the gradual abolition of
slavery-Aaron Burr-Sketch of his life-Origin of his
quarrel with Hamilton-He kills Hamilton in a duel-Is indicted for murder by a New Jersey grand jury-His journeys to the West-His arrest, trial, and acquittal-His subsequent career and death-Is buried in the Princeton graveyard-Difficulties between the United States, England and
France-British orders in council-Napoleon's retaliatory
decrees-American Embargo Act-Continued aggressions
of England-Affair of the Chesapeake-Hostilities declared
-Exemption of New Jersey from invasion-Naval victories
of Bainbridge and Lawrence-Death of the latter-American successes-Peace-Governors Aaron Ogden, William S.
Pennington, Mahlon Dickerson-School fund created —
Isaac H. Williamson governor-Act to expedite the extinction of slavery-Common schools established-Peter D.
- Vroom governor-Jacksonian and Whig parties-Governors
Samuel S. Southard, Elias P. Seeley, Philemon Dickerson
-Financial embarrassments-Triumph of the WhigsWilliam Pennington governor-Constitutional convention
-New constitution ratified by the people-Governors Dan.
Haines, Charles C. Stratton, George F. Fort-Present condition and prospects of the state-Conclusion.................. 246




IISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.
CHAPTER I.
New  Netherland-Traffic with the Indians-Settlement on
Manhattan Island-Argall's visit to Manhattan-The States
General grant commercial privileges to discoverers-Block
explores the harbour of New York-Coasts with Christiaanse, Connecticut and Rhode Island-Manhattan Island
fortified-May enters the Delaware Bay-Authorities appointed to govern New Netherland-Alliance with the Iroquois-Increase of population at New  Amsterdam-The
Plymouth settlement-Dutch West India Company organized —A colony planted on the Delaware-Fort Nassau built
-Administration of Minuits-Commercial prosperity of
New Netherland —New plah for colonization adoptedManors of Pavonia and Swanandael-De Vries's settlement at Hoarkill-Offence given to the Indians —Massacre
of the colonists-Return of De Vries-Abandonment of the
Swanandael purchase.
ALTHOUGFH discovered by a navigator in the
service of a Dutch company, the territory adjacent to  the  Hudson  River was not formally
claimed by Holland until after the lapse of
several years. In 1610, a few merchants of
Amsterdam fitted out a ship with various sorts
of merchandise, and despatched it to the newlyfound lands, in order to open with its native in19




20       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1613.
habitants a traffic in furs, which were there
both abundant and cheap.  Success attending
this venture, similar voyages became frequent,
aand trading-houses began io spring up on Manhattan Island, and at Beaverwyck, where Albany
now stands.
Aritagonistic as these establishments were to
the pretensions of England, they did not long
remain unnoticed by that country's agents in
America. In November, 1613, Captain Argall,
of Virginia, while returning from an unjust and
useless expedition against the French in Acadia,
visited the,feeble trading-post at Manhattan,
and compelled the Dutch to stipulate allegiance
to Great Britain, tribute to Virginia, and the
partial payment of his own expenses. But no
sooner had Argall left the bay than the Dutch
flag was again hoisted, and every thing went on
as before.
In April following this occurrence, the StatesGeneral of Holland issued a decree, granting to such persons as should discover new
lands, the right of exclusive trade to them for
four successive voyages. In order to secure the
benefits of this grant, a number of merchants
entered into partnership, and fitted out five
ships, the chief command of which they gave to
Hendrick Christiaanse, with Captains Adrien
Block  and  Cornelius Jacobsen  May as his
subordinates.




1613..]  MAY ENTERS DELAWARE BAY.       21
Block was the first to reach the Bay of New
York, where, his ship being accidentally destroyed by fire, he built a small yacht, and passed through the East River into Long Island
Sound. Near Cape Cod he encountered Christiaanse, returning from fMassachusetts Bay, and
together they examined the shores of Connecticut and Rhode Island with considerable care and
thoroughness.
Immediately on their arrival at Manhattan,
a rude fort was erected on the southern extremity of the island; and, in the following year,
a small redoubt was thrown up on the opposite
bank of the Hudson, probably at the present
Jersey City Point.
May extended his researches farther south.
Sailing along the eastern coast of New Jersey, he rounded the cape that now bears his
name, and entered and explored the lower waters
of Delaware Bay.
In the ensuing autumn a special grant was
made to the merchants by whom Christiaanse
had been employed, dignifying their simple
partnership with the title of "4 The United New
Netherland Company," and confirming the privileges promised by the previous decree of the
States-General. It was now that the name New
Netherland was first applied to that part of the
continent lying between Cape Cod and the Delaware Bay. Christiaanse, as Upper Hoofdt, or




22       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1613
chief-commander, was placed at the head of affairs, with Jacob Elckens, at one time a merchant's clerk in Amsterdam, as his lieutenant.
These officers appear to have discharged the
duties entrusted to them with judgment and
tact. In the summer of 1671 they concluded
a formal treaty of peace and alliance with the
Iroquois, or Five-Nations, at which the Delawares and Mohicans were also present. This
alliance was kept up for many years, and proved
of the highest advantage. Meanwhile, settlers
were gradually coming into the country, and the
little station at Manhattan, which presently took
the name of New Amsterdam, began to wear the
appearance of a town. Attempts were likewise
made to extend the colony; and, in the year
following the treaty with the Iroquois, a few
traders planted the village of Bergen, the first
of white settlements in New Jersey.
Although the charter of exclusive privileges,
granted to the New Netherland company, had
by this time expired, a brisk trade continued -to
be carried on with the settlement at Manhattan
for several years, under special licenses to individual enterprise. The benefits of the lucrative
traffic of the new country were thus opened to a
larger number, but yet with little advantage to
its growth into a permanent colony.
In the mean time, a body of English Puritans,
who had fled from persecution at home to




1620.]  THE PLYMOUTH SETTLEMENT.        23
the more tolerant institutions of Holland, becoming dissatisfied with their residence in the
Low Countries, determined to seek some new
land, where they might avoid the less austere
manners of the Dutch, and still be free to
practise and teach the faith they professed.
The glowing description given by Sir Walter
Raleigh, of Guiana, first drew them toward
that country; but, wishing to retain their national character and language, they finally decided upon procuring a patent for lands from
the London or South Virginia Company.
Accordingly, on the 6th of September, 1620,
after having completed their arrangements, they
made their final embarkation at Plymouth, on
board the Mayflower, for the new world. Their
voyage was long and perilous. Buffeted about by
adverse winds and currents, they were compelled
to land a considerable distance north of where
they intended, and entirely without the limits of
the patent they held. Resolving to remain,
however, on the 20th of December they began
to erect their dwellings of hewed logs, and the
town of New Plymouth quickly sprung up on the
shore of Cape Cod Bay. The colonists soon
after procured a charter from the Plymouth
council, which had superseded the old company
of that name, and to which the British crown
had granted, in total disregard of the Dutch
claim, all that part of the American continent,




24       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1623.
extending from the middle of New Jersey to the
Bay of Chaleurs.
Designing to make the settlement on the
Hudson the basis of a more extended American
colonization, the States-General of Holland, in
the year following the landing of the Pilgrims,
authorized the formation of the celebrated West
India Company, to the means of which they
largely contributed, thus giving it the weight
and character of a great national association.
To this company it was determined to commit
the care of New Netherland, with an exclusive
privilege of trade and settlement therein. That
territory was at the same time formally erected
into a province, to be known and distinguished
by certain armorial insignia.
The new company sent out their first ship in
1623, under the command of May, with a number of colonists, and a large store of provisions,
merchandise, and arms. Having landed a portion of his passengers and cargo at New Amsterdam, May sailed to the Delaware River, where
it was proposed to plant a colony. He chose a
spot on the eastern shore, near the mouth of
Timber Creek, a few miles below the present
city of Camden, and there built Fort Nassau.
Leaving a small body of men as a guard for the
infant settlement, May returned to the Hudson,
high up which Fort Orange was soon afterward
built, on the present site of Albany.




1627.]    COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY.         25
In the following year, Peter Minuits, a native of Wesel, in Westphalia, arrived at New
Amsterdam, to act as governor, or commercial
director of the colony. Under his administration, which lasted till 1631, affairs glided on
smoothly, and, in a commercial point of view,
prosperously. Lands were now purchased from
the Indians; among others, the whole of Manhattan Island, for sixty guilders, or about twentyfour dollars.'The fort at New Amsterdam was
enlarged, and that place made the capital of the
colony. The trade of the province was extended, even to the Indians upon the St. Lawrence;
and in the first four years it increased one-half,
while the income derived from it was full a third
more than the outlay of the company.
In 1627, Minuits, for the first time, held communication with the Puritans, now firmly established at Plymouth, after six years of wearisome
effort. Letters were sent to the governor of
New Plymouth, congratulating him and his
people upon the success of their adventure,
and proposing a friendly intercourse and trade.
Governor Bradford and his council answered in
courteous language, expressing their lasting remembrance of the kindness they had received
while in the native country of the Dutch. With
regard to the proposal for commercial intercourse, they said that ",it was very acceptable
to them, and they did not doubt but that in a
3




26      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.        [1628.
short time they might have profitable trade together." In concluding, however, they plainly
intimated their doubt as to the validity-of the
title of their neighbours to the lands they were
then occup.ying; and requested them  c to forbear to trade with the natives in the bay and,river of Narraganset," as, "otherwise, they
were resolved to solicit his majesty for redress,
if by any means they could not help themselves."
To this the Dutch replied firmly, yet with
unruffled calmness, insisting upon the justness
of their claim, and declaring their determination
to uphold it.
The good feeling between the two colonies.does not appear to have been interrupted by
this difference; for but a short time elapsed
when De Razier, second in command at New
Amsterdam, was sent, with much pomp and ceremony, as special envoy to the English. The
Pilgrims were greatly pleased with the appearance and demeanour of the Dutch envoy, who,
on his part, was equally gratified at the manner
of his reception and entertainment.  Yet he
was unable to procure any definite treaty with
the English, they urging that, in the then doubtful condition of the title to New Netherland, a
matter so important should be arranged by the
ministers of their respective nations.
As yet the colonization of New Netherland




1629.]           PATROONS.               27
had increased but slowly. In 1629, a scheme to
promote the peopling of the country was adopted by the directors of the West India Company,
and sanctioned by the States-General. A charter of privileges and exemptions was drawn up,
under which any person, who within four years
planted in New Netherland a colony of fifty
souls, above the age of fifteen, might acquire,
by purchase from the Indians, as an ",eternal
heritage," and with the title of patroon, or lord
of the manor, a tract of land extending sixteen
miles along one side of a navigable stream, or
half that distance on each bank, and reaching
as far inland as he deemed necessary. With
the approbation of the director and council of
the province, all other persons, emigrating on
their own account, were free to take up as much
land as they could properly cultivate. The company'was pledged to protect the colonists of
every degree and condition, from "outlandish
and inlandish wars and powers," and to furnish
the manors with negro slaves, if the traffic were
found profitable. At the same time it reserved
to itself the trade in furs, and monopolized the
sale of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, by
prohibiting their manufacture in the colony.
Even before this charter was ratified by the
States-General, two of the directors of the com
pany, Godyn and Bloemart, prepared to secure
a portion of the advantages it offered, by com



28      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.       [1630.
missioning their American agents to purchase
from the resident chiefs, a slip of land two miles
wide, and extending from Cape ienlopen to the
mouth of the Delaware River. On the 5th of
May, 1630, a second tract, sixteen miles square,
and comprising Cape May with the adjacent
country, was purchased on behalf of the same
individuals.  Staten Island, and the country
around Hoboken, under the name of Pavonia,
were soon after taken up for the Director Pauw,
while Kilian Van Rensselaer became the proprietor of a considerable territory along the
Hudson, from  Albany to the mouth of the
Mohawk.
Naming their purchase Swanandael, or the
Valley of Swans, Godyn and his associates at
once prepared to colonize it. -An expedition
was fitted out, under the direction of David Peterson De Vries, an experienced navigator, who
had been admitted into the company. Sailing
from the Texel, in December, 1630, De Vries,
after a quick passage, landed at Hoarkill, now
Lewistown, on the western shore of the Delaware Bay, where he built a trading-house and
fort, and planted a colony of thirty-four persons.
Having remained in the country more than a
year, he returned to Holland for supplies, leaving
the infant settlement under the care of one Giles
Osset. Meantime, Pauw and Van Rensselaer
had secured their claims to patroonships, by




1631.]   MASSACRE OF THE COLONISTS.       29
sending out a number of colonists to settle on
their respective tracts.
De Vries had left the Delaware but a little
while, when Osset began a quarrel with the Indians, on account of one of their chiefs having
taken a plate of tin, stamped with the arms of
Holland, from a post in Swanandael, to which it
had been fastened, as a token of the claim and
possession of the Dutch. Foolishly construing
this light trespass into a national insult, Osset
so harassed the Indians for redress, that, to get
rid of his importunities, they brought him the
offender's head.  The Dutch commandant was
shocked at this unexpected and sanguinary result, and told the Indians that he had wished for
no such severity, intending to punish the delinquent with nothing but a simple reprimand.
Though they had themselves condemned and executed the offending chief, his friends now plotted a terrible retribution upon the strangers, to
whose exactions they attributed his death.
Taking advantage of a time when all the
colonists but Osset and a single sentinel were
labouring in the fields, at a distance from
the fort, the savages entered it, bearing packs
of furs, and offered to trade.  Unsuspicious of
evil, Osset ascended to the upper store-room of
the fort, in order to get some articles of mer.chandise, to exchange for the peltries of the Indians. As he came down stairs again, a warrior
2*




30       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1632.
cleft his skull with a tomahawk, and he fell
dead without a groan. The sentinel was next
despatched. From this scene of blood the Indians now sauntered out to the fields, greeting
the labourers in a friendly way. Mixing freely
with their intended victims, they suddenly fell
upon them, and in a few moments not one was
left alive.
When, in December, 1632, De Vries returned
from Holland, he found no white man to welcome him to the shores of the Delaware. The
bones of his friends were bleaching in the fields,
and the.dwellings they had erected were reduced
to ashes. His proffered friendship at length induced a few doubting and trembling savages to
come on board his ship, and from them he heard
the details of the sad fate that had befallen the
little colony. Policy, as well as the natural
kindness of his heart, led De Vries to overlook
the offence of the Indians; and, having distributed presents among them, he formed a treaty
of peace and reconciliation.  Landing a number of emigrants, he soon afterward sailed in
search of provisions, as high up the river-as
Cooper's Creek, where he narrowly escaped destruction from the treachery of the savages.
Deeming the creek a convenient place to attack
him, they directed De Vries to bring his vessel
into it, pretending, at the same time, they
had there the articles he needed.  But, as he




1632.]   SWANANDAEL ABANDONED.           31
had been forewarned by an Indian woman of the
snare that was laid for him, he avoided it, and
returned down the river to Fort Nassau, which
now swarmed with savages, the garrison having
deserted it nearly two years previous. Many of
the Indians came on board the ship, offering
beaver-skins for sale.  Telling them that the
Great Spirit had acquainted him with their evil
designs, De Vries compelled the whole party to
go on shore. Several of the principal chiefs
now collected on the bank of the river, and signified their wish to form a treaty of friendship,
to which the mild and peaceful leader of the
Dutch readily acceded.  To confirm  the new
treaty, the Indians, according to their custom,
made him many presents, but would accept none
in return, saying that they did not give presents
with the view of receiving others.
Finding it impossible to obtain sufficient provisions on the Delaware, De Vries soon afterward set sail for Virginia, where he met a kindly
reception, and was supplied with all he wanted.
Returning to the scene of his unsuccessful attempt at colonization, he took on board the few
settlers he had left, and made his way to New
Amsterdam.




32          HISTORY OF NEW  JERSEY.            [1632.
CHAPTER II.
Dispute between the patroons and the West India Company
-Manors of Pavonia and Swanandael abolished-Wouter
Van Twiller governor-Difficulties with the Plymouth colony-Rival trading-houses on the Connecticut-Governor
Kieft-Minuits founds a Swedish colony on the DelawareIts prosperous condition-English settlers at Salem CreekDispossessed by the Swedes and Dutch-Printz succeeds
Minuits as governor of New Sweden-Encroachment of the
Puritans upon territory claimed by the Dutch-War with
the Indian tribes on the Raritan-Unsuccessful negotiations
for peace-Massacre of the Indians-Their terrible retaliation-Overtures for peace-Council at Rockaway-War renewed-Settlements on the Passaic destroyed —Captain
John Underhill-His successful descents upon Long Island
-Arrival" of reinforcements-Vigorous prosecution of the
war-Interposition of the Mohawks-Peace declared-Unpopularity of Kieft-His recall-Lost at sea.
IN the mean time, a sharp quarrel had sprung
up between the patroons and the West India
Company; the former claiming an exclusive
right to trade within the limits of their respective territories, while the latter contended for a
monopoly in the fur traffic, and charged the
patroons with having grasped at undue advantages, by purchasing such extensive and favourably located tracts. A long and serious dispute
resulted, and  it was finrally  settled  only  by
abolishing the manors of Pavonia and Swanandael.




1933.]     COMMERCIAL RIVALRY.          33
During the progress of this quarrel, Governor
Minuits ", fell into disputes with the company,"
the consequences of which were his displacement
and recall to Holland. His successor, Wouter
Van Twiller, formerly a clerk in the employ of
the West India Company, arrived at New Amsterdam in the spring of 1633.
During the five years that Van Twiller was
governor of New Netherland, but little worthy
of historical notice occurred.  Several new
trading-posts were established, and the fur traffic
extended, while many improvements were made
and farms opened on the island of Manhattan.
It was during this period, however, that the
good feeling hitherto existing between the Manhattanese and their Plymouth neighbours gave
way to the jealousies created by commercial rivalry; and, at the close of Van Twiller's administration, both the Dutch and the English, in
defiance of each other's remonstrances, had built
trading-houses and begun settlements on the
Connecticut River. About the same time-a few
English, under the leadership of one Captain
Holmes, attempted to plant a colony in the
neighbourhood of Fort Nassau, but being discovered by the Dutch, the whole party were
made prisoners, and carried to New Amsterdam.
Van Twiller having fallen under the suspicion
of being more faithful to his own interests than,to those of the province, the West India Com



34       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1638.
pany, in March, 1638, notified him of his dismissal from office, and appointed William Kieft
to be his successor.
The new governor was a man of great energy,
but passionate and overbearing, and with little
of the cool decision necessary to carry him well
through the difficulties that soon on all sides beset his administration.
One of his first acts was to issue a sharp protest against the English plantations on the Connecticut. Treating this remonstrance with silent
contempt, the English went steadily on with their
settlements.  Kieft was illy prepared to resist
with any thing more forcible than words, and so
endured, as best he could, the aggressions he was
not able to prevent.
Scarcely a month afterward, a new competitor
for the territories claimed by the Dutch as a
portion of New Netherland, appeared on the
waters of Delaware Bay.
As early as 1626, Gustavus the Great, of
Sweden, had cherished the design of planting a
colony in America; but the subsequent war with
Germany, and the death of the Swedish monarch,
delayed its execution for many years. In 1633,
however, the project was revived by Oxenstiern,
the enlightened chancellor of Christina, the
daughter and successor of Gustavus.
Indignant at having been removed from his
office, Minuits, the former governor of New Ne



1638.]        SWEDISH COLONY.            35
therland, now offered his services to conduct the
Swedish enterprise.  Oxenstiern did not long
hesitate to accept his offer, and two ships, the
Key of Calmar and the Griffin, were presently
made ready and placed under his orders. Sailing in tlese two vessels, well provided with a
a store of provisions and merchandise, the little
colony of Swedes and Fins arrived off Cape
Henlopen, or, as they called it, Paradise Point,
early in the spring of 1638. Having purchased
the lands from this point to the falls at Trenton,
they formed a nucleus for their contemplated
settlement, by building a fort near the mouth of
Christiana Creek, on the western shore of the
Delaware. Kieft immediately issued a sharp
remonstrance against the new colony, declaring
that it occupied lands which the Dutch had already
studded with their forts, and sealed with their
blood. Determined to remain, the Swedes made
every preparation to defend themselves; but
Kieft, with unaccountable forbearance, went no
further than to authorize the erection of a fort
at Lewistown.
As time glided by, the Swedish colony on the
Delaware increased and prospered.  Vessels
were continually arriving, crowded with emigrants from the bleak plains and rugged hills
of Scandinavia.  Though the Dutch regarded
the settlement -with a jealous eye, they made no
attempt to disturb it for many years; and, on




36       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1641.
one occasion, at least, they and the Swedes
leagued together against the encroachments of
the English.
In 1641, while Sir Edmund Ployden was
vainly endeavouring to settle his Palatinate of
New Albion, comprising the country from Maryland to Connecticut, a company of nearly fifty
families sailed from New Haven, to plant a colony upon the Delaware. They finally disembarked upon the banks of what is now Salem Creek,
a few miles above its mouth, and began to clear
fields and erect houses. Van Gessendam, the
Dutch commandant at Fort Nassau, sent notice
of these intruders to Kieft, who immediately
despatched two vessels with orders to reduce or
disperse the colony.
Equally watchful, the Swedish commandant
had marked the English when they entered the
bay; and, with a view to dispossess them of the
territory they had occupied, he sent adf agent
to purchase the whole tract from its Indian
owners. When the expedition fitted out by
Kieft made its appearance, the Swedes joined
with the Dutch, and they presently proceeded
together to the English settlement, took the colonists prisoners, burned their houses, and confisiL
cated their goods.
Minuits having died about this time, Colonel
John Printz succeeded him as governor of New
Sweden, arriving in the Delaware on the 16th




1643.]    WAR WITH THE INDIANS.         37
of February, 1643. Landing upon the island
of Tennekong, or Tinicum, a few miles below
Philadelphia, he built, with huge hemlock logs,
the Fort of New Gottenburg, around which the
houses of the emigrants who had accompanied
him soon began to cluster.
While the Swedes were setting up their authority over the Dutch possessions 6n the Delaware, the English continued to narrow the
limits of New Netherland upon the north. At
any other time, it is probable that Kieft would
have disputed every inch of the ground with the
intruders; but Indian disturbances had broken
out, and he was now fully occupied in contending
with an enemy that seemed bent upon his destruction.
This desperate and sanguinary contest began
in the summer of 1640. Having been charged
with the commission of a few petty thefts, the
Indian tribes upon the Raritan were visited by
a party of Dutch soldiers, and several of their
leading chiefs subjected to insult and gross maltreatment. The maddened savages, in- the following year, retaliated by murdering the settlers
and laying waste the plantations on Staten
Island. Not long afterward a Dutchman was
slain by an Indian of the Raritan tribe, who,
when a boy, had witnessed the murder of a
kinsman by the whites, and had sworn to avenge
it. The offender's nation having refused to
4




38       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1643.
deliver him up, they were outlawed, and a price
set upon their heads. During the following
year they evinced a disposition to yield, and
steps were taken toward a treaty of reconciliation. But, while these negotiations were pending, an Indian, the son of a chief, was made
drunk and then robbed by some Dutch traders.
Furious from a sense of the wrong he had suffered, and blinded by intoxication, the savage took
revenge by shooting down the first white man
that fell in his way. Expressing their grief for
this unfortunate occurrence, a deputation of
chiefs waited upon Kieft, and offered to compound the murder by paying a fine of tw6 hundred fathoms of wampum. The governor was
inexorable, anad demanded the fugitive; but the
Indians were unable or unwilling to surrender
him.
Contrary to the advice of the pacific De Vries,
Kieft now determined upon an exterminating war
against the savages. Imitating the cunning of
those he plotted to destroy, the governor kept
from them every intimation of the evil that was
impending, and directed a continuance of kind
intercourse with them, "until God's will and
proper opportunity should be offered."  That
opportunity came in February, 1643.
Descending from their strongholds in the
north, a war-party of the Mohawks made an
onslaught upon the tribes around Manhattan,




1643.]      MASSACRE OF INDIANS.         39
and compelled them to seek the vicinity of the
Dutch for protection. Many of the colonists
were disposed to pity them, and gave them food;
but Kieft, seizing the chance, joined with their
foes, and determined upon their destruction.
Accordingly, on the night of the 25th of Februaro, a party of, soldiers was sent across the
Hudson to Pavonia, where a large number of the
trembling fugitives had collected. The Indians
were sleeping without guards, and in no expectation of evil. Their surprise was complete, and
scarcely a hatchet was raised in defence. Eighty
of their number, men, women, and children,
were cruelly massacred.  "rThis was a feat,"
wrote De Vries, " worthy the heroes of old
Rome-to massacre a parcel of Indians in their
sleep, to take the children from the breasts of
their mothers, and to butcher them in the presence of their parents, and throw their mangled
limbs into the fire or water! Other sucklings
had been fastened to little boards, and in this
position they were cut in pieces! Some, were
thrown into the river, and when the, parents
rushed in to save them, the soldiers prevented
their landing, and let parents and children
drown." During the same night a second party
of soldiers fell upon the Indians at Corlear's
Hook. No mercy was shown. Forty miserable
savages were butchered in cold blood; some
while sleeping, others while flying without a show




40       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1643.
of resistance; and many, having crawled away
in the darkness, were found at day-break, stiffened with wounds, and put to death.
Kieft gave the returning troops an exulting
welcome, and liberally rewarded them for their
services. But his triumph was brief. The exasperated savages inflicted a terrible retaliation.
Discovering that the massacres they had at first
attributed to their enemies, the Mohawks, were
in reality committed by the whites, they sallied
out in every direction, and, in a few days, almost
depopulated the country around Manhattan.
Villages were burned, farms desolated, men and
women murdered, and children carried into captivity. The Dutch colony was brought to the
brink of ruin; and, in their terror, all the inhabitants that could, sought safety by a return to
Holland.
Kieft was now compelled to sue for peace.
Satisfied with the vengeance they had inflicted,
sixteen sachems of the Long Island tribes consented to meet a deputation of the colonists,
at Rockaway, on the 5th of March, 1643.
Having assembled around the council-fire, one
of the chieftains presently arose, holding in his
hand a bundle of little sticks, and thus addressed
the Dutch envoys:
"cWhen you first arrived on our shores, you
were destitute of food; we gave you our beans
and our corn; we fed you with oysters and fish;




1643.]  UNSUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATIONS.       41
and now, for our recompense, you murder our
people."
With these words the orator laid down one
stick, thus indicating that this was his first
charge. Continuing, he said:
"The traders whom your first ships left on
our shore to traffic till their return, were cherished by us as the apple of our eye: We gave them
our daughters for their wives: among those
whom you have murdered, were children of your
own blood."  Having concluded his second complaint, the chief put down another stick, while
many remained in his hand, to show the number
of accusations that were still to come.
Through the influence of Roger Williams, the
Long Island sachems finally agreed upon.a
truce, and a month later, the Raritan and other
river Indians likewise came to terms. Peace,
however, lasted but a little while. It was hard
for th6 savages to forget the injuries they had
sustained-one had lost a father; a second, a
mother; many, their children, kinsmen and
friends; they still nursed the hope of revenge.
", The presents we have received," said an old
chief, mournfully, c bear no proportion to our
loss —the price of blood has not been paid.'
At length the discontent of the tribes broke
out in a fresh war. In September a detachment
of soldiers were taken prisoners, and in the
following month the settlements near the mouth
4*




42       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1644.
of the Passaic were laid waste. Affairs now
became even more serious than they were in
the previous disturbances.  Driven from their
plantations, the terrified colonists collected
in the immediate neighbourhood of Fort Amsterdam, where for nearly two years they lingered, sometimes on the brink of starvation, and
momentarily fearing an attack that would end in
their extermination.
But whatever may have been the faults of
Kieft, he did not lack spirit.  Soon as the
war was renewed, he bestirred himself to save
the colony.  Having vainly applied  to the
authorities of Connecticut for assistance, he
hired Captain John Underhill, an English soldier, already famed as an Indian fighter, to
take command of the Dutch troops. With a
little army of one hundred and twenty men,
Underhill entered upon a series of fierce and
energetic measures. Partially beaten at times,
and on other occasions seriously harassed,
the courage of the Indians began to give way.
Closely following up his lesser triumphs, Underhill, in 1644, made two sanguinary descents
upon Long Island-in the first, killing near a
hundred savages, and taking many prisoners;
while, in.the second, he attacked an Indian
town, set fire to it, and put to death five hundred of the inhabitants, who had assembled to
celebrate one of their yearly festivals.




1647.]        PEACE CONCLUDED.           43
With these victories the hopes of the colonists
began to return.  The Indians were weary of
being hunted like wild beasts, and several of the
tribes sued for peace. At length the West
India Company were enabled to send a reinforcement of troops to Manhattan, and Kieft determined upon a vigorous prosecution of hostilities. At this moment the Mohawks interposed,
and sent an envoy to their friends, the Dutch, to
exert his influence in favour of peace. His mission succeeded. Delegates from the tribes of
New Jersey, and other hostile nations, met in
council with the authorities of New Netherland,
in front of Fort Amsterdam, and on the 30th
of August, 1645, a solemn treaty put an end to
the war.
The rejoicings of the colonists on this occasion were great, and they set apart a day for
public praise and thanksgiving. Yet the memory
of the troubles they had endured, and the losses
they had suffered, pressed heavily on their
minds, and fostered a desire for the removal of
Kieft, whose rash and barbarous policy had involved them in so much difficulty. Complaints
of his mismanagement at length reached the
West India Company. Finding that their own
interests would be advanced by a change of governors, they finally sent out a recall to Kieft,
and in the fall of 1647 he emrbarked for Holland. Encountering a furious storm, the ships




44          HISTORY OF NEW  JERSEY.           [1647.
in which he sailed was dashed ashore on the
coast of Wales, and the merciless governor, together with some eighty companions, was swallowed up in the waves.
CHAPTER III.
Governor Stuyvesant-His character-His wise and cautious
policy-Quarrel with New England-Belligerent desires of
Stuyvesant-The West India Company counsel peace-Negotiations opened-Provisional treaty concluded-Second
English attempt to found a colony on the Delaware frustrated-Swedish colony threatened by Stuyvesant-Fort Cassimir constructed —Printz builds Fort Elsingburg —Rising
governor of New Sweden-Takes Fort Cassimir by stratagem-The Swedes conquered by Stuyvesant-Indian hostilities-Activity of Stuyvesant-Prosperous condition of
New Netherland-Lord Baltimore claims the territory on
the west bank of the Delaware-Its cession to the city of
Amsterdam-Perilous position of Stuyvesant — Stringent
regulations of the West India Company-Concessions demanded by the people-Haughty reply of Stuyvesant-A
popular assembly established-New Netherland granted to
the Duke of York-Arrival of the English fleet-Stuyvesant
summoned to surrender-Capitulation.
IN May, 1647, the governor appointed to succeed Kieft arrived at New Amsterdam. IIis
name was Stuyvesant, a brave and experienced
soldier, honest, frank, and tolerably learned, but
somewhat haughty in his bearing  toward  the
poorer classes, of whom he did not profess to
hold a very high opinion. Before receiving his




1647.] TERRITORIAL QUARREL RENEWED.   45
present commission he had held the office of vicedirector at Caraccas, where his services had been
such as to gain him the good regards of the
West Indian Directory.
The new governor promptly applied himself to
averting the dangers which on all sides threatened his province. Taught by the calamities of
iis predecessors, he wisely adopted a gentle and
forbearing policy in his dealings with the natives,
thus keeping the period of his administration
almost undisturbed by Indian wars. His chief
concern, however, was centered in the doubtful
attitude assumed by the English and by the
Swedes.
Immediately after Stuyvesant's arrival, the
commissioners of New England addressed him a
letter of congratulation, concluding with an earnest appeal for reparation of the injuries they
had received from Kieft. Without justifying
all the acts of Kieft, Stuyvesant made a counterclaim for redress, and demanded a restoration
of the, Dutch territories on the Connecticut.
The old territorial quarrel was thus renewed in
all its bitterness. Already involved, the question
now became more and more knotty, with little
or no prospec't of its happy solution. Never
having admitted the title of the Dutch to any
territory in America, the New England men extended their settlements, even threatening to occupy the banks of the Hudson. Protests and




46       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1651.
counter protests drew hard words from both
parties; and the fiery Stuyvesant would probably
have resorted to arms, but the West India
Company, to whom he applied for authority and
assistance, earnestly counselled peace. c War,"
said they, "c cannot in any event be to our advantage; the New England people are too powerful for us."
Negotiation being the only course left him,
Stuyvesant repaired to Hartford, where a convention of delegates, representing the interests
of both nations, was presently held. After a
series of lengthy discussions, on the 19th of
September, 1650, a provisional treaty was conchlded, making the boundary between the two
colonies, to begin at Greenwich on the main, and
at Oyster Bay, on Long Island. This intercolonial treaty received the sanction of the
States-General, and of the West India Company,
but was never ratified by the British crown.
The claim of the New Haven people to lands
on Salem Creek was still undecided, and they
now attempted for the second time to plant a
colony in that region. Commissioned by Governor Eaton, who gave them a friendly letter
of explanation to Stuyvesant, a little company
of emigrants sailed from Connecticut River for
the Delaware, early in the spring of 1651; but
stopping at Manhattan to deliver their message
to Stuyvesant, they were arrested, and obliged




1654.]    FORT'ELSINGBURG BUILT.       47
to return to New Haven, whence they immediately addressed a petition to the New England
commissioners, begging them to protect their
persons and property, and to maintain ",the
honour of the English nation." Choosing rather
",to suffer affronts for a while, than to seem to
be too quick," the commissioners would not commit themselves at that time, inasmuch as the
governor of New Netherland had signified his
determination to resist, at all hazards, every attempt to plant colonies upofi the land in dispute.
Uneasy at the progress of the Swedish settlements upon the Delaware, Stuyvesant now bent
his efforts in that direction. For the protection
of the Dutch commerce, already suffering from
the restrictions imposed upon it by the Swedes,
he built Fort Cassimir, near the mouth of
Brandywine Creek, and not more than five miles
from Christiana. Having issued an unheeded
protest against this movement, Printz, who was
still governor of New Sweden, built Fort Elsingburg, a little distance below, on the eastern bank
of the Delaware; but a great swarm of musquitoes presently falling upon the garrison, they
were compelled to evacuate the newly-erected
works.
The proximity of Fort Cassimir to the Swedish
garrison at Christiana, led to a series of petty
quarrels, which were kept up until 1654, when
John Rising, now governor of New Sweden,




48       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1655.
combining stratagem with a superiority in force,
mastered the Dutch troops, and took possession
of their fort.  This grievous insult awoke the
ire of the West India Company, who directed
Stuyvesant to "revenge their wrong, to drive
the Swedes from the river, or compel their submission."  Collecting a force of six hundred
men, Stuyvesant appeared in the Delaware, in
September, 1655. He first assailed and took
Fort Elsingburg, which the Swedes had again
occupied. Forts Cassimir and Holy Trinity were
next reduced, and finally the victorious Dutch
compelled the submission of Gottenburg, the
capital of New Sweden, where Rising himself
commanded. Honourable terms were granted to
the vanquished Swedes, the peaceable possession
of their estates being assured to them, upon condition that they would acknowledge the authority
of the States-General. Thus fell, never to rise
again, the only colonial establishment of Sweden
in the New World.
Upon his return from the Delaware, Stuyvesant
found the colonists in a wretched state of terror
and despondency.  Taking advantage of the
absence of so large a number of the warlike inhabitants, the river tribes in the vicinity of
Manhattan had collected a fleet of over sixty
canoes, laid waste the neighbouring farms, and
even appeared in hostile array before New Amsterdam. But the presence of Stuyvesant in



1660.]   CLAIM OF LORD BALTIMORE.        49
fused fresh courage into the breasts of the
Manhattanese, and prompt and active measures
were taken, which soon restored the colony to
hope and confidence.
It was now that for a time the Dutch were
permitted to rejoice in the possession of New
Netherland.  Quiet and prosperity seemed at
last to have crowned their efforts. Their power
in America was apparently fixed upon a permanent foundation. But scarcely had this hope
been entertained, when new dangers began to
threaten their existence. The partially settled
dispute with the New England colonies broke out
with additional asperity; and, while Stuyvesant
was engaged in that direction, a fresh quarrel
sprung up with the English in the south, who
were preparing to wrest from his authority the
lately-acquired territory of New Sweden.
On the restoration of Charles II. to the throne
of Great Britain, in 1660, Lord Baltimore, the
proprietary of Maryland, insisted upon a right
he had previously urged, to the whole territory
claimed by the Dutch, westward of the Delaware
River. Declaring that they had bought and colonized the lands in dispute long before Lord
Baltimore's patent was in existence, the West
India Company refused to yield up their possessions, and avowed their firm resolve cc to defend
them, even to the spilling of blood." At length,
fearful of encroachments from the south, they
5




50        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1660.
transferred the whole colony, extending from the
falls at Trenton to Cape Henlopen, to the city
of Amsterdam.
At the same time, Massachusetts was claiming
the Pacific for her western boundary, while Connecticut advanced step by step toward the Hudson. Stuyvesant saw the peril of his position.
"c Alas!" he wrote to the West India Company,
"c the English are as ten to one in number to us,
and are able to deprive us of the country when
they please."  Resorting again to negotiation,
he repaired in person to Boston, but effected
nothing. A similar diplomatic mission to Hartford was equally barren of good. The English
would not acknowledge the right of New Netherland to any American territory at all.
While thus New Netherland was threatened
with dangers from without, the internal condition of things was illy calculated to foster a genuine public spirit. Unwise in their conceptions
of government, the West*India directors would
allow no security- for popular rights and privileges, such as were enjoyed by the people of
New England.  Clinging to arbitrary power,
they insisted on making the laws of the colony,
appointing its officers, and deciding all its controversies. Little alteration had been made in
the original plan of government, and such changes
as were wrought by the growth and widening interests of the province, related wholly to




1663.]     STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM.        51
commercial privileges, and not to political enfranchisement.  Transplanted to New Netherland by emigrants from the English colonies, the
notion of popular freedom took deep root in the
minds of the people of the province, and they
entered into an earnest struggle to ameliorate
their political, condition. A convention met at
New Amsterdam, in 1663, and, among other
things, demanded that the people should share
in the enactment of those laws by which they
were governed. Having exhausted his arguments
against this demand, Stuyvesant, who had but
little faith in cc the wavering multitude," commanded the convention to separate, under a
threat of severe punishment. 4" We," said the
proud governor to the retiring members, "We
derive our authority from God and the West
India Company, and not from the pleasure of a
few ignorant subjects." And in this haughty
and overbearing assumption he was fully sustained by the company. "Have no regard to
the will of the people," said they, in their instructions; " let them no longer indulge the visionary dream that taxes can be imposed only
with their consent."  But the desire of the people for political freedom was not to be easily
rooted.out; and many were found willing to yield
quietly to English rule, if they could but obtain
a share in the rights' and privileges of their Puritan neighbours.




