A
LATIN READER:
CONSISTING OF SELECTIONS FROM
PHAEDRUS, C}ESAR, CURTIUS, NEPOS, SALLUST, OVID,
VIRGIL, PLAUTUS, TERENCE, CICERO,
PLINY, AND TACITUS.
WIfit! Copicu0 Watet  anb VTocatularv.
PREPARED BY
WILLIAM F. ALLEN, A.M.,
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT. LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN;
AND
JOSEPH H. ALLEN,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS,
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY EDWIN GINN.
CHICAGO: FRED B. GINN.
1869.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
J. H. AND W. F. ALLEN,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
the District of Massachusetts.
CAMBRIDGE:
PRESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON.




PREFACE.
OUR first object in the preparation of this Reader, has
been to furnish for beginners a sufficient amount of the
easiest and most interesting reading-matter to be found
in purely classical writers. We have considered that,
after a few month's careful training in the elements of
the tongue,- for which the " Lessons," published last
winter, were specially designed, — a good deal of time
may best be devoted to mere translation, with the object of practising what has been already learned,
rather than of acquiring a greater mass of purely theoretical knowledge; giving the most careful attention
to accuracy, but leaving the nicer points of grammar
for later study, except an occasional parsing lesson
be had, so as to keep the learner in practice and the
memory fresh. For the sake, however, of teachers
who may prefer to use this as a drill-book, and of classes
that may have no more extended course of Latin study
in view, we have given copious references to the Grammar, covering nearly every point after the paradigms
of verbs; in general, referring to each principle of
syntax once, and only once, or, if a second time, then
simply as the best way of giving help in a difficult
passage.




Vi                  PREFACE.
In order to facilitate, in some degree, the familiar
acquisition of so difficult a language as Latin, we have
employed in this book those helps to the eye of accents
and " digraphs," which the custom of three centuries has
sanctioned, and which even the practised reader will
not always disdain. In the Grammar and Lessons,
whicli are supposed to be studied under the constant
direction of the teacher, we preferred to dispense with
these aids, that so the pupil, at the cost of a little more
pains at starting, might be prepared to take up whatever edition of the classics might come to his hand;
for the special uses of this volume, we think they will
be found serviceable.  In orthography, we have on
principle admitted considerable freedom as to points
which may be regarded as still unsettled; in general
keeping to the best recent authorities, but aiming to
habituate the eye of the student to those varieties of
spelling he is likely to meet in a variety of authors and
editions.
For the sake of those schools and classes to which
the Reader comprises, practically, all the Latin ever
expected to be learned, we have desired that this volume might enlarge and not belittle the notion of what
a classic language and literature mean. The best
justification of classical study, after all, is not its
value as a mere means of mental discipline, for which
modern and scientific methods are to so large an extent coming to take its place; but that it combines
that discipline with some guiding of the mind towards
the higher interpretation of history, and the deeper
lessons of human life. With this view, every firstclass name in Roman literature, excepting Livy and
Horace, is represented in this collection; and special
care has been taken, both in text and notes, to make




PREFACE.                  v-ii
it a help towards a clear view of the course of Roman
empire, at its most critical periods, from Scipio down
to Trajan. Nor will it be held void of interest, that we
have given, from Tacitus, Pliny and Suetonius, every
notice to be found in classical antiquity of the early
Christians; while, in Virgil's " Pollio," and Cicero's
correspondence with his friend Sulpicius, is afforded
some hint of the level which the most cultivated Pagan
thought had attained on religious themes.
While the reading most in vogue for beginners has
of late presented Latin chiefly in its rhetorical composition and literary dialect,- we have sought, by familiar
letters and dramatic dialogue, to show it as a living
tongue dealing with real things. The drollery and
fun of Plautus, the graver humor of Terence, the easy
and cheerful courtesy of Pliny's letters, the downright
hard-hitting of Marius's speech before the people, seem
to us a most desirable substitute for the weary and
dreary narrative of the " Gallic War," as most boys
find it. And while, in the case of Cicero, a vein of
insincerity runs through most of his formal writings,
even in his philosophical dialogues, where he tries to persuade himself that he is a single-minded searcher for
truth, his letters bring us into an other atmosphere.
His fond domestic feeling, the despair of his exile, his
frank pride in his public welcome back, and his heavy
heart refusing to be comforted after his daughter's
death, show him in a more genuine and manlier way
than the elaborate false pleading of the "' Milo," or the
polished hollow compliment of the " Marcellus."
In the preparation of the text and notes, we have
had in mind the needs of young students, not of mature scholars; following the best editions within our
reach, and carefully comparing the more important




viii                   PREFACE.various readings, while making no pretensions to critical editing of our own.* We have aimed, in the notes,
not to depart from the immediate needs of the boy or
girl of fifteen, for whose use this volume is especially
designed; desiring to help the student do his work,
not to do his work for hlim; seldom translating a passage, but preferring to call his attention to the principle of construction involved, and then leave it for
him to make out the meaning for himself; consulting
freely the great historians, chiefly Grote, Mommsen,
and Merivale, but forbearing to load the page with
masses of mere information, however interesting.
In preparing the Vocabulary, we have thought best,
for many reasons, to make its range broad enough to
cover the whole body of classical Roman literature,
rather than any single selection of authors. For this
object it has been read twice with every article in
Andrews's large Lexicon, and most of it, besides, with
the much more copious one of White and Riddle. To
bring it within the compass of two hundred pages has
required, besides the careful packing of each page and
line, very large omissions. In particular, many classes
of derivations and compounds, occurring rarely, or
else quite obvious in their meaning; numerous words
used in a purely technical sense by legists, grammarians, and naturalists; words of late or doubtful
*13esides numerous American school editions, we have chiefly used
for Phoedrus, Raschig and Siebelis; for Caesar, Doberenz; for Curtius, Zumpt, whose critical edition we have mainly followed; for Sallust, Jacobs and Long; for Ovid, Haupt in the Metamorphoses,
Ramsay, Paley and Siebelis in the Fasti; for Virgil, Ladewig; for
Cicero's Epistles, Frey, Hofmann, Hoffa, and Abeken (Merivale's
version); for Tacitus, Nipperdey and Ritter. In a few cases we have
referred [" Hb."] to the "Handbook of Classical Geography, &c., prepared by T. P. and W. F. Allen."




PREFACE.                  ix
authority, or else mere archeological curiosities; together with a few terms or meanings rejected on the
score of decency, have been freely omitted. With
this qualification, we think that the learner who has
been taught so much of derivative forms and combinations as we have given here on a single page, need
never be at a loss for the meaning or inflection of
any word he is likely to meet in any classical author
from Plautus to Tacitus;. while this Vocabulary will
be found peculiarly rich in terms of common life. It
includes about 15,000 words, with the addition of
about 1,300 proper names or adjectives and more than
200 dates, carefully selected, so as to make a convenient manual of reference, both as to the main points
of ancient history (including numerous matters of
Roman antiquities and politics), and as to those mythological allusions, which may be called the common
stock of classical tradition. In this way, we have
aimed to keep before the learner's eye some hint of
the wealth and variety in diction of the language he is
studying; while his judgment in the use of it will be
better trained than by servile reliance on a mere list
of words, however copious and redundant, prepared
for his present convenience only.
The three volumes now before the public contain
what may be regarded as a complete and sufficient
course of Latin study for those who desire only a general acquaintance with the language; and more particularly designed for those classes in Academies and
High or Normal schools, which may be presumed able
to give only one or two years to classical study. To
such, it will be a tolerably full course of reading in itself; and, to others, a sufficient preparation for the many
excellent editions of standard authors in current use.




X                  PREFACE.
For the aid of those who desire a more critical acquaintance with the language, and a more intimate
knowledge, from original sources, of the most eventful
period of Roman history, we have in preparation a
Manual of Latin Composition, which may be looked for
within a year, and an edition of Coesar's Civil War,
to be amply illustrated from the history and writings
of his own time.
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.
August, 1869.




CONTENTS.
PAGE
I. FABLES OF PHEDRUS............   1
II. JULIUS CSA...............    11
1. First Invasion of Britain.........    11
2. Second Invasion of Britain........  19
3. The People of Gaul and Germany......  26
III.  QUINTUS CURTIUS: Life of Alexander......               37
1. The River Cydnus..........    37
2. Battle of Issus.............  43
3. Death of Clitus............  58
4. Defeat of Porus............  64
5. The Indian Ocean...........  72
6. Death of Alexander...........   77
IV. CORNELIUS NEPOS: Life of Hannibal......   82
V. SALLUST: The War with Jugurtha......            91
1. The Youth of Jugurtha.........             91
2. How Jugurtha became King of Numidia....    95
3. Jugurtha in Rome..........    98
4. Political Parties in Rome......... 100
5. The Campaign of Metellus.......    102
6. Caius Marius............. 110
7. The Despair of Jugurtha........    112
8. Marius before the People......... 116
9. Marius in the Field........... 122
10. Lucius Cornelius Sulla.........    128
11. Jugurtha is Betrayed and Captured......  1;




Xii                        CONTENTS.
PAGE
VI. OVID.........135
1. The Story of Phaithon...                         135
2. The Month of March.......... 145
The Year of Romulus..........   145
The Year of Numa........           146
The Sabine Wives......               147
Faunus and Picus........... 149
The Sacred Shield.........                151
The Infant Jupiter........... 152
Bacchus and Ariadne.......... 153
Anna Perenna..155
lMurder of Cocesar.                   158
Bacchus and the Honey-cakes......    159
Rite.:of Minerva......   160
The Golden Fleece........... 161
VII. VIRGIL.........   163
1. The Story of Aristaus........   163
2. Tityrus (Eclogue I.).........       169
3. Pollio (Eclogue V.)....             172
VIII. PLAUTUS: Mercury in Disguise. 1........'   174
IX. TERENCE: The Self-Tormentor....;.......181
X. CICERO.....              ~  ~ ~ ~  ~....'.   185
1. Cicero's Exile and Return (Vell. Paterc.).      185
Cicero to his Wife and Children....... 186
To his Brother Quintus..........    188
Cicero to Atticus..191
2. The Death of Tullia..........   194
Sulpicius to Cicero....194
Cicero to Sulpicius.......... 197
XI. PLINY...............             199
1. Letter to Tacitus, concerning a School for Boys    199
2. Letter to Tacitus, on his Uncle's Death by the
Eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79......  200
3. Second Letter on the Eruption,.... 203
4. Letter to Trajan. concerning the Christians. ~ ~ 206
5. The Reply of Trajan.              208
XII. TACITUs: The Conflagration of Rome, and First Persecution of the Christians, A.D. 64, 65....   209
NOTES.............      215




LATIN READER.
I.
FABLES OF'PHYEDRUS.
I. De Vulpe et Uvd.
Fam6 coacta vdlpes alta in vinea
Uvam Appetebat sdmmis saliens vifribus.
Quam tAngere ut non p6tuit, discedens ait:
"Nonddim matura est, n61lo acerbam sumere."
Qui facere quae non p6ssunt verbis 6levant,      5
Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi.
II. Vulfpes et Hircus.
Homo in periclum simul ac venit cAllidus,
Reperfre effugium Alterius quaerit malo.
Cium d6cidisset vdlpes in puteum inscia,
Et Altiore cladderetur mArgine,
Dev6nit hircus sitiens in eunddmn locum; 
Simuil rogavit,- 6sset an dulcis liquor
Et c6piosus? Illa fraudem m6liens:' Desc6nde, amice; tAnta bonitas 6st aqua,
Voldptas ut satiAri non possft mea."
Immfsit se barbAtus. Tumrn vulpecula             lo
Etvsit puteo, nfxa celsis c6rnibus,
Hircdmque clauso liquit harentdm vado.




2                 LATIN READER-.
III. Lupus et Agnus.
Ad rivum eundem luipus et agnus venerant,
Sitd compulsi.  Superior stabat lupus
Long6que inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba
Latro incitatus, juirgii causam intulit;' Cur," fnquit, " turbulentam fecisti mihi           5
Aquam bibenti?"  Laniger contra timens:
" Qui p6ssum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, lupe?
A te decurrit ad meos haustuis liquor."
Repulsus ille v6ritatis viribus,
"' Ante h6s sex menses male," ait, " dixisti mihi."    Io
Resp6ndit agnus: " Equidem natus n6n eram."
"' Pater hercule tuus," inquit, " male dixit mihi
Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece."
Haec pr6pter illos scripta est homines fabula,
Qui fictis causis innocentes 6pprimunt.             15
Iv. Vijpera et Lima.
Mordaiciorem-qui improbo dente Adpetit,
Hoc Argumento se describi sentiat.
In 6fficinam fAbri venit vlpera.
Haec, cuim tentaret, sl qua res essdt cibi,
Limam momordit. Illa contra c6ntumax,                5
" Quid me," inquit, " stulta, dente captas laedere,
Omne Adsu6vVi f6rrum quae corr6dere?"
v. Canis et Crocodilus.
Consilia qui dant prava cautis h6minibus,
Et perdunt operam et deridentur turpiter.
Can6s currentes bibere in Nilo fluimine,
A c6rcodilis n6 rapiantur, traditum est.
Igitlr cum currens bibere ccepisset canis,           5




FABLES OF PHtEDRUS.                 3
Sic c6rcodilus: " Qualm libet lambe 6tio,
Noli vereri."  At ille: " Facerem me hercule,
Nisi esse scirem carnis te cupiduim mea."
VI. Muli et Latrones.
Mull gravati sarcinis ibant duo:
Unuis ferebatffiscos cum pectinia;
Alter tumentes muilto saccos h6rdeo.
Ille, 6nere dives, celsa cervice eminet,
Clarumque collo jactat tintinrntbulum;             5
Comes quieto s6quitur et placid6 gradu.
Subit6 latrones ex insidiis advolant,
Interque caedem f6rro mulum sauiciant:
Diripiunt nummos, n6gligunt vile h6rdeum.
SpoliAtus igitur casus cuim fleret suos,          0o
"Equidem," inquit alter, " md contemptum  gauideo;
Nam nihil amisi, nec sum laesus vulnere."
Hoc argumento tuita est hominum tenuitas:
Magnae periclo stint opes obn6xie.
vii. Calvus el Musca.
Calv/ momordit muisca nudatdtm caput;
Quam opprimere captans Alapam sibi duxit gravem,
Tunc illa irridens: " Ptinctum volucris pa.rvula
Voluisti morte ulcisci: quid facies tibi,
Injtiria qui addfderis contumeliam?"               5
Resp6ndit: "Mecum faicile redeo in gratiam,
Quia n6n fuisse me'ntem ledendi scio;
Sed t6, contempti generis animal improbum,
Quae d6lectaris bfbere humanum sAnguinem,
Opt6m necare v6l majore inc6mmodo."               Id
Hoc Argumentum veniam ei darl docet,
Qui cAsu peccat. NAm qui consilio 6st nocens,
Illum 6sse quavis dfgnum ponan jtidico.




4                - J.ATJN READBRR
VIII. -Homo et Colubra.
Qui f6rt malis auxilium, post tempuis dolet.
Geli rigentem quidam colubram suistulit.
Sinuique fovito c6ntra se ipse misericors;
Namque uit refecta est,:necvit hominem pr6tinus.
Hanc Alia cuim rogaret causam fAcinoris,;:
Resp6ndit: "Ne quis discat prodesse improbis."
IX. Asinus ad Senem Pastorem.
In principatu c6mmutando civium
Nil praeter domini n6men mutant pailperes.
Id esse verum, pArva haec fabella indicat.
Asellum in prato tfmidus pascebat senex.
Is, h6stium clam6re subito territus,               5
Suadebat asino fiigere, ne possent capi.
At fille lentus: " Quaeso, num bilnA-s mihi
Clitellas imposituirum victorem putas?"
Senex negavit. "Ergo quid refdrt mea,
Cui serviam? clitellas dum portem meas."         10
x. Lupus et Gruis.
Qui pretium meriti ab fmprobis desiderat,
Bis peccat: primum qu6niam indignos  Adjuvat;
Impuine abire~defnde quia. jam n6n potest.
Os devoratunm fauice cum haererdt lupi,
Magn6 dolore- victus ccepit -s/ngulos  5
Illicere pretio, ut fllud extrahernnt malum.
Tand6m persuasa est juirejurand6 gruis,
Guloaque;.crderas c611i longitddinem,
Perlculosam fecit medicin-Am lupo.
Pro qu6 cuim pactum flAgitaret pramium:            10
"IngrAta es," inquit, " 6requa, nostr6 caput
Inc6lume abstuleris, et mercedem p6stules."




FABLES OF PHADRUS.                    5
xi. Socrates ad Amicos.
Vulgire amici n6men, sed rara est fides.
Cium parvas ades sibi fundasset S6crates,
(Cujus non fugio m6rtem, si famam -adsequar,
Et c~do invidia, dimmodo absolvar cinis)
E p6pulo sic, nescfo quis,; ut fierf solet-:         5
"Quaes6 tam angustam, tAlis vir, ponis domum  "
"Utinam," inquit, " veris hanc amicis impleam! "
xII. Guzbernator et Naulme.
Citm dd fortunis qufdam quereretur suis;
Als6pus finxit c6nsolandi grAtia:
VexAta sawvis nAvis tempestAtibus,
Int6r vectorum lAcrimas et- mortfs metum,
Faciem ad serenam sdbito ut mutatdr -dies,           5
Ferri secundis tdta capit flAtibus,
Nimiaque nautas hflaiitate ext6llere.
Factuis periclo tum gubernat6r sophus:
" Parc6 gaudere op6rtet, et sensim queri,TotAm quia vitam miscet dolor et gauidiun."         10
xIII. zfsopus et Petulans.
Successus ad-perniciem multos devocat.
As6po quidam p6tulans lapidem: rnpegerat.
" Tanto," inquit, " melior! "- Assern deinde illf dedit,
Sic pr6secutus: "Plds nonri habeo mehdrcule,
Sed unde accipere p6ssis, rmolnstrab6 tibi."         5
Venit ecce dives et- potens; huic siniliter
"Impinge lapidem, et;dignurn accipies pMimium."
Persuasus ille f6cit, quod monitis ftit:Sed spes fefellit impudehtem AbdAciam:
Comprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce.           10




6                  LATIN READER.
XIv. Rana Rupta et Bos.
In6ps, potentem dulm vult imitari, perit.
In prato quondam rana conspexit bovem,
Et, tacta invidia tanta  magnitudinis,
Rug6sam inflavit pellem. Tum nat6s suos
Interrogavit, an bove esset lAtior?                  5
Illi negarunt. Ruirsus intendit cutem
Maj6re nisu; et sfmili quaesivit modo,
"Quis major esset?"  Illi dixeruint, bovem.
Novissime indignAta, dum vult validius
InflAre sese, rupto jacuit c6rpore.                Io
xv. Rana? Regem Petentes.
Athenax cuim florerent amquis legibus,
Procax libertas civitatem miscuit,
Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia.
Hinc c6nspiratis fAttionum partibus,
Arcem tyrannus 6ccupat Pisistratus.                  5
Ciim tristem servituitem flerent Attici,
Non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave
Omne fnsuetis 6nus, et ccepissent queri:
As6pus talem tuim fabellam rettulit:
Rana, vagantes liberis paludibus,                Io
Clam6re magno regem petiere a Jove,
Qui dissolutos m6res vi compesceret.
Pater deorum risit, atque illis dedit
Parvuim tigillum, mlssum quod subit6 vadis
Motui sonoque terruit paviduim genus.               15
Hoc mersum limo celm lateret dlutius,
Forte una tacite pr6fert e stagn6 caput,
Et explorato rege cunctas evocat.
Illae, timore p6sito, certatim adnatant,
Lignuimque supra tuirba petulans insilit.           20
Quod cim inquinassent 6mni contumelia,




FABLES OF PI-LDRUS.                  7
Alidm rogantes regem misere ad Jovem,
Inuitilis quoniam esset, qui fuerat datus.
Tum misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero
Corripere ccepit singulas.  Frustra necem           25
Fugitant inertes: v6cem praecludit metus.
Furtim igitur dant Mercilrio mandata ad Jovem,
Afflictis ut succdirrat.  Tunc contra deus:
" Quia n6luistis vestrum ferre," inquit, " bonum,
Malum perferte." V6s quoque, o civ6s, ait,         30
Hoc sustinete, mAjus ne veniat, malum.
xvI. Scurra et Rusticus.
Prav6 favore lAbi mortales solent,
Et, pr6 judicio dum stant erroris sui,
Ad poenitendum r6bus manifestis agi.
Facturus ludos quidam dives n6biles
Prop6sito cunctos invitavit praemio,                 5
Quam quisque posset, it novitatem ost6nderet.
Venere artifices laudis ad certanmina:
Quos inter scurra, n6tus urban6 sale,
Habere dixit se genus spectaculi,
Quod in theatro nuimquam prolatrim foret.           lo
Dispersus rumor civitatem c6ncitat.
Paullo ante vacua tuirbam deficiint loca.
In sce6n vero p6stquam solus c6nstitit,
Sine apparatu, nullis adjut6ribus,
Silentium ipsa f6cit exspectattio..15
Ille in sinum repente dimisit caput,
Et sic porcelli v6cem est imitatuis sua,,
Verum dt subesse pAllio cont6nderent,
Et excuti juberent.  Quo fact6, simul
Nihil est repertum, mfiltis onerant laudibus,       20
Hominemque plausu pr6sequuntur mAximo.
Hoc vidit fieri rdsticus.  "Non mehercule
Me vincet" inquit: et statim prof6ssus est,




8                 LATIN READER.
Id6m facturum mnliuis se postridie.
Fit tfirba major. Jam favor ment6s tenet,           25
Et derisuri, n6n spectaturi, sedent.
Uterque prodit. Scuirra degrunnit prior,
Movetque plausus, 6t clamores suscitat.
Tunc shmulans sese v6stimentis ruisticus
Porcellum obtegere (qu6d faciebat scilicet,         30
Sed, in priore quia nil compererlnt, latens),
Pervellit aurem verb, quem celaverat,
Et ctim dolore v6cem natura 6exprimit.
Acclamat populus, scuirram multo similius
Imitatum, et cogit, risticum trudf foras.           35
At file profert ipsum porcellum e sinu,
Turpemque aperto pignore error6m probans:
"En! hic declarat, quales sitis juidices! "
XVII. Cervus et Boves.
Cervuis nemorosis excitatus latibulis,
Ut v6natorum fdigeret instantem necem,
Cac6 timore pr6ximam villam  petit,
Et 6pportuno s6 bovili c6ndidit.
Hic b6s latenti: " Quidnam voluisti tibi,            5
Inf6lix, ultro qui ad necem cucurreris,
Hominuimque tecto spiritum commfseris?"
At ille supplex:'" V6s modo," inquit,'" PDArcite:
Occa'sione ruirsus erumpatm data."
Spatiuim diei n6ctis excipiuint vices.   -          to
Frondem bubulcus adfert, nec ide6 videt.
Etint subinde et redeunt omnes rustici,
Nemo Animadvertit; trAnsit etiam villicus,
Nec file quidquam s6ntit. Tum gaudens ferus
Bubuis quietis Agere ccepit grAtias,                15
Hospitium adverso qu6d praestiterint t6mpore.
Resp6ndit unus: " Salvum te cupimuis quidem;
Sed ille, qui oculos c6ntum habet, si v6nerit,




FABLES' OF. PHFiDRUS.                  9
Magno in periclo vita vertetuir tua."
Hac inter ipse d6minus a cena redit;                  20
Et, quia corruptos viderat nuper boves,
Accedit ad prasedpe: " Cur frondis parum est?
Stramenta desunt.  T6llere habc aranea,    -
Quantum est laboris?'"' D6im scriutatur singula,
Cervi quoque alta c6nspicatur cdrriua;''             25
Quem c6nvocata-jdibet occidiofiamilif.,
Pradafmque tollit.
HaEI-c significat fabula,
Dominim videre plurimum in rebuis suis.
XVIII. Mus Urbanus et Rusticus.
Hospitio quondam: muis urbanus rfistici 
Exceptus vili glande cenat in cavo.
Inddixit precibus p6st utulrbem risticus.
Cellamque intraret plenam rebus 6ptimis.
In qua dum variis pdrfruuntur tili quiis,''' "'        5
Impuilso venit 6stio: cell'rius.
Quo mires strepitu di'ffgiunt pert6rriti,
Et n6tis facile urbAnus se condfft cavis;
At miser ignota trepidans'rusticis domo
Timensque mortem, p6r' parietes cursitat.             10
Ut qua  volebat suistulit cellArius,
Clausitque limen,' -:terui;urbanus rfisticum
HortAtur; ille p6rturbatis sdiisibus,
"Vix," inquit, "possui':-cApere;pri'a metfl cibum.
Putaisne veniet ille?"-'  r" Quid-ta'ntim times'?"'  T5
Urbanus inquit; " age fruamur ferculis,
Qusa fruistra ruri queiaras.'2' Countra-rfsti'cus:
" Tu qui tim'fere nescis frueire his 6mnibus;
At m6 securum pascat glans et lih'beru."
In pauipertate tiitum praostat'v'ivere;'            20
Quam divitiarum cArpi solitddine.




IO                LATIN READER.
xix. Naufragium Simonidis.
Homo d6ctus in se semper divitiAs habet.
Sim6nides, qui scripsit egregiuim melos,
Quo paupertatemrn ~stiieret f cflihs,
Circuire cepit uirbes Asia n6biles,
Merc6de accepta lauidem  victortirnm canens,         5
Hoc genere quastufs.p6stquam locuples. fActus est,
Redire in pa'triam v6luit cursu p6lagio;   -
Erat Autem natus, ut aiunt, in Cea insula.
Adsc6ndit navem: quam tempestas h6rrida
Simul 6t vetustas medio dissolvit mari.  I
Hi z6nas, illi' res'pr6tiosas c6lligunit,;
Subsidiurn vitae.:Quiam curi6sior:
" Sim6nide, th ex 6pibus nil- sumls tuis?'
"Mecum,". inquit, minea sunt'cfincta."  Tunc. pauci
6natant,
Quia plures onere, dgravati prierant.              I5
Praed6nes adsunt, rApiunt quod quisque 6xtuli1,
Nud6s relinquunt..,F6rte. Clazomena prope
Antfqua fuit urbs, quam p6tierunt nauifragi.
Hic lltterarum quidam studio deditus.,'
Sim6nidis qui sape versus l6gerat,                  20
ErAtque absentis Admirator' mAximus,
Serm6ne ab ipso c6gnitum cupidlssimie:
Ad s6 recepit;' v6ste,'n:mi'niss ftmiliA
Hominem 6xornavit...:Cteri: tabulam. suam.Portint, rogantes vic.tum.. O- sus: casu 6bvios     25
Sim6;iides ut. vidit:." Dixi":iqUjt,.:i-  mnea.
Mecum 6sse. ctucta; v6s quQd rapuigtis, prit."'




JULIUS ~-CIESAR.
Ii..First invasion of Brztain.
(B.C.. 55.)
[FROM CSRSAR'S GALLIC WAR: Book IV. Chapters 20-36.]
Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his
locis, quod omnis Gal~lia.ad.septemtriones vergit,
maturae sunt hi-emes,; tamen. in -Britanniam  proficisci qcontendif, qua6d. omar ibs. Tfere, Gallicis bellis
hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia:intelligebat, et si tempus anrni ad bellum gerendum deficeret,
tamen magnin sibi usui fore arbitrabatur si modo insulam adisset' et genus hominum  perspexisset, loca,
portus, aditu's'cognovisset;. que omnia fere Gallis
erant incognita. Neque enim temere praeter mercatores ill  adit quisquam, neque his ipsis quidquam
praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones quae sunt
contra Gallias notum est.  Itaque.vocatis ad.se undique mercatoribus,. neque quanta:-esset. insul- magritudo, neque quam aut: quant e nationes-ncolerent,
neque quem usum belli haberent aut: quibus institutis
uterentur, -ni —eq-quei w essent'ad, majorum- navium
multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat.
Ad haec cognoscenda, priiisquam periculum faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi
longa proemittit. Huic mandat uti exploratis omnibus rebus ad. se quam primiim revertatur. Ipse cum




I2               LATIN READER.
omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde
erat brevissimus in Britanniam trajectus. Huc naves undique ex finitimis regionibus, et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat classem,
jubet convenire, Interim  consilio ejus cognito, et
per mercatores perlato ad Britannos, a compluribus
insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romani
obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus
hortatusque ut in ea sententih permanerent, eos domum remittit, et cum iis una Commium, quem ipse
Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus
et virtutemn et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem  esse. arbitrabatur, cujusque. auctoritas in his
regionibus magni habebatur, mittit.  Huic imperat
quas possit adeat civitates, horteturque -ut populi
Romani fidem  sequantur, seque celeriter eo ventu-.rum  nuntiet.   Volusenus  perspectis — regionibus
omnibus quantum  ei facultas dari potuit, qui navi
egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quin-.to die ad Caesarem revertitur,quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.
His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigan-.dum tempestatem, tertia fere vigilia- solvit, equitesque. in. ulteriorem  portum progredi et naves conscendere et se sequi jussit.  A quibus cuim paulo
tardiuis esset administratum, ipse hora: circiter diei
quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit, atque
ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec-erat natura, atque
ita montibus angustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis
superioribus in litus telum  adigi posset.  Hunc ad
egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus,




JULIUS CXSAR.                 13
dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit.  Interim  legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno
cognosset et quae fieri vellet ostendit; monuitque (ut
rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum
haberent) ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis
administrarentur. His dimissis, et ventum et aestum
uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancoris, circiter milia passuum VII ab eo loco
progressus, aperto ac plano litore naves constituit.
At barbari, consilio Romanorum  cognito, praemisso equitatu et.essedariis, quo pleruimque genere
in prceliis-uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti
nostros. navibus egredi'prohibebant.  Erat ob has
causas —summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem -nisi in alto constitui non poterant, militibus; autem ignotis locis, impeditis manibus, magno
et gravi onere armorum. oppressis, simul -et de navibus. desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum
hostibus erat pugnandum; cihm illi aut ex arido aut
paulium in aquam progressi, omnibus membris expeditis-, notissimis locis audacter tela conjicerent, et
equos insuefactos incitarent." Q$uibus rebus nostri
perterriti, atque hujus omnin6 generis pugnae imperiti, non eatdem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus uti praeliis consuerant utebantur.:Q.od- ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas,
quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior, et motus
ad usum  expeditior, paulim.removeri- ab onerariis
navibus et remis incitari et adl latus apertum hostium
constitui, atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes
propelli ac submoveri jussit-;- quee res magno usui




I4               LATIN READER.
nostris -fuit.  Nam  et- navium  figura -et remortnm
motu et inusitato genere tormentorum  permoti bar-,
bari constiterunt, ac pauluim modo pedem retulerunt.
Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem-mmaris, -qui decimae legionis aquilam
ferebat, contestatus:deos ut -ea res -legioni feliciter
eveniret,' Desilite,"'inquit, " commilitones, nisi vtul
tis -aquilam hostibus -prodere:. ego cert-r meum -rei
publicae atque imperatori officium praestitero."  Hoc
cium voce magn&. dixisset se- ex navi projecit, atque
in hostes aquilam ferre ccepit. Turn nostri cohortati
inter se, ne tantum- dedecus -admitteretur, universi
ex- navi desiluerunt.  Hos item  ex: proximis primis
navibus:-im conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus. appropiliquAnint.
Pugnatum est ab-utrisque acriter. -:.-Nogtri; ta-men,
qu-6d: neque ordines servare, neque: firmiter insistere,
neque: signa- subsequi,'poterant,; atque:atiums  ali -ex
navi qnibuscumque'~signis occurrerat se- aggregabat,
magnopere perturbabantur: hostes vero notis- omnibas vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex _:navi
egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos
adoriebantur,'plures paucos:circumsisfebant,:ali-i.ab
latere aperto in' universos tela- conjiciebant-.  Q Quod
cim: ani madvertisset tCmsar;-scaphas: lonzgarum  navium- iteni speculatoria -:navigia: militibus — compleri
jussit, et quos laborantes conspexert,' his: subsidia'
submittebat.  Nostri  simul in arido constiterunt,
suis omnibus consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt,
atque- eos in:fugam dederunt,-neque longiihs prosequi potuerunt, qu6d. equites-cursum  tenere atque
insulam capere-non:-potuera-nt.- -- Hoc unum -:ad.,'pristinam fortunam Cas-ari deftui




JULIUS CESRAR.15
—.Hostes proelio superati,? simul atque se: ex fuga
receperunt, statim  ad, Caesarem  legatos de pace
miserunt, obsides daturos quaeque imperasset' facturos sese polliciti sunt.  Una cum- his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quem -supra -demonstraveram  a
Casare. in Britanniam -pramissum..: H-unc illi e. navi
egressurm, cim, ad eos oratoris&- modo; CQesaris  mandata -deferret, comprehenderant:atque in vincula
conjecerant: turn  prcelio facto remiserunt,.et in
petendta pace ejus rei culpam  in multitudinem  contulerunt, -et propter. imprudentiam  ~ut ignosceretur
petiverunt. -- Caesar questus, quod —cim ultr' in continentem -legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum
sine cauis. intulissent,: ignoscere:imprudentiae dixit,
obsidesque imperavit; quorum  illi partem  statim
dederunt,.partem -ex- longinquioribus  locis arce$Sitam -paucis diebus sese: daturos dixerunt.,: Intere&a
suos remigrare.in agros jusserunt, pricipesque.undique -convenire,-et se:.civitatesque suas Ca-sari:commendare: coeperunt.i -.: —:  -:; -... His -;-rebus pace -confirmat&, - post diem  quartumr
quam.est in Britanniam  ventum, naves xvii,;-de
quibus supra% demonstratum est, qu~e equites sustulerant~. ex superiore: portu lenir vento isolverunt.; Q'u;
cium appropinquarent Britannie,et ex castris- viderentur, tanta tempestas subit:.coorta est. ut nulla
earum cursum' tenere,';posset, e-:d.;afie, eodem  unde
erant.profecte referrentur,.alie., ad.-inferiorem  parternm insule,- quae est.propihs: solis. occasum,:magno
sui'cumin;:e riculo dejicerentur) necessarkio -advers&
nocte in altum proveetaoe. co.ntifnetemn  petierunt.--'Edem -note accidit ut esset luna -:plena,-qui dies
maritimos aestus maxirnos-in Oceano efficer'e consue



i 6              LATIN READER.
vit, -nostrisque,.id erat incognitum.  Ita uno tempore
et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curaverat, quasque in aridum subduxerat,
aestus complebat, et -onerarias qua ad: ancoras erant
deligatae tempestas afflictabat, neque.- ulla nostris
facultas aut. administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur.
Compluribus -:navibus,.fractis,;.reliquae- cuim  essent
(funibus ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis) ad
navigandum  inutiles, magna (id quod necesse erat
accidere) totius exercitus perturbatio  facta  est.
Neque enim naves erant -aia  quibus reportari possent, et.omnia-de'rant quae ad. reficiendas naves
erant usui;..etquod: omnibus constabat hiemari in
Gallia oportere,, frumentum  his fin locis' in.hiemem
provisum  non erat.. —..             -:.-.-Quibus. rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae qui
post prcelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter-se collocuti' cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis
deie-sse intelligerent, et paucitatem militum ex.castrorum  exiguitate cognoscerent, quae h6c erant etiam
angustiora qu6d sine impedimentis Caesar'legiones
transportaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere,
etr rem in hiemem producere; qu6di, his superatis aut
reditu..interclusiss- nem-inem  postea -beli-. inferendi
causa in. Britanniam-  tra.nsiturum. confidebant.  Itaque. rursis conjuratione facta,- paulatim  ex castris
discedere, ac. suos clam  ex agris deducere cceperunt.
-At.Caesar, etsi nondum  eorum  consilia cognoverat, tamen et' ex. -eventu navium  suarum, et ex eo
quod obsides dare intermiserant, fore.id quod accidit
suspicabatur.- Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia com



JULIUS CASAR.                 17
parabat. Nam et frumentumrn ex agris quotidie in
castra conferebat, et quae-gravissime afflictae erant
naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur, et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continenti comportari jubebat.  Itaque cum  summo
studio a militibus administraretur, xii navibus amissis, -reliquis ut navigari commode posset effecit.
Dum  ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una
frumentatum  missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita,
cium pars hominum in agris remaneret, pars etiam
in castra ventitaret, ii qui pro portis castrorum  in
statione erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem majorem quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri, quam
in partem  legio iter fecisset.  Caesar id quod erat
suspicatus, aliquid novi-a barbaris initum  consilii,
cohortes quae in stationibus erant secum in eam partem proficisci, ex- reliquis duas in stationem cohortes
succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cuim paulo longiis a castris processisset,
suos ab hostibus premi atque vegre sustinere, et conferf& legione ex omnibus partibus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus
demesso frumento, pars una erat reliqua, suspicati
hostes huc noStros esse venturos, noctu in silvis delituerant; tumrn dispersos, depositis armis in metendo
occupatos subit6 adorti, paucis interfectis, reliquos
incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
Genus hoc est essedis pugne:- prim6o per omnes
partes perequitant, et tela conjiciunt, atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines pleruimque
perturbant, et ciim se inter equitum  turmas- insinu2




I8               LATIN READER.
averunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus praeliantur.
Aurigae interim paulatim ex prcelio excedunt, atque
ita.currus collocant, ut si illi a multitudine hostium
premantur expeditum ad suos receptum habeant.
Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in
prceliis praestant; ac tantum usu quotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco
incitatos equos sustinere, et brevi moderari ac flectere et per temonem percurrere, et in jugo insistere
et se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint.
Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae,
tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit; namque ejus adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex
timore receperunt. Q.uo facto ad lacessendum et ad
committendum prcelium- alienum esse tempus arbitratus, suo se loco continuit, et brevi tempore intermisso in  castra legiones reduxit.  Dum  haec
geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in
agris reliqui discesserunt. Secutae sunt continuos
compluros dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent, et hostem a pugna prohiberent.
Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt,
paucitatemque nostrorum  militum  suis preadicaverunt, et quanta praedao facienda atque in perpetuum
sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanos castris
expulissent, demonstraverunt.  HIis rebus celeriter
magna multitudine peditatfis equitatfisque coacta, ad
castra venerunt.
Caesar etsi idein quod superioribus diebus acciderat fore videbat, ut si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate
periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter
xxx, quos Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum
est, secum transportaverat, legiones in acie pro ca



JULIUS CEASAR.               I9
stris constituit. Commisso prcelio, diutiuis nostrorum
militum  impetum  hostes ferre non potuerunt, ac
terga verterunt. Quos tanto spatio secuti quantum
cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, complures ex iis
occiderunt; deinde, omnibus longe lateque aedificiis
incensis, se in castra receperunt.
Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caosarem
de pace venerunt.  His Caesar numerum obsidum
quem ante imperaverat duplicavit, eosque in continentem adduci jussit, quo6d propinqua die aequinoctii, infirmis navibus hiemi navigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse idoneam tempestatem
nactus, paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit,
quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt;
sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem quos reliqui portus
capere. non potuerunt, et paulo infra delatae sunt.
2. Second Invasion of.Brizain.
(B.C. 54.)
(Book V. Chapters 8-23.]
His rebus gestis, solis occasu naves solvit,
et leni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento
intermisso cursum  non tenuit; et longiiis delatus aestu, orta. luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam
conspexit. Tum rursus astuis commutationem secutus, remis contendit ut eam partem insule caperet,
qua optimum esse egressurn superiore aestate cognoverat.  Q2ua in re admodum fuit militum virtus
laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis, non
intermisso remigandi labore, longarum navium cursum  adaequarunt.  Accessum  est ad Britanniam
omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore; neque in




20               LATIN READER.
eo loco hostis est visus, sed ut postea C esar ex captivis cognovit, -ciinm magnae manus e6 convenissent,
multitudine navium perterritae, quae ampliis octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant,
ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.
Caesar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo
capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in' loco hIosti"um
copiae consedissent, cohortibus x ad-mare relictis, et
equitibus ccc qui praesidio navibus essent, de tertia
vigilia ad hostes contendit, eo minuis veritus navibus
quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram  relinquebat, et praesidio navibus Q  Atrium
praefecit.'Ipse, noctu progressus milia passuum circiter xII, hostium: copias conspicatus est'. Illi, equitatu atque'essedis: ad' flumen - progressi, ex loco
superiore nostros prohibere et prcelium  committere
coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti egregie et natur& et opere munitumrn', quem  domestici belli ut videbatur causat jam
ante proeparaverant; nam crebris arboribus succisis
omnes introitus erant praeclusi.  Ipsi ex' silvis rari
propugnabant, nostrosque intra. munitiones''ingredi
prohibebant. At milites'legionis viI, testudine facta
et aggere ad' munitiones adjecto, locum  ceperunt
eosque ex silvis expulerurit, paucis vulneribus acceptis.: Sed eos fugientes longiiis Caesar prosequi vetuit,
et' quod loci naturam' ignorabat, et qlubd magn&a parte
diei consumpta, munitioni castrorum tempu's relinqui
volebat.   - 
Postridie ejus diei, — mane triper.tito milites equitesque in expeditionem:misit, ut eos'qui fugerant persequerentur.  His aliquantum  itineris progressis,
ciim jam extremi essent in prospectu, equitees a Q.




JULUS C2ESAR.               21
Atrio ad Casarem venerunt, qui. nunciarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta tempestate, prope omnes
naves afflictas atque in litore ejectas esse; qu6d
neque ancoree. funesque subsisterent, neque nautae
gubernatoresque vim tempestatis pati possent; itaque ex eo.concursu navium magnum esse incommodum: acceptum.
His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque
revocari atque itinere desistere jubet, ipse ad naves
revertitur: eadem  fere quae ex nunciis literisque
cognoverat coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter
XL navibus, reliquae tamen, refici posse magno negotio viderentur.  Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit,
et ex continenti alios arcessi jubet,; Labieno scribit
ut quatm plurimas posset iis legionibus, quae sunt
apud eum, naves instituat,  Ipse etsi res erat multae
operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit
omnes naves subduci, et cum castris una munitione
conjungi.  In his rebus circiter dies x consumit, ne
nocturnis quidem  temporibus ad laborem  militum
intermissis.  Subductis, navibus castrisque egregie
munitis, easdem copias quas ante praesidio navibus
reliquit: ipse eodem unde redierat proficiscitur. Eo
cim venisset, majores:jam  undique in eum locum
copiae Britannorum, convenerants, summ'. imperii
bellique administrandi  co.mmuni consilio permissa
Cassivellauno, cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis,,a mari circiter milia passuum  LXXX. Huic superiore tempore
cum reliquis civitatibus,continentia bella intercesserant; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hunc toti
bello imperioque praefecerant.Britannie pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos




22               LATIN READER.
in insula ipsa memoria proditum  dicunt; maritima
pars ab iis qui preda-e ac belli inferendi causa ex
Belgio transierant, qui omnes fere iis nominibus
civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo
pervenerunt, et bello illato ibi permanserunt atque
agros colere cceperunt. Hominum est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia, fere Gallicis consimilia; pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut ere,
aut nummo oereo, aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus
examinatis pro nummo.  Nascitur ibi plumbum
album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia: aere utuntur importato.  Materia cujusque generis ut in Gallia est,
praeter fagum atque abietem.  Leporem et gallinam
et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt
animi voluptatisque causa.  Loca sunt temperatiora
quam in Gallih, remissioribus frigoribus.
Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus qui est ad
Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat.
Hoc latus pertinet circiter milia passuum D. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem,
qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor (ut existimatur), quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus
atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In h6c medio
cursu est insula quoe appellatur Mona; complures
praeterea minores objectae insulae existimantur; de
quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continuos
xxx sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti noctes
videbamus.  Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert




JULIUS ClESAR.               -23
illorum opinio, DCC milium. Tertium est contra
septemtriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra; sed
ejus angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam spectat:
hoc milia passuum DCCC in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum
milium- passuum.
Ex his omnibus long' sunt humanissimi qui Cantium incolunt, quoe regio est maritima omnis, neque
multuim a Gallicga differunt consuetudine. Interiores
plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne
vivunt, pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se
Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod coeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiores sunt in pugna adspectu:
capilloque sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis
rasa praeeter caput et labrum superius.
Equites hostium  essedariique acriter prcelio cum
equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, ita tamen ut
nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint, atque eos
in silvas collesque compulerint, sed compluribus interfectis cupidiuis insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt.  At illi, intermisso  spatio, imprudentibus
nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum, subit6 se ex silvis ejecerunt, impetuque in eos facdt,
qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter
pugnaverunt; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus
a Caesare, atque iis primis legionum duarum, cuim
hae perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per
medios audacissime perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Q. Laberius Duruis tribunus
militum interficitur. Illi pluribus submissis cohortibus repelluntur.
Toto hoc in genere pugnW, cum sub oculis omni



24-             LATIN READER.
um ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros
propter gravitatem armorum, qu6d neque insequi
cedentes possent, neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem;
equites autem magno cum periculo prcelio dimicare,
proptere& quod illi etiam consult6 pleruimque cederent, et cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent, et pedibus dispari prcelio
contenderent. Equestris autem prcelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum
inferebat. Accedebat huc ut numquam conferti, sed
rari magnisque intervallis prceliarentur, stationesque
dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent.
Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et leniuis quam pridie
nostros equites prcelio lacessere cceperunt.  Sed
meridie, cuim Caesar pabulandi caus& tres legiones
atque omnem equitatum cum C. Trebonio legato
misisset, repente ex omnibus,partibus ad pabulatores
advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non
absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto repptlerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt quoad subsidio confisi equites, cuim post se legiones viderent,
praecipites hostes egerunt, magnoque eorum numero
interfecto, neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut
ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac
fuga protinuis quae undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus umquam summis
nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt.
Caesar cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen Tamesin
in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit, quod flumen
uno omnino loco pedibus atque hoc aegre transiri




JULIUS CAESAR.                25
potest.  E6 -cum venisset, animum advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias. hostium instructas: ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixisque
munita, ejusdemque generis sub aquha defixae sudes
flumine tegebantur.  His rebus cognitis. a captivis
perfugisque, Caesar praemisso  equitatu  confestim
legiones subsequi jussit. - Sed ea celeritate atque eo
impetu milites ierunt, cuim capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum  atque equitum
sustinere non possent,"ripasque dimitterent, ac se
fugae mandarent.
Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni
deposith spe contentionis- dimissis amplioribus'copiis,
milibus circiter iv essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra servabat, paulumque ex vih excedebat, locisque
impeditis ac silvestribus sese -occultabat, atque iis
regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat;
et crim equitatus noster liberiis praedandi vastandique causfa se inagros effunderet, omnibus viis notis
semitisque essedarios% ex silvis emittebat, et magno
cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat,
atque hoc metu latiiis-vagari prohibebat. Relinquiebatur ut nequeelongiius ab agmine- legionum  discedi
Caesar pateretur, et tantum: i agris va'htndis incendiisque faciendis; hostibus noceretur, quantum labore
atque itinere legionarii milites effitere poterant...
-Dum':haec-in his locis geruhtu',e.i.askt1aunus ad
Cantium nuntios mittit, atque his im:expti coactis
omnibus copiis, castra navalia de improaviso adoriantur atque oppugnent.  Ii cium  ad castra venissent,
nostri eiruptione facta multis eorum interfectis, capto
etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes redu



26              LATIN READER.
xerunt.  Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nunciato, tot
detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam
permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem
Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar,
cfim statuisset hiemem in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus agere, neque multum aestatis
superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intelligeret,
obsides imperat, et quid in anrnos singulos vectigalis
populo Romano Britannia penderet constituit: interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubratio
neu Trinobantibus noceat.
Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare,
naves invenit refectas. His deductis, qu6d et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae
tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus
exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit uti ex
tanto navium numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc
neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis quae milites
portaret desideraretur; at ex iis quae inanes ex continenti ad eum remitterentur, et quas postea Labienus
faciendas curaverat numero LX, perpaucae locum
caperent, reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur'. Qulas cum
aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium
suberat, necessario angustiius milites collocavit, ac
summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda cim solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omnesque incolumes naves perduxit.
3. The PeopZle of Gaul and Germany.
[Book VI. Chapters 11-28.]
Qiuoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non
alienum esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque mori



JULIUS CiESAR.               27
bus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese proponere.
In Gallia non soluim in omnibus civitatibus atque
in omnibus pagis partibusque, sed panen etiam in
singulis domibus, factiones sunt; earumque factionum  principes sunt qui summam  auctoritatem
eorum judicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium judiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat.  Idque ejus rei causa antiquitiis
institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii egeret; suos enim quisque opprimi et
circumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter si faciat,
ullam inter suos habet auctoritatem. Haec eadem
ratio est in summa totius Galliae; namque omnes
civitates in partes divisae sunt duas....
In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt
numero atque honore, genera sunt duo; nam plebes
paene servorum habetur loco, que nihil audet per se,
et nullo adhibetur consilio. Plerique, cium aut oere
alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut injuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus: in hos eadem omnia sunt jura quae dominis in
servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est
Druidum, alterum equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur. Ad hos magnus adolescentium
numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi
sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque constituunt; et si quod
est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, si de finibus controversia est, iidem decernunt;
praemia pcenasque constituunt. Si qui aut privatus
aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis inter



28              LATIN READER.
dicunt. Haec pcena apud eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdistum, hi numero impiorum  ac
sceleratorum habentur: ab his omnes discedunt,
aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex
contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus jus redditur, neque honos ullus communicatur.
His autem omnibus Druidibus proeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, si
qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit: at si sunt
plures pares, suffragio Druidum allegitur; nonnumquam etiam armis de principatu contendunt. Hi certo
anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius
Galliae media habetur, corrsidunt in loco consecrato.
Huc omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt, eorumque decretis judiciisque parent. Disciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in Galliam
translata esse existimatur; et nunc, qui diligentiis
eamrn rem cognoscere volunt, pleruimque ill discendi
causa proficiscuntur.
Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa
una cum  reliquis pendunt; militia  vacationem
omniumque rerum  habent immunitatem.  Tantis
excitati praemiis, et sua sponte multi in disciplinam
conveniunt, et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur.
Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur:
itaque annos nonnulli xx in disciplina permanent.
Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare, chm
in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus,
Graecis litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis
instituisse videntur; qu6d neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri velint, neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos minus memoriae studere; quod fere plerisque
accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdis



JULIUS CElSAR.              29
cendo ac memoriam remittant. In primis hoc volunt
persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post
mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu mortis neglecto. Multa
praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi
ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate, disputant et juventuti tradunt.
Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cuim est usus
atque aliquod bellum incidit, quod fere ante Caesaris
adventum quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi
injurias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent, omnes in
bello versantur, atque eorum ut quisque est genere
copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt.
Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus, atque ob eam causam qui sunt affecti
gravioribus morbis, quique in prcrliis periculisque
versantur, aut pro victimis homines immolant, aut
se immolaturos vovent, administrisque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur; quod, pro vita hominis nisi
hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur, publiceque ejusdem
generis habent instituta sacrificia.  Alii immani
magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta
viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent, quibus
succensis circumventi flamma exanimantur homines.
Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut
aliquan noxa sint comprehensi, gratiora diis immortalibus esse arbitrantur, sed cuim ejus generis copia
deficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.
Deuim maxime Mercurium colunt. Hujus sunt




30              LATIN READER.
plurima simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem artium
ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad
quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Martem
et Jovem et Minervam. De his eadem fere quam
reliquae gentes habent opinionem; Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operam atque artificiorum
initia tradere,- Jovem imperium ccelestium tenere,
Martem bella regere. Huic, cuim prcelio dimicare
constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint pleruimque devovent. Quae superaverint animalia capta immolant;
reliquas res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in
civitatibus harum  rerum  exstructos tunmulos locis
consecratis conspicari licet, neque saepe accidit ut
neglecta quispiam religione, aut capta apud se
occultare aut posita tollere auderet; gravissimumque
ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est.
Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedicant,
idque ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum sed
noctium finiunt; dies natales et mensium et annorum
initia sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur. In
reliquis vitae institutis, hoc fere ab reliquis differunt,
quod suos liberos, nisi cuim adoleverunt ut munus
militiae sustinere possint, paltm ad se adire non
patiuntur; filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris adsistere turpe ducunt.
Viri quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine
acceperunt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta
cum dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis pecuniae
conjunctim ratio habetur, fructusque servantur: uter
eorum vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum
fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in




JULIUS CAESAR.               31
uxores sicuti in liberos vitae necisque habent potestatem; et cuim pater familiae illustriore loco natus
decessit, ejus propinqui conveniunt, et de morte si
res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servilem
modum quaestionem  habent, et si compertum  est,
igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt.
Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum  magnifica et sumptuosa; omniaque quoe vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur
in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia: ac paullo supra
hanc memoriam, servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos
esse constabat, justis funeribus confectis, unit cremabantur.
QGuae civitates commodiuis suam rem publicam
administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum,
si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama
acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat, neve cum quo
alio communicet: quod soape homines temerarios
atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri, et ad facinus
impelli, et de summis rebus consilium capere cogniturn est.  Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant;
queeque esse ex usu judicaverint multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non
conceditur.
Est autem hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant, et quod quisque
eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant,
et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistant, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare  cogant.  His rebus atque
auditionibus permoti, de summis saepe rebus consilia
ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio pcenitere necesse est,
cuim incertis rumoribus serviant, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant.




32              LATIN READER.
Germani multuim ab hac consuetudine differunt:
nam neque Druides habent qui rebus divinis praesint,
neque sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos
ducunt quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam: reliquos ne
fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit: ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. Qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt
laudem; h6c ali staturam, ali hoc vires nervosque
confirmari putant.
Agriculturoe non student; majorque pars eorum
victuis in lacte, caseo, carne consistit: neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios,
sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt,
quantum et quo Ioco visum est agri attribuunt, atque
anno post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas
afferunt causas: ne assiduat consuetudine capti studium belli gerundi agricultura commutent; ne latos
fines parare studeant, potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant; ne accuratiuis ad frigora atque
estus vitandos -adificent; ne qua oriatur pecunia
cupiditas, qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut animi aequitate plebem contineant, cuim
suas quisque opes cum potentissimis oequari videat.
Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima
Germanorum  omnium. Hi centum pagos habere
dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causah ex finibus educunt. Reliqui qui
domi manserunt se atque illos alunt. Hi rursis in
vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent.
Sic neque agricultura nec ratio atque usus belli in



JULIUS C2ESAR.              33
termittitur.  Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos
nihil est, neque longiiis anno remanere uno in loco
incolendi causa licet. Neque multiim frumento, seAd
maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt, multiimque sunt in venationibus; quae res et cibi genere
et quotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, quod a
pueris nullo officio aut disciplina assuefacti nihil
omnino contra voluntatem faciant, et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. Atque
in eam se consuetudinem adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissimis neque vestituis praeter pelles habeant quidquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna est
corporis pars aperta, et lavantur in fluminibus.
Mercatoribus est ad eos aditus magis eo ut quae
bello ceperint quibus vendant habeant, quam qu6d
ullam rem ad se importari desiderent. Quin etiam
jumentis, quibus maxime Galli delectantur, quoeque
impenso parant pretio, Germani importatis his non
utuntur, sed quae sunt apud eos nata, prava atque
deformia, haec quotidiana exercitatione summi ut
sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proeliis sapep ex
equis desiliunt ac pedibus prcliantur, equosque eodem remanere vestigio adsuefecerunt, ad quos se
celeriter cum usus est recipiunt; neque eorum moribus turpius quidquam aut inertius habetur quam
ephippiis uti. Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum qu~amvis pauci adire audent. Vinum
ad se omnino importari non sinunt, quod ea re ad
laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur.
Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum
se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium
virtutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere,
3




34              LATIN READER.
neque quemquam  prope audere consistere: simul
h6c se fore tutiores arbitrantur, repentinae incursionis timore sublato. Cuim bellum civitas aut illatum defendit aut infert, magistratus qui ei bello
presint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem deliguntur. In pace nullus est communis magistratus,
sed principes regionum atque pagorum inter suos jus
dicunt, controversiasque minuunt. Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea juventutis exercendoe ac desidiae
minuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex
principibus in concilio dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi
velint profiteantur; consurgunt ii qui et causam et
hominem probant, suumque auxilium pollicentur,
atque ab multitudine collaudantur: qui ex his secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero
ducuntur, omniumque his rerum postea fides derogatur. Hospitem violare fas non putant; qui quacunque de causa ad eos venerunt ab injuria prohibent
sanctosque habent, hisque omnium domus patent,
victusque communicatur.
Ac fuit antea tempus cuim Germanos Galli virtute
superarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum
multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea qua fertilissima Germaniae
sunt loca circum Hercyniam silvam, Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt, atque ibi consederunt. Quae
gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet, summamque habet justitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem:
nunc quoque in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia qua
Germani permanent, eodem victu et cultu corporis
utuntur. Gallis autem Provinciae propinquitas et
transmarinarum rerum notitia multa ad copiam atque




JULIUS CA3SAR.               35
usus largitur. Paullatim adsuefacti superari, multisque victi prceliis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute
comparant.
Hujus Hercyniae silvae, qume supra demonstrata
est, latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet: non
enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum
noverunt.  Oritur ab Helvetiorum  et Nemetum  et
Rauracorum finibus, rectaque fluminis Danubii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium; hinc
se flectit sinistrorsuis diversis ab flumine regionibus,
multarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem
attingit; neque quisquam est hujus Germaniae, qui
se aut adisse ad initium ejus silva dicat, cium dierum
iter LX processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur acceperit:
multaque in ea genera ferarum  nasci constat, quae
reliquis in locis visa non sint: ex quibus quae maxime differant ab ceteris et memoriam prodenda videantur, haec sunt.
Est bos cervi figura, cujus a media fronte inter
aures unum cornu exsistit, excelsius magisque directum his quae nobis nota sunt cornibus.  Ab ejus
summo sicut palmae ramique late diffunduntur. Eadem  est feminao marisque natura, eadem  forma
magnitudoque cornuum.
Sunt item quae appellantur alces. Harum est
consimilis capreis figura et varietas pellium; sed
magnitudine paullo antecedunt, mutilaeque sunt cornibus, et crura sine nodis articulisque habent; neque
quietis caush procumbunt, neque, si quo afflictae
casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt.
His sunt arbores pro cubilibus: ad eas se applicant,
atque ita paullium modo reclinatae quietem capiunt;
quarum ex vestigiis cium est animadversum a vena



36              LATIN READER.
toribus quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut
ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores, tantum
ut summa species earum stantium relinquatur. Huc
cim se consuetudine reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores
pondere affligunt, atque una ipsae concidunt.
Tertium est genus eorum qui uri appellantur. Hi
sunt magnitudine paullo infra elephantos; specie et
colore et figura tauri. Magna vis eorum est et
magna velocitas, neque homini neque fera  quam
conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose foveis captos
interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant homines adolescentes, atque hoc genere venationis exercent; et
qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt, relatis in publicum
cornibus quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne
parvuli quidem excepti possunt. Amplitudo cornuum
et figura et species multium a nostrorum boum cornibus differt.  Haec studiose conquisita ab labris
argento circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis epulis
pro poculis utuntur.




QUINTUS CURTIUS.
LIFE OF ALEXANDER.
I. The River Cydnus.
[Book III. Chapters 4-6.]
Interea Alexander, Abistamene Cappadociae praeposito, Ciliciam petens cum omnibus copiis, in regionem quae Castra Cyri appellatur, pervenerat.
Stativa illic habuerat Cyrus, cuim adversus Crcesum
in Lydiam exercitum duceret. Aberat ea regio
quinquaginta stadia ab aditu, quo Ciliciam intramus:
Pylas incolae dicunt arctissimas fauces, munimenta
quae manu ponimus naturali situ imitante. Igitur
Arsanes, qui Ciliciae praeerat, reputans quid initio
belli Memnon suasisset, quondam salubre consilium
sero exsequi statuit: igne ferroque Ciliciam vastat,
ut hosti solitudinem faciat: quicquid usui esse potest,
corrumpit: sterile ac nudum solum, quod tueri
nequibat, relicturus. Sed longe utilius fuit angustias aditfis, qui Ciliciam aperit, valido occupare
proesidio, jugumque, opportune itineri imminens,
obtinere; unde inultus subeuntem hostem aut prohibere, aut opprimere potuisset. Tunc paucis, qui
callibus praesiderent, relictis, retro ipse concessit;
populator terrae, quam a populationibus vindicare
debuerat.  Ergo, qui relicti erant, proditos se rati,
ne conspectum quidem hostis sustinere valuerunt




38              LATIN READER.
ciim vel pauciores locum obtinere potuissent. Namque perpetuo jugo montis asperi ac praerupti Cilicia
includitur, quod ciim a mari surgat, velut sinu quodam flexuque curvatum, rursus altero cornu in
diversum  littus excurrit.  Per hoc dorsum, qua
maxime introrsum mari cedit, asperi tres aditus et
perangusti sunt, quorum uno Cilicia intranda est.
Campestris eadem, qua vergit ad mare, planitiem
ejus crebris distinguentibus rivis.
Pyramus et Cydnus, incluti amnes fluunt. Cydnus non spatio aquarum, sed liquore memorabilis;
quippe, leni tractu e fontibus labens, puro solo excipitur; neque torrentes incurrunt, qui placide manantis alveum turbent. Itaque incorruptus, idemque
frigidissimus; quippe, multa riparum  amcenitate
inumbratus, ubique fontibus suis similis in mare
evadit. Multa in ea regione monumenta vulgata
carminibus, vetustas exederat. Monstrabantur urbium sedes Lyrnessi et Thebes; Typhonis quoque
specus, et Corycium nemus, ubi crocum gignitur,
caeteraque in quibus nihil praeter famam duraverat.
Alexander fauces jugi, quae Pylce appellantur, intravit.  Contemplatus locorum  situm, non alias
magis dicitur admiratus esse felicitatem suam: obrui
potuisse vel saxis confitebatur, si fuissent qui in
subeuntes propellerent. Iter vix quaternos capiebat
armatos. Dorsum montis imminebat vime, non angustoe modo, sed pleruimque praeruptae, crebris
oberrantibus rivis, qui ex radicibus montium manant. Thracas tamen leviter armatos praecedere
jusserat, scrutarique calles, ne occultus hostis in
subeuntes erumperet. Sagittariorum quoque manus
occupaverat jugum: intentos arcus habebant, mo



QOUINTUS CURTIUS.             39
niti, non iter ipsos inire, sed praelium. Hoc modo
agmen pervenit ad urbem Tarson, cui tum maxim/e
Persae subjiciebant ignem, ne opulentum oppidum
hostis invaderet. At ille, Parmenione ad inhibendum incendium cum expedita manu praemisso, postquam barbaros adventu suorum fugatos esse cognoverat, urbem a se conservatam intrat.
Mediam Cydnus amnis, de quo paulo ante dictum
est, interfluit; et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor non
aliam magis quam Ciliciae oram vapore solis accendit; et diei fervidissimum tempus cceperat. Pulvere
ac sudore simul perfusum regem invitavit liquor
fluminis, ut calidum adhuc corpus ablueret. Itaque
veste deposita, in conspectu agminis (decorum quoque futurum ratus, si ostendisset suis, levi ac parabili cultu corporis se esse contentum) descendit in
flumen, vixque ingressi subito horrore artus rigere
cceperunt; pallor deinde suffusus est, et totum propemodum corpus vitalis calor reliquit. Expiranti
similem ministri manu excipiunt, nec satis compotem mentis in tabernaculum deferunt. Ingens sollicitudo, et paene jam luctus in castris erat. - Flentes
querebantur, "in tanto impetu cursuque rerum,
omnis aetatis ac memoriae clarissimum regem non in
acie saltem, non ab hoste dejectum, sed abluentem
aqua corpus, ereptum esse, et extinctum: instare
Darium, victorem antequam vidisset hostem. Sibi
easdem terras, quas victores peragrassent, repetendas: omnia aut ipsos, aut hostes populatos: per
vastas solitudines, etiamsi nemo insequi velit, euntes,
fame atque inopia debellari posse. Quem signum
daturum fugientibus? quem ausurum Alexandro
succedere? Jam ut ad Hellespontum fuga' penetra



40               LATIN READER.
rent, classem qua transeant, quem praeparaturum?"
Rursus in ipsum regem' misericordia versa, "illum
florem juventoa, illam vini animi, eumdem regem
et commilitonem divelli a se et abripi," immemores
sui querebantur.
Inter haoc liberius meare spiritus cceperat; allevabat rex oculos, et paulatim redeunte animo, circumstantes amicos agnoverat: laxataque vis morbi
ob hoc solum videbatur, quia magnitudinem mali
sentiebat. Animum autem aegritudo corporis urgebat: quippe Darium quinto die in Ciliciamn fore
nunciabatur.  "Vinctum  ergo se tradi, et tantam
victoriam eripi sibi e manibus, obscuraque et ignobili morte in tabernaculo extingui se," querebatur.
Admissisque amicis pariter ac medicis: "In quo
me," inquit, "articulo rerum mearum fortuna deprehenderit, cernitis.  Strepitum  hostilium  armorum
exaudire mihi videor; et qui ultro intuli bellum, jam
provocor.  Darius ergo, cum tam superbas litteras
scriberet, fortunam meam in consilio habuit; sed
nequidquam, si mihi arbitrio meo curari licet.
Lenta remedia et segnes medicos non exspectant
tempora mea. Vel mori strenue, quam tarde convalescere, mihi melius est. Proinde, si quid opis, si
quid artis in medicis est, sciant, me non tam mortis,
quam belli remedium quaerere." Ingentem omnibus
incusserat curam tam praceps temeritas ejus. Ergo
pro se quisque precari ccepere, " ne festinatione periculum augeret, sed esset in potestate medentium.
Inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta,
cium ad perniciem ejus etiam a latere ipsius pecunia
sollicitaret hostis:" (quippe Darius mille talenta interfectori Alexandri daturum se pronunciari jusse



QUINTUS CURTIUS.             41
rat): "itaque ne ausurum  quidem  quemquam"
arbitrabantur " experiri remedium quod propter novitatem posset esse suspectum."
Erat inter nobiles medicos e Macedonia regem
secutus Philippus, natione Acarnan, fidus admodum
regi; puero comes, et custos salutis datus, non ut
regem modo, sed etiam ut alumnum eximia caritate diligebat. Is non prxeceps se, sed strenuum
remedium afferre, tantamque vim morbi potione medicata levaturum esse promisit. Nulli promissum
ejus placebat, praeter ipsum cujus periculo pollicebatur. Omnia quippe faciliuis quam moram perpeti poterat. Arma et acies in oculis erant; et
victoriam in eo positam esse arbitrabatur, si tantuim
ante signa stare potuisset: idipsum, quod post diem
tertium medicamentum sumpturus esset (ita enim
medicus praedixerat) aegre ferens, Inter haec a Parmenione fidissimo purpuratorum litteras accipit,
quibus ei denunciabat, ne salutem  suam Philippo
committeret; mille talentis a Dario, et spe nuptiarum
sororis ejus esse corruptum. Ingentem animo sollicitudinem littera incusserant, et quicquid in utramque partem aut metus aut spes subjecerat, secreta
castimatione pensabat.  "Bibere perseverem? ut, si
venenum datum fuerit, ne immerit6 quidem, quicquid acciderit, evenisse videatur? Damnem medici
fidem? in tabernaculo ergo me opprimi patiar?  At
satius est alieno me mori scelere, quam metu nostro."  Diu animo in diversa versato, nulli quid
scriptum esset enunciat; epistolamque, sigillo anuli
sui impresso, pulvino cui incubabat subjecit.
Inter has cogitationes biduo assumpto, illuxit a
medico destinatus dies. Et ille cum poculo, in quo




42              LATIN READER.
medicamentum diluerat, intravit. Q.uo viso Alexander, levato corpore in cubitum, epistolam a Parmenione missam sinistra manu tenens, accipit
poculum, et haurit interritus: tum epistolam Philippum legere jubet, nec a vultu legentis movit oculos,
ratus aliquas conscientiae notas in ipso ore posse
deprehendere. Ille epistola perlecta, plus indignationis quam pavoris ostendit: projectisque amiculo
et litteris ante lectum: "Rex," inquit, "semper quidem spiritus meus ex te pependit, sed nunc vere ab
isto sacro et venerabili ore trahitur. Crimen parricidii, quod mihi objectum est, tua salus diluet. Servatus a me vitam mihi dederis.  Oro quaesoque,
amisso metu,^ patere medicamentum  concipi venis.
Laxa paulisper animum, quem sollicitudine intempestiva amici sane fideles, sed moleste seduli turbant." Non securum modo haec vox, sed etiam
laetum regem, ac plenum bonae spei fecit. Itaque,
"Si Dii," inquit, "Philippe, tibi permisissent, quo
maxime modo animum velles experiri meum, alio
profecto voluisses; sed certiorem quatm expertus es,
ne optasses quidem. Hac epistola accepta, tamen
quod dilueras bibi; et nunc crede me non minus
pro tua fide quam pro mea salute esse sollicitum."
Haec elocutus, dexteram Philippo offert.
Caeteruim tanta vis medicaminis fuit, ut quae secuta
sunt criminationem Parmenionis adjuverint. Interclusus spiritus arcte meabat, nec Philippus quidquam
inexpertum omisit. Ille fomenta corpori admovit,
ille torpentem nunc cibi nunc vini odore excitavit.
Atque, ut primiim mentis compotem esse sensit,
modo matris sororumque,, modo tantae victoria appropinquantis admonere non destitit. Ut vero me



QUINTUS CURTIUS.              43
dicamentum se diffudit in venas, et sensim toto corpore salubritas percipi potuit, primuim animus vigorem suum, deinde corpus quoque exspectatione maturius recuperavit: quippe post tertium  diem quam
in hoc statu fuerat, in conspectum militum venit.
Nec avidiiis ipsum regem quam Philippum intuebatur exercitus: pro se quisque dexteram ejus amplexi grates habebant velut praesenti deo. Namque
haud facile dictu est, praoter ingenitam  illi genti
erga reges suos venerationem, quantuim  hujus
utique regis vel admirationi dediti fuerint, vel caritate flagraverint. Jam primuim nihil sine divina
ope aggredi videbatur.  Nam  cuim  praosto esset
ubique fortuna, temeritas in gloriam cesserat: aotas
quoque vix tantis matura rebus, sed abunde sufficiens, omnia ejus opera honestabat: et quae leviora haberi solent, pleruimque in re militari gratiora vulgo sunt; exercitatio corporis inter ipsos,
cultus habitusque paulum a privato abhorrens,
militaris vigor; quils ille vel ingenii dotibus, vel
animi artibus, ut pariter carus ac venerandus esset,
effecerat.
2. Battle of Issus.
[Book III. Chapters 7-12.]
At Darius nuntio de adversa valetudine ejus accepto, celeritate quantam capere tam grave agmen
poterat, ad Euphratem contendit: junctoque eo pontibus, quinque tamen diebus trajecit exercitum,
Ciliciam  occupare festinans.  Jam  Alexander viribus corporis receptis, ad urbem Solos pervenerat: cujus potitus, ducentis talentis multae nomine
exactis, arci praesidium militum imposuit. Vota




44            - - LATIN READER.
deinde pro salute suscepta per ludum atque otium
reddens, ostendit quanta fiducia barbaros sperneret:
quippe iEsculapio et Minervae ludos celebravit.
Spectanti nuntius laetus affertur ex Halicarnasso,
Persas acie a suis esse superatos, Myndios quoque
et Caunios, et pleraque tractuis ejus, sum facta ditionis." Igitur edito spectaculo ludicro, castrisque
motis, et Pyramo amne ponte juncto, ad urbem
Mallon pervenit: inde alteris castris ad oppidum
Castabuluin.  Ibi Parmenio regi occurrit, quem
prmmiserat ad explorandum iter saltuis, per quem ad
urbem Isson nomine penetrandum erat. Atque ille
angustiis ejus occupatis, et proesidio modico relicto,
Isson quoque desertam a barbaris ceperat. Inde
progressus, deturbatis qui interiora montium obsidebant, proesidiis cuncta firmavit: occupatoque itinere, sicut paulo ante dictum est, idem et auctor et
nuntius venit.
Isson deinde rex copias admovit: ubi consilio habito utruimne ultrai progrediendum foret, an ibi opperiendi essent novi milites, quos ex Macedonia
adventare constabat; Parmenio non alium locum
praelio aptiorem esse censebat. Quippe illic utriusque regis copias numero futuras pares, cuim angustie multitudinem  non caperent: planitiem  ipsis
camposque esse vitandos, ubi circumiri, ubi ancipiti
acie opprimi possent: timere, ne non virtute hostium, sed lassitudine sua vincerentur: Persas recentes subinde successuros, si laxiuis stare potuissent.
Facile ratio tam salubris consilii accepta est. Itaque inter angustias saltuis opperiri statuit. Erat in
exercitu regis Sisenes Perses, quondam a praotore
AEgypti missus ad Philippum; donisque et omni




OQUINTUS CURTIUS.              45
honore cultus, exilium patria sede mutaverat: secutus deinde in Asiam Alexandrum, inter fideles socios habebatur.  Huic epistolam  Cretensis miles
obsignatam  anulo, cujus signum  haud sane notum
erat, tradidit. Nabarzanes practor Darii miserat
eam, hortabaturque Sisenem, ut dignum  aliquid
nobilitate ac moribus suis ederet, magno id ei apud
regem honori fore. Has litteras Sisenes utpote innoxius, ad Alexandrum saepe deferre tentavit: sed
cium tot curis apparatuque belli regem videret urgeri, aptius subinde tempus exspectans, suspicionem
initi scelesti consilii praobuit.  Namque epistola,
prifisquam ei redderetur, in manus Alexandri pervenerat, lectamque eam, ignoti anuli sigillo impresso, Siseni dari jusserat, ad aestimandam fidemr
barbari.  Qui, quia per complures dies non adierat
regem, scelesto consilio eam visus est suppressisse;
et in agmine a Cretensibus, haud dubie jussu regis,
occisus.
Jam Graeci milites, quos Thymodes a Pharnabazo
acceperat, praecipua spes, et propemodfim unica, ad
Darium pervenerant.  Hi magnopere suadebant, ut
retro abiret, spatiososque Mesopotamiae campos repeteret. Si id consilium damnaret, at ille divideret
saltem innumerabiles copias, neu sub unum fortunae
ictum totas vires regni cadere pateretur. Minuis hoc
consilium regi, qu~am purpuratis ejus displicebat:
"Ancipitem fidem, et mercede venalem proditionem
imminere, et dividi non ob aliud copias velle, quam
ut ipsi in diversa digressi, si quid commissum essent
traderent Alexandro.  Nihil tutius fore, quam circumdatos eos exercitu toto obrui telis, documentum
non inultae perfidiae futuros." At Darius, ut erat




46              LATIN READER.
sanctus ac mitis, "se vero tantum  facinus" negat
"esse facturum, ut suam secutos fidem, suos milites,
jubeat trucidari. Quem deinde ampliuis nationum
exterarum salutem suam crediturum sibi, si tot militum sanguine imbuisset manus? Neminem stolidum
consilium capite luere debere. Defuturos enim qui
suaderent, si suasisse periculum  esset.  Denique
ipsos quotidie ad se vocari in consilium, variasque
sententias dicere, nec tamen melioris fidei haberi,
qui prudentiius suaserit." Itaque Gramcis nuntiari
jubet, "ipsum quidem benevolentiae illorum gratias
agere; caterim, si retro ire pergat haud dubie regnum hostibus traditurum. Fama bella stare; et eum
qui recedat, fugere credi. Trahendi vero belli vix
ullam esse rationem. Tantae enim multitudini, utique cum jam  hiems instaret, in regione vasta, et
invicem a suis atque hoste vexata, non suffectura
alimenta. Ne dividi quidem copias posse, servato
more majorum, qui universas vires discrimini bellorum semper obtulerint. Et (hercule) terribilem
antefa regem  et absentia suh ad vanam  fiduciam
elatum, postquam adventare se senserit, cautum pro
temerario factum, delituisse inter angustias saltuis,
ritu ignobilium ferarum, quae strepitu praetereuntium
audito, silvarum  latebris se occuluerint.  Jam
etiam valetudinis simulatione frustrari suos milites.
Sed non ampliuis ipsum esse passurum detrectare
certamen. In illo specu, in quem pavidi recessissent, oppressurum esse cunctantes." Haec magnificentiris jactata qu~am verius.
Caeteruim pecunia omni rebusque pretiosissimis
Damascum Syriae cum modico praesidio militum
missis, reliquas copias in Ciliciam duxit, insequen



QUOINTUS CURTIUS.              47
tibus more patrio agmen conjuge ac matre. Virgines
quoque cum parvo filio comitabantur patrem. Forte
eadem nocte et Alexander ad fauces quibus Syria
aditur, et Darius ad eum  locum, quem Amanicas
Pylas vocant, pervenit.  Nec  dubitavere Persee
quin Isso relicta, quam  ceperant, Macedones fugerent. Nam etiam saucii quidam et invalidi, qui
agmen non poterant persequi, excepti erant. Q.uos
omnes, instinctu  purpuratorum, barbara feritate
seevientium, precisis adustisque manibus circumduci, ut copias suas noscerent; satisque omnibus
spectatis, nuntiare qume vidissent regi suo jussit.
Motis ergo castris, superat Pinarem  amnem, in tergis, ut credebat, fugientium haesurus. At illi, quorum amputaverat manus, ad castra Macedonum
penetrant, Darium, quanto maximo cursu posset,
sequi nunciantes. Vix fides habebatur. Itaque speculatores in maritimas regiones praemissos explorare
jubet, ipse adesset, an praefectorum aliquis speciem
praebuisset universi venientis exercituis. Sed cuim
speculatores reverterentur, procul ingens multitudo
conspecta est. Ignes deinde totis campis collucere
cceperunt, omniaque velut continenti incendio ardere
visa, cuim incondita multitudo maxime propter jumenta laxiuis tenderet. Itaque eo ipso loco metari
suos castra jusserat, lzetus, quod omni expetierat
voto, in illis potissimuim angustiis decernendum
esse.
Caeteruim, ut solet fieri, cuim ultimi discriminis
tempus adventat, in sollicitudinem versa fiducia est.
Illam ipsam fortunam, qua aspirante res tam prospere gesserat, verebatur; nec injuria, ex his quve.tribuisset sibi, quam mutabilis esset reputabat:




48              LATIN READER.
unam superesse noctem quoe tanti discriminis moraretur eventum. Rursuis occurrebat, majora periculis prmemia: et sicut dubium esset an vinceret, ita
illud utique certum esse, honeste et cum magna
laude moriturum. Itaque, corpora milites curare
jussit, ac deinde tertia vigilia instructos et armatos
esse. Ipse in jugum editi montis ascendit, multisque collucentibus facibus patrio more sacrificium
diis presidibus loci fecit. Jamque tertium, sicut
praeceptum erat, signum tuba miles acceperat, itineri
simul paratus ac praelio: strenueque jussi procedere,
oriente luce pervenerunt ad angustias, quas occupare decreverant.  Darium  triginta inde stadia
abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet, armisque ipse sumptis aciem ordinat.
Dario adventum hostium pavidi agrestes nuntiaverunt, vix credenti occurrere etiam, quos ut fugientes sequebatur.  Ergo non mediocris omnium
animos formido incesserat: quippe itineri quam
praelio aptiores erant, raptimque arma capiebant.
Sed ipsa festinatio discurrentium, suosque ad arma
vocantium, majorem metum incussit. Alii in jugum
montis evaserant, ut hostium agmen inde prospicerent: equos plerique fraenabant: discors exercitus,
nec ad unum intentus imperium, vario tumultu
cuncta turbaverat. Darius initio jugum montis cum
parte copiarum occupare statuit, et a fronte et a
tergo circumiturus hostem: a mari quoque, quo
dextrum ejus cornu tegebatur, alios objecturus, ut
undique urgeret. Praeter heec, viginti milia praemissa cum sagittariorum manu, Pinarum amnem,
qui duo agmina interfluebat, transire, et objicere
sese Macedonum copiis jusserat. Si id praestare




WQUINTUS CURTIUS.            49
non possent, retrocedere in montes, et occulte circumire ultimos hostium. Caeteruim destinata salubriter omni ratione potentior fortuna discussit:
quippe alii prae metu imperium exsequi non audebant, alii frustra exsequebantur: quia ubi partes
labant summa turbatur.
Acies autem hoc modo stetit. Nabarzanes equitatu dextrum  cornu tuebatur, additis funditorum
sagittariorumque viginti ferme milibus. In eodem
Thymodes erat Graecis peditibus mercede conductis
triginta milibus praepositus. Hoc erat haud dubie
robur exercituis, par Macedonicae phalangi acies. In
levo cornu Aristomedes Thessalus viginti milia
barbarorum peditum habebat. In subsidiis pugnacissimas locaverat gentes. Ipsum regem in eodem
cornu dimicaturum, tria milia delectorum equitum
assueta corporis custodia, et pedestris acies quadraginta milia, sequebantur. Hyrcani deinde Medique equites: his proximi caeterarum gentium
equites dextra laevaque dispositi.  Hoc agmen,
sicut dictum est instructum, sex milia jaculatorum
funditorumque antecedebant.  Quidquid in illis angustiis adiri poterat, impleverant copiae, cornuaque
hinc a jugo, illinc a mari stabant: uxorem matremque regis, et alium feminarum gregem, in
medium agmen acceperant.
Alexander phalangem, qua nihil apud Macedonas
validius erat, in fronte constituit. Dextrum cornu
Nicanor Parmenionis filius tuebatur: huic proximi
stabant Ccenos, et Perdiccas, et Meleager, et Ptolemaeus, et Amyntas, sui quisque agminis duces. In
laevo, quod ad mare pertinebat, Craterus et Parmenio erant, sed Craterus Parmenioni parere jussus.
4




50              LATIN READER.
Equites ab utroque cornu locati, dextrum Macedones, Thessalis adjunctis, laevum  Pelop'onnesii
tuebantur.  Ante hanc aciem posuerat funditorum
manum, sagittariis admixtis; Thraces quoque et
Cretenses ante agmen ibant, et ipsi leviter armati.
At his qui praomissi a Dario jugum montis insederant Agrianos opposuit, ex Graecia nuper advectos.
Parmenioni autem praeceperat, ut quantum posset
agmen ad mare extenderet, quo longifis abesset
montibus, quos occupaverant barbari. At illi, neque obstare venientibus, nec circumire praotergressos
ausi, funditorum maxime aspectu territi profugerant: eaque res Alexandro tutum agminis latus,
quod ne superne incesseretur timuerat, praestitit.'rViginta et duo armatorum ordines ibant; neque
enim latiius extendi aciem patiebantur angustiae.
Paulatim deinde laxare se sinus montium, et majus
spatitim aperire cceperant; ita ut non pedes soluim
pluribus ordinibus incedere, sed etiam lateribus circumfundi posset equitatus.
Jam in conspectu, sed extra teli jactum utraque
acies erat, cuim priores Persax inconditum et trucem
sustulere clamorem. Redditur et a Macedonibus
major exercitius numero, jugis montium vastisque
saltibus repercussus; quippe semper circumjecta
nemora petraeque quantamcumque acceprere vocem
multiplicato sono referunt. Alexander ante prima
signa ibat, identidem manu suos inhibens ne suspensi, acriuis ob nimiam festinationem concitato spiritu,
capesserent praolium. Cuimque agmini obequitaret,
varia oratione milites alloquebatur. Macedones,
tot bellorum in Europa victores, ad subigendam
Asiam  atque ultima Orientis, non ipsius magis




QUINTUS CURTIUS.               5 
quam suo ductu profecti, inveterata virtutis admonebantur. Illos terrarum orbis liberatores, emensosque olim Herculis et Liberi patris terminos, non
Persis mod6, sed etiam omnibus gentibus imposituros jugum: Macedonum Bactra et Indos fore:
minima esse quae nunc intuerentur, sed omnia victoria aperiri. Non in praeruptis petris Illyriorum et
Thraciae saxis sterilem  laborem fore: spolia totius
Orientis offerri. Vix gladio futurum opus; totam
aciem, suo pavore fluctuantem, umbonibus posse
propelli. Victor ad haec Atheniensium Philippus
pater invocabatur, domitaeque nuper Bceotiae, et
urbis in e~a nobilissimae, ad solum dirutae, species
repraesentabatur animis: jam Granicum amnem,
jam tot urbes aut expugnatas, aut in fidem acceptas,
omniaque quae post tergum erant, strata et pedibus
ipsorum subjecta memorabat. Cuim adierat Graecos, admonebat, "ab iis gentibus illata Graeciae
bella, Darii priuis, deinde Xerxis insolentia, aquam
ipsam terramque poscentium: ut neque fontium
haustum, nec solitos cibos relinquerent deditis:
ab his templa ruinis et ignibus esse deleta, urbes
eorum expugnatas, fcedera humani divinique juris
violata " referebat. Illyrios vero et Thracas, rapto
vivere assuetos, aciem  hostium  auro purpuraque
fillgentem intueri jubebat, praedam non arma gestantem.  Irent, et imbellibus feminis aurum viri
eriperent. Aspera montium suorum juga, nudasque
calles et perpetuo rigentes gelu, ditibus Persarum
campis agrisque mutarent.
Jam ad teli jactum pervenerant,'chim Persarum
equites ferociter in laevum cornu hostium invecti
sunt.  QLuippe Darius equestri praelio decernere




52              LATIN READER.
optabat, phalangem Macedonici exercituis robur esse
conjectans. Jamque etiam dextrum Alexandri cornu
circumibatur: quod ubi Macedo conspexit, duabus
alis equitum ad jugum montis jussis subsistere, ceteros in medium belli discrimen strenue transfert.
Subductis deinde ex acie Thessalis equitibus, prefectum  eorum  occulte circumire tergum  suorum
jubet, Parmenionique conjungi, et quod is imperasset impigre exsequi. Jamque ipsi in medium
Persarum  undique circumfusi egregie tuebantur:
sed conferti, et quasi cohaerentes, tela vibrare non
poterant. Simul erant emissa, in eosdem concurrentia implicabantur, levique et vano ictu pauca in
hostem, plura in humum innoxia cadebant. Ergo
cominuis pugnam coacti conserere, gladios impigre
stringunt. Tum vero multum sanguinis fusum est:
duae quippe acies ita cohoerebant, ut armis arma
pulsarent, mucrones in ora dirigerent: non timido,
non ignavo cessare turn licuit: collato pede, quasi
singuli inter se dimicarent, in eodem vestigio stabant, donec vincendo locum  sibi facerent. Tum
demum  erg6 promovebant gradum, cinm  hostem
prostraverant. At illos novus excipiebat adversarius fatigatos: nec vulnerati, ut alias solent, acie
poterant excedere, cuim hostis instaret a fronte, a
tergo sui urgerent.
Alexander non ducis magis quam militis munia
exsequebatur; opimunm decus caeso rege expetens.
Quippe Darius curru sublimis eminebat, et suis ad
se tuendum, et hostibus ad incessendum, ingens incitamentum. Ergo frater ejus Oxathres, cuim Alexandrum instare ei cerneret, equites quibus preerat
ante ipsum currum regis objecit, armis et robore




QUINTUS CURTIUS.              53
corporis multuim super caeteros eminens, animo vero
et pietate in paucissimis: illo utique pralio clarus,
alios improvide instantes prostravit, alios in fugam
avertit.  At Macedones, (circa regem  erant,)
mutua adhortatione firmati, cum ipso in equitum
agmen irrumpunt. Tumrn vero similis ruine strages
erat. Circa currum Darii jacebant nobilissimi duces,
ante oculos regis egregia morte defuncti, omnes in
ora proni, sicut dimicantes procubuerant, adverso
corpore vulneribus acceptis.  Inter hos Atizyes et
Rheomithres et Sabaces praetor iEgypti, magnorum
exercituum praefecti, noscitabantur: circa eos cumulata erat peditum equitumque obscurior turba.
Macedonum quoque, non quidem multi, sed promptissimi tamen caesi sunt: inter quos Alexandri dextrum femur leviter mucrone perstrictum est.
Jamque qui Dariumr vehebant equi confossi hastis, et dolore efferati, jugum quatere, et regem
curru excutere cceperant: ciim ille, veritus ne vivus
veniret in hostium potestatem, desilit, et in equum
qui ad hoc ipsum sequebatur imponitur; insignibus
quoque imperii, ne fugam proderent, indecore abjectis.  Tum  ver6 ceteri dissipantur metu, et qua
cuique ad fugam patebat via erumpunt, arma jacientes qua paulo ante ad tutelam corporum sumpserant: ade6 pavor etiam auxilia formidat. Instabat
fugientibus eques a Parmenione missus, et forte in
illud cornu omnes fuga abstulerat. Equi pariter
equitesque Persarum, serie laminarum graves,
agmen, quod celeritate maxim-e constat, aegre moliebantur: quippe in circumagendis equis suis Thessali
multos occupaverant.  Hac tam  prospera pugna
nuntiata, Alexander, non ante ausus persequi barba



54              LATIN READER.
ros, utrimque jam victor instare fugientibus ccepit.
Haud amplius regem quam mille equites sequebantur, ciim  ingens multitudo hostium  caderet.  Sed
quis aut in victoria aut in fuga copias numerat?
Agebantur ergo a tam paucis pecorum modo; et
idem metus qui cogebat fugere, fugientes morabatur.
At Graeci qui in Darii partibus steterant, Aminta
duce, (praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga)
abrupti a ceteris, haud sane fugientibus similes evaserant. Barbari longe diversam fugam intenderunt:
alii qua rectum iter in Persidem ducebat; quidam
circuitu rupes saltusque montium occultos petivere,
pauci castra Darii. Sed jam illa quoque victor intraverat, omni quidem opulentia ditia. Ingens auri
argentique pondus, non belli sed luxuriae apparatum,
diripuerant milites. Cumque plus raperent, passim
strata erant itinera vilioribus sarcinis, quas in comparatione meliorum avaritia contempserat. Jamque
ad feminas perventum erat, quibus, quo cariora
ornamenta sunt, violentiuis detrahebantur; ne corporibus quidem vis ac libido parcebat. Omnia planctu
tumultuque, prout cuique fortuna erat, repleverant;
nec ulla facies mali deerat, cuim per omnes ordines
aetatesque victoris crudelitas ac licentia vagaretur.
Tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit, cuim ii qui tum'Dario tabernaculum exornaverant, omni luxu et opulentia instructum, eadem illa
Alexandro, quasi veteri domino, reservabant. Namque id solum intactum omiserant milites; ita tradito
more, ut victorem victi regis tabernaculo exciperent.
Sed omnium oculos animosque in semet converte



Q.UINTUS CURTIUS.             55
rant captiva mater conjuxque Darii: illa non
majestate solium, sed etiam etate venerabilis; haec
formae pulchritudine, ne illa quidem sorte corruptae.
Receperat in sinum filium, nondum sextum aotatis
annum egressum, in spem tanta fortunae, quantam
pater ejus paulo ante amiserat, genitum. At in gremio anus avie jacebant adultae dua virgines, non
suo tantium, sed illius etiam moerore confectae. Ingens circa eam nobilium feminarum turba constiterat, laceratis crinibus, abscisaque veste, pristini
decoris immemores, reginas dominasque veris quondam tunc alienis nominibus invocantes. Illa, suw
calamitatis oblitao, in utro cornu Darius stetisset, quoe
fortuna discriminis fuisset, requirebant. Negabant
se captas, si viveret rex. Sed illum equos subinde
mutantem longiius fuga abstulerat. In acie autem
caesa sunt Persarum peditum centum milia: decem
milia equitum. At a parte Alexandri quattuor et
quingenti saucii fuere, ex peditibus triginta omnino
et duo desiderati sunt, equitum centum quinquaginta
interfecti. Tantulo impendio ingens victoria stetit.
Rex quidem, Darium persequendo fatigatus,
postquam et nox appetebat et consequendi spes non
erat, in castra paulo ante a suis capta pervenit. Invitari deinde amicos quibus maxim& assueverat
jussit: quippe summa dumtaxat cutis in femore
perstricta non prohibebat interesse convivio: ciim
repente e proximo tabernaculo lugubris clamor,
barbaro ululatu planctuque permixtus, epulantes
conterruit.  Cohors quoque, quoe excubabat ad
tabernaculum regis, verita ne majoris motuis principium  esset, armare se ccperat.  Causa pavoris
subiti fuit, qu6d mater uxorque Darii, cum captivis




56               LATIN READER.
nobilibus, regem, quem interfectum esse credebant,
ingenti gemitu ejulatuque deflebant. Unus namque
e captivis spadonibus, qui forte ante ipsarum tabernaculum  steterat, amiculum  (quod Darius, sicut
paulo ante dictum  est, ne cultu proderetur, abjecerat) in manibus ejus qui repertum ferebat, agnovit:
ratusque interfecto detractum esse, falsum nuntium
mortis ejus attulerat. Hoc mulierum errore comperto, Alexander fortunae Darii et pietati earum
illacrimasse fertur.  Ac primo Mithrenem, qui Sardis prodiderat, peritum Persicax linguae, ire ad consolandas eas jusserat. Veritus deinde ne proditor
captivarum iram doloremque gravaret, Leonnatum
ex purpuratis suis misit, jussum  indicare falso lamentari eas vivum.  Ille cum paucis armigeris in
tabernaculum in quo captivae erant pervenit, missumque se a rege nuntiari jubet. At hi qui in
vestibulo erant, ut armatos conspexere, rati actum
esse de dominis, in tabernaculum currunt, vociferantes adesse supremam horam, missosque qui occiderent captas. Itaque, ut quae nec prohibere possent,
nec admittere auderent, nullo responso dato, tacitoe
opperiebantur victoris arbitrium. Leonnatus, exspectato diu qui se introduceret, postquam nemo
procedere audebat, relictis in vestibulo satellitibus,
intrat in tabernaculum.  Ea ipsa res turbaverat
feminas, quod irrupisse non admissus videbatur.
Itaque mater et conjux provolutae ad pedes orare
coeperunt, ut, priuis qutm interficerentur, Darii corpus ipsis patrio more sepelire permitteret: functas
supremo in regem officio impigre sese morituras.
Leonnatus et vivere Darium, et ipsas non incolumes
-mod6, sed etiam apparatu pristinae fortunme regi



OQUINTUS CURTIUS.             57
nas fore. Tum  demum  mater Darii allevari se
passa est.
Alexander die postero, cum cura sepultis militibus quorum corpora invenerat, Persarum quoque
nobilissimis eumdem honorem haberi jubet, matrique
Darii permitti, quos vellet patrio more sepeliret.
Illa paucos arcta propinquitate conjunctos pro habitu
praesentis fortunae humari jussit, apparatum funerum quo Persae suprema officia celebrarent invidiosum fore existimans, cuim victores haud pretiose
cremarentur. Jamque justis defunctorum corporibus solutis, praemittit ad captivas (ui nuntiarent
ipsum venire: inhibitaque comitantium  turba, tabernaculum  cum  Hephaestione intrat.  Is longe
omnium amicorum carissimus erat regi, cum ipso
pariter eductus, secretorum omnium arbiter: libertatis quoque in admonendo eo non alius jus habebat,
quod tamen ita usurpabat ut magis a rege permissum quarm vindicatum ab eo videretur; et sicut
eatate par erat regi, ita corporis habitu proestabat.
Ergo reginae illum regem esse rates, suo more
veneratae sunt. Inde ex captivis spadonibus quis
Aiexander esset monstrantibus, Sisigambis advoluta
est pedibus ejus, ignorationem numquam antea visi
regis excusans. Quam manu allevans rex: "Non
errasti" inquit " mater, nam et hic Alexander est."
Bonum animum habere eas jussit: Darii deinde
filium collo suo admovit. Atque nill ille conspectu
tunc primuim a se visi conterritus, cervicem ejus
manibus amplectitur.  Motus ergo rex constantia
pueri, Hephaestionem intuens, " Quam vellem" inquit " Darius aliquid ex hac indole hausisset!"




58              LATIN READER.
3. I)eath of Clitus.
[Book VIII. Chapters I, 2.]
Barbarae opulentia in illis locis haud ulla sunt
majora indicia, quam magnis nemoribus saltibusque
nobilium ferarum greges clausi. Spatiosas ad hoc
eligunt silvas, crebris perennium aquarum fontibus
amcenas. Muris nemora cinguntur, turresque habent venantium  receptacula.  Quattuor continuis
axtatibus intactum saltum fuisse constabat; quem
Alexander cum toto exercitu ingressus, agitari undique feras jussit. Inter quas cium leo magnitudinis
rarae ipsum regem invasurus incurreret, forte Lysimachus (qui postea regnavit), proximus Alexandro,
venabulum objicere ferae coeperat. Quo rex repulso,
et abire jusso, adjecit tam a semet uno quam a
Lysimacho leonem interfici posse. Lysimachus
enim quondam-, ciim venaretur in Syria, occiderat
quidem eximie magnitudinis feram solus, sed laevo
humero usque ad ossa laceratus ad ultimum periculi
pervenerat. Id ipsum exprobrans ei rex, fortius
quam locutus est fecit. Nam feram non excepit
modo, sed etiam uno vulnere occidit. Fabulam quae
objectum leoni a rege Lysimachum temere vulgavit,
ab eo casu quem supra diximus ortam esse crediderim. Ceteruim  Macedones, quamquam prospero
eventu defunctus erat Alexander, tamen scivere
gentis suoe more, ne aut pedes venaretur, aut sine
delectis principum atque amicorum. Ille quattuor
milibus ferarum dejectis, in eodem saltu cum toto
exercitu epulatus est.
Inde Maracanda reditum est: acceptaque aetatis




QOUINTUS CURTIUS.              59
excusatione ab Artabazo, provinciam ejus destinat
Clito. Hic erat qui apud Granicum amnem nudo
capite regem dimicantem clipeo suo texit, et Rhosacis manum capiti regis imminentem gladio amputavit; vetus  Philippi  miles, multisque  bellicis
operibus clarus. Hellanice, quae Alexandrum educaverat, soror ejus, haud sechs quam mater a rege
-diligebatur.  Ob has causas validissimam  imperii
partem fidei ejus tutelaeque commisit. Jamque iter
parare in posterum jussus, solemni et tempestivo
adhibetur convivio. In quo rex cuim multo incaluisset mero, immodicus astimator sui, celebrare quae
gesserat coepit; gravis etiam  eorum  auribus qui
sentiebant vera memorari. Silentium tamen habuere seniores, donec Philippi res orsus obterere,
no.bilem apud Chaeroneam victoriam sui operis fuisse
jactavit, ademptamque sibi malignitate et invidia
patris tantao rei gloriam: illum  quidem  seditione
inter Macedones milites et Graecos mercenarios orta,
debilitatum vulnere quod in ea consternatione acceperat jacuisse, non alias quam simulatione mortis
tutiorem; se corpus ejus protexisse clipeo suo, ruentesque in illum  sua manu occisos; qtuae patrem
numquam aoquo animo esse confessum, invitum filio
debentem  salutem  suam; itaque post expeditionem
quam sine eo fecisset ipse in Illyrios, victorem scripsisse se patri, fusos fugatosque hostes, nec affuisse
usquam  Philippum; laude dignos esse, non qui
Samothracum initia viserent, cuim Asiam uri vastarique oportet, sed eos, qui magnitudine rerum fidem
antecessissent.
Hoec et his similia loeti audiere juvenes; ingrata
senioribus erant, maxime propter Philippum, sub




60               LATIN READER.
quo diutiuis vixerant: cuim Clitus, ne ipse quidem
sobrius, ad eos qui infra ipsum cubabant conversus, Euripidis retulit carmen (ita ut sonus magis
qu~an sermo exaudiri posset a rege), quo significabatur, " malh instituisse Graecos quod tropaeis regum
dumtaxat nomina inscriberent; alieno enim sanguine partam gloriam intercipi." Itaque rex cuim
suspicaretur maligniuis habitum esse sermonem,
percontari proximos ccepit quid ex Clito audissent.
Et illis ad silentium obstinatis, Clitus paulatim majore voce Philippi acta bellaque in Graecia gesta
commemorat, omnia praesentibus praeferens. Hinc
inter juniores senesque orta contentio est; et rex,
velut patienter audiret, quis Clitus obterebat laudes
ejus, ingentem  iram  conceperat.  Ceteruim  cfim
animo videretur imperaturus, si finem procaciter
orto sermoni Clitus imponeret, nihil eorum remittente magis exasperabatur. Jamque Clitus etiam
Parmenionem defendere audebat, et Philippi de
Atheniensibus victoriam Thebarum proeferebat excidio; non vino modo, sed etiam animi prava contentione provectus. Ad ultimum, " Si moriendum " in-'
quit "est pro te, Clitus est primus: at cuim victorioe
arbitrium agis, praecipuum ferunt, qui procacissim&
patris tui memoriae illudunt.  Sogdianam regionem
mihi attribuis, toties rebellem, et non modo indomitam, sed quae ne subigi quidem possit. Mittor ad
feras bestias, preecipitia ingenia sortitas.  Sed quae
ad me pertinent transeo. Philippi milites spernis,
oblitus, nisi hic Atharrias senex juniores pugnam
detrectantes revocasset, adhuc nos circa Halicarnassum haesuros fuisse. Quomodo ergo Asiam etiam
cum istis junioribus subjecisti?  Verum est (ut opi



QJUINTUS CURTIUS.             6i
nor) quod avunculum tuum in Italia dixisse constat:
ipsum in viros incidisse, te in feminas."
Nihil ex omnibus inconsulte ac temere actis regem magis moverat, quatn Parmenionis cum honore
mentio illata; dolorem tamen rex pressit, contentus
jussisse ut convivio excederet: nec quidquam aliud
adjecit, quiam forsitan eum (si.diutihs locutus foret)
exprobraturum sibi fuisse vitam a semetipso datam:
hoc enim superbe saepe jactasse. Atque illum cunctantem adhuc surgere, qui proximi ei cubuerant,
injectis manibus, jurgantes monentesque conabantur
abducere. Clitus cum  abstraheretur, ad pristinam
violentiam ira quoque adjecta, " Suo pectore tergum
illius esse defensum; nunc postquam tanti meriti
proeterierit tempus, etiam memoriam invisam esse"
proclamat. Attali quoque caedem objiciebat; et ad
ultimum Jovis, quem patrem sibi Alexander assereret, oraculum eludens, veriora se regi, quam patrem
ejus, respondisse dicebat.
Jam tantum irae conceperat rex, quantum vix sobrius ferre potuisset. Enimvero olim mero sensibus
victis, ex lecto repente prosiluit. Attoniti amici, ne
positis quidem sed abjectis poculis, consurgunt, in
eventum rei quam tanto impetu acturus esset intenti.
Alexander rapta lancea ex manibus armigeri, Clitum adhuc eadem linguae intemperantia furentem
percutere conatus, a Ptolemaeo et Perdicca inhibetur.
Medium complexi et obluctari perseverantem morabantur: Lysimachus et Leonnatus etiam lanceam
abstulerant. Ille militum fidem implorans, comprehendi se a proximis amicorum, quod Dario nuper
accidisset, exclamat; signumque tuba dari, ut ad
regiam armati coirent, jubet. Tum vero Ptolemaeus




62              LATIN READER.
et Perdiccas genibus advoluti orant, ne in tam preecipiti ira perseveret, spatiumque potiuis animo det:
omnia postero die justiiis exsecuturum. Sed clausae
erant aures, obstrepente ira.. Itaque impotens animi percurrit in regiae vestibulum, et, vigili excubanti
hasta ablata, constitit in aditu, quo necesse erat iis
qui simul cenaverant egredi.  Abierant ceteri:
Clitus ultimus sine lumine exibat.  Q.uem  rex
"quisnam  esset" interrogat.  Eminebat etiam  in
voce sceleris quod parabat atrocitas. Et ille jam
non suae, sed regis ira memor, Clitum esse, et de
convivio exire respondit.  Haec dicentis latus hasta
transfixit, morientisque sanguine aspersus, " I nunc" 
inquit'"ad Philippum, et Parmenionem, et Attalum."
Male humanis ingeniis natura consuluit, qu6d
plerumque non futura, sed transacta perpendimus.
Quippe rex postquhm  ira mente decesserat, etiam
ebrietate discussa, magnitudinem facinoris sera aestimatione perspexit. Videbat tunc immodich libertate abusum, sed alioquino egregium bello virum, et
nisi erubesceret fateri, servatorem sui, occisum.
Detestabile carnificis ministerium occupaverat rex,
verborum licentiam, quae vino poterat imputari, nefand5a caede ultus. Manabat toto vestibulo cruor
paulo ante convivae; vigiles attoniti et stupentibus
similes procul stabant, liberioremque pcenitentiam
solitudo excipiebat. Ergo hastam ex corpore jacentis evulsam retorsit in semet: jamque admoverat
pectori, cuim advolant vigiles, et repugnanti e manibus extorquent, allevatumque in tabernaculum deferunt.  Ille humi prostraverat corpus; gemitu
ejulatuque miserabili totam personans regiam. La



QUINTUS CURTIUS.              63
niare deinde os unguibus, et circumstantes rogare
ne se tanto dedecori superstitem esse paterentur.
Inter has preces tota nox extracta est: scrutantemque, num ira Deorum ad tantum nefas actus esset,
subit anniversarium sacrificium Libero patri non
esse redditum stato tempore. Itaque inter vinum
et epulas caede commissa, iram  Dei fuisse manifestam.
Ceteruim magis eo movebatur, quod omnium amicorum animos videbat attonitos; neminem cum ipso
sociare sermonem postea ausurum; vivendum  esse
in solitudine, velut ferae bestioe terrenti alias, alias
timenti. Prima deinde luce tabernaculo corpus, sicut adhuc cruentum erat, jussit inferri. Quo posito
ante ipsum, lacrimis obortis, " Hanc," inquit'' nutrici meae gratiam retuli, cujus duo filii apud Miletum
pro mea gloria occubuere mortem; hic frater, unicum orbitatis solatium, a me inter epulas occisus
est.  Qu6 nunc se conferet misera?  Omnibus ejus
unus supersum, quem solum aequis oculis videre non
poterit. Et ego, ~ervatorum meorum latro, revertar
in patriam, ut ne dextram quidem nutrici, sine memoria calamitatis ejus, offerre possim!"  Et ciim
finis lacrimis querelisque non fieret, jussu amicorum
corpus ablatum est. Rex triduum jacuit inclusus.
Qiuem ut armigeri coporisque custodes ad moriendum obstinatum esse cognoverunt, universi in tabernaculum irrumpunt, diuque precibus ipsorum reluctatum aegre vicerunt ut cibum caperet. QOuoque
minils cadis puderet, jure interfectum Clitum Macedones.decernunt, sepultura quoque prohibituri, ni
rex humari jussisset.




64+             LATIN READER.
4. Defeat of Porus.
[Book VIII. Chapters 13, 14.]
Ad amnem Hydaspem pervenit: in cujus ulteriore
ripa Porus consederat, transitu prohibiturus hostem.
Octoginta et quinque elephantos objecerat eximio
corporum robore; ultraque eos, currus trecentos et
peditum triginta fere milia: in quils erant sagittarii
gravioribus telis quam ut apte excuti possent. Ipsum
vehebat elephantus super ceteras beluas eminens:
armaque auro et argento distincta corpus rarae magnitudinis honestabant. Par animus robori corporis,
et, quanta inter rudes poterat esse, sapientia.
Macedonas non conspectus hostium  solim, sed
etiam  fluminis quod transeundum  erat magnitudo
terrebat. QCuattuor in latitudinem  stadia diffusus
profundo alveo, et nusquam vada aperiente, speciem
vasti maris fecerat. Nec pro spatio aquarum latie
stagnantium impetum coercebat; sed quasi in arctum
coeuntibus ripis, torrens et elisus ferebatur: occultaque saxa inesse ostendebant pluribus locis undae
repercussae. Terribilior erat facies ripae, quam equi
virique compleverant. Stabant ingentes vastorum
corporum moles, et de industria irritata  horrendo
stridore aures fatigabant. Hinc amnis hinc hostis,
capacia quidem bonae spei pectora, et saepe se experta, improviso tamen pavore percusserant: quippe
instabiles rates nec dirigi ad ripam, nec tuto applicari posse credebant. Erant in medio amne insulae
crebrae, in quas Indi et Macedones nantes, levatis
super capita armis, transibant. Ibi levia prceiia
conserebantur, et uterque rex parvae rei discrimine




QUINTUS CURTIUS.              65
summae experiebatur eventum.  Ceteruim in Macedonum  exercitu temeritate atque audacia insignes
fuere Symmachus et Nicanor, nobiles juvenes, et
perpetufa partium felicitate ad spernendum omne
periculum accensi.  Qjuis ducibus promptissimi juvenum lanceis modo armati transnavere in insulam,
quam frequens hostis tenebat; multosque Indorum,
nulla re magis quam audacia armati, interemerunt.
Abire cum gloria poterant, si umquam temeritas felix
inveniret modum; sed dum supervenientes contemptim et superbe quoque exspectant, circumventi
ab his qui occulti enaverant, eminiis obruti telis
sunt.  Qui effugerant hostem aut impetu amnis ablati sunt, aut vorticibus impliciti. Eaque pugna multurm fiduciam Pori erexit, cuncta cernentis e ripa.
Alexander inops consilii, tandem ad fallendum
hostem talem dolum intendit. Erat insula in flumine
amplior ceteris, silvestris eadem, et tegendis insidiis
apta. Fossa quoque praealta haud procul ripa quam
tenebat ipse, non pedites modo, sed etiam cum equis
viros poterat abscondere. Igitur ut a custodia hujus
opportunitatis oculos hostium averteret, Ptolemaeum
curn omnibus turmis obequitare jussit procul insula,
et subinde Indos clamore terrere, quasi flumen
transnaturus foret. Per complures dies Ptolemaeus
id fecit, eoque consilio Porum quoque agmen suum
ei parti, quam se petere simulabat,-coeigit advertere.
Jam extra conspectum hostis insula erat. Alexander in diversa parte ripa statui suum tabernaculum
jussit, assuetamque comitari ipsum cohortem ante
id tabernaculum stare, et omnem apparatum regiae
magnificentiae hostium. oculis de industria ostendi;
Attalum etiam aequalem sibi, et haud disparem




66              LATIN READER.
habitu oris et corporis (utique ciim procul viseretur)
veste regia exornat, praebiturum speciem ipsum regem illi ripae praesidere, nec agitare de transitu.
Hujus consilii effectum prim6 morata tempestas est,
mox adjuvit; incommoda quoque ad bonos adventus
vertente fortuna.  Trajicere amnem  cum  ceteris
copiis in regionem insulae (de qua ante dictum est)
parabat, averso hoste in eos qui cum Ptolemaeo inferiorem obsederant ripam; cium procella imbrem
vix sub tectis tolerabilem effundit; obrutique milites
nimbo in terram refugerunt, navigiis ratibusque desertis. Sed tumultuantium fremitus, obstrepentibus
ventis, ab hoste non poterat audiri. Deinde momento temporis repressus est imber; ceterum adeo
spissse intendere se nubes, ut conderent lucem, vixque colloquentium inter ipsos facies noscitarentur.
Terruisset alium obducta nox caelo, cuim ignoto
amne navigandum esset, forsitan hoste eam ipsam
ripam, quam cceci atque improvidi, et ex periculo
gloriam accersentes petebant, occupante. Obscuritatem, quae ceteros terrebat, suam occasionem ratus,
dato signo ut omnes silentio ascenderent, ratem eam
qua ipse vehebatur primam jussit expelli. Vacua
erat ab hostibus ripa quao petebatur; quippe adhuc
Porus Ptolemaeum tantuim  intuebatur.  Una ergo
navi, quam petrae fluctus illiserat, haerente, ceterae
evadunt; armaque capere milites, et ire in ordinem
jussit.
Jamque agmen in cornua divisum ipse ducebat,
cim Poro nuntiatur, armis virisque ripam obtineri,
et rerum adesse discrimen. Ac prim6, humani ingenii vitio, spei suax indulgens, Abisaren belli socium, (et ita convenerat,) adventare credebat. Mox




QUINTUS CURTIUS.              67
liquidiore luce aperiente hostem, centum quadrigas
et quattuor milia equitum  venienti agmini Porus
objecit. Dux erat copiarum quas proemisit Hages
frater'ipsius; summa virium in curribus. Senos
viros singuli vehebant, duos clipeatos, duos sagittarios, ab utroque latere dispositos; aurigae erant
ceteri haud sane inermes, quippe jacula complura,
ubi cominfis prceliandum erat, omissis habenis, in
hostem ingerebant. Ceterfim vix ullus usus hujus
auxilii eo die fuit. Namque (ut supra dictum est)
imber violentiuis quam alias fusus, campos lubricos
et inequitabiles fecerat: gravesque et propemoduim
immobiles currus illuvie ac voraginibus haerebant.
Contra Alexander expedito ac levi agmine strenue
invectus est.  Scythae et Dahae primi omniumn invasere Indos: Perdiccam deinde cum equitibus in dextrum cornu hostium emisit.
Jam undique pugna se moverat, cuim hi qui currus agebant, illud ultimum auxilium suorum rati,
effusis habenis in medium discrimen ruere cceperunt.  Anceps id malum  utrisque erat: nam  et
Macedonum pedites primo impetu obterebantur,
et per lubrica atque invia immissi currus excutiebant
eos a quibus regdbantur; aliorum  turbati equi non
in voragines modo lacunasque, sed etiam in amnem
przecipitavere curricula; pauci telis hostium exacti
penetravere ad Porum, acerrime pugnam  cientem.
Is, ut dissipatos tota acie currus vagari sine rectoribus vidit, proxitnis amicorum distribuit elephantos.
Post eos posuerat pedites ac sagittarios tympana
pulsare solitos. Id pro cantu tubarum Indis erat;
nec strepitu eorum movebantur, olim ad notum sonum auribus mitigatis. Herculis simulacrum agmi



68              LATIN READER.
ni peditum praeferebatur; id maximum erat bellantibus incitamentum; et deseruisse gestantes militare
flagitium habebatur. Capitis etiam sanxerant pcenam his qui ex acie non retulissent; metu quem ex
illo hoste quondam conceperant, etiam in religionem
venerationemque converso. Macedonas non beluarum modo, sed etiam ipsius regis aspectus parumper
inhibuit. Beluae, dispositae inter armatos, speciem
turrium  procul fecerant.  Ipse Porus humanae
magnitudinis propemoduim excesserat formam.
Magnitudini adjicere videbatur belua qua vehebatur, tantum inter ceteras eminens, quantum aliis
ipse praestabat.
Itaque Alexander contemplatus et regem et agmen Indorum, "Tandem" inquit "par animo meo
periculum video. Cum bestiis simul et cum egregiis viris res est."  Intuensque Ccenon, " Cum ego"
inquit "Ptolemaeo Perdiccaque et Hephaestione comitatus, in laevum  hostium cornu impetum fecero,
viderisque me in medio ardore certaminis, ipse dextrum move, et turbatis signa infer. Tu, Antigene,
et tu Leonnate, et Tauron, invehemini in mediam
aciem, et urgebitis frontem. Hastae nostrae praelongae et validae non alias magis quam  adversuis
beluas rectoresque earum usui esse poterunt: de~turbate eos qui vehuntur, et ipsas confodite. Anceps genus auxilii est, et in suos acriuis furit. In
hostem enim imperio, in suos pavore agitur."  Haec
elocutus, concitat equum primus; jamque (ut destinatum erat) invaserat ordines hostium, cum Ccenus
ingenti vi in lkevum cornu invehitur. Phalanx quoque mediam Indorum aciem uno impetu perrupit.
At Porus, qua equitem invehi senserat, beluas agi




QUINTUS CURTIUS.              69
jussit: sed tardum et peane immobile animal equorum velocitatem aequare non poterat. Ne sagittarum
quidem ullus erat barbaris usus. Q,.uippe longas'et
praegraves, nisi prius in terra statuerunt arcum, haud
satis apte et commode imponunt: tum humo lubrica
et ob id impediente conatum, molientes ictus, celeritate hostium occupabantur. Ergo spreto regis imperio (quod fere fit, ubi turbatis acriuis metus quam
dux imperare ccepit) totidem erant imperatores quot
agmina errabant. Alius jungere aciem, alius dividere; stare quidam, et nonnulli circumvehi terga
hostium jubebant. Nihil in medium consulebatur.
Porus tamen cum paucis, quibus metu potior fuerat
pudor, colligere dispersos, obvius hosti ire pergit,
elephantosque ante agmen suorum agi jubet. Mlagnum beluao injecere terrorem, insolitusque stridor
non equos modo, tam pavidum ad omnia animal, sed
viros quoque ordinesque turbaverat.
Jam fugae circumspiciebant locum paulo ante victores, cuim Alexander Agrianos et Thracas leviter
armatos, meliorem concursatione quam cominuis
militem, emisit in beluas. Ingentem hi vim telorum
injecere et elephantis et regentibus eos. Phalanx
quoque instare constanter territis ccepit. Sed quidam avidiuis persecuti beluas, in semet irritavere
vulneribus.  Obtriti ergo pedibus earum, ceteris ut'
parciuis instarent fuere documentum.  Pracipue
terribilis illa facies erat, cuim manu arma virosque
corriperent, et super se regentibus traderent. Anceps ergo pugna, nunc sequentium nunc fugientium
elephantos, in multum diei varium certamen extraxit, donec securibus (id namque genus auxilii
praeparatum erat) pedes amputare cceperunt. Co



70              LATIN READER.
pidas vocabant gladios leviter curvatos, falcibus
similes, quis appetebant beluarum  manus.  Nec
quidqu.am inexpertum, non mortis modo, sed etiam
in ipsa morte, novi supplicii timor omittebat.
Ergo elephanti vulneribus tandem fatigati suos
impetu sternunt, et qui rexerant eos praecipitati in
terram ab ipsis obterebantur. Itaque pecorum modo,
magis pavidi quam infesti, ultra aciem exigebantur;
cium Porus, destitutus a pluribus, tela multo ante
praeparata in circumfusos ex elephanto suo ccepit
ingerere, multisque eminuis vulneratis, expositus
ipse ad ictus undique petebatur. Novem jam vulnera hinc tergo illinc pectore exceperat: multoque
sanguine profuso, languidis manibus magis elapsa
quam excussa tela mittebat. Nec segniuis belua,
instincta rabie, nondum saucia, invehebatur ordinibus; donec rector beluoe regem conspexit fluentibus
membris, omissisque armis vix compotem mentis.
Tum beluam  in fugam concitat, sequente Alexandro; sed equus ejus multis vulneribus confossus deficiensque procubuit, posito magis rege quhm effuso.
Itaque dum equum mutat, tardiuis insecutus est.
Interim frater Taxilis regis Indorum, praemissus
ab Alexandro, monere ccepit Porum, ne ultima - experiri perseveraret, dederetque se victori. At ille,
quamquam exhaustae erant vires deficiebatque sanguis, tamen ad notam vocem excitatus, "Agnosco"
inquit "Taxilis fratrem, imperii regnique sui proditoris;" et telum, quod unum forthe non effluxerat,
contorsit in eum; quod per medium pectus penetravit ad tergum. Hoc ultimo virtutis opere edito,
fugere acriuis ccepit; sed elephantus quoque qui
multa exceperat tela deficiebat. Itaque sistit fugam,




OQ'INTUS CURTIUS.             7I
peditemque sequenti hosti objecit. Jam Alexander
consecutus erat, et pertinacia Pori cognita; vetabat
resistentibus parci. Ergo undique et in pedites et
in ipsum Porum tela congesta sunt; quis tandem
gravatus, labi ex beluat ccepit. Indus, qui elephanturn regebat, descendere eum ratus, more solito elephantum procumbere jussit in genua: qui ut se
submisit, ceateri quoque (ita enim instituti erant) demisere corpora in terram. Ea res et Porum et ceteros victoribus tradidit.
Rex spoliari corpus Pori, interemptum  esse credens, jubet, et qui detraherent loricam vestemque
concurrere; cuim belua dominum tueri et spoliantes
ccepit appetere, levatumque corpus ejus rursuis dorso
suo imponere. Ergo telis undique obruitur, confossoque eo, in vehiculum Porus imponitur. Quem
rex ut vidit allevantem oculos, non odio sed miseratione commotus, " Quae, malum!" inquit "amentia
te coiegit, rerum mearum cognita fama belli, fortunam experiri, ciim Taxiles esset in deditos clementiaa meae tam propinquum tibi exemplum?" At ille,
" Quoniam " inquit " percontaris, respondebo ea libertate quam  interrogando fecisti.  Neminem  me
fortiorem  esse censebam.  Meas enim  noveram
vires, nondum expertus tuas: fortiorem esse te belli
docuit eventus. Sed ne sic quidem pariim felix
sum, secundus tibi."  Rursuis interrogatus, quid
ipse victorem statuere debere censeret: " Quod hic "
inquit "dies tibi suadet, quo expertus es quam caduca felicitas esset."  Plus monendo profecit, quam
si precatus esset.  Quippe magnitudinem  animi
ejus interritam ac ne fortuna quidem infractam, non
misericordia modo, sed etiam honore excipere di



72              LATIN READER.
gnatus est. IEgrum curavit haud seciis quam si pro
ipso pugnasset; confirmatum contra spem omnium
in amicorum numerum recepit; mox donavit ampliore regno quam tenuit. Nec sane quidquam ingenium ejus solidius aut constantius habuit, quam
admirationem verae laudis et gloriae; simpliciuis
tamen famam acstimabat in hoste qu~am in cive.
Quippe a suis credebat magnitudinem suam destrui
posse; eamdem clariorem fore, quo majores fuissent quos ipse vicisset.
5. The Indian Ocean.
[Book IX. Chapters 9, io.]
Hinc in proximam gentem Pa/aliam perventum
est. Rex erat Moeris, qui urbe desertar in montes
profugerat. Itaque Alexander oppido potitur, agrosque populatur.  Magnai inde praedae actaee sunt
pecorum armentorumque, magna vis reperta frumenti. Ducibus deinde sumptis amnis peritis, defluxit ad insulam medio ferme alveo enatam.
Ibi diutiuis subsistere coactus, quia duces socordiuis asservati profugerant, misit qui conquirerent
alios: nec repertis, pervicax cupido incessit visendi
Oceanum adeundique terminos mundi, ut sine regionis peritis, flumini ignoto caput suum totque
fortissimorum virorum salutem permitteret. Navigabant ergo omnium  per quee ferebantur ignari:
quantum inde abesset mare, quae gentes colerent,
quam placidum  amnis os, qu~am patiens longarum
navium esset, anceps et caeca aestimatio augurabatur. Unum erat temeritatis solatium, perpetua
felicitas. Jam quadringenta stadia processerant,




QUINTUS CURTIUS.             73
cuim gubernatores agnoscere ipsos auram maris, et
haud procul videri sibi Oceanum abesse, indicant
regi. Leetus ille hortari nauticos ccepit incumberent remis; adesse finem laboris omnibus votis expetitum; jam  nihil gloria  deesse, nihil obstare
virtuti; sine ullo Martis discrimine, sine sanguine,
orbem terrae ab illis capi; ne naturam quidem longiuis posse procedere; brevi incognita nisi immortalibus esse visuros. Paucos tamen navigio emisit
in ripam, qui agrestes vagos exciperent, e quibus
certiora nosci posse sperabat. Illi scrutati omnia
tuguria, tandem latentes reperere.  Qyui interrogati
quam procul abessent mari responderunt nullum
ipsos mare ne fama quidem  accepisse; ceterhm
tertio die perveniri posse ad aquam  amaram, qua
corrumperet dulcem. Intellectum est mare destinari
ab ignaris nature ejus. Itaque ingenti alacritate
nautici remigant, et proximo quoque die, quo propiuis spes admovebatur, crescebat ardor animorum.
Tertio jam die mixtum flumini subibat mare, leni
adhuc aestu confundente dispares undas. Tum aliam
insulam medio amni sitam evecti paulo lentiihs, quia
cursus aestu reverberabatur, applicant classem, et ad
comnmeatus petendos discurrunt, securi casus ejus
qui supervenit ignaris.
Tertia ferme hora erat, cuim stata vice Oceanus
exaestuans invehi coepit, et retro flumen urgere.
Quod primo coircitum, deinde vehementiius pulsum,
majore impetu adversum  agebatur quam torrentia
praecipiti alveo incurrunt. Ignota vulgo freti natura
erat, monstraque et irae deuim indicia cernere videbantur. Identidem intumescens mare, et in campos
paulo ante siccos descendere superfusum. Jamque




74              LATIN READER.
levatis navigiis, et tota classe dispersa, qui expositi
erant undique ad naves trepidi et improviso malo
attoniti recurrunt. Sed in tumultu festinatio quoque
tarda est. Hi. contis navigia appellebant, hi dum
remos aptari prohibebant consederant.  Quuidam
enavigare properantes, sed non exspectatis qui simul
esse debebant, clauda et inhabilia navigia languide
moliebantur: aliae navium inconsulte ruentes non
receperant; pariterque et multitudo et paucitas festinantes morabatur. Clamor hinc exspectare hinc
ire jubentium, dissonaeque voces nusquam idem atque unum tendentium, non oculorum modo usum sed
etiam aurium abstulerant. Ne in gubernatoribus
quidem quidquam opis erat, quorum nec exaudiri
vox a tumultuantibus poterat, nec imperium a territis incompositisque servari. Ergo collidi inter se
naves, abstergerique invicem remi, et alii aliorum
navigia urgere cceperunt. Crederes non unius exerciths classem vehi, sed duorum navale inisse certamen. Incutiebantur puppibus prorae; premebantur
a sequentibus qui antecedentes turbaverant; jurgantium ira perveniebat etiam ad manus.
Jamque aestus totos circa flumen campos inundaverat, tumulis dumtaxat eminentibus, veluti insulis
parvis; in quos plerique trepidi omissis navigiis
enare cceperunt. Dispersa classis partim in praealth
aqua stabat, qua subsederant valles; partim in vado
haerebat, utcumque inaequale terrae fastigium occupaverant undae; cuim subito novus et pristino major
terror incutitur. Reciprocari coepit mare, magno
tractu aquis in suum fretum recurrentibus, reddebatque terras paulo ant' profundo salo mersas.
Igitur destituta navigia alia praecipitantur in proras,




QUINTUS CURTIUS.              75
alia in latera procumbunt. Strati erant campi sarcinis, armis, avulsarum tabularum remorumque
fragmentis. Miles nec egredi in terram, nec in
naves subsistere audebat, identidem praesentibus
graviora quae sequerentur exspectans. Vix quoe
perpetiebantur videre ipsos credebant; in sicco
naufragia, in amni mare: nec finis malorum; quippe
awstum  paulo post mare relaturum, quo navigia
allevarentur, ignari, famem et ultima sibimet ominabantur. Beluae quoque fluctibus destitutae, terribiles vagabantur.
Jamque nox appetebat, et regem  quoque desperatio salutis aegritudine affecerat. Non tamen invictum  animum  curae obruunt, quin  tota nocte
persideret in speculis, equitesque praemitteret ad os
amnis, ut cuim mare rursuis exaestuare sensissent
praecederent. Navigia quoque et lacerata refici, et
eversa fluctibus erigi jubet, paratosque esse et intentos cuim rursuis mare terras inund~asset. Toth ea.nocte inter vigilias adhortationesque consumptaj
celeriter et equites ingenti cursu refugere, et secutus
est aestus. QOui primo, aquis leni tractu subeuntibus,
ccepit levare navigia; mox totis campis inundans,
etiam impulit classem; plaususque militum nauticorumque, insperatam salutem immodico celebrantium
gaudio, litoribus ripisque resonabat. Unde tantum
redisset subito mare? quo pridie refugisset? quaenam esset ejusdem elementi natura, modo discors,
modo imperio temporum obnoxia? mirabundi requirebant. Rex cuim ex eo quod acciderat conjectaret post solis ortum statum tempus esse, de media
nocte, ut aesturn occuparet, cum paucis navigiis secundo amne defluxit: evectusque os ejus quadrin



76              LATIN READER.
genta stadia processit in mare, tandem voti sui
compos; praesidibusque et maris et locorum diis sacrificio facto, ad classem rediit.
Hinc adversum flumen subit classis; et altero die
appulsa est haud procul lacu salso, cujus incognita
natura plerosque decepit temere ingressos aquam;
quippe scabies corpora invasit, et contagium morbi
etiam in alios vulgatum est. Oleum remedio fuit.
Leonnato deinde prammisso ut puteos foderet, qua
terrestri itinere ducturus exercitumn videbatur (quippe sicca erat regio), ipse cum copiis substitit, vernum tempus exspectans. Interim et urbes portusque condidit. Nearcho atque Onesicrito, nauticae
rei peritis, imperavit, ut validissimas navium deducerent in Oceanum, progressique quoad tuto possent,
naturam  maris noscerent: vel eodem  amne, vel
Euphrate subire eos posse, ciim reverti ad se vellent.
Jamque mitigata hieme, et navibus qux inutiles
videbantur crematis, terra ducebat exercitum....
Haud multo post Nearchus et Onesicritus, quos
longiis in Oceanum procedere jusserat, superveniunt. Nuntiabant autem quaedam audita, alia comperta: insulam ostio amnis subjectam auro abundare,
inopem  equorum esse; singulos eos ab iis qui ex
continenti trajicere auderent, singulis talentis emi;
plenum esse beluarum mare; vestu secundo eas
ferri, magnarum navium corpora aequantes; truci
cantu deterritas sequi classem, cum magno oequoris
strepitu, velut demersa navigia, subisse aquas. Cetera incolis crediderant; inter que Rubrum mare
non a colore undarum, ut plerique crederent, sed ab
Erythro rege appellari; esse haud procul a continenti insulam  palmis frequentibus consitam, et in




QUINTUS CURTIUS.            77
medio fere nemore columnam eminere, Erythri regis monumentum, litteris gentis ejus scriptam. Adjiciebant, navigia quae lixas mercatoresque vexissent,
famam auri secutis gubernatoribus, in insulam esse
transmissa, nec deinde ab his postea visa. Rex
cognoscendi plura cupidine accensus, rursius eos
terram legere jubet, donec ad Euphratem appellerent classem; inde adverso amne Babylonem subituros.  Ipse animo infinita complexus statuerat,
omni ad Orientem maritima regione perdomita, ex
Syria petere Africam, Karthagini infensus; inde
Numidiae solitudinibus peragratis, cursum Gades
dirigere - ibi namque columnas Herculis esse fama
vulgaverat; Hispanias dejnde, quam Iberiam Graeci
a flumine Ibero vocabant, adire; et praetervehi
Alpes, Italiaeque oram, unde in Epirum brevis cursus est. Igitur Mesopotamiao praetoribus imperavit,
materia in Libano monte caesa devectaque ad urbem  Syrioa  Thapsacum, septingentarum  carinas
navium ponere; septiremes omnes esse, deducique
Babyloniam: Cypriorum  regibus imperatum, ut
aos stupamque et vela preeberent.
6. Death of Alexander.
[Book X. Chapter 5.]
Intuentibus lacrimoe obortae praebuere speciem
jam non regem sed funus ejus visentis exercitufs.
Maoror tamen circumstantium  lectum  eminebat.
Quos ut aspexit, "Invenietis" inquit "cum excessero, dignum  talibus viris regem?"  Incredibile
dictu audituque, in eodem habitu corporis in quem
se composuerat cum admissurus milites esset, du



78               LATIN READER.
rhsse, donec a toto exercitu illud ultimum persalutatus est: dimissoque vulgo, velut omni vitae debito
liberatus, fatigata membra rejecit: propiuisque
adire jussis amicis (nam et vox deficere jam cceperat), detractum anulum digito Perdiccae tradidit,
adjectis mandatis ut corpus suum ad Hammonem
ferri juberent. Quaerentibus his " cui relinqueret regnum? " respondit, "ei qui esset optimus; ceteriim
providere jam se, ob id certamen magnos funebres
ludos parari sibi." Rursuis Perdicca interrogante
"quando ccelestes honores haberi sibi vellet?" dixit,
"tum velle, cuim ipsi felices essent." Suprema haec
vox fuit regis, et paulo post exstinguitur.
Ac primo ploratu lamentisque et planctibus tota
regia personabat: mox velut in vasta solitudine
omnia tristi silentio muta torpebant, ad cogitationes
quid deinde futurum esset dolore converso. Nobiles
pueri, custodiae corporis ejus assueti, nec doloris
magnitudinem capere nec se ipsos intra vestibulum
regiae tenere potuerunt; vagique et furentibus
similes totam urbem luctu ac maerore compleverant;
nullis questibus omissis quos in tali casu dolor
suggerit.
Erg6 qui extra regiam  astiterant Macedones pariter barbarique concurrunt, nec poterant victi a
victoribus in communi dolore discerni. Persoe justissimum ac mitissimum dominum, Macedones optimum ac fortissimum regem invocantes, certamen
quoddam maxroris edebant.  Nec maestorum soluim,
sed etiam indignantium voces exaudiebantur, tam
viridem, et in flore etatis fortunmque, invidia deuim
ereptum esse rebus humanis.  Vigor ejus et vultus
educentis in prcelium milites, obsidentis urbes, eva



Q UINTUS CURTIUS.             79
dentis in muros, fortes viros pro concione donantis,
occurrebant oculis. Tum  Macedones divinos honores negasse ei pcenitebat; impiosque et ingratos
fuisse se confitebantur, quod aures ejus debita appellatione fraudassent.
Et cuim diu nunc in veneratione nunc in desiderio
regis haesissent, in ipsos versa miseratio est. Macedonia profecti ultra Euphratem, in mediis hostibus
novum  imperium  aspernantibus, destitutos se esse
cernebant: sine certo regis hoerede, publicas vires
ad se quemque tracturum. Bella deinde civilia,
quae secuta sunt, mentibus augurabantur: iterum
non de regno Asiee, sed de rege, ipsis sanguinem
esse fundendum; novis vulneribus veteres rumpendas cicatrices; senes, debiles, modo petita missione
a justo rege, nunc morituros pro potentia forsitan
satellitis alicujus ignobilis.
Has cogitationes volventibus nox supervenit terroremque auxit. Milites in armis vigilabant; Babylonii, alius e muris alius culmine sui quisque tecti,
prospectabant quasi certiora visuri. Nec quisquam
lumina audebat accendere. Et quia oculorum cessabat usus, fremitus vocesque auribus captabant; ac
plerumque vano metu territi, per obscuras semitas
alius alii occursantes, invicem suspecti ac solliciti
ferebantur. Persea, comis suo more detonsis, in
lugubri veste, cum conjugibus ac liberis, non ut victorem et modo hostem, sed ut gentis sua justissimum regem, vero desiderio lugebant. Assueti sub
rege vivere, non alium qui imperaret ipsis digniorem
fuisse confitebantur.
Nec muris urbis luctus continebatur, sed proximam regionem ab ea, deinde magnam partem Asike




80               LATIN READER.
cis Euphratem  tanti mali fama pervaserat.  Ad
Darii quoque matrem celeriter perlata est. Abscisa
ergo veste qua induta erat, lugubrem  sumpsit; laceratisque crinibus humi corpus abjecit. Assidebat
ei altera ex neptibus, nuper amissum Hephaostionem
cui nupserat lugens, propriasque causas doloris in
communi m       astiti. retractabat.  Sed omnium  suorum mala Sisygambis una capiebat. Illa suam,
illa neptium vicem flebat. Recens dolor etiam praeterita revocaverat. Crederes modo amissum Darium, et pariter miserao duorum filiorum exsequias
esse ducendas.  Flebat simul mortuos vivosque.
Quem enim puellarum acturum  esse curam? quem
alium futurum Alexandrum? iterum esse se captas,
iterum excidisse regno. Qui mortuo Dario ipsas
tueretur, reperisse; qui post Alexandrum respiceret,
utique non reperturas.  Subibat inter haec animum,
octoginta fratres suos eodem die ab Ocho saevissimo
regum trucidatos, adjectumque stragi tot filiorum
patrem; e septem liberis, quos genuisset ipsa, unum
superesse; ipsum Darium floruisse paulisper, ut
crudeliuis posset extingui. Ad ultimum dolori succubuit, obvolutoque capite assidentes genibus suis
neptem nepotemque aversata, cibo pariter abstinuit
et luce. Quinto postquam mori statuerat die extincta est. Magnum profecto Alexandro indulgentiae in eam, justitiaque in omnes captivos, documentum  est mors hujus: quae  cuim  sustinuisset post
Darium vivere, Alexandro esse superstes erubuit.
Et (hercule) juste aestimantibus regem liquet,
bona naturao ejus fuisse; vitia vel fortunas, vel aotatis. Vis incredibilis animi; laboris patientia propemoduim nimia; fortitudo non inter reges modo




Q.UINTUS CURTIUS.             8 I
excellens, sed inter illos quoque quorum heec sola
virtus fuit; liberalitas seepe majora tribuentis quam
a diis petuntur; clementia in devictos; tot regna aut
reddita quibus ea dempserat bello, aut dono data;
mortis, cujus metus ceteros exanimat, perpetua contemptio; glorike laudisque ut justo major cupido,
ita ut juveni et in tantis admittenda rebus; jam pietas erga parentes, quorum Olympiada immortalitati
consecrare decreverat, Philippum ultus erat; jam
in omnes fere amicos benignitas, erga milites benevolentia; consilium par magnitudini animi, et quantam vix poterat aetas ejus capere, sollertia; modus
immodicarum cupiditatum: —ingentes profecto dotes
erant.  Illa fortunas: diis aequare se, et caelestes
honores accersere, et talia suadentibus oraculis credere; et dedignantibus venerari ipsum vehementiuis
quam par esset irasci; in externum habitum mutare
corporis cultum; imitari devictarum gentium mores,
quos ante victoriam spreverat. Nam iracundiam et
cupidinem vini sicuti juventa irritaverat, ita senectus mitigare potuisset. Fatendum est tamen, cuim
plurimum  virtuti debuerit, plus debuisse fortunas,
quam solus omnium mortalium in potestate habuit.
QOuoties illum a morte revocavit? quoties temere in
pericula vectum perpetua felicitate protexit?  Vitae
quoque finem eumdem illi quem gloriae statuit. Exspectavere eum fata, dum Oriente perdomito, aditoque Oceano, quidquid mortalitas capiebat, impleret.
Itaque nomen quoque ejus, et fama rerum, in totum
propemoduim orbem reges ac regna diffudit; clarissimique sunt habiti, qui etiam minimae parti tantae
fortunae adheeserunt.
6




IV.
CORNELIUS NEPOS.
LIFE OF HANNIBAL.
(B.C. 247-I83.)
Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiensis. Si
verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus
omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum,
HIannibalem  tanto prnestitisse ceteros imperatores
prudentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine cunctas nationes. Nam quotiescumque cum
eo congressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior.
Qu6d nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus
esset, Romanos videretur superare potuisse. Sed
multorum obtrectatio devicit unius virtutem.
Hic autem, velut hereditate relictum, odium paternum erga Romanos sic conservavit, ut priuis animum quam id deposuerit; qui quidem, cum patria
pulsus esset, et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam
destiterit animo bellare cum Romanis.
Nam, ut omittam Philippum, quem absens hostem
reddidit Romanis; omnium his temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate
incendit bellandi, ut usque a Rubro mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad quem cdim legati venissent Romani, qui de ejus voluntate explorarent,
darentque operam consiliis clandestinis, ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi adducerent, tamquam ab
ipsis corruptum alia atque ante& sentire; neque id




CORNELIUS NEPOS.             83
frustr8a fecissent, idque Hannibal comperisset, seque
ab interioribus consiliis segregari vidisset; tempore
dato adiit ad regem, eique ciim multa de fide su~a et
odio in Romanos commemorasset, hoc adjunxit:
" Pater meus " inquit " Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote
non ampliis novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator proficiscens Karthagine, Jovi Optimo Maximo hostias immolavit. Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a me, vellemne secum in castra
proficisci? Id cuim libenter accepissem, atque ab
eo petere ccepissem ne dubitaret ducere, tum ille'Faciam,' inquit'si fidem mihi quam postulo dederis.' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam sacrificare instituerat; eamque ceteris remotis tenentem
jurare jussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego jusjurandum patri datum usque ad
hanc aetatem ita conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse
debeat quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim-futurus. Quare, si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis,
non imprudenter feceris si me celaris; ciim quidem
bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis si non me in
eo principem posueris."
Hac igitur qua diximus aetate, cum patre in Hispaniam profectus est: cujus post obitum, Hasdrubale
imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc
quoque interfecto, exercitus summam imperii ad eum
detulit. Id, Karthaginem delatum, publice comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal, minor quinque et viginti
annis natus, imperator factus, proximo triennio
omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit: Saguntum
fcederatam civitatern vi expugnavit; tres exercitus
maximos comparavit. Ex his unum  in Africam
misit, alterum  cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania




84             LATIN READER.
reliquit, tertium in Italiam  secum duxit. Saltum
Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Quacumque iter fecit, cum
omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, que Italiam ab
Gallia sejungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu
ante eum, praeter Herculem Graium, transierat (quo
facto is hodie saltus Graius appellatur), Alpicos
conantes prohibere transitu concidit; loca patefecit;
itinera muniit; effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire
posset, qua anteh unus homo inermis vix poterat
repere. Hac copias traduxit, in Italiamque pervenit.
Conflixerat apud Rhodanum  cum  P. Cornelio
Scipione consule, eumque pepulerat.  Cum  hoc
eodem Clastidi apud Padum decernit, sauciumque
inde ac fugatum dimittit. Terti6 idem Scipio, cum
collega Tiberio Longo, apud Trebiam adversus eum
venit: cum his manum conseruit; utrosque profligavit. Inde per Ligures Apenninum transit, petens
Etruriam. Hoc itinere adeo gravi morbo afficitur
oculorum, ut postea numquam dextro aque bene
usus sit. Qua valetudine cuim etiam nunc premeretur, lecticaque ferretur, C. Flaminium consulem
apud Trasimenum cum exercitu insidiis circumventum occidit; neque multo post C. Centenium pratorem, cum delecta manu saltus occupantem. Hinc
in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt duo
consules, C. Terentius et L. Paulus AEmilius. Utriusque exercitus uno prcelio [Cannensi] fugavit;
Paulum consulem occidit, et aliquot praeterea consulares, in his Cn. Servilium Geminum, qui anno
superiore fuerat consul.
Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus est, nullo




CORNELIUS NEPOS.             85
resistente. In propinquis urbis montibus moratus
est. Cuim aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset, et reverteretur Capuam, Q.' Fabius Maximus dictator
Romanus in agro Falerno se ei objecit. Hic clausus
locorum angustiis, noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitfis se expedivit: Fabio, callidissimo imperatori,
dedit verba: namque obducta nocte, sarmenta in
cornibus juvencorum deligata incendit, ejusque generis multitudinem  magnam  dispalatam  immisit.
Quo repentino objectu viso, tantum terrorem injecit
exercitui Romanorum, ut egredi extra vallum nemo
sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis
diebus, M. Minucium Rufum magistrum equitum,
pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo productum in proelium, fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, iteruim
consulem, in Lucanis absens, in insidias inductum
sustulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquies consulem, apud Venusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum est enumerare prcelia. Qyuare hoc unum satis
erit dictum, ex quo intelligi possit quantus ille fuerit: quamdiu in Italit fuit, nemo ei in acie restitit;
nemo adversuis eum, post Cannens'em pugnam, in
campo castra posuit.
Hinc invictus, patriam defensum revocatus, bellum
gessit adversuis P. Scipionis filium quem ipse primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum, tertio
apud Trebiam fugerat. Cum hoc, exhaustis jam
patriae facultatibus, cupivit impraesentiarum bellum
componere, quo valentior posteat congrederetur. In
colloquium convenit; conditiones non convenerunt.
Post id factum paucis diebus, apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit: pulsus (incredile dictu) biduo et
duabus noctibus Adrumetum pervenit, quod abest a




86              LATIN READER.
Zama circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga
Numidce, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei; quos non solunm effugit, sed etiam
ipsos oppressit. Adrumeti reliquos e fugh collegit;
novis delectibus paucis diebus multos contraxit.
Chm in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, Karthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt.
Ille nihilo secius exercitui postea praefuit, resque in
Africh gessit, itemque Mago frater ejus, usque ad P.
Sulpicium  et C. Aurelium  consules.  His enim
magistratibus legati Karthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent,
quod cum his pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent, simulque peterent ut obsides eorum Fregellis essent, captivique redderentur.
His ex senatfis-consulo responsum est: munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsides quo loco
rogarent futuros; captivos non remissuros, qu6d
Hannibalem, cujus opera susceptum bellum foret,
inimicissimum nomini Romano, et nunc cum imperio apud exercitum haberent, itemque fratrem ejus
Magonem. Hoc responso Karthaginienses cognito, Hannibalem et Magonem domumr revocarunt.
Huc ut rediit praetor factus est, postquam rex
fuerat anno secundo et vigesimo: ut enim Romae
consules, sic Karthagini quotannis annui bini reges
creabantur.  In eo magistratu pari diligentia se
Hannibal proebuit, ac fuerat in bello.  Namque
effecit, ex novis vectigalibus non solhm ut esset
pecunia quae Romanis ex fcedere penderetur, sed
etiam superesset, quae in aerario poneretur. Deinde
anno post praeturam, M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus, Romani legati Karthaginem venerunt. Hos




CORNELIUS NEPOS.             87
Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam  his senatus daretur, navema ascendit clam,
atque in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac re
palam facta, Pceni naves duas quae eum  comprehenderent, si possent consequi, miserunt; bona ejus
publicarunt; domum a fundamentis disjecerunt;
ipsum exsulem judicarunt.
At Hannibal, anno tertio postquam domo profugerat, L. Cornelio Q.. Minucio consulibus, cum
quinque navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyren:eorum, si forte Karthaginienses ad bellum Antiochi spe fiduciaque possent induci; cui jam persuserat
ut cum exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. Huc
Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni resciverunt,
Magonem eadem qua fratrem absentem pcena affecerunt. Illi desperatis rebus cum solvissent naves
ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum
pervenit. De Magonis interitu duplex memoria
prodita est: namque alii naufragio, alii a servulis
ipsius interfectum eum scriptum reliquerunt. Antiochus autem, si tam in gerendo bello consiliis ejus
parere voluisset, quaim in suscipiendo instituerat,
propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis de summa imperii dimicasset.  Quem etsi multa stulte conari videbat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. Praefuit paucis
navibus quas ex Syria jussus erat in Asiam ducere;
hisque adversiis Rhodiorum classem in Pamphylio
mari conflixit: quo cium multitudine adversariorum
sui superarentur, ipse quo cornu rem gessit fuit
superior.
Antiocho fugato, verens ne dederetur (quod sine
dubio accidisset si sui fecisset potestatem), Cretam
ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi quo se conferret conside



88              LATIN READER.
raret. Vidit autem vir omnium callidissimus magno
se fore periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cretensium: magnam enim secum pecuniam
portabat, de qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium: amphoras complures complet
plumbo; summas operit auro et argento. Has,
proesentibus principibus, deponit in templo Dianae;
simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei credere.
His in erroremn inductis, statuas aneas quas secum
portabat omni sua pecunia complet, easque in propatulo domi abjici-. Gortynii templum magna cura
custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale,
ne ille inscientibus his tolleret, secumque duceret.
Sic conservatis suis rebus, Pcenus illusis Cretensibus omnibus ad Prusia'm in Pontum pervenit:
apud quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam; neque
aliud quidquam egit, quam regem armavit et exercuit adversuis Romanos. Q0uem cuim videret domesticis opibus minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros
reges, adjungebat bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat
ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Romanis amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra':
quo magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi; sed
utrobiqute Eumenes plus valebat propter Romanorum
societatem: quem si removisset, faciliora sibi cetera
fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interficiendum, talem
iniit rationem. Classe paucis diebus erant decreturi: superabatur navium  multitudine: dolo erat
pugnandum, cum par non esset armis. Imperavit
quam plurimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi,
easque in vasa fictilia conjici. Harum cum confecisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso quo facturus
erat navale prcelium classiarios convocat, hisque




CORNELIUS NEPOS.              89
praecipit omnes ut in unam  Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a ceteris tantiim satis habeant se defendere: id facile illos serpentium multitudine consecuturos: rex autem in qua nave veheretur, ut scirent
se facturum; quem si aut cepissent aut interfecissent,
magno his pollicetur prxamio fore.
Tali cohortatione militum factfa, classis ab utrisque
in prcelium  deducitur.  Quarum  acie constituta,
priusquam signum pugnoe daretur, Hannibal, ut
palhm faceret suis quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium  in scapha cum caduceo mittit; qui ubi ad
naves adversariorum pervenit, epistolamque ostendens, se regem professus est querere, statim ad
Eumenen deductus est, qu6d nemo dubitabat aliquid
de pace esse scriptum. Tabellarius, ducis nave
declarata suis, eodem unde erat egressus se recepit.
At Eumenes, soluta epistola, nihil in ea reperit, nisi
quod ad irridendum eum pertineret; cujus etsi causam mirabatur, (nec reperiebatur,) tamen prcelium
statim committere non dubitavit. Horum in concursu Bithynii Hannibalis praecepto universi navem
Eumenis adoriuntur: quorum vim rex ciim sustinere
non posset, fuga salutem petit; quam consecutus
non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset quae
in proximo litore erant collocata.
Reliquoe Pergamenae naves cuim adversarios premerent acriuis, repent& in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus
supra mentionem fecimus, conjici ccepta sunt; quae
jacta initio risum  pugnantibus excitarunt; nec
quare id fieret poterat intelligi. Postquam autem
naves completas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re
perterriti, cuim quid potissimuim vitarent non viderent, puppes verterunt, seque ad sua castra nautica




90               LATIN READER.
retulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit: neque tum sollim, sed saepe alias
pedestribus copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversarios.,OQua dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legati
Prusiae Romai apud L. Quinctium Flamininum  consularem ccenarent; atque ibi de HIannibale mentione
facta, ex his unus diceret eum in Prusiao regno esse.
Id postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres
conscripti, qui Hannibale vivo numquam  se sine
insidiis futuros existimarent, legatos in Bithyniam
miserunt, in his Flamininum, qui a rege peterent ne
inimicissimum suum secum haberet, sibique dederet.
His Prusias negare ausus non est: illud recusavit,
ne id a se fieri postularent quod adversuis jus hospitii esset: ipsi si possent comprehenderent: locum
ubi esset facile inventuros. Hannibal enim uno
loco se tenebat in castello quod ei ab rege datum
erat muneri; idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus
partibus aedificii exitum sibi haberet, semper verens
ne usu eveniret quod accidit. Huc ciim legati Romanorum venissent, ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer ab janua prospiciens Hannibali
dixit, plures praoter consuetudinem armatos apparere; qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret num eodem
niodo undique obsideretur. Puer cuim celeriter quid
esset renuntiasset, omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuit6 factum, sed se peti,
neque sibi diutiuis vitam  esse retinendam.  Quam
ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum quod semper secum habere consueverat sumpsit. Sic:vir fortissimus, multis variisque
perfunctus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo.