52      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY        [1664.
It was when the colonists were in this state of
indifference, that dangers began to thicken around
New Netherland.  Conscious that it was now
necessary to create a spirit of patriotism, Stuyvesant became more and more willing to enlarge
the privileges of the masses, and in 1663 he
conceded a poplar assembly. But the concession
came too late to effect its object. Rumours of a
threatened invasion from England found the
people still indifferent, and disposed to shift upon
the West India Company all care for the integrity of the province.
At length rumour became certainty. Disregarding the claims of Holland, Charles II. of
England, in the year 1664, granted to his brother James, Duke of York and Albany, a patent
for territories in which was comprised the province of New Netherland. An armament, consisting of three ships, with one hundred and
thirty guns, and six hundred men, was immediately made ready, and sent to take possession
of the countries named in the patent to the Duke
of York. Colonel Nicholls, who had served
under the celebrated Turenne, was placed in command of the invading force, with authority to
act as governor of the province when it should
be subjugated. Having touched- at Boston, where
instructions were left to raise a body of troops to
join the expedition, the fleet sailed for the Hud



1664.] SURRENDER OF NEW AMSTERDAM.   53
son River, and arrived in front of New Amsterdam on the 27th of August, 1664.
Soon as the English armament appeared, a
deputation from Stuyvesant and the city bore a
letter to Nicholls, desiring, "c with all respect and
civility," to know the motive of his presence.
The British commander replied by demanding of
Stuyvesant the immediate recognition of English
sovereignty, at the same time offering security
to the lives, liberties, and estates, of all who
would quietly submit.
Though greatly outnumbered 6y the English,
Stuyvesant was yet loth to surrender without a
struggle. At the first rumour of the designs of
Britain, he had spiritedly proposed that every
third man should be called into service,,, as had
more than once been done in fatherland." And
now, when summoned to surrender, he invited the
burgomasters and council of the city to meet
him, and vainly. endeayoured to-infuse into them
some portion of his own martial spirit. But,
believing that they would in the end be conquered, the peaceful burghers could see no use in
prolonging a contest, which might cost them
much blood and treasure, with no corresponding
return. They asked to see the summons of the
English commander. Knowing that they would
eagerly accept the terms it offered, Stuyvesant
hesitated and then refused. Again and again
they urged their request, when, enraged at their
5*




54       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1664.
importunity, the passionate governor tore the
letter in fragments, and dashed it at the feet of
the startled burghers.
For several days longer, Stuyvesant sturdily
held out-now negotiating, and again assuming an
attitude of defiance. Nicholls had threatened to
inflict the horrors of war, in case of a refusal to
surrender.,c Touching your threat," was Stuyvesant's undaunted reply, "c we have nothing to
answer, only that we fear nothing, but what God,
who is just and merciful, shall lay upon us, all
things being in his gracious disposal; and we may
as well be preserved by him with small forces as
by a great army-which makes.us to wish you
allhappiness and prosperity, and to recommend
you to his protection." But this show of confidence was of little avail; and, at length, beset
by dissensions within, and a numerous enemy
without, the old governor reluctantly consented
to. terms of honourable capitulation.  The remaining forts on the Delaware and Hudson soon
after surrendered, and the whole of New Netherland fell quietly into the possession of England.




1664.]        BERKELEY AND CARTERET.               55
CHAPTER IV.
The Duke of York's patent to Berkeley and Carteret-The
province of New Jersey-Liberal policy of the proprietaries
-Their concessions to popular freedom —Nicholls governor
of New York-His activity in colonizing New AlbaniaCarteret appointed governor of New Jersey-Establishes his
capital at Elizabethtown-Inducements held out to settlersRapid increase in population-Puritan settlement on the
Passaic-Threatened by the Hackensack Indians-Peace
restored-Newark founded-Narrow policy of the colonists
from Connecticut-First legislative session of New JerseyPartial adoption of the harsh New England code-Local
rights of self-government claimed-Opposition to quit rents
-Great disaffection throughout the province-A new assembly constituted-Deposition of the governor-Carteret
sails for England-Carteret's authority confirmed-Power
of the assembly curtailed-War between England and Holland-Capture of New York by the Dutch-Its restoration
to the English.
NEARLY two months previous to the conquest
of New Netherland, the Duke of York, in consideration "c of a competent sum of money," had
assigned to Lork Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, favourite courtiers of the king, all that portion of the province lying westward of Long
Island, and bounded on the wes't by the Delaware, on the east by the Hudson and the main
ocean, and on the north by the forty-irst degree
and fortieth minute of latitude.   To this region




56        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1664.
was given the name of Nova Caesaria, or New
Jersey, out of compliment to Carteret, who, in
1649, had gallantly defended the little Isle of
Jersey, of which he was then governor, against
the forces of the Long Parliament.
The first care of the proprietaries was to people their province. Wisely foreseeing that a
policy favourable to popular freedom would best
promote that end, they drew up and published,
as the fundamental law of the colony, a paper
of ", Concessions and Agreement," the general
tone of which was highly liberal. To all actual
settlers they offered tracts of land, varying in
extent from sixty to one hundred and fifty acres,
according to the time of their arrival in the
province, and to the number of their bound servants and slaves. An annual quit-rent of a
half-penny the acre was to be required for their
allotments after the year 1670. A governor and
council of twelve, nominated by the proprietaries, and an equal number, at least, of representatives chosen by the people, were to constitute the legislative assembly. The enactments
of this body were to be subject to the approval
of the proprietaries, who also reserved to themselves the appointment of judicial officers. No
taxes were to be levied, except with the authority
and consent of the colonial assembly. Freedom
of conscience and worship was guarantied to all
citizens, provided that freedom was- not used " to




1664.]    ERECTED INTO A PROVINCE.    57
licentiousness, and to the civil injury or outward
discomfort of others."  Ample provision was
made for the support of clergymen, to be appointed by the oolonial assembly; but permission
was at the same time allowed the colonists to associate for the maintenance of such ministers as
they might prefer.
The territory thus erected into a province,
with such security for the liberties of its settlers,
was then scarcely more than an uninhabited
wilderness. Its native population was by no
means large, and consisted of a few scattered
clans of the inoffensive Delawares. With the
exception of the little hamlet of Bergen, nothing
that could be called a town had resulted from
the various attempts to establish European settlements. In the neighbourhood of Bergen, and
along the western shore of Newark Bay, the
plantations of the Dutch were numerous, while
here and there, through the present counties of
Gloucester and Burlington, a few Swedish farmers had built their cabins, and cleared lands for
cultivation. At Long Point, opposite Mattinicunk Island, where Burlington now stands, three
Dutch families had established themselves, forming the largest collection of civilized habitations
in all West Jersey.
Immediately after the surrender of New Netherland, Nicholls assumed the government of
the province, as lieutenant of the Duke of York.




58       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1665.
Ignorant of the transfer of New Jersey, he prepared to colonize the eastern portion of it, to
which he gave the name of Albania. With his
sanction, an extensive territory, bordering upon
Newark Bay, was purchased from the Indians by
a few New England Puritans, who settled on it
during the year 1664. In the spring of 1665 a
similar patent was issued, under the same sanction, for the country frpm the mouth of the Raritan to Sandy Hook; and, before Nicholls could
be informed of the change of ownership, he was
able to congratulate himself, that, "c on the new
purchases from the Indians, three towns were
already beginning."'
The hasty zeal of Nicholls to colonize his
cherished Albania, ccpreferable to all the remaining tracts," led to long and tedious litigation, which seriously disturbed the tranquillity of
the province for more than half a century.
Meanwhile, Philip Carteret, a brother to one
of the proprietaries, having been commissioned
as governor of New Jersey, was making preparations to depart for the western world. Sailing
from England in the ship Philip, and accompanied
by about thirty emigrants, he arrived-in the province some time during the month of August,
1665. Carrying in his hand a hoe, to remind
his little company of the design that had brought
them across the ocean, he landed at a place to
which the name of Elizabethtown was presently




1665.]   INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLERS.        59
given, in honour of the kind-hearted Lady Carteret. Four families from New England had
already made here one of the " beginnings"
spoken of by Nicholls, who now warmly urged
the Duke of York to revoke the grant, by which,
without knowing it, he had given away the fairest portion of his province.  But it was too
late. Satisfied with the freedom they enjoyed,
the colonists did not second his appeals. The
independent existence of New Jersey was secured.
Having elevated his little village of log huts
to the dignity of a provincial capital, Carteret
actively bestirred himself to augment the population and prosperity of the colony under his
charge.  Messengers were sent abroad to set
forth the happy situation of the province, the
liberality of its institutions, the cheapness of
its lands, the richness and fertility of the soil
along its rivers, its mild and healthy climate,
the peaceful character of its few aboriginal inhabitants, and its nearness to long-established
colonies, by which the distresses of an adventurer into a new country would be done away
with.  Seconded by all these recommendations, the efforts of Carteret were followed by
surprising success. From New England, Long
Island, and from Great Britain, the province
soon received large additions to its population.
Elizabethtown, and then Middletown and Shrews



60       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1666.
bury, all founded before the coming of Carteret.
grew up into thriving villages, the two latter still
retaining certain local powers of self-government
which had been granted to them by Nicholls.
No less thriving were the settlements of Piscatawa and Woodbridge, established during the
year 1666, by emigrants from New England.
Early in the same year, an association of
church members, from three several towns in
Connecticut, sailed into the Passaic, and landed
at a point previously selected, " beyond the
marshes lying to the north of Elizabethtown."
Scarcely had the emigrants brought their goods
from shipboard, when a party of Hackensac Indians appeared on the ground, claiming the soil
as their own, and insisting that it'should be paid
for before the settlement could go on. Having
selected the tract in expectation that Carteret
was authorized to extinguish the Indian title, the
disheartened colonists prepared to abandon their
enterprise; but, at the earnest request of the
governor, they agreed to hold a council with the
natives, from whom they purchased the territory
comprising more than one-half the present county
of Essex, paying for it in goods and wampum,
valued at about one hundred and fortyfpounds,
New England currency. Having thus settled
their difficulty with the Indians, the emigrants
immediately began to erect a town, to which they
presently gave the name of Newark. Constitut



1668.]  FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.    61
ing themselves on the narrow and intolerant
principle of withholding certain political rights
from all persons not subscribing to the doctrines," of some one of the Congregational churches,"
they resolved, "c with one heart and consent," " to
carry on their spiritual concernments, as well as
their civil and town affairs, according to God and
a godly government;" and to be ruled " by such
officers as the town should annually choose from
among themselves," under ccthe same laws as
they had in the place from whence they came."
The influence of the Puritan emigrants was
felt in the first assembly of New Jersey, which
commenced its session at Elizabethtown, on the
26th, and closed on the 30th of May, 1668.
Transferring the main points of the New England codes to the statute-book of the province, a
bill of pains and penalties was passed, closely
copying the heretical law, and making twelve
crimes, under certain circumstances, punishable
with death. But little additional business was
completed, several bills being left over to the ensuing session, which opened on the 3d of November in the same year. During this, session
no acts of importance were carried through,
from a want of harmony between the two
branches of the assembly. There were besides
other signs of approaching trouble. Resting on
the ground of their local rights of self-government, the towns of Shrewsbury and Middletown
6




62       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1670.
now denied the authority of the assembly, by
refusing to allow the collection of certain taxes
which had been levied in accordance with an enactment of the previous session. As they had
been represented in the popular branch, this
proceeding was a singular one, and showed far
more independence than consistency. Having
refused to take the usual oaths of allegiance to
the province, their deputies to the second meeting of the assembly were refused admittance.
Here the matter appears to have rested for a
time; but other and greater troubles were soon
to follow.
For nearly eighteen months afterward, however, affairs went on with tolerable smoothness,
and the province continued to increase in population and importance. But when the first payment of the quit-rents was called for, on the
25th of March, 1670, the smothered discontent
of the colonists broke out in violent opposition
to the demand. Foremost to treat the claim of
the proprietaries with contempt, were the early
settlers of Elizabethtown. They had come into
the country, with the sanction of Nicholls, before the transfer of New Jersey to its present
proprietors. They had purchased their lands
from the Indian and rightful owners of the soil,
and the title they had thus acquired was, according to their notions, far superior to any right
the proprietaries could have.  Consequently,




1672.]    OPPOSITION TO QUIT-RENTS.      63
they would pay no quit-rents. Other settlers,
who had arrived in the province at a later period, pretended to class themselves with these;
and in a short time the whole colony was in a
tumult of litigation.  For two years matters
continued to grow more and more confused, until
the political condition of the province was almost
one of complete anarchy.
In May, 1672, the disaffected colonists even
went so far as to constitute a new assembly, by
which body the proprietary governor was displaced, and a successor appointed in the person
of James Carteret, a worthless natural son of
Sir George.  Proclamations were immediately
issued against this proceeding, but they availed
nothing. All power had gone over to the usurper.
At length, finding his authority disregarded, his
officers imprisoned and their estates confiscated,
the governor followed the advice of his council,
and proceeded to England, leaving John Berry
to act as deputy in his absence.
At the request of the proprietaries, the Duke
of York soon after sent out a letter unfavourable to the claims of the colonists. This was
followed by one from the king, confirming the
authority of Carteret, and requiring obedience
to the officers appointed by the lords' proprietors. New ccconcessions" were also drawn up,
somewhat curtailing the original powers of the
assembly, by transferring to the governor and




64      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.      [1673.
council the sole right of approving such ministers
as might be nominated by the several towns, and
of regulating the meetings and adjournments of
the legislature.
At the same time a period was fixed of three
years from 1673, at the expiration of which all
quit-rents were to be paid up, and the malecontents to submit to the terms of the proprietaries.
But, before the appointed time came round, war
broke out between England and Holland. The
States-General immediately despatched a small
squadron to harass the commerce of the British
colonies. Having captured many English traders homeward-bound from Virginia, they determined to attempt the re-capture of New York.
Governor Lovelace was absent, and Captain
Manning, with a company of regulars, in command of the fort. At the first summons of the
Dutch, who appeared before New York late in
July, 1673, Manning surrendered. Exercising
moderation in the hour of their triumph, the
forces of the States-General easily gained the
submission of the remaining parts of the province. New Jersey, and the settlements on the
Delaware, quietly followed their example, and
New Netherland again enjoyed a momentary
existence.
Having thus reconquered their American colony, the Dutch immediately prepared a code of
mild and liberal laws for its regulation. But




1674.]    NEW  NETHERLAND RESTORED.               65
scarcely had  the new  code gone into general
operation, when peace was concluded between
Holland and Great Britain, on the 9th of February, 1674. By the sixth article of this treaty,
a mutual restoration of conquests was agreed
upon; and, on the 31st of the following October, New Netherland was finally transferred to
England.
CHAPTER V.
The Duke of York confirmed in his title to New York-Andros appointed governor-Petition of New Jersey —The
Quakers punished as recusants —Unjust charges against
them-Their principles proscribed-Their persecution in
England-Advised to settle in America-Salem settledGovernments of Fenwicke and Carteret —The boundaries of
East and West New Jersey established-Constitution promulgated-Its liberal concessions-Emigration of wealthy
Quakers-Anecdote of Charles II.-Difficulty with Andros,
governor of New York-Burlington settled-Fear of Indian
hostilities-A  special treaty entered into-Speech of an
Indian sachem-Progress of the colony-Increase of population.
UPON the final relinquishment of New Netherland by the United Provinces, the Duke of York
procured a new patent from  the king, in order
to quiet certain doubts that had arisen with regard to the validity of his title, which the previous surrender to the Dutch was thought to
6*




66       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1674.
have impaired. Two days after this patent was
executed, on the 1st of July, 1674, the duke
commissioned Edmund Andros as governor of
New York and ",its dependencies." These included c all the lands from the west bank of
Connecticut River to the eastern shore of
Delaware Bay."
Much trouble subsequently resulted from this
commission, and it has been thought that the
duke, while conferring it, designed to revoke his
grants to the New Jersey proprietaries. But,
if such was his dishonourable intention, he
lacked resolution to fulfil it; for toward the end
of the same month he renewed the title of Sir
George Carteret to a moiety of the province, of
which an informal partition was at this time
made. Previously, on the 18th of March, 1673,
Berkeley, now an old man, disappointed in his
hopes of colonial aggrandizement, had sold out
his share to John Fenwicke and Edward Byllinge,
for the sum of one thousand pounds.
Both these purchasers were members of the
Society of Friends, or Quakers, a religious body
destined to exercise an important influence over
the settlement and  future character of the
province.
Arising in England in 1644, at a time when
men's minds were more than usually disposed to
active inquiry into the deeper questions of religion
as well as of civil government, the sect of people




1674.]   PERSECUTION OF QUAKERS.         67
called Quakers soon became distinguished for
the spirit and boldness with which they conducted their investigations. Nor was the pure and
genuine piety of much the greater part of the
new community considered less -remarkable.
There were many others, however, who, mistaking their own wild impulses for the direct
promptings of the Holy Spirit, frequently committed acts justly to be called extravagant, offensive to the proprieties of life, and not wholly
without injury to the public peace.
The mad zeal of these enthusiastic visionaries
finally brought them in collision with the state
authorities, and during the last years of Cromwell's protectorate, severe measures were taken
against them.  Punished rather as religious," recusants," than as offenders against the public peace, it was not long before they could claim
the merit of suffering for conscience' sake. B3ut
persecution only increased their numbers and inflamed their zeal.
Soon after' the restoration of Charles II., this
persecution was renewed, though the members
of the society were now inclined to disavow their
connections with these fanatics, to whom they
presently gave the name of c Ranters."  Notwithstanding the plain and unequivocal teaching
of their founder, that it was unlawful to use
carnal weapons in advancing spiritual objects,
they were unjustly charged with holding to the




68        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1674.
doctrine of the Millennarians, or Fifth Monarchy
Men, that even force might be employed in
overturning those temporal powers, supposed to
be in the way of the coming spiritual and divine
dominion.
Under this impression Charles proscribed their
principles as being ",inconsistent with any kind
of government," and a sharp law was enacted
against them as cc an abominable sect."
The king himself early changed the hasty and
mistaken opinion he had formed of the Quakers,
for a truer and more liberal view of their doctrines. He even entered into a familiar and intimate acquaintance with some of their prominent leaders. But this did not soften the rigour
of the penal enactments against them.  Harassed on all sides by special statute, by the general laws against dissenters, and by the statute
against Roman Catholics, they were thrown into
the foulest dungeons, scourged, exiled, sold into
colonial bondage, stripped of their estates, and
even deprived of life itself by the carelessness
or inhumanity of their jailers.
It was when this persecution was at its height
that George Fox, the founder of the Society of
Friends, returned to England from a missionary
tour through the American colonies.
To testify to their faith, the Quakers shrank
from no suffering, however great. Some, in the
exuberance of their zeal, were willing to court it.




1674.]      QUAKER COLONIZATION.         69
But the more quiet members of the society were
of the opinion that to avoid persecution without
abandoning the tenets of their religion, was not
to be judged as wrongful. It is probable that
on his return to England, Fox represented to
them the advantages to be enjoyed under the
tolerant constitution of New Jersey, where they
might hope for peace and security in the practice
of their faith. Preferring voluntarily expatriation to a forced exile, numbers immediately prepared to escape to the land thrown open to
them by the sale already noticed.
Understanding that Carteret was to retain the
northern part of the province, Fenwicke and
Byllinge determined upon colonizing the southwestern portion along the Delaware. Two years
passed away, however, before any settlement was
made. Meantime, a sharp quarrel sprung up
between the new purchasers with regard to their
respective interests in the territory. Shunning
the scandal of a law-suit, they left the decision
of the question to William Penn. Penn's award
was finally acceded to, after some hesitation on
the part of Fenwicke, who received one-tenth
of the purchase as his share.
Byllinge, failing in business soon after, was
obliged to transfer his interest for the benefit
of his creditors, to Penn, Gawen Laurie, and
Nicholas Lucas. With the concurrence of Fenwicke, these trustees presently divided the whole




70       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1676.
proprietorship into one hundred shares, of which
the ninety belonging to Byllinge were offered for
sale.
Matters having been thus arranged, in 1675,
Fenwicke, with a large company and several
families, set sail from London, in the ship Griffin. A short and pleasant passage brought the
adventurers into Delaware Bay, on the eastern
shore of which, at its head, they landed near the
site of one of the old Swedish forts. From the
fair and peaceful aspect of the place, they gave
the name of Salem to their new settlement.
Having purchased lands from the natives, Fenwicke proceeded to portion them out among the
several emigrants, and took upon himself the
authority of the province.
Early in the same year, Philip Carteret quietly resumed the government of his kinsman's
share of theprovince. By postponing the payment of the quit-rents, he induced the colonists
to accept without murmuring, and even with an
appearance of satisfaction, the new and less
popular concessions sent out by the proprietary.
In November,-the second regular assembly
met. Having adopted several measures for the
well-being and orderly management of the colony, they concluded their session with an act of
amnesty and free pardon to all persons concerned in the late disturbances.
Early in 1676, the assembly again convened,




1676.]     DIVISION OF THE STATE.        71
but nothing of historical importance was passed.
With the exception of some slight symptoms of
dissatisfaction with regard to the quit-rents, affairs went on smootmy, and there was a prospect
of long-continued quiet.
At length, on the first of July, a formal division of New Jersey was agreed to by Carteret.
From the ocean, at Little Egg Harbour, a line
was drawn to a point on the Delaware River, in
the neighbourhood of forty-one degrees north
latitude; the country north and east of which
remained in the possession of Carteret, with the
title of East New Jersey, while the other section
was assigned in severalty to the Quaker proprietaries, under the title of West New Jersey.
Meanwhile, these proprietaries had prepared
in England, a code of fundamental laws for the
province. c, We lay," wrote Penn and his colleagues to the colonists, ", we lay a foundation
for after ages to understand their liberty as
Christians and as men, that they may not be
brought into bondage but by their own consent;
for we put the power in the people."
The Quaker ",concessions and agreements"
were first made public on the 3d of March, 1676.
Entire freedom of conscience, universal suffrage,
and voting by ballot were fully established.
None could be imprisoned for debt. Orphans
were to be educated at the public expense. "c All
and every person in the province" was, ",by




72        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1676.
the help of the Lord and these fundamentals,
to be free frora oppression and slavery." Humane and just regulations were framed to protect the native inhabitants against encroachments. No attorney or counsellor was required
in the management of courts. For the government of the province, the people were to elect
an assembly, each member of which was to be
paid one shilling a day, ",that he might be
known as a servant of the people." The chief
executive power was confided to ten commissioners, to be chosen by the assembly. That body
was also to appoint the judges, who retained
their offices but two years, sitting in court only
as assistants to the jury, in which, alone, resided
the authority to make decisions, whether as to
the law or the fact.
Such are the main features of the first political constitution drawn up by members of the
Society of Friends. While many may point out
defects, the instrument, viewed as a whole, is
yet worthy of hearty approval and commendation. Far in advance of any system of government then in existence, it contrasted favourably
with that even of the eastern province, which
was avowedly popular and concessive. To its
framers may justly be awarded no slight participation in the honour of having laid the foundation of civil and religious freedom in the new
world.




1677.]   DIFFICULTY WITH ANDROS.         73
Pursuant to the plan of the concessions,
Thomas Olive and others were presently appointed as commissioners, to superintend the colony,
to which two companies of. emigrants, principally wealthy Friends from Yorkshire and London, were already prepared to remove.
During the summer of 1677, these commissioners, accompanied by a large body of settlers,
embarked on board the ship Kent, at London.
While the vessel was anchored in the Thames,
preparatory to sailing, the king chanced to come
by in his pleasure-barge. Remarking the plain
garb of the men of peace, Charles came alongside, and, having learned that they were all
Quakers, destined for the colony of New Jersey,
he blessed them, and gave them his good wishes.
After a long and tiresome passage, the Kent
was brought to anchor within Sandy Hook, from
which place the commissioners proceeded on a
visit to the governor of New York. Received
with all courtesy by'Andros, they informed him
of their design.  Claiming jurisdiction over
New Jersey, Andros demanded whether they
had a warrant from the Duke of York.  On
their answering in the negative, he refused to
recognise their authority. They offered to remonstrate. Pointing significantly to his sword,
the arbitrary governor intimated the extent to
which he would oppose them. The peace-loving
commissioners were silenced. Finally, however,
7




74       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.       [1677.
Andros gave them a warrant from himself, until
the matter could be referred for decision to
England.
Meanwhile, the main body of the colonists had
entered the Delaware. Procuring interpreters
from among the Swedish settlers planted near
the -present site of Swedesborough, they purchased from the Indians three large and contiguous tracts of land, extending from Old
Man's Creek to the falls at Trenton.
Two distinct settlements were at first proposed,
but it was finally determined to join together
and form one town. Accordingly, on the tract
between Rancocas Creek and the falls, a town
was presently laid out, to which the name of
New Beverly was first applied, then Bridlington,
and afterward Burlington, which it still retains.
A main street having been cleared, along this
the settlers began to erect their dwellings, the
Yorkshire proprietors on the eastern side, and
those from London on the west.
Winter was wellnigh over before these houses
could be made habitable. In the mean time the
settlers sheltered themselves in rude huts, built
in imitation of the wigwams of the natives. For
a meeting-house, a tent of sail-cloth was early
set up. Under this the Quakers began to hold
religious union.
The simple-hearted savages in the neighbourhood were unusually kind to the new comers,




1677.]  SPEECH OF AN INDIAN SACHEM.  75
supplying them plentifully with corn and venison.
Hostilities were subsequently threatened by the
Indians, on the ground that the strangers had
sold them the small-pox along with certain matchcoats.  Apprehending trouble, the  colonists
sought the assurance of a special treaty, and a
peace-council was shortly held with the Indian
kings, under the shades of the Burlington forests.
The English having made known their fears, an
old sachem rose, and, speaking for his brethren,
said:ccSome of our young men may utter such
words as neither you nor we approve.  We
cannot help that. You cannot help it. We are
your brothers.'We have no mind to make war.
When we have war we are but skin ana bone.
The meat that we eat doth do us no good. The
kind sun cannot shine upon us, for we then hide
us in holes and corners.
", When we intend to make war upon you, we
will let you know'of it, and the reason; that
whatever wrong you have done us may be repaired. If you give us no satisfaction, then we
will make war. You, likewise, will act in this
way with us. Otherwise, there should be no
war.
", You are our brothers, and we wish to live
like brothers with you. We will leave a broad
path for you and us to walk in. If an Indian
is asleep in this path, the Englishman shall pass




76        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1678.
by and do him no harm. If an Englishman falls
asleep in this path, the Indian shall pass him by,
and say,' He is an Englishman; he is asleep;
let him alone; he loves sleep.' The path shall
be plain; there shall not be in this path a stump
to hurt the feet.
", As to the small-pox, it came in the time of
my grandfather; it came in the time of my
father; and now in my time it is come." Then
stretching his hands toward heaven, he continued,,, I do believe that it is the tMan above that hath
sent it to us."
A good understanding having been established
with the Indians, by this and subsequent councils, the colony soon assumed a thriving appearance.  Constant accessions were made to the
number of its inhabitants. In November, 1677,
the ship Willing Mind, from London, landed
about seventy emigrants, some of whom settled
wa Saleni, others at Burlington. She was soon
after followed by the fly-boat Martha, with one
hundred and fourteen passengers from Yorkshire.
On the 10th of December, of the succeeding
year, came the Shields, from Hull. Gliding up
the Delaware, with a fair and fresh breeze, her
passengers admired the surrounding country,
and especially pointed out, as a "c fine spot for a
town," the lands upon which Philadelphia has
since arisen. Passing by this, the gale swept
them on to Burlington, so far as which no vessel




1678.]       PROCEEDINGS OF ANDROS.                 77
had hitherto sailed. Mooring that night to a
tree in front of the town, her astonished passengers, on the following morning, walked
ashore, with the hard frozen river beneath their
feet.
CHAPTER VI.
Dispute between New York and East New Jersey —Arbitrary
conduct of Andros-Claims jurisdiction over New JerseyCarteret refuses to resign his government-His arrestTried at New York and acquitted-Andros attempts to con-trol the assembly of East New Jersey —Their spirited response-Heavy tax on imports-Remonstrance of the New
Jersey proprietaries-Their complaints referred to commissioners-The tax pronounced illegal-The Duke of York
relinquishes his claim to govern New Jersey-Byllinge governor of West New Jersey-Appoints Jennings deputygovernor-First legislative assembly convenes-Adoption of a
constitution-Burlington erected the capital of the province
-The assembly maintains its prerogative-Amendment
of the constitution-Jennings elected governor-Is sent to
England-Olive governor-Byllinge appoints John Skene
deputy-governor-Death of Byllinge-Sale of his interest
in New Jersey-Dr. Coxe claims entire executive controlA change foreshadowed.
WHVILE the Quaker colony was settled'under
auspices which promised a fair prospect of rapid
and substantial growth, difficulties were springing
up in East New Jersey, that in the end, for a
while, disturbed the tranquillity of the whole
province.                7*




78        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1680.
To foster a spirit of commercial enterprise
among his people, Governor Carteret prepared
to open a direct trade with England, unencumbered by custom. Opposing what he styled an
infringement of his master's rights, Andros,
then governor of New York, ordered that no
ship should land on the Jersey shore, until it
had first paid an impost duty at Manhattan.
On the death of Sir George Carteret, in 1679,
he took a bolder step, and claimed jurisdiction
over the province. Recurring to the terms of
his original commission, he called upon Carteret to lay down his authority. Unexpected as
this demand was, the goverhor maintained a
fearless and unshaken front. " It was by his
majesty's command," he replied, cr that this government was established. Without that command, it shall never be resigned but with our
lives and fortunes."
On the 7th of April, 1680, Andros, attended
by his councillors, and a few leading merchants
of New York, presented himself at Elizabethtown.  Courteously received by Carteret, he at
once unfolded to him the object of his visit, and
endeavoured to induce him to resign his government. Finding all his arguments vain, he somewhat abruptly withdrew, warning the inhabitants
that if they did not comply with his demand,
the peril would rest upon them alone.
Regardless of the hospitable welcome he had




1680.]       TRIAL OF CARTERET.          79
received, Andros, on the 30th of April, despatched a file of soldiers to Elizabethtown, to
capture  Carteret.  Entering  the governor's
mansion at a late hour of the night, they dragged him rudely from his bed, and carried him,
bruised and maltreated, to New York, where he
was kept in close confinement until the 27th of
the following month.
On that day Andros summoned a special
court, himself being chief justice. When placed
on trial, Carteret fearlessly avowed that he had
refused to surrender his authority.  He then
demanded his release on parole, and protested
bitterly against being tried by a court, of which
his accuser was also judge. When the jury returned with a verdict of "c Not guilty," Andros,
with violence of language, charged them anew,
and ordered them to reconsider their verdict.
Twice was" this scene renewed; but the jury,
faithful to their duty and their honour, persisted
in finding an acquittal. Carteret, however, was
detained in custody until the controversy could
be decided in England.
At once taking advantage of this virtual deposition, Andros again entered East New Jersey
and appeared before its assembly. His power
was such as to awe its members; but they
evinced no disposition to yield to his arbitrary
fvill. He endeavoured to intimidate them by
exhibiting the king's patent to the Duke of




80       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1680.
York.  "c We are the representatives of the freeholders of this province," was their reply. "c His
majesty's patent, though under the great seal
of England, we dare not grant to be our rule or
joint safety; for the great charter of England
is the only rule, privilege, and joint safety of
every free-born Englishman."  Their answer
breathed the firmness of freemen, and the independence of New Jersey remained intact.
Andros did not confine his usurpations to the
eastern province.  Denying the West Jersey
proprietors any right of jurisdiction, as early as
1676, he had imprisoned Fenwicke, the founder
of Salem, for claiming the government of his
share of the province; and had liberated him
only upon his promise not to assume any authority on the eastern shore of the Delaware. This
outrage was repeated in 1678, it being alleged
that Fenwicke had violated his word.
Other difficulties soon sprung from the same
source. Pretending that the duke's authority
extended over the whole of Delaware Bay, Andros levied a tax of five per cent. on all English
goods imported into the colony. The payment
of these customs was rigidly enforced. No exemption was permitted ", to the smallest vessel,
boat, or person."
Provoked beyond endurance, the proprietors
earnestly and often importuned the Duke of
York for redress. At length, rather wearied




1680.] REMONSTRANCE OF PROPRIETARIES. 81
by the reiteration of these complaints than
moved by their justice, he consented to refer
the question to disinterested commissioners, who
finally submitted it to the decision of Sir William Jones, a leading lawyer of that day.
On behalf of the colonists, the Quaker proprietaries prepared an elaborate argument. It
was worthy the founders of a free state. After
deducing their title, they say:", An express grant of the powers of government, and that only, induced us to buy the
moiety of New Jersey; for the government of
any place is more inviting than the soil; and
what is good land without good laws? If we
could not assure people of an easy, free, and safe
government, liberty of conscience, and an inviolable possession of their civil rights and freedoms, a mere wilderness would be no encouragement; for it were madness to leave a free and improved country to plant in a wilderness, and give
another person an absolute title to tax us all."
Stating the tax imposed by Andros, they continue:c"For this we make our application to have
speedy redress, not as a burden only, but as a
wrong. Tell us by what right are we thus used?
The King of England cannot justly take his subjects' goods without their consent.  This needs
no more to be proved than a principle; it is a




82       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1680.
home-born right, declared to be law by divers
statutes.
"cTo give up the right of making laws, is to
change the government, and resign ourselves to
the will of another. The land belongs to the
natives; of the duke we buy nothing but the
right of an undisturbed colonizing, with an expectation of some increase of the freedoms enjoyed in our own country. But what gain has
it been to us, that now pay an arbitrary custom,
neither known to England nor to New York,
and those other plantations?  We have not
lost any part of our liberty by leaving our
country.
"The tax is a very surprise to the planters.
It is paying for the same thing twice over.
Custom laid upon planting is unprecedented.
Besides, there is no end of this power; for,
since by this precedent we are assessed without
law, and excluded from our English rights of
common assent to taxes, what security have we
for any thing we possess? We can call nothing
our own, but are tenants-at-will, not for the soil
only, but for our personal estates. This sort of
conduct has destroyed governments, but never
raised one to true greatness.
"c Lastly, to exact such an unterminated tax
from English planters, and to continue it after
so many repeated complaints, will be the greatest
evidence of a design to introduce, if the crown




1681.]      IMPORT-TAX ILLEGAL.          83
should ever devolve upon the duke, an unlimited
government in Old England."
Such, briefly, but in their own language, was
the argument of the proprietors. It was successful.  Sir William Jones decided that the
tax was illegal. His decision was sustained.
The'Duke of York acquiesced in it, and, in
1681, made a new and separate grant of West
New Jersey to the trustees, relinquishing all
claim to the territory and the government.
With this success the peace of West New
Jersey seemed to be confirmed. Numerous settlers, mostly Quakers, continued to flock into
the province. All went on smoothly.
Finding it inconvenient to leave England,
Byllinge, who had been elected governor by the
proprietaries, appointed Samuel Jennings, a man
of some distinction already in the province, to
be his deputy. On the 21st of November, 1681,
Jennings convened the first legislative assembly.
Having adopted a code of ", Fundamental Constitutions," strictly in accordance with the liberal spirit of ",the concessions," the assembly
proceeded to enact six and thirty laws for the
well-ordering of the province. For defraying
the expenses of government, they ordered a levy
of two hundred pounds, to be paid in corn, or
skins, or money. A heavy penalty was imposed
upon the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians.
In all criminal cases-murder, treason, and




84       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1682.
theft excepted-it was provided that the person
aggrieved might pardon the offender either before or after condemnation.
During the following session, held in May,
1682, Burlington was erected into the capital of
the province.  That town and Salem were established as ports. To provide for that class of
bound-servants who, to procure the means of
coming to the country, had indentured themselves to the more opulent colonists, it was enacted that every such person might claim from
his master, at the expiration of his indenture, a
set of agricultural implements, necessary articles
of apparel, and ten bushels of corn.
When the assembly again met, in 1683, a
question of considerable importance was brought
under deliberation. Byllinge, as proprietary,
claimed, and had already exercised, the power
of nominating the deputy-governor. From the
first, his right to do so had been questioned, and
the subject had excited no little discussion. As
an intimation of his design to maintain this
right, Byllinge appears to have resolved upon
the removal of Jennings.  The dissatisfaction
of the colonists with a claim to any authority
not springing from themselves, now came rapidly
to a crisis.  Besides, they were pleased with
Jennings, and wished to retain him. Following
the advice of Penn, the assembly amended the




1687.]         CLAIMS OF COXE.           85
constitution according to the prescribed method,
and then elected Jennings as governor.
At a subsequent session, Jennings was deputed
to proceed, with a coadjutor, to England, to negotiate upon this subject with Byllinge. Before
departing he nominated Thomas Olive as his
deputy. Presently elected governor, Olive remained in that office until September, 1685.
The mission of Jennings was only in part successful. A new and liberal charter was indeed
obtained, but Byllinge would not renounce his
claim. He soon afterward commissioned John
Skene as his deputy. Though the assembly
agreed to recognise this commission, it was with
the plain reservation that they thereby lost none
of ", their just rights and privileges."
Byllinge dying in 1687, Dr. Daniel Coxe,
of London, already largely concerned in West
Jersey, purchased the interest of his heirs in the
soil and government. Informing the provincial
council of proprietors of what he had done, Coxe
presently laid claim to the entire executive control of the colony.  Liberally confirming the
"c concessions" as a favour, he yet left nothing to
the people as rights. Probably his energetic revival of the claim of Byllinge would have created
more excitement than it did, had not a new and
unexpected interference from another quarter suspended, for a time, the exercise of the powers of
government, either by Coxe or by the people.
8




86          HISTORY  OF NEW  JERSEY.           [1682.
CHAPTER VII.
Quit-rent disputes-East New Jersey purchased by Penn and
others-Extension of the partnership-Robert Barclay made
governor-Appoints Thomas Rudyard his deputy-Session
of the assembly-The province divided into counties-Administration of Rudyard-Gawen Laurie governor-Mixed
character of population in New Jersey-Scottish emigrants
-Scotof Pitlochie's book-Lord Campbell appointed deputy
governor of East New Jersey-James II. violates his obligations-Difficulties with New York-New Jersey threatened-Remonstrance of the proprietaries-Surrender of East
and West New Jersey to the jurisdiction of the crown —
Andros commissioned governor-Flight of James IL.-Resumption of the proprietary governments-Hamilton governor-Land titles-Hamilton superseded by Basse —Interprovincial disputes-Hamilton re-appointed governor-New
Jersey becomes a royal province.
IN consequence of the decision of Sir William
Jones, East New Jersey again reverted to the
authority of Governor Carteret. But the quitrent disputes being revived, the possession of the
province seemed likely to prove more troublesome than lucrative. Tired of their responsibility, the trustees of Sir George presently offered his interest in the province for sale.
Encouraged by the success of their plantations
on the Delaware, the Quakers of England resolved to secure the opportunity thus offered of
widening the field of their enterprise. Accord



1682.]      PURCHASED BY PENN.          87
ingly, in the month of February, 1682, William
Penn, and eleven associates of the Quaker per,
suasion, became the purchasers of East New
Jersey, for the sum of three thousand four hundred pounds.
Having prepared, for the encouragement of
settlers, a brief eulogistic account of the political and natural advantages of the province, each
of the twelve new proprietors chose a partner.
These were principally Scotchmen, and many
were not Quakers. Among them were the Earl
of Perth and Lord Drummond, members of the
Scottish privy council. As a majority of the
five thousand inhabitants already in the colony
belonged to other religious sects, this choice of
partners was probably made to allay the jealousy
with which it was reasonably to be expected
that a government composed entirely of Quakers
would be regarded. On the 13th of March,
1683, the twenty-four obtained from the Duke
of York a new, special, and final patent.
Previously, the amiable and ingenious Robert
Barclay, celebrated by his appellation of " the
Apologist," himself one of the proprietors, had
been appointed governor for life. Permitted to
exercise his authority by deputy, he never visited
the province. The gentleman he chose as his
temporary representative, was Thomas Rudyard,
an attorney of some distinction in London. In
~November 1682, Rudyard arrived in the pro



88       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1684.
vince, which he found tenanted by c"a sober,
professing people, wise in their generation, and
courteous in their behaviour."
By the assemby, which soon after met, a' number of laws were enacted, slightly modifying the
character, jurisdiction, and proceedings of the
courts, and softening, in some degree, the severity of the earlier criminal and penal codes.
The concessions of the late proprietaries were
renewed, and the province divided into four
counties, Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, and Monmouth.
Rudyard's administration seems to have been
productive of considerable harmony among the
divided and clashing interests that had hitherto
distracted the province. But it was of brief
duration. Having quarrelled with Groome, the
surveyor-general, Rudyard suspended him from
office. The English proprietors, however, sided
with Groome; and, though fully aware of the
good Rudyard had already effected, they determined upon his removal.
His successor was Gawen Laurie, a Scotchman by birth, a member of the Society of
Friends, and a merchant of London. Arriving
in the province early in 1684, Laurie immediately bestirred himself to build up the new town
of Perth Amhboy, so named in honour of the
Earl of Perth. A favourite project of the proprietaries, this town had been laid out the




1684.]       MIXED POPULATION.           89
previous year, and already contained a few
houses.  Here it was expected to raise up a
great commercial emporium, to rival New York;
but the destiny prefigured for the young city has
never been realized.
New Jersey still bears evidence to the mixed
character of her early population.  To the
Dutch colonists, New England Puritans, and
English Quakers already in the province, a large
accession of Scottish Presbyterians was now to
be made.
The efforts of Charles II. to bring back Scotland to Episcopacy, had met with no general opposition from the Presbyterians.  Under the
name of Cameronians and Covenanters, however,
a few of their number still persisted in the determination to practise their faith. Rigorously
persecuted, in consequence, and hunted like wild
beasts, the despairing Covenanters occasionally
rose against their oppressors.  But every attempt to shake off the yoke of intolerance only
recoiled upon themselves with redoubled violence.
In 1683, shortly after the final grant of East
New Jersey to the twenty-four proprietaries, a
fresh proclamation from the English government
proscribed all who had ever communed with the
rebellious covenanters. The lives of twenty
thousand persons were thus put at the mercy of
informers. The insurrection of Monmouth followed. A fearful and bloody revenge was in8*




90       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1685.
flicted upon the maddened insurgents.  The
whole Calvinistic population of Scotland was
beset by proscriptions or penalties.
Writing at this time to the East Jersey proprietaries in England, Laurie urged them to
hasten emigration.  "c Here wants nothing but
people," he said. cc Every proprietor's sending
over ten people will bring all the division that
hath been here to an end." Governor Barclay
and others among the proprietaries were natives
of Scotland.  From that country efforts were
immediately made to draw emigrants to the province.  The persecution the people was there
suffering, it was thought would induce them to
accept readily an asylum beyond the Atlantic.
Partial success only followed  these efforts.
With all they were forced to undergo, the Scots
were not easily persuaded to exile themselves
from their native land.
The accession of the Duke of York, as James
II., to the English throne, in 1685, instead
of bringing relief to the persecuted  Covenanters, did but aggravate their sufferings.
Crowded into prisons, numbers of them perished
from thirst and suffocation. Hundreds of unfortunate fugitives, after being tried by a jury
of soldiers, were put to death in a body on the
public ways. Women were bound to stakes set
up in the sea at low water-mark, and there left'
to be drowned by the swelling waters.




1685.]      SCOTTISH IMMIGRANTS.          91
Wearied with persecution, the miserable Covenanters were ready to seek peace by expatriation. It was at this moment that George Scot,
of Pitlochie, at the instance of the proprietaries, addressed to his countrymen a book
entitled "c The Model of the Government of the
Province of East New Jersey in America," in
which certain objections to emigration were refuted, and the advantages offered by the province
set forth in full. cc It is judged the interest of
the English government," he wrote, "c altogether
to suppress the Presbyterian principles; the
whole force of the law of this kingdom is levelled
at the effectual bearing them down. The rigorous putting these laws in execution hath, in a
great part, ruined many of those who, notwithstanding thereof, find themselves in conscience
obliged to retain these principles. A retreat
where, by law, a toleration is allowed, doth at
present offer itself in America, and is nowhere
else to be found in his majesty's dominions."
Doing what he had so well advised others,
the author himself, in August, 1685, embarked
with his family and two hundred Scottish emigrants, for the shores of East New Jersey.
The result of his little publication was most
important and highly beneficial to the colony.
Companies of Scotch Presbyterians speedily
flocked into the province, in such numbers that,




92        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1686.
even at the present day, the character they then
gave it is not entirely destroyed.
Still further to influence the tide of Scottish
emigration, the twenty-four proprietors presently
displaced Laurie, and conferred the office of
deputy-governor on Lord Neill Campbell. Compromised by some insurrectionary movements in
Scotland, Campbell willingly accepted, and, in
1686, came out to the province. His stay, however, was brief.  In March of the following
year, he sailed again for England, leaving Andrew Hamilton as his substitute.
Every thing promised well for the future of
the province. But James, the king of Great
Britain, was little disposed to fulfil the engagements he had entered into while Duke of York.
Influenced by Dongan, the successor of Andros,
he was preparing to wrest from the Jersey proprietaries the rights, powers, and privileges he
had but lately, for the third time, confirmed to
them. By extending his royal authority over
New Jersey, his revenues would be largely augmented, and his cupidity speedily devised a
scheme for effecting that object.
To prevent violations.of the navigation laws,
William Dyer had been appointed by Laurie
collector of the customs in New Jersey. His
appointment resulted in evil. Scarcely was his
authority established, when the inhabitants found
themselves obliged to enter their vessels and pay




1688.] SURRENDER OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS. 93
duties at New York. Unjust as it was unpalatable, this regulation was either slighted, or
obeyed with hesitation. Dyer immediately comrnplained of the opposition he encountered. With
singular promptitude, the English ministry, in
April, 1686, answered his complaint by ordering
the issue of a writ of quo warranto against the
proprietaries. New Jersey was threatened with
being made " more dependent."
Aroused by this sudden stroke, the proprietaries prepared an earnest remonstrance. But it
was vain to appeal to the justice of James.
Finding the king immovable, the proprietaries,
in 1688, formally surrendered their claim to the
jurisdiction of East Jersey, stipulating only for
their right of property in the soil. Against
West Jersey, where Coxe was still claiming executive.authority, a writ of quo warranto had
likewise been issued. In October of the same
year, the province was yielded up, on conditions
similar to those stipulated by the eastern proprietaries. Thus all New Jersey, along with
New York and New England, was brought under
the jurisdiction of Andros, whom James had
commissioned as governor.
Noting the quiet compliance with which his
arbitrary assumptions had been received, the
king was dilatory in making good his acquisition.
While the necessary grant of the soil to the proprietaries was yet unexecuted, the Revolution




94       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1692.
that placed William of Orange on the British
throne arrested the completion of the whole
design.
On the downfall of the House of Stuart, the
proprietary governments of the two Jerseys were
quietly resumed. In the eastern province, Hamilton had been confirmed as deputy-governor
by Andros.  Doubting as to what would be his
proper conduct in the changed condition of affairs, in August, 1689, he sailed to England, to
consult personally with the proprietaries, leaving
the inhabitants to the care of their town and
county officers. From this period until 1692,
East Jersey had no other government. Quarrelling among themselves, the proprietaries found
it hard to exact obedience from their subjects,
who rejected two successive governors, appointed
after the death of Barclay-one in- 1.690, the
other in the following year.
This difficulty, however, was arranged in
1692, by the selection of Hamilton, the former
deputy, who was at the same time commissioned as governor of the western province, where
Coxe had finally abandoned all claim to authority.
For the following five years New Jersey enjoyed a period of comparative repose. The old
dispute about land-titles, however, was recommenced with considerable bitterness. Carried
before the provincial courts, the matter was




1697.]   BASSE APPOINTED GOVERNOR.       95
decided against the claimants under the Indian
title. But the subsequent annulment of this
decision by a royal council, again laid the subject open to discussion.
Though the administration of Hamilton had
proved highly popular, the proprietaries, in
1697, were reluctantly compelled to revoke his
commission, in consequence of a late parliamentary enactment, disabling all Scotchmen from
offices of public trust and profit.
The successor of Hamilton was Jeremiah
Basse. Not having the regular approbation of
the king, the advent of Basse into the province
was the signal of uproar. A majority of the
resident proprietaries would not acknowledge his
authority  as legal.  Thus disowned, Basse
sought to strengthen himself by favouring
the party hitherto adverse to the proprietary
government.
In the midst of the contention that now
arose, the illiberality of the neighbouring
province of New York created a new cause of
trouble.  Renewing their claim to supremacy
over New Jersey, the assembly of New York
attempted to levy a duty on East Jersey exports.  Though countenanced by the Board
of Trade, the attempt ended in a failure, but
not until the dispute had wellnigh ripened
into a war between the provinces. It was decided that no customs could be -imposed upon




96        HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1699.
the Jerseys unless by their own consent, or by
an Act of Parliament.
Meantime, the popular dissatisfaction with
Basse continued to grow in strength, until it
broke out in complete anarchy.  Offenders,
who had tumultuously defied his authority, when
imprisoned were immediately set at liberty
by armed mobs, who forced their way into the
jails, assailing and maltreating the officers
placed to guard them. At length, finding his
situation one of, vexation and trouble, Basse
returned to England, some time in the summer
of 1699.
Hoping to restore tranquillity, the proprietaries re-appointed  Hamilton.  But it was
now too late. Disorderly and seditious meetings assembled, denying the validity of his
commission. The judges of his appointing were
assaulted in open court by bands of armed
men. Sheriffs were attacked and wounded while
in the performance of their duties. So great
became the confusion, that, in succeeding years,
this period was known as that of "c the Revolution."
The cause of these disturbances seems to have
been the claim of the proprietaries to exclusive
possession of the soil, under grants from the
Duke of York, and their consequent demand
for the payment of quit-rents, and repudiation
of such titles as had been derived from the In



1702.]    THE PROVINCES UNITED.           97
dians. Apparently viewing the proprietaries as
-so many extortioners, the disaffected colonists,
heedless of what the result might be, earnestly
prayed the king to deprive those obnoxious persons of their authority.
At length, embarrassed by their own numbers
and conflicting interests, and wearied out with
an ineffectual struggle to exercise their seigneurial functions, the proprietaries of both the
Jerseys were induced to entertain a proposal
from the royal council, to cede their rights of
jurisdiction to the crown. Besides, the English
Lords of Trade, claiming New Jersey as a royal
province, threatened to involve them in an expensive suit with the crown, in order to test the
validity of their pretensions.
In such a suit, their chance of success would
have been slight. Thus menaced, both from
within and from without, they deemed it best to
surrender. Accordingly, after a lengthy negotiation, in which they secured to themselves their
property in the soil, and their quit-rents, so
odious to the colonists, the proprietaries of New'Jersey, East and West, formalry resigned their
",pretended" rights of government, before the
English privy council, on the 17th of April,
1702.
Queen Anne, now on the British throne, immediately proceeded to unite the two provinces
9




98          HISTORY OF NEW  JERSEY.    [1702.
into one. Their government, along with that
of New York, was entrusted to the queen's
kinsman, Edward Hyde, Lord Viscount Cornbury, grandson of the Earl of Clarendon.
CHAPTER VIII.
The new constitution for the Jerseys-The legislative powerIn whom vested-Slave trade ordered to be encouraged —
The judiciary —Arrival of Lord Cornbury-His demand for
a permanent salary rejected by the assembly-Cornbury's
illegal proceedings —Opposed by Lewis Morris and Samuel
Jennings-The assembly wait upon Cornbury with a remonstrance-His response-Retort of the assembly-Conduct of Cornbury censured by the English ministry-His
removal-Imprisoned by his creditors-Popular administration of Lovelace-His death-Ingoldsby deputy-governorWar between France and England —Capture of Port
Royal.
EMBODIED in the commission and instructions
of the crown to Governor Cornbury, the new
constitution of the Jerseys was promulgated on
the 10th of November, 1702.
Resembling in many respects that of the
other royal provinces in America, the system of
government thus given to New Jersey was far
less favourable to popular freedom than were the
proprietary concessions. In the contests between the proprietaries and the people, which
had partly led to its adoption, the former had




1.702.]  PROVISIONS OF CONSTITUTION.    99
lost nothing but a claim to authority they could
never have enforced, while the latter were to lament a serious curtailment of their former civil
liberties.
The legislative power of the province was
vested in the governor, twelve counsellors, and
twenty-four representatives. Appointed by the
crown from a list of names supplied by the governor, the counsellors were to be men of ",good
lives and well affected," " of good estates and
ability," and cc not necessitous people or much
in debt." The representatives, equally divided
between East and West Jersey, were each required to possess a freehold of a thousand acres.
The laws enacted by the council and assembly
were subject to an immediate veto from the governor, and a veto from the crown at any time.
The assembly was to meet at the order of the
governor, who might adjourn, prorogue, or dissolve it, according to his discretion. No persons
were capable of voting for representatives but
colonists possessing a hundred acres of land, or
personal property to the value of fifty pounds.
Liberty of conscience was granted to all save
Roman Catholics.  Quakers were allowed to
hold office, and their affirmation was to be accepted in lieu of the customary oaths. The
especial favour of the governor was invoked for
the Episcopacy, and he was cc to take care that
God Almighty be duly served," and 44 the blessed




100      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1704.
sacrament administered according to the rites
of the Church of England." Closely following
this display of royal interest in the cause of
religion, was an injunction to the governor to encourag.e the traffic in "c merchantable negroes,"
with which the Royal African Company were
to supply the province ", at moderate rates."
No printing press was allowed, nor the printing of any ",book, pamphlet, or other matters
whatsoever, without a license."  In the formation of the judiciary, the people took no part;
the governor, with the consent of his council,
instituting courts of law, and appointing their
officers. In suits of law, where the value in dispute exceeded a hundred pounds, an appeal was
admitted from the provincial courts to the governor and council; and when it exceeded two
hundred pounds, ultimate jurisdiction rested in
the English privy council..With the executive, the press, and the judiciary thus at the pleasure of the crown, it was
not long before the people of New Jersey became
sensible of the abridgment of their liberties.
Conscious of being subjected to wrong, they
soon began to claim the privileges of their
earlier and freer condition.
Lord Cornbury arrived in the province in
August, 1703, and personally met the general
assembly at Amboy. During the next session,
hdld at Burlington, in September, 1704, the




1704.]   PROCEEDINGS OF GOVERNOR.    101
pleasing opinions previously entertained of Corn
bury's good qualities, began to be dispelled b3
the realities of acquaintanceship. Grasping and
needy, he demanded an annual salary of twc
thousand pounds for twenty years. Accustomed
to pay but moderate sums for the support of government, the popular branch of the assembly
would allow no more than thirteen hundred a
year for three years.  Cornbury vainly endeavoured to procure an increase. At length,
finding the house immovable, he declared it dissolved, and ordered the election of a second, to
meet in the following November.
Employing various artifices, Cornbury succeeded in obtaining a large proportion, but not a
majority of the assembly.  Complete control
being thus almost within his grasp, he did not
hesitate to adopt the advice of his subservient
council, and refused to admit three of the newlyelected members to their seats, on the feigned
ground that their estates were not as large as
the royal instructions required. By this unjustifiable proceeding he secured a majority of one
favourable to his views. Recklessly prodigal in
his expenditures, his thirst for money was first
to be gratified by raising his salary to two
thousand pounds a year. It was to remain at
this rate for two years only. A stringent act
for the establishment of a general system of militia, which the former assembly had refused to
9*




102     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.       [1707.
adopt, was now passed, greatly to the discomfort
of the Quaker colonists, who were subsequently
subjected to harassing and unnecessary prosecutions under its provisions.
During the two following sessions, in 1705
and 1706, no business of importance was transacted. The governor, however, found his supporters dwindling  down into an ineffective
minority.
It being necessary to call a third assembly, so
that his salary -might be renewed, Cornbury
ordered an election. All his efforts to regain
his lost ascendency were of no avail. In the
new assembly, which convened in April, 1707,
there was an overwhelming opposition, at the
head of which were Lewis Morris and Samuel
Jennings.  The former, from the eastern section
of the province, was of an eccentric but liberal
mind, and had been twice expelled from the
council for his determined opposition to the
measures of Cornbury.  The latter, coming
from West Jersey, was a true-hearted Quaker,
the natural quickness and fire of whose temper,
prudence restrained and benevolence softened.
Both were men of influence, possessing a perfect
knowledge of the interests of. the province, with
the will, ability, and courage to uphold them.
Having met, the house, after a consideration
of the public grievances, adopted a petition to
the queen, and a remonstrance to the governor.




1707.]  REMONSTRANCE OF ASSEMBLY.    103
Following the custom of the day, the assembly
waited on Cornbury with their remonstrance,
which was probably the production of Morris.
Jennings, as speaker, read it audibly, and with
deliberation. Briefly, it was as follows:cc To lay before the governor the unhappy
circumstances of this province, is a task we
undertake, not of choice, but necessity.
"c We think it a great hardship that persons
accused of any crime should be obliged to pay
court-fees, notwithstanding the jury have found
no bill against them. The granting of patents
for the exclusive carriage of goods from Burlington to Amboy, we think to be a grievance,
contrary to the statute against monopolies.  The
establishing fees by any other authority than
the general assembly, we take to be a great
grievance, directly repugnant to Magna Charta.
The governor's putting the records of the eastern
division of this province into the hands of a
pretended agent of the proprietors, who has not
given security for the faithful keeping of them,
is a crying grievance.
"c These, governor, are some of the grievances
this province complains of; but there are others
of a higher nature.
"; The governor has prohibited the proprietors'
agents from granting warrants for land in the
western division of this province. This is a
great encroachment on the proprietors' liberties,




104      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1707.
but we are not surprised at it, for a greater led
the way. That was the governor's refusing to
swear three members of the last assembly, upon
the groundless charges of two of the council.
We would not aniswer the trust reposed in us,
were we to decline letting the governor know our
extreme dissatisfaction with so notorious a violation of the liberties of the people.
"n Considerable sums of money were raised to
procure the dissolution of the first assembly, in
order to obtain such officers as the contributors
might approve. This house has reason to believe that money was given to Lord Cornbury,
and did induce him to dissolve the then assembly,
and keep three members out of the next. We
cannot but be very uneasy when we find by these
new methods of government, our liberties and
properties so much shaken, that no man can say
he is master of either. Liberty is too valuable
a thing to be easily parted with. They have
neither heads, hearts, nor souls, that are not
forward with their utmost power lawfully to redress the miseries of their country.
"c We conclude by advising the governor that,
to engage the affections of the people, no
artifice is needful, but let them be unmolested
in the enjoyment of what belongs to them of
right."
Sharp and spirited in its tone, this remonstrance lost nothing in its delivery.  At the




1707.]       CQRNBURY'S REPLY.          105
more pointed passages, Cornburvy, assuming a
stern air of authority, would break in with,
"' Stop! what's that?"  When thus interrupted,
the undaunted Jennings, affecting deep humility,
would calmly read over again the offensive passages, with greater and more stinging emphasis
than before.
The reply of Cornbury was weak and undignified, though no point of the remonstrance was
left unnoticed. Denying the truth of some of
the charges, he sought to justify others. In an
uncalled-for reflection upon the Quakers, he
charged them with disloyalty and faction.
Singling out Jennings and Morris, he poured
upon them the severity of his abuse, declaring
them to be cc men known to have neither good
principles nor good morals."
Cornbury's reply drew a second paper from
the house, reiterating  and amplifying their
former complaints. In regard to his charges
against the Quakers, they answered:-, With
those persons, considered as Quakers, we have
nothing to do. They, perhaps, will think themselves obliged to vindicate their meetings from
the aspersions which your excellency bestows
upon them, and to show the world how becoming it is for the governor of a province to.
enter the lists of controversy with people who
thought themselves entitled to hi! protection
in the enjoyment of their religious liberties."




106      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1709.
Such of them as were members of the house
begged leave to answer the governor's charge,
in the words of Nehemiah to Sanballat:
",There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own
heart."
Refusing to receive this answer to his reply,
Cornbury prorogued the house. Meeting again
in May, 1708, they were at length dismissed,
and then dissolved, the governor finding that
nothing could be obtained from them, without
disagreeable concessions upon his part.
This was the last time Cornbury met the
assembly of New Jersey. In New York, as
in New Jersey, his administration had produced universal dissatisfaction, while the follies
and vices he'exhibited in private life were
such as to create the profoundest disgust.
The Lords of Trade, on complaint of the owners of a merchant vessel which he had seized
at New York, under some pretence of violations
of the Acts of Trade, pronounced his conduct
censurable and illegal. Frequent and earnest
petitions were poured into the queen for his
removal, and, at length, though her cousin,
she deprived him of his commission in the
year 1709. No sooner was he removed from
his office than his creditors cast him into jail,
where he remained a prisoner for debt, in the
province he had governed, until, succeeding




1709.]      DEATH OF LOVELACE.        107
to the earldom of Clarendon, the privilege of
peerage set him at liberty. He then returned
to Europe, accompanied by the odium which
his character deserved, as a mixture of arrogance and meanness, bigotry and intolerance,
rapacity and prodigality.  But he had accomplished good, though without design. His
arbitrary conduct had created and strengthened in both provinces a spirit of freedom, bold
and watchful, and already acquainted with the
necessity and the methods of resistance.
The liberal and conciliatory conduct of Cornbury's successor, Lord Lovelace, gave hopes
of a happy administration. But the pleasant
prospect was presently overclouded by the
death of the new and popular governor. Ingoldsby, the subservient lieutenant of Cornbury, for a time occupied the station thus left
vacant.
For several years war had been waging between France and England. By the incursions
of the French and Indians from Canada, the
northern provinces had suffered greatly, and,
in the year 1709, the immediate neighbourhood
of Boston was threatened by a marauding party
of the enemy, who attacked and destroyed the
town of Haverhill, on the Merrimac, massacreing many of the inhabitants, and dragging others
into captivity.
Alarmed at this onslaught, the New England




108      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1710.
people begged assistance from the queen. Vetch,
a Boston merchant, was sent to England to press
the petition.  He returned shortly with the
promise of a fleet and army, to co-operate with
colonial troops in a simultaneous attack on Quebec and Montreal. In pursuance of his instructions, Ingoldsby called upon New Jersey for assistance. With spirited alacrity the assembly
voted to raise a certain number of troops. Appropriating three thousand pounds to aid the
expedition, they sanctioned the issue of the first
paper money in the province.
The expected army from England not arriving,
the enterprise was never prosecuted. But Colonel Nicholson, with the. provincial levies, planned
and executed a successful attack upon Port Royal,
by which full possession of Nova Scotia was obtained, on the 5th of October, 1710.