V.
SALLUST.
THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA.
(B.C. III-1o6.)
I. The Youth of _ugurtha.
[Chapters 5-I2.]
Bello Punico secundo Masinissa rex Numidarum, in amicitia receptus a P. Scipione, cui
postea Africano cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa
et praeclara rei militaris facinora fecerat: ob
quae, victis Karthaginiensibus et capto Syphace,
cujus in Africa magnum  atque late imperium
valuit, populus Romanus quascumque urbis et
agros manu ceperat regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit:
imperii vitxeque ejus finis idem fuit. Dein Micipsa
filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa
fratribus morbo absumtis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese genuit; Jugurthamque, Mastanabalis
fratris filium, eodem cultu quo liberos suos domi
habuit.
Q0ui, ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora
facie, sed multo maxume ingenio validus, non se
luxu neque inertiae corrumpendum dedit; sed, uti
mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum
aequalibus certare; et, cium omnis gloria anteiret,
omnibus tamen carus esse: ad hoc, pleraque tempora in venando.agere; leonemn  atque alias feras




92              LATIN READER.
primus aut in primis ferire; plurumum facere, minumum  ipse de se loqui.  Quibus rebus Micipsa
tametsi initio lxtus fuerat, existumans virtutem
Jugurthao regno suo gloria fore; tamen postquam
hominem  adulescentem, exacta sua aetate, parvis
liberis, magis magisque crescere intellegit, vehementer negotio permotus, multa cum  animo suo
volvebat. Terrebat eum natura mortalium, avida
imperi et praeceps ad explendam animi cupidinem:
proeterea. opportunitas suaeque liberorumque aetatis,
quze etiam mediocris viros spe praedae transvorsos
agit: ad hoc studia Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa; ex quibus, si talem virum dolis interfecisset,
ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur anxius erat.
His difficultatibus circumventus, ubi videt neque
per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam
acceptum  popularibus, quod erat Jugurtha manu
promptus et adpetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum
objectare periculis, et eo modo fortunam tentare.
Igitur, bello Numantino, Micipsa cuim populo Romano equitum atque peditum auxilia mitteret, sperans
vel ostentando virtutem, vel hostium saevitia facile
eum occasurum, praefecit Numidis quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res longe aliter ac ratus erat
evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque acri
ingenio, ubi naturam P. Sciptonis, qui tum Romanis
imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo
labore multaque cura, praetereh modestissumrn parendo et saepe obviam eundo periculis, in tantam
claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer
carus, Numantinis maxumo terrori esset. Ac sane
quod difficillumum in primis est, et prcelio strenuus
erat, et bonus consilio; quorum alterum ex provi



SALLUST.                  93
dentia timorern, alterum ex audacia temeritatem,
adferre pleruimque solet. Igitur imperator omnis
fere res asperas per Jugurtham agere, in amicis habere, magis magisque in dies amplecti: quippe
cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. Huc accedebat munificentia animi et ingeni sollertia, quils rebus sibi multos ex Romanis
familiari amicitia conjunxerat.
Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures
novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono honestoque
potiores erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud socios,
clari magis quhm honesti; qui Jugurthae non mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant, si A/Iic~psa
rex occidzisset, fore uli solus imperio JVumidice potiretur; in i)pso maxumam virtutem, Rotate omnia
vaenalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P.
Scipio dimittere auxilia et ipse revorti domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro concione Jugurtham in proetorium abduxit: ibique
secreto monuit, "uti potiuis publice quam privatim
amicitiam populi Romani coleret; neu quibus largiri
insuesceret; periculose a paucis emi quod multorum
esset; si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi
et gloriam et regnum venturum; sin properantifis
pergeret, suamet ipsum  pecunia praecipitem  casurum."
Sic locutus, cum litteris quas Micipsae redderet
dimisit. Earum sententia hiec erat: "Jugurthae tui
bello Numantino longe maxuma virtus fuit; quam
rem tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita
sua carus est; ut idem senatui populoque Romano sit
summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor: en habes virum dignum te atque




94               LATIN READER.
avo suo Masinissa."  Igitur rex, ubi ea que famat
acceperat ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cognovit,
cinm virtute tum  gratia viri permotus, flexit animum suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere adgressus est; statimque eum adoptavit, et testamento
pariter-cum filiis haeredem instituit...
Micipsa paucis diebus moritur. Postquam illi,
more regio, justa maginifice fecerant, reguli in unum
convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minumus ex illis
erat, natura ferox, etiam anteh ignobilitatem Jugurthee (quia materno genere impar erat) despiciens,
dextra Adherbalem adsedit, ne medius ex tribus,
quod apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret:
dein tamen, ut oatati concederet, fatigatus a fratre,
vix in partem alteram transductus est. Ibi cum
multa de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit, oportere quinquenni consulta omnia et decreta rescindi; nam per ea tempora
confectum annis Miczibsam jarz'm animno valuisse.
Tum  idem  Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam
ipsum illum  tribus proxumis annis adolpatione in
regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus Jugurthae altiuis quam quisquam ratus erat descendit.
Itaque ex eo tempore, ira et metu anxius, moliri,
parare, atque ea modo cum animo habere, quibus
Hiempsal per dolum  caperetur.  Quae ubi tardiuis
procedunt, neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis
modo inceptum perficere.
Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra
memoravi, propter dissensionem, placuerat dividi
thesauros, finisque imperi singulis constitui. Itaque
tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturiis




SALLUST.                 95
ad pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca
propinqua thesauris alius alio concessere.  Sed
Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proxumus lictor Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper fuerat. Q.uem ille casu ministrum
oblatum promissis onerat, impellitque uti tamquam
sua visens domum eat, portarum clavis adulterinas
paret; nam verv ad Hiempsalem referebantur: ceteruim, ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna
manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit;
atque, uti doctus erat, noctu Jugurtha milites introducit.  Qui, postquam in aedis irrupere, divorsi regem quaerere; dormientis alios, alios occursantis
interficere; scrutari loca abdita; clausa effringere;
strepitu et tumultu omnia miscere: cihm Hiempsal
interim reperitur, occultans se in tugurio mulieris
ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae caput ejus, ut jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.
2. How  fugurtha became King of Vrumidia.
[Chapters 20-27.]
Postquam, regno diviso, legati Africa decessere,
et Jugurtha, contra timorem animi, praemia sceleris
adeptum sese videt; certum esse ratus, quod ex amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romac venalia esse; simul et illorum pollicitationibus accensus,
quos paullo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum
Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus;
at is quem petebat quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio,
opportunus injurie, metuens magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso finis ejus cum  magai
manu invasit; multos mortalis cum pecore atque




96              LATIN READER.
alia predad capit, aedificia incendit, pleraque loca
hostiliter cum equitatu accedit. Deinde cum omni
multitudine in regnum suum convortit, existumans
Adherbalem dolore permotum injurias suas manu
vindicaturum, eamque rem belli caussam fore. At
ille, quod neque se parem armis existumabat, et
amicitia populi Romani magis qua.m Numidis fretus
erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis questum
misit: qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerunt,
priuis tamen omnia pati decrevit quatm bellum  sumere; quia tentatum antea seciis cesserat. Neque
tamen eo magis cupido Jugurthao minuebatur;
quippe qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat.
Itaque non, uti antea, cum praedatoria manu, sed
magno exercitu comparato, bellum gerere ccepit, et
aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceteruim,
qua pergebat, urbis, agros vastare, praedas agere;
suis animum, terrorem hostibus augere.
Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti regnum
aut* relinquendum esset, aut armis retinendum,
necessario copias parat, et Jugurthae obvius procedit. Interim haud longe a mari, prope Cirtam
oppidum, utriusque exercitus consedit; et quia diei
extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. Sed ubi
plerumque noctis processit, obscuro etiam tum lumine, milites Jugurthini, signo dato, castra hostium
invadunt; semisomnos partim, alios arma sumentes,
fugant funduntque. Adherbal cum paucis equitibus
Cirtam profugit; et, ni multitudo togatorum fuisset,
qua Numidas insequentes mcenibus prohibuit, uno
die inter duos reges cceptum atque patratum bellum
fWFet. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit; vineis
turribusque, et machinis omnium generum, expu



SALLUST.                 97
gnare adgreditur; maxume festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos, ante proelium factum ab
Adherbale, Romam missos audiverat.
Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit,
legantur in Africam majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi: in quis M. Scaurus, consularis,
et tum senati princeps. Ei, quod res in invidia erat,
simul et ab Numidis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere: dein brevi Uticam adpulsi litteras ad Jugurtham mittunt, quiam ocissumg ad _provinciam accedat;
seque ad eumn ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit
homines claros, quorum auctoritatem Romae pollere
audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse; prim6
commotus metu atque lubidine divorsus agitabatur.
Timebat iram senatuis ni paruisset legatis: porro
animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus rapiebatur. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur, exercitu circumdato, summa vi Cirtam
irrumpere nititur, maxume sperans, diducta manu
hostium, aut vi aut dolis sese casum victorie inventurum. Quod ubi seciis procedit, neque (quod intenderat) efficere potest, ut priuis quam legatos
conveniret Adherbalis potiretur; ne, ampliuis morando, Scaurum, quem plurimuim metuebat, incenderet, cum  paucis equitibus in provinciam venit.
Ac tametsi senati verbis minae graves nuntiabantur, quod oppugnatione non desisteret; multa tamen
oratione consumptea, legati frustra discessere.
Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum
virtute moenia defensabantur, confisi, deditione facta,
propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese
fore, Adherbali suadent, uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae tradat: tantium ab eo vitam paciscatur, de
7




98               LATIN READER.
ceteris senatui curae fore.  At ille, tametsi omnia
potiora fide Jugurthae rebatur; tamen quia penes
eosdem, si advorsaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita
ut censuerant Italici, deditionem Tacit. Jugurtha in
primis Adherbalem excruciatum necat; dein omnis
puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti
quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interfecit.
(uod postquam  Romae cognitum  est, et res in
senatu agitari ccepta, eidem illi ministri regis interpellando, ac saepe gratia, interdum jurgiis, trahendo
tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius, tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus
potentiao nobilitatis, populum Romanum edocuisset,
id agi, ut per paucosfactiosos _ugurthce scelus condonaretur, profect6 omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus dilapsa foret. Tanta vis gratiae atque
pecunie regis erat! Sed ubi senatus, delicti conscientia, populum timet, lege Semproni~a provinciae
futuris consulibus, Numidia' atque Italia, decretae:
consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius: Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. Deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur,
scribitur: stipendium, aliaque, quae bello usui forent
decernuntur.
3. _fugurtha in Rome.
[Chapters 32-35.]
Dum  haec Romae geruntur, qui in  Numidia
relicti a Bestia exercitui praeerant, pluruma et
flagitiosissuma facinora fecere.  Fuere qui, auro
corrupti, elephantos Jugurthae traderent; alii perfugas vendere; pars ex pacatis praedas agebant.
Tanta vis avaritiae in animos eorum, veluti tabes,




SALLUST.                 99
invaserat! At Cassius praetor, perlatea rogatione a
C. Memmio, ac perculsa omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur; eique timido et ex conscientia
diffidenti rebus suis persuadet: "quoniam se populo
Romano dedisset, ne vim, quam misericordiam, experiri mallet." Privatim praetereat fidem suam interponit, quam ille non minoris quatm publicam ducebat.  Talis ea tempestate fama de Cassio erat.
Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, cultu quam
maxume miserabili, cum Cassio Romam venit.
Ea erat tempestate Romae Numida quidam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissae nepos:
qui, quia in dissensione regum Jugurthae advorsus
fuerat, dedith Cirta et Adherbale interfecto, profugus
ex Africa abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proxumo
anno post Bestiam cum Q,. Minucio Rufo consulatum gerebat, persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe Masinissxe
sit, Jugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu urgueat, regnum Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul belli gerundi, moveri quam senescere omnia
malebat. Ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia evenerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare ccepit,
neque Jugurthae in amicis satis praesidii est, qu6d
eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et timor
impediebat; Bomilcari, proxumo ac maxume fido
sibi, imperat, "pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores Massivae paret, ac maxume occulte-sin id
parum procedat quovis modo, Numidam interficiat."
Bomilcar mature regis mandata exsequitur: et per
homines talis negotii artifices itinera egressusque
ejus, prostrem6 roca atque tempora cuncta, explorat:
deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. Igitur
unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedai parati erant,




I00             LATIN READER.
paullo inconsultius Massivam adgreditur: illum obtruncat; sed ipse deprehensus, multis hortantibus et
in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur. Fit
reus magis ex oequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium
Bomilcar, comes ejus qui Romam  fide publica venerat. At Jugurtha, manufestus tanti sceleris, non
priiis omisit contra verum niti, quam animum  advortit, supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam, invidiam
facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex
amicis quinquaginta vades dederat, regno magis
quam vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit; veritus, ne reliquos popularis metus
invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus e6dem profectus
est, jussus a senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam
Roma egressus est, fertur, saepe eo tacitus respiciens, postremo dixisse: O urbem venalem, et maturJ perituram, si empjtorem invenerit!
4. PoZitical Parties in Rome.
[Chapters 4I, 42.]
Ceterum  mos partium  popularium  et senatfis
factionum, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis ante annis Romae ortus est, otio et abundantia
earum rerum, quoe prima mortales ducunt. Nam
ante Karthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus placid&e modesteque inter se rempublicam
tractabant; neque gloriae, neque dominationis certamen inter civis erat: metus hostilis in bonis artibus
civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi illa formido mentibus
decessit, scilicet ea, quee secunde res - amant, lascivia atque superbia incessere.  Ita, quod in advorsis




SALLUST.                 IOI
rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque fuit. Namque ccepere nobilitas
dignitatem, populus libertatem in lubidinem vortere:
sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in
duas partis abstracta sunt: respublica, quae media
fuerat, dilacerata. Ceteruim nobilitas factione magis
pollebat; plebei vis soluta, atque dispersa in multitudine, minus poterat; paucorum  arbitrio  belli
domique agitabatur; penes eosdem aerarium, provincixa, magistratus, gloriae triumphique erant;
populus militia atque inopia urguebatur; pramdas
bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant; interea parentes, aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque
potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur. Ita
cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere et vastare omnia; nihil pensi neque
sancti habere, quoad semet ipsa praocipitavit. Nam
ubi primuim ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram
gloriam injustae potentiao anteponerent; moveri civitas, et dissensio civilis, quasi permixtio terrae, oriri
ccepit.
Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, quorum
majores Punico atque aliis bellis multum reipublicae
addiderant, vindicare plebem in libertatem et paucorum  scelera patefacere ccepere; nobilitas noxia,
atque eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus
obviam ierat; et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post
annos eadem ingredientem Caium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis, cum
M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat.  Et sane Gracchis, cupidine victoriae, haud satis moderatus animus




102             LATIN READER.
fuit. Sed bono vinci satius est, quam malo more
injuriam  vincere.  Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex
lubidine sua usa, multos mortalis ferro aut fuga extinxit; plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiao addidit. Quoa res pleruimque magnas civitates
pessum dedit; dum alteri alteros vincere quovis
modo, et victos acerbiuis ulcisci volunt. Sed de
studiis partium, et omnis civitatis moribus, si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem disserere, tempus quam  res maturihs deserat. Quamobrem ad
inceptum redeo.
5. The Campaign of Metellus.
[Chapters.46-54.]
Interea Jugurtha diffidere suis rebus, ac turnm demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur
legatos ad consulem cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummod6 ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, alia omnia
dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea
experimentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum esse.
Itaque legatos alium ab alio divorsos adgreditur; ac
paullatim tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa pollicendo persuadet, "uti Jugurtham
maxume vivum, sin id parum procederet, necatum
sibi traderent:" ceteruim palam, quae ex voluntate
forent, regi nuntiari jubet.  Deinde ipse paucis
diebus, intento atque infesto exercitu, in Numidiam
procedit: ubi, contra belli faciem, tuguria plena
hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant: ex
oppidis et mapalibus praefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, commeatum portare,




SALLUST.                 I03
postremo6 omnia que imperarentur facere. Neque
Metellus idcirco minuis, sed pariter ac si hostes
adessent, munito agmine incedere, late explorare
omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere, et insidiis locum tentari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et sagittariorum delecta
manu, apud primos erat: in postremo C. Marius
legatus cum equitibus curabat: in utrumque latus
auxiliarios equites tribunis legionum et praefectis
cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum eis permixti velites,
quocumque accederent equitatus hostium, propulsarent.  Nam  in Jugurtha tantus dolus, tantaque
peritia locorum et militiae erat, ut, absens an presens, pacem an bellum gerens, perniciosior esset, in
incerto haberetur.
Erat haud longe ab eo itinere quo Metellus pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vacca, forum
rerum venalium totius regni maxume celebratum;
ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis multi mortales. Huc consul, simul tentandi gratia si paterentur, et ob opportunitates loci, presidium
imposuit; praetere& imperavit frumentum, et alia
qua bello usui forent comportare: ratus, id quod res
monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatuum
juvaturam exercitum, et jam paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter heec negotia, Jugurtha impensiuis mod6
legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare; praeter suam
liberorumque vitam, omnia Metello dedere. Qu.os
item, uti priores, consul illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat: regi pacem, quam postulabat,
neque abnuere, neque polliceri, et inter eas moras
promissa legatorum exspectare.
Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit,




I04             LATIN READER.
ac se suis artibus tentari animadvortit, — quippe cui
verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceteriim re bellum asperrumum erat, urbs maxuma alienata, ager hostibus
cognitus, animi popularium tentati, - coactus rerum
necessitudine, statuit armis certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem victoriae adductus ex
opportunitate loci, quam  maxumas copias potest
omnium generum parat, ac per tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit. Erat in ea parte Numidiae, quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen
oriens a meridie, nomine Muthul; a quo aberat
mons ferme milia passuum xx tractu pari, vastus ab
natura et humano cultu: sed ex eo medio quasi
collis oriebatur, in immensum pertingens, vestitus
oleastro ac myrtetis, aliisque generibus arborum,
quae humi arido atque arenoso gignuntur. Media
autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini
propinqua loca: ea consita arbustis pecore atque
cultoribus frequentabantur.
Igitur in eo colle, quem transvorso itinere porrectum docuimus, Jugurtha extenuata suorum acie
consedit, elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium
Bomilcarem praefecit, eumque edocet quae ageret;
ipse propior montem cum omni equitatu et peditibus
dilectis suos collocat: dein singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque obtestatur, "uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese regnumque
suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant: cum eis
certamen fore, quos antea victos sub jugum  miserint: ducem illis, non animum mutatum: quoe ab
imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa; locum
superiorem, ut prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus




SALLUST.                 I05
manum  consererent:  proinde  parati intentique
essent, signo dato, Romanos invadere: illum diem
aut omnis labores et victorias confirmaturum, aut
maxumarum oerumnarum initium fore." Ad hoc
viritim, uti quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut
honore extulerat, commonefacere beneficii sui, et
eum ipsum aliis ostentare: postremo, pro cujusque
ingenio, pollicendo, minitando, obtestando, alium
alio modo excitare: cim  interim  Metellus, ignarus
hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu conspicatur, prim6 dubius quidnam insolita facies ostenderet
(nam inter virgulta equi Numidaque consederant,
neque plane occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen
incerti quidnam esset, cuim natura loci, tum dolo'
ipsi atque signa militaria obscurati), dein, brevi cognitis insidiis, paullisper agmen constituit. Ibi commutatis ordinibus, in dextro latere, quod proxumum
hostis erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem instruxit; inter
manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit; equitatum omnem in cornibus locat; ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus, aciem, sicuti instruxerat, transvorsis principiis, in planum deducit.
Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque colle degredi
animadvortit, veritus ex anni tempore et. inopia
aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus, P. Rutilium legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum
praemisit ad flumen, uti locum castris antecaperet:
existumans hostis crebro impetu et transvorsis prceliis iter suum remoraturos, et quoniam armis diffit
derent, lassitudinem et sitim militum tentaturos.
Deinde ipse pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paullatim procedere; Marium post principia
habere; ipse cum sinistrae ale equitibus esse, qui in
agmine principes facti erant.




Io6             LATIN READER.
At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen Metelli primos suos proetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duuim
milium peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus advorsariis receptui
ac post munimento foret: dein, repente signo dato,
hostis invadit. Numidae alii postremos caedere;
pars a sinistra ac dextra tentare; infensi adesse atque instare; omnibus locis Romanorum ordines
conturbare: quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis
obvii hostibus fuerant, ludificati incerto prcelio, ipsi
mod6 eminus sauciabantur; neque contra/ feriundi,
aut conserendi manum, copia erat.  Antea jam
docti ab Jugurtha equites, ubi Romanorum turma
insequi cceperat, non confertim, neque in unum sese
recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxume divorsi.
Ita numero priores, si ab persequendo hostis deterrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus
circumveniebant: sin opportunior fugae collis qu/am
campi fuerant, ea vero consueti Numidarum  equi
facile inter virgulta evadere: nostros asperitas et insolentia loci retinebat.
Ceteruim facies totius negoti varia, incerta, fceda
atque miserabilis: dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii
insequi; neque signa, neque ordines observare; ubi
quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac propulsare; arma, tela, equi, viri, hostes atque cives permixti; nihil consilio neque imperio agi; fors omnia
regere. Itaque multum die processerat, cuim etiam
tum  eventus in incerto erat.  Denique omnibus
labore et aestu languidis, Metellus, ubi videt Numidas minuis instare, paullatim milites in unum conducit, ordines restituit, et cohortes legionarias quattuor
advorsim pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna




SALLUST.                 I07
pars superioribus locis fessa consederat. Simul orare et hortari milites, "ne deficerent, neu paterentur
hostis fugientes vincere: neque illis castra esse, neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tenderent; in
armis omnia sita." Sed ne Jugurtha quidem intereh
quietus erat: circumire, hortari, renovare prcelium,
et ipse cum dilectis tentare omnia; subvenire suis,
hostibus dubiis instare; quos firmos cognoverat,
eminus pugnando retinere.
Eo modo inter se duo imperatores summi viri certabant: ipsi pares, ceterum  opibus disparibus.
Nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus advorsus:
Jugurthae alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Romani, ubi intellegunt neque sibi perfugium
esse, neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam
die vesper erat, advorso colle, sicutf praeceptum
fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco, Numidae fusi fugatique; pauci interiere; plerosque velocitas, et regio
hostibus ignara, tutata sunt.  Interea Bomilcar,
quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium praefectum ab Jugurth& supr& diximus, ubi eum Rutilius pratergressus est, paullatim  suos in aequum
locum deducit: ac, dum legatus ad flumen quo praemissus erat festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat: neque remittit, quid ubique
hostis ageret explorare. Postquam Rutilium consedisse jam, et animo vacuum accepit, simulque ex
Jugurthae prcelio clamorem augeri; veritus ne legatus, cognith re, laborantibus suis auxilio foret,
aciem, quam diffidens virtuti militum arcte statuerat,
quo hostium itineri obficere,, latius porrigit: eoque
modo ad Rutilii castra procedit.
Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam ani



Io8             LATIN READER.
madvortunt; nam prospectum ager, arbustis consitus, prohibebat. Et primo rati humum aridam vento
agitari; post ubi aequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies
movebatur, magis magisque adpropinquare vident,
cognith re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris
sicuti imperabatur consistunt. Deinde, ubi propiuis
ventum  est, utrimque magno clamore concurritur.
Numidae tantummodo remorati, dum in elephantis
auxilium putant, postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum, atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident,
fugam faciunt: ac plerique, abjectis armis, collis
aut noctis quae jam aderat auxilio, integri abeunt.
Elephanti quattuor capti; reliqui omnes, numero
quadraginta, interfecti.
At Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere castrorum et prcelio fessi laetique [victoria] erant; tamen, quod Metellus ampliuis opinione morabatur,
instructi intentique obviam procedunt: nam dolus
Numidarum nihil languidi neque remissi patiebatur.
Ac primo, obscurta nocte, postquam haud procul inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent, alteri
apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere:
et paene imprudentiat admissum facinus miserabile,
ni utrimque praemissi equites rem exploravissent.
Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum; milites
alius alium leti adpellant; acta edocent atque audiunt; sua quisque fortia facta ad caelum fert. Quippe
res humanae ita sese habent: in victoria vel ignavis
gloriari licet; advorsae res etiam bonos detrectant.
Metellus, in eisdem castris quatriduo moratus, saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in prceliis more militia donat, universos in concionre laudat, atque agit
gratias: hortatur, "ad cetera, quae levia sint, pa



SALLUST.                 IO9
rem animum gerant: pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores pro praeda fore." Tamen
interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtha
ubi gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset,
an exercitum haberet, ut sese victus gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca saltuosa et natura
munita receperat: ibique cogebat exercitum numero
hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque,
agri ac pecoris magis quam belli cultorem.  Id e&,
gratia eveniebat, quod praeter regios equites nemo
omnium Numida ex fuga regem sequitur: quo cujusque animus fert, eo discedunt; neque id flagitium
militiao ducitur: ita se mores habent.
Igitur Metellus ubi videt regis etiam tum animum
ferocem esse; bellum renovari, quod, nisi ex illius
lubidine, geri non posset; praetereh iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus; minore detrimento illos
vinci quam suos vincere: statuit non prceliis, neque
acie, sed alio more bellum  gerundum. Itaque in
Numidiae loca opulentissuma pergit; agros vastat;
multa castella et oppida, temere munita aut sine
praesidio, capit incenditque; puberes interficit;i.alia
omnia militum praedam esse. Ea formidine multi
mortales Romanis dediti obsides; frumentum et alia
quae usui forent adfatim praebita; ubicumque res
postulabat, prasidium  impositum.  Q.uae negotia
multo magis quam prcelium male pugnatum ab suis
regem terrebant: quippe cujus spes omnis in fugat
sita erat, sequi cogebatur; et qui sua loca defendere
nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. Tamen ex
copia quod optumum videbatur consilium capit: exercitum plerumque in eisdem locis opperiri jubet;
ipse cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, no



I IO             LATIN READER.
cturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus Romanos palantis repentLe adgreditur. Eorum plerique inermes
cadunt, multi capiuntur; nemo omnium intactus
profugit. Et Numidae, priihsquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in proxumos collis discedunt.
6. Caius Miarius.
[Chapters 63, 64.]
Per idem tempus Uticae forte C. Mario per hostias
deis supplicanti, " magna atque mirabilia portendi"
haruspex dixerat: "proinde, quae animo agitabat,
fretus deis ageret; fortunam quam saepissume experiretur; cuncta prospera eventura." At illum jam
anteat consulatis ingens cupido exagitabat, ad quem
capiundum, praeter vestustatem  familiae, alia omnia
abunde erant: industria, probitas, militiae magna
scientia, animus belli ingens, domi modicus, lubidinis et divitiarum victor, tantummodo glorie avidus.
Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini altus, ubi
primuim aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, non Graeca facundia, neque urbanis munditiis
sese exercuit: ita inter artis bonas integrum  ingenium brevi adolevit. Erg6 ubi primutm tribunatum
militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus, factis notus, per omnis tribus declaratur.
Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit; semperque in potestatibus eo- modo agitabat, ut
ampliore quhm gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamen
is ad id locorum  talis vir (nam  postea ambitione
praeceps datus est) consulatum adpetere non audebat. Etiam tum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se per manus tradebat. Novus




SALLUST.                 I II
nemo tam clarus, neque tam egregiis factis erat,
quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur.
Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido animi hortabatur, ab Metello
petundi gratia missionem rogat: cui quamquam
virtus, gloria, alia optanda bonis superabant, tamen
inerat contemtor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque prim6o commotus insolita
re, mirari primuim ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam monere, "ne.tam prava inciperet, neu super
fortunam animum gereret; non omnia omnibus
cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere;
postremo caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod
illi jure negaretur." Postquam haec atque alia talia
dixit, neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, "ubi
primuim potuisset per negotia publica, facturum sese
quea peteret." Ac postea saepiuis eadem postulanti
fertur dixisse, "Ine festinaret abire; satis mature
illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum." Is eo
temporg contubernio patris ibidem militabat, annos
natus circiter xx.  Quea res Marium cuim  pro honore, quem adfectabat, tum contra Metellum vehementer accenderat.  Ita cupidine atque ira, pessumis consultoribus, grassari, neque facto ullo neque
dicto abstinere, quod modo ambitiosum foret; milites
quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore imperio quam
antea habere; apud negotiatores, quorum magna
multitudo Uticoe erat, criminose simul et magnifice
de bello loqui: "dimidia pars exercitfis si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, qu6d homo
inanis et regiae superbiae imperio nimis gauderet."




1I2             LATIN READER.
Qauo omnia illis eo firmiora videbantur, qu6d diuturnitate belli res familiaris corruperant, et animo
cupienti nihil satis festinatur.
7. The Despazir of  fugurtha.
[Chapters 70-76.]
Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res
cupere: ad perniciem ejus dolum queerere; die noctuque fatigare animum. Denique omnia tentando,
socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem,
magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus
suis; qui pleruimque seorsuim ab rege exercitum
ductare, et omnis res exsequi solitus erat, quae
Jugurthae fesso, aut majoribus adstricto, superaverant; ex quo illi gloria opesque inventoe. Igitur
utriusque consilio dies insidiis statuitur:- cetera, uti
res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit. Nabdalsa
ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna,Romanorum jussus habebat, ne ager inultis hostibus
vastaretur.  Is postquam, magnitudine facinoris
perculsus, ad temnpus non venit, metusque rem impediebat; Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et
timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere consilio novum
quaereret, litteras ad eum per homines fidelis mittit,
in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare, testari
deos per quos juravisset: "ne praemia Metelli in
pestem converteret; Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceteruim suane an virtute Metelli periret, id modo agitari; proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia, an
cruciatum mallet."




SALLUST.                  I 13
Sed cuim eve litterne adlatae, forte Nabdalsa, exercito corpore fessus, in lecto quiescebat: ubi,
cognitis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde uti
aegrum animum solet somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam  negotiorum  curator, fidus acceptusque,
et omnium  consiliorum  nisi novissumi particeps.
Qui postquam adlatas litteras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introiit; dormiente illo epistulam, super
caput in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit:
dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem  pergit.
Nabdalsa, post paullo experrectus, ubi neque epistulam reperit, et rem omnem ufti acta erat cognovit,
primb indicem persequi conatus: postquam  id frustraY fuit, Jugurtham  placandi gratia accedit: dicit
quaw ipse paravisset facere, perfidia clientis sui preventa; lacrumans obtestatur per amicitiam, perque sua anteh fideliter acta, ne super tali scelere
suspectum sese haberet.
Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide
respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios
insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresserat
ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur.  Neque post
id locorum Jugurthae dies, aut nox ulla quieta fuit:
neque loco, neque mortali cuiquam, aut tempori
satis credere; civis, hostisque juxta metuere; circumspectare omnia, et omni strepitu pavescere; alio
atque alio loco, saepe contra decus regium, noctu
requiescere; interdum somno experrectus, arreptis
armis, tumultum facere. Ita formidine, quasi vecordia, exagitari....
Amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse necaverat,
ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem
8




I I4            LATIN READER.
Bocchum profugerant, cum neque bellum geri sine
administris posset, et novorum fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius
incertusque agitabat: neque illi res, neque consilium, aut quisquam hominum satis placebat; itinera
praffectosque in dies mutare; modo advorsum hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere; saepe in fuga,
ac post paullo in armis spem habere; dubitare, virtuti an fide popularium  minus crederet: ita, qu6cumque intenderat, res advorsao erant. Sed inter
eas moras repente sese Metellus cumn exercitu ostendit. Numidao ab Jugurtha pro tempore parati instructique: dein prcelium incipitur.  Qu,  in parte
rex adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum; ceteri ejus
omnes milites primo concursu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum  et armorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti. Nam ferme Numidas in
omnibus prceliis pedes magis, quam arma tutata
sunt.
Ea fuga Jugurtha impensiuis mod6 rebus suis diffidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatfis in solitudines,
dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum atque
opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus
multus pueritiae cultus erat. Qoae postquam Metello
comperta sunt, quamquam inter Thalam flumenque
proxumum, in spatio  milium  quinquaginta, loca
arida atque vasta esse cognoverat; tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omnis asperitates supervadere, ac naturam etiam vincere
adgreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari
jubet, nisi frumento dierum decem; ceteruim utres
modo, et alia aquae idonea portari. Praetere/ conquirit ex agris quam plurumum po'est domiti peco



SALLUST.                I 15
ris: eo imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque
lignea, collecta ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc
finitumis imperat, qui se post regis fugam Metello
dederant, quam plurumum quisque aquae portarent;
diem locumque ubi praesto forent praedicit. Ipse
ex flumine, quam proxumam oppido aquam suprat
diximus, jumenta onerat. Eo modo instructus ad
Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt; tanta repente caelo missa vis aquae
dicitur, ut ea modo exercitui satis superque foret.
Praetereia commeatus spe amplior: quia Numidae,
sicuti plerique in nova deditione, officia intenderant.
Ceteruim milites religione pluvia magis usi; eaque
res multum animis eorum addidit, nam rati sese
deis immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die,
contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad Thalam perveniunt.
Oppidani, qui se locorurn asperitate munitos crediderant, mlagna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segniuis bellum parare: idem nostri facere.
Sed rex, nihil jam infectum Metello credens,
quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, denique naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, industria
vicerat, —curn liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex
oppido noctu profugit: neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus, simulabat sese
negoti gratia properare: ceteruim proditionem timebat, quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia
consilia per otium, et ex opportunitate capi. At
Metellus, ubi oppidanos prcelio intentos, simul oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia circumvenit.  Deinde locis ex copia
maxume idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere, et




II6             LATIN READER.
super aggerem impositis turribus, opus et administros tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare:
prorsus ab utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. Denique
Romani, multo ante labore prceliisque fatigati, post
dies quadraginta qu&m e6 ventum erat, oppido modo
potiti: praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ei, postquam murum arietibus feriri, resque suas adflictas
vident, aurum atque argentum, et alia quae prima
ducuntur, domum regiam comportant: ibi vino et
epulis onerati, illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt; et quas victi ab hostibus pcenas metuerant,
eas ipsi volentes pependere.
8. Mfarius before the People.
[Chapters 84-86.]
At Marius, ut supr&i diximus, cupientissumat plebe
consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Numidiam
populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, tum vero
multus atque ferox instare; singulos mod6, modo
universos laedere; dictitare, "sese consulatum ex
victis illis spolia cepisse;" alia praeterea magnifica
pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, quae bello opus
erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum; auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque
arcessere; praeterea ex Latio fortissumum quemque
plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et
ambiundo cogere homines emeritis stipendiis secum
proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quam'quam advorsus
erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; ceteruim
supplementum etiam laetus decreverat: quia neque
plebi militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli
usum, aut studia volgi amissurus. Sed ea res fru



SALLUST.                   I 17
stra sperata: tanta lubido cum  Mario eundi plerosque invaserat! Sese quisque praed. locupletem fore,
victorem domum rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis
trahebant. Et eos non paullum oratione sua Marius arrexerat: nam postquam, omnibus quae postulaverat decretis, milites scribere volt, hortandi caussa
simul, et nobilitatem (uti consueverat) exagitandi,
contionem  populi advocavit.   Deinde hoc modo
disseruit:
"Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non eisdem artibus inperium a vobis petere, et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere;
primb industrios, subplicis, modicos esse; dein per ignaviam et superbiam  aetatem agere. Set mihi contra ea
videtur: nam quo pluris est univorsa respublica quhm
consulatus aut pratura, eo majore cura illam administrari
quhm hac peti delSerie.
" Neque me fallit, quantum cum maxumo vostro benificio negoti sustineam. Bellum parare simul, et aerario
parcere; cogere ad militiam, quos nolis obfendere; domi
forisque omnia curare; et ea agere inter invidos, occursantis, factiosos, - opinione, Quirites, asperius est. Ad
hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum facta fortia,
cognatorum  et adfinium  opes, multa clientele, omnia
hbac prmsidio adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitra,
quas necesse est et virtute et innocentia tutari: nam alia
infirma sunt.
" Et illud intellego, Quirites, omnium ora in me convorsa esse; mquos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene
facta reipublicai procedunt; nobilitatem locum invadendi
qumrere. Quo mihi acriuis adnitendum est, uti neque vos
capiamini, et illi frustria sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia
fui, uti omnis labores et pericula consueta habeam. Qum
ante vostra benificia gratuitb faciebam, ea uti accepta
mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem




II8               LATIN READER.
sese probos simulavere: mihi, qui omnem  artatem  in
optumis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex consuetudine in
naturam vortit.
" Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha jussistis; quam rem
nobilitas amgerrume tulit.  Quoeso, reputate cum  animis
vostris, num id mutare melius sit, si quem ex illo globo
nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapia ac multarum  imaginum, et nullius
stipendl: scilicet ut in. tanta re, ignarus omnium, trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo monitorem offici
sui. Ita plerurnque evenit, uti quem vos inperatorem jussistis, is sibi inperatorem alium qumerat.
"' Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti
sunt, et acta majorum et Gralcorum militaria pracepta
legere coeperint: pramposteri homines; nam gerere quhm
fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est. Conparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me hominem
novom. Qume illi audire et legere solent, eorum partem
vidi, alia egomet gessi: que illi litteris, ea ego militando
didici.
" Nunc vos existumate, facta an dicta pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi
fortuna, illis probra obiciuntur. Quamquam ego naturam
unam et communem omnium existumo, set fortissumum
quemque generosissumum. Ac, si jam ex patribus Albini
aut Bestial quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni maluerint; quid responsuros creditis, nisi, sese liberos quaim
optumos voluisse? Qubd si jure me despiciunt,faciant idem
majoribus suis, quibus, uti mihi, ex virtute nobilitas ccepit.
" Invident honori meo: ergo invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per hac illum cepi.
Verum homines conrupti superbia ita atatem agunt, quasi
vostros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Ne, illi falsi sunt, qui divorsissumas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem, et prmmia virtutis.
" Atque etiam cuim apud vos aut in senatu verba faci



SALLUST.                    I 19
unt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt: eorum
fortia facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contrat est. Nam quanto vita illorum praclarior, tanto ho
rum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habent:
majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque mala eorum in occulto patitur. Cujus rei ego inopiam
fateor, Quirites; veruim, id quod multo pramclarius est,
meamet facta mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui
sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi adrogant, id mihi ex
mea non concedunt: scilicet, quia imagines non habeo,
et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est, quam acceptam conrupisse.
" Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere velint, abunde illis facundam et conpositam orationem fore.
Set in maxumo vostro benificio, cuim omnibus locis meque vosque maledictis lacerent, non placuit reticere, ne
quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret. Nam me quidem ex animi sententia nulla oratio laidere potest: quippe
vera necesse est bene pradicent; falsa vita moresque mei
superant.
"Set quoniam vostra consilia accusantur, qui mihi
summum honorem  et maxumum  negotium  inposuistis:
etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum panitendum  sit.
Non possum fidei caussa imagines neque triumphos aut
consulatus majorum meorum ostentare: at, si res postulet,
hastas, vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona; praetereai
cicatrices advorso pectore.  HIa  sunt mee imagines;
habc nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa illis, set quoe
egomet meis plurumis laboribus et periculis quasivi.
Non sunt conposita verba mea: parvi id facio: ipsa se
virtus satis ostendit: illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta
oratione tegant.
"Neque litteras Grmecas didici: parum placebat eas
discere, quippe quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt. At illa multo optuma reipublicam doctus sum:
hostem ferire, praesidium agitare; nihil metuere, nisi




120              LATIN READER.
turpem famam; hiemem et astatem juxtht pati; humi requiescere; eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare.
Eis ego praeceptis milites hortabor: neque illos arcte colam, me opulenter; neque gloriam meam, laborem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile inperium. Namque cuim tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum subplicio
cogere, id est dominum, non imperatorem esse.
" Hec atque talia majores vostri faciundo, seque remque publicam celebravere. Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos illorum aemulos contemnit; et omnis
honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit.
Ceteruim homines superbissumi procul errant. Majores
eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui praeclaram: virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant: ea sola neque datur dono, neque
accipitur.
" Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt; quia paruim
scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque
pluris preci cocum quam villicum habeo. Quae mihi lubet
confiteri, Quirites. Nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem
convenire; omnibusque bonis oportere plus gloriax, quhm
divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem, decori esse.
Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestumant, id semper
faciant: ament; potent; ubi adulescentiam habuere, ibi
senectutem agant - in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissumxe parti corporis: sudorem, pulverem, et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jocundiora sunt.
"Veriim non ita est. Nam ubi se omnibus flagitiis
dedecoravere turpissumi viri bonorum pramia ereptum
eunt. Ita injustissume luxuria et ignavia, pessume artes,
illis qui coluere eas nihil obficiunt; reipublicax innoxia
cladi sunt.
"Nunc quoniam.illis quantum mei mores, non illorum
flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de republica loquar.
Primuim omnium de Numidia bonum habetote animum,




SALLUST.                  12I
Quirites. Nam qux ad hoc tempus Jugurtham  tutata
sunt, omnia removistis, avaritiam, inperitiam, superbiam.
Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens; set, mehercules,
magis strenuus quam felix. Nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum adtrita est. Quamobrem vos,
quibus militaris awtas est, adnitimini mecum, et capessite
rempublicam: neque quemquam ex calamitate aliorum
aut inperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine aut in prcelio consultor idem, et socius periculis
vobiscum adero; meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta
geram.
" Et profectb deis juvantibus omnia matura sunt, victoria, pramda, laus: quae si dubia aut procul essent,-tamen
omnis bonos reipublica~ subvenire decebat. Eteniln nemo
ignavia inmortalis factus est: neque quisquam parens liberis uti aeterni forent optavit; magis, uti boni honestique
vita4n exigerent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent: nam strenuis abunde dictum puto."
Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius postquam
plebei animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu,
stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus navis onerat; cum his
A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse intereai
milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque lubido erat, capite censos plerosque.  Id factum  alii inopia bonorum, alii per
ambitionem consulis memorabant: quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissumus quisque opportunissumus; cui neque sua cara, quippe quae nulla sunt, et
omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius
cum majore aliquanto numero quam  decretum  erat
in Africam profectus, paucis diebus Uticam advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato: nam
Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea,
quae audita animus tolerare nequiverat.




I22             LATIN READER,
9. Marzus in the Field.
[Chapters 87-94.]
Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohortibusque
auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et prieda onustum proficiscitur. Omnia ibi capta militibus donat. Dein
castella et oppida, natura et viris paruim munita, adgreditur; prcelia multa, ceteruim levia, alia aliis
locis facere. Interim novi milites sine metu pugna
adesse; videre fugientis capi, occidi; fortissumum
quemque tutissumum; armis libertatem, patriam,
parentesque, et alia omnia tegi; gloriam atque divitias quari. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque coalue're, et virtus omnium aequalis facta....
Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium
res pariter adtendere: cognoscere quid boni utrisque, aut contr&a esset; explorare itinera regum;
consilia et insidias eorum antevenire; nihil apud se
remissum, neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et
Gaetulos, et Jugurtham, ex sociis nostris praedam
agentes, saepe adgressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque
regem haud procul ab oppido Cirth armis exuerat.
Erat inter ingentis solitudines oppidum magnum
atque valens, nomine Capsa, cujus conditor Hercules Libus memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes, levi imperio, et ob ea fidelissumi
habebantur; muniti advorsuim  hostis non mcenibus
modo, et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis
locorum asperitate. Nam, praeter oppido propinqua,
alia omnia vasta, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quarum vis, sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia
cibi acrior. Ad hoc natura serpentium, ipsa perni



SALLUST.                 I23
ciosa, siti magis quam  alia re accenditur.  Ejus
potiundi Marium maxuma cupido invaserat, cum
propter usum belli, tumrn quia res aspera videbatur;
et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat,
haud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud
Thalam non longe a maenibus alicluot fontes erant;
Capsenses unca modo, atque ea intra oppidum, jugi
aqua, cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique, et in
omni Africa, qua procul a mari incultius agebatur,
eo faciliuis tolerabatur, quia Numidae pleruimque
lacte et ferina carne vescebantur, et neque salem,
neque alia irritamenta gulae quavrebant: cibus illis
advorsuis famem atque sitim, non lubidini, neque
luxuria  erat.
Jgitur consul, omnibus exploratis, -credo deis
fretus, nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis
providere non poterat: quippe etiamr frumenti inopia tentabatur, quia Numidao pabulo pecoris magis
qu-am  arvo student, et quodcumque natum  fuerat
jussu regis in loca munita contulerant; ager autem
aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam aestatis
extremum erat, - tamen pro rei copia satis providenter exornat: pecus omne, quod superioribus
diebus praedae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis agendum
adtribuit; A. Manlium  legatum  cum  cohortibus
expeditis ad oppidum Laris, ubi stipendium et commeatum locaverat, ire jubet, se praedabundum post
paucos dies e6dem venturum. Sic incepto suo occulto, pergit ad flumen Tanaim.
Ceteriim in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui per
centurias, item turmas aequaliter distribuerat, et ex
coriis utres uti fierent curabat: simul inopiam frumenti lenire, et ignaris omnibus parare quae mox




124             LATIN READER.
usui forent: denique sexto die, cuim ad flumen yenturn est, maxuma vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi
munimento positis, milites cibum capere, atque uti
simul. cum occasu solis egrederentur paratos esse
jubet; omnibus sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque
et jumenta onerare. Dein postquam:tempus visum,
castris egreditur, noctemque totam itinere facto consedit: idem proxuma facit: dein tertia, multo ante
lucis adventum, pervenit in locum tumulosum,;ab
Capsa non ampliuis duuim milium intervallo; ibique
qutm occultissume potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies ccepit, et Numidoe, nihil hostile
metuentes, multi oppido egressi; repente omnem
equitatum, et cum eis velocissumos pedites cursu
tendere ad Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet: deinde
ipse intentus propere-~ sequi, neque- milites praedari
sinere.  Quoe postquam  oppidani: cognovere,,  res
trepidee, metus ingens, malum improvisum,.ad hoc
pars civium extra mcenia in hostium potestate, coegere uti deditionem  facerent.  Ceterum oppidum
incensum; Numidae puberes interfecti;. alii omnes
venum  dati; praeda militibus divisa. Id. facinus
contra jus belli, non avaritiha neque scelere consulis
admissum; sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus,
nobis aditu difficilis; genus hominum. mobile, infidum, neque beneficio neque metu coercitum.
Postquam tantamn rem Marius:sine ullo suorum
incommodo effecit, magnus et clarus antet, major atque clarior haberi ccepit. Omnia non bene consulta
in virtutem  trahebantur: milites, modesto imperio
habiti, simul et locupletes, ad caelum ferre; Numidae
magis quatmmortalem timere;. postrem6 omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi. aut mentem  divinam




SALLUST.                 125
esse, aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi. Sed consul,
ubi ea res bene evenit, ad alia oppida pergit: pauca,
repugnantibus Numidis, capit; plura, deserta pro-.pter Capsensium miserias, igni corrumpit: luctu atque caede omnia complentur.
Denique multis locis potitus, ac plerisque exercitu incruento, aliam  rem  adgreditur, non eadem
asperitate qua Capsensium, ceteruim  haud secuis
difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Muluchae,
quod Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat
inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, mediocri ca*stello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno perangusto aditu relicto: nam omnis a natura velut opere
atque consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod
ibi regis thesauri erant, summa vi capere intendit.
Sed ea res forte qu/am consilio meliiis gesta. Nam
castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis
frumenti et fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et
aliis machinationibus locus importunus; iter castellanorum angustum  admoduim, utrimque praecisum.
Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustrat agebantur: nam
curm ee paullo processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur; milites neque pro opere consistere
propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo -administrare; optumus quisque cadere aut sauciari; ceteris metus augeri.
At Marius,- multis diebus et laboribus comsumptis,
anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne incepturn, quoniam frustrat erat; an fortunam opperiretur,
qua saepe prosper~ usus fuerat.  Qile cdim multos dies noctesque aestuans agitaret, forte quidam
Ligus, ex cohortibus auxiliariis miles gregarius,
castris aquatum  egressus, haud procul ab latere




126             LATIN READER.
castelli, quod avorsum prceliantibus erat, animum
advortit inter saxa repentis cochleas; quarum ciim
unam  atque alteram, dein plures peteret, studio
legundi paullatim prope ad summum montis egressus est. Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more
ingeni humani, cupido difficilia faciundi animum
vortit. Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex coaluerat
inter saxa, paullum modo prona, dein flexa atque
aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura
fert; cujus ramis modo, modo eminentibus saxis,
nisus Ligus, castelli planitiem  perscrutatur, quod
cuncti Numidae intenti prceliantibus aderant. Exploratis omnibus quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem
regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, sed tentans
omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere
adit; acta edocet; hortatur ab ea parte qua ipse descenderat castellum tentet; pollicetur sese itineris
periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa
ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit; quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem
nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen paulluim arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque quatm velocissumos delegit, et cum eis,
praesidio qui forent, milites paucos, et quattuor centuriones: omnisque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proxumum diem constituit.
Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus, ad locum pergit. Ceteruim illi
qui escensuri praeerant, praedocti ab duce, arma ornatumque nmrtaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis,
uti prospectus nisusque per saxa faciliuis foret; super
terga gladii et scuta; veruim ea Numidica ex coriis,
ponderis gratia simul, et offensa quo leviuis strepe



SALLUST.                  I27
rent. Igitur preegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae
vetustx radices eminebant, laqueis vinciebat, quibus adlevati milites faciliuis escenderent; interdum
timidos insolentia itineris levare manu: ubi paullo
asperior adscensus erat, singulos prae se inermos
mittere, dein ipse cum illorum armis sequi; quee
dubia nisu videbantur potissumus tentare, ac saepiuis
ea.dem adscendens descendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris audaciam addere.  Igitur diui multuimque fatigati, tandem in castellum perveniunt,
desertum ab ea parte; quod omnes, sicut aliis diebus, advorsuim  hostis aderant.  Marius ubi ex
nuntiis quae Ligus egerat cognovit, quamquam toto
die intentos prcelio Numidas habuerat, tum ver6,
cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas est egressus;
testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem tormentis
sagittariisque et funditoribus eminuis terrere. At
Numidae, saepe anteai vineis Romanorum subvorsis,
item incensis, non castelli mcenibus sese tutabantur,
sed pro muro dies noctesque agitare; maledicere
Romanis, ac Mario vecordiam objectare; militibus
nostris Jugurthae servitium minari; secundis rebus
feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, prcelio intentis, magna utrimque vi pro gloria
atque imperio his, illis pro salute certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere: ac primo mulieres et
pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere; deinde uti
quisque muro proxumus erat, postremo cuncti, armati inermesque.  Quod ubi accidit, eo acriuis Romani
instare, fundere, ac plerosque tantummod6 sauciare,
dein super occisorum corpora vadere, avidi gloriae
certantes murum petere, neque quemquam omnium
praeda morari.  Sic forthe correcta Marii temeritas
gloriam ex culpa invenit.




128             LATIN READER.
Io. Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
[Chapters 95-ioI.]
Ceteruim, dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor
cum magno equitatu in castra venit; quos ufti ex
Latio et a sociis cogeret Romae relictus erat. Sed
quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum
est de natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere.
Igitur Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia
prope jam exstincta majorum ignavia: litteris Graecis
atque Latinis juxta atque doctissume eruditus; animo
ingenti; cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior;
otio luxurioso; tamen ab negotiis numquam voluptas remorata; facundus, callidus, et amicitia facilis;
ad simulanda ac dissimulanda negotia altitudo ingeni incredibilis; multarum rerum, ac maxume pecuniae, largitor: atque illi felicissumo omnium ante
civilem victoriam, numquam super industriam fortuna fuit; multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior
esset. Nam  postea quae fecerit, incertum  habeo
pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.
Igitur Sulla uti supra dictum est, postquam in
Africam atque in castra Marl cum equitatu venit,
rudis antea et ignarus belli, sollertissumus omnium
in paucis tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites
benigne adpellare; multis rogantibus, aliis per se
ipse dare beneficia, invitus accipere; sed ea properantiius quhm  es mutuum reddere: ipse ab nullo repetere; magis id laborare, ut illi quam plurimi
deberent; joca atque seria cum humillumis agere;
in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse: neque
interim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cu



SALLUST.                I29
jusquam boni famam l1adere; tantummodo neque
consilio neque manu priorem alium pati; plerosque
antevenire. Quibus rebus et artibus brevi Mario
militibusque carissumus factus....
Quarto denique die, haud longe ab oppido Cirta
tndique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt; qua
re hostis adesse intellegitur. Sed quia divorsi redeuntes, alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem significabant, consul incertus quonam modo aciem
instrueret, nullo ordine commutato, advorsuim omnia
paratus, ibidem opperitur. Interim Sulla, quem primum hostes adtigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et
quam maxume confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros
invadunt: ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminius
emissis corpora tegere, et si qui in manus venerant
obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites prceliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat,
neque in priore pugna, in itinere morati, adfu'erant,
postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum Marius apud primos agebat, qu6d ibi Jugurtha cum plurumis erat. Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu,
clam cum paucis ad pedites convortit: ibi Latine
(nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat:
"nostros frustra pugnare; paullo ante Marium sua
manu interfectum: " simul gladium sanguine oblitum
ostendere, quem in pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro, cruentaverat. Quod ubi milites accepe're,
magis atrocitate rei quam fide nuntii terrentur: simulque barbari animos tollere, et in perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paullium a fuga
aberant, cuim Sulla, profligatis eis quos advorsuim
ierat, rediens ab latere'Mauris incurrit. Bocchus
statim avortitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare suos
9




130              LATIN READER.
et prope jam- adeptam victoriam retinere cupit, circumventus ab equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus
occisis, solus inter tela hostium vitabundus erumpit.
Atque interim Marius, fugatis equitibus, accurrit
auxilio suis, quos pelli jam  acceperat.  Denique
hostes undique fusi. Tum  spectaculum  horribile
campis patentibus: sequi, fugere; occidi,- 1capi;
equi atque viri adflicti; ac multi volneribus acceptis
neque fugere posse, neque quietem pati; niti mod6,
ac statim concidere: postremo omnia, qua visus erat,
constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus; et interea humus
infecta sanguine.
ii. 7ugurtha is Betrayed and Captured.
[Chapters I05-I14.]
Quibus rebus cognitis, Bocchus per litteras a
Mario.:petiverat, uti ad se mitteret Sullam; cujus
arbitratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur. Is
missus cum  praesidio equitum  atque peditum, item
funditorum Balearium: - praetere& iere sagittarii et
cohors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, itineris:properandi caussa; neque eis secus atque aliis::armis
advorsuis:tela hostium, quod ea levia. sunt, muniti.
Sed in itinere, quinto denique die, Volux, filius
Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus cum mille non
amplius equitibus sese ostendit; qui temere et effuse
euntes,-Sullae aliisque omnibus et numerum  vero
ampliorem, et hostil-em  metum  efficiebant.;Igitur
se quisque exp-edire, arma atque tela tentare, intendere;:timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe
victoribus, et advorsuis eos quos saepe vicerant. In



SALLUST.                 13I
terim equites, exploratum praemissi, rem (uti erat)
quietam nuntiant.
Volux adveniens quaestorem adpellat, dicitque
"se a patre Boccho obviam illis simul, et praesidio
missum." Deinde eum et proxumum diem sine
metu conjuncti eunt. Post, ubi castra locata, et diei
vesper erat, repente Maurus incerto voltu pavens ad
Sullam adcurrit, dicitque, "sibi ex speculatoribus
cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse:" simul
uti noctu clam secum pfofugeret, rogat atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat " se totiens fusum Numidam pertimescere: virtuti suorum satis credere;
etiam si certa pestis adesset, mansurum potiiis quam,
proditis quos ducebat, turpi fugh incertae ac forsitan
post paullo morbo interiturae vitae parceret." Ceterum ab eodem monitus uti noctu proficiscerentur,
consilium adprobat; ac statim milites cenatos esse
in castris, ignisque quam creberrumos fieri; dein
prima vigilia silentio egredi jubet. Jamque nocturno
itinere fessis omnibus, Sulla pariter cum ortu solis
metabatur, cuim equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham
circiter duuim milium intervallo ante eos consedisse.
QCuod postquam auditum est, tum vero ingens metus
nostros invadit: credere se proditos a Voluce, et insidiis circumventos; ac fuere qui dicerent manu
vindicandum, neque apud ilium tantum scelus inultum relinquendum.
At Sulla, quamquam eadem  existumabat, tamen
ab injuria Maurum -prohibet: suos hortatur, "uti
fortem animum gererent; saepe ante/a paucis strenuis advorsuim multitudinem bene pugnatum; quanto sibi in prcelio minuis pepercissent, tanto tutiores
fore; neque quemquam decere, qui manus armave



I32             LATIN READER.
rit, ab inermis pedibus auxilium petere, in maxumo
metu nudum et coecum corpus ad hostis vortere."
Deinde Volucem, quoniam hostilia faceret, Jovem
maxumum obtestatus ut sceleris atque perfidim Bocchi testis adesset, castris abire jubet. Ille lacrumans orare, " ne ea crederet: nihil dolo factum,
magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui videlicet speculanti
iter suum cognitum esset; ceterfm quoniam neque
ingentem multitudinem haberet, et spes opesque
ejus ex patre suo penderent, credere illum nihil palhm ausurum, cuim ipse filius testis adesset: quare
optumum factu videri, per media ejus castra palhm
transire; sese vel praemissis vel ibidem relictis Mauris, solum cum Sulla iturum." Ea res, utl in tali negotio, probata, ac statim profecti: quia de improviso
acciderant, dubio atque haesitante Jugurth~a, incolumes transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus quo ire
intenderant perventum est.
Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine,
multum et familiariter agebat; praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam  Sullam  accitum audierat, orator et
subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia: praetere&  Dabar, quem Bocchus, fidum esse Romanis multis antea
tempestatibus expertus, illico ad Sullam nuntiatum
mittit, "paratum sese facere que populus Romanus
vellet: colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse deligeret; consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere;
neu Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret;... quo res
communis licentius gereretur; nam ab insidiis ejus
aliter caveri nequivisse." Sed ego comperior Bocchum, magis Punich Flde quam ob ea quae praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis adtinuisse, mltuimque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Ju



SALLUST.                 I33
gurtham Romanis, an illi Sullam traderet: lubidinem advorsuim nos, meturn pro nobis suasisse...
Rex postero die Asparem, Jugurthao legatum,
adpellat, dicitque: "sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, posse conditionibus bellum componi: quam
ob rem regis sui sententiam exquireret." Ille laetus in castra Jugurthae proficiscitur: deinde ab illo
cuncta edoctus, properato itinere, post diem octavum
redit ad Bocchum, et ei denunciat, "Jugurtham
cupere omnia quae imperarentur facere; sed Mario
parum fidere; saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis pacem  conventam  frustra fuisse. Ceteruim
Bocchus si ambobus consultum et ratam pacem vellet, daret operam ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace,
in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam traderet:
cium talem virum in potestatem habuisset, tum fore
uti jussu senatus aut populi Romani fcedus fieret:
neque hominem nobilem, non suh ignavia, sed ob
rempublicam, in hostium potestate relictum iri."
Haec Maurus, secum ipse diu volvens, tandem
promisit: ceteruim dolo an vere cunctatus, parim
comperimus. Sed plerumque regima voluntates, ut
vehementes, sic mobiles, sape ipsae sibi advorsae.
Postea., tempore et loco constituto, in colloquium uti
de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam modo, modo Jugurthae legatunm  adpellare, benigne habere, idem
ambobus polliceri.
Illi pariter laeti ac spei bonae pleni esse. Sed nocte
ea quae proxuma fuit ante diem colloquio decretum,
Maurus, adhibitis amicis, ac statim immutata voluntate, remotis ceteris, dicitur secum ipse multuim
agitavisse, corpore pariter atque animo varius, quoe
scilicet tacente ipso occulta pectoris patefecisse.




I34             LATIN READER.
Tamen postremo Sullam accersi jubet, et ex illius
sententia Numidoe insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi dies
advenit, et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul
abesse, cum paucis amicis et quaestore nostro, quasi
obvius honoris caussa, procedit in tumulum facillumum visu insidiantibus. E6dem Numida cum plerisque necessariis suis, inermis, ut dictum erat,
accedit; ac statim, signo dato, undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati; Jugurtha Sullak
vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est.
Per idem tempus advorsuim Gallos -ab ducibus
nostris Q- Caepione et Cn. Manlio male pugnatum:
quo metu Italia omnis contremuit. Illimque usque
ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habu6re, alia omnia virtuti suae prona esse: cum Gallis pro salute
non pro gloria certari. Sed postquam bellum in
Numidia confectum, et Jugurtham vinctum Romam
adduci nuntiatum est, Marius consul absens factus
est, et ei decreta provincia Gallia: isque kalendis
Januariis magna gloria consul triumphavit. Et ea
tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo sitae.




VI.
OVID.
I.   The  Story  of Phaethon.
[Metamorphoses. Book II. verses I-362.]
Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
Clara micante auro, flammasque imitante pyropo:
Cujus: ebur nitidum fastigia summa tenebat:
Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae.
Materiem superabat opus; nam Mulciber illic          5
fAquora calarat, medias cingentia terras,
Terrarumque orbem, calumque, quod imminet orbi.
Caeruleos habet unda deos; Tritona canorum,
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem
A.gmeona suis immania terga lacertis,               I0
Doridaque, et natas: quarum pars nare videnfitur,
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos;
Pisce vehi quadam: facies non om.nibus una,
Nec diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum.
Terra viros, urbesque gerit, silvasque, ferasque,   15
Fluminaque, et nymphas, et cetera numina ruris.
Hac super imposita est cali fulgentis imago:
Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris.
Qub simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles
Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis;         20
Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus:
Consistitque procul: neque enim propiora ferebat
Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat
In solio Phcebus, claris lucente smaragdis.
A dextra, lavAque Dies, et Mensis, et Annus,       25




I36               LATIN READER.
Saculaque, et positae spatiis mequalibus Horme:
Verque novum stabat, cincturm florente corona:
Stabat nuda Estas, et spicea serta gerebat.
Stabat et Auctumnnus, calcatis sordidus uvis,
Et glacialis Hiemps, canos hirsuta capillos.      30
Inde loco medius, rerum novitate paventem
Sol oculis juvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit.
" Quaeque vie tibi causa?  Quid hac," ait, " arce petisti,
Progenies, Phaethon, haud infitianda parenti? "
Ille refert: "O lux immensi publica mundi,        35
Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum,
Pignora da, genitor; per quae tua vera propago
Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris."
Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes
Deposuit radios; propiusque accedere jussit:      40
Amplexuque dato, " Nec tu meus esse negari
Dignus es; et Clymene veros," ait,'" edidit ortus.
Qubque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus; et illud,
Me tribuente, feres: promissi testis adesto
Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris."     45
Vix bene desierat: currus petit ille paternos,
Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum.
Paenituit jurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque
Concutiens illustre caput, "Temeraria," dixit,
" Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret   50
Non dare! Confiteor solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem.
Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas.
Magna petis, Phahtlhon, et quae nec viribus istis
Munera conveniant, nec tam puerilibus annis.
Sors tua mortalis: non est mortale quod optas.    55
Plus etiam, quhm quod' superis contingere fas sit,
Nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit;
Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe
Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olymnpi,
Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina'dextra,      60o
Non agat hos currus: et quid Jove majus habemus?




OVID.                    137
Ardua prima via est, et qua vix mane recentes
Enitantur equi: medio est altissima c2lo,
Unde mare et terras ipsi mihi sxepe videre
Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus:   65
Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo.
Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,
Ne ferar in praoceps, Tethys, solet ipsa vereri.
Adde, quod adsidua rapitur vertigine calum;
Sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet.    70
Nitor in adversum: nec me, qui cetera, vincit
Impetus; et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.
Finge datos currus. Quid ages? poterisne rotatis
Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis?
Forsitan et lucos illlc, orbesque, domosque       75
Concipias animo: delubraque ditia donis
Esse. Per insidias iter est, formasque ferarum.
Utque viam teneas, nulloque errore traharis,
Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri,
Haxmoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis,       So
Savaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo
Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum.
Nec tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,
Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant,
In promptu regere est. Vix me patiuntur, ut acres   85
Incaluere animi; cervixque repugnat habenis.
At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,
Nate, cave: dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.
Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas,
Pignora certa petis. Do pignora certa timendo:    90
Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Adspice vultus
Ecce meos: utinamque oculos in pectora posses
Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas!
Denique, quidquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus:
Eque tot ac tantis cceli, terreque, marisque      95
Posce bonis aliquid: nullam patiere repulsam.
Deprecor hoc unum; quod vero nomine paena,




I38               LATIN READER.
Non honor est. Poenam, Phaethon, pro munere, poscis.
Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis?
Ne dubita, dabitur (Stygias juravimus undas)       I00
Quodcumque optaris: sedc tu sapientifis opta."
Finierat monitus. Dictis tamen ille repugnat:
Propositumque premit; flagratque cupidine curruis.
Ergo, qua licuit genitor cunctatus, ad altos
Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus.         105
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae
Curvatura rotae; radiorum argenteus ordo.
Per juga chrysolithi, positaque ex ordine gemme,
Clara repercusso redebant lumina Phmbo.
Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque IIo
Perspicit: ecce vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu
Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum
Atria. Diffugiunt stella: quarum agmina cogit
Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit.
At pater ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit,   II5
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae;
Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.
Jussa deae celeres peragunt: ignemque vomentes,
Ambrosie succo saturos, prasepibus altis
Quadrupedes ducunt; adduntque sonantia frana.    I20
Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati
Contigit; et rapidae fecit patientia flamme.
Imposuitque coma radios: praesagaque luctfus
Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit:
" Si potes hic saltem monitis parere parentis,     125
Parce, puer, stimulis; et fortirhs utere loris.
Sponte sua properant: labor est inhibere volentes.
Nec tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus.
Sectus in obliquum est lato curvatmiine limes,
Zonarulnque trium contentus fine: polumque         130
Effugito australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton.
Hac sit iter: manifesta rot2 vestigia cernes.
Utque ferant equos et calum et terra calores,




OVID.                     I39
Nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum.
Altiuis egressus celestia tecta crenmabis;         I35
Inferius terras: medio tutissimus ibis.
Neu te dexterior tortum declinet in Anguem,
Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram:
Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae caetera mando;
Qua juvet, et meliuis, quam tu tibi, consulat, opto.  I40
Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas
Humida nox tetigit. Non est mora libera nobis:
Poscimur. Effulget tenebris Aurora fugatis.
Corripe lora manu: vel, si mutabile pectus
Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus, utere nostris:  I45
Dum potes, et solidis etiam nune sedibus adstas;
Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes.
Qua tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris."
Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currumn
Statque super; manibusque datas contingere habenas 150
Gaudet; et invito grates agit inde parenti.
Interea volucres Pyroeis, E6us, et AEthon,
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras
Flammiferis implent,- pedibusque repagula pulsant.
Qua postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis,      I55
Reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi;
Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aira motis
Obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati
Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros.
Sed leve pondus erat; nec quod cognoscere possent I6o
Solis equi: solitaque jugum gravitate carebat.
Utque labant curve justo sine pondere naves,
Perque mare, instabiles nimia levitate, feruntur;
Sic onere insueto vacuos dat in aira saltus,
Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani.  I65
Quod simul ac sensire; ruunt, tritumque relinquunt
Quadrijugi spatium:  nec, quo priis, ordine currunt.
Ipse pavet; nec qua commissas flectat habenas,
Nec scit, qua sit iter: nec, si sciat, imperet illis:




I40               LATIN READER.
Tum primuim radiis gelidi caluere Triones,       I70
Et vetito frustrh tentarunt aequore tingi.
Qu.aque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens,
Frigore pigra priuis, nec formidabilis ulli,
Incaluit: sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras.
Te quoque turbaturn memorant fugisse, Bobte;     I75
Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant.
Ut verb summo despexit ab aethere terras
Infelix Phaethon, penitiis penituisque jacentes;
Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore:
Suntque oculis tenebre per tantum lumen oborte.   I8o
Et jam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos:
Jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando:
Jam Meropis dici cupiens; ita fertur, ut acta
Praecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit
Fraena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.  i85
Quid faciat? multum caeli post terga relictum:
Ante oculos plus est. Animo metitur utrumque.
Et modb, quos illi fatum contingere non est,
Prospicit occasus: interdum respicit ortus.
Quidque agat ignarus, stupet: et nec fraina remittit, I90
Nec retinere valet: nec nomina novit equorum.
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo,
Vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum.
Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus
Scorpios; et cauda flexisque utrinque lacertis   I95
Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum.
Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
Vulnera curvatA minitantem cuspide vidit;
Mentis inops, gelida formidine lora remisit.
Quae postquam summum tetigere jacentia tergum,  200
Exspatiantur equi: nulloque inhibente per auras
Ignotm regionis eunt; quaque impetus egit,
Hac sine lege ruunt: altoque sub rathere fixis
Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum.
Et modo summa petunt, modo per decliva, viasque  205




OVID.                    I41
Pracipites spatio terre propiore feruntur.
Inferiuisque suis fraternos currere Luna
Admiratur equos: ambustaque nubila fumant.
Corripitur flammis, ut queque altissima, tellus;
Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret ademptis.    210
Pabula canescunt: cum frondibus uritur arbos:
Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
Parva queror. Magnae pereunt culn menibus urbes:
Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes
In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent... 2I5
Nec prosunt Scythia sua frigora: Caucasus ardet,
Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus:
Aeriveque Alpes, et nubifer Apenninus.
Tunc verb Pha/thon cunctis e partibus orbem
Adspicit accensum: nec tantos sustinet aestus-:  220
Ferventesque auras, velut e fornace profunda,
Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit.
Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam
Ferre potest: calidoque involitur undique fumo.
Qubque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus   225
Nescit; et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.
Sanguine turn credunt in corpora summa- vocato,
AEthiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem.
Tum facta est Libye, raptis humoribus -stu,
Arida; tunc Nynmphae passis fontesque lacusque   230
Deflevere comis. Quaerit Boaeotia Dircen,
Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas.
Nec sortita loco distantes flumina-ripas
Tuta manent: mediis Tanai's fumavit in undis:.
A3gstuat Alpheos: ripae Sperchei'des ardent:     235
Quodque -suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum:
Et, quwe Mavonias celebrArant carmine ripas,
Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem,
Occuluitque caput, quod adlhuc latet. Ostia septem  240
Pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles....




I42               LATIN READER.
Dissilit omne solum; penetratque in Tartara rimis
Lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge Regem.
Et mare contrahitur: siccaque est campus arenas,
Quod modo pontus erat; quosque altum texerat aquor,
Exsistunt montes, et sparsas Cycladas augent.
Ima petunt pisces: nec se super oequora curvi
Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras:
Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo
Exanimata jacent: ipsum quoque Nerea fama est,  250
Doridaque, et natas, tepidis latuisse sub antris.
Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu
Exserere ausus erat: ter non tulit aeris amstus.
Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,
Inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes,   255
Qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris;
Sustulit omniferos collo tenus arida vultus:
Opposuitque manum fronti: magnoque tremore
Omnia concutiens paulluim subsedit; et infrah,
Qunam solet esse, fuit: siccaque ita voce locuta est:  26o
" Si placet hoc, meruique, quid O tua fulmina cessant,
Summe deuim? Liceat periturae viribus ignis,
Igne perire tuo; clademque auctore levare.
Vix equidem fauces hec ipsa in verba resolvo,"
(Presserat ora vapor,) " tostos en adspice crines,    265
Inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillm.
Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem
Officiiquo refers; quod adunci vulnera aratri,
Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno?
Quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges,  270
Humano generi, vobis qubd thura ministro?
Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse: quid undea,
Qlid meruit frater? Cur illi tradita sorte
AzGquora decrescunt, et ab athere longiius absunt?
Quod si nec fratris, nec te mea gratia tangit;   275
At cali miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque;
Fumat uterque polus: quos si violaverit ignis,




OVID.                    I43
Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat:
Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem.
Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli,     280
In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,
Si quid adhuc superest: et rerum consule summoa."
Dixerat hac Tellus: neque enim tolerare vaporem
Ulteriuis potuit, nec dicere plura: suumque
Rettulit os in se, propioraque Manibus antra.    285
At pater olnnipotens superos testatus, et ipsum,
Qui dederat'currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato
Interitura gravi; summam petit arduus arcem;
Unde solet nubes latis inducere terris:
Unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat.  290
Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes
Tunc habuit: nec, quos celo dimitteret, imbres.
Intonat: et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure
Misit in aurigam: pariterque animaque rotisque
Expulit, et soevis compescuit ignibus ignes.     295
Consternantur equi: et saltu in contraria facto
Colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt.
Illic frana jacent, illic temone revulsus
Axis; in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum;
Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.      300
At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,
Volvitur in preceps, longoque per aeSra tractu
Fertur; ut interdum de caelo stella sereno,
Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.
Quem procul a patria diverso maximus orbe        305
Excipit Eridanus, spumantiaque abluit ora.
Naides Hesperia trifida fumantia flamma
Corpora dant tumulo, signantque hoc carmine saxum:
HIC SITVS EST PHAETHON, CVRRVS AVRIGA PATERNI:
QVE/M SI NON TENVIT, MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AVSIS.
Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis vegro,
Condiderat vultus: et, si modb credimus, unum
Isse diem sine sole ferunt. Incendia lumen




I44               LATIN READER.
Praebebant; aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo.
At Clymene, postquam dixit queacunque fuerunt    315
In tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens,
Et laniata sinus, totum percensuit orbem:
Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens,
Repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa.
Incubuitque loco: nomenque in marmore lectum     320
Perfudit lacrymis, et aperto pectore fovit.
Nec minus Heliades fletus et (inania morti
Munera) dant lacrymas: et caese pectora palmis
Non auditurum miseras Phaithonta querelas
Nocte diequa vocant: adsternunturque sepulcro.    325
Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem:
Illao more suo (nam morem fecerat usus)
Plangorem dederant. E quis Pha/thusa, sororum
Maxima, cuim vellet terra2 procumbere, questa est
Diriguisse pedes: ad quam conata. venire         330
Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est.
Tertia, ciim crinem manibus laniare pararet,
Avellit frondes. Haec stipite crura teneri,
Illa dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos.
Quid faciat mater? nisi, qub trahat impetus illam,   335
Huc eat, atque illuc? et, dum licet, oscula jungat!
Non satis est., Truncis avellere corpora tentat;
Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere: at inde
Sanguinea manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttai.
"Parce, precor, mater," quaecunque est saucia, clamat: 340
" Parce; precor: nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus.
Jamque vale."  Cortex in verba novissima venit.
Inde fluunt lacriman: stillataque sole rigescunt
De ramis electra novis: qua lucidus amnisExcipit, et, nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.    345




OVID.                   145
2.  The Month of Afirch.
[Fasti, Book III.]
BELLICE, depositis clipeo paulisper et hasta,
Mars, ades, et nitidas casside solve comas.
Forsitan ipse roges, quid sit cum Marte poetP?
A te, qui canitur, nomina mensis habet.
Ipse vides manibus peragi fera bella Minerva.    5
Nuln minus ingenuis artibus illa vacat?
Palladis exemplo ponendae tempora sume
Cuspidis: invenies et quod inermis agas.
The rear of Romulus.
Martia ter senos proles adoleverat annos,
Et suberat flave iam nova barba coma.          10
Omnibus agricolis armentorumque magistris
IliadE fratres jura petita dabant.
Sape domum veniunt praedonuna sanguine lati,
Et redigunt actos in sua rura boves.
Ut genus audierunt, animos pater editus auget,  15
Et pudet in paucis nomen habere casis:
Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense,
Regnaque longavo restituuntur avo.
Maenia conduntur; quee quamvis parva fuerunt,
Non tamen expediit transsiluisse Remo.       o20
Jam modo qua fuerant silvae pecorulmlque recessus,
Urbs erat, aeterne cim pater Urbis ait:
"Arbiter armorum, de cujus sanguine natus
Credor, et ut credar, pignora multa dabo,
A te principium Romano dicimus anno:            25
Primus de patrio nomine mensis erit."
Vox rata fit, patrioque vocat de nomine mensem.
Dicitur hec pietas grata fuisse deo.
I0




146               LATIN READER.
Et tamen ante omnes Martem coluere priores.
Hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis.         30
Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis.
Arma ferae genti remque decusque dabant...
Nec totidem veteres, quot nunc, habuere Kalendas.
Ille minor geminis mensibus annus erat.
Nondum tradiderat victas victoribus artes         35
Grecia, facundum, sed male forte genus.
Qui bene pugnabat, Romanam noverat artem:
Mittere qui poterat pila, disertus erat...
Libera currebant et inobservata per annum
Sidera: constabat sed tamen esse deos.          40
Non illi caelo labentia signa tenebant,
Sed sua, quae magnum perdere crimen erat.
Illa quidem foeno; sed erat reverentia feno
Quantam nunc aquilas cernis habere tuas.
Pertica suspensos portabat longa maniplos,''    45
Unde maniplaris nomina miles habet.
Ergo animi indociles et adhuc ratione carentes
Mensibus egerunt lustra minora decem.
Annus erat, decimum cum luna receperat orbeth.
Hic numerus magno tunc in honore fuit.          50
The rear of Numa.
Primus, oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis,
Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos:
Sive hoc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci
Nos putat, Egeria sivre monente su~a.
Sed tamen errabant etiam tune tempora, donec-     55
Caesaris in multis haec quoque cura fuit.
Non hec ille deus tantaeque propaginis auctor'Credidit officiis esse minora suis,
Promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere caelum,
Nec deus ignotas hospes inire domos.            6o
Ille' moras solis, quibus in sua signa rediret,
Traditur exactis disposuisse notis.




OVID.                    I47
Is decies senos tercentum et quinque diebus
Junxit, et e pleno tempora quarta die.
Hic anni modus est: in lustrum accedere debet,    65
Quam consummatur partibus, una dies.
The Sabine Wives.
"Si licet occultos monitus audire deorumn
Vatibus, ut certe fama licere putat,
Cum sis officiis, Gradive, virilibus aptus,
Dic mihi, matronae cur tua festa colant."       70
Sic ego: sic posita dixit mihi casside Mavors,
Sed tamen in dextra missilis hasta fuit:
" Nunc primum studiis pacis, deus utilis armis,
Advocor, et gressus in nova castra fero.
Nec piget incepti: juvat hac quoque parte morari,   75
Hoc solam ne se posse Minerva putet.
Disce, Latinorum vates operose dierum,
Quod petis, et memori pectore dicta nota.
Parva fuit, si prima velis elementa referre,
Roma; sed in parvya spes tamen hujus erat.      80
Moenia jam stabant, populis angusta futuris,
Credita sed turbae tunc nimis ampla suaa.
Quma fuerit nostri, si quaeris, regia nati,
Aspice de canna straminibusque domum.
In stipula placidi carpebat munera somni,         85
Et tamen ex illo venit in astra toro.
Jamque loco majus nomen Romanus habebat:
Nec conjunx illi, nec socer ullus erat.
Spernebant generos inopes vicinia dives:
Et male credebar sanguinis auctor ego.          90
In stabulis habitasse et oves pavisse nocebati
Jugeraque inculti pauca tenere soli.
Extremis dantur connubia gentibus; at quae
Romano vellet nubere, nulla fuit.




i48               LATIN IREADER.
Indolui, patriamque dedi tibi, Romule,' mentem.     95'Tolle preces,' dixi':''quod petis arma dabunt.'
Festa parat Conso - Consus tibi cetera dicet,
Illo facta die dum sua sacra canes.
Intumuere Cures, et quos dolor attigit idem:
Turn primuln generis intulit arma socer:         00oo
Jamque ferei raptae matrnum quoque nomen habebant,
Tractaque erant longa bella propinqua morA.
Conveniunt nuptie dictam Junonlis in vedem,
Quas inter mea sic est nurus orsa loqui:'O pariter rapte, - quoniam hoc commune tenemus, -
Non ultra lente possuiius esse pia.
Stant acies: sed utra di sint pro parte rogandi,
Eligite: hinc conjunx, hinc pater arma tenet.
Quamrendum est, viduav fieri malimus, an orba.
Consilium vobis forte piurque dabo.''-         110
Consilium dederat. Parent,- criiesque'resolv-unt,
Maestaque funereA corpora veste tegunt.' 
Jam steterant acies"ferro mortilque' paratae,'
Jam lituus pughin signa datuirus-e'rat:' -
Cum raptae veniunt inter patresque virosque:       I 15
Inque sinu natos, pignora cara, tenent. 
Ut medium campi'scissis tetigere' capillis,
In terram posito procuibuere-geniu:
Et quasi sentirent, blando  clamo-re nepotes 
Tendebant ad'avos'bracchia par'va suos.u'  1~'   I20
Qui poterat,- claffiabat'avuum,; tunc  dbniqfie- visum;
Et qui vix poter'at, poise'coactus era't.'
Tela viris a-ni'mtiqu'e cadunt;' gladiii:sque remotis
Dant soceri generfs -ac:cipiuntiiquee manus,
Laudatasque tenent natas, scutoque'nepotem''      125
Fert avus: iiic scuti -dulcior usisus erat.'
Inde diem,' quai* primna, meas celebrar'e:Kalendas
(Ebalia  matres nin iileve rmurinusi habent.




OVID.                    I49
- Paunus and Picus.
Quis mihi nunc dicet, quare celestia Martis
Arma ferant Salii, Mamuriumque canant?         130
Nympha, mone nemori stagnoque operata Dianae,
Nympha, Numan conjunx, ad tua facta veni.
Vallis Aricinao silva pracinctus opaca. 
Est lacus, antiqua relligione sacer.
Hic latet Hippolytus furiis direptus equorum;    I35
Unde nemus nullis illud aditur equis.
Licia dependent, longas velantia sapes,
Et posita est merita multa tabella deae.
Saepe potens voti, frontem redimita coronis,
Femina. lucentes portat.ab Urbe faces.         I40
Regna tenent fortes manibus, pedibusque. fugaces,
Et perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo.
Defluit incerto lapidosus murmure rivus:
Saepe, sed exiguis haustibus inde bibi.
Egeria est, quwe pratbet aquas, dea grata Camenis.  145
Illa Numae conjunx consiliumque fuit.
Principio nimihm: promptos ad bella Quiritis
Molliri placuit jure deiimque metu:
Inde datae leges, ne firmior omnia posset;
Cceptaque sunt pure. tradita sacra coli.       I50
Exuitur feritas armisque potentius aequum est,
Et cum cive pudet conseruisse manus.
Atque aliquis, modo trux, visa jam vertitur ara,
Vinaque dat tepidis salsaque farra focis.
Ecce dem. genitor rutilas per nubila flammas     155
Spargit, et effusis aethera siccat aquis.
Non aliks missi cecidere frequentiuis ignes.
Rex pavet, et volgi pectora terror habet.
Cui dea "Ne nimium  terrere! piabile fulmen
Est" ait "et savi flectitur ira Jovis.         i.  6o
Sed poterunt ritum Picus Faunusque piandi
Tradere, Romani numen utrumque soli.




I50              LATIN READER.
Nec sine vi tradent: adhibeto vincula captis:"
Atque ita, qua possint, erudit, arte capi.
Lucus Aventino suberat niger ilicis umbra,      i65
Quo posses viso dicere Numen inest!
In medio gramen, muscoque adoperta virenti
Manabat saxo vena perennis aquse.
Inde fere soli Faunus Picusque bibebant.
Huc venit, et fonti rex Numa mactat ovem:     170
Plenaque odorati disponit pocula Bacchi,
Cumque suis antro conditus ipse latet.
Ad solitos veniunt silvestria numina fontes,
Et relevant multo pectora sicca mero.
Vina quies sequitur: gelido Numa prodit ab antro,  x75
Vinclaque sopitas addit in arcta manus.
Somnus ut abscessit, pugnando vincula temptant
Rumpere: pugnantes fortiuis illa tenent.
Tunc Numa: "Di nemorum, factis ignoscite nostris,
Si scelus ingenio scitis abesse meo,          I8o
Quoque modo possit fulmen, monstrate, piari."
Sic Numa. Sic quatiens cornua Faunus ait:
"Magna petis, nec quwe monitu tibi discere nostro
Fas sit: habent fines numina nostra suos.
Di sumus agrestes, et qui dominemur in altis    185
Montibus: arbitrium est in sua tela Jovi.
Hunc tu non poteris per te deducere calo:
At poteris nostra forsitan usus ope."
Dixerat haec Faunus; par est sententia Pici.
"Deme tamen nobis vincula," Picus ait:       Ig90
"Juppiter huc veniet, valida perductus ab arte.
Nubila promissi Styx mihi testis erit."
Emissi laqueis quid agant, quae carmina dicant,
Quaque trahant superis sedibus arte Jovem,
Scire'nefas homini. Nobis concessa canentur,    195
Quwaque pio dici vatis ab ore licet.
Eliciunt csIeo te, Juppiter: unde minores
Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque vocant.




OVID.                    I IConstat Aventinae tremuisse cacumina silvae,
Terraque subsedit pondere pressa Jovis.        200
Corda micant regis, totoque e pectore sanguis
Fugit, et hirsutae deriguere comae.
Ut rediit animus, "Da certa piamina" dixit
"Fulminis, altorum rexque paterque defim,
Si tua contigimus manibus donaria puris:         205
Hoc quoque, quod petitur, si pia lingua rogat."
Annuit oranti; sed verum ambage remnota
Abdidit, et dubio terruit ore virum.
" Caede caput" dixit: cui rex " Parebimus" inquit;
" Cmdenda est hortis eruta cepa meis."         210
Addidit hic " Hominis:" " Summos" ait ille " capillos."
Postulat hic animam: cui Numa "piscis" ait.
Risit; et "His'" inquit " facito mea tela procures,
O vir colloquio non abigende deum.
Sed tibi. protulerit cum totum crastinus orbem   215,Cynthius, imperii pignora certa dabo."
Dixit, et ingenti tonitru super amthera motum
Fertur, adorantemn destituitque Numam.
Ille redit laetus, memoratque Quiritibus acta:
Tarda venit dictis difficilisque fides.        220'At certe credemur," ait, "si verba sequetur.
Exitus; en audi crastina, quisquis ades:
Protulerit terris cum totum Cynthius orbem,
Juppiter imperii pignora certa dabit."
Discedunt dubii promissaque tarda videntur;      225:Dependetque fides, veniente die.
Theze  Sacred Shield.
Mollis erat tellus rorata mane pruina;
Ante sui populus limina regis adest.
Prodit, et in solio medius consedit.acerno:
Innumeri circa stantque silentque viri.        230
Ortus erat summo tantummodo margine Phoebus:
Sollicitae mentes speque metuque pavent.




152              LATIN READER.
Constitit, atque caput niveo velatus amictu
Jam bene dis notas sustulit ille manus;
Atque ita, " Tempus adest promissi muneris," inquit: 235
"Pollicitam dictis, Juppiter, adde fidem."
Dum loquitur, totum jam sol emoverat orbem,
Et gravis aethereo venit ab axe fragor.
Ter tonuit sine nube deus, tria fulgura misit.
Credite dicenti: mira, sed acta, loquor.      240
A media calum regione dehiscere coepit:
Submisere oculos cum duce turba suo.
Ecce levi scutum versatum leniter aura
Decidit: a populo clamor ad astra venit.
Tollit humo munus causa priiis ille juvenca,    245
Quae dederat nulli colla premenda jugo,
Atque ancile vocat, qubd ab omni parte recisum est;
Quaque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest.
Tum, memor imperil sortem consistere in illo,
Consilium multae calliditatis init.           25o
Plura jubet fieri simili caelata figurA,
Error ut ante oculos insidiantis eat.
Mamurius, morum fabrene exactior artis,
Difficile est, illud, dicere, clausit opus.
Cui Numa munificus " Facti pete praemia" dixit:   255
"Si mea nota fides, irrita nulla petes."
Jam dederat Saliis a saltu nomina dicta,
Armaque et ad certos verba canenda modos.
Tum sic Mamurius: " Merces mihi gloria detur,
Nominaque extremo carmine nostra sonent."     260
Inde sacerdotes operi promissa vetusto
Praemia persolvunt, Mamuriumque vocant.
The Infant u7p iter.
Una nota est Martl Nonis, sacrata quod illis
Templa putant lucos Vejovis ante duos.
Romulus ut saxo lucum circumdedit alto,         265
"Quilibet huc " inquit " confuge, tutus eris."




OVID.                    I53
O quam de tenui Romanus origine crevit:
Turba vetus quam non invidiosa fuit!
Ne tamen ignaro novitas tibi nominis obstet,
Disce, quis iste deus, curve vocetur ita.     270
Juppiter est juvenis, -juvenalis aspice voltus:
Aspice deinde, manu fulmina nulla tenet.
Fulmina post ausos caelum adfectare gigantas
Sumpta Jovi:  primo tempore inermis erat.
Ignibus Ossa novis et Pelion altius Ossa        275
Arsit, qt in solida fixus Olympus humo.
Stat quoque capra simul; nympha pavisse feruntur
Cretides; infanti lac dedit illa Jovi.
Nunc vocor ad nomen:- vegrandia farra colonae
Quam mnale creverunt, vescaque parva vocant.  280
Vis ea si verbi est, cur non ego Vejovis mdem.Adem non magni suspicer esse Jovis?
Bacchus and Ariadne.
Jamque, ubi camruleumn variabunt sidera calum,
Suspice: Gorgonei.colla videbis equi.
Creditur hic caesae gravida cervice Medusa      285;Sanguine respersis prosiluisse jubis.
Huic supra nubes et subter sidera lapso
Calurm pro terra, pro pede pinna fuit.
Jamque indignanti nova frena receperat ore,
Cumi levis Aonias ungula fodit aquas.         290
Nunc fruitur calo, quod pinnis ante petebat,
Et nitidus stellis quinque decelnque micat.
Protinus aspicies venienti nocte Coronam
Gnosida: Theseo crimine facta dea est.
Jam bene perjuro imutarat conjuge Bacchum,      295
Qume dedit ingrato fila legenda viro.
Sorte tori gaudens " Quid flebam rustica?" dixit:
"' Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit."
Interea. Liber depexos crinibus Indos
Vicit, et eoo dives ab orbe redit.            300




5* 54             LATIN* RADER.
Inter captivas facie prmstante puellas
Grata nimis Baccho filia regis erat.
Flebat amans conjunx, spatiataque litore curvo
Edidit incultis talia verba comis:
" En iterum,: fluctus, similes audite querellas!  305
En iterum lacritnas accipe, arena, meas!
Dicebam, memini, terjure: et perfide.Theseu f
Ille abiit; eadem crimina Bacchus habet.
Nunc quoque nulla viro clamabofeminaz credat!
Nomine mutato causa relata mea est:            310
O utinam mea sors, qua primum coeperat, issit,
Jamque ego praesenti tempore nulla foren!
Quid me desertis perituram, Liber, arenis
Servabas? potui dedoluisse semel.
Bacche levis, leviorque tuis, quae tempora cingunt,  315
Frondibus, in lacrimas cognite Bacche:meas, -
Heu ubi pacta fides? ubi, que jurare solebas?      - 
Me miseram, quotiens haec ego verba loquar?
Thesea culpabas, fallacemque ipse vocabas:
Judicio peccas turpiuhs ipse'tuo.:'       320
Ne sciat hoc quisquam, tacitisque doloribus urar,
Ne totiens falli digna fuisse puter.
Ilia ego sum, cui tu selitus promittere caelum.
Ei mihi, pro celo qualia dona fero!"
Dixerat: audibat jamdudum verba querentis -      325
Liber, ut a tergo forte secutus erat.
Occupat ampl'exu, lacrimasque per oscula siccat,
Et'" Pariter -caeli summa petamus" ait.
"Tu mihi juncta toro mihi juncta vocabula sumes:
Nam tibi mutatae Libera nomen erit.            330
Sintque tur tecumn faciam monumenta coronae,
Volcanus Veneri quam dedit, illa tibi."
Dicta facit, gemmasque'novem transformat in ignes.
Aurea per stellas nunc micat illa novem.




OVID.                   155
Anna Perenna.
Idibus est Annam festum geniale Perenna,       335
Haud procul a ripis, advena Thybri, tuis.
Plebs venit, ac virides passim disjecta per herbas
Potat, et accumbit cum pare quisque sua.
Sub Jove pars durat; pauci tentoria ponunt;
Sunt quibus e ramis frondea facta casa est;  340
Pars ubi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis,
Desuper extentas imposuere togas.
Sole tamen vinoque.calent, annosque precantur,
Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt.
Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos,     345
Quam sit per calices facta Sibylla suos.
Illic et cantant, quicquid didicere theatris,
Et jactant faciles ad sua verba manus:
Et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas,
Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis.        350
Cum redeunt, titubant, et sunt spectacula volgi,
Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat.
Occurri nuper; visa est mihi digna relatu
Pompa; senem potum pota trahebat anus.
Quwa tamen hac dea sit, quoniam rumoribus errat,  355
Fabula proposito nulla tacenda meo.
Arserat AEnea3 Dido miserabilis igne,
Arsetat exstructis in sua fata rogis:
Compositusque cinis, tumulique in marmore carmen
Hoc breve, quod moriens: ipsa reliquit, erat:  360
PR2EBUIT.E.NEAS EiT CAUSAM MORTIS ET ENSEM:
IPSA SUA DIDO CONCIDIT USA MANU.
Protinus invadunt Numida  sine vindice regnum,
Et potitur captA Maurus Iarba domo.
Seque memor spretum, "Thalamis tamen" inquit "Elissa
En ego, quem totiens reppulit illa, fruor."
Diffugiunt Tyrii, qub quemque agit error, ut olim
Amisso dubiae rege vagantur apes.




I 56             LATIN: READER.
Tertia nudandas acceperat area messes,
Inque cavos ierant tertia musta lacus:         370
Pellitur Anna domo, lacrimansque sororia linquit
Moaenia; germanoe justa dat ante sum.
Mixta bibunt molles lacrimis unguenta favilloe,
Vertice libatas accipiuntque comas.
Terque Vale! dixit, cineres ter ad ora relatos   375
Pressit, et est.illis visa subesse soror.
Nancta ratem comitesque fugoe, pede labitur aquo,
Mcenia respiciens, dulce. sororis opus.
Fertilis est Melite sterili vicina Cosyrae
Insula, quam Libyci verberat unda freti.       380
Hanc petit, hospitio regis confisa vetusto:
Hospes opum dives rex ibi Battus~ erat.
Qui.postquam didicit casus utriusque sororis,
" Hec " inquit " tellus quantulacumque tua est."
Et tamen hospitii servisset ad ultima munus!     385
Sed tirnuit magnas Pygmalionis opes.
Signa recensuerat bis sol sua:- tertius ibat
Annus, et exilio terra paranda nova est.
Frater adest belloque petit. Rex arma perosus
" Nos sumus imbelles, tu fuge sospes! " ait.  390
Jussa fugit, ventoque ratem committit et undis.
Asperior quovis xequore frater erat.
Est prope piscosos lapidosi Crathidis amnes;
Parvus ager: Cameren incola turba vocat.
Illuc cursus erat, nec longiuis afuit inde,      395
Quam quantum novies mittere funda potest.
Vela cadunt primo, et dubia librantur ab aura:
" Findite remigio" navita dixit ". aquas!"
Dumque parant torto subducere earbasa lino,
Percutitur rapido puppis adunca Noto,          400.
Inque patens aequor, frustra pugnante magistro,
Fertur, et ex oculis visa refugit humus.
Adsiliunt fluctus,.imoque a gurgite pontus
Vertitur, et canas alveus haurit aquas.




OVID.I                    k5
Vincitur ars vento: nec jam moderator habenis      405
Utitur, aut votis his quoque poscit opem.
Jactatur tumidas exsul Phmnissa per undas,
Humidaque oppositA lumina veste tegit.
Tunc primiim Dido felix est dicta sorori,
Et quaecumque aliquam corpore pressit humum.  410
Figitur ad Laurens ingenti flamine litus 
Puppis, et expositis omnibus hausta perit.
Jam pius _Eneas regno natAque Latini
Auctus erat, populos miscueratque duos.
Litore dotali solo comitatus Achate                415'Secreturn nudo dum pede carpit iter,
Aspicit errantemn, nec- credere sustinet Annam
Esse: - Quid in Latios illa veniret agros?
Dum secum-r Aneas, "Anna est I" exclamat Achates.
Ad nomen voltus sustulit illa suos.  420:io fugiat? quid agat? quos terra- quaerat hiatus?
Ante oculos miserm fata sororis erant.
Sensit, et adloquitur trepidam CythereiYus heros;
Flet tamen admonitu motus, Elissa, tui.
" Anna, per hanc:juro, quam quondam audire solebas
Tellurem fato prosperiore dari,
Perque deos cotiites, hac nuper sede locatos,
Sape meas illos increpuisse moras.
Nec timui de -morte tamen: metus afuit iste.
Ei mihi! -credibili fortior illa fuit.          430
Ne refer: aspexi non illo pectore digna
Volnera,; Tartareas'ausus adire domos.
At tu, seu- ratio te nostris appulit oris,
Sive deus, regni commoda carpe mei:
Multa tibi memores, nill non debemus Elissa:       435
Nomine grata tuo, grata sororisj eris."
Talia dicenti - neque enim;spes altera restat -
Credidit, errores exposui-tque suos.
Utque domum intravit Tyrios induta paratus,
Incipit ZEneas. cetera turba silet.            440




IS8 5~            LATIN- READER.
"IHanc tibi cur tradam, pia causa, Lavinia conjunx,.
Est mihi: consumpsi naufragus hujus opes.
Orta Tyro est, regnum Libyca possedit in ora:
Quam precor ut carae more sororis ames."
Omnia promittit, falsumque Lavinia volnus        445
Mente premit tacitA, dissimulatque fremens.
Donaque cum videat praeter sua lumina ferri
Multa palam, mitti clam quloque multa putat.
Non habet exactum, quid agat:- furialiter odit,
Et parat insidias, et cupit ulta mori.         450
Nox erat: ante torum visa est adstare sororis
Squalenti Dido sanguinolenta coma
Et "'Fuge, ne dubita, maestum, fuge" dicere " tectum."
Sub verbum querulas impulit aura fores.
Exsilit, et velox:humili super arva fenestra -   455
Se jacit: audacem fecerat ipse timor.
Quaque metu -rapitur, tunica velata recinctA,
Cuirrit, ut auditis territa damma lupis.
Corniger hanc cupidis rapuisse Numicius undis
Creditur, et stagnis occuluisse suis.          460
Sidonis intereat:magno clamore per agros
Quaxritur: apparent signa notaeque pedum.
Ventumn erat ad ripas: inerant vestigia ripis.
Sustinuit tacitas conscius amnis aquasIpsa loqui visa est' "Placidi sum nympha Numici:  465
Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor."
Murder of Cvsar.
Prmteriturus eram gladios in principe fixos,
Cum sic a castis Vesta locuta focis:
" Ne dubita meminisse! meus fuit- ille sacerdos:
Sacrilegae telis me petiere manus.             470
Ipsa' virum rapui, simulacraque nuda reliqui:
Quaw cecidit ferri, Caesaris: umbra fuit."
Ille quidem carlo positus Jovis atria vidit,
Et tenet in magno templa dicata foro.




~OYIrIn.:             I59r
At quicumque nefas ausi, prohibente deorum      475
Numine, polluerant pontificale caput,
Morte jacent meritf. Testes estote Philippi,
Et quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus.
Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt
Casaris, ulcisci justa per arma patrem.      480
Bacchus and the Honey-cakes.
Tertia post Idus lux est celeberrima Baccho.
Bacche, fave vati, dumn tua festa cano.
Sithonas et Scythicos longum est narrare triumphos,
Et domitas gentes, turifer Inde, tuas.
Tu quoque Thebanat mala prada tacebere matris,   485
Inque tuum furiis acte, Lycurge, genu.
Ecce libet subitos pisces Tyrrhenaque monstra
Dicere: sed non est carminis hujus opus.. Carminis hujus opus causas expromere, quare
Vilis anus populos ad sua liba vocet.        490
Ante tuos ortus ar    h sine honore fuerunt,
Liber, et in gelidis herba reperta focis.
Te memorant Gange totoque oriente subacto
Primitias magno seposu-isse Jovi.
Cinnama tu primus captivaque tura dedisti,     495
Deque triumphato viscera tosta bove.
Nomnine ab auctoris ducunt libamina nomen,
Libaque, quod sacris pars datur inde focis.
Liba deo fiunt, succis quia dulcibus idem
Gaudet, et a Baccho mella reperta ferunt.    500
Ibat arenoso satyris comitatus ab Hebro,Non habet ingratos fabula nostra jocosJamque erat ad Rhodopen:Pangaeaque florida ventum:.Eriferax comitum concrepuere manus.
Ecce nova coeunt volucres tinnitibus acta,      505
Quosque movent sonitus axra, sequuntur apes.
Colligit errantes et'in arbore claudit inani
Liber, et inventi praemia melli-shabet.




I 60               LATIN READER.
Ut satyri levisque senex- tetigere saporem,
Quarebant. flavos per nemus omne favos.          5I0
Audit in exesa stridorem examinis ulmo,
Adspicit et ceras dissimulatque senex:
Utque piger pandi tergo residebat aselli,
Applicat hunc ulmo corticibusque cavis.
Conistitit ipse super ramoso stipite nixus,        5I5
Atque avid& trunco condita mella petit.
Milia crabronum coeunt, et vertice nudo
Spicula defigunt, oraque sima notant.
Ille cadit princeps, et calce feritur aselli,
Inclamatque suos, auxiliumque rogat.             520
Concurrunt satyri, turgentiaque ora parentis
Rident: percusso claudicat ille genu.
Ridet et ipse deus,: limumque inducere monstrat.
Hic paret imonitis, et linit ora luto~
Melle pater fruitur; liboque infusa calenti        525
Jure repertori candida mella damus.
Ries of Minerva.
Una dies media est, et fiunt sacra Minerve,
Nomina qua junctis quinque diebus habent.
Sanguine primua vacat,.nec fas concurrere ferro-:
Causa, quod est illa nata Minerva die.          530
Altera tresque super rasA celebrantiir'arena:
Ensibus exsertis bellica lata dea, est. 
Pallada nune pueri teneraeque orate puelae: 
Qui bene placarit Pallada, doctus erit.
Pallade placata lanam mollire puellae --           535
Discant, et plenas exonerarte colos.
Illa etiam stantes radio percurrere telas
Erudit, et rarum pectine denset opus.
Hanc cole, qui laesis maculas de vestibus aufers:
Hanc cole, velleribus quisquis, aina paras.     540
Nec quisquam invita faciet bene vincula plantae
Pallade, sit Tychio doctior ille licet.




ovID,                     i6i
Et licet antiquo manibus collatus Epeo
Sit prior, iratA Pallade mancus, erit -
Vos quoque, Pheobea morbos qui pellitis arte,    545
Munera de vestris pauca referte deae.
Nec vos, turba fer/e censu fraudata, magistri,
Spernite: discipulos attrahit illa novos.
Quique moves calum, tabulamque coloribus uris,
Quique facis docta mollia saxa manu.           550
Mille dea est operum: certs dea carminis illa est:
Si mereor, studiis adsit amica meis.
Caelius ex alto qua mons descendit in equum,
Hic ubi non plana est, sed prope plana via,
Parva licet videas Captax delubra Minervae,      555
Quae dea natali ccepit habere suo.
Nominis in dubio causa est.: Capitale vocamus
Ingenium sollers: ingeniosa dea est.
An quia de capitis fertur sine matre paterni:Vertice cum clipeo prosiluisse suo?            56o
An quia perdomitis- ad nos captiva Faliscis
Venit? et hoc ipsum littera prisca docet.
An quod habet legem, capitis quae pendere pienas
Ex illo jubeat furta reperta loco?
A quacumque trahis ratione vocabula, Pallas,     565
Pro ducibus nostris vagida semper habe I
fThe Golden Fleece.
Summa dies e quinque tubas lustrare canoras
Admonet, et forti sacrificare dee.
Nunc potes ad solem sublato dicere voltu,
" Hic here Phrixeae vellera pressit ovis."     570
Seminibus tostis sceleratoe fraude novercae,
Sustulerat nullas, ut solet, herba comas.
Mittitur ad tripodas, certa qui sorte reportet,
Quam sterili terra Delphicus edat opem.
Hic quoque, corruptus cum semine, nuntiat Helles   575
Et juvenia Phrixi funera sorte peti.




I6~2               LATIN  READER.
Utque recusantem cives et tempus et Ino
Colupulerunt regem jussa nefanda pati,
Et soror et Phrixus, velati tempora vittis,
Stant sirnul ante aras, junctaque fata gemunt.   58o
Aspicit hos, ut forte pependerat athere, mater,
Et ferit attonita pectora nuda manu:
Inque draconigenam nimbis comitantibus urbem
Desil'it, et natos eripit inde suos.
Utque fugam capiant, aries nitidissimus auro       585
Traditur: ille vehit per freta longa duos.
Dicitur infirma cornu tenuisse sinistra
Femina, cim de se nomina fecit aquae.
Paene simul periit, dum volt succurrere lapsae,
Frater, et extentas porrigit usque manus.        590
Flebat, ut amissa gemuini consorte pericli,,
Camruleo junctam-nescius essedeo.,
Litoribus tactis aries fit sidtls: at hujus
Pervenit in Colchas aurea lana domlns.
Tres ubi Luciferos veniens pra-miserit Eos,        595
Tempora nocturnis aequta diurna feres.
Inde quater pastor saturos ubi clauserit haedos,
Canuerint herbai rore recente quater,
Janus adorandus, cumque hoc Concordia mitis
Et Romana Salus, araque Pacis erit.             6oo
Luna regit menses: hujus quoque tempora mensis
Finit Aventino Luna -colenda jugo.




VIRG IL.
I.  The Story  ofAristaeus.
[Georgics, Book IV. verses'317-558.]
PASTOR Aristaeus, fugiens Peneia Tempe,
Amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque,
Tristis ad extremi- sacrum caput adstitit amnis,
Multa querens, atque hac affatus voce parentem:
" Mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis hujus         5
Ima tenes, quid me proeclara stirpe deorumSi modb, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbrmus Apollo —
Invisuln fatis genuisti? - aut quo tibi nostri
Pulsus amor? quid me celumn sperare jubebas?
En etiam hune ipsum vita mortalis honorem,         10
Quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers
Omnia temptanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo.
Quin age, et ipsa manu felices erue silvas;
Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, atque interfice messes;
Ure sata, et validam in vites molire-bipennem,     I5
Tanta mea si te ceperunt taedia laudis."
At mater sonitum thalamo sub flulminis alti
Sensit. Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphm
Carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore.
Dum fusis mollia pensa
Devolvunt, iterum maternas impulit aures           20
Luctus Aristai, vitreisque sedilibus omnes
Obstupuere; sed ante alias Arethusa sorores
Prospiciens, summa flavuni caput extulit unda';




164              LATIN  RIE.ADER.
Et procul:'" O gemitu non frustrht exterrita tanto,
Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxima curai        25
Tristis Aristabus Penei genitoris ad undam
Stat lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit."
Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater,
"Duc, age, duc ad nos; fas illi limina divuim
Tangere," ait. Simul alta jubet discedere late   30
Flumina, quQ juvenis gressus inferret: at illum
Curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda
Accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem...
Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta
Perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanes        35
Cyrene, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontes
Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis;
Pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt
Pocula;, Panehaeis adolescunt ignibus area; 
Et mater, "' Cape Maeonii carchesia 1Bacchi:     40
Oceano libemus," ait. Simul-ipsa precatur
Oceanumque patretn rerum, Nymphasque sorores,
Centum quae silvas, centum quva flumina servant.
Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare, Vestam,Ter flamma ad summum tecti subjecta reluxit.     45
Omine quo firmans animum, sic incipit ipsa:
" Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates
Caeruleus Proteus, magnum-qui piscibus aquor
Et juncto bipedum curru metitur equorum.
Hic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit      50
Pallenen: hunc et Nymphve veneramur, et ipse
Grandawvus Nereus; novit namque omnia' vates,
Quae sint, quae fuerint, qua' mox ventura trahantur: 
Quippe ita Neptuno visum' est, immania eujus
Armenta et turpes pascit sub gurgite phocas.     55
Hic tibi, nate, pribs vinclis capiendus, ut omnem
Expediat morbi -caussam, ev-entusque secundet.
Nam sine vi non ulla dabit prmecepta, neque- ilium
Orando flectes:,vim dtrrm et i vincla capto




IRGIL. -                   6.65
Tende; doli circum hvec demum frangentur inanes.   6o
Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit asetus,
Cum sitiunt herbas, et pecori jam gratior umbra est,
In secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis
Se recipit, facile ut somno aggrediare jacentem.
Veruim ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,    65
Tum variae eludent species atque ora ferarum.
Fiet enim subitb sus horridus, atraque tigris,
Squamosusque draco, et fulva' cervice leaena.;
Aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinclis
Excidet, aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit.      70
Sed quanto ille magis formas se vertet in omnes,
Tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla,
Donec talis erit mutato corpore,: qualem
Videris, incepto tegeret cium lumina somno.
Haec ait, et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem, 75
Quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at.illi
Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,....
Atque habilis membris- venit vigor.......-.. Est-specus ingens
Exesi laterein montis,:qu plurima vento          8o
Cogitur, inque sinus scindit sese xunda reductos,
Deprensis olimi statio tutissima nautis;.
Intus se vasti Proteus tegit obice saxi. 
Hic juvenemn in latebris aversuma. lumine Nympia
Collocat; ipsa procul -nebulis obscura resistit.   85
-Jam rapidus torrens sitientes Sirius Indos
Ardebat cailo, et medium  sol igneus orbem-   -
Hauserat;arebant-herba,. et cava fluminasiccis
Faucibus ad limurn-radii tepefacta coquebant.
Cum Proteus consueta peptens e fluctibus antra -:  go
Ibat; eum vasti circun,gens. humida:ponti 
Exsultans rorem late dispergit.amarum..'
Sternunt se somno diversas inl litore. phoca;
Ipse, velut stabuli custos in. montibus olim,
Vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit,       95




166              LATIN READER.
Auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
Considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
Cujus Aristao quoniam est oblata facultas,
Vix defessa senem passus componere membra,
Cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque jacentem       Ioo
Occupat. Ille sua contrh non immemor artis
Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
Ignemque, horribilemque feram, fluviumque liquentem.
Veruim ubi nulla fugam reperlt fallacia, victus
In sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus:  I05
"' Nam quis te, juvenum confidentissime, nostras
Jussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis?" inquit. At ille:
" Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere quicquam;
Sed tu desine velle. Deum pracepta secuti
Venimus, hinc lassis quaesitum oracula rebus."    I I0
Tantum effatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa
Ardentes oculos intorsit lumine glauco,
Et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit: -:
"Non te nullius exercent numinis ira. 
Magna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus  115
Haudquaquam ob meritum penas, ni Fata resistant,
Suscitat, et rapta graviter pro conjuge savit.
Illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina prxeceps,
Immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella
Servanfem ripas altf non vidit in herbal.         120
At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos
Implerunt montes; flerunt Rhodopeia: arces,
Altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus,
Atque Geta, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia.
"Ipse, cava- solans aegrumr testudine amorem,   I25
Te, dulcis conjux, te solo in litore secum,
Te veniente die, te decedente canebat.
Tanarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,
Et caligantem nigra formidine lucum
Ingressus, Manesque adiit, Regemque tremendum,   130
Nesciaque humanis precibusi mlansuescere corda.




VrGILm.                   I 67
" At, cantu commota~, Erebi de sedibus imis 
Umbrm ibant tenues, simulacraque luce carentuim, -
QuOam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt,
Vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber, -   135
Matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vitA
Magnanimuim heroum, pueri, innupteaque puella,
Impositique rogis juvenes ante ora parentim:;
Quos circum limus niger et deformis arundo
Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda           I40
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet.
Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti
Tartara cmruleosque implexae crinibus angues
Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora,
Atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis.       I45
"Jamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnes,
Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,
Pone sequens, - namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem, -
Cium subita incautum demnentia cepit amantem,
Ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes:  I50
Restitit, Eurydicenque suam, jam luce sub ipsa,
Immemor, heu I victusque animi, respexit. Ibi omnis
Effusus labor, atque immitis rupta tyranni
Faedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
Illa,' Quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu?
Quis tantus furor? En iterum crudelia retrb
Fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus.
Jamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte,
Invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palhnas i'
Dixit, et ex oculis subitb6, ceu fumus ir:auras  I6o
Commixtus tenues, fugif diversa, neque illum,
Prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem
Dicere, pratereat vidit; nec portitor Orci
Ampliiis objectam passus transire paludem.
"Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis conjuge ferret?   I65
Quo fletu Manes,- qua Numina:voce moveret?
Illa quidem: StygiA nabat jam frigida -cynmb - 




I68              LATIN READER.
Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses
Rupe sub airia deserti ad Strymonis undam
Flevisse, et gelidis hac evolvisse sub antris,  I70
Mulcentem tigres et agentem carmine quercus;
Qualis populeA maerens Philomela sub umbrA
Amissos queritur fetus, quos durus arator
Observans nido implumes detraxit; at illa
Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen    175
Integrat, et maestis late loca questibus implet.
" Nulla Venus, non ulli animumn flexre hymenaxi:
Solus Hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem
Arvaque Rhipaeis numquam viduata pruinis
Lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque irrita Ditis  i8o
Dona querens; spreta Ciconum quo munere matres
Inter sacra defim nocturnique orgia Bacchi
Discerptum latos juvenem sparsere per agros.
Tum quoque marmoreA caput a cervice revulsum
Gurgite chm medio portans (Eagrius Hebrus      I85
Volveret, Eurydicen I vox ipsa et frigida lingua,
Ah miseram Eurydicen! animA fugiente vocabat;
Eurydicen! toto referebant flumine ripae."
Haec Proteus: et se jactu dedit aquor in altum,
Quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. Igo
At non Cyrene; namque ultrb adfata timentem:
" Nate, licet tristes animo deponere curas:
Haec omnis morbi caussa; hinc miserabile Nymphva,
Cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis,
Exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex       195
Tende, petens pacem, et faciles venerare Napeas;
Namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent.
Sed, modus orandi qui sit, priuis ordine dicam.
Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros,
Qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei,  200oo
Delige, et intactA totidem cervice juvencas.
Quattuor his aras alta ad delubra dearum
Constitue, et sacrum jugulis demitte cruorem,




VIRGIL.                    I69
Corporaque ipsa bourn frondoso desere luco.
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora- ostenderit ortus,     205
Inferias Orphei Lethata papavera mittes,
Et nigram mactabis ovemr, lucumque revises;
Placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere cmsa."
Haud mora: continub matris praecepta facessit:
Ad delubra venit; monstratas excitat aras;        2Iz
- uattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros
Ducit, et intacta totidem cervice juvencas.
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus,
Inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit.
HI1c verb subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum      215
Aspiciunt, liquefacta boum per viscera toto
Stridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis,
Immensasque trahi nubes, jamque arbore summa
Confluere et lentis uvam demlittere ramis.
2. Tityrus.
[Eclogue I.]
/M. TITYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi
Silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena;
Nos patriam fines et dulcia linquimus arva:
Nos patriam fugimus; tu Tityre, lentus in umbrA,
Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas.           5
T. O Meliboe, deus nobis haec otia fecit:
Namque erit ille mihi semper deus; illius aram
Sampe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus.
Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum
Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti.,   Io1
M: Non equidem invideo; miror magis: undique'totis
Usque adeb turbatur agris. En,: ipse capellas
Protinus aeger ago; hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco.
Hic inter densas corylos modb namque gemellos,
Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudk eonnixa& reliquit.    -5




170              LATIN READER.
Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset,
De caelo tactas memini preadicere quercus;
Saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornix.
Sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis.
T. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Melibcee, putavi  20
Stultus ego huic nostra similem, quo soepe solemus
Pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus.
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus habdos
N6ram, sic parvis componere magna solebam.
Veriim haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes,   25
Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.
Lf. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi caussa videndi?
T. Libertas; qum sera, tamen respexit inertem,
Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat;
Rospexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit,     30
Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit.
Namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat,
Nec spes libertatis erat, nec cura peculi.
Quamvis multa meis exiret victima seeptis,
Pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi,      35
Non umquam gravis,ere domum mihi dextra redibat.
AM. Mirabar, quid moesta deos, Amarylli, vocares,
Cui pendere sua patereris in arbore poma:
Tityrus hinc aberat. Ipsm te, Tityre, pinus,
Ipse te fontes, ipsa hec arbusta vocabant.       40'. Quid facerem? neque servitio me exire licebat,
Nec tam praesentes alibi cognoscere divos.
Hic illum vidi juvenem, Melibcee, quotannis
Bis senos cui nostra dies gltaria fumant.
Hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti:    45
" Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri; submittite tauros."
Li. Fortunate senex, ergo tua rura manebunt,
Et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus
Limosoque palus obducat pascua junco!
Non insueta graves temptabunt pabula fetas,      50
Nec mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent.




VIRGIL.                     7 I
Fortunate senex, hic inter flumina nota
Et fontes sacros, frigus captabis opacum!
Hinc tibi, qua semper,vicino ab limite, saepes
Hyblmais apibus florem depasta salicti,             55
Saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro:
Hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras;
Nec tamen intereat raucoe, tua cura, palumbes,
Nec gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo.
7'. Ante leves ergo pa-centur in rathere cervi,    60
Et freta destituent nudos in litore pisces,
Ante, pererratis amborum finibus, exsul
Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim,
Quam nostro illius labatur pectore vultus.
11. At nos hinc alii sitientes ibimus Afros,       65
Pars Scythiam et rapidum Creta veniemus Oaxen,
Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.
En umquam patrios longo post tempore fines,
Pauperis et tuguri congestum caespite culmen,
Post aliquot, mea regna videns, mirabor aristas?   70
Impius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit?
Barbarus has segetes? en qub discordia cives
Produxit miseros! en, quis consevimus agros!
Insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordine vites!
Ite mea, felix quondam pecus, ite, capellve!      75
Non ego vos posthac, viridi projectus in antro,
Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo;
Carmina nulla canam; non, me pascente, capella,
Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras.
T. Hic tamen hanc mecum poterasrequiescere noctem
Fronde super viridi: sunt nobis mitia poma,
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis;
Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant,
Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae.




72               LATIN READER.
3. Pollo.
[Eclogue, IV.]
SICELIDES Muse, paullo majora canamus!
Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesque myrice;
Si canimus silvas, silva sint Consule digna.
Ultima Cumai venit jam carmifis amtas;
Magnus ab integro saclorum nascitur ordo.           5
Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna;
Jam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto.
Tu rmodo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primirm
Desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo,
Casta fave Lucina: tuus jam regnat Apollo.        Io
Teque adeo decus hoc mvi, te Consule, inibit,
Pollio! et incipient magni procedere menses:
Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri,
Irrita perpetua solvent formidine terras.
Ille deuim vitam accipiet divosque videbit         15
Permixtos heroas et ipse videbitur illis,
Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem.
At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu
Errantes hederas passim cum bacchare Tellus,
Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho.         20
Ipsm lacte domum referent distenta capellae
Ubera, nec magnos metuent armenta leones.
Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula flores.
Occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni
Occidet; Assyrium vulgB nascetur amomum.           25
At simul heroum laudes et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus,
Molli paullatim flavescet campus arista,
Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva,
Et duram quercus sudabunt roscida mella.           30
Pauca tamen suberunt prisca vestigia fraudis,




VIRGIL.                   I73
Quam temptare Thetim ratlbus, quoe cingere muris
Oppida, quva jubeant telluri infindere sulcos.
Alter erit tum Tiphys, et altera qua vehat Argo
Delectos heroas; erunt etiam altera bella,        35
Atque iterum ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles.
Hinc, ubi jam firmata virum te fecerit mtas,
Cedet et ipse mari vector, nec nautica pinus
Mutabit merces: omnis feret omnia tellus.
Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem;     40
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga solvet arator;
Nec varios discet mentiri lana colores:
Ipse sed in pratis aries jam suave rubenti
Murice, jam croceo mutabit vellera luto;
Sponte sua sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos.        45
Talia sxccla, suis dixerunt, currite! fusis
Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parce.
Aggredere O magnos - aderit jam tempus - honores,
Cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis incrementum!
Adspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum,          50
Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum:
Adspice, venturo latantur ut omnia saclo!
O mihi tam longm maneat pars ultima vitae,
Spiritus et, quantum sat erit tua dicere facta!
Non me carminibus vincet nec Thracius Orpheus,    55
Nec Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit,
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo.
Pan etiam Arcadia mecum si judice certet,
Pan etiam, Arcadia dicat se judice victum.
Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem!    60
Matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia menses;
Incipe, parve puer: cui non risere parentes,
Nec deus hunc mensa, dea nec dignata cubili est.




VIII.
PLAUTUS.
Mercury in Disguise.
[Amphitruo, Act I. Scene I.]
SOSIA, servant of Amphitruo; MERCURY, disguised as Sosia.
S. Ibo, ut, herus quod imperavit, Alcumenam nuintiem.
Set quis hic est hom6, quem ante edis video hoc noctis?
n6n placet.
M. Nullu'st hoc meticulosus a'qu. - S. Quom rec6gito,
Illic homo hoc meum denuo volt pallium detexere.
Ail  Timet homo: deludam ego illum. - S. Perii! dentes
prdriunt.
Certe advenientem hic me hospitio pdgneo acceptirus est.
Credo miseric6rs est: nune propterea qubd me meus
herus
Fecit ut vigilarem, hic pugnis fAciet hodie ut d6rmiam.
Oppido interii: 6bsecro hercle quantus et quam validus
est!
Mi  ClareZ advorsum fAbulabor: Hic auscultet quam loquar.
Igitur demum magis majorem in sese concipiet metum.
Agite, pugni: jam diu'st quom ventri victum n6n datis:
Jam pridem videtur factum, heri quod homines quattuor
In soporem c6nlocastis nuidos. - S. Formid6 male
Ne ego hic nomen meum conmutem, et Quinctus fiam e
S6sia.
QuAttuor vir6s sopori se dedisse hic auitumat;
M6tuo ne numerum  auigeam illum. —- M  Hem! nuinc
jam ergo: sic volo.
S. Cingitur, certe 6expedit se. -- AI  N6n feret quin
vapulet.
S. Quis homo? - A: Quisquis homo huc profecto v6nerit, pugn6s edet.




PLAUTUS.                   I75
S. Apage, non plac6t me hoc noctis esse: cenavi modb:
Pr6in tu istam cenam largire, si sapis, essuri6ntibus.
M. Had malum  huic est p6ndus pugno. — S. Perii!
pugnos p6nderat.
A. Qui'd, si ego illum tratctim tangam ut d6rmiat?S. Servaveris:
Nam continuas has tris noctis pervigilavi p6ssumie.
M. Facimus: nequit ferire malAm male discit manus.
Alia forran op6rtet esse quen tu pugnis iceris.
S. Illic homo me interpolabit, meumque os finget denuo.
AL Exossatum os esse oportet, quem probe perceusseris.
S. Mirum ni hic me quasi muranam exossare c6gitat.
Ultro istunc qui ex6ssat homines. Perii, si me aspexerit.
M. Olet homo quidam malo suo. - S. Hef mihi, numnam ego 6bolui?
M. Atque hau longe abesse oportet: verum longe hinc
abfuit.
S. Illic homo stfperstitiosu'st. -  f. Gestiunt pugni mihi.
S. Si in me exercitdru's, quaso in parietem ut primuim
domes.
1AL. V6x ml ad auris Advolavit. - S. Nm ego homo infelix fui,
Quf non alas intervelli: v6lucrem vocem g6stito.;f. Illic homo a me slbi malam rem arc6ssit jument6 suo.
S. N6n equidem ullum  habe6 jumentum.- -L  Onerandu'st pugnis probe.
S. Lassus sum hercle e navi, ut vectus huic sum: etiam
nune nauiseo:
Vix incedo inanis; ne ire p6sse cum onere existumes.
M. Certe enim  hic neselo quis loquitur.- S. Salvos
sum, non me videt.
Ndscio quem loqui aultumat: mihi c6rto nomen S6sia est.
ALr Hinec enim dextra m/hi vox auris, uit videtur, verberat.
S. M6tuo vocis n6 vicem hodie hic vapulem, qua hunc
v6rberat.




I76              LATIN READER.
A11. Optume eccum inc6dit ad me. — S. Timeo: totus
t6rpeo.
N6n edepol nunc uibi terrarum sim scio, si quis roget:
Neque miser me c6nmovere p6ssum pra formidine.
Ilicet: mandata heri perierunt, una et S6sia.
V6rum certum'st c6nfidenter huinc hominem contra Adloqui,
Qui possim vid6ri huic fortis, a me ut abstineat manum.
M. Quub ambulas tu, qui Volcanum in c6rnu conclusuim
geris?
S. Quid id exquiris tuf, qui pugnis 6s exossas h6minibus?
M. Servosne es an liber? - S. Utquomque animo conlubituim'st meo..L Ain tu vero? - S. Aio enimvero. -AL  Verbero.
-S. Mentire nunc.
AM. At jam  faciam ut verum dicas dicere. — S. Quid
e6'st opus?
A: P6ssum  scire quo profectus, qu6ius sis, aut quid
veneris?
S. Huic eo: mei heri sum servos. Ndmquid nunc es
c6rtior?
AM. Ego tibi istam hodie scelestam c6nprimam linguam.
-S. Hat potes:
Bene pudiceque adservatur. - AM  Pergin' argutarier?
Quid aput hasce addis tibi neg6ti'st? -- S. Immo quid
tibi'st?
1LV. Rex Creo vigiles nocturnos singulos semper locat.
S. B6ne facit: quia n6s eramus peregri, tutatui'st domi:
At nunc abi sane, Advenisse fAmiliaris dicito.
M: Nescio quhm  tu fAmiliaris sfs: nisi actutum  hlnc
abis,
Familiaris Accipiere fAxo hau familiariter.
S. Hic, inquam, habito ego, atque horunc sum servos. —
MA At scin qu6modo?
FAciam ego hodie te superbum, ni hinc abis. - S. QuonAm modo?




PLAUTUS.                   I77
Al. Afiferere, noll aoibis, si ego fustem sdimpsero.
S. Qin me esse hujus faimiliai familiarem preadico.
M. Vide sis, quam mox vapulare vis, nisi actutum hfnc
abis!
S. Tin' domo prohib6re peregre me Advenientem p6-'stulas?
M. Haeccine tua domui'st?- S. Ita, inquam. - M. Quis
herus est igituir tibi!
S. Amphitruo, qui nuinc Thebanis praefectu'st legi6nibus;
Quicum nupta'st Alcumena. - M. Quid ais? quid nom6n
tibi'st?
S. S6siam vocaInt Thebani, Davo prognatdm patre.
1/A,. Nae tu istic hodi6 malo tuo c6npositis mendAciis
Advenisti, audaciai c6lumen, consutis dolis.
S. Immo equidem tunicls consutis hic advenio, n6n
dolis.
A:. At mentiris etiam: certo pedibus, non tunicls venis.
S. Ita profectb. -- M   Nuinc profecto vapula ob mendaicium.
S. N6n edepol vo16 profectb.- M. At p61l profecto ingratiis.
H6c quidem prof&cto certum'st, n6n est arbitrarium.
S. Tiam fidem obsecr6! -iA- Tun' te audes S6siam
esse dicere,
Qui go sum?- S. Perii!-. At parum etiam, praeut
futurum'st, proadicas.
Qu6ius nunc es?- S. Tuius: nam pugnis uisu fecisti tuum.
Pr6 fidem, Thebaini cives! — M. Etiam clamas, carnufex?
L6quere, quid venisti?- S. Ut esset, quem tu pugnis
cmederes..AL3 Qu6ius es? - S. Amphitru6nis, inquam, S6sia. -
M. Ergo ist6c magis,
Quia vaniloquu's, vapulabis: ego sum, non tu, S6sia.
S. Ita di faciant, ut tu potius sis, atque ego te ut verberem.
f;l. Etiam  muttis? — S. Jam  tacebo. -- A. Quis tibi
heru'st? - S. Quem tul voles.
I2




178               LATIN READER.
M. Quid igitur? quil nunc vocare? — S. N6mo; nisi
quem juisseris.
M. Amphitruonis te esse aiebas S6siam.  S. Peccaveram:
Nam illut Am5khitrudnis socium me esse volui dlcere.
M. Scibam equidem nullum esse nobis, nisi me, servom
S6siam.
Fuigit ratio t6. - S. Utinam istuc puigni fecissent tui!
1/. Ego sum Sosia fille, quem tu duidum esse aiebas mihi.
S. Obsecro ut per pacem liceat te Adloqui, ut ne vapulem.
OA. Immo induti~ parumper fiant, si quid vis loqui.
S. N6n loquar nisi pace facta, quando pugnis plus vales.
M. Diec, siquid vis: n6n nocebo. —S. Tuie fide cred6?
M. Mea.
S. Quid, si falles? — il.  Trim Mercurius S6sia iratuis
siet.
S. Animum advorte.: nunc licet ml libere quidvis loqui.
Amphitruonis ego sum servos S6sia. - JL. Etiam d6nuo?
S. Pacem feci, fcedus feci, vera dico. - A1L. Vapula.
S. Ut lubet, quod tibi lubet fac, quioniam pugnis pluis
vales.
Vemrum, utut facttiru's, hoc quidem hercle haud reticeb6
tamen.
M. Tui me vivos h6die numquam fAcies, quin sim S6sia.
S. Certe edepol, tu me Alienabis nuimquam, quin noster
siem:
Nec nobis praeter me quisquam'st Alius servos S6sia.
AL. Hic homo sanus n6n est. - S. Quod mihi predicas
vitium, id tibi'st.
Quid, malum! non sfim ego servos Amphitruonis S6sia?
N6nne hac noctu n6stra navis huic ex portu P6rsico
VWnit, que me advexit? nonne me huic herus misit meus?
N6nne ego nunc sto ante medis nostras? n6n mist laterna
in manu?
N6n loquor? non vigilo? non hic h6mo me pugnis c6ntudit?




PLAUTUS.                  I79
Fdcit hercle; nAm mi misero etiam nunc malae dolent.
Quid igitur ego dubito? aut quor non intro eo in nostram
domum?
11/1. Quid, domum vostram? - S. Ita enimvero. - M.
Quin quie dixisti modb,
Omnia ementitu's: equidem sum Amphitruonis S6sia.
Nam noctu hac soluita'st navis n6stra e portu Persico:
Et ubi Pterela rex regnavit, 6ppidum expugnavimus;
Et legiones Teleboarum vi pugnando cepimus,
Et ipsus Amphitruo 6btruncavit regem Pterelam in prelio.
S. Egomet mihi non credo, quom illaec auitumare illum
audio:
Hic quidem  certe, quae illb sunt res gestae, memorat
memoriter.
Set quid ais? quid Amphitruoni d6no a Telebois datum'st?
Al. Pt6rela rex qui p6titare s6litus est, patera auirea.
S. Elocutu'st. Ubi ea patera nfinc est? -AM. Est in
cistula
Amphitruonis 6bsignata signo. —S. Signi dic quid est?
1A. Cum quadrigis S61 exoriens. Quid me captas, carnufex?
S. Argumentis vicit: aliud n6men quaerenduim'st mihi.
Nescio unde haec hic spectavit. Jam ego hunc decipiaim
probe:
Nam quod egomet s6lus feci, n6c quisquam alius Adfuit,
In tabernaclo, id quidem hodie nuimquam poterit dicere.
Si tu SosiA's, legiones qu6m pugnabant maxume,
Quid in tabernacl6 fecisti? - victus sum, si dixeris.
ll  Cadus erat vini: inde implevi hirneam. - S. Ingressfi'st viam.
AL  Eam ego vini, ut matre natum fi'erat, eduxi meri.
S. Mira sunt, nisi latuit intus illic in illac hirnea:
Factum'st illut, uit ego illic vini hirneam ebiberim meri.
AM  Quid? nunc vincone Argumentis, te non esse S6siam?
S. Tui negas med 6sse? — A. Quid ego nii negem, qui
egomet siem?




I80              LATIN READER.
S. P&r Jovemn jur6 med esse: neque me falsum dicere.
M. At ego per Mercuirium juro, tibi Jovemn non credere:
Nam injurato scio plus credet mihi, quam jurat6 tibi.
S. Quis ego sum saltem, si non sum S6sia? te interrogo.
AM. Ubi ego Sosia esse nolim, tu esto sane S6sia.
Nuinc quando ego sum, v/apulabis, ni hinc abis, ign6bilis.
S. Certe edepol, quom illuim contemplo, et f6rmam cognosc6 meam,
QuemAdmodum  ego sum  (sokpe in speculum  inspexi)
nimis simili'st mei.
Itideml  habet petasum, ic vestitum: tam  consimili'st
atque ego.
Suira, pes, statuira, tonsus, 6culi, nasum, vel labra,
Malac, mentum, balrba, collus - t6tus! quid verbis opu'st?
Si tergum cicatricosum, nihil hoc simili'st similius.
Set quom cogito, equidem certb id6m sum qui semper fui.
N6vi herum: novi 6.dis nostras: sane' sapio et sentio.
N6n ego illi obtempero quod 16quitur; pultab6 foris.
A. Qu6 agis te? — S. Domi —m.-M  Quadrigas si nunc
inscendas Jovis,
Atque hinc fugias, ita vix poteris dcfugere infortuinium.
S. N6n heraa mea.nfintiare, qu6d herus meus jussit, licet?
M. Tuai si quid vis nuintiare: hanc n6stram adire n6n
sinam.
Nam si me inritassis, hodie limbifragium hinc auiferes.
S. Abeo potius: Di inmortales, 6bsecro vostram fidem!
Ubi ego perii? ubi inmutatus sum? uibi ego formam
perdidi?
An egomet me illic reliqui, si forte oblituis fui?
Nam hic quidem omnem imaginem meam, qua~ antehac
fuerat, p6ssidet.
Vivo fit, quod nuimquam quisquam m6rtuo faciet mihi.
Ibo ad portum, atque hac uti sunt fActa, hero dicam meo.
Nisi etiam is quoque me ignorabit; qu6d ille faxit Juippiter,
Uti ego hodie, raso capite, cAlvos capiam pileum.




IX.
TERENCE.
The Se/f- Tormentor.
[Heaut., Act I. Scene I.]
MENEDEMUS, the Self-Tormentor; CHREMES, an elderly Friend.
Quanquam haec inter nos nuper notitia ad modum'st,
Inde adeo quod agrum in pr6ximo hic mercatus es,.
Nec rei fere sane gmplius quicquam fuit:
Tamen vel virtus tua me, vel vicinitas,
Quod ego in propinqua parte amicitixa puto,
Facit, uit te audacter m6neam et familiariter:
Qubd mihi videre praeter aetatem tuam
Facere, et praater quam r6s te adhortatuir tua.
Nam, pr6h Deuim atque hominum fidem! quid vis tibi?
Quid quaris? annos s6xaginta natus es,
Aut plds, ut conjicio: agrum in his regi6nibus
Meli6rem, neque preti majoris, nemo habet:
Serv6s non plures: proinde quasi nem6 siet,
Ita tute attente ill6rum officia fungere.
Numquam tam mane egr6dior, neque tam vesperi
Domtim revortor, quln te in fundo c6nspicer
Fodere, adt arare, aut Aliquid ferre d6nique:
Nulltim remittis tempus, neque te respicis.
Haec n6n voluptati tibi esse, satis cert6 scio:
At enim, me, quantum hic 6peris fiat, pcenitet.
Quod in 6pere faciundo 6perae consumis tuae,
Si suimas in illis exercendis, plus agas.
1M. Chrem6, tantumne ab re tua est oti tibi,
Aliena ut cures, da qum nihil ad te dttinent?




182               LATIN READER.
C. Hom6 sum: humani nlhil a me alienum puto.
Vel me monere hoc, v6l percontari puta:
Rectum'st? ego ut faciam: n6n est? te ut deterream.
M. Mihi sic est usus: tibi ut opu'st factb, face.
C. An quoiquam est usus h6mini, se ut cruciet? —l i
Mihi.
C. Si quid laboris n6llem: sed quid istuc mali est?
Quaxs6 quid de te tantum meruisti? -  f.ii Oiei!
C. Ne lacruma, atque istuc, quicquid est, fac me uit
sciam.
Ne retice: ne verere: crede, inqumrn, mihi,
Aut c6nsolando, aut c6nsilio, aut re, jdvero.
AL. Scire h6c vis?- C. Hac quidem caisas, qua dixl tibi.
M. Dicetur.- C. At istos rastros intereat tamen
App6ne, ne lab6ra. -M 21. Minime. — C. Quam rem agis?
ML. Sine me, vacivom tempus ne quod d~en mihi
Lab6ris.- C. Non sinam, inquam.- 2M  Ah, non avqu6m
facis.
C. Hui, tam graves hos, quaso? - M. Sic meritum'st
meum.
C. Nunc l6quere. - -M   Filium unicum adulescentulum
Habeo: Ah, quid dixi? habere me? immo habul, Chreme:
Nunc ha/beam necne, inc6rtum'st. - C. Quid ita istuic? -
M. Scies.
Est e Corintho hic Advena anus paupercula:
Ejus filiam ille amare ccepit virginem,
Prope jam dt pro uxore haberet: haec clam me 6mnia.
Ubi rem rescivi, coepi non humanituis,
Neque ut Animum decuit agrotum adulescentuli
Tractare; sed vi, et via pervolgata patrum.
Quotidie accusabam: " Hem! tibine heec diutius
Lic6re speras fAcere, me viv6 patre,
Amicam ut habeas pr6pe jam in uxorls loco?
Erras, si id credis, et me ignoras, Clinia.
Ego te meum esse dlci tantisper volo,
Dum, qu6d te dignum'st, fAcies: sed si id n6n facis,




TERENCE.                   I83
Ego, qu6d me in te sit facere dignum, invenero.
Nulla a'de6 ex re istuc fit, nisi nimio ex 6tio:
Ego istuic aetatis n6n amori operam dabam;
Sed in Asiam hinc abii pr6pter pauperiem, atque ibi
Simul rem et gloriam Armis belli repperi."
Postremb  adeb res rediit: adulescentulus
Sape eadem, et graviter auidiendo, victus est:
Putavit me et aftate et benivolentia
Plus scire, et providere, quam seipsdim sibi.
In Asiam ad regem militatum abiit, Chreme.
C. Quid als?-  L/1. Clam me est prof6ctus; menses tris
abest.
C. Ambo Accusandi: etsi illud inceptim tamen
Animi dst pudentis signum, et non instrenui.
M. Ubi c6mperi ex iis, quf fuere ei c6nscii,
Domuim revortor maestus, atque anim6 fere
Contturbato, atque incerto prm aegrituidine
Adsido: adcurrunt servi: soccos detrahunt:
Inde alii festinare, lectos sternere,
Cenam Apparare: pr6 se quisque sedulb
Faci6bant, quo illam mi lenirent miseriam.
Ubi video haec, cepi c6gitare: hem! t6t mea
Solfus solliciti sint causa, ut me unum expleant?
Ancillm tot me vestiant? sumptds domi
Tant6s ego solus faiciam? sed gnatum uinicum,
Quem pariter uti his decuit, aut etiam 6ampliuisQubd illa aetas magis ad hamc utenda id6nea estEum ego hlnc ejeci miserum injustitia mea:
Ma16 quidem me dignum quovis deputem,
Si id fAciam. Nam usque dum file vitam illAm colet
Inopem, carens patria 6b meas injfirias,
IntereBa usque illi de me suppliciuim dabo,
Lab6rans, quaxrens, patrcens, illi serviens.
Ita fAcio prorsuis: nil relinquo in mdibus,
Nec vAs, nec vestimentum: conrasi 6mnia.
Ancillas, servos, nisi eos, qui opere ruistico




I84              LATIN READER.
Faciindo facil suimptum exercer6nt suum,
Omnes produxi ac vendidi: inscripsi illico
Ed6es mercede: quisi talenta ad quindecim
Coegi: agrum hunc mercatus sum: hic me ex6rceo.
Decrevi, tantisper me minus injuiria,
Chreme, meo gnato faicere, dum fialm miser;
Nec fas esse ulla me voluptate hlc frui,
Nisi ubi fille huc salvus redierit meus particeps.
C. Ingenio te esse in liberos lenf puto,
Et illum 6bsequentem, sf quis recte aut c6mmode
Tractaret. Verum neque illum tu satis n6veras,
Nec te ille: hoc ubi fit, ibi non vere vlvitur.
Tu illuim numquam ostendisti quanti penderes,
Nec tibi ille'st credere auisus quae est xaqu6m patri.
Quod si esset factum, haec ndimquam eveniss6nt tibi.
AM. Ita r6s est, fateor: p6ccatum a me maxumum'st.
C. Menedeme, at porro recte spero: et illuim tibi
Salvum adfuturum esse hlc confido pr6pediem.
A/. Utinam ita Di faxint. — C. Facient. Nunc, si c6mmodum,
Dionysia hic sunt, h6die apud me sis volo.
ML Non p6ssum. — C. Cur non? quaeso, tandem  aliquantulum
Tibi parce: idem absens fAcere te hoc volt filius.
M. Non c6nvenit, qui illum ad laborem impellerim,
Nunc meipsum fugere. - C. Siccine est sententia?
ALr. Sic. - C. Bene vale. -M. Et tu.- C. Lacrumas
excussit mihi,
Miser6tque me ejus: s6d, ut diei t6mpus est,
Mon6re oportet me huine vicinum Phaniam,
Ad cenum ut veniat: ibo, visam si domi est.
Nihil 6pus fuit monit6re: jamduduim domi
Praesto apud me esse aiunt: egomet convivas moror.




X.
CICERO.
I. Cicero's Exile and Return.
Per idem tempus, P. Clodius, homo nobilis, disertus, audax, qui neque dicendi neque faciendi ullum
nisi quem vellet n6sset modum, malorum propositorum executor acerrimus, - cum graves inimicitias
cum M. Cicerone exerceret, (quid enim inter tam
dissimiles amicum esse poterat?) et a patribus ad
plebem transisset, - legem in tribunatu tulit: ~Zui
civem Romanurn indemnatum interemisset, ei aqua
et igni interdiceretur. Cujus verbis etsi non nominabatur Cicero, tamen solus petebatur: ita vir optime meritus de Republica conservatae patria pretium,
calamitatem exilii tulit. Non caruerunt suspiciones
oppressi Ciceronis Caesar et Pompeius: hoc sibi contraxisse videbatur Cicero, qu6d inter xx viros dividendo agro Campano esse noluisset. Idem intra
biennium, sera Pompeii cura, veruim, ut ccepit, intenth, votisque Italiae, ac decretis Senatuis, virtute
atque actione Annii Milonis, tribuni plebis, dignitati
patriaeque restitutus est: neque, post Numidici exilium aut reditum, quisquam aut expulsus invidiosiuis,
aut receptus est laetiuis; cujus domus, quam infeste
a Clodio disjecta erat, tam speciose a Senatu restituta est. - VELL. PATERC. H. R. II. 45.




I86              LATIN READER.
i. Cicero to his Wife and Children.
[Anril 30, B.C. 58.]
Ego minus sape do ad vos litteras quam possum, propterea qubd, cuim omnia mihi tempora sunt misera, tum
vero, cuim aut scribo ad vos, aut vestras lego, conficior
lacrimis sic ut ferre non possim. Quod utinam  minus
vitae cupidi fuissemus! certe nihil, aut non multum, in
vita mali vidissemus. Qubd si nos ad aliquam alicujus
commodi aliquando recuperandi spem fortuna reservavit,
minus est erratum a nobis; sin hac mala fixa sunt, ego
vero te quhm primuim, mea vita, cupio videre, et in tuo
complexu emori; quoniam neque Dii, quos tu castissime
coluisti, neque homines, quibus ego servivi, nobis gratiam
retulerunt.
Nos Brundisii apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies xiii
fuimus, - virum optimum, qui periculum fortunarum et
capitis sui pra mea salute neglexit, neque legis improbissima paena. deductus est, quominus hospitii et amicitim
jus officiumque praestaret. Huic utinam aliquando gratiam referre possimus! Habebimus quidem semper.
Brundisio profecti sumas prid. Kalendas Maias. Per
Macedoniam Cyzicum petebamus. O me perditum!
O afflictum! quid nunc rogem te, ut venias, mulierem
aegram, et corpore et animo confectam? Non rogem?
Sine te igitur sim? Opinor, sic agam: si est spes nostri
redituis, eam confirmes et rem adjuves; sin, ut ego metuo,
transactum  est, quoquo modo potes, ad me fac venias.
Unum hoc scito; si te habebo, non mihi videbor planie
perisse.
Sed quid Tulliola mea fiet? Jam id vos videte; mihi
deist consilium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se res habebit,
illius miselle et matrimonio et famae serviendum est.
Quid? Cicero meus quid aget? Iste vero sit in sinu
semper et complexu meo. Non queo plura jam scribere;
impedit mveror. Tu quid egeris, nescio, utrum aliquid




CICERO.                   I87
teneas, an (quod metuo) plane sis spoliata. Pisonem, ut
scribis, spero fore semper nostrum.
De familia liberata, nihil est quod te moveat.  Primum, tuis ita promissum est, te facturam esse, ut quisque
esset meritus. Est autem in officio adhuc Orpheus, praetereh magnopere nemo. Ceterorum servorum ea causa
est, ut, si res a nobis ablisset, liberti nostri essent, si
obtinere potuissent; sin ad nos pertineret, servirent, preterquam oppido pauci.
Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod me hortaris, ut animo
sim magno, et spem habeam recuperandxa salutis, id
velim sit ejusmodi, ut recte sperare possimus. Nunc,
miser, quando tuas jam litteras accipiam? quis ad me
perferet? quas ego exspectasseln Brundisii, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt.
Quod reliquum est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes
honestissime. Viximus, floruimus. Non vitium nostrum,
sed virtus nostra nos afflixit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi
qubd non una animam cum ornamentis amisimus. Sed
si hoc fuit liberis nostris gratius, nos vivere, cetera,
quamquam ferenda non sunt, feramus. Atque ego, qui
te confirmo, ipse me non possum.
Clodium Philhetxerum, qubd valetudine oculorum impediebatur, hominem  fidelem, remisi.  Sallustius officio
vincit omnes. Pescennius est perbenevolus nobis: quem
semper spero tui fore observantem. Sicca dixerat se
mecum fore; sed Brundisio dicessit. Cura, quoad potes,
ut valeas; et sic existimes, me vehementius tua miseria,
quam mea, commoveri. Mea Terentia, fidissima atque
optima uxor! et mea carissima filiola! et spes reliqua
nostra, Cicero! valete.
PRID. KAL. MAIAS: BRUNDISIO.




I88               LATIN READER.
2. To his brother Quintus.
[June 13 ]
Mi frater, mi frater, mi frater, tune id veritus es, ne
ego iracundia aliqua adductus pueros ad te sine litteris
miserim? aut etiam  ne te videre noluerim? Ego tibi
irascerer? tibi ego possim irasci? Scilicet, tu enim me
afflixisti; tui me inimici, tua me invidia, ac non ego te
misere perdidi. Meus ille laudatus consulatus mihi te,
liberos, patriam, fortunas, tibi velim ne quid erlpuerit,
printer unum me. Sed certe a te mihi omnia semper
honesta et jucunda ceciderunt; a me tibi luctus meae
calamitatis, metus tuae, desiderium, mmror, solitudo. Ego
te videre noluerim?  Immo vero me a te videri nolui:
non enim vidisses fratrem tuum; non cum quam reliqueras; non curn quam n6ras; non eum, quem flens flentem, prosequentem proficiscens dimiseras; ne vestigium
quidem ejus, nec simulacrum, sed quandam effigiem spirantis mortui.
Atque utinam me mortuum prius vidisses, aut audisses!
utinam te non solum vitaE, sed etiam dignitatis mere superstitem reliquissem! Sed testor omnes deos, me hac una
voce a morte esse revocatum, qubd omnes in mea vita
partem aliquam tuae vitre repositam esse dicebant. Quare
peccavi scelerateque feci. Nam si occidissem, mors ipsa
meam pietatem amoremque in te facile defenderet. Nunc
commisi, ut me vivo careres, vivo me aliis indigeres; mea
vox in domesticis periculis potissimuim  occideret, quae
svepe alienissimis praesidio fuisset.*
Nam quod ad te pueri sine litteris venerunt, quoniam vides non fuisse iracundiam in causa, certe pigritia fuit, et qubedam infinita vis lacrimarum et doloruln.
Haec ipsa me quo fletu putas scripsisse? Eodem, qluo
te legere certo scio. An ego possum aut non cogitare
* Ipsum enim Catilinam, consulatfis competitorem et adversarium, defendere cogitaverat Cicero Vid. Ad Atticum, I. 2.




CICERO.                   I89
aliquando de te, aut umquam sine lacrimis cogitare?
Cium enim te desidero, fratrem solum desidero? Ego
vero suavitate prope aequalem, obsequio filium, consilio
parentem. Quid mihi sine te umquam, aut tibi sine me
jucundum  fuit? Quid, qubd eodemn tempore desidero
filiam? qua pietate, qua modestia, quo ingenio! effigiem
oris, sermonis, animi mei?  Quid filium venustissimum,
mihique dulcissimum? quem ego ferus ac ferreus e complexu dimisi meo, sapientiorem puerum quam vellem:
sentiebat enim miser jam, quid ageretur. Quid verb
tuum filium, imaginem tuam, quem meus Cicero et amabat
ut fratrem, et jam, ut majorem fratrem, verebatur? Quid
qubd mulierem miserrimam, fidelissimam conjugem, me
prosequi non sum passus, ut esset qux reliquias communis calamitatis, communes liberos tueretur?
Sed tamen, quoquo modo potui, scripsi, et dedi litteras
ad te Philogono, liberto tuo, quas credo tibi posteB redditas esse; in quibus idem te hortor et rogo, quod'pueri
tibi verbis meis nuntiarunt, ut Romam protinus pergas et
properes. Primuim enim te praesidio esse volui, si qui
essent inimici, quorum crudelitas nondum esset nostra
calamitate satiata. Deinde congressus nostri lamentationenm pertimui; digressum verb non tulissem; atque
etiam id ipsum, quod tu scribis, metuebam, ne a me
distrahi non posses. His de causis hoc maximum malum,
qubd te non vidi, quo nihil amantissimis et conjunctissimis fratribus acerbius ac miserius videtur accidere
potuisse, minuis acerbum, minuis miserum fuit, quam
fuisset cuim congressio, turn vero digressio nostra.
Nunc, si potes, id quod ego, qui tibi semper fortis videbar, non possum, erige te et confirma, si qua subeunda
dimicatio erit. Spero, si quid mea spes habet auctoritatis, tibi et integritatem tuam et amorem in te civitatis,
et aliquid etiam misericordiam nostri praesidii laturam.
Sin eris ab isto periculo vacuus: ages scilicet, si quid agi
posse de nobis putabis. De quo scribunt ad me quidem




Igo90             LATIN READER.
multi multa, et se sperare demonstrant; sed ego, quid
sperem, non dispicio, cum  inimici plurimim valeant,
amici partin deseruerint me, partim etiam prodiderint,
qui in meo reditu fortasse reprehensionem sui sceleris
pertimescant.
Sed ista qualia sint, tu velim perspicias mihique declares. Ego tamen, quamdiu tibi opus erit, si quid
periculi subeundum videbis, vivam. Diutiuis in hac vita
esse non possum. Neque enim tantum virium habet ulla
aut prudentia aut doctrina, ut tantum  dolorem  possit
sustinere. Scio fuisse et honestius moriendi tempus et
utilius; sed non hoc solum, multa alia praetermisi, quoe si
queri velim praeterita, nihil agam, nisi ut augeam dolorem
tuum, indicem stultitiamn meam. Illud quidern nec faciendum est, nec fieri potest, me diutiuis, quam aut tuum
tempus aut firma spes postulabit, in tam misera tamque
turpi vita commorari, ut, qui modb fratre fuerim, liberis,
conjuge, copiis, genere ipso pecuniae beatissimus, dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior quam
qui umquam  fuerunt amplissimi, is nunc in hac tarn
afflicta perditaque fortuna neque me neque meos lugere
diutius possim.
Quare quid ad me scripsisti de permutatione?. quasi
verb nunc me non tur facultates sustineant. Qua in re
ipsa video miser et sentio, quid sceleris admiserim, chinm
de visceribus tuis et filii tui satisfacturus sis, quibus
debes, ego acceptam ex aerario pecuniam tuo nomine
frustra dissiparim.  Sed tamen et M. Antonio, quantum
tu scripseras, et Cmepioni tantumdem solutum est; mihi,
ad id quod cogito, hoc quod habeo satis est.  Tu, si
forte quid erit molestiae, te ad Crassum et ad Calidium
conferas, censeo.
Quantum Hortensio credendum sit, nescio. Me summA
simulatione amoris, summaque assiduitate quotidiana,
sceleratissime insidiosissimeque tractavit, adjuncto quoque Arrio; quorum ego consiliis, promissis, praeceptis




CICERO.                    I9I
destitutus, in hanc calamitatem incidi. Sed hec occultabis, ne quid obsint. Illud caveto, et eo puto per Pomponium fovendum tibi esse ipsum Hortensium, ne ille
versus, qui in te erat collatus cim aedilitatem petebas, de
lege Aurelia, falso testimonio confirmetur. Nihil enim
-tam timeo, quhm ne, cuim intelligant homines quantum
misericordiae nobis tuax preces et tua salus allatura sit,
oppugnent te vehementius.
Messalam tui studiosum esse arbitror; Pompeium etiam
simulatorem  puto.  Sed hmc utinam  non experiare!
quod precarer deos, nisi meas preces audire desissent.
Verumtamen precor, ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti
sint; in quibus non modb tamen nullius inest peccati
infamia, sed omnis dolor est, quod optim~e factis paena
maxima est constituta.
Filiam meam et tuam, Ciceronemque nostrum, quid
ego, mi frater, tibi commendem? quin illud mtereo, qubd
tibi non minorem dolorem illorum orbitas afferet, quam
mihi. Sed, te incolumi, orbi non erunt. Reliqua, ita
mihi salus aliqua detur, potestasque in patria moriendi,
ut me lacrimae non sinunt scribere. Etiam Terentiam
velim tueare, mihique de omnibus rescribas. Sis fortis,
quoad rei natura patietur.
IDIBUS JUNIIs, THESSALONIC.E.
3.  Cicero to Atticus.
[Sept, 7. B.C. 57.]
Cuim primum  Romam veni, fuitque, cui rect[e ad te
litteras darem, nihil priuis faciendum mihi putavi, quam
ut tibi absenti de reditu nostro gratularer. Cognoram
enim, ut vere scribam, te in consiliis mihi dandis nec
fortiorem, nec prudentiorem, quhm me ipsum, nec etiam,
pro prteterita mea in te observantia, nimiuim in custodia
salutis meae diligentem; eundemque te, qui primis temporibus erroris nostri aut potiis furoris particeps et falsi
timoris socius fuisses, acerbissime discidium  nostrum




192               LATIN READER.
tulisse, plurimumque operae, Studii, diligentihe, laboris,
ad conficiendum reditum meum contulisse.
Itaque hoc tibi vere affirmo, in maxima letitia et exoptatissima gratulatione unum  ad cumulandum  gaudium
conspectum aut potius complexum mihi tuum defuisse,
quem semel nactus numquam  dimisero, ac, nisi etiam
praetermissos fructus tuae suavitatis omnes exegero, profecto hac restitutione fortunae me ipse non satis dignum
judicabo.
Nos adhuc in nostro statu, quod difficillime recuperari
posse arbitrati sumus, splendorem nostrum illum forensem, et in senatu auctoritatem, et apud viros bonos gratiam,
magis quam optaramus consecuti sumus. In re autem
familiari (que quemadmodum fracta, dissipata, direpta sit,
non ignoras) valde laboramus, tuarumque non tam facultatum, quas ego nostras esse judico, quam consiliorum
ad colligendas et constituendas reliquias nostras indigemus.
Nunc, etsi omnia aut scripta esse a tuis arbitror,
aut etiam nuntiis ac rumore perlata, tamen ea scribam
brevi, qua te puto potissimuim ex meis litteris velle cognoscere.
Pridie Nonas Sext., Dyrrhachio sum  profectus, ipso
illo die, quo lex est lata de nobis. Brundisium veni
Nonis Sext.; ibi mihi Tulliola mea fuit proasto, natali
suo ipso die, qui casu iderm natalis erat et Brundisina
coloniae et ture vicinoa Salutis. Quae res, animadversa a
multitudine, summa Brundisinorum gratulatione celebrata
est. Ante diem  vi. Id. Sext. cognovi, cuim  Brundisii
essem, litteris Quinti fratris, mirifico studio omnium
axtatum atque ordinum, incredibili concursu Italia, legem
comitiis centuriatis esse perlatam. Inde, a Brundisinis
honestissime ornatus, iter ita feci, ut undique ad me cum
gratulatione legati convenerint. Ad urbem ita veni, ut
nemo ullius ordinis homo nomenclatori notus fuerit, qui
mihi obvihm non venerit,: preter eos inimicos, quibus: id




CICERO.                   I93
ipsum non liceret aut dissimulare aut negare. Cuim
venissem ad portam  Capenam, gradus templorum  ab
infimna plebe completi erant; a qua plausu maximo cum
esset mihi gratulatio significata, similis et frequentia et
plausus me usque ad Capitolium celebravit, in foroque et
in ipso Capitolio miranda multitudo fuit.
Postridie in senatu, qui fuit dies Non. Septembr.,senatui gratias egimus. Eo biduo cuim esset annonat summa
caritas, et homines ad theatrum primb, deinde ad senatum
concurrissent impulsu Clodii, mea opera frumenti inopiam
esse clamarent, cuim per eos dies senatus de annona haberetur, et ad ejus procurationem sermone non soluim
plebis, veruim etiam bonorum Pompeius vocaretur, idque
ipse cuperet, multitudoque a me nominatim, ut id decernerem, postularet; feci et accurate sententiam dixi, cuim
abessent consulares, quod tutb se negarent posse sententiam dicere, preter Messalam et Afranium. Factum est
senatis consultum in meam sententiam, ut cum Pompeio
ageretur, ut eam rem  susciperet, lexque ferretur; quo
senatfis consulto recitato, cimn continub more hoc insulso
et novo plausum, meo nomine recitando, dedisset, habui
contionem; omnes magistratus praesentes, proeter unum
prxetorem et duos tribunos plebis, dederunt.
Postridie senatus frequens et omnes consulares nihil
Pompeio postulanti negarunt. Ille legatos quindecim
cium postularet, me principem  nominavit, et ad omnia,me alterum se fore dixit. Legem consules conscripserunt, qua Pompeio per quinquennium omnis potestas rei
frumentariae toto orbe terrarum daretur; alteram Messius,
qui omnis pecunie dat potestatem, et adjungit classem et
exercitum, et majus imperium  in provinciis quhm  sit
eorum qui eas obtineant. Illa nostra lex consularis nunc
modesta videtur, hac Messii non ferenda. Pompeius
illam velle se dicit, familiares hanc. Consulares, duce
Favonio, fremunt; nos tacemus, et eo magis, qubd de
domo nostra nihil adhuc pontifices responderunt. Qui




I94               LATIN READER.
si sustulerint religionem, aream praclaram habebimus;
superficiem  consules ex senatuis consulto astimabunt;
sin aliter, demolientur, suo nomine locabunt, rem totam
astimabunt.
Ita sunt res nostre, ut in secundis fluxre, ut in adversis
bona. In re familiari valde sumus, ut scis, perturbati.
Praeterea sunt quaedam domestica, quae litteris non committo. Quintum  fratrem, insigni pietate, virtute, fide
praeditum, sic amo ut debeo. Te exspecto, et oro
ut matures venire, eoque animo venias, ut me tuo consilio egere non sinas. Alterius vitae quoddam initium
ordimur.  Jam  quidam, qui nos absentes defenderunt,
incipiunt praesentibus occulte irasci, aperte invidere.
Vehementer te requirimus.
2.  The Death of  Tullia.
I. Sulicius to Cicero.
[April, B.c. 45.]1
Posteaquam  mihi renuntiatum  est de obitu Tullia,
filia tuae, sane qutm pro eo ac debui graviter molesteque
tuli, communemque eam calamitatem existimavi; qui, si
istic affuissem, neque tibi defuissem, coramque meum
dolorem tibi declarassem. Etsi genus hoc consolationis
miserum atque acerbum est, - propterea quia, per quos
confieri debet propinquos ac familiaris, ii ipsi pari molestia afficiuntur, neque sine lacrimis multis id conari'
possunt, uti magis ipsi videantur aliorum consolatione
indigere quam  aliis posse suum  officium  prestare, —
tamen quae in praesentia in mentem mihi venerunt, decrevi
brevi ad te perscribere: non qub ea te fugere existimem,
sed qubd forsitan dolore impeditus minus ea perspicias.
Quid est, quod opere te commoveat tuus dolor intestinus?  Cogita, quemadmodum adhuc fortuna nobiscum
egerit: ea nobis erepta esse, quae hominibus non minus
quam liberi cara esse debent, patriam, honestatem, digni



CICERO.                   195
tatem, honores omnes. Hoc uno incommodo addito,
quid ad dolorem  adjungi potuit? aut qui non in illis
rebus exercitatus animus callere jam debet, atque omnia
minoris existimare?
An illius vicem, credo, doles? Quoties in eam cogitationem necesse est et tu veneris, et nos saepe incidimus,
hisce temporibus non pessime cum iis esse actum, quibus
sine dolore licitum est mortem  cum vita commutare?
Quid autem fuit, quod illam hoc tempore ad vivendum
magno opere invitare posset? quae res? quae spes? quod
animi solatium? Ut cum aliquo adolescente primario
conjuncta aetatemn gereret? Licitum est tibi, credo, pro
tua dignitate ex hac juventute generum deligere, cujus
fidei liberos tuos te tutb committere putares! An ut ea
liberos ex sese pareret, quos cuim florentes videret, laetaretur? qui rem a parente traditam per se tenere possent?
honores ordinatim petituri essent? in re publica, in amicorum negotiis, libertate sua uti? Quid horum fuit, quod
non priuis quam datum est ademptum sit?
At verb malum est liberos amittere. Malum: nisi hoc
pejus sit, haec sufferre et perpeti. Qua, res mihi non
mediocrem consolationem attulit, volo tibi commemorare,
si fortte eadem res tibi minuere dolorem possit. Ex Asia
rediens, cum  ab _/Egina Megaram  versus navigarem,
coepi regiones circumcirca prospicere. Post me erat
tEgina, ante me Megara: dextra Piraeeus, sinistra Corinthus: qua oppida quodam tempore florentissima fiuerunt, nunc prostrata ac diruta ante oculos jacent. Coepi
egomet mecum sic cogitare: fHem! nos homunculi indignamur, si quis nostruzm interlit aut occisus est, quorum
vita brevior esse debet, cim uno loco tot opzidzm cadavera projecta jacent   V Visne tu te, Servi, cohibere et
meminisse, hominem te esse natum?  Crede mihi, cogitatione ea non mediocriter sum confirmatus.
Hoc idem, si tibi videtur, fac ante oculos tibi proponas.
Modb uno tempore tot viri clarissimi interierunt; de




196               LATIN READER.
imperio populi Romani tanta deminutio facta est; omnes
provinciae conquassatae sunt: in unius mulierculm animula si jactura facta est, tanto opere commoveris? quae
si hoc tempore non diem suum obisset, paucis post annis
tamen ei moriendum  fuit, quoniam  homo nata fuerat.
Etiam tu ab hisce rebus animum  ac cogitationem -tuam
avoca, atque ea potius reminiscere, quae digna tua persona sunt: illam, quumdiu ei opus fuerit, vixisse; unit
cum re publica fuisse; te, patrem  suum, praetorem, consulem, augurem vidisse; adolescentibus primariis nuptamn
fuisse; omnibus bonis prope perfunctam esse; cuim res
publica occideret, vita excessisse. Quid est, quod tu aut
illa cum fortuna hoc nomine queri possitis?
Denique noli te oblivisci Ciceronem  esse, et eum, qui
aliis consueris prmcipere et dare concilium; neque imitare malos medicos, qui in alienis morbis profitentur
tenere se medicinma scientiam, ipsi se curare non possunt:
sed potiius, que aliis tute pracipere:soles, ea tute tibi
subjice, atque apud animum propone:. Nullus dolor est,
quem non longinquitas temporis minuat ac molliat.-. Hoc
te exspectare tempus tibi -turpe est, ac non ei rei sapientia
tua- occurrere.
Qubd si qui etiam inferis sensus est, qui illius in te
amor fuit, pietasque in omnes suos, hoc certe illa te facere
non vult. Da hoc illi mortuao; da ceteris amicis ac
familiaribus, qui tuo dolore maorent; da patriae, ut, si qua
in re opus sit, opera et consilio tuo uti possit.  Denique,
quoniam in'eam fortunam  devenimus,: ut etiam huic rei
nobis serviendurn sit, noli committere, ut quisquam  te
putet non tarn filiam quhm  rei'publicae tempora et aliorum victoriam lugere.
Plura me ad te de hac re scribere pudet, ne videar
prudentiae tuae diffidere: quare, si'hoc unum proposuero,
finem  faciam. scribendi. Vidimus aliquoties secundam
pulcherrime te ferre fortunam, mtagnamque ex ea re te
laudem  apisci.i fac aliquando intelligamus,: adversam




CICERO.           1- I97.quoque te aque ferre posse, neque id majus quam debeat
-tibi onus videri; ne ex omnibus virtutibus hwc una tibi.videatur deesse.
Quod ad me attinet, cuim te tranquilliorem  animo esse
cognbro, de iis rebus qum hic geruntur, quemadmodumque se provincia habeat, certiorem faciam. Vale.
2. Cicero to Sulibicius.
[Written in May, at Astura.]
Ego verb, Servi, vellem, ut scribis, in meo gravissimo
casu affuisses.  Quantum  enim  praesens me adjuvare
potueris, et consolando et prope aeque dolendo, facile ex
eo intelligo, qubd, litteris lectis, aliquantuim acquievi.
Nam et ea scripsisti quoe levare luctum possent, et in me
consolando non mediocrem ipse animi dolorem adhibuisti.  Servius tamen tuus omnibus officiis, que illi
tempori tribui potuerunt, declaravit, et quanti ipse me
faceret, et quam suum talem erga me animulm tibi gratum
putaret fore; cujus officia jucundiora licet 5spe mihi
fuerint, numquam tamen gratiora.
Me autem non oratic tua solium et societas pmne mgritudinis, sed etiam auctoritas consolatur. Turpe enim
esse existimo, me non ita ferre casum meum, ut tu, tali
sapientia praeditus, ferendum putas.  Sed opprimor interdum, et vix resisto dolori, qubd ea me solatia deficiunt,
quwe ceteris., quorum  mihi exempla propono, simili in
fortuna- non defuerunt. Nam et Q: Maximus, qui filium
consularem, clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis, amisit,
et L. Paullus, qui duo septem  diebus, et vester Gallus,
et M. Cato, qui summo ingenio, summa virtute filium
perdidit, iis temporibus fuerunt, ut eorum luctum ipsorum
dignitas consolaretur ea, quam ex re publica consequebantur. Mihi autem, amissis ornamentis iis, quae ipse
commemoras, quoeque eram maximis laboribus adeptus,
unam  manebat illud solatium, quod ereptum  est. Non
amicorum negotiis, non rei publica procuratione impedie



I98              LATIN READER.
bantur cogitationes meae; nihil in foro agere libebat;
adspicere curiam non poteram; existimabam, id quod
erat, omnes me et industria mea fructus et fortunai perdidisse.
Sed, cium cogitarem hvec mihi tecum et cum quibusdam esse communia, et cuim frangerem jam ipse me,
cogeremque illa ferre toleranter; habebam qub confugerem, ubi conquiescerem, cujus in sermone et suavitate
omnes curas doloresque deponerem. Nune autem, hoc
tam gravi vulnere, etiam illa qua consanuisse videbantur
recrudescunt. Non enim, ut tum me a re publica mestum
domus excipiebat, quae levaret, sic nunc domno mmrens
ad rem publicam confugere possum, ut in ejus bonis
acquiescam. Itaque et domo absum et foro, quod nec
eum dolorem, quem a re publica capio, domus jam consolari potest, nec domesticum res publica.
Quo magis te exspecto, teque videre quam primium
cupio. Major mihi levatio afferri nulla potest, quam
conjunctio consuetudinis sermonumque nostrorum: quamquam sperabam tuum adventum — sic enim audiebam
- appropinquare. Ego autem cuim multis de causis te
exopto quarn primim videre; turn etiam, ut ante commentemur inter nos, qua ratione nobis traducendum sit
hoc tempus, quod est totum ad unius voluntatem accommodandum, et prudentis, et liberalis, et (ut perspexisse
videor) nec a me alieni, et tibi amicissimi. Quod ciim
ita sit, magnae tamen est deliberationis, que ratio sit
ineunda nobis, non agendi aliquid, sed illius concessu et
beneficio quiescendi.