1710.]   HUNTER APPOINTED  GOVERNOR.    109
CHAPTER IX.
Arrival of Governor Hunter —His speech to the assembly —
His popularity-Invasion of Canada advocated by Nicholson
-Organization of the provincial levies-Disastrous failure of
the expedition-Treaty of Utrecht —Quaker difficulties in
New  Jersey-Opposition against Hunter-His successProvincial demonstrations of regard —Burnet appointed governor-His removal to Massachusetts-Montgomery governor-Petition for a separate government-Administration
of Crosby-Of Hamilton-Separation of the Jerseys from
the government of New York-Morris commissioned governor-Rapid decline of his popularity-Maintains the
royal prerogatives-War declared between England and
France-Shirley plans an expedition against LouisburgSharp controversy between Morris and' the assemblyDeath of Morris-Succeeded by Hamilton-Feeble and
abortive attempt to invade Canada-Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.
MEANTIME Ingoldsby had been removed.
His successor was Robert Hunter, a Scotchman
by birth. Entering life as the runaway apprentice of an apothecary, Hunter had enlisted
as a common soldier in the British army, where
he gradually rose to military rank. His engaging person and manners had obtained for him
the hand of a peeress-his wit and social qualities the friendship of Addison and Swift.
Brief, frank, and soldierly, and concluding
with the excellent maxim, that " all power ex10




110      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1711.
cept that of doing good is a burden," his opening speech to the assembly produced an impression eminently favourable. This impression his
conciliatory disposition, and open, candid bearing abundantly confirmed, rendering him the
object of almost affectionate regard.  Supported
by the talent and influence of Morris in the
council, his administration of ten years glided
on with scarcely a noticeable interruption.
Flushed with his success in Nova Scotia,
Nicholson repaired to England, to advocate the
reduction of Canada. His solicitations obtained'from government a fleet of fifty-five sail, and
seven veteran regiments from Marlborough's
armly. This fleet arriving at Boston in June,
1711, Hunter called the New Jersey assembly.
Readily answering his requisition, they ordered
the levy of a regiment, and appropriated twelve
thousand five hundred dollars, in bills of credit,
to defraying its expenses.
At the head of about fifteen hundred provincials, from Connecticut, New Jersey, and
New York, and six hundred Iroquois, Nicholson
prepared, at Albany, to advance upon Montreal.
But the combined army and fleet, under General
Hill and Admiral Walker, met with a disastrous
failure. While entering the St. Lawrence, on
their way to Quebec, several vessels were wrecked, and more than eight hundred men drowned.
Thl  Quebec expedition being consequently frus



1716.]      QUAKER DIFFICULTIES.        111
trated, Nicholson could not do otherwise than
abandon his designs against Montreal.
From this period the operations of both the
belligerent nations grew less and less momentous,
until hostilities were brought to a close by the
Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713.
A new assembly met in April, 1716, in which
there was a temporary. majority of the old adherents of Cornbury, several of whom had been
the most obnoxious members of his council.
Daniel Coxe, son of him who has already been
noticed as a West Jersey proprietor, was chosen
speaker of the house.
By the party now apparently in the ascendant, it was argued that the colonial enactments
permitting Quakers to affirm in all cases, had
been annulled by a late parliamentary law, by
which it was insisted that they should be solemnly sworn before taking public office, sitting on
juries, and appearing as witnesses in capital
trials. Holding to this construction, the clerk
of the supreme court, contrary to a previous
ruling of Chief Justice Jameson, refused to administer to grand-jurymen any thing but an
oath. Jameson having fined the clerk for contempt, was in turn indicted by the court of
quarter sessions.  Hunter sided with the judge.
The indictment was nullified, and the lawyers
who promoted it suspended from practice.
Wearied by a contest with the new house, the




112       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1719.
governor prorogued it. About the middle of May,
he summoned it to meet him a second time at
Amboy.  Coxe and his adherents, intending to
keep the governor out of his supplies, denounced
this call as illegal, and refused to attend, on the
ground that every other session was to be held
at Burlington. Stating that he but obeyed the
orders of his sovereign, Hunter exerted himself
to get a house together. He succeeded in obtaining one with a mere majority favourable to
his views. Electing John Kinsey in the place
of their recusant speaker, they presently expelled Coxe, and the other absentees, for "c contempt of authority, and neglect of the service
of their country."  Several of the expelled
members were re-elected; but the house would
not' suffer them to take their seats.
During the remainder of his administration,
Hunter got along quite smoothly. And when,
in 1719, his health failing, he sought a change
of climate, by applying for the government of
Jamaica, the two assemblies of New York and
New Jersey, in legislative addresses, presented
him the warmest testimonials of their esteem
and regard.  The name of Hunterdon county
still bears evidence to the popularity which he
obtained.
The honest and amiable William Burnet, son
of the celebrated Bishop, was presently commissioned as governor of the two provinces.




1731.] APPLY FOR SEPARATE GOVERNOR.  113
Enrolling Morris among the number of his intimates, and exercising those popular qualities
he possessed in an eminent degree, he easily
overcame the slight opposition of his first New
Jersey assembly. In return for his ready assent
to a scheme for increasing the circulating medium of the province, they granted him an annual salary of five hundred pounds for five
years.
After a quiet and harmonious administration
of nearly seven years, Burnet's enemies in New
York procured his removal, greatly to his own
and to the assembly's regret. As a compensation in some sort, the government of Massachusetts Bay was conferred upon him. Departing
unwillingly to Boston, he remained there until
his sudden death, in the fall of 1729.
The successor of Burnet was John Mlontgomery, one of the favourites of George II.
Of mediocre talents and yielding disposition,
the brief period of his administration presents
nothing of marked historical importance.
After the death of Montgomery, in 1731, the
assembly petitioned for a separate governor.
The chief officers of state were either taken
from New York, or, upon their appointment,
removed thither; and it was there that the governor spent the principal portion of his time.
In  consequence, the executive and judicial
business of the province was subjected to fre10*




114      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1738.
quent and vexatious delays'. The grievance was
a heavy one; but the petition for its redress received no present attention. Four years passed
turbulently away under the rule of William
Crosby, the successor of Montgomery, before the
Lords of Trade reported favourably to its
prayer, in August, 1736. Pending the king's
decision, John Hamilton, son of the old proprietor, performed the duties of the executive.
At length the request for a separate governor
was granted, and, in 1738, NMorris, the favourite
of the people, received the royal commission.
Great rejoicings greeted the accession of
Morris, and he entered upon his duties under
the most flattering auspices. In replying to his
address, the assembly expressed the most sanguine expectations of his administration. Appropriating five hundred pounds as a compensation for his services in -procuring the late
separation, they cheerfully voted him an annual salary of one thousand pounds for three
years.
But this clear prospect was soon clouded.
Estimating his own abilities highly, ambitious,
and tenacious of power, Morris, with the testiness of advanced age, became entangled in repeated quarrels with his assemblies, and finally
found himself as odious as he had oncebeen
popular.  Deqlaring that the desire common
to all the colonies, of rendering the executive




1744.]    DISPUTES WITH MORRIS.         115
dependent on the people, "4was nowhere pursued with more steadiness or less decency than
in New Jersey," he in turn displayed an obstinate zeal in upholding the prerogative of the
crown, entirely unexpected from one who had
formerly been the popular champion against it.
He proposed no arbitrary or unjust enactment,
but caused the defeat of many that would have
benefitted the province. Worrying the assembly
with frequent prorogations, adjournments, and
dissolutions, he rendered himself the most obnoxious of the royal governors, Cornbury only
excepted.
In 1744, the peace between England and
France was agaih ruptured. The contest that
ensued soon extended to the colonies.  Having
planned the capture of Louisburg, Shirley, of
Massachusetts, invited the other provinces to
co-operate. The assembly of New Jersey, then
engaged in a sharp controversy with Morris, had
refused to organize the militia, or to vote supplies, unless the governor would first consent to
sanction some of their cherished measures. The
chief of these were an act ordering a new issue of
paper money; an act to compel sheriffs to give
security for the faithful discharge of their duties;
and a bill to prevent actions for small sums in
the supreme court. Though loudly called for
by the people, these laws were calculated to
lessen the power and influence of the executive.




116      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1746.
Morris would not yield, while the assembly
prepared to starve him into acquiescence, by
refusing to grant his salary. They furnished,
however, two thousand pounds toward the Louisburg expedition, which was abundantly successful; but they would not order a levy.
Morris stubbornly held out against the assembly, and the vexatious dispute was maintained with much bitterness, until cut short
by the death of the governor, on the 21st of
May, 1746. His name, borne by one of the
counties of the state, still testifies to the early
popularity of one whose widow applied vainly to
the assembly for the arrears due on her husband's salary.
After the death of Morris, the government
devolved upon Hamilton, as president of the
council.
Encouraged by the reduction of Louisburg,
the colonies were led to entertain their old project of conquering Canada. For this purpose,
the New Jersey assembly readily sanctioned
a levy of five hundred troops. In less than
two months, over six hundr+ed zealous colonists
were ready for the field. Formed into five
companies, under the command of Colonel Peter
Schuyler, they presently marched to the rendezvous at Albany.  But the energy of the
provinces was weakly seconded by the home government. Neither general, troops, nor orders,




1747.]  BELCHER APPOINTED  GOVERNOR.   117
came from England, and the enterprise was
finally abandoned.
By both parties hostilities were feebly maintained, until brought to a close by the peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748.  To the intense mortification  of the  colonists, Cape  Breton, and
Louisburg its capital, so dearly bought by provinqial blood and treasure, were restored to the
French almost without an equivalent.
CHAPTER X.
Belcher governor-Revival of quit-rent disputes-A commission of inquiry ordered by the ctown-Claims of France to
the Ohio valley-Mission of George Washington to Fort
Le Bceuf-The works commenced at the forks of the Ohio
seized by the French-Washington ordered to protect the
Virginia frontier-Skirmish and death of Jumonville —
Formal declaration of war-A plan of colonial confederation proposed-Rejected by the provinces and the Board of
Trade-Campaign of 1755-Defeat of Braddock-Victory
of Lake George-Alarm of the colonies-Indian incursions
-Campaign of 1756-Loudoun appointed commander-inchief-Descent of Montcalm  on the forts at OswegoTreaty with the Delawares.
SHORTLY after the death of Hamilton, in
1747, Jonathan Belcher, previously of Massachusetts, received the royal appointment as governor of New Jersey. Adopting a conciliatory
policy with regard to the paper-currency bill,




118      IIISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1748.
and other popular measures, he was enabled to
maintain a tolerably fair understanding with
the assembly, though at the expense of a rebuke
from the Lords of Trade.
But the ten years of his administration was
not undisturbed. In the time of Morris, the
old quit-rent dispute, one of the most vexatious
that could agitate the province, had been revived
with unusual asperity.
Large tracts of the proprietary lands had
fallen into the possession of influential persons,
fully disposed to urge their titles against those
contended for by the Elizabethtown claimants,
under the sanction of Indian conveyances. By
the former, writs of ejectment were issued, and
suits for the recovery of quit-rents commenced
against their opponents.  The latter resisted
violently, and, in 1748, associating themselves
for mutual protection, they broke open the jail
of Essex county, and liberated a person imprisoned at the suit of the proprietors. Long
after the death of Morris, their combination enabled them to defy the civil authorities, and the
sympathies of the popular branch of the assembly prevented a military interference.
When Belcher took charge of the province,
this trouble was at its height. An assembly
being summoned, efforts were made to heal the
disorders.  The task was one of difficulty.
Applying to the king, the governor, and the




1751.]     QUIT-RENT DIFFICULTY.         119
council, each party sought to criminate the
other. The proprietors petitioned that it should
be made felony for twelve or more persons to
remain assembled, after having been commanded
to disperse by the civil authorities.  But the
popular branch of the assembly refused to legislate against the resistants.  A  subsequent
act, promising pardon and oblivion of offences
upon certain conditions, met with no hearty response from them, while the proprietors complained that it was calculated rather to encourage
than to intimidate the rioters.
In 1751 a commission of inquiry was ordered from England.  In the mean time the Elizabethtown claimants clung to their possessions,
thus obtaining what they deemed equal to a victory. But for many years the province was disturbed by dissensions springing from this fruitful source. During the whole period of Belcher's
administration, it was seldom that the house and
the council could be brought to agree, even upon
matters disconnected with it; while, up to the
time of the Revolution, a chancery suit, now
begun by the proprietors against the Elizabethtown claimants, remained pending without any
decision.
Hostilities between France and England soon
involved again the colonies. At the best but a
hollow truce, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was
early disregarded.  Only two years after its




1.20     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.       [1754
conclusion, both nations, taking advantage of
the undetermined condition of their territorial
limits, began to adopt active and systematic
measures for increasing their possessions as much
as possible.
To uphold their claims to the country on the
Ohio, the French, far more energetic than their
English rivals, erected forts Le Boeuf and
Venango, the one on French Creek, and the
other on the main stream  of the Alleghany.
Claiming this territory for Great Britain, Dinwiddie of Virginia despatched George Washington, then a young militia officer and a surveyor by profession, to inquire into the designs
of the French. Washington was treated with
studied courtesy by the commandant at Le
Boeuf, but obtained no official satisfaction with
regard to the object of his mission.  Heated
with wine, the French officers, however, made
no secret of the intention of France to secure
possession of the entire region on the Ohio and
the lakes.
Authorized to repel such aggression by force,
Dinwiddie presently sent a captain's command
to build a fort at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela. Some time in April,
1754, this party was driven off by the French,
who took possession of the unfinished works,
completed them, and named the fortification
Duquesne.




1754.]   CONFEDERATION REJECTED.        121
Washington was immediately despatched to
protect the frontier thus invaded. Temporarily
successful over the enemy under Jumonville, he
was subsequently compelled to surrender, after
a brief but spirited resistance, and on favourable conditions, to a greatly superior force of
French and Indians.
These occurrences gave the signal for hostilities, though war was fot formally proclaimed
until 1756. Under the circumstances, a union
of the colonies was deemed desirable. A plan
for such a union, drawn up by Franklin, was
adopted by a convention of committees from
several colonial assemblies, which met at Albany,
in June, 1754. By this plan, a grand council
of representatives from the colonial assemblies,
presided over by a governor-general appointed
by the crown, were to enact general laws, and
provide for the common defence of the colonies.
Containing germs of the present federal compact, it can scarcely be claimed as original with
Franklin. So early as 1722, Coxe, the expelled
speaker of the New Jersey house, had proposed
a plan resembling it closely.
Submitted to the Lords of Trade, and to the
provincial assemblies, Franklin's scheme was rejected by the former, as being too favourable to
colonial independence, and by the latter as
giving undue power to the crown.  The New
Jersey assembly, which had declined sending
11




122      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1755.
commissioners to the convention, voted against
the proposition, because ccit might be prejudicial to the prerogative, and to the liberties of
the people."
Probably the most powerful motive for the rejection of this plan, by the Board of Trade,
originated in their desire to secure'the adoption
of one of their own.'In the scheme they had
already suggested, taxation of the provinces by
parliamentary enactment was advocated. Nothing could have been more hateful to the colonists.  The ministerial project was dropped
without the formality of a distinct rejection.
Finding war inevitable, the English government appointed General Braddock commanderin-chief of the army in North America. Early
in 1755 he was despatched with two regiments
to the colonies. Anticipating his arrival, the
several provincial assemblies were called upon
for troops. The summons was willingly responded to. New Jersey ordered the levy of a regiment five hundred strong, the command of which
was given to the veteran Schuyler. Seventy
thousand pounds of new paper were issued to
pay the expenses of these troops.
Arriving early in March, Braddock met a
council of colonial governors at Alexandria, on
the Potomac, to concert measures for a campaign. Separate but simultaneous expeditions




1755.]   TROOPS SENT TO ALBANY.       123
were planned against Niagara, Crown Point, and
Fort Duquesne.
Apprehending most an invasion through New
York from Canada, the two northern expeditions
were especially favoured by New Jersey. Having
been provided with arms from Virginia, at the
expense of the assembly, Schuyler's regiment
proceeded to the rendezvous at Albany, while
Braddock was pursuing his slow and toilsome
march to the forks of the Ohio. At Albany,
the regiment appears to have been divided; part
being joined to the Crown Point expedition,
under Colonel Johnson, of New York, while
Schuyler, with the remainder, accompanied
Shirley, the governor of Massachusetts, in his
march to attack Niagara.
Leading the advance against Crown Point,
Lyman, of Connecticut, by the 8th of August,
had completed Fort Edward, at the portage between the Hudson and Lake George. Johnson
presently came up, and marched the main army
to the southern shore of the lake, where a strong
camp was formed.
Meanwhile the Baron Dieskau, with four
thousand French troops, had arrived in Canada.
Hearing that Johnson contemplated an attack on
Crown Point, Dieskau sought to divert his attention, by advancing upon Fort Edward, at the
head of a mixed force of regulars, Canadians
and savages.




124     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1755.
Tidings of the French general's movement
having reached the English camp, Johnson sent
forward a detachment of one thousand provincials to relieve the fort. Dieskau, however, had
changed his mind, and was advancing upon
Johnson himself. Ignorant of this, the detachment marched without caution, unapprehensive
of meeting the enemy. Suddenly, when about
three miles from the camp, they encountered the
whole force of the French. A fierce and sanguinary conflict ensued.  Fighting gallantly
against superior numbers, the provincials fell
back slowly toward the camp, with the loss of
their commander, Colonel Williams.
Pressing the fugitives, Dieskau hoped to penetrate the camp, in the midst of the confusion it
was expected that their appearance would create.
But Johnson was prepared. A few pieces of
cannon, hastily brought from the lake shore,
opened upon the French as they came in sight.
The Indians and Canadians took to the woods,
leaving Dieskau, with his regulars alone, to break
the English lines. Struggling obstinately for
victory, the gallant regulars, during five hours,
rushed again and again, only to be repulsed,
upon the slight breastwork of the Americans.
At length they faltered. Springing from behind their entrenchments, the provincials drove
them back in disorder. Thrice wounded, the
brave but unfortunate Dieskau, was unable to




1755.]      DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK.         125
follow his vanquished army. Seated upon the
stump of a tree, with his military trappings by
his side, he was found by a renegade Frenchman,
fired at, and wounded fatally.
The battle of Lake George was celebrated as
a triumph; but Johnson neglected, or was unable to improve his success. Crown Point was
left untried, and the French were permitted to
fortify themselves at Ticonderoga. During the
fall, however, the provincials were employed in
building Fort William Henry. Garrisoning the
new fortress with six hundred men, Johnson dismissed the remainder to their homes.
Meanwhile, Shirley had performed a slow and
toilsome march to Oswego, reaching that place
during the month of August. In the midst of
extensive preparations for embarking to the
siege of Niagara, most discouraging news arrived
from Braddock, with whom the expedition was
to co-operate. That brave, but vain-glorious
and self-opinionated commander, disregarding
the wholesome advice of his provincial officers,
had met disastrous defeat and death while on
his way to besiege Fort Duquesne. Disheartened by this intelligence, and delayed by heavy
rains, Shirley finally abandoned his  design
against Niagara. In the mean time, two substantial forts had been built upon the right and
left banks of the Oswego River, a short distance
from the lake. Leaving in these strong gar11'




126      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1755.
risons, including the New Jersey troops under
Schuyler, Shirley returned to Albany.
Braddock's defeat filled the colonies with
alarm. The whole western frontier was left ex
posed to the horrors of savage warfare. Belcher immediately summoned an assembly, but
nearly six months elapsed before they awoke to,
the full necessity of answering the call. Meanwhile  the hitherto  faithful Delawares were
swept away in the general Indian defection.
Inflicting the most terrible cruelties, numerous
bands of savages roamed without molestation
along the western lines of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and finally crossed the Delaware into
New Jersey.
In this emergency, the zeal of the inhabitants
of Sussex county was displayed. To the number of four hundred, they marched promptly to
Easton, under the command of Colonel John
Anderson. Their presence was of great service
in overawing the Indian bands. Aged and infirm, Belcher was yet active in calling out the
resources of the province. When the assembly
met in December, Schuyler and his half regiment were recalled from Oswego. Stationed on
the frontier, they remained there until the
opening of spring, when they again marched to
the north, their place being supplied by volunteers.
During the winter, however, outlying parties




1756.]       CAMPAIGN OF 1756.          127
of the savages hung around the settlements,
rendering it necessary to erect numerous forts
and blockhouses, among the mountains and along
the Delaware. But the actual hurt they wrought
was far less than the intense apprehension their
vicinity excited.
Neglected success, failure, and deplorable defeat, had distinguished the campaign of 1755.
That of 1756 was altogether disastrous. Elevated by the death of Braddock to the chief
command, Shirley, on the opening of spring,
began extensive preparations for important expeditions to the north. His exertions had assembled a considerable force at Albany, when
he was notified to return to England.
A procrastinater by habit, Lord Loudoun, the
successor of Shirley, did not arrive until the
summer was well-nigh spent. While General
Webb, with a regiment of regulars, was to reinforce Oswego, Loudoun determined to proceed
with the main army against Crown Point and
Ticonderoga. Great expense had been incurred
by the northern colonies, and it was still hoped
that the campaign would result in a success proportioned to the outlay. But this expectation
was doomed to disappointment.
Having succeeded Dieskau as commander of
the French forces in Canada, the Marquis of
Montcalm, at the head of five thousand regulars,
militia, and Indians, suddenly appeared before




128      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1756.
the forts at Oswego, on the evening of the
twelfth  of August.  Against Fort Ontario,
crowning an eminence opposite to, and commanding the main works, Montcalm opened a
heavy cannonade early in the following morning. Gallantly sustaining this during the day,
the besieged, finding their ammunition expended,
at nightfall spiked their cannon and silently
crossed to Oswego. The deserted post was immediately occupied by Montcalm. On the fourteenth, Mercer the English commander was
slain. After a brief bombardment, the disheartened garrison surrendered as prisoners of
war.  Few perished on either side, but the
French were overjoyed with the amount of their
booty. Six ships of war, three hundred boats,
immense stores of ammunition and provisions, one
hundred and twenty cannon and sixteen hundred
troops fell thus easily into their hands.  To
allay the jealousy of his savage allies, the politic Montcalm destroyed both forts and left Oswego a solitude.
Tardily advancing, Webb met the disastrous
tidings at the Oneida portage. He fell back
with precipitation to Albany. Disconcerted by
these events, Loudoun recalled the troops marching against Ticonderoga, dismissed the provincials, and abandoned all offensive operations for
the campaign.
Among the prisoners at Oswego, were Schuy



1756.]  TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES.  129
ler and his half regiment. Carried to Canada,
a new enlistment presently supplied their loss.
Schuyler, however, was soon released on parole,
with the promise that he would return if no
suitable exchange should be offered for him.
Welcomed home with illuminations and other
tokens of joy, the veteran colonel remained
there until the spring of 1758. It was then
that the French commandant in Canada "' sent
to demand the brave old Peter Schuyler of New
Jersey, as no person had been exchanged for
him."  Thrusting aside the friends who entreated him to stay, the gallant old officer, true
to his plighted word, went back again into
captivity.
Meanwhile, Sir William Johnson had succeeded in procuring at Easton a treaty of peace
with the Delawares. A partial relief was thus
afforded to the western frontiers.  But during
the spring and summer of 1757, a continual
alarm was kept up by scalping parties of savages
from Canada and the Ohio. Committing depredations within thirty miles of Philadelphia, these
bands did not neglect to visit the north-western
settlements of New Jersey, for the protection
of which it was found necessary to maintain a
company of Radgers.




130        HISTORY OF NEW  JERSEY.           [1756.
CHAPTER XI.
Increase of British power in the colonies-Subordination of
colonial officers-Indignation in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey-Campaign of 1757-Co-operation of New JerseyExpedition against Louisburg-Inactivity of Loudoun at
Halifax-Energetic movements of Montealm-Siege of
Fort William  Henry-Surrender of Munro- Attempted
massacre of the prisoners-Heroic conduct of MontcalmAlarm of General Webb- Death of Governor BelcherCampaign of 1758-Masterly arrangements of Pitt-Hearty
response of the colonies —Capture of Louisburg-Repulse
of Abercrombie before Ticonderoga-Fort Frontenac taken
by Bradstreet-Evacuation  of Fort Duquesne-Indian
council at the forks of the Delaware-Campaign of 1759Invasion of Canada projected-Ticonderoga and Crown
Point abandoned by the French-Surrender of Fort Niagara
-Capture of Quebec-Peace of Fontainebleau-Change
of governors in New Jersey-Indian outrages.
DURING the year 1756 Parliament had effected a signal extension of its authority over the
colonies. Military rule, enforced with imperious
arrogance by Loudoun had been established, independent of the provincial governments. By
its power, troops had been quartered upon the
inhabitants against their indignant and earnest
remonstrances, and the colonial'officers had been
degraded to a position inferior to that of those
commissioned  by the  crown.   The people of
Pennsylvania and NewJersey had been irritated




1757.]    INACTIVITY OF LOUDOUN.        131
by the authority given to recruiting officers, to
enlist their indentured servants. Militia companies, assembled for mutual defence against a
barbarous foe, had been arbitrarily dismissed;
while the intercession of the Quakers with the
Delawares, to obtain security for their hearths
and cradles in the more peaceful way of interchanging faith and presents, was condemned
as a most daring violation of the royal prerogative.
The indignation excited by these measures
was intensely aggravated by Loudoun's attributing the disastrous result of the past year's operations, properly due to his own incapacity, to
the colonial troops.  Still, in preparing for
the campaign of 1757, he was well seconded by
the colonial assemblies, though not to the extent of his demands. New Jersey would not
authorize a conscription to raise her regiment
of five hundred to a thousand.
The capture of Louisburg was to be the principal object of the campaign.  Leaving the
newly-raised levies from New England, New
York, and New Jersey, to garrison Forts Edward and William Henry, Loudoun sailed with
six thousand regulars for Halifax. Arriving
there, he found himself at the head of an excellent army ten thousand strong, supported by a
large and effective fleet. August came, and the
indecisive cjief was still at Halifax, amusing




132       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1757.
himself with planting cabbages. At length the
troops were embarked; but news arrived that
the harbour of Louisburg was defended by
seventeen ships of the line. Loudoun then sailed
for New York.  His great preparations had
ended in nothing.
Meantime, his energetic and wily opponent,
Montcalm, was not idle. Availing himself of
Loudoun's unskilfulness in withdrawing so large
a portion of the British force from the frontiers
of New York, he ascended Lake George with
eight thousand men, and laid siege to Fort William Henry. In the fort itself, less than five
hundred British regulars were posted under
Lieutenant-Colonel Munro. On an eminence to
the south-east, the provincials, including the unfortunate New Jersey regiment, were entrenched
to the number of seventeen hundred men. On
the morning of the. fourth of August, the artillery of the French opened. For six days the
attack was maintained with daring ardour. But
not until the expiration of that period would the
gallant Munro capitulate, and then only because
halfhis guns were burst and his ammunition
wellnigh expended.  The conditions of surrender were, that the English should be suffered to
depart with the honours of war, on a pledge not
to serve against the French for eighteen months.
An escort sufficient to protect them from Mont



1757.]         ALARM OF WEBB.            133
calm's barbarian allies was to attend their march
to Fort Edward, some twelve miles distant.
Montcalm made every effort to fulfil his pledges.
Bftt dissatisfied with his clemency, and rendered
furious by strong drink, the savages fell upon
the English as they filed out of their entrenchments. Without arms, they could make no defence. Twenty, or thereabouts, were tomahawked on the spot.  The rest fled; some to the
wilderness, others to the French camp. Montcalm and his officers exerted themselves daringly
to stay the slaughter. c Kill me!" cried the
mortified general; ", Kill me, but spare the English, who are under my protection."  In the
flight to Fort Edward, a few more were slain or
made prisoners by the savages. Six hundred
reached there in a body; many stragglers followed; and four hundred afterward came in under a strong escort of French troops.
All this time Webb was at Fort Edward, with
six thousand men under his command, and a numerous militia within call. Yet he remained inactive, not daring to sally from his stronghold.
Roused at length by his personal fears, he summoned assistance.  His call was  answered
promptly. From New Jersey alone a thousand
militia hastened toward his camp, while three
thousand more were ready to march if it should
be necessary. But it was now too late. Satisfied with the triumph he had achieved, Mont12




134      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1758.
calm retreated to Canada. Thus disastrously
for the English terminated the campaign of
1757.
Meanwhile Governor Belcher had died, worn
out with years, and not unregretted. The executive duties now devolved for a brief period
upon the president of the council, the aged John
Reading.
With the opening of the campaign of 1758 a
brighter prospect dawned upon the dejected and
mortified colonists. William Pitt, the elder, was
now at the head of the British cabinet. Uniting the same energy and steadfastness to wellformed aims, that had elevated him from a
cornetcy in the dragoons to his present lofty
station, he determined upon overthrowing the
Gallic dominion in North America. In his preparations he exhibited a full and just knowledge
of the temper and disposition of the colonists.
The obnoxious Loudoun was recalled. The galled
sense of honour of the provincial officers was
soothed by allowing all, from the rank of colonel
downward, an equal command with the British.
A powerful fleet and army were despatched to
America. To co-operate with these forces, the
several colonies were invited to raise such a
number of levies as their circumstances would
permit. Arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions were to be furnished by the crown. The
provinces were to pay and clothe their levies,




1758.]  LIBERAL SUPPORT OF THE WAR.  135
but for these expenses even, Pitt promised to
endeavour to procure a parliamentary reimbursement.
The effect was magical. Instead of reluctantly
raising five hundred levies, the New Jersey assembly, offering a bounty of twelve pounds to
each recruit, called for a thousand, and voted
fifty thousand pounds for their support. Bar
racks, each capable of accommodating three
hundred men, were ordered to be built at Burlington, Trenton, New Brunswick, Amboy, and
Elizabethtown. Nor was a less energetic spirit
exhibited by the other colonies. Nearly thirty
thousand provincials took up arms. With these
and the regulars, Abercrombie, the new commander-in-chief, found himself at the head of
fifty thousand effective troops.
Three several expeditions were set in motion;
Abercrombie against Ticonderoga and Crown
Point; Forbes against Duquesne; and Amherst
and Wolfe, in conjunction with Boscawen's fleet,
against Louisburg.
Amherst was the first to move. Appearing
before Louisburg on the 6th of June, he immediately began a vigorous siege. After an obstinate defence of seven weeks, in which they
suffered severe loss, the garrison, three thousand
strong, surrendered as prisoners of war. The
whole country around the Gulf of St. Lawrence
thus fell into the power of the English.




136      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1758.
Meanwhile, Abercrombie had assembled on
the margin of Lake George an army of sixteen
thousand men, seven thousand being British
regulars, and the remainder provincials from
New England, New York, and New Jersey.
At early dawn on July the fifth, they embarked
on more than a thousand boats, and to the stirring tones of martial music, with bright bgnners
and gay uniforms gleaming in the morning sun,
moved swiftly down the lake to attack Ticonderoga. Landing near the outlet of the lake, at
nine o'clock the next day, they began their
march, over a rough road, and led by bewildered
guides. Some confusion took place in the van,
during which a scouting party of the French
was encountered. The loss of the English was
trifling in point of numbers, but among the
slain was young Lord Howe, the moving spirit
of the army.
Passing the night in the wilderness, Abercrombie returned to the landing-place, and took
a new and shorter route, which the energy of
Bradstreet, an active provincial officer, had
opened to within a mile and a half of the French
works. Too impatient to wait for his artillery,
he rashly ordered an assault on the front of the
enemy's line.
Ticonderoga was held by about thirty-four
hundred men, under the command of the watchful and sagacious Montcalm. Early informed




1758.]    ATTACK ON TICONDEROGA.        137
of the approach of the English, he had with
wonderful activity wellnigh completed his defences before they made their appearance. The
most formidable portion of his works was that
which Abercrombie had determined to storm. If
consisted of a breast-work nine feet high, built of
huge logs, and guarded in front by felled trees,
with their branches sharpened, and pointing
outward like lances.  Behind this Montcalm
posted his troops, with orders not to fire a gun
until the storming party should become entangled
among the stumps and rubbish of all sorts, by
which their advance was impeded.
Having formed in three columns, the British
regulars rushed gallantly to the assault. Commanded to reserve their fire until the breastwork should be carried, they were struggling
over the encumbered ground in front, when a
deadly and incessant discharge broke from the
French lines. Though thrown at once into confusion, they fought bravely and long. For four
hours they endeavoured with heroic obstinacy,
but in vain, to execute the ill-timed and injudicious orders of their chief. Finally, having lost
over two thousand in killed and wounded, they
abandoned the hopeless contest.  On the next
morning Abercrombie conducted a hasty and
confused retreat to Fort William Henry.
To balance this ill fortune, in part at least.
the energetic Bradstreet presently projected the
12*




138       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1758.
surprise of Frontenac, a fortress on the Canadian shore of Lake Ontario.  His success was
signal. An immense amount of valuable stores,
nine armed vessels, and the command of the
lake thus fell into the hands of the English.
The destruction of Frontenac contributed
largely to the success of the western expedition
under Forbes. Deprived by that event of their
wonted supplies, the garrison at Fort Duquesne,
upon the approach of the English, set fire to
their works and fled precipitately down the Ohio.
The charred ruins were yet smoking when Washington with the vanguard of the army took possession of the deserted post.
Meanwhile, the triumphs of the campaign had
been enhanced by the restoration of peace along
the western borders. After several preliminary
conferences, Bernard, now governor of the province, aided by the good offices of Teedyscung,
one of their bravest and most eloquent chiefs,
prevailed upon the New Jersey tribes to attend
", the grand council-fire, kindled at the forks of
the Delaware." Here were met the representatives of the Iroquois and their subject tribes, to
treat with the commissioners of Pennsylvania
and New Jersey. "4We now take the hatchet
out of your hands," said the red man solemnly
to the commissioners.  ", It was a French hatchet. We take it out of your hands and bury it
in the ground, where it shall rest for ever."