XI.
PLINY.
i..-Letter to Tacitus, concerning a Schoolfor Boys.
Salvum te in urbem venisse gaudeo; venisti autem, si
quando alias, nunc maxime mihi desideratus. Ipse pauculis adhuc diebus in Tusculano commorabor, ut opusculum quod est in manibus absolvam. Vereor enim ne,
si hanc intentionem jam in fine laxavero, aegre resumam.
Interim, ne quid festinationi meae pereat, quod sum preasens petiturus hac quasi praecursoria epistula rogo.
Sed priuis accipe causas rogandi. Proxime, cum in
patria -mea fui, venit ad me salutandum municipis mei
filius prtetextatus. Huic ego' Studes?' inquam. Respondit' Etiam.''Ubi?'' Mediolani.'' Cur non hlc?'
Et pater ejus (erat enim una, atque etiam ipse adduxerat
puerum)' Quia nullos hic praeceptores habemus.'' Quare
nullos? nam vehementer intererat vestra, qui patres
estis,'-et opportune complures patres audiebant, —' liberos -vestros hic potissimum  discere. -Ubi enim  aut
jucundiuis morarentur quhm in patria, aut pudiciius continerentur quhm sub oculis parentum, aut minore sumptu
quhm domi? Qlantulum est ergo, collata pecunia, conducere prneceptores, quodque nunc in habitationes, in
viatica, in ea quae peregre emuntur impenditis, adjicere
mercedibus? Atque adeb ego, qui nondum liberos habeo,
paratus sum pro re publica nostra, quasi pro filia vel
parente, tertiam partem ejus quod conferre vobis placebit
dare. Totum etiam pollicerer, nisi timerem ne hoc




200.       LATIN READER.
munus meum quandoque ambitu corrumperetur, ut-accidere multis in locis video, in quibus prnceptores publice
conducuntur. Huic vitio occurri uno remedio potest, si
parentibus solis jus conducendi relinquatur, lsdemque
religio recte judicandi necessitate collationis addatur.
Nam  qui fortasse de alieno negligentes, certe de suo
diligentes erunt; dabuntque operam ne a me pecuniam
non nisi dignus accipiat, si accepturus et ab ipsis erit.
Proinde consentite, conspirate, majoremque animum ex
meo sumite, qui cupio esse quam plurimum, quod debeam
conferre. Nihil honestius praestare liberis vestris, nihil
gratitls patria, potestis. Educentur hic qui hic nascuntur,
statimque ab infantia natale solum  amare frequentare
consuescant. Atque utinam tam claros pramceptores inducatis, ut finitimis oppidis studia hinc petantur; utque nunc
- liberi vestri aliena in loca, ita mox alieni in hunc locum
confluant!'
Haec putavi altiis et quasi a fonte repetenda, quo
magis scires quam gratum mihi foret, si susciperes quod
injungo. Injungo autem, et pro rei magnitudine rogo,
ut ex copia studiosorum, qux ad te ex admiratione
ingenii tui convenit, circumspicias praeceptores quos sollicitare possimus; sub ea tamen conditione, ne cui fidem
meam obstringam. Omnia enim libera parentibus servo.
Illi judicent, illi eligant: ego mihi curam tantium  et inpendium vindico. Proinde, si quis fuerit repertus qui
ingenio suo fidat, eat illuc, ea lege ut hinc nihil aliud
certum quam fiduciam suam ferat. Vale.
2. —Letter to Tacitus, on his Uncle's death by the
Eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79.
Petis ut tibi avunculi mei exitum  scribam, quo verius
tradere posteris possis. Gratias ago: nam video morti
ejus, si celebretur a te, immortalem gloriam esse propositam. Quamvis enim pulcherrimarum  clade terrarum,




PLINY.                    20I
ut populi, ut urbes, memorabili casu quasi semper victurus occiderit, quamvis ipse plurima opera et mansura
condiderit; multum tamen perpetuitati ejus scriptorum
tuorum aternitas addet. Equidem beatos puto quibus
deorum munere datum est aut facere scribenda, aut scribere legenda; beatissimos vero quibus utrumque. Horum
in numero avunculus meus et suis libris et tuis erit.
Quo libentiuis suscipio, deposco etiam quod injungis.
Erat Miseni, classemque imperio prasens regebat.
Nonum Kal. Septembres, hora fere septima, mater mea
indicat ei apparere nubem inusitata et magnitudine et
specie. Usus ille sole, mox'frigida, gustaverat jacens
studebatque: poscit soleas, ascendit locum ex quo maxime miraculum illud conspici poterat. Nubes, incertum
procul intuentibus ex quo monte (Vesuvium fuisse postea
cognitum est) oriebatur, cujus similitudinem et formam
non alia magis arbor quam pinus expresserit. Nam
longissimo velut trunco elata, in altum quibusdam ramis
diffundebatur, - credo, quia recenti spiritu evecta, dein
senescente eo, destituta aut etialn pondere suo victa, in
latitudinem vanescebat: candida interdum, interdum sordida et maculosa, prout terram cineremve sustulerat.
Magnum propiusque noscendum, ut eruditissimo viro,
visum. Jubet Liburnicam  aptari: mihi, si venire una
vellem, facit copiam: respondi studere me malle; et forte
ipse quod scriberem dederat. Egrediebatur domo: accipit codicillos Rectinae Tasci imminenti periculo exterrita
(nam villa ejus subjacebat, nec ulla nisi navibus fuga):
ut se tanto discrimini eriperet orabat. Vertit ille consilium, et quod studioso animo inchoaverat obit maximo.
Deducit- quadriremes, ascendit ipse, non Rectinae modb
sed multis (erat enim frequens amcenitas orae) laturus
auxiliumn. Properat illuc unde alii filgiunt, rectumque
cursum, recta gubernacula in periculum tenet, adeo solutus metu ut omnes illius mali motus, omnes figuras, ut
deprenderat oculis, dictaret enotaretque.




202               LATIN READER.
Jam navibus cinis incidebat, quo propiis accederent,
calidior et densior; jam  pumices etiam, nigrique et
ambusti et fracti igne lapides, jam vadum subitum, ruina.que montis litora obstantia.  Cunctatus pauluim an retro
flecteret, mox gubernatori ut ita faceret monenti Fortes
inquit fortuna juvat: Pomponianum pete. Stabiis
erat, diremptus sinu medio; nam sensim circumactis
curvatisque litoribus mare infunditur. Ibi, quamquam
nondum periculo appropinquante, conspicuo tamen, et
cim  cresceret, proximo, sarcinas contulerat in naves,
certus fugae, si contrarius ventus resedisset; quo tunc
avunculus meus secundissimo invectus, complectitur trepidantem, consolatur, hortatur, utque timorem ejus sua
securitate leniret, deferri in balineum jubet: lotus accubat, cenat aut hilaris, aut (quod est aeque magnum)
similis hilari.
Interim  e Vesuvio monte pluribus in locis latissimae
flammae altaque incendia relucebant, quorum  fulgor et
claritas tenebris noctis excitabatur.  Ille, agrestium trepidatione ignes relictos desertasque villas per solitudinem
ardere, in remnedium  formidinis dictitabat.  Tum  se
quieti dedit, et quievit verissimo quidem somno. Nam
meatus animar, qui illi propter amplitudinem  corporis
gravior et sonantior erat, ab iis qui limini obversabantur
audiebatur. Sed area ex qua diieta adibatur ita jam
cinere mixtisque pumicibus oppleta surrexerat ut, si
longior in cubiculo mora, exitus negaretur. Excitatus
procedit, seque Pomponiano ceterisque qui pervigilaverant reddit. In commune consultant, intra tecta subsistant, an in aperto vagentur.  Nam  crebris vastisque
tremoribus tecta nutabant, et quasi emota sedibus suis
nunc huc nunc illuc abire aut referri videbantur.
Sub dio rursus quamquam levium exesorumque pumicum casus metuebatur; quod tamen periculorum collatio
elegit. Et apud illurm quidem ratio rationem, apud alios
timorem timor vicit. Cervicalia capitibus imposita linteis




PLINY.                    203
constringunt: id munimentum adversus incidentia fuit.
Jam dies alibi, illic nox omnibus noctibus nigrior densiorque; quam tamen faces multae variaque lumina solabantur. Placuit egredi in litus, et ex proximo aspicere
ecquid jam mare admitteret; quod adhuc vastum et
adversum permanebat. Ibi, super abjectum linteum recubans, semel atque iterum frigidam aquam poposcit
hausitque. Deinde flammae, flammarumque preenuntius
odor sulphuris, alios in fugam vertunt, excitant illum.
Innitens servolis duobus adsurrexit; et statim concidit,
ut ego colligo, crassiore caligine spiritu obstructo, clausoquestomacho, qui illi natura invalidus et angustus et
frequenter aestuans erat. Ubi dies redditus (is ab eo
quem novissime viderat tertius), corpus inventum  integrum, inlaesum, opertumque ut fuerat indutus: habitus
corporis quiescefnti quam defuncto similior.
Interim' Miseni ego et mater. Sed nihil ad historiam;
nec tu aliud quam de exitu ejus scire voluisti. Finem
ergo faciam. Unum adjiciam, oinnia me quibus interfueram, quaeque statim cuim maxime vera memorantur
audieram, persecutum. Tu potissima excerpes. Aliud
est enim epistolam  aliud historiam, aliud amico aliud
omniblls scribere. Vale.
3. Second Letter on the Erujption.
Ais te, adductum litteris quas exigenti tibi de morte
avunculi mei scripsi, cupere cognoscere quos ego Miseni
relictus (id enim ingressus abruperam) non soluim metus
verum etiam casus pertulerim. Quamquam animus meminisse horret, incipiam.
Profecto avunculo, ipse reliquum tempus studiis (ideo
enim remanseram) impendi: mox balineum, cena, somnus
inquietus et brevis. Praecesserat per multos dies tremor
terrae minuts formidolosus, quia Campania solitus. Illa
vero nocte ita invaluit, ut non moveri omnia sed verti cre



. 204              LATIN READER.
derentur. Irrumpit cubiculum meum mater: surgebam,
invicem, si quiesceret, excitaturus.  Residimus in area'
domius, quaw mare a tectis modico spatio dividebat.
Dubito constantiam  vocare an inprudentiam  debeam;
agebam  enim  dubdevicesimum  annum: posco librum
Titi Livi, et quasi per otium lego, atque etiam, ut cceperam, excerpo. Ecce, amicus avunculi, qui nuper ad eum
ex Hispania venerat, ut me et matrem  sedentes, me ver6
etiam legentem videt, illius patientiam, securitatem meam
corripit: nihilo segniuis ego intentus in librum.
Jam  hora diei prima, et adhuc dubius et quasi languidus dies.  Jam  quassatis circumjacentibus tectis,
quamquamn in aperto loco, angusto tamen, magnus et
certus ruinas metus.  Tum  demum  excedere oppido
visum: sequitur vulgus attonitum, quodque in pavore
simile prudentias, alienum consilium suo prsefert, ingentique agmine abeuntes premit et impellit. Egressi tecto
consistimus. Multa ibi miranda, multas formidines patimur. Nam vehicula quw produci jusseramus, quamqUam
in pianissimo campo, in contrarias partes agebantur, ac
ne lapidibus quidem fulta in eodem vestigio quiescebant.
Pretereh mare in se resorberi, et tremore terrae quasi
repelli videbamus.  Certe processerat litus, multaque
animalia maris siccis harenis detinebat. Ab altero latere
nubes atra et horrenda, ignei spiritus tortis vibratisque
discursibus rupta, in longas flammarum figuras dehiscebat: fulgulribus illae et similes et majores erant.
Tumrn vero idem  ille ex Hispania amicus- acriuis et
instantius' Si frater' inquit-' tuus, tuus avunculus vivit,
vult esse vos salvos; si periit, superstites voluit; proinde
quid cessatis evadere?' Respondimus non commissuros
nos, ut de salute illius incerti nostrae consuleremus.
Non moratus ultra, proripit se, effiusoque cursu periculo
aufertur. Nec multo post, illa nubes descendere in terras,
operire maria: cinxerat Capreas et absconderat: Miseni
quod procurrit abstulerat. Tum  mater orare, hortari,




PLINY                      5
jubere quoquo modo fugerem; posse enim juvenem, se
et annis et corpore gravem bene morituram, si mihi causa
mortis non fuisset. Ego contra, salvum me nisi una. non
futurum: dein manum ejus amplexus, addere gradumn
cogo. Paret agre, incusatque se qubd me moretur.
Jam cinis, adhuc tamen rarus: respicio; densa caligo
tergis imminebat, qua~ nos torrentis modo infusa terrae
sequebatur.'Deflectamus' inquam,'dum videmus ne
in via strati comitantium turba in tenebris obteramur.'
Vix consideramus, et nox, non qualis illunis aut nubila,
sed qualis in. locis clausis lumine extincto. Audires
ululatus feminarum, infantCim quiritatus, clamores virorum: alii parentes, alii liberos, alii conjuges vocibus
requirebant, vocibus noscitabant: hi suum  casum, illi
suorum  miserabantur: erant qui metu mortis mortem
precarentur: multi ad deos manus tollere, plures nusquam
jam deos ullos, aeternamque illam et novissimam noctem
mundo interpretabantur.
Nec defuerunt qui fictis mentitisque terroribus vera
pericula augerent. Aderant qui Miseni illud ruisse, illud
ardere falso, sed credentibus nuntiabant. Pauluim reluxit:
quod non dies nobis sed adventantis ignis indicium videbatur. Et ignis quidem longiius substitit, tenebrae rursus,
cinis rursus multus et gravis. Hunc identidem adsurgentes excutiebamus: operti alioqui atque etiam oblisi
pondere essemus. Possem gloriari non gemitum mihi,
non vocem parim fortem, in tafitis periculis excidisse,
nisi me cum  omnibus, omnia mecum  perire misero,
magno tamen mortalitatis solacio credidissem.
Tandem illa caligo, tenuata quasi in fumum nebulamve,
discessit: mox dies verus, sol etiam  effulsit, luridus
tamen, qualis esse chim deficit solet. Occursabant trepidantibus adhuc' oculis mutata omnia, altoque cinere
tamquam  nive, obducta.  Regressi Misenum, curatis
utcumque corporibus, suspensam dubiamque noctem spe
ac metu exegimus. Metus praevalebat: nam  et tremor




206               LATIN:READER.
terroa perseverabat, et plerique lymphati terrificis vaticinationibus et sua et aliena mala ludificabantur. Nobis
tamen ne tunc quidem, quamquam et expertis periculum
et expectantibus, abeundi consilium, donec de avunculo
nuntius. Hac nequaiquam historia digna non scripturus
leges, et tibi, scilicet qui requisisti, inlputabis, si digna
ne epistulA quidern videbuntur. Vale.
4. Letter to Trajan, concerning the Christians.
[A.D. xI2.]
Sollemne est mihi, domine, omnia de quibus dubito
ad te referre. Quis enim potest meliuis vel cunctationem
meam regere, vel ignorantiam exstruere?
Cognitionibus de Christianis interfui numquam: ideb
nescio quid et quatenus aut puniri soleat, aut quaeri.
Nec mediocriter hasitavi, sitne aliquod discrimen aetatum,
an quamlibet teneri nihil a robustioribus differant; detur
paenitentiae venia, an ei qui omnino Christianus fuit
desisse non prosit; nomen ipsum, si flagitiis careat, an
flagitia cohaerentia nomini puniantur.
Interim in iis qui ad me tamquam Christiani deferebantur, hunc sum secutus modum. Interrogavi ipsos an
essent Christiani.  Confitentes iterum  ac tertio interrogavi, supplicium minatus: perseverantes duci jussi.
Neque enim dubitabam, qualecumque esset quod faterentur,- pertinaciam cei'te et inflexibilem obstinationem
debere puniri. Fuerunt alii similis amentiae, quos, quia
cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remittendos.
Mox ipso tractatu, ut fieri solet, diffundente se crimine,
plures species inciderunt. Propositus est libellus sine
auctore, multorum nomina continens. Qui negabant esse
se Christianos aut fuisse, cuim praeeunte me deos appellarent, et imagini tuae (quam propter hoc jusseram cum
simulacris numinum  adferri) ture ac vino supplicarent,'
praeterea maledicerent Christo — quorum nihil posse cogi




PLINY.                    207dicuntur qui sunt re vera Christiani — dimittendos esse
putavi. Alii, ab indice nominati, esse se Christianos
dixerunt, et mox negaverunt; fuisse quidem, sed desisse,
quidam ante plures annos, non nemo etiamn ante viginti
quoque.  Omnes et imaginemn tuam  deorumque simulacra venerati sunt, et Christo maledixerunt.
Affirmabant autem hanc fuisse sumlnam vel culpae su2
vel erroris, qubd essent soliti stato die ante lucem convenire, carmenque Christo quasi deo dicere secum invicem, seque sacramento non in scelus aliquod obstringere,
sed ne furta, ne latrocinia, ne adulteria committerent, ne
fidem fallerent, ne depositum appellati abnegarent: quibus.peractis, moreln sibi discedendi fuisse, rursusque ad
capiendum cibum, promiscuum tamen et innoxium; quod
ipsumn facere deslisse post edictum meum, quo secundium
mandata tua hetmrias esse vetueram. Quo magis necessarium  credidi ex duabus ancillis, qun ministre dicebantur, quid esset veri, et per tormenta qumrere. Nihil
aliud inveni quam superstitionern pravam immodicam.
Ideb, dilata cognitione, ad consulendum te decucurri.
Visa est enim mihi res digna consultatione, maximea
propter periclitantium  numerum.  Multi eninm  omnis
metatis, omnis ordinis, utriusque sexCis etiam, vocantur in
periculum et vocabuntur. Neque civitates tantum, sed
vicos etiam  atque agros, superstitionis istius contagio
pervagata est; quie videtur sisti et corrigi posse. Certie
satis constat prope jam desolata templa ccepisse celebrari,
et sacra sollemnia diu intermissa repeti, pastumque venire
victimarum, cujus adhuc rarissimus emptor inveniebatur.
Ex quo facile est opinari que turba hominum emendari
possit, si sit paenitentim locus.




20s               LATIN READER.
5.-T ze Rely of Trajan.
Actum quem debuisti, mi Secunde, in excutiendis
causis eorum qui Christiani ad te delati fuerant, secutus
es. Neque enim in universum aliquid quod quasi certam
formam habeat constitui potest. Conquirendi non sunt:
si deferantur et arguantur, puniendi sunt; ita tamen ut
qui negaverit se Christianum esse, idque re ipsa manifestum fecerit, id est supplicando diis nostris, quamvis
suspectus in praeteritum, veniam ex poenitentia impetret.
Sine auctore vero, propositi libelli in nullo crimine locum habere debent. Nam et pessimi exempli nec nostri
saeculi est.




XII.
TACITUS.
The Conflagration of Rome, and First Persecution of the Christians.
[Annals. xv. 38-44. A.D. 64.]
Sequitur clades, forte an dolo principis incertum
(nam utrumque auctores prodidere), sed omnibus
qua huic urbi per violentiam ignium acciderunt
gravior atque atrocior.  Initium  in ea parte circi
ortum, quae Palatino Caelioque montibus contigua
est, ubi per tabernas, quibus id mercimonium inerat
quo flamma alitur, simul cceptus ignis et statim
validus ac vento citus longitudinem circi corripuit.
Neque enim domus munimentis saeptae, vel templa
muris cincta, aut quid aliud morae interjacebat.
Impetu pervagatum incendium plana primiim, deinde
in edita adsurgens et rursus inferiora populando,
anteiit remedia velocitate mali, et obnoxia urbe
artis itineribus, hucque et illuc flexis atque enormibus vicis, qualis vetus Roma fuit.
Ad hoc lamenta paventium feminarum, fessa
[aetate] aut rudis [pueritiae] etas, quique sibi quique aliis consulebant, dum trahunt invalidos aut
opperiuntur, pars mora, pars festinans, cuncta impediebant.  Et saepe, dum in tergum respectant, lateribus aut fronte circumveniebantur; vel si in proxima
evaserant, illis quoque igni correptis, etiam  qu



2 IO            LATIN READER.
longinqua crediderant in eodem casu reperiebant.
Postremo, quid vitarent quid peterent ambigui, complere vias, sterni per agros; quidam, amissis omnibus fortunis, diurni quoque victus, alii caritate
suorum, quos eripere nequiverant, quamvis patente
effugio interietre. Nec quisquam defendere audebat,
crebris multorum  minis restinguere prohibentium,
et quia alii palam faces jaciebant, atque esse sibi
auctorem  vociferabantur, sive ut raptus licentihs
exercerent, seu jussu.
Eo in tempore Nero, Antii agens, non ante in
urbem regressus est quam domui ejus, qua Palatium
et Maecenatis hortos continuaverat, ignis propinquaret.  Neque tamen sisti potuit, quin et -Palatium
et domus et cuncta circiim haurirentur.  Sed solacium populo exturbato ac- profugo campum Martis
ac monumenta Agrippae, hortos: -quin etiam  suos
patefecit, et subitaria vadificia exstruxit quae multitudinem'inopem acciperent; subvectaque utensilia
ab Ostia et propinquis municipiis, pretiumque frumenti minutum usque ad ternos nummos.  Quae,
quamquam  popularia, in' inritum  cadebant, quia
pervaserat rumor, ipso tempore flagrantis urbis,
inisse -eum domesticam  scmenam, et cecinisse Trojanum excidium, praesentia mala vetustis: cladibus
adsimulantem.
Sexto demum die, apud: imas Esquilias. -finis- incendio factus, prorutis per  inmensum aedificiis, ut
continuae violentira campus et velut vacuum caelum
occurreret.  Necdum positus metus, et rediit haid
leviis rurgum- grassatus ignis patulis magis urbis
locis, eoque strages: hominum minor: delubra dehim
et porticus amcenitati dicatae latiuis procidetre.. -' Plus



TACITUS.                 2 I
que infami'e id incendium habuit, quia praediis Tigellini zEmilianis proruperat; videbaturque Nero
condendae urbis novae, et cognomento suo appellandae, gloriam quaerere. Quippe in regiones quattuordecim Roma dividitur, quarum quattuor integrae
manebant, tres solo tenus dejectw: septem reliquis
pauca, tectorum vestigia supererant, lacera et semusta.
Ceterum Nero usus est patriae ruinis, exstruxitque
domum, in qua haud perinde gemmae et aurum miraculo essent (solita pridem et luxu volgata) qua/m
arva et stagna, et in modum solitudinum hinc silvae
inde aperta spatia et prospectus, magistris et machinatoribus Severo et Celere, quibus ingenium et
audacia erat, etiam quae natura denegavisset, per
artemtemptare, et viribus principis inludere. Namque ab lacu Averno navigabilem  fossam usque ad
ostia Tiberina depressuros promiserant, squalenti
litore aut per montes adversos.  Neque enim  aliud
humidum gignendis aquis occurrit quam Pomptinae
paludes: cetera abrupta aut arentia, ac si perrumpi
possent, intolerandus labor nec satis causae.: Nero
tamen, ut erat incredibilium cupitor, eflodere proxima Averno juga conisus est, manentque vestigia
inritae spei.
Ceteruim  urbis quae domui supererant non, ut
post Gallica. incendia, null& distinctione, nec passim
erecta, seda dimensis vicorum:ordinibus, et latis —.
viarum spatiis, cohibitaque aedificiorum altitudine, ac
patefactis areis, additisque- porticibus, quae -frontem
insularum  protegerent!.  Eas porticus Nero sua.
pecunia exstructurum, purgatasque areas dominis
traditurum pollicitus est. Addidit pra-mia pro cujus



212             LATIN READER.
que ordine et rei familiaris copiis, finivitque tempus
intra quod effectis domibus aut insulis apiscerentur.
Ruderi accipiendo Ostienses paludes destinabat,
utique naves, quae frumentum Tiberi subvectavissent, onustoe rudere decurrerent, adificiaque ipsa
certa sui parte sine trabibus saxo Gabino Albanove
solidarentur, quod is lapis ignibus impervius est;
jam aqua privatorum licentia intercepta, quo largior
et pluribus locis in publicum flueret, custodes, et
subsidia reprimendis ignibus in propatulo quisque
haberet; nec communione parietum, sed propriis
quaque muris ambirentur. Ea, ex utilitate accepta,
decorem quoque novae urbi attulere. Erant tamen
qui crederent, veterem illam formam salubritati
mnagis conduxisse, quoniam  angustia  itinerum  et
altitudo tectorum non perinde solis vapore perrumperentur: at nunc patulam  latitudinem, et nulla
umbra defensam, graviore aestu ardescere.
Et haec quidem humanis consiliis providebantur.
Mox petita a dis piacula, aditique Sibullae libri, ex
quibus supplicatum Volcano et Cereri Proserpinaeque, ac propitiata Juno per matronas, primuim in
Capitolio, deinde apud proximum mare, unde hausta
aqua templum et simulacrum deae perspersum est;
et sellisternia ac pervigilia celebravere feminae quibus mariti erant.
Sed non ope humana, non largitionibus principis,
aut deim placamentis decedebat infamia, quin jussum incendium crederetur. Ergo abolendo rumori
Nero subdidit reos, et quaesitissimis pcenis adfecit,
quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appellabat. Auctor nominis ejus Christus, Tiberio imperitante, per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio




TACITUS.                 213
adfectus erat; repressaque in praesens exitiabilis
superstitio rursum  erumpebat, non modo per Judaeam, originem ejus mali, sed per urbem etiam,
quo cuncta undique atrocia aut pudenda confluunt
celebranturque. Igitur primuim correpti qui fatebantur; deinde, indicio eorum, multitudo ingens haud
perinde in crimine incendii quatn odio humani generis convicti sunt. Et pereuntibus addita ludibria,
ut ferarum tergis contecti laniatu canum interirent,.aut crucibus adfixi, aut flammandi, atque ubi defecisset dies, in usum nocturni luminis urerentur.
Hortos suos ei spectaculc Nero obtulerat, et circense ludicrum edebat, habitu aurigae permixtus
plebi, vel curriculo insistens. Unde quatnquam adversus sontes, et novissima exempla meritos, mi-seratio oriebatur, tamquam non utilitate publica sed
in.saevitiam unius absumerentur.








NOTE S.
PHIEDRUS.
Little is known with accuracy of the life of Phredrus.  He
was probably a Thracian slave in the household of Augustus,
was afterwards manumitted, and became the object of the
hatred and persecution of Sejanus, the minister of Tiberius.
He seems to have written in the reign of Claudius (A.D. 41-54).
His fables are mere translations from the Greek.
NOTE. - The metre of all these fables is the Iambic Trimeter or
Senarius, (~ 82, iii.), the ictus of each double foot being marked
with an accent. In the first verse of the first fable, fame c67a- is
the first measure, consisting of two iambs, with the ictus upon the
long syllable of the first; e in fame is long by the analogy of the
fifth declension: -cta viilpes 5il- is the second, consisting of an
iambus and a spondee. A spondee cannot properly stand in any
but the odd feet; but Phaedrus, like the comic writers, allows
himself greater liberties. The third measure is t in vaini, a
spondee followed by an iambus.
FABLE I (BOOK IV. 3).
1. Pame, ablative of cause (~ 54, I.). -coacta, nom. agreeing
with vulpes (~ 49, I.). - vineR, ~ 56, I. 1; the vinres in Italy were
trained upon trees, and festooned from one to another.
2. appetebat: ~ 27, ii. 2; it agrees with vulpes by ~ 49.
3. Quam, ~ 48, I. and Iv.; ~ 52, I. —ut; ~ 64, IV. end. -discedens, ~ 72, I. Notice that the relative here implies a conjunction
and a pronoun, and that the participle discedens may in English
best change constructions with ait; "but when he could not reach it,




2 I6                LATIN  READER.
he departed, saying," -The third foot in this verse, non p6ti-, is
a dactyl, which in iambic metre has the ictus on the second syllable.
4. acerbam, sc.* uvam.
5. qui and quae, ~ 48, III. first remark; qui is subject of elevant, while its antecedent (ii) is subject of debebunt; qua is
object of facere, and its antecedent (ea), of elevant; facere
depends upon possunt.
6. debebunt: we should say ought, but the Latin expresses
the relation of future time more precisely than the English idiom
requires. - adscribere, ~ 58, Iv. - sibi, ~ 19, II. end.
FABLE II (IV. 9).
1. simul ac: as soon as (~ 43, 9). - The position of callidus
makes it emphatic, and gives it some such force as, if he is shrewd.
2. alterius: the other, i.e., the person nearest him; another
would be alius. The first foot is an anapmest, raperi.
3. decidisset, ~ 62, I. end. -inscia, ~ 6, 4; ~ 47, vI., without
knowing it.
4. altiore, ~ 17, v. 1.
6. esset, ~ 67, I. 1. - an: whether.
7. copiosus, ~ 44, Iv. 3. -illa sc. dixit.
9. possit, ~ 65, I.
10. barbatus, ~ 44, Iv. 4. - vulpecula, ~ 44, I. 2.
11. puteo, ~ 54, vI. - cornibus, ~ 54, I.; abl. of means.
12. vado, ~ 55, III. 5, end: shallow water, pool.
FABLE III (I. 1).
1. venerant, ~ 49, I.
2. superior: above. - compulsi, ~ 47, I. - stabat, ~ 27, II. 1.
3. fauce improba, savage jaw, belongs with incitatus.
4. jurgii, ~ 50, I  -I.-intulit: brought up.
6. bibenti, ~ 72, I: as I am drinking.- laniger, ~ 44, v.;
10, 8. The descriptive adjective is used like barbatus, in the
last fable, for the noun, ~ 47, ii. -timens, fearing at the time,
not timid ag a characteristic.
7. Qui: how. - quod, ~ 52, I. first note: what you complain
about.
* This. is an abbreviation for sFilicet (scire licet) meaning understand.




NOTES-  PHIEDRUS.                     2I7
8. a and ad, ~ 42, iv. — decurrit, runs down. -ad meos
haustus: to my draughts, i.e. for me to drink.
9. viribus =vi: force.
10. menses, ~ 55, I. 1: six months ago. —mihi, ~ 51,I. — male
belongs with dixisti: cursed.
11. equidem: emphasizes the first person, but I.
13. correptum (sc. eum) lacerat: seizes him and tears him
to pieces (~ 72, I).
15. fictis causis, ~ 72, 3: by making up reasons.
FABLE IV (IV. 8).
1. mordaciorem, ~ 44, v. 3: one that bites harder than himself.
improbo: malicious.
2. sentiat, ~ 68, I.
3. qua, after si, ne, etc. = aliqume, ~ 21, II. end. -cibi belongs
with res, ~ 50, ii.: any thing of food, i.e. anyfood.
5. contra is used as an adverb, on the other hand (~ 56, ii. end).
6. Quid, ~ 52, Iv.: in respect to what- why? - stulta, sc.
tu. - captas (from capio), ~ 36, II.: try eagerly; catch at.
7. quee, first person, subj. of assuevi, relating to me.
FABLE V (I. 25).
2. et.. et, ~ 43, 8.
3. canes, ~ 52, VI. — currentes: on the run; better, run
while drinking.
4. corcodilis, ~ 56, IV.; this form is used because the o in
cr6codilis is short. - rapiantur, ~ 64, I. - traditum est, ~ 70;
the subject is canes... flumine: it is related that, etc.
6. quam libet: as much as you please. - otio, ~ 54, ii. first
note, =otiose: at your ease.
7. Noli vereri, ~ 58, III. first note. - facerem, ~ 59, Iv. 2.
- mehercule is scanned m'ercule.
FABLE VI (IL. 7).
2. cum pecunia, ~ 54, ii. second note.
4. onere, abl. of cause. -celsa cervice eminet: tosses up
his head; literally, towers with lofty neck, abl. of specification.
7. advolant, ~ 27, I. second paragraph.
10. The second foot, -ttis tg~-, is a tribrach.
11. me is subject of contemptum (esse), depending upon
gaudeo( ~ 70, III).
14. periclo depends upon obnozim,:~ 51, i.




2 I8                LATIN  READER.
FABLE VII (V. 3).
2. quam, obj. of opprimere. - sibi duxit: fetched himself.
4. tibi: for or in regard to yourself; not to.
5. addideris, ~ 63, ii.
6. in gratiam: to good terms.
7. lsedendi, ~ 73, II.
8. te, obj. of necare.- generis, ~ 50, I. 2.- animal, ~ 46.
9. bibere depends upon delectaris: in drinking.
10. optem, ~ 60, 2. -vel: even.
11. The third foot is a dactyl, tum veni-.
12. nocens, used as an adjective: mischievous.
13. pcena, ~ 54, Iv.
FABLE VIII (IV. 18).
3. contra se: to his own loss.
4. ut: when.
6. improbis, ~ 51, v.
FABLE IX (I. 15).
1. commutando, ~ 73 and v. - sepius: quite often.
5. Is refers to senex.
6. fugere depends upon suadebat; the regular construction
would be, ut fugeret.
7. lentus: stolidly. - num, ~ 71 and I. - binas, ~ 18, iI. 2.
8. impositurum, sc. esse.
9. mea, ~ 50, iv. 4, first note.
10. cui, ~ 51, II. - portem, ~ 61, 3. -   eas: mine and no
more.
FABLE X (I. 8).
1. pretium: pay. - meriti, ~ 47, IV. 1.
3. Begin with deinde: in the next place, ~ 41, ii. 4.- jam
non, ~ 41, II. 2.
5. singulos: one after another.
7. jurejurando, ~ 14, iI. 2.
8. colli longitudinem; a graphic expression for longum
collum.
10. quo refers to the act performed by the crane. - pactum,
from pango: which had been agreed upon.




NOTES - PHEDRUS.                     2I9
FABLE XI (III. 9).
1. nomen, sc. est.
2. aedis means an apartment, and therefore a temple, which
consists of' a single apartment; but the plural means a house,
which consists of several apartments.- fundasset, ~ 33, InI. 1.
4. cedo: submit. - cinis, in apposition with ego understood:
when ashes; the expression refers to the custom of burning the
bodies of the dead.
5. e populo, ~ 50, 11. end. -nescio quis: somebody or other,
~ 67, I. 1, note; sc. dixit.
6. The interrogative particle num is omitted, ~ 71, I. end.
FABLE XII (IV. 16).
2. finxit has for obj. the fable which follows. - consolandi,
~ 73, IL. first note.
3. navis, subj. of coepit, v. 6.
4. vectorum: those on board, sailors and passengers.
5. mutatur: this passive is rendered into English by the
neuter verb changes, ~ 23, 3.
6. fern and extollere depend upon ccepit. - flatibus, ~ 44,
nI. 2.
8. sophus, the Greek aGboc, wise.
9. parcE, the adverb; the verb (imperat.) would be parce.
10. miscet, ~ 49, I. first note.
FABLE XIII (III. 5).
2. quidam petulans, a saucy fellow.
3. tanto, ~ 54, v. end. - melior, sc. es. - assem, a piece of
copper money worth about a cent, ~ 84.
4. mehercule: scan, m'ercule.
5. possis, ~ 69, note; unde is a relative adverb — a quo,
having for its antecedent eum understood, obj. of monstrabo.
6. venit: is coming.
9. spes fefellit, etc.: hope failed; i. e., his impudence failed in
its hopes.
10. cruce, ~ 50, Iv. 2, note.
FABLE XIV (I. 24).
3. magnitudinis, objective genitive after invidia.
5. an: whether. - bove, than the ox (~ 54, v.).




220                 LATIN  READER.
7. negarunt — negaverunt, ~ 33, Ill. 1. This word is used
for dico non: say no.
8. Quis: uter, which of the two, would be more correct.bovem, sc. esse majorem.
9. novissime: at last, ~ 41, I.
10. corpore, ~ 54, x. - jacuit: fell dead.
FABLE XV (I. 2).
1. Athenae, Athens: many names of towns in Latin are plural,
and take a plural verb; but in English they require a singular verb.
2. miscuit: mixed up or disturbed.
4. factionum partibus, ~ 50, I. 3: when party factions were
formed (abl. absolute).
5. Pisistratus: a tyrant of Athens, B.C. 560. The word tyrant
meant merely usurper, and did not imply oppressive or harsh rule.
Pisistratus was, on the whole, a mild and popular ruler; but
his sons were less discreet, and were expelled by a revolution
(B.C. 510), when the government of Athens became a democracy.
6. Attici: Attica was the country belonging to Athens.
7. quia and quoniam, ~ 43, 6.
8. insuetis: dative after grave.
9. rettulit: the t is doubled in order to make the e long; see
~ 78, i., note.
12. compesceret, ~ 64, I.
14. quod refers to tigillum. -vadis, ~ 51, ii.
16. diutius: a good while, ~ 17, v. 2.
18. explorato, ~ 72, II.: after scrutinizing the king.
20. supra governs lignum; by poetical usage, it here follows
the word it governs.
22. rogantes: i.e. messengers.
23. esset, ~ 63, I.; its subj. is is understood.
26. fugitant, ~ 36, III. - inertes: the fools.
27. Mercurio: Mercury was the messenger of the gods.
28. afflictis, ~ 51, v. - contra, an adverb: in reply.
30. cives, ~ 53.- ait, sc. Jisopus.
FABLE XVI (V. 5).
1. labi: go astray.
2. pro, etc.: while they defend the error of their judgment.
3. pcenitendum, ~ 73, Iv. - agi depends upon solent.
5. cunctos, a contraction of conjunctos: all together.




NOTES -  PH.EDRUS.                    2 2 I
6. quisque is subj. of posset, but the English idiom requires
that it should be connected with ostenderet: that each should show
what novelty he could.
7. laudis limits certamina.
8. sale: salt-wit; urbano sale: neat wit.
10. prolatum foret (= esset), ~ 67, iI.
11. civitatem, used as a collective noun: the citizens.
12. Paullo ante qualifies vacua.
13. constitit, ~ 57, III. first note.
14. adjutoribus, ~ 54, x.: render with no assistants.
15. ipsa: very or merle, ~ 20, In. near the end.
16. sinum: the pallium was a Greek garment, like a large
shawl; it hung in loose folds over the breast, forming a kind of
bag, called sinus, bay.
17. sua, sc. voce.
18. verum, se. porcellum. - pallio, ~ 51, v.
19. excuti, sc. pallium, ~ 67, I. end. — simul, sc. atque: as
soon as.
21. prosequuntur: i.e., as he leaves the stage.
26 derisuri, ~ 64, v. 5.
28. plausus: used for the singular, applause, because it expresses many acts.
29. sese, ~ 52, vi. - vestimentis, ~ 54, I.
30. quod refers to porcellum obtigere: as in fact he did.
31. latens: undiscovered.
32. vero, ~ 51, I. (dat. com. et incom.): of a real pig, see v. 18.
FABLE XVII (II. 8).
2. venatorum, ~ 44, III. 1; subjective genitive.
5. Hic, adverb. - latenti, sc. cervo.
6. cucurreris, ~ 63, Il.
7. spiritum: breath  life.
8. vos: you at least, ~ 49, iI.
9. occasione data: when an opportunity is given.
10. vices: the turn, or change. - excipiunt: follows.
14. Nec ille, etc.: and he, too, saw nothing.
15. quietis: i.e., which had kept silent. - agere gratias: return
thanks.
17. quidem: to be sure.
18. ille, subj. of venerit. — venerit, ~ 57, III.




222                  LATIN  READER.
19. vertetur --  ill be.
21. corruptos: grown thin. — frondis limits parum, ~ 50, 1I. 4.
26. familia: slaves.
FABLE XVIII (APPENDIX, II. 8).
1. rustici, sc. muris, limits cavo.
2. glande, ~ 54, I. after cenat.
4. rebus, ~ 54, vi.
5. The fifth foot is a dactyl, -tiir rel1. — reliquiis, ~ 54, III.perfruuntur, ~ 57, III. second note.
7. Quo agrees with strepitu.
11. Ut - when. - quae refers to ea understood, which is governed by sustulit.
13. ille: i.e., rusticus.
14. prae metu: forfear.
16. ferculis: the courses at a meal, i.e., the dishes. - fruamur,
~ 68, I.
17. rure properly meansfrom the country, but stands here for
ruri, in the country; ~ 55, III. and 3, note. - quaeras, ~ 60, 2.
18. qui, subj. of nescis.
19. et connects securum and liberum.
20. tutum vivere is subj. of praestat.
21. carpi: to be worn out.
FABLE XIX (IV. 21).
1. doctus; learned, or, rather, educated.
2. Simonides, one of the greatest of the Greek poets, born in
the island of Ceos, in the sixth century B.C. - egregium, from e
and grex: one out of the herd, i.e., distinguished for excellence.melos: a Greek noun in the neuter gender; used here for the
plural, songs; the English word melody is derived from this.
3 sustineret, ~ 64, II.; depends upon ccepit circumire.
4. scan circ'ire.- nobiles, from  nosco:  well-known  or
famous.
5. canens: we should say, receiving pay for singing. - victorum, i.e., in the public games, which were established among
the Greeks, for races, contests of strength, skill, etc. See Hb. ~ 112.
9. quam refers to navem, and is governed by dissolvit.
10. medio, ~ 47, VIII.; the middle of the sea.
12. subsidium, ~ 46.
13. curiosior: with some curiosity.




NOTES -JULIUS CAESAR.                  223
14. mecum, ~ 19, end. - pauci: (only) afew.
17. Clazomena: a city in Asia Minor.
21. absentias, sc. Simonidis. - maximus, ~ 17, v. 4.
22. sermone ab ipso: from his very speech. — cognitum,
~ 72, I.
24. ceteri: the rest of the passengers. - tabulam: shipwrecked
persons used to carry about a picture representing the shipwreck,
and beg alms.
JULIUS CAESAR.
Caius Julius Caesar was born B.C. 100, and assassinated
B.C 44. For a general account of his character and of his
Gallic campaigns, see Latin Lessons, p. 73.
The campaigns of Coesar in Gaul lasted through eight
seasons, B.C. 58-51, and are told in eight books (the last
written by Hirtius, an officer of Caesar), each containing the
operations of a single year. The following is a brief outline
of these campaigns.
I. Caesar checks the attempt of the Helvetians to colonize in
Western Gaul, and forces them, after a bloody defeat, to return
to their own territory (see Latin Lessons). He then engages with
a powerful tribe of Germans, who had made a military settlement
in Eastern Gaul, and drives them, with their chief Ariovistus,
beyond the Rhine.
II. A formidable conspiracy of the northern populations of
Gaul is suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the
bravest Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to have
been the most desperate of all Caesar ever fought.  In this
campaign, the coast towns of the west and northwest (Brittany)
are reduced to submission.
III. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps,
who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief operations are the conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Veneti, etc.),
in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the shallow tidewater inlets and among the rocky shores. During the season, the
tribes of the south-west (Aquitani), a mining population, allied
to the Iberians or Basques, are reduced by one of Caesar's officers.




224                 LATIN  READER.
IV. An attack from the Germans-on northern Gaul is repulsed;
and Caesar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built, across
the Rhine. Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn,
for a visit of exploration.
V. The partial conquest of Britain (second invasion) is followed by various movements in northern Gaul, in which the
desperate condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the
prudent and brave conduct of' Labienus and Quintus Cicero.
VI. Caesar makes a brief expedition across the Rhine, against
the Germans.  Some general disturbances are quelled, and
northern Gaul is reduced to peace.
VII. Vercingetorix, a brave and high-spirited chief of southern
Gaul, effects a conspiracy of the whole country, which is at length
subdued. Vercingetorix, in brilliant equipment, surrenders himself, to secure the quiet of the country, and is taken in chains to
Rome, where he is afterwards put to death in Coesar's triumph.
VIII. Slight insurrections, breaking out here and there, are
easily subdued; and the subjugation of Gaul is made complete.
It was the custom of Caesar, in the intervals of these
campaigns, to pass the winter in Italy, or to visit his province
of Illyria, keeping himself informed of the political affairs of
Rome, and the movements of Pompey, who held the chief power
there, and was at one time the sole consul.  At the close
of the Gallic war, being jealous of Caesar's power, the party
of Pompey required that he should disband his army. This
he refused to do, unless Pompey should make an equal
surrender of military force. From these demands grew the
suspicion of false play on each side, until the Civil War
broke out (B.c. 49), and Pompey fled to Greece, where he
was defeated the following year at Pharsalia.
The first expedition to Britain was in the fourth year of
Caesar's command in Gaul, B.C. 55. The early part of the
summer was occupied with campaigns in Northern Gaul and
Germany. It was known to Caesar that the Gauls received
aid, or at least sympathy, from their kindred in Britain; he
determined, therefore, although it was too late for a regular
campaign, to pay a visit to the island, of which very little
was known beyond the fact that it was inhabited, like Gaul,




NOTES — JULIUS C.ESAR.                  225
by Celts.  "His object was to obtain a personal acquaintance
with the country, its chiefs and people; to thrust himself in
some way into their affairs, and establish such relations with
them as might afford a convenient pretext for further interference at a future time."  (Merivale.)
The Celts of Southern Britain were of the Cymric branch
of the race, now represented by the remnants of the early
Britons still occupying Wales and Cornwall. It would appear
that the Celts of Belgium  and Armorica were also Cymric;
while the rest of the Gauls, like the inhabitants of Ireland,
belonged to the Gaelic branch of this race.
PAGE
l.   6. parte, ~ 54, x.
9. contendit, ~ 58, I. — bellis ~ 55, —. subministrata, sc.
esse, ~ 34, a.
10. inde, i.e. a Britannia.
11. deficeret, ~ 57; should be insuffcient.
12. usui, ~ 51, vii. we should say, of great service. - fore has
for its subject the substantive clause si... cognovisset.
13. adisset, ~ 57, iii.; ~ 58, ii.; we should say, should visit.
14. fere does not mean almost (which is prope), but for the
most part.
15. Neque; ~ 43, 10 and 11. -temere, without special object.
16. his ipsis, dat. after notum.
18. Gallias, plural, because of the subdivision into Gallic and
Belgic.-vocatis, ~ 72, 3; having called.
19. neque... neque, neither... nor. — esset (~ 67, I. 1) depends upon reperire.
21. institutis, ~ 54, III.
22. ad depends upon idonei, ~ 51, I., note. - majorum
navium, i.e., ships of war, etc.
24. cognoscenda, ~ 73, and Iv. - facerat, ~ 62, II. 1; before
running any risk.
27. se refers to the subject of the principal clause, Caesar.quam  primum, ~ 17, v. 5, as soon as possible. - revertatur,
~ 70, I.
12. 1. Morinos: the Morini inhabited Flanders and Artois. just
where Gaul is nearest Britain.'5




226                  LATIN  READER.
1]2. 3. quam classem, ~ 48, III., 2d. note. -superiore, former.
4. ad,for; the war with the Veneti, who lived on the coast
of Brittany, had been chiefly naval.
5. jubet, ~ 68, III. sc. classem.
6. per mercatores, ~ 54, I. end.'7. polliceantur, ~ 64, I.; polliceantur is here followed by
the pres. inf.; an unusual construction, see ~ 67, III. and 2.
10. domum, ~ 55, iii. 2.
11. remittit, ~ 57, ii. - Commium; Saulcy is of opinion that
these negotiations were not in good faith, and that Commius
himself had a secret understanding with the Britons.
12. ibi, i.e., in Atrebatibus; the Atrebates were east of the
Morini.
13. quem, ~ 67, I. 2.
14. in his regionibus, i.e., Britain.
15. magni, ~ 54, Ix. 1.- huic, ~ 51, In.
16. possit, ~ 66, II. — adeat, ~ 64, iv. - civitates, ~ 52, I. 1.
17. fidem, faith, and so a promise of faithful protection; to
follow or accept the protection of the Roman people, is to submit
themselves to them. - se, i.e., Caesar.
19. quantum, sc. tantum, ~ 22, i., as much as. — ei, to one,
~ 20, ii.
20. auderet, ~ 63, iI. (There is a slight reproach in this
subj.).
21. die, ~ 55, I.
24. vigilia: the Roman night, between sunset and sunrise, was
divided, for military purposes, into four watches; the third watch
therefore would average 3 A.M.; at this season, somewhat earlier.
- solvit, sc. naves. Portus Itius, from which the expedition
sailed, is identified by the Emperor Napoleon III. with Boulogne;
by Merivale and Saulcy, with Witsand, a village between Boulogne and Calais. Witsand (white sand) was during the middle
ages the chief port of embarcation for England; but its harbor is
now blocked up with sand. The name Itius is probably connected with itus - the harbor for transit.
27. esset, ~ 62, I. — hora; the day, between sunrise and sunset, was divided into twelve hours; the fourth hour at this season,
would be between 8 and 9 A.M.
30. Cujus, ~ 48, Iv.
31. angustis, i.e., near the shore.




NOTES-JULIUS  CAESAR.                   227
13. 2. The tribuni were the regular commanders of the legion,
six to each legion, holding the command for two months in the
year (Hib. ~ 155). They were originally appointed by the commander, but at this time were partly chosen by the people in the
comitia of the tribes. The legati were aids of the general, with
no regular command; but on account of the inexperience of the
tribunes, Cmesar appointed a legatus to command each legion in
battle (B. G. I. 52), and after this time each legion was regularly
commanded by a legatus.
4. cognosset, ~ 66, I. - ut  as, depending on administrarentur.
5. rei militaris ratio, the rules of military science; ratio,
from reor, to calculate, means the process of calculation, and so
the rule or principle reasoned out. - maritimae res, naval tactics.
6. ut cum, since; ut is used to strengthen cum.
7. ad nutum et ad tempus form a combined idea, at the very
moment of command.
8. administrarentur, ~ 64, Iv.
10. passuum, ~ 18, 3; the passus, pace, was a little under
five feet, so that the thousand paces, or Roman mile, was somewhat shorter than our mile. Hb. ~ 187.
11. litore, ~ 54, x. -The fleet had at first arrived opposite
Dover; a calculation of the tides shows that in the afternoon of
this day the tide made for the East; after doubling the South
Foreland, the fleet found itself at the beach of Deal (Merivale).
13. quo genere, i.e., essedariis, those who fought from the
essedum, or two-wheeled war-chariot.
14. copiis; exception to ~ 54, ii. Note to "Accompaniment."
15. nostros, 47, iii. note.- prohibebant, attempted to prevent.
16. magnitudinem, ~ 54, I. first note.
17. nisi in alto, except in deep water. - militibus, ~ 51 viii.;
it was necessaryfor the soldiers to leap down, etc.
18. locis and manibus, 54, x.
20. desiliendum, ~ 73, I.
21. hostibus, ~ 54, ii. third note.
23. conjicerent, ~ 61, 2.
24. insuefactos, i.e., to going into the water.
25. generis, ~ 50, iIi. 2.
27. uti and utebantur, manifest.




228                  LATIN  READER.
32. tormentis; the Roman armies carried with them engines for hurling stones, darts, &c., so efficient that they may be
fairly reckoned as a substitute for modern artillery.
33. quae res, ~ 48, v.
14. 1. nostris, ~ 47, II. note, and v. note.
3. constiterunt, were checked. - ac, and more than that (~ 43,
1).- paulum modo, a very little.
5. qui relates to is understood, subj. of inquit. - aquilam,
the silver eagle, introduced by Marius as standard of the legion;
carried by the chief centurion, or primipilus (Hb. 158).
6. legioni, ~ 51, I. Dativus commodi et incommodi.
7. Desilite, ~ 58, III. — vultis, ~ 59, I. II. and note, III.
8. certe, ~ 41, ii. 3.
9. praestitero, ~ 57, iii.; i.e., will be able to say that I have
done my duty.
12. inter se, one another. - universi (uni versi, all turned
into one), all with one accord.
13. proximis primis, the nearest ships of the first line.
14. subsecuti. i.e., those on board.
16. Pugnatum  est, the battle was fought, or the fight went on,
~ 39, 5.
18. alius alia ex navi, one from one ship, another from another,
~ 47, Ix.
19. quibuscumque, ~ 21, I. note; its antecedent is iis (signis)
understood, depending on aggregabat.
26. speculatoria navigia; swift boats, used for exploring and
reconnoitring.
27. quos... his, ~ 48, III. end. Notice the use of the imperfect
tense through this description, indicating that these circumstances
took place again and again.
28. simul, sc. atque, as soon as, ~ 43, 9.
30. neque potuerunt, but were not able.
31. insulam capere, reach the island; the transports containing the cavalry had been detained.
15. 3. The omission of the conjunction et [after miserunt] is
very common. - imperasset stands for imperaverit (fut. perf.)
in Oratio Recta; it becomes plup. subj. by ~ 57 (after polliciti
sunt) and ~ 67, II. (after facturos esse). — facturos, ~ 67, in. 2.
5. quem, ~ 52, vI.




NOTES -JULIUS C~ESAR.                   229
7. oratoris modo, in the character of an ambassador.
9. in petenda pace, ~ 73, v.
11. ut ignosceretur, sc. iis, that pardon should be given them,
~ 51, III. second note; ignosco governs the dat. (ut ignosceret
iis), and therefore cannot be used personally in the pass.; ut
ignoscerentur would be bad Latin.
14. intulissent, after quod, ~ 63, 1. -ignoscere, sc. se, ~ 67,
I. end.
15. imperavit, sc. iis, demanded of them, ~ 51, iII. end. —
quorum, 50, ii. 1.
16. arcessitam, which had to be fetched, ~ 72, 1.
21. post... quam, ~ 56, III.; it might also be die quarto
postquam; see ~ 55, i. note.
23. supra, ~ 56, ii. end; see p. 12.
25. ex superiore portu, the cavalry had sailed from a point
eight miles east of that from which the infantry had started.
27. earum, ~ 50, i. 2. — posset, ~ 65, I. — aliae.. aliae,
~ 22, II.
29. occasum, ~ 56, II. 1.
30. sui, ~ 19, ii. and III.; ~ 50, III.; to themselves. - adversa
nocte, ~ 54, x., although the night was unfavorable.
32. ut esset, ~ 70, ii.; this full moon has been determined by
astronomical calculations to have been on the night of August 30.
33. aestus; it will be remembered that there are no tides in
the Mediterranean, so that this phenomenon was strange and
appalling to the Romans.
16. 2. transportandum curaverat, had had the army conveyed.
7. essent, ~ 63, III.
11. Neque; it is often best in translating to divide this word
(= et non), and join the negative with some other word; for on
the one hand there were no other, etc.
11. possent, ~ 65, Iv. 2.
13. constabat, it was an established fact; its subjeet is
hiemari... oportere; that of oportere is hiemari in Gallia.
14. his in locis; the preposition often stands after the first word
it governs, when this is a pronoun agreeing with a noun.
20. hoc, ~ 54, I.; for this reason.
22. factu, ~ 74, ii. —duxerunt, thought, has for its subject,
principes.




230                  LATIN READER.
24. res has a great variety of meaning in different connections;
here hostilities.
25. inferendi, ~ 73, III. first note.
31. eventu,fate. -ex eo quod, from this (thefact), that.
32. id is subject of fore.
33. suspicabatur, began to suspect.
17. 3. earum, ~ 48, III. top of p. 58.
6. administraretur, ~ 63, III.
7. reliquis... posset, ~ 70; a substantive clause governed
by effecit.
9. frumentatum, ~ 74, 1,- neque, ~ 43, I. note.
10. belli, ~ 50, i. 1.
12. ventitaret, ~ 36, III.
14. quam consuetudo ferret, than was customary.
15. partem, 48, III.
16. consilii, ~ 50, III. 3; some new design.
17. The cohort was the tenth part of a legion, containing six
hundred men (Hb. 158); one cohort was posted at each of the
four gates of the camp (Hb. 160).
26. disperses... occupatos, while they were scattered, etc.
28. incertis ordinibus, ~ 54, x. expressing the reason.
32. equorum, ~ 50, I.
33. insinuaverunt, ~ 57, III.
18. 3. ita... ut, in such a way that.- illi, the warriors.
6. praestant, they display or unite.
8. incitatos, at full speed. - brevi, in a moment.
11. rebus, under these circumstances. - nostris, ~ 51, II.
18. occupatis, while our men were busy, so that they could not
attend to matters, the country-people [see p. 17, 1. 11] left their
homes, and got out of their reach.
20. dies, ~ 55, I.
21. continerent, ~ 65, I.; such as kept, &c.
25. sui, ~ 73, ii. note.
30. The substantive clause ut... effulgerent is'in apposition
with idem, which is the subject of fore.
19. 3. spatio, ~ 55, II. end.
10. aequinoctii; the season of the equinox is usually stormy.
15. eosdem quos, the same as. - reliquae, sc. ceperunt.




NOTES-JULIUS C.ESAR.                   23I
The first invasion of Britain was only a reconnoissance;
the following summer, B.C. 54, Caesar determined upon a
regular invasion of the country.  The early part of the
season was spent in some unimportant operations, and meanwhile his lieutenants had been preparing a strong fleet of
war ships and transports.  July 20, according to the Emperor
Napoleon III., he sailed from the Portus Itius; both startingpoint and landing-place were the same as the'tear before —
Boulogne or Witsand, and Deal.
21. Africo, the south-west wind blew from Africa to Italy.
24. secutos,following, i.e., in consequence of.
27. fuit laudanda, ~ 40, ii.
28. vectoriis, ablative absolute, although, etc.; long ships of
war were of course swifter than the transports.
20. 3. quae, of which. - octingentee, ~ 54, v. note.
9. praesidio, ~ 51, vII. - essent, ~ 64, L
10. eo, ~ 54, I. - navibus, ~ 51, Iv.
12. praesidio, ~ 51, v.; navibus, ~ 51, I. note; depending on
praesidium; over the guard for (or of) the ships. - Q., ~ 85.
13. milia, ~ 55, II.
19. belli, ~ 54, I. second note. - ut videbatur, as it seemed.
20. succisis, ~ 72, 2; by felling thick timber, so as to make an
abattis.
21. Ipsi rari, a few of them, a few being sufficient.
23. The testudo (so called from its resemblance to the shell of
a tortoise) was formed by a close body of men who held their
shields over their heads, overlapping in such a way, like the
shingles on a roof, as to form an unbroken surface, and an almost
complete protection against the enemy. Under this they were
able to approach very near the enemy's works, and carry on their
own engineering.
26. eos, the soldiers.- longius qualifies prosequi, which
governs fugientes.
30. diei, ~ 50, end.- tripertito, derived from tres and partio;
the common spelling is tripartito.
33. extremi, the hindmost of the enemy.!. -4. subsisterent, i.e., as they said, ~ 63, i.; this is one of the
rare cases in which the imp. subj. may be best rendered could.




232            NOTES -JULIUS C&ESAR.
13. viderentur; we should say, it appeared that the rest could,
etc. - fabros: each legion had with it a number of workpeople.
14. Labienus was (Csar's best officer, who had command in
Gaul during Coesar's absence in Britain; in the civil war he joined
the faction of Pompey.
15. legionibus, ~ 54, I.- sunt: ~ 66, we might expect the
indicative by 66, ii.; but the statement is considered as an independent one, not a part of the subjunctive clause.
17. opera, ~ 50, I. 2. - ~ 54, Ir. end. - commodissimum,
47, iv. (3).
19. ne... quidem, ~ 41, II. 5.
20. ad, in relation to, orfor.
27. Cassivellaunus (the Roman orthography for the British or
Welsh Cadwallon) was chief of the tribes about London, and to
the North; his chief city was probably St. Albans.
29. Huic, ~ 51, v.
22. 1. connect ipsa with insula, and memoria with proditum.
10. plumbum album, i.e. tin.
15. fas is that which is permitted by the laws of God.
17. quam, ~ 17, v. 2. - frigoribus, the seasons of cold.
19. alter, one of the two; the correlative is inferior.
20. Cant-ium, Kent, the south-east corner of England.
22. Alterum; Caesar supposed the western coast of England to
be opposite Spain.
24. dimidio, ~ 54, v. end.
25. pari spatio transmissus, of an equal length of passage,
~ 54, ii., - ablative of' description or quality.
26. atque, as, following pari, 43, 9.
27. Mona, probably Man,; the same name -was given also to
Anglesea.
28. objects; lying opposite to one, i.e., on the passage.
29. dies; a true report from the high northern latitudes is
ignorantly applied to the Orkney and Shetland Islands.
31. nisi, except that. - certis... mensuris, by accurate measurements by the water-clock, or clepsydra.
23. 3. maxime, in general.
4. These distances are all considerably more than the air-line.
12. vitro, woad, a plant used for dyeing blue.
14. capillo and parte are abl. of description or quality, ~ 54, ]I.
18. fuerint, ~ 57, i. first note.




NOTES -JULIUS -CAESAR.                  233
26, atque iis, and these too; the first cohort of each legion was
made up of picked men, and stood higher in rank than the others.
27. inter se belongs with intermisso; the object of this close
order was to prevent the essedi from penetrating between the
cohorts. - constitissent, ~ 61, 2.
29. perruperunt, i.e. the enemy.
- 30. Q. Laberius Durus, ~ 15.
31. submissis, sent up, i.e., sent as aid.
24. 1. pro, in front of, not in defence of.
4. esse, were, ~ 57, Iv.
9. Equestris, etc.; moreover, the mode of fighting with horses
(i.e., for chariots) brought precisely the same peril upon them
when retreating as well as when pursuing.
11. Accedebat huc ut, besides; the subject of accedebat is
ut, etc., ~ 70, iI.; literally, there was added to this, that.
12. stationes, relays.
13. deinceps exciperent, relieved one after the other.
21. signis legionibusque, i.e., they followed the foragers quite
to the main army.
31. consilio, i.e., of not coming again to a general engagement.
33. atque hoc aegre, and that with difficulty.
25. 2. instructas is here a participle, not an infinitive, ~ 34,
Ir. end.
3. preefixis, driven in in front of the bank.
8. "The swimming and fording of rivers were among the
regular exercises of the Roman legionary. Though immersed up
to his chin in water, he was expert in plying his hatchet against
the stakes which opposed his progress, while he held his buckler
over his head not less steadily than on dry land. Behind him a
constant storm of stones and darts was impelled against the enemy
from the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies "
(Merivale).
9. The cavalry did not form a part of the legion, but were
Gallic auxiliaries.
15. servabat, watched. -ex via excedebat, kept out of the
road.
24. discedi, ~ 39, 5; that any one should depart.
26. hostibus, ~ 51, II. second note.
29. his, the inhabitants of Kent.
30. castra navalia, see p. 21. -de improviso, unexpectedly.




234                 LATIN  READER.
26. 7. extrahi; dragged out, wasted.
8. in annos singulos, each year. -  vectigalis, ~ 50, ii. 3.
13. deductis, launched.
15. commeatibus, passages.
17. tot navigationibus, ablative absolute, although, etc.
The passage from the Sixth Book of the Gallic War,
describing the people of Gaul and Germany, is one of the
earliest and most important sources of information in regard
to these races.
27. 9. redeat, ~ 64, I. shall be referred.
10. ne... egerent, ~ 70; in apposition with ejus rei.
11. auxilii, ~ 50, Iv. 5. - egeret, ~ 57, I. second note.
12. faciat, ~ 59, iv. 3.
14. summa, the constitution.
15. The passage omitted speaks of the two great factions of
Gaul, at the head of one of which had stood the 2Edui, of the
other the Sequani; in this contest the IEdui had succeeded in
getting upon their side the decisive influence of Rome.
18. loco, in the position.
19. nullo... consilio, are summoned at no consultation, i.e.,
are consulted upon no occasion; in English, the collective noun
common people requires a plural verb. - ere alieno, another's
money, i.e., debt
22. in hos, over these, i.e., plerique.- dominis (sc. sunt).
23. duobus; see line 17.
25. religiones, the doctrines of religion.
28. eos, the Gauls.
30. admissum, committed; a frequent meaning of this word.
32. si qui, ~ 21, III. end; the usual form would be quis, when
used without a noun, ~ 21, II.
33. decreto, ~ 54, I., in accordance with their decision. —
sacrificiis, ~ 54, vi. sc. eos, they forbid them the sacrifices.
28. 5. incommodi limits quid.
12. CarnUitum, a tribe south-west of Paris, in the neighbourhood of Chartres and Orleans; this part of France abounds at the
present day in druidical remains.
16. Brittannia; this is taken as a proof of the Cymric origin
of Druidism. - reperta, ~ 67, iv. 1; it might equally well be
disciplinam repertam esse.




NOTES-JULIUS  CAESAR.                    235
22. immunitatem, freedom from burdens (munus - burden).
23. preemiis, privileges.
27. litteris mandare, commit to writing.- cum, although.
28. rationibus, relations.
30. in vulgus efferri, to be divulged to the public.
31. velint, ~ 63, I.; it is the consideration which led to
instituisse. - litteris confisos, by trusting to documents.
29. 1. hoc, 51, III. end (sc. iis); persuade them of this.
2. ab allis, etc. this is the doctrine of metempsychosis, or
the transmigration of souls.
4. maxime excitari, ~ 67, Iv. 2, that there is the chief
incitement to virtue.
11. uti... propulsarent, in apposition with quod.
13. versantur, occupy or devote themselves.
14. ambactos; this word is perhaps of Celtic origin, and
means retainers.
23. reddatur, ~ 66, II.
30. sint, ~ 69, note.
33. Deum, ~ 10, 6. —Mercurium; i.e., the god who possessed the attributes of the Roman Mercury; his Gallic name was
Teutates.
30. 8. initia, the first knowledge.
16. auderet, ~ 57, IIi. end.
18. ab Dite patre, ~ 54, vii. note; Dis is usually identified
with the Greek Pluto, the god of the lower world; it is a curious
fact that both words mean rich.
19. Ob eam causam; because the race came from the dark
lower world.into the light.
21. noctium; as in our fortnight, se'nnight. -finiunt, limit,
and so reckon.
30. communicant, they join with or add to.
31. conjunctim, etc., a joint account is kept. — fructus, the
interest.
32. utriusque, possessive genitive.
31. 1. vitae, etc.; this was also the case in Rome.
4. de uxoribus, etc., they examine their wives after the manner of slaves; i.e., by torture.
5. compertum est, impersonal, if anything is proved.
7. pro, considering.




236                  LATIN  READER.
9. supra hanc memoriam, before our day.
11. justis, complete; i.e., this was necessary to the completeness; translate, to render their funeral rites complete.
14. sanctum, established, i.e., the clause which follows.
15. re publica, public affairs. - rumore aut fama, vague
rumor or definite report.
20. qua- visa sunt; what it seems good, sc. occultare.
22. per consilium, in the way of a regular assembly.
24. This paragraph is taken from Book Iv. ch. 5.
31. quorum, ~ 50, Iv. 3. — in vestigio, at once.
32. 7. ab parvulis, from boyhood.
9. inter suos, among their companions.
14. The joint proprietorship of' land, here described, with its
annual distribution, finds its analogies in India, Russia, and other
countries of the Aryan race (See Maine's Anc. Law. ch. vIII.)
17. quantum... agri; how much land and in what locality.
19. The true cause is probably that the property belonged to
the clan, not to individuals.
20. gerundi, ~ 1; top of p. 2. - agricultura, for agriculture;
the ablative is the usual construction with verbs of changing.
21. parare, acquire.
23. vitandos, ~ 47, II. (1).
27. The name of the Suevi is generally supposed to mean wandering (sway back and forth); from it is derived the modern
Swabia (Baden and Wiirtemberg). - The two paragraphs which
follow are from the first and second chapters of the Fourth Book.
29. singula, 18, II. 1.
33. 4. partem, ~ 52, IV., in greatest part.
7. officio, ~ 54, I,., render, accustomed to.
8. omnino, with negatives, means at all. -faciant, ~ 63, I.;
it is the explanation given of the word libertate.
10. adduxerunt, ~ 27, III. 3.
13. et corresponds to neque above. - lavantur, 3d. conj. here.
14. eo, ~ 54,., for this reason.
16. Quin etiam, nay even.
18. pretio, ~ 54, ix.
20. summi laboris, capable of, etc., ~ 50, i. 2.
33. expulsos agrees with finitimos, which is subj. of cedere.
— virtutis, ~ 50, III. 4.
17. rerum limits fides; confidence in respect to all things, etc.




NOTES —CQUINTUS CURTIUS.                 237
34. 3. Tacitus in his Germania (ch. VII.) says: "Reges ex
nobilitate, duces ex virtute inruunt."  In ch. xI. he speaks
more in detail of the power of the principes.
12. qui, etc., "who wish to follow, let them present themselves," ~ 67, iI. 1. Tacitus, ch. xiii., describes this custom of
personal attachment to a chief, which was one of the principal
elements of the feudal system.
20. sanctos, inviolable.
26. The Hercynian Forest was the general name for the
mountain region of Swabia, Thuringia, and Bohemia, which
separates the waters of the Danube from those of the North Sea
and Baltic.
32. Provinciae, i.e., Gallia Transalpina, the modern Provence
and neighboring provinces.
35. 2. ipsi, the Gauls; illis, the Germans.
4. expedito, for one with no incumbrance, i.e., a good walker;
at the present day, distances are measured in Switzerland, and
often in Germany, by hours, not miles.
8. recta regione, along the course.
12. hujus Germaniae, i.e., which we are acquainted with.
17. prodenda, deserving to be, etc.
19. Probably a hearsay description of the reindeer.
25. alces   elks; the Latin c was probably sounded like k
26. varietas, i.e., the changes at different seasons.
27. mutilma refers to the blunted horns of these animals.
36. 3. summa species, every appearance.
6. uri; from these the Swiss canton of Uri is thought to have
taken its name, as Bern did from the bear.
7. specie, ~ 54, ii.; the limiting genitive tauri serves the
purpose of an adjective.
11. adolescentes, 36, I., while growing up.
15. mansuefieri, ~ 37, vIr. end.
18. ab labris, around the rims.
QUINTUS CURTIUS RUFUS.
The precise date of the life of Quintus Curtius is not
known; but it is supposed that he lived in the first century
after Christ: he was probably a rhetorician, who selected the




238                LATIN READER.
career of Alexander as a suitable subject for a piece of composition. As a history his work has little value; but from
the grace and brilliancy of its style it has always been a
favorite. The first two books are wanting; the third commences with the year B.C. 333, when Alexander, after his
victory on the Granicus, is about to push on against the
Persian empire.
The period of Grecian glory under the supremacy of
Athens, Sparta, and Thebes was past. Philip of Macedon,
father of Alexander, had overthrown the liberty of Greece
in the battle of Chseronea, B.C. 338, and was about to take
up anew the old hereditary war against Persia, when he was
assassinated (B.C. 336), and succeeded by his son Alexander,
then a youth of twenty years. Alexander, who had genius
and spirit, at once took up his father's plans. In 334 he
gained a victory over Darius on the river Granicus, and
then advanced through Asia Minor. Early the next year,
he entered Cilicia; and now Darius abandoned his defensive
policy, left his advantageous position in Mesopotamia, and
advanced to meet the invader. This change of policy proved
his ruin, as it would have been easy to prevent Alexander
from crossing the mountains which separate Cilicia from
Syria. The following extract begins with the entrance of
Alexander into Cilicia.
37. 8. Castra Cyri, ~ 46.  ~ 52, III. (3). The name of this
place is analogous to English names like Leicester, Winchester, in
which the root is Castra, and which date from the Roman occupation of Britain. Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Empire, overthrew Croesus B.C. 546.
11. ab aditu; ~ 54, vI. note.
12. munimenta, object of imitante, which is abl. abs.
15. Memnon was the best general of Darius, and the originator
of his former defensive policy: he had just died, - an irreparable
loss to the King.
19. fuit, it would have been, ~ 59, note.
25. vindicare debuerat, he ought to have defended; as we cannot form any past tense of ought, we are obliged to use the perfect infinitive in English; ~ 57, IV., note.




NOTES —Q-UINTUS CURTIUS.                 239
38.  1. vel, even.
3. cum, ~ 43, has here something of a causal force, and takes
the subjunctive; render, rising from the sea.
4. cornu, sharp point.
6. mari cedit, it retreats from the sea.
8. eadem, i.e., Cilicia, sc. est.
12. tractu, current. - puro, clean. - quippe, since; this use
of quippe for quoniam, is very common in Curtius and other late
writers.
15. multa, etc.; we should say, pleasant banks.
19. sedes, positions; Thebes, ~ 9, 5.; in app. with urbium.
- Typhon, a fire-breathing monster of mythology.
39. 1. ipsos, the archers; they were to be as cautious as if
actually engaged in battle.
2. Tarson: ~ 10, 1. — tum maxime, just at that time.
8. Mediam, sc. urbem, ~ 47, vIII.
10. aliam agrees with oram; Ciliciae limits oram understood.
-- vapore, the steaming heat, or sultriness.
14. decorum agrees with the clause si... contentum.
16. cultu seems to refer to the bath, which is contrasted with the
luxurious baths of the Romans; a simple and easily prepared care
of the body: (Crosby.) It is sometimes referred to his clothing.
17. ingressi, sc. regis; this genitive limits artus.
31. Quem, subject of daturum, ~ 67, Iu. 2.
33. penetrarent, ~ 61, 2.
40.  5. sui, ~ 50, III. 2.
11. in Ciliciam; the ace., because motion is implied in fore.
13. sibi, ~ 51, I. note. - manibus, ~ 51, v. end.
16. articulo, juncture.
19. provocor, challenged. — superbas; "in which he ordered
them to bring the mad son of Philip to him alive and in chains."
Crosby.
20. fortunam, etc.; had my fate in counsel with him; i.e., took
counsel with it.
21. licet, ~ 39, 1.- arbitrio meo, by my own power.
28. ccepere, ~ 49, I. end.
30. injuria, unjustly, ~ 54, II. note.
31. a latere ipsius,from his own side, i.e., some among his followers.




240                 LATIN  READER.
33. daturum se is the subject of pronunciari, depending on jusserat; this statement is hardly in keeping with the amiable character of Darius.
41.  6. puero comes, ~ 51, I. note; his companion when a boy.
- ut, as.
8. non preeceps sed strenuum, not violent, but powerful.
15. id ipsum, even this; i.e., quod... sumpturus esset.
16. sumpturus esset, ~ 66, i. - ~ 40.
18. purpuratorum; the courtiers, clothed in the royal purple.
22. in utramque partem, on either side of the question.
24. perseverem, ~ 60, 3.
25. datum fuerit, ~ 57, I. end.
27. At, ~ 43, 2.
32. assumpto, having passed.
42.  10. ab isto ore; i.e., as depending upon thy life.
11. isto, ~ 22, II. - parricidii; i.e., because the King is the
father of his country; the same word is applied to the murder of
any near relative, or to treason to one's country.
15. laxa animum, relieve your mind. - sollicitudine, ~ 44, II.
19. permisissent, ~ 59, IV. 2.
20. animum, disposition, i.e., towards you. - alio, sc. modo.
27. interclusus etc.; his breath was obstructed.
32. matris, ~ 50, Iv. 1; eum is omitted.
43.  3. exspectatione, ~ 54, v.
8. grates habebant, expressed thanks,
11. utique, especially. - vel, whether it was that, ~ 43, 3.
21. artibus, the training or education. -Darius was at this
time in Mesopotamia, where he had intended to await the advance
of Alexander; but, having changed his plan after the death of
Memnon, he moved into Syria.
26. celeritate, sc. tanta. - grave, unwieldy.
27. eo, i.e., its banks.
31. cujus, ~ 54, III. note.- ~ 50, IV. 6.
44.  1. otium, a halt.
3. 2Esculapius was the god of healing: Alexander showed his
confidence in his own fortune, by instituting games to him, instead
of to the god of war.
6. tractus ejus, of that section. - sure facta ditionis, were
reduced under his power, ~ 50, I.; note; sc. esse.




NOTES   QJINTUS CURTIUS.                  24I
9. alteris castris, by a second day's march.
14. quoque, ~ 41, II. 1.
17. idem (i.e., Parmenio) et =: at once.
20. utrum... an, ~ 71. ii.; the double form utrumne is
hardly found, except in poetry.
23. prelio; the usual spelling is with oA. Darius was in Syria,
with a great superiority in numbers, as well as position; for his
army consisted largely of cavalry, for which this broad plain gave
great advantages. If the Greeks waited where they were, on the
other hand, the Persians would be able to bring no larger forces
into battle than they themselves, on account of the narrowness
of the ground.
26. circumiri, ~ 52, ii. 2.- ancipiti, on two sides.
28. vincerentur, ~ 64, III.; the non does not belong with ne,
but corresponds to sed.
45.  1. sede, abl. of price; we should say, had exchanged his
native home for exile; see note on p. 32, 1. 20.
7. nobilitate, ~ 54, Iv.
8. literas; the singular means a letter of the alphabet, the plural an epistle, writings, or literature.
12. initi, ~ 72, 2; of having entered upon.
13. redderetur, ~ 62, II. 3.
14. eam, subject of dari. — sigillo, ~ 54, x.
18. jussu, ~ 13, 4; such nouns are most often used in ace. or abl.
24. damnaret, ~ 57; in oratio recta, this would be si damnet,
by ~ 59, IV. 1.
28. fidem, sc. esse.
29. velle, sc. Grecos.
30. diversa, to the enemy. — commissum, sc. sibi.
33. futuros, in order that they might be: ~ 64, v. 5.
46.  1. sanctus, holy (not sacred), conscientious. - negat is
generally used for a negative assertion; Darius declares that he
will not; or, refuses, etc.
4. sibi, ~ 51, III. end and Iv. - crediturum, ~ 67, ii. 2.
5. imbuisset, ~ 57, III. - neminem, subject of debere.
6. capite, ~ 50, iv. 2, end.
9. fidei, ~ 50, I. 2.- haberi, sc. eum, ~ 48, IIr. note.
11. ipsum quidem, he for his part.
13. Fama, etc., wars depend upon rumor.
18. servato.. more: if the custom of the ancestors were kept.
i6




242                  LATIN  READER.
26. obtulerint, ~ 66, I.: who [as they asserted], etc.
21. regem, i.e., Alexander. -sua, i.e., of Darius.
30. verius, ~ 47, vII.
47.  6. relicta, ~ 10, 2. -fugerent, ~ 65, II.: were flying, not
would fly; the Persians had made a flank movement past the
Macedonians, and taken the town of Issus, which Alexander had
just left.
8. excepti, left behind.
19. adesset, se., utrum, ~ 71, ii. note.
22. campis, ~ 55, III. 5.
24. cum: although. - incondita: undisciplined.
27. l1etus decernendum  esse: glad that he was to fight.quod, as; a relative, referring to the clause that follows.
32. nec injuria: and not without reason.
33. esset, ~ 57, v.: we should say how fickle she is.
48.   2. majora, sc., esse.  periculis, ~ 54, v.
3. sicut dubium esset: as it was doubtful, ~ 66, i. - an:
this use of' an for utrum, in a single dependent question, is not
common in prose.
4. cum magna laude, ~ 54, In. first note.
6. vigilia: see note on p. 12, 1. 24.
10. The tuba was a long straight horn, with a harsh sound,
used for infantry.
13. The stadium, or distance marked out for foot-races, was a
Greek measure, of about one eighth of a mile.
14. The agmen (from ago, ~ 44, iii. 3) is the army marching;
acies, the line of battle. - Alexander was now retracing his steps
towards Issos, and each army was facing towards its own country.
17. etiam, sc., eos, subj. of occurrere.
18. non mediocris: immoderate; this is the figure called
lit6tes, by which a thing is affirmed by denying its opposite.
21. discurrentium, i.e., to give orders and take their positions.
49.   2. destinata, ~ 47, iv. (1).
11. milibus, ~ 46; it cannot agree with peditibus (~ 18, I. 3).
12. For the Macedonian phalanx see Hb. 121; it was the most
famous military order that ever existed, for compact and concentrated force.
17. assueta; this verb may be followed by the dative, or by
the ablative of means -practised in the office of body-guard.
18. Hyrcania was east, Media south of the Caspian Sea.




NOTES    Q.UINTUS CURTIUS.                243
22. Quicquid, sc., lo
24. stabant, rested on.
50.   5. et ipsi, these also.
10. illi, the barbarians towards the mountains, opposed by the
Agrianians.
14. quod is subj. of incesseretur, depending on timuerat ne.
17. " At first the breadth of practicable road was so confined
as to admit only a narrow column of march, with the cavalry following the infantry; presently it widened, enabling Alexander to
enlarge his front, by bringing up successively the divisions of the
phalanx." Grote.
24. major exercitus numero: louder than the numbers would
warrant.
25. circumjecta, ~ 47, In. (2).
28. suspensi, exhausted.
51. 3. olim may refer either to past or to future time - either,
they who had once freed the world [a hyperbolical allusion to
the Greek wars of freedom], and whose gods, Hercules and Bacchus, had traversed wide regions; or, that they would now free
the world, and make their way to the limits which these gods had
once reached. The latter appears to be Crosby's interpretation,
and is perhaps best, although there is certainly an inconsistency
between liberatores and imposituros jugum.
9. gladio, ~ 54, vII.
10. The umbo, boss, was a metallic point projecting
centre of the shield.
11. The Athenians and Bceotians had been vanquished by Alexander's father, Philip, in the great battle of Chberonea, five years
before: B.C. 338.
12. Bceotime and urbis (i.e., Thebes) both limit species.
19. The invasion of Darius was B.c. 490, that of Xerxes in 480.
The Persian kings sent ambassadors to Greece, demanding of each
city earth and water, as symbols of absolute submission.
22. ruinis, from ruo: by tearing down.
24. rapto: upon what they stole.
27. Irent, ~ 67, II. I; in oratio recta it would be ite; for the
tense, see ~ 57. - feminis, ~ 51, v. note.
33. decernere, ~ 68, Ir. The oriental nations excelled greatly
in cavalry, which was the weak point of the Greeks and Romans.
The battle upon the Greek left was vigorously contested.




244                 LATIN  READER.
52. 2. dextrum: can this mean lkevum? We have seen
(p. 50, 1. 10) that the enemy had been driven on Alexander's right.
8. conjungi, ~ 23, 3.
9. ipsi, i.e., the troops of Parmenio, on the left centre.
12. simul, sc. atque, ~ 43, 9.
15. Fighting at a distance, with arrows, javelins, etc., was
called eminus (e manus); with the sword, cominus. It will
be remembered that the Greek mercenaries of Darius were upon
this wing, towards the sea, so that "'Greek met Greek."
20. dimicarent, ~ 61, 1.
27. Alexander is here described as making for Darius himself,
in the centre of the line; but the romantic details given here by
Curtius are not substantiated by the best authorities.
28. opimum, in allusion to the spolia opima, Hb. 56.
53.  2. in parcissimis, one of afew.
6. similis ruinae, as if they had been swept down.
9. adverso corpore, in front.
27. in illud cornu: on that wing; the fight had been severe at
this point, until Darius himself fled. Meanwhile, the Thessalians,
on the Greek left, had likewise succeeded in putting their antagonists to flight.
28. serie laminarum, plate armor.
30. agmen moliebantur, formed into column.
54. 1. utrimque, on both wings.
8. partibus; the plural, partes, often means party, side.
10. haud sane, etc., i.e., in good order.
12. qua, ~ 55, Iv.
20. quibus, ~ 51, v. note. — quo: in proportion as; understand
eo with violentius, ~ 54, v. end.
26. impotentis (sc., sui, powerless over itself): arrogant.
30. ita very frequently is used with ut following; it need not
be translated at all.
31. ut... exciperent, ~ 70 and Ii.
33. semet; met is an emphatic addition, ~ 19, II. end.
55.  1. illa, the former; haec, the latter: ~ 20, It.
11. decoris, from decor (not dec6ris, from decus). - veris
quondam is contrasted with tune alienis.
13. calamitatis, ~ 50, Iv. 1.
21. im  endio, ~ 54, ix. -stetit: cost.




NOTES —.Q0INTUS CURTIUS.                 245
25. assueverat, was intimate.
32. pavoris, panic; fear is timor, dread, metus.
56.  10. Sardis, ~ 11, I. 2.- primo, ~ 41, II. 4.
17. The subj. of nuntiari is missum se a rege.
18. actum est means it is all over.
21. possent, ~ 63, iI.
28. -Itaque, ~ 43, 5.
31. officio, ~ 54, 1II.
33. apparatu: in respect to the splendor.
57.  5. haberi, to be rendered.
6. sepeliret, ~ 64, IV., after permitti.
7. pro habitu, in a manner suited to the condition.
11. justis, regular or due ceremonies.
14. " It is certain (from the extract now remaining of this letter
[written by Alexander after the battle]) that he never saw, nor
ever entertained the idea of seeing, the captive wife of Darius,
said to be the most beautiful woman in Asia; moreover, he even
declined to hear encomiums upon her beauty." (Grote.)
17. et hic; referring to their close intimacy.
31. vellem, ~ 60, 2, note.
48. Within three years after the battle of Issus, the empire
of Darius was utterly overthrown, and he himself was
assassinated. Alexander was now at the height of human
power; but, in becoming an Asiatic sovereign, he lost the
generous and noble qualities of his youth, and became a
passionate and treacherous tyrant.   His treatment of his
early friend, Clitus, the brother of his nurse, in B.c. 228, is
an illustration of this change of character. His army had
penetrated far to the east of the Caspian Sea, to Maracanda,
the modern Samarcand.
8. receptacula, ~ 46, in apposition with turres.
9. aetatibus, generations; ~ 55, I. 2.
12. Lysimachus was one of the generals of Alexander, who
divided his empire after his death; he became king of Thrace.
14. quo, i.e., Lysimachus.
15. adjecit, added.- tam, as well.
21. Nam, ~ 43, 4.
24. crediderim, ~ 60, note, and 2.




246                  LATIN  READER.
26. defunctus erat, ~ 61, 2, note. - scivere, decreed.
31. Maracanda, a neuter plural.
59. 1. provinciam; this was the important satrapy of Sogdianta.
2. The battle on the river Granicus was the first great victory
gained by Alexander over the Persians, B.C. 334.
5. bellicis ~ 44, Iv. 2.
10. in posterum, for the next ddy.
13. gravis, offensive.
16. Chaeroneam; see note on p. 51, 1. 11. - operis; the result
of his labors.
17. sibi, firom him; dative of disadvantage, ~' 51, i. note.
29. It would appear that while Alexander was away upon this
expedition, Philip visited the island of Samothrace, falned for the
peculiar and mysterious rites of the Cabiri, and was initiated into
their mysteries, initia.
60. 2. cubabant; this refers to the custom of reclining at meals:
they leaned upon the left elbow, and the neighbor towards whom
any one's face was turned was said to be infra eum.
3. Euripides was a great tragic poet of Athens, of the fifth
century, B.C.
12. preesentibus, i.e., the exploits of Alexander.
14. quis refers to ea understood, object of audiret; this form
of the dative and ablative is frequent in later writers.
17. remittente, sc. eo; ablative absolute.
19. Parmenio, the general of Alexander who had done such good
service in the battle of Issus, had been shortly before assassinated
by the king's order. - de, over.
21. animi prava contentione, a violent outbreak of temper;
he had long concealed his indignation at the insolence and injustice of Alexander.
24. arbitrium agis, pass judgment; here he contrasts himself
with the flatterers of Alexander. - preecipuum, sc. praemium.
28. sortitas, having obtained by lot; i.e., possessing.
32. heesuros fuisse, ~ 67, i. 2, note.
61[.  1. Alexander, King of Epirus, brother of Olympias, the
mother of Alexander the Great, crossed over into Italy B.C. 332,
and fbught against the Samnites, etc.; he was assassinated in 326.
7. eum, Clitus; sibi, Alexander; semetipso, Clitus.
13. Observe the taunt in the words pectore and tergum.




NOTES -- QUINTUS CURTIUS.                247
16. Attalus was an officer of Philip, uncle of his wife Cleopatra;
he was assassinated by Alexander's order shortly after his accession to the throne.
17. In his expedition to Egypt, B.C. 331, Alexander had visited
the famous oracle of Jupiter Ammon, and obtained assurance that
he was the son of this god. - assereret, ~ 66, I.
18. se, Clitus; patrem, Zeus (Jupiter).
21. olim, for some time.
27. Ptolemwus was afterwards King of Egypt; Perdiccas was
the officer to whom Alexander gave his ring on his death-bed,
and who was guardian of his infant son, until killed in a mutiny.
62.  10. jam non, ~ 41, ii. 2.
16. ingeniis, ~ 51, Iv.
17. perpendimus, ~ 70, Iv.
21. abusum agrees with virum, subject of occisum.
26. paulo ante qualifies convivae, ~ 47, III. end.
33. Laniare, ~ 49, III.
63.  4. num, ~ 71, I.
5. subit; it occurs to him. - Liber (Bacchus) had been
offended by this slight.
12. bestiae, ~ 51, vIII. - alias... alias; sometimes... at other
times, ~ 22, ii.
17. pro mea gloria, ~ 51, I. third rem.
19. omnibus ejus, ~ 51, v.; all her friends.
22. sine memoria, without putting her in mind.
30. puderet, ~ 64, II.
31. prohibituri, ~ 59, ii. note; and they would have, etc.
During the year which followed, Alexander pursued his
conquests in the East, and in the spring of B.C. 326 entered
India, crossed the river Indus, and arrived on the banks of
the Hydaspes, now the Jelum.
64. 8. gravioribus quam, etc., too heavy to be shot.
15. diffusus; this word, with elisus below, takes the gender
of amnis Hydaspis, implied in flumen, - the masculine, implying the vigor and fbrce of the living stream.
17. Nec impetum  coercebat, nor did it check its swiftness,
as might have been expected.
19. elisus, with broken course; rapids.
23. de industria irritate, purposely made furious.




248                 LATIN  READER.
25. pectora is obj. of percusserant, and se of experts
31. parve rei discrimine, by the test of a slight skirmish.
65.  4. partium, of their tribe; see note on p. 54, 1. 8.
6. Notice the tenses; transnavere simply states a past action,
tenebat describes the condition of the island.
18. eadem, also, - tegendis, ~ 73, III.
19. ripa, ~ 54, vI.: the common usage would be a ripa.
22. opportunitatis, ~ 50, III.
33. aequalem, i.e., in age.
66. 1. utique, at least.
7. in regionem, to the neighborhood.
14. momento, ~ 55, I. 2.
17. nox, darkness; celo, the sky.
31. humani ingeni, by a weakness of human nature.
67.  5. The shield-bearers were to protect the archers.
20. effusis habenis, at full gallop.
32. movebantur, sc. the elephants.
68. 2. gestantes, sc. id.
5. illo, i.e., Hercules, who had visited India among other
places.
18. There is some confusion here and below between right and
left; as it reads, both Alexander and Caenus attacked the enemy's left.
22. invehemini; the future is used here, as is frequently the
case, as nearly equivalent to an imperative, like shall in English.
27. in suos acrius furit, it is more dangerous to its own side.
69.  4. statuerunt, they have rested, ~ 57, HI.
6. molientes ictus, preparing to shoot.
10. jungere, depends upon jubebant.
12. in medium, in common.
21. concursatione, in a sudden attack.
28. manu, its trunk.
29. super se, over their heads.
31. in multum diei, until late in the day.
33. copidas; copis, a Greek word for sword or scimitar.
70.  3. It is questioned whether mortis and supplicii limit quidquam or timor; probably it is best to connect them with timor;
" nor- did their fear, not only of death, but of fresh torments in
death, leave anything untried" in self-defence.




NOTES -- QINTUS CURTIUS.                  249
11. expositus, exposed, i.e., being left alone, as well as by his
conspicuous size.
17. fluentibus, relaxed.
23. regis, in appos. with Taxilis; Taxiles was an Indian king,
who had allied himself with Alexander.
71. 3. resistentibus, ~ 51, iii. second remark.
18. malum, a kind of oath, the mischief!
19. rerum mearum, of my power; belli, in war; an example
of two genitives, subjective and objective, limiting the same word,
fame.
20. in deditos, follows clementiae.
18. Curtius here differs from Arrian, Who says (v. 19, 1), that
Porus answered: "that you treat me like a king."
72. 1. aegrum, while sick.
2. contra spem, belongs with confirmatum.
4. regno, ~ 51, II. end.
6. simplicius, more impartially.
After the victory over Porus, Alexander desifed to push
on to the Ganges, but was dissuaded by the reluctance of his
soldiers, and the unfavorable character of the omens; he
therefore followed the Indus down to its mouth, and then returned to the west.
17. pecorum, ~ 50, I. 3.
18. amnis (~ 50, III.), after peritis.
19. enatam, produced by alluvial deposits; the delta of theIndus.
20. socordius asservati, too carelessly watched.
26. omnium, for omnium locorum  or rerum; an exception
to ~ 47, iv. 1, note.
73. 1. ipsos for se; quite common in Curtius.
18. quo (~ 54, v. end), in proportion as.
20. flumini, dat. after mixtum; adhuc qualifies leni.
22. evecti, carried past.
24. securi, regardless.
26. vice, ~ 14, I. 3; the dwellers on the Mediterranean were
not accustomed to tides: see note on p. 15, 1. 33.
31. cernere videbantur, they supposed they discerned.




250                 LATIN  READER.
74. 1. The ships had been drawn up on land, according to the
custom of the ancients.
5. prohibebant; i.e., by pushing with poles, they prevented
the oars from being used.
9. non receperant, were not able to contain, governs mentes.
14. opis, ~ 14, ii. 1.
19. duorum, sc. exercituum.
22. ad manus, to blows.
27. subsederant, had been formed, existed.
31. magno tractu, with a strong movement.
33. destituta, left aground.
75.  3. Miles, the singular for the plural; the soldiery.
4. praesentibus, etc., things more terrible than these, which
should follow.
8. aestum relaturum [esse] depends upon ignari.
10. Belum: it is hard to guess what beasts these can have
been; the story is no doubt a rhetorical flourish.
29. mirabundi, ~ 44, v. 1.
32. occup'aret, take advantage of.
33. os, governed by evectus, ~ 52, im.:76. 2. locorum, the land.
4. altero, the second.
8. remedio, ~ 51, vII.
20. The paragraph that follows is taken from the tenth book,
chap. I.; the intervening passages describe the land march of
Alexander to Carmania, upon the Persian Gulf.
22. queedam, etc., some things by hearsay, others from observation.
23. subjectam, lying below.
24. ab,from, not by.
26. aestu secundo, by the flow of the tide.
28. sequi, ~ 65, ii. note. - cum connects strepitu with subisse.
29. cetera, ~ 52, iv. note.
77. 5. his; we should expect sibi.
10. omni, etc.; when all the sea-coast should have been subdued.
14. quam, ~ 48, II.; there were two provinces of Spain.
18. Libano; Mt. Lebanon was famed for its timber, as in the
time of Solomon.




NOTES, —-  UINTUS CURTIUS.                251
After his return from the Indian expedition, Alexander
was deeply afflicted by the loss of his friend Hephaestion; at
whose funeral obsequies he indulged in unmeasured revel
and intoxication, followed by a violent fever. It was soon
manifest that he could not recover, and the soldiers were admitted to see him for the last time.
25. Intuentibus, ~ 51, I. note; it is nearly equivalent to a genitive, and may be so rendered.
27. lectum, governed by circumstantium, ~ 52, ii. 2.
7S. 1. illud ultimum, ~ 52, Iv., for the last time.
2. debito, ~ 54, vI., debt.
6. ad Hammonen; the temple of Jupiter Hammon is in Libya.
29. quoddam, as it were.
79. 11. Bella civilia; in fact, bloody wars followed, which
lasted for many years, until the empire of Alexander had been
shared among his generals.
13. de rege, who should be king.
15. missione, discharge.
30. imperaret, ~ 65, iv. 1. -ipsis, ~ 51, III.
80. 2. matrem: Sisygambis, the mother of Darius, who
had been treated with the greatest courtesy and honor by the
conqueror.
6. cui, ~ 51, III.; nubo means to veil, and so to veil for a man,
i.e., marry him. -proprias, her own, private.
11. miseree, ~ 47, IIi. - ~ 51, VIII.
13. Quem, ~ 52, vi. -puellarum, ~ 50, III.
18. Artaxerxes III., Ochus, her brother, son of Artaxerxes II.,
had murdered all his brothers, according to the oriental fashion,
that he might have no rivals.
26. Magnum agrees with documentum; Alexandro, after
est understood.
28. sustinuisset vivere, had endured to live.
31. naturae fuisse, belonged to his nature, ~ 50, I. note.
S1.  6. ut, although; ita, yet; a frequent use of these words.
7. juveni, ~ 51, 2. -jam, moreover.
8. quorum, ~ 47, Ii. (2); relatives follow the same rule as
adjectives.
14. Illa, the following.




252                 LATIN READER.
17. mutare, ~ 24, v. 3.
26. statuit, se. Fortuna.
30. diffudit; this refers to the division of his empire.
CORNELIUS NEPOS.
CORNELIUS NEPOS was an historian and biographer of the
time of Cicero.  The volume of Lives of Illustrious Commanders which passes under his name (excepting the life of
Atticus, and perhaps that of Cato, which are genuine), is at
best only an abridgment of his writings.
Carthage was a great commercial city in Africa, a Plcenicianl colony, situated near the present site of Tunis. In B.C.
264 it engaged in a war with Rome, which had just then
made itself sovereign of Italy. After three obstinate wars
called the three Punic Wars (Pcenus = Phrenician), Carthage was destroyed, B.c. 146. The First Punic War (ending
B.C. 241) had resulted in giving to Rome the islands of
Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. To make good their losses,
the Carthaginians took  possession of Spain, which was
governed for some years by IHamilcar, as governor. Some
time after his death, his son Hannibal succeeded to the
government, and proved the ablest and bitterest enemy that
Rome ever had.
S2, 6. ut superarit; ~ 57, I.; 70, II. The usual construction
after verum est is the accusative with the infinitive. - cum eo,
i.e., populus Romanus. -quod nisi, ~ 52, Iv., unless then.
16. erga usually expresses a friendly feeling. — qui refers to
Hannibal; and indeed he. -cum Romanis, ~ 54, iI. third rem.
20. Philip V., king of Macedonia, made war upon the Romans during and after the Second Punic War. Antiochus was
the king of Syria, with whom Hannibal took refuge after his
banishment. - Rubro mari; this was the Indian Ocean with its
gulfs. - darent operam, employ.
27. read tamquam eum (understood); on the ground that he,
&c.; tamquam often has this meaning in late writers: eum is subject of sentire; alia atque, ~ 43, 9; the subjunctives that follow,
fecissent and vidisset, like venissent, follow cum



NOTES -CORNELIUS NEPOS.                  253
83.  6. annos, ~ 54, v. note. — Karthagine, ~ 55, IIi. 1.a me, ~ 52, iII. (1), end.
11. ducere, ~ 65, ii. note. - 14. tenentem, agreeing with me
understood.
20. me, ~ 52, III. (1), se. id.
31. fcederatam, i.e., to the Romans: this was B.C. 219.
84.  6. The legends made Hercules to have gone on an expedition to Spain; Graius, Greek: the real origin of the name
of the Graian Alps (those about the Little St. Bernard) is
unknown.
9. muniit, constructed, engineered. —ornatus, equipped, laden.
15. Clastidi, ~ 10, 4; Clastidium was a town south of the Po,
which was betrayed to Hannibal: the statement here is incorrect,
as the skirmish in which Scipio was wounded was on the river
Ticinus. - manum conseruit, joined battle: the battle on the
Trebia, B.C. 218, was the first important engagement; the victory
on Lake Thrasymenus, in Etruria, was in B.c. 217; The third
and overwhelming victory at Cannae was B.c. 216. - Cannensi,
~ 44, Iv. 6. —'Paulus was father of the distinguished Lucius
ZEmilius Paulus, and grandfather of Publius Scipio Africanus the
younger, who destroyed Carthage.
33. pugna pugnata, ~ 52, i. end.
S5. 3. Capua was the chief city of Campania, the second city in
Italy; it had joined Hannibal after his victory at Cannae. - The
dictator was a magistrate appointed for six months with unlimited
power; the next in command to him was the magister equitum.
7. dedit verba, a colloquial expression for imposed upon;
the use of colloquialisms is characteristic of this writer. - ejus
generis, i.e., juvencorum.
12. non ita multis, not very many.
15. Tiberius Gracchus was grandfather of -the famous tribunes;
Marcellus was called the sword of Rome, front his courage;
Fabius, the shield, from his prudence.- iterum, a second time.
sustulit, from tollo, he took off, i.e., killed.
24. defensum, ~ 74, i. - Publius Cornelius Scipio was called
Africanus from his victories in Africa. - congrederetur, ~ 64,
ii.  The battle of Zama was B.C. 202.
86. 10. This was B.C. 200. -his magistratibus, either ~ 54, x.
or ~ 55,. -- Fregellee was an important town in Italy.




254                 LATIN  READER.
26. Karthagini, ~ 7, 7; ~ 55, III. 3.-reges: the correct
name of these magistrates was suffites.
31. in aerario, ~ 56, I. 1, note.
87. 10. CyrEnae is the modern Barca, west of Egypt. It was a
Grecian colony. - Antiochi, ~ 50, I. - cui; Antiochus.
20. scriptum agrees with the clause a... eum.
27. The island of Rhodes was at this time a very important
maritime power. - quo, sc. prcelio.
31. Antiochus was vanquished by Lucius Scipio, in the battle
of Magnesia, B.c. 190.- Cretam; names of small islands follow
the rules of names of towns: ~ 55, III.
88. 25. Prusias was King of Bithynia, a country on the northern
coast of Asia Minor; Pontus was further east. - Eum6nes was
king of Pergminum, and his dominions comprised most of the
west coast of Asia Minor; he was a sagacious king and a patron
of literature and art, and maintained a close alliance with the
Romans.
30. colligi, ~ 68, III. note.
89. 2. a ceteris follows defendere. — id, i.e., se defendere.se facturum, he would bring it about, governs ut scirent, etc.
11. The caduceus, or rod of Hermes, was the badge of a
herald. — suis, dative. This absurd story is one of the many
that were fabricated in relation to this great man.
28. ccepta sunt, ~ 38, I. 1.
90. 4. Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was the Roman general who
overthrew Philip, king of Macedon, B.C. 197.
8. Patres conscripti, the senators: the original patrician
senators were called patres, and the plebeians added to the
senate were called conscripti. - existimarent, ~ 63, ii.
12. suum  and sibi refer to the Romans, se to Prusias; an
unusual inconsistency. - The laws of hospitality were held in
peculiar honor among the ancients.
20. usu, by experience, in fact.
The year of the death of Hannibal is uncertain: we have given
the usually assumed, B.C. 183, date.




NOTES- SALLUST.                   255
SALLUST.
CATcs  SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS (also spelled Salustius) was
born B.C. 86, at Amiternum, in the Sabine country, and died
B.C. 34. He was an earnest partisan of Caesar; and the aim
of his historical writings was to depict the corruption and
inefficiency of the governing classes at Rome, in a manner to
justify the revolution accomplished by Caesar. As an historian he has many merits, but is very inaccurate in details.
"His chronology is confused; his description of the military
operations is sometimes unintelligible; he often omits the
names of places, when the names would be the only means
of making the story clear. He does not tell us which way
the armies are moving, and gives us no notion of distances,
and generally a very vague description of the ground....
If we overlook its defects as a military history, we must
allow that Sallust has sketched in a rapid and lively way the
career of the bold Numidian adventurer, from the time of his
service under Scipio in Spain to his capture by a Roman
more cunning and more treacherous than himself." (Long.)
The character of Sallust was not altogether above reproach,
and he seems to have shared in the vices he condemns. His
great historical work, the history of his own times, is lost;
and there only remain of his works, besides a few fragments,
the brief accounts of the war with Jugurtha, and the Conspiracy of Catiline.
In the Second Punic War, Hannibal was finally overthrown by Scipio Africanus in the battle of Zama, B.C. 202.
This victory was largely due to the aid contributed by
Masinissa, king of eastern Numidia (now Algiers), who
remained after this time a steady and serviceable ally of the
Roman people, until his death, B.C. 148. The events between his death and the outbreak of the war in 110, are
briefly narrated by Sallust in the passages which follow.
91. 9. Africano, ~ 51, vI. note. -facinora, from facio, means
deeds, but is commonly used in the meaning of evil deeds, crimes. -




256                  LATIN  READER.
Syphax was king of the western Numidians, and had assisted Carthage in the war, - magnum, ~ 52, iv. - urbis = urbes. T. 2, 6.
24. luxu; the dat. in u is frequent in Sallust; the historical
infinitive (~ 49, iII.), as equitare, is also common with him.
942. 1. plurumum; for this archaic fobrm, see top of p. 2; existumans is a similar form. -intelldgit is an old form of the perf'
(from lgo, lgi); the form intellexi became afterwards more
common. - sum  liberorumque, his own age and that of his children; this combination of a genitive and a possessive qualifying
the same word is common. - mediocris, of moderate passions.transvorsos, another archaic fobrm, for transversos. - ex quibus, i.e., studia.
16. neque per vim neque insidiis; most writers would prefer
two similar constructions (as vi or per insidias); Sallust, like
Tacitus, is fond of varying his constructions. — Numantia was a
town in Spain, which was captured by Scipio the younger, 2Emilianus, B.C. 133, after a siege of ten years. — Romanis; a common use of the dat. after words denoting an office; see example
in ~ 51, I. note. -periculis after obviam, by analogy to ~ 51, v.
- alterum-alterum, the latter, the former.
93. 6. erat; we should expect esset, by ~ 63, ii.; the ind. is
common in Sallust in such clauses. - hue accedebat; the subject
is munificentia, etc.; ~ 49, I. note; the adv. hue — huic rei.
10. novi atque nobiles; the nobles at Rome were those whose
ancestors had held office of dignity in the state, and who therefore
belonged to the ruling class; those who reached position by their
own exertions, like Marius and Cicero, were called novi homines (Hb. ~ 126).- The socii were the Italians in alliance with
Rome, who were kept in a position of inferiority by the Romans.
-fore, etc., ~ 67, IIi. 1; this might also be potitum iri or fore;
pro concione, in the presence of the army. - The praetorium,
headquarters (Hb. ~ 160), was so called because the consul, who
commanded in war, originally bore the title praetor. -publice,
etc.; e.g. rather by public services than private intrigues. — neu
(neve) quibus, ~ 21, III. end. - a, from; it was perilous to buy
from a few, &c.- ultro, without his seeking.
94. 7. The death of Micipsa was B.C. 118. -justa, the proper
rites. — ignobilitatem; Jugurtha was of illegitimate birth.dextra, sc. manu, on his right hand. - Adherbalem, ~ 52, ii.




NOTES- SALLUST.                    257
1.; properly it is governed by the preposition ad, next to. - in
alteram partem, i.e., to the left.
22. ipsum illum, i.e., Jugurtha. -cum animo, in his mind.
31. placuerat, ~ 39, 3. -finis, ~ 52, vI.
95. 4. proximus lictor; the lictors were officers who went
before certain Roman magistrates (Hb. ~ 130); the Numidian king
had similar attendants. The hindmost of these was next to the
magistrate, and therefore highest in rank. - ministrum, ~ 46.
- referebantur, notice the imperf. - ceterum, moreover; usually
it means but.
After the death of IHiempsal, B.C. 118, war broke out between Jugurtha and Adherbal; Adherbal was defeated, and
took refuge in Rome. Jugurtha also sent ambassadors thither,
and succeeded by bribery in bringing about the appointment
of a commission to divide the kingdom between the two
cousins; this division was made in such a way as to give
Jugurtha the best parts of the country, while Adherbal had
the best cities and harbors, including the capital, Cirta, now
Constantine.
22. contra timorem, in spite of his apprehensions.
96.  11. secus ceperat, he had come off worse.
28. partim ==partem or alios.- togatorum; the toga, a long,
woollen unbleached shawl, of a semi-elliptical shape, was the distinctive dress of a Roman citizen; here, however, all the Italians are
meant. -The vineae were movable sheds, which were pushed up
near the walls to protect the soldiers fighting and working under
them; the turres were high, and were moved on wheels near the
walls, and used to throw darts, &c., into the city besieged. - machinae; these were engines for hurling stones and darts.
97. 5. majores natu, elders, ~ 17, IIi. end. — usi, having enjoyed; honores is the word used for public offices.- Marcus
iEmilius Scaurus was for many years the leading man in the Roman
state; he was dignified and sagacious, but, it would appear, shared
the prevailing corruption of the times. - senati, this form of the
gen., of the second declension, is common in Sallust for this and
one or two other nouns of the fourth declension. The princeps
senatus was the person recognized by the censors as the leader of
the body, as being the most eminent man in the state (Hb. ~ 139).




2 58                LATIN  READER.
— in invidia, was a source of great scandal.- Utica was the
chief town of the Roman province Africa (now Tunis).
19. diducta, i.e., by the attack on all sides.- casum, a
chance or occasion. - Adherbalis, ~ 54, iI. note.- frustra,
without attaining their purpose.
90. 1. omnia potiora, that any thing was better, i.e., more trustworthy. - deditionem; this was B.C. 112.
9. interpellando and trahendo qualify leniebant; gratia and
jurgiis (by fair means or foul) qualify trahendo. — Caius MIemmius was probably the one who was murdered twelve years later by
a seditious mob; he is called by Niebuhr " one of the most energetic
and righllt-minded men of that age." — ut condonaretur is not a
final clause (denoting purpose), but a substantive clause, in apposition with id. - Jugurthee, dative of advantage.
18. The Sempronian Law, carried through by Caius Sempronius
Gracchus, aimed to lessen the power of the senate and the opportunity for corruption in assigning provinces, by providing that the
assignation should be made before the election of the consuls; that
is, the senate determined beforehand what the consular provinces
should be, and these were then divided by lot or agreement between
the two consuls. - scribitur, levied.
Bestia proceeded to Africa, and shortly brought Jugurtha
to terms; but was bribed by him  to grant an advantageous
peace, disgraceful to Rome. But the tribune Memmius, the
boldest antagonist of the corrupt nobility, persuaded the people to reject the treaty, and to send Cassius, a man " pure in
a corrupt time" (Niebuhr), to summon Jugurtha to Rome,
to answer for his crimes.
30. elephantos; i.e., those which Jugurtha had surrendered.
99. 1. Rogatione; a proposition for a law was called rogatio,
because the.people were asked whether they would accept it. -- ex
conscientia, from a bad conscience. - vim; i.e., that he would
use force if he did not submit himself to their mercy. - minoris,
~ 54, ix. 1.- In Rome, Jugurtha bribed one of the tribunes, by
whose intercession he escaped the necessity of answering the questions put to him by Memmius.
11. This was B.C. 110. - Gulussa was brother of Micipsa. -
metu; i.e., the anxiety of the Romans as to Jugurtha's future
course.




NOTES — SALLUST.                     259
23. Jugurtha, ~ 51, vI.; he did not venture to rely any longer
upon his friends among the Romans, and therefore resolved to get
rid of his rival. -egressus, ace. pl. -ejus, i.e., Massiva. -qui is
pl., refirring to the individuals implied in numero; this is called
synesis, or constructio ad sensum, see ~ 47, iI. end.
100. 3. Fit reus, is put on, trial. - The jus gentium of the Romans was not our Law of Nations, but consisted of those usages
of law which were common to all nations; one of these was the
sanctity of a safe-conduct. — manufestus, like maxumus, an
archaic form. - animum advortit, he perceived. - supra, etc.;
that the obloquy of the deed went beyond, &c.
9. in priore actione, iv the first stages of the action; i.e., the
preliminary inquiry. -popularis, those of his nation. — illo,
Bomilcar. — urbem, ~ 52, v.
22. mos, etc.; this may mean the parties among the people, and
the factions in the senate; but as popularis is used especially for
the party opposed to the senate, it would seem best to take these
nouns as relating to the individual parties; the custom of a popular and a senatorial party. -prima, the first things, ~ 48, II. -
glorie, false glory; i.e., as rivals. -hostilis, ~ 47, v.; it is here
equivalent to the objective gen., hostium. - ea, ~ 47, II. (2). —
Carthage was destroyed B.C. 146; in the same year Corinth was
captured; no enemy now remained whom the Romans need fear.
101. 3. in lubidinem  [for lib.] vortere [for vert.], to turn to
their own pleasure; abuse. -sibi quisque, eachJbr himself. -factione, by combinations, i.e., owing to their fewness. —plebei, here
5th declension. - agitabatur, impers.; every thing was managed.
11. The tendency at this time to absorb all the lands of Italy
into a few large estates, latifundia, cultivated by slaves, was the
most alarming symptom of the times. Latifundia Italiam perdidere, says Pliny. To bring this about, and set all the neighboring small freeholds into their hands, the nobles scrupled at neither
fraud nor violence; nor did the poor have any adequate protection in law.
18. These were the Gracchi, mentioned  below.  Tiberius
Sempronius Gracchus carried an agrarian law (Hb. ~ 168), for the
distribution of public land among the poorer classes, B.C. 133;
his brother Caius, ten years later, aimed at still more sweeping
refo)rms: both were assassinated by the nobles. Their grandfather had fou-ht successfully against Hannibal; their father was




260                 LATIN  READER.
eminent as a statesman; their mother Cornelia was daughter of
the great Scipio. - permixtio terre, a chaos.
25. patefacere, ~ 37, VII. note. -The Socii were the Italian
nations in nominal alliance with Rome; the nomen Latinum,
the Latin cities and colonies which were debarred from full
political privileges, but possessed certain rights of Roman citizenship; both these classes held portions of the public domain which
were affected by the laws of Gracchus, and therefore-opposed his
measures. Later reformers undertook to extend full citizenship
to all the inhabitants of Italy. — The equites were those who
were entitled by their wealth to serve in the cavalry, receiving a
horse from the state; by a law of Caius Gracchus, all possessing
a specified amount of property received certain privileges, which
constituted them a class by themselves, equester ordo: thus
setting up an aristocracy of wealth to balance the hereditary
aristocracy of the nobles. — societatis means a share in the
privileges of the senate. — eadem, the same policy. - triumvirum; Caius Gracchus failed in his third election to the tribuneship, but still held the office of triumvir [member of a committee
of three] for planting colonies (~ 73, iii. note), when he was
killed, B.C. 121. —et sane, and to be sure.
102.  3. Three thousand are said to have been slain with
Gracchus and Flaccus. — timoris, i.e., they feared the opposite
party, whom they had treated with such barbarity. — parem,
~ 59, Iv. 1.
After the return of Jugurtha, the war was conducted by
Spurius Albinus and his brother Aulus.  The latter was
forced by Jugurtha to agree to a dishonorable peace, which
was at once rejected by the Romans; and the consul of the
year 109 took command, although late in the year. Quintus
Coecilius Metellus, afterwards called Numidicus, was one of
the most eminent and respectable members of the aristocracy,
belonging to an old and distinguished family. His vigilant
and judicious measures soon excited the alarm of his antagonist, and his success induced the senate to retain him in
command as proconsul for the following years.
18. antea experimentis, previous experience, i.e., of Bestia and
Albinus; ~ 47, III. end.- maxime, if possible.




NOTES -  SALLUST.                  261
103. 4. insidiis, etc., depends upon credere. —Caius Marius
was a soldier of low birth and no education, who by courage and
ability had risen to a high military position, and who afterwards
became a dictator in the state. - legatus, see note on p. 13, I. 2.
— tribunis, ~ 51, II. -The legions of the Roman army, commanded by tribunes, are contrasted with the cohorts of the Italian
allies, commanded by prcefecti. The Roman legion was divided
into maniples, combined afterwards into cohorts by Marius (Hb.
~ 158); although even at this time a combination of three maniples
was called a cohort (see page 106, line 32). — velites, lightarmed troops.
16. Vacca, a town south-west of Utica. — forum, a market
town; the regular term for a class of towns larger than mere villages. - celebratum, frequented. - simul, et; both, and. - si
paterentur, whether they would endure, depends upon tentandi.
26. modo, even.
33. composuit, compared; this word may also be followed by
the dative.
1041. 12. Muthul; the position of this river is doubtful. —
tractu pari, parallel; vastus, barren.- ex eo medio, i.e.,
from the middle of the mountain range, which Metellus was
crossing. The hill stretched to the river, at right angles to both
river and mountain. -humi, ~ 50, Ir. 3.
20. transvorso itinere, at right angles;. iter here means
direction. - montem, ~ 56, II. 1. - cum, consisting of. — Turma
was the name for the subdivisions of cavalry; the maniples were
of infantry: these were properly Roman terms. -illis, the Romans.
— quwe, etc.; refers to omnia; every thing which it becomes. a
commander to see to. - prudentes cum imperitis, as those forewarned with those taken by surprise.
]105. 13. neque, et tamen, one the one hand not, and yet.plane, entirely. -incerti agrees with equi Numidaque; esset
is attracted to agree with its predicate quidnam; indistinguishable what it was that was seen. - cum turn, ~ 43, 8. - obscurati
agrees with ipsi, taking the masculine in preference to the neuter,
although referring also to signa.
16. commutatis ordinibus.   The account of Metellus's
manceuvres is very confused and blind; it appears to be somewhat as follows. He drew up his army in line of'battle, facing the




262                 LATIN  READER.
right (in dextro latere), for the enemy were on that flank, below;
the regular order for battle was in three lines, triplicibus subsidiis (Hb. ~ 156). Then they must wheel, transvorsis principiis, and face the river, in order to descend into the plain.
25. Publius Rutilius Rufus was one of the most virtuous men
of the day. He was afterwards unjustly banished on a false
charge of oppressing the citizens of Asia, in which province he
had served as official. - transvorsis prceliis, attacks on the flank.
— pro re atque loco, agreeably to circumstances and the nature
of the ground. - principes, in the van.
106.  1. primos, i.e., the first to whom the Romans came.quasi, about.' adesse is frequently used with the meaning come
up.. —ludificati, eluded; then in consequence eminus sauciabantur. - copia, opportunity. - priores = superiores, i.e., the
Numidians; hostis, the Romans.- fuerant agrees with the
nearer subject. - ea, in this direction, ~ 55, Iv.
22. a suis belongs with dispersi, separated from their comrades. - die, genitive, an old form. - eorum, the Numidians.
107. 3. illis, the Romans. - quos, i.e., the enemy.
16, die, ~ 50, II. 4. - advorso colle evadunt, charge up the
hill. - tutata, ~ 47, II. (2). — quietus, i.e., Bomilcar. -ubique
et ubi. - accepit, he learned.
33. pulveris vim. " It is amusing to find in this Latin expression the exact equivalent of a familiar Americanism." (Butler.)
108.  16. [victoria]; a word thus enclosed in brackets is a
doubtful reading. - amplius opinione, longer than their expectation. -inter se, from one another, that is the main army under
Metellus and the detachment of Rutilius; alteri apud alteros,
each with the other party. - admissum, sc. erat, committed, ~ 59,
IV. 2. note. " This was a battle which testified as unmistakably to
Jugurtha's rare military talent, as to the inexhaustible bravery
of the Roman infantry, which alone had turned the strategic defeat
into a victory." (Mommsen.)
30. quatriduo, ~ 55, I. 2. — meritos, those who have done good
service.
109.  3. Jugurtha... gereret is object of exploratum.- ut,
how. - ea gratia, on this account. - ex fuga, after flight.
15. ex illius lubidine, according to his pleasure, i.e., Jugurtha's; that of Metellus would be sua. -- suos; subject of'
vincere. - preedam, in app. with omnia, predicate after esse.




NOTES —SALLUST.                     263
27. pugnatum, ~ 72, 2. -quippe does not belong with cujus,
but is used with is understood, since he whose, &c. - sua loca,
the battle-ground chosen by himself. - ex copia, as circumstances
demanded.
110. 5. sicuti follows discedunt.
These events were followed by desultory warfare; a siege
of Zama by Marius proved unsuccessful, and Metellus undertook a renewal of negotiations; partly openly with the king,
partly intriguing with his officers to betray him. The war
seemed to be at a stand-still.
11. agitabat, ~ 69, note. -ageret, ~ 67, II. 1. —preeter,
except. -belli, ~ 55, ii. - Arpinum was a town in the valley of
the Liris, south-east of Rome, where Cicero was also born. -
Graeca facundia; the Greeks were at this time the chief instructors in rhetoric. — tribunatum; the military tribunes were
originally appointed by the general, afterwards in part elected by
the people; the election was in the comitia of the tribes (Hb.
~ 142).- ab eo magistratu, from that magistracy; the military tri-.
bunate was not strictly a magistracy, but Marius was prmetor, B.c.
115. - ad id locorum, to this point (of time), opposed to postea.
111. 17. per negotia publica; a fiequent use of per; when
public interest should permit. — filio; this was Quintus Metellus
Pius, consul B.C. 80; Marius was now forty-eight years old. —
contubernio; it was customary for young Romans to learn war
by going upon the staff of the commander in an active campaign.
29. criminose, captiously. - trahi, ~ 67, Iv. 2.
1 2. 8. regi, ~ 51, vIII. note; it is really a dative com. et incom.
(~ 51, I. note), in the eyes of the king. - suspiciens, suspecting;
an unusual meaning of the active; the passive frequently means
suspected. — majoribus, greater affairs. — superaverant, had
remained over; i.e., were more than Jugurtha could attend to.
18. posceret, ~ 66, I. -jussus, sc. a Jugurtha.
24. socii, ~ 50, I. —converteret, i.e., Nabdalsa; that he
should not be punished instead of rewarded. After juravisset,
understand monere, which stands in some editions. - sua, their."
113. 18. scelere, ~ 56, i. 2. This use of super is more common in later writers.
32. quorum limits plerosque, ceteri, pars, and alii.




264                 LATIN  READER.
11 4. 1. Bocchus was king of Mauretania, west of Numidia. -in
dies, day by day. - fide, dat. - ceteri ejus omnes, " the rest
of the soldiers all."  (Long.) - ferme, for the most part.
23. filiorum limits pueritioe, which limits cultusf care.
33. domiti pecoris, trained cattle, ~ 50, u.
1 5. 1. eo, upon these; a frequent use of adverbs of place, referring to persons.
6. quam, ~ 48, II. - ea modo, this alone. - sicuti, etc., as
those newly surrendered are wont. - religione, from superstition.
- pluvia, sc. aqua, ~ 54, vII.
21. infectum, impracticable. — uno die, ~ 54, v. an exception
to the following remark. — talia capi; a consideration in the mind
of Jugurtha, and for this reason taking the ace. with the inf. - ex
copia, as circumstances permitted.
16. 3. reliquuvm fieri, left undone. - arietibus; the battering
ram was a swinging beam with a metal ram's-head, with which the
walls were butted, and so gradually broken to pieces. - ab hostibus belongs with metuerant.
After these reverses, Jugurtha took refuge with his fatherin-law, Bocchus, king of Mauretania, and a new war seemed to
threaten.  Meanwhile Marius was elected consul for B.c. 107;
against the bitter opposition of the nobles, and by a vote of
the people, he was given the province of Numidia, which the
senate had before decreed to Metellus.  It is not possible to
determine whether he actually took command in the year of
his consulship; his active operations were mainly in the following year, B.C. 106.
20. spolia, ~ 46. — quae, ~ 54, vii. note. - populis et regibus. i.e., foreign. — sociis, i.e., Italian. — militise, in service,
~ 55, III. 3, qualifies cognitos; most he knew personally, a few by
reputation. - stipendium is the term for a soldier's pay, and came
afterwards to mean the time of service for which the pay was received; emereri stipendium is therefore "to serve out the time,"
and those who were stipendiis emeritis (~ 54, ii. the participle
here used passively, ~ 35, I. 7.) were those who had served out their
time as soldiers. - plebi, sc. esse; it was thought that service was
not acceptable to the people. - usum, the requisites.




NOTES -SALLUST.                     265
117. 10. Quirites was the title borne by the Romans as citizens,
and used in public addresses. -inperium   imperium; an unusual number of archaic spellings occur in this speech of Marius.subplicis - supplices. - set - sed. - quo, ~ 54, v. end. -
pluris, ~ 54, Ix. 1.- The subject of debere is illam, etc.
17. vostro benificio (bene-), yourfavor. - nolis, one is unwilling; the second person singular is often used for an indefinite
subject. - opinione asperius, " more painful than you can suppose." (Long.)- nobilitas, facta, etc. are subject of adsunt. -
cognati, were blood relatives; adfines, connections by marriage.
- clientelae; the clients were persons who were personally and
especially attached to some nobleman, called patron. (Hb. ~ 128.)
27. illud is commonly used rather than hoc or id when a following clause (omnium... esse) is in apposition. - reipublicae,
dat. of advantage. — invadendi, sc. me. - capiamini, i.e., in the
net.- illis, ~ 51, Iv.
11. 8. veteris prosapiae, of old stock; an old-fashioned word
used by Marius in derision. - imaginum: it was the privilege of
the nobility to keep waxen images of their ancestors in their halls;
these were carried in funeral processions.
13. qui, men who. - preposteri, placing that first which should
be last. - gerere is the subject of est. - tempore, in time.- re
atque usu, in action and experience.
22. Quamquam at the beginning of a sentence should be rendered, and yet. -fortissimum quemque generosissumum, whoever is brave, and in proportion to his bravery is also well born;
this is the peculiar force of quisque with the superlative. -
posset, ~ 59, Iv. 2. — maluerint is used, in violation of the
sequence of tenses, to express the time of the question. - faciant
idem, i.e., let them despise their own ancestors; for every founder
of a new house was himself a new man.
33. hos, i.e., honores; they live as if they cared nothing for
honors, but are as greedy for them as if their lives were honorable.
Ne, verily. -falsi, deceived.
119. 6. cujus rei, i.e., nobility.
13. velint, ~ 59, Iv. 2.- compositam, well-arranged. - cum,
since. - modestiam, etc., should construe my modesty as consciousness of guilt. -ex animi sententia, as I am convinced. -bene
prmedicent, speak well of, sc. ut. - falsa, obj. of superant.




266                  LATIN  READER.
21. qui refers to the gen. implied in the possessive vostra;
~ 19, III. Rem. - etiam atque etiam, again and again. — fidei,
your confidence. - Hae, ~ 47, v. note. - relicta agrees with
nobilitas. - parvi, ~ 54, ix. 1.
33. parum placebat, I did not care. - doctoribus; the Greeks
were slaves of the Romans. - illa, ~ 52, III. note.
1[20. 3. arcte colam, to act niggardly. — meam and illorum
do not qualify their nouns directly, but stand after esse understood. - civile, befitting citizens. — tute; te is the intensive
enclitic.
9. Quis, i.e., what their ancestors did.
19. preci = preti; cocum = coquum, ~ 1, foot of p. 1; they
pay more for a cook than a steward; actors, secretaries, tutors,
&c., were generally slaves. -ita is frequently used to emphasize or
point out a clause which follows. - munditias, etc.; this is called
the chiastic order of expression; munditias, foppery, is contrasted with laborem, and separated from it by the two other
contrasted words, mulieribus' and viris. -Quin   qui (why,
~ 21, I. note). ne; why not? or come, then.
121. 2. avaritiam, etc.; the corruption of Bestia, the unskilfulness of Albinus, and the pride of Metellus. - mehercules, sc.
juvet, Hercules help me! a common oath. - militaris aetas; this
was from 17 to 46. —ceperit, ~ 68, I. (Cf. ~ 58, III. note).idem, at once, or both.
14. decebat, ~ 59, iv. note at end. — inmortalis; "'immortal' means' remembered for ever.' The Roman immortality
is posthumous fame." (Long.) - quisquam is usually used substantively; here it stands for ullus. These words, with umquam and usquam, are only used to express negative ideas; see
Table 6.
23. The change made by Marius in the mode of raising troops
was itself a revolution. Before this, none had served who did
not belong to the classes (Hb. ~ 125) in virtue of possessing property; the capite censi, counted by the head, were those who
belonged to no class. -bonorum, ~ 50, III. 2; the " good" were
the aristocratic. - egentissumis, see note to p. 118, 1. 24.- sua,
their own possessions. - omnia cum pretio, every thing paidfor.
12~2. 3. legionibus, etc.; see note to p. 103, 1. 9. — tegi,
protected.




NOTES -  SALLUST.                    267
19. The Gaetfli were a barbarous race south of Numidia. - armis, ~ 54, vI.
25. immunes, freefrom burthens, of taxation and military service. - mcenia are the walls of a city, murus ally strong wall of
masonry.- oppido, ~ 51, 1.
123.  7. una jugi aqua, one spring of water. -Id., i.e., the
want of water. — incultius agebatur, it was less cultivated. —
irritamenta gulae, seasonings.
18. pabulo, etc.; i.e., the land was in pasture rather than tilth.
— exornat has for subj. consul. - preedabundum, ~ 44, v. 1;
the form in bundus is equivalent to the pres. part., and is rarely
formed except from neuter verbs.
30. per centurias; there were six centuries to each cohort. -
lenire, i.e., by the use of animal food.
124. 3. uti egrederentur depends on paratos. —tumulosum, hilly; this word is used nowhere but in this passage. -
milium, sc., passuum.
17. res trepidee, the confusion of affairs. -pars, etc.; the fact
that, &c. — mobile (from moveo), ~ 44, v. 4.
29. non bene consulta, not wisely planned; locupletes agrees
with milites (et  also); rich from booty. - socii, thosefriendly.
1215.  8. asperitate, danger. — Capsensium, sc. res.-Muluchae; " The scene is now moved from Capsa in the east to the
Mulucha in the west, a diffict distance due west from Capsa of
700 miles. Sallust leaves us to guess how this distance was accomplished." (Long.) - ceteram planitiem, a country otherwise
level. - castello, dat. after satis patens. — forte, abl. from fors. -
virorum and armorum limit satis. - importunus, unsuitable for.
28. trahere cum animo suo, consider it in his mind, i.e.,
toss it to one side and the other.
126.  2. cochleas; snails are favorite articles of food in
Southern Europe. - ad summum montis; the usual form would
be montem, by ~ 47, VIII. - flexa... quo, bending and growing
up as [lit., in height, to which]. -gignentium,fruit-bearing things,
or things that grow, ~ 50, xI. after cuncta: cuncta is obj., and
natura subj. of fert.
19. cognitum, ~ 74, I. —ex pr-esentibus, (one) of those
present.




268                 LATIN  READER.
31. facilius, ~ 47, III. end. -ea, i.e., the shields; the scutum
was an oblong shield of wicker work covered with leather; the
clipeus, a round metal shield. - offensa, in case they should hit
against any thing.
127.  7. nisu, ~ 74, II.- potissimus, chief of all. — digrediens, stepping aside, to leave room for the others. - ab ea parte,
on that side.
16. See note on p. 13, 1. 32; p. 20, 1. 23. -sagittariis;this is
an exception to ~ 54, i. end. - saepe, etc.; this is the cause of
what follows, non, etc. -secundis rebus, ~ 54, x., from their
success.
25. his and illis are abl. abs. with certantibus, which is followed by pro, etc., ~ 51, I. note. - canere is here neuter, having
signa for subject. -tantummodo sauciare, i.e., they were in
too great haste to kill them. - ex culpa, for what was really
blameworthy.
128. LvcIus CORNELIUS SULLA, born B.C. 138, was afterwards the great rival of Marius in a bloody civil war. Marius
was merely a soldier; but Sulla was also a statesman and a man
of letters, - one of the greatest men whom Rome produced,
but stained with licentiousness, avarice, and cold-blooded
cruelty. The office of Quaestor was that of treasurer in the
city, paymaster in the army.  (Hb. ~ 135.)
4. quos relates, by Synesis, to'the individuals implied in
equitatus.
10. juxta, at the same time, qualifies Greecis atque Latinis:
atque doctissume, and very thoroughly too. — simulanda ac
dissimulanda, pretending and concealing. - victoriam: B.c. 82,
Sulla obtained a final victory over the party of Marius (who
had died four years before), and ruled as perpetual dictator, until
he laid down his power in 79, shortly after which he died. —
fecerit, ~ 70, note.
25. allis per se ipse, i.e., non rogantibus. —aes mutuum,
borrowed money; he would rather give away money than pay his
debts. — repetere, i.e., Aes mutuum.-illi, for sibi.  joca, a
not uncommon plural of jocus. - multus for multum; on hand.
129. After the events above described, Marius returned to
winter quarters to Cirta.




NOTES -  SALLUST.                   269
6. speculatores, his own scouts. — alius, ~ 47, Ix.; subject of significabant with omnes; redeuntes agrees with the
subj. — ceteri, i.e., the infantry. - in manus, to close quarters.
-neque, ~ 43, I. note.
130. 3. vitabundus, dodging. — pati, ~ 49, III. (not depending on posse). - niti, sc. surgere. - visus, a noun.
Bocchus being at last tired of the war, enters into negotiations with Marius, and secretly concludes a peace with the
Romans, with the intention of betraying Jugurtha into their
hands, immunity being promised to himself;
17. arbitratu, i.e., with full powers. The inhabitants of the
Balearic Isles were famed as slingers. The Pelignians were one
of the brave races of central Italy; the velitaria arma were
lighter than the arms of the legions (Hb. ~ 157).- secus atque,
less than; i.e., these were as good as any for this purpose.
30. victoribus, ~ 51, VI.
131.  17. cenatos esse, to get their suppers finished, depends
on jubet. — vigilia, see note on page 12, line 24. - metabatur,
sc. castra. - apud illum; " a way of saying that he would have
done the bad deed, and kept the fruit of it." (Long.)
30. strenuis, ~ 51, viII. note.
132. 1. inermis, from inermus, a form quite as common for
the nom. as inermis (Klotz). —nudum, etc.; i.e., the back,
which is unprotected. -faceret, ~ 63, I. — ejus and illum refer
to Jugurtha, who is also subject of haberet; suo, to Volux. -
uti in tali negotio, considering the circumstances they were in.
- acciderant, they had come upon him; this word is not often
used of persons.
26. deligeret, ~ 67, ii. 1. —sese, Bocchus; illo, Sulla; cum
illo depends upon consulta, referring to some former interview;
integra habere, maintain unimpaired. It is generally supposed
that a few words have been lost after pertimesceret, to the effect
that he (the ambassador) had been invited with design. - nequivisse, ~ 67, iv. 2; caveri is also impersonal. — comperior, I
am convinced; this verb is deponent only in two intances, both in
the Jugurtha. - Punica fide; want of faith was a favorite charge
of the Romans against the Carthaginians (Pceni).
133. 3. Rex, i.e., Bocchus. —conventam, agreed upon.consultum, etc., a plan and the establishment of peace. - ab




270                 LATIhN  READER.
omnibus veniretur = omnes venirent. - in potestatem; the
idea is, should have got him into his power. -fore uti fieret,
~ 67, III.; this is a more common way of expressing a fut. inf.
pass. than that with iri (as relictum  iri, below). - non sua
ignavia sed ob rempublicam, ~ 54, I. first note; they qualify
in potestate.
22. ut, etc., as (they were) impetuous, so (too, they were)
jfickle; sibi advorse, contradictory.
31. dicitur, ~ 67, Iv. 1. — qua is subject of patefecisse,
depending on scilicet (sci licet); which things of course disclosed, &c.
134. 11. This was the famous invasion of the Cimbri and
Teutones, Celtic and  German  hordes, which invaded  Italy,
and kept it in a state of terror for several years. Coapio and
Manlius were defeated B.C. 105, the year in which Jugurtha was
captured. Marius was chosen consul for five successive years,
and at last cut them to pieces in two great battles. -illim, an old
form of illinc, from that time. —consul; this is incorrect; he
was at this time proconsul. - triumphavit (Hb. ~ 1601).
OVID.
PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO was born in Sulmo, a town of the
Peligni, B.C. 43.  He was a highly endowed and voluminous
poet, and for a long time enjoyed favor at the court of
Augustus, but was suddenly banished by him, from some
unknown cause, to the northern coast of the Euxine Sea,
where he died, A.D. 17.  His principal work is the Metamorphoses, a collection of mythical fables, told in hexameter
verse.
Phaethon was son of Phoebus and Clymene.  His mates
having refused to credit his being the son of a god, he goes
to his father to ask for a certain proof.
135.  1. solis, ~ 78, hiI. 1.- sublimibus, id. II. 3. - clara,
id. IrI. 5, v.; ii. 5. -auro, id. ii. 8. -imitante, id. in. 6.nutidum, id. III. 6, I. —tenebat, id. iII. 2. —argenti, id. ii. 7.lumine, id. Im. 5, v.- superabat even surpassed, id. iiI. 6, II. 
ii. 4. — aquora, id. III. 1, exc.




NOTES -  OVID.                    2 7 I
8. caeruleos, dark blue, the color of the sea; applied therefore to the gods of the sea. - Tritona, a Greek form of the ace.,
~ 11, InI. 4, note; Triton was the companion of Neptune. -
Proteus was a sea-god, who had the power of assuming different
shapes. - immania, ~ 78, IIi. 5, VII. --  gaeon was another
name for Briareus, the hundred-handed giant; Doris, a seagoddess, wife of Nereus, and mother of the Nereids or sea-nymphs.
-natas, ~ 78, III. 3. -videntur, ~ 49, I. end. -mole, a rock,
~ 78, III. 5, Iv. - quaedam, sc. videntur.
15. Terra answers to unda in v. 8; the carved work is described. -imago, ~ 78, III. 5, III. - signa, the signs of the zodiac.
19. acclivo, ~ 78, iII. 5, Ix. - Clymeneia, ~ 47, 5, v. -
ferebat, i.e., could not bear. -Dies, etc., the personified deities
of these divisions of time; the Horse are usually the seasons in
mythology, but here the word is used in its prose meaning. —
calcatis; in allusion to the custom of treading out the wine.
28. spicea, ~ 44, III. 1. - novitate, ~ 78, III. 6, Iv.
33. publica, common to all.
40. Deposuit; see v. 22. -amplexu,  ~ 78, ii. 9.- negari
depends upon dignus, by an exception to ~ 65, Iv. 1. — es,
~ 78, II. 3, exc. — edidit, id. III. 3, exc.; and 4. - quodvis,
from quivis, any you please. -me, ~ 78, ii. 1. -juranda,
~ 51, I. second note.- palus,' the Styx, by which the gods
swore their most solemn oaths. -incognita, because the sun's
beams never reach the lower world.- jus, ~ 78, ii. 3, exc.
50. tua, sc. voce. - dare, ~ 78, III. 2, exc. - negarem, sc.
si possem, ~ 59, Iv. 2; confiteor is used parenthetically. —
istis, thy; ~ 20, ii. — conveniant, ~ 65, I. - superis, those
above, i.e., the gods. - fas is what is permitted by divine law. -
nescius, ignorantly, ~ 47, VI. - Placeat, ~ 64, Iv.; the meaning
is, let each of the gods have his fancy, still, &c. -axe; the axle is
put for chariot, by the figure called synecdoche, by which the part
is put for the whole. - rector, i.e., Jupiter. - agat, ~ 60, 2;
this is one of the few cases in which the subj. may be rendered can.
65. The subject of fit is videre. Tethys was wife of Oceanus
(god of the ocean), and mother of Clymene the mother of Phaithon.
cetera, sc. sidera. - orbi, ~ 51, I. — Pinge, suppose. -
axis, i.e., celi.-illic, i.e., in the heavens. — delubra, ~ 78,
Ihr.' 5, Ir. - formas, i.e., the constellations of the zodiac, eight
of which represent animals.




272                  LATIN READER.
78. ut, although. - adversi, fronting you. - Hamonios, i.e.,
Thessalian; the archer was represented as a centaur, a race
which had its home in Thessaly. - aliter, in another direction.ignibus limits animosus. - in promptu, easy.- ut, when.
89. sanguine, ~ 54, vIII. -timendo, i.e., for your safety.
100. ne dubita, ~ 58, III. - qua licuit, as long as it was permnitted. — summae rota, the outside of the wheel. - PhceboSole; this is the figure called metonymy, by which a word is put
for another to which it stands in some relation, as of cause and
effect, or here that of ruling and guiding.
113. agmina cogit, bring up the rear. - Lucifer, the morning
star. - quae, subject of petere, depending on vidit, which
agrees with Titan = Phoebus; the Titans were an early race of
gods, and Pheebus was son of the Titan Hyperion. - extremae,
fading. - ambrosiae; the food of the gods, and so of their horses.
121. ora, the countenance; patientia agrees with it, able to
endure. — flammae, ~ 50, II. - directos, straight across the five
circles; i.e., the equator, tropics, and poles; the sectus inobliquum limes is the Ecliptic, which touches only the torrid and
temperate zones. - que, after polum, both.
134. preme (also pressam  below) means to bear down, so as
to be towards the horizon. — juvet, ~ 68, ii. note. — Aurora,
goddess of the morning.- qu~e relates to lumina; dare depends
on sine (from sino).
150. contingere; the regular construction after gaudet would
be contingere, by ~ 70, III., or quod contingit, by ~ 70, Iv. -
The names of the horses mean fiery, of the dawn, burning, flaming. — repagula, the barriers of a -race-course. - copia, power
over or entrance to. - euros (Hb. ~ 211).
165. inani, sc. currui. - quo ordine refers to eo understood,
~ 48, III. note. - si sciat; we should expect the imp. sciret, ~ 59,
iv. 2.
170. Triones (septem), the seven stars which mark the constellation of the Great Bear; it had been forbidden Callisto, who
was changed into this constellation, ever to rest. - Bootes, now
Arcturus, a constellation near the Great Bear.
174. penitus penitusque, deeper and deeper below. - tenebrae, i.e., from dizziness.-Meropis, sc. filius; Merops was the
husband of Clymene. -pinus, i.e., navis, by synecdoche; see
note on axe, v. 58. -frena; this is a metaphorical use of the
word, the ship being spoken of as a horse.




NOTES-OVID.                      273
195. que connects cauda and lacertis; the Scorpion originally
occupied double space; afterwards Libra was inserted where its
claws had been. - madidum; heated by the sun, and sweating
poison; cuspide, the pointed tail, where the sting lies.- expatiantur, leave the road. - qua and hac, sc. via, ~ 55, Iv.
207. Luna; Artemis (Diana) was goddess of the moon, as her
brother Apollo of the sun. - ut quaeque - whatever (parts). —
Tellus, a poetical word meaning the earth as a heavenly body. —
arbos; the figure by which one part of a word is used for another
(here the sing. for the pl.) is called enallage.
216. Scythia, Tartary; Caucasus, the mountains between the
Euxine and Caspian Seas. - Ossa, Pindus, and Olympus are in
Thessaly. - Apenninus; this is a spondaic verse, ~ 82, I. note.
224. calido, ~ 45, v. 2.
227. in corpora summa, to the surface of the bodies. - passis from pando; dishevelled. - Dirce, Amym6ne, and Pirene are
fountains in Thebes, Argos, and Corinth (the old name of which
was Ephyre). — sortita, possessing (by lot). —Tanais, Don;
the Alph6os and Sperch6or are rivers in Greece. The Tagus, in
Spain, was a gold-bearing stream. -- Meonia was the ancient name
of Lydia, the chief river of which was the Cayster, famed for its
swans. - The source of the Nile was a problem to the ancients,
as it has remained until our own day.
243. Regem, Pluto. - The Cyclades are a group of islands in
the 2Egean Sea, so called because they form a rude circle about
the sacred island Delos. — Cycladas, Delphings; these are
*Greek endings, see ~ 78, note; final as and es are usually long
by ~ 78, II. 3.-Nereus was the husband of Doris. - aquis,
~ 54, vI.
255. fontes, ~ 46.- viscera, ~ 42, III. - collo, ~ 56, I. 5.opposuit manum, i.e., to shield her face. - infra = inferius,
i.e., crouching. — perituree, sc. mihi. - auctore; it would be a
consolation to perish by the thunderbolt of Jove.
271. vobis, i.e., Dis. —fac, grant. — frater, sc. tuus, i.e.,
Poseidon (Neptune). - Quod, ~ 52, Iv. - fratris limits gratia.
- mea, ~ 50, II. 1, end. - utrumque, in each direction.
278. Atlas, one of the Titans, who sustained the heavens on
his shoulders. - neque enim; i.e., she spoke no more, for, &c.
- os, ~ 78, ii. 2. - Manibus; the manes were the spirits of the
departed, and are put by metonymy for the infernal regions.
291. nubes; the clouds and showers had been all dried up. -
I SQ




274                 LATIN  READER.
expulit; this word properly applies only to rotis (put by synecdoche for curru); the figure by which it is joined also with vita (with
which privavit would be the right word) is called zeugma.
305. diverso, i.e., in the west. — Eridanus, the Po; it has
also been identified with the Rhone. - Naides (naiades), rivernymphs; Hesperia was the poetic name of Italy. - corpora, by
enallage for corpus. — SITVS; v and u were the same letters
anciently.
318. mox, i.e., when the limbs themselves had perished.
324. Heliades from Helias, daughter of the sun; a feminine patronymic, ~ 44, I. 3. - morti put for mortuo by metonymy.adsteruntur, ~ 23, 3, prostrate themselves. -junctis cornibus,
i.e., the crescent had joined its horns and become the full moon.
- Phaethusa and Lampetie; these names, signifying bright and
shining, are well suited to the daughters of the sun. — maxima,
~ 17, III. end. - cum vellet, wishing; the subjunctive with cum
may often be rendered by the present participle.
337. faciat, ~ 60, 3. - trahat, ~ 66, ii.- eat, ~ 59, iv. 1.
— sole qualifies rigescunt. - electra; mythology divined the
true origin of amber, as a gum from trees, which was long a puzzle to naturalists. - gestanda; amber was a favorite material for
necklaces, &c., among the Roman ladies; they carried balls of it in
their hands for coolness.
" The Fasti of the Romans," says Ramsay, "corresponded
very closely to a modern almanac, and the Fasti of Ovid may
be considered as a poetical' Year-Book' or' Companion' to the
Roman Almanac." This work was commenced before Ovid's
banishment; whether it was ever completed is uncertain, as
only six books are extant. Each of these is devoted to one
month, describing the festivals of the months, and interweaving much historical and mythical matter.  The Fasti did for
Roman mythology what the Metamorphoses did for Greek.
The metre of the Fasti is the Elegiac (~ 82, II.).
Book III. of the Fasti, devoted to the month of March, is
here given, with such omissions as bring it within reasonable
limits; it contains, complete, eight hundred and eighty-four
verses.
The following is the calendar of this month, -the first day being
the Kalends, the seventh the Nones, and the fifteenth the Ides.



NOTES -OVID.                       275
1. D. (KAL. MAR.) NP.; -2. (vi. Non.) E.F.; -3. (v. Non.)
F.C.; -4. (IV. Non.) G.C.; -5. (III. Non.) H.C.;-6. (prid.
Non.) A.NP.  IIoc. DIE. CAESAR. PONTIF. MAXIM. FACT. EST.
-7. (NoN.) B.F;-8. (viII. Id.) C.F.; - 9. (vIr. Id.) D.C.;10. (vi. Id.) E.C.;  11. (v. Id.) F.C.;- 12. (IV. Id.) G.C.;
-13. (III. Id.) TIEN.; -14. (prid. Id.) A. EQ. NP.; -15.
(EID.) B. NP.; - 16. (xvii. Kal. Aprilis) C.F.; —17. (xvi. Kal.
Apr.) D. LIB. NP.;-18. (xv. Kal. Apr.) E.C.;-19. (xiv.
Kal. Apr.) F. QvIN. N.  -20. (xiii. Kal. Apr.) G.C.;-21. (xII.
Kal. Apr.) H.C.; - 22. (xi. Kal. Apr.) A.N.; - 23. (x. Kal.
Apr.) B. TVBIL. NP.; - 24. (Ix. Kal. Apr.) C.Q. REX. C.F.; -
25. (VIII. Kal. Apr.) D.C.; - 26. (vII. Kal. Apr.) E.C.; - 27.
(vr. Kal. Apr.) F.NP. HOC. DIE. CAESAR. ALEXAND. RECEPIT;28. (v. Kal. Apr.) G.C.; -29. (iv. Kal. Apr.) H.C.; -30. (III.
Kal. Apr.) A.C. (N.P.);- 31. (prid. Kal. Apr.) C.C.
The letters A, B, &c., standing first, represent the days of the
Roman week of eight days: on whichever of these letters the first
Nuntdinle, or market day, of the year fell, the others came on the
same through the whole y)ear. The letters standing next indicate
the character of the day (Itb. ~ 210).  F., Fastus, on which the
prmetor could hold his court;  N., Nefastus; C., Comitiales,
when the comnitia could be held; NP., Nefastus priore, i.e., in
first half; EN., Endotercisus (intercisus), half fastus, half
nefastus; the 24th day is quando rex comitiavit fastus, fastus
when the rex sacrificulus (Hb. ~ 147) has performed sacrifice in
the Comitium; EQ. (14th day) is the equiria, or annual horserace; TVBIL (23d day) is the purification of trumpets, tubilustrium; QVIN (19th day) is the Festival of Minerva.
3. roges, ~ 60, 4.- poetae, ~ 51, vI. - Minervae; i.e., although she is the goddess of wisdom and industry. - ingenuis,
worthy of a f.reeman. - vacat, i.e., for that reason. - Pallas was
an epithet of the Grecian Athena, who was identified with the
Roman Minerva.
9. ter senos, ~ 18, II. 3.- proles; Romulus and Remus, sons
of Mars by the priestess Rea Sylvia (or Ilia); they had been exposed in their infancy, in order to perish, but found by the shepherd Faustulus, who brought them up as his own children. —
actos - abactos, i.e., a praedonibus. - genus; their mother was
daughter of Numitor, the rightful king of Alba, who had been
dispossessed by his brother Amulius. — pater editus; i.e., Mars,
declared their father.




276                 LATIN  READER.
19. quamvis properly means however much, and takes the subj.
by ~ 61, 2; but in the later writers it was used for quamquam,
although, with the indic. - transsiluisse; when Remus jumped
over his brother's walls in derision, he was killed by his brother.
- pater, Romulus. - credor, ~ 67, Iv. 1. -anno, dative.
29. et tamen, not but that; Mars was in the earliest times the
chief god of Latium. - hoc; the supremacy of Mars.
33. totidem  kalendas; the Roman year originally consisted
of only ten months. - mensibus, ~ 54, v. end. - facundum,
eloquent, from fa-ri, to speak and termination cundus. —pila;
the pilum, a short heavy javelin, was the distinctive Roman
weapon.
39. They had not yet noticed that twelve moons made a sidereal
year. - signa; a play upon this word, which in verse 41 means
constellations, and in the next military standards. - tenebant,
observe. - fceno, ~ 54, I., here expressing material: the first standard was a wisp of hay.
47. animi, ~ 50, i. 4.- ratione, not reason, but reasoning.
-mensibus decem, ~ 54, v. enld: the lustrum was a period
of four years; but here, and in a few other cases, it is considered
to have been five years, - an irregularity which " may probably be
traced to the irregularity with which the sacrifice of the' lustruinm'
was performed." (Ramsay.)
52. Pompilius; Nurna Pompilius, the second king of Rome,
who was invited from Cures, a Sabine town. To him most of the
religious institutions of the city are ascribed. - deductus; this
word means escorted with ceremony.- hoc, ~ 52, III. (1) note.
— Samio: Pythagoras, a philosopher of Samos, taught the
transmigration of souls; he lived, however, a long time after the
alleged reign of Numa. - Egeria, a nymph, was fabled to have
been the wife of Numa, and to have taught him much wisdom.
55. errabant; the year consisted of 355 days, and.it was the
rule that every other year a month was intercalated, of alternately
23 and 22 days. This intercalation was left, however, to the
caprice of the pontifices; and the result was " a degree of uncertainty and confusion, to which we can find no parallel in the history of a civilized people.... Accordingly, when Caesar became
dictator, the year was about two months in advance of the seasons... To take a single example. Cicero, in one of his Epistles to
Atticus (X. 17), says that at the time when he was writing, his
journey was delayed by the Equinox. The date affixed to this




NOTES — OVID.                     277
letter is XVII. Kal. Jun., i.e., 16th of May. In order to remedy
these defects, it was found necessary to add sixty-seven days to
the year, 46 B.C." This was in the dictatorship of Caesar, who
proceeded to guard against such trouble in future, by reforming
the calendar: the year was to be of 365 days, with a day (Feb. 29)
intercalated evdry year which can be divided by 4. This is the
Julian Calendar. This was still not quite accurate, however; and
Pope Gregory XIII., in the sixteenth century of our era, established the Gregorian Calendar, by which the intercalation is
omitted in each year which can be divided by 100, but not
by 400.
56. in multis, in his many duties. -ille deus; Julius Csesar,
like his successors, was deified after his death. - propaginis;
Augustus, in whose reign this was written, was the adopted son
of Julius. - deuns and hospes, ~ 46; nor, when a god, to enter as
a stranger, &c.- moras, the periods of time.
64. e pleno, etc. -out of a full day (made up of the extra
hours in the three intervening years) constructed the fourth period,
or leap-year. — lustrum here stands properly for the period of
four years.
67. The poet here addresses Mars Gradivus (going into battle);
the festival Matronalia, celebrated by matrons, fell on the first
day of March. — virilibus; "Mars is connected with mas, as'Aprf is with diStv. " (Paley.)- Dic, ~ 33, II. 2.- in nova cas-tra; i.e., into an unaccustomed field.
79. hujus, se. Romae; i.e., which now exists. - credita, believed. - regia; the palace of the kings still stood by the Forum.
-venit in astra, i.e., became a god. - Romanus, ~ 44, Iv. 5. -
male, hardly; compare male forte, v. 36. -vellet, ~ 65, iv. 2.
95. mentem; " not animum, courage, but mentem, i.e., consilium, craft."  (Paley.) - tolle, away with. - Consus, usually
called the Equestrian Neptune, appears to have been a god of the
under-world. On his festival, Aug. 21, the Roman youths seized
upon the Sabine virgins who were come to see the games of the
festival, and made them their wives. Cures was the chief town of
the Sabines, and most of' the virgins were from that town. - The
address of Mars to Romulus ends at the word Conso. —sua,
appropriate.
101. fere, for the most part, i.e., most of them. — raptae, ~ 47,
ii. - matrum, ~ 50, I. 3. - propinqua, i.e.. with r-elatives. -
dictam, appointed for this purpose. — mea nurus, Hersilia, wife




278                 LATIN  READER.
of Romulus. - hoc commune, " They had not all children, but
they were all captives alike." (Paley.)
106. non ultra, no longer; lente pie, quietly faithful.
114. lituus, a curved horn, used in the cavalry. - campi, for
campunr; see ~ 47, viii. -sentirent, ~ 61, 1. -viris, dative com.
et incom., ~ 51, I. note. - diem, in app. with Kailendas. - quee
prima, which first, i.e., on that occasion, witnessed this action. -
CEbaliae-  Sabinee: the Sabines were fabled to be descended
from the LacedE monians, of whoml (Ebalus was an ancient king.
130. The Salii (Hb. ~ 149) were a body of priests who carried
the sacred shields, ancilia; the story of their origin is related
below; Mamurius was a name of Mars, upon whom the Salii
called. -nemori stagnoque; the grove and lake of Diana at
Aricia; it is still called the Lake of Nemi; the nymph was Egeria;
see note to v. 54. — operata, devoted to the service.
135. Hippolytus was the son of Theseus, king of Athens. By
an artifice of his stepmother he was dashed to pieces by his o'wn
horses, but was restored to life by AEsculapius, and transferred to
Aricia, where he was worshipped under the name Virbius. —
tabella; this refers to the custom, when in danger, of vowing a
gift to some god, and after recovery or preservation, consecrating
pictures representing the danger. The same custom still exists in
Italy. Among such offerings to the Diana of Aricia, were lighted
torches brought by women. - Regna; the priest of this sanctuary,
called Rex Nemorensis, was a fugitive slave, who must obtainhis place by attacking and killing his predecessor. -Camenee:
these were nymphs of a fountain, possessing oracular powers; they
were afterwards identified with the Greek Muses.
149. ne, etc.; that the more vigorous should not have all the
power. - equum, ~ 47, Iv. (1).- vina salsaque farra; these
were common offerings to the gods. - aquis, ~ 54, v. - ne terrere, ~ 58, iii. 1. — Picus and Faunus were old Italian gods of
nature. - numen utrumque, ~ 46.
163. sine vi, unless forced. " The supreme god is too awful to
be approached at once by a mortal. The intervention of inferior
deities is necessary to extort the required secret. Yet even they
are reluctant to employ the potent spells which will bring him
from the sky, and only do so because they cannot help themselves."  (Paley.) - adhibeto, ~ 58, iii. end. - qua agrees with
arte. The Aventine was the southernmost of the seven hills of
Rome, famous for a temple of Diana. -niger, dark; ater is black;




NOTES -OVID.                      279
the ilex, or evergreen oak, has a very dark foliage. -posses,
~ 60, 1. —Bacchi  vini.- arcta agrees with vincla; in governs
manus.
182. Faunus was represented, like the Grecian Pan, with horns.
- per te, ~ 54, i. end. - ab arte; this is an unusual construction:
persons require ab by ~ 56, Iv., things take the abl. alone by
~ 54, I.; see ~ 56, IV. note. - Styx; see note on Phabthon, v. 45.
- nobis, ~ 51, vIII. end. -Elicium; the temple of Jupiter Elicius
was on the Aventine.
207. amb-age, a going around, or obscurity; remota is here
used as an adjective, distant or obscure; the ingenuity by which
Numa avoided human sacrifices is now related. - animam, life. -
facito [ut] procures; a formal style of'imperative; see that thou
make atonement. - Cynthius, an epithet of Apollo.
231. margine, the horizon.
242. submisere is generally rendered cast down; Paley thinks
here it should be cast up. - ancile; the prefix an or amb means
on both sides; but it is impossible to derive this word, with Ovid,
from czedo; perhaps from caelo, to carve, as the ancile was an oval
shield, -hollowed in on each side of the oval. - imperii limits sortem. - morum, etc., whether more precise in character, or, &c. -
munificus, ~ 17, i. note. -Mamurium  vocant; this story was
made up to explain the occurrence of the word in the hymn.
263. Una nota; the day before this (in a passage omitted) has
two marks of distinction; the Nones but one. -Marti, sc. mensis;
this use of the gen. of the name of the month, limiting Nonis, is
rare; the regular form would be Martiis Nonis, ~ 15, end. -
Vejovis; this word is generally explained to mean "the evil
Jupiter," corresponding to Siva or Satan; the meaning is, however, doubtful. This temple was in the hollow between the two
heights of the saddle-shaped Capitoline, where Romulus opened the
Asylum.
268. invidiosa, an object of envy. - cur-ve; ~ 78, ii. 1, note;
the adverb, from curvus, would be curve, ~ 78, ii. 6. —juvenalis; the statue of Vejovis on the Asylum was youthful, holding a
bundle of arrows, for which reason he was often identified with
Apollo. - ausos, ~ 72, 2. - The Giants were sons of Uranus and
Gaia (Heaven and Earth); " terrible they were to look upon;
long, thick hair flowed down from chin and head, and their feet
were covered with serpents' scales." (Ramsay.) They attacked
Zeus (Jupiter), and were 1y) him vanquished. It was not the




280                 LATIN  READER.
giants, but the Aloidoe, Otus and Ephialtes, that piled Pelion upon
Ossa. - Jovi, ~ 51, vIII. note.
277. The goat was sacred to Vejovis: Ovid identifies it with the
goat with whose milk the infant Zeus was nourished by the nymphs
in Crete. - vegrandia and vesca. "These illustrations have
not been happily selected. There can be no doubt that've' does
possess the force of a negative in certain words, such as'vecors'
and'vesanus;'.... but'vegrandis' and'vescus' have been
quoted by the old grammarians as examples of words to which the
particle in question communicates a double meaning; the former
being either' not large' or' very large;' the latter, either' little
eating,'' small,'' weak,'' delicate,' or' much eating.'" (Ramsay.)
284. The winged horse Pegasus sprang from the blood of the
Gorgon Medusa, when her head was cuf off by Perseus. — connect
cervice with prosiluisse, sanguine with respersis. —aquas;
the fountain Hippocrene (fountain of the horse), at the foot of
Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses, was caused by a stroke df the
hoof of Pegasus. -subter sidera, ~ 56, i. 3.
294. Gnosida, from Gnossus, a city of Crete, the birthplace of
Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. She had forsaken her
home with Theseus, but was abandoned by him on the island of
Naxos, and discovered there by Dionysus (Bacchus).- Thesgo,
~ 47, v. — conjuge, ~ 54, I.; we should say, had exchanged her
faithless husbandfor, &c. -quae, Ariadne; she had saved Theseus
from the labyrinth, by giving him a clew of thread by which to
trace his way. — legenda, to be gathered, so traced back. — ille,
Theseus. -Liber, a Roman divinity identified with Bacchus.depexos crinibus, straight-haired; "to distinguish them from
the tribes of East Africa, who had woolly hair." (Paley.)
307. Theseu, ~ 10, 10. -causa relata mea est, my former
condition is renewed. - nulla -- non. — in lacrimas meas, as
causing my tears.
322. falli depends on digna; the usual construction would be
quae fallar, ~ 65, Iv. 1. — audibat — audiebat, ~ 33, IIi. 3.
vocabula, a name; Libera was the female goddess corresponding
to Liber; usually identified with Proserpine (Hb. ~ 65). - sint, sc.
ut, depending on faciam. - coronae, ~ 50, I. 3. -illa (Venus),
sc. dedit. -illa (v. 334), i.e., corona.
335. Anna Perenna (per annos) is the goddess of the revolving year, especially connected with the changing moon; for
which reason her festival came appropriately on the full-moon




NOTES - OVID.                      281
(Ides) of the first month of the year. This festival was held in
the fields north of the city, near the present city walls. -geniale,
merry; from genius, the spirit that was born with each man. -
advena, because the Thybris (Tiber) rose in Etruria. —Sub
Jove, in the open air; Jupiter was originally the god of the Sky,
and in many expressions this primitive meaning is preserved. -
Sunt quibus - aliquibus, by analogy with ~ 67, I. 1, note; we
should expect the subj. after it by ~ 65, iv. 2. -sumant, ~ 66, I,.
-cyathos; the cyathus was a measure of about one-third gill.
345. Nestor and the Sibyl both reached a great age.- per
calices suos, as far as the number of cups could effect it. -
jactant manus, i.e., gesticulate. - posito, laid aside, or, as
Paley thinks, placed in the middle. - duras, awkward. - culta,
well-dressed or bedizened. - volgi, ~ 10, 9.
356. proposito meo, according to my plan. — Inea, ~ 50,
III. (Hb. ~ 44). On his way from Troy to Italy, ZEneas was entertained at Carthage by Queen Dido and her sister Anna. Dido
loved him; and, when he left, killed herself. This is Virgil's
story; here Ovid takes up the tale. — arserit is used the first
time for the flame of love, the second for material fire. - compositus, a technical expression, like interred. - tumuli in marmore, i.e., on the marble tomb.
362. ipsC su.; ~ 78, Ii. 5. - potitur; this form of the third
conj. frequently occurs in poetry; the shortening of a long syllable is called Syst6le. - spretum, sc. esse; Iarbas had been a
rival of 2Eneas for the love of' Dido.- Elissa was another name
of Dido. - reppulit; re is short, but is frequently lengthened by
the figure called DiastIle, in which case the following consonant
is sometimes doubled. — olim, sometimes. - rege; the ancients
called the queen-bee, king.
369. Three years had passed.  Tertia =for the third time;
area, the threshing-floor; nudandas, to be bared of the chaff;
lacus, the wine vat. -libatas, poured out, i.e., falling; and
receive (are touched by) the hair falling from her head, as she
leans over. -illis, ~ 51, v. - pede sequo, in straight course;
pes is the sheet, or rope, that fastens the sail, and sets it to the
wind; this means, then, before the wind.
379. Cosyra, Pantellaria, is an island half-way between Sicily
and Africa;. MeIita, Malta, is further East. - opum, ~ 50, I. 4.
- quantulacumque; see foot of T. 6. - servasset, ~ 68, I. -
Pygmalion was king of Tyre, brother of Dido and Anna. -exilio,




282                 LATIN  READER.
dative after paranda. - perosus, ~ 38, I. 2. - quovis, from
quivis, any whatsoever.
393. The Crathis was a river in the southern part of Italy. -
Carbasa; this word is feminine in the singular, and neuter in the
plural (heterogeneous, ~ 14, II.).
406. The reading of this line is doubtful; we have followed
Merkel's edition of 1853; in 1841 he gave at and vix for aut and
his, which is also Paley's reading; probably votis is abl., and his
dat. after poscit, referring to habenis. - exsul, ~ 47, III. end.
— lumina for oculos, by metonymy; puppis for navis, by
synecdoche, — aliquam; "some ground, i.e., even though in
the grave. For it was thought the greatest of misfortunes to be
unburied, if one was lost at sea." (Paley.) -Laurentunm was a
town on the coast of Latium, about sixteen miles from Rome, so
called from its laurel groves; here ZEneas had come from Carthage, and was founding his new kingdom, having  married
Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus.
415. Achate; we should expect ab by ~ 56, iv.; Achates was
the faithful follower of ZEneas. - sustinet, is able. - veniret,
~ 60, 3; ~ 57. -.neas, sc. miratur.
423. Cythereius; uEneas was son of Venus, one of whose
names was Cytherea. - tui, ~ 19, IIu. - quam, ~ 48, Iri. second
note; ~ 52, VI.; ~ 70. —comites; Eneas had brought with
him the Penates, or household gods, and established their worship
at his new city, Lavinium. — moras; he tarried in Carthage,
when the gods had directed him to go to Italy. - de morte, sc.
Didus.- credibili, neut., an exception to ~ 47, iv. (1) note;
she (Dido) was braver than could have been believed, as was shown
by her death. —Tartareas; 2Eneas had visited the infernal
regions, and had there seen the shade of Dido. — ratio, a plan or
design.
435. memores, sc. nos. — tibi and Elissee, dat. after debemus. - nil non, every thing; a litotes. —paratus, ~ 52, Iv.
end.
449. exactum, thought'out, agrees with quid agat. -squalenti, ~ 25, I. note.
459. Numicius, a small river near Lavinium; the river god was
represented with horns. - Sidbnis, ~ 44, I. 3. - Amne perenne; this is given as one derivation of the name Anna Perenna;
"the form of the ablative in e from adjectives in is is said to be
peculiar to Ovid." (Paley.)




NOTES -  OVID.                    283
467. It is well known that Julius Coesar was assassinated on the
Ides of March. -Vesta, goddess of the hearth.
476. Cmsar held the priestly office of Pontifex Maximus, the
head of the Roman religion. (Hb. ~ 143.) Philippi was the scene
of the great battle, B.C. 42, in which Brutus and Cassius, the
chiefs of the conspiracy against Cmesar, were defeated by Antony
and Octavianus, and lost their lives. - elementa, beginnings. -
Caesaris; Octavius, the great-nephew of Julius Coesar, was
adopted by him as his son, receiving his adoptive father's name,
distinguished by the cognomen (Hb. ~ 127) Octavianus; he was
afterwards called Augustus.
483. Tertia; this was March 17, both days being counted in
reckoning the date, ~ 83. Some. of the exploits and conquests of
Bacchus are enumerated in these lines. - Sithonas, Thracian.Scythicos; the Scythians were the Tartar tribes north and east
of the Caspian Sea. — Tu quoque; Penthei's, king of' Thebes,
who resisted the religion of Dionysus, and was torn in pieces
by his own mother in a fanatic frenzy. — Lycurgus; a king of
Thrace, who in a similar frenzy cut off one of his own legs with a
hatchet. - Tyrrhena; Bacchus was captured by Tyrrhenian
pirates, whom he turned into dolphins. - liba, cakes used in
sacrifice, made of cheese, flour, and an egg, over.which honey was
poured.
492. "Grass grew upon the altars where no fire was ever
kindled for sacrifice." (Ramsay). - libamen and libum  are of
course derived from libo, not liber. - satyris; the satyrs were
men with ears and tails of goats, who accompanied Bacchus (Hb.
~ 26); they are often represented as playing on cymbals; by these
the bees were attracted, as is their nature. - Hebrus, a river in
Thrace; Rhodope and Pangaea, mount:tins in the same country.
510. levis, smooth (headed), bald; this was Silenus, the chief
one in the train of Dionysus, an old man, generally drunk. -
"residebat expresses the lazy, slouching attitude of Silenus."
(Ramsay). —super, ~ 56, II. end. -parentis, i.e., as being an old
man. - limum inducere, to spread a coating of mud.- pater,
i.e., Bacchus; a frequent epithet of a god. -jure, rightfully.
527. Minerva, goddess of wisdom (same root as mens), had
her principal festival, Quinquatria, on the five days, March 19-23.
-Una dies media est, one day (March 18) intervenes after the
festival of Bacchus. - quee refers to sacra; the correct explanation of the name is, that it was the fifth day after the Ides.



284                 LATIN  READER.
sanguine, i.e., of gladiators. -rasa arena; the space of the
amphitheatre was spread with sand for the gladiatorial combats.
-bellica; the Grecian Pallas Athena, with whom Minerva was
identified, was also a warlike goddess. - stantes: the threads
(telas) of the warp were suspended vertically; radio, the shuttle;
pectine, the reed, by which the loose (rarum) work is pressed
compactly together. - Qui laesis, etc.; i.e., the fullers, "' the
importance of whose occupation will be understood, when we
remember that the Romans, until a very late period, wore woollen
garments exclusively." (Ramsay.) — quisquis, etc.; i.e., the
dyers. — vincula plantas, straps for shoes or sandals. -invita
Pallade: invita Minerva was a common expression, to denote
contrary to one's natural bent. — sit, ~ 61, 2. - Tychius was, in
Homer, the name of the artist who made the shield of Ajax.
543. manibus, in the hands, i.e., in skill in handicraft.
Epeus was the one tvho constructed the famous wooden horse at
Troy. - Phcebea; Phcebus Apollo was god of healing, as well as
his son IEsculapius. — censu fraudata; this refers to the poor
pay of teachers. - caelum, burin or engraver's tool: carved gems
and cameos were common in ancient times. — uris; encaustic
painting, the art of burning in the colors, was a favorite one
among the ancients, but is now lost. — mollia; the sculptor
seems to give life and softness to the hard marble.
553. Mount Caelius was south-east of the Palatine; the temple
here mentioned was probably on its northern slope. - ccepit
habere, i.e., it was dedicated on her birthday, March 18.capitis: the myth represents Athena to have sprung armed from
the head of Zeus. The Falisci were the inhabitants of Falerii, an
Etruscan city captured by Camillus, B.C. 394. It was customary
for the Romans to adopt the deities of conquered nations; the
old spelling capta (litera prisca) should support this derivation. - habet; this passage is doubtful and obscure; probably
Minerva is subj. - capitis poenas, capital punishment. - aegida;
the aegis of Athena was a goat-skin mantle with a Medusa's head,
worn usually over her breast.
567. Summa e quinque, the last of thefive; this was the Tubilustrium, or ceremony of purifying trumpets, the invention of windinstruments being attributed to Minerva. - Hic, the sun; pressit,
entered. The sign Aries was supposed to be the ram that carried
Phrixnis and Helle. - tostis, parched. - tripodas: the tripod was
a three-legged stool, upon which the priestess of Apollo at Delphi




NOTES -  OVID.                   285
sat to deliver oracles.- sorte, lot; frequently used for oracle.
corruptus: this is a play upon the word; the messenger was
corrupted (bribed), as well as the seeds, v. 571. —Phrixus and
Helle were children of Athamas, who were persecuted by their
stepmother Ino, and fled, swimming upon the golden-fleeced ram.
Helle lost her hold, and was drowned, giving her name to the
Hellespont (sea of Helle); Phrixus reached Colchis in safity with
the ram, and consecrated its fleece. The expedition of the Argonauts, under Jason, had for its object to get the golden fleece.
578. Compiilerunt; the e of the penult in this form is frequently shortened by the figure called Systole. - mater: their
mother was Nephele, cloud. - draconigenam  (from gigno, produce); Thebes was founded by Cadmus, who slew a dragon, and
sowed its teeth, from which sprang up armed men, the ancestors
of the Thebans (Hb. ~ 38).
588. nomina aquae, Hellespont. -ut  quasi, as if. — junctam, sc. eam.
599. Janus, the god of opening, represented with two faces, as
looking both ways, towards the future and the past. From him
the month January was named, the opening of the year.- Luna;
the months were originally cycles of the moon.
VIRGIL.
PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO (also spelled Virgilius) was
born at Mantua, B.C. 79, and died in 19. He was the greatest
of the Roman poets, and obtained great popularity in his own
life, being favored and protected by Augustus. His works
do not possess much originality, but great finish and beauty.
His first publication was the " Bucolics," consisting of ten
Eclogues, or pastoral Dialogues and Idyls. Next, the "Georgics," in four Books, said to have been written in order to
call attention to agriculture, which had been neglected during
the civil wars. His great Epic, the " Eneid," was written,
but had not received its finishing touches, when its author
died.
The passage here given is taken from the fourth book of
the " Georgics," which treats of the care of Bees: —




286                 LATIN  READER.
1. Tempe, a beautiful and sacred valley in Thessaly, where
the River Peneus breaks through between Mounts Olympus and
Ossa, into the ZEgean Sea. The form is a Greek neut. plur. —
fama, sc. est. - extremi, ~ 47, vIII. - Thymbraeus, a common
epithet of Apollo, derived from the name of a river in the Troad,
where he had a temple. - celum sperare; i.e., being the son of
a god, he might hope for immortality. - te matre, although thou
art my mother.
17. thalamo sub; this position of the preposition after the
verb is called Anastr6phe; so eam circum below. - The Milesian
wool was of very fine quality. — Arethusa, nymph of a fountain
in Sicily.
26. Penei, a dissyllable, by the figure called Syncergsis.
37. tonsis mantelia villis, towels with shorn naps, ~ 54, II.
Panchea was a district in Arabia, the country producing frankincense. - Maeonii = Lydian. - Oceanus was in some theogonies
the parent of all the gods. - centum agrees with nymphas.Vesta was goddess of the hearth. - summum tecti; for the more
usual summum tectum.
47. The Carpathian Sea was that part of the AEgean south-west
of Asia Minor. — piscibus forms with bipedum equorum, an
lHendiadys (Rv 6tai 6voiv, one through two); that is, a compound
idea expressed by two nouns; fishes and two-legged horses means
horses with two legs and fishes' tails. - metitur; passes over in
measured courses. - Emathia, a district of Macedonia; Pallene
is a promontory projecting southward into the IEgean.- Nereus,
god of the calm sea.
60. circum haec, against these.- The story here told of Proteus is like those of Faunus, Fasti, v. 161, if.
77. crinibus, ~ 54, vi. - plurima agrees with unda; many a.
-in latebris, ~ 56, I. 1, note. - hauserat, had occupied orpassed
over. - ad limum belongs with coquebant.
97. Cujus, Proteus. - quoniam is used here in its primitive
meaning (quota iam), when now. - nam quis = quisnam, who,
pray? - vi multa, ardentes, and frendens, express the epilepsy
which betokened inspiration.
114. Non nullius, ~ 43, 12; these parts of a compound word are
separated bythe figure called Tmesis.-Orpheus, a renowned singer
of early times, who mourned inconsolably for his wife Eurydice.haudquaquam ob meritum qualifies miserabilis.-ni Fata resistant; there is an Ellipsis here; he invokes this vengeance [and




NOTES-  VIRGIL.                   287
it will be fulfilled], unless, &c. —aequais, of her own age. —
Dryadum, the wood nymphs. -Rhodope and Pangaea were
mountains of Thrace; Rhesus, an old king of Thrace, who took
part in the Trojan war; the Getae, a people of Thrace; Hebrus,
the principal river of Thrace; Orithyia, an Athenian (Actias)
maiden, who was carried away by Boreas to Thrace. Verse 124
is a spondaic verse: ~ 82, I. note.
128. Toenarum was a promontory south of Greece, by which was
a descent to the infernal regions, or Erebus. -Manesque; this
superfluity of conjunctions goes by the name of Polysyndeton. -
Regem, Dis, or Pluto.
140. Cocjtus and Styx were two of the rivers of the infernal
regions (Hb. ~ 30). — Eumenides, the Furies; Cerberus, the
three-headed dog who guarded the lower world. — Ixionii, etc.,
the wheel of the Ixionian circle or revolution; Ixion was bound to
a wheel made to revolve by the wind; but vento is dat.
147. Eurydice was restored by the gods of Hades, on condition
that he should not look back upon her until he had reached the
upper world. - animi, ~ 50, I. 4. - fragor, the thunder with which
Pluto announced that the condition was broken, and called Eurydice back. - Quis agrees with furor. - paludem, i.e., the Styx.
169. The Strymon was the second river of Thrace, next to the
Hebrus. - Philomela was a princess of Athens, who was changed
into a nightingale.
177. Venus, put by metonymy for love. - Tan-ais, the Don. -
The Rhipman mountains were fabled mountains in the far north. -
The Cicones were a Thracian people. -quo munere, by this
tribute of love. - MCagrius; (Eagrus was father of Orpheus. -
spumantem, etc., he threw up the water into a foam under the
eddy. - Cyrene, sc. tacuit, or some such word.
194. illa, Eurydice. — Napaeas, nymphs of the dell. - summa,
~ 52, I. note. - Lycaeus was a mountain in Arcadia; he must
send there for cattle, since those of Thessaly had perished. -
intacta cervice, unyoked; it is still the custom in Europe to use
teams of cows.
206. Orphei, dat., of Greek form. - Lethaea; Lethe, oblivion,
was one of the rivers of Hades. — uvam; the swarm of bees
hanging from the branches was like a bunch of grapes.
Under Tityrus of the First Eclogue, Virgil is supposed to
represent himself. In the plundering and confiscations after




288                 LATIN  READER.
the civil war, he came near losing his lands, but received
them back by the favor of Caesar Octavianus, afterwards the
emperor Augustus. A less fortunate neighbor, Melibeeus,
passes by, and enters into conversation with him.
2. avena, oaten straw; put by synecdoche for the pipe which was
made of it. - Notice the emphasis of tu and nos.
17. praedicere, ~ 57, IV. end. - qui deus, what god, not quis,
who the god is. — huic nostree, i.e., Mantua. —parvis, dat.; it
could also be cum parvis; see ~ 51, I. first note.
29. Emancipated slaves shaved their beards, which before they
had suffered to grow. - Peculi; the property of a slave (of course
only nominally his) was called peculium.
39. aberdt, ~ 80; last par. but one. — juvenem; Octavianus
was at this time twenty-two. -submittite, raise or rear.quamvis, to whatever degree; ~ 61, 2, note. - omnia, all the
arable land; a good deal of the country about Mantua is stony,
and a good deal marshy. -insueta pabula; here Melibceus contrasts the security of Tityrus's flock with the exposures of his own.
54. quee refers to seepes; as it has always done.- florem,
~ 52, Iv. -ante quam, ~ 56, inI.; a case of tmesis.- The Arar
was a river of Gaul, now the Saone; the Tigris, of Mesopotamia.
The Parthians lived in Persia. Germania, the country, is put
here for the inhabitant. -labatur, ~ 62, II. 1.
65. Afros is after the analogy of ~ 55, rr. 2. — Crete is
usually taken as the name of the island; but probably it would be
better to consider it as meaning chalk, and limiting rapidum,
after the analogy of adjectives of fulness; rapid and turbid with
earth; the Oxus or Oaxes runs into the Caspian. - post = posthac; aliquot, only afew.
80. poteras, ~ 59, IV. note at end. -pressi lactis - casei.
C. Asinius Pollio, an eminent poet and orator, was consul B.C. 40, the year in which a reconciliation was brought
about, largely by his means, between Octavianus and Antony.
This peace, with the hope it excited of tranquillity and prosperity in future, was the occasion of Virgil's Fourth Eclogue,
in which certain vague prophecies are also commemorated.
It has been a favorite theory of many, that the imagery of
this Eclogue was  imitated by Virgil from  the Hebrew
prophets, especially Isaiah ch. xI.




NOTES -  PLAUTUS.                  289
1. Sicelides; bucolic or pastoral poetry was carried to its
greatest perfection by the Sicilian Theocritus. - Cumeei; the
Cumanan Sibyl had sold to king Tarquin the Proud the books
containing the fate of Rome; they were carefully preserved and
consulted on important occasions. -magnus szeclorum  ordo:
i.Q., a " great year; " a new cycle, which should repeat all that
had taken place before, and which therefore should commence
with the rule of Saturn, in whose former reign.all had been peaceful and happy, as described in this Eclogue. -Virgo; Astroea,
goddess of'justice. - nascenti puero, at his birth; this probably
refers to the young son of Pollio, born in this year. -ferrea,
sc. gens; the "'iron age" should give way to a new "golden
age." - Lucina, goddess of birth. - Apollo; the Sibyl had
declared that the age of Apollo was the last; Lucina was identified
with Diana, sister of Apollo, hence the possessive tuus. - adeo
is used to emphasize te; inibit, sc. cursum. - Ille, i.e., puer.
26. simul, sc. atque.
32. Thetis, a sea-nymph, mother of Achilles; here put for the
sea. - Tiphys was pilot of the Argonautic expedition; all these
heroic events are to be repeated. - ad Trojam, ~ 55, IIi. 2, end.
— Parcae, the Latin name for the Fates.
48. honores, ~ 52, II. — convexo; referring to the vault of
heaven. - Terrasque; que is not long befobre tr- (~ 78, I. note
at end), but by Caesura. — seeclo, ~ 54, I. — Linus was an old
bard, associated with Orpheus. - quamvis here - etiamsi. -
Pan, god of nature, the inventor of the pipe. - certet, ~ 59,
Iiv. 1.- tullrunt, Systole. - mensa, ~ 54, II.
PLAUTUS.
T. MAccIus PLAUTUS was born at Sarsina, in Umbria,
B.C. 254, came to Rome, and obtained great popularity as a
writer of comedies; he died at the age of seventy. He wrote
a large number of plays, twenty of which are now extant;
they were translated from the Greek writers of the New
Comedy, or what we should call comedy of society, and depict
the manners of the Greeks of his day with much life and
humor.
I9




290                  LATIN  READER.
The following extract is from the Amphitruo. In the
absence of Amphitruo in war, Jupiter visits his wife Alemena,
in the form  of her husband, stationing Mercury outside as
guard, in the form of Amphitruo's slave Sosia. Meantime
the real Sosia returns, the war being triumphantly ended,
and finds his double standing guard at the gate of the house.
For the metre, see end of ~ 82. In the comic metres, very
frequent substitutions are permitted; thus the first foot of the
first verse is a dactyl, ib' ut he-; the sixth foot, a spondee, -mznne;
in the next verse the fifth foot is an anapoest, vId6' hoc. In
trochaic, like iambic measure, the foot makes a metre; the accents
mark the first syllable of each metre, where the ictus should fall.
1741. 5. Alcumenze -_Alcmenze this insertion or substitution
of u occurs in several Greek words employed by the comic writers.
Set    sed. -  edis, ~ 11, i. 2. - hoc noctis, ~ 52, iv.; ~ 50,
ii., at this time of night. — Nullust, ~ 1, last par. but one. —
Quom, top of p. 2. - llic, an old form for ille.
8. The second foot is hoc meiim; final m appears to have been
nearly silent in common speech, so that the u is short even before
two consonants. - pallium, a garment worn by the Greeks for
the Roman toga. - detexere, steal. - dentes pruriunt; his teeth
are itching for me (eager to get hold of me). - v. 7 contains the
tribrachs, miseri and mtiis he. - obsecro =for heaven's sake.
- The two lines beginning Clare are aside.
17. heri (yesterday) quod, etc., a substantive clause, subject of
factum  esse. - nudos, i.e., spoliatos.- Quinctus (theJffth),
a common Roman name.
22. Non feret, he shall not report. - vapulet, an active verb
with a passive meaning, ~ 35, II. end.
175. 1. esse ~ 37, v. — In proin, the two syllables are scanned
as one. - esurientibus, ~ 36, Iv. - hau =haud. - tractim
tangere, stroke; used ironically.
10. mirum ni, a wonder if not = I suppose. - mursenam: the
lamper-eel was a great favorite with the Romans, and was boned,
after being beaten with a rod. -ultro, without provocation.Olet homo; he pretends to know by the smell that somebody is
near, I smell a man.- malo, ~ 51, viI. — superstitiosus, a
soothsayer. - domes, soften them.




NOTES- PLAUTUS.                     29I
alas intervelli, plucked the wings of my voice. — jumento
suo, ~ 54, I.; and sends his own horse for it. - After jumentum
is a hiatus; i.e., the um is not elided by Ecthlipsis (~ 80);
the next foot is therefore oneran-. - ne existumes, sc. me. -
nescio quis, ~ 67, I. 1, note. - vicem, ~ 52, Iv., in the place of;
hic, thisfellow, i.e., I.
176. 1. eccum 4 ecce illum. - edepol, by Pollux; an oath of
doubtful etymology. - ilicet (ilicet), it is all up. - certumst,
my mind is made up. - hominem, object of adloqui. - qui, an
old ablative, by which, ~ 21, I. note.
Volcanum in cornu conclusum, fire shut up in a horn lan-.tern. -  Ain -aisne? - Verbero, scoundrel, -  mentire
mentiris: Sosias takes verbero as the verb, not the noun. —
Pergin = pergisne P? See note ~ 1, near end. - argutarier, ~ 33,
III. 3. - aput = apud.
18. tutatust, sc. nos. - Nescio quam, like nescio quis; you
areprettyfamriliar; a play upon the word familiaris, which in the
line above is used in the meaning one of the family of slaves. -
nisi abis; this use of the pres. indic. in a Protasis, referring to
future time, is quite common in Plautus; it is like the Englishidiom " unless you go off"' - familiaris accipiere, i.e., although
you are one of the family, you shall, &c. -horunc - horum.
177. 2. Quin, but. — familiai, ~ 9, 2. —sis, ~ 37, I. note. -vis
is here used like our will; you will be thrashed. - Haeccine; ne
is the enclitic interrogative, ci an emphatic affix. - Ita; there is
no special word in Latin for yes. - Immo, nay but.
17. At parum  etiam, etc.; i.e., you will cry a great deal
more. - usu,. by use, that is, possession. -vaniloquu's = vaniloquus es.
17S. 3. Nam illut; ecthlipsis does not take place here. -te
utinam, an hiatus.- istuc fecissent; i.e., had fled from me.per pacem, on peaceful terms. - fide, dative after credo.  mi
mihi. —etiam  denuo, still again. — noster, our slave.
portu Persico, a harbor near Thebes.
179. 2. quor = cur. - The Telebose were a peeple of Acarnania. - -t lpsiis [= ipse]; an amphibrach taking the place of
the trochee. - illi, there. - qui = qua. - quid me captas, why
do you cross-question me?




292                 LATIN  READER.
23. vini, ~ 50, Iv. 5. —ut matte natum fuerat, pure as it
came front the vine. — mira sunt = mirum  est, see note to
p. 175. - med = me.
10O. 3. injurato, ~ 54, x. note. —petasum; this was a hat
with a brim. - an, ~ 71, II. end. - Vivo fit; that is done to me
alive which will never be done after my death; i.e., the imagines,
or images of the ancestors were carried in the funeral of a noble,
but of course a slave could not have them, nor even an ignoble
person; now Mercury acts as his imago.
quod faxit Juppiter, may Jupiter grant it; a slave on gaining
his liberty had his head shaved, and put on the pileus, or cap.
TEREN CE.
P. TERENTIUS AFER (the African) was born at Carthage,
B.C. 195; became a slave in Rome; and, when manumitted
by his master, distinguished himself by writing comedies, -
like those of Plautus, translated from  the Greek.  He died
B.C. 159. His plays are more finished, but less witty, than
those of Plautus.
The Heautontimorumenos (self-tornzentor) is an old man,
Mienedemus, who blames himself for harsh treatment of his
son, and, to quiet his remorse, keeps hard at work in his garden. Here he is accosted by a neighbor, Chremes.' This play
is translated from the Greek of Menander, the most eminent
writer of the New Comedy.
For the metre, see ~ 82, III.; there are the same irregularities
as in the trochaic septenarius.
]18~1.  1. nuper admodum, very recent. -2. Inde adeo, from
just this cause. — 3. rei, i.e., notitia, acquaintance. — 5. quod
relates to vicinitas; ~ 47, Iv.' (2). — in propinqua parte amicitime, [neighborhood] which I hold next of kin to friendship.8. res tua, your circumstances.
13. siet = sit. - 14. tute; the te is intensive. - officia; the
verbs given in ~ 54, iI. frequently govern the acc. in the early
writers.- 20. fiat, sc. a servis.- 21. operee, ~ 50, Ir.




NOTES - CICERO.                    293
182. 1. Homo sum, etc.; this is the famous line that " brought
down the house," as we are told.- facto, ~ 54, VII. first note.face; this form is frequent in the old writers; see ~ 33, IIi. 2.laboris, ~ 50, III. 2. — nollem, sc. te reprehendere, i.e., if
the task were needless. -hos, i.e., rastros, - meum, my character, or actions. -clam  me, ~ 56, ii. 3. — animum, obj. of
tractare.
27. licere; speras is usually followed by the fut. infin., ~ 67,
III. 2. -tantisper dum, so long as.
183. 1. me facere depends on dignum; an exception to ~ 65,
iv. 1. --— istuc aetatis, at your age. — belli after gloriam. -
adeo res rediit, matters came to this pass. -regem, sc. Persarum: many enterprising Greeks took service with the king of
Persia.
20. quo lenirent; quo, in the sense of ut, is usually joined with
a comparative (~ 64, Ii.); the early writers frequently vary from
this. — mea solius causa, ~ 46, 3. -vestiant, ~ 60, 3. — his,
~ 54, III.- malo quovis, ~ 54, Iv.- usque strengthens dum,
just so long as.
184. sumptum  exercerent, work out their expenses. — inscripsi: put up a notice that it was for sale.
13. quanti, ~ 54, xI. 1. - quee est aequom: sc. ea... credere;
in those things in which one ought to trust afather.
20. Dionysia; the great festival of Dionysus or Bacchus. —
pepulerim, ~ 63, ii. - Siccine: sic with ne enclitic and the intensive i.
C I C E R O.
BM. TULLIUS CICERO  was born B.C. 106, at Arpinum, and
was murdered by order of the triumvirs, - Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus, -  B.c. 43, on his own estate,
about half way between Rome and Naples. He is the most
eminent name in Roman literature, - the greatest orator, and
the most voluminous and pleasing writer on philosophy. His
Letters to his Family and Friends (Ad Familiares), to his
friend Atticus, and to his brother Quintus, are very numerous
(855 in all); and are by far the most valuable and interesting
documents we have as to the personal history of the time.




294                 LATIN  READER.
Cicero had been Consul in the year B.c. 63; when the
Senate, under his lead, crushed the conspiracy of Catiline, by
what was considered an illegal and violent stretch of power.
This action was made the ground of bitter calumny and opposition among the popular party, led by Clodius, who succeeded, five years later (B.c. 58), in driving Cicero into exile;
from  which, however, he was recalled the following year.
The passage from  Velleius Paterculus, an historian of the
time of Augustus and Tiberius, gives the circumstances of his
banishment.
IS8. Per idem tempus; B.C. 58. - nobilis: Clodius belonged to the proud patrician gens Claudia, of which name
Clodius was a corruption. - ad plebem transisset: no patrician
could hold the office of Tribune of the Plebs, which gave most practical power to a demagogue; Clodius was, therefore, adopted as son
by a man of plebeian family, much younger than himself, and elected
tribune. — indemnatum: in his consulship, Cicero had put to
death the accomplices of Catiline without trial.- aqua, ~ 54, vi.;
interdiceretur is used impersonally. - Casar and Pompey were
at this time omnipotent in the state. - dividendo agro, ~ 73, III.
note; this was a commission appointed in pursuance of an agrarian
law carried by Cesar in his consulship, B.C. 59. -Idem, i.e.,
Cicero. - ut, when. - Numidici; Q. Coecilius Metellus, the
same who fought against Jugurtha, was driven into exile (B.c.
100), in consequenice of his opposition to the tribune Saturninus;
but was restored the following year.
The first Letter (Ad Farn. XIV. 4) was written to his wife,
Terentia, from Brundisium, a port in south-eastern Italy, from
which the passage was usually made into Greece.  Cicero
was now on his way through Macedonia into Asia Minor.
1S6. 4. Quod, ~ 52, Iv. - render but.
17. capitis: the caput was the civil standing, or rights of
citizenship (Hb. ~ 161). — legis improbissimnae: the law which
threatened confiscation and exile to any one within four hundred
miles of Rome, who should receive Cicero under his roof. - praestaret, ~ 65, III. - gratiam referre is to make a requital; gratiam
habere, to feel gratitude.




NOTES -  CICERO.                   295
21. profecti sumus..  petebamus, ~ 57, note at end; notice
the change in tense. The letter is written the 30th of April (prid.
Kal. Mai.), "off Brundisium," and would not be received in
Rome for several days. We should say, "I leave Brundisium
to-day (the 30th), and am on my way to Cyzicus." Former
editions had a. d. v. kal. Mai., that is, " I left three days ago;"
which does not agree with the date of the letter. - Cicero did not
reach Cyzicus, but remained with his friend Plancius, questor of
Macedonia, at Thessalonica. He afterwards defended this friend
from a charge of bribery; and gives at the end of his plea a touching account of his noble and tender hospitality. Cyzicus was a
town in Asia Minor, on a peninsula of the Propontis (Sea of
Marmora). - scito; this form is always used instead of sci (~ 33,
iII. 2).
30. Tulliola (~ 44, I. 2, the affectionate diminutive by which
Cicero almost always calls his daughter), nom. to fiet: what will
become of my dear Tullia? quid is predicate nom. The same
construction is used in French.- matrimonio: Tullia had been
married five years before, at the age of sixteen, to C. Calpurnius
Piso; he was in weak health, and died before Cicero's return.
There seems to have been scm, anxiety about her portion: " whatever becomes of the property, we must consider the poor child's marriage and reputation." - Cicero meus, his son Marcus, now seven
years old.
187. 1. teneas; " Not a night was suffered to elapse after the
decree [of banishment] was passed, before violent hands were
laid upon Cicero's property; his house on the Palatine was reduced to ashes, his Tusculan villa plundered. His other countryseats fared no better; the consuls took their share of the spoil;
and on the spot where Cicero's house had stood, Clodius consecrated a temple to Liberty." (Abeken). - familia liberata,
freed slaves; these were partly his own, partly his wife's; he had
set them free, to save them from the malice of his enemies. —
magnopere nemo, hardly one. - causa, arrangement. -si res
a nobis abisset; this was a phrase used in auctions, to denote
that one fails to secure a desired article. — obtinere, maintain.
pertineret, sc. res.
24. Clodius, Sallustius, Pescennius, seem to have been freedmen; Sicca was a friend with whom Cicero had passed a night on
the way to Brundisium.




296                  LATIN  READER.
The letter to Quintus Cicero, a younger brother, was
written at Thessalonica.
18s. 4. pueros, slaves.-miserim, ~ 57, 1, 1st rem.; ~ 64, III.
-consulatus; referring to the great act of his consulship, the
defeat of Catiline's conspiracy. - eripuerit, ~ 57, I. end. -
flens... proficiscens, etc., the chiastic order, the corresponding
nominative cases standing respectively first and last.
20. a morte: suicide was the refuge of many eminent men of
antiquity; Cicero seems to have thought seriously of it, but with
the same vacillation of purpose that he showed in every thing.
prcesidio fuisset, referring here to his profession of advocate;
he had even proposed once to defend his worst enemy Catiline
(see foot-note).
1S9. 5. quid, quod: what [shall I say to this] that, &c.
sapientiorem quam vellem, because old enough to feel his
father's loss.
34. aliquid presidii, object of laturam. - nostri, obj. gen.
after misericordiam:. pity for me will bring some help.
190. 16. postulabit, ~ 49, I. 2d, note. -umquam, and words
of this class (see list in Table 6), may follow comparatives, because there is a negative idea implied, which in similar constructions the French expresses by the negative, quejamais.
23. permutatione, negotiating a bill of exchange. - quibus
debes, your creditors, whom Quintus must satisfy out of his own
or his son's "bowels," flesh, or, as we should say, "hide." -ex
aerario; these were sums appropriated to Quintus as proprietor
of Asia. - Antonius and Coapio were creditors of Quintus.Crassus, the triumvir, who was afterwards killed in Asia; Calidius,
a stanch friend of Cicero.
33. Hortensius was the leading lawyer in Rome, next to Cicero,
and a few years older. Cicero at this time expresses a good deal
of suspicion of his false and unfriendly dealings. He was, however, a true friend; subsequently, and especially after his death,
Cicero speaks of him with warm regard and honor.
191. 1. occultabis: the future here is nearly equivalent to the
imperative, as frequently in English. - eo, abl. of cause, ~ 54, I.
- -Pomponium: T. Pomponius Atticus, Cicero's most intimate
friend.- versus: some verses in ridicule of Hortensius seem to
have been fastened (collatus) upon Quintus; he is by all means




NOTES -  CICERO.                    297
to make friends with him. a- dilitatem: the office of aedile had
reference to the care of public buildings and games (Hb. ~ 134).
9. Messala was a prominent public man of the day, father of
the distinguished general of the time of Augustus. - optime
factis, the best deeds.
19. Reliqua, object of scribere. -ita... ut, so... as.
In B.C. 57 Cicero returned from exile, and entered Rome,
September 4; shortly after, he wrote this letter to his friend
Atticus (Att. IV. 1), who was then in Epirus.
27. cui relates to subject of fuit. -recte, safely.- me ipsum,
~ 67. v. -observantia, respect, i.e., for his opinion; he had
followed the advice of Atticus and others in leaving the city rather
than resisting his enemies, as counselled by Lucullus.
19*2. 6. quem dimisero; i.f I once have you back, it will seem
that I have never lost you. - suavitatis and temporis both limit
fructus.
13. re familiari, private property.
24. lex est lata (i.e., for his return): this is the technical
expression for bringing in a bill. - natalis coloniae; Brundisium
was founded as a colony on the day of which this was the anniversary. - Salutis; the temple of Salus, near the house of Atticus.
- actaturn atque ordinum; the Roman citizens were classed by
age into juniores and seniores (Hib. ~ 125).- The orders were
the ranks in the State, -the Senate, the Equestrian order, &c.;
the comitia centuriata were the great Roman assembly, presided
over by the consul (Hb. ~ 141).
35. nomenclatori; a slave, whose business it was to whisper
to his master the names of persons they met.
193o 2. The porta Capena was the south-eastern gate, at which
the principal road, via Appia, ended.
8. eo biduo, two days after. —ad theatrum; this was the
time of the great ludi Romani, held in the theatre. - mea
opera; because his arrival had filled the city with strangers.
14. decernerem, should give my vote for it.
16. consulates, men who had been consul: they were called
upon for their vote first. - quod negarent, ~ 63, I.; in exactness negarent does not express the reason, but the fact of giving
it; but the subjunctive is often used in such cases. - ageretur,




298                 LATIN  READER.
negotiations should be entered into. - dederunt, sc. contionem;
a contio could not properly be held by a private citizen.
27. alterum se, a second self. - quam sit, ~ 66, I. - lex
consularis, law proposed by a consul; that of Messius (who was
a tribune) was tribunitia. - de domo: Cicero's house had been
destroyed, and the site occupied by a sacred building; the pontifices
(Hb. ~ 143) had yet to decide whether the consecration had been
removed (si sustulerint religionem), and the demand restored.
194. 2. superficiem, the building, for the loss of which he was
to be compensated. - demolientur... locabunt, they will
clear a space, giving the contract in their name.
TULLIA, the daughter of Cicero, had been married during
his consulship to Piso, a young man of the best family,and
character, who died just before Cicero's return from exile.
It was on her twenty-second birthday that she met her father
at Brundisium, as told in the letter to Atticus. The following year she married Furius Crassipes, also of a patrician
house; but was not long after divorced. At the age of twentynine she was married again to Dolabella, a rich and handsome
profligate several years younger than herself, — a partisan
and friend of Caesar, for which reason Cicero had sought the
alliance. Her life with him was very wretched; and they
agreed to a separation shortly before the birth of her child,
which was in January, B.c. 45. The following month she
died at her father's house in Tusculum, leaving a son, Lentulus, who seems to have died in childhood. Meanwhile Cicero
had put away his wife Terentia, on some misunderstanding
because of mismanagement in business affairs, which caused
him much anger and mortification; lie was on no good terms
with his brother, or his son, then a young man of twenty,
who was greatly vexed at an unfortunate second marriage of
his father's; so that his household was quite broken up. He
was living in strict solitude on a little island, Astura, belonging to one of his estates; and here he received many letters
of consolation from his friends, among which this from
the eminent lawyer, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, is the most interesting that remains.




NOTES -  CICERO.                    299
19. sane quam, exceedingly. - pro eo ac, in proportion as.
- per quos propinquos, ~ 48, hi. 2d note. — uti, so that. -
existimem, ~ 63, i. note.
195. 5. credo; ironical. — veneris, ~ 64, Iv. - et nos, we
too.'- cum iis esse actum, it has happened to those: this sentence contains an Anacoluthon, that is, a clause thrown in with no
proper connection to the principal clause; since it begins with the
interrogative quoties, and then changes to the declarative incidimus; render quoties, often, and put in and before et nos.
12. conjuncta; Tullia had already been married three times,
and twice divorced. - pro, worthy of. - ex hac juventate,fronm
the young men, of the present day. - uti depends on possent
understood; this refers to the profession of an advocate, which
had lost all attraction under Coesar's despotic rule.
24. Megaram, ~ 56, ii. 1.- 2Egina, an island opposite
Athens, once its rival; Megara, a city between Athens and
Corinth. -Pireeeus, the harbor of Athens. All these places had
been reduced to ruin in the late convulsions. -Visne, here negatively, wilt thou not?
35. modo; i.e., at Pharsalia, B.C. 48.
196. 5. moniendum fuit, ~ 59, IV. 2, note. -ea, ~ 50, IV. 1,
note. - omnibus bonis, all the advantages of life. - possitis,
~ 49, I.' exception to last remark.
14. noli oblivisci, ~ 58, IIi. note -Hoc tempus, i.e., when
the pain will have become less by time, — sapientia tua, in a
manner worthy of so wise a man.
23. inferis, the dead. - qui illius amor fuit, such was her love.
197. Cicero's answer (Fam. IV. 6.) follows.
15. Servius, a son of Sulpicius. - omnibus... potuerunt:
by all the services which could be rendered on [to] that occasion.
-- Quanti me faceret, how highly he esteemed me. - suum talem
animum, such a disposition on his part. — jucundus, agreeable;
gratus, acceptable.
26. Q. Fabius Maximus, the leader against Hannibal; L.
2Emilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, B.C. 167; C.
Sulpicius Gallus, an eminent man of the same time; Cato, the
Censor - all these eminent men had lost sons. - ipsorum refers
to eorum. -ea, quam; to wit, that which.
l98. 6. frangerem, benlt my mind; notice the imperfect tense,
and render cum, whenever.




300                 LATIN  READER.
13. ad rempublicam, in public affairs.
22. ante; i.e., before we return to Rome; Cicero begins to
acquiesce in the new order of things, and to desire to enter public
life again. - unius, i.e., Caesar.
27. deliberationis, ~ 54, ii. end (requirement).
PLINY.
C. CIECILIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS (the Younger) was a native of Comum (Como), in Northern Italy, and a nephew of the
elder Pliny, the distinguished naturalist.  He was born A.D.
61 or 62, and became prominent as a public man in the prosperous reign of Trajan.  He has left a few orations, and a
large collection of letters, which, as Merivale says, "gives
the fullest and fairest picture we possess of a Roman gentleman; nor indeed does any other of the ancients come so near
as its writer to our conception of the gentleman in mind,
breeding, and position." The year of his death is not known.
The first three letters are addressed to the historian
Tacitus. The first requires no explanation; the other two
are in answer to his inquiries in regard to the famous eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79, in which Herculaneum and
Pompeii were destroyed, and the elder Pliny perished.
199. 6. in Tusculano, on my Tusculan estate. -jam  in fine,
when just near the end. - ne... pereat, that my haste may be
satisfied. - preesens, when I meet you.
12. patria, i.e., Comum. - municipis, fellow-townsman. -
praetextatus; the boy wore the toga prcetexta until about sixteen
(Hb. ~ 184). - Etiam; there was no Latin word for yes. —
Mediolanum, MIilan, was already the chief town of Northern Italy.
- qui refers to vos, implied in vestra.
20. habitationes, lodging; viatica, travelling expenses; mercedibus, income.
200. 1. ambitu corrumperetur, be misusedfor private advantage: referring to corrupt misappropriation of the funds; this he
proposes to obviate by giving the control of the funds to the
parents, requiring them at the same time to contribute. - religio,
solemn obligation.




NOTES   PLINY.                    301
18. Haec, these circumstances.- repetenda, traced back, i.e.,
repeated. - illuc, to Comum; hinc, from Rome. - ea lege, on
this condition. - nihil aliud certum; i.e., there is no bargain
made.
31. avunculus was a mother's brother; patruus, a father's
brother.
201. 2. Quamvis here takes the subjunctive, although it expresses a fact; see ~ 61, 2, note. - ut populi, sc. victuri; like
peoples and cities always destined to live; an adverb or conjunction like ut is often repeated where the English would have and.
- eternitas: it so happens that the book in which Tacitus
narrated these events is lost, so that it is Pliny's own writings
that have preserved their memory.
9. Misenum was a promontory west of Naples, just beyond
Baie; it was an important naval station. - Nonum, sc. ante;
the use of the accusative of time when in this connection is found
also in Tacitus: we should expect Nono. - Usus, etc.: this
sentence describes the way in which he had passed his time; he
had walked in the sun, then taken a cold bath and a luncheon.Vesuvium: there was an old tradition, mentioned by Vitruvius, that there had been eruptions here in former times.
pinus, the dark, spreading Italian pine. A commentator gives
another simile: " hujus forma est similis machinae illius, quam
manu tenentes solem a nobis arcere solemus; quae in linguA
nostra Sonnenschirmn et in gallica, parasol vocatur."
241. Liburnica, a swift, light vessel, or yacht. — Egrediebatur:
the former reading of this passage was, " Egrediebatur domo,
accepit codicillos.  Retinae classiarii imminenti periculo exterriti (nam villa ea subjacebat, nec ulla nisi navibus fuga) ut se
tanto discrimine eriperet orabant; " —Retina being held to be the
name of an estate in danger. But a tradition was preserved, that
a woman named Retina (or Rectina), wife of Bassus, had perished
in this eruption. Rectina is now taken to be the name of a woman; and Tasci (the accepted reading in place of Classiarii) to
be that of her husband: understand wife or widow.
30. maximo, sc. animo. - amcenitas: the shore near Vesuvius had many pleasant villas.
202. 1. quo propius [eo] calidior;.~ 54, v. end. - accederent appears to come under the principle of ~ 59, IV. 3.
ruina, from ruo, fallen masses: the heaving of the earth and




302                  LATIN  READER.
eruption of the mountain caused new shoals and shores.- Fortes
fortuna juvat, a maximn from Terence. - Stabice was a village
beyond Pompeii, near the modern Castelammare.
7. erat, sc. Pomponianus. — diremptus, etc., separated by
an intervening bay. - cum cresceret, when it should increase;
this is of the nature of a future Protasis (~ 59, iv. 1), taking
the imperfect tense because it depends upon contulerat, ~ 57. -
certus fugae, resolved on flight. - secundissimo, sc. vento.
23. meatus animee, the passage of his breath, breathing heavily,
or snoring. - diaeta, bed-room. — ita surrexerat, i.e., had become so filled.
33. Sub dio, in the open air.- quamquam qualifies levium.
203. 11. caligine, vapor. -- stomacho: this word, meaning
gullet or stomach, is in this passage rendered lungs by most commentators. - eestuans, inflamed. -dies: the light did not return
till the third day.
19. me, subject of persecutum esse; omnia is its object. -
aliud, ~ 22, 1.
25. te, subject of cupere. - quos agrees with metus and
casus.
32. per multos dies, ~ 55, I. 1. - Campaniae: after the analogy of ~ 55, III. 3. - invaluit: in often strengthens the meaning
of a verb, as in this case; with nouns, participles, and adjectives
it has a negative force, as.invalidus, weak.
204. 1. surgebam, i.e., already. - excitaturus, sc. eam. -
constantiam and imprudentiam, strength of mind and thoughtlessness. - corripit, reproves.
12. dies, daylight. — quodque, etc., a habit which in a panic
takes the place ofjudgmnent; vulgus is subject of preefert, etc. -
tecta, ~ 52, ii. 1. - spiritus, genitive after discursibus. -rupta
agrees with nubes.
32. ut consuleremus, substantive clause, object of commissuros. - nostrme, sc. saluti, ~ 51, i. - Capreas; the island of
Capri. - Miseni limits id undertood, antecedent of quod; that
part which projects into the sea; these places are not far from
twenty-five miles from Vesuvius.
205. 7. torrentis modo, ~ 54, II. - terree, ~ 51, v. rolling
along upon the ground.
9. strati, sc. nos. — audires, ~ 60, 1.




NOTES -  PLINY.                    303
20. illud ruisse, etc., ~ 24, IV. 3, that crash, that blaze. -
longius, sc. a nobis. - misero agrees with solacio.
32. cum deficit, when it is eclipsed.
206. 5. non scriptures leges, you will read, but not write. -
scilicet qui, because you.
Some time in the early part of the second century (A.D.
110 or 111), Pliny was appointed Proprxctor or governor of
the province of Bithynia, in northern Asia Minor.  At this
time the Christians had become a very numerous and important body, particularly in the East.  The strict legal
charge against them was, that they violated the state religion,
by refusing sacrifice to the established divinities, and not'honoring the emperor as a god. But to this were added all
the charges of immorality and impious practices, or downright
atheism, which naturally grew out of the ignorant and superstitious prejudices of the populace. Pliny tries to deal with
them at first strictly according to law; but, being a man just
and merciful, he soon sees the horrible injustice of their position, and the probable falsehood of most their enemies had
reported. He accordingly writes to the emperor for instructions; as is thought, in A.D. 112.
9. domine: observe the formal and courtly style of address
adopted since the time of Cicero, a century and a half before.
12. cognitionibus, investigations. -puniri soleat, impersonal:
punishment is wont to be i!flicted. - quamlibet teneri, in whatsoever degree tender. - desisse, from desino, ~ 33, III. 1.
22. duci, sc. ad supplicium: the charge meant " constructive
treason," and the punishment was death. The Christians were
not punished for their belief: thought was always free in Rome,
even under the most suspicious and despotic emperors. (Merivale.) -esset, ~ 66, III.-faterentur, ~ 66, ii.-amentiae,
~ 50, I. 2. - crimine, ~ 54, x. - inciderunt, came to my knowledge.- libellus sine auctore, an anonymous note. — quorum
- quarum rerum.
207.  4. non nemo, here and there one.
17. ministre, deaconesses. - et per tormenta, even by torments.
28. *venire, from veneo, ~ 35, Ir. end. - victimarum limits
pastum.




304                 LATIN  READER.
TRAJAN is the noblest and most heroic name of the Roman
empire.  He was second in the list of the "five good emperors," whose reigns cover near a century of what has been
called the period of greatest happiness to the human race.
He was a brave soldier, and a humane and sagacious statesman. His reign was from A.D. 98 to 117. This letter seems
to have been written hastily, under the press of his great
public cares. For the Christians he probably only felt an impatient contempt, curiously contrasting with Pliny's anxious
scruples; and the policy he enjoins, excepting his injunction
to disregard all anonymous charges, seems coldly harsh, and
quite unworthy of his generally wise and firm administration.
20S.  4. in universum constitui, laid down as a general rule.
-quasi certain formam, a sure application as it were. - Pessimi
exempli, etc.: Trajan compares his own mild government with
the tyrannies of Tiberius and his successors.
TACITU S.
C. CORNELIUS TACITUS, " the greatest historian of antiquity," is also the greatest name in Roman literature after
Cicero. His style belongs to what is called the Silver Age,
-that is, the earlier times of the empire.  He was a friend
of Pliny; and died, probably, not long after him, in the
reign of Trajan. The subject of his Annals and Histories is
the period of the earlier emperors, -a time of treachery, suspicion, and intrigue, of licentiousness and great cruelty. His
temper seems often harsh and contemptuous, perhaps morose,
in dealing with the great crimes and the base men that succeeded the fall of the Republic; but he has left a few pictures
of pure and noble virtue.  His language, as in describing the
great conflagration of the time of Nero, will be found here
and there difficult and obscure; but grandly picturesque and
powerful when one masters its sense, and with a sombre
pathos which perhaps no other historian has had in like
degree.




NOTES -  TACITUS.                  305
NERO (L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Claudius) was the sixth
emperor, by adoption one of the Casars, reigning from A.D. 54
to 68. He was a boy of fifteen on coming to power, -a
handsome, popular, amiable boy; but he became, later, the
most extraordinary compound of profligacy, vanity, and
cruelty that even the history of the Empire shows. That the
Roman State- still a Republic in name - should have endured for fourteen years what it is charity to call the insane
freaks and caprices of this sickly and weak-minded youth, is
partly explained by the name of Caesar, which he inherited,
and by the deep horror left on men's minds by the century of
the Civil Wars; partly by the remorseless cruelty of the
Roman temper and manners.  The narrative of Tacitus
rather softens than magnifies the popular suspicions as to his'
guilt in the matter of the great conflagration.
This passage is taken from the Fifteenth Book of the Annals, ch. 38-44.
209.  5. princeps, prince: a title given in early times to the
leader of the Senate; it was that by which the emperor was chiefly
known in Rome; abroad, he was known chiefly as commander of
the armies, imperator. — circi: the Circus Maximus, where the
great games were held, was in a long narrow level, in a valley
that ran northwestwardly towards the river, between the Palatine
and Aventine. The fire began at the foot of Mount Celius, at
the upper end, where the wooden galleries of the Circus gave the
flames full play. - munimentis, fire-proof walls: notice that vel
connects domus and templa, as being obstructions of similar
nature (~ 43, 3); while aut separates them from aliud morae. —
et obnoxia urbe: et, both, corresponds to -que below; obnoxia,
exposed; artis (from artus), narrow; enormibus (e norma, out
of rule), irregular.
20. lamenta... pars; all these nominatives are subj. of impediebant. -fessa... aetas (Ritter has fessi eevo): those worn
with years, or helpless in childhood, - etate being abl. of cause,
and pueritiae the gen. limiting eetas. —illis quoque, these too,
i.e., the next streets (proxima).
210.  4. victus: this genitive limits fortunis, having lost all
their store, even of daily food. — quamvis patente effugio, no
20




306                 LATIN  READER.
matter how open the way.of escape. - crebris minis, by reason of,
&c. - esse sibi auctorem, that they were acting under orders.
11. Antium (Anzio), on the coast, thirty-five miles from Rome,
was a favorite residence of Nero.- monumenta Agrippee: the
splendid structures and gardens of Agrippa, minister and son-inlaw of Augustus, were in the Campus Martius, outside the city as
then built; the Pantheon, now standing, belonged to them.
Nero's gardens (of the Vatican) were beyond the Tiber, near
where St. Peter's church now stands. -ternos nummos, i.e.,
three sesterces the modius, or twelve cents a peck. - domesticam
scaenam, a stage in his own house.
27. apud imas Esquilias, near where the Coliseum now stands,
about half a mile north of where it first broke out.- The second
fire is shown by inscriptions to have lasted three days; the entire
conflagration continued seven or nine days.
211.  1. Tigellinus was a favorite freedman of Nero, notorious
for his corruption and extortion. - cognomentum, a later form
for cognomen.
10. haud perinde, not so much. -Averno: Lake Avernus is
near Naples, more than a hundred miles from Rome, separated
from the Tiber by bays and rocky headlands. - squalenti, barren
or dusty. - gignendis aquis: dat. after humidum, — conisus:
the more common form of spelling is connisus.
26. urbis quae domui supererant, what of the city remained
after the palace was built: Ritter omits domui. —Gallica incendia: the city was burned by the Gauls B.C. 389; after their retreat,
it was rebuilt in great haste, and very irregularly.
212.  1. finivit, limited orfixed. - domibus aut insulis: the
domus was a complete edifice, or mansion, owned and occupied
by a single proprietor; the insula a block of tenements, bounded
by streets or alleys on each side. These insulae were often built
to a great height, - the law of Augustus restricted them to seventy
feet, — and swarmed with the poorer population of the city. —
utique  et ut, following destinabat. - certa sui parte, in
certain parts (sui is plur.). - aqua, subj. of flueret: of the public aqueducts, which were very numerous and finely constructed;
some of them brought water from a distance of sixty miles.custodes, sc. erant: guards were stationed for this purpose. —
communione parietum - communibus parietibus; abl. after
ambirentur.




NOTES -  TACITUS.                    307
20. The books of the Sibyl, which she sold to King Tarquin,
were carefully preserved by a special body of priests, the quindecimviri sacris faciundis (Hb. ~ 145), and consulted in emnergencies. -sellisternia, banquets to female deities; those to the
godls were lectisternia: goddesses, like women, must sit on stools
(sellae); while the gods, like men, reclined at their meals on
couches (lecti). - Christianos: this is the first distinct mention
of the Christians in Pagan history.  Suetonius says, more briefly
(Nero, ch. 16), "Afflicti suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum
superstitionis novoa ac maleficx."  And of the previous reign he
says, with a more doubtful allusion, perhaps, to the " false Christs"
of the Jewish fanatics, "Judoaos impulsore Chresto assidue
tumultuantes Roma expulit."
213.  7. odio humani generis, enmity towards all mankind
(Merivale),- the charge constantly brought against the Jews, with
whom the Christians were often confounded. The peculiar and
clannish habits of the Jews might bring this charge upon them: in
the case of the Christians, it was increased by their recoil from the
pleasures and vices of the pagan world, that kept them a " sect,"
apart friom others, and was already leading towards those extravagances of austerity and devotion which fill the legends of monks
and hermits. The common belief among the Christians, that the
end of the world was near, with the conflagration of all things,
and the destruction-of the Eternal City itself, might make the
crime seem credible and likely. -flammandos: this seems to be
used here as a present passive participle (Ritter). They were
wrapped in a sort of mat of papyrus, smeared with wax and tar, -
a style of torture spoken of by Juvenal (I. 155, VIII. 235), and
Martial (X. 25, 5).




(p. 308)
PRINCIPAL DATES OF ROMAN HISTORY.
Founding of Rome (common date)..B..   753
The Kings expelled: Rome a Republic....... 509
Rome taken and burned by the Gauls....... 389
Samnite Wars: conquest of Italy.. 343-290
First Punic War: Regulus; Victory of Duilius... 264-241
Second Punic War: Hannibal; Scipio...... 219-202
Third Punic War............. 149-146
Carthage destroyed; Corinth taken........ 146
Numantia taken; Ti. Gracchus tribune....... 133
Tribuneship of C. Gracchus........... 121
War with Jugurtha............ 111-106
Cimnbri defeated by Marius........... 101
Civil War: Marius and Sulla..........  88
Dictatorship of Sulla.............  82
Death of Sertorius....          72
Consulship of Cicero: Catiline's Conspiracy.....  63
Triumvirate of Cfesar, Pompey, and Crassus.             60
Coesar in Gaul: Cicero's Exile..58
Civil War: Cfesar and Pompey.                            49
Battle of Pharsalus: Pompey defeated and murdered.     48
Julius Cmesar perpetual Dictator.........  46
Caesar murdered..............  44
Battle of Philippi: Brutus and Cassius slain..42
Battle of Actium: Antony defeated........  31
Caesar Octavianus (Augustus), first Emperor.....  30
Tiberius................ A.D. 14
Caligula.................  37
Claudius.................  41
Nero (last of the Julian house).                        54
Galba.................. 68
Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian...........  69
Titus.................. 79
Domitian (last of the Twelve Caesars)..             81
Nerva..................  96
Trajan..................  98
Hadrian... 117
Antoninus Pius... 138
Marcus Aurelius..                           161
Commodus, — beginning of the Decline....... 180












VOCABULARY.




Of the following derivative forms, those which occur most
rarely have been sometimes omitted:
NOUNS: Feminines in a, from nouns in us, er (M.);
Feminines in -trix, tricis, from nouns in -tor, t6ris (M.);
Diminutives in -olus, -ulus, -ellus;
Verbals in -mentum, i (N.), equivalent to forms in -men, inis;
Verbals in -antia, -entia (F.), from the present, denoting quality,
Verbals in -tor (M.), -trix (F.), from the supine stem, denoting agent;
Verbals in -tus, uis LM.); -tiira, me, -tio, -6nis (F.), from  the supine
stem, denoting condition or act.
ADJECTIVES: Possessives in -anus, -ins, -ilis, derived from nouns;
Patrials or locals in -as (dtis), -ensis, -inus;
Verbals in -bundus, corresponding nearly in signification with the
present participle;
Secondary forms in -drius, -icius, and -ivus.
ADVERBS, regularly formed from adjectives: as from
carus: care, carius, carissim6;
fortis: fortiter, fortius, fortissime.
VERBS: Inceptives in -sco; also, Compounds with the following prefixes, when their meaning is not otherwise altered:
a, ab, away: as, aufero, abstuli, abltum, take away.
ad, to, towards: as affero, attuli, allatum, bring.
ante, before: as, antefero, prefer; antecello, excel.
circum, around, about: as, circummunio, to wall around.
con, together: as, confero, collatum, bring together, compare.
de, down, utterly: as, daspicio, look down on, despise.
dli, or dMs, asunder: as, didcoo, draw apart; disjungo, unbind.
e, ex, out: as, effero, extiili, Eldtum, carry forth, uplift.
in, with Nouns or Adjectives, not: as, infinitus, boundless.
in, with Verbs, in, on, or against: as, infero, illatum, bear against.
inter, into or to pieces: as, interrumpo, interrupt.
nr, nbc, not: as, nbqueo, cannot; nbc6pinmtus, unloolked-for.
ob, towards: as, offero, offer; obvenio, meet.
per, prae, very: as, permagnus, very great; praeclirus, glorious.
r6, red, back or acgain: as, refero, report; redeo, return.
se, apart: as, sg-paro, part; s6-cerno, put aside.
suib, uender or in low degree: as, subd6lus, crafty; suffero, endure.
super, on or in place of: as, superfundo, pour over.




VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
NoUNs. -M. rmasculine; F. feminine; N. neuter; c. common; D. doubtful.
VERBS. - The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, signify the Conjugations. In those of the Ist and 4th, where
only one form is given, the conjugation is regular, like amo or audio. In the others, the
Perfect termination is given, and usually that of the Supine Stem only - as rego, xi, ct- -
instead of the ending in urn. When compound verbs are divided by a hyphen, the conjugation
may be found under the simple form. - A. active; N. neuter; p. passive
PROPER NAMES.-k. king; q queen; f. fJther; m. mother; s. son; d. daughter;
dist. district; prov. hrovince; mt. mountain; - myth. signifies that the name belongs to
lythology. The dates are usually those of birth and death: as, Hannibal, B.C. 247-I83.
Unusual forms of inflection are given in parenthesis; cognate words in brackets.
Words marked t are Greek. Forms given with hyphen occur in compounds.
Vowels not marked, and not long by position, are to be reckoned short.
The References are to the Sections or Tables of the " Manual Latin Grammar."
A, the pranomen Aulus.                     abjicio, jeci, ject-, [jacio,l 3, cast
a, ab, Jromz, b/, sinsce, on the side of.     away, cast down, abandon.
[ab-,; away, apart, completely.            abjfidico, I, give sentence.
abactus, [abigo,] driven away.             abjungo, nxi, nct-, 3, unyoke, part.
abacus, i, M, desk, reckoning-board.   abjuiro, I, deny on oath.
abaliino, I, estrange, alienate, trans-   ablitus. [aufero,] carried off.fer, withdraw.                          ablego, I, send away.
abavus, i, M., gr. gr. grandfather.        abliido, si, sum, 3, differ.
abdico, I, deny, abdicate, resign.         abluo, ui, uit-, 3, wash away, cleanse.
abdico, xi, ct-, 3, refilse assent.        abnego, I, deny, refuse.
abditus, a, um, hidden, secret.            abnormis, e, out of rule.
abdo, didi, dit-, 3, to hide, remove.    abnuo, nui, nfit- (nuit-), 3, deny,
abduico, xi, ot-, 3, lead away, with-         refuse, reject, forbid.
draw, degrade.                          aboleo, evi (ui), it-, 2, check, abolabeo, ii (ivi), it, 4, depart, vanish,        ish, reemove.
abandon, end, change.                   abolesco, evi, 3, wither, decay.
abequito, I, ride away.                    abolitio, 5unis, F., annulling.
berro, I, wander, stray.                  abolla, ae, F., robe, cloak.
bfore, [sum,] be away.                    abominor, I, deprecate, hate, detest.
bhinc, since, henceforth.                 aborigines, um, M., primitive colobhorreo, ui, 2, shrink, abhor, differ.      nists, first inhabitants.
abiegnus, a, um, of fir.                  aborior, ortus, 4, set, disappear.
ibiens, euntis, [eo,] departing.          abortus, ils, M., abortion.
bids, etis, F., fir-tree, fir-wood.       abrado, si, sum,  3, scrape  off,
bigo, 6gi, act-, [ago,] 3, drive away.      shave.
bitus, is, M., departure, outlet.         abripio, ui, rept-, 3, drag  away,
bjectus, a, um, downcast, mean,             squander.
abject.                                 abrogo, I, repeal, annul.




2                      abrumpo -  accusatio.
abrumpo, rupi, rupt-, 3, break off,  Academia, ae, F., Academy, a gymtear away.                           nasium near Athens.
abruptus, a, um, broken, steep; N.,  t acanthis, idis, F., goldfinch.
bottom, depth.                    f acanthus, i, M., bear's-foot, thorn.
abs, from.                           Acarnan, anis, c., of Acarnania
abscedo, cessi, cess-, 3, depart,    (W. dist. of central Greece).
escape, desist.                   accedo, cessi, cess-, 3, approach,
abscessus, uis, M., departure.         advance against, be added, befall.
abscido, cidi, cis-, (cedo,) 3, cut  accelero, I, hasten.
off.                              accendo,di, sum, 3, kindle, inflame.
abscindo, scidi, sciss-, 3, send   accenseo, ui, t- (ens-) 2, reckon
away.                                among.
abscisus, a, um, cut off, abrupt.    accensus, i, M., attendant, recruit.
abscondo, didi, dit-, 3, hide, lose   accepto, I, receiwe.
sight of.                         acceptus, a, um, acceptable.
absens, tis, (absum,) absent.        accerso, Ivi, itum, 3, fetch, sendfor.
absimilis, e, very unlike.          accessio, 5nis, F., approach, inabsinthium, i, N., wormwood.           crease.
absisto, stiti, 3, depart, desist, cease.  accessus, us,,M., approach.
absolutus, a, um, complete.         accido, cidi, (cado,) 3, fall upon,
absolvo, vi, ut-, 3, acquit, discharge.  befall, happen.
absorbeo, ui, 2, suck in, swallow.    accido, cidi, cis-, (caedo,) 3, cu
absque, without, but for.              short or into.
abstergeo, si, sum, 2, wipe clear or   accingo, nxi, nct-, 3, gird, equip.
away.                             accio, 4, summon.
absterreo, ui, it-, 2,.friqhten away.   accipio, cepi, cept-, (capio,) 3, get.
abstersus, a, um, wiped off.           receive, undlertake.
abstinentia, a, F., abstinence, re-   accipiter, tris, m., hawk.
straint.                           accisus, (accldo,) cut off, ruined.
abstineo, ui, tent-, 2, hold away,   accitus, uis, M., summons.
abstain, refrain.                 accl.mo, I, shout, applaud.
abstraho, xi, ct-, 3, draw away, ab-   acclinis, e, leaning on.
slract, release.                  accllno, I, lean forward. [cending
abstrudo, si, sum, 3, thrust away,   acclivis, e, (-us, a, um,) steep, (as.
conceal.                          acclivitas, atis, F., acclivity, ascent
abstruisus, a, um, concealed, re-   accola, ae, c., neighbor.
served, difficult.                accolo, ui, cult-, 3, dwell near.
absum, esse, fui, to be absent, distant,  accommodo, i, suit, fit, conform
different, unfit.       [stroy.   accommodus, a, um, suitable.
absilmo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, waste, de-   accresco, crevi, cret-, 3, increas6
absurdus, a, um, absurd, stupid.       grow to, be added.
abundantia, ae, F., abundance.       accuboui, it-, i, sit or lie (at table)
abunde, in abundance.                accudo, di, sum, 3, to hanmer ou
ab-undo, I, abound, overflow.        accumbo, cubui, cubit-, 3, lie neam
abusque, ftom as far as.             accumulo, I, heap up.
abutor, usus, 3, abuse, consume, take   accuratus, a, umrn, exact, careful.
advantage.                        accUro, I, care faor.
Abydus, i, F., a town in Asia, on   accurro, cucurri, curs-, 3, ru:
the Hellespont.                     towards.
ac=atque, and, as.                   aCCursus, is, M., concourse.
tacacia, s, F., thorn.               accuisatio, onis, F., accusation.




accusator -  adeptus.                          3
acciisator, oris, M., accuser.        actor, 6ris, M., driver, actor, agent.
accuso, I, accuse, inform against.    actuarius, a, um, obr driving, rowacer, eris, Z., maple.                  intg, swift.
acer, cris, cre, keen, eager, vigorous,   actus, a, urnm, driven; N., deed.
acerbE, bitterly, sharply.            actus, us, M., impulse, act, deed.
acerbitas, ctis, F., bitterness, harsh-   acefitum, at once.
ness.                              aculeus, i, M., sting, prickle.
acerbo, I, to embitter.               acumen, inis, N., edge, point, keenacerbus, a, um, bitter, harsh, sad.     ness.
acernus, a, um, of maple.             acuo, i, fitum, 3, to sharpen, rouse.
acerra, as, F., censer, incense-box.    acus, us, ubus, F., needle, pin.
acervatim, in heaps.                  acuite, sharply.
acervo, i, to heap up.                acUtus, a, um, sharp, pointed, vioacervus, i, M., heap, pile.             lent, keen, sagacious.
acesco, acui, 3, to turn sour.        ad, to, towards, near, for, at, acacetum, i, N., vinegar.                 cording to, besides.
Achemrnenes, is, first k. of Persia.   [ad-, near, towards, in addition.
Achaicus (-aeus), a, im, Greek.    adactus, (adigo,) driven.
achlates, as, M., agate.              adaeque, in like manner.
Achel6us, M., a river of N. Greece.   adaequo, I, make equal, compare.
Acheron (uns), tis, M., a river in   addgium, i, N., proverb.
Hades.                             adamanteus (inus), a, um, hard as
Achilles, is, ea, champion  of          steel.
Greece in the Trojan war.          t adamas, antis, M., tempered steel.
Achivus, a, um, Grecian.              adamo, I, begin to love.    [cover.
Rcidus, a, um, sour, sharp, tart.     adaperio, ui, tum, 4, to open, unacies, ei, F., edge, sight, line-of-bat-  adaquor, I, to get water.
tie, keenness.                     adaugeo, xi, ct-, 2, increase, devote.
tacinaces, is, M., Persian sword.    adaximrnadgerim, (perf. subj. of
acinus, i, M. (um, N.), grape-berry or  adigo, drive).
stone.                             [adc-, see acc-.
acipenser, eris, M., sturgeon.       addecet, it is fit.
aclis, idis, F., dart.               addenso, I, (A.), eo, 2, (N.), thicken.
aconitum, i, N., wolf's-bane.        addico, xi, ct-, 3, to favor, doom,
acquiesce, evi, et-, 3, come to rest.   devote, yield, adjudge.
icquiro, sivi, sit-, 3, gain, get, add.   addictus, a, urn, devoted; M., a
icrim6nia, as, sharpness, pungency.     bondsman.
icriter, (acer,) eagerly, keenly.    additus, (addo,) joined.
acrodma, atis, N., music or recita-   addo, didi, dit-, 3, to add, give, join.
tion; a musician.                  addubito, I, incline to doubt.
Acnrisius, myth. father of Danae.   adduico, xi, ct-,3, lead along, bring
Bkcroceraunia, the mt. boundary        towards, induce, contract.
of Macedonia and Epirus.           adductus, a, um, strained, severe.
icta, a, F., shore, breaker.         ad-edo, 3, bite at, eat up..ct eon, 6nis, myth. gr.-son of   ademptus, (adimo,) taken away.
Cadmus, torn by his own hounds.   adeo, to that degree, so, so far, truly..cteS, es, F., (coast-land) Attica.  ad-eo, 4, to approach, visit, attack,
Lctio, 6nis, F.,( ago,) action, acting,  undertake, undergo.
suit at law.                       adeps, ipis, D., fat.!ctium, i, N., promont. of Epirus,   adeptus, (adipiscor,) having atscene of Antony's defeat, B. C. 31.    tained.




4                         adequito -  adverto.
adequito, I, ride up to.               adnitor, nis- (nix-), 3, attempt, strive
[adf-=-aff-; adg-=agg-.                  Jbr, lean against.
adhaereo (esco), haesi, has-, 2, to   adno, I, sttimn towards.     c
cling, jfsten, border upon.          adoleo, ui, ult-, 2, burn, consume
adhibeo, ui, it-, 2, apply to, sum-       (as sacrifice), serve by ritual.
mon, employ, have near, bring in.   adolescens, tis, c., a youth.
adhortor, I, exhort, encourage.        adolescentia, ae, F., youth.
adhuc, hitherto, besides, as yet.      adolesco, evi, ult-, grow, come to
adigo, egi, act-, 3, drive,force, urge.  ripeness, bulrn (on the altar).
adimo, emi, empt-, 3, take away,   Adonis, is (idis), myth. prince of
set free, deprive, rob.                Cyprus, loved by Venus.
adipiscor, adeptus, 3, win, get, ar-   adoperio, ui, ert-, 4, cover over.
rive at, overtake.                   adoptio, onis, F., a(loption.
aditus, Ui-, M., approach, access.     adopto, I, to select, adopt.
adjaceo, ui, 2, lie near.              ador, oris, N., Jine wheat, spelt.
adjicio, jeci, ject-, add, cast upon,   adoreus, a, urn, of wheat; F., gift
put upon, turn towards.                of corn.
adjuidico, I, adjudge, assign.         adorior, ort-, 4, accost, attack, begin.
adjuimentum, i, N., help.              adorno, I, equip, adorn.
adjungo, nxi, not-, 3, join, annex,   adoro, I, to worship, accost, entreat.
attach, apply, bring near.           [adp-=app; adq —acq-; adr-=
adjuro, I, adjure, confirm by oath.       arr-; ads-=ass-; adst-=ast-.
adjfito, I, to help.                   adscisco, scivi, scit, 3, sumnmon.
adjutor, oris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,    join, receive, admit.
helper, assistant.                   adsum (assum), be near.
adjuvo, juivi, jfit-, aid, help, sustain.   adulor, I, flatter, fawn.
[adl-=all-.                             adulter, era, um, adulterous.
admetior, mensus, 4, to measure   adultero, I, to alter, corrupt.
out.                                 adultus, (adolesco,) grown up.
Admetus, myth. k. of Thessaly.    adumbro, I, shadow  out, sketch
adminiculo.(or), I, to prop, assist.      overshadow.
adminiculum, i, N., aprop, support.   aduncus, a, umrn, hooked.
administer, tri, M., a.nsistant.       aduiro, ussi, ust-, 3, burn, scorch.
administro, I, nmanaqe, serve, attend.   adusque, even to, throughout.
admirtbilis, e, admirable, strange.   adustus, a, urn, parched, scorched
admiratio, 6nis, F., wonder.           adveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry, bring.
admiror, I, wonder at, adlmire, gaze.   advelo, I, to veil.
admisceo, cui, mixt-, 2, mingle in.   advena, ae, c., foreigner, new-comet
admissum, i, N., fault, crime.         advenio, veni, vent-, 4, arrivw
admitto, misi, miss-, 3, admit,per-      approach, be added.
mit, colmmit, consent, spur on.    adventicius, a, um, foreigner.
admodum, very, quite, wholly,fully.   advento, i, to advance.
adm6lior, 4, heap up, bring to.        adventus, us, M., coming, arrival.
admoneo, ui, it-, 2, adCmoish,'warn.   adversarius, a, um, fronting, og
admonitio, onis, F., warning.            posed; M., enemy.
admoveo, movi, mot-, 2, bring   adversor, I, oppose, thwart.
near, apply, direct.                adversum, i, N., adversity, disaster
admurmuro, I, to mnurmur near.         adversum, (-versus), against, tou
adnascor=agnascor, grow to.              ards, opposite.
adnato (adno), I, swim towards.        adversus, a, um, contrary, opposit,
adnepos, 5tis, M., ygr. g. grandson.   adverto, ti, sum, 3, turn toward.




adverto -  Etna.                            5
direct; animumr  adv., observe,   seneus (aenus), a, um, brazen; N.,
attend to; anim. adv. in, proceed   A1olus, i, god of the Winds. [pot.
against, punish.                   sequdbilis, e, equal, even, just.
advesperascit, avit, 3, it grows late.  sequaevus, a, um, of equal age.
advocotio, onis, F., summons.         oequalis, e, even, equal in age, like.
advocatus, i M., counsel, advocate.   oeque, equally, just so.
advoco, I, call jbr, summon.          aequinoctium, i, N., (nox,) equinox.
advolo, I, fly towards.               Eequiparo, I, match, make equal.
ad-volvo, 3, roll totcards,fall before.   aequitas, dtis, F., justice, fairness,
advorsum=adversum, against.             calmness, moderation.
adytum, i, N., sanctuary, tomb.       oequo, I, to make equal, level.
2iEacides, ae, descendant of /Eacus,   oequor, oris, N., even surface, sea.
Achilles.                          aequus, a, um, equal, just, right..aeaa, ea, F., the island of Circe.    der, is, a, M., the air, mist.
A.acus, i, myth. son of Jupiter and   aerarius, Et, um, of copper or money;
Europa, a judge in Hades.             M., coppersmith; F., copper-mine;
eedepol, forsooth (by Pollux).          N., treasury, treasure.
aedes, is, F., temple; pl. house, hive.  aeratus, a, um, covered with brass.
aedificatio, 5nis, F., building.      aereus, a, um, of copper or brass.
aedificium, i, N., a building.  earipes, pedis, brazen-footed.
aedifico, I, to build, construct.     aerius (eus), a, um, airy, lofty.
adilicius, a, urn, of the Edile.       eruigo, inis, F., rust, blight, envy.
aedilis, is, M., Edile, (inspector of   aerumna, a, F., grief, distress.
buildings, police, &c.).           arumnonsus, a, um, sad, wretched.
t aedon, onis, F., nightingale.       aes, aeris, N., copper, money, wages.
Aletes, ae, myth. k. of Colchis.      2Esculipius, i, myth. son ofApollo,
Aigeaum  mare, the Agean Sea,          god of healing.
between Greece and Asia Minor.  aesculus, i, the Italian oak.
aeger, gra, grum, sick, weary, sad.    aestas, Rtis, F., summer, fair weather.
iEgeus, i, myth. k. of Athens, father  Eestifer, era, um, bringing heat.
of Theseus.                        aestimrtio,  onis, F., reckoning,
aegis, idis (os), F., shield.           valuation, estate.
AEgisthus, i, myth. son of Thyestes   aestimo, I, to estimate, value.
and murderer of Agememnon.   aestivY, summer-like, scantily.
aegre, ius, gerrimP, with difficulty.    estivo, I, pass the summer.
aegresco, 3, grow sick, or worse.     sestivus, a, um, belonging to sum|egrimonia, ae, F., grief.              mer; N., pl. summer-quarters.
aegritUdo, inis, F., sickness, grief:    aestudrium, i, N., tide-water inlet.
aegrotatio, 6nis, F., sickness, dis-  aestuo, I, boil, rage, toss, burn.
ease.                              cestuosus, a, um, heated, vexed.
aegroto, I, to be sick, languish.    eastus, us, M., tide, surge, noontideaegrotus, a, um, sick.                  heat, glow of passion.
2Egyptus, i, F., Egypt; also, myth.   zetas, dtis, F., age (time of life).
k. of Egypt, br. of Danaus.        aetern5 (um), continually, for ever.
aemuldtio, onis, F., rivalry.         aeternus, a, um, eternal, perpetual.
aemulor, I, to rival, emulate.        aether, eris (os), a (em), M., ether,
aemulus, a, um, emulous, vying, rival.  heaven.
ZIneades, ae, son or companion of  aetherius (-eus), a, um, celestial.
AEneas.                            2Ethiops, opis, Ethiopian,swarthy.
Alneas, ae, myth. prince of Troy,   aethra, Me, F., clear sky.
founder of the Roman race.         iEtna, Ae, F., Mit. Etna, in Sicily.




6             /Etolia -  alauda.
Mt5lia, ae, F., dist. N. of the Gulf   age sis, (si vis,) go to, come on.
of Corinth.                        agger, eris, M., heap, mound, dike,
Oevum, i, N., age (period), lifetime.   embankment.
Afer, fra, um, African.               aggero, I, to heap up.
affaber, bra, um, curious, skilful.    aggero, gessi, gest-, 3, bring upon.
affatim, abundantly.                  aggestus, us, M., a heap, mound.
affatus, us, M., talk, address.       agglomero, I, heap together, join.
affectio, 6nis, F., disposition, state   agglUtino, I, fasten together.
of mind, love, good-will.          aggravo, I, weighten, burden.
affecto, I, affect or strive for, reach.  aggredior, gress-, 3, approach, ataffectus, a, um, endowed, disposed.     tack, begin, attempt.
affectus, uis, M., disposition, desire.   aggrego, I, (grex,) to add, join.
affero, attuli, allat-, bring, an-   agilis, e, movable, active, nimble,
nounce, procure, betake, allege.      busy.
afficio, feci, fect-, 3, affects influence,  agilitas, dtis, F., quickness, speed.
disturb.                           agitatio, 6nis, F., movement.
affigo, fix, fix-, 3, fasten, join.   agitator, &ris, M., driver.
affingo, nxi, fict-, 3, attach, annex.    agito, I, (ago,) drive, rouse, attack,
affnmis, e, adjacent, kindred.          keep, revolve.
affinitas, dtis, F., alliance, nearness.   agmen, inis, N., flock, troop, body
affirmRtio, 6nis, F., assertion.        of troops (on march).
affirmo, I, confirm, maintain.        agna, ae, F., ewe-lamb.
affilatus, us, M., blast, breath.     agnascor, 3,grow near, be born after.
afflicto, I, vex, torment, shatter.   agnatus, a, um, kindred (by father's
affliqtus, a, um, wretched, ruined.     side).
affligo, ixi, ict-, 3, strike, distress,   agnitus, a, um, acknowledged.
cast down, wreck.                  agnomen, inis, N., surname.
afflo, i, blow on, or towards.        agnosco, novi, nit-, 3, own, recogaffluens, tis, abundant.  [overflow.    nize, admit.
affluo, xi, xum, 3, flow towards or   agnus, i, M., lamb.
affor, I, to address, accost.         ago, 6gi, act-, 3, act, do, lead, drive,
aff6re, [adsum,] will be at hand.       treat, rob, pass, ply.
affulgeo, fulsi, 2, beam down upon.   agrarius, a, um, of fields or public
affundo, fudi, fus-, 3, pour upon.      lands.
afore, (absum,) be away.              agrestis, e, rustic, rude.
Africa, ae, F., Africa, especially   agricola, ae, M., farmer.
the country near Carthage.         agricultira,ae, (-tio),F., husbandry.
Africanus, i, surname of Scipio,   Agrigentum, i, N., a city-in the W.
after the defeat of Carthage.         of Sicily.
Africus, A., African; S.-W. wind.   ahEneus, a, um, (,eneus,) brazen.
Agamemnon, 6nis, ona, myth. k.  ain', say you so? from
of the Greeks before Troy.         aio (defect. ~ 38, ii.), say, assent.
agaso, onis, M., groom.               Ajax, acis, name of two Grecian
age (imperat.), agedum, come now.       heroes before Troy.
agellus, i, M., dim. of ager,field.    ala, A, F., wing, upper arm.
agema, atis, N., battalion.          alacer, cris, ore, eager, active.
agens, tis, effective.                alacritas, ntis, F., eagerness, rapAgenor, 6ris, myth. k. of Phoenicia.    ture.
ager, gri, M., field, territory.      alapa, Me, F., slap, cuff.
Ag~silaus, B.C. 440-360, k. of Spar-   alaris, e (ius, a, um), of a wing.
ta, victor at Coronea.             alauda, A, F., lark.




Alba- Alpes.                                 7
Alba, ae, an ancient town of La-   aliquam, in some degree.
tium, 20 miles S. E. of Rome.    aliquamdiu, for some time.
albeo, 2, (-esco, 3,) be or grow white.   aliquando, some time, at length.
albico, I, to whiten.                   aliquantisper, for a while.
albus, a, um, white, fair, favorable;   aliquantulum, some little.
N., whiteness, white, a tablet.      aliquantus, a, um, somewhat, conalcedo, inis, F., kingfisher.             siderable; -to, in some degree.
alces, is, F., elk.                     aliquatenus, to some extent.
Alcibiades, is, an Athenian gen-   aliqui (quis), qua, quod (quid),
eral, B.C. 450-404.                     some (~ 21, iii.); N., something,
Alcides, e, a name of Hercules.            somewhat.
Alcmena (-umena), se, myth. wife   aliqui-piam, any one, some other.
of Amphitryo, m. of Hercules.    aliquo, some-whither.
talcyon, onis, F., kinqfisher.          aliquot, some, several.
alea, Me, F., a die, game, risk.        aliquoties, several times.
ileator, oris, M., gamester.            aliter, otherwise.
alec (halec), ecis, N., brine.          alitus, (alo,) nourished.
Alecto, us, F., one of the Furies.   aliubi, elsewhere.
iles, itis, winged, a bird.             aliunde, from elsewhere.
Alexander, dri, k. of Macedon    alius, a, ud, Ius, other, (~ 22, 2).
and conq. of Asia; B.C. 356-323.   allabor, laps-, 3, fall or glide to.
Alexandria, ee, a city of Egypt,   allacrimans, tis, I, weeping.
founded by Alexander, B.c. 332.   allatro, I, bark at, revile.
alga, ae, F., sea-weed.                 allatus, (affero,) brought.
algeo, si, 2, to be cold.               allecto, I, allure.
algor, 5ris, M., cold.                  allego, i, to despatch, incite, allege.
algsus, a, um, full of sea-weed.       allego, egi ect-, 3, choose, elect.
algu, with cold.                        allevo, I, raise, ease, lighten.
alii, by some other way.                allex, icis, M., thumb.
alias, otherwise, elsewhere, at another   Allia, e, F., a river N. of Rome,
time, in other respects.                famous for the victory of the
alibi, elsewhere, in other respects.       Gauls, July 18, B.C. 389.
alica, e, F., spelt, grits, gruel.      allicio, lexi, lect-, 3, allure, entice.
alicubi, somewhere, anywhere.           allido  si, sum, 3, dash  against,
alicunde, from, somewhere.                 wreck.
aliinatio, 6nis, F., tran.sfer, deser-   alligo, I, fasten to, bind, detain.
tion, separation, enmity.             allium, i, N., garlic.
aliUnigena, es, c., foreigner.          allocuitio, 6nis, F.; -quium, i, N.,
alieno, I, estrange, remove, alter.        address.
alignus, a, um, another's, unfavor-   alloquor, cutus, 3, to address, exable, unfit, foreign, hostile;  sea     hrt, console.
alienum, debt.                       allubesco, 3, please.
5liger, era, um, winged.                alludo, si, sum, 3, sport, banter.
alimentum, i N.; -monia, ae, F.,   alluo, ui, 3, wash, flow near..food, noorishment, support.          alluvies, ei, F., pool, overflow.
ali6, elsewhither.                      almus, a, urn, (alo,) nourishing, bealioqui (-quin), otherwi.e,, besides.      niqyn, cherishing, propitious.
aliorsum (-versum), in another way.   alnus, i, F., aldler.
ilipes, pedis, wing-.footed.            alo, ui, alt- (alit-), 3, feed, nourish.
taliptes, ae, M., trainer, anointer.    talog, es, F., aloe, bitterness.
aliqua, by some way, somewhere.         Alpes, ium, F., the Alps.




8                        Alpheus - Amphion.
Alpheus (eios), i, M., a river of   ambedo, edi, es-, 3, consume.
Peloponnesus.                        [ambi-  (amb-, am-, an-), round
alsus (ius), a, um, cold.                 about.
altaria, ium, N. pl., high altar.      ambigo, 3, wander, doubt, dispute.
altg, on high, deeply.                 ambiguus, a, um, doubtjul, drifting,
alter, era, um (g.,-terius), other (of    uncertain, obscure.
two), second; one... the other.    ambio, 4, go a(bout, encircle, solicit.
altercatio, onis, F., quarrel, divspute.  ambitio, 5nis, F., solicitation, flataltercor, I, contend, wrangle.            tery, ambition, canvassing.
alternis (na, na), by turns.           ambitiSsus, a, um, twining, courtalterno, I, to alternate, hesitate.       ing favor, vain, ambitious.
alternus, a, um, alternate.            ambitus, iis, M., circuit, bribery.
alter-uter, one or the other.          ambo, ce, o, (~ 18, I., 2,) both.
althaea, Ee, F., marsh-mallow.         t ambrosia, ae, F., food for gods.
Althaea,ae, myth. m. of Meleager.   ambrosius, a, um, dirine, lovely.
altilis, e, wellfd, fat.               ambul, o,,    k, o, march.
altisonus, a, um, lofty in tone.       ambuiro, ussi, ust-, 3, burn about.
altitildo, inis, F., height, depth.    ambustus, a, um, scorched.
altor, oris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,   amellus, i, M., purple starwort.
nourisher.                           amens, tis,. mad, insane, distracted.
altrinsecus, on the other side.        amentia, se, F., madness.
altus, a, um, (alo,) high, deep, remote.   amento, I, fitrnish or hurl with a
dilicinor, I,?wandler in mind, dream.   thongq, impel.
alilmen, inis, N., alum.               amentum, i, N., thong.
alumnus, i, M.; a, ae, F., (alo,)fos-   ames, itis, M., stake, forked pole.
ter-child, p]upil.                   amfractus, uis, M., bend, crook.
alita, e, F., sojt leather.            amica, ae, F., friend, mistress.
alvedrium, i, N., bee-hive.            amicio, ui (xi), ct-, 4, wrap, clothe.
alveolus, i, M., tray, tub, bucket.    amicitia, me, F., friendship.
alveus, i, M.; urnm, N., channel, hull   amictus, Uis, M., garment, covering.
(of ship), cavity, hive.             amiculum, i, N., mantle.
alvus, i, M., F., belly.               amiculus, i, M., dear friend.
amabilis, e, lovely.                  amicus, a, um, friendly, friend.
Amalthea, a nymph  of Crete,   amita, as, F., father's sister.
who fed Jupiter with goat's milk.   amitto, misi, miss-, 3, lose, let go.
amando, I, send away.                  [amm-=adm-.
amans, tis, find, Jfriendly, lover.    Ammonn, onis, M., the supreme
ajnanter, lovingly.                       Egyptian deity.
amaracus, i, c. (um, N.), marjoram.   amnis, is, M., river (large deep
tamarantus, i, M., amaranth.              stream).
amaror, oris, M., bitterness.          amo, i, to love. be fond of:
amanrus, a, um, bitter, 7arsh, sadu.   ameanitas, atis, F., pleasantness,
amSsius, i, M., loLer, gallant.           charm, darlinq.
amsator, oris, M., lover, fiiend.      amcenus, a, um, pleasant, fair.
Amaz6nes, um, F., myth. tribe of   am5lior, 4, p2ut away.
female warriors, of Thrace.          amomum, i, N., spice-plant.
ambactus, i, M., vassal.               amor, 6ris, M., love, desire.
ambages, is, F., circumlocution,   mrnoveo, ovi, 5t-, 2, remove, steal.
obscurity, digression.               Amphiaraus, i, myth. seer and
ambarvalis, e, going  about the          hero in the siege of Thebes.
fields.                              Amphion, onis, myth. k. of Thebes.




Amphitrite -  annulus.                         9
Amphitrilt, Es, sea-goddess, wife   anfractus, us, M., turning, bend.
of Neptune.                       anfractus, a, um, broken, bent.
Amphitryo (uo), onis, myth. k. of   t angelus, i, M., angel, messenger.
Thebes, husband of Alcmena.    t angina, ae, F., choking.
Amphitryoniades, ae, Hercules.       angiportus, Us, M., lane, alley.
amphora, e, F., water-jar.           ango, xi, ct- (x-), 3, choke, strangle,
amplector, xus, 3; -xor, I, to em-     torment, press hard ctpon.
brace, comprehend.                angor, oris, M., distress, strangling.
amplexus, us, M., embrace.          anguilla, a, F., eel.
amplio (-fico), I, enlarge, widen,  anguinus (eus), a, urn, snaky.
delay, (loril//.                  anguis (en), is, c., (ango,) snake.
amplituido, inis, F., largeness, dig-   angulus, i M., corner, angle, nook.
nity, grandeur.                   anguste, narrowly, closely.
amplius, more, further, [ample.]    angustie, drum, F., pl. narrowness,
amplus, a, um, large, strong, great.   narrotv pass, defile, diJficuity.
ampulla, e, F., flask, jar, bombast.  angustus, a, um, narrow, scanty.
amputo, I, prune, cut off.          anhelitus, us, M., breath, panting.
AmUilius, i, myth. k. of Alba, gr.-  anhelo, I, to pant, gasp.
uncle of Romulus.                 anhelus, a, umrn, panting, gasuing.
amurca, se, F., oil-lees, dregs.    Anien=Anio (a river).
amussis, is, im, F., foot-rule; ad   anilis, e, old-womanish.
amussim, exactly.                 anima, ee, F., air, breath, life.
Amyclue, drum (e, es), a town in   animadversio, onis, F., notice, reLaconia, birthplace of Castor       proach, investigation.
and Pollux (Amyclei fratres).   animadverto, ti, sum, 3, attend to;
tamygdalum, i N., almond.              in (w. acc.), to punish, chastise.
tamylum, i N., starch.               animal, alis, N., living creature.
Amyntas, ae, k. of Macedon, father   animalis, e, of air, living.
of Philip; died B.C. 370.         animans, tis, living, animate.
amystis, idis, F., eager draught.   animatus, a, um, minded, disposed.
an, whether, or; (interrog. ~ 71).   animo, I, to give breath or li/t.
t anagnostes, a, M., reader.         animosus, a, umrn, spirited, daring.
t analecta, orum, N., scraps.        animus, i, M., soul, mind, disposianas, atis, um (ium), F., duck.       tion, spirit, temper, lifk.
anceps, cipitis, tiwo-headed, cloubt-  Anio, enis, M., the Teverone, a
ful, perilous, critical.             branch of the Tiber.
Anchises, ae, a prince of Troy,  Anna, ae, (Perenna,) sister of Dido.
father of ~Sneas.                 annalis, e, of a year; M., yeartanchora-ancora, anchor.               book; pl. annals, narrative.
ancile, is, N., shield.             annecto, xui, xum, 3, bind, fasten.
ancilla, a, F., maid-servant.       Annibal=Hannibal.
tancbn, onis, M., fork, corner.      annitor, nis- (nix-), 3, strive, lean
taneora, ae, F., anchor.               against.
Ancus Marcius, fourth k. of Rome,  anno (adno), I, siwim to.
reigned B.C. 640-6I 8.            annon, or not.
Andromachg, es, wife of Hector.  annona, ae, F., harvest, price of
Andromeda, myth. d. of Cepheus,        co:n, provision.
rescued by Perseus.               annosus, a, um, aged.
anellus, i, M., a little ring.      annotinus, a, um, last year's.
tanemone, es, F., wind-flower.      annoto, I, nlote, observe, register.
tangthum, i, N., anise, dlill.       annulus (anulus), i, M., ring.




10                        annumero - apparate.
annumero, I, count up, reckon.            antique, jormerly, in the oldl way.
annuo, ui, ut-, 3, nod, assent, grant.   antiquitas, atis, F., antiquity, the
annus, i, M.,.year.                        good old wcays.
annuus, a, um, yearly, a-year.            antiquitus, (anciently, of ol0l.
an-quiro, quisivi, sit-, [quasro,]    antiquo, I, restore, rejJeal, reject.
3, inquire, search.                    antiquus, a, um, ancient, jamous,
ansa, ae, F., handle.                       venerable, old.
ansatus, a, um, icith handles.            antistes, itis, c., priest, overseer.
anser, eris, M., goose.                   anti-sto-ante-sto, excel.
ante (acc.), bejTre, in front.           Antiumrn, i, a coast-town of Latium.
ante_, before, formlerly.                 Antinius, M., the triumvir, deanteactus, [ago,] done before.              feated at Actium, B.C. 3I.
an'te-capio, 3, anticipate, preoccupy.   antrum, i, N., cave, grot'o, craity.
ante-cedo, 3, go before, excel.           anulatus, a, um, decked with rings.
ante-cello, 3, excel, be prominent.    anulus, i, M., ring, seal-ring.
antecessor, Sris, M., advance-(/lu:rd.   anus, US, F., old oomsan.
antecursor, oris, M, scout. lioneer.   anxie, anziously.
ante-eo, 4, go be/fore, exceed.           anxietas, dtis, F., anxious care.
ante-fero, bear befbre, prefer.          anxius, a, umrn, anxiolns, unquiet.
antegredior, gressus, 3, usher in.    Anxur, uris, N., a coast-town of
antehac, till now, formnerly.               Latium.
antelatus, [fero,] preferred.             Aonia, ae, a district of Boeotia.
antelucanus, a, um, be/bfre day.          apage, away! ava.unlw!
ante-mitto, 3, send be/bre.               Apenninus, i, the Apennine.
antenna (mna), ae, F., sailyard, spar.   aper, apri, M., wild boar.
antepildnus,  i, M., of the front   aperio, erui, ert-, 4, to open, disclose,.
ratnk.                                    (li:?lpay, reveal.
ante-pono, 3, set before, prefer.        apert,, openzlq, clearly.
ante... quam, be/bfre (that).          aperto, I, to lay bare.
anterior, us, former, in, froot.         apertUra, a, F., opening.
antes, ium, M., ranks, rows.             apertus, a, umrn, open, uncocered.
antesignanus, i, M., one in front   apex, icis, M., lip), cap, sumnmnit.
(of standard).                         t aphractus, i, F., undzecked ship.
ante-sto, I, stald before, excel.       apianus, a, urnm, of bees; F., camoantestor, I, suansnnonr as witness.        2mile.
antevenio, veni, vent-, 4, come    apiarius, a, um, of bees; M., beebefore, prevent, surpass.                keeper; N., bee-house.
anteverto, si, sum, 3, outstrip, pre-   apiastrum, i, N., mint, balm.
cedle, prevent, prefkr.                apicula, as, F., little bee.
antevolo. i, fly befiore.                apis (es), is, F., bee.
anthrax, acis, M., (coal), cinnabar.   apiscor, apt-, 3, pursue, seize, get.
anticipatio,'nis, F., previous idea.   apium, i, N., parsley.
anticipo, I, anticipate, surpass.        apliuda, ae, F., bran, cha.f
t antidotum, i, N., antidote, renmedly.   aplustre, is, N., ship's stern.
Antigon6, es, myth. d. of CEdipus.   Apollinaris, e, sacred to Apollo.
Antiochia, a, the capital of Syria.   Apollo, inis, god of light, music,
Antiochus,  i, name  of several             &c., son of Jupiter and Latona.
kings of- Syria, desc. of Seleu-   t apologia, ae, F., apology, defence.
cus; the Great, B.C. 238-I87.          t apologus, i, M.,fiable, tale.
Antiopa, ae (e, es), mother  of    t apotheca, as, F., storehouse.
Amphion, by Jupiter.                   apparate, magnificently.




apparatus -  arbutus.                           11
apparatus, a, um, sunmptuous.          apto, I, to fit, join, prepare.
apparatus, us, M., outfit, equipinent,   aptus, a, um, fit, suited, ready.
apparatus, splendor.                 apud (aput), near, at, among.
appareo, ui, it-, 2, appear, be mzai-   Apulia=Appulia.
fest or certain, be in public.       aqua, a, F., waler; dare, give time.
apparitio, onis, F., service, domes-   aqualis, is, M., water-pot or bowl.
tics.                                aquarius, a, um, oJ  water; M.,
apparitor, oris, N., public servant.      water-carrier   N., sinkl, trough.
apparo, I, prepare, furnish.           aquaticus, a, um  (-tilis, e), belongappellatio, onis, F., address, appeal,    ing to water, watery, vmoist.
calling by name, utterance.          aquatio, onis, F., getting water.
appello, I, accost, call, name.        aquatus, a, urn, watery.
appello, puli, puls-, 3, push to-   aquifolium, i, N., holly.
wards, bring to land.                aquila, ce, F., eagle, ar my-standard.
appendix, icis, F., appendage.         Aquileia, ae, a town near Venice.
appendo, di, sum, 3, weigh out.        aquilifer, feri, N., stanidard-bearer.
appetens, tis, eager, grasping.        aquilo, onis, M., north wind.
appetentia, ae (-petitio, Onis), F.,   aquilus, a, um, swarthy.
desire.                              Aquitdnia, ae, F., dist. of S. W.
appetitus, us, M., attack, longing,       Gaul; -nus, a, um, Aquitanian.
eager desire.                        aquor, I, to bring water.
ap-peto, 3, seek, attack, longfor.     aquosus, watery, wet.
Appia via, a road made by the   ara, ae, F., altar, refuge, monument.
Censor, Ap. Claudius, B.c. 3I3.   Arabs, abis (-icus, a, um), Arabappingo, 3, paint, inscribe.             ian.
applaudo, si, sum, 3, applaud, clap.   aranea, ae, F.; us, i, M., spider, cobapplicatus (citus), a, um, attached.   iceb; -eum, i, N., cobweb.
applico, I,join,fasten, drive towards,   Arar, aris, M., the Saone, a branch
attach, applly, bring near.            of the Rhone in S. E. Gaul.
ap-pono, 3, put near, add, serve up.   aratio, onis, F., ploughing, field.
apporto, F., bring, convey.            arator, oris, M., ploughnian, farmer.
appositus, a, urn, situated near, fit.   aratrum, i, N., plough.
appotus, a, um, drunk.                 Araxes, is, M., a river of Armenia.
ap-prehendo (-prendo), 3, seize.       Arbela, orum, N., a town of AsapprimE, especially, chiefly.             syria where Darius was defeated,
approbatio, 5nis, F., approval.          B.C. 332.
approbo, T, applrove, assent, confirm.   arbiter, tri, M., witness, judge, umappropero, I, to hasten.                 pire, master.
appropinquo, I, to approach.           arbitrarius, a, um, by arbitration,
Appulia, as, F., dist. of S. E. Italy.   arbitrary, uncertain.
appulsus, a, um, [pello,] driven.    arbitratus, us, M., choice, freewill.
appulsus, uis, M., driving-up.         arbitrium, i, N.,presenlce, judgmnzent,
apricatio, onis, F., basking in sun-      award, dominion, will, poower.
shine.                               arbitror, I, observe, judge, think.
apricor, I, bask in sunshine.          arbor (as), 6ris, F., tree, 2mast, oar.
apricus, a, um, sunny, open to the   arboreus, a, um, of trees.
sky, clear, fill, open.              arbustum, i, N., copse, grove, orAprilis, is, M., [aperio,] April.        chard (for training vines).
aprinus (-ugnus), a, um, of a boar.   arbuteus, a, um, of the arbute.
aptatus, a, urn, suited, fit.          arbutus, i, F.; um, i, N., wild strawapt,Jfitly, suitably.                    berry-tree or fruit.




12                        area - Armenius.
area, as, F., chest, money-box.       argentdrius, a, um, of silver; M.,
Arcadia, ae, the central district        banker; F., bench, mine.
of the Peloponnesus.                argenteus, a, um, of silver, silvery.
arcanS, in secret.                    argentum, i, N., silver, money.
arcanus, a, um, secret, hidden.       argilla, ae, F., potter's clay.
Arcas, adis, Arcadian.                Argivus, a, um, of Argos; Greek.
arceo, ui, 2, to shut close, keep off,  Argo, us, F., the ship of Jason.
constrain, guard, confine.          Argolicus, a, um, of A rgos, Greek.
arcera, ae, F., covered carriage (for   Argonautae, arum, the  heroes
the sick), ambulance.                 who sailed for the golden fleece.
arcesso, ivi, it-, 3, summon, fetch,   Argos, N., the capital of Argolis.
invite, obtain.                     arguimentatio, 5nis, F., reasoning,
t archetypus, a, um, original.           proof.
[t archi-, chief.                     argUmentor, I, prove by reasoning.
Archimedes, is, a mathematician   argiimentum, i, N., reasoning.
and engineer of Syracuse, who   arguo, i, fit-, 3, to make clear, readefended the city, B.C. 212.           son, accuse, convict.
architectus, i, M., master-builder.    Argus, i, the keeper of Io, having
arcitenens, tis, M., archer (Apollo).    Ioo eyes; slain by Mercury.
arctim  (t6), closely.                 argiitE, shrewdly, acutely.
arcto, I, strain close.               argiitiae, F., animation, wit.
tarctos (us), i, F., the polar Bear.    argUito (or), I, to speak sharply or
ArctUrus, i, M., a star in Bobtes.       wittily.
arctus, [arceo,] close, narrow, strict.   argitiae, arum, F., animation, wit,
arcula, ae, F., little chest, box.       shrewdness.
arcuo, I, to bend, curve.              argiltus, a, urnm, active, keen, witty.
arcus, us (i), M., arch, bow.         Ariadna ae, (6, 6s), myth. d. of
ardea, ae, F., heron.                    Minos, who fled with Theseus.
ardelio, 5nis, M., busybody.          Aricia, se, F., a town in Latium.
ardens, tis, glowing, hot, fiery.      iriditas, Rtis, F., dryness.
ardenter, hotly, vehemently.          dridus, a, um, dry, parched, lean;
ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2, to burn.          N., dry ground.
ardesco, arsi, 3, take fire, gleam.   aribs, etis, M., ramn, battering-beam.
ardor, 5ris, M., heat, flame, glow.   arieto, I, to butt, push, batter.
ardus= —ridus, dry.                   ariolor (hariolor), prophesy, babble.
arduus, a, um, steep, difficult.      Arion, 6nis, myth. harpist of Lesarea, as, F., threshing-floor, court-    bos, rescued at sea bydolphins.
yard, house-plot, field.            arista, as, F., wheat-ear, harvest.
Rrefacio, feci, fact-, 3, make dry.    aritudo, inis, F., dryness, drought.
arena, ae, F., sand, beach, arena.    arma, 5rum, N., arms, defensive
arrnarius, a, um, of sand; M.,           weapons, tools, tackle.
gladiator; F., sand-pit.            armamaxa, ae, F., covered chariot.
arenatus (-Ssus), a, um, sandy.       armamenta, 5rum, N., tools, tackle.
arens, tis, parched, thirsty.         armamentarium, i, M., arsenal,
areo, ui, 2, to be dry, parched.         dock-yard.
Areopagus (os), i, Mars' Hill, the   armdrium, i, N., chest, closet.
supreme court of Athens.            armritura, as, F., equipment, troops.
aresco, arui, 3, grow dry.            armrtus, a, um, armed, equipped.
Arethfisa, as, F., a fountain near   armatus, us, M., equipment.
Syracuse, fabled to flow under   Armenia, ae, Armenia.
the sea from Elis to Sicily.        Armenius, a, um, Armenian.




armentalis    asinus.                           13
armentalis, e, of the herd.             artificium, i N., trade, skill, trick.
armentarius, i, M., herdsman.           artitus, a, urn, [ars,] skilled.
armentum, i, N., herd of cattle, &c.   t artopta, Oe, F., baking-pan.
armifer, fera, um, bearing arms.        artus, a, um  (arctus), close, scant.
armiger, geri, M., armor-bearer,   artus, Us, M., joint, limb.
companion-in-arms.                   arundifer, fera, um, reed-bearing.
armilla, ze, F., bracelet, armlet.      arundineus, a, um, reedy.
armillum, i, N., wine-vessel.           arundo, inis, F., reed, rod, shaft.
armipotens, tis, mighty in battle.      Aruns, tis, Etruscan  name  of
armisonus, a, um, resounding with         younger sons.
arms.                                aruspex, icis, M., a diviner (from
armo, I, to arm, equip, call to arms.     entrails), soot hsayer.
Armoricus, a, urn, of the coast   arvalis, e, of thefield.
district of N. W. Gaul.              arvina, ae, F., fat, tallow.
armus, i, M., shoulder (of beast).      arvus, a, um, ploughed (not sown);
aro, i, to plough, till, cultivate.       N., field, ploughed land.
taroma, atis, N., spice.                arx, arcis, F., tower, citadel, height.
Arpinum, i, a town in  Latium,   as, assis, M., unit of weight or
birthpl. of Marius and Cicero.          coin (~ 84), consisting of I2 parts:
Arpinus, a, um, of Arpi, (Apulia).   I (-1), uncia;        7 (72), septunx;
arquatus, a, um, arched, bent.          2 (  ), sextans;   8 ( 2), bessis;
arquus —arcus, bow.                     3 ( ), quadrans; 9 ( -), dodrans;
arrectus, a, urn, steep, attentive.    4 ( ), tries;    I0 (  ), dextans;
arrepo, psi, pt-, creep toward.         5 (-), quincunx; I  (1  deunx.
() q   c L2 I    I (l,    deunx.
arreptus, [arripio,] seized.           66( 1), semissis; 12 as, originally
Arretium, i, N., a town of Etruria.       a pound  of copper; as coin,
arrha, e, F., (-abo, 6nis, M.), pledge,   worth afterwards about a cent.
pawn.                                Ascanius, myth. son of /Eneas.
ar-rideo, 2, to smile upon, please.     ascendo di, sum, 3, [scando,] to
arrigo, rexi, rect-, 3, uplift, rouse.    climb, mnount, ascend.
arripio, ui, rept-, 3, attack, snatch,   ascensio, Onis, F.,-us, Us, M., ascent.
seize, drag into court.              ascia, ae, F., axe, hoe, mattock.
arrisor 6nis, N.,ftatterer.             ascio, 4, to suimmon, admit.
anrrdo, si, sum, 3, gnaw, nibble.       ascisco, ivi, it-, 3, call for, bring in,
arrogans, tis, haughty.                   receive, adopt, approve.
arroganter, haughtily.                  Ascra, ae, a town in Boeotia, birtharrogantia, e, F., haughtiness.           place of Hesiod (Ascraeus).
arrogatio, onis, F., adoption.          ascribo, psi, pt-, 3, write in, enrol,
arrogo, I, to question, claim.            impute, ascribe, assign.
arrosus, a, um, nibbled.                ascriptivus, a, urn, supernumerary.
ars, artis, F., skill, art, science, habit.   ascriptor, 6ris, M., subscriber.
arsus, a, um, [ardeo,] burnt.           asellus, i, M., asella, ae, F., donkey.
arte (arcte), closely.                  Asia, ae, F.; (originally a town of
articulate, distinctly.                   Lydia) Asia;  generally, Asia
articulatim, joint by joint.              Minor, the large peninsula S.
articulatus, a, um, jointed.              of the Black Sea.
articulo, I, to connect by joints.      Asiaticus, i, surname of L. Scipio,
articulosus, a, um, knotty.               conqueror of Antiochus, B.c. Igo90.
articulus, i, M., knot, joint, division.   asilus, i, M., gad-fly.
artifex, icis, M., artist, builder;   asinarius, (-inus), a, um, of asses.
(as adj.), skilled.                  asinus, i, M.; asina, ae, F., an ass.




14                             Asius -  assus.
Asius, a, um, of Asia, Asiatic.         assertor, oris, M., deliverer, pro.
tasotus, i, M., a riotous person.          tector, claimant.
t asparagus, i, M., a.sp arayus.        asservio, 4, render service.
aspecto, I, behold, look af, attend.    asservo, I, to preserve.
aspectus, [aspicio,] behreld.           assessio, Olhis, F., sitting near.
aspectus, us, Al., as,)ect, view.       assessor, oris, N., assistant.
aspello, 3, e.-l)el, drile.             asseveratio, 5ohis, F., earnest asserasper, era, urn, harsh, rough, cruel.    tiioi, aCFilrlation.
aspere, rouglyhll, harshly.             assevero, I, assert, cllq'm, prove.
aspergo, si, sum, 3, besprinkle.        assicco, I, to dry, hlarden.
aspergo, inis, F., a sprinkinklig.      assideo, sedi, sess-, 2, sit near,
asperitas, atis, F., roughness, harsh-     assist, resellmble, besiege.
ness, sharpless, cruelty.           assido, sedi, 3, to sit near, or settle
aspernatio, onis, F., contenlpt.          upon.
aspernor, I, cast off, slight, despise.   assidue, (-uo), constantly.
aspero, I, roughen, sharpen, enrage.   assiduitas, atis, F., constant preaspersio, Onis, F., sprinkling.           senvce, repetition.
t asphodelus, i, M., asp7lhodel (lily).    assiduus, a, um, constant, unremitaspicio, exi, ect-, 3, view, behold,      ting; rich; M., tribute-payer, [as].
consi(ler, examine, get sight of.     assignatio, onis,  F., allotment.
aspiratio, onis, F., breathing.         assigno, I, assign, acppoint, impute.
aspiro, I, breathe on, approach.        assilio, ui, sult-, 4, leap upon.
taspis, idis, F., asp, viper, shield.   assimilis, e, very like.
asporto, I, carry away, convey.         assimulatio, Ohis, F., feigning.
aspretum, i, N., a brambly place.       assimulatus, a, urnm, like, feigned.
assa, orum. N., sweating-roonm.         assimulo (ilo), I, prleiend, conmpare,
Assaracus, i, one of the sons of          represent, assume, feign, copy.
Tros, myth. founder of Troy.         assis=as, unit of coin, weight, &c.
assarius, a, um, roasted.               assisto, stiti, 3, s:acd near, assist.
assatuira, ae, roasting.                assitus, a, urn, [sero,] set near.
asseca, ae, c., hanger-on, follower.   asso, I, to roast, broil, scorch.
assectator, 6ris, M., attendant.        associo, I, to join, add, unite.
assector, I, attend, wait on, get.      assoleo, 2, to be usual or accustomed.
assensio, onis, F.; -sus, Us, M.,   assono, I, resound, sound forth.
assent, approval, agreement.         assue-facio, 3, to accustom.
assentatio, onis, F., flattery, assent.   assuesco, evi, et-, get wonted.
assentator, 6ris, N.,flatterer.         assuetudo, inis, F., custom, habit.
assentio, si, sum, 4, to assent, ap-   assuetus, a, um, accustomed, usual.
prove.                                assula, as, F., door, chip, splinter.
assentior, 4, sens-, agree, assent.     assulatim  (-ose), piecemeal.
assentor, I, flatter, conmply.          assultim, by leaps.
assequor, cuitus, 3, follow  close,   assulto, I, to leap upon, assault.
overtake, attain, colmprehend.       assultus, ius, M., onset.
asser, eris, M., pole, joist, stake.    assum  (adsum), to be at hand, atasserculus, i, M., (um, N.), stake,       tend, protect, appear, approach.
broomstick.                          as-sumo, 3, take, assume, choose.
assero, 6vi, it-, 3, to plant near.     assumptio, 6nis, F., r eceiving.
assero,'ui, ert-, 3, assert, affirm,   assumptlivus, a, urn, extrinsic.
claim, lay hold, liberate, protect.  assuo, 3, sew upon.
assertio, 6nis, F., declaration of   assurgo, exi, ect-; 3, rise up, mount.
freedom.                              assus, a, um, roasted, dry.




Assyria -- attero.                           15
Assyria, ae, F., district of Asia,   t athla, orum, N., struggles, sorrows.
eastward of the upper Tigris.        tathleta, e, M., wrestler.
Assyrius, a, um, Assyrian.             Athos, o, on, M., a stormy promast=at, but.                              ontory of Macedonia.
taster, eris, M., s:ar, starwcort.     Atlantiades, ze, llercury.
asterno, strat-, 3,,prea'd upon.      Atlantiadbs (-tides), the Pleiades
tasticus, a, um, of' the city'.          and Hyades, daughters of Atlas.
astipulor, I, engage, agree.           Atlas, antis, a  Titan,  son  of
astituo ui, ut-, 3, to set near.         Japetos, changed to a mountain
asto, stiti, I, stand near or erect.     (in N. Africa) by Perseus.
Astraea, ze, goddess of Justice,   tatomus, a, um, indivisible.
who forsook earth for heaven.    atque (ac), and, as, than.
astratus, [asterno,] spread.           atqui, but yet, indeed.
astrepo, 3, be noisy, roar, shout.     atramentum, i, N., ink, black dye.
astrictus, a, um, close, briejf tight.   atratus, a, um, i n ourning.
astringo, inxi, ict-, tie, bind close.    Atreus, ei, myth. son of Pelops,
t astrologus, i, M., astronwoer.         f. of Agamemnon and Menelaus.
astructio, onis, F., piling-on, build-   atriensis, is, M., house-steward.
ing.                                 atritas, atis, F., blacokness.
t astrum, i, N., s:ar, constellation.  atrium, i, N., [ater,] hall, court.
astruo, xi, ct-, 3, build near, add.    atrocitas, atis, F., savageness, hort astu (asty), N,., city.                ror, severity, harshness.
astupeo, ui, 2,  wonder at.            atrociter, cruelly, fiercely.
astur, uris, M., a kind of hawk.       Atropos, i, F., one of the Fates.
asturco, onis, M., Spanish nag.        atrox, ocis, fierce, stern, cruel.
astus, a, um, crf!y.                  attactus [attingo,] touched.
astus, us, M.; -tu,-tia, ae, F., craft.   attactus, us, M., touch.
astute, cunningly.                     attagen, enis, M.; -gena, ae, F.,
astfitia, ce, F., dexterity, crqft.      ni)pe, woodcock'.
astutus, a, um, crafty, expert.        attalicus, a, urn, of Attalus, or
Astyanax, actis, son of Hector.           Pergamus; gorgeous.
tasylum, i, refJuqe, sanctuary.        Attalus, name of three kings of
t asymbolus, a, um, scot-fee.             Pergamus, allies of the Romans,
at, but, but yet, on the o!her hand.     reigning  B.C. 24I-I97;  I59atabulus, i, M, a hot wind, Sirocco.      138; 138-I33Atalanta, ae, myth. princess of   attamen, but yet.
Bceotia, famous for speed  in   attamino, I, to rob, dishonor.
running.                            attat!=atat!
atat! exclam. of pain or wonder.    attegiae, arurn, F., huts.
atavus, i, M., ancestor (sth deg.).    attemperate, opportunely.'atellanus, a, um, (of Atella, a town   attempero, I, to fit, adjust.
in Campania,) farcic(l.             attendo, di, turn, 3, stretch, apply,
ater, tra, trum, black:, dark, gloomy.   give heed, strive, bend, strain.
Athamas, antis, myth. k. of Thes-   attente, diliyentlty.
saly, son of /Eolus.                attento (tempto), I, attem~pt, attack,
Athnae, drum, F., Athlens, capital       try.
of Attica, made a repub. B.c. 5 Io.   attentus, a, um, heedful, attentive.
Athnaeumn, i, N., temple of Min-   attenuatus, a, urnm, thin, weak.
erva at Athens.                      attenuo, I, to mnake thin, lessen.
Atheniensis, e, A thenian.             attero, trivi, trit-, 3, rub upon, wear
t atheos, i, M., atheist.                 away, destroy, weaken, exhaust.




16                        attestor   aulula.
attestor, I, testify, prove.          auctus, us, M., growth, increase.
attexo, ui, tum, 3, weave upon.       aucupium, i, N., bird-catching,
t atthis, idis, F., (of Attica), night-  game.
ingale or swallow.                 aucupor, I, watch, hunt; catch.
Attica, ae, F., dist. in E. Greece.    audacia, ae, F., boldness, daring.
attica, elegantly.                    audacter, -citer, fearlessly, boldly.
atticus, a, um, elegant, superior.    audax, acis, bold, audacious, conattinee, a, um, F., boundary-stones.    Sflent, violent, rash.
attineo, ui, tent-, 2, hold to, belong,   audens, tis, courageous, brave.
detain, reach to, be of moment.     audentia, ae, F., courage, bravery.
attingo, tigi, tact-, [tango,] touch   audeo, ausus, 2, to dare, venture.
upon, lie near, reach, seize.       audiens, tis, obedient; M., listener.
attollo, 3, uplift, elevate, enlarge.  audientia, m, F., hearing, attention.
attondeo, di, tons-, 2, shave close,   audio, 4, hear, understand, listen,
clip, prune, nibble.                  obey, be spoken of (well or ill).
attonitS, frantically.                auditio, 5nis, F., hearing, hearsay.
attonitus, a, um, thunderstruck,   auditor, 5ris, M., hearer.
amazed, stunned, terr/fied.         auditorium, i, N., audience-hall.
attono, ui, it-, astonish, stupefy.   aufero, abstuli, ablat-, bear away,
attorqueo, 2, hurl upward.              withdraw, remove, obtain.
attraho, traxi, tract-, 3, draw, drag,   aufugio, fuigi, 3, flee away.
attract, contract.                  augeo, xi, ct-, 2, to increase, enlarge,
attrecto, I, to touch, handle, appro-   exalt, enrich, honor with gifts.
priate.                             augesco, 3, grow, increase.
attribuo, ui, ut-, 3, impute, assign,   augmen, inis; -tum, i, N., growth.
bestow, add.                        augur, uris, M., augur, diviner
attribiutio, 5nis, F., assignment.    augurdlis, e, respecting augury.
attribUtum, i, N., bill, draft, attri-   auguratio, 6nis, F., divination.
bute.                               augurat6,  having  inspected  the
attritus, [tero,] worn, wtasted.        omens, with consent of the gods.
attritus, us, M., a rub, bruise.      auguratus, a, M., office of augur.
attuli, [affero,] brought.            augurium, i, N., augury, interpretAtys (Attys), yos, myth. k. of Ly-      ing of omens, prophecy.
dia, son of Hercules and Om-   auguro, I, consult, forebode.
phale, queen of Lydia.              auguror, I, to prophesy, forebode,
auceps, cupis, c.; [avis capio,]         divine (by flight of birds).
bird-catcher.                       augustC, reverently.
auctifer, era, um, fruit-bearing.     augustus, a, urn, majestic, august,
auctio, onis, F., increase, auction.    an Imperial title; F., a princess
aucti6nor, I, sell by auction.          of the emperor's house.
aucto, (-ito), I, [augeo,] to increase.   Augustdlis, e, (-anus, a, um), of
auctor, 6ris, M., author, adviser,      Augustus.
founder, model, advocate.           Augustus,  i, Octavius  Cesar,
auctoramentum, i, N., bounty, pay.      adopted son of Julius, emperor
auctoritas, itis, F., authority, in-     from B.C. 3I, to A.D. 14.
fluence, advice, dignity, weight.   aula, A, (ai), F., hall, court.
auctoro, I, bind, pledge, hire.       aulaeum, i, N., curtain, canopy.
auctumnalis, e, of autumn.            aulicus, a, um, of the court, princely.
auctumno, I, bring on harvest.        taulcedus, i, M., minstrel (who
auctumnus, i, M., [augeo,] autumn.       sings to the flute).
auctus, [augeo,] great, rich, ample.   aulula, a, F., [olla,] a little pot.




aura    avius.                            17
aura, w (ai), F., air, breeze, breath,   ausus, [audeo,] having dared,' N.,
vapor, gleam.                         adventure, enterprise.
aurarius, a, um, of gold; M., gold-   aut, either, or, or else.
smith; F., gold-mine.               autem, but, however, besides.
auratus, a, um, gilt, gold-colored,   t authepsa, cA, F., stew-pan.
gold-clad.                          author (autor),=-auctor, adviser.
Aurelius, i, Emperor of Rome,   t automatus, a, um, self-?moving.
reigned, A.D. I6I-I-8o.             autumnus=auctumnus, autumzn.
aureus, (-olus), a, um, golden,   autumo, I, afficrm, assent, assert.
bright; M., a gold coin.            auxiliaris, e, giving aid, auxiliary.
auricomus, a, um, gold-haired or   auxiliarius, a, um, for aid.
leaved.                             auxilior, I, to aid, help, relieve.
auricula, ae, F., lap of the ear.     auxilium, i, N., aid, assistance; pl.
aurifer, fera, um, gold-bearing.         auxiliary troops, militaryforce.
aurifex, ficis, M., goldsmith.        auxim, (pf. subj. of augeo), grow.
aurifodina, ae, F., gold-mine.        avdr5, eagerly, greedily.
auriga, Wa, M., charioteer, driver,   avaritia, e, F., avarice, greed.
groom, pilot.                       avdrus, a, um, greedy, covetous.
aurigo, I, to drive, steer, guide.    ave, hail, farewell.
auris, is, F., ear; mould-board (of   aveho, xi, ct-, carry off.
plough).                            avello, velli (vulsi), vuls-, 3, rend
auritus, a, um, long-eated.              away, pluck out or apart.
auro, I, to cover with gold.          avena, se, F., oats, straw-pipe.
aurora, se, F., dawn, morning, East.   Aventinus, i, M., a hill in the S.aurugo, inis, F., jaundice.              W. of Rome.
aurum, i, N., gold.                   aved, 2, to desire, covet.
Aurunci, 6rum, people of S. Italy.   aveo, 2, be fortunate or blest.
auscultatio, 6nis, F., hearkening.    Avernus, i, M., a lake et the enauscultator, onis, M. listener.          trance to the world below.
ausculto, I, hearken, listen, obey.   a-verro, 3, sweep away.
ausim, [audeo,] dare.                 averrunco, I, avert, remove.
Ausones (-ii), people of Ausonia.   aversio, 6nis, F. turning away.
Ausonia, ze, N., ancient name of   aversor, I, to turn aloof, hate, scorn.
central and lower Italy.            aversor, 5ris, M., purloiner.
auspex, icis, C., diviner (by birds);   aversus, a, um, backward, remote,
guide, patron or protector.            hostile, estranged.
auspicato, having taken the auspices.   averto, ti, sum, 3, turn aside, avert,
auspicatus, a, um, fortunate, au-        withdraw, embezzle, estrange.
spicious, consecrated.              avia, We, F., grandmother.
auspicium, i, N., token, omen.        avia, orum, pathless places.
auspico, I, to take auspices.         aviarius, i, M., bird-catcher; -um,
auspicor, I, watch omens (by birds),     i, N., bird-cage, resort of birds.
take the auspices, begin, enter upon.   avida, eagerly, greedily.
auster, tri, M., south wind, south.   aviditas, atis, F., greediness, eager
austere, rigidly, sternly.               desire, avarice.
austeritas,  atis,  F.,  harshness,   avidus, a, um, greedy, covetous,
rigor.                                longing, hungry, insatiable.
austarus, a, um, harsh, tart, severe,   avis, is, F., bird, flying thing, omen.
sad, gloomy.                        avitus, a, urn, [avus,] ancestral,
australis, 6; -trinus, a, um, of the     ancient.
south.                              avius, a, um, pathless, remote.




18                        avocatio    baris.
AvocAtio, 5nis, F., calling away,  Baize, Arum, F., a coast-town on
diversion.                           the Bay of Naples.
Avoco, I, call off withdraw, recall.  bkjulo, I, to carry a burden..-volo, I,fly off, haste away.       bajulus, i, M., porter, bearer.
Rvulsio, Onis, F., plucking off.     blasena, ae, F., whale.
dvulsus, [avello,] torn away.        tbalanus, i, M., acorn, chestnut,
avunculus, i, M., uncle (by moth-      balsam-nut.
er's side).                        balatro, Onis, M., jester, buffoon.
avus, i, N., grandfather, ancestor;   bdlatus, us, M., bleating.
(I pater, 2 avus, 3 proavus,  balbus, a, um, lisping, stammering.
4 abavus, 5 atavus, 6 tritavus).   balbUitio, 4, to lisp, stammer.
axicia, 8a, F., scissors.            Baledres, ium, F., a group of small
axilla, a, F., arm-pit.                islands E. of Spain.
axis, is, M., axle, axis, sky, pole,  balineum=balneum, bath.
north, a board or plank.           biliolus=badius, tawny.
axungia, ae, F., wheel-grease.       ballista, ae, F., an engine like a
tazymus, a, um, unleavened.            cross-bow, for hurling stones,
&c., in a siege; battery.
ballux=b.lux, gold-dust.
B.                   balnedrius, a, um, of the bath; N.
pl. bath-room.
babylo, 5nis, M., money-changer,  balneator, &ris, M., bath-keeper.
broker.                            balneum, i, N.; pl. a, drum, F.,
Babylon, 5nis, F., ancient capital     bath.
the East, on the Euphrates.        bdlo, I, to bleat.
Babyl6nia, se, F., the provinie of   balsamum, i, N., balsam.
Babylon.                           balteus (um), i, M., belt, sword-belt,
Babylonious, (-us), a, um; -ensis, e,  edge, girdle, zone.
Babylonian; -ca, &rum,. embroi-  balux, ibis, F., gold-dust.
dered tapestry.                    t baptistgrium, i, N., plunge-bath.
bacca, 0a, F., berry, fruit, pearl.  t barathrum, i, N., gulf, pit, abyss.
baccar, aris, N., valerian, wild   barba, ae, F., beard.
nard.                              barbarE, outlandishly, rudely.
baccatus, a, urn, set with pearl.    barbaria, as; -es, ei, F., a foreign
baccha, a, priestess of Bacchus.       country, barbarism, savageness.
Bacchanal, alis, N., a place sacred   barbaricus, a, um, foreign, barto Bacchus; pl. festival of B.       baric.
bacchatio, 6nis, F., debauch.        barbarus, a, um, foreign, strange,
bacchicus (-eus), a, um, of Bac-       wild, cruel.
chus.                              barbatulus, a, um, with thin or
bacchor, I, to revel, riot, go about   slight beard.
wildly, as in the Bacchanalia.     barblStus, a, um, bearded, old-fashBacchus, i, god of Wine (Liber),    ioned.
son of Jupiter and Semele.         barbitos, (on), i., D., lute, lyre.
baccifer, era, um, bearing berries.  Barcas, 2a, M., the family name of
bacillum, i, N., a little staff, wand.  Hannibal.
baculum, N., staff; stick.           barditus, i, M., office of bard.
badius, a, urn, brown, bay.          bardocucullus, i, M., hooded cloak.
tbadizo, I, to go, walk.             bardus, a, um, heavy, slow.
Bastis, is, M., the Guadalquiver, in   bardus, i, M., bard, minstrel.
Spain; -ica, ae, the dist. near.    tbdris, idos, F., bier, barge.




baro - bidens.                            19
baro, 6nis, M., blockhead.            bellurnm, i, N., war, battle.
barrio, 4, to cry or roar; from       bellus, a, um, pretty, elegant, fine,
barras, i, M., elephant.                costly, vigorous.
bascauda, Ae, F., basket or basin.    belua, ae, beast, monster, brute.
tbasilic~, royally, completely.       beluosus, a, um, abounding  in
tbasilicus, a, um, princely, royal;      beasts.
F., a building used as court-house    Benacus, i, M., Lake Garda in
and exchange.                         N. Italy.
bnsio, I, to kiss.                    bene (melius, optimE), well, hontbasis, is, F., base, foundation,        orably, pleasantly.
pedestal.                           benedico, xi, ct-, 3, bless, praise.
bdsium, i, N., a kiss.                benedictum, i, N., commendation.
bassareus, ei, M., (foxskin) a title   benefacio, feci, fact-, 3, to benefit.
of Bacchus.                         benefactum, i, N., good deed, beneft.
bas3ernia, A, F., litter, palanquin.  beneficiarii privileged troops (exBatavus, a, um, of Holland.             empt from severer service)
batillum, i, N., fire-pan, shovel.    beneficium, i, N., favor, kind act
batiola, ae, F., goblet.                privilege.
batuo, ui, 3, to beat, fence.         beneficus, a, um (-ficentior, -tisbaubor, I, to bark, whine.              simus), liberal, kind.  [friendly.
baxea, A, F., wooden shoe, clog.      bene-(beni-)volens, tis; -volus,
bentS, happily.                       benevolentia, se, F., good-will.
bedtitas, ntis; tUdo, inis, F., hap-   benigin, kindly, indulgently.
piness, prosperity.  *              benignitas, ntis, F., bounty, kindbeatus, a, urn, happy, fortunate,       ness, indulgence.
rich, abundant, magnificent.        benignus, a, um, kind, indulgent,
B bryx, ycis, Bebrycian (of Asia        bountiful.
Minor);  a myth. king, van-   beo, I; to bless, make happy, refresh.
quished by Pollux in boxing.        Berecyntius, a, urn, of' Cybele.
Belgae, drum, people of Belgium.   Berecyntus, i, M., a mt. in Phrybella.ria, 5rum, N., dainties (fruit,   gia, sacred to Cybele.
nuts, &c.).                         beryllus, i, M., beryl.
bellUtor, oris, M.; -trix, icis, F.,   bes, bessis, M., 8 ounces (- of as).
warrior; adj., warlike.             bestia, e,, F., beast.
bellI, prettily, finely.              bestia-rius, i, M., one who fights
Bellerophon, tis, myth. son of           with wild beasts in the arena.
Glaucus, who  slew  the  Chi-   beto, 3, to go.
maera, riding upon Pegasus.         betula (-lla), se, F., birch.
belli, abroad (in the war ~ 55, III., 3).  tbibliop5la, ae, M., bookseller.
bellic~sus, a, um, warlike, eager   t bibliotheca, e,, F,, library.
for war.                            t biblus, i, F., papyrus (paper plant).
bellicus, a, um, belonging to war,   bibo, bibi, bibit-, 3, to drink.
warlike (Mars); N., battle-signal.   bibulus, a, urn, thirsty, absorbing
belliger, era, urnm, waging war.         moisture.
belligero, I, to wage war.            biceps, cipitis, two-headed, in two
bellipotens, tis, mighty in war.        parts.
bello (or), I, -to make war, fight.   bicolor, 6ris, two-colored.
Bell6na, se, goddess of War.          bicornis, e, two-horned, pronged.
B9lus, i, myth. founder of Babylon.   bidens tis, having two teeth; M.,
bellua, A, F. (belua), brute.           garden-fork; F., a sheep 2 years
bellulus, a, um, pretty.                old, or with two front teeth.




20                        bidental-  bracatus.
bidental, dlis, struck with lightning   blandior, 4, toflatter, caress, allure.
(forked); a consecrated place.    blanditer, gently, sweetly.
biduum, i, N., space of two days.     blanditia, ae; es, &i, flattery, fondbiennium, i, N., two years.             ling, delight.
bifariam, on two sides, double.       blandus, a, um, gentle, courteous,
bifer, fera, um, double-yielding.       caressing, alluring.
bifidus, a, um, cleft, forked.        blatero, I; blatio, 4, prate, babble.
biforis, e, having two openings.      blatta, ae, F., moth, cockroach.
biformis, e, double-shaped.           blattaria, ae, F., moth-mullein.
bifrons, tis, two-faced.              blennus, i, M., sorry fellow, dolt.
bifurcus, a, um, forked.              bliteus, a, um, mean, foolish.
bigae, irum, F., team of two horses.   blitum, i, N., spinage.
bigatus, a, um, stamped with figure   boa, as, F., water-snake, measles.
of bigae.                          bodrius, a, urn, of oxen or cattle.
bijugis, e;-us, a, um, yoked, coupled.   Bocchus, i, king of Mauritania
bilibris, e, F., of two pounds' weight.  (North Africa), father-in-law of
bilinguis, e, double-tongued.           Jugurtha.
bills, is, F., bile, gall, wrath.     Bceotia, ae, F., district of central
bilix, icis, twilled.                   Greece, N. W. of Attica.
bilustris, e, of ten years.           boise, arum, F., collar.
bimaris, e, between two seas.         b5l1tus, i, N., mushroom.
blmatus, us, M., two years.           t bolus, i, M., cast (with dice), gain,
bimembris, e, having double limbs       profit, bait.
(as centaurs).                     bombilo, I, to hum or buzz.
bimestris, e, of two months.          bombilus, i, M., hum, buzz.
bimus, a, um, two years old.          bombycinus, a, um, of silk.
bini, as, a, two and two, by twos.    bombyx, ycis, D. silk-worm, silk,
bipalium, i, N., mattock, pick.         fine cotton.
bipalmis, e, two spans long..         Bona Dea, ae, goddess of female
bipartito, in two divisions.            honor, worshipped by women.
bipatens, tis, opening both ways.     bonitas, itis, F., goodness, kindness.
bipedilis, e, two feet long or thick.    Bononia, as, Bologna, in N. Italy.
bipennis, is, i, F., battle-axe (two-   bonus, a, um  (melior, optimus),
edged).                               good, kind, fit, prosperous, virtubipes, edis, two-footed.                ous; N. pl. riches, goods.
birrmis, is, F., ship (of two banks   boo, I, to roar, bellow.
of oars).                          bootes, as (is), M., a constellation.
bis, twice.                           boreas, ae, M., north-wind, north.
bisseni, twelve (each).               Borysthenes, is, M., the Dnieper.
bisulcilingua, as, c., hypocrite.     bbs, bovis, (~ 11, III., 4), ox, cow.
bisulcus, a, um, cloven, furrowed,   Bosporus, i, M., the strait from
forked.                               the Black Sea to the Propontis.
Bithynia, as, F., prov. in N. W.   botellus (-ulus), i, M., sausage.
Asia Minor.                        t botrus, i, M., cluster of grapes.
bitumen, inis, N., bitumen, coal-tar.   t botryo 6nis, M., raisins.
bivius, a, um, having two ways or   bovile, (bubile), is, N., cattle-stall.
passages.                          bovinor, I, to brawl, revile.
blaesus, a, um, lisping, stammering.   brabyla, 5rum, M., damsons.
blandC, softly, kindly.               brdcae, arum, breeches, trowsers.
blandimentum, i, N., blandishment,   brdcdtus, a, um, having trowsers,
flattery, charm.                      foreign, effeminate.




brachialis -  Byzantium.                       21
brdchidlis, e, of the arm; N., brace-   buccea, e, F., mouthful.
let, armlet.                       buccina, e,, F. (bUcina), trumpet,
brachium, i, N., arm  (fore-arm),      horn.
branch, sail-yard.                 buccindtor, 6ris, M., trumpeter.
bractea, ee, F., gold-leaf, tinsel.  buccino, I, sound the trumpet.
branchie, arum, F., gills.           bucco, 5nis, M., big-mouth, blockbrassica, a, F., cabbage.              head.
Brennus, i, chief of the Gauls,  buccula, a, F., cheek, face-guard
who captured Rome, B.C. 389.         (of helmet.)
breve (i), shortly, in few words.    bUicerus, a, um, ox-horned.
brevia, ium, N., shallows.           bficftum, i, N., cow-pasture.
brevidrius, a, urn, abridged.        bilcina (buccina), ae, F., trumpet.
brevio, I, to abridge.               f bficolicus, a, um, pertaining to
brevis, e, short, small, brief, shoal.  herdsmen.
brevitas, atis, F., shortness, con-  bficula, c, F., heifer.
ciseness.                         bUiculus, i, M., steer, young ox.
breviter, brevius, -issimr, shortly.  buifo, 5nis, M., toad.
Briareus, ei, a hundred-handed   bulbus, i, M., bulb, onion.
Giant, who defended Olympus.  t bUil, es, F., senate, council.
Brigantes, um, people of N. Brit-  tbuleuta, Me, M., councillor.
ain, Yorkshire, Cumberland, &c.  bulga, e, F., knapsack.
brisa, e, F., grape-pomace.          t billimus, i, M.; ia, se, F., voracious
Britannia, e, F., Britain; adj.,-nus   hunger, faintness.
Brixia, se, F., Brescia, in N. Italy.   bulla, se, F., bubble, stuld, ball (child's
brochus, a, um, projecting.            ornament).
t bromos, i, M., oats, fodder.       bulltus, a, um, having the bulla.
t brontia, Me, F., thunderstorm.     bullo, I; io, 4, to boil, bubble.
brima, e, F.,frost, winter (solstice).  bUmastus, i, M., a large-clustered
brumilis, e, wintry, of winter.        grape.
Brundisium, i, N., a seaport in   bira, Me; -is, irm, i, F., plough-tail.
S. E. Italy, nearest Greece.      bursa, se, F., ox-hide, purse.
brutiarii, a class of menials.       Busiris, idis, myth. k. of Egypt,
Bruttii, 5rum, people of the ex-       slain by Hercules.
treme S. of Italy, near Sicily.    bustirapus, i, M., body-snatcher.
briltus, N., dull, brutish.          bustudrius, a, um, of tombs or
Brutus, L. Junius, a founder of        funeral piles.
the Roman Republic, B.c. 509;   bustum, i, M., burial mound, tomb,
Marcus, friend  of Cicero, a         place of burning dead bodies.
conspirator against Caesar, d.  bfiteo, 5nis, M., hawk, falcon.
at Philippi, B.C. 42.             bUityrumrn (butyr), i, N., butter.
bryonia, Me, F., brionay (wild vine).   buxeus, a, um, of box-wood.
bilbalus, i, M., gazelle.            buxumI, i, N.; us, i, F., box-wood,
bfibile, is, N., cattle-stall.         (pipe, Jfute, top, comb, &c.).
bubo, hnis, M., horned owl.          Byrsa, se, the citadel of Carthage.
bUbulcito (tor), I, to keep oxen.    byssinus, a, um, of fine cotton.
bubublcus, i, M., ploughman, herds-   t byssus, i, F., fine flax, cotton.
man.                               Byzantium, i, N., a Greek colony
bfibulo, I, hoot (like an owl).        in Thrace; Constantinople, Capbuibulus, a, um, of cattle; F. beef.   ital of the Empire, A.D. 330.
bUiceda, a, M., cow-hided fellow.
bucca, a, F., cheek, bawler.