1759.]   FURTHER I EVY OF TROOPS.       139
Many strings of wampum confirmed the truth of
their words, and the broken chain of friendship
was re-united with strong links.
At a subsequent special conference, the New
Jersey tribes sold all their remaining lands to
the province.  The Delawares presently emigrated to the country west of the Alleghanies,
while the Minnisinks, numbering about one hundred and fifty souls, authorized the purchase  of
three thousand acres, on the eastern shore of
Burlington county, where they were removed at
the expense of the colony. Here, in possession
of fine hunting grounds and convenient fisheries,
they remained quietly for many years, under the
protection of special commissioners.
For the campaign of 1759, Pitt planned the
conquest of Canada; the young and gallant
Wolfe being directed to advance against Quebec, Amherst to take Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, and then besiege Montreal; and a third
army, composed principally of provincials under
Prideaux, to capture Niagara. Of this plan the
colonial assemblies were informed under an oath
of secrecy. Pitt gained their willing cooperation by a prompt parliamentary reimbursal of
the last year's expenses.  By spring twenty
thousand provincials were in the field. With
less than fifteen thousand fighting men, New
Jersey raised a thousand troops in addition to
the thousand she had already lost. Her expen



140       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1759.
ditures for their support amounted to almost five
dollars for every soul in the province.
Pitt's plan for the campaign was but partially
accomplished. Amherst, indeed, obtained easy
possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, but
he moved with such dilatory caution that winter
put an effectual stop to his operations, while he
was yet lingering at the head of Lake Champlain. Prideaux landed successfully before Niagara, but was soon afterward killed by the
bursting of a cohorn. Sir William Johnson
succeeded to the chief command. Twelve hundred French regulars, hastening to relieve the
beleaguered fortress, were signally routed; and
finally, after sustaining a siege of nearly three
weeks, the garrison, six hundred strong, surrendered as prisoners of war.  Destitute of
shipping and short of provisions, Johnson was
likewise unable to effect the proposed junction
with Wolfe on the St. Lawrence.  The latter
general, however, one of the best and bravest in
the British army, with the loss of his life, gained
an i~perishable renown by winning the most
important battle that had ever been fought in
the New World. Sailing from Louisburg with
eight thousand troops, he landed a short distance
below Quebec, on the twenty-fifth of June.
Nearly three months were spent in unavailing
attempts to baffle the watchfulness of the alert
Montcalm.  But at length, having  secretly




1763.]  WILLIAM FRANKLIN GOVERNOR.  141
scaled the Heights of Abraham, Wolfe drew up
five thousand of his troops in battle array on the
plain before Quebec. Montcalm hastened to meet
him, and a sanguinary battle ensued. Wounded twice, Wolfe lived to learn that the French
had fled, but no longer. His brave opponent,
Montcalm, also received a death-wound in the
fight, but did not survive to witness the capitulation of the city, an event which took place five
days after the battle.
With Quebec fell the power of France in
America. In the following year Montreal was
surrendered to the united armies under Amherst; but peace between England and France
was for a time deferred, by the "4family compact" entered into by the latter country and
Spain. The allied powers, however, dispirited
by continued defeat, were at length brought
to terms, and peace was finally restored by
the Treaty of Fontainebleau, on the third of
November, 1763. Nova Scotia, Canada and
its dependencies, together with the entire command of the country east of the Mississ.ppi,
were thus secured to Great Britain.
Meantime, Bernard having been elevated
to the government of Massachusetts, transferred that of New Jersey to Thomas Boone.
Being presently sent to South Carolina, Boone
was succeeded by Josial Hardy.  In 1763,
William, the natural and only son of Ben



142     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.        [1763.
jamin Franklin, through the powerful recommendation of Lord Bute, was appointed governor of New Jersey, Hardy having been previously nominated as consul at Cadiz.
Soon after the commencement of Franklin's
administration, an extensive conspiracy, having
for its object the extermination of the whites, was
formed by the Indians of Pennsylvania and
of the territory north-west of the Ohio. At
the head of the conspiracy of red men was
Pontiac, the brave, active, and far-seeing chief
of the Ottawas. The frontier posts were attacked and many of them captured. Scalping
parties committed their customary atrocities in
the border settlements.  On the approach of
the marauding parties to the western frontier
of New Jersey, Governor Franklin extended
the line of fortifications and ordered out the
militia. But these were insufficient; the savages presently breaking through the line, and
cruelly massacreing a number of families. Provision was immediately made by the assembly
for the further protection of the frontier, and
troops raised to serve with the northern army
against the Indians.  New  Jersey, however,
was not again molested.




1763.]       COLONIAL EXPENDITURES.              143
CHAPTER XII.
Colonial expenditures during the war-Project to tax America-Obnoxious to the colonists-Unanimity of the provinces-Stamp Act proposed-Remonstrance of the colonies-Stamp Act passed-Spirited resolutions of Virginia
-National Congress recommended-Disapproved of by the
New Jersey house-Indignation of the people against their
representatives-House again convenes at Amboy —Delegates appointed to the Congress-Petition and remonstrance
forwarded to England-New Jersey stamp-distributor resigns-Stamp Tax repealed-Party lines drawn-Opposition to the Quartering Act-Townsend's tax bill passedAgitation in the colonies-Language of the New Jersey
house — Non-importation agreements - Violated by New
York traders-Their reception in New Jersey-Repeal of
all taxes except the duty on tea-Popular tumults in Monmouth and Essex counties-Odious nature of the tax on
tea-Rendered nugatory by non-importation agreements
-Parliament endeavours to force tea into America-Tea
destroyed at Boston and in New Jersey-Port of Boston
closed-New Jersey people sympathize with their Massachusetts brethren-National Congress of 1774-Battle of
Lexington.
IN the long contest but lately terminated, the
assistance England had received from her colonies was important. More than thirteen thousand provincials had perished by the sword and
the diseases of camps; and more than three
millions of pounds were expended by the different colonies.  During nearly the whole period




144      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1763.
Of hostilities, New Jersey alone had maintained
a thousand troops in the field, at an outlay
amounting to over three hundred thousand
pounds. Of all the money thus furnished, scarcely one-third had been reimbursed by Parliament.
The promptitude with which the provinces
had advanced means, and the little apparent inconvenience they suffered from the large demands made upon them, created in the minds of
the English ministers an exaggerated opinion
with regard to the wealth and resources of the
colonists. England herself had expended immense sums in prosecuting the war. Some portion of this outlay was properly chargeable to
the American colonies, and to them, therefore,
the ministry were early led to look for reimbursal. With this pretext they immediately prepared to execute a design, conceived indeed
long before, but which the necessity of a good
feeling on the part of the colonists had hitherto
prevented from being prominently brought forward. This was to impose upon them a tax
for revenue, thus at once opening a source of
emolument and asserting the prerogative of the
crown.
Yet the execution of this design was fraught
with danger, which, however, but few foresaw.
Individually the colonies had on all previous occasions expressed their abhorrence of measures
involving the principle of unrepresented taxa



1764.]    STAMP DUTIES PROPOSED.         145
tion. During the late war, the clashing interests that had hitherto divided them were in some
degree harmonized.  The idea of union in a
common cause had become familiar. Nothing
could have been better calculated to strengthen
that idea than an undue assertion of the royal
prerogative.  Nor were the colonists illy prepared to resist that assertion. They had become accustomed to arms, and to the discipline
of the camp and the field; and by their recent
intercourse with one another they had gained
a knowledge, hitherto unknown, of their mutual
resources and capabilities in the emergency of
war.
Notwithstanding the quiet yet pertinacious resistance of the colonies, Parliament had in various ways wielded a sort' of power over them,
highly obnoxious to some, and greatly detrimental to the interests of all. That which was
the most odious-the levying of taxes for revenue-though frequently claimed, had never been
exercised. Urged on by Grenville, the English
chancellor, Parliament prepared to vindicate its
asserted claim. After the adoption of several
offensive measures, the House of Commons, in
March, 1764, resolved that ", it might be proper
to charge certain stamp duties in the colonies."
In accordance with this resolve a bill was counselled, imposing a duty on stamps, by which various legal and other papers, to be valid in courts
13




146      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1765.
of law, were to be drawn up on stamped paper,
sold by public officers appointed for that purpose, and at prices which levied a stated tax on
every such document.
In America every effort was exerted to prevent the passage of this proposed act; but?emonstrances, petitions, and denunciations were
equally unavailing. On the twenty-second of
March, 1765, it was passed with slight opposition by the Commons, and by the Lotds without a
division. At the same time an act called the
Quartering Act wats passed, authorizing the ministry to maintain a standing army in America,
the several provincial assemblies being directed
to supply the troops with quarters, fuel, lights,
drink, soap and bedding.
On receiving intelligence of the passage of
these acts, the colonies became agitated by the
keenest indignation. With singular unanimity
they took bold and determined steps to prevent
their effective operation. Virginia was the first
to move. By the house of burgesses of that
province resolutions were adopted, reciting in
the most spirited language the rights and grievances of the colonists. Massachusetts followed,
and recommended a National-Congress, to meet
at New York on the first Tuesday of October.
On the twenty-ninth of June this recommendation was laid before the New Jersey assembly. Few in number, on the point of ad



1765.]     DELEGATES TO CONGRESS.       147
journment, and influenced probably by Franklin,
who was an ardent supporter of the prerogative,
the house paid but little attention to it, and
somewhat hastily signified their disapproval of
the proposed convention.  Their conduct, however, was keenly censured. So strong was the
popular indignation, that Ogden, their speaker,
found it necessary, in order to preserve the peace
of the province, to convene the members, by
circular, at Amboy. In defiance of Franklin's
denunciation of their proceedings as cc unprecedented, irregular, and unconstitutional," they
accordingly met and appointed Joseph Ogden,
Hendrick Fisher, and Joseph Borden to be delegates to the National Congress.
At the time and place appointed, delegates
from nine provinces assembled, and presently
adopted a declaration of rights, in which it was
forcibly contended that the colonies could not be
taxed unless by their own consent.  Eloquent
memorials to both Houses of Parliament, and a
petition to the king, spirited but respectful, were
next agreed to and signed by most of the delegates present. To these, however, Ogden of
New Jersey, and Ruggles of Massachusetts, refused to attach their signatures, on the ground
that the approval of the several assemblies was
first necessary. Ogden's conduct was severely
censured at home. He was burned in effigy by




149      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1765.
the people, and finally forced to resign his place
as speaker of the house.
The proceedings of the National Congress
were approved without a dissenting voice, by the
assembly of New Jersey, which met early in the
following month. Reiterating the sentiments
adopted in the convention, the house protested
strongly against the late Act of Parliament as
utterly subversive of their ancient privileges.
For this they were sharply reprehended by the
governor, and immediately prorogued.
Meanwhile steps of a less legitimate character
had been taken to resist the operation of the
Stamp Act. Associations designed to unite the
people in forcible opposition to it, springing up
in New York and Connecticut, and calling themselves the ",Sons of Liberty," had extended
rapidly into the adjoining colonies.  Riots became frequent and alarming. Many of the stampofficers were frightened into resignation. Others,
among whom was Coxe of New Jersey, voluntarily threw up their commissions. And when,
on the first of November, the act went into operation, neither stamps nor stamp-officers could
be found. The obnoxious measure was in effect
nullified.
A change having meanwhile taken place in
the British ministry, the colonists were encouraged to maintain their bold and determined stand.
Besides, their agreement to import no more




1766.]     DISTINCTION OF PARTIES.       149
British goods until the Stamp Act should be repealed, began to be felt seriously by the trading
interest of England, which was thus led to favour their cause. The eloquence and zeal of
Pitt were also exerted in their behalf.  Finally,
with a show of liberality, but in reality as a
matter of expediency, the new ministry procured
the repeal of the odious act, in March, 1766.
But in order to soothe the irritation of its friends,
a bill was previously passed, asserting the power
and right of Parliament "c to bind the colonies in
all cases whatsoever." This, however, was disregarded by the colonists in the joy they experienced at their signal victory.
To the New Jersey assembly, which presently
met, Governor Franklin offered his congratulation on the repeal of the Stamp Act.  This
elicited a cutting reply. Franklin's strenuous
efforts to prevent that desirable event were not
forgotten. Still the assembly were willing to
be grateful to the king and to Parliament for
having relieved them from the burden of an
"c impolitic law."
While with the mass of the colonists satisfaction was the prominent feeling, there were not
wanting occasions for angry discussion in regard
to the respective rights of the crown and the
colonial assemblies.  Party lines began to be
strongly drawn; such as advocated the royal
prerogative being known as Tories, while the op13*




150      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1767.
ponents of parliamentary taxation received the
name of Whigs.
Among other causes for the discontent which
soon manifested itself was the enforcing of the
Quartering Act. Partially complied with in
Massachusetts, in New York it was wholly disregarded.  In New Jersey a full compliance
with, its provisions was refused by the house,
who declared that they considered it as much an
act for levying taxes as the one recently repealed.
Rockingham's ministry was speedily overturned. With the formation of the new cabinet the
aspect of colonial affairs became still more clouded. Charles Townsend, a man of brilliant talents, but with no fixed principle of action, occupied the post of chancellor of the exchequer.
Exasperated by the taunts of Grenville, he rashly
declared in the House of Commons that he dared
to tax America, and forthwith introduced a new
scheme for drawing a revenue from the colonies,
by a bill imposing custom-house taxation on
glass, paper, paints, and tea. With scarcely a
show of opposition, the. billwas carried through
Parliament, in June, 1767.
Justly viewing this measure as identical in
principle with the Stamp Act, the colonists at
once began to agitate against it; pouring in
upon the ministry a continuous stream of petitions and remonstrances, and by essays and legislative resolves expressing the deep conviction




1767.]  NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS.   151
that their liberties had been invaded. Though
couched in less fiery language than on the previous occasion, these documents were characterized by logical acumen, a clear sense of the rights
of the colonies, and a calm but fixed determination to resist'all and every attempt at parliamentary taxation.
", Freemen cannot be taxed but by themselves
or by their representatives," was the declaration
of the New Jersey house of assembly to the
king.  ", This privilege we esteem so invaluable
that we are fully persuaded no other can exist
without it.  Duties have lately been imposed
upon us for the sole and express purpose of
raising a revenue.  Yet, that we are represented
in Parliament we not only cannot allow, but are
convinced from our local circumstances we never
can be."
More effective steps were presently taken.
The former non-importation agreements were renewed. As the direct imports of New Jersey
were light, she could do little in the matter but
encourage her commercial neighbours. At one
time a few of the New York traders were induced to violate their voluntary pledges. Some
of these persons soon after visiting New Brunswick and Woodbridge to dispose of their goods,
the indignant populace fell upon them and drove
them with violence from their respective towns.
At other places public meetings were held, at




152       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1770.
which the recusants were held up to the scorn
of all true friends of liberty, and bitterly denounced as foul traitors to their country.
At length, as on the previous occasion, the
manufacturers and traders of England began to
suffer. In their troubles they pressed the repeal
of Townsend's obnoxious bill. As it had been,
almost impossible to enforce that act, nothing
scarcely in the shape of revenue had accrued
from it, while every day the indignation of the
colonists was growing in strength and storminess.
Consequently, and moved rather by their fears
than by a sense of justice, the ministry procured
the repeal of the Revenue Act, in April, 1770,
reserving, however, a trifling-duty on the single
article of tea.
Meanwhile local difficulties had sprung up in
New Jersey, which at length led to alarming
disturbances.  The appearance of extraordinary
prosperity occasioned by the late war, had been
followed by a period of great and general distress.  Bankruptcies and suits-at-law became
numerous. Debtors were unable to settle their
accounts, while the creditor bold enough to prosecute, together with his attorney, was subjected
to the ill-will of the debtor and his exasperated
friends.  Finally the lawyers became particularly obnoxious. Charging the whole legal fraternity with being a band of extortioners, the
people of Monmouth county, in January, 1770,




1770.]         POLITICAL CALM.           153
assembled at Freehold, where the court was then
holding its session, tumultuously entered the
court-house, drove the judges from their benches;
and thus put a stop to further judicial proceedings. An attempt at a similar design in Essex
county was frustrated by the vigilance of the
public officers, assisted by the well-disposed citizens.  To meet this crisis, a special meeting of
the assembly was called.  By the adoption of
judicious measures, quiet was at length restored,
though not until the passage of a law against
excessive costs in the recovery of debts under
fifty pounds.
For nearly four years after the partial abrogation of the Revenue Act, nothing of marked
historical importance occurred in New Jersey.
There, as in most of the other colonies, the period was one of political calm. But Parliament,
by retaining the duty on tea, seemed to have established by precedent the right to tax America. As it was the assertion of this right alone
that had provoked the resistance of the colonists,
the continuance of the tea-duty was a measure
as insulting as it was weak. Pecuniarily insignificant, it was momentous in a political point
of view.  Yet, for a time, the colonists were
content with a mere modification of their nonimportation agreements so as to include tea
only. By this means the tax on tea, as an as



154      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1770.
sertion of parliamentary right, was rendered
almost unavailing.
Parliament at length determined upon a new
attempt to draw a revenue from America by
means of the reserved duty on tea. The colonists having steadily refused to import, seventeen
millions of pounds of the obnoxious commodity
had collected in the East India Company's warehouses. To force a large quantity of this into
the provinces might at once relieve the company
from its embarrassment, and bring about the
ministerial ends.  Removing the export duty,
and relieving the company of &rtain existing
restraints, arrangements were made for shipping
several cargoes of tea to the chief ports of America, where it was expected it would be received
willingly, and readily purchased, now that the
duty was only a nominal one.
But the colonists were vigilant. From New
Hampshire to Georgia the cry of imperilled freedom was again heard. Immediate steps were
taken to avert the danger that so insidiously
presented itself. In some places the tea was
permitted to be landed and stored, but not to be
sold. At Boston, when the tea-ships arrived,
they were boarded by a party disguised as Indians, and their cargoes cast into the sea. As
the vessels were approaching New York and
Philadelphia, they were stopped and compelled
to return home. At Annapolis, the owner was




1774.] SYMPATHY WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 155
forced to set fire to the vessel containing the
tea. The cargo of a ship landed and stored at
Greenwich, New Jersey, late in 1774, was seized
upon by the populace, and publicly burned to
ashes.
This bold overthrow of their plans goaded the
ministry wellnigh to fury. Upon Massachusetts
fell the heaviest stroke of their indignation.
Stringent acts were hurried through Parliament,
directed especially against the people of that
province. Among others, bills to shut the port
of Boston, and to subvert, in effect, the charter
of the colony.  The tidings speedily reached
America.  Sympathizing with Massachusetts,
the colonies at once rose in her behalf.  With
their commerce annihilated by the Port Bill, the
people of Boston soon stood in need of assistance. Contributions flowed into them from all
parts of the country, and from no province more
freely than from New Jersey. Forwarding their
first "rpresent," the inhabitants of Monmouth
exhorted their Boston brethren cc not to give up,
and if they should want a further supply of
bread to let them know."  The people of Elizabethtown were equally liberal, and from Salem
one handred and fifty pounds were sent to "c the
distressed and suffering poor of Boston."
Matters were now approaching a crisis. Thoroughly aroused by the recent action of the ministry and of Parliament, the colonists prepared




156     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.       [1775
for active and determined resistance. A national Congress was recommended, to be composed
of delegates from the several provinces. This
recommendation met a hearty response from'all
sides.  On the fifth of September, 1774, delegates from twelve colonies convened at Philadelphia, and, after a long and anxious session, adopted a petition to the king, a declaration of rights,
a memorial to the people of England, and an
address to the inhabitants of Canada.
The proceedings of this Congress were laid
before the New Jersey assembly, on the 24th of
January, 1775. Notwithstanding the strenuous
endeavours of Governor Franklin to prevent it,
the house approved of the report unanimously,
save that the Quaker members excepted to such
portions as seemed to look toward forcible resisrtance.
From this period the aspect of affairs continued
to grow more and more troubled; and at length
by the battle of Lexington, on the 19th of April,
the War of Independence was fairly opened.
Little hope was now left of a peaceful adjustment of the difficulties existing between the colonies and the mother country.




1775.]   ACTIVITY OF THE PROVINCIALS.   157
CHAPTER XIII.
Affair of Lexington-Military activity of the proviricials-Proceedings of Congress-Ticonderoga surprised by Ethan Allen
-Lord North's conciliatory plan rejected by New JerseyOrganization of the militia-Battle of Bunker Hill-Evacuation of Boston by the British-Declaration of Independence
— State of New Jersey formed-Livingston elected governor
-New York menaced by Howe-Activity of Washington
-Battle of Long Island-NewYork evacuated by the Americans-Capture of Fort Washington by the British-Retreat of Washington across the Jerseys-Condition of his
troops-Meeting of the first state legislature-The American army crosses the Delaware-Capture of General LeeSurprise of the Hessians at Trenton.
THE affair at Lexington'kindled a spirit of resolute resistance throughout the country. In
New England especially, extraordinary zeal was
displayed by the provincials. Within two days
after the fight an irregular volunteer force of
twenty thousand men had beleaguered Boston.
In the middle and southern colonies a spirit
scarcely less active and prompt was displayed,
and every thing betokened that an earnest and
determined struggle was at hand.
To the Continental Congress, which met in
May, public attention was anxiously directed.
Declaring that hostilities were already begun by
Great Britain, they prepared to put the colonies
14




158      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1775.
in a posture of defence. As no general idea
was yet entertained of independence, a firm but
respectful petition to the king was resolved upon,
while memorials were addressed to the people of
England, Ireland, and Quebec; in which, boldly
stating the rights of the colonies, Congress
spiritedly vindicated its former course and its
present designs.
While the National Congress was thus engaged,
a party of provincials, led by Ethan Allen and
Seth Warner, had captured the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Artillery, and a
large amount of ammunition and military
stores thus fell into the hands of the needy
colonists.
Five days afterward, on the 15th of May, the
New Jersey assembly, at the call of Franklin,
convened to consider the specious but unconcessive "c conciliatory plan" of Lord North. Though
recommended earnestly by the governor in an
elaborate address, the house firmly and solemnly
declined assenting to the proposition. Findingthem immovable, Franklin ordered an adjournment. Subsequently a few days, a Provincial
Congress convened at Trenton, and agreed upon
an association for the defence of colonial rights
against the aggression of the British ministry.
Declining to authorize a levy of regular troops
until some general plan should be formed, they
adopted measures for organizing the militia, and




1775.]      REGULARS ENLISTED.        159
ordered the issue of ten thousand pounds in bills
of credit, to defray expenses.
At length the battle of Bunker Hill, on the
17th of June, wellnigh brought all hope of reconciliation to an end. In the mean time, the
National Congress had made arrangements for a
continental army, at the head of which was
George Washington of Virginia. Washington
presently took command of the provincials investing Boston. While he was busied in organizing these brave but untrained troops, Congress
engaged itself in providing for their support,
pay, and government.
On the fifth of August the Provincial Congress
of New Jersey again met, and made further provision for organizing the militia, to command
which they appointed Philemon Dickinson and
William Livingston, both persons already celebrated for their patriotism. Having chosen a
provincial treasurer and a committee of safety,
the congress adjourned. Meeting again on the
third of October, they ordered the enlistment of
two regiments of regulars, the command of one
of which was given to William Maxwell, and of
the other to William Alexander, commonly called
Lord Stirling.  Thirty thousand pounds were
issued in provincial bills, to defray the expenses
thus incurred.
Meanwhile Franklin had been active in his
opposition. Convening the general assembly on




160      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1776.
the sixteenth of November, he complained to
the members that cc sentiments of independence
had been openly avowed, and that essays had
appeared, ridiculing the people's fears of that
horrid measure." In reply, the house declared
that they knew "cof no sentiments of independency openly avowed," and that they " approved
of no essays tending to such a measure." They
remained in session, transacting their ordinary
business, until the 6th of December, when they
were prorogued for a brief period.  But they
never again met.
To meet a requisition for additional troops,
the Provincial Congress assembled at New
Brunswick, on the 31st of January, 1776. An
attack upon the colonies through Canada having
been planned by England, the Continental Congress determined to thwart it by a countermovement. In this exigency, New Jersey ordered the enlistment of another regiment, and made
a further appropriation of twenty thousand
pounds.
Meanwhile Washington had maintained a close
investment of the British in Boston.  Wearied
out at length, they evacuated the city in March,
when the triumphant provincials took immediate
and joyful possession.
For nearly a year the colonists had been in
arms against the mother country.  Entire independence, however, had not as yet been asserted.




1776.] LIVINGSTON ELECTED GOVERNOR. 161
But on the seventh of June, it was at length
moved in the National Congress, ", that the United
Colonies are, and ought to be, free and indepedent states; and that their political connection with Great Britain is, and ought to be, dissolved." The resolution passed by a small majority.  The delegates from  New Jersey had
been expressly instructed against it. Presently,
however, a new set was chosen, with directions
to cast their suffrages for independence., On
the fourth of July following, a formal declaration
to that effect was adopted by the Continental
Congress, and signed by most of the members
present.
Already the Congress of New Jersey had prepared and adopted a new and independent constitution; and, having presently agreed to the
national declaration, they assumed the style and
title of the ",Convention of the State of New
Jersey."  On the 31st of August following,
William Livingston, commander-in-chief of the
militia, was elected the first governor of the
state — Franklin, the old colonial- executive,
having been made prisoner some time previously
for corresponding with the enemy. Removed to
Connecticut, Franklin was there kept in close
confinement until the end of the war, when he
sailed, a voluntary exile from the country of his
birth, to England.
Meanwhile the arms of the provincials had
14*




162      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1776;
met with a series of disasters. The campaign
against Canada, which opened with the most
brilliant prospect of success, had terminated in
the precipitate retreat of the American forces
to Crown Point, and subsequently to Ticonderoga.
Early in July, General Howe, with the late
garrison of Boston, and other troops from Halifax, landed on Staten Island, from which he
threatened an attack on the city of New York.
Calling upon New York and New Jersey for
troops, Washington immediately hastened to defend the beleaguered city. In a month's time, by
dint of extraordinary exertions, he was enabled
to swell his army to about twenty thousand
sickly, ill-equipped, and half-trained soldiers.
His opponent, meanwhile, had received numerous
reinforcements, raising his force to nearly twenty-four thousand of the best troops in the British
service.
At length Howe began to move. Advancing
cautiously by the way of Long Island, he succeeded, after subjecting the Americans to a disastrous defeat, in encamping in front of their
lines at Brooklyn, on the night of the 27th of
August. Washington presently retreated across
the East River. Howe followed on the 13th of
September, and landed three miles above New
York, putting to dastardly flight the provincials
stationed to oppose him. The city was imme



1776.]     RETREAT OF THE ARMY.         163
diately abandoned by the Americans, and the
British took possession.
Washington intrenched himself on Harlem
Heights. After a series of cautious movements
on the part of both generals, Howe seemed to
threaten New Jersey, when the main body
of the Continental, army -crossed to the west
bank of the HIudson, under the immediate
direction of Washington himself.  On the 16th
of November, Fort Washington, with its numerous garrison and immense stores, fell into the
enemy's hands. Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore
of the Hudson, was hastily evacuated by the
Americans. Washington, whose army was now
reduced to four thousand men, took ground on
a level plain between the Hackensack and
Passaic, but a superior British farce under
Cornwallis advancing against him, he was compelled to commence a rapid retreat across the
Jerseys.
This retreat was accompanied by almost every
circumstance that could harass and depress the
spirits. The severity of winter had already set
in. Depressed by a succession of disasters, the
little army of Americans moved wearily on, illy
clad, without tents, and with scarcely a blanket
to protect them from the rigor of the season.
Pressing them closely was the force of Cornwallis, flushed with previous good fortune, wanting
none of the necessaries of camp, and dazzling




164      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1776.
by the brilliancy of their equipments. It is
scarcely to be wondered, then, that the militia
of New Jersey, upon contrasting the different
appearance of the two armies, exhibited a reluctance to take the field, though every exertion
was made by their new and popular governor to
induce them to rally in defence of their country
and its liberties.
The first legislature under the lately-formed
constitution was still in session at Princeton,
when the flying Americans made their appearance. They immediately broke up, to assemble
again at Burlington; but the tide of war advancing upon them there, they retired to Pittstown,
and finally to Haddonfield, where they presently
dissolved.
Washington having reached Trenton, was there
reinforced by fifteen hundred Philadelphians.
Finding Cornwallis pause at Brunswick, he detached twelve hundred men to Princeton, in the
hope of checking the British advance.  But
the English general pressed on with a superior
force, and no alternative was left but to fight or
to cross the Delaware. An engagement was not
to be thought of; the latter course was accordingly adopted.  As the American rear-guard
pushed from the Jersey shore, the van of the
British came in sight. Washington having taken
the precaution to secure all the boats on the
Delaware, Cornwallis was unable to pursue the




1776.]        CAPTURE OF LEE.          165
retreating Americans; upon which he determined to close the campaign, and go into winter
quarters, occupying various points above and
below Trenton.  Washington rested on the
western bank of the river, keeping a vigilant
watch over the fords by which the enemy might
be expected to cross.
The American general was in the mean time
strenuously endeavouring to augment his force.
During his hasty and anxious retreat, he had
repeatedly ordered Lee to pass the Hudson
and unite with the main army; but apparently
anxious to retain his separate command, that
ambitious officer had tardily obeyed. Opposing the judgment of Washington, he proposed
to take stand at Morristown. Ordered again
to march, he moved reluctantly toward the
Delaware, by a road some twenty miles west
of that pursued by the British. Having indiscreetly quartered at a distance from his
troops, information was given by a countryman
to Colonel Harcourt, who, with a body of British
cavalry, formed and executed the design of
making him prisoner. Unaware of the enemy's
approach, and protected by but a slight guard,
Lee was easily captured.  Lee's services had
been estimated highly, and the misfortune of his
capture cast a deeper shade upon the despondency of the Americans.
The cause of American independence seemed




166      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1T76.
now to be utterly hopeless. The little army
under Washington could with difficulty be held
together. But the American general was watchful of every opportunity. In the dispersed situation of the British troops, he quickly perceived
an exposure to successful attack, and formed
a plan to assail, simultaneously, the posts along
the Delaware. About fifteen hundred Hessians
were stationed at Trenton. The capture or destruction of these was the chief object of the
American commander's daring  design.  The
night of the twenty-fifth of December was fixed
upon for the movement. Washington proposed
to recross the Delaware about nine miles above
Trenton, with two thousand five hundred troops,
and march down in two divisions, one by the
river, and the other by the Pennington road.
General Irvine was to cross at the Trenton
ferry and secure the bridge below the town,
while General Cadwallader was to pass at Dunk's
Ferry, and surprise the enemy's posts at Mount
Holly.
The night of the twenty-fifth of December
was cold in the extreme. The river was filled with floating ice; and snow, rain, and hail
were falling heavily.  It was nearly three
o'clock before Washington reached the Jersey
shore. The two columns took up their respective lines of march, and at about eight o'clock
in the morning, drove in the outposts of the




1776.]    TRIUMPH AT TRENTON.           167
surprised  and startled  enemy.  Rallied by
their commander, they made a brief but ineffectual resistance.  So vigorously did both
American divisions press forward, that the Hessians could only look around for the safest road
to retreat. The light-horse and a portion of
the infantry succeeded in escaping by the
Bordentown road. The main body fled along
the road to Princeton, but were checked by a
regiment of Pennsylvania riflemen. Their six
field-pieces had been captured early in the
action, and now, surrounded and dispirited by
the sudden attack, one thousand Hessians laid
down their arms and became prisoners of war.
In securing this brilliant and unexpected triumph, the Americans had lost but two privates
killed, two frozen to death, and one officer
and three or four privates wounded. Of the
enemy, about twenty were left dead upon the
field, among these was Colonel Rawle, their
commander.
But the plan of Washington was not wholly
successful.  Generals Irvine and Cadwallader
were unable to cross the river in consequence
of the quantity of ice.  Thus the road to
Bordentown was left open, and the post at
Mount Holly escaped attack. Nevertheless, the
success of Washington was of itself sufficient to
cheer the hearts of the Americans. Its material results were considerable, but its moral




168         HISTORY  OF NEW  JERSEY.              [1777.
effect, both upon the British and the colonists,
was  astonishing.   The  British were  suddenly
shown that their task was not so nearly completed, as they had imagined, while the Americans
were as quickly raised from the gloom of despondency to the light of a glorious hope.
CHAPTER XIV.
Washington  takes post at Trenton-Cornwallis advances
against him-Perilous situation of the American commander
-His daring scheme to escape-Attacks and defeats the
enemy at Princeton-Subsequent movements of the contending armies-Washington goes into winter quarters at
Morristown-Inspiriting effect of the late victories-Outrages committed by the enemy-New Jersey militia take the
field-Skirmishes near Springfield and Hillsborough-Washington's proclamation to the disaffected inhabitants-Exceptions taken to it-Legislature-convenes-Difficulties in
framing a new militia law-Non-resistance principles respected-Dissatisfactipn of Livingston —" Council of Safety"
appointed-Its extraordinary powers-Bill to confiscate the
estates of Tories —Its favourable conditions-Plundering expeditions of the Tories from New York.
RECROSSING the Delaware, Washington sent
his prisoners to Philadelphia. Startled by the
sudden and unexpected stroke they had received,
the British broke up their cantonments along
the river, and fell back to Princeton, where a
large army was soon concentrated under the




1777.]       PERILOUS POSITION.         169
command of Cornwallis. Informed of this movement, Washington once more crossed the Delaware to Trenton, with the determination of endeavouring to recover the Jerseys. Here he was
joined by General Mifflin, with a considerable
reinforcement of Pennsylvania volunteers; but
even with this addition his army did not number
more than five thousand men, of whom one-half
had never before been in the field. What was
still more disheartening, in that number were
the New England regiments, whose term of service was in a few days to expire. By the persuasions of their officers, however, and the promise of bounty, they were induced to re-engage
for a further period of six weeks.
Scarcely was this difficulty surmounted, when
Cornwallis, on the second of January, 1777, with
a force fully equal to Washington's in point of
numbers, and far superior to it in discipline,
made a sudden advance- toward the American
lines. As he approached, Washington withdrew
across the Assunpink, a small stream flowing
into the Delaware at Trenton. The different
passages being vigilantly guarded by his artillery, the British were unable to follow; and after
a brisk cannonade, which lasted until dark, the
belligerents kindled their fires and encamped.
The American commander was now in a perilous position, from which nothing but a masterly
and decisive movement could deliver him. To
15