22                         C-  calamitosus.
caelmen, inis, N., engraved work.
C.                   caelator, oris, M., engraver.
caelatiura, ae, embossed work.
C, the prenomen Caius, (Gaius);   caelebs, ibis, unmarried.
as numeral, Ioo.                   caeles, itis; -estis, e, celestial, heavcaballinus, a, um, of the horse.        enly; M., pl. the gods.
caballus, i M., pack-horse, pony,   caelibatus, us, M., single life.
nag.                               caelicola, ae, c., dweller in heaven.
Cabhri, divinities worshipped in   caelo, I, engrave, carve (in raised
Lemnos.                              work), emboss.
cacabus, i, M., kettle, pan.         caelum, i, N.; pl. i, M., sky, heaven.
cachinnatio, 5nis, F., laughter.      caelum, i, N., chisel.
cachinno, I, to laugh aloud.          ceementum, i, N. hewn stone.
cachinnus, i, M., laughter, derision.   caena=cena, supper.
cachla, Be, F., may-weed, ox-eye.     Caeneus, ei, myth. d. of Elatus,
t cacogthes, is, F., obstinate dis-     changed to a young man; a hero
ease.                                at the battle of the Centaurs.
t cactos, i F., artichoke.           caepa, ae, F.; -e, is, N., onion.
cacula,- e, M., soldier's boy.        Caere, is, N., a town of Etruria.
cacUmen, inis, N., top, peak, limit.   caeremonia, ae, F., religious rite,
cacilmino, I, to make pointed.          sacredness, awe.
Cacus, i, myth. son of Vulcan.       CEerites, (-Utes), um, people of
cadaver, eris, N., carcass, corpse.     Cere, with  partial rights  as
cadaverosus, a, urn, corpse-like.       Roman citizens.
cadivus, a, um, apt to fall.          caeruleus, a, um, blue of the sky
Cadmus, i, myth. founder of             or sea; dark of clouds or trees.
Thebes, brother of Europa.         Caesar, C. Julius, the Dictator,
cado, cecidi, cas-, to fall, sink,      B.C. I 00-44.
drop, decay, die, befall, suit, fit.  caesaridtus, a, um, covered with
cadUceator, 5ris, M., messenger         hair, having long hair.
with flag of truce.                cesaries, ei, F., a head of hair.
caduceiis, i, M.,-um (N.), wand, her-   caesim, with the edge, by cuts.
ald's staff.                       caesio, 6nis, F., cutting.
ccdicifer, i, staff-bearer, an epithet   caesius (-itius), a, urnm, bluish gray.
of Mercury.                        caespes, itis, M., turf; altar, hut,
cadUcus, a, um, fallen, frail, ready    knob, clump, field.
tofall; N., a windfall.            caestus, us, M.; [caedo,] gauntlet
cadurcum, i, N., quilt, sheet.         (of hide and metal, for boxing).
tcadus, i, M., flask, jar (9 gallons).   caesUra, ae, F., cutting (see ~ 79).
tcaecias, ~A, M., N. E. wind.         caesus, [caedo,] cut.
caecilia, A, F., blind-worm, lizard.    caeter —cter, other.
caecitas, atis, F., blindness.        caeterumr=ceterum, but.
caeco, to make blind or dark.         Calcus, i, M., a river of Mysia.
Caecubum, i, N., town of S. Latium.   Cajgta, ae, the nurse of iEneas.
caeculto, I, to be dim-sighted.       Calabria, ae, F., dist. of S. E. Italy.
caecus, a, um, blind, dark, obscure,   calamister, tri M.; -trum, i, N.,
gloomy, doubtful, vain.               crimping-iron, florid ornament.
cedes, is, F., slaughter, massacre.    calamitas, Xtis, F., mischief, disasceedo, ceccldi, caes-, 3, cut, strike,  ter (to crops by hailstorm), ruin.
kill.                              calamitosus,  a,  um, wretched,
ceeduus, a, um, that may be cut.        ruinous.




calamus -  camelopardalis.                         23
tcalamus, i, M., reed, pen, straw,   Caligula, Ae, C., the third Roman
corn-staJk.                             Emperor, A.D. 37-4I.
tcalathus (-iscus), i, M., basket,   calix, icis, M., cupl, chalice.
bowl.                                callens, tis, skilled, versed.
calator, 5ris, M., summoner, attend-   calleo, ui, 2, be hard; or skilled, exant.                                   perienced.
calautica, Ms, F., hood, head-veil.     callida, cleverly, slyly.
calcar, aris, N., [calx,] spur.         calliditas, atis, F., cunning, shrewdcalcarius, a, um, of lime.                ness, skill, aptness.
calcator, aris, M., trampler.           callidus, a, um, cunning, skilful.
calceamen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,   Calliope, es, chief of the Muses,
shoe.                                   Poetry.
calceo (io), I, to put on shoes.        callis, is M., foot-path, cattle-track.
calceus (-olus), i, M., shoe (half-   callosus, a, um, hard, callous, thickboot).                                  skinneed.
Calchas, antis, a Greek seer in   callus i, M., (um  N.); hard skin,
the siege of Troy.                     hardness, dulness.
calcitro, [calx,] I, to kick.          calo, I, to call.
calcitro, 6nis; M., blusterer.         calo, 6nis, M., camp-servant, drudge.
calco, I, tread, trample, travel.       calor, oris, M., heat, glow, zeal.
calculo, I, reckon.                     Calp6, es, F., headland of Gibralcalculo, 6nis, M., reckoner, teacher.     tar, in Southern Spain.
calculosus, a, um, pebbly, gravelly.   caltha, ae, F., mnarigold.
calculus, i, M., pebble, gravel, a   calthula, Oe, F., yellow robe.
vote, reckoning.                     calumnia, me, F., false accusation,
caldarius, a, um,for heating water;       artifice, intrigue.
F., N., hot-bath.                    calumniator, 6ris, M., pettifogger,
caldor, 5ris, M., heat.                   chicaner.
caldus=calidus, hot.                   calumnlior, I, to accuse falsely, atCaledonia, es, F., Scotland (High-        tack unfairly, torment one's self.
lands).                              calumniosus, a, um, tricky.
cale-facio, (calfacio), 3;  -facto,   calva (-aria), Ae, F., skull, scalp.
I, to heat, vex; -fio, be heated.    calveo 2, (-esco), 3, to be bald.
calendae —kalendae, first of the   calvities, ei, F.; -ium, i, N., baldmonth.                                  ness.
caleo, ui, 2, to glow, be hot, warm.    calvor, I? to attack, intrigue, evade,
Cales, ium, F., a town of Cam-            deceive.
pania, north of'Naples.             calvus, a, um, bald.
calesco, 3, to grow warm.               calx, cis, F., lime, chalk, goal.
calfacio —calefacio, to heat.          calx, cis, D., heel.
caliculus, i, M., little cup, inkstand.   Calydon, Onis, F., a town of /EtocalidE, promptly.                         lia, famous for the boar slain by
calidus, a, um, hot, warm, fiery,         Meleager (Calydonius sus).
eager, hasty.                        Calypso, us, myth. d. of Atlas.
caliendrum, i, N., a head-dress.       calyx, ycis, M., cup (of flower),
caliga, As, F., soldier's boot.           shell.
caligatus, i, M., (booted), a private.    Camarina, ae, F., a city of S. W.
caligin6sus, a, urn, misty, obscure.      Sicily.
cUligo, inis, F., mist, fog, clarkness.   cambio, 4, to exchange, barter.
caligo, I, to be or make dark.         camella, e, F., porringer, wine-cup.
caligula, A, F., little-boot.           t camrnlopardalis, is, F., giraffe.




24                      camelus -  Capaneus.
tcamelus, i,.M, camel.               canna, A, F., cane, reed.
Camena, se, F., muse, song.           cannabinus, a, um, of hemp.
camera, ae, F., vaulted roof.         t cannabis, is, im, F., hemp.
Camers, tis, of Camerium, a town    Canne, drum, a town of Apulia,
of Umbria.                            where the Romans were defeatcamillus, i, M., -a, Be, F., priest's   ed by Hannibal, B.C. 216 [pugna
servant.                              Cannensis].
Camillus, M. Furius, the Dictator,   cano, cecini, cant-, to sound, sing,
who rescued  Rome from  the           play, recite, blow (as signal).
Gauls, B.C. 389.                    t canon, onis, M., rule, model.
caminus, i, M., forge, fire-place.    t canonicus, a, um, regular.
Campania, se, F., the dist. of S.   Canopus, i, M., a coast town of
W. Italy, near Naples.                Lower Egypt.
Campanus (-icus), a, um, Campa-   canor, 6ris, M., melody, clang.
nian, of Campania.                  canorus, a, um, melodious, singsong.
t campE, es, F., a crooked turn.      Cantabria, ae, F., coast-dist. of N.
campester, tris, tre, of the plain,     Spain, on the Bay of Biscay.
level; N., a wrestler's apron.      cantamen, inis, N,, charm, incantacampus, i, M., plain, field, level sur-  tion.
face; C. Martius, an open field   cantatio, 5nis, F., music, song.
at Rome, outside the N. wall,   cantator, 5ris, M.; -trix, icis, F.,
where elections were held.            singer.
camurus, a, urn, crooked.             canteriatus, a, um, underpropped.
canalis, is, M. F.; -liculus, i, M.;   canterinus, a, um, of a horse.
-a, A, F., channel, gutter, groove.   canterius, i, M., yelding (horse);
canarius, a, um, of logs.               trellis, lattice-work.
cancelli, 5rum, M., lattice, cross-   cantharis, idis, F., beetle, Spanish
bars, rai!ings of court-house.      fly.
cancello, I. make crosswise.          cantharus, i, M., jug, tankard, pot.
cancer, cri (ceris), M., crab.        canthus, i, M., wheel-tire.
cande-facio, 3, (P. -fio), to make   canticum, i, N. (-tilina, ee; F.),
white.                                song, ballad.
candela, Ae, F., candle, taper.       canticus, a, um, musical.
candelabrum, i, F., candlestick.      cantio, hnis, F., singing, song.
candeo, ui, 2, (-esco, 3), be white,   cantito, i, to sing often.
gleam, glitter, glisten.            Cantium, i, N., Kent, in  S. E.
candico, I, to be lwhitish.             Britain, the dist. nearest Gaul.
candidatus, i, M., candidate (clad   canto, I, sing, chant, declaim, praise
in white).                            in song, declare, enchant.
candidus, a, um, glistening white,   cantor, 5ris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,
cleal, fair, sincere, open.           singer, poet, actor, eulogist.
candor, 5ris, M., whitenzess, purity,   cantuirio, 4, to sing, chirp.
splendor.                           cantus, us, M., singing, playing,
caneo, ui, 2, to be white or hoary.     song, prophecy, incantatioz.
canesco, 3, grow hoary.               canus, a, um, gray, hoary.
cani, 5rum, M., gray hairs.           canusina, ae, F., fine-web garment.
canicula, e, F., whelp, dog-star.     Canusium, i, N., a town of Apulia.
caninus, a, urn, curlrish, of a dog.    capacitas, atis, F., capacity, largecanis, is, (g. pl. urn), c., dog.       ness.
canistra (-tella), 6rum, N., basket.   Capaneus, ei, a chief at Thebes,
canities, ei, F., hoariness, old age.   struck with lightning by Jupiter.




capax-  cardo.                            25
capax, Rcis, apt to seize, capable   caprinus, a, um, of goats.
of holding, apt, fit, capacious.    capripes, pedis, goat-footed, (satyr).
capedo, inis, F., bowl, cup.          capsa, se, F., box, chest.
capella, Ae, F., kid, she-goat.       capsanius, i, M., a slave who took
Capena, ae, F., an Etrurian town.       charge of budgets.
caper, pri, M., he-goat.              capsula, A, F., band-bosc.
capero, I, to frown, wrinkle.         captdtio, 6nis, F., catching at.
capesso, ivi, it-, 3, seize, take in   captator, 6ris, M., snatcher, legacyhand, lay hold, resort.               hunter.
Caphdreus, ei, M., a promont. of   captio, 6nis, F., catch, deceit, sophEuboea.                               ism, mischief.
capillceus, a, um, hair-like.        captiosus, a, um, captious, crafty.
capilldmentum, i, M., -Rtio, 6nis;   captivitas, ftis, F., captivity, cap-atura, Me, F., hair, fibre.          ture, (of eyes) blindness.
capillris, e, of the hair.           captivus, a, um, captured; M. F.,
capilltus, a um, hairy.                prisoner.
capillor, I, to be hairy.             capto, I, catch at, strive after, allure.
capill6sus, a, um, full of hair.      captUra,?e, F., catching, prey, gain.
capillus, i, M., [caput,] hair.       captus, [capio,] taken.
capio, cepi, capt-, 3, take. seize,   captus, Us, M., grasp, capacity,
rob, ruin, select, receive, attain.   handfull.
capis, idis, F., cup, can.            Capua, ae, F., the chief town of
capistro, I, to muzzle, halter.         Campania, 20 miles N. of Naples.
capistrum, i, M., halter, muzzle.     capulris, e, near the grave.
capitilis, e, of the head, capital,   capulo, I, pour off; catch.
eminent, deadly.                    capulus, i, M., um, i, N., coffin,
capitium, i, N., [capio,] boddice.      handle, hilt.
capito, 6nis, M., big-head.           caput, itis, N., head, chief, top, sumCapit6linus, a, um, of the Capitol.     mit; of rivers, the source  or
Capit6lium, i, M., citadel, capitol,    mouth; life.
temple of Jupiter on the central   Capys, yos, father of Anchises.
hill of Rome.                      carabus, i M., crab, kayak (boat).
capitulum, i, N., capital, little head.   caracalla, ae, F., Gallic mantle.
t capo, 6nis, M., a capon.            carbasus (-eus), a, umrn, faxen.
Cappadocia, ae, F., E. district of   carbasus, i, F.; pl. N., a, Srum, linen,
Asia Minor.                           canvas, curtain, sail.
Cappadox, 0cis, Cappadocian.          carbo, onis, M., coal, charcoal.
capparis, is, im, M., caper.          carb6narius, i, M., collier.
capra, ae, F., she-goat.              carbunculus, i, M., small coal, carcaprarius, i, M., goatherd.             buncle.
caprea, e, F., doe, wild goat.        career, eris, M., dungeon, prison;
Capreae, the I. Capri, near Naples.     pl. barriers (of race-course.
capreolus, i, M., 4uck, chamois;   carcereus (-arius), a, urn, of a
stay or prop, tendril.                prison.
capricornus, i, M., the Goat (con-   f CarchEdonius, a, um, of Carthage.
stellation).                        carchesium, i, N., cup, goblet.
caprificus, i, F., wild fig.          t carcinoma, atis, N., a foul ulcer.
caprigenus, a, urn, of the goat   cardiacus, a, um, of the stomach.
breed.                              cardinalis, e, pivotal, chief.
caprile, is, N., goat-pen.            cardo, inis, M., hinge, pivot, beam,
caprimulgus, i M., goat-milker.         tenon, pole (of heavens).




26                         carduelis -  casula,
carduglis, e, linnet, thistlefinch.   f caryon, i, M., a nut.
carduus, i, M., thistle.              f caryota, ae, (-tis idis), F., date.
care, dear, at high cost.             casa, as, F., cottage, tent.
carectum, i, N., growth of sedge.     caseus, i, M. (urn, N.), cheese.
tcarenum, i, N, boiled grape-juice.   casia, as, F., cinnamon.
caree, ui, it- 2, to lack, be without,   Casilinum, i, N., a town  near
devoid or deprived of.                Capua.
caxrex, icis, F., sedge.              Casinum, i, N., a colony in Latium.
Caria, as, S. W. district of Asia   caso, I to reel, tumble.
Minor.                             Caspium mare, the Caspian sea.
caries, em, e, F., rottenness, decay.   Cassandra, ae, d. of Priam, a procarina, as, F., keel, ship, nutshell;   phetess, slain by Clytaemnestra.
pl., a district in Rome.            casse, in vain.
carinatus, a, flm, keel-formed.       casses, ium, M., hunting-net.
cariosus, a, um, rotten, mellow.      cassida ae, F., elmnet.
caritas, atis, F.. dearness, high   CassiopE (-6a), ae, wife of Cepheus.
price, esteem, love.                cassis, idis, F., helpmet (of brass).
carmen, inis, M., song, tune, poem,   cassita, as, F., crested lark.
oracle; card, for wool or flax.     Cassiterides, um, F., the Scilly Is.
Carmenta, ae, mother of Evander,        S. W. of Britain.
an Arcadian prophetess.             Cassius, C.,  chief conspirator
carmino, I, to charm, card (wool).      against Caesar, d. at Philippi,
carnarius, a, um, of flesh; M.,         B.C. 42; Cassiani, his partisans.
butcher; N., flesh-hook, larder.   casso, I, to destroy, annul.
carnifex (-ufex), ficis, M., execu-   cassus, a, urn, vain, void, devoid.
tioner, murderer, knave.            Castalia, as, F., a fountain of Parcarnificina, a, F., headsman's office,  nassus, sacred to Apollo.
torment, place of torture.         castanea, a, F., chestnut.
carnifico, I, behead, mangle.         caste, purely, uprightly.
carn6sus, a, um, fleshy, gross.       castellainus, a, urnm, of the castle or
carnufex-=carnifex, knave.              fort; M., holders of the castle.
caro, carnis, F., flesh.              castellatim, in detached forts.
caro, ui, 3, to card wool.            castellum, i, N., fort, castle, citadel.
Carpathus, i, F., an island of the   castgria, ae, F., forecastle.
iEgean, near Rhodes.               castigate, briefly, closely.
carpentarius, i, M., cartwright.      castigatio, 5nis, F., chastisement.
carpentum, i, N., chariot, waggon.   castigator, 6ris, M., reprover.
carpinus, i, F., horn-beam.           castigatus, a, urm, corJined, slender.
carpo, psi, pt-, 3, pluck, gather,   castigo, I, to chastise, chide, check.'tear away, open, pass, divide.     castitas, atis; -mrnia, as, F., chascarptim, in bits, piecemeal.            tity, purity.
carptUra, ae, F., sucking, gathering.   f castor, 6ris, M., beaver.
carrUago, inis, F., barricade of carts.   Castor, 6ris, myth. son of Tyndacarrilca, ae, F., covered waggon.       rus and Leda; twin-br. of Pollux.
carrus, (-ulus), i, M., cart, waggon.   castra, 5rum, N., camp.
Carthago, aginis F. (Karthago),   castrensis, e, of the camp.
Carthage.                          castro, I, to cut, prune, enfjeble.
cartilago, inis, F., gristle, cartilage.   castrum, i, N., castle, fortress.
carus, a, um, dear, costly, precious.   castus, a, urn, chaste, pure, holy,
Caryatides,  um,  maidens  of           devout.
Caryain Laconia, serving Diana. 1 casula, as, F., cottage.




casus -  Caystros.                         27
c&sus, us, M., fall, chance, mishap,   caudex (c5dex), icis, M., stock, log,
end, occasion, calamity, death.       boat, book (of thin tablets).
Catabathmos, i, M., coast-dist. of   caudicdlis, e; -cdrius (-ceus), a,
Africa, W. of Egypt.                  um, of trunks of trees.
t cataclysmos, i, M., deluge.         Caudinus, a, um, of Caudium, a
tcatadromus, i, M., tight-rope.          Samnite town; furca  Caudinee
tcatamitus, i, M. (Ganymedes), an       a defile famous for a defeat of
effeminate or lascivious person.      the Romans, B.C. 321.
t cataphractes, se, F., scale-armor.   caulae, arum, F., sheep-fold,passage.
tcataphractus, a, um, in mail.        caulis, is, M., stalk, stem, cabbage.
t cataplus, i, M., fleet, landing.    Caunus, i, F., a town of Caria.
tcatapulta, ae, F., a military en-   caupo, ohis, M., innkeeper, huckster.
gine for throwing arrows, &c.       caupona, ae, F., tavern, landlady.
tcataracta, se, F.; (-es), M., cata-   cauponius, a, um, of an inn.
ract, portcullis, floodgate.        caurus (corus), i, M., N. W. wind.
t catascopus, i, M., scout, spy-ship.   causa (caussa), Ee, F., cause, reafcatasta, ae, F., stage, scaffold.      son, occasion, pretence, excuse;
tcatastroma, atis, N., deck.            (abl.),for the sake of.
f catax, &cis, limping, lame.         causrarius, a, um, discharged for
cate, sagaciously, skilfully.           sickness, invalided.
cateja, ae, F., barbed dart.          causia, Ae, F., wide-brimmed hat.
catellus, i, M.; -ila, Be, F., whelp,   causidicus, i, M., advocate,pleader.
puppy, small chain.                 causor, I, plead, discuss.
catena, ae, F., chain, fetter.        t causticus, a, unm, caustic, burning.
catEnatio, 6nis, F., band, clamp.     causula, Me, F., petty cause.
catgndtus, a, urn, chained, joined.   cautd, cautiously.
caterva, se, crowd, troop, band, corn-   cautela, as, F., precaution.
pany.                               cauterio, I, to brand, burn.
catervdtim, in troops.                t cauterium, i, N., branding-iron.
tcathedra, ae, F., chair, seat.       cautes, is, F., crag, sharp rock.
tcathetus, i, F., plumb-line.         f cautim, warily.
f catholicus, a, um, universal.       cautio, O11is, F., care, caution,foreCatilina, se, L. Sergius, head of       sight, security, bail.
the conspiracy, B.C. 63.            cautor, 6ris, M., care-taker, surety.
catillo, I, to lick dishes.           cautus, [caveo,] cautious, secure,
catillo, 6nis, M., glutton.             wary; N. pl., securities.
Catina, Ae, F., Catania, in Sicily.    cavaticus, a, um, living in caves.
catinus (-illus), i, M., dish, bowl,pot.   cavea, Ae, F., cave, stall, cage, coop,
Cato, M. Porcius, the censor, B.C.      spectators' seats, theatre.
232-147; the younger, enemy of   caveo, cavi, caut-, 2, beware, take
Caesar, B.C. 93-45, d. at Utica.      heed, provide, get bail.
cat6mus, i, M., between the shoulders.   caverna, We, F., cavern, vault, hold.
cat6niur, i, N., the lower world.    cavilla, Ae, F., cavil, scoff; jest.
catulus, i, M., puppy, whelp, cub.    cavillatio, O61is, F., jeering, raillery.
catus, i, M., tom-cat.                cavilltor, 6ris, M., jester.
catus, a, urn, shrill, shrewd, wise.  cavillor, I, to taunt, jest.
Caucasius, a, um, of the Caucasus.   cavitas, atis, F., hollowness.
Caucasus, i, M., the mts. between   cavo, I, to make hollow.
the Black and Caspian Seas.         cavus, a, urn, hollow; N., hole, cave.
cauda, ae, F., tail.                  CaYstros (us), i, a river of Lylia,
caudeus, a, um, wooden.                 frequented by swans.




28                      Cecropius -  centussis.
Cecropius, a, um, Athenian.           censorius, a, um, of the censor;
Cecrops, 6pis, myth. founder of         of the rank of censor.
Athens, emigrant from Egypt.    censua.lis, e, ratable; pl. recorders.
cedo, cessi, cess-, 3, yield, give way,  censurm, i, N., wealth, possessions.
succeed, befall, become.           censura, se, F., office of censor,
cedo, cedite (cette), give, tell.       judgment, reproof, severity.
cedrus, i, F., cedar, juniper.        census, [censeo,] registered, reckcelator, oris, M., concealer.           oned, taxed.
celatum, i, N., secret.               census, us, M., valuation, register,
celeber, bris, bre, abundant, popu-     reckoning, wealth.
Ious, farmous, solemZn, festive.   tcentaureum, i, N.; ia, s, F., a
calebratio, onis, F., concourse, fes-   kind of gentian.
tival, comnmnendation.             f Centaurus, i, M., Centaur, a wild
celebratus, a, um, customary, fre-      people of Thessaly; a myth.
quent, brilliant, famzous.            creature, half man half horse.
celebritas, atis, F., multitude, re-   centenarius, a, um, of a hundred.
nown, pageant.                     centeni, by the hundred, Ioo each.
celebro, I, to resort, celebrate, per-   centesimus, a, um, the hundredth,
form, practise, solemnize, praise.    I per cent a month.
celer, eris, ere, swift, fleet, hasty;   centies, a hundred timnes.
pl. light-horse (patrician), knights.   centimanus, i, M., hundred-handed.
celere, swiftly.                      cento, 6nis, M., patchwork, skullceleripes, pedis, swift-footed.         cap.
celeritas, atis, F., swiftness, speed.   t centrurn, i, N., centre, heart-wood.
celeriter, swfily, immllediately.    centum, a hundred.
celero, I, to hasten, quicken.        centumgeminus, a, um, hundredt celes, etis, N., race-horse.          fbld.
Celeus, ei, myth. k. of Eleusis,   centumviri, orum, M., Board of
taught agriculture by Ceres.          IOO, for civil suits.
t celeusma, atis, M., boatswain's call.  centunculus, i, N., rag, patch, sadcella (-ula), se, F., closet, storehouse,  dle-cloth, bind-weed.
shrine, cell, hut, private room.   centuplex, icis, hundredfold.
cellarius, a, urn, of a store-room;   centuria, ae, F., a century, division
M., steward; N., pantry.              (of a hundred), conmpany; one-of
celo, I, to hide, conceal, cover.       I93 classes of the people, accelox, ocis, swift; F., boat, cutter.   cording to property.
celse, on high.                       centuriatim, by centuries, (compacelsitudo, inis, F., loftiness.         nies).
celsus, a, urn, high, lofty, haughty.    centuriatus, a, um, divided  or
Celtee, drum, people of W. Eu-          classed  by hundreds; comitia
rope; also, ofcentr. and S. Gaul.     centunrita, the vote by centuries,
Celtiberi, 5rum, people of middle       to elect the higher officers or
Spain.                               decide  important  policies, -
cena=ccana, stlpper.                    the  highest political tribunal
censeo, ui, um, 2, estimate, think,     of Rome.
vote, decide, count, reckon.       centuriltus, us, M., centurion's
censio, onis, F., assessing, taxing,    office, division by centuries.
punishinfq.                         centurio, onis, M., centurion (capcensor, oris, M., censor, one of two    tain of Ioo).
magistrates having in  charge   centurio, I, to divide by hundreds.
morals and rank; critic.           centussis, M., sum pf I00 asses.




cepa -  chartaceus.                        29
cEpa, Me, F.; cope, is, N., onion.   cervinus (-Rrius), a, um, of a stag.
Cepheus, ei, myth. k. of Ethiopia,   cervix, Icis, F., neck, obstinacy.
father of Andromeda.              cervus, i, M., stag, deer; pl., stakes.
cera,  es, F., wax, wax-tablet (for   cespes=-cespes, turf.
writing), waxen image.            cessatio, Onis, F., ceasing, lingering.
Ceramicus, i, M., a place of mon-   cessdtor, 6ris, M., loiterer.
uments at Athens.                  cessim, yieldingly, backward.
cerarius, a, urn, of wax; F., candle-   cessio, onis, F., giving up.
maker.                             cesso, I, cease, linger, be idle, lack.
tcerastes, ae, (is), M., horned ser-   t cesticus, a, um, of boxing.
pent.                              t cestus, ius, M., girdle.
cerasus, i, F.; umn, i, M., cherry.  cestus=czestus, gauntlet.
cerdtus, a, urn, covered with wax;   cetarius, a, um, of whales; M.,fishN., wax-ointment.                    monger; N., fish-pond.
Ceraunii, 6rum, M., mts. of Epirus.   t cjt', N., pl. indecl. of cetus.
Cerberus, i, M., the three-headed   cetero, for the rest.
dog of Hades.                     ceterbqui (-quin), otherwise.
tcerciirus, i, M., yacht.            ceterum, but yet, besides.
cerealis, e, of Ceres or grain.      ceterus, a, um, other, the rest.
cerebr6sus, a, um, hot-headed.       Ceto, us, mother of Medusa.
cerebrum, i, N,, brain, wrath.       cetra (caetra), Be, F., buckler.
cerem6nia —cere-, ceremony.          cetratus, a, um, armed with buckler.
coreolus, a, um, wax-color.          cette, [cedo,] give, tell.
Cergs, gris, d. of Saturn and Ops,  tcRtus, i, N., p1. cetE, sea-monster.
goddess of Corn and Fruits.        ceu, like, as it were.
cEreus, a, umrn, waxen, M., waxlight.  ceva, Be, F., a small cow.
cerintha, ae; e, es, F., honeysuckle.   ceveo, 2, wag the tail, fawn.
cErinus, a, umrn, wax-colored.       Cgyx, Ycis, myth. k. of Trachis,
cerno, crevi, cret-, 3, sift, discern,  changed to a kingfisher.
perceive, decide, resolve.         t chalceus, a, um, brazen.
cernuo, I, tofall headforemost.      Chalcidicus, a, um, of Chalcis
cernuus, i, M., rope-dancer, stoop-    (Euboea), or Cumce.
ing.                              Chaldaeus, a, umrn, Chaldaean (of
cero, i, to cover with wax.            Assyria); M., soothsayer.
t cErbma, dtis, N., salve,prize-ring.   Chalybes, um, a people of Pontus.
cerritus, a, um, frantic.            chalybs, ybis, M., steel.
cerrus, i, M., Turkey-oak.           t chameleon, 5nis (ontis), M., chacertrnmen, inis, N., contest, struggle,  meleon, a kind of lizard.
battle, conflict.                 Chdonius, a, um, of N. W. Epirus;
certdtim, eagerly, emulously.          of the oracle at Dodona.
certatio, 6nis, F., struggle.        Chaos (ab. chao), N., chaos, the
certS, at any rate, certainly.         dark Void.
certo, certainly, surely (~ 41, IT, 3).  chara, es, F., wild cabbage.
certo, I, to strive, contend, struggle.   t characdtus, a, um, staked.
certus, a, umrn, sure, resolved, fixed;   t character, eris, M., mark, brand.
certiorem facere, to inform.      charitas=cdritas, dearness.
tceroichi 6rum, M., rope, sheet.     t CharitEs, urn, F., the Graces.
cErula, ae, F., wax (for erasing).   Charon, ontis, the ferryman of
cerussa, ae, F.. white-lead.           Styx.
cerva, Me, F., hind, doe.            charta, Be, F., paper, writing.
cervical, ilis, N., pillow, bolster.  chartaceus, a, um, of paper.




30                        Charybdis -  cippus.
Charybdis, is, F., a whirlpool in   cicatrix, lcis, F., scar, seam.
the strait of Sicily.              t ciocus, i, M., core (worthless).
tchlae, a um, F., claws (the sign   cicer, eris, N., vetch, chick-pea.
Scorpio or Libra).                 Cicero, M. Tullius, the Roman
tchelidonias, ae, M., west wind.        orator, B.C. I06-43.
tchelidonius, a, um, of swallows;   cicindela, Ee, F., glow-worm.
F., swallow-wort.                  Cicones, um, a people of Thrace.
t chelydrus, i, M., water-snake.      ciconia, ae, ae, F., stork, well-sweep.
tchelys, yn, y, F., tortoise, lute.   cicur, uris, tame.
Chersongsus, i, F., the peninsula   cicuta, m, F., poison-hemlock, reed,
S. E. of Thrace.                     shepherd's pipe.
t chersinus, a, um, living on land.    cidaris, is, F., turban, tiara.
tchiliarchus, i, M., commander   cieo, civi, cit-, 2, shake, rouse, sumof I,ooo men.            m- on, stir, call, excite, begin.
Chimaera, ae, F., a fire-breathing    Cilicia, Me, F., S. E. dist. of Asia
monster (lion, goat, and-dragon)      Minor, Cicero's prov., 51 B.C.
of Lycia, slain by Bellerophon.   cilicium, i, N., hair-cloth.
Chios, i, F., Scio, an island W. of   cilium, i, N., eyelash, eyelid.
Asia Minor, famous for wine   Cilix, icis, Cilician.
and marble.                        Cimbri, orum, people of N. Gert chiragra, ae, F., hand-gout.          many, routed by Marius, B.C. I02.
tchiridotus, a, um, with sleeves.     cimex, icis, M., bug, maggot.
t chirographum, i N., handwriting.   Cimmerius a, umrn, of South RusChiron, 5nis, a Centaur, instructor     sia; Cimmerian, lying in perpetof Hercules and Achilles.             ual darkness; of Hades.
tchironomos, i, c., pantomime.        tcinaedus, i, M., wanton youth.
t chirurga, ae, F., surgery.          f cinara, ae, F., artichoke.
t chirurgus, i, M., surgeon.          Cincinnatus, i, L.  Quinctius,
chlamydatus, a, um, cloaked.            Dictator, B.C. 436.
tchlamys, ydis, F., cloak, broad   cincinnatus, i, curly-head.
mantle (a Grecian garment).        cincinnus, i, M., ringlet.
tcholera, Me, F., gall, bile.         cinctUira, ae, F., girdle.
t choragus, i, M., play-manager.      cinctus, [cingo,] begirt.
t choraules, Ae, M., flute-player.    cinctus, Us, M., girdle, girding.
t chorda, ae, F., string, cord.       cinefactus, a, um, reduced to ashes.
chordus (cordus), a, um, late-born.   cinerarius, a, um, of ashes or
t chorea, ae, F., dance in a ring.      graves; M., hair-curler; N., recept chortinus, a, um, of grass.          tacle of ashes (in tombs).
tchorus, i, M., band of dancers,   cinereus (-icius), a, ur, ash-like.
chorus, troop, crowd.              cingo, nxi, not-, 3, to gird, wreathe,
Christitanus, a, um, Christian.         surround, invest.
tchronicus, a, um, of time.           cingula, Ee; -um, i, N., girdle,
tchrysanthemum, i, N., marigold.        sword-belt, girth, zone.
t chrysos, i, M., gold, gold-fish.    cinis, eris, M., F., ashes.
cibArius, a, um, of food; N. pl.,   cinnabari, N., -is, F.,  dragon'sfood, allowance of corn.              blood.
cibatus, us, M., food.               cinnamum (-5mum), i, cinnamon.
t ciborium, i, M., drinking-cup.      Cinyphius, a, urn, of the Cinyps, a
cibus, i, M., food, fodder, bait.       river of N. Africa.
cicada, aS, F., tree-cricket, katydid.   cio, 4, — cieo, rouse.
cicatricosus, a, um, full of scars.    cippus, i, M., stake, stock, monument.




circa — citrus.                            31
circa, about, near, beside.            circumsedeo, s9di, sess-, 3, to
Circe, es (ee), d. of the  Sun, a         encamp about, besiege.
sea-nymph and sorceress.             circumsisto, steti, 3, surround.
Circeii, Srum, M., a town of Latium.   circumsono, I, to ring with, makce
circensis, e, of the circus;  pl.         ring, resound, echo.
gaimes.                              circumspicio, spexi, spect-, 3,
circes, itis, M., hoop, ring.             watch, look about, wait, ponder.
circino, I, encircle, mnake round.     circumspectus, wary, heedful, wellcircinus, i, M., comtpasses.              considered, distinguished.
circiter, about.                       circumsto, steti, I, stand about,
circitor, 6ris, M., watchman, patrol.     beset, surround.
circu-eo=circumeo, go about.           circumvallo, I, to wall around,
Circius, i, M., a violent N. W. wind.    blockade.
circuitio, onis, F., going the rounds,   circumvehor, vectus, 3, ride about.
indirectness.                        circumvenio, veni, vent-, 4, beset,
circuitus, Us, M., revolution, circuit.   distress, cheat.
circulator, oris, M., quack, pedlar.   circus, i, M., circle, ring; circus
circulor, I, go round about.             maximus, a space in  Rome,
circulus, i, M., circle, ring, hoop.     enclosed for public games (circircum, about, around, among.            censes).
circumactus, a, um, curved.            t ciris, is, F., lark.
circumago, egi, act-, 3, drive about,   Cirrhaeus, a, um, of Cirrha (near
turn, wheel.                           Delphi), or Apollo.
circumcido, cidi cis-, 3, to cut   cirrus, i, M., curl, fringe.
about, prune, clip.                  cis, on this side.
circumcirc., round about.              cisalpinus, a, um, this side (South)
circumcisus, a, um, steep, brief.         of the Alps.
circumclildo, di, sum, 3, to shut   cisium, i, N., a two-wheeled carriage.
in, surround, inclose.               Cisseis, idis, Hecuba, daughter
circumdo, dedi, dat-, I, to put or        of Cisseus, king of Thrace.
set round, encompass, wrap about.   t cista, ee, F., chest.
circumdiico, xi, ct-, 3, lead or   cistella (-ula), Ae, F., basket, box.
march round, cheat, protract, ex-   cisterna, ae, F., cistern.
punge, draw about.                   citetim, hastily.
circumeo, ivi (ii), it-, 4, encompass,   citdtus, a, um, hurried, quick.
go about or among.                   citerior, citimus, [citrd,] hither,
circumfero, tuli, Mlt-, to carry or       nearer, this side.
spread around.                       Cithaeron, 5nis, M., a mt. in S. W.
circum-fluo, 3,Jfow about, surround.      of Bceotia, sacred to Bacchus.
circumfundo, ffdi, ffis-, 3, pour   t cithara, Ae, F., harp, lute.
about, envelop.                      tcitharista, Ae, M., harp-player.
circumj aceo, 2, border on, lie near.   citharcedus, i, M., singer to the harp.
circumjectus, us, M., surrounding.   citp, ius, issim6, quick.
circumjicio, jEci, ject-,cast around.   citimus, a, um, nearest.
circumligo, I, bind upon or round.   cito, I, sunmon, stir, incite, accuse,
circumplector, xus, 3, to embrace,        appeal, cite, proclaim.
clasp, surround.                     citra, this side, within, before.
circumscribe, psi, pt-, 3, to draw    citreum, i, N., citron.
lines about, encircle, constrain.    citreus, a, um, of citron-wood.
circumscriptio, 6nis, F., encir-   citro (with ultro), to andlfi-o.
cling, outline, deceit.              citrus, i, M., citron, African cedar.




32                          citus -  clypeus.
citus, [cieo,] swift.                   clausula, B, F., a close, clause.
civicus, a, um, of citizens, civic;   clausus, [claudo,] shut, closed.
corona, civic crown (of oak, for   clrva, ae, F., club, cudgel.
saving a citizen in battle).         clavator, oris, M., cudgel-bearer.
civilis, e, of citizens, courteous.     clavatus, a, urn, nailed, striped.
civilitas, atis, F., polity, courtesy.    clavicula, ae, F., tendril, small key.
civiliter, courteously.                 claviger, eri, M., club-bearer (Hercivis, is, c., citizen, fellow-citizen.   cules); key-bearer (Janus).
civitas, atis, F., city, state, citizen-   cldvis, is, F., key.
ship, freedom of the city.           clavus, i, M., spike, nail, rudder,
clades,  is,  F.,  disaster, defeat,      stripe (of the tunic).'
slaughter, massacre.                 clemens, tis, mercifu4 gentle.
clam, secretly, without the knowl-   clEmenter, gently, calmly.
edge of.                             clementia, ae, F., mercy, mildness.
climator, oris, M., declaimer.          Cleopatra, ae, the last queen of
clamito, I, to cry, vociferate.           Egypt, B.C. 69-30.
cliamo, I, cry out, call, proclaim.     clepo, psi, pt-, 3, to steal, pilfer.
clamor, 5ris, M., a shout, applause,   t clepsydra, ee, F., water-clock.
noise, din, clamor.                  t clepta, ae, M., thief.
cliamsus, a, um, noisy, clamorous.   t clerus, i, M.. one of the clergy.
clanculo (um), secretly, privately.     clibanus, i, M., oven, baking-pan.
clandestinus, a, um, secret, stealthy.   cliens, tis, M.; -ta, ae, F., client
clango, 3, to sound, resound.             (one attached to a patron, and
clangor, oris, M., a shrill cry, clang.   protected by him); subject-ally.
clare, brightly, clearly.               clientela, ae, F., clientship, body of
clareo, 2, be clear or bright.            dependants.
claresco, ui, 3, grow clear.            t clima, atis, N., climate.
clnrigo, I, to make solemn procla-   clinitus, a, umrn, inclined, bent.
mation of war.                       Clio, us, the Muse of History.
*clnritas, itis; -tido, inis, F., bright-   clipeo, I, to arm with shield.
ness, clearness, splendor, fame.     clipeus (um), i M., a brazen shield,
Clarius, i, (of Claros, an Ionian         disk.
town), Apollo.                       clitellee, rum, Be, F., saddlebags.
cliro, i, hbrighten, explain.           clitellirius, a, um, bearing packs.
cliror, oris, M., brightness.           Clitumnus, i, M., a river of Umclarus, a, um, bright, clear, loud,       bria.
fJatmous, plain, manifest.            ciivosus, a, um, steep, hilly.
classiirius, a, um, of the fleet.       clivus (um), i, M., hill, slope.
classicum, i, M., trumpet-siqnal.       cloica, Be, F., sewcer, drain.
classicus, a, um, of the army or   Clodius, the  enemy  of Cicero,.fleet; of high ranzk; M., trumpeter.   killed by Milo, B.c. 52.
classis, is, F., army, fleet, rank.     cl!ido=claudo, shut.
clithri, orum, M., trellis-work.        cluidus=claudus, lame.
claudeo, 2; -icC, I; -o, 3, to limp.   t clueo, 2; cluo, 3, to be famous.
Claudius, i, (Appius), the Decem-   cluinis, is, D., haunch.
vir, B.C. 450; (Tiberius), the   clupea, ae, F., shad.
fourth Emperor, A.D. 4I-54.          cliirinus, a, um, of apes.
claudo, si, sum, 3, to shut, close,   Clusium, i, NT., a town of Etruria.
end, conclude, enclose, cokfnlne.    Clymen6, es, myth. queen  of
claudus, a, um, lame, defective.          Ethiopia, mother of PhaSthon.
claustra, orum, N., bar, bolt, dike.    clypeus=clipeus, shield.




Clytemnestra -  collare.                        33
Clytmmnestra, e, d. of Tyndarus   cceptum, i, N.; -tus, lsm, M., underand Leda, wife of Agamemnon.          taking.
Cn. the prxnomen Cnasus.              coerceo cui, cit-, 2, restrain, hem
t cnodax, acis, M., pin, pivot.         in, curb, confine, repress.
[co-, con-, together, or intensive.   coercitio, onis, F., check, punishcoacervo, I, to heap together.           mnent, right of coercion.
coacesco, cui, 3, to get sour.        cceruleus=caruleus, dark blue.
coactilis, e, thick, felted.          ccetus, us, M., assembl/.
coactor, oris, M., gatherer-.         Cceus, i, a Titan, father of Latona.
coactus, [cogo,] forced.              cogitatio, Onis, F.; -tatum, i, M..
coactus, us, M., constraint.            thought, purpose, plan, judgment,
coaequo, I, to make equal.              refection.
coagmento, I, fasten, join.           cogito, I, think, reflect, intend.
coagmentum, i, N., joint.             cognatio, onis, F., relationship,
coagilum, i, N., curd, cement.           resemblance, agreement, kindred.
coalesco, ui, it-, 3, grow  together,   cognutus, a, um, kindred (by the
unite, agree.                         mother's side).
coarguo, 3, arraign, convict, prove.   cognitio, onis, F., knowledge, accoarto, I, to compass, confine.          quaintance, inquiry.
t coccum, i, N., scarlet grain.       cognitor, 6nis, M., witness, advocate.
t coccyx, ygis (cis), M., cuckoo.     cognitus, [cognosco,] known.
cochlea, ae, F., snail-shell.         cognomen, inis, N., surname.
cochlear (Ire), is, N., spoon.        cognominis, e, of like name.
cochlearium, i, N., snail-pit.        cognomino, I, to surname.
c6cio, 5nis, M., broker, agent.       cognosco, novi, nit-, 3, know,find
cocles, itis, one-eyed.                  out, investigate.
coctilis, e, [coquo,] baked, burnt.    cogo, coegi, coact-, 3, to gather,
coctio, 6nis, F., cooking, digestion.    compel, bring together.
Cocytus, i, M., (Lament), a river of   cohaereo, si, sum, 2., (-resco, 3),
Hades.                                cling, uniL-e, hold together.
codex-caudex, stump, book.            cohErgs, edis, C., joint-heir.
Codrus, i, king of Athens, who de-   cohibeo, ui, it-, 2, restrain, subdue.
voted himself to death to win   cohonesto, I, to honor amply.
victory, B.C. I045..      cohorresco, ui, 3, shudder, quiver.
ccelestis=-caelestis, heavenly.       cohors, tis, F., cattle-yard, troop,
Ccelius, i, M., a hill of Rome, E.      cohort (6oo men), body-guard.
of the Aventine.                    cohortalis, e, of a cattle-yard.
ccelum=-caslum, sky.                  cohortatio, 6nis, F., cheering.
coemo, emi, emrpt-, 3, buy, buy up.   cohortor, i, to cheer, exhort, animate.
coemptio, 6nis, F., purchase; mar-   cohum, i, N., yoke-strap.
riage in the form of purchase.      coiens, euntis, [eo,] Aleeting.
coena, Ba, F. (cena), supper (the   coinquino, I, to defile, infect.
chief meal of the Romans).          coitio, onis, F.; -tus, Ui3, M., comccendculum, i, N., dining-room,         ing togyether, unitbi)q.
upper story, attic.                   colaphus, i, M., cuf, blow.
cosno (-ito), I, to dine, sup, eat.   Colchis, idis, F., the dist. E. of the
ccen6sus, a, um, boggy, filthy.         Black Sea; a Colchiann  woman.
ccenum, i, N., filth, mud, mire.      colis=caulis, stalk.
ca-eo, 4, assemble, unite, agree.     collabe-fio, be brought to ruin.
ccepi (~ 38, I), bega;; P., cceptus.   collabor, psus, 3, to fall, sink.
ccepto, I. begin, attempt.            collare, is, N., neck-band, collar.




34                        Collatinus -  comiter.
Collatinus, a, um, of Collatia, a   colnicus, a, un, of colonies, or
Sabine town; M., L. Tarquinius,         husbandry.
the husband of Lucretia.             colonus, M., farnmer, colonist.
collatio, Olnis, F., bringing together,   color (os), 6ris, M., color, condition,
comparison, contribution.               conmplexion, lustre.
colldtivus, a, un, gathering.           coloro, I, to color, dye, tinge, stain.
collator, oris, M., gatherer.           t colossus, i, M., a gigantic statue.
collatus [confero,] brought together.   coluber, bri, M.; -bra, ae, F., snake.
collatus, Us, M., attack, collision.    c6lum, i, N., strainer.
collaudo, I, praise highly, extol.      columba, ae, F., (love, pigeon.
collectio, 5nis (-ta, Oe) F., gather-   columbarius, a, um, of doves; M.,
ing, collecting, sumllary.              keeper of doves; N., pigeon-hole
collectus, [colligo,] gathered.           or house, lmortise; pl. niches for
collega, ae, M., associate, colleague.    burial urns.
collegium, i, N., company, frater-   columbinus, a, um, of doves, dovenity, association, guild.               colored.
collibet, uit, 2, it pleases.           columella, ae, F., a small pillar.
collicie (-liquioe), arum, F.,gutters.   coluimen, i'is, N., column, beam,
collido, si, sum, 3, clash together,      hei(qh/, prop, summit.
clash, contend.                      columis, e, safe, sound.
colligatio, onis, F., binding.          columna, ea, F., pillar, post, pillory.
colligo, I, to fjsten, bind.            columnnlrius, a, um, of a columnn;
colligo, legi, lect-, 3, collect, gather,  M., condemned debtor; N., a tax.
gain, get, consider; (refl.), recover.   colurnus, a, um, [corulus,] of
collino, levi, lit-, 3, besmear.          hazel.
collinus, a, um, of' a hill.            colus, i (is), M., distaff.
collis, is, M., hill, high ground.      t coliitea, orum, N., tamarind.
collocatio, onis, F., establishing.     t colymbas, adis, F., pickled olives.
colloco, I, set, establish, invest, em-   coma, ae, F., hair, mane, foliage.
ploy, give in marriage.               comans, tis, hairy.
colloqiuun, i, N., conjference, dis-   f comarchus, i, M., governor.
course, conversation.                conlmtus, a, urn, lon-haired, leafy.
colloquor, locutus, I, converse.        combibo, bibi, 3, drink, swallow.
collficeo, 2, to shine clear, be bright.   combuiro, ussi, ust-, 3, burn up.
collfido, si, sum, 3, to sport, play,   comedo, edi, es- (est-), 3, to eat
deceive, act falsely.                   up, consunme.
collum, i, N., neck.                    comes, itis, c., conpanion, comrade,
colluo, ui, fit, 3, wash, rinse, wet.     tutor, attendlant, oflicial.
colluisio, 6nis, F., deceit, collusion.   t cometes (-ta), e, M., comet.
collustro, i, illumine, survey.         comicus, a, um, of comedy, comic.
colluvies, ei; -io, onis, F., sink,   cominus, close at hand.
drain, filth, vile medley.           comis, e, gentle, courteous, kind.
tcollybus, i, M., exchange, broker-   comissdbundus, a, um, revelling.
age.                                 comissatio, 5nis, F., a revel.
tcollyra, ae, F., maccaroni.            comissator, 5ris, M., reveller.
c6lo, I, to strain, sift.               comissor, I, to revel, feast.
colo, ui, cult-, 3, till, adorn, worship.   comitas, atis, F., courtesy, friendlicolocasia, ae, F.;-um, i, N., Egyp-      ness, mildness.
tian bean (a marsh lily).            comitatus, a, um, accompanied.
colonia,  e, F., colony, farm, resi-   comitatus, js, M., retinue, escort.
dence, colonial town, colonists.     comiter, kindly, courteously.




comitialis -  como.                       35
comitialis, e, of the elections.     comminus, close by, hand to hand.
comitiatus, us, M., election-assem-   commisceo, scui, xt- (st-), 2, mix
bly.                                 together, mingle.
comitium, i. N., voting-ground; pl.  commiseror, I, bewail, pity.
meeting, I. curiata, of the patri-   commissio, 6nis, F., contest, declacians; 2. tributa, of the ple-       mation, committing.
beians; 3, centuriata, of the   commissum, i, N., offence, trust.
whole body of citizens.           commissura,,, F., joint, seam.
comitor, I, accompany, attend.       commitigo, I, make mellow.
commaculo, I, to stain, pollute.     committo, misi, miss-, 3, set toCommageine, es, F., a town of N.       gether, engaqe, conmnit, resign.
Syria.                            commixtus, [misceo,] mixed.
commeatus, Us, M., passage, fur-   commode, duly, fitly, just now.
lough, train, company, supplies.  commoditas, atis, F,,fitness, advancommemini, remember fully.            tage, synmmetry, kindness.
commemoratio, onis, F., recount-   commodo, I, to adjust, adapt,
ing, mention.                        oblige, help.
commemoro, I, call to mind, tell.    commodo, seasonably, just in time.
commendatio, onis, F., recom-   commodum, i, N., fitness, advanmendation, praise.                   tage,profit, convenience,pay,favor.
commendatus, a, urnm, pleasing.      commodum, opportunely,just now.
commendo I, commit, commend.         commodus, a, um,fit, advantageous,
commensus, [-metior,] measured.        fr'iendiy, serviceable, kind.
commentarius i, M., (urn, N),  commone-facio, 3, warn, advise.
memoir, sketch, journal.          commoneo, ui, it-, 2, remind, imcommentatio, 6nis, F., study,          press upon, advise.
treatise.                         commonstro, I, to show, point out.
commenticius, a, urn, invented,   commoratio, 5niS, F., delay, linpretended, forged.                   gering.
commentor, I, to compose, discourse,   commorior, mortuus, 3, to die tomeditate, sketch, invent.            gether.
commentum, i, N., fiction, inven-   commoror, I, to abide, delay.
tion, plan, device.               commotio, Onis, F., movement, discommentus, a, um, devised, forged.     turbance, conlnnotion.
commeo, I, go to and fro, resort.    commotus,  a,  umrn,  uncertain,
commercium, i, N., trade, inter-       roused, disturbed.
course, right of traffic.          comrroveo, mbvi, mot-, 2, disturb,
commercor, I, to traffic, purchase.    remove, agitate, push back.
commereo, ui, it-, 2, deserve, be   communicatio, onis, F., imparting.
guilty of.                        communico, i, impart, share, join.
commeto, I, go frequently.           commulnio, 6nis, F., partnership.
commigro, I, remove, enter.          commrnnio, 4, fortify, intrench.
commilitium, i, N., comradeship.     communis, e, coimmon, courteous.
commlito, Onis, M., fellow-soldier.   communitas, as, F., fellowship.
cornrmmintio,;ris, F., threatening.   commUniter, in common.
commingo, nxi, ct-, 3, to defile.    commuitabilis, e, changeful.
comminiscor, mentus, 3, invent,  commnittio,  onis, F., change,
feign, contrive.                     interchange.
comminor, I, threaten greatly.       commuto, I, to exchange, alter.
comminuo, *ui, ut-, 3, break in   como, mpsi, mpt-, 3, comb, braid,
pieces, weaken, lessen, impair.      dress the hair.




36                        comoedia - concede.
t comcedia, a, F., comedy.            compleo, evi, et-, 2,fill up, furnish,
tcomaedus (-icus), a, um, comic,        finish, complete.
of comedy; M., comedian.           complex, icis, leagued, agreeing.
compaciscor, pact- (pect-), 3, to   complexio, onis, F., connection.
to make a bargain, or compact.     complexus, us, M., embrace.
compactus, [compingo,] firm set;   complico (ui, it-), I, to fold up.
N., a bargain.                     complodo, si, sum, 3, to clap.
compages, is; - go, inis, F., joining,   comploratio, onis, F., lamentation.
building, structure, embrace.      comploro, I, to lament loudly.
compar, aris, equal, like; M., com-   compluo, it-, 3, flow together.
rade, consort, mate.               complures, ia, several, very many.
comparatio, onis, F., comparing,   compliries, very often.
agreement, providing, getting ready.   compluvium, i, F., open court-yard
comparco, si, 3, to save, store up.     (for the flow of rain).
compireo, ui, 2, to appear, agree,   compono, posui, posit-, 3, put tohappen, exist, be present.            gether, arrange, match, compare.
comparo, I, to get,procure, compare,   comporto, I, bring, collect.
bring together, come to agreement.   compos, 6tis, partaking, sharing.
compasco, past-, 3, feed, pasture.   composite, orderly.
compassio, onis, F., [patior,] sym-   compositio, onis, F., adjustin7,
pathy, fellow-feeling.                composing, arrangement, compact.
compectus, [paciscor,] agreed.        compositus, [pono,] well-ordered.
compedio, 4, to shackle, fJtter.      compotio, 4, make or be partaker.
compellatio, onis, F., an accost-   comprecor, I, to worship, pray.
ing, rebuke.                       comprehendo, di, sum, 3, seize,
compello, I, to accost, rebuke, chide.  grasp, perceive, recount, contain.
compello, puli, puls-, 3, constrain,   comprehensibilis, e, perceptible.
force, drive, collect.              comprehensio, 5Ois, F., seizing.
compendium, i, N., saving, gain,   compresse, briefly, urgently.
sparing, shortening, abridgement.    compressio, 0nis, F.; -sUS, US, M.,
compenLsatio, Onis, F., balancing,      pressure, eimbrace.
exchange, barter.                  comprimo, pressi, press-, 3, press,
compenso, I, to recompense, bal-        res!rain, curb, bind, withhold.
aace, compensate, spare.           comprobo, I, to approve, confirm.
comperio (ior), peri, pert-, 4, to   comptas, [como,] trimmed.
find out, learn, ascertain.         comptus, i3, M., band, head-dress.
comp3s, pedis, F., afetter, shackle.   compulsus, [compello,] forced.
compesco, ui, 3, to check, restrain.   coinpunl o, nxi, nct-, 3, sting, goad.
competitor, oris, M., rival.          compai';dio, onis, F., reckoning.
compato, lvi (ii), it-, 3, seek, strive,   computo, I, reckon, compute.
nmeet, agree, fit, correspond.     [con-, togre'her (or intensive).
co;npilo, I, to rob, pillage, plunder.   coinamen, inis, N., effort, s:ruggle.
compingo, pegi, pact-, 3, tofasten,   c6a1ntum, i, N.; -tus, us, M., atcrowd, confine, conlceal.            tem:p, effort, impulse.
c:mpitalis, e, of the cross-ways.     [conb-=comb-.
conUpitum, i, N., cross-ways.         concaedis, is, F., barricade.
complaceo, ui, it- 2, please greatly.   concalezco, calui, 3, to glow.
complY.no, I, make level.             conca0VO, I, to hollotv out.
complector, xus, 3, embrace, comn-   CO11navus, a, urn, holloto, arched.
pre'lend, care fbr, lay holl of.    concelo, cessi, C333-, 3, go, withcomplementum, i N.,' a fillin-up.       da vo, submit, allo:ov, consent.




concelebro -  condenso.                         37
concelebro, I, to resort, celebrate.    concitatio, onis, F., excitement.
concentio, onis, F.; -tus, us, M.,   concitator, onis, F., exciter.
[cano,] concert, harmony.            concitatus, a, um, roused, swift,
conceptio, onis, F.; -tus, is, M.,        vehement, violently moved.
gathering, conceiving.               concito, I, stir up, rouse, excite.
concerpo, pt- 3, tear to pieces.        concitus, [cieo,] incited, stirred.
concerto, I, contend, dispute.          conclmatio, onis, F., a shout.
concessio, onis, F.; -sus, US, M.,   conclamatus, a, um, celebrated.
yielding, grant.                     conclamo, I, cry out, shout, call to
concesso, I, leave off, desist.           arms, call together, exclaim.
concessus, [cedo,] granted.             conclave, is, N., inner room, stall.
tconcha, as, F., shell-fish, pearl.     conclido, si, sum, [claudo,] 3,
t conchis, is, F., string-bean.           to shut up, close, confine, include.
t conchylium, i, N., oyster, purple   concliisio, onis, F., siege, blockade,
shell-fish, purllle dye.                conclusion, end.
concido, cidi, [cado,] 3, fall in   concolor, &ris, of one color.
pieces, perish, go to ruin, die.      concomito, I, accompany.
concido, cidi, cis-, [caedo,] 3, cut   concoquo, coxi, coct-, 3, to cook,
to pieces, destroy.                     ripen, digest, waste away.
concieo, Ivi, it-, 2, bring together,   concordia, as, F., harmony.
collect, rouse, stir, excite.        concorditer, harmoniously.
conciliabulum, i, N., place  of   concordo, I, to agree, harmonize.
meeting.                             concors, dis, harmonious.
conciliatio, onis, F., reconciling,   concredo, didi, dit-, 3, entrust.
inclination.                         concrepo, ui, it, I., creakl, clash.
conciliator, onis, M., provider.        con-cresco, 3, growtogether, harden.
conciliatus, a, um, friendly, dear,   concretus, a, um, hard, siff.
favorable, well inclined.             concretus, uis, M., hardening.
concilio, I, to reconcile, unite, win,   concubina, a, F., concubine.
provide, procure, prepare.            concubitus, Us, M., pairing, mating.
concilium, i, N., council, assembly,   concubius, a, urn, of sleep; N.,
agreement, connection.                  dead of night.
concinnatio, onis, F., preparing.       concubo, bui, bit-, 3, lie together.
concinne, elegantly, fitly.             conculco, I, to trample down.
concinnitas, atis, F., elegance, fit-   concupisco, lvi (ii), it-, 3, to desire,
ness.                                   long for, strive after.
concinno, I, to trim, fit, prepare.   concurro, curri, curs-, 3, meet,
concinnus, a, um, neat, elegant,fit..flock together, contend, befall.
concino, ui, [cano,] 3, to accord   concursatio, onis, F., moving to(in music), agree, harmonize.           gether, concurrence, restlessness.
concio  (tio), ouis, F., meeting,   concurso, I, to rush about or tospeech, place of speaking.              gether, ramble, frequent.
concibnator, oris, N., demagogue.    concursus, us, M., running together,
concionor, I, to assemble, harangue.      crowd, onset.
concipilo, I, seize, catch.             concutio, [quatio,] cussi, cuss-, 3,
concipio, cepi, cept-, 3, take up         shake, shatter, terrifq, rouse.
or hold of, perceive, conceive.      t condalium, i, N., ring (for slaves).
concise, briefly.                       condecet, uit, 2, it befits.
concisus, [concido,] broken short,   condemno, [damno,] I, to sentence,
cut, trimmed.                           condemn, disapprove.
concitatg, quickly, impetuously.        condenso, I, crowd together.




38                      condensus -  congeries.
condensus, a, urn, close, dense.       confictus, [fingo,] counterfeit.
condepso, ui, 3, k-nead together.      confidens, tis, bold, confident.
condico, xi, ct-, 3, appoint, declare,   confidentia, e, F.,conJfdence.
agree, engqage, p)roclain.           confido, sus, 3, to trust, rely.
condignus, a, um, quite worthy.        configo, xi, x-, 3,join,fasten,pierce.
condimentum, i, N., spice.             confingo, filxi, fict-, 3,form,feign.
condio, 4, to season, embalm, adorn.   confinis, e, adjacent, bordering; N.,
con-disco, 3, learn carefully.            neighborhood.
conditio, Onis, F., condition, rank,   confinium, i, N., neiglhborhood.
termn (of agreement), match.         con-fio, fect-, be brought to pass.
conditio, Onis, F., spicing, preserv-   confirmatio, onis, F., confirming,
ing, seasoning.                         consoling, strengthening.
conditivus, a, um, for preserving;   confirmitas, atis, F., obstinacy.
N., vault, tomb.                     confirmo, I, establish, strengthen.
conditor, oris, M., builder, founder.   confisco, I, seize as fo7feit.
conditorium, i, N., place of deposit.   confisus, a, um, confident.
condo, didi, dit-, 3, lay up, com-   confiteor, fessus, [fateor,] confess,
pose, establish, build, bury, hide.     admit, declare, make known.
condoceo, ui, ct-, 2, teach, train.    confixus, [figo,] pierced.
condolesco, lui, 3, suffer severely.   confligro, I, burn up.
condbnlatio, Onis, F., giving-away.   conflictio, 5nis, F., -tus, US, M.,
condono, I, to grant, surrender,          collision, coJflict.
~ pardon, remit, present.              conflicto, I, strike, dash, ruin.
condormisco, mnui, 3, fall asleep.    confligo, xi, ct-, 3, to bring together,
condulcibilis, e, profitable.             struggle, contend, compare.
condiico, xi, ct-, 3, lead, hire,   conflo, I, kindle, inflame, melt.
gather, join, serve.                 confluens, tis, M., confluence.
conducticius a, um, hired.             confluo, xi, 3, flow together, throng.
conductio, onis, F., hiring.           confodio, f6di, foss-, 3, clig, stab.
conductor, oris, M., tenant, farmer,   conformo, I, to shape, adapt.
contractor.                          conforto, I, [fortis,] strengthen.
condus, i, M., steward.                confossus, [fodio,] stabbed.
tcondylus, i, M., knuckle, joint.      confragosus, a, um, broken, rough.
confabulor, I., converse, discuss.     confremo, ui, 3, murmur, resound.
confarreatio, hnis, F., solemn mar-   confrico, I, to rub, touch.
riage (with bride-cake, far).        confringo, fregi, fract-, 3, break in
confectio, onis, F., making-up.           pieces, destroy, squanider.
confector, 6ris, M., finisher.         confugio, fugi, 3, flee for refuge.
confectus, a, um, finished.            confundo, fudi, Mfs-, 3, mix, conconfercio, fert-, 4, to stuff, cram.     fuse, pour out, diffuse, empty.
confero, ferre, tuli, collat-, bring   conffise (-sim), confusedly.
together, collect, compare, betake.   confilsio, 5nis, F., mingling, confuconferte, -tim, compactly.                sion.
confertus, a, urn, close, crammed.     confiusus, a, um, disordered, conconfervesco, bui, 3., grow hot, heal.    fused, perplexed.
confessio, onis, F., confession.       conffito, I, to check, confute.
confestim, at once, forthwith.         congelo, I, to freeze, stiffen.
confibula, ze, F., clamp.              congemino, I, to redouble.
conficiens, tis, effective.            congemo, ui, 3, to sigh, lament.
conficio, feci-, fect, 3, to Jinish, de-   t conger (-grus), i, M., sea-eel.
spatch, produce, effect, make out.    congeries, ei, F., heap, mass.




congero -  consequens.                          39
congero, gessi, gest-, 3, heap to-   conor, I, to endeavor, try.
gether, put upon, impute.             conquasso, I, to shake, shatter.
congero, onis, M., thief.               conqueror, quest-, 3, complain.
congerro, onis, M., play-fellow.        conquestus, us, M., complaint.
congestio, onis, F., -tus, US, M.,   conquiesco, evi, at-, 3, to  rest,
heaping- up, accutzulation.             repose, be unconcerned.
congiarius, a, urn, oj' a  gallon   conquiro, sivi, sit-, 3, inquire, seek.
measure; N., largess.                 conquisitio, 5nis, F., collecting, levy.
congius, i, M., about a gallon.         conquisitor, oris, M., recruitingconglobo, I, to heap together.            olficer, spy, listener.
congliitino, I, to join firmly, cement.   conquisitus, a, urn, choice, costly.
congraeco, I, to lavish, squander.      consalfito, I, to greet, salute.
congredior, [gradior,] gress-, 3, to   consdnesco, sanui, 3, to get well.
meet, encounter, contend.             consanguineus, a, um, kindred.
congregatio, onis, F., union, society.   consanguinitas, atis, F., kindred.
congrego, [grex,] I, to gather in    consceleratus, a, urn, depraved.
troops or flocks.                    conscelero, I, to dishonzor.
congressus, us, M.; -sio, onis, F.,   conscendo, di, sum, 3, [scando,3
gathering, meeting, encounter.          cliimb, mount, embark.
congrex, egis, of the samzeflock.       conscientia, ae, F., [scio,] concongruens, tis, suited, accordant.        sciousness, conscience.
congruo, ui, 3, agree, fit, coincide.    conscindo, idi, iss-, 3, cut to pieces.
congruus, a, un, fit, harmonious.       consCio, 4, be conscious (of wrong).
conifer (-ger), era, urn, cone-bearing.   conscisco, scivi, scft-, 3, to vote,
conjectus, U3, M.; -tio, onis, F.,        approve, agree, adjudge.
casting, hurling; a heap, pile.       conscius, a, um, conscious, knowcOniveo, nivi, 2, to close the eyes.       ing; M., F.. accomplice, accessory.
conjecto, I, throw together, injfer.    conscribo, psi, pt-, 3, to register,
conjectira, a, F., conclusion, guess.     enro!, compose, appoint.
conjicio, jeci, ject-, 3, to cast, hurl,   conscriptus,  a, um,  registered,
drive, prophesy, interpret.             summz oned; M., pl., senators.
conjugdlis, e, of marriage.             conseco, ui, ct-, I, cut to pieces.
conjugium, i, N., marriage, consort.   consecratio, Onis, F., dedication.
conjuncte, -tim, jointly, intimately.   consecro, I, devote, deify, consecrate.
conjunctio, 5nis, F., joinling, con-   consector, I, to hunt, chase, pursue.
nection, agreement, sympathy.         consectus, [seco,] cut to pieces.
conjungo, xi, ct-, 3, to join, couple.   consecuitio, Ouis, F., consequence,
conjunx=conjux, spouse.                   connection, sequel.
conjuiratio, onis, F., conspiracy.      consecUtus, a, umrn, having got.
conjfiratus, M., conspirator.           consenesco, ui, 3, grow oldl, decay.
conjuro, I, sw.ear together, conspire.   consensio, Onis, F.; -sus, US, M.,
conjux (nx), ugis, c., husband or         conlsent, plot.
wife, betro'hed.   [con-=conn-.   consentaneus, a, um, agreeable,fit.
[conll-=coll-; conm-=comm-.             consentes dii, the I2 chief gods,
connecto, xui, xum, 3, clasp, join.       (counsellors).
connitor, nix (nis-), 3, strive, yearn.   consentiens, tis, accordant.
connuveo-=cuniveo, close the eyes.   consentio, sensi, sens-, 4, to agree,
conniibialis, e, of wedlock.              consent, resolve, conspire.
connubium, i, N., wedlock, right of   consepio, sept-, 4, to fence in.
intermarriage.                       conseptum, i, N., enclosure.
t conopeum, i, N., fly-net.             consequens, tis, consistent, fit.




40                       consequenter -  consul.
consequenter, suitably.                 conspicio, spexi, spect-, 3; -spiconsequor, cUtus, 3, follow  close,       cor, I, to vietw, behold, descry.
come up with, obtain.                conspicuus, a, um, easy to see,
consero, sevi, sit, 3, to sow, plant,     visible, distinguished.
strew, fill.                         conspiretio, onis, F., agreement,
consero, ui, sert-, 3, entwinle, join;    harmony, plot, conspiracy.
bring together (as for battle).      conspiratus, a, um, having conconsertus, [sero,] joined, inter-         spired; m. pl., conspirators.
woven, matched.                      conspiro, I, combine, accord, plot,
conservatio, onis, F., preservation.      conspire; coil or crowd.
conservator, Onis, M., defender.        conspuo, fit-, 3; -to, I, t6ospit upon.
conservo, I, to keep, preserve.         constans, tis, Jirm, constant, conconservus, i, M.; conserva, a, F.,        sistent, steadfast, certain.
fellow-servant.                       constantia, ae, F.,firmnness, harmony.
consessor, 6ris, M., a by-sitter.       constanter, steadily, with one voice.
consessus, is, M., session, assemzbl'y.   consternatio, onis, F., dismay.
consideranter, deliberately.            consterno, I, overthrow, terrify.
consideratus, a, urn, circumspect,   consterno, stravi, strat-, 3, strew,
cautious, considerate.                 pave, overthrow.
considero, I, consider, ponder.         constipo, I, to crowd close upon.
consido, sedi, sess-, 3, sit down,   constituo, ui, fit-, 3, to establish,
sink, subside, settle, encamzp.         determine, set in order.
consigno, I, to seal, sign, attest.     constituitio, onis, F., regulation.
consilesco,'ii, 3, keep still.         constitiltus, a, um,  established;
consilirius, a, umrn, of counsel; M.,    N., institution, compact.
counsellor, adviser.                 consto, stiti, stat-, stand firm, conconsiliator, oris, M., adviser.           sist, endclure, agree; constat, it is
consilior, I, give or take counsel.       evident, well-knotn, resolved.
consilitlm, i, N., advice, counsel,   constratus, [sterno,] strewn, subpurpose, prudence, council.             duedl; N., ship's deck.
consimilis, e, quite like.              constrictus, a, um, compressed,
consisto, stit, stit-, 3, to standfast,   brief, trimmed, compact.
stay, stop, continue, agree, cease.    constringo, inxi, ict-, 3, hold close,
consitus, [sero,] planted.                bind, constrain.
consobrinus, a, urn, cousin, kin.       constructio,  5nis,  F., joining,
consocio, I, associate, join, connect.    framing, building, conznection.
consolabilis, e, consolable.            construo, xi, ct-, 3, build together,
cons6latio, onis, F., comfort.            pile, construct.
consolor, I, to console, comfort.       constupro, I, debauch, violate.
consonans, tis, harmonious, fit.        consuadeo, 2, advise strongly.
consono, ui, I, to resound, accord.   consuido, I, sweat abundantly.
consonus, a, um, harmonious.            consuefacio, feci, fact-, 3, to acconsopio, it-, 4, put to sleep.           cus/om, habituate.
consors, tis, c., fellow in fortune,   consuesco, evi, et-, 3, to inure, get
partner, comrade.                       wonted, become accustomed.
consortio, 5nis, F., partnership.       consuetuido, inis, F., custom. habit,
consortium, i, N., fellowship.            use, intercdourse, companionship.
conspectus, [-spicio,] conspicuous.   consuetus, a, um, accustomed.
conspectu3, us, M., sight, glance,   consul, ulis, M., Consul, the chief
view, presence, survey.                 executive officer of Rome, of
conspergo, si, sur, 3, besprinkle.        whom two were chosen yearly.




consularis -  contrario.                         41
consularis, e, of the consul; M.,  contentio, 5nis, F., strife, dispute,
of consular rank, ex-consul.           contest, comparison, contrast.
consulatus, Us, M., consulship.        contentus, [tendo,] strained, inconsulo, ui, sult-, 3, consider, re-      tednt; [teneo,] content, satisfied.
flect; (w. acc.) consult; (w. dat.)   conterminus,  a, um, bounding,
favor, consult, or have regard fr.     neighboring; N., neighborhood.
consultatio, onis, F., consultation.   contero, trivi, trit, 3, bruise or
consulte, -t6, on purpose.               wear awcay, waste. destroy.
consulto, I, reflect, take counsel.    conterreo, ui, it-, 2, aifright, terrify.consultor,  oris,  M., counsellor,   contestatus, a, um, tried, proved.
adviser, consulter.                  contestor, I, call to witness, bring
consultum, i, N., a decree, resolve.     anl action.
consultus, a, um, well-weighed.        contexo, ui, turn, 3, weave together.
consultus, us, M., decree, prudence.   contextus, us, M., connection.
con-sum, futurum, fore, happen.    conticesco, ticui, 3, become silent.
consummatio, onis, F., summing-   conticinium, i, N., still of evening.
up, completion, summary.             contignatio, onis, F., timber-floor.
consummo, I, to sum up, complete.   contigno, I, join with beams.
consumo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, to spend,   contiguus, a, um, adjoining, within
destroy, bestow, consume.              reach, neighboring.
consuo, sut-, 3, sew up or together.   continens, tis, close, connected,
con-surgo, 3, rise up, revolt.           restrained; N., continent.
Consus, i, the god of Counsel.         continenter, uninterruptedly.
contabesco, ui, 3, waste away.         continentia, e, F., self-restraint.
contabulatio, Onis, F., flooring.      contineo, ui, tent-, 2, [teneo,] hold
contabulo, I, to cover with plank.       close, restrain, contain.
contactus, [-tingo,] touched.          contingo, tigi, tact-, 3, [tango,] to
contactus, us, M., touch, infection.     touch, reach, take hold, partake.
contages, is; -io, onis, F.; -ium, i,  contingo (-guo), 3, to wet, sprinkle.
N., infection, contact.             continuatio, Onis, F., succession.
contaminatus, a, um, defiled.          continuo, I, to join, connect, concontamino, I, to blend, corrupt.          tinue, border on.
contatio=cunctatio, delay.             continuo, immediately, consequently.
contechnor, I, play tricks.            continuus, a, um, constant, close,
contego, xi, ct-, 3, cover - up, pre-    successive, continuous.
serve, hide.                         contollo=confero, 3, betake.
contemno, psi, pt-, 3, scorn, despise.   contorqueo, torsi, tort-, twist, hurl.
contemplatio,  lnis, F., survey,   contortus, a, urn, twisted.
ain, consideration.                 contra, against, opposite, on  the
contemplator, 6nis, M., observer.        other hand.
contemplor, I, behold, meditate.       contractio, onis, F. shortening.
contemptim, scornJully.                contractus, [traho,] drawn together,
contemptio, onis, F.; -tus, us, M.,     closed, compressed, retired.
contem7pt, scorn, disregard.        contractus, ufs, M., bargain, concontemptor, oris, M., scorner, in-       tract, shrinking, contraction.
sulter, despiser.                   contradico, 3, gainsay, oppose.
contemptus, [temno,]  despised,   contradictio, onis, F., opposition.
co0ntemptible, vile, abject.        contraho, xi, ct-, gather, contract,
contendo, di, turn, to 3, contend,       produce, conclude, restrain, lessen.
strive, march, urge, compare.        contra-pono, 3, put opposite.
contents, earnestly.                   contrario, on the contrary.




42                        contrarius -  copa.
contrarius, a, um, opposite, hostile.   convena, se, c., one of a company.
contrecto, I, touch, search, handle.   conveniens, tis, harmonious, suited.
contremisco, tremui, 3, to tremble   convenienter, fJitly, consistently.
greatly.                              convenientia, s, F., meeting, acco'ltribuo, bui, but-, 3, to grant,        cord, conformity, fitness.
assiql, contribute.                   convenio, veni, venit-, 4, meet,
contristo, I, grieve, sadden, darken.      agree, visit; impers. it is.fit.
contritio, onis, F., grief.             conventicius, a, um, mzeeting.
contritus, [tero,] worn, bruised.       conventio, onis, F., a meeting, co0ncontrOversia, as, F., dispute, debate.    pact, agreement, indictment.
controversus, a, um, set opposite,   conventum, i, N., agreement.
- disputed, quarrelsome.              conventus, us, M., meeting, conmcontrucido, I, to kill, butcher.          pany, assembly, court, compact.
contrudo, si, sum, 3, to crowd in,   converro, ri, sum, 3, to sweep, beat.
thrust together.                      conversdtio, onis, F., use, intercontrunco, I, mangle, cut to pieces.       course, conversation, abode.
contubernalis, is, c., of one mess;   conversio, onis, F., change, revoluM., tent-comtpanion, comrade.           tion, subversion.
contubernium, i, N., mess, com-   converso, I, to turn violently, abide.
pany, a commzion tent, abode.         converto, ti, sum, 3, to turn. change,
contueor, uitus, 2, gaze upon, con-        transform, alter, transfer.
sider, care for.                      convexo, I, press violently.
contumacia, as, F., stubbornness.       convexus, a, urnm, curved, arched;
contumax, acis, stubborn, unyield-         N., arch, vault, concavity.
ing, insolent.                       convicidt&r, 5ris, M., reviler.
contullllia, as, F., taunt, reproach,   convicior, I, to revile, reproach.
assault, disgrace, insult.            convicium, i, N., loud cry, reviling,
contumeliosus, a. urn, reproach-           wrangling, insult, importunity.
ful, insolent, ignominiious.          convictio, ouis, F., intercourse.
contundo, tudi, tis-, 3, beat, bruise,   convictor, oris, M., [vivo,] mnesscrush, grind, subdue, demolish.         7smate, familiar friend.
conturbatio, 5lis, F., Confusion.       convictus, [vinco,] proved.
conturbo, I, to disturb, confuse,   convictus, Us, M., living together.
embarrass, distract.                 convincO, v, vict-, 3, to conconturrnmlis, e, of one squadron.         vict, convince, prevail, conquer.
contus, i, M., pole, long staff.        conviso, 3, consider, examine.
contll3io, 5nis, F., bruising.          conviva, as, c., guest, coimpanion.
coniubium=connuibium, wedlock.   convivium, i, N., banquet.
t conus, i N., cone, crest, tip.        convivo, xi, 3, to live or feast with.
convddor, I, to cite, summon.           convivor,' I, to feast, revel.
convalesco, valui, 3, get strengqth.    convoco, I, assemble, call together.
Convallis, is, F., an enclosed valley.   convolo, I,fly together.
conv so, I, to pack baggagce.           convolvo, vi, volut-, 3, wrap toconvectio, Onis, F., bringing to-         gether, roll round, heap.
gether.                               convolvulus, i, M., caterlillar.
convecto, I; -veho, xi, ct, 3, con-   convulnero, I, tO wound severely.
vey, bring togethlre, fetch in.      convulsus, [vello,] wrenched.
convector, oris, M., fellow-passen-   cooperio, ui, ert-, 4, to cover lup.
ger, gatherer (of grain &c.).         cobpto, I, choose, admit, elect.
convello, velli, vuls-, 3, to wrench,   coirior, ortus, 4, arise, appear.
tear away, pluck up, rend.           copa, se, F., tavern-dancer.




cophinus -  Corybantius.                        43
t cophinus, i, M., basket.            cornix, icis, F., crow, rook.
copia, se, F., abundance, wealth,   cornu, us (u), N., horn, point, tip
multitude; pl. supplies, troops.      (as of spar), bow, conte (of helmet),
copios6, abundantly.                    hoof, wing (of an army).
copiosus, a, urn, plentiful, copious.   cornus, i, F.; -um, i, N., cornel.
t copis, idis, F., cutlass.           corniltus, a, urn, hornted.
copis, is, c., rich, abounding.       corolla, ae, F., garlald.
c6po=caupo, imn-keeper.               corollariurn, i, N., wreath, gift.
t coprea (as), ae, M., a dirty jester.   corona, ae, F., crown, wreath, throng.
tcopta, Be, F., cake, biscuit.        coroneola, A, F., 2musk-rose.
copula, ae, F., cord, band, leash.    Coronis, idis, F., d. of Phlegyas,
c6pulatio,  1Ais, F., binding.          mother of /Esculapius.
c6pulo, I, to couple, join, cement.    corono, I, to crown, wreathe.
coqua, Ae, F., a cook.                corporeus, a, um, bodily,fleshly.
coquina, A, F., kitchen, cookery.     corporo, I, to embody.
coquino, i,, to cook.                corpulentus, a, um, of gross body.
coquo, xi, ct-, 3, to cook, burn, vex.   corpus, oris, N.) body, flesh, person.
coquus, i, M., a cook.                corrado, si, sum, 3, scrape together.
c6r, cordis, N., heart, mind.         correctio, 5nis, F. straightening.
t cora, se, F., pupil of the eye.     corrector, &ris, M., improver.
tcoralium, i, N., red coral.          correpo, psi, 3, to creep, sneak.
coram, openly; in presence of.        correptio, 6nis, F., seizing.
t corax, acis, M., raven, crow.       corrigia, se, F., shoe-string.
corbis, is, D., basket.               corrigo, rexi, rect- [rego,] 3, to
corbita, Ae, F., ship of burden.        set right, straighten, correct.
corbula, ee, F., little basket.       corripio, ui, rept-, [rapio,] 3, seize,
corculum, i, N., sweetheart.            snatch, plunde,    reproach, attack.
Corcyrcaus, a, um, of the I. Cor-   corrivo, I, to draw together.
cyra (Corfu), near Epirus.         corroboro, I, [robur,] strengthen.
cordatus, a, um, wise, prudent.       corrodo, si, sum, 3, to gnaw.
t cordax, acis, M., a wanton dance.   corrogo, I, get together by asking.
cordolium, i, N., heart-sorrow.       corrotundo, 3, to round off.
Cordubensis, e, of Corduba (Cor-   corruda, ae, F., wild asparagus.
dova), in S. Spain.                 corruigo, I, to wrinkle.
cordus=chordus, late-born.            corrumpo, rupi, rupt-, 3, to corCorfinium, i, N., a fortified town      rupt, pollute, bribe, destroy, spoil.
of Central Italy.                   corruo, ui, 3, fall to pieces, gather.
coriarius, a, um, of leather; M., a   corruptela, se, F., corruption, bribe.
tanner, currier.                   corruptor,  6ris,  M.  [rumpo,]
Corinthius, a, um, Corinthian, lux-     spoiler, corrupter.
urious; aes, a costly bronze.      Corsus, a, um, of the I. Corsica,
Corinthus, i, F., Corinth, on the       W. of Italy.
Isthmus of Greece, taken by   cortex, icis, D., shell, hull, bark.
Mummius, B.C. I46.                 cortina, Me, F., kettle, vat, tripod.
corium, i, N., hide, husk, thong.     corulus=corylus, hazel.
corneolus, a, um, horn-like.          carus=caurus, N. W. wind.
corneus, a, um, of horn, or cornel.   corusco, I, shake, gleam, brandish.
cornicen, inis, M., horn-blower.      coruscus, a, um, glittering, waving.
Cornicor, I, chatter (as rooks).      corvus, i, M., raven, crow, grapple.
corniger, era, urn, horned.           Corybantius, a, urn, of the priests
cornipes, edis, hoofed (horse).         of Cybele (Corybantes).




44                         Corycius -  crocio.
C6rycius, a, um, of Corycos, a   credulus, a, um, easy of belief.
coast town and cave in Cilicia.    crematio, 5nis, F., burning.
tcorydalus, i, M., crested lark.        Cremera, ae, F., a stream  of Etrut corylus, i, M., hazel.                  ria where the Fabii perished.
tcorymbus, i, M., cluster.              cremina, orum, N., brushwood.
tcorytos, i, M., quiver, arrow.         cremo, I, to burn, consume.
cos, cotis, F., flint, whetstone.       Cremorna, se, F., a town on the Po.
tcosmeta, ee, M., adorner.              cremor, oris, M., broth, porridge.
costa, We, F., rib, side, wall.         creo, I, create, beget, elect, produce.
tcostum, i, N., an aromatic plant.   creper, era, um, doubtful, dark.
tcothurnus, i, M., hunting-boot,   crepida, ae, F., shoe-sole or last.
buskin, lofty or tragic style.       crepido, inis, F., brink, base.
t cottabus, i, M., clap, stroke.        t crepis, idis, F., slipper.
cottana, ae, F., a small fig.           crepito, I, crackle, rumble, tinkle.
coturnix, iciS, F., quail.              crepitus, us, M., clashing, crashing.
tcotyla, ae, F., about a pint.          crepo, ui, it-, I, to clatter, resound.
Cous, a, um, of Cos, a small I.   crepundia, N., pl. playthings, rattle.
in the /Egean.                       crepusci, 6rum, M. pl., of twilight.
covinus, i, M., war-chariot.            crepusculum, i, N., twilight, dusk.
coxa, ee (-endix, icis), F., hip, bend.   Cres, -6tis, M.; Cressa, ae, F., Cretan.
crabro,  nhis, F., hornet.              cresco, crevi, cret-, 3, grow, apt crambE, es, F., cabbage.                pear, increase, multiply.' cranium, i, N., skull.                creta, M, F., chalk.
crdpula, ae, F., drunkenness.           Creta, ae, (-ti, es), F., Candia, a
cras, to-morrow.                          large island S. of the AEgean.
crassamen, inis (-turn, i), N., dregs.   CrEtaeus (-ticus), a, um; -tensis,
crassd, rudely, dimly.                    e, Cretan; taurus, the Mlinotaur.
crassitUdo, inis, F., thickness.        crEtatus, a, um, chalked.
crasso, I, to thicken.                  critio, onis, F., estate, inheritance.
crassus, a, um, thick, gross, clumsy.   cretura, A, F., bran.
Crassus, M. Licinius, the triumvir,   cretus, [cresco,] descended, [cerd. in the Parthian War, B.c. 53.        no,] sifted, decided.
crastinus, a, um, of to-morrow.         Creusa, ae, Trojan wife of ]Eneas.
tcrater, Eris, Era, Eras, M.; -Era, ae,   cribrum, i, N., sieve, strainer.
F., bowl, pail, basin.               crimen, inis, N., judgment, criminal
crates (is), is, F., basket-work, har-    charge, reproach, fault, crime.
row, hurdle; pl.,fascines, gabions.   criminatio, 5nis, F., accusation.
creatio, 6nis, F., creating.            criminor, I, to charge, accuse.
creator, 5ris, M., creator, founder.   criminosus, a, um, accusatory.
creatrix, tricis, F., mother.           crinalis, e, of the hair.
creatura, ae, F., creature.             crinis, is, M., hair, comet's tail.
crEber, bra, um, thick, close, abound-   crinitus, a, um, hairy.
ing, fi-equent, numerous.            t crisis, is, F., decision, crisis.
crebresco, 3, thicken, increase.        crispo, I, to curl, roughen, brandish.
crebr6, frequently, close together.     crispus, a, um, crisp, curled, wrincredibilis, e, credible, likely.          kled, waving, quivering.
creditor, 6ris, M., one who trusts.     crista, Me, F., crest, comb, plume.
creditum, i, N., loan, credit.          cristatus, a, um, crested.
credo, didi, dit-, 3, lend, intrust,   t criticus, a, um, critical; M., critic.
conxfide, believe.                   croceus (-inus), a, um, of saffron.
credulitas, atis, F., credulity.        crocio, 4, to croak (as a raven).




crocodilus   cunctanter.                          45
tcrocodlRus, i, M., crocodile.          cucullus, um, hood, cap, wrapper.
tcrocota, a, F., saffron robe.          cucUlus, i, M., cuckoo.
tcrocus, i, M.; -um, N., saffron.      cucuma, oA, F., kettle, bath-tub.
Crcesus, i k. of Lydia, conquered    cucumis, eris, (im, i,) M., cucumber.
by Cyrus, B.C. 546.                   cucurbita, ae, F., gourd, cup.
crotalia, 5rum, N. ear-rings.           cucurio, 4, to crow.
crotalum, i, N., rattle, bell, castanet.   cido, di, sum, 3, to hammer, coin.
Croto, 5nis, c., Crotona, a Greek    cado, 5nis, M., a leather skull-cap.
town of S. Italy.                     cujas, atis, whose? whence?
cruciatus, us: M.; -mentum, i, N.,   cujus, a, urnm, whose (gen. of quis).
torture, torment, misery, ruin.       cujusmodi, of what sort.
crucifer, feri, M., the cross-bearer.    culcita, A, F., mattress, bed, cushion.
crucio, I, to torment, afflict, crucify.   cfileus, i, M., bag, a liquid measure.
craidelis, e, cruel, harsh, fierce.     culex, icis, F., gnat, mosquito.
criidelitas, atis, F., cruelty.         culigna, ae, F., bowl.
crUdesco, dui, 3, grow raw, hard,   culina, se, F., kitchen.
violent, bad.                         culmen, inis, N., top, ridge.
crUditas, ntis, F., indigestion.        culmus, i, M., stalk, straw, stem.
crildus, a, um, raw, bloody, harsh.    culpa, ae, F., fault, crime, mischief.
cruento, I, to stain, make bloody.      culpatus, a, um, blamable, guilty.
cruentus, a, um, bloody, fierce.        culpo, I, to blame, condemn.
crurmena, A, F.,purse, 2noney-pouch.   cultellus, i, M., little knife.
cruor, 6ris, M., spilt blood, gore.     culter, tri, M., knife, cutter.
cruralis, e, of the leg.                cultor, 6ris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,
criirifragius, a, um, broken-legged.       tiller, dweller, worshipper, helper.
crus, cruris, N., leg (below  the    cultaira, A, F., tillage.
knee), shimn.                         cultus, [colo,] tilled, adorned.
crusta, ae, F., ice, crust, stucco.     cultus,'i-s, M., care, culture, ornacrusto, I, to plaster, encrust.            ment, luxury, splendor, dress.
crustulum, i, N., confectionery.        culullus, i, M., bowl, pot.
crustum, i, N., crust, pastry.          cum, (abl.) with, among.
Crustulleria, ae, F., an old Sabine    cum-quum, when, since, though;
town, on the Etrurian border.           cum... tum, both... and.
crux, crucis, F., cross, torment.       Cumreus, a, um, of Cumae, a coasttcrypta, a, F., vault, cell.              town  near  Naples;  Cumaea
tcrystallinus, a, um, of crystal.         virgo, the Sibyl.
t crystallus, i, M. (-um, N.), crystal,   -cumbo, cubui, cubit-, to lie down.
ice; crystal vase, gem.               cUmatilis, e, bluish; N., a garment.
cubicularius, a, urn, of the chamin-   cumera, Me, F.; -um, i, N., a mnealber; x,., body-servant.                 tub, bin, chest (for grain).
cubiculum, i, N., bed-chamber.          cumprirm  (is), especially.
t cubicus, a, um, cubic.                [-cumque, -ever.
cubile, is, N., couch, bed, chamber.    cumulata, abundantly.
cubital, alis, N., elbow-rest.          cumulatim, in heaps.
cubitnlis, e, a cubit long or high.     cumulatus, a, um, full, complete.
cubito, I, to lie down often.           cumulo, I, to heap, pile, amass.
cubitum, i, N., elbow, bend, cubit   cumulus i, N., heap, pile, mass.
or ell (I8 inches).                   cUnabula, orum, N., cradle, origin.
cubitus, us, M., lying down, bed.       cunml, drum, F., cradle, nest.
cubo, ui, it-, I, lie down, sleep.      cunctans, tis, dilatory.
t cubus, i, M., cube, die.              cunctanter, lingeringly, slowly.




46                        cunctatio -  Cydonia.
cunctatio, 6nis, F., delay.           currax, acis, diligent, quick.
cunctator, 6ris, M., delayer; a   curriculum, i, N., race-course, car.
name of Fabius the dictator,   curro, cucurri, curs-, 3, to run.
who baffled Hannibal, B.C., 213   curruca=eruca, se, F., cankercunctor, I, to delay, linger. [-209.    worm.
cunctus, a, um, all, whole.           currus, us, M., car, waggon, chariot.
cune5lis, e, wedgelike.               cursim, hastily, speedily.
cuneatim, wedge-formed.               cursio, 5nis, F., running.
cuneo, I, to wedge, fasten.           curso (-ito), I, [curro,] run about.
cuneus, i, M., wedge, seat (in the-   cursor, ris, M., runner.
atre), column (of troops).         cursfira, a, F., running.
cuniculus, i, M., rabbit, burrow.     cursus, us, M., running, course.
cunnila, as, F., pennyroyal (.).      curto, I, to shorten.
clUni, 4, to defile.                  curtus, a, urn, short, broken.
[-cunque=-cumque-, -ever.             curfilis, e, of a chariot; sella, the
cfipa, ae, F., tub, cask, crank.        chair of state (used by consuls,
cupedia or as, pl., dainties.           prators, and curule ediles).
cupedo, inis, F., daintiness.         curvemen, inis, N.; -tWira, a, F.,
cupella, e; -um, i, N., cup.           bending, arch, vault.
capes, edis, M., dainty-fellow.       curvo, I, to bend.
cupida, eagerly, passionately.       curvor, oris, M., crookedness.
cupiditas, atis, F., eagerness, long-   curvus, a, um, crooked, bent.
ing, avarice, party spirit.        cusor, oris, M., [cudo,] coiner.
cupido, inis, F., eager desire.       cuspidatus, a, um, pointed.
cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous,   cuspido, I, to point, sharpen.
fond, devoted, greedy.              cuspis, idis, F., spear-point, lance,
cupiens, tis, longing, eager.           spit, sting.
cupio, lvi, it-, 3, to desire, favor.  custodia, as, F., custody, guard,
t cupressus, i, F., cypress.            guard-house, prison.
cupreus (-inus), a, um, of copper.  custodio, 4, to guard, keep.
cuprum, i, N., copper.                custos, 5dis, M., keeper, guard.
cilpula, ae, F., tub, crank.          cutis, is, F., skin, rind.
cur, why.                             Cyaneae, arum, F., the Symplegades.
cuira, as, F., care, grief.          t cyaleus, a, um, bright blue.
curdtio, 5nis; -tiira, a, F., care,  t cyanus, i, M., blue-bottle (flower).
cure, management.                  t cyathus, i, M., drinking-cup.
cuirator, &ris, M., overseer.        cybaeus, a, urn, of a large ship.
curculio, hnis, F., weevil.           Cybele, es, a Phrygian goddess.
Cures, ium, M., a Sabine town.        t cybium, i, N., tunny (fish).
CiUrtes, um, an ancient people   Cyclades, um, F., islands of the
of Crete, worshippers of Zeus.        Egean, around Delos.
cuiria, Be, F., the court, senate-house,  t cyclas, adis, F., womani's robe.?ward (the patrician assembly).    cyclicus, a, um, circular.
cUriilis, e, of the court or ward.    Cyclops, 6pis, a savage race of
ciiritus, a, um, of the curiae.         Sicily and elsewhere; workmen
cuirio, 6nis, M., priest of curia.      of Vulcan, forgers of thundercurio, 5nis, M., lean, wasted.          bolts under Mt. Etna.
cUiri6sus, a, um, careful, nice, cu-  t cyclus, i, M., circle.
rious, eager, lean, wasted.        cydonia, a, F., quince.
curis, is, F., spear.                 cydonites, ase, M., quince-wine.
curO, I, care for, cure, manage.      Cydonia, a, F., a town of Crete.




cygneus -  Daunus.                         47
cygneus, a, um, of a swan.          t daedalus (-eus), a, um, elegant,
- cygnus (cycnus), i, M., swan.        artficial, skilfl.
cylindrus, i, M., cylinder, roller.  Daedalus, i, myth. architect of the
CyllEnE, es, F., a mt. of Arcadia,     Cretan Labyrinth.
birthplace of Mercury.            t daemon, 6nis, M., spirit, evilgenius.
tCyma, ae, F., (dtis, N.,) sprout.   Ddhae, drum, a Scythian tribe.
t cymatilis=cumatilis, bluish.       Dalmatae, drum, people of Daltf cymatium, i, M., uwave-work.        matia, the dist. on the eastern
t cymba, ae, F., boat, skiff.          coast of the Adriatic.
t cymbalum, i, N., cymbal.           dama, ae, c., fallow-deer.
t cymbium, i, N., boat-like cup.    Damascenus, a, um, of Damascus,
cymbula, a, F., little boat.           an ancient city of Syria.
cymasus, a, um, full of shoots.     damnntio, 5nis, F., condemnatio:n.
t cynicus, a, um, currish, cynic.    damn&tus, a, um, criminal.
t cynocephalus, i, M., cog-head ape.   damno, I, to condemn, sentence,
t cynosbatos, i, N., sweetbrier.       adjudge, prosecute.
t cynosura, Ee, F., pole-star.       damnosus, a, um, harmful, prodiCynthus, i, M., a mt. of Delos,        gal, unfortunate.
birthplace of Apollo.             damnum, i, N., loss, harm.
t cyparissus, i, F., cypress.        dane, [do,] givest?
tcyperos, i, M., a kind of rush.    Danae, es, myth. d. of Acrisius,
t cyprinum, i, N., cypress-oil.        mother of Perseus.
Cyprius, a, um, Cyprian; of copper.   Danai, 5rum, poetic name for the
Cyprus, i, F., a large island S. of    Greeks, in the siege of Troy.
Asia Minor.                       Danaides, urn, the 50 daughters
t cypselus, i, M., marten.             of Danaus, who slew their husCyrenaeus (-aicus), a, urn, of         bands in one night.
Cyrene, a Greek town on the   Danaus, i, myth. founder ofArgos,
African coast, W. of Egypt.         a colonist from Egypt.
Cyrngus, a, um, Corsican.           t danista, 2e, M., usurer.
Cyrus, i, the Great, founder of the   Danubius, i, M., the upper Danube.
Persian empire, B.C. 559; the   Daphne, Es, myth. d. of Peneus,
Younger, who perished at Cun-        loved by Apollo.
axa, B.C. 400.                    t daphne, Es, F., bay, laurel.
CythErgus (-gius), a, um, of Cyth-   Daphnis, idis, son of Mercury,
era, an island  S. of Greece,        inventor of pastoral verse.
sacred to Venus; F., Venus.      dapis, (~ 14, I, 2), food, feast.
cytisus, M. F., clover, tref/bil.    dapsilis, e, bountiful, sumptuous.
Cytorus, i, a mt. of Paphlagonia.   Dardanius (F., -nis), Trojan.
Cyzicum, i, a town of Mysia.         Dardanus, i, myth. ancestor of
the royal race of Troy; adj.,
Trojan; also, a people of Servia.
D.                   Darius (eus), i, name of several
kings of Persia, the last being
D, the pren. Decimus; num., 500.       conq. by Alexander, B.C. 333.
ddbula (dabla), A, F., date-palm.    t dasypus, p6dis, c., rabbit, hare.
Ddcia, ae, F., the country on the   datatim, by givbig.
lower Danube; adj. Dacus.         datio, F., qivi ng, surrender.
f dactylus, i, M., (finger,) name of   dator, 6ris, M., giver.
a kind of date, mussel, grass, &c.;   dato, I, to give away.
the foot dactyl (~ 79, 5).        Daunus, i, myth. k. of Apulia.




48                            de  - decuria.
de, of, from, during, concerning,   deciduus, a, um, lopped, cut off.
down from, according to, at.         decies (ens), ten times.
[de-, down, away, utterly.              deci-(decu-)mnnus, a, um, of the
dea, se, abus, F., goddess.               tenth, tithes, &c.; porta, the mazinb
dealbo, I, to whitewash, plaster.         entrance (of camp); limes, eas,deambulo, I, to walk, stroll.             and-west line.
deamo, I, to love dearly, be in love.   decimus (umus), a, um, tenth.
deartuo, I, to disinmember.             decipio, cepi, cept- [capio,] 3, to
deascio, I, to smoothe over, chouse.      catch, cheat, deceive, beguile.
deauratus, a, um, gilded.               decipula, ze, F., snare, trap.
debacchor, I, to rave out.              decisio, onis, F., decision, setledebelldtor, oris, M., conqueror.          ment, agreement, diminishing.
debello, I, subdue, vantquish,finish    decisus, [decido,] decided.
the war, fight out.                  ddcldmdtio, 5nis, F., speaking, loud
dbeo, ui, it-, 2, to owe; ought, must.   talk, declanmation, essay.
debilis, e, weak, lame, frail.          dclaimo (-ito), I, declaimn, bluster.
debilitas, atis (-tatio, onis), F., in-   declaratio, Onis, F., disclosure.
fi rmity, weakness.                   declaro, I, to mlake mzan ifest.
debilito, I, to weaken, lame, cripple.   declinatio, onis, F., turning aside.
debitor, 5ris, M., debtor.              declindtus, uis, M., avoidance.
debitum, i, N., deb:.                   d~clinis, e, retreatiny (as tide).
deblatero, I, babble, pra.e.            declino, I, benl aside, avoid.
d~canto, I, chant, repea!, cease.      daclivis, e, sloping downward.
decanus, i, M., chief of' ten.          declivitas, atis, F., declivity.
decaulesco, 3, grow to s'alk.           decoctio, Onis, F., boiling down.
decedo, cessi, cess-, 3, to depart,   decoctor, oris, M., bankrupt.
cease, disappear, yield, die.         decoctus, [coquo,] boiled down.
decem, ten.                             decollo, I, behead, take fromn  the
December, bris, M., December.             neck, rob, deprive.
decempeda, ze, F., surveyor's pole,   decolo, I, tricl:!e away, fail.
(1o feet).                            decolor, 6ris, discolored, degenerale.
decemplex, icis, tenfold                decoloro, I, discolor, disfigure.
decemviralis, e, qf the decemvirs.    de-coquo, 3, boil away, waste, fail.
decemviri, orum, M., Board often;   decor, oris, M., grace, beauty, char)m.
the Commission which prepared    decoris, e, adorned, elefqant.
the XII. Tables, B.C. 450.            decoro, I, adorn, embellish, beautify.
decennis (-alis), e, of ten years.      decortico, I, to peel, bark.
decens, tis, decent, becoming.          dec&rus, a, urn, becoming, graceful,
decentia, cae, F., comeliness, decency.   beautiful; N., fitness, decorunm.
deceptus, [dEcipio,] deceived.         d&crepitus, a, um, [crepo,] dedecerno, crevi, cret-: 3, to decree,      crepit (noiseless).
deter)niae,?resolve, contend.        decresco, crevi, cret-, 3, dliminish,
decerpo, psi, pt-, [carpo,] 3, pluck      decrease, lessen.
Qff, crop, gather, enjoy.            decretorius, a, urn, decisive.
decerto, I, conltend, stritve.          decrtumm i, N., [cerno,] decree.
decessio, onis, F.; -sus, US, M.,   deculco, I, traimple down.
departure, disappearing, decrease.   decumbo, cubui, 3, fall, lie down.
decet, decuit, 2, it is fit, becoming.   decunus=decimus, tenth.
decido, cidi, 3, to fall, fail, (lie.   decunx, cis, M., IO ounces (v. as).
decido, cidi, cis-, 3, cut off, decide.   deceiria, ae, F., body of Io men,
deciduus, a, urn, fialling o.             class, division.




decurio -  degredior.                         49
decurio, bnis, M., captain of ten,   deferve-facio, 3, boil thoroughly.
or of a squadron of cavalry (32).   deferveo, 2; -vesco, vi (bui), 3, to
decilrio, I, divide (by decuriae).       boil thoroughly; cool down, allay.
de-curro, 3, to run dowrc, advance.   defessus, a, um, tired out.
decursio, 6nis, F.; -sus, iUS, M.,  defetiscor, fessus, 3, togroiw weary.
running dowl, adlvance, evolution.   deficio, feci, fect- [facio,] 3, to
decus, 6ris, N., ornament, dignity,      fctil, remove, desert, cease.
honor, glory, charmi.               defigo, xi, xum, 3, to set,fix, plant.
decussis, is, M., [as,] coin of Io'  defingo, nxi, 3, to shape, fashion.
asses; the mark X.                  def-mio, 4, to limit, explain, deterdecusso, I, to cut crosswise.            mine, fix, finish.
decutio, cussi, cuss-, [quatio,] 3,   definitio, 6nis, F., boundary, explato beat docwn or off.                 nation, definition.
dedecet, cuit, 2, it mnisbecomes.     definitus, a, um, distinct, precise.
dedecor, 6ris, unseemly.              de-fio, [-ficio,] to fail, cease, lack.
dldecorus, a, um, shameful.           defixus, a, umrn; [figo,]fastened.
dedecus, 6ris, N., disgrace, dishonor.   deflagratio, Onis, F., confiagration.
dedicatio, 6nis, F., consecration.    deflagro, I, to burn up, destroy.
dedico, I, dedicate, devote.          deflecto, xi, xum, 3, bend, turn off.
dedignor, I, disdain, refuse.         defleo, evi, et-, 2, bewail, deplore.
dedisco, didici, 3, unlearn.          deflexus, uis, M., turning aside.
dediticius, a, um, of surrender;   deflo, I, to blow away, or clear.
M., prisoner of war.                defloccatus, a, urn, baldpate.
deditio, 5nis, F., surrender.         defloresco, rui, 3, witlhe, decay.
deditus, a, um, addicted, devoted.    defluo, xi, xum, 3, tofioIv down, or
dado, dedidi, dedit-, 3, to sur-         away, varnish, disappear.
render, yield, apply, devote.       defluus, a, um, flowing, falling.
dedoceo, 2, to unteach.               defodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig, bury.
dedoleo, ui, 2, cease grieving.       dMfore, [desum,] will be wanting.
dedolo, I, to hew smooth.             deformis, e, ugly, misshapen.
dediuco, xi, ct-, 3, to bring down,   deformitas, atis, F., ugliness.
withdraw, conduct, spin out.        deformo, I, to shape out, disfigure.
deductio, O5nis, F., leadilg  out,   defossus, [fodio,] dug, buried.
quartering (of troops), expulsion.   defraudo, I, to cheat, defraud.
dtductor, oris, M., attendant.        defrico, cui, -cit (ct-), I, rub hard.
deerro, I, stray away, go astray.     defringo, fr*gi, fract-, [frango,] 3,
defaeco, I, clear froim dregs, purify.   break off or to pieces.
defatigatio, onis, F., exhaustioz.    defrutum, i, N., boiled must (of
defatigo, I, to weary out, exhaust.      grapes).
defatiscor, 3, languish, get weary.    defugio, ffugi, 3, to shun, withdraw.
defector, 5ris, M., revolter.         defunctus, a, urn, finished, quit,
defectus, [deficio,] elfeebled.          served out, dead.
defectus, us, M.; -tio, Onis, F.,   defundo, fudi, fus-, 3, pour out.
revolt, failure, eclipse.           defungor, funct-, 3, fulfil, finish.
defendo, di, sum, 3, ward off, de-   degener, eris, base, ignoble.
fend, maintain, claim, allege.      degenero, I, to degenerate, dishonor.
defensio, 6nis, F., defence.          degero, 3, to carry off.
defenso (-ito), I, defend, ward off.   dEglubo, pt-, 3, to peel, strip.
defensor, oris, M., averter, defender.   dego, degi, [ago,] 3, to lead, spend.
defero, tuli, 1at-, 3, to bear down.   degravo, I, weigh down, overpower.
drive, convey, deliver, report      degredior, gress-, 3, to go down.




50                      degusto -  demessus.
degusto, I, to taste, lap, try.       delicatus, a, umrn, dainty, luxurious.
dehaurio, hausi, haust-, 4, to skim,   deliciae, arum, F., delight, darling.
swallow.                            delictum, i, N., fault, crime.
dehinc, henceJbrth, hereupon, next.   deligo, I, to bind fast.
dehisco, hivi, 3, to yawn, gape open.   deligo, legi, lect-, [lego,] 3, choose
dehonestamentum, i, N., dishonor.       out, select, send away.
dehonesto, I, to dishonor.            delingo, 3, to lick up.
dehortor, I, to dissuade.             ddlinio, 4, soothe, appease.
Deianira, ae, wife of Hercules.       delinquo, liqui, lict-, 3, fail, lack,
Ddidamia, ae, mother of Pyrrhus.        neglect, transgress, offend.
dein, then, moreover.                 deliquatio. 5nis, F., clariJtfing.
deinceps, thereupon, next.            deliquesco, licui, 3, melt, dissolve.
deinde, then, secondly, afterward.    deliquiae, drum, F., gutters.
deinsuper, from above.                deliquium, i, N, lack,fault, dropping.
Deiphobus, i, a son of Priam.         deliquo, I, strain, clear, pour of.
dejectio, onis, F.; -tus, us, M.,   deliquus, a, um, wanting, lacking.
casting down.                       dElirdmentum, i, N., nonsense.
dejectus, [-jicio,] downcast.         dellrdtio, onis, F., giddiness, folly.
dejero, [juro,] to swear outright.    delirium, i, N., madness.
dejicio, jeci, ject-, [jacio,] 3, cast   deliro, I, to rave, dote, baulk.
down, drive out, deprive.           delirus, a, um, crazy, foolish.
dejungo, 3, disjoin. unyoke.          delitesco, litui, 3, [lateo,] lie hid,
dejuiro, I, swear outright.             lurk, skulk, take refuge.
dejuvo, I, withhold help.             Delius, a, um, of Delos (ApollO).
delabor, laps-, 3, slip or fall down.   Delos, i, F., an. I. in the /Egean,
delacero, I, tear to pieces.            birthpl. of Apollo and Diana.
delapsus, us, M., descent.            Delphi, 6rum, a town of Phocis,
delasso, I, to weary out.               famous for an oracle of Apollo.
dlattio, onis, F., information.       delphin, inis; -nus, i, M., dolphin.
delator, 6ris, M., accuser, informer.   delubrum, i, N., shrine, temple.
delectabilis, e, delightful.          deluctor (-to), I, to struggle, wrestle.
delectatio, 5nis, F., delight, pleas-   delido, si, sum, 3, deceive, mock,
ure, amusement.                       disappoint, play out.
delecto, I, to delight, allure.       delumbo, I, to lame, bend, weaken.
delectus, [deligo,] chosen.           delusio, onis, F., cheat, deceit.
delectus, us, M., choice, levy.       deluto, I, bedaub with clay.
delego, I, depute, assign, ascribe.   demadesco, madui, 3, get wet.
dld1nimentum, i, N., comfort, ca-   demadidus, a, um, drenched.
ress, charm.                        t demag6gus, i, M., demagogue.
del1nio, 4, to soothe, charm, win.    demando, I, commit, intrust.
deleo, evi, et-, 2, blot out, destroy.   t demarchus, i, M., people's ruler.
deletor, oris, M., destroyer.         demens, tis, mlad, raving, witless.
Delia, a, Diana (born in Delos).    demensus, [mdtior,] measured out;
deliberatio, nhis, F., weighing, con-   N., an allowance, ration.
sidering, consultation.            dEmenter, foolishly.
dgliberitivus, a, um, deliberative.   dementia, ae, F., madness, folly.
d1liberatus, a, um, resolved.         dementio, 4, to be mad.
delibero, I, weigh, discuss, resolve.   demereo (-eor), ui, 2; earn, deserve,
delibo, I, taste, cull, lessen.         oblige.
delibro, I, to peel, strip.           demergo, si, sum, 3, to dive, sink.
delibuo, ui, fit-, 3, besmear, anoint.  demessus, [ddmeto,] reaped.




demetior -- depositio.                       51
demEtior, mens-, 4, measure out.    dentdtus, a, um, toothed, spiked.
demeto, messui, mess-, 3, to reap,  dentio, 4, to grow, ache (of teeth).
mow, cut.                          dgnilbo, psi, pt-, 3, to be married.
demigrdtio, hnis, F., emigration.     denildo, I, make bare, disclose.
drmigro, I, depart, remove, migrate.  denuntidtio, 5nis, F., declaring,
deminuo, ui, ut-, 3, lessen.           affirming, informing.
deminutio, onis, F., decrease, short-   denuntio (-cio), I, to threaten, anening, lessening.                    nounce.
dmilror, I, to wonder greatly.       denuo, again, once more.
demisse, humbly.                     deonero, I, disburden.
demissio, onis, F., lowering.        deorsum (-sus), downward, below.
demissus, a, um, low, downcast.  deosculor, I, to kiss fondly.
demitigo, I, to soften down.         depaciscor, pact-, 3, bargain for.
demitto, misi, miss-, 3, let or bring   dpal1o, I, bound with palings.
down, let go, dismiss.             depango, pact-, 3, set, fix, plant.
demo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, to take away,  deparcus, a, um, niggardly.
withdraw, remove.                  depasco, pavi, past-, 3, to feed
tdemocratia, e, F., democracy.         feed upon, feed down, consume.
dem6lior, 4, remove, demolish.       d6pecto, pex-, 3, to comb, trim.
dmr6litio, Onis, F.; destruction.    depeciilor, I, to plunder, despoil.
demonstratio, hnis, F., a pointing   depello, puli, puls-, 3, drive away,
out, exhibition, proof.              cast down, avert, expel.
dmonstrdtivus, a, um, laudatory.   dependeo, 3, hang down, depend.
demonstro, I, show forth, designate.   dependo, di, sum, 3, weigh out,
dmordeo, mors- 2, to bite off.        pay, spend, abandon.
demorior, mortuus, 3, die, depart.  deperdo, didi, dit-, 3, destroy, ruin.
dMmoror, I, delay, linger, restrain.   depereo, ii, 4, to perish utterly.
Dgmosthenes, is, the Athenian   depetigo, inis, F., scab.
orator, B.C. 385-322.              depexus, [pecto,] combed, trimmed.
drmoveo, m6vi, met-, 2,putforth,   depilo, I, pluck the hair.
force back, remove.                depingo, nxi, pict-, 3, paint out,
demptus, [demo,] put away.             describe, portray, conceive.
demulceo, mulct-, 2, soothe, stroke.   deplango, nxi, 3, bewail, lament.
demum, at length, precisely, indeed,  deplanto, I, break off plant.
only, finally.                     depleo, Evi, 2, empty, pour out.
demiito, I, to change, make worse.   deplexus, a, um, clasping.
denarius, a, um, of ten; M., sum   deploro, i, bewail, lament, complain.
of IO asses (I6 cents).            depluit, it rainss down.
denego, I, deity, refuse, reject.    deplumis, e, featherless, callow.
deni, A, a, ten each, by tens, ten.  depolio, it-, 4, to polish, finish.
denigro, I, besmut, blacken.         depono, posui, posit-, 3, to lay
denique, thereupon,/finally, in short.    aside, put off, deposit, entrust.
ddn6mino, I, to name, specify.       depopulatio, onis, F., pillage.
denoto, I, to mark, designate.       depopulo (or), I, to plunder, devasdenormo, I, to make irregular.         tate, pillage.
dens, dentis, M., tooth,prong,fluke.  deportatio, 5nis, F., carrying off.
densitds, ntis, F., compactness.     deporto, I, to carry away, fetch.
denso, at-, I; -seo, et-, 2, to thicken,  deposco, poposci, 3, to demand,
set close, press together.           require, claimn,.request.
densus, a, urn, thick, close,frequent.   depositio, 5nis, F., depositing, putdentalia, um, N, pl.. ploughshare.     ting or laying down, testimo:2y.




52                      depositum -  despero.
depositum, i, N., pledge, stake.      derogo, I, repeal, restrict, abate.
depositus, [pono,] laid out, dying.   deruncino, I, trim, smooth, cheat.
depreedor, i., to rob, plunder.       deruo, ui, 3, pull or fall down.
depravatio, oflis, F., a perverting,   deruptus, Lrumpo,] broken, steep.
distorting corrupting.             desacro, I, consecrate, dedicate.
deprdvo, I, to distort, disfigure,   desaevio, 4, to rage furiously.
corrupt, pervert, deprave.         descendo, di, sum, [scando,] 3,
deprecatio, onis, F., entreaty, beg-    clinb or go down, sink, descend.
ging-qlf; deprecation.             descensio, onis, F., descent.
deprecator, oris, M., intercessor.    descensus, us, M., descent, downdeprecor, I, to beg, entreat, plead,    ward way.
deprecate.                         descisco, ivi (ii), it-, 3, to revolt,
deprehendo (-prendo), di, sum,          alter, depart, get clear.
3, to catch, discover, seize, confine.   ddscribo, psi, pt-, 3, write out, ded&pressus, a, um, deep, pressed         scribe, ascribe, mark of; arrange.
down, crushed, sunk (as ship).     descriptio, 6nis, F., plan, copy.
depretio, I, to undervalue.           deseco, cui, ct-, I, cut off; cut out.
deprimo, pressi, press-, [premo,]  dEsero, rui, rt-, 3, to forsake, quit.
3, to bear down, crush, sink.      desertor, 6ris, Ai., deserter.
deprocul,from afar.                   desertus, a, urnm, forsaken, lonely;
depromo, prompsi, prompt-, 3,           N., waste, desert.
to draw forth.                     d&servio, 4, wait, serve zealously.
depso, sui, st-, 3, knead, curry.     dEses, idis, slothful, idle.
depuber, eris; -is, is, of unripe age.   desicco, I, to dry up.
depugno, I, fight it out, contend.    desideo, sedi, [sedeo,] 2, to sit idle.
depulsio, 5nis, F., thrusting away.   desiderabiiis, e, desirable.
depulsus, [pello,] driven away.       desideranter, eagerly.
depurgo, at-, I, to cleanse.          desiderdtio, 6nis, F., longing.
dEputo, I, think, reckon, prune.      dasideratus, a, um, welcome.
djque, downward (after susque).    desiderium, i, N., longing, regret.
dEquestus, [queror,] complaining.   desidero, I, desire, long for; P., be
derddo, si, sum, 3, shave, scrape.      missing, wanting.
dfrelictus, [linquo,] forsaken.       desidia, 2, F., sloth, idleness.
derelinquo, liqui, lict-, 3, forsake,   desidi6sus, a, um, slothful, idle.
neglect, abandon.                   desido, sedi, 3, to sink, settle.
d&repente, suddenly.                 d&signdtio, 6nis, F., arrangement.
derepo, psi, 3, to creep down.        designator, 6ris, M., regulator.
d&reptus, [rapio,] snatched.          designo, I, assic/n, appoint, describe.
derideo, si, sum, 2, to laugh at,   desilio, ui, sult-, 4, to leap down.
scoff, deride.                      desino, lvi (ii), it-, 3, cease, desist.
deridiculus, a, um, very laughable.   desipio, [sapio,] 3, trifle, be foolish.
derigesco, gui, 3, grow stiff.        desisto, stiti, stit-, 3, cease, desist.
deripio, ui, rept-, [rapio,] 3, pluck   desitus, [sino,] ceased, disused.
down, tear away, cast off.          dEs5lo, I; to Jbrsake, abandon.
derisor, oris, M., jester, mocker.    despecto, I, look down on, overlook.
ddrisus, [rideo,] mocked.             despectus, us, M., view from above.
derisus, Us, M. (-io, F.), derision.    desperanter, hopelessly.
dErivdtio, 6nis, F., turning away.    despgrdtio, 6nis, F., despair.
derivo, I, draw off, convey, divert.   desperdtus, a, um, desperate, hopederogatio, 6nis, F., partial repeal.    less, incurable.
derogito, I, to ask urgently, or often.   despero, I, to despair. give up hope.




depicatus -  devestio.                         53
dispicatus, a, um, despised.           detersus, [tergeo,] scoured.
despicio, exi, ect-, 3, look down ou,   detestdtio, 6nis, F., averting, exedespise, disdain, shun.                cration, renunciation (of gens).
daspicor, I, despise, disdain.         detestor, I, to loathe, abhor, depredespoliator, 6ris, M., robber.            cate, curse solemnly.
dEspolio, I, to rob, despoil, plunder.   dftexo, xui, xt-, 3, weave through.
despondeo, di, sum, 2, to betroth,   detineo, ui, tent-, 2, hinder, check,
promise, pledge, yield.                 engage, detain.
despUimo, I, to skim, clear.           dE-tondeo, 2, to clip, shear.
daspuo, 3, spit out, abhor, reject.   dctono, tonui, I, to thunder, cease
desqudmo, I, to scale, strip, peel.       raging.
destillo, I, run by drops, trickle.    detorqueo, torsi, tum, 2, to wrest,
destina, ae, F., a stay, prop.            twist.
destinatio, 5nis, F., design, resolve.   dEtractio, 6nis, F., withdrawing.
destino, I, determine, intend, re-   detractor, &ris, M., slanderer.
solve, make fast, appoint.           detraho, xi, ct-, 3, draw  away,
destituo, ui, fit-, [status,] 3, to       take from, disparage.
place, set, desert, forsake, defraud.   detrecto, I, decline, refuse, detract.
destitiftio, onis, F., desertion.      detrimentum, i, N., loss, damage.
destringo, nxi, ct-, 3, strip, scrape   dctritus, [tero,] worn away, or out.
off, unsheathe, graze, censure.      detriido, si, sum, 3, to thrust forth,
destructio, 5nis, F., demolition.         dislodge, reduce, defer.
destruo, xi, ct-, 3, destroy, demolish.   detrunco, I, mutilate, behead.
dsub, below, under, beneath.          deturbo, I, to thrust or cast down.
desubito, of a sudden.                 deturpo, i, I, defile, deface.
desudo, I, to sweat greatly.           Deucalion, 6nis, myth. k. of Thesdesue-facio, 3,; to disuse.               saly, in the time of the Deluge.
desuesco, evi, et-, 3, disuse, cease.   deunx, cis, eleven twelfths (see as).
dgsugtildo, inis, F., disuse.          deUiro, ussi, ust-, 3, to burn, blast.
desultor, 6ris, M., leaper, vaulter.    deus, i, M., (~ 10, 7), god, divinity.
desultUra, ae, F., leaping down.       deitor, Uisus, 3, to misuse.
desum, deesse, defui, to fail, be   devagor, I, wander.
wanting or absent.                   devasto, I, lay waste.
desUmo, sumpsi, mpt-, 3, pick out.   deveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry away; P.,
d&suo, 3, to fasten.                      go away, descend.
dsuper,from above.                    devello, velli, vuls-, 3, pluck off.
desurgo, 3, to rise up.                dv51lo, I, to unveil.
detector, &ris, M., discoverer.        deveneror, I, to worship.
detego, xi, ct-, 3, uncover, discover,   devenio, vEni, vent-, 4, to come
expose, lay bare, betray.              down, arrive, happen.
dttendo, sum, 3, to unstretch, strike   devenusto, I, disfigure.
(tents), relax.                      devergo, 3, bend downward.
d6tentus, [tineo,] kept back.          deversor, I, turn aside, lodge.
detergeo, si, sum, 2, wipe  off,   deversarius, a, um, for lodgings,
scour, cleanse, strip, break.          fit for lodging; N., inn.
deterior, deterrimus, worse, worst.   deverticulum, i, N., by-path, inn,
dEtermino, I, to fix bounds, limit.      lodging, refuge, retreat.
detero, trivi, trit-, 3, to wear away,   deverto, ti, sum, 3, turn aside; P.,
weaken, diminish, thresh out.          put up, lodge.
deterreo, ui, it-, 2, to frighten off,   devescor, 3, feed upon, devour.
e: er, prevent, avert.               devestio, 4, unclothe.




54                        devexus -diffusus
devexus, a, urn, bending or sloping   t dicrotum, i, N., two-oared  or
downwarcd steep.                       banked boat.
devictus, a, um, conquered.            dictamnus (um), i M.; dittany.
devincio, nxi, nct-, 4, to bindfast,   dictata, &rum, N., lessons, rules.
unite closely, engage, oblige.       dictator, 5ris, M., Dictator, with
devinctus, a. um, devoted, attached.      absolute power for six months.
devinco, vici, vict-, 3, vanquish.     dictatorius, a, urn, dictator's.
devito, I, shun, avoid.                dictatfira, ae, F., dictatorship.
devius, a, um, out-of-the-way, re-   Dicteeus, a, urn, Cretan; of Dicte,
tired, inaccessible, foolish.          a mountain in Eastern Crete.
devoco, I, call away or down.          dicterium, i N., jest.
devolo, I, fly down.                   dictio, 5nis, F., speech, delivery.
devolvo, vi, lit, 3, to roll or pour   dictito, I, to say or plead often.
down; P., to sink, fall.             dicto, I, to say often, dictate, comndevoro, I, devour, swallow, waste.        mand, appoint, prescribe.
devotio, 5nis, F., devoting, conse-   dictum, i, N., word, saying, jest.
crating.                             Dido, us (Snis), myth. founder and
dev6to, I, dedicate, bewitch, invoke.     queen of Carthage.
devotus, a, um, devoted, attached.    dido, dididi, didit-, 3, give forth.
devoveo, vovi, vat-, 2, to devote,    didUico, xi, ct-, 3, draw apart, sepavow, curse, execrate.                  rate, disperse, distribute.
devulsus, [vello,] plucked off.        diecula, ee, F., one little day.
dextans, tis, M., ten twelfths (v. as).   didrectus, (uplifted,) go be hanged.
dexter, tra (tera), um, right, fortu-   dies, 6i (e), day (~ 13), daylight.
nate; F., right hand.                diespiter, Jupiter.
dexteritas, atis, F., aptness, dex-   diffamo, I, defame, publish, report.
terity.                              diffarreftio, 6nis, F., divorce.
dextrorsum  (-sus), to the right.      differentia, Ae, F., diversity.
di (dei, dii), pl. gods, (~ 10, 7).    differo, distuli, dilat-, delay, disDia, ae, F., old name of Naxos.           perse, publish, defame, differ.
tdiabathrum, i, N., slipper.           differtus, a, um, stuffed, crammed.
tdiaconus, i, N., attendant.          difficile, with difficulty.
f diadgma, atis, diadem.               difficilis, e, difficult, obstinate.
t diaetas, Ae, F., way of life, abode.    difficultas, Otis, F., trouble, distress.
t dialecticus, a, um, of debate.       diffidentia, se, F., distrust.
Dialis, e, of Jupiter; ethereal.       diffido, fisus, 3, to distrust.
t dialogus, i, M., dialogue.           diffindo, fidi, fiss-, 3, cleave asunDiana, ee, (Gr. Artemis), goddess         der, divide, defer.
of the Moon and of Hunting.          diffingo, 3, undo, mar, make over.
diarium, i, N., day's record  or   diffisus, a, um, distrustful.
allowance; pl., wages.               diffiteor, [fateor,] 2, deny, disavow.
t diatretus, a, um, open-work.         difflo, I, blow away.
tdibaphus, a, um,  double-dyed   diffLuo, 3,oflow abroad, dissolve.
(purple); an office.                 diffringo, fract-, [frango,] 3, break
dic, imper. of dico, say.                 apart, shatter.
dica, Ee, F., lawsuit. (j)             diffugio, filgi, 3, flee away, scatter.
diccitas, atis, F., pertness, banter.   diffugium, i, N., dispersion.
dicax, acis (-culus), keen, sarcastic.   diffundo, fiidi, fils-, 3, pour forth,
dicis causE, forform's sake.              spread, diffuse, cheer, unbend.
dico, I, dedicate, devote, proclaim.    diffusio, 5nis, F., cheerfulness..
dico, xi, ct-, 3, say, call, tell, mean.   diffusus, a, um, widespread.




digero -  dirus.                          55
digero, gessi, gest-, 3, divide, dis-   dimico, I, tofight, contend.
tribute, arrange, dissolve.        dimidio, I, to halve.
digestio, 6nis, arrangement.          dimidius, a, um, half; N., the half.
digitus (-ulus), i, M., finger, toe,   diminuo, 3, break to pieces.
inch, twig, or small bough.        dimissio, 6nis, F., sending forth.
digladior, I, fight fiercely.         dimitto, misi, miss-, 3, send forth,
dignanter, courteously.                 let go, disband, abandon.
dignatio, 5nis, F., holding worthy,   dimoveo, mnvi, m6t-, 2, put aside,
dignity, reputation.                  divide, disperse, dismiss.
dignh, worthily.                      Dindymus, i, (-a, 6rum), a mt. in
dignitas, atis, F., dignity, honor.     Mysia, sacred to Ceres.
dignor, I, hold worthy, deign.        dinumeratio, Onis, F., reckoning.
dignosco, 3, to distinguish, discern.   dinumero, I, reckon up, count out.
dignus, a, um, worthy, fit, proper.    diobolaris, e, worth two farthings.
digredior, gressus, [gradior,] 3,  Diomedes, is, a Greek hero at
turn aside, depart.                  the siege of Troy, s. of Tydeus.
digressio, 6nis, F.; -SUs, US, M.,  DionE, es, mother of Venus.
departure, separation.             Dionysius, i, tyrant of Syracuse,
dii, deorum, M. pl., gods.              B.c. 430-367; his son and sucdljidico, I, judge, decide, discern.    cessor, expelled B.C. 344dijungo —disjungo, disjoin.           Dionysus (os), i, the Greek name
dilbidus, a, um, perishing.            of Bacchus.
dilabor, lapsus, 3, slip, fall or mnelt  tdiota, ae, F., wine-jar.
away, disperse, decay.             t diploma, atis, N., official letter.
dilacero, I, tear to pieces.          dipondius (um), i, M., two pounds..dilanio, I, tear, mangle.            tdipsas, adis, F., viper.
dilapido, I, throw away.              diradio, I, spread in rays.
dilargior, 4, give lavishly.          Dira, arum, F., the Furies.
dilltio, 6nis, F., delay.             Dirce, es, F., a fountain near
dilato, I, expand, extend.              Thebes; (adj. -caus, a, um).
dilator, oris, M., delayer.           directio, onis, F., straightening.
dilatus, [differo,] spread abroad.    directo (te), straight, directly.
dilectus, [diligo,] beloved.          directus, [dirigo,] straight-out, level.
dlligens tis, attentive, diligent.    diremptus, [-Imo,] taken away.
diligentia, ae, F., diligence, thrift.  direptio, onis, F., pillage.
diligo, lexi, ct-, 3, to love, esteem.    direptor, oris, M., robber.
dillcesco, luxi, 3, dawn, shine.      direptus, [-ripio,] snatched.
dilicidus, a, um, clear, evident.     diribeo, 2, lay apart, sort (votes).
dillculum, i, N., daybreak, dawn.    dirigo, rexi, rect-, [rego,] 3, guide,
dilhdium, i, N.. respite, intermission. I   straighten, direct, guide, arrange.
diluo, ui, uit-, 3, to wash, dissolve, 1 dirimo, emi, empt-, [emo,] 3, to
weaken, dilute, remove.              part, divide, delay, interrupt.
dilutus, a, um, watered, weakened.   diripio, ui, ept-, [rapio,] 3, plunder,
diluvies, ei, F.; -ium, i, N., flood,   destroy, tear to pieces.
deluge, inundation, destruction.   diritas, atis, F., fierceness, mistdimachae, drum, F., dragoons.          fortune, cruelty, mnischief.
dimdno, I, flow, spread.              dirumpo, ruipi, rupt-, 3, break to
dimetior, mensus, 4, nieasure out.      pieces, burst asunder.
dimRto, I, to mark or stake out.      diruo, ui, fit-, 3, scatter, destroy.
dimicatio, onis, F., contest, strug-   dirus, a, um, fierce, dreadful, illgle, battle, encounter.               boding; F., pl. evil oniens.




56                         dis -  dissensio.
Ldls-, apart, all apart.              disertus, [dissero,]fluent, eloquent.
Dis, Ditis, a name of Pluto.          [disf-=diff-.
dis, ditis, rich, fertile =-dves.     disjicio, jeci, ject- [jacio,] 3, scatdiscaveo, 2, beware, keep clear.        ter, disperse, destroy.
discedo, cessi, cess-, 3, depart,   disjunctio, 6nis, F., separation,
forsake, cease, pass away.            opposition, diversity.
disceptatio, onis, F., discussion.    disjunctus, a, um, remote.
disceptator, oris, M., umpire.        disjungo, nxi, nct-, 3, unyoke, sepdiscepto, I, dispute, decide, discuss.  ara e, removle, wean.
discerno, crevi, cret-, 3, distin-   dispalor, I, to straggle.
guish, divide, decree.              dispando, sum, 3, spread, expand.
discerpo, psi, pt-, [carpo,] to pull   dispar, paris, unlike, unequal.
to pieces, scatter, disperse, destroy.   disparilis, e, unlike.
discessio, onis, F.; -ssus, US, M.,   disparo, I, separate, differ.
separation, removal.                dispartio=dispertio, 4, divide.
discidium, i, N., separation, divorce.   dispello, puli, puls-, 3, drive away,
discinctus, a, urn, ungirt, slack.      scatter, disperse.
discindo, cidi, ciss-, 3, cut asun-   dispendium, i N., cost, damage.
der, dlivide, disperse.             dispendo, 3, to weigh out.
discingo, nxi, nct-, 3, to ungird,   dispensatio, 6nis, F., management,
cashier, disarm.                      charge, superintendence.
disciplina, ae, F., discipline, skill,   dispensator, oris, M., mvanager.
habit, learning, system.            dispenso, I, pay out, regulate, ardiscipulus, i M. (a, We, F.), learner.  range, dispense.
discissus, [scindo,] cleft.           disperdo, didi, dit-, 3, to waste, dediscliido, si, sum  [claudo,]  3,       stroy, spoil, ruin.
keep apart, conine, divide.         dispereo, ii. 4, to be undone.
disco, didici, 3, learn.              dispergo, si, sum   [spargo,],
tdiscobolus, i, M., quoit-thrower.      scatter.
discolor, oris, parti-colored.        dispertio, 4, distribute, divide.
discordia, ae, F., variance, strife.  dispesco, 3, to divide, separate.
discordo, I, be at variance.          dispessus, [pando,] spread out.
discors, dis, discordant, harsh.      dispicio, spexi, spect-, 3, discern,
discrepo, ui, I,jar, disagree, differ.  perceive, reflect on.
discretus, [cerno,] parted.           displiceo, ui [placeo,] 2, displease.
discrimen, inis, N.,  difference,   displodo, [plaudo,] 3, spread out.
crisis, peril, division, decision.  dispono, posui, posit-, 3, set in
discrimino, I, divide, distinguish.     array, distrib~ute, put in order.
discrucio, I, torment; P., be vexed.   dispositio, 5nis, F., arrangement.
discumbo, cubui, cubit-, 3, re-   dispositus, a, um  well-ordered.
cline (at table), go to bed.       dispudet, 2, it shames greatly.
discupio, 3, desire greatly.          dispulsus, [pello,] dispersed.
discurro, cucurri, curs-, 3, run   dispungo, xi, 3, balance accounts.
about, go to and fro, discourse.   disputatio,  nlis, F., discussion,
discursus, us, N., running about,       debate, dispute, argument.
conversation, discourse.           disputo, I, dispute, debate, tell.
t discus, i, M., disk, quoit, round dish.   disquiro, 3, [quzero,] search out.
discussio, Onis, F., shaking, exami-   disrumpo=dirumpo, to break off
nation, discussion.                disseco, ui, sect-, I, cut to pieces.
discutio, cussi, cuss-, [quatio,] 3,   dissemino, I, spread abroad.
shatter, disperse, frustrate.      dissensio, Olis, F., disagreement.




dissensus -  divexo.                           57
dissensus, us, M., discord.           i distinctus, a, um, marked, distinct.
dissentio, si, sum, 4, disagree, dis-   distineo, ui, tent- [teneo,] 2, hold
sent, differ.                           apart, divide, perplex, detain.
dissepio, psi, pt-, 4, to fence off.    distinguo, nxi, nct-, 3, to mark,
dissero, sit-, 3, sow, scatter.           distinguish, part, diversify, adorn.
dissero, rui, rt-, 3, set apart, dis-   disto, I, be distant or apart, differ.
course, examine, argue, discuss.     distorqueo, torsi, tort-, 2, wrench,
disserto, I, to discourse, discuss.       twist, torture.
dissideo, edi, ess- [sedeo,] 2, dis-   distortio, onis, F., writhing, twisting.
agree, be apart.                     distortus, a, umrn twisted, deformed.
dissidium, i, N., breach, discord.      distractio, 6nis, F., division, disdissilio, ui, [salio,] 4, leap or fly     cord, selling in parcels.
apart.                               distractus, a, umn, divided, perdissimilis, e, unlike.                    plexed.
dissimiliter, differently.              distraho, xi, ct-, 3, to draw apart,
dissimilitudo, inis, F., unlikeness.      divide, peyplex, sell in parcels.
dissimulanter, clandestinely.           distribuo, ui, fit-, 3, deal, distribute.
dissimulatio, onis, F., dissembling,   distribUtio, onis, F., division.
concealing.                          districtus, a, um, severe, busy.
dissimulator, oris M., dissembler.    distringo, nxi, ct-, 3, stretch apart,
Oissimulo, I, to conceal, disguise.       restrain, occupy, molest.
dissipatio, 5nis, F., dispersion, ruin.   disturbo, I, confuse, destroy, thwart.
dissipo, I, scatter, disperse, rout.    ditesco, 3, grow rich.
dissitus, [sero,] scattered, remote.    ditio, onis, F., sway, authority.
dissocio, I, disjoin, estrange.         ditior, [dis,] richer.
dissolute, negligently.                 dito, I, to enrich.
dissolutio, 5nis, F., dissolvinq, de-   diu, -tius, -tissime, long (in time),
stroying, ceasinf, refutation,firailty.  long ago, in the day-tile.
dissolfitus, a, um, loose, careless.    diurnus, a, urn, daily, of a day.
dissolvo, vi, solilt-, 3, loosen, pay,   dius=divus, divine.
dissolve, destroy, refute..         diUtinus, (-turnus), a, um, longdissono, I, disagree.                     continued.
dissonus, a, uml, discordant.           diitius, longer, too long.
di'ssors, tis, of other fate.           dijiturnitas, atis, F., long duration.
dissuddeo, si, sum, 2, dissuade,   diva, a, F., goddless.
advise against, resist.              divdlis. e, divine, imperial.
dissuasor, 6ris, M., opponent.          diverico, I, to spread asunder.
dissuavior, i, kiss fondly.             divello, ii, vuls-, 3, rend or pluck
dissulto, I, burst asunder.               apart, dissolve, destroy.
dissuo, 3, unstitch, part gently.       divendo, dit-, 3, sell in parcels.
distabe3co, bui, 3, melt away.          diverbero, I, strike apart, divide.
distaedet, 2, it greatly wearies.      diverbium, i, N., dialogue (of play).
distans, tis, differing.                diverse, diQferently.
distantia, ae, F., distance, difference.   diversitas, atis, F., difference, condistendo, di, turn, 3, stretch out,    tradiction, disagcreement.
fill, extend, divide, distract.       diversus, a, um, facing  different
distentus, a, um, full; busy.             ways, unlike, hostile, apart.
distermino, I, to divide.              diverto, ti, sum, 3, turn aside, sepdistero, trivi, 3, bruise, grind.         arate, diverge, differ.
distinctio, onis, F., difference, sep-   dives, itis, rich.
Oration, distinction, ornament.      divexo, i, rend asunder.




58                          divi -  dubitatio.
divi, orum, pl., gods.                  domntor=domitor, tamer.
dividia, ae, F., discord, division.     domesticus, a, urn, of the house,
divido, isi, is-, 3, divide, distribitte,  falziliar; pl., inmates, servants.
separate, distinguish, break through.   domicilium, i, N., dwelling, abode.
dividuus, a, um, separate, divisible.   domina, as, F., mistress, lady.
divinitio, onis, F., divining, pre-   donin tio, onis, F., lordship, tyrdicting, examination.                   anny, dominion, absolute power.
divinitas, atis, F., divinity, divining.   dominatus, us, M., rule, souereignty.
divinitus,providentially, admirably.   dominium, i, N., property, banquet.
divino, I, to divine, foretell.         dominor, I, to rule, be master.
divinus, a, um, divine, prophetic,   dominus, i, N., lord, master, owner.
inspired, admirable; M., diviner.   domito, I, tamne, break (as cattle).
divisio, onis, F.,parlition,portion.    domitor,. oris, M.; -trix, icis, F.,
divisor, oris, M., divider, election-     tamer, conqueror.
eering agent.                        domnus=-dominus, master.
divlsUra, ae, F., cleft, division.     domo, ui, it-, I, to tame, subdue.
divisus, [divido,] parsed.              domus, us (i), F., house, hoinle, ftmdivitia, arum, F., riches, wealth.        ily (~ 12, 2); domi (ui), at home.
divortium, i, N.; [verto,] parting    d6narium, i, N., temple, treasureof the ways, divorce.                   chamber, votive gift.
divulgdtus, a, urn, wide-spread.        donatio, 5nis, F., gift, reward.
divulgo, I, make public.                donntivum, i, M., gift, largess.
divulsus, [vello,] I, torn apart.       donec (donicum), until, while.
divus, a, um, divine; N., the sky;   dono, I, to give, bestow, present.
sub divo, in the open air.           donum, i, N., gift, votive offering.
do, dare, dedi, datum, i, give, per-   t dorcas, adis, F., gazelle.
mit, bestow, grant, deliver, tell.   Doricus, a, um, poetic for Greek.
doceo, ui, ct-, 2, teach, tell.         DSris, idis, a sea-goddess; the Sea.
docilis, e, teachable.                  dormio, 4, to sleep, be at ease.
docilitas, atis, F., teachableness.     dormisco, 3, go to sleep.
doctor, 6ris, M., teacher.              dornmitr, I, be sleepy, nod.
doctrina, a, F., teaching; learning.   dorsum, i, N., back, slope.
doctus, a, um, learned, skilled.        dos, dotis, F., dowry, marriage-pordocumentumrn, i, N., proof, pattern.      tion, quality, endowment.
Dodona, as, F., a city in Epirus,.  dotnlis, e, of dowry.
famous for an oracle of Jupiter.   dotatus, a, um, well-endowed.
dodrans, tis, M., 9 ounces; 4, (v. as).   doto, I, to endow.
t dogma, tis, N, opinion, decree.    t drachma, ae, F., drachm (coin or
dolabella, as, F., hatchet.               weight, about I6 cents).
dolabra, as, F., axe, mattock.          f draco, onis, M., dragon.
dolens, tis, paixnful.                  t drnima, atis, M., a drama, play.
dolenter, with pain or grief.             drapeta, e, M., runaway.
doleo, ui, it-, 2, to grieve, suffer or   t dromas, adis, M., dromedary.
give pain.                           druides, um (-ae, irum), M., druids.
d5lium, i, N., cask, tub, jar.          druipa, as, F., an over-ripe olive.
dolo, I, to hew, cudgel, fashion.       dryades, um, F., wood-nymphs.
t dolo, onis, M., staft; stinq.         Dryopes, people of Epirus.
Dolopes, um, people of Thessaly.   dualis, e, containing two.
dolor, oris, M., pain, grief.           dubitanter, hesitatinglyl.
dolosus, a, urn, crafiy, decitful.      dubitatio, Onis, F., doubt, hesitadolus, i, M., deceit, craft, guile.       tion, uncertainty.




dubito -  echo.                         59
dubito, [duo,] I, to doubt, waver.    duresco, dUrui, 3, grow hard.
dubius, a, um, doubtful, wavering,   direta, a, F., bath-tub.
perilous; N., doubt, danger.       duiriter, hardly, sternly.
ducdni, ae, a, two hundred each.     dtiritas, [xtis, F., hardness, harshducenti, ae, a, two hundred.            ness.
ducEnties (-ens), 200 times.         diritia, ae, F., hardness, cruelty.
dilco, xi, ct-, 3, lead, guide, con-   duriusculus, a, um, rather hard.
struct, reckon, endure, protract,   diiro, I, harden, inure, endure, stay.
receive, admit, marry (a wife).    dUrus, a, um, hard, stern, rude, cruel.
ductim, by draughts.                 duumviri, pl. N., board of two,
ductio, 5nis, F., drawing away.         (on criminal or naval matters).
ducto (-tito), I, lead, deceive, take   dux, dficis, M., leader, guide, chief
home (marry).                      t dyas, adis, F., the number two.
ductor, 6ris, M., leader, guide.     t dynamis, is, F., plenty, power.
ductus, us, M., guidance, outline,   t dynastes, as, M., ruler.
command.                           Dyrrachium  (Gr. Epidamnus),
diidum, some time ago.                  Durazzo, on the coast of Epirus.
duellum==bellum, war.                dyspepsia, ae, F., indigestion.
duim, pres. subj. of do, give.        dyspncea, ae, dificulty of breathing.
dulcedo, inis, F., sweetness, charm.
dulcesco, 3, to grow sweet.
dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant, dear.                    E.
dulcitUido, inis, F., sweetness.
Diilichius, a, um, 9f Ulysses (or   e (ex), out of, from.
Dulichium, a small island near   ea, [is,] by that way.
Ithaca).                           eapse, [ipse,] herself, same.
dumr, while, until, provided.        edtenus, so fir.
dfimEtum, i, N., thicket.            t ebenus (urM), i, F., ebony.
dummodo, provided that.              9bibo, bi, bit-, 3, drink up or out.
dim6sus, a, um, bushy, brambly.      6bito, I, to go forth.
dumtaxat, exactly, only, however,   6blandior, 4, get by flattery.
so far, at least.                  eboreus, a, um, of ivory.
dimus, i, M., bush, bramble.         Ebrietas, atis, F., drunkenness.
duo, ae, o (~ 18, i, 2), two.        Ebrio, I, make drunk.
duodecies, twelve times.              Ebriolus, a, um, tipsy.
duodecim, twelve.                    6bri6sus, a, um, given to drink.
duodecimus, a, urn, twelfth.         Ebrius, a, um, drunk, intoxicated.
duodeni, ae, a, 12 each, by twelves.   9bullio, 4, boil up or away.
[duode-, minus two, (as in duode-   ebulus, (um), i, M., dwarf-elder.
viceni, -viginti, eighteen).       ebur, 6ris, N., ivory.
duplex, icis, double, crcfty.        eburdtus, a, um, inlaid with ivory.
duplicarius, a, um, doubly paid.     eburneus (-nus), a, um, of ivory.
duplicatio, 6nis, F., doubling.      ecastor, by Castor!
duplicitas, dtis, F., deceit.        ecce, behold! (also as eccum, ecduplico, I, to double, repeat.          cam, eccillum, &c).
duplus, a, urn, twice as much.       eccere! by Ceres.
dipondius, of two pounds.            t ecclesia, ae, F., assembly, church.
dUlracinus, a, um, hard-berried.     t ecdicus, i, M., solicitor.
diramentiilr, i, N., hardening.      ecfero=effero, bear off.
tdiirateus, a, um, wooden.           t echinus, i, M., hedgehog, burr, bowl.
diiratio, onis, F., endurance.       t Echo, us, F., echo.




60                         ecloga -  egestas.
tecloga, Be, F., choice selection.     effercio, fert-, I, to stuff, cram.
Scontra, on the contrary.              effero, efferre, extuli, Elat-, bear
ecquando, whether ever.                  forth, produce, proclaim, exalt.
ecquis, qua, quid, whether any.        effero, I, make wild or savage.
ecquo, whither.                        effertus, [farcio,] stuffed.
t ectypus, a, umrn, copy (in relief).    efferus, a, um, very wild, savage.
eculeus, i, M., colt, rack.            effervo (-esco), fervi, 3, to boil up,
edacitas, atis, F., greediness.          boil over, rage, swarm.
edax, acis, [edo,] devouring.          effetus, a, um, having borne or
Edento, I, dash out the teeth.           yielded, exhausted (by bearing).
6depol, by Pollux.                     efficax, acis, effectual.
edera=hedera, ivy.                     efficio, feei, feet-, [facio,] 3, bring
6dico, xi, ct-, 3, declare, publish,     to pass, make, form, yield, prove.
appoint, establish, ordain.         effigies, 6i, F., copy, image, portrait.
edicto, I, proclaim, publish.          effingo, nxi, ct-, 3, to form, fashion.
Edictum, i, N., ordinance.             effiagito, I, demand urgently.
edisco, didici, 3, learn thoroughly.   efflictim, to death, desperately.
6dissero, rui, rt-, 3; -rto, I, to set   effligo, xi, ct-, strike down or dead.
forth, explain, unfold, relate.      efflo, I, blow or breathe out.
6ditio, 5nis, F., giving forth, pub-   effiresco, rui, 3, to blossom.
lication, exhibition, birth.        effluo, xi 3, flow out, get abroad,
editor, &ris, M., producer, exhibiter.   go forth, pass away, disappear.
edo, didi, dit-, 3, give forth, pub-   effluvium, i, N., outflow, outlet.
lish, utter, declare, produce.      effodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig or tear
edo, (esse, ~ 37, v.), 6di, es-, 3, eat,  out, dig up.
devour, squander.                   effcetus==effetus, exhausted.
edo, 5nis, M., glutton.                effor, I, speak forth, utter.
edoceo, cui, ct-, 3, instruct or in-   effractor, &ris, M., burglar.
form thoroughly.                    effrenus (-niatus), a, urn unbridled.
9dolo, I, hew out, polish, prepare.    effringo, fregi, fract-, [frango,] 3,
9domo, ui, it-, I, to tame, subdue.      break out or open.
Ed6llus, a, um, Thracian.              effugio, fugi, 3, to flee, escape, shun.
6dormio, 4, sleep off, or out.         effugium, i, N., flight, refuge.
Educatio, 5nis, F., training, breed-   effulgeo, si, 2, shine forth, glitter.
ing, education.                     effultus, [fulcio,] propped, stayed.
educator, 6ris, M.; -trix, lois, F.,   effundo, ffidi, fs-, 3, to pour forth,
trainer.                              shed, let go; P., indulge in.
6duco, I, educate, train.              effuse, far and wide.
gdiico, xi, ct-, 3, lead or draw    efffisio, 5nis, F., pouring out, proforth, summon, erect, put to sea.      fusion.
edilis, e, eatable; N., pl. food.      effisus, a, um, wide-spread, profuse.
Ediirus, a, um, very hard.            efffitio, 4, prate, babble.
effarcio=-effercio, cram.             6gelidus, a, urn, lukewarm, cold.
effatus, [for,] pronounced, estab-   egens, tis, needy, lacking.
lished, determined.                 egEnus, a, um, destitute, void, needy.
effectio, 5nis, F.; -tus, iUS, M.,  egeo, ui, 2, to need, lack, want.
doing, effecting.                   Egeria, ae, nymph of a grotto near
effector, &ris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,   Rome, wife and counsellor of
doer, producer, author.                Nula. 
effeminatus, a, um, womanish.         egero, gessi, gest-, 3, carry forth.
effemino, I, to weaken, effeminate.    egestas, atis, F., poverty, need.




egestio -  emano.                          61
egestio, onis, F., carrying forth,   Eleusinus, a, um, of Eleusis, a
emptying, wasting.                    town of Attica, famous for the
ego, mei, mihi, me, I.                   mysteries of Ceres.
egomet, I myself.                     glevatio, 6nis, F., disparaging.
6gredior, gress-, 3, go forth, mount,  glevo, I, lift up, lighten, impair.
wander, march out, go beyond.       Slices, um, M., trench, train.
SgregiS, excellently.                 Slicio, licui (lexi), licit-, 3, draw
EgrSgius, a, um, [grex,] excellent,      out, allure, entice, callforth.
eminent, distinguished.             Slido, si, sum, 3, dash out, crush.
egressus, us, M., a going forth.      Eligo, lgi, lect-, [lego,] 3, select.
9gurgito, I, pour out, squander.      limino, at-, I, turn out of doors.
ehem (of joy or suprise), ha!         Slimo, I, to polish, finish.
eheu (of grief or pain), ah!          linguis, e, dumb, mute.
eho (of command or reproof), ho!   Eliquo, I, strain, pour, melt.
eia (eja), ha! ho! come on!          Elis, idis, F., the W. district of
Zjaculor, I, hurl forth.                 Peloponesus.
ejectio, onis, F., casting out.       Elus, a, um, of Elis, or Olympia.
9jecto, I, to cast forth.               tlisio, onis, F., striking out.
Zjero=-ej ro, reject.                 Elissa, a, a name of Dido.
ejicio, jSci, ject-, [jacio,] 3, to cast   lisus, [Zlido,] crushed, forced out.
out, throw forth, run aground.      Elixus, a, urn, boiled, soaked.
ejulatio, onis, F.; -tus, US, M.,   t ellychnium, i, N., lamp-wick.
wailing, lamentation.               0loco, I, hire or let out.
9julo, I, to wail, lament.            elocutio, onis, F., oratory.
ejuncidus, a, um, lean, slender.      elogium, i, N., maxim, clause.
Ejiro, i, reject, abjure.             gloquens, tis, eloquent.
bjusmodi, of that sort.               Eloquentia, ae, F.; -quium, i, N.,
labor, lapsus, 3, slip away, escape,    eloquence.
disappear, pass away.               eloquor, cut-, 3, speak out, declare.
9lab6ro, I, take pains, work out.     liceo, xi, 2, shine forth, come to
elanguesco, gui, 3, slacken, relax.      light.
Slate, loftily, proudly.              gluctor, I, to struggle out, win.
elatio, 6nis, F.,  bearing-out for   Elicubro, I, compose laboriously.
burial, uplifting, passion.         elido, si, sum, 3, wash out, win (at
glatus, [effero,] proud, lofty.          play), parry, delude, mock.
elavo, lavi, laut- (16t-), I, wash out.  lugeo, xi, 2, to mourn the full time.
elecebra, as, F., allurer.            Slumbis, e, weak in the back.
glectilis, e, choice, dainty.         eluo, ui, ut-, 3, wash off, get rid of.
electio, 5nis, F., choice, election.  9l1itus, a, um, insipid, watery.
glecto, I, worm out, select.          Slfitrio, I, wash out, draw off
Electra, as, d. of Agamemnon.         gluvio, 5nis; -ies, em, e, F., washing
t electrum, i, N., amber.                off, overflow, chasm.
glectus, a, um, choice, select.       Elysium, i, N., the abode of the
glegans, tis, fine, elegant, luxurious.  blest in the world below.
elegantia, as, F., elegance, grace.   Emacio, at-, I, make lean.
t elegi, &rum, M.; -gia, as, F., elegy.   6maculo, I, clear of stains.
elementa, 6rum, M., elements, rudi-   6mancipatio, 6nis, F., release (of
ments, beginnings.                    a son from the father's power).
t elephantinus, a, um, of ivory.      emancipo, I, emancipate, transfer.
t elephas, antis; -phantus, i, M.,  e-maneo, 2, stay outside, overstay.
elephant, ivory.                     rnmano, I, flow out, spread.




62                       Emathia -  enubo.
Emathia, ae, poetic for Macedonia   emptus, [emo,] bought.
or Thessaly.                       6mulgeo, sum, 2, drain, exhaust.
emax, 5cis, eager to buy.            6munctus, a, um, cleaned out.
temblema, atis, N., inlaid work.     emundo, I, clean thoroughly.
tembolium, i, N., interlude.         emungo, nxi, nct-, 3, to clean out.
Emenddtio, 5nis, correction.          muiinio, 4, jbrt/Jy,  protect, furnish.
Emenddtor, oris, M., amender.        en! behold! comee!
Emendatus, a, um, jfultless.         ~narrdbilis, e, explainable.
Emendico, I, get by begging.         6narro, I, tell, declare, interpret.
Emendo, I, to correct, improve.      enascor, nat- 3, spring or sprout
6mensus, [metior,] traversed.           up, be born.
ementior, 4, utter Jflsely, pretend.    Enato, I, swim away.
Emercor, I, to purchase, bribe.      6ndvatus, a, um, performed.
emereo, ui, it-, (-or), 2, to earn, andvigo, I, sail away, or over.
win, serve out one's term.         t encaustus, a, um, burnt-in.
$mergo, si, sum, 3, bring or come   Enceladus, i, a giant buried under
to light, rise, emerge, get clear.   Mount Etna.
emeritus, a, um, worn out.           t encytus, i, M., cake, pastry.
emersus, us, M., an emerging.        [endo-=indu- or in- (im-).
6mrtior, 4, measure out, traverse.   tendromis, idis, F., coarse cloak.
6meto, 3, mow down.                  Endymion, 5nis, myth. prince of
emico, ui, I, spring or show forth.     Caria, loved by Diana.
6migro, I, depart, remove.          -neco, cui, ct- (cit-), I, to kill, exeminitio, 5nis, F., threat.             haust, torment.
Eminens, tis, prominent, lofty.      gnectus, a, um, killed.
-=minentia, a, F., prominence.       enervis, e, nerveless, weak.
Emineo, ui, 2, standforth, extend.    enervo, I, unnerve, weaken.
6minor, I, declare with threats. -    nico- = neco, kill.
Eminulus, a, urn, projecting.        enim, for, surely, for instance.
mrinus, at a distance.               Enipeus, i, M., a river of Thessaly.
emiror, I, be amazed, wonder at.     6niteo, 2; -esco, tui, 2, shine forth.
emissdrium, i, N., drain, outlet.    enitor, nis- (nix-), 3, to strive, climb,
emissarius, i, M., scout, spy, shoot.   bring bforth.
emissio, onis, F., sending-forth.    gnixg (im), strenuously.
emitto, misi, miss-, 3, send forth,   enixus, a, urn, in earnest, having
cast away, let go, release.          given birth, toiling, striving.
emo, Emi, empt-, 3, to buy, get.     Enna, as, F., a town of Sicily,
emnlior, 4, bring out, stir up.         where Proserpine was stolen.
emollio, 4, soften, weaken.          Ennius, i, the  earliest Roman
Emolo, it-, 3, grind up.               poet, B.C. 239-I69.
emolumentum, i, N., effort, gain.    Eno, I, swim  away, traverse or esemoneo, ui, it-, 2, admonish.           cape by swimming.
6morior, mortuus, 3, die, perish.    gnoddtZ, clearly, plainly.
emoveo, m6vi, mot-, 2, remove,   Enodis, e, [nodus,] smooth, clear.
push out, shake, rack.             9nodo, I, tofree from knots, explain.
emplastro, I, to bud, graft.         Enormis, e, irregular, immense.
emplastrum, i, N., bark, plaster.    enotesco, tui, 3, become known.
temporium, i, N., market.      l      noto, I, to mark, note.
empticius, a, urn, boughten.         ensis, is, M., sword, blade.
emptio, 6nis, F., purchase.          Enfibo, psi, 3, marry out of one's
emptor, oris, M.; -trix, F., buyer.     rank or home.




enucleatus -  erodo.                           63
Onucleftus, a, um, clear, pure.       equa, Me, F. (d. pl., abus), mare.
enucleo, I, clear from  husk or   equarius, a, um, ofhorses, M., groom.
kernel, explain.                   eques, itis, M., horseman; pl., cavenumeratio, Onis, F., numbering.        alry; knights (a Roman order).
Enumero, I, counlt, reckon.           equester, tris. e, of the cavalry or
nulncio (tio), I, declare, report.      knights, equestrian.
enutrio, 4, nurture, support.         equidem, indeed, no doubt.
eo, ire, ivi, Rtum (~ 37, vi), go,pass.   equile, is, N., horse-stall.
eo (abl.), as, by so much.            equinus, a, um, of horses.
eo, thither; eodem, the same way.    equiso, onis, M., groom, hostler,
tE6s, F., dawn, East.                 equitatus, us, M., cavalry.
t eous, a, urn, of morning; eastern.   equito, i. to ride, bestride.
Epaminondas, ze, a, Theban gen-   equuleus, i, M., colt, rack.
eral slain at Mantinea, B.C., 362.  equus (ecus), i, M., horse.
tephebus, i, M., a youth (i8 to 20).  era=hera, mistress.
t ephemeris, idis, F., diary.          ridlicitus, root-and-branch.
Ephesius, a, um, of Ephesus, a   gradico, i, root out, wear out.
city  of Ionia; or of Diana,   erado, si, sum, 3, scrape off; erase.
whose chief temple was there.  Erato, F., the lyric Muse.
tephippium, i, N., horse-cloth, sad-   tErebus, i, M., Darkness, (name of
die, housing, caparison.              the lower world).
t ephorus, i, M., a Spartan magis-   Erechtheus, i, myth. k. of Athens.
trate, of a board of five.         erctum-=herctum, inheritance.
Ephyreius, (-zeus), a, urn, of Eph-   erecte, boldly.
yra (e), or Corinth.               erectus, [erigo,] upright, lofty.
tepibata, ae, M., a marine.           erepo, psi, 3, creep away.
t epichysis, is, F., pitcher.         ereptio, 5nis, F., seizure.
t epicopus, a, um, with oars.         ereptor, oris, M., plunderer.
t epicrocum, i, N., thin, transparent.  ereptus, [Eripio,] snatched.
Epidaurus, i, F., a city of Argolis.   Eretria, ee, a city of Euboea.
t epigramma, tis, N., an inscription,   erga, towards, opposite.
epigram.                           ergastulumrn, i, N., work7house,prison.
tepilogus, i, M., conclusion.         ergo, therebfore (~ 43, 5), then.
Epirus (os), i, F. (mainland) the   terice, es, F., heath, broom.
N. W. district of Greece.          Erichthonius, i, myth. k. of Athens,
tepiscopus, i, N., overseer.            son of Vulcan; also a king of
t epistola (ula), e, F., letter.        Troy, son of Dardanus.
tepistomium, i, M., cork, bung.       ericius, i, M., hedgehog, abattis.
tepitaphium, i, N., funeral oration.   Eridanus, i, M., the river Po, in
t epithalamium, i, N., nuptial song.    North Italy.
t epitheca, e, increase.              erigo, rexi, rect-, 3, to set up, rouse,
t epityrum, i, N., olive-conserve.      cheer, excite.
t epodos, i, M., alternate verse.     erilis=herilis, of the master.
t epops, 6pis, M., hoopoe (bird).     Erigone, es, myth. d. of Icarius,
tepos, N., an heroic poem.              changed to the constell. Virgo.
epoto, avi, pat-, I, drink off or up.    tErinnys, yos, F., a Fury.
epuldris, e, of banquets.             Eriphyla, ae (e, es), myth. d. of
epulo, Onis, M., guest at feasts.       Talaus, wife of Amphiaraus.
epulor, I, to feast, eat, banquet.    eripio, ui, rept-, [rapio,] 3, snatch
epulum, i, N.; pl., epulae, arum, F.,   away, set free.
banquet. religious feast.          erodo, si, sum, 3, eat or gnaw away.




64                        erogatio -  evergo.
erogdtio, onis, F., paying-out.       t etesise, arum, M., summer tradeerogo, I, pay out, spend.                winds, through the dog-days.
erosio, onis, F., [rSdo,] eating away.   etiam, even, also, yes, yet, indeed.
errabundus, a, um, wanldering.        etiamnum, till now, also; still.
errdticus, a, um, ra??mbling.         etiamsi, even if, although.
erro, I, wander, roalm,, err, stray.  etiam tum, till then, even then, still.
erro, 5nis, M., wanderer, vagrant.    Etrfiria, ae, W. Italy, N. of Rome.
error, &ris, M., wandering, error.    etsi, even if, although.
grubesco, bui, 3, to redden, blush.   t etymon, i, N.. root (of a word).
eruca, ae, F., canker-worm, cater-   t eu, euge, well! well done!
pillar, cabbage.                    Eubcea, ae, F., a large island near
gructo, I, belch, cast off               the coast, N. of Athens.
eructus, a, urn, inlpure, bad.        t eugengus, (-iug), a, um, well-born.
erUidero, at,- I, to clear of rubbish.   t Eumenides, um, F., (gracious), a
erudio, 4, train, polish.                name for the Furies.
eruditio, 6nis, F., learning.         t eunlichus,  i, M.. eunuch.
gruditus, a, um, educated, skilled.    Euphrates, is, M., the chief river
Zerigo, I, smoothe from wrinkles.        of Syria.
erumpo, ruipi, rupt-, 3, burst forth.   teuripus, i, M., channel, strait, canal.
eruo, ui, ut-, 3, pluck, draw or cast   Europa, ae (e, Zs), Europe; myth.
out, overthrow, destroy.              d. of Agenor, loved by Jupiter.
eruptio, onis, F., bursting-out.      Eurotas, ae, M., a river of Laconia.
*erus=-herus, master.                  t eurus, i, M., the South-east wind.
ervum, i, N., wild pea, or vetch.     Eurydicg, 9s, wife of Orpheus.
Erycus, a, um, of Eryx, or Venus.   Eurystheus, i, myth. k. of Mycenae.
Erymanthus, i, mts. of Arcadia.    Euterpd, es, the muse of Music.
Erythraeus, a, urn, of Erythrce, a   teuxinus, a, um,(hospitable) epithet
city of Boeotia; also, of Erythras,   of the Black Sea (Euxine).
myth. king of S. Arabia.            9vacuo, i, to empty, make void.
Eryx, ycis, M., son of Venus; a   Evadne, es, wife of Capaneus.
mountain of W. Sicily.              Zvado, si, sum, 3, go forth, turn
esca, ae, F., food, bait.                out, pass over.
escalis, e; -arius, a, um, offood.     Wvagor, I, wanderforth, extend.
escendo, di, sum, [scando,] 3, to   evalesco, valui, 3, grow strong.
climb, mount.                       6vallo, 3, to hull, winnow, cast out.
escit, escunt, fut. of sum, to be.    Evander, dri, myth. colonist of
esculentus, a, urn, ft for food.         Rome, from Arcadia.
esculus=aesculus, oak.                6vdnesco, ui, 3, vanish, disappear.
Csito, I, [edo,] to eat often.        Cvanidus, a, um, vanishing.
t esox, 6cis, M., pike, pikerel.    e   vanno, 3, to winnow.
Esquiliae, arum, F., a hill of Rome.   evans, tis, crying Evan! (Bacchus).
essedum, i, N., war-chariot.           Wvasto, I, lay waste, devastate.
estrix, icis, F., glutton.'     vax! hurrah!
estur=editur, pr. pass. of edo, eat.   Eveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry or lead out.
esurialis, e, of hunger.              gvello, velli, vuls-, 3, pluck aiway.
esurio, it-, 4, to be hungry.         Evenio, veni, vent-, 4, come forth,
esurio, onis, M., glutton.               happen, result.
6sus, [edo,] eaten.                   eventum, i, N.; -tus, Uis, M., event,
et, and, also, even; et... et, both     consequence, result.... and.                          9verbero, I, beat, slap, flap, stir.
etenim, for, truly, since (~ 43, I i).   evergo, 3, pour forth.




everriculum -  excitus.                        65
everriculum, i, N., drag-net.         exanclo, i, draw out, endure.
Everro, verri, vers-, 3, sweep out.   exanimatio, o5nis, F., suffocation,
Eversio, 6nis, F., overthrow, ruin.     friight, breathlessness.
eversor, aris, M., destroyer.         exanimis, e; us, a, urn, lifeless, dead.
eversus, a, um, overthrown.           exanimo, I, deprive of life or breath.
Everto, ti, sum, 3, expel, overthrow.   exardesco, arsi, ars-, 3, to kindle,
Evictus, [vinco,J vanquished.           blaze out.
6videns, tis, manifest, plain, clear.   exaresco, arui, 3, to dry up.
Evidentia, ase, F., distinctness.     exarmo, I, disarm, weaken.
Evigilo, I, wake up, watch, elaborate.   exaro, I, plough up, till, inscribe.
evilesco, lui, 3, grow worthless.     exaspero, I, roughen, sharpen.
6vincio, nxi, nct- 4, bind up, wind.   exauctdro, I, discharge, cashier.
dvinco, vici, vict-, 3, to vanquish,   exaudio, 4, hear from afar, listen.
subdue, prevail.                    exaugeo, 2, enlarge greatly.
eviro, I, to unman.                   exauspico, I, take augury.
Eviscero, I, disembowel.              excweco, I, make blind.
evito, I, avoid; put to death.        excalceo, I, deprive of shoes.
Evius, i, a name of Bacchus.          excandesco, dui, 3, kindle, glow.
evocatio, Onis, F., summons, call.    excavo, I, to hollow out.
Cvoco, I, to call forth, summon.      excedo, cessi, cess-, 3, to go forth
Evod, a joyous cry (of bacchanals).     or beyond, die.
evolo, I, fly or spring out, ascend.    excellens, tis, lofty, eminent.
evolutio, Onis, F., unrolling, reading.   excellentia, ae, F., superiority.
gvolvo, vi, ut-, 3, unroll, unfold.   excello, ui, sum, 3, raise up, excel.
evomo, ui, it-, 3, disgorge.          excelsus, a, um, lofty.
Evulgo, I, publish, divulge.          exceptio, 6nis, F., exception.
evulsio, onis, F., pulling-out.       excepto, I, catch up, snuff up.
6vulsus, [evello,]plucked off or out.   exceptor, 6ris, M., scribe, reporter.
ex= —, out of, from, after,forth from.   exceptus, [-cipio,] caught.
[ex-, out, utterly, very.             excerno, crgvi, cret-, i, sift out,
exacerbo, I, embitter.                  cleanse, discharge.
exactS, exactly, precisely.           excerpo, psi, pt-, [carpo,] 3, pick
exactio, onis, F., driving-out.          out, select, except.
exactor, oris, M., expeller, collector.   excessus, us, M., standing-out, deexactus, [exigo,] driven out.           parture, projection.
exacuo, ui, Ut-, 3, sharpen, inflame.   excetra, ae, F., snake.
exadversum, over against.             excidium, i, N.; -cidio, 5nis, F.,
exzedifico, I, build, construct,finish.  downfall, overthrow, destruction.
exaequo, I, level, equalize.          excido, cidi, [cado,] 3, to fall out,
exaestuo, I, boil up, ferment, glow.    escape, perish, pass away.
exaggerdtio, 6nis, F., heaping up.    excido, idi, is-, [ceedo,] 3, to cut
exaggero, I, to heap up, enlarge.       off, cut down, destroy.
exagito, I, stir up, rouse, disturb.  excieo, civi (cii), cit-, 2; -cio, 4,
t exagoga, ae, F., exportation.         call forth, summon, stir up, terrify,
exalbesco, bui, 3, turn white, or       excite.
pale with fear.                     excipio, cepi, cept-, [capio,] 3, to
exalto, I, raise, heighten, deepen.     take out or up, catch, follow.
examen, inis, N., swarm, crowd.       excisus, [excido,] cut off or out.
examinatio, onis, F., balancing.      excitatus, a, um, animated, strong.
examino, I, weigh, ponder, swarm.   excito, I, raise, rouse, excite, kindle.
examussim, exactly.                   excitus, [excio,] roused.




66                     exclamatio -  exoletus.
excla-Mntio, Onis, F., outcry.        exercitio, onis, F., management.
excldmo, I, to cry aloud.             exercito, I, practise frequently.
excliUdo, si, sum, [claudo,] 3, to   exercitor, oris, M., trainer.
shut out, exclude, prevent.         exercitus, uis, M., host,.armny.
exclisio, 5nis, F., exclusion.        exesus, [edo,] consumed.
excoctus, [coquo,] cooked.            exhalatio, F., vapor, exhalation.
excogitatio, 6nis, F., invention.     exhalo, i, breathe forth, evaporate.
excogito, I, think out, devise, con-   exhaurio, hausi, haust-, 4, draw,
trive.                                drain, empty, remove, exhaust.
excolo, colui, cult-, 3, cultivate,   exheredo, I, disinherit.
improve, adorn, honor.              exheres, edis, disinherited.
excoquo, xi, ct-, 3, boil out, roast.   exhibeo, ui, it-, 2, holdforth, disexcors, cordis, brainless.              play, sustain, maintain.
excrementum, i, N., siftings, refuse.   exhibitio, onis, F., delivery, mainexcresco, evi, et-, 3, grow out or      tenance.
big, rise up, grow.                 exhilaro, I, gladden, refresh.
6xcrdtus, [cerno,] sifted, culled out;   exhinc, hereupon.
[cresco,] full-grown.               exhorreo, 2; -esco, ui, 3, dread
excrucio, I, torture, torment, extort.  extremely, shudder at.
excubice, drum, F., night-guard.      exhortatio, 6nis, F., encourageexcubitor, oris, M., watchman.          ment, exhortation.
excubo, ui, it-, 3, lie out of doors,   exhortor, I, to cheer, exhort.
watch, keep guard.                  exigo, egi, act-, [ago,] 3, drive out,
excildo, di, sum, 3, to strike out,     exact, demand, fnish.
hatch, forge out.                   exiguitas, atis, F., scantiness.
exculco, I, tread out, trample.       exiguus, a, urnm, little, scanty, brief.
excultus, [colo,] improved.           exilis, e, thin, meagre, feeble.
excuratus, a, um, well cared for.    exilitas, atis, F., slenderness.
ex-curro, 3, run out, extend, spread.   exilium=exsilium, exile.
excursio, onis, F.; -sus, is, M., a   eximius, a, um, select, excellent.
running-out, onset, digression.     eximo, emi, empt-, [emo,] 3, take
excusatio, F., excuse.                  out, release, remove, consume.
excuiso, I, to excuse, plead.         exin, thereupon.
excussus, a, um, stretched out, stiff.   exinanio, 4, to empty, exhaust.
excusus, [cudo,] struck out,forged.   exinde, thence, thereafter.
excutio, 3, shake off or out, search.   existimatio, F., judgment, opinion,
[exe=exse-.                             reputation.
exedo, edi, es-, 3, consume, corrode,   existimo (-umo), I, to judge, think.
destroy.                            existo=exsisto, stand forth.
texedra, Me, F., hall for discourse.   exitiabilis (-alis), e; -osus, a, um,
exemplar, iris, N., model, copy.        deadly, pernicious.
exemplum, i, M., image, example,   exitium, i, N., going-forth, destruccopy, manner, sort.                  tion, ruin, mischief
exemptus, [-imo,] taken out.          exitus, [exeo,] past.
fexentero, I, disembowel, empty.      exitus, uis, M., going-out, end, death.
exeo, ii (ivi), it-, 4, go forth, expire.   exlex, lSgis, out of the law, lawless.
exerceo, cui, cit-, 2, drive forward,   exoculo, I, destroy the eyes.
employ, exercise..                  t exodium, i, N., after-piece, end.
exercitatio, F., practice, exercise.    exolesco, evi, et-, 3, to grow up,
exercitatus, a, um, trained, prac-      stop growing, cease, disappear.
tised, agitated, troubled.          exoletus, a, um, mature, dissolute.




exonero -  exprimo.                          67
exonero, I, disburden, discharge.      expers, tis, [pars,] having no share.
exoptatus, a, um, longed-for.          expetesso (-isso), 3, long for.
exopto, I, to desire earnestly.        expeto, ivi (ii),it-, 3, seek, contrive,
exorabilis, e, easy to be entreated.      desire, a.spr'e jbr, attain.
exorbito, I, go astray, deviate.       expiatio, F., expiation, atonement.
exordior, orsus, 4, lay the warp,   expilatio, Olis, F., plunder, pillage.
begin.                               expilator, oris, M., pillager.
exordium, i, N., beginning, warp,   expilo, I, rob, plunder.
introduction, treatise.              expingo, pinxi, pict-, 3, to paint,
exorior, ortus, I, arise, spring up.      depict, describe.
exornatio, F., embellishment.          expio, I, expiate, atone.
exorno, I, adorn, equip, supply.       expiscor, I, fish out, search.
exoro, I, gain by entreaty.            explanatio, onis, F., making clear,
exorsus, [ordior,] begun; N., be-         explanation, distinctness.
ginning.                             explano, I, flatten, mnake clear.
exorsus, uis, M., beginning.           expleo, evi, et-, 2, fill up, fuil.
exortivus, a, um, of rising, eastern.   expletus, a, urn, complete,filled up.
exortus, Us, M., rising (of sun).      explicatio, F., uncoiling, explaining.
exos, ossis, boneless, pliant.         explicatus, a, um, spread-out, clear.
exosculor, I, kiss fondly, admire.    explicitus, a, urn, clear, easy.
exosso, I, deprive of bones or teeth.   explico, avi (ui), at- (it-), I, to unt exostra, ae, F., stage-zmachinery.     jbld, arrange, clear up.
exosus, a, um, hating, hateful.        expldo, si, sum  (plaudo), 3, to
texoticus, a, um, outlandish.             h/oot off, drive away.
expallesco, ui, 3, turn pale, dread.   explorate, with certainty.
expalliatus, a, um, uncloaked.         explraitio, F., searching, exploring.
expallidus, a, um, very pale, wan.   explorator, oris, M., examiner,
expalpo (or), I, get by coaxing.         searcher, scout.
expando, di, pass- (pans-), 3, to   expliratus, a, um, established, sure.
spreadforth, expand.                 expl6ro, I, to search, examine, reexpapillitus, a, um, bare-breasted.       connoitre, test, prove.
expavesco, pavi, 3, fear greatly.    explosio,,nis, F., hooting-off.
expectoro, I, drive froom the breast.   explosus, [-plodo,] driven off.
expedio, 4, bring out, release, set   expolio, 4, topolish, refie, adorn..forth, arrange.                     expolitio, F., polishing,,refinement.
expedit, it is useful, or expedient.    expolitus, a, um, neat, refined.
expedite, readily, promptly.           expono, posui, posit-, 3, set forth,
expeditio, F., excursion, discussion.     ofter, expose, explain.
expeditus, a, um, disengaged, light-   exporrigo, rexi, rect-, 3, spread
armed, without baggage, handy.         out, smoothen.
expello, puli, puls-, 3, thrust out   exportatio, F., export, banishment.
or away, reject.                     exporto, I, carry forth or away.
expendo, di, sum, 3, weigh out,   exposco, poposci, 3, ask, require.
measure, pay, charge, estimate.      expositio, F., exposing, expounding.
experge-facio, 3, rouse, stir, excite.   expostulatio, Olis, F., com2plaint.
expergiscor, perrectus, 3, awake.   expostulo, I, demand, conmplain.
expergo, gi, git-, 3, arouse, wak/en.   expresse (-sim), distinctly, strongly.
experientia, ae, F., trial, experience.   expressus, [-primo,] clear, distinct.
experimentum, i, N., trial, proof.    expretus, [spretus,] spurned.
experior, expertus-, 4, to try, test.   exprimo, pressi, press-, [premo,]
expertus, a, um, tried, skilled.         3, press or force out, represent.




68                        exprobratio -  exta.
exprobrdtio, F., upbraiding, blame.   exsicco, I, dry up, parch.
exprobo, I, to reproach, upbraid.       exsigno, I, write out, record.
expromo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, take out,   exsilio, ui, 4, leap forth, spring up.
exhibit, display, declare.           exsilium, i, N., exile, retreat.
expugndbilis, e, liable to capture.    exsisto, stiti, stit-, 3, come or
expugnatio, F., storming, capture.        stand forth, exist.
expugnator, M., conqueror, taker.    exsolvo, vi, it-, 3, unbind, disexpugnax, icis, subduing.                 charge, get clear, throw aside.
expugno, I, to take by assault, sub-   exsomnis, e, sleepless, watchful.
due, extort, effect.'             exsorbeo, ui, 2, swallow up, drain,
expulsio, onis, F., expulsion.            exhaust.
expulso, I, drive out, expel.           exsors, tis, without part or lot.
expulsus, [pello,] driven out.          exspatior, I, expand, digress.
expungo, nxi, not-, 3, prick out,   exspectatio, onis, F., awaiting.
erase, fulfil, adjust (accounts).    exspectatus, a, um, longed for.
expurgitio, F., justification.          exspecto, I, wait for, anticipate.
expurgo, I, cleanse, vindicate.         exspergo, spers-, 3, sprinkle, scatter.
expiltesco, 3, putrify.                 exspes, hopeLess.
exputo, I, prune, examine.              exspiro, I, breathe out, blow or rush
exquiro, sivi, sit-, [quaero,] 3, ask,    forth, expire, cease.
search out, inquire.                 exspolio, I, to plunder, spoil.
exquisite, accurately.                  exspuo, ui, ut, 3, spit out, expel.
exquisitus, a, um, choice, excellent.   exsterno, I, terrify greatly.
exseevio, 4, spend one's rage.          exstillo, I, to drop or trickle out.
exsanguis, e, bloodless, pale, weak.   exstimulo, I, goad on, impel.
exsarcio, sart-, 4, patch up, mend.   exstinctio, 6nis, F., annihilation.
exsatio (-saturo), I, glut, satisfq.    exstinctor, oris, M., destroyer.
exscendo=escendo, ascend.               exstinguo, nxi, net-, 3, to quench,
exscindo, idi, iss-, 3, to extirpate.     extinguish, annul, destroy.
exscribo, psi, pt-, 3, write out, copy.   exstirpo, I, uproot, pluck out.
exsculpo, psi, pt-, 3, dig out, erase.   exsto, I, stand Jbrth, appear.
exseco, cui, ct-, I, cut out or off.    exstructio, 5nis, F., structure.
exsecrabilis, e, cursing, accursed.    exstruo, xi, ct-, 3, heap up, build.
exsecrdtio, F., solemn oath, curse.    exsuctus, [sugo,] drained dry.
exsecratus, a, um, detestable.          exsfido, I, sweat forth, exude, toil.
exsecror, I, curse, swear solemnly.   exsUigo, xi, et-, 3, suck out.
exsectio, F., cutting out.              exsul, ulis, c., exile, wanderer.
exsectus, [seco,] cut out.              exsulo, I, to be in exile.
exseciUtio, F.,fulJilment, discussion.   exsultans, tis, skipping, diffuse.
exsecfitor, &ris, M., performer, exe-   exsultatio, F., leaping up for joy.
cuter, prosecuter.                   exsulto, I, leap up, exult, revel.
exsequens, tis, studious of:            exsuperdbilis, e, surmountable.
exsequiae, arum, F., [sequor,]   exsuperans, tis, excellent.
funeral rites, procession, obsequies.   exsuperantia, ze, F., pre-enminence.
exsequor, ciitus, 3, follow out, pur-   exsuperatio, 5nis, F., exaggeration.
sue, acconmplish, relate, avenge.    exsupero, I, mount, surpass, overexsero, rui, rt-, 3, thrust forth, dis-   power, exceed, excel, pass beyond.
play, protrude.                       exsurdo, I, deafen, blunt.
exsertus, a, um, open, conspicuous.   ex3urgo. surrexi, 3, rise, stand up.
exserto, I, stretch forth.              exsuscito, I, rouse, excite.
exsibilo, I, to hiss away.              exta, 5rum, N., the internal organs.




extabesco -  facinus.                          69
extabesco, tabui, 3, to fade, wane.   exulto=exsulto, leap forth.
extaris, e, of the exta.               exundo, I, overflow, rush forth.
extemplo (-pulo), immediately.         exungo, unct-, 3, anoint, squander.
extemporalis, e, extemporary..        exuo, ui, fit-, 3, put strip or cast off,
extendo, di, turn (sum), 3, stretch       lay aside, despoil.
forth, increase, spread, extend.     exiro, ussi, ust-, 3, burn up, conextentus, a, um, wide-spread.             sume, patch, destroy.
extento, I, stretch forth, exert.      exustio, F., burning, scorching.
extenuatio, F., thinning, lessening.    exuviae, drum, F., spoils (stripped
extenuo, I, make thin, weaken.            from an enemy's body), hide.
exter (-terus), a, um, outward, ex-   exveho= —veho, carry off.
ternal, foreign.
exterebro, I, bore out.
extergeo, si, sum, 3, wipe off.                         P.
exterior, us (compar.), outer.
extermino, I, drive away, banish.    faba, a, F., bean.
externus, a, um, outward, foreign.   fabdlis, e; -arius, a, umrn  of beans.
extero, trivi, trit-, 3, rub out, wear   fabella, Ee, F., short story or play.
out or away.                         faber, bri (g. pl. brum), M., smith,
exterreo, ui, it-, 2, strike with terror.  artisan, craftsman.
extexo, 3, pick to pieces, plunder.    faber, bra, brum, skilful, ingenious.
extimesco, timui, 3, fear greatly.    Fabius Maximus, Dictator in the
extinguo=-exstinguo, quench.              second Punic War, B.C. 217-209.
extispex, icis, diviner.               fabre-facio, 3, fashion skilfully.
extollo, 3, raise, uplift, defer.      fabrica, ae, F., workshop, fabric,
extorqueo, si, tumrn, 2, wrest away.     trade, trick or crafty device.
extorris, e, exiled.                   fabricatio, F., construction.
extra, outside of, except, beyond.     fabricator, 6ris, M., artificer.
extraho, xi, ct-, 3, drawforth, with-   Fabricius, C., consul in the war
draw, release, protract, outroot.      against Pyrrhus, B.C. 279.
extrdneus, a, um, external, strange.   fabricor (-co), I, fashion, construct.
extraordinarius, a, um, beyond   fabrilis, e, of a smith; N., pl. tools.
the ranks, uncommon.                 fabula, ae, F., [for,] story, drama.
extrArius, a, um, outward, strange.   fabula, dim. of faba, bean.
extremitas, dtis, F., end, edge.       fabuldris, e; -6sus, a, um,fabulous.
extr6mus (-timus), a, um, outmost,  fabfilator, 6ris, M., story-teller.
remotest, utmost, latest, last.      fabulor, I, to talk, converse.
extrico, I, disentangle, clear.        facesso, i, it-, 3, do eagerly,perform;
extrilidus, a, urn, dauntless.            get clear, depart, retire.
extrinsecus, firom abroad, outside.    facete, neatly, wittily.
extritus, [tero,] worn off.            facftiae, arum, F., wit, fun.
extrUdo, si, sum, 3, thrust forth.     facetus, a, um, elegant, fine,funny.
extuibero, I, to swell, raise.         facies, ei, F., figure, face, appearextundo, tudi, tus, 3, to beat out,       ance, aspect, pretence.
strike out, devise, extort.          facilis, e, [facio,] suited, apt, comexturbo, I, drive or thrust away.        pliant, favoring, prosperous, easy.
exfibero, I, abound, make full.        facile, easily, no doubt.
exudo=exsUdo, exude.                   facilitas, ntis, F., facility, readiness,
exul= —-exsul, exile.                     ease, fluency, good humor.
exulcero, I, fester, exasperate.       facinorosus, a, um, atrocious.
exululo, I, howl.                      facinus, 6ris, N., bold deed, crime.




70                          facio -  fastigium.
facio, feci, fact-; P., fio, fieri, fac-   famelicus, a, um, famished.
tus, make, do, perform, practise,   fames, is, F., hunger, need, greed.
esteem, assume, cause; fit, it hap-   frmigerdtio, 5nis, F., rumor.
pens, is usual; fiat, so be it.      famigerator, oris, M., tale-bearer.
factio, onis, F., making, doing, rank,   famigerdtus, a, um, celebrated.
party, class, faction.               familia, ae, F., body of slaves, famfactiosus, a, um, factious, seditious.    ily, household, company, clan.
factito, I, keep doing, practice, make.   familidris, e, of servants or family,
factor, 6ris, M., doer.                   intimate, friendly; M., friend.
factura, ae, F., doing, deed.           familidritas, atis, F., intimacy.
factus, [facio,] done; N., deed.        familiariter, by families, familiarly.
factus, us, M., doing, making.          famosus, a, um, of good or illfame.
facula, ae, F., [fax,] torch, link.     famuldris, e, of servants or service.
facultas, atis, F., opportunity, sup-   famulitus, is, M., servitude.
ply, power, abundance, resource.    famulor, I, to serve, be a servant.
facundd, eloquently.                    famulus, a, um, serving, servicefacundia, ae, F., eloquence.              able; M., F., servant.
facundus, a, um, fluent, eloquens.    fandticus, a, um, inspired, rapt.
faecula, ae, tartar (of wine).          fanum, i, N., shrine, temple.
faeculentus, a, um, full of dregs.    far, farris, N., spelt (a grain), meal.
Faesula, arum, F., Fiesole, a hill-   farcimen, inis, N., sausage.
town near Florence.                  farcio, si, tum, 4, to stuf; cram.
fax, cis, F., lees, dregs, brine.       farfarus, i, M., colt's-foot (a plant).
faginus (-eus), a, um, of beech.        farina, ae, F., meal, flour, substance.
tfagus, i, F., beech-tree.              farrtgo, inis, F., mixed fodder (for
fala, a, F., scaffolding, scaffold.       cattle), medley.
faldrica, a, F., Jire-ball.             farririus, a, um, of grain; N., pl.
falcarius, i, M., scythe-makcer.          granary.
falcatus, a, um,  scythe-hung or   farratus (-eus), a, um, ofcorn, grain.
scythe-shaped.                       fartor, 6ris, M., fattener (of fowls),
falcifer (-ger), era, um, scythe or       sausage-maker.
sickle-bearing.                      fartum, i, N., [farcio,] stuffing.
tfalco, 6nis, M., falcon.               fas (indecl.), right (by divine law).
falcula, ae, F., sick!e, talon.         fascia, a, F., band, swathe.
falre, is, N., pedestal, pile.         fasciculus, i, M., packet.
Palernus, a, urn, Falernian, of a re-   fascina, aS, F.,.fagot.
gion in Campania.                    fascino, I, bewitch, fascinate.
Faliscus, a, um, of Falerii, a city   fascinum, i, N., witchcraft, amulet.
of Etruria.                          fasciola, Be, F., bandage.
fallacia, ae, F., deceit, intrigue.     fascis, is, M., bundle; fasces, (pl.),
fallax, dcis, deceitful, fallacious.      rods-and-axe, (symbol of office
fallo,fefelli, fals-, 3, deceive, cheat,  with power of life and death),
beguile, escape notice.                consulship.
falsi-dicus, -ficus, -loquus, speak-   fastidio, 4, loathe, despise, scorn.
ing. or acting falsely.              fastldi&s6, disdainfully.
falsim6nia, Ae, F., imposition.        fastidiosus, a, um, full of disgust.
fals5 (e), falsely.                    fastidium, i, N., loathing, aversion,
falsus, a, um, deceitful, false.          haughtiness, contempt.
falx, cis, F., scythe, sickle, hook.   fastigatus, a, um, sloping, steep.
fama, A, F., fame, report (good or   fastigium, i, N., top (of gable),
evil), tradition, reputation.          highest point or rank.




fastigo -  ferramentum.                             71
fastigo, I, bring to a point, exalt.    felicitas, dtis, F.,fertility, happiness.
fastbsus, a, um, haughty, sumptuous.   felliciter, fruitfully, auspiciously.
fastus, i, M., court-day; pl., calendar.   felinus, a, um, of a cat.
fastus, as, M., haughtiness, contempt.  fMlix, icis,,fericile, auspicious, happy.
fatalis, e, fated, destined, fatal.     fellitus (-bsus), a, um, full of gall.
fataliter, by fate or destiny.          fello, I, to suck.
fateor, fassus, 2, conjess, manifest.   frmell'a, ae, F., girl.
faticanus (-cinus, -dicus), a, um,   feminis, g. of femur, thigh.
pre(licting fate, prophetic.         femina, ae, F., womanl, female.
fatifer, era, um, deadly.               feminatus, a, um, effeminate.
fatigatio, F., weariness, banter.       femineus, a, urn, of woman.
fatigo, I, weary, plague, vex, jeer.    femininus, a, um,feminine.
fatim, sufficiently.                    femur, 6ris (inis), M., tuigh.
fatisco (-cor), 3, gape open, faint.    fenebris, e, of usury.
fatuitas, atis, F., folly.              feneratio, F., leading on interest.
fatum, i, N., [for,] destiny, doom.     fenerator, oris, M., money-lender.
fatuor, I, talk foolishly.              feneror (-o), I, lend, practice usury,
fatus, as, M. [for,] word.                cheat or extort by usury.
fatuus, a, um, prophetic (a name   fenestra, ae, F., window, entrance.
of Faunus).                          fenestro, I, furnish with windows.
fatuus, a, um  foolish, tasteless.      fenilia, ium, N., hay-loft.
fauces, ium, F., throat, defile, gulf    fenisex, secis, M., mower, rustic.
Faunus, i, a rustic deity of Latium,   fenum, i, N., hay.
son of Picus, gr.-son of Saturn.   fenus, 6ris, N., interest, gain, profit.
Faustulus, i, the shepherd who   fera, se, F., wild beast.
brought up Romulus.                  feralis, e, of the dead, deadly.
faustus, a, um,fortunate, auspicious.   ferax, acis, [fero,] fertile.
fautor, (-vitor), oris, M.; -trix, icis,   ferculum, i, N., litter, bier, dish.
F., favorer, patron.                 fere, almost, quite, hardly, generally.
faveo, favi, faut-, 2, favor, befriend.   ferentarius, a, um, light-armed.
favilla, We, F., glowing embers.        Feretrius, i, [ferio,] the Subduer.
favisse, arum, F. storage-cell.         t feretrum-ferculum, litter.
Fav6nius, i, M., the Spring West-   feriae, arum, F., holidays, festivals.
wind.                                feriatus, a, um, at leisure, quiet.
favor, oris, M., good-will, applause.   ferinus, a, um, of wild beasts.
favorabilis, e, pleasing, in favor.     ferio, 4, strike, batter, kill, cheat.
favus, i, M., honey-comb.               ferior, I, keep holiday.
fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand.       feritas, atis, F., wildness, rudeness.
faxim, faxo —fecerim, fecero, sub.   ferme=fere, nearly, hardly.
and fut. perf. of facio, do.         fermentatus, a, urnm, loose, soft.
febricito, I, be ill of fever.          fermento, I, rise, ferment.
febricula, ae, F., slight fever.        fermentum, i, N., leaven, beer.
febris, is, im  (em), i (e), F., fever.    fero, tuli, latum, bear, carry, bring,
Februarius, i, M., February.              get, raise, show, report, say, tell.
februa, orum, N., purgation (religi-   ferocia, e; -citas, tatis, F., wildous festival of February I5).           ness, ferocity.
fecunditas, atis, F., fertility, plenty.   fetrciter, boldly, fiercely.
fecundo, I, fertilize.                  feroculus, a, um, rather fierce.
fecundus, a, um, fertile, abundant.   Feronia, ae. F., a divinity of Plants.
fel, fellis, N., gall, bitterness, wrath.   ferox, ocis, bold, fierce.
feles, is, F., cat, thief.              ferramentum, i, N., iron tool.




72                          ferrarius -  filum.
ferrarius, a, um, of iron; M., black-   fiber, bri, M., beaver.
smith; F., iron-mine.                fibla=fibula, clasp.
ferrdtus, a, um, iron-clad or shod.    fibra, a,, F., fibre, entrail.
ferreus, a, umrn, of iron, hard, cruel.  fibrinus, a, um, of the beaver.
ferricrepinus, a, um, clankinXg.        fibula, ae, F., clasp, pin.
ferriterium, i, N., chain-house, jail.  fibulo, I, to clasp, fasten.
ferritribax, &cis, iron-galled.         ficnrius, a, um, of figs.
ferrUgineus, a, um, of iron-rust   ficedula, Me, F., fig-pecker (a bird).
(color or taste).                    ficRtum, i, N., a fig-orchard.
ferrfigo, inis, F.. iron-rust.          fictilis, e, of clay, earthen.
ferrum, i, N., iron, steel (sword).     fictio, 5nis; -tura, ae, F., making,
ferrUmen, inis, N., cement, rust.         fashioning, feigning.
ferrUmino, I, to solder, cement.        fictor, 6ris, M., image-maker, baker.
feitilis, e, fruitful, productive.      ficus, i (us), F., fig.
fertilitas, ntis, F., fruitfulness, fer-   fidei-committo, 3, put in trust.
tility, abundance.                   fide-jubeo, 2, give security.
fert6rius, a, urn, for carrying; N.,  fidelia, ae, F., earthen pot, jar.
sedan-chair.                         fidelis, e, trusty, faithful, sure.
fertum, i, N., oblation-cake.           fidelitas, ntis, F.. faithfulness.
fertus, a, um, fertile.                 Fidenae, drum, F., an old town of
ferula, Me, F., fennel, twig, rod.        Latium.
ferus, a, um, wild, rude, barbarous;   fidens, tis, confident, bold.
F., a wild beast.                    fidenter, courageously.
ferve-facio, 3, to boil, melt.          fidentia, as, F., confidence, boldness.
fervens, tis, hot, glowing.             fides, ei, F., trust, belief, credit,
ferveo, bui, 2; -vo (-vesco), vi, 3,      promise, security, credibility.
to burn, glow, ferment, swarm.       fides, is, F., string, lute, lyre.
fervidus, a, um, hot, glowing,fiery.   fidicen, inis, M.; -cina, F., a lutefervor, 5ris, M., heat, glow, passion.    player, or harpist.
Fescennia, ae, F., a town of Etru-   fidicula, dim. of fides, lyre.
ria on the Tiber.                    Fidius, god of Trust, an epithet of
Fescennini, rude jesting verses.          Jupiter (as, me dius fidius).
fessus, a, um, weary, weak.             fido, fisus, 3, trust, confide.
festinanter (-atim, -ato), hastily.     fiduicia, ae, F., trust, boldness, pledge.
festindtio, onis, F., haste, speed.    fiducio, I, to pledge. mortgage.
festino, I, make haste, hasten.         fidus, a, um, trusty, sure, safe.
festinus, a, um, hasty, quick, early.   figlinus, a, um, of a potter; N., pot.
festive, joyously, delightfully.        figmentum, i, N., forming, fiction.
festlivitas, atis, F., gaiety, delight,  figo, xi, xum, 3, fasten, fix, pierce.
cheer, festivity, kindness.          figuldris, e, of a potter.
festivus, a, um, lively, agreeable.     figulis, i, M., potter, bricklayer.
festfica, ee, F., stalk, straw, rod.   figilra, ae, F., shape, kind, phantom.
festus, a, um, festal; N., banquet.    figUirtio, 6nis, F., fashioning.
fetidles, pl., the college of heralds.  figUro, I, to form, shape, picture.
feto, I, to breed, hatch, fructify.     filia, a, (d. pl. abus), daughter.
fetura, ae, F., bringing-forth.         filicatus, a, um, decked with fern.
fetus, a, urn, breeding, teeming, full.   filiola, ae, F., little daughter.
fetus, us, M., breeding, breed, pro-   filiolus, i, N., little son.
geny, offspring, fruit, produce.     filius, i, (v., fili), M., son; pl. children.
fex, fecis=faex, lees, dregs.    -      filix, icis, F., fern.
fi, imperat. of fio, become.            filum, i, N., thread, fillet, outline.




fimbriae -  floreo.                         73
fimbrime, arum, F., threads, fringe.   fiagito, I, demand vehemently.
fimus, i, M., (um, N.), dung, manure.   flagrans, tis, blazing, glowing.
finalis, e, of boundaries, final.       flagranter, ardently, eagerly.
findo, fidi, fiss-, 3, split, part, divide.   flagrantia, Ge, F., burning heat.
fingo, nxi, fict, to form, fashion,   flagritriba, ae, M., wearing out the
make, instruct, represent, invent.     lash (nickname of a slave).
finio, 4, to limit, bound, appoint.    flagro, I, to flame, blaze, glow, burn.
finmis, is, M., end, limit, border; pl.,  flagrum, i, N., whip, scourge.
bounds, territory.                   flimen, inis, N.. blast, wind, gale.
fmitimus, a, um, bordering, neigh-   flamen, inis, M., priest (of one god).
boring, like; pl., neighbors.        fiaminica, a flamen's wife.
finitio, F., bounding, defining.       fiaminius, a, um, of a flamen.
finitor, oris, M., surveyor.            flamma, Be, F., flame, blaze, pasfio, fieri, fact-, P. of facio, make.     sion, conflagration, peril.
firmamenturn, i, N., support, sky.    flammeus, a, um, fiery, red, flamefirmator, M.,establisher.                 colored; N., bridal veil.
firm    (-iter), firmly.                flammifer (-ger), era, um, flaming,
firmitas, dtis; -tfido, inis, F.,firm-    flame-bearing, fiery.
ness, strength, endurance.           flammo, I, to blaze, burn, redden.
firmo, I, strengthen, establish.        flaitilis, e, produced by blowing.
Firmum, i, N., a port of E. Italy.   fiator, oris, M., blower, caster (of
firmus, a, um, stable, strong.            metal), melter, coiner.
fiscalis, e, of the treasury.           fiatfira,?e, F., blowing, casting.
fiscella (-cina), ae, F., osier basket.   flatus, us, M., blowing, blast.
fiscus, i M., basket, treasury.         fliveo, 2; -vesco, 3, to be golden,
fissilis, e, split (or that can be).      or yellow.
fissura, M, F., cleft, chink.           flavus, a, urn, yellow, gold-color.
fissus [findo,] split, cloven.          flibilis, e, lamentable, tearful.
fissipes, pedis, cloven-footed.         flecto, xi, xum, 3, to bend, turn.
fistfica, Me, F., rammer, beetle.   filmina, Ee, F., swollen ankle.
fistrico, I, ram down.                  fleo, flMvi, flet-, 2, uweep, drip, bewail.
fistula, ae, F., pipe, tube, reed.      flitus, us, M., weeping.
fistulator, 6ris, M., a piper.          flexanimus, a, um, affecting, moved.
fistul6sus, a, um, full of holes.       flexibilis (-ilis), e, pliant, bending.
fisus, [fido,] having trusted.          flexiloquus, a, um, equivocal.
fi3xus, [figo,]fixed.                   flexio, 6nis, F., bending, inflection.
flabellum, i, N., fan, fly-flap.        flexo, I, to bend, curve.
flabilis, e, airy.                      flexuosus, a, um, full of bends.
flibra, 5rum, N., blasts, breezes.      flexuira, ae, F.; -Xus, US, M., bendflacceo, 2; -cesco, 3, droop, wither.     ing, turning, winding.
flaccidus (flaccus), a, um, flabby,   flexus, [flecto,] bent.
feeble, languid.                     flictus, us, M., clash.
flagello, I, scourge, beat, lash.      flo, I, to blow, cast (metal).
flagellum, i, N., whip, thong.         floccus, i, M., lock of wool, trifle.
flagitatio, F., earnest request.       floces, um, F., dregs, lees.
fiagitator, 6ris, M., demander, dun.   Flora, ae, goddess of Flowers.
fiagiti6se, infamously.                fliralis, e, of Flora; N., pl., garden.
fiagiti6sus, a, um, shameful, inrfa-   flrens, tis, shining, flourishing.
mous, disgraceful.                  Fl~1rentia, A, F., Florence.
flagitium, i, N., disgraceful thing or   flireo, ui, 2, to bloom, flower, swell,
act; scoundrel, villain.               flourish, prosper.




74                        floresco -fortiter.
floresco, ui, 3, come into blossom.    follis, is, M., bellows, wind-bag.
filreus (-idus), a, ur, of flowers,  follitim, with money-bags.
flowery, abounding in flowers.      fomentum, i, N., poultice, comfort.
florilegus, a, um, cullingflowers.    fomes, itis, M., tinder, touchwood.
flirulentus, a, um, abounding in   fons, tis, M., fountain, source.
flowers, blooming, youtlful.        fontanus, a, um, of a spring.
Mfls, oris, M., flower, blossom, top.    fonticulus, i, M., [fons,] spring.
flosculus, i, M., floweret.           for, ffatus, I, (~ 38, iv.), speak, say.
flucto, I, to wave, fJow.             fordmen, inis, N., aperture.
fluctuatio, 5nis, F., wavering.       fords, out of doors.
fluctuo (-or), I, undulate, waver.    foratus, us, M., boring.
fluctuosus, a, um, billowy.           forceps, ipis, D., tongs, pincers.
fluctus, us, M., wave, billow, flood.    fordus, a, um, with young.
fluens, tis, flowing, lax,.fuent.     fore, fut. infin. of sum, to be.
fluentum, i, N., flood, stream.       forensis, e, of the forum.
fluidus, a, urnm,flowing, fluid, lax.    forfex, ficis, F., shears.
fluito, I, float, waver, undulate.    forica, Ee, F., storehouse.
flumen, inis, N., stream, river, flood.   forilsecus, firom without.
fiumineus, a, um, of a river.         foris, is, F., (gen. pl. urn), door.
fluo, xi, xum, 3, to flow, overflow,   foris, abroad,fi-omn uwithout.
pour, come forth, pass away.       forma, ae, F., shape, beauty, mould.
fluor, oris, M., flowing, flux.       formrlis, e, of a form or mould.
flustra, orum, N., calm at sea.       formatio, 5nis, F., forming, design.
fluto, I, to float.                   formdator, 6ris, M., formrer, framer.
fluvialis (-atilis), e, of a river.   Formiae, arun  F,, a town of S.
fluvius, i, M., rive;r, stream.         Latium.
fluxio, lnis; -xus, us, M., aflowing.   formrica, ae, F., ant.
fluxus [fluo,] fluid, loose,firail.  formlicinus, a, um, like ants.
focale, is, N., [faux,] neck-band.   formidibilis, e, fearfdl.
focillo, I, comfort with warmth.      formldo, i, to fear, dread.
foculus,f jre-pan, brazier.           formido, hiis, F., fear, dread.
focus, i, M., fire-place, hearth.     formldolosus, a, umrn, timid, dreadfodico, I, to pierce.                   ful, fearful, qcfraid.
fodina, e, F., pit, m2ine.            formidus, a, urn, warm.
fodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig.           formo, I, to fashion, shale.
fcederatus, a, um, leagued.           formosus, a, um, beautiful.
faedero, I, to league, establish.     formula, Oe, F., beauty, pattern, rule.
fcedifragus, a, um, perfidious.       formus, a, urn, warm.
fceditas, atis, F., foulness, filth.  fornmcilis, e, of a furnace or oven.
fcedo, I, to defile, disfigure.       fornax, acis, F., furnace, oven, kiln.
fcedus, a, urn, foul, ugly.           fornicatim, archwise.
fcedus, eris, N., league, treaty.     fonzicatus, a, urn, arched, vaulted.
fcenus=f-nus, prqfit.                 fornix, icis, M., arch, vault, brothel.
fceteo; 2, -esco, 3, have an ill smell.  foro, I, to bore, pierce.
fcetidus, a, um, qof evil odor,foul.   forpex, icis, F., curling-tongs.
fcetor, oris, M., stench.             fors, tis, F., chance, fortune.
fcetus-=ftus, produce.                fors, forte, forsan, forsit, forsitan,
fcetitina, se, F., dirt-hole, puddle.   fortasse, perhaps.
foliatus, a, urnm, lefy; N., ointment.   t fortax, aicis, M., base of furnace.
folium, i, N., leaf, trifle.          fortis, e, strong, brave, vigorous.
folliculus, i, m, bag, pod, husk.     fortiter, vigorously, boldly.




fortitudo -  fringilla.                         75
fortitfido, inis, F., vigor, bravery.   fraternitas, atis, F., brotherhood.
fortuitus, a, urn, accidental.          fraternus, a, um, brotherly.
fortuit6 (tir), accidentally.           fratria, Ae, F., brother's wife.
fortUna, a, F., fortune (good or   fratricida, ae, M., fratricide.
ill), condition; pl., property.      fraudatio, onis, F., deceit, fraud.
fortiinatus, a, um, fortunate, pros-   fraudator, oris, M., deceiver, cheat.
perous, happy.                        fraudo, I, cheat, defraud, steal.
fortUino, I, make prosperous.           fraudulentia, se, F., deceit.
foruli, 6rum, M., book-shelves.         fraudulentus, a, um, deceitful.
forum, i, N., public square, market;   fraus, dis, F., deceit, crime, harm.
a square in  Rome, the chief   fraxinus, i, F., ash; spear.
place of public business.            fraxinus (-eus), a, um, ashen.
forus, i, M., gangway, row of seats   Pregellanus, a, um, of Fregellce,
or cells, garden-bed.                   an old town of Latium.
fossa, ae, F., ditch, trench.           fremebundus, a, urn, murmuring.
fossilis, e; -tius, a, um, dug-up.      fremitus, us, M., roaring noise.
fossio, 5nis; -Ura, Ae, F., digging.    fremo, ui, it-, 3, roar, murmur,
fossor, 6ris, M., digger.                 grumble, growl, mutter.
fossus, [fodio,] dug.                   fremor, 6ris, M., low roaring.
fotus, [foveo,] warmed, cherished.    frenator, 6ris, M., controller.
fotus, us, M. warming, comforting.      frendo, fr*s-, 3, gnash, crush.
fovea, Ma, F., pit, pitfall.            frEniger, a, um, bridled.
foveo, fovi, fMt-, 3, to warmn, cherish.   freno, I, to bridle, curb, check.
fraces, um, M., grounds, dregs.         frenum, i, N. (pl., i, M., or a, N.),
fracesco, cui, 3, grow mellow or          curb, bit, bridle, rein.
rancid.                              frequens, tis,frequent, crowded,full.
fracidus, a, um, soft, mellow.          frequenter, often, in large numbers.
fractUra, ae, F., breach, fragment.     frequentatio, 6nis, F., crowding.
fractus, [frango,] broken.              frequentatus, a, um, much used.
freenum=frEnum, curb, bit.              frequentia, ae, F., crowd, throng.
Fraga, orum, N., strawberries.          frequento, I, to resort, frequent,
Eragesco, 3, be broken or subdued.        crowd, assemble, celebrate.
[ragilis, e, fri-ail, apt to break.    fresus, [frendo,] bruised.
Fragilitas, atis, F., frailty, brittle-   fretalis, e, of a strait.
ness, weakness.                      fretum, i, N., strait, channel, sea.
rragmen, inis, N., fracture, wreck,   frEtus, a, um, relying, sustained,
fragment.                               trusting, daring..ragmentum, i, N., fragment, rem-   fretus, us, M., reliance.
nant.                                frico, cui, ct- (cat-), I, to rub.
~ragor, ~ris, M., crash, din.          frictus, [frigo,] roasted, parched.
xragosus, a, um, fragile, broken,   frigeo, 2; -esco, frixi, 3, to be cold,
rough, roaring, crashing.               stiff, torpid, languid, faint.:ragrans, tis, sweet-scented.          frigidarius, a, um, of cooling; N.,!ragrantia, a, F., fragrance.             cooling-room; pl., cold-closet.
ragro, I, to emit odor.                frigide, coldly, feebly, flatly.
~ramea, as, F., spear, sword.          frigidulus, a, um, rather cold or s.ffl.
rango, fregi, fract-, 3, to break,   frigidus, a, um, cold, cool, chill, dull.
crush, bruise, weaken, subdue.       frigo, xi, ct- (xum), 3, roast, fry.
rater, tris, M., brother.              frigus, 6ris, N., coldness, winter, chill.
raterculus, i, M., little brother.     frigiitio, 4, to twitter, stammer.
~rterng, brotherly, heartily.          fringilla, Ee, F., robin (?),.inch.




76                           frio -  fumifico.
frio, I, to rub, break, crumble.        fruticosus, a, um, bushy, shrubby.
fritilla, ae, F., gruel.                frux, gis, F.,qfruit, produce, [fruges.]
fritillus, i, M., dice-box.             fuicatus, a, um, counterfeit.
fritinnio, 4, twitter.                  fuco, I, to paint, dye, stain.
frivolus, a, um, silly, paltry.         fficSsus, a, um, painted, colored,
frixSrium, i, N.; frixuira, e, F.,        stained, counterfeit.
frying-pan.                           ficus, i, M., orchil (a lichen), red,
frixus, [frigo,] roasted.                 rouge, deceit; bee-glue; drone.
frondator, oris, M., leaf-pruner.       fuga, ae, F., flight, exile, avoiding.
frondeo, 3; -esco, dui, 3, putforth   fugaciter, in fleeing.
leaves.                               fugax, acis, fleet, fleeing.
frondeus (-ifer, -osus), a, um, leafy.   fugicus, tis, fleeting, vanishing.
frons, dis, F., leaf, bough, garland.    fugio, fuigi, fugit-, 3, flee, pass
frons, tis, F., brou, front, forehead.     away, avoid, escape.
frontalia, um, N., fjontlet.            fugitivus, a, um, runaway, deserter.
fronto, 6nis, M., wide-brow.            fugito, I, flee hastily, avoid.
fructifer, era, um, fruit-bearing.      fugo, I, drive, chase, rout.
fructuarius, a, um, offruit-bearing.   fui, perf. of sum, to be.
fructu6sus, a, um, fiuitful, profit-   fulcimen, inis, N., prop.
able, abounding in fruit.            fulcio, fulsi, fult-, 4, to prop, supfructus, [fruor,] enjoying.               port, strengthen, secure.
fructus, us, M., fruit, profit, enjoy-   fulcrum, i, N., bed-post, couch.
ment, consequence, result.           fulgeo, fulsi, 2; -gesco, 3, to glitter,
fruigalis, e, thrifty, prudent.           flash, shine, lighten.
fiugalitas, atis, F., thrift, worth.    fulgetrum, i, N., heat-lightning.
fruges, [frux,] fruits (of the earth).   fulgidus, a, urn, glittering, shining.
frugi (indecl.), worthy, useful.        fulgor, oris, M., flash, gleam, splenfrugifer, era, um, fruit-bearing.         dor, brightness, glory.
frfimentarius,  a, um, of corn,   fulgur, firis, N., lightning.
abounding in corn; res frumen-   fulguralis, e, of lightning.
taria, supply of corn.               fulguratio, onis, F., flashing.
fruimentatio, 6nis, F., providing or   fulgurio, 4, to hurl lightning.
distributing of corn, foraging.      fulguro, I, to lighten, flash, shine.
fruimentor, i, fetch or provide corn.   fulica, ee,; -lix, cCiS, F. coot, diver
friimentum, i, N., corn, grain.         fuligo, ginis, F., soot.
fruniscor, nitus, 3, enjoy.             fullo, onis, M., fuller.
fruns —frons, tis, leaf.                fullonicus (-ius, a, um, of fullers
fruor, fruct- (fruit-), 3, to enjoy.       F., fuller's art or shop.
frustatim  (-tillatim), piecemeal.      fulmen, inis, N., thunderbolt.
frusto, I, break in pieces.             fulmenta, Se, F., prop, shoe-heel.
frustra, in vain, without reason.       fulmentum, i, N., prop, bedpost.
frustratio, onis, F., deceiving, dis-   fulminatio, onis, F., lightning.
appointment, failure.                fulmineus, a, um, of the thunder
frustror (-tro), I, deceive, disappoint.  bolt, destructive.
frustulentus, a, um, full of crumbs.   fulmino, I, hurl lightnings, blast.
frustum, i, N., piece, fi.agment.       fultuira, e, F., support.
frutectum, i, N., shrubbery.            fultus, [fulcio,] propped.
frutex, icis, M., shrub, bush, stem.    fulvus, a, umrn, yellow, tawny.
fruticetum, i. N., thicket, shrubbery.   fuimeus (-idus), a, urnm, smoky.
frutico, (-cor), I, to sprout, grow    fumifer, era, um, emitting smoke.
bushy.                               fumifico, I, burn incense.




fumigo -  galbeum.                            77
fiumigo, I, to smoke, fumigate.        fiUrinus, a, um, of thieves.
fdmo, I, to smoke, steam, reek.        furio, I, madden, enrage.
fIIm6sus, a, um, smoky, reeking.       furiosus, a, um, raging, furious.
fumus, i, M., smoke, fume, vapor.      furnus, i, M., oven.
funalis, e, of a rope or trace; N.,  furo, ui, 3, rage, be furious.
thong, torch, candlestand.           furor, I, to steal, take away secretly.
fiunambulus, i, M,. rope-dancer.       furor, oris, M., raging, madness.
fuinarius, a, um, of a rope.           furtim, stealthily.
functio, 5nis, F., discharging, ful-   furtivus, a, um, stolen, secret.
filment, execution.                  furtum, i, N., theft, deceit.
functus, [fungor,] having fulfilled.   fi'runculus, i, M., pilferer; boil.
funda, as, F., sling, casting-net, purse.   furvus, a, um, dusky, gloomy.
fundiamen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,  fuscina, as, F., trident.
foundation, groundwork.              fusco, I, to blacken, darken.
fundator, oris, M., founder.           fuscus, a, um, swarthy, dark, hoarse.
fundatus, a, um, durable.              fiise, extended, copiously.
Fundi, 5rum, a town of Latium.    ffisilis, e, molten, liquid.
fundito, I, to hurl, sling.            fiusio, 6nis, F., pouring, melting.
funditor, oris, M., slinger.           fustibalus, i, M., sling-staff.
funditus, from the bottom, utterly.    fustis, is, M., cudgel, staff, club.
fundo, fidi, fdis-, 3, to pour, melt,  fustudrium, i, N., beating to death.
bathe, pour or spread forth, utter.  fuisus, [fundo,] spread, diffuse.
fundo, I, to establish, found, secure.   fUisus, us, M., melting, pouring.
fundus, i, M., bottom, estate.         fUsus, i, M., spindle.
flinebris, e; -ereus, a, um, of   fuitatim, abundantly.
burial, deadly, fatal.               fUtilis, e, [fundo,] loose, vain, idle;
funero, I, bury, destroy.                for pouring; N., pan.
fuluesto, I, pollute (with murder).    filtilitas, atis, F., vanity.
fu-nestus, a, urn, fatal, mournful.    futUirus, fut. part. of sum, to be.
funetum, i, N., arbor of vines.
funginus, a, urn, of mushrooms.
fungor, funct-, 3, perform, fulfil.                     G.
fungosus, a, umr fungous, spongy.
fungus, i, M., mushroom, soft-head,   gibalus, i, M., gallows.
candle-snuff.                        gabatae, arum, F., platter.
funiculus, i, M., slender cord.        Gabii, orum, M., an old city of
ufinis, is, M., rope, cord, line.         Latium, I2 miles from Rome.
fuinus, eris, N., burial, corpse, death,   Gades, ium, F., Cadiz, a port of
ruin, funeral rites.                   Spain, a Phoenician colony.
fuo, 3,-sum, be.                       gaesum, i, N., heavy Gallic javelin.
fur, ffiris, M., thief, knave, drone.  Gaetuli, orum, a people of N.-W.
furax, dcis, thievish.                    Africa, in Morocco.
furca, a, F., fork, stake, prop.       t gagates, ae, M., asphalt, jet.
furcifer, eri, M., yoke-bearer (rascal).   t galactites  (galaxias), ea, M.,
furcilla, as, F., dim. of furca, fork.    milk-stone.
furcula, ae, F., forked prop, ravine.   Galatae, drum, people of Galatia,
furfur, uris, M., bran, scurf.      in N. central Asia Minor.
furiae, arum, F., madness; Furies   galbaneus, a, um, of galbanum.
(goddesses of Vengeance).            galbanum, i, N., a fragrant gum.
furialis, e, raging, maddening.        galbanus, a, urn, greenish yellow.
furibundus, a, um, mad, raging.        galbeum, i, N.; us, M., arm-band.




78                       galbula -  genticus.
galbula, a, F., yellow thrush (?).    gaza, s, F., treasure.
galbulus, i M., cypress-cone.         Gela, ae, F., a city in S. Sicily.
galbus, a, um, yellow; smooth.        gelasco, 3, freeze.
galea, ae, F., helmet (of leather).   gelatio, onis, F. freezing.
galeatus, a, um, helmeted.            gelicidium, i, N., frjost.
galena, se, F., lead-ore, dross.      gelidE, coldly, faintly.
galeo, I, to put on the helmet.       gelidus, a, um, cold, icy.
galeritus, a, um, hooded; F., crested   gelo, I, freeze, chill, stiffen.
lark.                               gelu, uis, N., firost, cold, chill.
galerus, i, M.; -um, N., leather cap.   gemellus, [geminus,] twin.
galla, We, F., gall-nut.              geminatio, onis, F., doubling.
gallans, tis, revelling, raving.      gemino, I, to double, redouble,join.
Gallia, ae, F., Gaul, including Bel-   geminus, a, um, twin, double, like.
gium, France, and Switzerland.   gemitus, Us, M., a sigh, groan, roar.
gallicinium, i, N., cock-crowing.     gemma, ae, F., bud, gem.
Gallicus, (-canus), a, um, Gallic.    gemmeus, a, um, of gems, glittergallina, Me, F., hen.                   ing, sparkling.
gallinaceus (-aricus), a, um, of   gemmifer, era, uip, containing gems.
poultry.                            germmo, I, to put forth buds, or
gallinula, e, F., pullet.               shine with gems.
Gallogreecia, ae=Galatia.             gemmula, se, F., [gemma,] bud.
Gallus, i, M., a Gaul; a Phrygian   gemo, ui, it-, 3, sigh, bewail, moan.
stream; a priest of Cybele.        gena, ee, F., cheek, eyelid.
gallus, i, M., cock.                  gener, eri, M., son-in-law.
gamba, se, F., hoof.                  generilis, e, generic, general.
ganea, ae, F.; -urn, i, N., cook-shop.   generatim, by kinds, generally.
ganeo, Onis, M., glutton.             generator, 5ris, M., author, father.
Ganges, is, M., a river of India.     genero, I, engender, produce.
gannio, I, to yelp, bark.             gener5sitas, ntis, F., noble breed.
gannitus, US, M., yelping, chirping.   generosus, a, um, of noble descent,
ganta, ae, F. (German), a goose.        great, noble, generous.
GanymEdes, is, myth. son  of   tgenesis, is, F., birth, creation.
Laomedon, stolen by Jupiter.       genetrix, icis, F., mnother.
Garamantes, urn, a tribe of in-   Geneva (-ava, -ua), Ee, F., a city on
terior Africa.                        the Helvetian boundary of Gaul.
Garganus, i, M., a stormy mountain   genialis, e, of birth, nuptial, genial.
range of Apulia.                   genialiter, genially, merrily.
Gargara, 5rum, a mt. near Troy.   geniculatus, a, um, with bent knee,
t gargarizo, I, to gargle.              knotted, bent, crooked.
garrio, 4, to chatter, talk.          geniculum, i, N., [genu,] knee, knot.
garrulitas, atis, F., chattering.     genista (-esta), A, F., broom-plant.
garrulus, a, um, talkative, garru-   genitalis, e; -tivus, a, um, of birth
lous, babbling, muzurmuring.          or generation, fruitful, fertilizing.
tgarum (on), i, N., fish-sauce.       genitor, 6ris, M., father.
gaudeo, gavisus, 2 (~ 35, ii), to re-   genitfira, e; -tus, us, M., birth, genjoice, be glad, delight in.           eration, begetting.
gaudium, i, N., joy (at heart).       genitus, [gigno,] begotten.
tgaulus, i, M., bucket, tub.          genius, i, M. (v. i), divine guardian;
Gaurus, i, a mt. of Campania.           genius or inclination.
gausapa, se (-es,-e, -um),frieze,felt.   gens. tis, F., clan, race, house.
gavisus, [gaudeo,] glad.              genticus, a, um, of a tribe or people.




gentilicius -  gloria.                         79
gentilicius, a, um, of a clan or   gibber, era; gibbus (6sus, -erofamily.                                sus), a, um, hunch-backed.
gentilis, e, of the same clan or house.   Gigantes, um, the Giants, sons of
gentilitas, atis, F., kindred of clan.    Earth and Tartarus.
genu, us, N., knee, joint.             gignentia, um, N., growing things.
Genua, ae, F., Genoa; also, Geneva.   gigno, genui, genit-, 3, beget, progenualia, um, N., garters.               duce; P., arise, spring forth.
genuinus, a, um, [genus,] innate,   gilvus, a, um, pale yellow.
native; [gena,] of the cheek or jaw.   gingi a, ze, F., the gum.
genus, eris, N., birth, breed, race.   ginnus=hinnus, mule.
tgeometres (-tra), ze; -ter, tri, M.,  git, gith, coriander.
geometer.                            glaber, bra, urn, smooth, beardless,
tge6metria, ae, F., geometry.            bald; M., a youthful slave.
t georgicus, a, um, of husbandry.    glacialis, e, icy.
germana, ae, F., sister.               glacies, ei, F., ice.
germann, Jfithfilly, brotherly.        glacio, I, Jfieeze, harden, congeal.
Germania, ze, F., Germany.             gladiator, toris, M., a prize-fighter,
germanitas, atis, F., brotherhood.       gladiator, swordsman, cutler.
germanus, i, M., brother.              gladiatorius, a, um, of gladiators.
germanus, a, um, of one's own bro-   gladiatiira, ae, F., sword-fight.
ther or sister, genuine, true.      gladiolus, i, M., small sword.
Germanus, a, um, German.               gladius, i, M., sword; killing.
germen, inis, N., sprig, sprout, bud.   glandarius, a, um, of acorns.
germinatio, onis, F.; -tus, US, M.,  glandifer, fera, um, acorn-bearing.
sprouting, germziation.              glandium, i, N., dainty bit.
germino, I, to bud, germinate.         glandulme, pl., glands (of throat).
gero, gessi, gest-, 3, to bear, carry,   glanis, is, F.; -us, i, M., shad (?).
wear, wage (war), show, transact.   glans, dis, F., acorn, nut, bullet.
gero, onis, M., abducter, carrier.     glarea, ee, F., gravel.
gerrae, arum, F., tr.ifles, nonsense.    glareosus, a, um, gravelly.
gerro, onis, M., trJiler, loafer.      glastum, i, N., woad.
gerulus, a, um, bearing, doing.        t glauceum  (-cion), i, F., celandine.
tgerusia, ae, F., old man's retreat.    t glauciscus, i, M., blue-fish.
Ggryon, 6nis, myth. k. of Spain,   t glaucoma, atis, N.; -ma, M, F.,
a monster with three bodies.           cataract (of the eye).
gestamen, inis, N., burden, a thing   t glaucopis, idis, F., owl.
worn, ornament, equipmzent, litter.   Glaucus, i, myth. son of Sisyphus.
gestatio, onis, F., bearing, carry-   t glaucus, a, um, bluish-gray.
ing, place of resort.               gleba, Ce, F., clod, sod, soil, luzp.
gestator, oris, M., bearer, carrier.    glebalis, e, of clods or land.
gesticulor, I, make gestures.          glebula, ae, F., small clod or farm.
gestio, onis, F., doing, performing.   glesum, i, N., amber.
gestio, 4, exult, desire eagerly.      glis, gliris, M., dormouse.
gesto (-tito), I, bear, carry, r eport.   glisco, 3, swell, grow, spread, kindle.
gestor, oris, M., tale-bearer.         globo, I, make round, heap together.
gestus, [gero,] borne; res gestae,   globosus, a, um, spherical.
deeds, exploits.                    globus (-ulus), i, M., ball, globe.
gestus, us, M., gesture, bearing.      glomeramen, inis, N., round macs.
gesum-geesum, javelin.                 glomero, I, to heap, gather in mass.
Getee, arum, a Thracian people   glomus, eris, N., ball of thread.
near the Danube.                     gloria, ae, F., glory, fame, ambition.




80                     gloriatio -  gravamen.
gloriatio, Onis, F., glorying.       gramen, inis, N., grass, herb.
glnriola, A, F., modest glory.       gramineus, a, um, grassy.
gl6rior, I, to boast, pride one's self.    grammaticus, a, um, of grammar;
gl6riosus, a, um, jfmous, boastful.    M., philologist; F., (-cE, es), gramgls, gloris, F., husband's sister.    mar; N. pL., philology.
glossa, ae, F.; -ema, atis, N., a   t grammatista, ae, M., grammarforeign word, needing explanation.    master.
glfibo, 3, to strip, peel.           granaria, 6rum, N. pl.. granary.
gluten, inis, N.; glus, itis, F., glue.   granatus, a, um, having seeds or
gliitinator, 6ris, N., bookbinder.     grains; F., pomegranate.
gliftino, I, to glue, fasten.        grandevus, a, um, aged.
glUtin6sus, a, um, gluey, tenacious.   grandesco, 3, grow great.
glutio, 4, swallow, gulp, cluck.     grandiloquus, a, um, lofty-speakglito, 6nis, M., glutton.              ing, boastful, grandiloquent.
glutus, a, um, tenacious, soft.      grandinat, it hails.
gnarus, a, um, knowing, skilful.     grandineus (-6sus), a, um, full of
gnatus —natus, born (son).             hail.
gnavus —navus, busy.                 grandio, 4, to enlarge, increase.
tgn6mon, bnis,, M., index of dial.  grandis, e, great, tall, strong, old,
gnosco-nosco, know.                    sublime, grand.
Gn6sius, a, um, Cretan; of Gnosus,   granditas, atis, F., grandeur.
the old capital of Crete.          granditer, exceedingly.
gn6tus, [nosco,] known.              grando, inis, F., hail, hailstorm.
Gorgo (on), 6nis, the Gorgon, a   Granicus, M., a stream in Mysia.
name of Medusa.                    granifer, era, um, carrying grain.
Gortynius, a, um, Cretan  (of   granum, i, N., grain, seed, kernel.
Gortyna).                          tgraphicus, a, um, of drawing.
Gothi, 6rum, the Goths, a tribe of   t graphis, idis, F., pencil, draught.
N. Germany.                        fgraphium, i, N., writing-style.
tgrabatus, i, M., couch, pallet.     grassator, 6ris, M., idler, rioter.
Gracchus, Ti, tribune, B.C. I33;  grassatura, e, F., rioting, waylaying.
C. id., 123, authors of popular   grassor, I, roam, loiter, attack, stay.
laws, and slain by the nobility.   grate, gladly, gratefully.
gracilis, e, slender, plain, meagre.    grates, F., thanks.
gracilitas, atis, F., slenderness, lean-   gratia, Me, F., favor, esteem, regard,
ness, simplicity.                    friendship, grace, influence.
graculus, i, M., jackdaw.            gratia (abl.), for the sake of.
gradarius, a, um, of steps, pacing.   Gratiae, arum, the Graces, Aglaia,
gradatim, step by step, gradually.      Euphrosyne, Thalia.
gradatio, onis, F., making or tak-   gratiis (gratis), without reward.
ing steps.                         gratificatio, F., showing kindness.
gradatus, a, um; -ilis, e, with steps.  gratificor, I, do favors, gratify.
gradior, gressus, 3, go, take steps.   grati6sus, a, um, enjoying or showGradivus, i, an epithet of Mars.       ing favor, agreeable, beloved.
gradus, us, M., step, degree, station.   grator, I, rejoice, congratulate.
Greae, arum, the gray sisters,   gratuitus, a, um, done without pay.
daughters of Phorcus.              gratulatio, F., congratulation, joy.
Greecia, ae, F., Greece.             gratulor, i, to congratulate, give joy
Graecus, a, urn, Greek.                 or thanks.
Graius, a, um, Greek.                gratus, a, um, grateful, agreeable.
grall, arum, F., stilts.            gravamen, inis, N., trouble, vexation.




gravastellus -  Hadriaticus.                      81
gravastellus, i, M., gray-head.       gummeus (-dtus), a, um, gummy.
gravate, reluctantly.                 t gummi, N. indec.; -is, is, F., gum.
gravdtim, with difficulty.            gurdus, i, M., dolt, blockhead.
gravedo, inis, F., catarrh..         urges, itis, M., gulf abyss, stream,
graveolens, tis, of rank odor.          flood, whirlpool, prodigal.
gravesco, 3, grow heavy, teem.        gurgulio, 5nis, F., gullet.
gravido, I, to load, burden.          gurgustium, i, N., hut.'
gravidus, a, urn, burdened, teeming.   gustatus, is M., taste, flavor.
gravis, e, heavy, burdensome, deep,   gusto, I, to taste, enjoy.
Of weight or influence, rank.       gustus, uis; -ulus, i, M., taste, relish,
graviter, weightily, seriously, deeply.  fore-taste.
gravitas, Rtis, F., wegqht, vehemence,   gutta (-ula), ae, F., drop, spot, bit.
dignity, severity, rankness.        guttatim, drop by drop.
gravo, I, to load heavily; P., feel as   guttatus, a, um, speckled.
a burden, be weary.                guttur, uris, N., throat.
gregdlis, e, of the herd or common   guttus, i, M., bottle,flask.
sort. pl., companions.             t gymnasium, i, N., schoolfor traingregalis, e, of the herd.               ing, gymnasium.
gregarius, a, um, of the herd, com-   t gymnicus (gymnasticus), a, um,
mon (soldiers).                       gymnastic.
gregatim, in flocks or herds.         tgynaeceum, i, N., women's apartgrego, I, herd together.                ment, an inner room.
gremium, i, N., lap, bosom.           gypso, I, to plaster.
gressus, [gradior,] stepping.         t gypsum, i, N., plaster, stucco.
gressus, us, M., a stepping, going.   t gyrinus, i, M., tadpole.
grex, gregis, F., flock, herd, com-   gyro, I, to wheel in a circle.
pany, swarm, troop.                 t gyrus, i, M., circle, ring, race-course.
gr6ma, e, F., measuri7g-rod.          Gytheum, i, N., a port of Laconia.
grossus, a, um, thick, gross; M.,
green fig.
grimus, i, M., hillock.                               H.
grunnio, 4, to grunt.
grus, gruis, F., crane.               habena, se, F., thong, rein.
gryllo, I, to chirp.                  habentia, ae, F., property.
tgryllus, i, M., grasshopper, cricket.   habeo, ui, it-, 2, have, hold, regard,
Gryneus, i (of Grynia or Grynium,       consider, use, possess, enjoy.
a town of AEolis), Apollo.          habilis, e, handy, fit, expert.
tgryps, gryphis, M., griofin.         habilitas, atis, F.. aptitude.
grypus, i, M., hook-nosed.            habitdbilis, e, habitable.
giiberndculum, i, N., helm, guid-   habitdtio, onis, F., dwelling, rent.
ance, government.                   habitftor, iris, M., dweller.
gUbernatio, onis, F., steering, gov-   habito, I, hold, possess, dwell.
erning, piloting.                   habitiido, inis, F., condition, habit.
gibernator, nris, M., pilot, steers-   habitiirio, 4, desire to possess.
man, governor.                      habitus, [habeo,] held.
g~ibernAtrix, icis, F., directress.   habitus, is, M., condition, quality.
gufiberno, I, steer, direct, govern.  hMc, [hic,] by this way.
gilbernum, i, N., helm, rudder.       hactenus, hitherto, thus far.
gula, e, F., throat, gullet.          Hadria, A, M., the Adriatic.
gulo, 5nis, M., epicure, glutton.     Hadriaticus, a, um, of the Adrigul6sus, a, um, gluttonous, dainty.     atic, the Sea E. of Italy.




82                     Hadrumetum -  Helle.
HadrumEtum, i, N., a city of N.   t harpago, I, to plunder.
Africa.                           t harpago, 6nis,  M., grapplingheedinus, a, um, of a kid.             hook.
haedus (-illus), i, M., kid.         t harpax, agis, rapacious.
Haem6nia, Ae, F., a name  of   j harpe, es, F., sickle, falcon.
Thessaly.                         Harpyia, ae, a rapacious monster
Heemus, i, M., the Balkan, mts. of     half bird, half woman.
Thrace.                           harundo=arundo, reed.
haereo, haesi, hees-, 2, to cling, stay,   haruspex, icis, M., diviner (from
stick fast.                          entrails).
hers-=hEr6s, heir.                   hasta,  Me, F., spear, pike; sub
thaeresis, is (eos), F., sect, crafi.  hastA, at auction.
haesitatio, 6nis, F., stammering,   hastdtus, a, um, spear-armed, of the
hesitation.                         front rankr of the Roman legion.
hmesito, I, stick, stammer, hesitate.    hastile, is, N., spear-shaft.
Halcyon-=Alcyond.                    hastula, Me, F., a little spear or
hdlec-=-lec, brine.                    branch.
haleca=-alica, mush.                 haud (hau, haut), not at all.
Halgsus, i, son of Agamemnon.    hauddum, not yet.
Halicarnassus, i, F., a city of   haudquaquam, by no means.
Caria.                            haurio, hausi, haust-, 4, draw,
halitus, us, M., breath, vapor.        drain, consume.
hallex-allex, thumb.                 haustus, Us, M., drawing, draught.
hallficinor=-lcinor, dream.         haveo-aveo, covet.
halo, I, breathe, exhale.            t hebdomas, adis, F., a week, seven.
thalophanta, ee, F., salt-informer, HI bE, es, goddess of Youth.
villain.                          hebeo, 2; (-esco, 3), be blunt.
thalos, 5, F., halo.                 hebes, 6tis, blunt, dull, dim.
thalter, eris, M., dumb-bell.        hebeto, I, make blunt.
Halys, yos, M., a river of Asia   Hebrus, i, M., a river of Thrace.'Minor.                           Hecate,  es, F., goddess of enthama (-ula), se, F., water-bucket.    chantments.
hamadryas, adis, F., wood-nymnph.   hecatombE, es, F., hecatomb.
hamdtilis, e, hooked.                Hector, 6ris, 6ra, son of Priam,
hdmdtus, a, um, hooked, crooked.       champion of Troy.
thamaxag6ga, ae, N., waggoner.       Hecuba, ae, wife of Priam.
thdmaxo, I, to yoke to a waggon.   hedera, Ae, F., ivy.
Hamilcar, aris, father of Hanni-   hederdtus, a, um, ivy-crowned.
bal, chief in the Ist Punic war.   thEdychrum, i, N., cosmetic.
h~ami6ta, e, M., angler.             hei! alas!
hdmus (-ulus), i, M., hook, talon.   t helcium, i, N., yoke (for hauling).
Hannibal, alis, a Carthaginian   Helena, d. of Jupiter and Leda,
chieftain, B.c., 247-I83.            wife of Menelaus.
Hanno, 6nis, a general of Carth-   H6liades, um, sisters of Phaeage, enemy of Hannibal.             thon, changed to poplars.
t haphe, es, F., dust, sand.         t h6lianthes, is, N., sunflowers.
hara, ae, F., pen, coop, sty.        f helice, es, F., willow, osier.
har6na==arena, sand.                 Helicon, 6nis, a mt. of Bceotia.
hariolor, I, prophesy, talk nonsense.   t helix, icis, F., twining ivy.
hariolus, i, M.; -ola, ae, F., diviner.   Helle, es, myth. d. of Athamas,
harmonia, as, F., harmony, concord.    drowned in the Hellespont.




helleborus-  Hierosolyma.                         83
thelleborus, i, N., hellebore.        Hermione, es, d. of Menelaus.
helluo=-hluo, glutton.                Hernici, orum, an ancient people
Hellespontus, i, M., the strait of       of Latium.
Dardanelles, S. E. of Thrace.       Herb, us, a priestess of Venus in
thelops, 6pis, M., sturgeon.             Sestos. beloved by Leander.
Helotes, um, the Spartans' slaves.   Herodotus, i, a Greek Historian,
heluo, onis, M., glutton.                of Halicarnassus, B.C. 450.
heluor (helluor),i, gormandize.       therbicus, a, um, of heroes.
helus (helvella)=olus, pot-herb.      th&roina, e; -is, idis, F., heroine.
helvenacus (-veolus), a, um, pale   t hEros, ois, oa, M., hero, demigod.
yellow, yellowish.                  therbus, a, um, of a hero.
Helvdtii, orum, people of Helve-   t herpes, etis, M., a creeping sore.
tia (Switzerland).                  herus (erus), i, M., master, owner.
helvus, a, um, dun, yellowish brown.   hervum (ervum), wild pea.
hem! ah! indeed!                     Hesione, es, d. of Laomedon, reshmlina, ae, F., half-a-pint.             cued by Hercules.
thdrmisph-erium, i, N., half-globe.   Hesperia, ae, F., Greek or poetic
Henna=lEnna, a town of Sicily.           name for Italy or Spain.
thepar, atis, N., liver.              hesperius, a, um, western.
thepsema, atis, N., grape-marina-   Hesperus, i, son of Cephalus and
lade.                                 Aurora; the Evening Star.
theptas, adis, F., the number seven.   hesperus, i, M., west (vesper).
theptgris, is, F., seven-banked ship.   hesternus, a, urn, [heri,] yesterhera, 8e, F., mistress, lady.            day's; abl., yesterday.
Heracleus, a, um; -ides, e, of, or   t hetreria, ae, F., secret society.
descended from, Hercules.           heu! alas!
herba, ae, F., grass, herbage.        theuretes, ae, M., inventor.
herbaceus (-bidus), a, um, grassy.   heus! halloo! ho!
herbesco, 3, grlow like grass.        thexameter, tri, M., hexameter.
herbifer, era, um, grass-bearing.     t hexeris, is, F., six-banked ship.
herbilia, e, fed on grass.            hiasco, 3, to split open.
herbbsus, a, um, full of grass.       hiatus, us, M., Cleft, opening.
herbula, ae, F., a little herb.       hibernaculum, i, N., winter aparthercisco, 3, to divide inheritance.      ment; pl., winter tents.
hercle! by Hercules!                  Hibernia, ee, F., Ireland.
herctum, i, N., inheritance, estate.    hiberno, I, pass the winter.
Hercynia silva, a German forest.   hibernus, a, um, of winter, wintry;
Herculaneum, i, N., a town near          N., pl., winter-quarters.
Naples, destroyed, A.D. 79.         hibiscum, i, N., marsh-mallow.
Hercules, is, myth. son of Jupiter   hibridl, ae, c., mongrel, halflbreed.
and Alcmena, god of Strength.   hic, heec, hoc, this, the latter.
Herculeus, a, um, of Hercules.        hic, here, hereupon, herein.
here=heri, yesterday.                 hic-ce, this (emphatic).
hereditarius, a, um, inherited.       hiccine, this, here (interrog.)
hereditas, atis, F., inheritance.     hiemalis, e, wintry, of winter.
heredium, i, N., inherited estate.    hiemo, I, pass the winter; be cold,
heres, edis, M., heir, owner.           friozen or stormy.
heri (here), yesterday, lately.       hiems (ps), mlis, F., winter, storm.
herilis, e, of the master.            hieratius, a, um, of sacred use.
thermaphroditus, i, of both sexes.   Hiero, Onis, ruler of Syracuse.
Hermes (-ma), ae, Mercury.            Hierosolyma, orum, Jerusalem.




84                        hieto -  horrens.
hieto, I, yawn, gape.                historicus, a, um, historic; M., histhilaris, e; -us, a, um, cheerful,    torian.
merry; N. pl., spring-games.       histricus, a, um, of stage-players.
hilaritas, atis, F., cheer, mirth.   histrio, 6nis, M., play-actor.
hilaritido, inis, F., cheeifulness.  histrionia, Be, F., stage-play.
hilaro, I, gladden, exhilarate.      histrix=hystrix, porcupine.
hillae, arum, F., entrails.          hiulco, I, cause to gape, open.
hilum, i, N., triJle.                hiulcus, a, urn, gaping, cleft, eager.
Himera, ae, a river and town of   hodie, to-day; now, at this time.
Sicily.                            hodiernus, a, um, of to-day.
hinc, hence, hereafter, this side, ago.   hcedus=haedus, kid.
hinnio, 4, to neigh.                 [t holo-, whole.
hinnitus, us, M., neighing.          holus=olus, pot-herb.
hinnuleus, i, M., young deer.        Homrnricus, a, um, of Homer.
thinnus (-ulus), i, M., mule.        homicida, e, c., man-slayer.
hio, hiaxi, hiat-, I, yawn, gape.    homicidium, i, N., homicide, murder.
thippac~, es, F., cheese (of mare's   homo, inis, c., man.
milk).                             [thomo-, together.
t hippagogi, pl., horse-transports.  homullus, -uncio, -unculus (dim.
Hippo, onis, a city of Numidia.        of homo), manikin, petty man.
Hippocrene, es, F., a fountain of   honestamentum, i, N., decoration.
the Muses near Helicon.            honestas, atis, F., honor, beauty.
HEippodame, es (-ia, ae), myth. wife   honestE, nobly, honorably.
of Pelops; also, of Pirithous.     honesto, I, to adorn, honor.
t hippodromos, i, M., race-course.   honestus, a, um, honored, honoraHippolytC, es, an Amazon, w. of         ble, noble.
Theseus, mother of Hippolytus.   honor (os), 5ris, M., honor, esteem,
thippomanes, is, N., horse-heat, (a    diqnity, reward, ornament.
slime or excrescence).             honorabilis, e, winning honor.
thir, N., hand.                      hon&rarius, a, um,  conferring
hircinus, a, um, of a goat.             honor; N., gift.
hircosus, a, um, like a goat.        honorate, honorably.
hircus, i, M., he-goat, rankness.    honoratus, a, um, distinguished,
hirnea (-ula), se, F., water-jug.      honored.
hirpex=irpex, harrow.                honorificus, a, um, doing honor.
Hirpini, orum, people of S. Italy.   honoro, I, adorn, respect, honor.
hirquus==hircus, goat.               honorus, a, um, worthy of honor.
hirrio, 4, to snarl.                 hora, ee, F., hour, season.
hirsitus, a, um, shaggy, bristly.    hordeaceus (-arius, -eius), a, urm,
hirtus, a, um, hairy, shaggy.           of barley.
hirido, inis, F., leech.             hordeum, i, N., barley.
hirundineus, (-ininus), a, um, of   hordus= —fordus, with youny.
swallows.                          horia, se, F., Jishing-boat.
hirundo, inis, F., a swallow.        horiola, se, F., skiff
hisco, 3, to open the lips, speak.   horior, 3, cheer, encourage.
Hispania, ae, F., Spain.             t horizon, ontis, M., bounding-line.
Hispanus, a, um; -iensis, e, Span-   hornus (-otinus), a, um, belonging
ish; pl., Spaniards.                 to this year.
hispidus, a, um, bristly, prickly.   horologium, i, N., clock.
Hister-Ister, Danube.                horrendus, a, um, dreadful, awful.
thistoria, ae, F., history, tale, story.   horrens, tis, fearful, terrible, rough.




horreo -  hydrus.                           85
horreo, 2, bristle, shudder at, be   huimanitas, ntis, F., human nature,
rough or dreadful.                     mankind, refinement.
horresco, ui, 3, grow rough, tremble.   huimaniter, like men, courteously.
horreum, i, N., barn, granary.         humrnitus, in the manner of men.
horribilis, e, dreadful, horrible.     huimanus, a, um, human, humane,
horridus (-ulus), a, um, rough,          gentle, refined, courteous.
shagqy, scraggy, bristling,frightful.   humatio, onis, F., burial.
horrifer, era, um, bringing dread.    hUimecto, I, moisten.
horrifico, I, make rough, ruffle.      hfimectus, a, um, moist, wet.
horrificus, a, um, causing horror.    hiimefacio, fact- 3, to moisten.
horrisonus, a, um, of dreadful   huimeo, 2 (-esco, 3), to be or grow
sound.                                 moist.
horror, oris, M., bristling, trembling,   humerus, i, M., shoulder, back, ridge.
dread, bugbear, rudeness.           humi, on the ground.
horsum, this way.                      hiimidulus, damp.
hortdmen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,   hilmidus, a, um, moist, wet.
encouragement.                      huimifer, era, um, bringing wet.
hortatio, Onis, F., exhortation.       hUimificus, a, um, moistening.
hortdtivus, a, urn, serving for cheer.   humilio, I, abase.
hortdtor, 5ris, M., exhorter.          humilis, e, low, lowly, base, humble.
hortdtus, us, M., exhorting.           humilitas,  itis, F., humbleness,
hortensis, e; -sius, a, um, of a         lowness, meanness, humility.
garden.                             humiliter, deeply, lowly, basely.
Hortensius, i, the Roman orator,   humo, I, to bury.
A.D. I I4-52.                       huimor, 5ris, M., moisture, liquid.
hortor, I, cheer, exhort, urge.        huim&r6sus, a, um, wet.
hortus (-ulus), i, M., garden.         humus, i, F., ground, soil, region.
hospes, itis, host, guest, stranger;   t hyacinthinus, a, um, hyacinthine.
M., (as adj.), foreign, hospitable.  Hyacinthos, i, a youth of Sparta,
hospita, ae, F.; -ta, 5rum, N. pl.,      loved by Apollo.
foreign, hospitable.                 t hyacinthus, i, M., blue-iris (?).
hospita, Me, F., hostess.              Hyadbs, um, F. (rainers), a group
hospitilis, e, hospitable, of a guest.   in the constellation Taurus.
hospitdlitas, F., hospitality.         thyeena, se, F., hyena.
hospitdliter, hospitably, as a guest.   t hyalus, i, N., glass (green).
hospitium, i, N., hospitality, inn,   Hyantius, a, um, Boeotian.
guest-chamber.                      h5kbernus=hibernus, wintry.
hospitor, I, to be a guest.            Hybla, se (e, Zs), F., a mt. of
hostia, ae, F., victim (for sacrifice).  Sicily, famous for honey.
hosticus, a, um, the enemy's.          Hydaspes, is, M., a river of India.
hostilis, e, of an enemy, hostile.     hydra, ae, water-snake.
Hostlius, Tullus, the third king    EIydra,  e, F., the hydra (lakeof Rome, B.C., 679-630.                monster), slain by Hercules.
hostio, 4, requite, strike.            thydrargyrus, i, M., quicksilver.
hostis, is, C., stranger, enemy.       t hydraulus, i, M., water-organ.
hostus, i, M., yield of olives.        t hydreuma, atis, N., watering or
huc (interr. -cine), hither, thus far.   resting place for caravans.
hucusque, hitherto.                    t hydria, ae, F., water-pot, pitcher.
hui! ha!                               t hydromeli, itis, N., mead.
hujusmodi (-cemodi), of this sort.   thydrops, 6pis, M., dropsy.
hflimrn-, humanly, kindly.             t hydrus (os), i, M., water-snake.




86                     Hydrus -  ignorabilis.
Hydrils, untis, Otranto, a city of I ibi, there, thereupon, at that time.
Calabria.                         ibidem, just there, moreover.
hyems-hiems, winter.                 t ibis, is (idis), F., ibis (an Egyptian
Hygea (-ia, -eia), ae, goddess of      bird held sacred).
Health.                           ibus for iis, [is,] to or with them.
Hyla3, ae, a youth of Argos, loved  Icarus, i, myth. son of Daedalus,
by Hercules.                         drowned in the AEgean sea.
Hyllus, i, son of Hercules.          iccirco (idcirco), on that account.
Hymen, enis (-eeus, i), M., god of   tichneumon, 6nis, M., Egyptian rat.
Marriage.                         ico, ici, ict-, 3, to strike, hit, sting.
thymen, enis, M., marriage-song,  ictus, Us, M., blow, stroke.
marriage, wedding.                Ideeus, a, um, (of Mount Ida),
Hymettus (os), i, M., a mt. near       Trojan or Cretan.
Athens, famous for honey and   Idalium, i, N., a city of Cyprus,
marble.                              sacred to Venus.
thymnus, i, M., hymn, song.          t idea, ae, F., idea, creative type.
t hypae thrus, a, um, open to the sky.  idem, eadem, idem, same, very.
thyperbol, es, F., exaggeration.    identidem, again and again.
Hyperborei, 5rum, people of the   ideo, so, therefore.
extreme north.                    tidiota, se, M., rude, ignorant, or
thyperboreus, a, um, northern.         common person.
Hyperion, 5nis, father of the Sun.   t idolum  (on), i, N., image, spectre.
thypocaustum, i, N., heated bath-   Idomeneus, i, a Cretan hero in
room.                                the siege of Troy.
thypocrita (es), ae, M., dumb-actor.  idone, /fitly, properly.
thypog~um, i, N., cellar, vault.    idoneus, a, um,.fit, apt, capable.
thypomnnma, atis, N., memoran-   idus, uum, F. pl., Ides (~ 83), the
dum.                                 15th of March, May, July, Oct.;
t hypotheca, as, F., security, pledge.  13th of the other months.
Hyrcdnus, a, urn, of the Caspian.  igitur, therefore, then (~ 43, 5).
hystrix, icis, F., porcupine.        ignarus, a, um, ignorant, unaware,
inexperienced, heedless, unknown.
igndvd (-iter), idly, sluggishly.
I.                  ignavia, se, F., sloth, cowardice.
ignavus, a, um, idle, slothful, cowIacchus, i, a name of, Bacchus.        ardly, unfruitful, sluggish.
iambus, i, M., iambus (~ 79).       ignesco, 3, kindle, take fire.
tianthinus, a, um, violet-colored.    igneus (-olus), a, um, fiery, glowIapetos, i, father of the Titans.      ing, hot, flaming, resplendent.
Idpydes, um, people of Illyria.     igniculus, i, M., little flame, spark.
Iapygia, as, F., the peninsula of   ignifer, era, um, fire-bearing.
S. E. Italy, country of Iapyx.    ignipes, pedis, fiery-footed.
Iasius, i, son of Jupiter and Elec-  ignipotens, tis, lord of fire.
tra; also a king of Argos.        ignis, is, M., fire, splendor, glow.
IMson, 6nis, Jason, son of /Eson,   ignitus, a, um, fiery, glowing.
leader of the Argonauts.          ignivagus, a, um, like wild-fire.
tiaspis, idis, F., jasper.           ignobilis, e, unknown, obscure.
tIbdria, Be, F., Spain.              ignobilitas, atis, F., obscurity.
Ibgrus, a, um, Spanish, of Iberia  ignominia, ae, F., dishonor.
(near the Caucasus).              ign6mini6sus, a, um, disgraceful.
ibex, icis, M., wild goat, chamois.    ign&ordbilis, e, unknown.




ignorantia -  Ilva.                              87
ignorantia, ae (-atio, 6nis), F.,- want   illiberdlitas, Atis, F., meanness.
of knowledge, ignorance.               illiberaliter, ignobly, meanly.
ignordtus, a, um, unknown.               illic, illaec, illoc (illuc), that, yonignoro, I, to be ignorant of.               der (interrog. -cine).
ignoscens, tis, Jbrgivinrg, placable.    illic, there, yonder.
ignosco, novi, nSt-, 3, to pardon,   il-licio, lexi, lect-, 3, entice, allure.
overlook-, excuse, Jborive.            illicitator, oris, M., mock-bidder.
ignotus, a, um, unknown.                 illicite, unlawzfully.
ilex, iCis, F., scarlet or 7holm oak.    illicitus, a, um,Jbrbidden, unlawful.
Ilia, as (Rhaea Sylvia), mother of   illicium, i, N., enticement, charm.
Romulus and Remus.                    illico, there, on the spot.
ilia, um, N., groin, flank.              illido, si, sum,-[laedo,] 3, to drive,
Iliacus (Ilius), a, um, Trojan.             dash against, crush.
Iliades, as, Trojan.                     illigo, I, bind, fasten, encumber.
Ilias, adis, Trojan woman.               illim —illinc, thence.
ilicet, let us go, all is over, at once.   illimis, e, clear of mud.
ilicetum, i, N., holn-grove.             illinc, thence, from that quarter.
ilignus (-ceus), a, um, of holm.         illino, levi, lit- 3; -io, 4, to smear,
Ilion (-um), i, N., Troy.                   bespread, anoint.
tIlithyla, ae, Lucina.                   illiquefactus, a, um, liquid.
illa, by that way.                       illisus, [illido,] crushed.
illabefactus, a, um, unbroken.           illisus, is, M; -sio, Onis, F., dashillabor, laps-, 3, glide or fall upon.     ing, striking.
illaboratus, a, um, untoiled-for         illiteratus, a, um, unlettered.
ilaboro, I, work upon.                   illitus, [illino,] besmeared.
illac, on that side.                     illix=illex, enticing.
illacessitus, a, um, unprovoked.         illo, thither, to that end.
illacrimarbilis, e, unwept, pitiless.    illoc, thither, that.
illacrimo (-or), I,?weep over, trickle.   illotus, [lavo,] unwashed, dirty.
illaesus, [leedo,] unimpaired.           illuc, to that place.
illaetabilis, e, cheerless, gloomy.      illficeo, 2, to shine upon.
illapsus, US. M., [labor,] flowing-in.   illficesco, luxi, 3, to grow  bright,
illaqueo, I, to ensnare, entangle.          dawn, shine upon.
illatenus, thus far.                     illfido, si, sum, 3, play, mock, deillatio, 6nis, F., bringing-in, burial.     stroy, abuse.
illatro, I, to bark at.                  illfminatE, clearly, luminously.
illatus, [infero,] brought.              illUminlo, I, make bright, illustrious,
illaudatus, a, urn, unpraised.              or conspicuous.
illautus, [lavo,] unwashed.              illfinis, e; us, a, um, without moon.
ille, illa, illud, that, the former, the   illfisio, onis, F., mocking.
well-known (~ 20, ii.).                illUisor, oris, N., mocker, scoffer.
illecebra, as, F., charm, lure.          illustris, e, bright, clear, famous.
illecebrosus, a, um, enticing.           illustro, I, brighten, illuminate.
illectamentum, i, N., charm.             illfisus, [luido,] mocked.
illectus, [lego,] not gathered  or   illiltibilis, e, indelible.
read; [illicio,] allured.              ilfitus=illotus, unwashed.
illepidus, a, um, unpleasing.            illuvies, ei, F., foulness, dirt.
illex, egis, lawless.                    Illyricus, a, um, oJ' Illyria, the
illex, icis, alluring, enticing.            coast dist. N.-W. of Epirus.
ilIh-btus, a, urnm, unimpaired.          Ilus, i, myth. founder of Ilium.
illiberabilis, e, sordid, mean.          Ilva, as, F., the island Elba.




88                  imaginarius -  immurmuro.
imanginarius, a, um, of images,  immersdbilis, e, not to be drowned.
seeming; N., standard-bearer.     immersus, [mergo,] plunged.
imaginatio, onis, F., fancy.          immetatus, a, um, unmeasured.
imangino, I, to shape, represent.    immigro, I, remove into.
imaginor, I, to fancy, imagine.      imminens, tis, threatening.
imago, inis, F., image, copy, figure,  immineo, 2, overhang, border on,
likeness, semblance.                  impend, threaten, be intent on.
imbecillitas, atis, F., feebleness.   imminuo, ui, it-, 3, lessen, ruin.
imbecillus, a, urn, feeble, helpless.   imminiitio, 6nis, F., lessening.
imbellia, e, F., unfitness for war.   imminuitus, a, urn, undiminished.
imbellis, e, unwarlike, peaceful.    immisceo, soui, xt- (st), 2, to minimber, bris, M., rain-storm, water.     gle, blend.
imberbis, e; -bus, a, urn, beardless.  immiserabilis, e, unpitied.
imbibo, bi, 3, drink ian, resolve.   immisericors, dis, merciless.
imbito, 3, enter.                     immitis, e, harsh, rude, cruel.
imbracteo, I, to plate (with gold).   immitto, misi, miss-, 3, admit, inimbrex, icis, F., roof-tile, gutter.    troduce, send aqainst, let grow.
Imbricitor, oris, M., rain-giver.    immixtus, [misceo,] mingled in.
imbrico, I, cover with tiles.         immo, nay, surely, oh the contrary.
imbricus, a, urn, rainy.              immorbilis, e, immovable.
imbrifer, era, um, rain-bringing.     immoderate, extravagantly.
imbuo, ui, fit-, 3, to saturate, stain,  immoderatus, a, urn, unrestrained.
train, instruct, imbue.            immodestia, ae, F., unrestraint.
imitabilis, e, that may be copied.    immodestus, a, um, unrestrained.
imitaimen, inis, N., likeness, copy.    immodice, immoderately.
imitatio, onis, F., imitation.       immodicus, a, um, without bounds,
imitator, oris, M., copyist.            unruly, extravagant.
imitor (-to), I, to imitate, copy.   immodulatus, a, um, unrhythmic.
lmitus, from the bottom.              immolatio, onis, F., sacrifice.
immadesco, madui, 3, grow moist.  immolator, 6ris, M., sacri/icer.
immanis, e, monstrous, fierce.        imm6litus, a, um, built up.
immnnnitas, dtis, F., cruelty, vast-  immolo, I, [mola,] to sprinkle (with
ness, ferocity, excess.               meal), sacrifice.
immaniter, excessively, fiercely.     immordeo, di, sum, 3, bite upon.
imnmansuftus, a, um, untamed.        immorior, mortuus, 3, die upon.
immnatuiritas, atis, F., unripeness.   immoror, I, linger, delay.
immnnaturus, a, um, untimely, un-  immorsus, [mordeo,] corroded.
ripe, premature.                   immortalis, e, deathless, endless.
immedicabilis, e, incurable.          immortalitas, atis, F., immortality.
immeditatus, a, urn, unstudied.       immr tus, [moveo,] unmoved.
immemor, 6ris, unmindful.            immuigio, 4, roar within.
immemorabilis, e, not to be told.    immulgeo, 2, milk into.
immemoratus, a, um, untold.           immunditia, ze, F., uncleanness.
immense, vastly, immensely.          immundus, a, um, unclean, foul.
immensitas, atis, F., vastness.      immiinificus, a, urn, stingy.
immensus, a, urn, boundless, vast.   imminio, 4, fortify.
immeo, I, to enter.                   immUinis, e, exempt, devoid.
immerens, tis, undeserving.          immn nintas, atis,  F., exemption,
immergo, si, sum, 3, to plunge.         freedom from burdens.
irmmerit6, unjustly, without cause.   immunitus, a, urn, unfortifled.
immeritus, a, um, undeserved.         immurmuro, I, to.murmur against.




immutabilis -  impluvium.                       89
immr itAbilis, e, changed; unchang-  imperito, [impero,] to command.
ing, unalterable.                 imperitus, a, um, inexperienced,
immiitdtio, onis, F., exchange.        unskilled, ignorant.
immUittus, a, urn, unchanged.        imperium, i, N., military authority,
immiitesco, mrutui, 3, grow dumb.      order, command, dominion.
immrto, I, to change, alter.        impermissus, a, um, forbidden.
imo=immo, surely.                   impero, I, to command, rule, require,
impdcatus, a, um, unsubdued.            order, exact, impose, prescribe.
impactus, [impingo,] struck, hit.   imperterritus [terreo,] undaunted.
impages, is, F., frame-work, border.  impertio, 4, share, impart, bestow.
impar, paris, unequal, inferior.    impervius, a, um, impassable.
impardtus, a, um, unprepared.       impetigo, inis, F., scurf
impartio=impertio, impart.          impeto, 3, assail, attack.
impastus, a, um, unfed, famished.   impetrdbilis, e, obtainable, successimpatibilis, e, insufferable.         ful, propitious.
impatiens, tis, not enduring.       impetrio, 4, obtain by omens.
impatientia, ae, F., impatience.     impetritum, i, N., a good omen.
impavidus, a, um, fearless.          impetro, I, obtain by request, effect.
impedimentum, i, N., hindrance;  impetus, us, M., attack, assault.
pl., baggage, army-train.         impexus, [pecto,] uncombed.
impedio, 4, hinder, clasp, entangle.  impico, I, cover with tar.
irmpeditio, 5nis, F., obstruction.  impil, impiously.
impeditus, a, urn, obstructed, en-  impietas, atis, F., impiety, treason.
cumbered, embarrassed.            impiger, gra, um, active, bold.
impello, puli, puls-, 3, push against,  impigrg, actively, readily.
urge, rouse, subdue, destroy.     impilia, um, N., felt shoes.
impendeo, 2, overhang, impend.      impingo, pegi, pact-, 3, strike, hit.
impendi6sus, a, um, extravagant.   impio, I, defile, pollute.
impendium, i, N., expense, outlay.   impius, a, um, without reverence,
impendo, di, sum, 3, weigh out,        undutiful, inpious, wicked.
expend, employ, devote.           impliclbilis, e, unappeasable.
impenetrdbilis, e, impenetrable.    implacftus, a, um, unappeased.
impense, at great cost, eagerly.    implacidus, a, um, ungentle, rude.
impensus, a, urn, ample, grand,  implecto, xi, xum, 3, interweave.
costly, strong, vehement.         impleo, evi, gt-, 2, to fill up, comimperativus, a, um, by orders.         plete, satisfy, fufil, fJinish.
imperator, oris, M., commander,  implexus, [plecto,] interwoven.
general, director, chief.         implexus, Us, M., embrace.
imperdtorius, a, um, of a general.  implicatio, 5nis, F., interweaving.
imperatum, i, N., a command.        implicatus, a, um, intricate.
imperceptus, a, um, unperceived.   impliciscor, 3, get entangled.
imperco, [parco,] 3, to spare.      implicite, intricately.
impercussus, [quatio,] not struck.  implico, avi (ui), at- (it-), I, entanimperditus, a, urn, not destroyed.     gle, entwine, involve, envelop.
imperfectus, a, um, unfinished.     implir&tio, 5nis, F., imploring.
imperfossus, a, um, not stabbed.    imploro, I, entreat, beseech, implore.
imperialis, e, of the empire.       implimis, e, featherless, unfledged.
imperiosus, a, urn, having command   impluo, ui, fit-, 3, rain upon.
or dominion, tyrannical.          impluviatus, a, um, square-borimperite, awkwardly, unskillfully.     dered (like a rain-tank).
imperitia, se, F., lack of skill.   impluvium, i, N., rain-basin.




90                   impuenitus -  inamabilis.
impcenItus, a, um, unpunished.      improvis6, of a sudden.
impolitia, a, F., negligence.       improvisus, a, um, unforeseen.
impolitus, a, um, unpolished, rude.  impriidens, tis, not foreseeing, unimpollfitus, a, um, unstained.         aware, inconsiderate.
impono, sui, sit- (st-), 3, put upon,  imprudenter, without foresight.
embark, impose, appoint, deceive.    imprfidentia, M, F., lack of foreimporcatus, a, um, in furrows.         sight, ignorance.
importo, I, bring in, import.        impubes, is, youthful, beardless.
importiunitas, atis, F., unfitness,  impfibescens, tis, growing.
rudeness, obtrusiveness.          impudens, tis, shameless.
importiinus, a, um, unfit, rude,  impudenter, shamelessly.
grievous, dangerous, cruel, churlish.  impudentia, e, F., shamelessness.
importu6sus, a, um, harborless.    impudicitia, ae, immodesty.
impos, p6tis, not master of.         impudicus, a, um, shameless, imimpositicius, a, um, applied, laid on.  modest, unchaste.
impositio, onis, F., application.    impugnatus, a, um, unassailed.
impossibilis, e. impossible.         impugno, I, to attack, oppose.
impostor, oris, M., deceiver.       impulsio, onis, F., pressure, imimpostus, [pono,] put upon.            pulse, influence.
impotens, tis, weak, ungovernable.  impulsor, 6ris, M., instigator.
impotenter, weakly, passionately.    impulsus, [pello,] pushed.
impotentia, ae, F., want, poverty,   impulsus, Us, M., impulse, pressure.
unqovernableness, violence.       impune, with impunity.
imprapeditus, a, um, unhindered.   impfinis, e, unpunished.
impraesentidrum, for the present.   impfinitas, ntis, F., impunity.
impransus, a, um, fasting.           impinitus, a, um, unpunished.
imprecatio, 6nis, invoking of evil.  impuratus, a, um, defiled.
imprecor, I, invoke, imprecate.      impure, vilely, shamefully.
impresse, forcibly.                  impiiritas, atis; -ritia, M, F., unimpressio, onis, F., pressing upon,    cleanness, impurity.
pressure, attack, division.        impurus, a, um, unclean,foul.
imprimis, chiefly, in the frst place.   imputator, oris, M., reckoner.
imprimo, pressi, press-, 3, press   imputatus, a, um, unpruned.
upon, stamp, mark, imprint.       imputo, I, charge, reckon, ascribe.
improbabilis, e, not to be approved.   imus [inferus,] a, urnm, lowest.
improbatio, onis, F., disapproval.   in (acc.), into; (abl.), in on (~ 56, i).
improbe, immoderately, badly.        [in-= not; on or against.
improbitas, atis, F., wickedness.  inaccessus, a, um, inaccessible.
improbiter, badly, erroneously.     inacesco, cui, 3, grow sour.
improbo, I, disapprove, rescind.     Inachius, a, um, ofAryos; Inachia
improbus, (-ulus), a, um, bad,         juvenca, lo, d. of Inachus,
wicked, monstrous, outrageous.       changed to a heifer.
improcerus, a, um, undersized.       Inachos, i, first myth. k. of Argos.
improfessus, a, um, undeclared.      inactus, [inigo,] driven in.
impromptus, a, um, not ready.        inedifico, I, build upon, erect.
improperatus a, um, not hasty.      inaequabilis, e, uneven, unequal.
impropero, I, hasten, cast against.   insequalis, e, unequal, unlike.
improprius, a, um, not befitting.    ineequo, I, to make level.
irmprosper, era, um, unfortunate.    ineestimdbilis, e, not to be valued.
impr6tectus, [tego,] unsheltered.    inalbo, I; (-esco, 3), whiten, dawn.
impr6vidus, a, um, not foreseeing.   inamabilis, e, unlovely.




inambulatio -  incolumis.                    -91
inambulatio, onis, F., promenading.   incerto, I, make doubtful.
inambulo, I, pace to and fro.        incertus, a, um, doubtful, unsure.
inamoenus, a, um, gloomy.            incesso, cessivi (cessi), 3, attack.
inanimis, e; -us (atus), a, um, life-  incessus, us, M., pace, gait, attack.
less, inanimate.                  incesto, I, defile, dishonor.
inanio, 4, make void.                incestus, a, um, impure, unchaste;
indnis, e, empty, void, vain.          N., lewdness, incest.
inanitas, atis, F., emptinesss.      incestus, us, M., incest, unchastity.
inaniter, vainly, idly.              inchoatus, a, um, incomplete.
inaratus, a, um, untilled, fallow.   inchoo, I, to found, begin.
inardesco, arsi, 3, take fire.       incido, cidi, cas-, [cado,] 3, to fall
inaresco, arui, 3, dry up.             upon, occur, happen.
Inarime, es, F., the I. Ischia, near   incido, cidi, cis-, [ceedo,] 3, to cut
Naples.                             into or off, inscribe, register.
inaro, I, to plough in, cultivate.   incilis, e, cut in; N., a ditch.
inassuetus, a, um, unwonted.        incilo, I, to rebuke.
inaudax, acis, timid.                incingo, nxi, nct-, 3, gird about.
inaudio, 4, hear, learn.             incipio, cepi, cept-, [capio,] 3, to
inauditus, a, um, unheard.             begin, commence.
inauguro, I, practise. divination.   incipisso, 3, begin.
inaures, ium, F., ear-drops.        incise (-im), in short clauses.
inauro, I, gild, enrich.             incisio, 6nis, F., cutting, clause.
inauspicatus, a, um, without au-   incisuira, a, F., incision.
spices, unlucky, inauspicious.    incisus, [incido,] cut.
inausus, [audeo,] unventured.        incitiamentum, i, N., inducement.
[inb-=imb-.                         incitate, violently.
incaduus, a, um, uncut.             incitatio, onis, F., incitement.
incalesco, calui, 3, grow hot.      incitatus, a, urn, swift, eager.
incalfacio, 3, to heat.             incito, I, hasten, rouse, enlarge.
incallidus, a, um, unskilful.       incitus, [cieo,] swift; unmoved.
incandesco, dui, 3, glow, kindle.    incivilis, e, uncivil, unjust.
incanesco, nui, 3, turn gray.        inclamo (-ito), I, cry out upon.
incanto, I, sing, chant, bewitch.    inclaresco, rui, 3, grow famous.
incanus, a, urn, quite hoary.        inclemens, tis, harsh, rude, bitter.
incassum, in vain.                   inclementer, harshly, severely.
incaute, incautiously.               inclementia, as, F., harshness, rigor.
incautus, a, urn, heedless, inconsid-   inclinatio, 6nis, F., leaning.
erate, unforeseen, dangerous.     inclinatus, a, um, bent, low.
incedo, cessi, cess-, 3, go, advance,  inclino, I, lean, bend, give way.
march, arrive, happen.            includo, si, sum, [claudo,] 3, shut
incenatus, a, um; -nis, e, dinnerless.  up, enclose, obstruct, stop, finish.
incendium, i, N.,fire, conflagration.   incluisio, onis, F., confinement.
incendo, di, sum, 3, burn, kindle.    inclutus (-clitus), a, um, famous.
incensio, onis, F., burning.         incoctus, [coquo,] uncooked, raw.
incensus, a, urn, unassessed, kindled.  incogitabilis, e; -tatus, a, um,
inceptio, onis, F., beginning.         thoughtless, inconceivable.
incepto, I, undertake.               incognitus, [nosco,] unknown, uninceptum, i, N., attempt, undertaking.  tried, unclaimed.
inceptus, [-cipio,] begun.           incola, a, c., inhabitant, resident.
incerno, 3, strow, sitt.             incolo, colui, 3, dwell, inhabit.
incero, I, smear with wax.           incolumis, e, safe, unharmed.




92 -                  incolumitas -  indignor.
incolumitas, atis, F., safety.       inciinabula, 6rum, N., cradle,
incomitatus, a, um, unattended.        origin, birthplace.
incomitio, I, to insult.             inciria, ae, F., negligence.
incommendatus, a, um, aban-  incuiriosus, a, um, negligent, undoned.                               concerned.
incommoditas, atis, F., inconven-  in-curro, 3, run upon, attack, meet.
ience, damage.                    incursio, onis, F.; -sus, lS, M.,
incommodo, I, annoy, injure.           onset, assault, attack.
incommodus, a, um, troublesome,  incurso, I, to assault.
inconvenient; N., trouble, disaster.  incurvo, I, to crook, bend.
incompertus, a, um, unknown.         incurvus, a, um, crooked, bent.
incompositus, a, um, ill-arranged.  incuis, uidis, F., anvil.
incomptus, [como,] unadorned.    inciusatio, onis, F., accusation.
inconcessus, [cedo,] unlawful.       inciso, I, charge, blame, accuse.
inconcilio, I, win over.             incustoditus, a, um, unguarded.
inconcinnus, a, um, inelegant.       incilsus, [cildo,] forged.
inconcussus, [-cutio,] unshaken.    incutio, cussi, cuss-, [quatio,] 3.
inconditus, a, um, unfashioned.        strike upon or into, cast, hurl.
incongruus, a, um, unsuitable.       indagatio, onis, F., search.
inconsideratus, a, um, heedless,  indagator, 6ris, M., explorer.
unadvised, inconsiderate.          indcages, is, F., search.
inconstans, tis, changeful, fickle.    indago, i, to track, search.
inconstantia, ae, F., inconstancy.    inde, thence, thereupon, next.
inconsultu3, a, um, indiscreet, un-  indebite (-tA), unduly.
asked, without counsel.            indebitus, a, urn, undue.
incontinens, tis, intemperate.       indecens, tis, unseemly.
incontinentia, ae, F., greediness.    indecor, oris; -6ris, e, inglorious.
inconveniens, tis, unsuited.         indec6rus, a, um, unbecoming.
ilcoquo, xi, ct-, 3, boil in or with.   indefensus, a, um, unprotected.
incorporalis, e, bodiless.           indefessus, a, um, unwearied.
incorruptus, [rumpo,] unspoiled.    indemnatus, a, um, uncondemned.
increbresco, brui, 3, to increase.    indemnis, e, [damno,] unharmed.
increbro, I, repeat often.           index, icis, c., informer, spy, title.
incredibilis, e, incredible.         indicens, tis, not telling.
incrementumrn, i, N., growth, pro-   indicium, i, N., note, discovery, mark.
geny, increase.                    indico, i, point out.
increpito, i, chide, call, challenge.   indico, xi, ct-, 3, appoint, declare.
increpo, (ui, it-), I, call, on, chide.   indictus, a, um, unsaid, unsung.
incresco, crgvi, 3, grow, increase.   Indicus, a, um, of India.
incretus, a, um, unsifted, mixed.    indidem, from the same place.
incruentus, a, um, bloodless.        indigena, ae, c., native.
incrusto, I, to cover, coat over..   indigens, tis; -es, is, needy.
incubatio, onis, F., brooding.       indigeo, ui, [egeo,] 2, to need.
incubito, I, lie upon.               indigestus, a, um, disordered.
incubo, ui, it-, I, lie on, brood, hatch.  Indigetes, um, pl., deified heroes.
inciulo, di, sum, 3, forge.          indignans, tis, wrathful.
inculco, I, trample, cram.           indignatio, onis, F., wrath, disinculpatus, a, um, blameless.           pleasure.
incultus, [colo,] untilled, rude.    indignitas, atis, F., unworthiness.
incumbo, cubui, cubit-, 3, lie or   indignor, I, deem  unworthy, be
lean upon, give earnest heed, yield.  angry.




indignus-  infindo.                          93
indignus, a, um, unworthy, wrong.   inequito, I, ride upon, traverse.
indigus (-uus), a, um, [egeo,] needy.  inermis, e; -us, a, um, unarmed.
indiligens, tis, careless, negligent.   inerro, I, ramble about.
indipiscor, eptus, 3, obtain, begin.  iners, tis, [ars,] unskilled, sluggish.
indiscretus, a, um, unparted.         inertia, as, F., sloth, ignorance, lack
indistinctus, a, um, confused.          of skill or energy.
inditus, a, um, put upon.             inesco, I, entice with bait, satisfy.
individuus, a, um, indivisible.       inexhaustus, a, um, unexhausted.
indivisus, a, um, undivided.          inexorabilis, e, inexorable.
indo, didi, dit-, 3, put into, impart.  inexpertus, a, um, untried, unindocilis, e, unteachable, untaught.    wonted, inexperienced.
indoctus, a, um, unlearned, un-   inexplicabilis, e, intricate.
skilled, ignorant.                 inexpugnabilis, e, impregnable.
indoles, is, F., quality, talent.     inexsuperabilis, e, insurmountable.
indolesco, dolui, 3, to feel pain.    inextricabilis, e, inextricable.
indomitus, a, um, unsubdued.          infabre, unskilfully.
indormio, 4, fall asleep over.        infacetus, a, um, coarse, rude, blunt.
ind6tatus, a, um, unportioned.        infamia, ae, F., ill repute, disgrace.
[indu-  in-.                          infamis, e, disreputable, infamous.
indubitatus, a, um, undoubted.        infamo, I, to defame, accuse.
indubito, I, to doubt respecting.     infandus, a, um, unspeakable, horindilco, xi, ct-, 3, bring in or upon,  rible, shocking.
exhibit, mislead, spread upon.     infans, tis, speechless; c., child.
inductio, 6nis, F., bringing-in, pur-  infantia, ze, F., lack of eloquence,
pose, resolution.                    iinfancy, childhood.
indulgens, tis, fond, kind, tender.    infaustus, a, um, unfortunate.
indulgentia, ae, F., indulgence.      infector, oris, M., a dyer.
indulgeo, si, sum, 2, to be kind or   infectus, L[facio,] unwrought, unfinfond, indulge, permit.                ished; [inficio,] stained.
indumentum, i, N., garment.           infecundus, a, urn, unfruitful.
induo, ui, ut-, 3, put on, assume.    infelix, icis, barren, unhappy.
induresco, rui, 3, grow hard.         infenso, I, ravage.
induiro, I, harden.                   infensus, a, um, hostile, dangerous.
Indus, a, um, of India; pl., IHindus.  inferise, arum, F., offerings for the
induisium, i, N., under-garment.        dead.
industria, as, F., diligence, industry;   inferior, us, lower, later.
de industria, on purpose.          infernus, a, um, beneath, infernal.
industrius, a, um, active, diligent.   infero, tuli, 1Mt-, bring in or upon.
indiutiae, arum, F., truce, pause.    inferus, a, um  (~ 17, iii), what is
induitilis, e, that can be put on.      below; pl., of the lower world.
indutus, [induo,] put on.             infestS, violently.
induviee, drum, F., garments.         infesto, I, to attack, molest, injure.
inebrio, I, to make drunk.           infestus, a, um, unsafe, hostile.
inedia, ae, [edo,] F., fasting.       inficiens, tis, ineffective.
ineluctabilis, e, inevitable.         inficio, feci, fect-, 3, stain, imbue.
inemptus, [emo,] unbought.            inficior —infitior, deny.
ineo, ii (ivi), it-, 4, to go in, enter  infidelis, e, unfaithful, faithless.
upon, begin.                       infidus, a, um, untrusty, unsafe.
inepte, foolishly, absurdly.         infigo, xi, xum, 3, fix, thrust, jasten;
ineptiae, arum, F., follies, trifles.    infimus —imus, lowest, last.
ineptus, a, um, foolish, silly, unfit.   infindo, fidi, fiss-, 3, cleave, cut in.




94                       infinitas -  injurius.
infinitas, dtis, F., boundlessness.   ingenuus, a, um, native, freeborn,
infinitus, a, um, boundless, end-        noble, ingenuous, delicate.
less, unlimited, infinite.          ingero, gessi, gest-, 3, to pour or
infirmitas, atis, F., weakness.          throw in, obtrude, inflict.
infirmo, I, to weaken, disprove.      ingestus, a, um, laid orforced upon.
infirmus, a, um, weak, feeble.        inglrius, a, um, inglorious.
infit, he (or she) begins (to speak).    ingluvies, ei, F., crop, maw.
infitie, arum, F., denial.            ingrate, ungratefully.
infitiator, oris, M., denier of debts.  ingratia, se, F., thanklessness.
infitior, I, deny, disown.            ingratiis, against one's will.
inflammo, I, kindle, excite, inflame.  ingratus, a, urn, thankless, displeasinflitus, us, M., a blast.               ing, ungrateful.
inflecto, xi, xum, 3, bend, change.   ingravesco, 3, grow heavy, increase.
inflitus, a, um, unwept.              ingravo, I, weigh down, make worse.
inflexio, Onis F.; -xus, Us, M., bend.   ingredior, gress-, 3, enter, advance.
infligo, ixi, ict-, 3, strike against,  ingressus, Us, M., advance, march.
inflict, impose.                    ingruo, ui, 3, break in upon.
inflo, I, blow upon, inflate, puff up.   inguen, inis, N., groin, crotch.
influo, xi, ct-, 3, flow in or upon.    ingurgito, I, plunge in, gorge, glut.
infodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig, bury.    inhabilis, e, unfit, unhandy.
informatio, 5nis, F., outline.         inhereo, si, sum, 2, cling, stick.
informis, e, shapeless, deformed.      inhibeo, ui, it-, 2, lay hold, check,
informo, I, give shape to, describe.     exercise, employ.
inforo, I, accuse in court.           inhio, I, gape at, stand open.
infortinium, i, N., misfortune.      inhonestus, a, um, dishonorable.
infra, beneath, below.                 inhonorus  (-Atus), a, um, uninfractus, [frango,] unbroken; ex-       honored.
hausted, hurt, broken.              inhorreo, ui, 2; -SCO, 3, stand erect,
infremo, ui, 3, to bellow.               shudder, tremble, bristle.
infrenis, e; -atus, a, um, unbridled.   inhospitus, a, um; -&lis, e, inhosinfreno, I, bridle, curb, restrain.      pitable.
infrequens, tis, rare, infrequent.    inhuimrnitas, atis, F., barbhaity.
infrequentia, A, F.,fewness, scanti-  inhuinm nus, a, um, rude, churlish.
ness, lack of attendance.           inhumrntus, a, um, unburied.
infrico, cui, ct- (cit-), I, rub in.  inibi, therein, on the point of.
infringo, fregi, fract-, 3, break in on,  inigo, egi, act-, 3, drive in.
check, weaken, mitigate.            inimicE, hostilely.
infrio, I, crumble upon or into.      inimicitia, a~, F., hostility.
infula, A, F., bandage, fillet.       inimlcus, a, um, unfriendly, hurtinfundibulum, i, N., funnel.             ful; M., foe, personal enemy.
infundo, fiMdi, fMis-, 3, pour in or   iniquitas, atis, F., injustice.
upon, put or cast upon, impose.     iniquus, a, um, uneven, unjust, uninfusco, I, make dark, stain.           fair, unJit, hostile, hurtful.
ingemino, i, redouble, repeat.        initium, i, N., beginning, element;
ingemo (-isco), ui, 3, groan, lament.    pl., mysteries, sacred rites.
ingenero, I, implant.                 injicio, jeci, ject-, [jacio,] 3, cast
ingeni6sus, a, um, talented, fit.        upon or against, impose, occasion.
ingenitus, a, um, inborn.             injungo, nxi, nct-, 3, join, fasten,
ingenium, i, N., quality, disposition,   bring upon, inflict, impose.
intellect, talent, genius, temper.  injiiria, e, F., injury, wrong.
ingens, tis, huge, vast, mighty.      injUirius (-6sus), a, urn, wrongful.




injussus -  instillo.                          95
injussus, a, um, voluntary, unbid., insectatio, onis, F., pursuing.
injussu (abl.), without orders.         insector (-to), I, to pursue, rail at.
injustus, a, um, unjust, wrong.         insepultus, a, um, hidden, unburied.
[inl-=ill-; inm-=imm-.                  insequor, citus, 3, follow  close,
innascor, natus, 3, be born in.           pursue, strive after.
innato, I, float or swim upon.          insero, sevi, sit-, 3, plant, engraft.
innecto, xui, xurn, 3, fasten, join.   insero, ui, rt-, 3, introduce, insert.
innitor, nis-, 3, lean on.              inserto, I, put into, insert.
inno, i,float in or upon.               inservio, 4, be of service, devoted.
innocens, tis, harmless, guiltless.     insideo, sedi, sess-, 2, sit upon, be
innocentia, ae, F., blamelessness.       fixed, established.
innocuus, a, urnm, harmless.            insidiae, arum, F., ambush, stratainnotesco, tui, 3, become known.          gem, plot, treachery.
innoxius, a, um, harmless, unhurt.   insidior, I, lie in wait for.
innumerus, a, um, countless.            insidiosus, a, um, deceitful, sly.
innuo, ui, ut-, 3, nod to, hint.        insido, sedi, sess-, 3, settle, occuply.
innuptus, a, um, unwed.                 insignio, 4, put a mark ulon.
Ino, us, myth. d. of Cadmus.            insignis, e, marked, distinguished;
inoCulo, I, engraft.                      N., sign of distinction, badge.
inolesco, evi, it-, 3, grow upon.       insignitus, a, um, marked, clear.
inopia, as, F., want, lack, need.       insilio, ui, Lsalio,] 4, leap upon.
inopinans, tis, not expecting.          insimulo, I, allege, blame, accuse.
inopinus (-natus, a, um), unex-   insinuo, I, wind in, thrust in, get at.
pected; inopinato, of a sudden.    insipiens, tis, foolish.
inops, 6pis, poor, needy, helpless.     insisto, stiti, 3, stand on, pursue.
[inp-=imp.                              insitio, onis, F., grafting.
inquam  (inquio), say (~ 38, iii).      insolens, tis, unwonted, haughty.
inquietus, a, um, restless.             insolenter, unusually, haughtily.
inquilinus, i, M.; -a, ae, F., lodger.   insolentia, ae, F., novelty, arrogance.
inquino, I, defile, pollute.            insolitus, a, um, unwonted, strange.
inquiro, sivi, sit-, 3, search, seek.    insomnia, a, F.; sleeplessness.
inquisitio, 6nis, F., investigation.    insomnis, e, sleepless.
inquisitor, 6ris, M., examiner.         insomnium, i, N., a dream.
[inr-=irr-.                             insono, ui, it-, I, resound, roar.
insania, se, F., madness, insanity.     insons, tis, guiltless, harmless.
insanio, 4, be insane, rave, rage.      inspecto, I, look in on, view, inspect.
insanitas, atis, F., unsoundness.       insp&ratus, a, um, unhoped-for.
insanus, a, um, mad, crazy, violent.  inspergo, si, sum, 3, strow upon.
insatiabilis, e, insatiable.            inspicio, exi, ect-, 3, look into,
inscendo, di, sum, 3, step upon.          examine, contemplate, consider.
insciens, tis, without knowledge.       inspico, I, sharpen, make pointed.
inscitia (-ientia), ae, F., ignorance.   inspiro, I, breathe in, inspire.
inscitus, a, um, ignorant, unskilled.   instabilis, e, infirm, tottering.
inscius, a, um, without knowledge.    instans, tis, urgent, present.
inscribo, psi, pt-, 3, write upon, in-   instanter, vehemently.
scribe, attribute, subscribe.        instantia, ae, F., steadiness,firmness.
inscriptio, 6nis, F., title, inscription.   instar (indec.), N., likeness, like.
inscriptus, [scribo,] not written on.   instauro, I, renew, reunite.
insculpo, psi, pt-, 3, carve upon.      insterno, stravi, at-, 3, overspreal.
inseco, ui, Ct-, I, cut into, cut up.    instigo, I, urge, incite, instigate.
insecturnm, i, N., insect.              instillo, I, pour by drops.




96                       instinctus -  interimo.
instinctus, us, M., instigation.         intemperantia, e, F., inclemency,
instinguo, nxi, nct-, 3, instigate.         extravagance, excess.
instita, Ee, F., border, flounce.        intemperiae, arum, F. inclemency.
instito, I, press on.                    intemperies, ei, F., tempest, rage.
institor, oris, M., huckster, dealer.    intempestus (-tivus), a, um, uninstituo, ui, ut-, (statuo), 3, appoint,    seasonable, unwholesome, stormy.
train, establish, contrive, resolve.   intendo, di, tum  (sum), 3, stretch,
institUitio, onis, F., custom, training.    strain, spread, aim at, intend.
instituitum, i, N., institution,purpose.   intentatus, a, um, unattempted.
insto, stiti, I, stand upon, urge.       intentio, onis, F., stretching, effort.
instratus, [sterno,] spread.             intento, I, stretch forth, threaten.
instrepo, ui, it-, 3, resound.           intentus, a, um, intent, strict, eager.
instructio, onis, F., erection, array.   inter, between, among, during.
instrimentum, i, N., tool, apparel.   [inter-, among, at intervals.
instruo, xi, ct-, 3, build, furnish,   interamnus, a, um, between rivers.
instruct, prepare, provide.            interbito, I, "come to naught.
insuasufn, i, N., a dark color.          intercalo, I, insert, introduce.
insuavis, e, unpleasant.                 intercapedo, inis, F., interruption.
Insuber, bris, Milanese, Insubrian.   interc~do, cessi, cess-, 3, come or
insuido, I,.sweat at or upon.              go between, protest (as tribune).
insuesco, evi; et-, 3, to get wont.      intercessio, onis, F., intervention.
insuetus, a, um, unaccustomed.            intercessor, 6ris, M., interposer.
insula, e, F., island, block of houses.  intercido, cidi, cis-, [cwedo,] 3, cut
insulse, foolishly.                         to pieces, cut down, divide.
insulsus, a, um, [sal,] insipid.         intercido, idi, [cado,] 3, fall beinsulto, I, leap at or against, revile.     tween, befall, happen, perish.
insum, esse, fui, be in or on, belong.   intercipio, cepi, cept-, [capio,] 3,
insimo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, take, apply.         intercept, rob, hinder.
insuo, ui, ut-, 3, sew in, add to.       intercluido, si, sum, [claudo,] 3,
insuper, above, moreover.                   shut off, hinder, blockade.
insuperabilis, e, insurmountable.        intercurro, ri, rs-, 3, run between.
insurgo, rexi, rect-, 3, rise upon    intercus, cuitis, under the skin.
or against, mount, rise.               interdico, xi, ct-, 3, interfere, forinsusurro, I, whisper to.                   bid, interdict.
intabesco, tabui, 3, pine away.           interdictum, i, N., prohibition.
intactus, a, um, untouched, untried.   interdiu, by day-time.
intectus, [tego,] uncovered, open.        interdum, at times, meanwhile.
integer, a, um, sound, entire, whole.   interduo 3, give for a thing.
intego, xi, ct- 3, to cover.              interea, in the mean time, at times.
integritas, atis, F., wholeness, sound-   interemptio, F., slaughter.
ness, integrity, purity.               interemptus, [-imo,] destroyed.
integro, I, renew, repeat, restore.      intereo, ii, it-, 4, perish, go among.
integumentum, i, N., covering.           interest, there is difference or advanintellectus, us, M., understandinq.         tag.e (~ 50, iv. 4).
intelligens, tis, intelligent, skilled.  interfectio, onis, F., killing.
intelligentia, e, F., intelligence.      interfector, oris, M., slayer.
intelligo, xi, ct-, [lego,] 3, to per-   interficio, feci, fect-, [facio,] 3, to
ceive, understand, discern.              kill; interfio, perish.
intemeratus, a, um, undefiled.            inter-fundo 3, pour between.
intemperans, tis, immoderate, ex-   interim  (-ibi), meanwhile.
travagant, profligate.                 interimo, emi, empt-, kill, destroy.




interior -  invenio.                           97
interior (~ 17, iii), inner.           intestatus, a, um, intestate.
interitus, ius, M., ruin.              intestinus, a, um, internal.
interjaceo, 2, lie between.            intexo, xui, xt-, 3, interweave.
interjectus, a, um, put between.       intimus, a, um  (~ 7, iii.), inmost,
interjectus, us, M., casting in.          deepest, secret, intimate.
interjacio. jeci, ject-, 3, throw in.   intolerabilis, e, unbearable.
inter-lego, 3, pluck here and there.   intolerandus, a, um, insupportable.
interlino, levi, lit-, 3, smear, erase.   intolerans, tis, inpatient.
interloquor, citus, 3, interrupt.      intoleranter, inmmoderately.
interliceo, xi, 2, shine, appear.      intolerantia, We, F., insolence.
interluo, 3, wash, flow together.      intono, ui, it-, I, thunder.
intermino, I, threaten, Jbrbid.        intonsus, [tondeo,] unshorn.
inter-misceo, 2, mingle among.         intorqueo, si, tum, 3, twist, hurl.
intermissio, 6nis, F., interruption.   intortus, twisted, involved.
intermissus, a, um, interrupted.       intrd, within, inside of.
inter-mitto, 3, cease, discontinue.    intremo, ui, 3, to tremble.
inter-morior, 3, perish, decay.        intrepidus, a, urnm, undaunted.
intermortuus, a, um, lifeless.         intrico, I, entangle, perplex.
internecio, 6nis, F., massacre.        intrinsecus, inwardly.
internodium, i, N., between-joints.   intritus, a, um, [tero,] unworn.
internuntius, i, M., messenger.        intro, I, enter, penetrate.
internus, a, um, inward, internal.    intro, inwardly, within.
intero, trivi, trlt-, 3, bruise, crumble.   introdilco, xi, ct-, 3, lead in.
interpello, I, interrupt, disturb.     introeo, ivi (ii), it-, 4, enter.
interpolo, I, give new shape to.       introitus, uis, M., entrance.
interpono; sui, sit-,- 3, put between,   intro-mitto, 3, send in, let in.
utter, decree, interpose, pledge.    intorsum  (-sus), inwardly.
interpres, 6tis, c., interpreter, agent.  introspicio, exi, ect-, 3, inspect.
interpretdtio, 5nis, F., explanation.   intubus, i, D.; um, i, N., endive.
interpretor, I, explain, decide.       intueor, itus, 2, gaze on, observe.
interprimo, essi, ess- 3, crush.       intumesco, mui, 3, to get swollen.
interregnum, i, N., between-reigns.   intus, within, on the inside.
interrex, regis, M., regent.           intuitus, a, um, unguarded.
interritus, a, um, undaunted.          inultus, [ulciscor,] unpunished.
interrogo, I, ask, sue, argue.         inumbro, I, shade.
inter-rurnpo, 3, break off, interrupt.  inundo, I, overflow, inundate.
interruptus, a, um, broken up.         inurbanus, a, um, unpolished.
inter-scindo, 3, tear asunder.         intiro, ussi, ust-, 3, brand, burn.
intersepio, psi, pt-, 4, fence in.     inisitatus, a, um, uncommon.
interstinguo, nxi, not-, 3, part, kill.  inusque. unto, even to.
intersurnm, esse, fui, be present at, or   iniltilis, e, useless, hurtful.
among; differ (see interest).       Inuus, i, a name of Pan.
intertexo, xui, xt-, 3, interweave.    invado, si, sum, 3, come upon, atintervallurn, i, N., interval(betWeen     tack, enter upon, befall.
the palisades), difference.         invalesco, valui, 3, grow strong.
inter-vello, 3, pluck out or away.    invalidus, a, um, weak.
inter-venio, 4, come between.          invectio, hnis, F., importing.
interventus, is, M., interposition.    inveho, xi, ct-, 3, bring in or upon,
interverto, ti, sur, 3, turn aside.       attack', inveigh against.
interviso, si, sum, 3, spy, inspect.   invenio, veni, vent-, 4, come upon,
intestdbilis, e, abominable.            find, discover, invent.




98                      inventor -  itinerarius.
inventor, &ris, M.; -trix, lCis, F., a   irrequietus, a, um, restless.
finder, discoverer.                  irrgtio, 4, ensnare, entangle.
invenustus, a, un, ungraceful.         irrideo, idi, is-, 2, laugh at, jest.
inverecundus, a, um, shameless.    irridiculus, a, um, laughable.
invergo, 3, pour upon.                irrigo, I, to water, irrigate, nourish.
inversus, a, um, perverted.            irriguus, a, um, full of water.
inverto, ti, sum, 3, reverse, upset.   irrisus, [rideo,J mocked.
investigo, I, track, trace.            irrisus, us, M., mockery, derision.
inveterasco, 3, grow old or fixed.    irritmunentum, i, N., stimulant.
invetero, I, make or grow old.        irrito, I, excite, inflame.
invicem, by turns.                    irritus, a, um, vain, void, useless.
invictus, a, um, unconquered.         irrogo, I, propose, appoint, inflict.
invideo, vidi, vis-, 3, grudge, envy.  irroro, I, to moisten, bedew.
invidia, ae, F., envy, malice.         ir-rumpo, 3, to break or burst in.
invidiosus, a, um, envious, odious.  irruo, ui, 3, rush or pour in.
invidus, a, um, envious.              irruptio, 5nis, F., bursting-in.
invigilo, I, be watchfll, take pains.   is, ea, id (~ 20), he, she, this, that.
inviolatus, a, um, unharmed.           Isauria, Beas, F., a dist. of Asia Minor.
inviso, si, sum, 3, visit.            Isis,is (idis), an Egyptian goddess.
invisus, a, um, unseen, hated.        Ismarus, i, M.; -a, 5rum, N., a
illvito, I, invite, summon, challenge.   mountain range of Thrace.
invitus, a, uum, unwilling, reluctant.  Issus, i, F., a city of Cilicia, where
invius, a, um, pathless, impassable.     Darius was defeated, B.C. 333.
invocatus, a, um, uncalled.           istac, this way.
invoco, I, call upon, name, invoke.   iste, a, ud (~ 20, ii.), that.
involo, I, fly into or upon.          Ister, tri, M., the lower Danube.
involacrum, i, N., wrapper.           tisthmus, i, M., isthmus.
inv. lvo, i, ut-, 3, roll upon, wrap.    Isthmius, a, unm, Isthmian; N. pl.,
Io, Iis (onis), myth. d. of Inachus,     games celebrated near Corinth.
changed to a heifer.                istic, asc, oc (uc), this same.
Iocasta, ae (e, es), m. of CEdipus.    istic, there, yonder.
Iolcos, i, M., a port in Thessaly.    istim, to that place.
I6nia, as, dist. of I2 Greek cities   istinc, thence, from yonder.
on W. coast of Asia Minor.          istiusm6di, of that sort.
Ionicus (-ius), a, um, of Ionia.      isto, istoc, thither, yonder.
Iphigenia, ae, d. of Agamemnon,   istorsum, thitherward.
sacrificed to Diana at Aulis.       Istria, a-, F., the dist. near Venice.
ipse (ipsus), a, um, (~ 20, ii.), self.  istuc, thither (interrog. -cine)
ira, as, F., rage, anger.             ita, so, thus.
iracundia, as, F., wrath, temper.      Italia,, F., Italy.
iracundus, a, um, passionate.         Italis, idis, F., an Italian woman.
irascor, I, to be angry, wrathful.    Italus (-icus), a, umrn, Italian.
iratus, a, um, enraged.       -       itaque, and so, therefore.
ircus=hircus, goat.                   item, so, likewise, also.
Iris, idis, F., messenger of Juno.   iter, itineris, N.. way, r6ad, march.
iris, idis, F., rainbow, sword-lily.  itero, I, repeat, relate.
irpex, icis, M., rake, harrow.         iterum, a second time.
irrado, 3, scrape, shave.              Ithacus, a, urn, of Ithaca, an I.
irrasus, a, um, unshaven.                west of Greece; M., Ulysses.
irreparabilis, e, irretrievable.      itidem, in like manner.
irrepo, psi, 3, creep in or upon.     itinerarius, a,.um, of the march.




itio -justus.                              99
itio, 6nis, F.; itus, US, M., a going.   judex, icis, M., judge, juror.
ito, I (freq. of eo), go.               jfidicdtio, 5nis, F., investigation.
Itys, yos, ya, myth. s. of Tereus,   judicidlis, e, of the court.
changed to a pheasant.                jfidicium, i, N., court, trial, judgiilus, i, a name of Ascanius, as          ment, sentence.
founder of the Julian family.         jUdico, I, to judge, decide.
Ixion, 6nis, k. of Lapithae, bound    jug~lis, e, of a yoke, nuptial.
to a fiery wheel in Tartarus.        jugerum, i; pl., era, urn, N., acre
iynx, gis, F., wry-neck (a bird).         (about J of English acre).
jugis, e, constant, perennial.
juglans, dis, F., walnut.
J.                     jugo, I, bind, join, marry.
jugulo, I, cut the throat, kill.
jaceo,ui, jacit-, 2, lie.               jugulum, i, N.; -us, i, M., throat.
jacio, jeci, jact-, 3, throw, utter.    jugum, i, N., yoke, cross-beam.
jactantia, se, F., loud boasting.      Jugurtha, s, king of Numidia,
jactdtio, 6nis, F., tossing about.        capt. B.C. I06.
jacto, I, toss, hurl, discuss, boast.  JUilius, a, um, of July; a Gens, injactura, ae, F., throwing, cost, loss.    cluding the family of Caesar.
jactus, us, M., a throw, cast.          jumentum, i, N., beast of burden.
jaculor, I, to cast, hurl, shoot.       junceus, a, urn, of rushes.
jaculum, i, N., javelin, dart.          junctiira, ae, F., joint, connection.
jaculus, a, urn, thrown; N., net.       juncus, i, M., rush.
jam, now, already, presently.           jungo, nxi, not-, 3, join, yoke.
jampridem, now, long since.             unior,  is, younger (~ 17, iii.).
Jdniculum, a hill of Rome, be-   JUnius, a, urn, of June; a Gens, inyond the Tiber.                         cluding the family of Brutus.
janitor, oris, M., door-keeper.         jilnix, icis, F., heifer.
jdnua, Me, F., door, entrance.         Juno, onis, queen of Heaven.
Jd.nurius, a, urn, January.             Juppiter, Jbvis, Jupiter, son of
Janus, i the Italian Sun-god.             Saturn, king of gods.
jecur, 6ris (inoris), N., liver.       Jura, ae, M., the mt. W. of Helvetia.
jejiUnium, i, N.; -itas, F., fasting.    jurator, 5ris, M., witness.
jejunus, a, urn, hungry, sterile, dry.   juratus, a, um, under oath.
jentAculum, i, N., early meal.         jureus, a, um  (jus), of broth.
jocor (o), i, to jest.                  jurgium, i, N., dispute.
jocosus, a, urn, jesting, facetious.    jurgo, I, to quarrel, dispute.
jocularis, e, funny, laughable.         juris consultus, i, M. jurist.
jocus (-culus), i, M., joke, jest, fun.   jurisdictio, 5nis, F., administration
Jovis, gen. of Juppiter.                  of justice, legal authority.
Juba, A, k. of Numidia, partisan    jurisperitus, a, um, skilled in law.
of Pompey; d. B.C. 46.                juro (or), I, swear, take oath.
juba, se, F., mane, hair.               jus, jUiris, N., law, right, justice.
jubar, iris, N., sunbeam, radiance.   jus, juris, N., broth; soup, gravy.
jubdtus, a, um, crested.                jusjurandum  (~ 14, ii, 2), oath.
jubeo, jussi, jusS-, 2, order, com-   jussum, i, N.; -us, US, M. command.
mand, bid, entreat, decree.           jussus, [jubeo,] ordered.
jucunditas, dtis, F., pleasantness.    justitia, A, F., justice.
jucundus, a, um, glad, delightful.    justitium, i, N., vacation of court.
Judaea, M, F., Palestine.               justus, a, um, just, true, due, right;
Judaicus (-aeus), a, urn, Jewish.         N., justice; pl., ceremonies.




100                      juvenalis -  l1vus.
juvenalis, e, youthful.              lac, lactis, N., milk.
juvencus, a, um, young; M., bul-       Lacaena, ae, a Spartan woman.
lock; F., heifer.                  tLacedaemon, 6nis, F., Sparta,
juvenesco, nui, 3, become ayouth.      S.-E. dist. of Peloponnesus;
juvenilis, e, youthful, cheerful.    LacedEemonius, a, um, Spartan.
juvenis, is (um), c., a youth.       lacer, era, um, mangled, torn.
juventa, ae;- tas, tatis; -tus, tUtis,  laceratio, Onis, F., mangling.
F., youth (reckoned from 20 to 40).  lacerna, Me, F., a warm cloak.
juvo, jilvi, jilt-, I, help, gratify.  lacero, I, mangle, rail at, destroy.
juxta, near, close by, directly, alike.  lacertus, i, M.; -ta, ae, F., lizard.
juxtim, close by, near.              lacertus, i, M., arm (upper-arm).
lacesso, ivi, it-, 3, challenge, hlarass, excite, provoke.
K.                   lachrima (-yma)==lacrima, tear.
lacinia, ae, F., lappet, dewlap.
K, the praenomen Kaeso.              laciniosus, a, um, jagged, indented.
k, (kal. or Kalendae, arum, F.),   t Laco (-con), conis, M., a Spartan.
kalends, first of the month (~ 83).   Lac6nicus, a, um, Spartan.
Karthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian.   lacrima (lacruma), ae, F., tear.
Karthdgo, inis, F., Carthage; a   lacrimabilis, e, tearful, sad.
wealthy and powerful city of   lacrimo (or), I, weep.
N. Africa, long a deadly rival  lacrim osus, a, um, tearful, weeping.
of Rome; taken and destroyed,   lacteo, 2, suck or hold milk.
B.C. I46.- The Carthaginian   lacteus, a, um, milking, milk-white.
wars were, I. B.C. 264-241; 2.  lactis, is, F., small entrail.
B.C. 219-202; 3. B.C. I49-I46.     lacto (-ito), I, suckle, allure.
lactuica, ae, F., lettuce.
lacuna, ae, F., hole, pool, gap, void.
L.                   lacainar, aris, N., panelled ceiling.
laciino, I, to hollow, panel.
L, the praen. Lucius; num.,=5o.    lacus, us, M., lake, tank, vat.
labasco (-or), 3, totter, waver.     laedo, si, sum, 3, strike, hurt.
Labdacus, myth. k. of Thebes.    laena, ae, F., mantle.
labe-facio, 3, loosen, shake, weaken.   Laertes, ae, father of Ulysses.
labefacto, I, shatter, overthrow, ruin.   Lestryg6nes, um, a myth. savage
labefio, P. of labefacio..              race of Sicily and S. Italy.
labellum, i, N., lip, bath-tub.      leetabilis, e, joyful, glad.
labeo, 5nis, M., blubber-lip.        leetamen, inis, N., manure.
labes, is, F., fall, ruin, stain.    laet, gladly, fruitfully.
labia, ae, F.; labium, i, N., lip.   laetifico, I, gladden, fertilize.
labo, I, totter, waver, sink.        laetificus, a, um, gladdening.
labor, lapsus, 3, glide, fall, err.  laetitia, as, F., joy, beauty, fertility.
labor, 6ris, M., toil, distress.     leeto, I, make glad; P., to rejoice.
lab6ri6sus, a, um, full of toil.    laetus, a, um, glad, joyful, cheerful,
laboro, I, labor, strive, suffer.      fertile, charming.
labrum, i, N., lip, magazine, vat.   laevg, awkwardly.
labrusca, ae, F.; -cum, i, N., wild  lavis=lgvis, smooth.
grape.                            laevorsum, to the left.
Labyrinthus, i, M., an intricate   leevus, a, um, the left, unfortunate,
building wrought by Daedalus         awkward; (in augury)fortunate;
in Crete, for the Minotaur.          F., left hand; N., on the left.




lagena-  latesco.                          101
lagena, ae, F., flask.                lapido, I, throw stones at.
Ldgus, father of Ptolemy, the first   lapidosus, a, um, stony.
Grecian king of Egypt.              lapillus, i, M., pebble, gravel.
Lhius, myth. king of Thebes, fa-   lapis, idis, M., stone, milestone.
ther of CEdipus.                    Lapithae, drum, mountaineers of
lambo, bi, bit-, 3, lick, wash.          Thessaly.
lamenta, orum, N., lament.            lappa, A, F., burr.
ldmentdbilis, e, mournful.            lapsio, 5nis, F., sliding, proclivity.
lamentatio, onis, F., mourning.       lapso, I, slide, fall, stumble.
limentor, I, bewail, lament.          lapsus, as, M., [labor,] fall, flight.
lamina, as, F., leaf, layer.          laquear, iris, N., panelled ceiling.
t lampas, adis (da, das), F., torch.   laqueo, I, ensnare, entangle; adorn
t Lampsacum  (cus), i, a town in        with pannelling.
Asia on the Hellespont..            laqueus, i, M., noose, snare, lasso.
lana, A, F., wool, down.              Lar, tis, first-born (Etruscan).
lanarius, a, um, of wool; M., a   Ldrentia (Acca), wife of Faustuworker in wool; F., wool-factory.     lus, nurse of Romulus.
lnitus, a, um, woolly.               Lares, ium (um), houshold deities;
lancea, Me, F., a light spear.          hearth, home.
lances (lanx), dishes.                large (-iter), bountifully.
lancino, I, mangle, destroy.          largior, 4, bestow gifts, lavish, bribe.
laneus, a, um, woolen, downy.         largitas, atis, F., liberality, bribery.
languens, tis, faint, languid.        largitor, 6ris, M., giver, briber.
langueo, 2 (-guesco, gui, 3), to be   largus, a, um, ample, abundant.
or grow faint, languid, weak.       laridum (lardum), i, N., fat bacon.
languidus, a, um, faint, weak.        Larinum, i, N., a Samnite town.
languor, 5ris, M., languor,faintness.   Larissa, s, F., a city of Thessaly.
lanidrius, a, um, of a butcher.       Larissaeus, a, um, IThessalian.
laniatus, uis, M., mangling.          Larius, i, M., L.  Como, in N. Italy.
lanicium, i, N., wool.                f larix, icis, D., larch.
laniena, se, F., butcher's stall.     larus, i, M., sea-mew (?).
lanificus, a, umrn, working in wool.    larva, ae, F., mask, spectre, goblin.
laniger, era, um, fleecy; M., ram.    larvo, I, bewitch, enchant.
lanio, I, mangle, tear, lacerate.     lasanum, i, F., cooking-pot.
lanista, ae, M., fencing-master, trai-  lascivia, Me, F., sport, wantonness.
ner of gladiators.                  lascivio, 4, to be playful, wanton.
lanius, i, M., butcher, executioner.    lascivus, a, um, playful, wanton.
lainugo, inis, F., down, bloom.       lassittido, inis, F., weariness.
lanugineus (-osus), a, um, downy.   lasso, I, make faint or languid.
Lanuvium, i, N., a town of Latium,   lassus, a, um, faint, weary, languid.
23 miles S. E. of Rome.            latebra, ae, F., hiding-place, retreat.
lanx, cis, F., dish, platter.         latebrosus, a, um, hidden, intricate.
Laocoon, tis, myth. priest of   latens, tis, hidden.
Apollo, in Troy.                   lateo, ui, 2, be hid, (w. acc.).
Laomedon, tis, k. of Troy, father   later, eris, M., brick, tile.
of Priam and Ganymede.              laterarius, a, um, of bricks; M.,
lapathum (us), i, N., sorrel.           brick-maker; F., brick-kiln.
lapicidinae, arum, F., quarries.      laterculus, i, M., tile, pancake.
lapidat, it rains stones.              latericius, a, um, made of brick.
lapidatio, 5nis, F., stoning.         laterna, ae, F., lantern.
lapideus (-drius), a, um  of stone.   latesco, 3, hide; latesco, widen.