170      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1777.
retreat across the Delaware was scarcely possible, and to maintain his present ground would be
to hazard the safety of his little army. He
summoned a council of war. After some deliberation a daring scheme was planned to gain the
enemy's rear, attack their forces still lingering
at Trenton, and then destroy their baggage and
stores at Brunswick.
Silently sending his own baggage down the
river to Burlington, Washington hastened to put
his plan into execution. To deceive the enemy
as to his movement, fresh fuel was added to the
camp-fires, and small parties were ordered to
throw up intrenchments within hearing of their
sentinels. These arrangements being completed,
about midnight the army moved off by a circuitous route to Princeton. So noiselessly was the
manceuvre executed that the enemy received no
intimation of it until daybreak; while some of
the American militia officers, having withdrawn
to the rear to obtain an undisturbed sleep, were,
on the following morning, totally ignorant of
what had become of their comrades.
At Princeton three British regiments had passed the night. Two of these were already on
their march toward Trenton, when in the gray
of the morning they encountered the American
vanguard, composed of militia under the command of General Mercer. A sharp action ensued. The militia soon gave way, and while




1777.]    SKIRMISH AT PRINCETON.        171
gallantly endeavouring to rally them, Mercer received a mortal wound. The check, however,
was but momentary. Moving up rapidly with
the main body, Washington, exposing himself to
the full fire of the enemy, headed a fresh and
overwhelming charge. The British were in turn
driven back, and the two marching regiments separated. The one in advance managed to regain
the road to Trenton, and thus escaped; the other
fled hurriedly across the fields to Brunswick.
Abandoning the pursuit, Washington pushed on
to Princeton, where the third regiment had taken
post in the college. At first they made some
slight resistance, but the American artillery
having been brought up, all further struggle was
vain, and they yielded. A few, however, escaped
by a precipitate flight to Brunswick.
The loss of the provincials in this spirited
action was about one hundred men, including
several gallant officers.  One hundred of the
enemy were slain, a large number wounded, and
upward of three hundred made prisoners.
Scarcely was- victory achieved when Washington again found his situation one of extreme
peril. His troops were exhausted by their nightmarch and the fatigues of battle. With the
frozen sky of winter above them, many were
barefooted, others destitute of blankets, and all
thinly or imperfectly clad. Wholly unable to
fight, retreat was barely possible. Yet Corn



172       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
wallis was close upon them, with an army in
every way superior. Hearing the roar of cannon at Princeton, he had immediately fathomed the intentions of the American chief. Anxiety
for the safety of his baggage at once drew his
attention to Brunswick. Breaking up his camp
at Trenton, he pushed forward so rapidly that
Washington but narrowly escaped his vigorous
onset. Wisely abandoning his contemplated attack on Brunswick, the latter sought a less exposed situation, where his soldiers would be enabled to find shelter and repose. The hilly
country around Morristown offered many strong
positions; and, besides, a considerable force of
regulars and militia was there concentrated.
Accordingly Washington directed his march to
that place. Hastily constructing a number of
rude huts, he there encamped for the winter,
with the main body of the army; Putnam resting with the right wing on Princeton, while
Ieath, in command of the left, took post in the
fastnesses of the  highlands.  A  continuous
chain of cantonments kept open the communication between these three points. Meanwhile
Cornwallis went into winter quarters at Brunswick.
The triumphs at Trenton and Princeton following one another so closely, and gained by an
army that just before had seemed upon the point
of breaking up, gave the highest confidence to




1777.]  RAVAGES OF BRITISH TROOPS.    173
the American people, not only in the abilities of
their commander, but also that their cause would
be eventually successful. Nor was this feeling
confined to the colonies. On the continent of
Europe, Washington's masterly prudence received
the highest commendation.
At home the hopes created as to the favourable issue of the war were such as to wonderfully revive the recruiting service, which had
been previously attended with but unimportant
success. Though the regiments called for were
not filled up, still the organization of a new
army proceeded with the fairest prospects.
But it was in New Jersey that public feeling
had undergone the greatest and most favourable
change, which, however, cannot be wholly attributed to the successes of Washington. Many
of the people, doubtful or lukewarm as to the
ultimate triumph of the patriots, had either remained at home, or accepted British protection.
Yet neither their neutrality nor their protecticn
had saved them from the ravages and plunder
of the enemy, during their various marches
through the state. Churches and other public
buildings, as well as private residences, with all
their furniture, were destroyed in the most
wanton manner. Neither old age nor the weakness of womanhood protected from outrage.
Children and infants, and gray-haired men and
matrons, were stripped of their clothing, and
15*




174      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
left to shiver in the cold of winter; while the
violation of females, even of a tender age, added
the last drop that caused the cup of their bitterness to overflow.
At once the country rose upon the invaders.
The wanton outrages of the royal army effected
that which the eloquence of Livingston, united
with the entreaties of Washington, had all along
been incapable of producing.  The militia of
New Jersey were aroused to shake off this apathy;
and from this period until the close of the anxious and weary struggle, no body of men acquired a mnore favourable reputation, or conducted themselves with a greater degree of disciplined
activity and spirit. Eagerly joining the parties
sent out by Washington, or acting independently
under their own leaders, they performed valuable service in harassing the British outposts,
and in breaking up the numerous bands of
Tories that infested many portions of the state.
A few days subsequent to the fight at Princeton, Colonel Spencer, with some forty or fifty
of the militia, surprised an equal number of
Hessians near Springfield, and killed or captured
the whole party. For his gallantry on this occasion, Spencer was rewarded with the command
of a regular regiment.
About a fortnight afterward, General Dickinson received information that some four hundred
of the enemy were foraging in the neighbour



1777.]  ROUT OF A FORAGING PARTY.    175
hood of Hillsborough.  Collecting four hundred
of the militia, to which were joined fifty Pennsylvania riflemen, Dickinson hastened to cut
the party off. They had just crossed the Millstone River, a stream uniting with the Raritan
three miles below Hillsborough, when the Americans came up. The river was waist deep, and
running rapidly; but the militia, heedless of
the rushing waters, dashed forward with impetuous daring. Without unlimbering their cannon,
of which they had three, the enemy fled precipitately. So rapid was their flight, indeed,
that. the Americans could make but few prisoners. Forty wagons, however, more than a hundred horses, and a numerous drove of cattle
and sheep remained in their hands as the fruit
of victory. The loss of the enemy could not be
definitely ascertained, but they carried off many
dead and wounded in their light wagons. That
of the militia was trifling.
These brilliant though, perhaps, not very important affairs, served to indicate the existence
of a sturdier patriotism than the people of New
Jersey  had  hitherto  displayed.  But, while
gratified with such evidences of public spirit,
Washington was pained to be compelled to issue
a stern decree against "c the infamous practice,"
common to both militia and regulars, "rof plundering the inhabitants under the pretence of their
being Tories."




176       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1776.
Another proclamation, as humane as it was
politic, was, on the 25th of January, addressed to those who had submitted to the British,
or accepted their protection, requiring them, as
the condition of a full pardon, to repair to the
nearest general officer, surrender their protection papers, and swear allegiance to the United
States. They were, at the same time, discharged from any obligations they might owe to the
king.
Claiming that allegiance was due to the state,
and not to the confederacy, one of the New
Jersey congressmen objected to this proclamation on the ground that it infringed upon
state rights. But Congress approved of it, and
the legislature of the state presently passed an
act framed in a similar spirit. Its results were
speedy and cheering; people flocking in from
all parts to submit to the authority of the confederacy, and to engage in behalf of that great
cause which had called it into existence.
Shortly after Washington had issued the proclamation alluded to, the assembly of New Jersey was again convened.
The first subject that pressed their attention
was the passage of a new law to regulate the
militia. Washington, through Governor Livingston, had repeatedly urged that ", every man
capable of bearing arms, should be obliged to
turn out, and not be permitted to buy off his




1776.]      COUNCIL OF SAFETY.          177
services for a trifling sum," as was the case
under the law then in operation. ccWe want
men," said he,,not money."  But the Quakers
of West Jersey were numerous, and non-resistance was one of their most cherished doctrines.
Believing that it would be useless, impolitic, and
highly oppressive to attempt to force this class
of persons to participate in measures directly at
variance with the prime points of their religious
creed, the assembly, in framing the new militia
law, which they presently enacted, would modify
this portion of it in no other way than by increasing the sum that was required to purchase
exemption from military duty.
Prudent as the course of the assembly will
now be regarded, the patriotic Livingston could
not view it in a satisfactory light. But the
keenness of his disappointment was afterward
mitigated in some degree, by the ready concurrence of both houses in his plan for a cc Council
of Safety," to consist of the governor and twelve
of the representatives, with extraordinary powers, to act during the recess of the legislature.
This council was authorized to correspond with
Congress and with other states, to perform the
duties of justices of peace, to apprehend and
imprison disaffected persons, and to call out such
portions of the militia as they might deem necessary to execute the laws.
Likewise, on the recommendation of Livings



178       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY. -  [1776.
ton, another bill was presently passed, authorizing the confiscation of the personal estates of
all those who still adhered to the British interest;
yet allowing such persons a period of grace, in
which, upon renewing their allegiance to the
state, they might return and take possession of
their property.
Many took advantage of this condition, and
were restored to all their former rights and privileges; others, however, assembling in and
around New York, endeavoured to make up for
the loss of their estates by the fitting out of
privateers, and by plundering expeditions into
their old neighbourhoods. Nor did they stop
with these. Deeply incensed against the more
prominent patriots, they seized every opportunity
to work them injury; and, aided by secret friends,
they were enabled to kidnap several of them, and
carry them off to the prisons of New York. Retaliation, of course, followed, with all the fierceness of a civil and partisan contest.




1777.]        OPENING  OF CAMPAIGN.               179
CHAPTER XV.
Opening of the campaign of 1777-American stores at Peekskill destroyed-Skirmish at Boundbrook-Washington takes
a strong position at Middlebrook-Howe's feint to draw him
from his camp-Its ill success-Howe retreats to AmboyWashington advances to Quibbletown-Howe returns to
attack him-Is again foiled-Retires to Staten Island, and
embarks for the southward-Perplexity of Washington in
regard to his movements-Loyalists on Staten Island become troublesome-Sullivan's attempt against them-Howe
lands at the head of Chesapeake Bay-Battle of Brandywine-Wayne surprised at Paoli-Howe enters Philadelphia
-Clinton ravages East Jersey —Battle of GermantownAmerican successes at the north-Movements on the Delaware-American works at Byllinsport captured-Defences
near the mouth of the Schuylkill-Donop assaults Red
Bank and is repulsed-Re-election of Livingston-Dickinson's attempt against the Staten Island Tories-Fort Mifflin
evacuated and Red Bank abandoned-British in full possession of the Delaware-Skirmish near Gloucester PointWashington goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge.
WASHINGTON had rested at Morristown nearly
three months before the British began to give
indications of activity. At length Howe opened the campaign in March, by sending a detachment of five hundred men to Peekskill, on the
Hudson, where they succeeded in destroying a
quantity of stores which the Americans had collected at that point.
At Boundbrook, in the neighbourhood of




180     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
Brunswick, a considerable American force had
been posted to guard the upper valley of the
Raritan. With the design of capturing this detachment, Cornwallis, on the 13th of April, suddenly issued from his camp at Brunswick, vWith a
large body of troops. The American guard not
being sufficiently watchful, narrowly escaped a
complete surprise. As it was, they lost twenty
men, two pieces of artillery, and a small amount
of baggage, before they could gain a safe
position.
Washington was soon convinced that Burgoyne,
who now commanded the British army in Canada, would attempt to force his way, by Lake
Champlain and the Hudson, to New York. It
was equally clear to him that Howe would endeavour either to push up the North River or to
capture Philadelphia. He therefore determined
to make such a disposition of his forces that, by
the different divisions being enabled to reciprocally aid each other, any one of these expected
movements might be counteracted. While St.
Clair, with three thousand men, was left at Ticonderoga, and Putnam, at the head of the eastern levies, in the highlands, the commander-inchief, with the main body of the army, scarcely
eight thousand strong, shifted his camp to Middlebrook, behind a range of commanding hills,
about twelve miles from Princeton. His new
position was one of great strength. From the




1777.]       FEINT OF HOWE.           181
heights in front a full view could be,obtained of
the country between Amboy and Brunswick, and
he was thus enabled to observe all the important
movements of the enemy in that quarter. A
body of continentals and New Jersey militia,
under General Sullivan, was stationed at Princeton. Arnold, in command at Philadelphia, was
employed with Mifflin in preparing for its defence.
Hoping to draw Washington into a general
engagemnent on ground more advantageous for
himself, Lord Howe, on the 13th of June, marched out of Brunswick with a powerful army, apparently intending to force his way to Philadelphia. Calling to his aid most of the troops
under Putnam, and ordering Sullivan to retire
from Princeton to the more elevated and securer
grounds of Rocky Hill, the American general
drew up his army in order of battle on the
heights fronting his camp, and kept a close watch
upon the movements of the enemy. Meanwhile
the militia had turned out in force, and with an
alacrity they had not hitherto displayed.
Finding his feint insufficient to draw Washington from the impregnable position he occupied,
and constantly harassed by small parties of the
militia, Howe retreated with some precipitation to
Amboy, whence he began to pass his troops over
to Staten Island, front which, in accordance
16




182     HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.      [1777.
with his original design, he made preparations to
proceed by sea to Philadelphia.
To cover the light parties that had been detached to annoy the retreat of Howe, Washington moved with the main body of the army to
Quibbletown; the van, under Stirling, having
descended to the low grounds, yet a few miles
nearer to the British.' Howe immediately prepared to execute a skilful manoeuvre to bring on
a general engagement, in which, as the Americans were now situated, he was fully confident of
obtaining a triumph.
Recalling the troops on Staten Island, he
wheeled suddenly around, and made a rapid
movement, in two columns, toward the heights
and passes on the American left, which he thus
aoped to turn. Happily Washington received
early intelligence of the British advance. Penetrating immediately the design of Howe, he fell
rapidly back to his cherished position at Middlebrook. During this retrograde movement, Stirling encountered the right column of the enemy
under Cornwallis. A spirited skirmish ensued,
which resulted in the retreat of the Americans,
with the loss of a few men and three fieldpieces.
Baffled in his main design, and not choosing
to attack Washington's present position, Howe
withdrew to Amboy, and thence to Staten Island.
Amboy, being thus abandoned, was immediately




1777.]   INCURSIONS OF LOYALISTS.    183
occupied by a division of the American army.
On the 30th of June, leaving five thousand
troops to hold New York, the British general
embarked with sixteen thousand men for Philadelphia.
Under the impression that Howe intended to
push up the Hudson and co-operate with Burgoyne, who was already in the neighbourhood
of Ticonderoga, Washington marched leisurely
toward the highlands; but the British fleet presently appearing off the capes of the Delaware,
he retraced his steps through New Jersey and
took post in the vicinity of Philadelphia.
Howe disappeared almost as soon as he was
observed, nor was the fleet seen again until a
month had nearly elapsed.  Perplexed and
anxious as to the final destination of the enemy,
Washington remained at Philadelphia, industriously preparing for its defence.
Meanwhile the British troops left on Staten
Island had rendered themselves highly obnoxious.
About one thousand, or a third of their number,
consisted of several loyalist or Tory regiments,
which were stationed at various points on the
coast nearest the Jersey shore. Thus posted,
they made frequent incursions against the people of New Jersey, whom they plundered without the least scruple; and, at length, in one of
these marauding expeditions they carried off twelve
of the most prominent patriots in that section




184       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
of the state. A counter expedition, to capture
the loyalist regiments, was immediately planned
by Sullivan, who yet remained in New Jersey
with his division.
With picked men from his own command, and
a few Jersey militia under Colonel Frelinghuysen, numbering in all about one thousand, Sullivan embarked for Staten Island, during the
night of the twenty-first of August, and by
dawn of the next day had succeeded in landing
unperceived by the enemy. Two loyalist regiments were surprised, and many prisoners made;
but the alarm had been given, avd a body of
British regulars was hastening from  another
part of the island to intercept Sullivan's retreat. In this' they were partially successful.
The American general had sent off his prisoners
in a captured vessel. Discovering British uniforms on the deck of this vessel, some of Sullivan's boats took the alarm and fled. His reembarkation was thus retarded so long that the
rear-guard was attacked by the enemy, and,
after an obstinate conflict, compelled to surrender.
The total loss of the Altericans in this affair
was one hundred and sixty-two. That of the
British in killed and wounded could not be obtained, but the number of prisoners brought off
by Sullivan amounted to one hundred and fortyone, including eleven officers.




1777.]   BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE.         185
Sullivan had scarcely regained his camp when
he received orders to join the main army.
Having landed at the head of Chesapeake Bay,
Howe was now marching rapidly toward Philadelphia. Advancing to Wilmington, Washington summoned the militia to his aid; but with
all the reinforcements he received, the enemy
was still superior, even in numbers.
At length, on the 11th of September, having
retired behind the Brandywine, the American
general there awaited the British army, sixteen
thousand strong. His own effective force was
but little more than eleven thousand men, many
of whom were militia. In the battle that presently ensued, the Americans unfortunately met
with defeat. Nine days afterward Wayne was
surprised at Paoli; and on the twenty-sixth of
September, Lord Cornwallis, at the head of the
British and Hessian grenadiers, entered Philadelphia in triumph.
Meanwhile, retaliating Sullivan's attack on
Staten Island, Sir Henry Clinton sallied out of
New York with three thousand troops, and overran
a considerable portion of the eastern section of
New Jersey. Finding that the militia were as
sembling, and threatened by a detachment of
continentals, he at length returned to New York,
having caused much annoyance and alarm, and
plundered the inhabitants of their most valuable
16*




186      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1777.
live stock, with a loss of but eight men killed
and sixteen wounded.
After the fall of -Philadelphia, Washington
encamped near the Schuylkill, about fourteen
miles from, Germantown, where the bulk of the
British army was stationed. Here he awaited
reinforcements. Dickinson and Livingston were
busily engaged in arousing the New Jersey militia. Having by his untiring exertions collected
a force of nine hundred men, Dickinson was
about to join the main army when he received
intelligence of another threatened invasion from
New York. Proceeding himself, with three hundred men, toward Elizabethtown, he directed the
remainder, under General Forman, to cross the
Delaware, and join Washington's camp.
Having received this and other additions to
his force, Washington planned an attack on the
British at Germantown. An attempt to execute
this plan on the morning of the fourth of October,
though begun with the brightest prospects of
success, terminated in the most disastrous failure,
with a loss on the part of the Americans of more
than a thousand men.
As if to dispel the gloom occasioned by the
defeat of Washington at Germantown, the most
cheering intelligence presently arrived from the
northern army.
Following up the capture of Ticonderoga,
Burgoyne had moved on, gaining triumph after




1777.]   SUCCESSES AT THE NORTH.        187
triumph.  Stark's success over Baum  at Bennington, was the turning point in his career of
victory. Its effect in reviving the drooping spirits
of the Americans was truly magical. Rallying under the standard of Gates, they closed in
from all sides upon the unfortunate Burgoyne.
After the two battles of Behmus's Heights-the
first resulting doubtfully, but the second in a decided American triumph-the British general
endeavoured to effect his retreat to Fort Edward.
His communications with that place being cut
off, his provisions and supplies intercepted,
and his fast-thinning army effectually hemmed
in by a superior force, Burgoyne was compelled
to surrender his whole army to Gates, on the 17th
of October.
Meanwhile, after the battle of Germantown,
Washington had retired to his old encampment
on the Skippack. Though Philadelphia was lost,
the Americans were yet in possession of the
river below. They had fortified it with great
pains. Howe's fleet was already in the lower
Delaware, but safe communication with it from
Philadelphia was next to an impossibility.  The
attention of both commanders was therefore
almost wholly bestowed upon the Delaware; that
of Howe to remove, and of Washington to
maintain intact, the obstructions to its navigation.
The fleet having at length, with great difficulty,




188      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
reached Byllingsport, twelve miles below Camden,
and captured the unfinished American works at
that point, Howe concentrated his forces in the
immediate neighbourhood of Philadelphia, preparatory to a vigorous assault on the remaining
defences of the Delaware.
On a low island of mud and sand, just below
the mouth of the Schuylkill, stood Fort Mifflin,
held by Colonel Smith of the Maryland line.
Opposite, on the Jersey shore, were the fortifications of Red Bank, consisting of extensive outer
works, within which was a boarded intrenchment,
eight or nine feet high, protected by an abattis,
and well provided with heavy artillery. Two
Rhode Island regiments, under Greene, composed the garrison. In the channel between the
two forts, large timbers, chained firmly together,
and with iron-pointed projecting beams, had been
sunk to obstruct the passage of the enemy's
ships. There were, besides, in the river several
small continental vessels, and a gun-boat battery
belonging to Pennsylvania, all of which were
under the direction of the brave and gallant
Commodore Hazelwood. For the British fleet
to reach Philadelphia, it was necessary to remove these obstacles.  Hoping that, if they
could maintain their ground, Howe would be
Compelled to evacuate that city, the Americans
prepared for a desperate and determined resistance.




1777.]      REPULSE OF DONOP.          189
On the 21st of October, Count Donop, a distinguished German officer, with twelve hundred
picked men, crossed the Delaware at Cooper's
Ferry, intending on the following day to attack
the post at Red Bank. During the morning of
the 22d he marched down the Jersey side and
made ready to storm the works. Meanwhile, in
accordance with the plan of a combined attack,
several British war vessels ascended the river as
far as the obstructions would allow, and opened
a furious and incessant cannonade upon Hazelwood's flotilla and Fort Mifflin.
Late in the evening Donop drew up his column
preparatory to a desperate assault upon the main
intrenchment of the Americans, Iinto which,
abandoning their outer works, they had withdrawn, in numrber about five hundred, on the first
approach of the British.  At length, led by
their gallant colonel, the enemy rushed with
great intrepidity to the attack. They were met
by a deadly discharge of grapeshot and musketballs. Fighting bravely they continued their
assault until, involved in darkness and fatigued
by their unavailing efforts, they were obliged to
fall back in disorder, with a loss of nearly four
hundred in killed and wounded. Early in the
engagement Donop had fallen mortally hurt at
the head of his column. Favoured by the night,
the next officer in command, having collected
many of the wounded, made good his retreat to




190       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1777.
Philadelphia, where he arrived early in the following morning. During this spirited action,
the first as yet in which they had repelled an assault, the Americans lost in all but thirty-six
men.
Equal ill success had attended the naval attack upon Fort Mifflin. One of the ships engaged in it was blown up; another, having got
aground, was set on fire and abandoned; and the
remainder were compelled to drop down the river
with serious injury.
Five or six days subsequent to this event, the
second legislature of New Jersey convened in
primary session.  Meeting in joint assembly,
on the first of November, they re-elected Livingston as governor without a dissenting voice.
About the same time General Dickinson,
having collected nearly two thousand of the
militia, determined upon another attempt to cut
off the loyalist brigade on Staten Island. But,
though he observed the utmost secrecy, the enemy
by some means became apprized of his design,
and saved themselves by withdrawing into workls
too strong to be carried by assault. After a
skirmish with the flying troops, in which three
of his men were killed and ten wounded, Dickinson wisely retired from the island. The loss
of the loyalists was trifling, and consisted mainly
of the few prisoners brought off by the Americans.




1777.]   FORT MIFFLIN EVACUATED.        191
Flattering expectations were created by the
gallant defence of Red Bank, that it would be
possible to keep possession of the river.  In
the exultation of the moment, Congress vofed a
sword to each of the three commanders on that
occasion. Meantime strenuous endeavours were
made to; relieve and reinforce the two forts,
against which, after a brief intermission, the
British had renewed active operations. Concentrating their efforts against Fort Mifflin, they
erected several batteries on a neighbouring
island, from which they kept up a furious and
unceasing cannonade. Toiling by night to repair the breaches made during the day, the beleaguered garrison fought bravely, but without
avail. At length the fort was declared untenable, but not until the vessels of the enemy were
so close that the fire of their marines swept the
platform. Under these circumstances an evacuation was deemed advisable. Accordingly, about
midnight on the 16th of November, the garrison
was safely withdrawn.
Hopes were yet entertained of holding the
fort at Red Bank, but upon the approach of
Cornwallis from Philadelphia with.five thousand
troops, it, too, was abandoned. Taking possession of the evacuated posts, and removing the
remainder of the obstructions, the British fleet
and army were at length able to communicate.
Having collected a considerable quantity of




192      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1777.
fresh provisions, Cornwallis pitched his camp on
Gloucester Point. While he was yet at this
place a briilliant little action was performed, in
conjunction with an equal number of Morgan's
riflemen, by about one hundred and fifty New
Jersey militia, under the command of Lafayette.
Falling upon a picket-guard of the enemynearly
three hundred strong, they put them to precipitate flight, and drove them completely into the,
camp, killing between twenty and thirty, and
wounding a much greater number.,, I found
the riflemen," wrote Lafayette to Washington
on this occasion, ",even above their reputation,
and the militia above all expectation I could
have formed of them."
The campaign of 1777 was now over. After
having narrowly escaped a surprise by the British,
Washington, on the 12th of December, went into
winter quarters at Valley Forge, a high and
strong piece of ground on the left bank of the
Schuylkill, some twenty miles above Philadelphia.




1777.]    SUFFERINGS OF THE ARMY.                  193
CHAPTER XVI.
Distress of the American prisoners in New' York-Sufferings
of the army-Measures taken by the state for their reliefArticles of confederation brought before the legislature of
New Jersey-Alliance between France and the'United Colonies-Objections of the legislature to the Articles of Confederation-British foraging party under Mawhood enters
Salem county-Conflict at Quinton's Bridge-Gallant exploit of Andrew Bacon-British forces a second time repulsed at Quinton's Bridge-Americans massacred at Hancock's Bridge-Correspondence between Mawhood and
Colonel Hand-British return to Philadelphia-Expedition
against Bordentown-Narrowescape of Lafayette at Barren
Hill-Clinton ordered to evacuate Philadelphia-He retreats
across the Jerseys-Washington starts in pursuit-Battle
of Monmouth Court House-Lee's conduct during the
action censured-He is arrested,tried, suspended, and finally
dismissed from the service.
MEANWHILE the legislature of New Jersey remained in session, devising means to meet various demands that were now made upon them.
The most pressing of these demands related to
the condition of the American army at Valley
Forge, and to the wants of that class of suffering citizens whom the enemy had carried off and
confined in the prisons of New York.
With regard to the condition of the army, it
was deplorable.   Frequently, during their encampment, the soldiers were destitute of meat,
17




194      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1778.
while vegetables and other articles requisite
for their health, were procured with difficulty.
Nor were their sufferings less from want of
clothing. On the first of February, 1778, nearly
four thousand men were reported unfit for duty
on that account alone. cc A man of sensibility,"
said Livingston to the legislature, "cannot but
feel for these brave men, fighting for their
country, at this inclement season, many of them
without shoes, stockings, warm clothing, and
even blankets to lie upon."
Steps were immediately taken by the assembly
to meet these emergencies, so far, at least, as it
was possible for a single state to move in the
matter. For the relief of the prisoners at New
York, Abraham Van Neste was appointed a
special commissioner, with authority and means
to provide them with such necessaries as they
most needed; while, to supply the wants of the
suffering army, bills were passed to raise a sum
of money by taxation, and by leasing the real
estate of such persons as had left the state and
joined the enemy.
In order to successfully continue the contest
in which they were engaged, Congress had
already, on the 15th of November, 1777, adopted
certain "c Articles of Confederation," creating a
more perfect union between the thirteen states,
under the style and title of the "c United States of
America." To render these articles binding, it was




1778.]    ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE.         195
necessary that they should be first sanctioned by
the several states.  Brought before the'New
Jersey legislature, the question of agreeing to
them was yet pending, when Governor Livingston, on the 27th of May, communicated to the
two houses intelligence of the most cheering
character.
From the beginning of the war, an alliance
with France had been sought after, but with ill
success, by the American commissioners at Paris.
Moved, in part, by the tenacity of purpose exhibited by the revolted colonies, and still more
by the probability of Parliament's sanctioning
certain conciliatory bills in which the right to
tax America was virtually relinquished, Vergennes, the French minister, finally concluded,
with the commissioners of Congress, two treaties,
one of defensive alliance, and the other of friendship and commerce.
It was the intelligence of this alliance that
Livingston introduced to the assembly, exhorting them to make ",but one more spirited and
general effort" to "c emancipate themselves into
complete and uninterrupted liberty." Inspiriting
as it was to them, it was no less so to the country
at large, entirely neutralizing whatever effect
had been expected from the conciliatory bills,
and rendering still more determined the resolution of the Americans to be free and independent.




196       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1778.
At length, on the 15th of June, a committee
from both houses of the New Jersey legislature,
having been previously appointed for that purpose, made a full and able report in regard to
the new ",Articles of Confederation." Several
amendments were proposed to the congressional
plan of union, the most important of which were
to prohibit a standing army in time of peace; to
invest Congress with the sole and exclusive power
of regulating the trade with foreign countries;
and to authorize that body to dispose of vacant
and unpatented lands, for defraying the expenses
of the war, and for other such public and general
purposes. This ieport having been adopted, and
a copy of it forwarded to Congress, the question
was for a time suffered to remain at rest.
Meanwhile, as the spring opened, the enemy
began to show signs of life. Pressed for provisions, Clinton, now in command at Philadelphia, found it necessary to send out strong foraging parties into the surrounding country, which
suffered extremely from the extent and wantonness of their devastations.
On the 17th of March, a British detachment,
some twelve hundred strong, under the command
of Colonel Mawhood and Majors Simcoe and
Sims, having landed at Byllingsport, made a
rapid march to Salem, in the expectation of surprising Colonel Wayne, who, with a few American troops, was posted at that place. Unsuc



1778.]  CONFLICT AT QUINTON'S BRIDGE.  197
cessful in this, Mawhood, at daybreak of the
18th, despatched Simcoe to cut off a small party
of the militia under Colonel Holmes, who were
intrenched at Quinton's Bridge, on the southern
shore of Alloway's Creek, about three miles
from Salem. By a successful stratagem, Simcoe
drew the militia from their works across the
bridge, and into an ambuscade. A fierce conflict ensued. Surprised and outnumbered, and
with a loss of forty men, the Americans retreated to their intrenchments, bravely contesting every foot of the way. As their rear left
the bridge, one of the most courageous of the
party, Andrew Bacon by name, seized an axe,
and heedless of the storm of balls that whistled
around him, resolutely cut away the draw, thus
rendering immediate pursuit by the enemy impossible. Scarcely was this gallant action performed, when the hero of it received a wound by
which he was crippled for life. In the mean time,
Colonel Hand, with a reinforcement of militia,
had arrived on the ground, and now opening
upon the enemy a heavy fire from two pieces of
artillery, he compelled them to fall back upon
the main body at Salem.
Chagrined on account of Simcoe's ultimate
failure, Mawhood determined to pass the bridge
at all hazards. Accordingly, early in the following day, he attacked it with his whole force.
But cheered by their late success, and so posted
17*




198      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1778.
that both flanks as well as the front of the attacking column, were exposed to their fire, the
Americans obstinately stood their ground, and
Mawhood, after a desperate attempt to gain his
point, was obliged to retreat in considerable
disorder.
Late in the evening of the next day, a party
of Tories and regular troops, under the conduct
of Simcoe, was despatched to surprise a small
body of Americans stationed at Hancock's
Bridge, about two miles Delow Quinton's. The
success of this expedition was complete and sanguinary.  Wearied out, and unsuspicious of
danger, the Americans were sound asleep. A
few only woke in time to escape. The remainder,
between twenty and thirty in number, some yet
asleep, others half aroused, and none offering
resistance, were bayoneted in cold blood.
But a few hours after this massacre, Mawhood
addressed a note to Hand, now in command at
Quinton's Bridge, summoning him to lay down
his arms and surrender. In case of refusal, he
threatened to arm the Tories, and to re attack all
the militia wearing arms, burn their houses, and
reduce them, their unfortunate wives, and their
children to beggary and distress."
", Your proposal," was the American colonel's
spirited reply, "c we absolutely reject. We have
taken up arms to maintain our rights, and we
will not lay them down until success has crowned




1778.]  EXPEDITION TO BORDENTOWN.    199
them, or we have met an honourable death.
Your plan of arming the Tories we have no objection to, for it will fill our arsenals with arms.
Your threat to burn and destroy, induces me to
imagine that I am reading the orders of a barbarous Attila, and not of a gentleman, brave, generous, and polished. If executed, it can only
render our people desperate, and increase your
foes and the American army."
Not choosing to risk another engagement,
Mawhood now turned his whole attention to
plundering the neighbouring farmers. Having
thus collected an immense store of hay, grain,
cattle, horses, and other articles, he soon after
embarked in his transports, and returned without
molestation to Philadelphia.
Early in May, seven hundred British troops
were sent up the Delaware. Landing at White
Hill, just below Bordentown, they burned a considerable number of vessels, including two unfinished continental frigates, which had been conveyed to that place for safety. After remaining
a few hours in Bordentown, during,which time
they destroyed no little property, and murdered
four unresisting prisoners, the British, having
collected their plunder, re-embarked, intending
to proceed against Trenton. But meeting with
unexpected opposition from the militia, they returned hastily down the river to Philadelphia.
While these events were transpiring, Wash



200      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1778.
ington was still encamped at Valley Forge, waiting the arrival of the French fleet, which was
already on its way to America. Aware of this,
Clinton, fearing that the Delaware might be
blockaded, meditated an evacuation of Philadelphia. Rumours of such an intention having
reached the American camp, Washington detached Lafayette, with two thousand chosen
troops, to gain intelligence, and to annoy the
rear of Clinton, should he put his rumoured design into effect. Lafayette having taken a momentary position at Barren Hill, some ten miles
in advance of the main army, the British commander, observing his isolated situation, sent a
much stronger force to cut him off. But, discovering his peril, the young and gallant Frenchman, by a well-timed and dexterous movement,
gained a position which the surprise party would
not venture to assail.
At length the intention of Clinton to abandon
Philadelphia and retreat through the Jerseys to
New York, became evident. Washington's plans
were soon laid. While Maxwell, with the New
Jersey brigade, having united with the militia
under Dickinson, was engaged in breaking down
bridges and felling trees across the roads to impede the progress of the enemy, the commanderin-chief himself prepared to lead the main army
in pursuit, when they should take up their line
of march.




1778.]      RETREAT OF CLINTON.        201
Having sent part of his baggage and stores,
together with many loyalist non-combatants, by
sea to New York, Clinton left Philadelphia on
the 18th of June, and, with ten thousand wellappointed troops, commenced his retreat across
the Jerseys. The weather was hot and rainy.
Harassed in front by Dickinson and Maxwell,
and incumbered with a long line of provision
and baggage wagons, the enemy moved slowly,
spending six days in reaching Imlaystown, fourteen miles south-east of Trenton.
Meanwhile Washington was not idle. Crossing the Delaware at Corryell's Ferry, now Lambertville, he immediately detached Colonel Morgan, with a select corps of six hundred men, to
reinforce Maxwell, and marched himself, with
the main body, toward Princeton. Doubtful as
to the xoad Clinton would follow, he halted at
Hopewell, five miles from  Princeton, for the
threefold purpose of resting his troops, securing
his choice of a position, and of ascertaining
what course the enemy would take.
Washington's earnest desire was to give the
enemy battle; and his men, though reduced by
sickness and privation, badly equipped, and
barely outnumbering the British, were equally
eager for the contest. But two councils of war,
in which the wishes of the, chief were seconded
by Lafayette, Greene, Wayne, and Cadwallader
only out of fourteen general officers, decid



202      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1778.
ed it advisable that nothing more should be
attempted than to harass the progress of the
enemy. At the head of those opposed to Washington's plan, was Lee, whose exchange had been
recently effected, and who held the second rank
in the continental service. Taking a wide view
of the circumstances, Washington resolved, however, upon his own responsibility, to take such
measures as might induce a general engagement.
On the 24th of June, Maxwell was further reinforced; and, during the following day, the
main army advanced to Kingston. Here certain
intelligence was received of Clinton's design to
march by way of Monmouth Court House to
Sandy Hook. One thousand additional troops
were immediately sent forward to join those already hanging upon the British rear. As Lee,
upon whom the command of this division by
right devolved, declined accepting it, Washington intrusted it to Lafayette, ordering him to
press upon Clinton's left, and crowd him down
into the low grounds.
The same evening the main body moved on to
Cranberry. A heavy rain-storm and excessive
heat delayed its march on the 26th, but that night
the advanced corps rested within five miles of
the British rear.
Clinton having now brought his best troops to
the rear, Washington determined to reinforce




1778.]        RETREAT OF LEE.           903
still farther his leading column. Accordingly,
on the 27th, Lee was sent forward with two
brigades.  He, of course, took command of the
whole advanced division, now swelled to about
five thousand men. That evening the commanderin-chief encamped within three miles of Englishtown, where Lee was resting with the advance.
Clinton at the same time took a strong position on the high grounds in the vicinity of
Monmouth Court House, or Freehold; his right
resting in the borders of a small wood, while a
dense and somewhat extensive forest sheltered
his left. Another wood protected his entire
front. Twelve miles distant were the Heights
of Middletown, which he was anxious to gain;
for if he could once reach them, he knew that he
would be unassailable.
In the gray of Sunday morning, the 28th of
June, Washington received information that the
enemy were marching off toward Middleton
Heights. Anticipating this, he had ordered the
advance to be ready to move at a moment's notice. Promising to support him with the whole
army, he directed Lee to assault the British
rear, c unless there should be powerful reasons
to the contrary."  Lee at once pushed on to
obey; but, confused by contradictory intelligence, it was ten o'clock before he came up with
the enemy. Received by a galling fire, his
troops, after a series of disastrous manoeuvres,




204      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1778.
fell back, and no steps being taken to check this
retrograde movement, the whole division was
soon in full retreat.
Washington was, in the mean time, hurrying
up with the main army. About noon, after a
march of five miles, he met the broken regiments
of the advance. His indignation was extreme.
Riding to the rear, he encountered Lee. Abruptly, and in a tone of stern reproach, he asked
the meaning of the confusion and retreat he beheld. Lee replied with haughtiness; when, uttering a sharp reprimand, Washington rode disdainfully by, rallied the flying troops, placed
them in line, ordered Lee to take command, and
hurried back to form and bring up the main
division.
The aspect of affairs was now changed. Though
furiously attacked by the enemy, Lee maintained
his ground until the second American line was
formed, when he effected an orderly retreat.
Washington's second line was next assailed; but,
as the British crossed a morass in front, Stirling's artillery, opening from the left, and aided
by several infantry corps, effectually checkea
their advance in that direction.  Repulsed at
this point, the enemy turned upon Greene, who
commanded the right wing; but here again they
were met by artillery, the fire from which swept
their files, and a second time brought them to a
stand. At this juncture Wayne came up with a




1778.]    DESERTION OF HESSIANS.        205
body of infantry, attacked the assailants in front,
and drove them back to the position they had
occupied in the morning.
The day was now far advanced. Both armie,
were utterly exhausted. During the contest the
heat had been excessive; so much so, indeed.
that numbers of the combatants on both side,
had fallen upon-the field dead, without a wound.
Washington, however, determined to renew the
fight at once, and become the assailant in turn.
But before his plans could be perfectly arranged,
the night came on, and further operations were
postponed until the next day. The whole army
laid upon their arms on the field of battle, ready
to make a new effort for the victory they had so
nearly won. But when the morning dawned,
Clinton was many miles upon his way to the
Highlands of Nevisink.  Pursuit was vain.
Thus ended what narrowly missed being one of
the most momentous battles of the War of Independence.
Upon the field the enemy left four officers and
two hundred and forty-five privates dead, and
their total loss in killed and wounded could not
have been less than four hundred. That of the
Americans was three hundred and thirty-two, of
which seventy were killed outright. Independently, however, of their loss in the action, the
British were materially weakened during their retreat, when full a thousand of their number, prin18




206      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1778.
cipally Hessians, who'had married in Philadelphia, took occasion to desert.
Clinton safely reached the Highlands of
Middletown, whence, in a few days, he marched
to Sandy Hook. From his position at this place,
he found a speedy passage to New York in the
fleet of Admiral Howe, who had just arrived
from Philadelphia with the stores and baggage,
narrowly escaping the French squadron, under
D'Estaing, which appeared off the Delaware a
few days later.
Lee's conduct during the recent action was
severely condemned; more so, perhaps, than it
justly deserved. Though the indecisive character of the battle was properly to be attributed
to his retreat, Washington would probably have
overlooked the whole affair; but the pride of
Lee had been wounded by the public rebuke of
his chief, and the day;fter the action he wrote
Washington a highly disrespectful letter. Washington's reply elicited a second letter, still more
arrogant in its tone. Lee was presently arrested
and tried by a court-martial, for disobedience of
orders, for making an unnecessary, disorderly,
and shameful retreat, and for writing two disrespectful letters to the commander-in-chief.  He
defended himself with remarkable ability; but
th= court, acquitting him of having made a
"c shameful" retreat, found a verdict of guilty as
to the remaining charges, and sentenced him to




1779.]      ARRIVAL OF FRENCH  FLEET.              207
be suspended for a year. Scarcely had the term
of his suspension expired, when Lee addressed
an insolent letter to Congress. For this he pre.
sently apologized, but Congress at once dismissed
him from the service.
CHAPTER XVII.
D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet-Sullivan's unsuccessful
attempt against Newport-Massacre of Baylor's cavalry regiment near Tappan-British expedition against Little Egg
Harbour-Chestnut Neck burned-Pulaski's legion surprisea in the vicinity of Tuckerton-New legislature elected
-Livingston re-chosen governor-Articles of confederation
approved-French fleet sails for the West Indies-Campaign
of 1779-Difficulty with the Jersey brigade-Capture of
Stony Point by the British-Recaptured by Wayne-Major
Lee surprises the English garrison at Paulus Hook-Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of New York —Fierce
partisan contest in New Jersey-Operations in the southFinancial difficulties of Congress-New Jersey legislature
orders nine millions of dollars to be raised-Distress of the
American army at Morristown-Washington's requisition
upon New Jersey for supplies-Unsuccessful attack upon
Staten Island.
SOON after the battle of Monmouth, Washington crossed the Hudson and encamped at White
Plains. Learning that D'Estaing had arrived
with a fleet and four thousand troops, he concerted with him an attack upon New York.
Forced to abandon this enterprise, Washington




208      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1779.
directed his attention toward Newport, where
Pigot, with a large body of the enemy, was now
stationed. Having collected New England militia and continentals to the number of ten
thousand, Sullivan, to whom the attack upon
Newport was confided, only waited for the cooporation of D'Estaing. But as the French
admiral, who had put to sea in hopes of meeting
the British squadron, was about to engage with
Howe, a fierce tempest sprung up, separated the
contending fleets, and drove that of France,
badly damaged, into Boston. In the mean time,
Sullivan had advanced to within a short distance
of Newport. Here he received intelligence of
D'Estaing's ill-fortune, and was compelled, much
to his mortification, to abandon his works and
retreat to the main land.
Nearly a month later, in September, two
columns of the enemy, conjointly eight thousand
strong, left New York and ascended the Hudson
by either bank, with the twofold design of collecting forage, and of diverting attention from a
proposed expedition against Little Egg Harbour.
On the night of the 27th, the advanced corps
of the western column, commanded by MajorGeneral Grey, moving with silent celerity, succeeded in surprising a party of American lighthorse, under Lieutenant-Colonel Baylor, who
were sleeping soundly in a barn near Tappan, in
the county of Bergen. So suddenly and unex



1778.]      MASSACRE OF TROOPS.         209
pectedly did the British appear, that Baylor's
men were unable either to fly or to resist. They
supplicated for quarter; but were bayoneted
almost without mercy. Out of one hundred and
four privates thirty-seven only escaped.   Of
the remainder, twenty-seven were killed and
wounded; among the latter of whom was Baylor
himself. By the humanity of one of Grey's
captains, forty were made prisoners, in disobedience to previous orders to allow no quarter.
This massacre, as it was called, stirred up a feeling of fierce indignation against the British,
who, however, apologized for it, by pleading the
excitement of a surprise and a night attack.
In the mean time, the southern expedition
having landed at Little Egg Harbour, on the
5th of October, destroyed thirty prize vessels
lying in port, burned the village of Chestnut
Neck, and ravaged all the surrounding country.
To check this movement, Pulaski's legion had
been ordered into the neighbourhood; but it did
not arrive until three days after the landing of
the British.  While encamped in the vicinity of
Tuckerton, Pulaski's picket guard was surprised
through the treachery of a deserter, and every
man composing it-thirty in all-put to death.
Gathering up his cavalry, the fiery Pole started
in pursuit of the enemy, who had immediately
begun a hasty retreat, but was unable to overtake them. So closely did he push them, how18*




210       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1778.
ever, that the only sloop of war in the expedition having got aground, was obliged to be set
on fire and abandoned, to prevent it from falling
into the hands of the Americans.
On the 27th of October, a new legislature met
at Trenton.  Having again chosen Livingston
governor, both houses, in committee of the whole,
proceeded to a renewed consideration of the
cArticles of Confederation," to which Congress
had once more urged their attention. The subject was earnestly discussed for nearly a fortnight.  Declaring that "c every separate state
interest ought to be postponed for the public
good," the committee rose, and, by their advice,
the delegates of New Jersey in Congress were
immediately instructed to subscribe to the new
plan of union. At the same time the committee,
in their report, maintained that " the objections
lately stated and sent to Congress were founded in justice and equity," and were of the
"4most essential moment to the interests" of
their constituents.  For the removal of these
objections, they still relied firmly upon the
", candour and justice of the several states."
This subject having been thus quietly disposed
of, a bill was presently passed to raise the sum
of one hundred thousand pounds; after which
the legislature took a recess.
The campaign in the north was now, in effect,
at an end. D'Estaing, with the French squad



177.8.]   MIOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTI.    211
ron, left Boston for the West Indies on the 3d
of November. Upon the same day, five thousand British troops, escorted by a formidable
fleet, sailed from New York with a like destination. Toward the close of the month, a second
British detachment, three thousand five hundred
strong, was sent from New York to act against
Georgia. Having formed a junction with the
forces of the governor of Florida, they captured Savannah, and in a brief period overran
the whole state.
Meanwhile, finding that a successful attack
upon New York, even with its greatly reduced
garrison, would be utterly impossible, Washington went into winter quarters at Middlebrook,
hutting his troops in a line of cantonments,
reaching from Danbury in Connecticut, across
the Hudson at West Point, to Elizabethtown,
New Jersey.
Already with a strong foothold in the southern states, the British, retaining the islands
about New York, were henceforth to exhibit their
more active and important efforts in the south.
Yet the force under Clinton at New York and
Newport, was still not less than sixteen thousand
men, able at any moment, with the assistance
of a powerful fleet, to concentrate at either
point. Scarcely equal to the enemy in number,
the troops under Washington could not be
readily brought to bear, with any prospect of




212       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY       [1779.
success, either upon Newport or New York. In
1779, consequently, the war, not yet fully opened at the south, in the north consisted chiefly
of a series of skirmishes.
Early in the year, however, an expedition was
planned against the Six Nations, whose recent attacks upon the border settlements of NewYork and
Pennsylvania called for prompt and severe retaliation. The force to be sent into the Indian
country, with orders to burn and devastate their
villages and cornfields, consisted of five thousand
men, under the general directions of Sullivan.
While this army was being concentrated, preparatory to its final march, alarming symptoms
of discontent appeared in Maxwell's New Jersey
brigade, which formed a considerable part of
the proposed expedition. For more than a year
these troops had been vainly memorializing the
legislature with regard to their extremely necessitous condition. In April, 1779, Maxwell addressed two highly caustic letters to the assembly
on the subject; and, soon afterward, wearied
out with delay, the officers of one of the regiments, in a brief but pithy memorial, called upon
the legislature for immediate relief. Wearing
the appearance of a threat, this memorial placed
the legislature in a disagreeable quandary, firom
which it seemed scarcely possible that they
could extricate themselves without sacrificing
either their dignity or a number of their best




1779.]   SURPRISE OF STONY POINT.    213
officers. But both were saved by a compromise.
Promised that their wants should be immediately
supplied, the complainants withdrew their memorial, and the legislature presently voted, and
paid at once, the sum of two hundred pounds to
each officer, and forty dollars to each private.
Preparations for the Indian expedition now
went on. On the 22d of August, the whole
army was concentrated where the town of
Athens, in Pennsylvania, now stands.
Meanwhile, having ascended the Hudson and
captured the American works at Verplank's and
Stony Point, Clinton, early in July, despatched
a marauding expedition against Connecticut,
hoping by this means to entice Washington from
his stronghold in the Highlands. New Haven
was plundered, and Norwalk, Fairfield, and
Green Farms wantonly burned. An attack was
about being made upon New London, when the
enemy were suddenly recalled by intelligence of
Wayne's brilliant and successful assault on Stony
Point, during the night of the 16th of July.
The British ascending the river in force, Washington found it necessary to again abandon the
recovered post, after dismantling its fortifications
and removing its artillery and stores.
Wayne's surprise of Stony Point was presently followed by an enterprise equally as bold.
While Lee, with his legionary corps, was watching the movements of Clinton on the Hudson,




214       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1779.
he received intelligence that suggested to him
the possibility of carrying off the British garrison at Paulus Hook, on the Jersey shore, immediately opposite New York city. The attempt
was one of great danger, and could only be successful by secrecy and celerity.  Lee's plans
were well laid, however, and he possessed the
daring to execute them. On the night of the
18th of August, the assault was made.  The
enemy were taken by complete surprise. New
York being immediately alarmed, Lee could not
stop to destroy the works; but he effected a successful, though hazardous retreat, carrying off
with him one hundred and fifty of the enemy as
prisoners. This feat was highly complimented
by Washington, and reflected much honour upon
the corps by which it was accomplished.
At length, on the 26th of August, the Indian
expedition, under Sullivan, commenced its march
up the Chemung branch of the Susquehanna.
On the morning of the 29th, at Conewawa, now
Elmira, about fifteen hundred Indians and Tories,
headed by Brant and Butler, were discovered in
a strong position on a rising ground, the approach
to which in front was defended by a breastwork half a mile long. A brief but spirited
action ensued.  Outflanked by Poor's New
Hampshire regiment, and vigorously assailed in
front by Maxwell and Hand, the enemy aban



1779.]       PARTISAN WARFARE.          215
doned their works and fled precipitately and in
extreme confusion.
Laying waste the country in his route, Sullivan
crossed over to the Gennessee valley, then the centre of the Indian settlements. Two weeks were
spent in desolating this delightful region. Eightteen villages, many thousand bushels of corn, and
numerous orchards were utterly destroyed. The
blow was a grievous one to the Indians, many of
whom never returned to the homes from which
they were thus expelled.  For a brief period
their activity was wholly prostrated; but the recollection of the chastisement they had received
was soon obliterated by a keen desire for vengeance, and they began again their attacks upon
the frontier settlements.
While these events were transpiring, New
Jersey had been the scene of a fearful partisan
warfare. Marauding bands of Tories from New
York and Staten Island roamed through the
eastern counties, plundering, capturing, and
murdering the unarmed inhabitants; in some instances not sparing even the women and children.
To aggravate the sufferings thus inflicted upon
the people, parties of freebooters, sallying out
from their hiding-places in the pines, robbed and
murdered all that fell into their power, with
scarcely any regard to the distinctions of Whig
and Tory.
But the Americans did not remain idle. Tories




216      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1779.
and pine-robbers were alike objects of their sanguinary vengeance. Against the organized expeditions of the former, the militia were prompt
to rally, frequently beating them in fair fight.
Many of the prominent freebooters, after having
made their names a terror, were hunted out,
captured, and hung in chains. Others were shot
down like wild beasts, and left unburied where
they met their death.  So fiend-like were the
atrocities they had committed, that none expected and none received mercy.
In the mean time, Prevost, commander of the
British troops in Georgia, with about three thousand regulars and Indians, made an attack upon
Charleston, in South Carolina.  Repulsed by
Lincoln, the American general, he returned to
Savannah, late in June, enriched with a great
quantity of plunder.
On the 1st of September, D'Estaing returning
from a successful cruise in the West Indies, appeared before Savannah, which he summoned to
surrender. Presently joined by Lincoln, a formal
siege was opened, with every prospect of success.
But a premature assault, on the 9th of October,
having resulted in the repulse of the allied forces,
with a loss of nearly nine hundred men, the
siege was abandoned, and D'Estaing returned
to the West Indies.
The intelligence of these events determined
both commanders upon strengthening their re



1779.]    REQUISITION FOR SUPPLIES.    217
spective armies in the south.  Leaving New
York in charge of General Knyphausen, Clinton,
late in December, sailed in person for Savannah;
while a considerable number of troops was despatched by Washington in the same direction.
From a late day in October, the legislature of
New Jersey had been in session, anxiously deliberating upon the involved condition of the
finances of the state, and of Congress.  In November, resolutions were received from Congress,
recommending the several states to raise their
respective quota of money, for the purpose of
redeeming the continental currency, which, in
spite of every effort to the contrary, had depreciated almost to worthlessness. In compliance
with this recommendation, nine millions of dollars-estimated according to the value of the
currency of the period-were ordered to be
raised in New Jersey, by October of the ensuing
year.
For the relief of his army, which was almost
reduced to a starving condition, Washington,
from his winter quarters at Morristown, presently
issued a requisition couched in somewhat harsher
terms. Each county in the state was called upon
to furnish the camp with a certain quantity of
flour and meat. Urging the invincible necessity
for these supplies, the commander-in-chief stated
that he would be compelled to use force in obtaining them if they were not furnished volmn19




218      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1779.
tarily. But, greatly to their honour, the state
authorities took the matter in hand. The requisition was speedily answered, and the employment of force rendered unnecessary.
Thus relieved from the pressure of immediate
want, Washington again set on foot an expedition against Staten Island, where twelve hundred British troops were quartered for the winter.
A passage to the island was now easy, even for
artillery, over the ice, which the almost unparalleled severity of the season had formed between
it and the main land. Every arrangement had
been completed, and Stirling, in command of the
expedition, was about to leave the shore, when
intelligence was received that the enemy, reinforced from New York, were fully prepared for
successful resistance. Consequently, three days
afterward, on the 17th of January, 1780, Stirling deemed it advisable to fall back upon the
main army, which he did, not unmolested, however, by the British cavalry, from the charges
of which he suffered a slight loss in the early
part of his retreat.




1780.]    SURRENDER  OF CHARLESTON.               219
CHAPTER XVIII.
Campaign of 1780-South Carolina invaded and overrun by
the British-Discontent in Washington's army —Knyphausen
lands at Elizabethtown Point-Marches toward Springfield
-Burns the village of Connecticut Farms-Retires to the
Point-Is joined by Clinton-Patriotism of the Rev. James
Caldwell-He becomes obnoxious to the Tories-His wife is
murdered by a refugee, during the attack on Connecticut
Farms-He is shot by a sentinel at Elizabethtown PointClinton advances against Springfield —Is met by GreeneSpringfield burned-Clinton retires to Staten Island-Arrival of Rochambeau-Gloomy opening of the year 1781Revolt of the Pennsylvania line-Part of the New Jersey
brigade mutinies-Mutineers shot-Cornwallis in the south
-Battle of Cowpens-Battle of Guilford Court HouseGreen partially recovers South Carolina-Cornwallis enters
Virginia-Fortifies himself at Yorktown-Is besieged by the
allied armies, and the fleet of De Grasse-He capitulatesProspect of peace-Tory outrages in New Jersey-Murder
of Captain Huddy-Peace.
THE campaign of 1780 opened in the south.
On the 12th of May, Charleston was surrendered
to the British forces under Clinton, after the
garrison had obstinately sustained a vigorous
siege of more than a month's duration. By the
middle of June, the whole of South Carolina was
in the hands of the enemy.  Leaving Cornwallis
in charge of the re-established royal government,
Clinton returned to New York.
Meanwhile Washington was struggling to put




220       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1780.
the northern troops in a condition to co-operate
with the French fleet and army, which were expected to arrive early in the summer. In performing this duty, he found many difficulties to
overcome. Scantily supplied, and poorly paid
in a depreciated currency, the troops were filled
with discontent. So alarming, indeed, was the
spirit of insubordination they exhibited, that, at
one time, it seemed doubtful whether they could
be prevented from disbanding.
Highly coloured statements with regard to the
tendencies of this discontent were carried into
New York, and along with them others, greatly
exaggerating some few complaints of the people
of New Jersey, occasioned by Washington's late
requisition.  Hoping to win over the dissatisfied
troops and people.to the British standard, Knyphausen, on the 6th of June, landed five thousand
imen at Elizabethtown Point, and advanced
through the country toward Springfield. Everywxhere; however, he met evidences that he had
been deceived. The militia were prdmpt to take
up arms against him; and at Connecticut Farms,
four miles from Elizabethtown, he was compelled
to order a halt. Incensed by the unexpected
opposition they had received, his soldiers fired
this beautiful little village, which, together with
its church and parsonage, -was reduced to ashes.
Washington soon after appearing in force,
Knyphausen fell back to Elizabethtown Point,




1780.]     REV. JAMES CALDWELL.         221
where he was presently joined by Clinton, with
six thousand additional troops.
During the halt of the British at Connecticut
Farms, an outrage was perpetrated that thrilled
the entire cbnfederacy with horror and indignation.
Prominent among the American patriots was
the Rev. James Caldwell, pastor of the Presbyterian church at Elizabethtown. Of a fiery, energetic nature, and an enthusiastic lover of
liberty, he had, at the opening of the War of
Independence, ardently espoused the cause of the
colonies.  Elected chaplain of the Jersey brigade, his zeal and activity won for him the
esteem and confidence of the commander-inchief, by whom he was presently appointed to
the commissary department.  Faithfully performing his public duties, he did not neglect
those of his religious mission. A pure Christian,
an ardent patriot, and a practical philanthropist,
he soon became a general and well-known favourite with the army and the people.
But the same qualities that gained him the
love of the Americans, made himn a conspicuous
object of hatred to the enemy. To the Tories,
especially, he became extremely' obnoxious, and
they offered large rewards for his capture.
When the village of Connecticut Farms was destroyed, his church and parsonage were the first
buildings to which the torch was applied. The
19*




222      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1780.
night previous, Caldwell, hearing of the enemy's
approach, had proceeded to Washington's quarters, having first endeavoured in vain to induce
his wifej a most excellent and exemplary woman,
to accompany him. Trusting that her sex and
unprotected condition would save her house from
pillage and herself from insult, Mrs. Caldwell,
as the enemy entered the village, retired to her
room, and there, surrounded by her children,
and with an infant in her arms, was engaged in
prayer, when a private of one of the loyalist
brigades came to the window, and discharged
his musket into the group. The unfortunate
mother received the ball in her breast, and instantly expired. Her lifeless body being carried
into the open street, the house was then fired.
Late in the evening Caldwell observed two
soldiers whispering together. His attention was
drawn to them by their frequent repetition of
"c Mrs. Caldwell," which were the only words he
could hear. Foreboding evil, he besought them
to tell him the worst. It was thus he gained
the first tidings of the tragic fate of his wife.
For more than a year subsequent to this
mournful event, the patriotic minister continued
to perform his religious and military duties with
untiring zeal. Late in November, 1781, he was
cut off in the vigour of manhood, and in the
midst of his usefulness, by a fatality as sad as
it was sudden and unexpected. Having gone in




1780.]     MURDER OF CALDWELL.         223
his carriage to Elizabethtown Point, to meet a
young lady coming on a visit from New York,
he was there shot through the heart by a sentinel
belonging to the state militia.  Morgan, the
sentinel by whom he was killed, was immediately
arrested and tried. He defended himself upon
the ground of having dope no more than his duty.
But it being proved in court that he had been
bribed to the deed by Caldwell's Tory enemies,
he was convicted of wilful murder and hung.
Marking his design by a demonstration against
West Point, Clinton, on the 23d of June, advanced toward Springfield with six thousand
men, intending to make an attempt to carry off
the American stores at Morristown.  At the
bridge over the Rahway, a small stream covering
the town, he was met by Greene, with a detachment of fifteen hundred continentals, mostly of
the Jersey Brigade, and a few militia. After a
gallant struggle, overpowered by numbers, the
Americans were compelled to retreat, which they
did, though in good order. Retiring to some
heights a short distance in the rear, Green took
up a strong position, which Clinton, discouraged
by the stern resistance he had' already encountered, did not venture to assail. I-aving
reduced the thriving village of Springfield to
ashes, he fell back to Elizabethtown Point, and
thence crossed over to Staten Island. In this




224      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1781.
battle the American loss was seventy-twb in
killed and wounded.
Early in July the expected French fleet, having
on board six thousand troops under Count de
Rochambeau, arrived in the harbour of Newport;
but as both army and fleet were immediately
blockaded by a superior naval force of the British, Washington's plan of co-operating with
them against New York was frustrated.
This third unsuccessful attempt at co-operation with their French allies, the disastrous defeat of Gates in South Carolina, and the treason
of Benedict Arnold, following each other in
rapid succession, were extremely disheartening
to the Americans, and with them the close of the
year was a period of the deepest gloom and
anxiety.
No brighter, but rather a darker prospect
opened with 1781.  Under the severest trials
the soldiers of the continental army had hitherto
exhibited no very wide-spread spirit of insubordination.' But toward the close of December,
1780, an angry discussion sprung up in the
Pennsylvania line, quartered near Morristown,
which finally-led to an alarming revolt. With
their pay greatly in arrears, and suffering severely from a want of proper food, clothing and
shelter, the troops grew disconter~ed; and, alleging that they had enlisted for three years, or
the war, they demanded to be discharged on the




1781.] INSUBORDINATION IN THE ARMY. 225
31st of December, when the three years of their
enlistment would expire. The truth, however,
seems to have been, as contended by the officers,
that the terms under which the greater portion
enlisted, were for three years and the war.
Consequently their demand was refused.
On the 1st of January, 1781, thirteen hundred
men paraded under arms, declaring their intention to march to Congress, and obtain redress
for their grievances. While endeavouring to restrain the mutineers, one officer was killed, and
several wounded. Presenting his pistols as if
about to fire, Wayne then ordered them to return
to their duty. Their bayonets were immediately
at his breast:-"cWe love you, general," was
their declaration, "but if you fire you are a
dead man. We are not going to the enemy.
Should they approach, we will fight them under
your orders. But we are resolved to obtain our
just rights." Under the leadership of a board
of sergeants, they then marched off to Princeton,
where Wayne vainly attempted to bring them to
terms.
The crisis was a startling one, and as alarming to the Americans as it was gratifying to their
enemies. Informed of the revolt, Clinton despatched his emissaries to the camp of the mutineers, with liberal offers to induce them to enter
the British service. But these agents were arrested, handed over to Wayne, and presently




226      HISTORY OFr  EW JERSEY.    [1781.
shot as spies. Patriotic as was the feeling which
in this case guided the insurgents, there were
yet doubts that it would long endure.
Entertaining these doubts, Congress wisely
bent to the storm. As terms of accommodation,
the mutineers were offered, and presently accepted, the discharge of those enlisted for three
years or the war; certificates for the depreciation of their pay; the promise of a speedy settlement of all arrearages; and an immediate
supply of certain articles of clothing.  They
then marched to Trenton, where almost the
whole line was discharged, without consulting the
contracts of enlistment, in regard to which it
was deemed expedient not to be too particular.
Subsequently, however, these documents were
examined, when it was ascertained that, of the
men discharged, the greater portion had engaged
for the war.
Scarcely was this difficulty surmounted, when,
stimulated by the success of the Pennsylvanians,
a part of the Jersey line, stationed at Pompton,
rose in arms, and advanced similar claims for redress of grievances.  A committee, previously
appointed by the State legislature, offered to examnine into their claims, if the mutineers would
submit to their officers. Some returned'to their
duty, but most remained under arms, demanding
to be discharged on their own oaths, as the
troops engaged in the late revolt had been.




1781.]        MUTINEERS SHOT.          227
Mortified at the termination of the previous insurrection, Washington determined to crush at
once a spirit so threatening to the integrity
of the army. Confiding in the fidelity of the
eastern troops, he sent from West Point a detachment, by which the camp of the mutineers
was secretly and suddenly surrounded. Their
unconditional submission was then demanded.
Intimidated by this prompt and energetic movement, they yielded immediately. By their own
officers three of the most prominent leaders were
pointed out. Arrested and tried by a drum-head
court-martial, they were sentenced to death.
Mitigating circumstances gained a reprieve for
one of the number, but the other two were shot
on the field, by a platoon drafted from their own
regiment.
Under such discouraging circumstances, Washington prepared for the campaign of 1781.
With all his endeavours, the Ist of June found
him with but fourteen thousand men in camp.
Threatened on all sides by superior numbers, it
seemed scarcely possible that he could keep the
field for another season.
Meanwhile, from an early period in the year,
an active warfare had been carried on in the
Carolinas. Having collected a considerable body
of troops, Greene, the successor of Gates in
command of the southern American army, prepared for a vigorous campaign, by despatching




228      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1781.
Morgan, with a thousand men, to harass the
British left and rear, lying west of Broad River,
in South Carolina. Cornwallis immediately sent
Tarleton, his favourite cavalry officer, in pursuit.
Retiring before the enemy, Morgan at length
took a stand at the Cowpens, where, on the 17th
of January, a sanguinary battle was fought, terminating in the defeat of Tarleton, with the loss
of more than half his troops. Cornwallis now
turned upon Greene, who, having presently effected a junction with the victorious Morgan, for
more than a month avoided an engagement; but,
at length, on the 15th of March, both armies
joined battle in the vicinity of Guilford Court
House, North Carolina.  Though victorious,
Cornwallis, too much weakened to reap the fruits
of his success, fell back upon Wilmington.
Greene immediately adopted the bold plan of
retaking South Carolina. Advancing rapidly
toward Camden, he was met and momentarily
checked by Lord Rawdon, at Hobkirk's Hill.
Adhering to his original intention, however, he
finally forced the British from their outposts into
the immediate vicinity of Charleston.
Meanwhile Cornwallis, penetrating Greene's
design too late to frustrate it, wheeled to the
northward, and joined the British troops engaged
in ravaging Virginia. After a series of movements against Lafayette, who had been sent
to oppose him, he retired across James River




1781.]  INVESTMENT OF CORNWALLIS.    229
to Yorktown, where, in obedience to the orders
of Clinton, who apprehended an attack upon
New York, he intrenched in a strong position,
to await further directions.
Washington had been actively preparing to
attack New York, in conjunction with the
French army under Rochambeau; but, being
informed that a fleet might be daily expected
to arrive from France, he at once conceived
the plan of a combined naval and military assault upon the position of Cornwallis. Late in
August, De Grasse, with the ardently hoped for
squadron, sailed into the Chesapeake. In an interview between Washington, De Grasse, and
Rochambeau, the plan of operations was speedily
arranged.  Marching with great rapidity and
secrecy, the land forces were already at the head
of Elk, before Clinton could believe that any thing
more than a feint was intended. By the help
of the French transports, the allied armies soon
effected a junction with Lafayette, at Williamsburg, whence, in number about sixteen thousand,
they marched to invest Cornwallis.
Every arrangement being completed, on the
night of October the 6th, the besiegers commenced their first parallel. During eleven days
the attack and defence were both conducted
with the utmost courage And skill. Cornwallis,
however, could maintain his position no longer;
while his retreat was effectually cut off by De
20




230       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1782.
Grasse. If the Americans were to storm  his
works, he could not doubt but that they would
be successful. To save the unnecessary effusion
of blood that would attend such an assault, he
proposed a cessation of hostilities, and terms of
capitulation having been finally agreed upon, the
garrison, to the number of seven thousand men,
surrendered themselves prisoners of war, on the
19th of October.
From the day upon which Cornwallis capitulated, the prospect of a peace, favourable to the
independence of the confederated states, grew
every moment brighter. The War of the Revolution was virtually terminated. In the south,
however, a spirited partisan contest was maintained for a considerable length of time; while,
under the direction of the New York Board of
Associated Loyalists, numerous bands of Tory
refugees continued to harass the people of New
Jersey, by a series of wanton and sanguinary
outrages.  Prominent among these was the
murder of Captain Joshua Huddy, a brave and
enterprising militia officer from the county of
Monmouth-a deed which, though the perpetrators of it were acquitted by a British courtmartial, Carleton, the successor of Clinton, reprobated in the strongest terms.
Early in 1782, a resolution was adopted by
the English House of Commons, denouncing as
enemies to the king all who should advise or at



1783.]   SUSPENSION OF HOSTILITIES.    )31
tempt a further prosecution of war on the continent of North America. A change of ministry
and propositions for negotiation speedily followed,
and on the 30th of November a provisional
treaty of peace, to take effect when Great Britain
and France should conclude an amicable arrangement, was signed by the English and American
commissioners at Paris. On the 20th of January, 1783, preliminary treaties between Great
Britain, France, and Spain, were agreed to.
Peace being thus ensured, Congress, on the 11th
of April, proclaimed a cessation of hostilities;
and on the 30th of September the independence
of the confederacy was formally acknowledged
and ratified.