102                           latex    lenis.
latex, icis, M., liquid; pl., water.    lavo, ldvi, laut- (15t-), I, to wash.
latibulor, I, be hid, lurk.             laxaimentum, i, N., wideninz7q.
latibulum, i, M., lurking-place.        laxitas, dtis, F., roominess, breadth.
ldticldvius, a, um   (with broad    laxatus, a, urn, wide, free.
stripe), of noble family.            laxe, spaciously, freely.
lUtifundium, i, N., estate, plantation.   laxo, I, open, expand, slacken.
Latinus, a, um; Latinilis, e, of   laxus, a, um, wide, loose, ofen.
Latium, Latin.                        leaena (lea), ae, F., lioness.
Latinus, i, myth. k. of Latium.         tlebes, etis, M., kettle.
ldtio, 5nis, F., bringing.              lectica, ce, F., litter, carrying-chair.
latito, I, [lateo,] hide, skulk, lurk.    lecticarius, i, M., litter-bearer.
latituido, inis, F., breadth, size.     lecticula, e, F., litter, bier.
Latium, i, N., the district South-   lectio, 6nis, F., gathering, reading.
ward from  Rome, having espe-   lectisternium, i, N., a banquet
cial political rights (jus Latii).      offered to the gods or images.
LatSna, se, the mother of Apollo.   lectito, I, [lego,] read frequently.
ltor, 5ris, M., proposer of a law.     lector, &ris, M., reader.
latritor, oris, M., barker, dog.        lectus (-ulus), i, M., bed, couch.
latratus, us, M., barking.              lectus, [lego,] select, chosen.
latrina, a, F., sink, privy.            Lgda, ae, wife of Tyndarus, mother
latro, I, to bark, rant, bluster.          of Helen and Clytoemnestra.
latro, onis; M., robber, brigand, body-  lMgdlis, e, of the law.
guard, mercenary, assassin.           legatum, i, N., bequest.
latrocinium, i, N., robbery, fraud.    legdtio, 6nis, F., embassy, legation.
latr6cinor, I, serve for hire, rob,   lEgativus, a, um, of the legation.
plunder, hunt.                        lEgatus, i, M., [lgo,] an ambassalatrunculus, i, M., robber, freebooter.    dor, deputy, lieutenant.
tltus, [fero,] borne, carried.         lgifer, era, um, law-giving.
latus, a, um, broad, wide, copious.    legio, onis, F., legion (of 4,200,
latus, eris, N., side, flank, body.       afterwards 6,ooo); army.
laudiabilis, e, praiseworthy.           legionarius, a, um, of a legion.
lauddtio, 5nis, F., eulogy.            lgirupa, ae, M., law-breaker.
lauditor, 6ris, M., eulogist.           legitimus, a, urn, lauzfild, right.
laudo, I, to praise, eulogize.          1go, I, depute, appoint, bequeathe.
lauredtus, a, um, laurel-crowned.       lego, lgi, lect-, 3, gather, pass
Laurens, tis, of Laurentum, a coast        along, select, read, recite.
town of Latium.                      legumen, inis, N., beans or peas.
laureola, ee, F., laurel-wreath.        Leleges, um, a Pelasgian  tribe,
laureus, a, um, of laurel.                of Greece and Asia Minor.
lauriger, era, um, laurel-decked.       Lemannus, i, M., Lake Geneva.
laurus, i (us), F., laurel, bay.        lembus, i, M., yacht, cutter.
laus, laudis, F., praise, merit, glory.   t lemma, atis, N., topic, title.
lautg, sumptuously.                     t lemniscus, i, M., ribbon, badge.
lautia, e, F., state-banquet.           t Lemnos, an I. in the iEgean, the
lautitia, ae, F., magnificence.           abode of Vulcan.
t lautumiae, arum, F., stone-quarry.   lemures, um, M., shades, spectres.
lautus, [lavo,] noble, elegant.         lana, ce, F., procuress.
lavdtio, 5nis, F., bathing.            lNne, calmly, indolently.
Laverna, se, goddess of Gain.           lenimen, inis, N., soothing, remedy.
Lvinia, ae, daughter of Latinus,  lnio, 4, soothe, soften, mitigate.
wife of ]Eneas.                     lnis, e, smooth, mild.




lenitas -  librarius.                         103
lenitas, Atis;-tido, inis, F., gentle-   levdtio, 5nis, F., uplifting, relief.
ness, smoothness, mildness, lenity.    leviculus, a, um, rather vain.
leno, Onis, M., seducer, procurer.    1lvigo, I, bruise, make smooth.
lenocinium, i, N., trade ofprocurer,  levir, Wri, M., husband's brother.
allurement, decoration, finery.      levis, e, light, easy, slight, false.
ln6fcinor, I, latter, serve.            levis, e, smooth, soft, delicate.
lens, lentis, F., lentil.               levitas, atis, F., lightness,Jfickieness.
lentesco, 3, grow pliant, relax.        levitiido, inis, F., smoothness.
lenticula, Ae, F., lentil.              levo, I, to uplift, lighten, relieve.
lentigo, inis, F., freckle.             lEvo, I, to make smooth, polish.
lentiscus, i, F.; -urn, i, N., mastich.   lex, legis, F., law, rule, order.
lentitia, ae; -es, ei, F., pliancy,   librimen, inis; -mentum, i, N., libatoughness, viscosity.                   tion, drink-offering.
lentitudo, inis, F., sluggishness.      Libanus, i, M., Mt. Lebanon, in Syria.
lento, I, bend, lengthen, protract.     libella, a, F., small coin, farthing.
lentor, &ris, M., pliancy.              libellus, i, M., [liber,] little book,
lentus, a, urn, slow, tough, pliant.      note, memorial, bill.
lenunculus, i, M., boat, skiff.         libens, tis, [libet,] willing, glad.
leo, leonis, M., lion.                  libenter, gladly.
Leonidas, ae, a  Spartan  king,   libentia, ae, F., delight.
killed at Thermopylke, B.C. 480.   libenter, gladly, freely.
leoninus, a, um, of a lion.             liber, era, um, free; pl., children.
t lepas, adis, F., limpet.              Liber, eri, M., Bacchus; wine.
lepide, agreeable, prettily.            liber, bri, M., bark, book.
lepidus, a, um, agreeable,facetious.   Libera, Ae, a name of Proserpine.
lepor (5s), 6ris, M., pleasantness,   Liberdlia, urn, festival of Bacchus.
charm, wit, humor.                   liberalis, e, of freemen, liberal.
lepus, 6ris, M., hare.                  liberdlitas, atis, F., liberality, gift.
Lernaeus, a, umi of Lerna, a marsh   l1berdtio, 5nis, F., release.
near Argos.                          liberator, 5ris, M., deliverer.
Lesbis, idis; -ias, adis, F., Lesbian.   liberi, 5rum, M., children.
Lesbius (-Sus, -iacus), a, um, of   libero, I, deliver, release.
Lesbos, an island near Troy.         liberta, Ae, F., freedwoman.
lessum  (M. acc.), wailing.             libertas, atis, F., freedom.
lEtalis, e, deadly.                     libertinus, a, urn, of a freedman;
tlfthargus, i, M., drowi ness.            M., freedman (as class).
Lethe, es F., (oblivion), a river of   libertus, i, M., freedman.
the world below.                     libet (lubet), it pleases (~ 39, I).
letifer, era, um, death-bringing.       libidinor, I, indulge lust.
leto, I, slay, kill.                   libidinosus, a, urn, lustful, sensual.
letum  (lthum), i, N., death, ruin.   libido, inis, F., [libet,] eager or
Leucadia, ae; Leucas, adis, F., a         unlawlul desire, pleasure, caprice.
peninsula of N. W. Greece.           libita, 5rum, N., what one will.
t leucaspis, idis, with white shields.   Libitina, ca, goddess of Burial.
Leuc~ta, Me, F., a prom. of Leucadia.   libo, i, taste, touch, pour, cull.
Leucothea, we, myth. name of Ino.   libra, ae, F., pound (I2 oz.), balance.
Leuctra, &rum, N., a town  of   libramentum,   i, N., weight, even
Boeotia, famous for the defeat          surface or balance.
of the Spartans, B.C. 37I.           librarius, a, urn, of books; M.,
levirmen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,           copyist, clerk; F., bookstore; N.,
alleviation, consolation.               book-chest.




104                       librarius    litigiosus.
librarius, a, urnm, of a pound; F.,   limax, acis, F., slug, snail.
head-spinner (weigher of wool).   limbus, i, M., edge, border, flounce.
Hibratio, 0nis, F., weighing out.         limen, inis, N., sill, threshold.
librdtor, oris, M., surveyor, engineer.  lhmes, itis, M., by-path, boundary.
librilis, e, of a pound; N., scales.      limis, e=limus, aslant.
libripens, pendis, M., paymaster.         limito, I, limit, fix, divide.
libro, I, weigh, poise, hurl.             limo, I, to file, whet, polish.
libum, i, N.. a cake.                     limosus, a, um, muddy, miry.
Liburnus, a, um, Liburnian  (of    limpidus, a, um, clear, pure.
Illyria); F., a swift galley.          limus, a, um, aslant, awry, squinting.
Libya, a  (-6, es), Libya, Africa.    limus, i, M., slime, mud, dirt.
Libyas (-ycus, -yssus, -ystinus),   limus, i, M., girdle, apron.
a, um; -ys, yos (-ystis, tydis,   linea, e, F., thread, string, line, net.
F.), Libyan, or African.               lineamentum, i, N., line, stroke.
licens, tis, free, unrestrained.          lineo, I, sketch, straighten.
licenter, at pl!ea'ure.                   lineus, a, um, of flax.
licentia, se, F., freedom, license.       lingo, nxi, not-, 3, lick.
liceo, cui, cit-, 2, be on sale, value.   lingua, ae, F.. tongue, language.
liceor, itus, 2, bid (at auction).        lingulaca, Ae, c., chatterbox, gossip.
icet, uit, 2, it is permitted (~ 39, I).   liniger, era, um, linen-wearing.
licet, although, even if, granted.        lino, levi, lit-, 3, anoint, smear.
lichen, gnis, M., lichen, eruption.    linquo, liqui, lict-, 3, leave, quit.
licitor, i, [liceor,] to bid.             linteo, 5nis, M., linen-weaver.
licium, i, N., listing, thread, girdle.    linter, tris, F. (T. 2, i. 4), boat, tray.
lictor, 6ris, M., lictor (attendant   linteus, a, um, of linen; N., linen
on a magistrate; a dictator had           cloth, canvas.
24, a consul I2, a praetor 6).         linum, i, N., flax, thread, net.
lien, gnis, M., spleen.                   t Linus (os), i, son  of Apollo, a
lienosus, a, um, splenetic.                  singer and poet of Thebes.
ligamen, minis; -mentum, i, N.;   Lipara, an, F., an I. N. of Sicily.
-tira, ae, F., band, ligament.         lippio, 4, to be blear-eyed.
Liger, 6ris, M., the river Loire.         lippus, a, um, blear-eyed.
lignarius, a, um, of wood; M., car-   lique-facio, 3; P., -fio, melt, dissolve.
penter, lumber-dealer.                 liqueo, cui (qui), 2; -esco, 3, to be
lignatio, 5nis, F., getting wood.          fluid, clear; non liquet (n. 1.),
ligneus (-olus), a, um, wooden, dry.         the case is not clear.
lignor, I, to get wood.                   liquidS, clearly, confidently.
ligo, I, to bind, tie, fasten.            liquidus, a, um, liquid, clear.
ligo, olnis, M., grub-hoe.                liquo, I, melt, dissolve, strain.
ligula, dim. of lingua, tongue.           liquor, I, melt, flow.
Ligures, um, people  of Liguria   liquor, 6ris, M., liquid, fluidity.
(Piedmont), the dist. near Genoa.   lira, Ae, F., ridge, furrow.
ligUrio, 4, lick, long for, be dainty.    liro, I, to plough, harrow.
Ligusticus, a, um, of Liguria.            t lirce, triJles..
ligustrum, i, N., privet.                 lis, litis, F., stlis, dispute, lawsuit.
ltliUr, i, N., lily.                      litrtio, 5nis, F., propitious sacriJice.
Libybaeum, i, N., a promontory    litera (-ula), ae, letter (of alphabet);
at the west of Sicily.                    pl., epistle, document, letters.
lima, aW, F., file.                       literate, clearly, learnedly, literally.
limarius, a, um, slimy, clayey, miry.   literatus, a, um, lettered, learned.
limatus, a, um, refined, correct.        litigiosus, a, um, disputatious.




litigium  -  lucubratio.                         105
Jitigium, i, N., dispute.                loquor, locutus, 3, speak, talk.
litigo, I, to sue, quarrel, litigate.    lora (-ea), Ee, F., after-wine.
lito, I, sacrJifce (with good omens),   loretum, i, N., laurel-grove.
make expiation, appease.               1oreus, a, um, of thongs.
litoralis, e; -eus, a, um, of the   16rica, e, F., leather cuirass, breastshore.                                   work, parapet, fence.
littera-litera, letter.                  16rico, I, clothe in mail.
littus=litus, shore.                     16ripes, edis, lithe, or bow-legged.
litura, ce, F., [lino,] blur, erasure.    16rum, i, N., thong, rein, scourge.
litus, us, M., smearing, daubing.         tl1tos, i, M., water-lily, lotus.
litus, 6ris, N., shore.                  16tus, [lavo,] washed.
lituus, i, M., augur's crook, horn.      lubet=libet, it pleases.
liveo, 2, to be bluish.                  lubido, inis, F. =libldo, pleasure.
lividus. a, um, bluish, lurid, envi-   librico, I, make slippery.
ous, malignant.                       libricus, a, um, slippery, fleeting.
livor, oris, M., lividness, envy.        lucaris, e, of the forest.
lix, licis, M., ashes.                   Liicanus, a, um, of Lucania, a
lixa, ae, M., sutler; pl., camp-fol-        dist. of S. Italy.
lowers.                               lucellum, i, N., slight gain.
lixivus (-ius), a, um, of lye.           liceo, luxi, 2, shine, gleam.
localis, e, of a place.,                Liceres, um, a patrician tribe in
locarius, a, um, of renting.                the founding of Rome.
locatio, 5nis, F., location, lease.      Liceria, se, F., a town in Apulia.
locator, oris, M., one who lets, hirer.   lucerna, e,, F., lamp.
loco, I, put, let, give in marriage.     luicesco, 3, grow bright, dawn.
loculus, i, M., place, bier, coffin, stall.  licidus, a, urnm, bright, clear.
locuples, etis, rich, sure, ample.       lucifer, era, um, light-bringing.
locupleto, I, to enlrich.                Lucifer, feri, M., the morning star.
locus, i, M.; pl., a, N. (~ 14, ii. I),  licifugus, a, um, light-shunning.
place, topic, rank; abl., instead.     Lucina, ae, the goddess of Birth.
l6custa, se, F., locust, lobster.        licinus, a, um, bringing to light.
locutio, 6nis, F., speaking, speech.    lucrativus, a, um, of gain, or belocultus, [loquor,] having spoken.          quest, profitable.
lodix, icis, F., coverlet, blanket.      lucri-facio, 3, get gain.
t logicus, a, um, logical; F., logic.    lucrificus, a, um, profitable.
tlogos, i M., word, jest, reason.        Lucrinus, i, M., a lake near Baike.
16llgo, inis, F., cuttle-fish.           lucripeta, we, c., gain-seeker.
lolium, i, N., darnel, cockle, tares.    lucror, I, to get gain, profit.
1omentum, i, N., a bean-poultice.    lucrosus, a, um, gainful.
Londinium, i, N., London.                lucrum, i, N., gain, wealth.
long~evus, a, um, aged, ancient.         luctamen, inis, N.; -tatio, onis, F.,
longe, far, by far.                         a wrestle, struggle, contest.
longinquitas, atis, F., distance, ex-   luctator, oris, M., wrestler.
tent, length, duration.               luctifer, era, um, grief-bringing.
longinquus, a, um, long, far.            luctificus, a, urn, causing grief:
longitudo, inis, F., length.             luctisonus, a, urn, sad-sounding.
longurius, i, M., long pole.             luctor, I, to struggle, wrestle.
longus (-ulus), a, um, long, far.        luctuosus, a, um, sorrowful.
loquacitas, atis, F., loquacity.         luctus, us, M., grief mourning.
loquax, icis, talkative.                lHcu, [lux,] by daylight.
loquela, as, F., word, discourse.        licubriatio, 6nis, F., night-work.




106                       lucubro -  Lyceum.
lHicubro, I, to toil by night.        lurco (-or), I, devour greedily.
liculente (-ter), brilliantly.        lHridus, a, um, wan, lurid.
luculentus, a, um, bright, famous.    Hiror, &ris, M., paleness.
Licullus, i, L. Licinius, a wealthy   luscinia (-61a), Oe, F., nightingale.
Roman   noble,   commander   luscinus (-ius) a, um, one-eyed.
against Mithridates, B.C. 74-66.   lusciosus, a, um, purblind.
Lucumo, Onis, M. (an Etruscan   luscus, a, um, one-eyed.
title), priest or prince.           Lusitdnia, e, F., Portugal.
licus, i, M., wood or grove.          lusito, I, freq.. of ludo, play.
ludia, A, F., actress.                lusor, 6ris, M., player.
ludibriosus, a, um, scornful.         lisorius, a, um, of play; N., playludibrium, i, N., jest, mockery.        ground; F. pl., swift cruisers.
lidibundus, a, um, playfdl, easy.    lustralis, e, of purifying; or, of
lildicer (-crus), a, um, sportive.      four years.
lfldificatio, 5nis, F., derision.     lustratio, 5nis, F., a purlfication,
ildifico (-cor), I, to make sport of,   going about.
deceive, deride, fiustrate.         lustricus, a, um, of purification.
lildimagister, tri, M., teacher.      lustro, I, purify, survey, traverse.
ludio, 6nis, F.; -ius, i, M., actor.    lustrum, i, N., den, boq,jorest; expiludo, si, sum, 3, play, sport, deceive.  ation, period offour years.
ludus, i, M., sport, game, school.    ilusus, us, M., [ludo,] game, sport.
lues, is, F., pestilence, calamity.   lutamentum, i, N., mud-wall.
Lugdfinensis, e, of Lugdunum, a   lutdrius, a, um, of mud.
city on the Rhone (Lyons).          liteolus, a, um, yellowish.
figeo, xi, ct-, 2, mourn, lament.    lutesco, 3, get muddy.
lifgubris, e, mournful.               Lutetia, se, F., Paris.
lirma, e, F., thorn.                  luteus, a, um, golden-yellow.
lumbifragium, i, N., back-breaking.   luteus, a, um, of mud, dirty.
lumbricus, i, M., stomach-worm.       luto, I, bedaub with clay.
lumbus, i, M., loin.                  lutosus, a, um, muddy.
lumen, inis, N., light, lamp, eye.    lutra, se, F., otter.
luminar, aris, N., window.            lutulentus, a,uum, muddy, dirty.
iimino, I, brighten, illumine.        lutulo, I, bespatter, bemire.
liiminosus, a, um, light, bright.     litum, i, N., yellow-weed.
luna, e, F., moon.                    lutum, i, N., mud, clay.
HIinris, e, of the moon, moonlight.    lux, licis, F., light, life, day.
lundtus, a, urn, crescent-shaped.     luxo, I, dislocate, displace.
mino, I, bend (like half moon).       luxuria, e (es, ei), F., luxuriance,
luo, lui, 3, wash, cleanse, expiate.    rankness, luxury.
lupa, A, F., she-wolf, prostitute.    luxurio (-or) I, be luxuriant, abound.
lupAtus, a, um, sharp-toothed; N.   luxuri6sus, a, um, rank, luxuriant,
pl., curb, or toothed bit.            exuberant, wanton.
Lupercal, Mlis, N., grove of Pan   luxus, ius, M., excess, luxury, splenin Rome; pl., a festival of Pan       dor; dislocation.
celebrated in February.            Lyaeus, i, M., a name of Bacchus.
Lupercus, i, M., a name of Pan.    Lycaeus, i, M., a mt. of Arcadia,
lupinus (-illus), i, M., lupine.        sacred to Jupiter and Pan.
lupinus, a, urn, of a wolf            Lycaon, 6nis, myth. k. of Arcalupus, i, M., wolf, a jagged bit.       dia, changed to a wolf.
lura, ae, F., bag, sack's mouth.      Lyceum, i, N., a gymnasium  near
lurco, onis, M., glutton.               Athens, Aristotle's school.




lychnis - mage.                        107
tlychnis, idis, light-giving.       michina, se, F., engine, staging.
t lychnus, i, N., lamp, light.      mmchindmentum, i, N., instrument,
Lycia, dist. of S. W. Asia Minor.     machine, device.
lyciscus, i, M., wolf-dog.          mdchindtio, onis, F., contrivance.
Lycius, a, um, of Lycia.            mdchindtor, oris, N., engineer,
Lycurgus, i, legislator of Sparta;    contriver, inventor.
a myth. k. of Thrace.            mdchinor, I, contrive, scheme, plot.
Lydus (ius), a, um, of Lydia, a   mrchio, 5nis, M., a mason.
dist. in W. Asia Minor; Etruscan.   macies, 6i, F., leanness.
lympha, a, F., spring-water.        macilentus, a, um, meagre.
lymphaticus, a, um, panic-stricken.   macis, idis, F., mace (?).
lympho, I, to drive distracted.     macresco, crui, 3, grow lean.
lynceus, a, um, sharp-sighted.      macritiido, inis, F., leanness.
lynx, lyncis, F., lynx.             mactdtio, 5nis, F., slaying.
lyo, I, liquefy.                    macto, I, kill, sacrifice, requite.
t lyra, a, F., lyre, lute.          mactus, a, um, honored, adored;
t lyricus, a, um, lyrical.            macte, hail! well done!
Lysander, dri, a Spartan general   macula, as, F., spot, stain.
who captured Athens, B.C. 405.   maculo, I, stain, speckle, pollute.
L.simachus, a general of Alex-   maculosus, a, um, speckled, stained.
ander, afterwards k. of Thrace.   madefacio, feci, fact-, 3, moisten.
Lysippus, a sculptor of Sicyon.    madens, tis, wet, marshy.
lytra-lutra, otter.                 madeo, ui, 2; -esco, 3, be or get
wet, moist, drenched, overflowing.
madido, I, moisten.
M.                   madidus, a, um, wet, dyed, soaked.
mador, oris, M., moisture.
M, the praenomen Marcus; num.,   madulsa,,a, M., drunken.
I,000.                          Maeander, dri, M., a river of
M', the pranomen Manius.              Ionia; a winding wuay or border.
maccus, i, M., buffoon, simpleton.  Maecgnas, itis, friend of AugusMacedones, um, as, Macedonians.    tus, patron of Virgil and Horace.
Macedonia, dist. N. E., of Greece,   maeles= —mles, badger.
(Southern  Turkey), made  a   Maelius, Sp., slain for treason by
Roman prov. B.C. I48.               Cincinnatus, B.C. 436.
Macedonicus, i, surname of Q.   m(ana, ae, F., herring (?).
Caecilius Metellus.              Menades, priestesses of Bacchus.
Macedonius, a, um; -iensis, e,  Maenalus, range of mountains in
Macedonian.                         Arcadia, sacred to Pan.
macellarius, a, um, of the market;   Mreonia, a dist. of Lydia.
M., victualler.                  Maeonides, ae, Homer.
macellum, i, M., meat market.       Maeonius, a, um, Mceonian, Lydian.
maceo, 2, be lean.                 Maestis, idis (os), the Sea of Azof.
macer, era, um, lean.               mPrens, tis, sad, grieving.
maceria, ae, F., wall, enclosure.   maereo, 2, grieve, mourn.
macero, I, to steep, soften, fret, vex.   miaror, 5ris, M., sadness.
macesco, 3, grow lean.              mrnstitia, ae, F., grif.
tmachaera, e, F.;-ium, i, N., sword.   maestus, a, um, sad, grieved, unMachaon, 5nis, myth. son  of          lucky, gloomy, mourning.
iEsculapius, a surgeon of the   magalia, um, N., huts, booths.
Greeks at Troy.                  mage=-magis, more.




108                      magia -  mando.
tmagia, a; -ice, es, F., magic.      maledictus, a, um, accursed; N.,
t magicus, a, um, magical.             curse, abusive speech.
magis (mage), more.                  maledicus, a, um (-dicentior, -ditmagis, idis; -ida, ae, F., platter.   -centissimus), abusive.
magister, tri, M., master, leader,   malefacio, feci, fact-, 3, do misdirector, chief, teacher.            chief
magisterium, i, N., director's office.   malefactor, Mris, M., evil-doer.
magistra, ae, F., mistress.          malefactum, i, N., injury.
magistratus, us, M., office, magis-   maleficium, i, N., mischief, crime.
tracy, magistrate.                maleficus, a, um, criminal, hurtful.
magnanimus, a, um, great or   malesuAdus, a, um, ill-advising.
high-hearted, brave.              malevolens, tis (-volus), spiteful.
tmagnes, 5tis, M., magnet.           malevolentia, ae, F., ill-will.
magnidicus, a, urn, boastful.        mdlifer, era, um, apple-bearing.
magnifacio, 3, make much of.         maligne, spitefully, grudgingly.
magnificg (-ficenter), splendidly.    malignitas, ntis, F., malice, spite,
magnificentia, ae, F., grandeur,       stinginess.
splendor, boastfulness.           malignus, a, um, malicious, nigmagnifico, I, esteem highly, praise,   gardly, barren.
magnify.                          malitia, Ae, F., evil quality, malice.
magnificus, a, um, grand, boastful,   malitiosus, a, um, wicked, crafty.
splendid, sumptuous.              malivolus=malevolus.
magniloquentia, Ee, F., lofty strain.   malleolus, i, M., mallet, shoot (for
magniloquus, a, um, of lofty style.    planting), fire-ball.
magnipendo, 3, rate highly.          malleus, i, M., hammer.
magnitUdo, inis, F., greatness,   f mallus, i, M., lock of wool.
size, rank, dignity.              mnlo (~ 37, iii.), choose rather,prefer.
magnopere (magno opere), very   mMlum, i, N., apple, pulpy fruit.
much, greatly.                    malum, i, evil, misfortune.
magnus, a, um  (comp. major,   malus, a, um (comp. pejor, superl.
superi. maximus), great.             pessimus), bad.
magus, a, um, magical; M., magi-   malus, i, F., apple-tree, mast, beam.
cian; F., sorceress.              malva, ae, F., mallow.
Mnia, ae, myth. d. of Atlas, mother   Mam., the prenomen Mamercus.
of Mercury; one of the Pleiades.   Mimers, tis, Oscan for Mars.
mdjdlis, i, M., hog.                 MNmertini, a tribe of N.E. Sicily.
majestas, atis, F., grandeur, splen-   mamma (-illa), Me, F., breast, udder.
dor, majesty.                     mammr sus, a, um, full-breasted.
major, us, 6ris (comp. of magnus),   mranlis, e, flowing.
greater; majores, ancestors.       manceps, ipis, M., purchaser, hirer,
Majus, a, um, month of May.            bondsmana, proprietor.
majusculus, a, um, rather larger.    mancipntio, 5nis, F., a transfer of
mnla, Me, F., jaw, cheek.              property by purchase.
t malacia, ae, F., calm.             mancipium, i, N, formal purchase,
malacus, a, um, soft, pliant.          possession, chattel, slave.
t malagma, atis, N., poultice.       mancipo, I, deliver as property.
male, ill, badly.                    mancus, a, um, maimed, infirm.
Malea, Be, F., S. point of Greece.   mandator, 6ris, M., suborner.
maledicax, &cis, F., slanderous.     mandatus, us, M.; -um, i, N., order.
maledicens, tis, scurrilous.         mando, I, commit, command, give.
maledico, xi, ct-, 3, revile, slander.   mando, di, sum, 3, gnaw, chew.




mandra - massa. -                      109
tmandra, a, F., stall, herd.       manus, us, F., hand, trunk (of elemandUico, I, chew.                    phant), grappling-iron, band (of
mandUcus, i; -o, Onis, M., glutton.    troops), handiwork.
mane, morning, early.              mapalia, um, N., cottages.
maneo, mansi, mans-, wait, stay,  mappa, ae, F., napkin.
continue, abide, wait for.       Marathon, 6nis, a town in Attica,
Mines, ium, shades of the de-         famous for the defeat of the
parted; the lower world.            Persians, B.C. 490.
mango, onis, M., dealer.           marcens, tis, drooping, feeble.
mn/= —mane, morning.               marceo, 2; -esco, 3, wither, droop.
manicae, arum, F., sleeves, hand-   marcidus, a, um, withered, feeble.
cuffs, manacles.                 marcor, 6ris, M., decay, faintness.
manicatus, with long sleeves.       marculus (-tulus), i, M,, hammer.
manicula, as, F., hand, handle.     mare, is, N., sea, esp. the Meditermanifestarius, a, um, evident.        ranean; superum, the waters
manifest6 (6), clearly, palpably.     E., and inferum, W., of Italy.
manifesto, I, make public.          Mare6ta, a, F., a lake of Egypt.
manifestus, a, um, plain, proved.    tmargarita, ae, F., pearl.
manipularis, e, of the maniple.     margino, I, enclose with border.
manipulatim, by handfuls.           margo, inis, F., edge, border, margin.
manipulus (-plus), i, M., handful;   marinus, a, um, of the sea.
infantry company (of 200), maniple.   marisca, as, F., a largefig.
mannus, i, M., draught-horse, pony.   maritalis, e, nuptial.
mano, I, trickle, drop, spread.     maritimus, a, um, of the sea.
mansio, 6nis, F., stay, continuance.   marito, I, to marry, give in marriage.
mansito, I, abide, dwell.           maritus, a, um, matrimonial, wedmansue-facio, 3, make tame.           ded, M., husband, lover.
mansu6factus, a, um, tame, gentle.  Marius, C., B.C. 157-86, conqueror
mansuesco, evi, et-, 3, make or       of Jugurtha, and chief of the
grow tame.                          popular party in Rome.
mansuietido, inis, F., mildness.    Marmaricus, a, um, of Marmarica,
mansuetus, a, um, mild, gentle.       a dist. of N. Africa.
mansus, [mando,] chewed.            marmor, 6ris, N., marble.
mantele, is, N., towel, napkin.     marmoreus, a, um, of marble.
mant6lum, i, N., cloak.             marmoro, I, cover with marble.
mantica (-ula), a, F., travelling-bag.   Maro, 6nis, cognomen of Virgil.
mantioulor, I, steal, act slyly.   marra, a, F., hoe, hook.
MantinEa, Be, F., a town in Arca-   Mars, tis, the god of War.
dia, famous for the victory and   Martinlis, e, of Mars.
death of Epaminondas, B.C. 362.   Martius, a, um, of Mars, warlike;
manto, I, stay, wait.                the month of March.
Mantua, A, a town of N. Italy.  t marsilpium, i, N., pouch, purse.
manudlis, e;. -trius, a, um, held   Marsus, a, um, of the Marsi, a
in the hand, for the hand.         people of interior Latium.
manubiae, drum, F., booty.         Marsyas, as, a Satyr, skilled on
manjibrium, i, N., handle.           the pipe, flayed by Apollo.
manulea, ae, F.; -us, i, M., sleeve.   f martyr, iris, C., witness. martyr.
manilmissio, 6nis, F., emancipa-  mas, maris, g. pl. ium, male, manly.
tion, act of liberation.         masculus (-inus), a, um, male,
manfi-mitto, 3, to set free.          masculine, manly.
manupretium, i, N., wages, value.   massa, A, F., lump, mass.




110                   lMassicus -  medius.
Massicus, i, M., a mt. of Campania.  maximus, a, um, [magnus,] greatMassilia, ae, F., a coast town in,    est; maximus natu, eldest.
the S. E. of Gaul, Marseilles.   t mazonomus, i, M., a dish.
Massyli, 5rum, a people of Africa.  me (memet), ace. or abl. of ego, I.
mastiche, es, F., gum-mastic.      meabilis, e, passable.
tmastigia, ae, M., scamp, rogue.   meator, ris, M., passer-by.
mastruca, ae, F., sheepskin.       meatus, us, M., passage, course.
matara, ae, F., pike, javelin.     j mechanicus, a, um, mechanical.
matella, ae; -io, onis, F., pot.   mecum, with me.
mateola, as, F., mallet, beetle.   med-me.
miter, tris, F., mother, nurse.    MEdea, ae, myth. princess of Colmateria, ae; -es, ei, F., material,    chis, daughter of./E6tes, wife of
timber, source, occasion, quality.  Jason, an enchantress.
mdteridrius, a, um, of timber; M.,  medela, ae, F., remedy.
lumber-merchant.                 medens, tis, c., physician.
materio, I, build of wood.         medeor, 2, heal, relieve.
mnterior, I, get timber.           MEdi, 5rum, the people of Media.
materis, is, F., pike.             mediastinus, i, M., helper, drudge.
mdternus, a, um, motherly.         mediftenus, half-way.
matertera, ae, F., mother's sister.  mediator, 5ris, M., mediator.
t mathematicus, a, um, mathemat-   medica, ae, F., a kind of clover.
ical; M., mathematician, astrologer.   medicdbilis, e, curable.
matrdlis, e, of a mother.           medicimen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,
mntricida, ae, c., matricide.         rernedy, drug, dye.
mntrimrnium, i, N., marriage.      medicntus, a, um, drugged.
mntrimus, a, um, that has a mother.  medicinus, a, um, of healing; F.,
matrix, icis, F., dam, source, womb.  medicine, surgeon's office.
mntrona, aB, F., a married woman.   medico (-cor), I, heal, cure.
mntr6ndlis, e, of a matron.        MEdicus, a, urn, of Media, a dist.
matruelis, is, M., cousin.            of Asia, beyond the Tigris.
matta, as, F., rush-mat.           medicus, a, um, healing; M., phymattea (-ya), as, F., dainty.         sician, surgeon.
matula, a, F., pot, blockhead.     mediS, moderately, tolerably.
mnture (-ate), early, speedily.    medietas, atis, F., midst, half
mntiresco, rui, 3, grow ripe.       t medimnum (us), i, N., six pecks.
mnturitas, ntis, F., ripeness,prompt-   medio, I, to halve, divide.
ness, maturity.                  mediocris, e, ordinary, middling.
mRtiro, I, ripen, hasten.          mediocritas, ntis, F., half-way,
mrntirus, a, um, ripe, ready, early.  medium, meanness, mediocrity.
mntitinus, a, um, of the morning.   Mediolinum, i, N., a city of N.
Mauri, 6rum, the Moors, a people      Italy, Milan.
of N. Africa, near Spain.        medioximus, a, um, midmost.
Mauritania, ae, the dist. of N. W.  meditimentum, i, N., planning.
Africa, Morocco.                 meditdtio, onis, F., thinking, planMausoleum, i, N., the tomb of         ning, preparation.
Mausolus, k. of Caria, built by   meditatus, a, um, well-weighed.
his wife, Artemisia, B.C. 365.   mediterrdneus, a, um, midland;
Mdvors, tis, a name of Mars.          N., mare, the Mlediterranean.
Mivortius, a, um, of Mars.         meditor, I. think, meditate, practise.
maxilla, a, F., jawbone.           medius, a, um, middle, midst of,
maximS, especially, very greatly.     haly-way, mean; N., the middle.




medius fidius - mentior.                    111
mediusfidius, by my faith, (me   Memnon, 6nis, myth. king of
deus Fidius juvet).                Ethiopia, son of Aurora and
medulla, Me, F.. pith, marrow.        Tithonus.
medullitus, to the marrow.         memor, 6ris, mindful, reminding.
MedUsa, ae, F., the Gorgon with   memorabilis, e, memorable.
snaky hair, d. of Phorcus.       memorandus, a, um, memorable.
Megaera, se, one of the Furies.    memoratus, us, M., mention.
Megalensia, um, games in honor  memoria, ae, F., memory, rememof the Magna Mater (Cybele).       brance.
Megara, ae (6rum), city or dist.  memoriter, by heart,from memory.
between Athens and Corinth.    memoro, I, to mention, recount.
mehercule, by Hercules!           Memphis, is (idos), old capital of
mel, mellis, N., honey.               Egypt, 14 miles S. of Cairo.
melculum, i, N., sweetheart.       mena =mena, herring (?).
tmeld, pl. of melos, song.         Menander, dri, a Greek comic
Meleager, gri, son of (Eneus and     poet, B.C. 342-292.
Althea, who perished by the   menda, ee, F., fault, defect.
burning of a brand on which   mendaciloquus, a, um, false.
his life depended.               mendacium, i, N., falsehood.
meles, is, F., badger, marten.     mendax, acis, lying, false.
Melicerta (as), ae, myth. son of   mendicabulum, i, N., beggar.
Athamas and Ino, who with his   mendicatio, 5nis, F., begging.
mother became a sea-divinity.    mendice, meanly, beggarly.
melicus, a, um, tuneful.           mendicitas, atis, F., beggary.
tmelimdla, 5rum, N., honey-apples.  mendico (-cor), I, to beg alms.
melinus, a, um, of the badger.     mendicula, Ae, F., beggar's rags.
melinus, a, um, of quinces.        mendicus, a, um, beggarly; M.,
melinus, a, um, of honey; F., mead.    a be qgar.
melior, us, (comp. of bonus,)   mend6ss, faultily, falsely.
better; adv. melius.             mendosus, a, um, faulty, false.
Melita, cA; -ti, es, 3lMalta, an island   mendum, i, N., fault, blemish.
south of Sicily.                 Menelaus, i, myth. k. of Sparta,
Melitensis, e, lMaltese.             brother of Agamemnon, and
t melitinus, a, um, of honey.        husband of Helen.
meliusculus, a, um, rather better.   tmenis, idis, F. crescent (ornament).
melleus (-drius), a, um, of honey.   mens, mentis, F., mind, heart.
mellifer, era, um, honey-bearing.    mensa, Oe, F., table.
mellifico, I, make honey.          mensarius, i, M., banker, broker.
melligo, illis, F., bee-glue, sap.  mensio, onis, F., measure.
mellilla, ee, sweetness, delight.  mensis, is, M., month.
mellitus (-ulus), a, um, honey-sweet.  mensor, oris, M., measurer.
t mel5dia, Ee, F., melodly.        menstrualis, e, every month.
t melos, i, N. pl.; meld, song.    menstruus, a, um, monthly.
1IvelpomenE, es, F., the muse of   mensula, ae, F., little table.
tragic and lyric Poetry.         mensura, Ee, F., measure.
membrana, se, F., membrane.        mensus, [mntior,] measured.
membratim, limb by limb.           menta (-tha), se, F., mint.
membrum, i, N., linb, part, portion.  mentiens, tis, lying, false.
memet, myself (acc).               mentigo, inis, F., scab, scurf.
memini, imp. memento (~ 38, i.),  mentio, 6nis, F., a calling to mind.
remember, mention, bear in mind.   mentior, itus, 4, to speak falsely.




112                    mentitus -  migratio.
mentitus, a, um, counterfeit.        merula, ae, F., blackbird.
mento, 5nis, M., long-chin.          merum, i, N., unmixed wine.
mentum, i, N., chin, beard, cornice.   merus, a, um, pure, unmixed, bare.
meo, i, go, pass, fi'equent.         merx, cis, F., merchandise.
meopte, my own (abl).               [t meso-, in the middle.
mephitis, is, F., evil vapor.        Mesopotamia (between the rivers),
mepte, myself (acc.).                  a district between the Tigris
meracus, a, um, pure, unmixed.         and Euphrates.
mercabilis, e, purchasable.          Messana, se, F., 3Messina, in Sicily.
mercator, 6ris, M., a dealer, mer-   MessenE, es, capital city of Messchant, purchaser.                    enia, the S.-W. dist. of Greece.
mercatira, ae, F.; -catus, uis, M.,   messis, is, F., reaping, harvest, crop.
trade, commerce, wares.           messor, 6ris, M., reaper.
mercrdonius, a, um, of wages.       messorius, a, um, oJ'f a reaper.
mercedula, se, F., small pay.        messus, [meto,] reaped, harvested.
mercenarius, a, um, hired, hireling.  [-met, self (intens.).
mnerces, Edis, F., pay, wages, bribe,   meta, ae, F., goal, limit, turning-post.
price, cost, revenue.             mrtalis, e, conical.
merces, pl. of merx, goods.          metallicus, a, um, of metal or
mercimonium, i, N., stock of goods.    mines. M.. miner.
mercor, I, to trade, buy, purchase.    metallum, i, N., metal, mine.
Mercurius, s. of Jupiter and Maia,  t metamorphosis, is (gen. plur.,
god of Trade, Eloquence, &c.         -eon), F., fransfbrmation.
merda, a, F., dung.                 mrtator, 5ris, M., fixer of bounds.
mere, purely, truly.                 Metaurus, i, M., a river in Ummerenda, as, F., lunch.                bria, famous for the defeat of
merens, tis, deserving.                Hasdrubal, B.C. 207.
mereo, ui; -eor, itus, 2, deserve,  metaxa, ae, F., raw silk.
win, earn, purchase, serve.       tmethodium, i, N., a jest.
mneretricius, a, um, of harlots.    t methodus, i, F., way, method.
meretrix, icis, F., harlot.          meticul6sus, a, um, timid, fearful.
mergae, arum, F., pitchfork.        mrtior, mensus, 4, to measure,
merges, itis, F., sheaf.              traverse.
mergo, si, sum, 3, dip, plunge, sink.  meto, messui, mess-, 3, to reap,
mergus, i, M., diver (sea-bird).      pluck, gather, cut down.
meridianus, a, um, of noon, south-  meto  (-or), I, measure, lay out,
ern; N., the South.                traverse, erect, set up.
merldies, ei, M., noon, south.       tmetreta, as, F., measure (9 gall).
merldio (-or), I, take a noon nap.    tmetricus, a, um, of metre.
meritS, deservedly.                 f metropolis, is, F., mother-city.
merito, I, to earn, gain.           tmetrum, i, N., measure, metre.
merit6rius, a, um, of earning, for   metuo, i, uit-, 3, to fear, dread.
hire; N., pl., hired rooms.       metus, us, M., fear, dread.
meriturn, i, N., desert, reward, merit,  meus, a, um (voc. M., mi), my.
value, importance.                mi, for mihi, to me, [ego,]; my.
meritus, a, um, deserving, due.     mica, as, F., crumb, grain.
Mero, 5nis, M., wine-bibber (Nero).   micans, tis, sparkling.
merobibus, a, um, intemperate.      mico, ui, I, to beat, quiver, twinkle.
merops, 6pis, F., bee-eater.        Midas, ae, myth. k. of Phrygia, who
merso (-ito), I, dip, plunge, drown.   turned all he touched to gold.
mersus, [mergo,] plunged, drowned.   migratio, 5nis, F., removal, transfer.




migro -  miseriter.                        113
migro, I, remove, migrate, depart.    Minos, ois, myth. k. of Crete, son
mile=-mille, a thousand.                of Jupiter and Europa; his gr.miles, itis, M., soldier (infantry).    son, builder of the labyrinth.
Milesius, a, um, of Miletus, a port   Minotaurus, Minotaur, a monster
in Caria, S. W. Asia Minor.           of Crete, half man, half bull.
milia (pl. of mille), thousands.      Min-us (-6ius), a, um, oj Minos,
miliarius, a, um, of millet.            Cretan.
militaris, e, of soldiers, soldierly.  Minturnae, drum, ~., a city of
militarius, a, um, military.            southern Latium.
militia, ae, F., military service, war.   minumus=minimus, least.
milito, I, serve as soldier.          minuo, i, at, 3, lessen, diminish.
milium, i, N., millet.                minus, [parum,] less.
mille (mile), thousand; mille pas-   minusculus, a, um, quite small.
suum (IooO paces), a mile.         miniltal, alis, N., mince-meat.
milleni, a, a (distrib.), by thousands.   miniltatim, bit by bit.
millisimus, a, um, thousandth.        minute, minutely.
miliarius, a, urnm, containing  a   miniltim, in bits.
thousand; N., milestone.           minUtus (-ulus), a, um, small, petty.
millies (milies), a thousand times.    Minyee, arum, a people of ThesMiltiades,  is,  Athenian  com-         saly; the companions of Jason.
mander at Marathon, B.C. 490.    mirabilis, e, marvellous, wonderful.
miltos, i, F., red-lead, cinnabar.    mirabundus, a, urnm, astonished.
milvius, a, um, of the kite, ravenous.   miraculum, i, N., marvel, miracle.
milvus, i, M., kite, hawk.            mirandus, a, urn, admirable.
mimicus, a, um, of mimes or farces.   mirator, 6ris, M., admirer.
mimus, i, M; -a, Ae, F., mimic actor.   mire (mirificg), wonderfully.
mmin (mihine), for me?               mirificus, a, um, admirable.
t mina,,e, F., a Greek weight (IOO   mirmillo, 5nis, M., kind ofgladiator.
drachmas), or coin ($I8).           miror, (-o), I, to wonder, admire.
mina, ae, F., smooth.                 mirus, a, um, wonderful, strange.
mince, drum, F., threats.             miscellus (-aneus), a, um, mixed.
minanter, threateningly.              misceo, cui, mist- (mixt-), 2, mix,
minatio, 5nis, F., threatening.         mingle, blend, compounld.
minax, acis, threatening, projecting.   misellus, a, urnm, wretched, unhappy.
Mincius, i, a river in N. Italy.      MisEnum, apromont. near Naples.
Minerva, ae, goddess of Arms and   miser, era, um, wretched.
Skill, also called Pallas.         miserabiliter, pitiably.
minimS, by no means.                  miserandus, deplorable.
minimus, a, urn, [parvus,] least.     miseranter, pitiably.
minio, I, to paint red.               misers (-iter), wretchedly, desperminister, tra, um, serving, helping.    ately, lamentably.
minister, tri, M., accomplice, helper.   miserSbilis, e, pitiable, sad, pitiful.
ministerium, i, N., service, attend-   miseratio, 5nis, F., compassion.
ance, administration.              misereo, ui, it-; misereor, eritministra, Ma, F., female attendant.     (ert-), 2, to pity, have mercy.
ministrator, &ris, M., attendant.     miseresco, 3, feel pity.
ministro, I, attend, serve,furnish.    miseret (miseretur), it stirs pity.
minitor (-to), I, threaten, menace.    miseria, ae, F., misery, distress.
minium, i, N., cinnabar, red lead.    misericordia, ae, F., mercy, misery.
minor, us, [parvus,] less.            misericors, dis, merciful.
minor, I, threaten, jut out.          miseriter, lamentably.




114                      miseror -  molitus.
miseror, I, lament, deplore, pity.   modestia, oe, F., moderation, modmiserulus. a, um, unhappy.              esty, sobriety, discretion.
missicius, a, um, discharged.        modestus, a, um, calm, moderate,
missiculo, I, [mitto,] keep sending.    kind, friendly, modest.
missilis, e, that may be thrown; N.,   modidlis, e, holding a peck.
a missile weapon; pl. gifts.       modicd, moderately, meanly.
missio, 5nis, F., letting-go, dis-   modicus, a, um, moderate, scanty.
charge, throwing, hurling.         modificor, I, set bounds, measure.
missito, I, freq. of mitto, send.    modiolus, i, M., bucket, axle-box.
missor, oris, M., sender, shooter.   modius, i, M., a peck (I6 sextarii).
missus, [mitto,] sent.               modo, only, just now; modo...
missus, us, M., sending, course.        modo, now... again.
misticius. a, um, mongrel.            modulamen, inis, N., melody.
mistim (mixtim), mixedly.            moduldtE, rhythmically.
mistio, 5nis; -ira, os, F., mingling.   modulatio, 6nis, F., measure, melmistus, a, um, [misceo,] mixed.         ody, rhythm.
tmisy, yos, F., truffle, copperas.   modulator, 6ris, M., director.
mRit, gently, [mitis].               modulatus, a, um. regulated, sung.
mitella, as, F., [mitra,] turban.    modulor, I, to measure, regulate or
mitesco, 3, grow mellow, gentle.        beat time (in music or dance).
Mithras, se, the Persian Sun-god.   modulus, i, M., measure, melody.
Mithridcates, king of Pontus, con-   modus, i, M., measure, limit, manquered by Pompey, B.C. 63.           ner; ejusmodi, of that sort.
mitifico, I, make mild or mellow.    tmcechus, i, M.; -a, se, F., adulterer,
mltigatio, 6nis, F., soothing.          adulteress.
mitigo, I, soothe, appease, fertilize.    mcenera, um; N.; [munus,] offices.
mitis, e, mild, gentle, fruitful.    mcenia, ium, N., walls, buildings.
tmitra, ae, head-band, turban.       mcenio, 4= —munio, fortify.
nitto, misi, miss-, 3, send, let go,   mcereo-maereo, grieve.
yield, launch, throw, hurl.        Mcesi, &rum, people of Mcesia,
MitylEng, es, F., a city of Lesbos.     the dist. of the lower Danube.
mixtus, [misceo,] mixed.             mcestus=mrsstus, sad.
tmna==mina, an Attic coin.           mola, se, F., mill; grain or meal,
Mnemosyne, es, F., Memory, the          coarsely  ground, salted, and
mother of the Muses.                 cast on the victim in sacrifice.
mobilis, e, movable, nimble, rapid,   molaris, e, of a mill; M., a millpliant, inconstant.                  stone, jaw-tooth.
mrbilitas, atis, F., movableness,   molarius, a, um, of a mill.
quickness, inconstancy.            moles, is, F., mass, pier, burden, toil.
m6biliter, with swift motion.        molestS, with difficulty or vexation.
mrbilito, I, to make quick.          molestia, e, F., vexation, trouble.
moderamen, inis, N., management,   molesto, I, to trouble, annoy.
government, helm.                  molestus, a, um, irksome, vexatious.
moderanter, with moderation.         m5limen, inis; -mentum, i, N., an
moderatio, onis, F., moderation,        effort, exertion, undertaking.
regularity, guidance, government.    mlior, 4, toil upon, struggle, wield,
moderator, &ris, M.; -trix, tricis,     do by effort, endeavor.
F., director, colntroller.         mlltio, onis, F., laborious doing.
moderatus, a, urn, within bounds.    m6litor, 5ris, M., author, contriver.
moderor (-o), I, regulate, control.    molitus, a, um, [molo,] ground.
modestE, moderately, modestly.       molitus, a, um, [molior,] toiling.




mollesco   mortalis.                       115
mollesco, 3, grow soft, effemimate.   monstrum, i, N., an evil omen, prodmolliculus (-cellus), a, um, soft,    igy, monster.
voluptuous, delicate.             monstruosus (-6sus), a, um, of or
mollio, 4, make soft or supple, lighten.  like a monster, strange.
mollis, e, soft, mild, gentle, delicate.  montanus, a, um, mountainous.
molliter, softly, calmly.           monticola, Ae, c., mountaineer.
mollitia, e; -tiido, inis, F., soft-   montivagus, a, um, roaming the
ness, fexibility, suppleness,pliancy.  hills.
mollitus, [mollio,] soft.           mont6sus (-ubsus), a, um, mounmolluscus, a, um, soft-shelled.        tainous, full of mountains.
molo, ui, it-, 3, grind.             monumenturn, i, N., memorial.
tmoloch6, es, F., mallows.           Mopsopius, a, um, of Attica.
molochindrius, i, M., dyer in green.   mora, ae, F., delay, hindrance.
Molossi, 6rum, people of eastern   tmora, e, F., division, battalion.
Epirus.                           mordlis, e, of character, moral.
molossus, i, M., hound, mastiff.     mrnaliter, characteristically.
tmolybdus, i, M.; -dis, idis, F.,   mordtg, lingeringly.
lead.                              liiordtor, 5ris, M., delayer.
mormen, inis, M., movement, weight.   mordtus, Lo,-    delayed.
momentum, i, N., balance, particle,   morntus, a, um, of character.
moment, weight.                    morbidus (-Ssus), a, um, diseased.
Mona, se, F., the Isle of Man, also,   morbus, i, M., disease, malady.
Anglesea, in the Irish Sea.       mordncitas, ntis, F., sharpness.
t monachus, i, M., monk.             morddciter, bitingly.
tmonas, adis, F., unity.             mordax, acis, biting, stinging.
monEdula, M, F., jackdaw.            mordeo, momordi, mors-, 2, bite,
moneo, ui, -itum, 2, to warn, in-      sting, eat, devour.
struct, remind, admonish.         mordicus (-citus), with bites.
Mongta, ae, a name of Juno.          mordicus, a, um, snappish.
moneta, ee, F., coin, mint.           tmrnr, foolishly.
monile, is, N., necklace.            mores, urn, pl., M., [mos,] character.
monimentum —monumentum.              moretum, i, N., salad of garlic.
monitio, 6nis, F., admonition.       moribundus, a, um, dying.
monitor, oris, M., remembrancer,  mrrigerdtio, onis, F., compliance.
admonisher, overseer.             morigeror (-o), I, gratify, comply.
monitum, i, N.; -tus, iS, M., ad-  mrrigerus, a, um, obsequious.
monition, warning, prophecy.       tmonio, 6nis, M., a blockhead.
monitus, [moneo,] advised, warned.  t rmrion, i, N., nightshade.
[t mono-, only, one.                 morior, mortuus, moriturus, 3,
t monoceros, otis, M., unicorn.        to die, wither, vanish.
tmonochromos, on, of one color.   moror, I, delay, care for.
Moncecus, i, a name of Her-   mor6se, peevishly, anxiously.
cules;  irx Monceci, a prom-   m&rositas, ntis, F., fretfulness.
ontory of Liguria.               mrr6sus, a, um, peevish, morose.
t monogrammus, i, M., outline.      Morpheus, ei (eos), god of Dreams.
tmonopodium, stand (table).         mors, mortis, F., death, a corpse.
mons, montis, M., mountain.         morsico, I, bite with the lips.
monstrdtio, onis, F., showing.      morsum, i, N., a bit, piece.
monstrntor, 6ris, M., he that shows.  morsus, [mordeo,] bitten.
monstrdtus, a, um, conspicuous.     morsus, Us, M., biting, catch, bite.
monstro, I, show, inform, appoint.   mortdlis, e, mortal, perishable.




116                  mortalitas -  municipium.
mortalitas, atis, F., mortality.     mulleus (calceus), i, M., red shoe.
mortarium, i, N., mortar, trough.    mullus (-ulus), i, M., mullet.
morticinus, a, um, dead (carrion).   mulsus, [mulceo,] sweet as honey;
mortifer, era, um, deadly.             F., sweetheart; N., mead.
mortualia, N. pl., dirges.           mulsus, [mulgeo,] milked.
mortuarius, a, um, of the dead.      multa, ae, F., penalty, fine.
mortuus, [morior,] dead; M., corpse.   multaticus (-cius), a, um, of fines.
morulus, a, um, dark-colored.        multitio, 5nis, F., fining.
t mrorum, i, N., mulberry.           multicius, a, urn, delicate, splendid.
tmorus, i, F., mulberry-tree.        multifariam (-rie), on many sides,
tmorus, a, um, foolish.                variously.
mos, mnris, M., manner, custom;   multifarius, a, um, manifold.
pl., character, quality, conduct.  multifidus, a, um, with many clefts.
m6tio, onis, F.; motion, emotion.    multiformis, e, many-shaped.
mrto, I, [moveo,] keep in motion.    multijugus, a, um, many, manifold.
motor, oris, M., mover.              multiloquax, acis, loquacious.
motus, [moveo,] moved, excited.      multimodis, in many ways.
rmotus, uls, M., movement, emotion,   multiplex, icis, of many folds or
departure, tumult, change.           parts.
movens, tis, movable.                multipliciter, in many ways.
moveo, movi, mrt-, 2, move, dis-   multiplico, I, multiply.
turb, set in motion, excite, begin;   multipotens, tis, very powerful.
P. (neut.), to move.               multituido, inis, F., multitude, crowd.
mox, presently, soon after.          multo (mulcto), I, punish.
muceo, 2; -cesco, 3, get musty.      multo, by much (w. comparative).
muicidus, a, um, mouldy, musty.      multum, much.
mucosus, a, um, slimy.               multus, a, um  (plus, plurimus),
mucor, oris, M., mould.                much,frequent, diffuse; pl., many.
muilcro, onis, M., edge, point, blade.   miilus, i, M., mule.
mucus, i, M., [mungo,] mucus.        Mummius, i, L. (Achdicus), the
mrigil, ilis, M., mullet.              captor of Corinth, B.C., I46.
muiginor, I, dally, trifle, delay.   Munda, a,, F., a city of S. Spain,
muigio, 4, bellow, bray.               taken by CQesar, B.C. 45.
miigitus, Us, M., bellowing, roaring.   mundanus, a, um, of the world.
muila, ae, dat. pl., -abus, F., mule.   munde, (-iter), neatly.
mulceo, si, sum, 2, stroke, soothe.    munditia, ee; es, ei, F., cleanness,
Mulciber, eris (eri), Vulcan.          elegance, terseness.
mulco, I, to maul, handle roughly,    mundo, I, cleanse.
mulcta==multa, penalty.              mundus, (-ulus), a, um, clean, neat.
mulctra, e-, F.; -trurn (-trarium,) i,  mundus, i, M., decoration, impleN., milk-pail.                       ment, the world, or universe.
mulgeo, si sum (ct-), 2, to milk.    milnerarius, a, um, ofpublic shows
muliebris, e, (f a'woman, woman-      of gladiators.
ish, womatnly, effeminate.         murnero, I, bestow, present.
muliebriter, effeminately.           mungo, 3, blow the nose.
mulier, eris F., woman, wife.        miinia, ium, N., offices, duties.
muliercula, e, F., iittle woman.     miiniceps, cipis, c., citizen of o
mulierosus (-brosus), a, um, fond      free town, fellow-townsman.
of women.                         mrlnicipalis, e, of a free town.
mrilimus, a, um, of a mule.          miiuicipium, i, N., a free city havmulio, 5nis, M., mule-driver.          ing a Roman citizenship.




munifex -  Mysus.                          117
muinifex, icis, on duty.              mussito, I, be silent, murmur.
munifico, liberally.                  musso, I, murmur, ponder.
mfinificentia, e, F., munificence.    mustaceus, i, M.; -um, i, N., a
minificus,  a, um,  munificent;         cake sweetened With must.
bountiful, on duty.                mustela (-tella), ae, F., weasel.
muinimen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,  musteus, a, urn, of new wine.
defence, fortification.            mustus, a, um, young, new fresh; N.,
munio, 4, Jbrtify, defend, build.       must (fresh grape-juice).
minis, e, of service, obliging.       miutabilis, e, changeable, mutable.
muinitio, 6nis, F., fortification.   miutatio, onis, F., change, altering.
mUinito, I, fortify, build.           mitator, oris, M., exchanger.
muinitor, 6ris, M., engineer.         mutilo, I, to dock, lop, mutilate.
muinitura, ae, F., protection.        mutilus (-cus), a, um, mutilated,
muinitus, a, um, fortified, safe.       docked.
maunus, eris, N., office, gift, exhibi-   Mutina, ae, F., Modena, in N. Italy.
tion, service, favor.              mitio (muttio), 4, mutter, murmur.
mureena, 6e, F., lamprey (sea-eel).  mriltitio, onis, F., muttering.
muralis, e, of city-walls.            mritito, I, interchange.
murcus, i, M., poltroon.              mito, I, [moveo,] alter, change,
mrirex, icis, F., purple-fish, purple   exchange, interchange, damage.
dye, crow's foot (iron points).    muituatio, onis, F., borrowing.
muria, ze, F., brine, pickle.         muituE (-o, -iter.), mutually.
milricidus, i, M., coward.            mitiuito (-or), I, seek to borrow.
milrinus, a, um, of nmice.            muituor, I, to borrow.
murmur, uris, N., nmurmur,  roar.    muntus, a, urn, dumb, mute, silent.
murmuro, I, to murmur, grumble.  muftuus, a, um, borrowed, mutual.
murrheus (-inus), a, um, of mur-   Mycalg, es, F., a city of Ionia.
rha, a costly stone.               Myc~naeus, a, um, of Mycence,
murrius, a, um, of myrrh.               the ancient capital of Argolis.
murta=myrtus, myrtle.                 Mydonius, a, um, Phrygian.
murus, i, M., wall, embankment.       tmyoparo, 6nis, M., a piratical
mus, muris, C., mouse.                  vessel.
tmiusa, W, F., muse (goddess of   myrica (ce), ae, F., tamarisk, shrub.
art and song), song, wit, science.   Myrmid6nes, um, a people of
Misseus, i, a Greek bard of the         Thessaly, subjects of Achilles.
mythic time.                       tmyron (-um), i, N., ointment.
tmysticus, a, um, of mysteries.       t myropola, ae, N., pe fumer.
musca (-ula), se, F., fly.             tmyrrha, ae, F., myrrh.
muscarius, a, um, offlies; N., fly-   tmyrrheus (-atus, -inus,) a, um,
brush, closet.                        of myrrh, spiced.
muscipula, ae, F., mouse-trap.        myrtatus, a, um, seasoned  with
muscosus (-cidus), a, um, mossy.        myrtle-berries; N., a kind of pudmusculus, i, M., little mouse, muscle.  ding.
muscus, i, M., moss.                  myrtitum, i, N., myrtle-grove.
t muisus, a, um, of the Muses, poet-   myrteus (-inus), a, urn, of myrtles.
ic; N., museum, seat of the Muses.  Myrtous, a, um, Myrtoan, of the
t muisica, ae (-e, es), F., music.      western AEgean.
t miisice, splendidly.                t myrtum, i, N., myrtle-berry.
t misicus, a, um, musical, poetic  tmyrtus, i (uis), F., myrtle.
or scientific; M., musician.       Mysus (-ius), a, urn, of Mysia,
musivus, a, um, mosaic.                 the N. W. dist. of Asia Minor.




118                      mytsa  naumachia.
t mysta (-tes), ae, M., priest of mys-   Nasamones, um, a people of N.
teries or secret rites.                Africa, eastward of Carthage.
tmystagogus, i, M., mystagogue, a   nascens, tis, arising, beginning;
guide to sacred places.                N. pl., growing things.
t mysterium, N., secret rite, mystery.   nascor, ndtus, 3, be born, ascend,
t mykthicus, a, um, of fables.           arise, begin, grow, spring forth.
t mythos, i, M., a fable, myth.        Nasica, ae (high-nose), P. Scipio,
t myxus (os), i, M., wick-tube.          consul, B.C. I9I;  his gr.-son
(slayer of Gracchus), B.C. I38.
nasiterna, a, F., watering-pot.
N.                    Naso, 5nis (big-nose), the family
name of Ovid.
N, the praenomen Numerius.             nassa (-xa), ae, F., fJish-basket, net.
Nabathaus, a, um, of Nabathaea,   nasturtium, i, N., a kind of cress.
a district of N. Arabia.            nasus, i, M., nose, handle, sarcasm.
t nacca, s, M., a fuller.             nasuitus, a, um, large-nosed, saganactus, [nanciscor,] having got.         cious, sarcastic.
nae (ng,) surely, really, indeed.     nata, se, F., [nascor,] daughter.
naenia=ngnia, dirge.                  nitdlicius, a, um, of one's birthNaenius, an old Roman poet, B.C.         day; M., birthday; N., gift; pl.,
273-203, who served in the first      birthday feast.
Punic War, and wrote its epic.   natalis, e, of one's birth; M., birthnaevus, i, M., mole (birth-mark).        day; pl. lineage, origin; N., birthnaiias (nais), adis, F., river-nymph.    hour; pl., birth-right.
nam, namque, for (~ 43, 4).           natantes, ia, [nato,] fishes.
nana, ae, F., dwarf.                  natatio, 5nis, F.; -tus, US, M.,
nanciscor, nactus, 3, get,find, meet.    swimming.
nans, nantis, [no,] swimming.          natator, 5ris, M., swimmer.
nanus, i, M., dwarf, nag, pan.         natinor, I, to be busy.
t napeus, a, um, of the dell.         natio, onis, F., birth, race, nation.
tnaphtha, se, F., naphtha.            natis, is, F., rump.
napus, i, M., turnip.                  nativus, a, um, by birth, native,
t napy, yos, N., mustard.                innate, natural.
Nir, Naris, M., a river of Umbria.   nato, I, to swim, float, ovefiow.
Narbo, 5nis, M., Narbonne, a city   natrix, icis, F., water-snake, scourge.
of S. W. Gaul (Narbonensis).    natiira, ae, F., birth, nature.
Narcissus, i, a beautiful youth,   natiiralis, e, by birth, natural.
changed to a flower.                natiiraliter, according to nature.
nardinus, a, um, of nard; N.,   natus, a, um, born, constituted, (w.
spiced wine.                          acc. of time), old; M., son.
tnardus, i, M., nard (aromatic).      natus, us, M., birth, growth.
narin6sus, a, um, flat-nosed.         t nauclErus, i, M., shipmaster.
niris, is, F., nostril; pl., nose.    naucum  (us), i, N., a trifle.
narratio, 6nis, F., narrative.        naufragium, i, N., shipwreck, wreck,
narrator, 6ris, M., relator.             storm, ruin, destruction.
narratus, us, M., tale, narration.    naufrago, I, suffer wreck.
narro, I, to tell, relate, report.    naufragus, a, um, wrecked, ruined,
narthex, 6cis, F., the shrubfennel.      dangerous, causing wreck.
narus, gnarus, skilled.               t naulia, 6rum, N., lute.
Nirycius, a, um, of. Naryx, a   t naulum, i, N., passage-money.
Locrian city.                       t naumachia, ae, F., sea-fight.




Naupactus -  negotior.                       119
Naupactus, i, M., a coast-town of   necessitas, atis, F., necessity, need,,Etolia.                             friendship, relationship.
Naupliades, is, Palamedes, son   necessitUdo, inis, F., intimacy,
of Nauplias, myth. k. of Eubcea.      need; pl., friends, relatives.
tnausea, M, F., sea-sicknless.        necessum, inevitable.
nauseo, I, be sea-sick, qualmish.     necne, or not.
nauseola, M, F., qualm.               necnon, also.
nauseosus, a, um, sickening.          neco, cavi, cat- (ct-), I, to kill.
nauta-navita, sailor.                 necopinans, tis, unaware.
t nautea, ae, F., nausea. bilgewater.   necopiniat, unexpectedly.
tnauticus, a, um, of ships; pl.,   necopinatus, a, um, unexpected.
sailors, seamen.                   necopinus, a, urnm, unsuspecting,
navalis, e, qof' ships; N., port, dock-  unlooked for.
yard; pl., harbor, riqging.        tnecromantia, ee, F., evoking the
t navarchus, i, M., ship's captain.     dead, necromancy.
nave, diligently.                     tnectar, aris, N., nectar, drink of
navia, a, F., ship, trough.             the gods.
navicula (-cella), as, F., boat, skiff.   nectareus, a, um, of nectar, delinavicularius, a, urn, of boats; M.,     cious; F., a fragrant plant.
skipper; F., boat-hiring or agency.   necto, xi (xui), xum, 3, to bind,
navifragus, a, um, causing wreck.       clasp, fasten, weave, devise.
navigabilis, e, navigable.            nectus — necatus, [neco,] slain.
navigatio, 5nis, F., sailing.         necubi, lest anyi/here.
naviger, a, um, ship-bearing.         necunde, lest from any place.
navigium, i, N., vessel, ship, raft.  nedum, much less, not to say.
navigo, i, to sail, navigate.         nefandus, a, um, [for,] impious,
navis, is, em (irm), F., ship.          abominable.
navita, (nauta), ae, sailor, boatman.   nfairi6, impiously, wickedly.
navitas, atis, F., promptness.        nefarius, a, um, execrable, abomiinnaviter, diligently, promptly,fdilly.   able; N., a heinous crime.
navo, I, do zealously, accomplish.    nefts, N. wrong, crime, harm, wretch.
naivus, a, um, prompt, diligent.      nefastus, a, um, impious, inauspiciNaxos, i, F.,. an island in the         ous; dies, a day when no court
IEagean Sea.                          business could be done.
ng, lest; (w. imperat.) not; ne...   nefrens, dis, toothless.
quidem, not even.                  negatio, 6nis, F., denial, refusal.
ng for nea, surely.                   negito, I, persist in denying.
-ne, interrog. part. (~ 71), whether.   neglectE, (-tim), negligently.
Neapolis, is, F., Naples, in Cam-   neglectus, [negligo,] slighted.
pania, I20 miles S. E. of Rome.   neglectus, us, M., neglect.
t nebris, idis, F., fatvn-skin.       negligens, tis, negligent, heedless.
nebula, ae, F., mist, vapor, cloud.   negligenter, heedlessly.
nebulo, 6nis, N., worthless fellow.    negligentia, Me, F., neglect.
nebulosus, a, um, cloudy, misty.      negligo, exi, ect-, 3, to neglect,
nec=neque, nor, and not.                slight, despise, disregard.
necatus, [neco,] slain.               nego, I, to deny, refuse, hinder.
necdum, and not yet.                  negotialis, e, of business.
necessariW (e), necessarily.          negotians, tis, M., a dealer.
necessarius, a, um, necessary, kin-   negotiatio, 6nis, F., wholesale trade.
dred; M., friend, relative.        negotiator, oris, M., agent, trader.
necesse (neut.), necessary.           negotior, I, to deal, traffic.




120                   negotiosus -  nigrans.
neg6tiosus, a, um, full of business.   Nerva, successor of Domitian,
neg6tium, [Stium,] i, N., business,    A.D. 96-98.
trouble, difficulty, a thing.     nerviae, drum, F., strings, chords.
N6leus, ei, myth. k. of Pylos, son   Nervii, 6rum, a Belgian tribe.
of Neptune, father of Nestor.    nervosg, energetically.
Nemea, ae, F., a town of Argolis.   nerv6sus, a, um, sinewy, vigorous.
nemen, inis; -ma, ktis, N., thread,   nervus, i, M., sinew, string, thong,
Nemesis, is (ios), the goddess of      bow-string, vigor, force, a prizon.
Justice, or Retribution.          nesciens, tis, ignorant, unskilled.
nemo (T. 5), c., [ne homo,] no one.   nescienter, ignorantly.
nemoralis (ensis), e, of' the grove.   nescio, 4, be ignorant or unskilled.
nemorosus, a, um, woody, leafy.      nescius, a, urn, ignorant, unable,
nempe, surely, why!                   unskilled, unknown.
tnemus, 6ris, N., wood, grove, tree.   Nessus, i, a Centaur, slain by
nenia, ae, F., wail, dirge, song.      Hercules.
neo, nevi, net-, 2, to spin, weave.    Nestor, 6ris, myth. king of Pylos,
Neoptolemus, i, son of Achilles.       son of Neleus.
tneotericus, a, um, new.             netus, us, M., [neo,] spinning, thread.
nepa, ae,. F., scorpion, crab.       neu=neve, nor.
Nephele, es, wife of Athamas,   neuter, tra, um, neither of two.
mother of Phryxus and Helle.    neutiquam, by no means.
nepos, otis, M., grandson, nephew;   neutralis, e, neuter.
prodigal, spendthrift.             neutrS, to neither side.
nep6tinus, a, um (-alis, e), profuse.   neutrubi, in neither place.
nep6tor, I, squander, lavish.        neve, and not, and lest.
neptis, is, F., #grainddaughter.     nex, necis, F., death (by violence).
NeptUnius, a, urnm, of or built by   nexilis, e, bound together.
Neptune.                          nexio, onis, F., fastening.
NeptUnus, i, god of the Waters,   nexo, xui (xi), 3, bind, join, fasten.
brother of Jupiter; the sea.      nexuml, i, N., slavery for debt.
nequam,?worthless, wretched, vile.  nexuosus, a, um, jfll of knots.
ngquaquam, by no means.              nexus, [necto,] fastened; M., prisneque (nec), neither, nor, and not.    oner, one bound to service.
nequedum, and not yet.               nexus, us, M., binding, obligation.
nequeo (~ 37, viii.), cannot.        ni, not, that not, unless.
nequicquam  (-quiquam), in vain.   Nicaea, ae, F., a town of Bithynia.
nequior, nequissimus, [nEquam,]   Nicias, ae, Athenian commander of
more and most worthless.            the Sicilian expedition B.C. 4I5nequis, qua, quod (quid), lest any.   nico, ci, 3, beckon.
nequiter, worthlessly, badly.        Nicomrdia, e, F., the capital of
nequitia, as (-es, ei), F., badness,   Bithynia.
vileness, negligence, levity.     nicto, I, wink, blink, sign, strive.
nequo, no-whither.                   nictus, Uis, M., winking.
nereis, idis, F., sea-nymph.         nidamentum, i, N., stuff for nest.
NMreus, i, a sea-deity, son  of   nidifico, I, to build nests.
Oceanus and Tethys.               nidor, oris, M., vapor, steam, odor.
Ngritos (us), i, M., a mountain of   nidulor, I, to build nests.
Ithaca; -ius, a, um, Ithacan.     nidus (-ulus), i, M., nest, retreat.
Nero, 6nis, family name of L. Do-   nigellus, a, urn, dark, swarthy.
mitius AMnobarbus, the  sixth   niger, gra, um, black, dark.
emperor, A.D. 54-68.              nigrans, tis, black, dusky.




nigredo -  nominatus.                       121
nigrWdo, inis, F., blackness.        nitidus. a, um, bright, sleek, elegant.
nigresco, 3, grow black or dark.     nitor, nisus (nixus), 3, to strain,
nigricans, tis, blackish.               mount, strive, rely.
nigritia, ae, F., blackness.         nitor, oris, M., brightness, neatness.
nigro, I, blacken, be black.         tnitrum, i, N., soda, alkali.
nigror, oris, M., blackness.         nivnlis, e, snowy.
nihil, nothing, not at all.          nivdrius, a, um, of snow.
nihildum, nothing yet.               nivdtus, a, um, cooled with snow.
nihilominus, none the less.          nivens, tis, closing (winking).
nihilum, i, N.=nihil, nothing.       niveus, a, um, snowy, white.
nil=-nihil, nothing.                 nivosus, a, um, full of snow.
Nilus, i, M., the Nile, the great   nix, nivis, F., snow.
river of Egypt.                    nixor, I, lean, strive.
nimbAtus, a, um, light, vapory.      nixus, [nitor,] relying.
nimbifer, era, um, stormy.           nixus, us, M., effort, presssure.
nimbosus, a, um, stormy, rainy.      no, I, to swim, sail.
nimbus, i, M., rain-cloud, storm.    nobilis, e, famous, noble.
nimie (-5), by far, too much.        nobilitas, atis, F., nobility (of rank,
nimietas, atis, F., excess.             fame or quality), the nobles.
nimnirum, doubtless.                 nbbiliter, nobly.
nimis, too much, excessively.        n6bilito, i, make famous.
nimius, a, um, excessive, too great.   n6biscum, [ego,] with us.
ningit, ninxit, 3, it snows.         nocens, tis, guilty, harmful; M.,
ninguidus, a, um, snowy.                a criminal.
ninguis, is, F., snow.               nocenter, guiltily.
ningulus, a, um, nobody.             noceo, cui, cit-, 2, to harm, hurt.
NinivE, es, F., Nineveh, the capi-   nocivus, a, um, noxious.
tal of Assyria, on the Tigris.     noctililca, ae, F., night-shining.
Ninus, myth. founder of Niniveh.   noctivagus, a, um, night-wandering.
Niobe, es (-ba, ea), daughter of   noctu (-te), by night.
Tantalus, changed to stone after   noctua, a, F., owl.
the loss of all her children.      noctudbundus, a, um, in the night.
Nisaeus (-Zius), of Nisus.           noctuinus, a, um, of owls.
Nisgis, idis, Scylla, d. of Nisus,   nocturnus, a, um, nightly, dark.
k. of Megara, who betrayed his   nocuus, a, um, harmful.
kingdom to Minos.                  n6dntus, a, um, knotted.
nisi (ni), unless, if not.           nodo, I, to fill with knots, fasten.
nisus, [nitor,] relying.             nod6sus, a, um, knotty, swollen,
nisus (-xus), us, M., effort, pressure.  intricate, difficult.
Nilus, i, myth. king of Megara,   nodus (-ulus), i, M., knot, knob, band,
changed to a hawk.                   coil, difficulty.
nitEla (-dula), ae, F., dormouse.    n5lens, tis, unwilling.
nitens, tis, shining, brilliant, bloom-   n6lo, nolle, n5lui (~ 37, ii), be uning, famous.                         willing, wish ill.
nitens, tis, [nitor,] striving.      nomades, um, c., wanderers.
niteo, ui, 2, to shine, glitter, thrive,   n6men, inis, N., name (~ 15), race,
flourish.                             debt, thing, fame, reason, pretext.
nitesco, tui, 3, to shine forth.     nimenclitor, &ris, M., namer.
nitibundus, a, um, straining.        n6minatim, by name.
nitidE, brightly.                    nominatio, onis, F., naming.
nitido, i, make bright, bathe.       nrmindtus, a, um, celebrated.




122                        nomino -  nubo.
nomino, I, call by name, make fa-   notor, 6ris, M., voucher, witness.
mous, nominate, accuse.            notus, [nosco,] known.
f nomisma, atis, N., coin, medal.    notus (os), i, M., the South wind.
tnomos, i, M., district, tune.       novacula, ase, F., razor, knife.
non, not, no.                        nova1is, e, fallow, fresh-ploughed.
nonae, arum, F. pl., Nones (~ 83),   novatio, onis, F., renewing.
the 7th of March, May, July,   nov6, in new fashion, unusually.
Oct.; 5th of the other months.   novellus, a, um, young, new, fresh.
nondgeni, ninety (each).             novem, nine.
nonagies, ninety times.              november, bris (9th month), Nononaginta, ninety.                      vember.
nonanus, a, urnm, of the gth legion.   novemdecim, nineteen.
nonarius, a, um, of the gth hour.    novemdialis, e, of nine days.
nondum, not yet.                      novEnarius, a, um, of nine.
nongenti (noningenti), ae, a, goo.   novdni, ae, a, nine (each).
nonies (-ens), nine times.            noverca, Me, F., stepmother.
nonna, as, F., a nun.                 novercalis, e, of a stepmother, hosnonne (interrog.), not?                tile, malevolent.
nonnermo, inis, M., some one.         novi, [nosco,] I know.
nonnihil, something.                  novies (-ens), nine times.
nonnullus, a, um, some.               novissimE, quite lately, lastly.
nonnumquam, sometimes.                novissimus, a, um, latest, last, lownonnusquam, somewhere.                  est, furthest; agmen, the rear.
nonus, a, um, ninth.                  novitas, atis, F., newness, strangenonus decimus, nineteenth.              ness, novelty.
Noreia, as, F., a town of Noricum,   noviter, newly, afresh.
the dist. north of the Adriatic.    novitius, a, um, new, fresh.
norma, ae, F., square, rule.         novo, I, to renew, alter, invent, renormalis, e, by the square.            fresh, change by revolution.
nos, nostrum, nobis, we.              novus, a, um, new, fresh, strange,
noscito, I, recognize.                  unwonted; N., novelty; res novae,
nosco, n6vi, not-, 3, learn, be ac-     revolution, novelties.
quainted, to know; perf. know.     nox, noctis, F., night, darkness, the
noster, tra, trum, our; pL., M., our    world below, gloom, storm, death.
men, N., our possessions.          noxa (-ia), as, F., harm, crime, punnostras, itis, of our country.          ishment.
nostratim, in our fashion.            noxius (-&sus); a, urn, harmful,
nota, ae, F., mark, sign, note, stain.  injurious, guilty.
notabilis, e, noteworthy.             nfib~cula, pe, small cloud, dark spot.
notarius, a, um, of writing; M.,  nibes, is, F.; (-is, M.), cloud, smoke,
short-hand writer, clerk.             vapor, gloom, obscurity.
notAtio, onis, F., marking, choice.    nubifer, a, um, cloud-bearing.
notesco, tui, 3, become known.        nfibigena, as, c., cloud-born; pl.
nothus, a, um, illegitimate, false.     the Centaurs.
n6tio, onis, F., a getting knowledge,   nfibilarium, i, N., shed, barn.
investigation, notion, idea.       nUbilis, e, marriageable.
notitia, as (-es, 6i), F., knowing, ac-   nuibilo, I, to be or make cloudy.
quaintance, note.                  nUbilus (-Ssus), a, um, cloudy, dark,
notius, a, um, southern.                overcast, gloomy.
noto, I, designate, mark, signify,  rfiibo, psi, pt-, 3, cover, veil, marry
brand, remark, write in cypher.      (put on the veil, with dat.).




nucetum -  nusquam.                        123
nucetum, i, N., wood of nut trees.    Numidicus, a, urn, Numidian; a
nuceus, a, um; -ilis, e, of a nut.     name given to Metellus, connucleus, i, M., kernel, nut.           queror of Jugurtha.
nucula, e, F., little nut.          numisma —nomisma, coin.
niidatio, 5nis, F., stripping bare.  Numitor, oris,  grandfather of
niide, nakedly, simply.                Romulus.
nildius (tertius), now the (third)  nummus=nUimus, coin, money.
day since.                        numnon, numne=num, whether.
nUido, I, to strip, make bare, despoil.  nfimxsus, a, um, wealthy.
niidus, a, um, naked, bare, stripped,  numquam, never.
unadorned, alone, destitute.      numquid, whether (emphatic).
niige, arum, F., nonsense, finery,  numquis, whether any.
jesters.                          nUimularius, a, urn, of money; M.,
nUigalis, e, frivolous; N. pl., trifles.    state-banker.
nugator, 6ris, M., trifler, jester. -    niimus (-ulus), i, M., money (as
nilgattrius, a, um; nugax, acis,       coin-=4 cents, ~ 84); farthing.
trifiing, futile, useless.        nuno, now (~ 41, ii. 2), but now.
nilvigendus, i, M., dealer in finery.  nuncoine? now?
nilgor, I, jest, trifle, cheat.     nunciatio, onis, F., declaration.
nullatenus, by no means.             nuncio=-nuntio, announce.
nullus, a, um (gen. ius), no, none,  nuncubi? anywhere? ever?
of no account.                    nuncupatio, onis, F., naming, apnum, whether (~ 71).                   pointing, dedication.
Numa, ae, Pompilius, second k.  nuncupo, I, to name or appoint (as
of Rome, B.C. 7I3-679.               heir), vow publicly.
Numantia, Me, F., a city of South   nuncusque, till now.
Spain, capt. by Scipio, B.C. I33.  nundine, arum, F., market-day.
nirmarius, a, um, of money, bribed.  nundinalis, e, of the market.
nirmantus, a, um, moneyed, rich.    nundinatio, 6nis, F., trafficking.
numella, es, F., shackle, fetter.   nundinor, I, to attend market, buy,
nilmen, inis, N., [nuo,] nod, com-     trade, troop together.
mand, divine will, divinity.      nundinus, a, um, of the 9th or
numerabilis, e, that can be counted.   market-day; N., market-time.
numerarius, a, um, of accounts.     nunquam=numquam, never.
numeratio, 5nis, F., payment.       nuntia, We, F., messenger.
numeritus, a, um, in ready money,  nuntidtio, 6nis, F., announcement.
N., cash; in numerato, at hand.   nuntio, I, to announce, declare.
numero, I, count, reckon, pay out.   nuntius, i, M., messenger, message,
numer5, precisely, quickly.            order, tidings.
numer6ss (-iter), numerously, har-  [nuo, nfit-, 3, to nod (only in commoniously, in poetic numbers.       pounds).
numerosus, a, um, numerous, pro-   niper, lately, just now.
lific, populous, melodious.       nuperus, a, urn, recent, fresh.
numerus, i, M., number, quantity,  nupta, oe, F., [nlbo,] bride.
troop, rank, part, order, measure   nuptiae, arum, F., marriage.
or number (in verse).             nuptialis, e, of a wedding.
Numicius, i, M., a stream  in La-  nuptus, a, urm, [nUbo,] married;
tium; name of a Roman Gens.          F., bride, wife.
Numida, ae, Numidian.                nuptus, uis, M., marriage.
Numidia, as, F., a dist. of N.  nurus, uis, F., daughter-in-law.
Africa, W. of Carthage; Algiers.   nusquam, nowhere, in or to nothing.




124                    nutabundus -  oblatio.
niitabundus, a, um, staggering.      obdormio, 4; -isco, 3, tofall asleep.
nutatio, Onis, F., nodding, tottering.   obdilco, xi, ct-, 3, lead towards,
nutiquam   neutiquam.                   draw over, cover, fasten, shut up.
nfito, I, to nod, sway, waver.       obductio, onis, F., veiling, covering.
nutricatus, us, M., nursing, nurture.   obdUiresco, dUirui, 3, to grow hard
nutricius, a, um, suckling, cherish-   or stubborn.
ing; M., tutor; N., nourishment.    obdUro, I, to harden, make hard,
nutrico (-or), I, to nourish, rear.    endure, persist.
nutricula, ae, F., nurse.            obediens, tis, obedient.
nutrimen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,  obEdienter, readily, willingly.
nourishment, support.              obedientia, A, F., obedience.
niitrio (-or), 4, nourish, rear, cher-   obEdio, 4, obey, yield, hearken.
ish, preserve (as fruit).          obedo, ddi, es-, 3, eat, devour.
nutrix, iCis, F., nurse, rearer,  tobeliscus, i, M., obelisk, rosebud.
breeder, nursery (of plants).      obeo, ii, it-, 4, go towards, go dotwn,
nutus, us, M., a nod, command,         perish, survey, traverse, undertake,
beckoning, downward motion.          enter on, meet (death), die.
nux, nucis, F., nut.                 obequito, I, ride up to.
tnympha,'e, F., bride, nymph (of   obero, [obsum,] will be present.
fountains, &c.).                   oberro, I, move about.
tnymphaea, a, F., water-lily.        obesitas, Atis, F., grossness.
tnymphasum (-eum), i, N., fount   obesus, [edo,] lean or eaten away;
of the nymphs.                       fat, coarse, swollen.
nymphilis, e, of the fountain.       obex, icis, D., bar, bolt, barrier.
nymphigena, ae, the nymph-born   [obf-=off-; obg-=ogg-.
(Achilles).                        obhaereo, 2; haeresco, haesi, 3, to
Nyseeus, a, um, of Nysa, a city in     stick fast.
Caria; Bacchic, of Nysa in India,   obiens, euntis, [obeo,] meeting.
the birthplace of Bacchus.         obirascor, iratus, I, get angry at.
obiter, on or by the way, at once.
obitus, Us, M., an approach, going
0.                     down, setting, downjill, death.
objaceo, ui, 2, to lie over against.
O, a common exclamation, or form    objectatio (-ctio), 5nis, F., a castof address, with voc. or acc.        ing-against, accusation, reproach.
t Oasis, is, F., a dist. in the Libyan   objecto, I, to throw against, oppose,
desert, an exile for criminals.      expose, reproach.
Oaxes, is, M., a river of Crete?    objectus, [objicio,] lying opposite,
ob, towards, at, about, on account of.  exposed; N. pl., accusations.
[-ob, towards, on, in the way of.    objectus, us, M., casting in the way,
obmertus (-rius), a, um, indebted;     exposure, interposition, projectioh.
M., debtor, one bound for debt.    objex=-obex, barrier.
obambulo, I. to walk by.             objicio, jeci, ject-, 3, to cast in.the
obarmo, I, to arm.                     way, resent, hold forth, upbraid.
obaro, I, to plough up.              objurg~tio, onis, F., reproach.
obaudio, 4, to obey.                 objurgator, 6ris, M., a rebuker.
obauratus, a, um, gilded, gilt.      objurg~torius, a, um, reproachful.
obba, ae, F., goblet, mug or bowl.   objurgo (-ito), I, to chide, dissuade,
[obc= —occ-                            rebuke, chastise.
obdo, didi, dit-, 3, put in the way,  oblaqueo, I, to trench about.
envelop, close, wrap.              oblatio, 6nis, F., offering, bestowal.




oblatro -  observate.                       125
oblatro, I, rail or bark at.          oborior, ortus, 4, to rise, appear.
obltus, [offero,] offered.           obortus, Us, M., origin.
oblectamen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,  [obp —opp.
delight, joy, solace, amusement.    obrepo, psi, pt-, 3, creep up to,
oblecto, I, to delight, gratify.        steal upon, surprise, cheat.
oblido, si, sum, 3, crush together.    obreptio, 5nis, F., a stealing, surobligatio. onis, F., binding, bond.     prise.
obligo, I, to bind, tie close, pledge.    obretio, 4, entangle.
obligUrio, 4, to squander, devour.    obrigesco, gui, 3, grow hard or stiff.
oblimo, I, beslime, squander.         obrWdo, 3, to gnaw.
oblino, Mlvi, lit-, 3, besmear, bedaub.   obrogo, I, to repeal (by a later
oblique, sidewise, indirectly.          law), invalidate.
obliquo, I, to twist, turn, warp.     obruo, rui, rut-, 3, to cover, bury,
obliquus, a, um, sidelong, awry,         overwhelm, overpower.
indirect.                           t obrussa (-ryza), ae, F., test, assay.
oblisus, [-lido,] crushed.            obsaturo, I, to sate, clog.
oblitesco, litui, 3, [lateo,] hide.   obscene, indecently, foully.
oblitero, I, to blot out.             obscenitas, dtis, F., foulness, imoblitus, [lino,] besmeared.             purity, inauspiciousness.
oblitus, a, um, forgetful, forgotten.   obscrnus, a, um, of ill omen, foul,
oblivio, hnis, F., forgetfulness, ob-   impure, evil, indecent.
livion.                             obscUirtio, 5nis, F., darkening.
oblivi6sus, a, um, forgetful.         obscure, darkly, secretly.
obliviscor, oblitus, 3, forget.       obscUritas, atis, F., darkness, oboblivium, i, N., forgetfulness.         scurity, meanness.
obloco, I, give out on contract.      obscuro, I, to dark-en, hide, blind.
oblocuitor, 5ris, M., contradicter.   obscUrus, a, um, dark, unknown,
oblongus, a, umrn, rather long.         obscure, secret.
obloquor, lociltus, to interrupt,   obsecrdtio, 5nis, F., supplication,
contradict.                           beseeching, protestation.
obluctor, I, struggle against.        obsecro, I, to beseech, implore.
oblUdo, si, sum, 3, play qof jokes.    obsecundo, I, comply, obey, follow.
obm5lior, 4, throw up in front.       obsEpio, psi, pt-, 4, to fence in,
obmoveo, mrvi, mot-, 2, bring           bar, close up.
forward.                            obsequela (-quentia), M, F., comobmurmuro, I, murmur against.           plaisance, compliance.
obmitesco, tui, 3. be speechless.     obsequens, tis, yielding, indulgent.
obnatus, a, um, growing on or near.   obsequenter, obediently.
obnitor, sus (xus), 3, push against.   obsequis, arum, F., funeral rites.
obnisus (-xus), a, um, resolute.      obsequiosus, a, um, compliant.
obnixg, with might and main.          obsequium, i, N., yielding, compliobnoxie, guiltily, submissively.        ance, indulgence, obedience.
obnoxius, a, um, friail, exposed,   obsequor, citus, 3, yield, gratify,
liable, submissive, beholden.         indulge, obey, submit.
obniibilus, a, um, beclouded.         obsero, I, to bolt, fasten.
obnuibo, psi, pt-, 3, to veil, cover.   obsero, sevi, sit-, 3, to sow, plant,
obnuntidtio, 6nis, F., announce-        cover, fill.
ment of evil omen.                  observans, tis, watchful, attentive.
obnuntio, (-cio), I, announce (evil).   observanter, carefully.
oboleo, ui, 2, to emit odor.          observantia, Me, F., respect, regard.
t obolus, i, N., a small coin (3 cts.).   observRt6, circumspectly.




126                      observatio -  obtrudo.
observatio, 5nis, F., care, observ-   obsto, stiti, stat-, I, stand against,
ance, rule, respect.                   oppose, check, be hateful to.
observitor, Bris, M.; -trix, tricis,   obstrepo, ui, it-, 3, to clamor at or
F., observer.                          against, drown with noise.
observito, I, watch carefully.         obstrictus, [stringo,] bound.
observo. I, note, regard, watch.        obstrigillo, I, hinder, impede.
obses, idis, c., hostage, pledge.      obstringo, strinxi, strict-, 3, bind
obsessio, 5nis, F., blockade.             close, fasten, pledge.
obsessor, 6ris, M., a besieger, fire-   obstructio, onis, F., barrier, hinquenter.                               drance.
obsessus, [obsideo,] beset.            obstruo, xi, ctum, 3, build against,
obsidatus,  rs, M., condition  of         barricade, obstruct.
hostage.                             obstrUdo= —obtrfido, thrust upon.
obsideo, sedi, sess-, 2, to besiege,   obstupefacio, feci, fact-, 3, amaze.
beset, occupy, frequent.             obstupesco, stupui, 3, be amazed.
obsidio, hnis, F., siege, blockade.    obstupidus, a, um, stupefied.
obsidior, I, lie in wait for.          obsum, esse, fui, be harmful.
obsidium, i, N., siege, blockade.      obsuo, ui, fit-, 3, sew up, stop close.
obsido, 3, beset, besiege, occupy.     obsurdesco, dui, 3, grow deaf.
obsignator, Bris, N., sealer, witness.   obtego, xi, ct-, 3, to cover, hide,
obsigno, I, to seal, attest, pledge.      veil, keep secret.
obsipo, I, sprinkle.                   obtemperitio, 6nis, F., compliance.
obsisto, stiti, stit-, 3, withstand,   obtempero, I, comply, conjbrm.
resist, oppose, disapprove.          obtendo, di, tum, 3, draw or spread
obsitus, [sero,] planted.                 over, hide, pretend, allege.
obsole-facio, 3, to wear out, spoil.    obtentus, a, um, [-tendo,] drawn,
obsolesco, Evi, et-, fall into decay.     [tineo,] held.
obsolete, shabbily, meanly.            obtentus, us, M., drawing-over.
obsoltus, a, um, worn out, poor,   obtero, trivi, trit-, 3, bruise, wear,
shabby, ruinous.                       crush, degrade, destroy.
obsonator, &ris, M., caterer.          obtestdtio, 5nis, F., adjuring, enobsonatus, us, M., marketing.             treaty, adjuration.
t obsonium, i, N., viands.             obtestor, I, call as witness, adjure.
obsono (-or), I, purvey, furnish.      obtexo,  xui, xt-, 3, weave or
obsono, ui, it-, I, interrupt noisily.    spread over.
obsopio, 4, to put to sleep.           obticeo, 2; (-cesco, 3), cui, to be
obsorbeo, bui, 2, swallow up.             or grouw silent.
obiordesco, sordui, 3, get soiled,   obtigo=-obtego, cover.
wear out, diminish.                  obtineo, tinui, tent-. 2, hold, get,
obstantia, se, F., hindrance.             maintain, prove, continue.
obstetrix, icis, F., midwife.          obtingo, tigi, 3, touch, strike, hapobstinate, inflexibly.                   pen to, befall.
obstinatio, 5nis, F., stubbornness.    obtorpesco, torpuii, 3, grow numb.
obstinatus, a, um, resolute.           obtorqueo, si, tum, 2, to turn,
obstino, I, stand fast or against.       twist, wrench.
obstipesco-obstupesco, 3, to be   obtrectatio, 5nis, F., disparaging.
amazed.                              obtrectator, 5ris, M., traducer.
obstlpo, I, to lean.                   obtrecto, i, detract, oppose, injure.
obstipus, a, um, bent, inclined.       obtritus, [tero,] bruised.
obstitus, [-sisto,] set in the way,   obtrido, si, -sum, 3, to thrust upon,
opposed, struck by lightning.          gulp, stop close.




obtrunco -  octingenti.                      127
obtrunco, I, to cut away, mangle,   occiduus, a, ur, setting, failing,
kill, trim, prune.                    perishing, western.
obtueor, 2, gaze up on, perceive.     occillo, I, to smash.
obtundo, tudi, tis- (tuns-), 3, to   occino, ui, cent-, 3, chirpi croak,
thump, blunt, din.                    sing (inauspiciously).
obtUirmentum, i, N., stopper, bung.   occipio, cepi, cept-, 3, begin, enter.
obtirbo, I, disturb, conjitse.        occiput, itis, [-itium, i,] N., back
obturgesco, tursi, 3, to swell.         of the head.
obtiro, I, stop up, allay.            occisio, 5nis, F., slaughter, murder.
obtiisS, dully, dimly.                occlsor, oris, M., slayer, murderer.
obtfisio, onis, F., blunting, bruise.    occisus, [ceedo,] slain.
obtilsus, [tundo,] blunted, dull.     occlido, si, sum, 3, to shut, stop.
obtUtus, Uis, M., a gazing.           occo, I, to harrow.
obumbro, I, overshadow, obscure.    occubo, ui, I, to rest, repose.
obuncus, a, um, bent, hooked.         occulco, I, trample upon.
obustus, [iro,] charred, scorched.    occulo, ui, cult-, 3, cover, hide.
obvdgulo, I, demand loudly.           occultatio, 6nis, F., hiding.
obvallo, I, to fortify, surround.     occultator, 5ris, M., hider.
obvenio, veni, vent-, 4, come in   occulte (-tim, -tA), secretly.
the way, befall.             o- cculto, I, to hile, secrete.
obventio, 6nis, F., income, revenue.   occultus, a, um, hidden, secret.
obversor, I, to go or hover about,  occumbo, cubui, cubit-, 3, to fall,
appear, oppose.                       sink, lie, yield, perish.
obverto, ti, sum, 3, turn towards.   occupatio, 6nis, F., seizing, holdobviam (w. dat.), in the way, at hand.  ing, employment.
obvigilo, I, to be watchful.          occupatus, a, um, busy, employed.
obvio, I, to meet, prevent.           OCCUpo, I, seize, occupy, anticipate,
obvius, a, um, meeting, in the way,     attack, surprise, outstrip.
at hand, opposed, adverse, exposed.   occurro, 3, run to meet, oppose,
obvolvo, vi, it-, 3, to wrap, cover.    attack, happen, appear, reply.
occa, ae, F., harrow.                 occursatio, 6nis, F., officiousness.
occeeco, I, make blind, darken.       occurso, I, meet, attack, appear.
occoedes, is, F., slaughter.          occursus, is, M., meeting, opposing.
occallesco, lui, 3, get hardened.     Oceanus, i, M. (ocean), Father of
occano, ui, 3, to sound, blow.           Seas and Rivers.
occasio, 5nis, F., occasion, means,   6ceanitis, idis, F., d. of Oceanus;
opportunity, supply.                  sea-nymph.
occasiuncula, Ae, F., occasion.       ocellatus, a, um, spotted.
occasus, is, M., [cado,] fall, down-   ocellus, i, M., little eye, eyelet.
fall, destruction, setting, the west.    5cior, us, 6ccissimus, swifter.
occatio, onis, F., harrowing.         5citer, 5cius, 5cissimg, swifily.
occddo, cessi, cess-, 3, go towards.   ocrea, Ae, F., greave (leg-armor).
occento, I, sing in presence of.      ocreatus, a, um, greaved.
occepso=occgpero [occipio].           Octavius (-anus), i, family name
occepto, I, begin.                      of Augustus.
occidens, tis, M., the west.          octavus, a, um, eighth; F., the
occidio, onis, F., [caedo,] mas-        eighth hour (4 P.M.); one-eighth.
sacre, destruction.                octigs (ens), eight times.
occido, cidi, cis, 3, kill, cut down.   octingentEsimus, a, um, 8ooth.
occido, cido, cas, 3, fall, set, per-   octing~ni (-gentgni), 8oo each.
ish, be ruined.                    octingenti, se, a, eight hundred.




128                      octipes -  ogganio.
octipes, edis, eight-footed.          t Cocus, i, m, hall, saloon.
octo, eight.                          CEidipus, podis, myth. king  of
October, bris, M., October (8th         Thebes, son and slayer of Laius.
month).                             CEneus, ei (eos), k. of iEtolia,
octodecim, eighteen.                    father of Meleager and Tydeus.
octSg~narius, a, um, of 80o years.  CEnotria, Ms, F., an ancient name
octogeni, a, um, eighty each.           of S. E. Italy.
octogesimus, a, um, eightieth.        t cestrus, i, M., gadfly, frenzy.
octogiEs, eighty times.              OCta, es (-e, es), a mt. of Thessaly.
octoginti, eighty.                    offa (ofella), se, F., bit, morsel.
octojugis, e, eight together.         offdtim, in bits.
octoni, a, um, eight each.            offectus, [officio,] hindered.
octuplus, a, um, eight-fold.          offendo, di, sum, 3, strike, offend,
octussis, eight asses.                  hit, fail, stumble, blunder.
ocularius, a, um, of the eyes.        offensa, Ms, F., collision, affront.
oculatus, a, um, furnished with   offensatio, 5nis, F., hitting, stumeyes, visible, conspicuous.           bling, blunder.
oculeus, a, um, sharp-sighted.        offensio, onis, F., stumbling, vexaoculissimus, a, urn, dearest.           tion, offence, aversion, mishap.
oculitus, most dearly.                offensiuncula, ae, F., slight offence.
oculo, I, furnish with eyes.          offenso, i, dash against, stumble.
oculus, i, M., eye, vision, darling,   offensus, [-fendol offensive.
bud (of plants).                   offero, obtuli, oblat-, offer, show,
ocyor-ocior, swifter.                   adduce, occasion, inflict.
t 6da, a; 5de, es, F., song.          offerirnenta, orum, N., gift.
t deum, i, m, music-hall.             officialis, e, of duties or service.
6di, 5sus (~ 38, i.), hate, dislike.  officina, se, F., workshop, factory.
OdiosB, hatefully.                    officindtor, 5ris, M., a master-work6di6sus, a, umrn, vexatious, hateful.   man, artist.
5dium, i, N., hatred, offence, aver-   officio, feci, feet-, 3, hinder, obsion, disgust, insolence.             struct, injure, hurt.
odor, &ris, M., odor, fragrance.      officiosg, courteously.
odiratio, oniS, F.; -tus, US, M.,  officiosus, a, um, obliging, dutiful.
sense of snell, odor.               officium, i, N., service, duty, favor.
odlratus, a, um, fragrant.            offigo, xi, ct-, 3, fix, fasten.
odtrifer, era, um, fragrant, spicy.    offirmatus, a, um, resolute, stubodoro, I, to emit perfume.              born, obstinate.
odtror, I, examine by scent, sn uff,   offirmo, I, make fast, persevere.
search, smell at.                  offia=offula, little bit.
odorus, a, um, fragrant.              offoco, I, choke with water.
od&3=odor, smell.                     offrinatus, a, um, curbed.
Odrysius, a, um, of the Odrysce, a   offringo, egi, act-, 3, to cross-plough.
Thracian people.                   offucia, se, F., cosmetic, trick.
Odyssea, ae, the story of Ulysses.   offula, ae, F., bit.fragment.
CE      ae, F., a town of N. Africa,   offulcio, (si), turnm, 3, stop up.
in the territory of Tripoli.        offulgeo, si, 2, shine upon.
CEagrus, i, myth. k. of Thrace,   offundo, idi, us-, 3, pour upon or
father of Orpheus.                    forth; P., spread, extend.
G(balus, i, myth. k. of Sparta,   offusco, I, obscure, vilify.
founder of Tarentum.               offusus, [offundo,] poured.
t conomia, A, F., economy.           ogganio, 4, snarl, yelp, growl.




oggero -  operose.                         129
oggero, 3, bring, carry.              Olympus, i, M., a mt. in Thessaly,
Ogyges, is, (-us, i,) myth. founder     seat of the gods; heaven.
of Thebes.                          Olynthius, a, um, of Olynthus, a
Ogygius, a, um, Theban (Bacchus).       border-town of Macedonia.
Oileus, i, myth. king of Locris,   omdsum, i, N., tripe, paunch.
father of Ajax (Oileus).           omen, inis, N., omen, portent, ritolax, dcis, firagrant.                  ual, or solemn usage.
Olbia, ee, F., a city of Sardinia.    omentum, i, N., fat, membrane.
olea, Ae, F., olive.                  5minor, I, prognosticate, predict.
oledceus (-dgineus, -drius), a, um;   5minosus, a, um, forboding.
-iris, e, of oil, or the olive.    omissus, a, um, negligent.
oleaster, tri, M., wild olive. -      omitto, misi, miss-, 3, neglect, letgo.
oleitas, dtis, F., olive-harvest.     omnifiriam, on all sides.
olens, tis, fiagrant, odorous.        omnigenus, a, um, of all sorts.
oleo, ui, 2, to emit odor.            omnimodS, by all means.
oledtus, a, um, cured in oil.         omnino, altogether, at all, by all
olerdtor, 6ris, M., kitchen-gardener.   means, in general, universally.
olenticetum, i, N., noisome pool.     omniparens, tis, all-producing.
oleo, olui, 3, to emit odor, betray   omnipotens, tis, all-powerful.
one's self by the smell.           omnis, e, all, every, any (w. negat.).
oleosus, a, um, oily, full of oil.    omnituens, tis, all-seeing.
oletum, i, N., olive-orchard; dung.   OmphalS, es, myth. q. of Lydia.
oleum, i, N., olive-oil; the wrestling-   onager (-grus), gri, M., wild ass.
ground.                            onco, I, to bray.
olfacio, feci, fact-, 3, smell, scent.    onerdrius, a, um, of burden,freight..
olfacto, I, smell at, detect.         onero, I, to load, stow, burden.
olfactus, us, M., the sense of smell.   onerosus, a, um, burdensome.
olidus, a. um, strong-scented.        onus, eris, N., a load, burden, cargo.
olim, once, ever, some day.           onustus, a, um, loaded, freiqhted.
olitor, 6ris, N., -market gardener.   t onyx, ychis, M., onyx (yellowish
oliva, Ae, F., olive, olive-branch.     marble or gem).
olivetum, i, N., olive-orchard.       opdcitas, dtis, F., shade.
olivifer, era, um, olive-bearing.     opdco, I, overshadow.
olivitas, dtis; -eta, ae; F., olive-   opdcus, a, um, shady, obscure.
harvest.                           opella, ae, F., light task or service.
OliVUm, i, N., oil, ointment.         opera, We, F., pains, task, service,
olla, e, F., pot, jar.                  care; (abl.), by means; day's work;
ollaris, e; (-drius), of pots, potted.  pl., day-laborers.
olle, ollus, for ille, that.          operans, tis, effectual.
olor, 5ris, M., swan; odor.           operarius, a, um, of work; M., a
olorifer, era, um, swan-bearing.        laborer.
olorinus, a, um, of swans.            operdtio, 5nis, F., work, performolus, eris, N., pot-herbs, vegetables.  ance, solemnity.
Olympia, we, a city of Elis (S.W.   operculo, I, to cover.
Greece), where  games  were   operculum  (-imentum), i, N., lid,
held in honor of Jupiter.             cover, panel-work.
olympias, adis, F., period of 4   operio, ui, opert-, 4, cover, shut,
years; pl., the Muses.                hide, conceal, dissemble.
Olympias, adis, m. of Alexander.   operior=opperior, wait.
Olympius, a, um, of Olympia; N.   operor, I, work, toil, perform.
pl., Olympic games.                operose, with pains.




130                    operositas -  opusculum.
operositis, atis, F., nice work.       opportune, seasonably.
operosus, a, um, toilsome, busy.       opportUnitas, ntis, F., fitness, opopertaneus, a, um, secret, hidden.       portunity, advantage.
opertE, covertly.                      opportUnus, a, umrn, fit, seasonable.
operto, I, to cover, hide.               exposed, liable.
opertus, a, um, hidden, secret; N.,   oppositio, 5nis, F., opposition.
secret shrine; pl. oracles.         oppositus, [pono,] set against.
opes, [ops,] F., resources, wealth.   oppositus, us, M., setting-against.
Ophiisius, a, um, of Cyprus.          oppressio, 5nis, F., force, pressure,
opicus, a, um, clownish (Oscan).         oppression.
opifer, era, urn, help-bringing.       opressus, a, um, crushed.
opifex, icis, M., craftsman.           opprimo, pressi, press-, [premo,]
opificiurn, i, N., work.                 3, crush, overcome, seize, suppress.
opilio, onis, M., shepherd.            opprobrium  (-bramentum), i, N.,
opimn, sumptuously.                      reproach, disgrace, taunt.
opimitas, ntis, F., abundance.         opprobo, I, to reproach, upbraid.
opimo, I, to fatten, enrich.           oppugnatio, 6nis, F., attack.
opimus, a, um,fat, rich, sumptuous,   oppugnator, 6ris, M., assailant.
noble;  spolia  opima,  spoils   oppugno, I, to attack, storm, astaken by a general from  the           sault, resist, beat with fists.
general of the defeated enemy.    opputo, I, to prune.
opinablis, e, conjectural.             oprimentum-= operimentum, lid.
opinatio, 6nis, F., conjecture.        ops, 6pis, F., help, might; pl., reopinatus, a, um, imagined, famous.       sources, wealth.
opinio, 6nis, F., opinion, fancy,   Ops, Opis. wife of Saturn, goddess
rumor, report, reputation.             of Husbandry and Plenty.
opinor (-o), I, to suppose, think.     opsanium-obsanium, viands.
opiparE, sumptuously.                  optdbilis, e, desirable.
opiparus, a, umr; -is, e, sumptuous.   optdtio, 5nis, F., choice, wish.
opitulor. I, bring aid, help.          optat6, according to desire.
t opion (-urn), i, N., opium, poppy-   optatus, a, um, wished-for, desirjuice.                                 able, pleasant, dear.
oportet, uit, 2, it must be (~ 39, I).   optimates, um, c., aristocracy.
oppango, pegi, pact-, 3, fasten.       optimE, excellently.
oppecto, 3, comb away,pluck.           optimus, a, um, [bonus,] best.
oppedo, 3, to insult.                  optio, 5nis, F., a choice.
opperior, 4, wait for.                 optio, 5nis, M., helper, aid.
op'pessulatus, a, um, bolted fast.     optivus, a, um, chosen.
oppeto, ivi, it-, 3, go to meet (death).   opto, I, to desire, wish, choose.
oppico, I, seal with pitch.            optumus=optimus, best.
oppidanus, a, um, of a town, pro-   opulens, tis; -lentus, a, um, rich.
vincial; M., townsman.              opulent6 (-ter), sumptuously.
oppidatim, in every town.              opulentia, a, F., wealth, resources.
oppido, exceedingly, utterly, surely.   opulento, I, to enrich.
oppidulum, dim. of                    opulus, i, F., a maple as support
oppidum, i N., town (fortified).         for vines.
oppignero, I, to pawn, pledge.         Opuntii, people of Opus, a town
oppilo, I, stop, shut up.                of Locris.
oppleo, Cvi, et-, 2, to fill up.      opus, eris, N., work, task, business.
oppono, posui, posit-, 3, to set   opus, need, needful, serviceable. 
against, hold forth, allege, oppose.   opusculum, i, N., little work.




ora -  oscen.                          131
Bra, se, F., shore, margin, region.   oria=horia, fishing-boat.
5raculum, i, N., oracle, prophecy.    t orichalcum, i, N., copper ore, brass.
6rarium, i, N., napkin, handkerchief.   orcilla (-cula)= —auricula, ear-lap.
Oratim, coastwise.                    oriens, tis, rising, the east.
5ratio, 6nis, F., speech, language,   orientalis, e, eastern.
harangue, plea, eloquence.          6_i -A=auriga, waggoner, driver.
6ratiuncula, sA, F., letter, speeeh.  originalis, e; -arius, a, um, original.
5rator, oris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,   origo, inis, F., birth, source, origin.
orator, pleader, envoy.             oriola=horiola, skiff. -
5ratori&, eloquently.                 Orion, 6nis (6nis), a famous hun6ratorius, a, um, oratorical.           ter, changed to a constellation.
Oratus, us, M., beseeching.           orior, ortus, oriturus, 4, to arise.
orbator, &ris, N., bereaver.            appear, originate, be born.
orbiculatus, a, um, rounded.          Orithyla, ae, myth. d. of Erectheus.
orbiculus, i, M., slice, pulley-wheel.   oriundus, a, um, sprung, descended.
orbilis, e, of a wheel; N., rim.      ornamentum, i, N.; equipment,
orbis, is, M., circle, ring.            decoration, embellishment.
orbita, A, F., track, course.         ornate, elegantly.
orbitas, atis, F., bereavement.       ornator, 6ris, M.; -trix, tricis, F.,
orbitosus, a, um, full of ruts.         decorator, body-servant.
orbo, I, bereave, deprive.            ornatulus, a, um, fine, smart.
orbus, a, um, bereft, orphaned.       ornatus, a, um, equipped, adorned.
orca, Be, F., narwhal (whale).        ornatus, us, M., decoration, equipOrcades, um, the Orkney Islands.        ment, embelishment, apparel.
torchas, adis, N., a kind of olive.    orneus, a, um, of the wild ash.
orchestra, 6e, F., the Senate's seat   t ornithias, as, F., spring wind.
in the theatre; orchestra.         t ornthon, 6nis, M., bird-house.
Orchomenus, i, myth. son  of   orno, I,fit out, equip, embellish, honor.
Athamas; a town of Boeotia.        ornus, i, F., mountain-ash.
orcinus, a, um, of the dead.          6ro, I, speak, plead, pray.
orcula, A, F., keg.                   t orobos, i, M., wild pea.
Orcus, i, M., the world below; a   Orontes, is (e), a river of Syria.
name of Pluto; death.               Orpheus, ei, ea, son of Onagrus
ordeum-hordeum, barley.                 and Calliope, a bard of Thrace.
ordinarius, a, um, customary, reg-   Orpheus (-icus, -aicus), a, um,
ular, in even rows; M., overseer.     Orphean or Orphic.
ordinate -tim, in good order.         orsus, [ordior,]  begun; N. pl., a
ordinatio, 6nis, F., arrangement,       beginning, undertaking.
regulation, government.            orsus, us, M, beginning, attempt.
ordinatus, a, um, well-ordered.       t orthius, a, um, high-pitched.
ordino, I, set in order, govern.      ortivus, a, um, rising, eastern.
ordior, orsus, 4, begin, undertake.   ortus, [orior,] descended, born.
ordo, inis, M., order, rank, band.    ortus, us, M., rising, origin, birth.
toreas, adis, F., mountain nymph.    Ortygia, ae, F., a name of Delos;
Orestes, is (e), son of Agamem-         also the island-dist. of Syracuse.
non, slayer of his mother.         t oryx, ygis, M., wild goat, gazelle.
torexis, is, F., longing.             t orkza, as, F., rice.
t organicus, a, um, of instruments.   Bs, 5ris, N., mouth, face, entrance.
torganum, i, N., instrument, organ.   os, ossis, N., bone, heart-wood.
t orgia, &rum, N., night-revels (of   oscedo, inis, F., yawning.
Bacchus).                           oscen, inis, M., divining-bird.




132                        Osci - paciscor.
Osci (Opici), 5rum, the primi-   5tium  (-olum), i, N., ease, idleness,
tive people of Campania.              quiet, peace; abl., at ease, leisurely.
oscillatio, 6nis, F., swinging.      ovanter, exultingly.
oscillo, I, to swing.                ovatio, 6nis, F., an ovation (lesser
oscillum, i, N., (Os), a little mask.   triumph, with myrtle wreath).
oscitans, tis, sluggish.             6vatus, a, um, egg-shaped.
oscitanter, carelessly.              oviarius (-illus, -inus, -illinus), a,
oscitatio, onis, F., gaping, yawning.   um, of sheep.
Oscito, I, to gape, yawn, open.      ovicula, ae, F., a little sheep.
osculatio, onis, F., kissing.         ovilis, e, of sheep; N., sheepfold.
osculor (-o), I, kiss, prize, cherish.   0viparus, a, um, laying eggs.
osculum, i, M., mouth, lip, kiss.    ovis, is, F,. sheep, simpleton.
Osiris, is  (idis), an  Egyptian    ovo, I, to exult, triumph, celebrate.
deity, husband of Isis.            6vumr,, N., egg; ab ovo usque
6sor, 6ris, M., a hater.                ad mala, from  egg to fruit, i.e.
Ossa, Be, F., a mt. in Thessaly.        from first to last (of the feast).
osseus, a, um, of bone, bony.        t oxalis, idis, F., sorrel.
ossiculum, i, N., little bone.       Oxus, i, M., a river flowing into
ossifragus, i, M., osprey, sea-eagle.   the Caspian.
ossuarius, a, um, for receiving        oxymeli, itis, N., vinegar mixed
bones; N., vault, sepulchre.         with honey, oxymel.
ostendo, di, sum  (tum), 3, to   t oxys, yos, F., wild sorrel.
show, expose, disclose, declare.   f oxyzomus, a, urn, with sour sauce.
ostensio, 6nis, F., exhibiting.      tozymum_=ocinum, clover.
ostentarius, a, um, of prognostics.
ostentatio, 5nis, F., display,parade
ostentator, 5ris, M., vain boaster.                   P.
ostento, I, exhibit, display, threaten,
reveal, indicate.                  P, the praenomen Publius.
ostentum, i, N., prodigy, portent.   pabo, 5nis, M., wheelbarrow.
ostentus, [ostendo,] exposed.        pabularis, e; -ius, a, um, of fodder.
ostentus, Us, M., exhibiting.        pabulatio, onis, F., pasture,forage.
Ostia, ae, F., a port at the mouth   pabulator, oris, M., forager, herdsof Tiber, founded by Ancus.          man.
ostidrius, a, um, of the door; M.,   pabulor, I, to graze, forage, seek or
porter; N., door-tax.                 give nourishment.
ostiatim, from door to door.         pabulum, i, M., food, fodder.
ostium, i, N., door, mouth, entrance.   pacalis, e, of peace, peaceful.
tostrea, Me, F., oyster.             pacatE, peaceably.
ostrearius, a, um, of oysters.       pacator, &ris, M., peacemaker.
ostreatus. a, um, rough, scabby.     pacatus, a, um, at peace, friendly,
ostrifer, era, um,producing oysters.    reduced to submission.
ostrinus a, um, purple.              Pachynum, i, N.; -us, i, D., S. E.
ostrum, i, N., sea-purple.             promont. of Sicily.
6sus, a, um (Sdi), hating, hated.    pacifer, era, um, peace-bringing.
Otho, 5nis, 8th emperor, A.D. 69.   pacificatio, 5nis, F., peace-making.
Othrys, yos, M., a mt. in Thessaly.   pacificator, 5ris, M., peace-maker.
5tior, I, to be at leisure.          pacifico, I, pacify, appease.
5ti6se, leisurely, quietly, calmly.  pacificus, a, um, peace-making.
6tiosus, a, um, at leisure, tranquil,   paciscor, pactus, 3, agree, conidle, neutral, unprofitable.         tract, bargain, barter.




paco -  palmeus.                         133
paco, i, to pacify, subdue.          t palaestricus, a, um, of the palpacta, a, betrothed bride.              cestra; M., wrestling-master.
pactilis, e, plaited; wreathed.      palam, openly, publicly.
pactio, 6nis, F., bargain, compact.    Palamides, is, myth. k. of Eubcea,
Pact6lus, i, M., a river of Lydia,      who perished at Troy.
having golden sands.               palans, tis, wandering.
pactor, oris, M., contractor.        palaris, e, of pales or stakes.
pactus, [paciscor,] agreed; M.,  palatinus, a, um, of the Palatium,
betrothed; N., agreement, compact.   a hill of Rome; imperial.
pactus, [pango,]jfxed, conmposed.    palatium, i, N., palace.
Pacuvius, i, an old Roman poet,   palatus, M.; (-um, N.), palate, vault.
A.D., 22I-I32.                     tpale, es, F., wrestling.
Padanus, a, um, of the river Po   palea, a, F., chaff; cock's wattles.
(Padus), in N. Italy.              palear, aris, N., dewlap, throat.
PadUisa, as, F., a channel of the Po.   Pales, is, F., the deity of Cattle.
Paan, anis, M. a name of Apollo;   Pallci, trum, sons of Jupiter and
a religious or festive hymn.         Thalia (.Etna), honored in Sicily.
tpaedag~gium, i, M., the boy's hall.   palilis, e, of Pales; N. pl., festival
tpaedagogus, i, M., preceptor, boy's    of Pales, the shepherd's feast.
attendant, leader, guide, pedant.  t palimpsestus, i, M., palimpsest (a
paedidus, a, um, filthy.                parchment twice written).
piedor, &ris, M., filth, stench.     Palinlirus. i, the pilot of iEneas.
piegniarius, a, um, in play.         palitans, tis, wandering.
pamrninosus, a, um, chinky, uneven.   paliirus, i, M., Christ-thorn.
paene (pine), almost.                palla, as, F., woman's mantle, robe.
paninsula, as, F., peninsula.        Palladius, a, um, of Pallas (Minpaenula, as, F., cloak, mantle.         erva); N., her. image at Troy.
paenulatus, a, urn, cloaked.         Pallantgus, a, um, of Pallas, son
peenuria-penuria, poverty.              of Evander..
pae6nius, a, um, medicinal, healing.   pallens, tis, wan, pale, evil.
Paestum, i, N., a town of Lucania,   palleo, ui, 2; -esco, 3, to be pale,
40 miles S. E. of Naples.            sicken (with fear or desire).
paeetus (-ulus), a, um, blinking, leer-   palliatus, a, um, cloaked, clad.
ing, cross-eyed.                   pallidus (-ulus), a, um, pale, pallid.
paganus (-icus), a, um, rustic, civic.   palliolatim, in a mantle.
Pagasaeus, a, um, of Pagasa, in   pallium (-olurn), i, N., cover, cloak,
Thessaly; puppis, the Argo.          mantle (a Grecian garment).
pagatirn, by districts.              pallor, 5ris, M., paleness, unsightlipagina (-ella), a, F., page, leaf,      ness, terror.
slab, book, garden-bed.            pallula, ae, F., little cloak.
pagindtus, a, um, planked.           palma, ae, F., palm, hand, oar-blade,
pagus, i, M., country-district, canton.  palm-wreath, date.
pala, We, F., spade, shovel.         palmaris, e, hand's-breadth, meritPaliemon, 6nis, a sea-god, son         ing the palm.
of Ino (Melicerta).                palmarius, a, um, of the palm; N.,
Palaestina, Me, F., Palestine.         prize, fee.
Palaestinus, a, um, of Palestine:   palmratus, a, um, marked with the
also, of Palceste, a port of Epi-    figure of the palm.
rus, entrance  to  the  world   palmes, itis, M., vine-branch.
below; deae, the Furies.           palmrtum, i, M., palm-grove.
tpalaestra, aB, F., wrestling-place.    palmeus, a, urn, hand's breadth.




134                     palmifer -  papilio.
palmifer (ger), era, um, palm-bear-   t pandectes, ae, M., repertory.
ing, abounding in palms.          pandiculor, I, to stretch one's self.
palmipes, pedis, flat-footed.        Pandion, 6nis, myth. k. of Athens,
palmo, I, to mark/ with the palm.      f. of Progne and Philomena.
palmosus, a, um, abounding  in   pando, I, to bend, curve.
palms.                             pando, di, sum  (passum), 3, to
palmula, es, palm, date, oar-blade.    spread, open, expand, relate.
palmus, i, M., palm, span.           Pandora, ae, the  first woman,
Palmrra, se, a city of E. Syria.       made by Vulcan.
palo, I, to support with stakes.     pandUra, as, F., rebec or banjo.
palor, i, to wander, stray.          pandus, a, um, bent, crooked.
palpatio, onis, F., flattery, coaxing.   t panegyricus, a, um, laudatory.
palpator, 5ris, M., flatterer.       Pangeus, i, M.; a, orum, N., a
palpebra, ae, F., eyelid, eyelash.     mountain of Thrace.
palpebro, I, to wink, blink.         pango, nxi (pegi, pepigi), nctpalpitatio, 5nis, F., throbbing.       (pact-), 3, fasten, fix, contract.
palpito, I, to throb, pant, tremble.  paniceus, a, um, of bread; N., loaf.
palpo (or), i, to stroke, caress, coax.   panicula, ae, F., tuft, swelling.
palpus, i, N.; (um, N.), stroking,   panicum, i, M., panic, millet.
caressing, flattering.             Pani6nius, a, um, of all Ionia.
palUdamentum, i, N., a military   panis, is, M., bread, loaf, lump.
cloak, a geneeral's cloak.        pannarius, a, um, of cloth.
palUdatus, a, um, cloaked.           panniculus, i, M., rag.
palUdester, tris, marshy.           Pannonia, es, F., North Turkey.
paludosus, a, um, marshy, boggy.    pannosus (-Uceus), a, um, ragged,
palumbes, is, c.; -us (-ulus), i, M.;  shrivelled.
-a, ae, F., wood-pigeon.           pannus (-ulus), i, M., cloth, rag, bagq.
palumbinus, a, um, of pigeons.       t pannychius, a, umrn, lasting all
palus, i, M.; -um, N., stake, prop.    night.
palfis, Udis, F., marsh, swamp.      Panormus, i, F., Palermo  (in
paluster, tris, e, marshy.             northern Sicily).
t pammachum, i, M., boxing-match.   pansa, A, splay-fJot.
Pamphylia, Ae, F., a  southern   pansus, [pando,] outspread.
coast-dist. of Asia Minor.         Pantheon, i, N., temple of all the
pampineus (-aceus, -arius, -atus),     gods, built by Agrippa, B.C. 27.
a, um, full of leaves or tendrils.    t panthera, Be, F., panther.
pampino, I, to trim, clip (vines).   panthErinus, a, um, spotted, crafty.
pampin6sus, a, mrn, leafy, branchy.   pantices, F., bowels, sausages.
pampinus, i, M., tendril, vine-leaf.    Panthids (ous), i, voc., R, nephew
[tpan-, all-.                          of Hecuba, priest of Apollo.
Pan, Panos, god of Shepherds.        pantomirnmus, i, M.; -a, se, F., baltpanacea, es, F.; -ces, is, N.;    let-dancer, pantomime.
panax, acis, M., cure-all.         panucla  panicula, tuft.
panarium  (-olum), i, N., bread-   pinus, i, M., bobbin, tumor.
basiket.                           tpapae! strange! indeed!
Panathenaicus, a, um, of the   papaver, eris, N., poppy.
Athenian festival of Pallas.       Paphlago, 6nis, a native of Papht pancarpus (-ius), a, um, of all    lagonia, in N. Asia Minor.
fruits.                            Paphos (-us), i, F., a city of
Panchaia, As, F., a dist. of Arabia.   Venus, in Cyprus.
t pancratium, i, N., box' wrestle.    papilio, onis, M., buttefily, pavilion.




papilla -  Parthus.                          135
papilla, ae, F., breast, teat, pimple.    parietalis, e; -tarius, a, um, of
Papirius Cursor, dictator, B.C. 338.     walls; F., pellitory (an herb).
pappas, se, M., governor, tutor.       parietinae, arum, F., ruins.
pappo, I, eat (pap).                   parilis, e, equal, like.
tpappus, i, M., old man, grandfather.   pario, I, equalize, balance accounts.
papula, M, F., pimple.                 pario, peperi, parit- (part-), 3, to
papyrius (-aceus), a, um, of papy-       produce, effect, bring fbrth.
rus.                                Paris, idis, a son of Priam, the
t papyrus, i, M., paper-reed, paper.     abductor of Helen.
par, paris, equal, just, fit, comrade,   Parlsii, 6rum, a people on  the
match, mate; N., a pair.               Seine (northern Gaul).
parabilis, e, easy to yet.             pariter, equally, alike, together.
tparabola, es, F., comparison.         parito, I, to get ready.
t paradisus, i, M., par/c, paradise.    Parius, a, um, of Paros, an I. in
t paradoxus, a, um, strange, con-        the AEgean, famous for marble.
tradictory.                         parma, A, F., round shield, target.
tparasitus, i, M., guest, parasite.    Parma, Ae, F., a city of N. Italy.
tparastas, adis; -stata, Ms, F.,   parmatus, a, um, armed with targets.
pilaster.                            parmula, as, F., little shield.
parate, with preparation, vigilantly,   Parnisus (-ssus), i, M., a mt. in
promptly.                              Phocis, above  Delphi, sacred
paratio, 5nis, F., getting, procuring.   to Apollo and the.Muses.
paratus, [paro,] ready, equipped.      paro, I, -prepare, get ready, proparatus, us,  M.; -tura, se, F.,         cure; make equal, determine.
preparation, equipment.              tparo, onis, M., a light ship, cutter.
Parcae, arum, F., the Fates, Clotho,   t parocha, A, F., supply.
LachEsis, and Atropos.              t parochus, i, M., purveyor, host.
parce, sparingly.                      t parcecia, Me, F, district, parish.
parci-(parsi-)monia, as, F., thrift.   t paropsis, idis, F., dessert-dish.
parcipromus, i, M., niggard.           parra, A, F., owl or woodpecker (?).
parcitas, atis, F., sparingness.       Parrhasius, a, um (of Parrhasia),
parciter, sparingly.                     Arcadian; dea, Carmenta, the
parco, peperci (parsi), parcit-, 3,       mother of Evander.
to spare, refrain, forbear.         parricida, ae, c., parricide, traitor,
parcus, a, um, frugal, sparing,          murderer, assassin.
chary, scanty, petty, parsimonious.   parricidium, i, N., murder, treason.
tpardalis, is, F.;-dus, i, M.,panther.   pars, partis, F., part, share, portion,
tparegoria, a, F., relief, ease.         party/, office, duty, region.
tparelion, i, N., mock-sun.            parsimonia, Me, F., thrift.
parens, [pareo,] tis, obedient; pl.,   Parthaon, 6nis, myth. k. of Calsubjects.                              ydon, father of CEneus.
parens, tis, c., [pario,] parent,   Parthenius, a, um, of Parthenius,
ancestor, kindred, author, inventor.   a mountain of Arcadia.
parentalis, e, of parents; N. pl.,   Parthenon, 6nis, M., the temple
festival in their honor.               of Pallas, in Athens.
parento, I, to sacrifice forthe dead,   Parthenope, es, a Syren; Naples.
avenge (by blood), atone.           Parthi, 6rum, people of Parthia,
pareo, ui, parit-, 2, appear, obey,      the dist. near the Caspian Sea.
submit; paret, it is clear.          Pkrthinus, a, um, of Parthus, a
parientia, Ae, F:, obedience.             city in Illyria.
paries, etis, M., house-wall.          Parthus (-icus), a, um, Parthian.




136                     partiarus -  patratio.
partidrius, a, um, partaking in   passivus, a um, [pando,] spread
shares or partnership.                 about, promiscuous; [patior,] sufparticeps, cipis, partaking;  M.,    fering, passive; -vE, passively.
sharer, partner.                     passus, [patior,] having sufftred;
participatus, Us, M.;-tio, onis, F.,     [pando,] spread (to dry);  N.,,
-cipium, i, N., sharing, partaking.    raisin-wine.
participo, I, to share, partake, im-   passus, is, M., step, pace (five feet);
part, participate.                     mille passuum, a mile.
particula, ae, F., bit, particle.      pastillus, i, M.; um, N., little loaf.
particularis, e, partial.              pastinaca, ee, F., parsnep, carrot.
particulatim, piecemeal.               pastinatum, i, N., trenched ground.
partilis, e, divisible.                pastino, I, to dig and trench.
partim, partly, principally.           pastinum, i, N., a garden-fork,
partio, onis, F., bringing forth.         trenched bed.
partio (-ior), 4, divide, distribute.  pastio, onis, F., pasturing, feeding.
partitS, methodically.                 pastor, oris, M., herdsman, sheppartitio, 6nis, F., distribution.         herd, keeper of animals.
partiMt, distributively.               pastoralis, e; -ius- (-icius), a, um,
partitor, 6ris, M., divider.              of shepherds, or herdsmen.
partitildo, inis, F., bringing forth.    pastus, [pasco,]fed, having eaten.
partitus, a, urn, divided.             pastus, uis, M., food, pasture.
parturio, 4, to be in labor, yield.    t patagium, i, M., edge, border.
parturitio, 6nis, F., bringing-forth.   Patara, ee, F., a port of Lycia.
partus, [pario,] that has borne.       Patavium, i, N., Padua, N. Italy.
partus, us, M., birth, young.          pate-facio, 3, lay open, expose.
parum, not enough, little, too little.    patefactus, a, um, convicted.
parumper, for or in a little while.    patella, Ee, F., dish, plate, platter.
parve, slightly.                       patens, tis, open, wide.
parvi, of small value.                 patenter, manifestly.
parvitas, atis, F., smallness.         pateo, ui, 2; -esco, 3, to lie open,
parvulum, not much.                       extend, be manifest, or accessible.
parvus (-ulus), a, um; (minor,   pater, tris, M., father, ancestor.
minimus), small, little, petty.      patera, ae, F., bowll, saucer.
Parsargadee, arum, the old Per-   pater-familias, head of a house.
sian capital.                        paternus, a, umrn, faherly, native.
pascalis, e, grazing                   t patete, drum, a kind of date.
pasceolus, i, M., wallet.              patibilis, e, endurable, sensitive.
pascito, I, to pasture, feed.          patibulatus, a, urn, pilloried.
pasco, pavi, past-, 3, to feed, feast,   patibulum, i, N., gibbet, pillory.
cherish; P., pasture, graze.         patiens, tis, patient, enduring.
pascuus, a, um, of grazing, pasture.   patienter, patiently.
Pasiphad, es, (all-shining,) myth. d..  patientia, As, F., patience, forbearof Helios, wife of Minos.              ance, subjection, submissiveness.
passarius, a, um, [pando,] sun-   patina, ae, F., dish, pan.
dried.                               patinarius, a, um, stewed.
passer, eris, M., sparrow; marinus,   patior, passus, 3, suffer, endure,
ostrich, turbot.                       permit, receive (good or ill).
passerculus, i, M.; -a, ae, F., pet bird.   pator, &ris, M., opening.
passibilis, e, capable of suffering.    Patrensis, e, of Patre, an ancient
passim, here and there, at random.       town of Achaia.
passio, 6nis, F., suffering, affection.   patratio, 6nis, P., accomplishing.




patrator -  pecus.                         137
patritor, 5ris, M., effecter.         pauso, I, cease, pause.
patratus, a, um, effective, appointed.   pauxillatim, by degrees.
patria, se, F., native land, home.     pauxillus (-ulus)=paucus, small.
tpatriarcha (es), se, M., patriarch.   pavefacio, fact-, 3, terrify.
patrice, paternally, fatherly.        paveo, pdvi, 2; -vesco, 3- -vito,
patriciatus, uis, N., patrician rank.   I, to fear, dread, be afraid.
patricida —parricida, parricide.       pavibundus, a, um, anxious.
patricius, a, um, of noble rank;   pavicula, se, F., a rammer.
M. pl., patricians.                 pavidE, timorously.
patricus, a, um, fatherly.             pavidus, a, um, fearful, timid.
patrimrnium, i, N., inheritance.       pavlmento, I, to pave.
patrimus, a, um, with a father   pavimentum, i, N., pavement.
living.                             pavio, 4, to beat, ram, trample.
patrisso, I, be like the father.       pavo, onis; -us, i, M., peacock.
patritus, a, nm, oj one's fathers.     pavonaceus (-ninus), a, um, of a
patrius, e, of a father orfathers,       peacock.
or native land, hereditary.         pavor, &ris, M., fear, dread.
patro, I, to appoint, effect, perform.   pax, pacis, F., peace, quiet, favor.
patrocinium, i, N., defence, patron-   paxillus, i, M., a little peg.
age, pleading in court.             peccans, tis, c., offender.
patrocinor, I, defend, patronize.      peccatum, i, N.; -tus, Us, M.,
Patroclus, i, friend of Achilles,        fault, offence.
slain by Hector.                    pecco, I, to sin, offend, fail.
patroSna, e, F., mistress, protectress.   pecorosus, a, um, rich in cattle.
patr6natus, Us, M., patronship.        pecten, inis, M., comb, card, reed,
patronus, i, M., patron, protector,      quill (of lyre), scallop.
advocate, defender.                 pectindtim, comb-like.
patruglis, e, kindred, cousin.         pecto, pexi, pex- (pectit-), 3; -tino
patruus, i, N., uncle (father's side);   I, to comb, card, heckle.
an austere adviser.                 pectoralis, e, of the breast.
patulus, a, um, open, spreading.       pectorasus, a, um, broad-breasted.
pauci, se, a, few; N., a few words.    pectus, 6ris, N., breast, heart.
paucies, rarely.                       pecu, cua, cui, pl., cuda, N., cattle.
paucitas, atis, F., fewness.           pecuarius, a, um, of cattle; F.,
paucus.(-ulus), a, um, little, few.      cattle-breeding; N., pl. herds.
paulatim, little by little.            pecuinus, a, um, brutish.
paulisper,.for a short time.           peculator, oris, M., peculator.
paulo (paullo), by a little.           peculatus, us, M., embezzlement.
paululus, a, um, very little.          peculiaris, e, one's own, peculiar.
paulus (paullus), a, um, little.       pecilliariter, as private property.
pauper, eris, poor, scanty.            peciliatus, a, um, provided.
pauperculus, a, um, poor.              pecilio, I, give for one's own.
pauperies, &i, F., poverty, injury.    peculiosus, a, um, wealthy.
paupero, I, impoverish, rob.           peculium, i, N., property, savings.
paupertas, atis, F., poverty, need.    pecilor, I, to peculate, embezzle.
t pausa, A, F., pause, check.          pecunia, Ae, F., wealth, money.
Pausanias, a Spartan king vic-   pecUnidrius, a, um, of money.
tor at Platoea, B.C. 479.           pecuniosus, a, um, rich.
pausarius, i, M., rowing-master.       pecus, 6ris, N., cattle, flock.
pausatus. a, urn, at rest.             pecus, udis, F., one of the herd or
pausea, Me, F., a kind of olive.        flock, a sheep.




138                      pedalis -  penitus.
peddlis, e; -Arius, a, um, of a foot.   pellicdtus, us, M., concubinage.
pedimen, inis (-mentum,'i);N.,   pellicio, lexi, lect-, 3, entice, win
stake, prop.                         away, decoy.
pedaneus, a, um, foot-long.          pellicius, a, um, of skins.
peddrius, a, um, of the foot; M., pl.,   pellio, onis, M., furrier.
unregisteredseinatorswithoutvote.   pellis, is; -icula, as, F., skin, tent.
pedatim, tfot by foot.               pellitus, a, um, clad in skins.
pedatus, uis, M., attack on foot.    pello, pepuli, puls-, 3, beat, drive,
pedes, itis, M., one on foot, foot-     strike, conquer, expel, touch, affect.
soldier; pl., infantry, land-force.    pellficeo, xi, 2, shine through.
pedester, tris, tre, on foot, on land,   pellilcidus, a, um, transparent,
level, plain.                        glittering.
pedetentim, step by step.            pelluo=perluo, wash off.
pedica, as, F., shackle, snare.      Pelopgus (-gius), a, um, of Pelops.
pedis, is; -iculus, i, M., louse.    Pelopidae, arum, descendants of
pediculus, i, M., footstalk.            Pelops.
pedisequus, i, M., -a, as, F., fol-   Peloponnesus, i, F., the peninsula
lower, attendant, footman.           of southern Greece.
peditatus, us, M., infantry.         Pelops, 6pis, son  of Tantalus,
pedo, I, to set on.foot, prop.          father of Atreus and Thyestes.
pedulis, e, of the feet; N., sole.   f peloris, idis, F., giant-mussel.
pedum, i, N., shepherd's crook.      Pelorus, i, M., promont. of N. E.
Pegasus, i, the winged horse of         Sicily.
the Muses.                -           tpelta, ae, F., light shield.
t pegma, atis, N., fixture, book-case,   peltatus, a, urn, armed with pelta.
stage-machinery.                   Pelusium, i, N., a town at the E.
pEjero, I, to swear falsely.            mouth of the Nile.
pejor, us, [malus,] worse.           pelvis, is, im, i, F., basin.
pelagius (-icus), a, um, of the sea.   penarius, a, urn, for provisions;
tpelagus, i, N., sea, flood.            F., closet, larder.
Pelasgi, 5rum, a primitive people   penates, ium, household gods, home.
of southern Europe.                pendens, tis, hanging, pending.
Pelasgus, a, um, Grecian.            pendeo, pependi, 2, hang, be in
Peleus, ei (eos), myth. k. of Thes-     suspense, depend, float, overhang.
saly, father of Achilles.          pendo, pependi, pens-, 3, weigh,
Pelias, a, myth. k. of Thessaly,       pay, ponder, esteem, atone.
son of Neptune and Tyro, slain   pendulus, a, um, hanging, lofty.
by Medea.                          pene — paene, almost.
Pelides, a, [Peleus], Achilles.      Penelope, es, wife of Ulysses.
Pelion, i, N., a mt. of Thessaly.    penes, with, in the power of.
Pelius (-acus), a, um, of Pelion.    penetrdbilis, e, penetrable, piercing.
[pell-,=-perl-.                      penetrdlis, e, inward, penetrating;
Pella, as, a town of Macedonia,         N. pl., inmost, sanctuary.
birthplace of Alexander.           penetro, I, enter, pierce.
pelldcia, ae, F., blandishment.      Peneus, a, um, a river of Thespellax, dcis, seductive.                saly flowing through Tempe.
pellego=perlego, read through.       penicillum  (-culus), i, N., brush,
pellectus, [pellicio,] enticed.         painter's pencil, lint.
Pelleng, es, F., a coast-town of   peniculamentum, i, N., train.
Achaia, on the Gulf of Corinth.   penitus, a, um, inward; remote.
pellex, icis, F., concubine.         penitus, inwardly, utterly.




penna -  peremptorius.                       139
penna, se, F.,jeather, wing,pinnacle.   perceptio, 6nis, F., gathering in.
pennhltus  (-ifer, -iger), a, um,   perceptus, [-cipio,] received.
feathered, winged.                  percido, cidi, cis-, 3, beat, crush.
Penninus, a, um, of the W. Alps.   percio, 4; -cieo, 2, stir up, excite.
pennula, se, F., little wing.         percipio, cepi, cept-, 3, take up,
pennus, a, um, pointed, sharp.          get, perceive, understand.
pensatio, onis, F., weighing.         percisus, [cido,] broken.
pensilis, e, hanging, pendent.        percitus, [cieo,] stirred, excited.
pensio, onis, F., payment, tax, rent.   perc5lo, I, strain, filter.
penso (-sito, I), weigh, pay, ponder.   percolo, colui, cult-, 3, complete,
pensum, i, N., task, duty, stress.      adorn, revere.
pensus, [pendo,] weighed, esteemed.   percontdtio, 5nis, F., inquiry.
Pentelicus, i, M., a mt. near Athens,   percontor I, inquire, investigate.
celebrated for its marble.         percrebresco, crebui, 3, spread,
t pentdris, is, F., five-banked galley.  prevail, grow frequent.
Penthesilea, se, queen of Amazons.   perculsus, [-cello,] struck down.
Pentheus, ei, myth. k. of Thebes,   per-curro, 3, run through, traverse.
gr.-son  of Cadmus, torn  to   percursio, 6nis, F., hasty view.
pieces by his mother and sisters   percussio, onis, F., beating, striking.
in a Bacchic frenzy.               percussor, &ris, M., striker, slayer.
penula=-panula, cloak.                percutio, cussi, cuss-, 3, to strike,
penuria, se, F., want, need.            pierce, kill, deceive.
penus, us (i), M., provision, stores.    perdita, desperately, incorrigibly.
tpeplum, i, N., robe (of Pallas).     perditus, [perdo,] ruined, desperate.
tpepo, hnis, M., pumpkin.             perdiu, for a long time.
per, through, throughout, during, by.  perdius, a, um, all day long.
[per-, thoroughly, very.              perdix, icis, c., partridge.
tpera, se, F., bag, wallet.           perdo, didi, dit-, 3, destroy, lose,
perdcer, cris, e, very sharp.           ruin, squander.
peracesco, cui, 3, get very sour.     perdoceo, ui, ct-, 2, teach thorperaciltus, a, um, very keen.           oughly.
Peresa, as, F., a dist. of Caria.     perdolesco, ui, 3, grieve greatly.
pereequg, equally, on an average.     perdomo, ui, it-, I, conquer, crush.
permquo, I, make equal, fill.         perdilco, xi, ct-, 3, bring through,
peragito, I, drive, harass.             cover, persuade, conduct, protract.
perago, Egi, act-, 3, drive on, carry   perdfidum, very long ago.
through, finish, complete, relate.  perduellio, Onis, F., treason.
peragro, I, traverse, wander.         perduellis, is, M., public enemy.
perambulo, I, ramble through.         perduim, pr. sub. of perdo, destroy.
perangustus, a, um, very narrow.    peredor- di, es-, 3, consume, deperaro, I, plough through, furrow.      vour.
perdtim, by bags.                     peregre (-gri), abroad, from abroad.
perbene, very well.                   peregrinatio, onis, F., travel.
perbibo, bibi, bibit-, 3, drink in.    peregrinitas, dtis, F., alienage.
perbito, ti, 3, go through, perish.   peregrinor, I, travel, be abroad.
percallesco, lui, 3, grow very hard.   peregrinus, a, um, foreign, alien,
percelebro, I, to practise or utter     strange.
often.                             peremnis, e, of river-crossing.
percello, culi, culs-, 3, strike, cast  peremo (perimo), 3, destroy.
down, overthrow, destroy.          perempt6rius,  a, um, decisive,
percenseo, ui, 2, reckon up, survey.    final, fatal.




140                    peremptus -  permultus
peremptus, [perimo,] destroyed.        Pergamum, i; -a, 5rum, N., the
perendie, day after to-morrow.           citadel of Troy, Troy.
perendinus, a, um, after to-morrow.   pergo, perrexi, rect-, 3, proceed.
perennis, e, [annus,] constant, last-   pergula, ae, F., stall, projection.
lasting, perennial.                 perhibeo ui, it-, 3, hold forth, say.
perennitas, atis, F., duration.        perhorresco, ui, 3, shudder at.
perenno, I, preserve or last long.     Pericles, is, the leading statesman
perenticida, ae, M., cutpurse.           of Athens, from B.C. 469-429.
pereo, ii (ivi), it-, 4, pass, perish,   periclitor, I, try, risk, be in peril.
pine, be ruined, spent.             periculosE, with peril.
perequito, I, ride through.            periculsus, a, um, perilous.
pererro, I, wander through, survey.   periculum, i, N., danger, hazard.
pergsus, [edo,] consumed.              perid6neus, a, um, well-fitted.
perexiguus, a, um, very little.        perimo, emi, empt-, 3, to destroy,
perfabrico, I, use up, overreach.        ruin, hinder.
perfacilis, e, very easy, or courteous.   perinde, just so, so much.
perfectE, completely.                  t periodus, i, M., period, circuit.
perfectio, 5nis, F., finish.           tperistroma, atis, N., carpet, curperfectus, a, um,finished, complete.     tain.
perfero, tuli, lat-, carry through,   peritS, skilfully.
convey, complete, endure.           peritia, as, F., experience, skill.
perficio, fMci, fect-, 3, to finish,   peritus, a, um, experienced, skilled.
accomplish.                         perjurium, i, N., perjury.
perfidia, ae, F., treachery.           perjUiro (pejero), I, swear falsely.
perfidifsus, a, um, false, faithless.   perjiirus, a, um, perjured, false.
perfidus, a, urnm, treacherous, dan-   perlabor, ps-, 3, glide through.
gerous, perfidious.                 perlatus, [fero,] borne.
perfidus, a, um, thoroughly trusty.    perlego, lIgi, lect-, to read through.
perfigo, xi, xum, 3, pierce.           perlevis, e, very light, slight.
perflo, I, blow through.               perliongus, a, um, very long, tedious.
perfodio, fodi, foss-, 3, dig through,   perluo, ui, itum, 3, wash off.
pierce, stab.                        perlustro, I, traverse, survey.
perforo, I, pierce, perforate.         permagnus, a, um, very great.
perfractus, [-fringo,] shattered.      permaneo, nsi, ns-, 2, endure, stay.
perfrico, cui, cat- (ct-), I, to rub.    permano, I,flow through, penetrate.
perfringo, frSgi, fract-, 3, shatter,   permeo, I, pass through, traverse.
burst through, infringe.            permrtior, mensus, 4, to measure,
perfuga, ae, M., deserter.               traverse.
perfugio, fugi, fugit-, 3, to desert,   permetuens, tis, greatly fearing.
flee to, take refuge.                permisceo, scui, xt (st:), 2, mix,
perfugium, i, N., shelter, refuge.       confuse, confound.
perfunotio. 5nis, F., performing.      permissio, 5nis, F., permission.
perfunctorius, a, um, negligent.       permitto, misi, miss-, 3, hurl, let
perfundo, ffidi, ffis-, 3, pour over,    go, let loose, permit.
bathe, steep, bestrew, imbue.       permixtus, a, um, mingled, conperfungor, funct-, 3, perform, get       fused, disturbed.
through with.                       permodestus, a, um, very modest.
perfuro, ui, 3, to rage on.            per-moveo, 2, to stir greatly, excite.
perfUisus, [fundo,] drenched.          permulceo, si, sum, 2, to stroke,
Pergamrnus, a, um, of Pergamum,          soothe, soften, appease.
a city of Mysia; F., parchment.    permultus, a, um, very many.




permunio -  perstringo.                      141
permUnio, 4, fortify throughout.     perrepto, I, crawl through.
permritatio, 5nis, F., exchange.     perrumpo, rUpi, rupt-, 3, break
permilto, I, to change, exchange.      or force through, overcome.
perna, a, F,, haunch, ham, butt.     Persa, Ae, mother of Circe and
pernego, I, deny steadily.              Pasiphad.
pernicies, ei, F., ruin, damage.     Persee, drum, Persians.
perniciosus, a, um, ruinous, de-   perseepe, very often.
structive.                         perscribo, psi, ptum, 3, write in
pernicitas, dtis, F., agility, swift-    full, note down, describe.
ness, fleetness.                   perscriltor, I, search through.
perniciter, nimbly.                  perseco, cui, ct., I, cut out, dissect.
pernimius, a, um, quite too much.    t Persephone, es=Proserpina.
pernix, icis, swift, active, fleet.  persequor, cutus, 3, chase, pursue,
pernocto, I, stay all night.           effect, take vengeance on.
pernosco, novi, not-, 3, to study   Perses, me, k. of Macedonia, deor examine thoroughly.               feated, B.C. 146.
pern6tesco, notui, 3, get known.    Perseus, ei (eos), son of Jupiter
pernox, noctis, lasting all night.     and Dana,, who slew the Gorpero, 6nis, M.. boot, buskin.          gon, and rescued Andromeda.
PEro, 6nis, sister of Nestor.        persevgrantia, ee, F., constancy.
perodi, 5sus, hate utterly.          persevere, very strictly.
peroratio, 6nis, F., the close (of   persevero, I, persist, persevere.
a speech), peroration.             Persia, ae; Persis, idis, the counper6ro, I, plead throughout, finish.   try eastward of Syria, Persia.
per6sus, a, um, utterly hateful.     persicus, a, um, (Persian), luxuperpastus, a, um, well-fed.            rious.
perpello, puli, pu1s-, 3, to drive,  persido, sedi, sess-, 3, settle.
urge, constrain, push violently.  persoUlla, dim. of persona, mask.
perpendiculum, i, M., a plummet,  persolvo, solvi, solat-, 3, to release
plumb, perpendicular.                or pay in full.
perpendo, di, sum, 3, weigh, con-  persona, se, F., mask, character (in
sider, poise, deliberate.            a play), person.
perperarm, wrongly, falsely.         personatus, a, um, masked, asperpes, etis, perpetual, entire.       sumed, fictitious.
perpessio, 6nis, F., enduring.       persono, ui, it-, I, to resound, make
perpetior, pessus, 3, to endure.       sound, cry aloud.
perpetro, I, effect, accomplish.     perspecte, intelligently.
perpetuitas, atis, F., continuity.   perspecto, I, to look at or through.
perpetuo, I, to make perpetual.      perspectus, a, um, evident.
perpetu6 (-um), constantly.          perspergo, si, sum, 3, sprinkle, wet.
perpetuus, a, um, unbroken, con-   perspicax, acis, sharp-siqhted, keen.
stant, general, whole, perpetual.  perspicio, exi, ect-, 3, look or see
perplexg, confusedly, obscurely.       through, examine, ascertain.
perpleXus, a, um, intricate, con-   perspicud, clearly.
fused, obscure, perplexed.         perspicuus, a, um, transparent,
perpluo, 3, to rain through.           clear, manifest.
perpusillus, a, um, very little.     perspiro, I, breathe everywhere.
perquiro, sivi, sit-, 3, to seek dili-  persto, stiti, stat-, I, standfast.
gently, examine.                   perstrepo, ui, it-, 3, resound.
perquisiter, accurately.             perstringo, nxi, ct-, 3, bind, graze
perrdrus, i, um, very rare.            against, blunt, reprove, touch on.




142                       persuadeo -  phala.
persuadeo, si, sum, 2, persuade,   pervigilo, I, to watch all night.
convince, prevail on.                pervinco, vici, vict-, 3, thoroughly
persuasio, onis, F.; -Sus, US, M.,        conquer, prevail, maintain.
persuasion, conviction.              pervius, a, passable, pervious.
persulto, I, leap or skip about.       pervolito, I, flit through.
pertcedet, it utterly wearies.         pervolo, I, fly about, dart through.
pertego, xi, ct, 3, cover thoroughly.   pervolo, velle, volui, wish greatly.
pertendo, di, sum, 3, carry on, go   pervorto=perverto, 3, turn awry.
forward.                             pervulgatus, a, um, very common,
pertento, I, try, test, seize.            well-knowtn.
pertenuis, e, very thin or weak.       pervulgo, I, spread abroad, make
pertergeo, si, sum, 2, wipe, rub.         common, haunt, frequent.
perterreo, ui, it-, I, terrify.        pes, pedis, M., foot; sheet (of sail).
pertexo, xui, xt, 3, finish.           pessimus, a, um, [malus,] worse.
pertica, Me, F., pole, staff.          pessulus, i, M.; -um, i, N., bolt.
pertimesco, mui, 3, dread greatly.   pessurn, to the bottom; ire, to perpertinacia, 8e, F., obstinacy, firm-     ish; dare, to ruin, undo.
ness, pertinacity.                   pestifer, era, um, pestilential.
pertinaciter, stubbornly.              pestilens, tis, noxious, unwholesome.
pertinax, acis, firm, unyielding.      pestilentia, We, F., plague, pestipertineo, ui, 2, reach, belong, apply.   lence.
pertingo, 3, extend.                   pestis, is, F., plague, pest, destrucpertractate, elaborately.                 tion, ruin, bane.
pertracto, I, touch, handle.           petaso (io), 6nis, M., shoulder (of
pertraho, xi, ct-, 3, drag, draw.         pork).
pertundo, tudi, tus, 3, beat, thrust   petasus, i, M., broad-brimmed cap.
through, perforate.                  petaurum, i, N., stage, spring-board.
perturbatio, onis, F., disturbance.   petigo, inis, F., scab, eruption.
perturbo, I, disturb, confuse.         petitio, onis, F., attack, request,
pertfisus, [tundo,] pierced.              soliciting of office.
perungo, unxi, unct-, 3, besmear.   petitor, oris, M., seeker, plaintiff.
periuro, ussi, ust-, burn, consume,   peto, ivi, it-, 3, seek, aim at, attack,
inflame, parch with cold.              ask, demand, sue for, solicit, fetch.
pervido, si, sum, 3, pass through,   t petra, as, F., rock, cliff, crag.
pervade, arrive.                     petrosus, a, um, rocky.
pervagatus, a, um, wide-spread.        petulans, tis, pert, saucy, wanton.
pervagor, I, roam through, pervade.   petulanter, wantonly.
perveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry through.    petulantia, ae, F., impudence, pertpervello, i, 3, twitch, rouse, revile.   ness, wantonness.
pervenio, veni, vent-, 4, arrive.      petulcus, a, um, apt to butt.
perverse, wrongly.                     tpeuce, es, F., pitch-pine.
perversus, a, um, awry, wrong.         pexus, a, um, woolly.
perverto, ti, sum, 3, turn awry,   Phieacia=Corcyra(?).
overthrow, ruin, corrupt.            t phaenomenon, i, N., appearance.
pervestigo, I, track, examine.         Phaethon, ontis, son of Helios
perviam, accessible.                     (the Sun), and Clymene.
pervicacia, Me, F., obstinacy.         Phzethonteus (-tius), a, um, of
pervicax, dcis, firm, stubborn.          Phaithon.
pervideo, vldi, vis-, 2, examine,   Phzethontias (-tis), dis, sister of
view.                                  Phaethon.
pervigilium, i, M., night-watch.       phala=fala, scaffold.




phalanga -  Picti,                      143
t phalanga, ae, F., pole, roller.   Phineus, ei (eos), myth. king of
tphalanx, gis, F., solid square (of   Thrace, struck with blindness
troops), phalanrx.                  and tormented by the Harpies.
Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum,   t Phlegethon,  ontis, the  fiery
about B.C. 550.                     river of Hades.
tphalerae, arum, F., medal, decora-   Phlegraeus, a, um, of Phlegra, in
tion, ornament.                     Macedonia, where the giants
t phallus, i, M., a symbol of fertility.  were struck with lightning.
t phantasma, tis, M., apparition.   t phoca, ae (-e, es), F., seal, sea-dog.
tpharetra, as, F., quiver.          Phocaa, as, a town of Ionia,
pharetratus, a, um, bearing the       mother-city of Massalia.
quiver.                          Phocis, idis, F., a dist. of northern
tpharmaceutria, as, F., sorceress.    Greece.
Pharnaces, k. of Pontus, defeated   Phcebe, es, - Diana, sister of
by Caesar, B.C. 46.                 Phoebus (the Moon).
Pharsalus, i, F., a town in Thes-   Phoebus, i, M., Apollo, the Sun.
saly, famous for the defeat of   PhcenicE, es, F., Phcenicia, Syria.
Pompey, B.C. 48.                 Phoenissa, a, F., a Phoenician
Pharos, i, F., an  island  near       woman.
Alexandria; light-house.         Phoenix, pl., ices, Phoenician.
tphaselus, i, M., kidney-bean.      t phoenix, iCis, M., phcenix, a fabuPhasiinus (-acus), a, um; as, adis,    lous bird.
of the Phasis; M., a pheasant.   Phorcus, i, son of Neptune, a
Phasis, idis (idos), M., a city and   sea-god, father of Medusa.
river in Colchis.                t Phosphorus, i, M. (light-bringer),
Pheneos, i, F., a town of Arcadia.    the Morning Star.
Pheras, arum, a city of Thessaly.   Phrixus, son of Athamas, borne
Phidias, an Athenian sculptor,    to Colchis by the ram  of the
B.C. 488-432.                      golden fleece.
Philaeni, 5rum, two Carthaginian   Phryges, um, the Phrygians.
brothers, buried alive on the   Phrygia, a,, F., the central dist. of
Cyrenian frontier.                  Asia Minor.
Philippi, 5rum, M., a  city of   Phrygius, a, um, Phrygian, Trojan.
Macedonia, where Brutus and   Phthia, as, a town of Thessaly,
Cassius were defeated, B.C. 42.     birthplace of Achilles.
Philippus, i, k. of Macedonia, f.  tphylacista as, M., jailer, dun.
of Alexander; B.C. 382-336.      t physicus, a, um, of science.
[t philo-, fond of.                 t physis, is, F., nature.
Philoctetes, as, a companion of   pidbilis, e, expiable.
Hercules, who  received  his   piicularis, e, expiatory.
poisoned arrows.                 piaculum, i, N., victim, sin-offering,
tphilologus, a, um, of learning or    punishment, guilt, remedy.
scholarship.                     pimren, inis; -mentum, i, N., an
Philomela, as, F., sister of Progne,  atonement.
changed to a nightingale.        pica, ae, F., magpie.
tphilosophia, a, F., philosophy.    picatus, a, um, pitchy.
t philosopher, I, philosophize.     picea, as, F., pitch-pine.
t philosophus, a, um, philosophic;   Pic~num, i, N., dist. of E. Italy.
M.,-philosopher.                 piceus, a, um, pitch-black.
t philyra, ae, F., lindens-bark.    pico, I, daub with pitch or tar.
t phimus, i, N., dice-box.          Picti, 5rum, people of N. Britain.