232         HISTORY  OF NEW  JERSEY.           [1783.
CHAPTER XIX.
Embarrassed situation of the country-Conditional cession of
public lands by Virginia-Objected to-Grounds of New
Jersey's objection-Virginia withdraws her condition, and
the cession is accepted-Federal impost proposed-Favoured
by New Jersey and other states-Defeated in consequence
of the opposition of New York-Ill feeling thus createdEmbarrassing resolution of the New Jersey legislature-National convention recommended-Meets at Philadelphia" New Jersey Plan" —" Virginia Plan" adopted-Constitution submitted to the states-Ratified by the New Jersey
convention-Republican and Federal parties-Politics of
New Jersey-Washington chosen president-His journey
from Mount Vernon to New York-His reception at Trenton-Trenton established permanently as the capital of the
state-Death of Governor Livingston —William Patterson
governor-Is made an associate judge in the Supreme Court
of the United States-Resigns the executive of New Jersey
-Is succeeded by Richard Howell-New partisan differences-Alien and sedition laws-Decline of the Federalists
-Joseph Bloomfield elected governor of New Jersey by the
Republicani-Removal of the Brotherton Indians.
ON the return of peace and the recognition of
their independence, the people of the United
States had expected to enjoy a period of repose
and prosperity. But numerous difficulties of
the most disheartening character were yet to be
surmounted.   Burdensome  state  and  national
debts were to be liquidated, conflicting interests
reconciled, and mutual jealousies allayed. Dis



1783.]      CESSION BY VIRGINIA.        233
sensions speedily arose; which, for a time,
threatened to involve the country in the miseries
of anarchy and civil war. Happily, however,
eight years of common suffering had so assimilated the diverse population of the several states,
that all considerations of a sectional or private
nature were at length laid aside for measures
conducive to the good of'the nation, and to the
permanent establishment of its independence.
Even before the ratification of peace, Congress directed its chief endeavours to liquidate
the public debt, which formed the most serious
obstacle to the prosperity of the country. Already Virginia had ceded to the confederacy a
portion of her public lands, to be appropriated
to that purpose; but with the condition that her
right and title to the remainder should be fully
guarantied. To this condition, however, there
was no little objection.
In' the protracted struggle for independence,
the people of New Jersey had exerted themselves
to the utmost of their ability. During nearly
the whole period of the contest, the main army
of the confederacy being within or on the borders of their state, they were at no time free
from the unavoidable evils of war. The inhabitants of South Carolina alone had suffered to a
similar extent by the depredations of the enemy,
while no state had contributed more largely than
New Jersey toward supplying the American
20*




234       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1783.
troops with the necessaries of life. Plundered
by their foes, they received but little compensation from their friends; and when paid at all, it
was in a currency almost worthless. The depredations of the former- they had resisted by
taking up arms; to the requisitions of the latter
they had, in genieral, acceded with commendable
promptitude and willingness.
In view of these facts, the legislature of New
Jersey protested against the acceptance, by Congress, of the offer of Virginia, with its annexed
condition. Wrested from England by the joint
efforts of the states, the lands in question, they
contended, belonged to the states in common.
They therefore urged, as ",just and incontrovertible," the claim of New Jersey to a -c full proportion of all vacant territory," the proceeds of
the sale of which were to be applied to liquidating her proportion of the national debt. Other
legislatures uniting in this protest, Congress rejected the Virginia cession. Presently, however, that state magnanimously withdrew the
condition annexed to her offer, and it was then
accepted.  Her example was speedily followed
by the remaining states, claiming vacant or
", crown" lands, and Congress was thus confirmed in the possession of a vast extent of territory.
Though the chief object of these grants-the
payment of the debt of the confederacy-was
not accomplished so soon as it was expected,




1786.]   FEDERAL IMPOST PROPOSED.    235
they yet afforded cheering evidences of a scarcely
hoped for harmony of feeling between the several states.
As another means of lightening the burden
with which the federal government was oppressed, Congress proposed to the legislatures of
the different states, that they should confer upon
it the right to levy a moderate specific duty on
certain imported articles. New Jersey had already urged the necessity of this measure, while
hesitating to adopt the Articles of Confederation; and now her legislature willingly granted
the desired authority. But the concurrence of
all the states was necessary to its confirmation;
and, New York steadily refusing her full assent,
the measure was finally defeated.
Considerable ill-feeling was excited in consequence. Placed between two powerful commercial states, from which the greater part of her
foreign merchandise was necessarily derived,
New Jersey had a grievance peculiarly her own
-that of paying the duties which those states
severally laid upon the importations she consumed. By the oroposed federative system of
imposts, she had hoped to remove the disadvantages that operated against her, in consequence
of,the position she occupied. Her disappointment at the failure of that measure was extreme,
and expressed in strong language. On the 20th
of February, 1786, her legislature, by resolu



236       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.   [1786.
tion, refused positively to pay any more specie
into the public treasury, until New York consented to the federal impost. This resolution
embarrassed the action of Congress considerably,
and was deemed of such importance that a committee was appointed for the express purpose of
expostulating with the assembly of New Jersey.
Visited by this committee in person, the assembly,
"c being willing to remove as far as possible every
embarrassment from the counsels of the Union,"
at once rescinded the obnoxious resolution, but
made no provision for collecting the money which
had been called for.
These events, with others of still greater moment, made it evident to the reflecting statesmen
of the country, and even to the mass of the
people, that some modification, or complete reorganization, of the federal compact was absolutely necessary. Virginia had already moved
in this matter. In accordance with a resolution
of her assembly, commissioners from five states,
including those from New Jersey, met at Annapolis, in Maryland, in September, 1786, "4to
consider how far a uniform system in the commercial relations of the United States might be
necessary to their common interest, and their
present harmony." But, finding themselves few
in number, and without adequate authority to
adopt any definite and effectual measures, they
recommended a convention of delegates from




1787.]   DELEGATES TO CONVENTION.    237
the several states, to meet at Philadelphia, in
the following May, and then adjourned.
Congress acquiescing in this call for a convention, the states, moved, probably, by an alarming insurrection in Massachusetts, speedily
agreed to it. Virginia first, and then New Jersey, appointed delegates; the latter naming
William Livingston, David Brearley, William
Patterson, Jonathan Dayton, Abraham Clark,
and William C. Houston.
At the time and place appointed, delegates
from twelve states assembled. Washington was
unanimously chosen president of the convention,
which, with closed doors, immediately entered
upon the important business before it. During
the long and stormy period of its session, three
distinct plans were brought up for discussion.
The first of these, introduced by Patterson, of
New Jersey, and known as the c"Jersey" or
"4 State-Rights Plan," proposed, simply, that the
Articles of Confederation should be so amended
as to confer increased authority upon Congress,
without disturbing the original equality of the
several states in that body. As a majority of
the convention favoured an entire remodelling of
the federative system, this scheme was rejected,
as was also that introduced and advocated by the
celebrated Alexander Hamilton, who proposed
the establishment of a purely national government.  The "c Virginia Plan," a species of com



238      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1787.
promise between the two rejected schemes, and
of a mixed federal and national character, was
then taken up, and made the basis of our present
constitution, as finally adopted on the 17th of
September, 1787.
Submitted to Congress, the new constitution
was presently transmitted by that body to the
several legislatures, with a recommendation that
state conventions, of delegates chosen by the
people, should be called to decide upon its approval or rejection.
The New Jersey convention met at Trenton,
on the 11th of December. With grave deliberation, the new instrument of union was read
over section by section.  Scarcely any discussion took place, and no amendments were offered.
On the 18th, the constitution was ratified by the
unanimous voice of the convention; and, on the
following day, the members proceeded in solemn
procession to the court-house, where the result
of their deliberations was made known to the
assembled people.  New Jersey was thus the
third state to accept of the constitution, having
been preceded but a few days by Delaware and
Pennsylvania.
The sanction of six more states was necessary,
however, to render the new instrument binding
upon the confederacy. From the first, the delegates of New Jersey had been decided friends
to the doctrine of states-rights; but only, per



1787.]  RATIFICATION OF CONSTITUTION.  239
haps, so far as the one question of equal representation was concerned.  On most other points
they appear to have been favourable to a strong
national government. Franklin's amendment to
the ",Virginia Plan," by which, in the higher
branch of the confederative legislature, the representation of the several states was rendered
equal, had removed their principal objection to
the constitution as finally adopted. But, by a
considerable proportion of the people of the
country at large, amounting, indeed, almost to a
majority, a somewhat broader ground of objection had beep taken. Many contended that
Congress and the president had been invested
with powers altogether too extensive; and that
these powers had been taken from the individual
states. Others went still further, declaring that
the new constitution would lead to a breaking up
of the Union, and that the convention which
framed it had transcended their authority, which
was to amend, merely, the old Articles of Confederation.  But, at length, New Hampshire
having accepted of the constitution, the required
number of states was completed, and it thus became the fundamental law of the republic.
As has just been intimated, the whole people
of the United States, on the question of adopting or rejecting the federal constitution were at
once organized into two widely differing parties.
On the one side were the Federalists, who not




240      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1789.
only declared themselves in favour of accepting
the new compact, but also, in some instances,
contended that it ought to have been rendered
still more centralizing. Between these and their
opponents, who presently took the name of Republicans, a warm political warfare was kept up,
even after the ratification of the constitution by
all the states.
To New Jersey the constitution ensured
peace, prosperity, and freedom from the apprehensions of becoming the prey of her more
powerful nerghbours. Consequently the mass
of her-people sided with the Federalists, though
they do not appear to have been carried into
that current of partisan animosity by which their
brethren in other parts of the Union were so violently agitated. In Virginia and New York,
however, the republicans held an undoubted majority. By these states it was proposed to call
a second national convention. But, the Congress of 1789 having adopted certain amendments to the constitution, this proposition was
not agreed to by any other state. In the mean
time, moreover, Washington, who, though no
partisan, was an avowed friend of the new Federal compact, had been elected to the office
of President of the United States, and for a
brief period there was a lull in the political
tempest.
From Mount Vernon to New York, where his




1789.]     WASHINGTON AT TRENTON.        241
inauguration was to take place, Washington
had desired to proceed without display or ceremony. But the whole course of his journey was
marked by splendid receptions and entertainments, warm congratulations, and whatever could
exhibit the deep veneration and sincere gratitude
of the people with whom he came in contact.
Though not so magnificent as at other places,
nothing could have been more touchingly appropriate than his reception at Trenton, where,
twelve years before, he had appeared under circumstances so widely different.  On the same
bridge'over the Assunpink, which he had crossed
the night previous to the battle of Princeton,
was erected a triumphal arch, supported by
thirteen columns, twined with evergreens and
flowers, and bearing the inscription-cc The Defender of the Mothers will be the Protector of
the Daughters." Underneath this arch, Washington, as he entered the town, was met by a
procession of matrons, intermixed with whom
were young girls-their daughters-clad in white,
and each carrying a basket of flowers.  When
the president drew near, they began tb sing the
following little Ode, which had been written for
the occasion, by Richard Howell, Esq.:"Welcome, mighty chief, once more,
Welcome to this grateful shore;
Now no mercenary foe
Aims again the fatal blow,
Aims at thee the fatal blow.
21




242       HISTORY' OF NEW JERSEY.       [1793.
Virgins fair and matrons grave,
Those thy conquering arm did save,
Build for thee triumphal bowers;
Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers!
Strew your hero's way with flowers!"
As they sung the last line of their song, suiting the action to the words, they strewed before
him a profusion of flowers from their baskets.
Little of marked historical importance occurred
in New Jersey for a number of years after the
election of Washington to the presidency. During the session of the legislature, in 1790, the
seat of government of the state was permanently
established at Trenton. In July of the same
year, the old and tried governor of the commonwealth, Wiiam  Livingston, died while yet in
office, deeply lamented by all parties. Chosen
when the government was first organized, he had
remained at his post, without shrinking, during
the entire period of the perilous struggle for independence. Having assisted in framing the
federal constitution, he became its zealous supporter, and his influence had been exerted with
great effect to procure its ratification by the
state.  He died on the twenty-fifth of July,
and was succeeded as governor by William
Patterson, who continued in office until March,
1793; when, having been appointed an associate judge in the supreme court of the United
States, he resigned. Governor Patterson was




1798.]     NEW POLITICAL ISSUES.       243
succeeded by Richard Howell, who remained in
service until October, 1801.
During the period of Governor Howell's administration, a great change took place in the
condition of the two political organizations
of the state and nation. The original point
in dispute had been dropped, and new questions,
both of foreign and domestic policy, were
brought up, inflaming to the highest degree the
animosity of partisans.
Emerging from a bloody revolution, France
had proclaimed herself a republic, and, soon
after, declared war against England. By the
new and ill regulated government, the United
States, dluring a period extending from 1793
to 1798, were subjected to many mortifying
insults and grievous injuries. Siding with the
French, the Republicans or Democrats, as they
now began to be called, advocated the interference of the American government in favour
of France, either by taking up arms in her
behalf, or by fulfilling the conditions of a treaty
made with the late empire, which provided that
French privateers and their prizes, but not
those of any country at war with France, should
receive shelter in the ports of the United States.
Deeming this treaty no longer binding, and wishing to preserve the country from the miseries of
a foreign war, Washington, supported by the
Federalists, issued a proclamation of strict neu



244       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY       [1800.
trality.  Shortly subsequent, several French
privateers, fitting out in American ports, were
seized by the Federal authorities. Against these
seizures, Genet, the minister of the Directory
of France, entered a warm protest, and, encouraged by the sympathies of a large portion
of our citizens, violently assailed the prudent
course of the administration. But, with the recall of Genet, the excitement thuis created partially subsided.
France, however, still maintained her insulting
and injurious policy. At length, during the administration of the elder Adams, who energetically, but with little avail, endeavoured to obtain
redress, the prospect of a war with that country
became well-nigh certain. It was on this occasion that the celebrated Alien and Sedition laws
were passed, for the avowed purpose of sustaining the policy of the administration. The arbitrary nature of these laws at once brought upon
them the obloquy of a considerable majority of
the American people, and the Federal party, with
which they originated, immediately began to decline. In 1800-but two years after their
passage-Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic candidate, was elected to the presidency over Mr.
Adams.
Hitherto New Jersey had been strongly Federal, so strongly indeed, that the majority of that
party in the legislature, adopted, previo4s to the




1802.]    DEPARTURE OF INDIANS.         245
election in January, 1801, a general-ticket system of choosing representatives to Congress.
They were confident of securing by this means
a delegation wholly federal. But the event was
contrary to expectation; the Democratic party
triumphing with from five hundred to a thousand
majority. The state election, in the following
October, also resulted favourably to the Democrats.  Having obtained a majority in both
branches of the legislature, they were enabled
to elect their candidate for governor-the humane and popular Joseph Bloomfield.
During the year 1802, the last feeble remnant
of the New Jersey Indians, between seventy and
eighty in number, removed from the state.
While quietly settled at Brotherton, as their little
tract in Burlington county was called, a message
came from the Stockbridge Indians,;dwelling upon
the shores of Oneida Lake, in NewYork, inviting them cc to come and eat of their dish, which
was large enough for both." "c We have stretched our necks," continued the characteristically
worded message of the simple red men, ",in
looking toward the fire-side of our grandfathers,
until they are as long as cranes." Accepting
this invitation, the Brotherton Indians, having
obtained permission to sell their lands, took a
final departure from the hunting-grounds of their
ancestors.
There being no choice for governor at the
21*




246         HISTORY  OF NEW  JERSEY.            [1803.
election in October, John Lambert, vice-president
of the upper legislative house, performed the
duties of that office during the ensuing gubernatorial year.   In  1803, however, Bloomfield
was again chosen.
CHAPTER XX.
Re-election of Bloomfield-Act for the gradual abolition of
slavery —Aaron Burr-Sketch of his life-Origin of his
quarrel with Hamilton-He kills Hamilton in a duel-Is indicted for murder by a New Jersey grand jury-His journeys
to the West-His arrest, trial, and acquittal-His subsequent
career and death-Is buried in the Princeton grave-yardDifficulties between the United States, England, and France
-British orders in council-Napoleon's retaliatory decrees
— American Embargo Act-Continued aggressions of England-Affair of the Chesapeake-Hostilities declared —Exemption of New Jersey from  invasion-Naval victories of
Bainbridge and Lawrence-Death of the latter-American
successes-Peace-Governors Aaron Ogden, William  S.
Pennington, Mahlon Dickerson-School fund created-Isaac
H. Williamson governor-Act to expedite the extinction of
slavery-Common schools established-Peter D. Vroom governor-Jacksonian and Whig parties-Governors Samuel
S. Southard, Elias P. Seeley, Philemon Dickerson-Financial embarrassments- Triumph of the Whigs-Willialn
Pennington governor - Constitutional convention - New
constitution ratified by the people —Governors Dan. Haines,
Charles C. Stratton, George F. Fort-Present condition
and prospects of the state-Conclusion.
FROM the period of Bloomfield's second election until the War'of 1812, the history of New
Jersey affords but few points'of interest, as con



1804.]          AARON BURR.             247
nected with the public action of the state. The
political aspect of affairs was decidedly favourable to the Democrats, Bloomfield being re-chosen
every year until the opening of hostilities.
Much to the gratification of the governor, who
had been from the first an ardent advocate of
the abolition of slavery in his own state, on the
15th of February, 1804, an act was passed, with
scarcely a dissenting vote, declaring that all persons, the children of slave parents, born after
the fourth of July, in that year, should become
free —the males, when twenty-five years old, and
the females on arriving at the age of twenty-one.
Thus New Jersey, the seventh, and, notwithstanding the character of her population, the
last of the original thirteen to do so, became
virtually one of the circle of free states.
It was during this year that the fatal duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton,
took place at Weehawken, on the Jersey shore,
opposite New York city.
Burr was a native of Newark, and a graduate
of Princeton College, of which his father was
the first president.  Leaving college with the
highest academic honours, at the early age of
sixteen, he entered upon the study of the law;
but the War of Ind.eperidence breaking out, he
joined the American army, in which he rose to
the rank of colonel.  Having served through
two active campaigns, during one of which he




248      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1804.
took part in the Battle of Monmouth, he grew
dissatisfied, threw up his commission, and returned to his legal studies. Daringly ambitious,
he had recourse to politics as the speediest and
most certain avenue to distinction.  His undoubted talents and genius for intrigue, united
with polished manners and a singularly fascinating address, brought him rapidly into notice,
and he soon became one of the most prominent
and popular democratic leaders.  In 1801 he
was elected Vice-President of the United States.
From the elevation he had attained, Burr fell
suddenly. Charged with intriguing against Jefferson, in order to secure his own election to the
office of president, he was abandoned by most
of his party, which would nominate him neither
foi re-election to the vice-presidency, nor as a
candidate for the executive chair of New York.
For the latter station, however, he determined
to run independently, expecting to obtain the
votes of the Federalists, whose shattered condition rendered hopeless the election of a candidate of their own. But Hamilton, the great
leader of the Federal party, though not active
against Burr, refused to give him his support,
and he was defeated.
Chagrined and disappointed, Burr at once
turned upon Hamilton, to whom he attributed
his defeat, with the malignant and studied determination of forcing him into a duel. After




1805.]         BURR INDICTED.           249
endeavouring, in every honourable way, to avoid
what both his reason and his conscience abhorred,
Hamilton at length accepted a challenge from
Burr. Early on the morning of the 11th of
July, the parties met. At the first fire, Hamilton fell mortally wounded, unconsciously discharging his pistol as he sunk to the ground.
For twenty-four hours he lingered in extreme
agony, and then calmly expired.
A perfect storm of indignation broke over the
surviving principal in this lamentable affair.
Public opinion regarded him as but little better
thai a cold-blooded murderer; and, as such, he
was presently indicted by a New Jersey grand
jury. Efforts were made to stay prosecution on
this indictment, but though he had been a personal friend of Burr, Governor Bloomfield steadily
refused to interfere for that purpose. No other
course was left to Burr, therefore, than to avoid
entering the ~tate.
Ruined in reputation, and with his ambitious
hopes forever blasted, the wretched Burr, having
served out his unexpired term as vice-president,
presently crossed the Alleghanies, and sailed
down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans,
stopping, very mysteriously, at various points
on his route.  Returning to Philadelphia in the
winter of 1805, he remained there until the following summer, when he again set out for the
West. It having at length become evident that




250      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1806.
his designs were of a treasonable character, his
arrest was determined upon, and a reward offered for his apprehension. On the 19th of February, 1807, he was captured, while travelling
with a single companion, through the Tombigbee
country, in Eastern Mississippi. He was presently tried on the charge of treason against the
United States.  His guilt could scarcely be
doubted, but the evidence against him was informal, and he was acquitted. Indictments for
treason were also hanging over several of his
associates, among whom was Jonathan Dayton,
of New Jersey. These, of course, were now
abandoned.
After standing his trial on certain other
charges, of which he was likewise acquitted,
Burr embarked for Europe, where, for four
years, he lived an object of suspicion, and a
wretched, restless wanderer.  Returning in 1812
to New York, he there resumed the practice of
law. His death, at the age of eighty-four, took
place on the 14th of September, 1836. His remains were carried to Princeton, and there buried,
with the honours of war, beside the grave where
repose those of his father.
While Burr was yet engaged in his treasonable plot, the foreign relations of the Union had
assumed a troubled aspect.
During the bloody war which succeeded the
French Revolution, and up to the year 1806,




1806.]      BRITISH AGGRESSIONS.         251
the United States had enjoyed a prosperous,
though not entirely uninterrupted trade with
Europe. Various assumptions of exclusive naval
authority were, however, from tirme to time set
up by the British government.  Among these
were the right of search, and the right of impressment, which, at this period, England, attempted to enforce, greatly to the injury of our
seamen, native-born as well as adopted citizens.
At the same time, that government issued a
formal Order in Council, the effect of which was
to destroy completely the commercial relations
existing between France and America..  Incensed by these invasions of the individual rights
of their citizens, and- of their own commercial
rights as a neutral confederacy, the United States
energetically remonstrated, through their commissioners, Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney. England, however, continued to insist upon her assumed right to impress American mariners on
the high seas, and to force American vessels,
engaged in commerce with other nations, to sail
under the license of a British admiral, or be
subject to capture and confiscation.
Meanwhile, in imitation of his more powerful
maritime rival, Napoleon, now Emperor of the
French, issued his retaliatory Berlin and Milan
decrees; which rendered all neutral vessels trading in English merchandise, or under British
licenses, liable to seizure and confiscation by the




252       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1812.
cruisers of France; just as the British Orders
in Council had previously subjected American
vessels found trading with French property on
board, to capture and confiscation by the navy
of England.
Under these irritating circumstances, it was at
first thought prudent to withdraw our commercial
marine from the ocean altogether. In accordance, therefore, with the recommendation of
President Jefferson, Congress, in 1807, passed
an act enforcing an embargo on American vessels. This measure was followed by others of a
similar character, including the act of non-intercourse; but, contrary to anticipation, they
wrought no favourable change in the conduct,
either of France or England. On the contrary,
the latter nation, especially, seemed to grow more
determined in her insolence and in her acts of
aggression. Among these last was the wanton
attack made by one of her cruisers, the Leopard,
upon the American frigate Chesapeake, under
the pretence. of recovering certain men, claimed
as deserters from the British service.
From this period, until 1812, various efforts
were made to settle, by amicable negotiations,
the irritating questions in dispute between the
two countries.  But all these efforts having
failed, Congress, finding that hostilities could no
longer be honourably avoided, formally declared




1814.]       NAVAL TRIUMPHS.            253
war against Great Britain, on the 18th of June,
1812.
Confined mostly to the frontiers and the
ocean, the contest that followed this declaration
caused no injury to New Jersey from actual invasion. In other respects she sustained her share
of the sufferings and expenses, consequent upon
hostilities. In the maritime successes, by which,
alone, during the early part of the war, the
arms of America were preserved from disgrace,
two of her sons gloriously participated; winning
names that will not soon be blotted from the list
of our country's naval heroes. Of these, one
was William Bainbridge, a native of Princeton,
and commander of the Constitution, when she
made a prize of the British frigate Java, on the
29th of December, 1812. The other was the
heroic Lawrence, of Burlington, the captor of
the Peacock brig-of-war. But Lawrence's career,
which had opened so brilliantly, was suddenly
brought to'a close on the 1st.of June, 1813; he
being on that day mortally wounded, dluring an
engagement in which his vessel, the Chesapeake,
after a brief but most sanguinary struggle, was
compelled to yield to the British frigate Shannon.
It was not until the opening of 1814, that
the military arm of our national defence began
to recover permanently from its early disasters.
During that year, however, it achieved a series
of important triumphs in the north-west, on the
22




254      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1817.
Canadian frontier, and in the south. On the
8th of February, 1815, hostilities were finally
terminated by the celebrated victory of General
Jackson, over the enemy, at New Orleans. Two
weeks previous, a treaty of peace had been signed
at Ghent; and on the 17th of the following
month, it was ratified by the President and
Senate.
Meanwhile several slight political changes had
occurred in New Jersey. At the state elections
in 1812, the Federal or Peace party carried the
legislature, secured a majority of the congressional delegation, and elected Aaron Ogden governor.  In the following year, however, the
Deinmocrats recovered their lost ascendancy, and
William S. Pennington was chosen to fill the executive chair.
Pennington was succeeded, in 1815, by Mahlon Dickerson, who remained in office two years.
It was during his administration that the first
step was taken toward creating a permanent
fund for the establishment and support of a system of common schools.
In 1817, Isaac H. Williamson was elected governor, to which office he was annually chosen
until 1829. While Williamson occupied the
chair of, state, two important public measures
were adopted. The first of these was an act,
passed in 1820, embracing and extending the
principles of the abolition bill of 1804. By its




1832.]      PARTY ORGANIZATIONS.        255
operation the extinction of slavery has been
greatly hastened. Indeed, at the present time,
there are no slaves in the state, though about
two hundred persons, the children of slave parents, are still held to labour as,, apprentices,"
under the provisions of the act of 1820.
The second measure above alluded to, was
adopted in February, 1829. By it the first common schools in the state were established. For
their support, provision was made for an annual
appropriation of twenty thousand dollars, to be
taken from the income of the fund created in
1816. By the liberality of the legislature, that
fund had already been increased to a respectable
sum.
In 1829, Peter D. Vroom, Esq., was chosen
to succeed Governor Williamson.  He was a
member of the new Democratic or Jackson party,
which had sprung up since the dissolution of
the two old partisan organizations in 1827.
For a period of nearly fourteen'years after
the first election of Vroom, the history of New
Jersey affords but few points of interest to the
general reader. In 1832, the National Republican or Whig party, organized in opposition to
the Jacksonian Democrats, succeeded incarrying
the state. Samuel L. Southard, formerly Secretary of the Navy under Presidents Monroe and
Adams, was elected to the office of governor;
but, he being presently chosen to the United




256      HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1837.
States Senate, Elias P. Seely, likewise a Whig,
was selected to fill the vacancy thus occasioned.
In the following year, however, the Democrats
again triumphed; Governor Vroom being once
more chosen to occupy the executive chair. He
remained in office until 1836, when he was succeeded by Philemon Dickinson, a member of the
Democratic party.
During this -year events occurred which, for
a time, materially changed the condition of
parties. Financial difficulties of the most distressing character arose, causing the bankruptcy
of a large number of mercantile houses, and the
complete prostration of almost every branch of
employment. By the Whigs it was alleged that
these difficulties sprung from President Jackson's
opposition to the rechartering of the Bank of
the United States; from his removal of the
treasury deposits; and from his circular of 1836,
ordering all moneys due the government to be
paid in specie. Whether these allegations were
true or not, as the distress in the country had
grown up under a democratic administration, it
led to a reaction highly favourable to the Whigs.
During the state canvass of 1837, the latter
party elected William Pennington as governor,
to which office he was annually re-chosen until
1843.
Meanwhile, in the nation at large, the Whigs
continued to augment their strength until, in




1844.]    CONSTITUTION AMENDED.         257
1840, they elected General Harrison to the presidency with an overwhelming majority. Harrison's death, one month after his inauguration,
by placing Vice-President Tyler in the executive
chair, caused a vacancy in the speakership of
the National Senate, to which the distinguished
Southard, of New Jersey, was presently elevated.
He thus became, by virtue of his office, Vicepresident of the United States.
Though formed hastily during a troubled and
stormy period, the constitution of the state
had hitherto afforded general satisfaction. During the year 1843, however, there were decided manifestations that some modification of
it was desired by the people. Adopted at a time
when the colonies had not fully resolved upon
independence, it still retained a provision for
renewing the colonial connection with Great
Britain. This. provision was now, of course, a
matter of slight importance, yet it appeared
singular and out of place, and was offensive to
many. But the principal objection to the old
plan of government was based upon the fact that
it contained, in far too small a degree, those
popular elements which, in the constitutions of
most of the other states, had been more freely
and fully developed.
After some hesitation on the part of the
legislature, in February, 1844, a convention
of delegates, chosen by the people, was sum22*




HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1844.
moned to meet, on the 14th of May then following, in order ", to frame a constitution of the
state, to be submitted to the people thereof, for
ratification or rejection."
On the day appointed for the convention,
fifty-eight delegates assembled. After some discussion, it was determined to frame a constitution
entirely new. Entering upon its work in a
liberal and intelligent spirit, the convention
presently submitted to the people an instrument which, while it remained free from the
extremes of an excessive zeal for reform, exhibited the full acquaintance of its framers with
the advanced political science of the age.
Ample security was given for the rights of the
people; the different departments of government were made independent of each other;
the governor, hitherto chosen by the legislature
annually, was now rendered elective by the
people every three years; the judiciary was
established on a new and more permanent footing; the property qualifications formerly required of the members of the legislature, was
entirely removed, and the right of suffrage, restricted by the old constitution to freeholders,
was now extended to all free white males above
the age of twenty-one years.
Such, in its more important features of improvement, was the new plan of government, as
ratified by the almost unanimous voice of the




1850.]    PROGRESS OF - THE STATE.     259
people, on the second Tuesday in August, 1844.
From the period of its adoption, until the present time, the history of the state presents few
points for the consideration of the historian.
The last governor under the old constitution
was Daniel Haines, a member of the Democratic
party, and elected in 1843. He was succeeded
in 1844 by Charles C. Stratton, a prominent
Whig. At the subsequent canvass in 1847, the
Democrats were again triumphant, re-electing
ex-governor Haines.  Since that period the
state has remained in the hands of the Democratic party: Governor Fort, the present executive, being a member of that organization.
Having thus brought the history of New Jersey to a close, little remains to be said beyond
a brief notice of the present condition and
prospects of the state. By the census of 1840,
the number of her inhabitants was three hundred
and seventy-three thousand, eight hundred and
twenty-three.  The census of 1850 exhibits a
population of four hundred and eighty-nine
thousand, five hundred and fifty-five; the ratio
of increase during the decade having been
thirty-one per cent. Being more than double
the average of that of all previous decades since
the Revolution, this ratio of increase affords
cheering evidence that, as far as regards population, a new and fresh impetus has been given
to the advancement of the state.




260       HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY.    [1850.
But it is not in this particular alone that New
Jersey exhibits tokens of a vigorous existence.
Debarred from foreign commerce, her people
have turned their attention to agriculture and
manufactures, for which, by the diversity of her
soil, and by the number of her mines and watercourses, the state possesses many and rare advantages. In both pursuits her citizens have
prospered abundantly, and every year is adding
to the wealth and importance which they derive
from them.
Since the establishment of the common-school
system, the cause of education has been progressing with a rapidity greater even than could
have been expected.  Though established but
little more than twenty years, there are already
in the state no less than one thousand five hundred public schools, with an average attendance
of eighty thousand children. In addition to
these, three first-class colleges, and two theological seminaries, which are attended by between
six and seven hundred pupils.  Still further,
we find two hundred and thirty private academies, attended by more than ten thousand scholars.  The number of libraries, public and
private, in the state amounts to four hundred
and fifty-nine, containing two hundred and sixtyone thousand volumes.
No state in the American Union presents to
the consideration of the historian a purer po



1850.]           CONCLUSION.               261
litical character than New Jersey. IHer soil
was obtained from the original proprietors without fraud or oppression in any instance; while
in arranging the future government of the province, the wisdom of her early rulers led them
to adopt such simple and inexpensive regulations as were best calculated to meet the wants
of the people, and to establish firmly among
them the principles of peace, justice, and
equity.
THE END.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO.
PHILADELPHIA.
















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28         J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
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36             J.B,. LIPPfICOTT &  CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
LIPPINCOTT'S
PRONOITNCING
GAZETTEER  OF THE WORLD,
OR,
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,
Comprising nearly 2200 Pages,. including a greater amount of mat.
ter than any other single volume in the English Language; giving a
description of nearly One Hundred Thousand Places, with
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From the Hon. Edward Everett.
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from the best materials and sources of information.... The principles adopte(
in ascertaining the pronunciation of proper names (as stated in the Introduction
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tainty, but it is treated with great ability, and in a very satisfactory manner, in your
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From Washington Irving.
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ster's Dictionary.
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given it, to be a work of immense labor, very wisely directed. I consider it as of great
importance to Teachers."
From the Hon. George Bancroft.
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Gazetteer * especially for its comprehensiveness, compactness, and general accuracy.
I wish you the success which you so richly deserve."