144                          pictor -  pix.
pictor, 5ris, M., painter.            pinniger, era, um, winged.
pictura, ae, F., painting, picture.   pinso, si (sui), sum (turn, siturn),
pictus, [pingo,] painted, colored.       3, to pound, bruise.
picus, i, M., woodpecker.             pinus, is (i), F., pine; ship, torch.
Pious, i. myth. son of Saturn, gr.-   pio, I, propitiate, expiate.
father of Latinus.                  piper, eris, N., pepper.
pie, piously, kindly.                 plpilo, I; pipio, 4, chirp, whimper.
Pierides, um, F., the Muses, daugh-   pipio, 5nis, F., a nestling.
ters of Pieros, k. of Thessaly.    pipulum, i, N., chirping, outcry.
pietas, atis, F., sense of duty, piety,   Pireeeus, i, M., the port of Athens.
affection, tenderness.              t pirate, ae, M., pirate.
piger, gra, um, grudging, dull, sad.   t piraticus. a, umrn, of pirates; F.,
piget, uit, 2, it vexes, annoys.        piracy.
pigmentum, i, F., a color, dye.       Pirene, es, F., a fount at Corinth.
pignero, I, give in pledge, pawn.     Pirithoiis, i, son of Ixion, king
pigneror, I, take as pledge.            of Lapithae; friend of Theseus.
pignus, 6ris, N., pledge, stake, token.   pirum, i, N., pear.
pigrE, backwardly, sluggishly.        pirus, i, F., pear tree.
pigritia, me; -es, 6i, F., indolence.  Pisa, ee, a city of Elis, made fampila, a, F., pillar, mortar, pier.      ous by the Olympic games.
pila (-ula), Be, F., ball.            Pisee, arum, a city of Etruria, Pisa.
pilanus, a, um, of the third rank.    Pisaurum, i, N., a town of Umbria.
pilatus, a, um, close, dense; armed   piscarius, a, urn, of fish; M., fishwith javelins.                        monger; F., fish-market.
pileatus, a, um, capped, bonneted.    piscator, &ris, M.,fJisherman.
pilentum, i, N., carriage.            piscatorius, a, um, of fishermen.
pileus (-olus), i, M.; -um, i, N., cap.   piscatus, Us, M., fishing.
pilO, I, ram down, thrust.            piscina, ae, F., fish-pond, pool.
pilo, I, make bare, pillage.          piscis, is (-culus, i), M., fish.
pilum, i, N., pounder; heavy javelin.   piscor, I, catch fish.
pilus, i, M., hair.                   pisc6sus, a, umrn,shy.
pilus, i, M., rank of infantry.       Pisidia, se, F., a southern district
Pimpleus, a, urn, of Pimpla, a fount    of Asia Minor.
of Pieria; F, (-Sis, idos), Mliuse.   Pisistratus, i, tyrant of Athens,
tpinacotheca, ae, F., picture-gallery   from A.D. 560-527.
tpincerna, Ae, M., cup-bearer.        t pissinus, a, um, of pitch.
Pindarus, i, a Theban lyric poet,   pistillum, i, N.; us, i, M., pestle.
B.C. 522-482.                       pistor, oris, M., miller, baker.
Pindus, i, M., a mt. of Thessaly.    pistrina, m, F., bake-house.
pinmtum, i, N., pine-wood or grove.   pistrinum, i N., mill, bakery.
pineus, a, um, of pine; F., pine-   pistris, is; -ix, icis, F., shark.
cone; pinea m5les, ship.            pistus, [pinso,] pounded, grouud.
pingo, nxi, ct-, 3, paint, stain, em-   pisum, i, N., pease.
broider.                            t pithecus, i, M.; -ium, i, N., ape.
pinguesco, 3, grow fat.               t pittacium, i, N., label.
pinguis, e, fat, rich, dull, dense.   Pittheus, i, myth. king of Trcezen,
pinguiter, fatly, stupidly.             gr.-father of Theseus.
pinguitlido, inis, F., fatness.       pituita, se, F., slime, phlegm.
pinifer (-ger), era, um, pine-bearing.   pius, a, um (compar. magis pius),
pinna (-ula), ae, F., feather.          pious, tender, reverential.
pinnatus, a, am, feathered, plumed.   pi, pi pis, F., pitch.




placabilis -  poenalis.                     145
plAcAbilis, e, mild, placable.       plebes-=plebs, common people.
placate, gently, calmly.             plebicola, ae, F., flatterer of. the
pldcdtio, 6nis, F., pacifying.         people.
pldcatus, a, um, soothed, calm.      plEbiscitum, i, N., popular decree.
placenta, ae, F., cake.              plebs, pldbis, F., the commonalty.
Placentia, es, F., Piacenza, a city   plecto, xi (xui), xum, 3, to weave,
of N. Italy, on the Po.              braid, interweave.
placeo, ui, it-, 2, please, satisfy.  plecto, 3, punish (generally in P.).
placidE, gently.                     tplectrum, i, N., quill (for playing
placidus, a, urn, mild, gentle.        the lute).
placitum, i, N., opinion, decree.    Pleiades, daughters of Atlas (the
placitus, a, um, pleasing, acceptable.  Seven Stars).
placo, I, soothe, appease, reconcile.   plgnE, largely, thoroughly.
tplaga, ae, F., blow, stroke.        plenus, a, um, full, laden, complete.
plaga, e, F., region; pl., snare, trap.   plerus, a, um, plerusque (geneplagium, i, N., kidnapping.             rally, plur.), very many, most.
plagosus, a, um, fond of flogging.   plexus, us, M., twisting, weaving.
plagula, Ae, F., curtain, sheet.     plexus, [plecto,] woven.
planca, s, F., board, plank.         plico, ui (avi), it- (at-), I, fold.
planctus, a, um, [plango,] beaten.   pl6do=plaudo, applaud.
planctus, us, M., beating, wailing.    plordtus, us, M., lament.
plane, clearly, wholly, by all means.   plostrumr=plaustrum, cart.
tplaneta, Ae, M., planet.            pluit, pluvit, it rains.
plango, nxi, nct-, 3, beat, bewail.    plilma (-ula), Me, F., feather, down,
plangor, 6ris, M., beating, wailing.    scale (of armor).
planities, ei, F., level surface, plain.   plirmarius, a, um, of soft feathers.
planta, s, F., sprout, twig; sole.   plUmntus, a, um, feathered.
plantdris, e, of setting, for the foot;   plumbeus (drius), a, um, of lead,
N., p1., young trees.                leaden, dull.
pldnus, a, um, even, level, clear.   plumbo, I, solder with lead.
tplanus, i, M., vagabond, impostor.   plumbum, i, N., lead.
t plasma, atis, N., mould, image.    pluimeus (-Ssus), a, um, feathered.
plasticus, a, um, of moulding.       pluo, plui (plilvi), 3, to rain.
Plateeae, drum, a city in Boeotia,   plfiries, often, several times.
famous for the defeat of the   plUrimus, a, um, [multus,] most.
Persians, B.C. 479.                plus, pliiris (gen. pl., ium), most.
platalea, ae, F. spoonbill.          plusculus, a, um, rather more.
t platanus, i, F., plane-tree.       pluteus, i, M., pent-house, parapet.
t platea, 2s, F., broad way.         Plito, 6nis, god of the Lower
Plato, 6nis, an Athenian philo-         World.
sopher, B.C. 430-348.              PlUtus, i, god of Riches.
plaudo, si, sum, 3, clap, applaud.    pluvia, e, F., rain.
plausibilis, a, praiseworthy.        pluvialis, e; -vius, a, um, of rain.
plausor, 6ris, M., applauder.        pluvi6sus, a, um, rainy.
plaustrum, i, N., cart, waggon.      p5culum, i, N., cup, bowl.
plausus, [plaudo,] applauded.        t podagra, ae, F., gout.
plausus (pl6sus), us, M., applause,   t podium, i, N., balcony, height.
clapping, flapping.                t pomrna, atis, N., poem.
Plautus, a comic poet, B.C. 228.    pcena, 2s, F., indemnity, penalty,
plautus, a, um, flat, broad.           punishment.
plb6ius, a, urn, plebeian, vulgar.    pcenalis, e, of penalty.




146                     penio -- poreinus
poenio —pinio, punish.             pomifer, a, um,fruit-bearing.
pcenitendus, a, um, blamable.       P6m6na, ae, goddess of Fruits.
pcenitens, tis, regretful, penitent.    pomosus, a, um, abounding in
pcenitenter, with regret.           firuit.
poenitentia, se, F., repentance.    pompa, 2e, F., procession, parade.
pacnitet, uit, 2, it displeases, repents.  Pompgius, i, a Roman general,
Poenus=PUinicus, Carthaginian.        rival of Cesar, defeated  at
tpoesis, is, F., poetry, poem.        Pharsalus, B.C. 48.
t poeta, As, F., poet.              Pompilius, Numa, second king of
tpoeticus, a, um, poetic;  F.,        Rome, B.C. 715-672.
poetry, the poetic art.           pompo, I, to perform with pomp.
polenta, ae, F., pearl-barley.      pompasus, a, um, stately,pompous.
polio, 4, polish, adorn, refine.    Pomptinus, a, um, of S. Latium.
polite, elegantly.                  prnurn, i, N., fruit.
tpoliticus, a, um, of civil polity.    ponderitus, a, um, well-weighed.
politio, 6nis, F., polishing.       pondero, I, weigh, ponder.
politus, a, um, accomplished, polite.  ponderosus, a, um, weighty, heavy.
pollen, inis, N., fine flour.       pond6, in weight; a pound.
pollens, tis, powerful.             pondus, eris, N., weight, mass, load.
pollenter, powerfully.              pone, behind.
polleo, ui, 2, be strong, prevail.  pono, posui, posit-, 3, put, place, apollex, icis, M., thumb.              bate, allay, assert, offer, surrender.
pollicaris, e, of a thumb.          pons, pontis, M., bridge, gangway.
polliceor, itus, 2, promise.        pontifex, ficis, M., priest, pontiff.
pollicitdtio, onis, F., promise.    ponto, 5nis, M., punt, pontoon.
pollicitor, I, promise (freq.).     tpontus, i, M., the deep sea.
pollinctor, 5ris, M., undertaker.   Pontus, i, M., the Black Sea; also,
pollingo, nxi, nct-, 3, to prepare    a dist. on its southern shore.
(a corpse) for burial.           popa, ae, M., priest's attendant, who
pollis, inis- pollen, Jfine flour.    butchered the victim of sacrifice.
pollfibrum, i, N., wash-basin.      popina, ae, F., cook-shop.
pollficeo, xi ctum, 2, offer (as  popino, 6nis, M., glutton.
sacrifice), serve.               poples, itis, M., knee (beneath).
polluctg, sumptuously.              poplicus=publicus, public.
polluctum, i, N., offering, banquet.  poplus, popolus=populus.
polluo, ui, ut-, 3, defile, dishonor.    Poppmea, ae, the wife of Nero.
pollUitus, a, um, defiled, vile.    popularis, e, of or agreeable to the
Pollux, ufcis, myth. son of Leda,    people; M., fellow-citizen.
twin-brother of Castor.          populariter, vulgarly.
tpolus, i, M., pole, sky.           populdritas, ntis, F., fellow-citizenit poly-, many.                       ship, popularity.
Polydorus, i, youngest son of   populatio, 6nis, F., ravage,plunder.
Priam.                           populdtor, 5ris, M., plunderer.
Polyphgmus, i, a Cyclops, blinded   populeus (-nus), a, urnm, of poplar.
by Ulysses of his only eye.      populor, I, devastate, pillage.
Polyxena, ae, d. of Priam, married   populosus, a, um, populous.
to Achilles.                      populus, i, M., people, multitude.
pomdrius, a, um, of fruit-trees.    p6pulus, i, F., poplar.
pomeridianus, a, urn, afternoon's.  porca, A, F., sow.
p6rmrium   (pomrncerium), i, N.,  porcellus, i, M., pig.
open space about a city.         porcinus, a, um, of swine.




porcus   prwecaveo.                         147
porous (-ulus), i, M., hog.           post-fero, esteem inferior.
porgo= —porrigo, reach.               post-habeo, 2, esteem less, neglect.
porrectE, far, extensively.           posthac, hereafter.
porrectio, 5nis, F., extension.        posthumus-postumus, last.
porrectus, a, um, outstretched.       postibi, hereupon.
porricio, eci, ect-, 3, to offer (sac-   posticus, a, um, rear, hinder; N.,
trifice).                              back-door.
porrigo, rexi, ct-, 3, reach, stretch.   postidea, -illa, afterward.
porrigo, inis, F., dandruff            postis, is, F., door-post; pl., door.
porro, forward, far, qf old, again.    postliminium, i, N., return home.
porrum, i, N., leek:                  postmodo (um), afterward, shortly.
Porsena (-nna), as, k. of Etruria,   post-pono, 3, esteem less, postpone.
who fought to restore Tarquin.   postquam, after (that), when, since.
porta, ae, F., gate, door, entrance.  postrm6, finally.
portendo, di, tum, 3, to indicate,   postremus, [posterus,] last, latest.
predict.                            postridie, next (lay.
portent6sus, a, uim, monstrous, hor-   post-sum, be after, retreat.
rid, ominous.                       postultio, 6nis, F., demand, claim,
portentum, i, N., omen, prodigy.         complaint.
porticus, us, F., porch, gallery.     postulo, I, ask, demand, impeach.
portio, 6nis, F., share, portion.     postus=positus, placed.
portitor, 6ris, M., tax-gatherer;   potatio, onis, F., drinking.
carrier, ferryman.                  potator, Bris, M., drinker
porto, 1, carry, convey.              pote (potis), possible.
portorium, i, N., tax, transit-duty.    potens, tis, powerful.
portuosus, a, um, abounding in   potentatus, us, M.,power, dominion.
harbors.                            potentia, Be, F., power, anthority.
portus, us, M., /arbor, port, refuge.   potestas, atis, F., power, ability,
posca, ae, F., vinegar-and-water.        sovereignty.
posco, poposci, poscit-, 3, de-   potin? canst?
mand, ask, need, require.           p6tio, 5nis, F., drink, draught.
positio, 5nis, F., putting, setting.  potior, 4, get possession of.
positor, 6ris, M., founder.           potis, e, able; -ior, us, preferable;
positus; [pono,] situated, placed.       -issimus, chief.
positus, us, M., situation.           potissimE, especially.
possessio, onis, F., possession.      potius, rather.
possessor, 6ris, M., occupant.        pato, (pat-), I, drink.
possideo, (2), and possido, (3),   p6tor, 6ris, M., drinker, sot.
Mdi, essum, possess, hold.          patulentus, a, um, drinkable.
possum, posse, potui, can, have   potus, a, um, having drunk.
power (~ 29, iii).                  potus, us, M., drinking.
post, after, behind.                   prae, in comparison with, in front,
posted, afterwards.                      by reason of.
postedquam =  postquam, after   [prae -, before, in advance, very.
(that), when.                       prweacuo, 3, sharpen, point.
posteri, pl., posterity, descendants.    preeacfitus, a, um, pointed.
posterior, us  (compar.),  after,   praebeo, ui, itum, 2, furnish, hold
later, hinder.                        out, o.ffer, afford. design.
posteritas, dtis, F., fitture time.   preeczedo=preecido, cut off.
posterus, a, um (-terior, -trgmus,   prmeccunus, a, um, prematurely gray.
-tumus), coming ajter.              praecaveo, cavi, caut-, beware.




148                     prwecedo -  praenomen.
pree-cedo, 3, go before, surpass.      preedo, 5nis, M., robber, plunderer.
prsecello, 3, rise above, excel.       preedor, I, plunder, rob, catch.
prsecelsus, a, um, very lofty.         praedico, xi, ct-, 3, draw in front.
preeceps, cipitis, headlong, steep.    preedulcis, e, very sweet.
prseceptor, oris, M., anticipator,   preedUrus, a, nm, very hard, hardy.
commander, teacher.                  preeeo, ivi, it-, 4, go before, precede.
preeceptum, i, N., rule, precept.      preefatio, 5nis, F., preface,formula.
precerpo, psi, pt- 3, to gather   praefectUira, se, F., governorship.
before the time.                     prsefectus, i, M., superintendent,
preecido, cidi, cis-, 3, cut sheer off.   commander, governor.
preecinctus, a, um, girt.              preefero, tuli, 1at-, to bear before,
preecingo, nxi, not-, 3, to encircle.     prefer, display, anticipate.
prsecino, ui, 3, sing before, predict.   preferox, 6cis, very fierce.
prmecipio, cepi, cept-, 3, take in   praeficio, fMci, fect-, 3, set over,
advance, anticipate, give rules,        appoint, assign to command.
preecipitium, i, N., precipice.        preefigo, xi, xum, 3, set up, fasten,
preecipito, I, hurl down, hasten.        fix on the end.
preecipug, especially.                 praefinio, 3,.fix beforehand.
praecipuus, a, um, special, prin-   preeflro, i, pluck, tarnish.
cipal, distinguished.                praefluo, 3, flow in front.
prsecise, briefly, concisely.          prrefodio, fodi, 3, dig before.
prsecisus, a, um, cut oj#; abridged.    preefor, I, say befobrehand.
precliarg, clearly, admirably.         preefract6, resolutely, sternly.
praeclarus, a, um, clear, bright,   preefractus, a, um, abrupt, stern.
splendid, glorious.                  preefringo  frEgi, fract-, 3, break
praecludo, si, sum, 3, to shut close.     off, or to pieces.
preeco, onis, M., crier, herald.       preefulcio, si, tum, prop.
preeconium, i, N., crier's office,   praefulgeo, si, 2, shine forth.
celebration.                         pregnans, tis, full, pregnant.
prsecoque, prematurely.                preegrandis, e, huge, mighty.
preecordia, orum, N., diaphragm,   praegravis, e, very heavy.
entrails, breast.                    praegradior, gres-, 3, go before.
prsecox, ocis, untimely ripe.          preejUdicium, i, N., a previous depree-curro, 3, run before, surpass.       cision, precedent.
precursor, 5ris, M., forerunner,   preelabor, ps-, 3, glide or sweep by.
scout, advance-guard.                preelatus, [fero,] hurrying past.
prseda, ae, F., pillage, prey, spoil.  prselium=prcelium, battle.
preedatio, 6nis, F., plundering.       praelUdo, si, sum, 3, rehearse.
praedator, 6ris, M., pillager, hunter.   praelum=prelum, wine-press.
preediator, 5ris, M.,  real-estate   preematirus, a, um, untimely.
dealer.                              pree-metuo, 3, fear beforehand.
prsedicitio, 5nis, F., proclaiming.   prsemitto, misi, miss-, 3, send in
preedico, I, proclaim, praise, boast.     advance.
prnedico, xi, ct-, 3, predict, ad-   preemium, i, N., reward, profit.
monish, give notice.                 prre-moneo, 2, admonish, predict.
preedictum, i, N., prediction, order.   prmerinio, 4, fortify in front.
preedisco, 3, learn beforehand.        preenate, I, swim or flow before.
preeditus, a, um, endowed, ap-   Prseneste, is, N., a town in Lapointed.                               tium.
preedium, i, N., landed estate.        preen6men, inis, N., the first or
praedives, itis, very rich.              personal name (~ 15).




prmeoccupo -  praetor.                       149
praeoccupo, I, seize beforehand.      praesidia-rius, a, um, for defence.
praeopto, I, choose rather.            praesidium, i, N., defence, guard,
praeparo, I, prepare beforehand.         garrison, aid.
praepedio, 4, shackle, hinder.        prasignis, e, distinguished.
praspes, etis, swift of flight, winged;   praestans, tis, excellent.
c., bird (of omen).                 praestat, it is better.
praepilatus, a, um, knobbed.          praestdbilis, e, eminent.
praepinguis, e, very fat.             pr~astatio, 5nis, F., guaranty.
preepondero, I, outweigh.             prasstes, itis, c., guardian.
praepno, sui, sit-, 3, to set over,   prastigiae, drum, F., tricks.
appoint, depute, prefer.            preestino, I, to buy.
praepositus, ii M., prefect, com-   preesto, at hand.
mander.                             praesto, iti, it-, I, stand forth, surpraeposterus, a, um, reversed, con-      pass, excel, furnish, exhibit.
fused, absurd.                      praest5lor, I, wait for.
praepotens, tis, very powerful.       prastringo, nxi, ct-, 3, bind fast.
prsequam, in comparison.              praestruo, xi, ct-, 3, build in front,
pras-ripio, 3, snatch away.              prepare in advance.
praerogativus, a, um, having the   prEesul, -ulis, M., dance-leader.
first vote; F., omen, privilege.    pree-sum, be before, have charge of.
prasrogo, I, ask first.               prae-sumo, 3, take or spend before.
praerumpo, rupi, rupt-, 3, break   praesumptio, 5nis, F., anticipation.
off in front.                       praesuo, ui, ut-, 3, sew upon, cover.
prasruptus, a, um, steep, hasty.      praetego, xi, ct., shelter, protect.
pras, praedis, M., surety.            preetendo, di, tum, 3, stretch or
praes, at hand.                          holdforth, spread, assert.
praesgio (-or), 4,forebode, presage.   praetento, I, search, test.
praesgium, i, N., presentiment.       praster, beyond, along, contrary,
praessgus, a, um, foreboding.            besides, except.
praescisco, 3, learn beforehand.      praetered, besides, moreover, beyond.
praescius, a, um, prophetic.          praeterbito, I, go past.
praescribo, psi, pt-, 3, write before,   praeter-eo, 4, pass by or beyond,
prefix, appoint.                       escape notice, neglect.
praescriptio, onis, F., inscription,   praeteritus, a, um, past, gone by;
pretence, precept.                     N. pL., the past.
praescriptum, i, N., copy, precept.    praeterlbor, psus, 3, glide by.
prsseco, cui, ct-, I, cut off.        praeter-mitto, 3, let go, omit.
praesegmen, inis, N., a paring.       praeter-propter, about, nearly.
praesens, tis, present, prompt.       prasterquam, beyond, besides.
praesensio, 5nis, F., fore-feeling.    prater-vehor, 3, be borne past.
praesentia, as, F., presence; in   praetexo, ui, xt-, 3, put or weave
praesentid, at present.               in front, provide, pretend, cover.
preesentio, si, sum, 4, to feel or per-   praetexta (toga), a, F., mantle with
ceive beforehand, forbode, divine.    purple border, worn by magispraesepe, is, N.; -es, is; -ia, as,      trates and children; tragedy.
F.; -ium, i, N., stall, hut.        preetextatus, wearing the mantle.
praesspio, psi, pt-, 4, barricade.    praetextum, i, N., ornament; preprasertirn, especially.                  text, pretence.
praeses, idis, M., guardian, chief.    praetextus, us, M., authority.
praesideo, sedi, sess-, 2, to guard,   praetor, 5ris, M., prcetor (officer of
preside, superintend.                 justice), chief, commander.




150                  prmetorianus -privilegium.
pretoriaLnus, a, um, of the body-   pressuira, e, F., pressure, throng.
guard.                               pressus, a, um, close, concise.
preetarium, i, N., general's tent,   pressus, us, M., pressure.
palace, body-guard.                  t prester, Eris, M., whirlwind, waterprzetorius, a, um, of the practor;       spout; a venomous serpent.
porta, front-gate of the camp.      preti6ss, ius, splendidly.
preetfira, a, F., prcetorship.         pretiasus, a, um, precious, costly.
pree-ustus, a, um, burnt at the end.   pretium, i, N., value, price, pay.
prceut, in comparison with.            [prex, see preci, prayer.
prlevalens, tis, very strong.          PriamEius, a, um, of Priam.
prmvaleo, ui, 2, have chief power.    Priamides, se, son of Priam.
preevalidus, a, urn, very or too   Priamus, myth. king of Troy.
strong, prevalent, grand.           Priapus, god of Gardens.
proevdricor, I, walk crooked, balk.    pridem, long ago, formerly.
praevehor, vectus, 3, ride before.    prididnus, a, urn, of the day before.
prcevenio, vani, vent-, 4, antici-   pridie, on the day before.
pate, outstrip, prevent.             primeevus, a, um, young.
preeverto  (-tor), 4, precede, out-   primanus, a, um, of the Ist legion.
strip, exceed, occupy or dofirst.   primrrius, a, um, of the Ist rank.
praevideo, vidi, vis-, 2, foresee.     primas, dtis, chief, noble.
praevius, a, um, leading the way.      primdtus, us, M., preeminence.
tpragmaticus, a, um, skilled in   prime, especially.
affairs, relating to business.      primitiee, arum, F. first-fruits.
prandeo, di, sum, 2, to breakfast.    primitus, for the first time.
prandium, i, N. breakfast, lunch.      prim,, firstly, at first.
pransus, a, um, having breakfasted.   primordia, 6rum, N. pl., origin.
tprasinus, a, um, leek-green.          primaris, e, foremost, extreme.
pratum (-ulum), i, N., meadow,plain.   primum, at first, in the first place.
pravy, crookedly, wrongly.            primus, a, um, fJrst, foremost.
pravitas, dtis, F., depravity, per-   princeps, cipis, c., Jfist, chief,
verseness, irregularity.              prince, 2d rank (of infantry).
prdvus, a, um, misshapen, bad.         principalis, e, chief, princely.
precari6, by entreaty.                 principiliter, chiefly.
precdrius, a, um, got by entreaty or   principatus, uis, M., chief rank.
favor; uncertain.                    principium, i, M., a beginning; pl.,
precdtio, 5nis, F., prayer.              principles, front rank, open space
preci, cem, ce; pl., -ces, F., prayer,   (in camp).
entreaty (nom. sing. not used).     prior, us, former, previous, better.
preciae (-tim), a kind of grape.         pl., the ancients.
precor, I, beg, pray, invoke.          prisca, old-fashioned.
prehendo, di, sum, 3, seize, grasp.   priscus, a, um, antique, severe.
prehensio, 5nis, F., seizing, right   pristinus, a, um, former, early,
of arrest; a jack-screw.              preceding.
prehenso (prenso), I, grasp, detain.   pristis=pistrix, shark.
prelum, i, N., wine or oil-press.      prius... quam, before, sooner, until.
premo, essi, ess,- 3, press, grasp,   privatim, privately, apart.
cover, burden, oppress, disparage.    privatus, a, um, private, one's own.
prendo=prehendo, take.                 privigna, ae, F., step-daughter.
pressE, closely, concisely.           privignus, i, M., step-son.
presso, I, to press violently.        privilagium, i, N., a private law,
pressarius, a, um, forpressing.          privilege.




privo -  proiciscor.                         151
privo, I, deprive, deliver.            Procrustes, a bandit of Attica,
privus, a, um, each, single, own.        slain by Theseus.
pro, in front of, instead of, in behalf   procubo, I, lie along.
of, according to, for, considering;   proclido, di, sum, 3, beat, forge.
pro quam, in proportion as.         procul, afar, remote.
pro, proh (w. ace.), 0! ah!          pr6culco, I, trample down.
proavus, i, M., yr.-grandfather.      pro-cumbo, 3, fall forward, sink.
probabilis, e, likely, pleasing.       pr6curatio, onis, F., care, charge.
probabiliter, probably.                prScurator, oris, M., deputy, stewprobatio,  hnis, F., trial, approval.    ard, administrator, governor.
probator, oris, M., approver.          procuro, I, take charge of.
probatus, a, um, proved, excellent.   pro-curro, 3, run fJorward, project.
probe, well, fitly, rightly, nobly.    procurvus, a, umrn, crooked.
probitas, atis, F., honesty, worth.    procus, i, M., wooer, suitor; chief.
probo, I, try, prove, approve.         prod-eo, 4, go forth, advance.
probrose, disgracefully.               prodesse (prosum), help.
probrosus, a, urn, shameful, in-   prodico, xi, ct-, 3, predict.
famous.                              prodige, lavishly.
probrum, i, N., disgraceful deed,   prodigialis, e, of omens.
dishonor, insult.                   prodigiosus, a, umrn, strange, marprobus, a, uum, good, excellent.         vellous.
procacitas, atis, F., impudence.       prodigium, i N., omen, prodigy.
procaciter, shamelessly.               prodigo, egi, act-, 3, consume.
procax, acis, bold, impudent.          prodigus, a, um, lavish, wasteful.
procedo, cess-, 3, advance, extend,   proditio, onis, F., treachery.
continue, result.                   proditor, oris, M., traitor.
procella, ae, F., tempest, storm.      prodo, 3, give forth, deliver, betray.
procello, 3, cast down.                produico, xi, ct- 3, to lead forth,
procellosus, a, um, tempestuous.         produce, extend, promote, protract.
procer, eris, chief, foremost.         producte, lengthily.
procere, to great length.              productio, onis, F., lengthening.
proceritas, atis, F., height, length.    pr6ductus, a, um, protracted.
pr6ocrus, a, urn, high, tall, long.    prcelidris, e, of battle.
processio, onis, F.; -us, us, M.,   prcelior, I, fight (in battle).
advance, progress.                  prcelium, i, N., battle, strife.
procido, idi, 3, fall fJat.            Prcetides, um, daughters of Prceprocinctus, us, M., girding, pre-        tus, king of Tiryns.
paring.                              profano, I, consecrate.
procingo, nctus, 3, to gird, equip.   profano, I, desecrate, violate.
prclarmo, I, cry out.                  profanus, a, um, unholy, impious.
proclino, I, lean forward.             profectio, onis, F., departure.
proclivg, downward.                   profecto, surely.
proclivis, e, sloping downward, in-   profectus, [proficiscor,] gone.
clined, easy; N., declivity.        profectus, Us, M. advance.
proclivitas, atis, F., propensity.     pro-fero, bring forward, produce.
procliviter, downward, easily.         professio, onis, F., declaration.
Procne-Progne, d. of Pandion.    professus, a, um, [profiteor,] manproconsul, ulis, N., proconsul (in       ifest; ex professo, avowedly.
office after term  of consulship).   profestus, a, um, not-festival.
pr6creo, I, generate, produce.         proficio, 3, go forward, effect.
Procris, wife of Cephalus.            proficiscor, fectus, 3, go, set forth.




152                    profiteor -  propatulus.
profiteor, fessus, 2, to promise,   pr51uo, 3, wash or castforth.
profess, declare.                   proluvies, ei, F., overflow, filth.
proflgadtus, a, urn, downcast, cor-   promereo (-or), 2 deserve.
rupt, wretched.                     Prometheus, myth. s. of Iapetos.
profligo, I, despatch, ruin, conquer.   promineo, ui, 2, overhang, project.
proflo, I, breathe forth, melt.       promiscue, all together.
profluens, tis, flowing, fluent.      promiscuus, a, umrn; promiscuous.
prSfluo, xi, xum, 3, flow forth.      promitto, misi, miss-, 3, put forprofluvium, i, N., flow.                ward, predict, promise.
profor, I, speak out, predict.        promissus, a, urn, hanging down;
pro-fugio, 3, escape, flee.             N., promise.
profugus, a, urn, fugitive; M., exile.   promo, mpsi, mpt- 3, to bring
profundo, fiidi, fis-, 3, shed, pour    forth, produce, utter.
forth, spend.                       promontorium, i, N., mountainprofundus, a, urn, deep; N., depth.     range, headland, promontory.
proffiu3, lavishly, exceesively.      promotus, a, urnm. advanced; N. pl.,
profiisus, a, urn, extravagant.         preferable things.
progenies, ei, F., descent, progeny.   promoveo, 2, move forward, exprogigno, genui, genit-, 3, produce.    tend, promote, reveal, postpone.
pr6gnatus, a, urn, descended; pl.,   prompte, promptly.
descendants.                        promptuarius, a, urn, of the stores;
Progne (Procne), es, myth. d. of        N., storeroom.
Pandion, k. of Athens; wife of   promptus, a, urn, manifest; at
Tereus, changed to a swallow.         hand, prompt, ready.
pr6gredior, gressus, 3, proceed.      promptus, us, M., a manifesting,
progressio, onis, F.; -us, us, M.,    readiness.
advance, progress.                  prnmulgo, I, publish, proclaim.
prohibeo, ui, it-,2, hold in front, re-   promulsis, idis, F., a relish.
strain,forbid.                      promus, a, urn, of the larder; N.,
proin, proinde, just so, accordingly.   steward, distributor.
pr6jecte, carelessly.                 promiituus, a, urn, prepaid, lent.
projectus, a, urn, extended, promi-   prone, downward.
nent, inclined, downcast, abject.   pronuba, ae, F., presiding over marprojicio, jeci, ject-, 3, throwforth,   riage (Juno); bride's attendant.
oppose, expel, reject.             pronuntiatio, onis, F., proclamaprolabor, psus, 3, slide forward,       tion, utterance.
escape, sink, fall.                pronuntio, I, proclaim, announce,
pr5latio, onis, F., bringingforward,    recite, relate.
delay.                             proniper, quite lately.
pr6lato, I, extend, defer.            pronurus, us, M., grandson's wife.
prla1tus, [fero,] broughtforward.    pronus, a, urn, bending orfallen
prolecto, I, allure, entice.            forward, sin7king, inclined.
proles,i isum, F., offspring.         tprocemium, i, N., intro'luction.
prolixe, copiously.                   t proscenium, i, N.,preface, prelude.
pr1lixus, a, urn, extended, favor-   propagatio, 5nis, F., propagating.
able, courteous.                    propages, is; -go, inis, F., layer,
tprologus, i, M., prologue, intro-      setting (of plants), offspring.
duction.                            propago, I, propagate, continue.
proloquor, cutus, 3, speak forth.    propalam, publicly, openly.
proficdo, si, sim, 3, practice in   propansus (-passus), a, umn,spread
advance, prelude.                  propatulus, a, uncovered.




prope -  prosterno.                        153
prope, pius, ximg, near, almost.      propulsus, [pello,]pushedforward.
propediem, very soon.                 t propyleum, i, N., gateway.
propello, puli, puls-, 3, to push on.   proquam, according as.
propemodo (-dum), almost.             t prora, 8e, F., prow (of a ship).
propendeo, di, sum, 2, hang down,   prorepo, psi, pt-, 3, crawl forth.
preponderate, incline.              t proreta, ae; -reus, i, M., steersman.
propense, willingly, readily, prone.   proripio, ui, rept-, 3, snatch forth.
propensus, a, urn, weighty.           prdrito, I, provoice, allure.
properans, tis, hasty, speedy.        prorogatio, Onis, F., extending.
properanter, -ato, speedily.          prorogo, I, prolong, preserve, defer.
properantia, ae, F., haste.           prorsum, straighytfbrward.
properatus, a; um, rapid, hasty.      prorsus, a, um, direct, prose.
propero, I, hasten.                   prorsus, oinward, precisely, utterly.
propere, properiter, in haste.        pro-rumpo, 3, thrust or rush forth.
properus, a, um, quick, rapid.        pro-ruo, 3, demolish, rush forth.
propexus, a, um, combed forward.   proruptus, a, um, unrestrained.
t pro'phta (-tes), ae, M., prophet.   prosa, ae, F., prose.
tpropino, I, drink one's health;   prosapia, e, F., stock, race.
give to drink or eat.               prosatus, [sero,] produced.
propinque, near at hand.              t proscenium, i, N., stage, theatre.
propinquitas, atis, F., nearness,   pro-scindo, 3, cut, furrow.
affinity.                           proscissus, [scindo,] cut.
propinquo, I, bring or draw near.   proscribo, 3, write on, publish, propropinquus, a, um, near, akin.          scribe (for assassination).
propior, us, nearer, more like.       proscriptio, onis, F., publishing,
propitio, I, appease.                   proscription.
propitius, a, um, kind, favorable.    proseco, ui, ct-, I, cut off:
t propla, ee, M., forestaller.       prosectus, a, um, cut (for sacrifice).
tpropolis, is, F., bee-glue.          prosecfitus; [sequor,] following.
propono, sui, sit-, 3, set before,   proseda, ae, F., harlot.
put forth, offer, expose.           prosequor, secut-, 3, follow forth,
Propontis, the Sea of Marmora.          pursue, attend.
pr6porro, furthermore.                prosero, sevi, sat-, 3, produce (by
proportio, onis, F., proportion.        sowing).
propositio, 5nis, F., setting-forth,   Proserpina, ae, d. of Ceres, stolen
design, purpose.                      by Pluto, god of Hades.
propositum, i, N., way, purpose.      proserpo, 3, creep forward.
pr6praetor, oris, M., a magistrate,   prosilio, ui, 4, spring forth.
proprmetor (ex-prator).             prospectS, prudently.
proprie, specially, fitly.            prospecto, I, look forth or towards,
proprietas, atis, F., property.         expect, await.
proprius, a, um, one's own, proper,   prospectus, Us, M., view, prospect.
constant.                           prospeculor, I, lookforth, explorle.
propter, near, by reason of.          prosper (-erus), era, um,favorable,
propterea, for that reason.             fortunate.
pr6pudium, i, N., a shameful thing.   prosperitas, atis, F., good fortune.
propugnaculum. i N.,bulwark,          prospero, I, make happy or prosper.
propugnatio, 5nis, F., defence.       prospicio, exi, ect-, 3, look forth,
propugnator, oris, M. champion.         watch, discern, foresee, provide.
propugno, I, defend, go out to.fight.   prosterno, stravi, strat-, 3, strew,
propulso, I, defend, ward off.          overthrow, destroy.




154                      prostituo    publico.
prostituo, ii, ut-, 3, expose, sully.  I proviso, with foresight.
prosto, stiti, stat-, I, standforth,   proviso, 3, go out to see.
be exposed.                         provisor, oris, M., foreseer.
prosubigo, 3, dig up,fashion.          provisus, [video,] provided.
prosum (~ 29, iv.), be helpful, profit.   provisus, us, M., foreseeing.
pr6tectio, onis, F., shelter.          provocdtio, 6nis, F., challenge.
protector, oris, M., coverer, guard.   prOvoco, I, call forth, challenge,
protectum, i, N., eaves.                 summon, rouse.
protego, xi, ct-, 3, cover, shelter.   provolo, I, fly forth, rush out.
protelo, I, repulse, prolong.          pro-volvo, 3, roll forth, fall down.
protelum, i, N., row, team.            proximE (-imr), next.
protendo, di, sum  (turn), stretch   proximitas, atis, F., nearness.
forth, extend.                       proximus, a, urnm, nearest, next.
pr6tenus-protinus, onward.             prUidens, tis, fbreseeing, foreknowpro-tero, 3, trample, drive.             ing, skilled.
proterreo, ui, it-, 2, scare away.     prildenter, discreetly.
proterve (-iter), boldly, wantonly.    prfidentia, A, F., fbresight, knowlprotervitas, atis, F., impudence.        edge, prudlece.
protervus, a, um, vehement, bold.    pruina, Ze, F., hoar-frost, winter.
protestor, I, bear witness, protest.   pruinSsus, a, um, frosty.
Proteus, ei, a  sea-divinity, of   pruna, We, F., live coal.
changing form.                      pruinum, i, N., plum.
protinam, protinis, forthwith.         prilnus, i, F., plum-tree, black-thorn.
protinus, right onward, at once.       pririgo, inis, F., itching.
t proto-, first.                       prurio, 4, to itch.
protollo, 3, stretch forth.            Prusias, ae, king of Bithynia, who
protraho, xi, ct-, 3, to draw forth,     betrayed Hannibal.
expose, protract.                    t prytaneum, i, N., town-hall.
protritus, [-tero,] wcorn out.         t psallo, 3, play the lyre.
pr6trfido, di, sum, 3, push, defer.    t pseudo-, false or sham.
pr6turbo, I, drive forth, repel.       tpsittacus, i, M., parrot.
prout, according as.                   Psyche, es (soul), a nymph loved
provectus, a, um, advanced.              by Cupid, and made immortal.
proveho, xi, ct-, 3, carryforth,   [-pte, self, own.
promote; P., go, move.               t ptisana, Be, F., barley-water.
provenio, veni, vent-, 4,  come   Ptolemaeus, i, a general of Alexforth, arise, grow, happen, prosper.   ander, afterwards k. of Egypt,
pr5ventus, us, M., growth, result.       till B.C. 283.
pr6verbium, i, N., proverb, adage.    piibens, tis, at puberty, vigorous.
proverto, sum, 3, turn forward.        pibertas, atis, F., puberty, youth.
provide, carefully.                    puibes (-er, -is), eris, of ripe age;
providens, tis, prudent, foreseeing.     downy.
providenter, prudently.               puibes, is, F., signs of manhood;
providentia, es, F., foresight.          youth, or vigorous population.
pravideo, vidi, vis-, 2, foresee,   puibesco, 3, ripen, attain puberty.
care for, provide.                  publicinus, a, um, of the revenue;
pr6vidus, a, um, foreseeing, pru-        M., farmer of the revenue.
dent, provident.                   publicatio, 5nis, F., confiscation.
provincia, Ae, F., province, charge.   publice (-citus), publicly, at stateprovincifilis, e, of a province.         charge.
provisio, onis, F., foresight.        publico, I, confiscate, make public.




publicus -  puteal.                         155
publicus, a, um, of the public; N.,   pulsus, Us, M., pushing, trampling.
public revenue; M., magistrate.      pultarius, i, M., pot, jar.
pudendus, to be ashamed of.            pulto, I, beat, strike.
pudens, tis, modest, shamefaced.       pulver-pulvis, dust.
pudenter, bashfully.                   pulvereus, a, um, of dust.
pudeo, 2, be ashamed; -et, it shames.   pulvero, I, to bedust.
pudibundus, a, um, bashful.            pulverulentus, a, um, dusty.
pudico, modestly, chastely.            pulvillus, i, M,, a little cushion.
pudicitia, se, F., modesty.            pulvinar, aris, N., couch.
pudicus, a, um, modest, chaste.        pulvinus, i, N., cushion, pillow.
pudor, Oris, M., sense of honor or   pulvis, eris, N., dust, arena.
shame, modesty, self-respect.        pumex, icis, M., pumice-stone.
puella, A, F., girl, maiden.           pUmiceus, a, um, of pumice, dry.
puellaris, e, girlish.                 pimico, I, polish (with pumice).
puer, eri, M., boy, child (till 17).   piimilio, 5nis, N., dwaf,, pigmy.
puerilis, e, boyish, childish.         puimilus, a, um, dwarfish.
pueriliter, like a child.              punctatim, concisely, to the point.
pueritia, ae, F., childhood.           punctim, with the point.
puerperium, i, N., child-birth.        puncture, i, N., point, dot, ballot.
puerulus, i, M., little boy.           punctus, uis, M., a prick, sting.
pugil, ilis, M., pugilist, boxer.      pungo, pupugi, punct-, 3, pierce,
pugillaris, e, of the fist.               sting, afflict, distress.
pugillus, i, M., handful.              pUiniceus, a, um, purple.
pugilor, I, to box.                    Pilnicus, a, um, Carthaginian.
pugio, onis, M., dagger.               punio (-or), 4, punish, avenge.
pugna, 8e, F., a fight, combat.        piinitor, 5ris, N., avenger.
pugnaciter, contentiously.             pupa (-ula), 2s, F., girl, doll.
pugnax, acis, combative, obstinate.    pupillus, i, M.; -a, ae, F., orphan,
pugno, I, to fight, struggle, contend.    cward; F., pupil (of the eye).
pugnus, i, M., fist, handful.          puppis, is, im, i, F., stern, ship.
pulcher, chra, urn, beautiful, noble.   piire, purely, clearly.
pulchrE, beautifully, nobly.           purgdmen, inis; -mentum, i,
pulchritido, inis, F., beauty.            scouring filth, purgation.
puliumn (-gium), i, N., pennyroyal.   purgatio, Onis, F., cleansing.
puilex, icis, M., flea.                purgo, I, cleanse, clear, purify.
pullrius, a, um, of the young; M.,   pUrifico, I, cleanse, expiate.
keeper of the sacred chickens.       purpura, A, F., purple-fish, purple.
pulltus, a, um, in black garments.   purpuratus, a, urn, clad in purple;
pullities, Oi, F., brood.                 M., court-officer.
pullulo, I, to sprout, produce.        purpureus, a, um, purple, brilliant.
pullus, i, M., young, colt, chick, twig.   purpuro, I, to dye purple.
pullus, a, um, dark, mournful.         pfirulentus, a, um, festering.
pulmentum  (-5rium), i, N., relish.   pUirus, a, um, clear, clean, pure.
pulmo, 5nis, M., lung.                 pus, puris, N., festering matter.
pulpa, ae, F., soft flesh.             pusillanimis, e, timid.
pulpamentum, i, N., flesh, dainty.   pusillus, a, um, sniall, petty.
pulpitum, i, N., stage, platform.      pusio, 6nis, M., a little boy.
puls, pultis, F., pottage.             pustula (pfisula), ea, F., blister.
pulsatio, 5nis, F., beating.           putamen, inis, N., trimmings.
pulso, I, beat, push, attack.          putdtio, 5nis, F., pruning.
pulsus [pello,] driven, routed.        puteal, alis, N., well-curb.




156                        puteo -  qualis.
piuteo, 2, have an ill smell.         quadragOni, Pe, a, forty each.
Puteoli, 6rum, a coast-town near   quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth.
Naples.                             quadragies, forty times.
puter, tris, tre, rotten, crumbling.  quadraginta, forty.
putesco, -isco, 3, to rot, putrify.   quadrans, tis, a quarter, farthing.
puteus, i, M., a well, pit, cistern.  quadrate, four-fold.
pitidus, a, um, rotten, offensive.    quadratus, a, um, square, stout.
putillus, i, M.; -a, e, F., child.    quadriennium, i, N., four years.
puto, I, to cleanse, trim, prune;   quadrifariam, four-fold.
reckon, suppose, think, consider.   quadrifidus, a, um, four-cleft.
putor, oris, M., rottenness.          quadrifrons, tis, four-fronted.
putre-facio; P., -fio, putrify.       quadrigae, arum, F., team of four.
putresco, 3, to decay.                quadrigSni, m, a, 400 each.
putridus, a, um, rotten, mellow.      quadrijugis, e; -gus, a, um, of a
putus, a, um, clear, fine; M., a boy.   team of four.
tpycta (es), ae, M., boxer.           quadrimus, a, um, four years old.
Pydna, a town of Macedon, where   quadringeni, a, a, 400 each.
Perseus was defeated, B.C. I46.    quadringenti, e, a, four hundred.
tpyga, ae, F., the rump.              quadrigenties, 400 times.
pygmaeus, a, um, pigmy, dwarf.        quadrini, e, a, four each.
Pylee, arum, F. (gates), Thermo-   quadripartitus, a, um, infourparts.
pylce; also a pass in Cilicia.      quadrivium, i, N., cross-roads.
Pylos, i, F., the city of Nestor   quadro, I, to be or make square.
(Pylius), in S.W. Peloponesus.   quadrum, i, N., a square.
tpyra, e, F., funeral pile.           quadrupedans, tis, galloping.
tpyramis idis, F., pyramid.           quadrupes, pedis;  -pedus, a,
Pyrenaeus, a, um, of the Pyrenees.      um, ozur-footed.
t pyrites, as, M., flint, millstone.  quadruplex, icis, four-fold.
Pyrrha, myth. wife of Deucalion.   quadruplico (-plo), I, multiply by4.
Pyrrhus, i, I, myth. son of Achilles;   quadruplus, a, urn, four-fold.
2, a king of Epirus, who fought   quasrito, I, seek earnestly.
with the Romans B.C. 280-274.       quaero, sivi, sit-, 3, seek, ask, expyrum,pilrunm, pear.                    amine (by torture).
Pythagoras, as, a philosopher of   quasitor, 6ris, M., searcher.
Samos, about B.C. 550.              quasitus, uis, M., search.
Pythius, a, um, Pythian, a title of   queso, ivi, itum, 3, seek, beseech.
Apollo, from  Pytho, a name of   quaestio, Onis, F., inquiry, examinaDelphi; F., Delphic priestess.        tion, case in hand.
Python, onis, M,, a serpent slain    quaestor, oris, M., qucestor (treasby Apollo near Delphi.                urer, judge, or quartermaster).'"pyxis is, F., a box for ointments.   questorius, a, um, of the qucestor,
M., ex-qucestor.
quaestuose, gainfully.
Q.                    qumestuiosus, a, um, gainful, eager
for gain, rich.
Q, the praenomen Quintus.             queestUira, se, F., qucestorship.
qua, where, by what way, how; qua   quaestus, us, M., gain, profit, busi-. qua, as well... as.              ness, employment.
quacumque, wherever.                  qualibet, where or as you please.
quadamtenus, to such a point.         qualis, e, of what sort; talis,...
quadra, M, F., square.                  qualis, such... as.




qualitas -  quinqueviri.                     157
qualitas, atis, F., quality, condition.   querquerus (quercerus), a, um,
qualiter, in what way, as.             shivering with cold or ague.
qualum (us), i, N., basket, hamper.   querquetulanus, of an oak-wood.
quam, how, as, than, very; (with   querulus, a, um, complaining.
s'uperl.), the most possible.     questus, us, M., complaint.
quamdiu, how long, as long as.       qui, quae, quod, who, which (~ 21).
quamquam, although.                  qui, why, how, 0 that!
quamvis, as you will, although.      quia, because.
quanam, where? how?                quic-=quid-, what.
quando, when (~ 43, 7), since.       quicum, quibuscum, with whom.
quandoque (-cumque), whenever,   qui-cumque, whoever.
at some time or other.             quid, [quis,] what? why?
quandoquidem, since.                 quidam, a certain one (T. 6).
quantillus, a, um, how little!      quidem, indeed, at least; ne...
quantitas atis, F., extent, quantity.  quidem, not even.
quanto, by how much.                 quidni? why not?
quantopere, hotu greatly.            quidquid (quicquid), whatever.
quantulus, a, um, how little.        quies etis, F., rest, quiet, repose.
quantum, as or how much.             quiesco, evi, Rtum, 3, to rest, sleep,
quantus, a, um, as or how great.       be quiet, or neutral.
quantusvis (-libet), however great.   quiete, calmly.
quapropter, wherefore.               quietus, a, um, calm, still.
quaqua, wherever, whatever way.      qui-libet, any one you will.
quare, whereby, why, wherefore.      quin, that not, but that, nay, why not?
quartana, ae, F., quartan ague.      quinarius, a, um, containing.five.
quartani, orum, of the 4th legion.    quincunx, cis, F., five-twelfths; a
quarto (-tum), the fourth time.        pattern offives, thus:   -  
quartus, a, umrn, fourth.            quincuplex, icis, five-fold.
quartus decimus, fourteenth.         quindecim, fifteen.
quasi as if, as it were.             quindecimviri,BoardofI 5, having
quasillum, i, N. (-us, M.), wool-basket.    in charge the Sybilline books.
quasso, I, shake, shatter.           quingenarius, a, um, of 500 each.
quassus, [quatio,] shaken.           quingeni, a, a, 500 each.
quatenus, how far, how long, where.   quingentesimus, a, um, 500th.
quater, four times.                  quingenti, a, a, five hundred.'
quaterni (pl.), four each, by fours.   quingenties, Jfive hundred times.
quatio, quassum, 3, shake, rack,   quini, ae, a, five each, by fives, five.
beat, harass, shatter.             quinidani (quindeni), 15 each.
quattuor (quatuor), four.            quinquag6ni, fifty each.
quattuordecim, fourteen.             quinquagesimus, a, urn, fiftieth.
-que, and, also.                     quinquagies, fifty times.
queis=quibus, (dat. pl. of qui).    quinquaginta, fifty.
quemadmodum, how, as.                quinquatrus, uum, F.; -tria, N.,
queo, 4 (def. ~ 37 viii.), can,        a feast of Minerva.
quercetum, i, N., oak-wood.          quinque, five.
quercus, Us, F., oak.                quinquennis, e, of five years.
querela, as, F., complaint, plaint.  quinquennium, i, N., five years.
querimrnia, ae, F., complaint.       quinqueremis, is, F., quinquereme,
quernus (-neus), a, um, oaken.         a ship of 5 banks of oars.
queror, questus, 3, complain.        quinqueviri, pl. Board of five for
querquedula, s, F., duck, teal.        allotting lands, &c.




158                       quinquies -  rancidus.
quinquies (ens), five times.            quotidie, every day.
quiltanus, a, um, of the 5th legion.   quoties, (ens), how often.
Quintilis, is, Mvr., July.              quotiescunmque, however often.
quint5 (-tum), for the fifth tiime.     quotquot, however manly.
quintus decimnus, fifteenth.            quotus, a, urn, one of how many.
quippe, indeed, surzely, since.        quotus-cumque, of however many.
quippiam —quidpiaml, any thing.    quotus-quisque, how many or few.
quippi-nalm, why not? to be sure.    quousque, how long? how far?
Quirinalis, e, of Romdulus; M., a   quovis, whither /you will.
hill of Rome; N. pl., a festival of   quum-=cum, when, since.
Quirinus, the deified Romulus.    quum  maxime, very especially.
quiris (curls), a slpear.
Quirites, iunll, the name by which
the  Roman  people were ad-                           R.
dressed in political assemblies.
quirito, I, shriekc, scream.            rabidC, madly, furiously.
quis, quae, quid, who? what? any.    rabidus, a, um, mad, fierce.
quis=cquibus, abl. pl. of qui.          rabies, -i, F., madness, rage.
quis-nam, who pray?                     rabiosus, a, um, raving, fierce.
quis-piamn any one or thing.            rabo, 3, to be mad.
quis-quam (with neg.). an3y.            rabo, 5nis (arrhabo), pledge.
quis-que, each, every, whoever.         rabula, ae, M., brawler, pettifogger.
quisqnLilime, drum, trash, ref~use.     racmrnifer, era, um, cluste?r-bearing.
quis-quis (~ 21, I., I), whoever.       racemor, I, to glean.
quivis, who or what yoL will.           racmnlus, i, M., cluster of grapes.
quo, where, whither, wherefore, in   radiatus, a, um, bright wvitl rays.
order that (~ 64, ii.).              radicatus, a, urn, rooted.
quoad, how long? as long or far as.   radicitus, by the root.
quocirca, wherefore.                    radicor, I, to strikce root.
quocumque, whithersoever.               radio, I, to furnish7  with spokes or
quod, that, in that, as to.               rays, to beam, shize.
qu6dammodo, somehow.                    radius, i, N., staff, rod, spoke, ray
quoius, quoi=cujus, cui [qui].            or beam.
quolibet, whither you will.             radix, icis, F., root, foot (of hill),
quon==-cum, when.                         source,.foundation.
quominus, that not (~ 65, iii.).        rddo, si, sum, 3, scrape, shave, graze.
quomodo, how?                          Rceticus, a, um, Rhcetian, of the
quonam, whither pray?                    Tyrol.
quondam, oce, formerly, sometimes   rallurn, i, N., [rado,] scraper.
quoniam, since, wherears.               rallus, a, urn, thina.
quopiam, quoquam, any-whither.   ramalia, um, N. pl., brushwood.
quoque, also, even.                     ramenta, orum, N. pi., parings,
quoqu6, wllithersoever.                   scracpings.
qu6cqu5modo, howsoever.                 rameus, a, urn, of boughs.
quorsum, whitherward, to what end.   ramices, urn, M., blood-vessels.
quot, how  many, as many; with   Ramnes, the Latin stock in Rome.
words of time, every: as,            ramosus, a, um, branching.
quotannis, yearly.                      rdnmus (-ulus), i, M., branl-ch, bough.
quot cumque, however many.              rana (-ula), ce, F., frog.
quoteni, pi., how many each.            rancens, tis, putrid.
quotidianus, a, um, daily.              rancidus, a, urn, rank, offensive.




rancor -reclamo.                             159
rancor, 5ris, M., rankness, grudge.   Reate, is, N., a Sabine town.
ranunculus, i, N., tadpole, crowfoot.  rebellio, onis, F.; -um, i N., a
rapa (-ena), as, F., turnip.              renewal of war, revolt.
rapacitas, atis, F., greediness.        rebellis, is, insurgent.
rapax, acis, grasping, greedy.          rebello, I, to revolt, renew hostilities.
raphanus, i, M., radish.                rebito, I, turn back, return.
rdpicius, a, umrn of turnip or rape.    reboo, I, re-echo.
rapide, hurriedly.                      recaleo, 2. to keep warm.
rapiditas, atis, F., swiftness.         recalesco, ui, 3, recover warmth.
rapidus, a, um, swift, hurried.         recanto, I, charm away, revoke.
rapina, ae, F., robbery, plunder.       recedo, cessi, cess-, 3, withdraw,
rapio, ui, pt-, 3, seize, drag away.      retreat, part, abandon.
raptim, violently, hurriedly.           recello, 3, spring back.
rapto, I, snatch away, lay waste.       recens, tis, fresh, new, recent.
raptor, oris, M., robber, plunderer.   recenseo, ui, sum  (sit-), 2, reckon
raptus, [rapio,] snatched, stolen.        over, review.
raptus, us, M., ravishing by force.     recensio, onis, F.; -sus, Us, M.,
rapum-=rapa, turnip.                      reviewing, register.
rare (rarenter), seldom, rarely.        recenter, recently.
rdrefacio, feci, fact-, 3, make rare.    receptaculum, i, N., a receptacl,
raresco, 3, grow thin or rare.            place of reJuge.
raritas, atis, F., sparseness, fewness.   receptio, onis, F., receiving.
raritfido, inis, F., looseness.         recepto, I, take back, recover, harraro, seldom, sparsely.                   bor, admit, pull back, withdraw.
rarus, a, um, rare, sparse, thin, few.   receptor (-ator), 6ris, M., receiver,
rasilis, e, smoothed, scraped.            concealer, harborer.
raster, tri, M.; (-trum, N.), a rake,   receptus, [recipio,] recovered; N.,
hoe, mattock.                           an enyagement.
rasura, as, F., scraping, shaving.      receptus, us, M., retreat, refuge.
rasus, [rado,] scraped, shaven.         recessim, backward.
rate, surely.                           recessus, [recedo,] withdrawn.'
ratio, 6nis, F., [reor,] reason, reck-   recessus, us, M., act or place of
oning, matter, regard(I, motive, view.  retreat, recess, departure.
ratiocinatio, onis, F., reasoning.      recidivus, a, um, [cado,] returnratiocinor, I, reckon, reason.            ing, restored.
rationalis, e, of reason or accounts.   recido, 3, fall back, relapse, occur.
ratis, is, F., raft, float, vessel.     recido, si, sum, 3, cut off, abridge.
ratiuncula, as, F., petty reckoning.    recingo, nct-, 3, ungird, loosen.
ratS, surely.                           recino, [cano,] 3, resound, sing.
ratus, [reor,] a, um, supposing;   recipero=recupero, recover.
reckoned, fixed, proportional.       recipio, cepi, cept-, 3, rcetake, withraucus, a, um, hoarse, harsh.             draw, recover, receive, undertake.
raudus, eris, N., lump (of brass).    reciprocatio, 5nis, F., alternation.
Ravenna, as, F., a port of N. E.   reciproco, I, come andgo, exchange.
Italy.                               reciprocus, a, um, returning, reravio, 4, talk one's self hoarse.         ceding, reciprocal.
ravis, irm, F., hoarseness.             recisus, a, um, cut off, abridged.
ravus, a, um, tawny; hoarse.            recitatio, onis, F., reading aloud.
[re-, red-, back or again.              recito, I, read out, recite.
rea, a, F., [reus,] defendant.          reclamo (-ito), I, cry out against,
reapse, in very fact.                     demand, resound.




160                       reclinis -  refocillo.
reclinis, e, leaning oackward.         redactus, [-igo,] reduced, subdued.
reclino, I, bend back, lean back.      redarguo, ui, uit-, 3, refute, confute.
reclivis, e; -us, a, um, sloping back.   reddo, didi, dit-, 3, restore, yield,
recludo, si, sum, 3, uncover, dis-       deliver, bestow, render, copy.
close; shut fast.                    redemptio, 6nis, F., buying-off.
recoctus, [coquo,] forged.             redemptor, oris, M., contractor.
recogito, I, reflect.                  redemptus, [-imo,] redeemed.
recognitio, onis, F., recollection,   redeo, ii, it-, 4, return, be reduced,
examination, review.                   go back, proceed.
recognosco, ovi, it-, 3, recognize,   redhibeo, it-, 2, give or take back.
review, examine.                     Rediculus, i, the divinity causing
recolligo, legi, lect-, 3, gather back.   retreat of the enemy.
recolo, ui, cult-, 3, till again, con-   redigo, egi, act-, 3, drive or bring
sider, survey.                         back, reduce, compel.
reconciliatio, 6nis, F., reconcilia-   redimiculum, i, N., fillet, girdle.
tion, restoring, renewal.           redimio, 4, bind, wreathe, gird.
reconcilio, I, reconcile, restore.     redimo, emi, empt-, 3, buy back,
reconditus, a, um, hidden, abstruse.      buy up, redeem, obtain, atone.
recondo, didi, dit-, 3, conceal,  redintegro, I, restore, renew.
store away.                          reditio, onis, F.; -tus, Us, M.,
recoquo, xi, ct-, 3, cook or forge        return, revtenue.
again, remould.                      redivivus, a, um, restored, renewed.
recordatio, onis, F., remembrance.   redoleo, ui, 2, yield an odor.
recordor, I, thilnk over, call to mind.   redono, I, give back, restore.
recrementum, i, N., dross, chaff       reduco, xi, ct-, 3, bring back, conrecreo, I, restore, refiesh.              duct, withdraw, reduce.
recrepo, ui, I, resound.               reductus, a, um, retired, remote.
re-cresco, 3, grow again.              redunlcus, a, um, bent back.
recrudesco, dui, 3, grow raw again.   redundans, tis, excessive.
recta, straightway, right on.          redundo, I, oveoflow.
recE (-to), uprightly, directly.      reduvia, e, F., hangnail, fragment.
rector, oris, M., guide, commander.   redux, ucis, brought back, restored.
rectus, [rego,] 3, upright, correct,  refectio, onis, F., refreshment.
straight.                            refectus, [reficio,] efreshed.
recubo, I, recline, lie backward.      refello, felli, refute, repel, disprove.
recumbo, cubui, 3, lie down, sink,   refercio, si, turn, stuf; cram.
recline, fall.                       refero, tuli, lat, bring back, restore,
recuperatio, onis, F., recovery.          withdraw, repay, report, reply, conrecuperator, oris, N., recoverer;         vey, i'efer, record.
pl., a Board of Claims.              refert, (~ 50, iv. 4), it concerns.
recupero, I, recover, get back.        refertus, [refercio,]full, crammed.
recuiro, I, care for, restore.         refervesco, vi, 3, to boil up.
recurro, curri, curs-, 3, run back,   reficio, feci, fect-, 3, restore, refit.
return, recur.                      refigo, xi, xum, unfasten, take down.
recurso, I, hasten or come back.       refingo, 3, rmake anew.
recursus, us, M., a return, retreat.   reflitus, us, M., adverse wind.
recurvo, I, to bend backward.          reflecto, xi, xum, 3, bend or turn
recurvus, a, urn, bent back.             back; animum, reflect.
recusatio, onis, F.. refusal, protest.  reflo, I, blow contrary/.
recilso, I, to refuse, reject.         refluo, 3, flow back, overflow.
recussus [-cutio,] struck back.        refocillo, I, warm back to life.




reformido    remollio.                        161
reformido, I, dread greatly.          rejiculus, a, um. worthless.
reformo, I, transform, alter.         relabor, laps-, 3, fall or flow back.
refoveo, fovi, f0t-, 2, cherish, restore.   relanguesco, gut 3, slacken, relax,
refractus, [refriigo,] broken.        relatio, onis, F.; -tus, US, M.,
refrigor, I, oppose, resist.             bringing back, return, report.
refreno, I, curb, check.              relatus, [fero,] brought back.
refrico, cui, cat-, I, to gall or fret.  relaxo, I, loosen, widen, relieve.
refrigero, i, to cool off or down.    relegatio, onis, F., banishment.
refrigesco, ixi, 3, grow cool, or stale.   relego, I, despatch, remove, banish.
refringo, fregi, fract-, 3, break off  re-lego, 3, gather or traverse again.
or to pieces, destroy.              relevo, I, lift, lighten, refresh.
refugio, fdgi, 3, flee back, escape.  relictio, 6nis, F., abandonment.
refugium, i, N., a reftuge escape.    relictus, [-linquo,] left; F., widow.
refugus, a, um, receding, fleeing.    religio, Onis, F., religion, pious
refulgeo, si, 2, flash back, gleam.      scruple, sacredness, oath.
refundo, fidi, fs-, 3, pour back.    raligiosus, a, um,pious, scrupulous,
refi3us, a, um, overflowing, spread.     sacred, religious.
reffito, I, check, drive back, refute.   religo, I, bind, fasten (to shore).
regalis, e, kingly; M., pl. princes.    relino, levi, 3, unseal, open.
regaliter, royally, lordly.           relinquo, liqui, lict-, 3, leave beregelo, I, to thaw.                      hind, abandon, forsake, neglect.
regenero, I, reproduce.               relliquiae, arum, F., remnant, relics.
regero, gessi, gest-, 3, carry or   reliquor, I, be in arrears.
throw back, transcribe.             reliquus, a, um  remaining, rest of,
regia, ee, F., royal residence.          future; N., arrears of debt.
rggie, royally, despotically.         relligio=religio, religion.
regificus, a, um, regal, sumptuous.   reluceo, xi, 2; -cesco, 3, shine out.
Regillus; M., a lake in Latium,   reluctor, I, to struggle against.
where the Latins were defeated   re-maneo, 2, stay, remain, endure.
by Postumius, B.C. 498.             remansio, 5nis, F., abiding, stay,
regimen, inis, N., guidance, rule,   remedium, i, N., remedy, relief.
government, command, helm.          remeligo, inis, F., hinderer.
regina, ae, F., queen, princess.      remeo, I, to return.
regio, 6nis, F., [rego,] direction,   remetior, mensus, 4, to measure
bound, region, province.              back, traverse, repass.
regius, a, um, kingly, magnificent.   remex, igis, M., oarsman.
regndtor, 6ris, M., ruler, sovereign.   rrmigium, i, N., rowing, oars, crew.
regno, I, to reign, rule, govern.     remigo, I, to row.
regnum, i, N., royalty, reign, king-   remigro, I, to journey back.
dom, despotic authority.            reminiscor, 3, recall to mind.
rego, xi, ct-, 3, rule, guide, direct.    remiss5, gently, slackly.
regredior, gress-, 3, return, retire.   remissio, onis, F., remitting, slackregressus, us, M., a return, retreat.    ening, flagging, laxity.
regula, Me, F., bar, rule, model.      remissus, a, um, loose, lax, gentle.
regulu3, i, M., prince or petty ruler.   remitto, misi, miss-, 3, send back,
Regulus, M. Atilius, a commander         relax, restore, yield, lull.
in the Ist Punic War, B.C. 296.   rem5lior, 4, move back.
reicio=-rejicio, cast back.            remollesco, 3, grow soft, relax.
rejectio, onis, F., throwing out.     remollio, it-, 4, to soften.
rejicio, je2i, ject-, 3, cast away,   remora, se, F., delay, hindrance.
force back, reject, drive back.      remordeo, mors-, 2, vex, torment.




162                       remoror -  requietus.
remoror, I, to delay, tarry, defer.    reperio, peri, pert-,4,find, discover.
rem6te, at a distance.                 repertor, oris, M., discoverer.
remotus, [moveo,] distant, sepa-   repertus, ~s, M., discovery.
rate, remote.                        repetitio, onis, F., claim, repetition.
removeo, movi, mot-, 2, withdraw,   repeto, lvi (ii) it,, 3, attack again,
remove, set aside, put away.           fetch or call back, resume, repeat.
remugio, 4, bellow back.               repetundae, drum, F., (res), things
remulceo, si, sum, 2, droop, soothe.      claimed on charge of extortion.
remulcum, i, N., a warp, tow-   repleo, evi, et-, 2, fill up, satisfy.
rope.                                repletus, a, um, full.
remuneratio, onis, F., reward.         replicatio, onis, F., a folding back,
remineror, I, to recompense.             - reply.
remurmuro, I, murmur back.             replico, I, fold back, revolve, reflect.
remus, —i, M., an oar.                 repo, psi, pt-, 3, to creep, crawl.
Remus, i, twin br. of Romulus.         repono, posui, sit-, 3, put or bend
renarro, I, tell over, relate.            back, restore, lay by, substitute.
renascor, natus, 3, grow up again.   reporto, I, bring back, bear away.
reneo, 2, unravel, undo.               reposco, 3, demand or claim back.
renes, um (ium), M., kidneys.          repositorium, i, N., tray, deposit.
renideo, 3, to shine, glimmer, smile.   repositus (postus), distant.
renitor. 3, strive against.            repotia, orum, N., carouse.
reno, I, swim back.                    reprcesentatio, 6nis, F., exhibiting,
reno, 5nis M., reindeer (?).             pay in cash.
renodo, I, loosen.                     repreesento, I, exhibit, represent,
renovatio, 6nis, F., renewal.            pay down, do promptly.
renovo, I, renew, restore, revive.     reprehendo, di, sum, 3, to seize,
renumero, I, count over.                  check, blame.
renuntiatio, Onis, F., report.         reprehensio, onis, F., check, blame.
renuntio (cio), I, bring back word,   repressE, with restraint.
report, retract, renounce, proclaim.   reprimo, pressi, press-, 3, check,
renuo, nui, 3, deny, refuse.              restrain, confine, repress.
reor, ratus, to believe, suppose.      reprobo, I, disapprove, condemn.
repdgula, oruni, N., bars, restraints.   re-pr6mitto, 3, bind, pledge, in
repandus, a, urn, bent back, up-         return.
turned.                              repto, I, to creep, crawl.
reparabilis, e, recoverable.           repudiftio,
reparco, 3, to spare, refrain.         repudio, I, [pudet,] divorce, reject.
reparo, I, recover, restore.           repudium, i, N., -act of divorce.
repastino, I, to dig again, travel.    repuerasco, 3, be a boy again.
repedo, I, retreat.                    repugnans, tis, opposed, contrary.
repello, puli, puls-, 3, push back,   repugnantia, ae, F., repugnance.
drive away, reject, repel.           repugno, I, oppose, resist, disagree.
rependo, di, ns, 3, weigh or pay   repulsa, se, F., refusal, rejection.
back, recompense, require.          repulsus, [pello,] remote.
repens, tis, sudden, recent.           repulsus, us. M., rebounding, echo.
repenso, I, counterbalance.            repurgo, I, pur'ify, purge.
repente, suddenly.                     reputdtio, 6nis, F., reckoning.
repentinus, a, sudden, unexpected.   reputo, I, count over, reckon, think.
repercussls, Us, M., reverberation.   requies, Etis, F., rest, repose.
repercutio, cussi, cuss-, 3, to strike   requiesco, evi, et-, 3, find rest.
back, resound, re-echo.              requiEtus, a, rested, refreshed.




requiro -- retinaculum.                        163
requiro, sivi (sii), sit-, 3, to seek   respondeo, di, sum, 2, to answer,
again, ask, demand, require.          promise, give response, accord.
requisitum, i, N., a need.            responsio, 6nis, F., reply, refutares, rAi, F., a thing, fact, property,   tion, response.
advantage, cause, affair, case.     responso (-ito), I, reply, respond.
resarcio, sart-, 3, restore, patch up.   responsum, i, N., a reply, opinion.
rescindo, scidi, sciss-, 3, cut  res-publica (~ 14, ii, 2), commondown or away, lay open, abolish.      wealth.
rescio, 4; -scisco, 3, ascertain.     respuo, ui, 3, spit back, reject.
rescribo, psi, pt-, 3, reply in writ-  restagno, I, ove:fiow, lie under water.
ing, give a decision or rescript.   restauro, I, restore, renew.
reseco, ui, ct-, I, cut loose, restrain.   restibilis, e, restored, resown.
resecro, I, implore repeatedly.       restinguo, nxi, nct-, 3, extinguish.
reseda, se, F., mignonette.           restipulor, I, to engage in return.
resero, i, unlock, disclose.          restis, is, im (em), e, F., rope, cord.
resero, sevi, 3, plant again.         restito, I, loiter.
reservo, I, keep back, save up.       restituo, ui, fit-, 3, set up again,
reses, idis, remaining idle, stagnant.   deliver back, restore, recall.
resex, ecis, N., a branch, cut in.    restituitio, onis, F., restoring, reresideo, sedi, 2, remain, stay be-       placing, reinstating.
hind, abide, be idle.               resto, stiti, I, stay, remain, resist.
resido, sedi, 3, settle, subside.     restrictS, sparingly.
residuus, a, um, remaining, out-  restrictus, a, um, strict, stingy.
standing; N. pl., arrears.          restringo, nxi, ct-, 3, draw back,
resigno, I, unseal, open, cancel.        bindfast; unfasten, disclose.
resilio, ui, 4, spring back, recoil.  resulto, I, leap back, re-echo.
resimus, a, um, flattened back.       re-sum, esse, fui, remain, abide.
resina, ae, F., resin, rosin.         resurmo, mpsi, mpt-, 3, take back,
resinosus, a, un, gummy, resinous.       resume, restore.
resipio, 3, savor, smack, taste.      resupino, I, bend back, break down.
resipisco, ivi (ii), 3, recover senses.  resupinus, a, um, bent backward,
resisto, stiti, 3, stand, stay, oppose.  on the back, negligent, slothful.
resoliitio, onis, F., slackening.      resurgo, rexi, rect-, 3, rise again.
resolutus, a, um, relaxed.            resuscito, I, revive.
resolvo, vi, utum, 3, loosen, re-   resuitus, a, um, ripped open.
lease, unbind, relax, annul.        retardatio, 6nis, F., delay.
resono, avi, i, resound, re-echo.     retardo, I, to hinder, delay.
resonus, a, um, resounding.           rete, is, N., net, snare.
resorbeo, 2, suck or swallow back.   retego, xi, ct-, 3, uncover, lay bare.
respecto, I, to look back, wait,  retendo, di, (sum), tum, 3, unbend.
have regard to.                     retentio, 6nis, F., holding back.
respectus, us, M., a looking back,  retento, I, hold back; try again.
regard, consideration.              retentus, [tendo,] relaxed; [tineo]
respergo, si, sum, 3, besprinkle.        kept, retained.
respersio, onis, F., sprinkling.      retexo, xui, xt-, 3, unweave, annul;
respiciens, tis, regardful,provident.    weave over, repeat.
respicio, exi, ect-, 3, look back on,  retiarius, i, M., a net-fighter.
regard, respect, consider.          reticentia, ~e, F., silence.
respirdtio, onis, F., breathing.      reticeo, ui, 2, keep silent, conceal.
respiro, I, breathe back, take breath.   reticulum, i, N., a little net, bag.
resplendeo, 22 to glitter.            retinaculum, i, N., band, hawser.




164                        retinens -  rigor.
retinens, tis, tenacious.              revorto-reverto, return.
retineo, ui, tent-, 2, hold back,   revulsus, [revello,] torn away.
check, preserve, maintain.          rex, regis, M., king, chief, tyrant.
retorqueo, si, tum, 2, hurl back,   Rhadamanthus, i, myth. brother
twist, wrap about.                     of Minos, a judge in Hades.
retractatio, 5nis, F., hesitation.     Rhaetia=Raetia, Tyrol.
retractio, Onis, F., withdrawal.       Rhamnusius, a, um, F., of Rhamretracto, I, handle again; with-         nus, a town of Attica.
draw, refuse, retract.              Rhea Sylvia, mother of Romulus.
retractus, a, um, remote.              rhoda, Ae, F., carriage, chariot.
retraho, xi, ct-, 3, withdraw, keep   rheddrius, i, M., coachman.
or drag back.                       Rheginus, a, um, of Rhegium, at
retribuo, ui, fit-, 3, restore, repay.   the southern point of Italy.
retrimentum, i, N., dregs, sedi-   Rhenus, i, M., the Rhine, eastern
ment.                                  boundary of Gaul.
retro, backward, back, formerly.       Rhesus, i, myth. prince of Thrace,
retrorsum   (-sus), retroversus,         killed by Diomed and Ulysses.
backward.                           t rhetor, 6ris, M., rhetorician, orator.
retrildo, sum, 3, thrust back.         t rhEtoricus, a, um, of a rhetoriretundo, tudi, tiis, 3, to beat back,    cian; F., rhetoric, oratory.
blunt, check, restrain.             rhinoceros, otis, M., rhinoceros.
retusus (-tunsus), a, um, blunted.    Rhipaeus, a, um, Scythian; M. pl.,
reus, i, M., rea, 8e, F., one arraigned,  mts. of northern Scythia.
on trial; defendant or debtor.      Rhodanus, i, M., the Rhone, a river
reveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry back.          of S. E. Gaul.
revello, velli, vuls-, 3, tear away.   Rhodop6, es, F., a mt. range of
revlo, I, unveil, disclose.             Thrace; -eius, a, um, Thracian.
revenio, veni, vent-, 4, to return.    Rhodos, i, F., the island Rhodes,
reverd, in fact.                         S. W. from Asia Minor.
reverendus, a, um, venerable.          RhcetEum, i, prom. at the mouth
reverens, tis, respectful.               of Hellespont, near Troy.
reverentia, ae, F., respect, reverence.   rhombus, i, M., magic circle, turbot.
revereor, itus, 2, to stand in awe,   rhomphaea, A, F., a barbaric javerevere, reqard, respect.              lin.
reversio, 5nis, F., a turning back.    t rhoncus, i, M., snore, sneer.
revertor (-to), sus, 3, to turn back,   trhils, rhois, M., sumach.
revert, return.                    I rhythmos, i, M., harmony, rhythm.
revlmentum, i, N., fringe.             rica, ee, F.; -cinium, i, N., head-veil.
revincio, nxi, nct-, 4, bind fast.    ricinus, i, N., sheep-tick.
revinco, ci, ct-, 3, conquer, convict.   rictus, Ius, M., the open mouth.
reviresco, rui, 3, to grow green or   rideo, si, sum, 2, laugh (at), smile.
s!rong again.                       rldicul1sg, laughably.
reviso, 3, look back on, return.       ridiculosus, a, um, laughable.
revivisco, vixi, 3, to revive.         ridiculus, a, um, funny, ridiculous,
revocatio, onis, F., recalling.          absurd; M., jester; N., jest.
revoco, I, call back, fetch back,   rigens, tis, stiff, rigid, frozen.
recall, revoke, regain, withhold.   rigeo, ui, 2, to be stiff numb.
revolo, I, fly back.                   rigesco, gui, 3, to stiffen, harden.
revolvo, vi, fit-, 3, roll back, unfold,   rigidus, a, um, sti,, hard, stern.
repeat; P., return.                 rigo, I, to water, moisten.
revomo, ui, 3, disgorge.               rigor, 6ris, M., stiffness, numbness.




riguus -  rumex.                           165
riguus, a, um, irrigating, watered.    rosmarinus, i, M. (-um. N.), roserima, se, F., crack, chink, crevice.    mary.
rimor, I, turn up, runmmage, explore.   rostra, 5rum, the orator's platform
rimosus, a, um, full of cracks.  in the Forum.
ringor, riot-, 3, snarl, show the teeth.   rostrctus, a, um, armed or adorned
ripa, as, F., river-bank.                with points, beaked.
riparius, a, um, on the bank.         rostrum, i, N., beak, bill, ship's beak.
triscus, i, M., trunk, chest.         rosus, Lrodo,] gnawn.
risus, uis, M., laughter.             rota (-ula), As, F., wheel, disk, chariot.
ritg, in due order.                   roto, I, to turn, whirl, revolve.
ritus, Us, M., rite, custom, ceremony.   rotundo, I, to make round.
rivalis, e, of a bank; M., rival; pl.,   rotundus, a, um, round, well-turned.
neighbors (on the same brook).    rube-facio, 3, to redden.
rivulus, i, N., rill.                 rubens, tis, red, blushing.
rivus, i, N., stream, brook, channel.   rubeo, bui, 2, to be red, blush.
rixa, s, F., quarrel, contest.        ruber, bra, um, red; mare, the Red
rixor, I, wrangle, quarrel, conflict.    Sea (Arabian and Persian Gulfs).
roblginosus, a, um, rusty.            rubesco, bui, 3, to grotw red, blush.
r~bigo, inis, F., rust, mildew.       rubeta, &rum, N., brambles.
r6boreus, a, um, oaken.               rubeus, a, um, red; of brambles.
r6boro, I, to strengthen.             Rubico, 5nis, M., a river of N. Itarobur, 6iris, N., knotty oak (trunk      ly, bounding Coesar's province.
or timber), bulk, strength, vigor.    rubidus (-cundus), a, um, ruddy.
r6bustus, a, um, oaken, firm.         riibigo=robigo, rust, blight.
r6do, si, sum, 3, to gnaw, corrode,   rubor, 6ris, M., redness, blush.
backbite.                           rubrica, as, F., red earth or chalk.
r6dus=raudus, lump.                   rubrus=ruber, red.
rogatio, Onis, F., inquiring, pro-   rubus, i, M., bramble, blackberry.
posal (of a bill), request.         ructo, I, to belch.
rogator, oris, M.,proposer (of a law).   ructus, us, M., belching.
rogatus, us, M., request.             rUidectus, a, um, rubbishy, poor.
rogito, I, ask eagerly, entreat.      rudens, tis, M., rope, cord, cordage.
rogo, I, ask, solicit (votes), pro-   rudidrius, i, M., [rudis,] discharged
pose (a law), request.                gladiator, presented with a rod.
rogus, i, M., funeral pile.           rudimentum, i, N., attempt, rudiR6ma, as, Rome, founded B.C. 753.       ment, rude beginning.
R6mcinus, a, um, Roman.               rudis, e, raw, rude; (as noun) brute.
Romulus, i, the founder and first   rudis, is, F., a rod, fencing-foil.
k. of Rome, B.C. 753-7I7.           rudo, ivi, it-, 3, to roar, bray.
rorarii, 6rum, M., [ros,] skirmishers.   rildus, eris, N., rubble, soil, rubbish.
roro, I, to drop, trickle, bedew.     rUfo, I, to dye or stain red.
ras, roris, M., dew, moisture; ma-   rufus (-ulus), a, um, red, red-haired.
rinus, rosemary.                    ruiga, As, a wrinkle, crease.
rosa, ae, F., a rose.                 rugitus, us, M., roaring, rumbling.
rosarius, a, um, of roses; N., rose-   rifgo, I, to crease, wrinkle.
bell or garden.                     riigsus, a, um, wrinkled, furrowed.
roscidus, a, um, dewy, wet.           ruina, as, ruin, downfall.
rosetum, i, N., rose-bed.             ruinosus, a, um, going to ruin.
roseus, a; um, of roses, full of   ruma, ae, F., = rumis, breast.
roses, rosy.                        ruimen, inis, N., throat.
Rosea, as, a town of N. E. Italy.     rumex, icis, sorrel, a kind of dart.




rumifico — sagitto.
rilmifico, I, to make report.          sabulosus, a, um, gravelly.
Ruminalis ficus, a fig-tree, where   saburra, a, F., sand, ballast.
Romulus was nursed by a wolf.    saburro, I, to load with ballast.
rilminor, I, chew the cud, ruminate.   saccarius, a, um, laden with sacks.
rumis, is, F., breast.                 tsaccharon, i, N., cane-juice.
rumor, Oris, M., talk, rumor, repute.   sacco, I, to strain, filter.
rumpo, rupi, rupt-, 3, break, burst,  sacculus, i, N., filtering-bag, purse.
interrupt, destroy.                  saccus, i, M., sack, bag, wallet.
rumpus, i, M., vine-branch, runner.    sacellum, i, N., shrine.
rUmusculus, i, M., gossip.             sacer, era, crum, sacred, holy;
runa, es, F., dart.                       accursed; N., a sacred thing or
runco, I, to weed out, pluck.             act; pl., sacred vessels or rites.
runco, onis, M., a grub-hoe.           sacerdos, otis, c., priest, priestess.
ruo, rui, rut- (ruit-), 3, to rush,fall,   sacerdotium, i, N., priesthood.
hasten, cast down or forth.          sacramentum, i, N., pledge or derupes, is, F., a rock, cliff.            posit; suit at law; military oath.
rupex, icis, M., a boor, clown.        sacrarium, i, N., shrine, chapel.
rupina, se, F., clefJ, chasm.          sacratus, a, um, hallowed, sacred.
ruptor, 5ris, breaker, violator.       sacricola, se, c., officiating priest.
ruptus, [rumpo,] broken.               sacrificium, i, N., sacrifice.
riralis, e, of the country.            sacrifico, I, to offer sacrifice.
rUricola, ae, c., rustic, tilling the soil.   sacrificus, a, umrn  sacrificial.
riiro, I, to live in the country.      sacrilegium,  i, N., profanation,
rursus, backward, again.                  sacrilege, violation of sacred things.
rus, ruris, N., the country; rUri,   sacrilegus, a, um, sacrilegious, proin, and rire, firom the country.       fane, impious.
ruscum, i, N., butcher's broom.        sacro, I, to consecrate, devote.
russus (-eus), a, um, red.             sacrosanctus, a, um, inviolable.
rusticanus, a, um, of rustics.         sacrum, i, N., a sacred thing.
rusticatio, Onis, F., country life.    sesclum=seculum, age.
rusticS, clownishly.                   sespe, often.
rusticitas, atis, F., tillage, rusticity,   seepenumero, again and again.
the country folk.                    sespes-sepes, hedge.
rusticor, I, to live in the country.   smeta==seta, bristle.
rusticus, a, um, rural; M., a rustic.   saev, seeviter, fiercely.
ruta, a, F., rue, bitterness.          s~evio, I, to rage, be fierce or violent.
rutdbulum, i, N., fire-shovel.         sesvitia, ae, F., rage, ferocity.
rutilo, I, make reddish, glow with red.   savus, a, um, enraged,fierce, cruel.
rutilus, a, um, golden-red.            saga, as, F., fortune-teller.
rutrum, i, N., spade, shovel.          sagacitas, atis, F., keenness, sagaRutuli, 5rum, a people of Latium.         city, shrewdness.
sagaciter, shrewdly, keenly.
saggatus, a, um, clad in a mantle.
S.                    sagax, acis, keen-scented, shrewd.
sagina, A, F., feeding, cramming.
Sabaeus, a, um, of Saba (Sheba),  sagino, I, to fatten, pamper, enrich.
in Arabia Felix.                     sagitta, ae, F., arrow.
sabbata, 5rum, N., Sabbath.            sagittarius, a, um, of arrows; M.,
Sabellus — Sabinus, Sabine, of            archer.
the highlands east of Rome.          sagittifer, fera, arrow-bearing.
sabulo, 6nis, M., gravel.              sagitto, it-, I, to shoot arrows.




sagma -  sanitas.                           167
sagma, A, F., pack-sacddle.            saltuasus, a, um, well-wooded.
sagum  (-ulum), i, N., woollen man-   saltus, us, M., a leap, spring; fortle; a military cloak.                 est (with open spaces), glade.
Saguntum, i, a town in Spain.          saliber, bris, bre, healthful, sound,
sdgus, a, um, prophetic.                  nell, serviceable.
sal, salis, M., salt; the sea; pl. wit,  saluibritas, atis, F., healthfulness.
sarcasm.                             salfibriter, wholesomely.
Saldcia, Ae, goddess of the Sea,   salum, i, N., open sea, the deep.
wife of Neptune.                     salus, Utis, F., health, safety, greetSalamis, is, F., an I. near Athens,       ing, salutation.
where Xerxes was def. B.C. 480.   salilttris, e, healthful, saving (as
salxrius, a, um, of salt; N., salt-       the letter A, for acquittal).
money (soldier's pay).               salutdtio, 6nis, F., greeting.
salax, Acis. [salio,] lustful.         salfitdtor, oris, M., greeter, visitor.
salebra, A, F., a rugged way.          salitifer (-ger), era, um, healthsalebr6sus, a, um, rugged, rough.         bringing, salubrious.
Salentinus, a, S. E. of Italy.         saliito, I, keep safe, salute, wait on.
Salernum, i, N., a coast-town of   salve, well, in good case.
Picenum.                             salve, hail! or farewell!
Salidris, e, of the Salii.             salveo, 2, be well (~ 38, v.).
salictum, i, N., willow-grove.         salvus, a, um, safe, sound.
salientes, ium, pL, water-springs.    sambfica, ae, F., a shrill instrument.
salignus, a, um, of willow.            sambicus, i, F., elder-bush.
Salii, 5rum, priests of Mars.          Same, es=Cephalenia.
salinae, arum, F., salt-works.         Samnites, tum, people of Samsalinum  (-1um), i, N., salt-cellar.      nium, an inland dist. of S. E.
salio, it-, 4, to salt.                   Italy, conquered, B.C. 290.
salio, ui, salt-, 4, leap, jump.       Samos, i, F., an I. near Ephesus.
saliunca, ae, F., wild nard.           sdnnbilis, e, curable.
saliva, As, F., spit, slime, savor.    sanntio, 5nis, F., healing.
salix, icis, F., willow.               sancio, nxi, nct-, 4, ratify, sanction.
salmacidus, a, um, salt and sour.    sancte, sacredly, scrupulously.
Salmacis, idis, a clear fountain in   sanctimr nia, se, F., sanctity,purity.
Caria; the fountain-nymph.           sanctio, 5nis, F., ordaining.
Salmrneus, son of Sisyphus, who   sanctitas, ntis, F., sacredness.
vied with  the thunderbolt of   sanctus, a, um, sacred, venerable,
Jupiter.                               pious, just, pure.
Salmrnis, idis, Tyro, daughter of   sandalium, i, N., sandal, slipper.
Salmoneus.                           sandapila, Me, F., a bier.
salsdmentum, i, N., brine.             sandaraca, se, F., a red dye-stuff.
salsa, wittily, keenly.                sandix, icis, F., vermilion, scarlet.
salsUra, e, F., pickle, brine.         sane, sensibly, soundly, truly, to be
salsus, a, um, keen, witty, salt.         sure, no doubt.
saltntio, onis, F., dancing.           sanguindlis, e; -nrius, a, um, of
saltdtor, oris, M.; -trix, icis, F.,      blood, bloody.
dancer.                              sanguineus (-olentus), a, um, of
salterl, at least, anyhow.                blood, bloody, blood-red.
salto, I, to dance, exhibit or accom-   sanguino, I, to bleed, run with blood.
pany with dance.                     sanguis, inis, M., blood, race, vigor.
saltuarius, i, M., forester.           sanies, em, e, F., bloody matter.
saltuitim, by:leaps, skippingly.       sdnitas, Rtis, F., health, soundness.




168                        sanna -  Scaevola
t sanna, as, F., a mocking grimace.    satin, enough f
sano, I, make sound, heal, allay.     satio, I, fill, satiate, satisfy.
santana, ae, F., borax.               satio, onis, F., [sero,] sowing.
sanus, a, um, sound, sane, discreet.  satira=satura, medley.
sapa, Ba, F., thickened must.         satiricus, a, satirical.
tsaperda, se, F., herring.            satis, enough.
sapidus, a, um, savory.               satis-facio, 3, give satisfaction.
sapiens, tis, wise, discreet, skilled.    satisfactio, onis, F., satisfaction,
sapienter, prudently, sensibly.         justification, reparation.
sapientia, as, F., wisdoni, good sense.   satius, [satis,] better, rather.
sapinus, i, F., Jfir-tree.            sativus, a, um, [sero,] planted.
sapio, lvi (ii), 4, taste or savor of,  sator, oris, M., sower, author,falther.
have sense, understand.             satrapes, as (-ps, is), M., a satrap
sapo, onis, M., soap.                   (royal governor), viceroy.
sapor, 6ris, M., taste, savor; dainty.   satrapea (-la), as, F., satrapy, proSappho, us, a poetess of Lesbos.        vince.
sarcina, se, F., package, burden.     satullus, a, um, satisfied,.filled.
sarcinarius, a, um, of bagfgage.      satur, ura, um, sated, full, abundant.
sarcio, si, tum, 4, to patch, repair.  satura, as, F., medley, satire.
tsarcophagus, a, um, flesh-con-   satureia, M, F., savory.
suming; M., sepulchre.             saturitas, atis, F., fulness, satiety.
sarculum, i, N., a light hoe.         Saturnalia, orum, ibus, N., festisarda (-Ina), as, F., sardine.          val of Saturn (Dec. 17).
Sardanapalus, an effeminate king   Saturnius, a, um, of Saturn; M.,
of Assyria, d. B.C. 820.              Jupiter; F., Juno.
Sardes (is), ium, capital of Lydia.   Saturnus, i, M., god of Husbandry.
Sardus, a, um, Sardinian.             saturo, I, fill, cloy, satiate.
tsarissa, as, F., a long Macedo-   satus,[sero,]sown,planted; M.,son.
nian lance.                        satus, us, M., sowing, planting, stock.
Sarmatia, as, south-western Rus-   satyrus, i, M., an ape; satyr (goatsia.                                  footed wood-deities).
sarmen, inis, N., brushwood.          saucio, I, to wound, hurt, stab.
sarmentum, i, N., faggot,.fascine.    saucius, a, urn, wounded, hurt, sick.
Sarpedon, 6nis, son of Jupiter   savillum, i, N., cheese-cake.
and Europa, slain at Troy.         savior —-suavior, kiss.
sarpo, ptum, 3, prune, trim.          saxatilis, e, among rocks.
Sarra, as, F., Tyre; -anus, a um,   saxetum, i, N., rocky place.
Tjyrian, purple.                   saxeus (osus), a, um, stony, rocky.
sarracum, i, N., cart, waggon.        saxurn, i, N., stone, rock, boulder.
sarrio, ui (ivi), itum, 4, to hoe.    scabellum, i, N., footstool.
sarritor, oris, M., weeder.           scaber, bra, um, rough, scurfy.
sartago, inis, F., f.ying-pan.        scabies, di, F., scuf, eruption.
sartor, oris, M., botcher, mender.    scabi6sus, a, um, scurfy.
sartus, [sarcio,] repaired.           scabo, bi, 3, to scratch.
sat=satis, enough, sufficient.        scabratus, a, um, jagged.
sata, orum, N., [sero,] crops.        scabritia, ae; -es, el, F., roughness.
satago, 3, have one's hands full, pay.   Sceea porta, wesf gate of Troy.
satelles, itis, c., attendant, accom-   sceena-scena, stage.
plice; pl., escort.                 scaevitas, atis, F., awkwardness.
satias (-etas), atis, F., a sufficiency,   Sceevola, ae, C. Mucius, who atsatiety, disgust.                     tempted to kill Porsenna.




sceevus - scoria.                         169
scevus, a, um, on the left, awkward,   scibilis, e, knowable.
unlucky; F., omen.                  sciens, tis, knowing, skilled.
scald, drum, F., a flight of stairs,   scienter, knowingly.
ladder, scaling ladders in a siege.   scientia, Me, F., knowledge, skill.
scalmus, i, N., thole-pin.            scilicet, plainly, no doubt, surely.
scalpo, psi, pt-, 3, to cut, scrape.  scilla, Be, F., sea-onion, squill.
scalprum  (-pellum), i, N., knife.    scin=scisne, know'st?
scalptuira, A, F., cutting, engraving.   scindo, scidi, sciss-, 3, to cut,
scalpt&irio, 4, scratch (like a hen).   break, part, rend, split.
scambus, a, um, bandy-legged.         scintilla, A, F., a spark, glimmer.
scamillus, i, M., little bench.       scintillo, I, sparkle.
scamma,  atis,  N.,  wrestling-   scio, 4, know, understand; ordain.
ground.                             scipio, 5nis, M., staff.
scamnum, i, N., stool, bench, ridge.   Scipio, 5nis, a noble family-name,
t scandalum, i, N., stumbling-block.    including the two conquerors of
scando, di, sum, 3, climb, motint.       Carthage.
scandula, ae, F., a shingle.          Sciron, 6nis, a robber of Attica,
scansilis, e, that may be climbed.      slain by Theseus.
t scapha, as, F., boat, skiff.        scirpeus  (-iculus), a, um, of
tscaphium, i, N., basin, bowl.          rushes; F., basket-work.
scapulae, drum, F., shoulder-blades,   scirpo, I, to plait of rushes.
shoulders.                          scirpus, i, bulrush, riddle.
tscapus, i, M., shaft, stem.          sciscitor, I, inquire, examine.
scarifico, I, scratch open.           scisco, scivi, scit-, 3, to search,
t scarus, i, N., a sea-fish (wrasse?).  enact.
scatebra, 2, F., gushing-up.          scissilis, e, cleavable, rent.
scateo, 2; scatirio, 4, to bubble,   scissura, A, F., a rent, cleft..
gush, abound.                       scissus, [scindo,] split, cloven.
scaurus, a, um, with swollen an-   scitdmenta, 6rum, N., delicacies.
kles.                               scitE, skilfully, elegantly.
scelerRtE, wickedly.                  scitor, I, ask, inquire.
scelerdtus, a, um, criminal, wicked,   scitulus, a, um, pretty, elegant.
pernicious; M., scoundrel.          scitus, [scisco,] shrewd, skilful,
scelero, I, pollute, desecrate.         sensible, eloquent.
scelerosus  (scelestus), a, um,   tsciirus, i, Ai., a.SYjiirrel.
wicked, abominable.                 scitum, i, N.; -tus, Us, M., decree,
scelestd, wickedly.                     ordinance.
scelus, eris, N., crime, fault, mis-   scius, a, um, knowing.
fortune; rascal.                    scobina, se, F., a rasp.
t scena, s, stage (of theatre).       scobis (bs), F., sawdust, filings.
t scenicus, a, um, of the stage, the-   t-scolapax, acis, M., woodcock.
atrical, fictitious; M., actor.     t scomber, bri, M., mackerel (.).
tsceptrum, i, N., sceptre, dominion.   t scomma, atis, N., scoff taunt.
t scheda, as, F., strip of papyrus.   sc6pme, drum, F., twigs, brooms.
t sbhedius, a, um, off-hand.          scopio, 6nis, M., grape-stalk.
t schema, ntis, N., shape, fashion.    t scopos, i, M., mark, aim.
tschistos, a, on, cle                 scopul'sus, a, ur, rocky, craggy.
t schcenus, i, M.; -um, N., a rush.    f scopulus, i, N., a rock, crag, cliff.
t schola, a, F., leisure, school, sect.   scopus, i, M., stem, stalk.
t scholasticus, a, urn, of the schools;   scordalus, i, M., wrangler, brawler.
a., pedant, rhetorician.           scoria, Ee, F., dross, slag.




170                       scorpio -  secundo.
scorpio, 6nis, M., scorpion.          f scyphus, i, M., cup, goblet.
scorteus, a, urn, of leather.         Scyros, i, an island near Euboea.
scortum, i, N., skin; a harlot, aban-   Scythe, drum, Scythians, people
doned woman.                          of Russia and Tartary.
ScSti, 6rum, people of Scotland.   se (sui), himself, &c. (~ 19, II.).
screo, I, to hawk, hem.               [se-(s6d-), without, aside; also, half.
scriba, ae, M., clerk, scribe.        Sdb6this, F., of Sebethos (a stream
scribo, psi, pt-, 3, to write, enroll.  near Naples).
scrinium, i, N., desk, book, chest.   seb6sus, a, um, greasy.
scriptio, 6nis, F., writing, compo-   sebum, i, N., tallow, grease.
sition.                             s6c6do, cessi, cess-, 3, withdraw,
scriptito, I, write frequently.         secede, revolt, dissent.
scriptor, 6ris, M., writer, author.   secerno, crevi, cr6t-, 3, put apart,
scriptum, i, N., a writing, edict.      separate, distinguish.
scriptura, Be, F., writing, compo-   secessio, onis, F., withdrawal, insition.                               surrection, secession.
scriptus, [scribo,] written.          secessus, us, M., withdrawal, retirescrobis (bs), D., ditch, trench, dike.  ment, solitude.
scrofa, se, F., a sow.                secius, [secus,] less.
scrUpeus (-6sus), a, um, sharp,   s6clUdo, si, sum, 3, shut off, seclude,
rough, steep.                         separate, cornfie, exclude.
scripul6sus, a, um, jagged, anx-   seclum==seculum, age.
ious, exact.                        s6clusus, a, um, remote, apart.
scrupulus, i M. (~1  of oz, &c.),  seco, ui, sect-, I, cut, wound,divide.
anxiety, scruple.                   secordia==socordia, sloth.
scripus, i, M., a rough stone, anxi-   secrgti-rium, i, N., a secret place,
ety; solicitude.                      council-chamber.
scruta, 5rum, N., trash.              secretio, onis, F., separation.
scrutAtor, xris, M., investigator.    secret5 (-tE), apart, secretly.
scriltor, I, to search, examine.      secretus, [secerno,] retired, hidsculpo, psi, pt-, 3, carve, engrave.    den, secret; N., secret place.
sculp5nese, drum, F., wooden clog.   secta, s, F., a beaten path, sect.
sculptilis, e, carved.                sectdrius, a, um, [seco,] mutilated.
sculptor, 5ris, M., carver.           sectdtor, 6ris, M., follower, partisculptUira, A, F., engraving.           san; pl., retinue, escort.
scurra, Ae, M., a dandy, buffoon.     sectilis, e, cut, divided.
scurrilis, e, scurrilous, jesting.    sectio, 5nis, F., cutting, dividing.
scurror, I, play the buffoon.         sector, 6ris, M., cutter, divider,
scUtiale, is, N., thong (of sling).     purchaser at public sale.
scutArius, i, N., shield-maker.       sector, I, follow eagerly.
sciitAtus, a, um, armed with shield.   sectura, se, F., cutting; pl., mines.
scutella, se, F., tray, waiter.       sectus, [seco,] cut.
scutica, M, F., lash, whip.           secubo, ui, I, to lie alone.
scutra (-tula), A, F., dish, tray.    secularis, e, of the seculum, secular.
tscutula, a, F., rod, roller.         sculIum, i, N., race, breed, generascuitum (-ulum), i, N., a long shield   tion, age, century.
(of boards and leather).            secum, [sui,] with himself.
Scylla, A, a rock near Sicily;   secundani, of the 2d legion.
myth. d. of Phorcys, changed   secundarius, a, um, second-rate.
to a sea-monster; also, d. of   secundS, favorably..Nisus, k. of Megara.               secundS, secondly, a second time.




secundo -  semis.                          171
secundo, I, directfavorably, adjust.   segnitia, ee, F.; -es, em, e, sloth,
secundum, after, next, according to.     indolence.
secundus, a, um, [sequor,jfollow-   segrego, I, [grex,] set apart.
ing, next,favorable,propitious; se-   sejugatus, a, um, apart.
cundo flumine, down stream.         sejugis, is, M., a six-horse team.
secuire, heedlessly, fearlessly.      sejungo, nxi, not-, 3, part, disjoin,
seciiricula, Be, F., hatchet.           separate.
secuiris, is, F., axe, hatchet, death-   Sgjdnus, an officer of Tiberius.
blow, dominion.                     selectio, 5nis, F., choosing.
securitas, tatis, F., safety, uncon-  selectus, [seligo,] chosen.
cern, negligence.                   Seleucus, i, a general of Alexansecurus, a, um, [cfra,] free of         der, king of Syria, B.C. 280.
care, easy, careless, safe.         selibra, Me, F., half-pound.
secus, otherwise, ill, beside.        seligo, lgi, lect-, 3, to separate,
seciitor, oris, M., follower.           call out, select.
sed (set), but.                       sella (-ula), es, F., seat, chair, saddle.
s6date, calmly.                       sellaria, es, F., sitting-room.
seddtio, 6nis, F., calming.           sellisternia, orum, N., banquets
sedatus, [sedo,] calm, sedate.           to female deities.
sedecies, I6 times.                   semanimis, e, half-alive.
s6decim, sixteen.                     semel, once, once for all, thefirst
sedecula, se, F., a low stool.          time, at any time.
sedentArius, a, urn, sitting.         Semele, es, daughter of Cadmus,
sedeo, sedi, sess-, 2, sit, continue,   mother of Bacchus.
settle, subside, stay fast.         semen, inis, N., [sero,] seed, scion,
sCdis, is, F., a seat, foundation.      posterity, origin or element.
sedile, is, N., a seat, chair.        sEmentifer, era, um, seed-bearing.
seditio, 5nis, F., sedition, discord.    sementis, is, F., sowing, seed-time.
sediti&se, seditiously.               sementivus, a, um, of seed-time.
sEditiosus, a, urnm, factious, sedi-   semestris, 3, half-yearly.
tious, quarrelsome.                 semrnsus, [edo,] half-eaten.
sedo, I, to settle, allay, calm.      semet, himself.
sediico, xi, ct-, 3, lead apart, with-   semi-, half.
draw, avert, mislead.               srmianimis, e; -us, a, um, halfseductio, 6nis, F., taking aside.       alive.
seductor, 6ris, M., misleader.        sEmideus, a, urnm, half-divine.
seductus, a, um, remote, lofty.       semiermis, e, half-armed.
sedulitas, Rtis, F., zeal, diligence.  sEmifer, era, um, half-beast, savage.
sedu1l, diligently, on purpose.       semihomo, inis, N., half-man.
sedulus, a, urn, busy, diligent.      seminarius, a, um, [semen,] of
sedum, i, N., houseleek.                seed; N., nursery, seminary.
seges, etis, F., cornfield, standing   semindtor, oris, M., author.
corn, soil, crop, produce.          seminecis (gen.), half-dead.
Segesta, Ms, F., a city of N. Sicily.   seminium, i, N., stock, breed.
segestra (-tria), es, F.; -tre, is, N.,  semino, I, sow, beget, produce.
wrapper (of straw).                 semipes, pedis, M., half-foot.
segmen, inis; -tum, i, N., [seco,]   semiputftus, a, um, half-pruned.
strip, slice.                       Semrirmis, is (idis), queen of
segmentAtus, a, um, trimmed.             Assyria, B.C. 1225?
segnis, e, slow, slothful.            semirutus, a, um, half-demolished.
segniter, slowly, lazily.             semis, issis, half, 6 per cent.




172                   semisomnus -  sequestro.
semisomnus, a, um, half asleep.      seorsum, separately, by itself.
semita, ae, F., footpath, by-way.    seorsus, a, um, separate.
semitalis, e; -arius, a, um, ofpaths.   separ,'paris, separate.
semiustulatus, a, um, half;burnt.   separatim, apart, separately.
sEmiustus, [uro,] blasted, scorched.   separdtio, 5nis, F., separation.
semivir, i, M., half-man, effeminate.   separdtus, a, um, separate, distinct.
semivivus, a, um, half-alive.        separo, I, to part, separate.
semivocalis, e, half-vocal (as cat-   sepelio, ivi (ii), pult-, 4, to bury.
tie), not quite dumb.              sepes, is, F., hedge, fence.
semrtus, a, um, distant.             t sepia, Ma, F., cuttle-Jish.
s~-moveo, 2, to put aside.           sepimen, inis, N., fence, enclosure.
semper, always.                      sepio, psi, pt-, 4, to hedge, fence.
sempiternus, a, um, everlasting.     sepono, posui, posit-, 3, to put
semuncia, ae, F., half-ounce, trifle.   aside, cull out, withdraw, banish.
sendculum, i, N., council-hall.      sepositus, a, um, distant, choice.
sinarius, a, um, of six each.        seps, sepis, a venomous serpent.
senator, 6ris, M., senator.          sepse, one's self.
sendt6rius, a, um, of the-senate.    septem, seven.
senatus, us (i), M., Senate (coun-   September, bris, M., September.
cil of elders),, or heads of the   septemdecim, seventeen.
patrician order.                   septemgeminus, a, um; -plex,
sendtusconsultum, i, N., decree         plicis, seven-fold.
of the Senate.                     septemtrio, 6nis, M., the Polar
Seneca, ae, M., a Stoic writer in       Bear, north.
the time of Nero, A.D. 3-65.       septemviri, 5rum, ri., Board of
senecta, e; -tus, utis, F., old age.    Seven (for dividing lands, &c.).
senectus, a, um, old.                septendecim, seventeen.
senesco, senui, 3, grow old, decay.   septeni, ae, a, seven each.
senex, senis, old; M., old man.      septies (ens), seven times.
sani, ae, a, six each, six.          septimranus, a, um, of the seventh.
snidenem, sixteen each.              Septimontium, i, N., circuit of the
senilis, e, aged.                       seven hills of Rome.
senior, us, older, elder.            septimus, a, um, seventh; N., for
senium, i, N., old age, decay, grief.   the seventh time.
sensibilis, e, perceptible.          septing~ni, ma, a, 700 each.
sensilis, e, endowed with sensation.   septingenti, ae, a, seven hundred.
sensim, gradually, slowly.           septuageni, seventy each.
sensus, us, M., [sentio,] feeling,   septuag~simus, a, um, seventieth.
perception, sense, meaning.        septuaginta, seventy.
sententia, as, F., opinion, purpose,   septuennis, e, of seven years.
sentence, sense.                   septurn, i, N., [sepio,] an enclosure.
sententi5sus, a, um, full of sense   septunx, uncis, M., seven-twelfths.
or pith.                           sepulcrum, i, N., tomb, grave.
senticetum, i, N., brier-thicket.    sepultUra, a, F., burial.
senticsus, a, um, thorny, briery.    sepultus, [sepelio,] buried.
sentina, as, F., bilgewater, dregs.  SEquana, 2e, F., the Seine.
sentino, I, to bale out a ship.      sequax, acis, close-following, ductile.
sentio, sensi, sens-, 3, perceive,   sequela, as, F., consequence.
feel, think, suppose, decide.      sequester, tris, M., trustee, agent.
sentis, is, M., thorn, brier.        sequestro, I, give for safe-keeping,
sentus (-5sus), a, um, rough.           remove, put aside.




sequior -  sexagesimus.                         173
sequior, us, inferior.                  servio, 4, to be a slave, serve, be
sequor, cutus, 3, follow, pursue.         devoted to, care for.
Ser., the proenomen Servibs.            servitium, i, N., slavery, servitude,
sera, M, F., bar (for fastening).         subjection, the slave-class.
Serdpis, is (idis),  an  Egyptian   servitritius, galled by service.
divinity.                            servitUdo, inis; -tus, tutis, F.,
serenitas, atis, F., clear weather,       slavery, servitude.
fairness, serenity.                   Servius Tullius, the sixth king
sertno, I, to make clear or calm.         of Rome, B.C. 578-534.
serenus, a, um, clear, bright, calm,   servo, I, to preserve, save, protect,
cheerfiul; N., clear sky.               heed, observe.
Sdres, um, the Chinese.                 servula, as, F., servant-girl.
seria, A, F., a large jar.              servus (os), i, M., slave, servant.
sericus, a, um, Chinese, silken; N.   servus, a, um, servile, subject, liable
pl., silk dresses.                     to burdens.
series, em, e, F., succession, lineage.   t sesamum, i, N., sesame.
seri6, in earliest.                     sescuncia, ae, F. (i I oz.), one-eighth.
serius, a, um, grave, earnest.          sescuplus=sesquiplus, a, um;
Seriphus,i, a small I. of the iEgean.     -plex, plicis, half as much again.
seritas, atis, F., lateness.            sesqui-, once and a half.
sermo, onis, M., talk, discourse, re-   sesquipedalis, e; -pes, pedis, of
port, style (of language).              a foot and a half.
serm6cinor, I, to talk, discuss.        sessilis, e, for sitting; spreading,
sermunculus, i, M., talk, tattle.         low.
sero, sevi, sat-, 3, sow, plant, beget.  sessio, 5nis, F., seat, sitting.
sero, ui, sert-, 3, bind, weave.        sessor, oris, M., sitter, dweller.
s&rS, late, too late.                   sestertium, i, N., — I,000 sesterces,
ser3tinus, a, um, late, backward.         (about $40); decies sestettium,
serpens, tis, F., a serpent.              1,000,000 ($40,000); 24 feet deep.
serpentinus, a, um,_snaky.              sestertius, i, M. (2~), a sesterce,
serperastra, orum, N., splints.           =4 cts. (see ~ 83).
serpo, psi, pt-, 3, to creep, crawl.    Sestos, i, F., a Thracian town on
serpyllum, i, N., wild thyme.             the Hellespont.
serra, ae, F., a saw, saw-fish.         set=sed, but.
serrago, inis, F., sawdust.             seta, ae, F., stiff hair, bristle.
serratus, a, um, saw-shaped.            setania, ae, F.; -urn, i, N., medlar
serro, I, to saw in pieces.               (a fruit).
serta, as, F., garland.                 setiger, gera, um; -5sus, bristly.
Sertorius, i, an officer of Marius,   seu-sive, or, whether.
who held  Spain against Sulla   severe, austerely.
till B.C. 73.                        severitas, atis, F., gravity, sternsertum, i, N., garland, wreath.           ness, austerity.
serum, i, N., whey.                     severus, a, um, grave, serious, ausserus, a, um, late, too late.             tere, stern, severe.
serva, ae, F., female slave.            sevir, viri, M., of a Board of six.
servabilis, e, that can be saved.       sevoco, i, call aside, withdraw.
servans, tis, careful.                  sgvum-r=sbum, tallow.
servitor, &ris, M.; -trix, lcis, F.,   Sex., the praenomen Sextus.
observer, preserver.                 sex, six.
servilis, e, slavish, servile.          sexageni, we, a, sixty each.
serviliter, slavishly.                  sexa~gsimus, a, um, sixtieth.




174                         sexagies -  simia.
sexigies (-gesies), sixty times.        sidereus, a, um; -5lis, e, of the
sexdgintR, sixty.                         stars, starry, divine.
sexcrnarius, a, um, of 6oo.             sideror, I, to be sun-struck.
sexcEni, as, a, 6oo each.               sido, sidi, 3, sit, settle, sit fast.
sexcenti, ae, a, 6oo, a vast number.   Sidonius, a, um, of Sidon (Phoesexcenties, 6oo times.                    nicia or Carthage).
sexdecim, sixteen.                      sidus, eris, N., star, group of stars,
sexennis, e, of six years.                sky, climate.
sexennium, i, N., six years.            siem=sim, may be.
sexies, six times.                      Sig~us, a, urnm, of Sigeum  (a prosextans, tis, M. (Q of as), farthing.     montory near Troy).
sextarius, i, N. (Q of congius), pint.   sigilla, 5rum, N., small figures, seal.
Sextilis, is, M., August.               Sigillaria, 6rum, feast of images
sextus, a, urnm, sixth; N., the sixth     (in the Saturnalia).
time.                                sigillatus, a, um, figured.
sexus, Us, M., sex.                     signator, 6ris, N., witness to a will.
si, if, whether; quod si, but if.       signatus, a, um, sealed, guarded.
sibi, [sui,] for one's self.            signifer, era, um, image-bearing,
sibilo, I, to hiss, whistle.              starry; M., standard-bearer.
sibilus, i, M.; pl., a, N., a hiss.     significatio, 6nis, F., mark, token,
sibilus, a, urnm, hissing, whistling.     applause, sign, meaning.
Sibylla, Me, F., sibyl, prophetess.     significatus, us, M., sign, token.
sic, so, thus, so much.                 significo, I, betoken, portend, mean.
sica, a, F., dagger.                    signo, I, mark, designate, stamp, seal.
Sicanus, a, um, Sicilian; Sicanian   signum, i, N., mark-, sign, standard,
(ancient Italian).                      statue, signal, image, constellation.
sicarius, i, M., stabber, assassin.     sil, silis, N., yellow ochre.
siccanus (-eus), a, um, dry.            Sila, as, F., a pitch-forest in the
siccarius, a, urnm, for drying.           south of Italy.
sicce (sic), so, thus.                  silens, tis, still, silent.
siccine, so? thus?                     silenter, silently.
siccitas, atis, F., dryness, drought.   silentiasus, a, urnm, perfectly still.
sicco, I, to dry,-dry up.               silentium, i, N., silence, quiet, repose.
siccus, a, um, dry, thirsty, firm; N.,   Silenus, i, attendant of Bacchus.
dry ground.                          sileo, ui, 2, to be still, silent.
Sicelis, idis, F., Sicilian, pastoral.    siler, eris, N., water-willow.
Sichaeus, i, the husband of Dido.   silesco, 3, to grow still.
Sicilia, me, Sicily.                    silex, icis, D., flint, crag.
sicilicula, as, F., small sickle.       silicernium, i, N., funeral-feast.
sicilicus, i, M., 1 of as, foot, &c.    siliceus, a, um, flinty.
Siciliensis, e, Sicilian.               sillgineus, a, um, wheaten.
sicilimenta, 5rum, N., aftermath.    sillgo, inis, F., white winter wheat.
sicilio, 4, cut with sickle.            siliqua, ae, F., pod, husk.
sicilis, is, F., sickle.                silus, a, um, pug-nosed.
sicubi, if anywhere.                    silva, as, F., a wood, forest, grove.
Siculus, a, urnm, Sicilian; pl., an   Silvanus, i, the god of Forests.
ancient people of Italy.             silvaticus, a, um, of the forest.
sicunde, if from anywhere.              silvester, tris, e, offorest or wood.
sic-ut (uti), so as, just as, as if.    silvicola, ae, c., dwelling in woods.
Sicyon, 6nis, F., a town of N.   silvosus, a, um, full of trees.
Peloponnesus.                        simia, ae, F., ape.




simila -  smilax.                           175
simila, as, F., fine flour.             sinistra, as, F., the left hand.
similis, e, like, similar.              sinistrorsus, towards the left.
similitaido, inis, F., likeness, simile.   sino, sivi, sit-, 3, permit.
similo==simulo, liken.                  Sinope, es, F., a town on the south
simitu, together, at once.                 shore of the Black Sea.
simius (-olus), i, M., ape.             sinuamen, inis, N.; -*tio, 5nis, F.,
simo, I, flatten, press flat.              turning, winding.
Simois, entis, M., a river of Troy.   Sinuessa, a, F., a Latin colony in
simplex, icis, simple, plain, frank.       Campania.
simplicitas, atis, F., simplicity, art-   sinum, i, N., bowl.
lessness, frankness, honesty.         sinuo, -i, to bend, swell, bulge.
simpliciter, simply, directly.          sinuosus, a, um, winding, bending.
simplus, a, um, simple.                 sinus, us, 4, bending, curve, fold,
simpulum, i, N., a small ladle.            bosom, gulf.
simul, at the same time; simul at-   siparium, i, N., stage curtain.
que or ac, as soon as.                t sipho, onis, M., siphon, tube.
simuldcrum, i, N., likeness, image.   Sipontum, i, a port of Apulia.
simulans, tis, imitation.                Sipylus, i, M., a mountain of Lydia.
simulanter (-ate), pretendedly.          siqud, if by any way.
simulatio, 5nis, F., feigning, pre-   siquando, if ever.
tence, deceit.                        siquidem, since.
simulator, oris, M., deceiver.           siquis, siqua (~ 22, iii.), if any.
simulatque, as soon as.                  siremps (similis reipsa), very like.
simulo, I, feign, pretend, copy.         Sirenes, um, F., the Sirens, myth.
simultas, atis, F., strife, quarrel.       monsters, half-bird, half-maiden.
simus (-ulus), a, um, flat-nosed.       siris, sirit, sirint, [sino,] may let.
sin, but if.                            Sirius, i, M., the dog-star.
tsindpi, is, N., mustard.               sirpus=scirpus, bulrush.
sincere, uprightly, frankly.            tsirus, i, M., corn-pit.
sincritas, atis, F., soundness, in-   sis, [sum,] may be; [si vis,] if thou
tegrity, sincerity.                     wilt (~ 37, i.).
sincerus, a, um, sound, genuine.        sisara, as, F., heath, sweet broom.
sinciput, itis, N., half-head, cheek    sisto, stiti, stat-, 3, to set, place,
(of pork), head.                        arrest, set fast, stay, endure.
tsindon, 6nis, N., muslin.              tsistrum, i, N., gong (?).
sine, without.                          Sisyphus, i, myth. k. of Corinth.
singilltim, one by one.                t sitanius, a, um, this year's.
singuldris, e, singular, unique.        sitella, as, F., urn, for drawing lots.
singularitas, dtis, F., singleness.     Sithonius, a, um, Thracian.
singulariter, singly, exceedingly.      siticul6sus, a, um, thirsty,parched.
singulrius, a, um, single.             sitiens, tis, thirsty, parched, greedy.
singultim  (-gultim), one by one.      sitio, 4, to thirst, thirst for.
singuli, as, a, single, one to each.    sitis, is, im, i, F., thirst, drought.
singultio, 4, to hiccup, cluck.         tsittacE, es, F., parrot.
singulto, I, to gasp, hiccup.           situla[, ae, F., bucket.
singultus, us, M., sobbing, gasping.   situs, [sino,] set, situated.
Sinis, is, a robber of Corinth, slain    situs,  Ms, M., situation, position;
by Theseus.                             dust, rust.
sinister, tra, um, left, on the left,   sive (seu), or if whether, or.
awkward, unlucky; (in auspices,   t smaragdus, i, c., emerald, jasper.
sometimes), auspicious.              t smilax, acis, F., bindweed.




176                       smyrna -  sonorus.
t smyrna, A, F.,?hyrrh.               solidus, a, um, dense, firm, solid,
Smyrna, se, F., a city on the west-      complete, genuine; N.,firm ground.
ern coast of Asia Minor.            solipiga, se, F., a venomous insect.
soboles-=uboles, offspring.            solitarius, a, um, lonely.
sobrie, soberly, prudently.            s5litas, ntis; -tUdo, inis, F., solisobrietas, atis, F., moderation.         tude, wilderness, destitution.
sobrinus, i, M.; -a, Ee, F., cousin.    solitus, [soleo,] wonted.
sobrius, a, um, sober, temperate,   solium, i, N., seat, throne, dominion.
prudent.                             s5livagus, a, um, roving alone.
soccus (-ulus), i, M., sock, slipper.   sollennis, e, stated, festive, solemn,
socer, eri, M., father-in-law.           customary; N., a sacred festival.
socia, Ae, F., partner, companion.     sollenniter, solemnly, formally.
socialis, e, of companions or allies.   sollers, tis, skilled, intelligent.
socieinus, i, N., comrade.             sollertia, Be, F., skill, expertness.
societas, atis, F., companionship,   sollicitatio, onis, F., instigation.
partnership, alliance.               sollicitE, anxiously.
socio, I, to league, share, unite.     sollicito, I, move, stir, excite.
socius, i, M., companion, partner,   sollicitUdo, inis, F., anxiety.
ally, confederate.                  sollicitus, a, um, disturbed, anxious.
socordia, ae, F., dulness, sloth.   sI lo, I, to lay waste, make desolate.
socors, dis, foolish, stupid, slothful,   t solcecismus, i, M., fault (of 
negligent.                             grammar).
Socrates, is, a philosopher of   Solon, hnis, the  legislator  of
Athens, B.C. 470-400.                  Athens, Archon, B.C. 594.
socrus, us, F., mother-in-law.         solor, I, to comfort, console.
sodalicium, i, N., association, fel-   solox, 6cis, harsh, coarse, bristly.
lowship, club.                      solpiiga=solipuga, an insect.
sodalis, is, M., comrade, companion.   solstitialis, e  Jf midsummer.
sodalitas, ntis, F., fellowship, club.   solstitium, i, N., solstice.
s6des (si audes), an thou wilt.        solum, i, N., ground, foundation.
sol, solis, M., the sun, day, daylight.   s5lum, only, merely.
slamen, inis, N., comfort, solace.    s6lus, a, urn, ius, alone, only, lonely.
solanum, i, N., -nightshade.           solUte, easily, carelessly.
s0ldris, e, of the sun.                solUtio, Onis, F., loosening, paysolarium, i, N., sundial, balcony.       ment, dissolving, solution.
soiatium, i, N., relief, consolation,   solutus, [solvo], loose, light.
comfort, solace.                    solvo, vi, fit-, 3, loosen, dissolve,
s5lator, &ris, M., comforter.            cast off (from shore), pay, explain,
s5latus, a, um, sunburnt.                dispel, release.
soldjirii, &rum, M., retainers.        somniculosus, a, um, drowsy.
soldus —3olidus, firm.                 somnifer, era, um, soporific.
solea, A, F., sole, sandal.            somnio, I, to dream.
solearius, i, M., sandal-maker.        somnium, i, N., a dream.
soleatus, a, um, wearing sandals.    somnulentus, a, um, drowsy.
solemnis, —sollennis, accustomed,   somnus, i, M., sleep, night.
solemn, established.                 sonans, tis, noisy, resounding.
soleo, itas, 2, be wont.               sonipes, pedis, loud-footed (steed).
s5lers= —ollers, skilled.              sonitus, Us, M., sound, noise.
solidE, densely, closely, fully.       sono, ui, it-, I, to sound, speak, boast.
soliditas, ntis, F., firmness, solidity.   sonor, oris, N., noise, din.
solido, I, to fasten, makefirm.        sonSrus, a, um, noisy, loud.




sons -  speculum.                         177
sons, tis, guilty, hurtful.'       sparsio, 6nis, F., sprinkling.
sonticus, a, um, dangerous.           sparsus, [spargo,] scattered.
sonus, i, M., noise, sound.           Sparta, as, F., a city of S. Greece.
tsophistes, se, M., a sophist.        Spartacus, i, leader of a revolt of
Sophocles, is, an Attic tragedian,      gladiators, defeated B.c. 71.
B.C. 495-405-                       Spartanus (-iacus, -icus), a, urnm,
t sophos (us), i, sage, shrewd.          Spartan.
sopio, 4, to soothe, lull, put to sleep.   sparteus, a, um, of broom.
sopor, oris, M., opium, opiate, stu-   f Spartiates, ae, a Spartan.
por, lethargy.                      spartum, i, M., Spanish broom.
sop6rifer, era, um, sleep-bringing.    sparus, i, M., a hunting-spear.
sopSro, I, put to sleep.              t spatha, ae, F., spatula (paddlesoporus, a, um, causing sleep.          shape), a broad sword.
Soracte, is, N., a mt. in Etruria.    spatior, I, to walk about.
t sracum, i, N., pannier.             spatiosus, a, um, ample, spacious.
sorbeo, ui, 2, suck in, swallow.      spatium, i, N., space, open space,
sorbillo, I, to sip.                    period, opportunity.
sorbili, sippingly.                   specialis, e, particular, special.
sorbitio, 5nis, F., draught, potion.    specialiter, specifically.
sorbum, i, N. service-berry.          species, ei, F., view, appearance,
sordeo, 2, to befoul, sordid, dirty.    display, idea, vision, species.
sordes, is, F., dirt, squalor, mourn-   specimen, inis, N., token, model.
ing, meanness, rabble.              specio, spexi, 3, to look, view.
sordesco, dui, 3, to grow dirty.      speci6ss, showily.
sordidatus, a, um, in shabby clothes.   speciosus, a, um, handsome, showy.
sordide, foully, meanly.              spectabilis, e, visible, worth -seeing.
sordido, I, pollute.                  spectaculum, i, N., a sight, public
sordidus, a, urnm, foul, sordid, squa-  show, theatre.
lid, base.                          spectamen, inis, N., mask, scene.
sorex, icis, N., shrew-mouse.         spectat6, splendidly.
soror, oris, F., sister.              spectatio, 5nis, F., view, beholding.
sorasius, a, um, of sisters.          spectator, &ris, M., observer, specsors, tis, F., lot, chance, destiny, cap-  tator, critic.
ital (at interest); pl. prophecy.    spectatus, a, urn, proved, esteemed.
sorsum=seorsum, apart.                spectio, Onis, F., observing (of aussortilegus, a, um, prophetic.           pices).
sortior, 4, cast lots, allot, distribute,   specto, I, to behold, observe, test,
obtain, select.                       drive at.
sortitio, 5nis, F., allotment.        spectrum, i, N., image, apparition.
sortitS, by fate.                     specula, a, F., a look-out, eminence.
sortitus, Us, M., allotment.          specula, ae, F., [spes,] slight hope.
sospes itis, saving, safe, fortunate.   speculabundus, a, um, on the
sospitalis, e, giving safety.           watch.
sospito, I, protect.                  speculdris, e, of a mirror; M., sheet
Sp. the prenomen Spurius.               of mica; N., pl. window-panes.
t spldix, icis, c., a palm-branch   speculator, oris, M., a scout, ex(with fruit); adj., chestnut-color.   plorer, examiner.
t spado, 6nis, M., eunuch.            speculatorius, a, um, for scoutingspargo, si, sum, 3, strew, scatter,     service.
spread, extend.                     speculor, I, to spy, watch, examine.
sparsim, scattered.                   speculum, i, N., mirror.




178'                        specus -  stabularius.
specus, us, M., cave, den.              spondalium, i, N., sacrificial hymn.
tspeleum, i, N., cavern.               spondeo, spopondi, sponls-, 3, to
tspelunca, ae, F., cavern, den.           pledge, vow, betroth.
Spercheos (-ius), i, a river of    tspondylus, i, M., spine-joint.
Thessaly.                            t spongia, Be, F., sponge, slag, chainspernax, acis, contemptuous.               armor, pumice.
sperno, sprevi, spret-, 3; -nor, I,   sponsa, Ee, F., betrothed, bride.
sever, despise, reject.               sponsalis, e, of betrothal.
spero, I, to hope, expect.              sponsio, onis, F., pledge, security.
spes, spei, F., hope, anticipation.     sponsor, oris, M., surety, bondsman.
sphaera, a, ball, globe, sphere.        sponsum, i, N., a covenant.
Sphinx, ngis, F., a myth. being,   sponsus, [spondeo,] pledged, behalf-woman, half-lion.                  trothed.
spica, ae, F., point, spike, tuft, dart.   sponsus, us, M., betrothal.
spiceus, a, um, of wheat-ears.          spontalis, e; spontaneus, a, um,
spico, I, put forth ears.                 lvoluntary.
spicilegium, i, N., gleaning.           sponte, ab. tis, gen. of one's own
spiculum, i, N., point, stizng, dart.      accord, voluntarily, frteely.
spina, ae, F., thorn, spine.            sporta, ee, F., a hanmper.
spinetum, i, N., hedge of thorns.       sportula (-tella), e, F., small basket.
spinifer (ger), a, um, thorn-bearing.   spretor, bris, M., scorner.
spinsus, a, um, thorny, confused.    spretus, [sperno,] despised.
spinther, eris, N., bracelet.           spuma, 6e, F., Jobam, scum.
spinus, i, F., black-thorn.             spumesco, 3, to fi-oth, surge.
spira, ae, F., a coil, fold.            spumeus, a, um, foamy, frothy.
spirabilis, e, for breathing, vital.    spumo, I, to faom, fjioth.
spiraculum  (-mentum), i; -men,   spum6sus, a, um, fill of foam.
inis, N., vent-hole, pore.            spuo, spui, split-, 3, to spit.
spiritalis (-ualis), e, of breath or   spurce, vilely.
spirit.                               spurcidicus, a, um, foul-mouthed.
spiritus, us, M., breath, spirit, pride.   spurcitia, ee, F., dirt, smut.
spiro, I, breathe, blow, live, a.spire.    spurco, 1, to beJbul.
spissamentum, i, N., stopper.           spurcus, a, um,Jfilthy, unclean, base.
spisse, densely, slowly.                spurius, a, um, illeyitimate.
spisso, I, to thicken.                  spfito, I, to spit, spit out.
spissus, a, um, dense, close, com-   spuitum, i, N., [spuo,] spit.
pact, slow.                           squaleo, ui, 2, to be stiff, rough,
tsplen, splenis, M., milt, spleen.        squalid, or in mourning-garments.
splendeo, 2, to be bright, shine, gleam.   squalidus, a, urn, rough, stiff foul.
splendesco, dui, 3, grow bright.        squalor, 6ris, N., foulness, squalor.
splendide, brilliantly.                 squama, Me, F., a scale.
splendidus, a, um, bright, brilliant,   squameus (-osus), a, urn, scaly.
sumptuous, illustrious, noble.       squarrosus, a, um, scabby.
splendor, oris, N., lustre, splendor.   squilla=scilla, sea-onion.
t splenicus, a, um; splenetic.          -st, for est, is.
t spodos, i, F.; -ium, N., slag, dross.   stabilimentum, i, N., support.
spoliatio, onis, F., pillage, plunder.   stabilio, 4, to make firm.
spoliator, 6ris, M., plunderer.         stabilis, e, firm, stable.
spolio, I, to strimp, spoil, plunder.   stabilitas, atis, F., steadiness.
spolium, i, N., the spoil, plunder.     stabularius, a, um, of a stoppingsponda, ae, F., couch, bedstead.          place or stable.




stabulor -  stolide.                           179
stabulor, I, to abide, find shelter.     sternilmentum   (-tamentum), i,
Btabulum, i, N., a standing-place,          N., a sneeze.
abode, stall.                          sternuo, ui, 3, sneeze, sputter.
tstacta, as (-6, es), F., myrrh-oi2.     sterquilinium, i, N., dungpit.
stadium, i, N., stadium  (125 paces   sterto, ui, 3, snore.
=6o6 ft.), race-course.                Stheneleius, a, um, of Sthenelus,
stagno, I, to stagnate, lie under           son of Perseus.
water, be overflowed.                  J stibium, i, N., antimony.
stagn6sus, a, um, fuill of pools.        t stigma, atis, N., brand, scar.
stagnum, i, N., pool, pond, marsh.       Stilbon, onis, M., the planet Merstamen, inis, N., warp, thread.             cury.
stanneus, a, um, of tin.                 stilla, as, F., a drop (of gum).
stannum, i, N., tin; an alloy of   stilldtim, drop by drop.
silver and lead.                       stillicidium, i, N., [cado,] dripping.
statarius, a, um, firm, standing.        stillo, I, to drip, trickle, distil.
statera, as, F., steel-yard, balance.    stilus, i, M., stake, point, style for
staticulum, i, N., small image.             writing, style in writing.
statim, immediately, as soon as.         stimmi=stibium, antimony.
statio, onis, F., standing, abode,   stimulo, I, to prick, goad, rouse.
post, anchorage.                       stimulus, i, M., a goad, spur, stroke.
stativus, a, um, stationary; of a   stinguo, 3, to quench.
post or station.                       stipatio, onis, F., throng, retinue.
Stator, 6ris, sustainer (a title of   stipator, &ris, M., attendant.
Jupiter).                              stipendidrius, a, um, tributary.
statua, ae, F., statue, image.           stipendior, I, serve for pay.
statunrius, a, um, of statues.           stipendium, i, N., tax, tribute, pay,
statUmen, inis, N., prop, stay, rib         military service, diuty.
(of ship).                             stipes, itis, M., stock, post, tree.
statuo, ui, it, 3, to set, establish,   stipo, I, crowd, throng, press, attend.
resolve, believe, hold sure.           stips, stipis, F., gift, alms.
statura, s, F., height, stature.         stipula, Ea, F, stalk, stem, stubble.
status [sisto,] set, placed.             stipuldtio, 5nis, F.; -tus, us, M.,
status, us, M., position, posture, stat-    a stipulation, bargain.
ure, condition.                        stipulor, I, to bargain, stipulate.
tstega, as, F., deck.                    stiria, ae, F., icicle.
tstela, as, a column.                    stiricidium, i, N., [cado,] snow-fall.
stella, ae, F., star.         [starry.   stirpitus, by the roots.
stellatus, a, um; stelliger, era, um,   stirps (-pes, -pis), pis, F., a stock,
stellio, 5nis, M., a newt, lizard.          stem, sprout, race, source.
stellionatus, us, M., trickery.          stiva, as, F., plough-handle.
stello, I, glitter (or cover) with stars.   stlata, as, F., a kind of ship.
t stemma, atis, N., wreath, pedigree.   stlisl —s, lawsuit.
t stephanos, i, M. (wreath), a plant.   sto, steti, stat-, I, to stanl, standl
stercoro, I, to apply  manure.             fast, remain, cost (w. abl. of price);
stercus, 6ris, N., dung, filth, manure.     stat, it is a fixed purpose.
sterilesco, 3, to grow barren.           Sticus, a, um, Stoic (austere).
sterilis, e, sterile, barren.             stola, as, F., a long robe, woman's
sterilitas, atis, F., barrenness.           garment.
sternax, acis throwing his rider.        stolidE, stupidly.
sterno, stravi, strat-, 3, spread,   stolidus, a, um, dull, stupid.
strew, lay smooth, cover, cast down.   stolo, 5nis, M., shoot, sucker.




180                       stomachor -  styrax.
stomachor, I, to be vexed, quarrel.   Strophades, um, islands S. W.
stomachbsus, a, um, irritable.            of Greece.
stomachus, i, M., stomach; taste,   t strophium, i, N., band, belt, wreath.
dislike.                             t strophus, i, M., colic.
storax=styrax, a gum.                  structE, orderly.
storea, Ae, F., mat of rope or straw.   structilis, e, of building.
tstrabo, 6nis, M., squinting.          structor, oris, M., builder.
strages, is, F., an overthrow, mas-   structura, ae, F., construction, buildsacre.                                 ing; pl., engineering works.
strigulus, a, um, for covering or   structus, [struo,] ordered, comspreading; N., rug, mattress.          posed.
strrimen, inis; mentum, i, N., rug,   strues, is (-ix, icis), F., a heap, pile.
straw, litter.                       struma, ae, F., tumor.
strdmineus, a, um, of straw.           struo, xi, ct-, 3, to pile, build, arstrangulo, I, to strangle, choke.         range, contrive.
tstrategema, atis, N., generalship.   struppus, i, M., band, thong.
tstrategus, i M., a general.            tstruitheus, a, um, of sparrows.
t stratibticus, a, um, military.       tstruthio, nlis; strUthiocamrlus,
strdtor, &ris, M., groom.                 i, M., ostrich.
stratbra, Ae, F., pavement.            Strymon, 6nis, a river of Thrace.
stratus, [sterno,] strown; N., coy-   studeo, ui, 2, to be eager or zealous
erlet, couch, horse-cloth.             for, to study.
strena, as, F., sign, omen, gift.      studibse, earnestly.
strgnug, vigorously.                   studibsus, a, um, zealous, studious,
strenuus, a, um, prompt, energetic,       attached, devoted.
vigorous.                            studium, i, N., zeal, desire, study.
strepito, I, to rustle, make a noise.   stultg, foolishly.
strepitus, Us, M., a clashing, rustle,   stultitia, ae, F., folly.
noise.                               stultus, a, um, foolish, silly.
strepo, ui, 3, to make a noise, re-   stUpa=stuppa, tow.
sound, murmur, roar.                 stupe-facio, 3,; P., -fio, stupify.
stria, a;, F., furrow, fluting.        stupendus, a, urnm, amazing.
stricte (-tim), closely, briefly.      stupeo, ui, 2, to be amazed, gaze
strictivus, a, um, plucked.               with wonder.
strictuira, se, F., contraction.       stUpeus, a, um, of tow.
strictus, [stringo,] close, brief, strict.   stupidus, a, um, confounded, stustrideo (-do, 3), di, 2, to hiss, creak,  pid, amazed.
buzz, whiz, whistle.                 stupor, &ris, M., numbness, astonstridor, &ris, M., a hissing, buzzing.    ishment, amazement.
stridulus, a, um, whizzing.            t stuppa, a, F., tow.
striga, A, F., swath of grass.         stuppeus, a, um, of tow, hempen.
striga, Ae, F., hag, witch.            stupro, I, defile, debauch.
strigilis, is, F., a flesh-scraper.    stuprum, i, N., dishonor, debauchery.
strigmentum, i, N., scrapings.         sturnus, i, M., starling.
strigo, I, stop, give way.             Stygius, a, um, of the Styx.
strig5sus, a, um, lank, meagre.        stylus=stilus, style.
stringo, nxi, ict-, 3, draw, press,   Stymphalicus, a, um, of Stymgraze, strip, prune, constrain.        phalus, a  district in Arcadia,
strio, I, to groove, furrow.              haunted by birds of prey.
strix, igis, F., screech-owl; channel.   t stypticus, a, um, astringent.
t stropha, a, F., strophe, trick.      t styrax, acis, F., a fragrant resin.




Styx -  subseus.                          181
Styx, gis, F., the Styx (gloom), a   subjaceo, ui, 2, lie under or near.
river of Hades.                    subjectS, submissively.
suaddla, a, F., persuasion.           subjectio, onis, F., putting under,
sundeo, si, sum, 2, advise, urge,       substituting, forging, subjoining.
plead, advocate, recommend.         subjecto, I, toss up from below. 
suadus, a, um, persuasive.            subjectus, a, um, subject, near.
suamet, [suus,] one's very own.       subjicio, j ci, ject-, 3, bring under,
suarius, a, um, of swine.               throw up, substitute, subdue, add.
suasio, onis, F., persuasion.         subjugo, I, bring under the yoke,
suasor, oris, M., persuader, advo-      subdue.
cate, counsellor.                  subjungo, nxi, nct-, 3, [jugum,]
suasOrius, a, um, persuasive.           to yoke, annex, subdue.
suasus, us, M., persuasion.           sublabor, psus, 3, to sink, glide.
suave, sweetly.                       sublatE, loftily.
suavior, I, to kiss.                  sublatio, 5nis, F., uplifting.
sudvis, e, sweet, pleasant.           sublatus, [tollo,] elated.
sudvitas, dtis; -tildo, inis, F.,  sublego, legi, lect-, 3, gather,
sweetness, pleasantness.              snatch stealthily.
suaviter, sweetly.                    sublestus, a, um, slight, trifling.
suavium, i, N., lips, kiss.           sublevo, I, uplift, lighten, relieve.
sub (~ 42, iii.), under, at the foot of,  sublica, ae, F., stake, pile.
during, towards, just after.        sublicius, a, um, built on piles.
[sub-, under or in low degree (-ish).  subligo, I, to bind, fasten beneath.
subactio, 5nis, F., working-up pre-   sublime, loftily.
paring, discipline.                 sublimis, e, lofty, exalted, on high.
subactus, [subigo,] subdued.          sublimitas, dtis, F., loftiness.
subausculto, I, listen secretly.      sublimiter, loftily.
subblandior, 4, to fondle.            sublimo, I, to elevate.
[subc=succ-.                          sublino, levi, lit-, 3, besmear, cheat.
subditivus, a, um, [-do,] spurious.   sublficeo, 2, to glimmer.
subdo, didi, dit-, 3, to put under,   subluo, 3, to wash beneath.
subdue, yield, substitute, forge.   sublustris, e, glimmering.
subdolus, a, um, crafty, sly.         subluvies, em, e, F., dirt.
subdUico, xi, ct-, 3, withdraw, uplift,  [subm-=summ-.
haul up, furl, secrete, calculate.  sub-nascor, 3, grow after.
subductio,  lhis, F., hauling  a-   subnectQ, xum, 3, bind beneath.
ground.                             subnixus, a, um, supported, leansubeo, ii, it-, 4, advance, go under,   ing on, defended by.
approach, undergo, submit to.      subo, I, to be full, in heat.
sfiber, eris, N., cork-tree.          suboleo, 2, to smell, scent.
[subf-=suff-; subg-=sugg-.            suboles, is, F., sprout, offspring.
subices, supports.                    subolesco, 3, to grow up.
subigito, I (agito), intens. of       suborno, I, adorn, incite secretly.
subigo, 9gi, act-, 3, bring under,  [subp-=supp-; subr —-surr-.
subdue, constrain, rub down.       subscribo, psi, pt-, 3, write below,
subinde, directly after, from  time     subscribe, note down, agree to.
to time.                            subscriptio, 6nis, F., subscription,
subitArius, a, um, prepared in           noting down, signature.
haste.                              subscriptor, 6ris, M., signer, apsubitS, suddenly.                       prover.
subitus, [subeo], sudden, hasty.      subscus, fidis, F., dove-tail, tenon.




182                       subsecivus -succumbo.
subsecivus, a, um, the remaining,   subtus, underneath.
over and above, leisure.            subuicula, e, F., a shirt.
sub-seco, I, to clip away.             sUibula, se, F., [suo,] an awl.
subsellium, i, N., a low bench, seat,   subulcus, i, N., [sus,] swineherd.
tribunal.                           Subjira, ae, F., a street in Rome.
subsequor, ciltus, 3, follow close.    suburbanus, a, urn, near the city;
subservio, I, to be subject.             N., a suburban estate.
subses3a, We, F., ambuscade.           suburgeo, 2, drive close.
subsessor, 6ris, M., waylayer.         subfiro, ust-, 3, to singe, scorch..
subsidiarius, a, um, of the reserve.   subvectio, 0nis, F., conveyance.
subsidium, i, N., reserves, help.      subvecto, I, intens. of
subsido, sedi, sess-, 3, sink, settle,   subveho, xi, ct-, 3, carry, convey,
abide, lie in wait.                    bring (up stream).
subsignanus, a, um, serving near   subvenio, vdni, vent-, 4, come to
the standard.                          aid, relieve, coime to hand.
subsigno, I, subscribe, register.      subverto, ti, sum, 3, to overthrow,
subsilio, ui (ii), 4, spring upward.     destroy, subvert.
subsisto, stiti, 3, take a stand, halt,   subvexus, a, um, sloping upward.
remain, withstand.                  subvolo, I, fly upward.
subs5l1nus, a, um, eastward.           subvolvo, 3, to roll up or along.
subsortior, 4, to choose a substitute.   succavus, a, um, hollow below.
substantia, se, F., substance.         succedaneus, a, umrn, succeeding.
sub-sterno, 3, strew beneath, bestrew.   succdo, cessi, cess-, 3, go below,
substillus, a, um, dribbling.            mount, enter, advance, prosper.
sub-stituo, [statuo,] 3, to put next,   succendo, di, sum, 3, to set on fire.
suggest, substitute.                succenseo, sui, sum, 2, to be angry.
substo, I, to be near, stay firm.      succenturio, at-, I, receive as resubstramen, inis, N., litter.            cruit.
sub-stringo, 3, bind close, check.     suc-cerno, 3, shake, sift.
substrictus, a, um, close.             successio, 5nis, F., sequence, sucsubstructio, 5nis, F., foundation,       cess.
groundwork.                         successor, 5ris, M., follower, sucsub-struo, 3, build beneath.             cessor, inheritor.
subsulto, I, to jump, spring.          successus, us, M., advance, success.
sub-sum, to be near, or among.         succidia, a, F. flitch of bacon.
subtemen, inis, N., yarn, woof.        succido, [cado,] 3, fall under, sink.
subter (~ 56, i. 3), beneath, close.   succido, [caedo,] 3, cut down or
subter-daco, 3, withdraw secretly.       away.
subter-fugio, 3, fly by stealth.       sUccidus, a, um, sappy, juicy.
sub-terlabor, 3, glide beneath.        succiduus, a, um, sinking.
subtero, trivi, trit-, 3, wear away.   succincte (-tim), briefly.
subterrdneus, a, um, underground.   succinctus, [cingo,] girt, ready.
subtertius, a, um, less by a third.    suc-cingo,. 3, to gird, equip.
subtexo, xui, xt-, 3, weave below,   succino, 3, accompany in song.
spread, subjoin, annex.             succinum=-sicinum, amber.
subtilis, e, slender, fine, delicate,   succisivus (subsecivus), a, um,
simple, plain.                         remaining.
subtilitas, dtis, F., fineness, keen-   succlamo, i, shout (in reply).
ness, plainness.                     succollo, I, to shoulder.
subtiliter, finely, minutely.          succresco, I, grow up.
subtraho, xi, ct-, 3, withdraw.        suc-cumbo, 3, to lie, sink, yield.




succurro -  supellex.                         183
suc-curro, 3, run under or to help;   suffuisus, bashful.
- occur to one's mind.                 suggero, gessi, gest-, 3, carry
succus=siicus, sap, juice.                under, raise, furnish, suggest.
SUCCUSSO, I, to jerkT jolt.            suggestum, i, N., a height, platform.
succutio, cussi, cuss-, 3, to toss up.   suggredior, gressus, 3, approach.
siicidus, a, um, juicy, jifesh.        suggrunda, ae, F., eaves.
sucinum, i, N., amber.                 sigillo, I, to bruise, insult.
suico, onis, N., sucker (usurer).      suigo, xi, ct-, 3, to suck, exhaust.
sucosus, a, um, juicy.                 sui, sibi, se (sese), one's self.
suctus, [sugo,l exhausted.             suillus, a, um, of swine.
sucula, ae, F., [sUS,] windlass.       sulcetor, oris, M., ploughman.
sucUS, i, M., juwice, sap, vigor.      sulco, I, to cut, furrow, plough.
sildarium, i, N., handkerchief.        sulcus, i, M., furrow, trench, wake.
sfidatorius, a, um, for sweating.      sulfur, uris, N., brimstone, sulphur.
sudes (is), is, F., stake, pile, peak.  sulfureus, a, um, like sulphur.
sildo, I, to sweat, toil, exude.       Sulla, L. Cornelius, the Roman
sildor, oris, N., sweat, moisture, toil.  Dictator, B.C. I38-78..
sildus, a, um, dry, bright, clear.     Sulmo, onis, M., a Pelignian town.
suesco, suevi, suet-, 3, get wonted.   sultis=si vultis, if you will.
Suessa, ae, F., a town of Latium.    sum, esse, fui (~~ 29, 45, 3), to be
suffarcinatus, a, um, stuffed.            (w. dat.), belong.
suffectio, onis, F., addin/, supply.    slimen, inis, N., breast, udder.
suffectus, [sufficio,] supplied.       summa, ae F., the chief point, sum,
suffero, sustuli, sublat-, put under,     whole main boldy (of army).
offer, sustain, endure.              summas, atis, of high place.
suffertus, [fercio,] stuffed.          summatim, on the surfice, gently.
sufies, etis, N., the Carthaginian    summe, in the highest degree.
chief magistrate.                    summergo, si, sum, 3, plunge, subsufficio, feici, fect-, 3, put under,     merge, sink.
imbue, supply, suffice.              summerus, a, um, rather clear.
suffigo, xi, xum, 3, fasten, affix.    sumministro, I, aid, supply.
suffio, 4, fumigate.                   summisse (-im), gently, calmly.
suffitio, onis, F., fumiq/ation.       summissus, a, um, low, gentle, mean.
sufflamen, usis, N., clog, drag.       summitto, missi, miss-, 3, send
sufflatus, a, um, bloated.               forth, rear, let dowcn, send secretly.
suffiltus, us, M., breath.             summopere, to tIte utmost.
sufflo, I, breathe or blowforth.       summoveo, movi, mort-, 2, send
suffoco, I, suffocate.                    or clear away, withdraw, uvithhold.
suffodio, fodi, foss-, 3, pierce, stab,   summus, a, urn, uttermost, utmost,
undermine.                             top of, higqhest, chief, last.
suffragatio, 5nis, F., voting.         suiro, sumpsi, sumpt-, 3, take,
suffragator, oris, M., supporter.         claim, spend, assume; sumere
suffragium, i, N., a vote, judgment,      pcenam, to inflict punishment.
riqht of voting.                     sumptuarius, a, um, of expenses.
suffrago, inis, F,, ham, postern.      sumptuosus, a, um, costly, lavish.
suffragor, I, support by voting.       sumptus, is, N., expense, cost.
suffugio, fugi, 3, take refuge.        suo, sui, silt-, 3, to sew, stitch.
suffugium, i, N., shelter.             suomet, suopte, one's own.
suffulcio, fulsi, fult-, 4, to prop.   suovetaurilia, sacrifice of swine,
suffundo, fuidi, fus-, 3, pour below,     sheep and bull.
overspread, sutfuse. ~               supellex, lectilis, F., furniture.




184                       super -  surrado.
super (~ 56,I, 2), above, concerning,   supinus, a, um, fallen backward,
besides, during.                      outspread, heedless, haughty.
[super-, over and above, or upon.     suppar, paris, nearly equal.
superabilis, e, conquerable.          supparasitor,oI, to fawn, flatter.
superb~, haughtily.                   supparum, i, N., a woman's linen
superbia, ea, F., pride, haughtiness.   garment, topsail.
superbio, 4, to be haughty, splendid.   suppedito,  I, [pes,] to abound,
superbus, a, um, haughty, arrogant,     have in abundance, fiurnish.
proud, superb, magnificent.         suppetiee, drum, F., aid, succor.
supercilium, i, N., brow, ridge.    suppetior, I, to aid, succor.
summit, arrogance, sternness.       suppeto, lvi (ii), it-, 3, be at hand
superemineo, 2, overtop, excel.         or equal, to agree, correspond.
superficies, ei, F., surface, struc-   suppilo, I, filch, purloin.
ture, what is aboveground.          suppingo, pact-, 3, fisten beneath.
superfio, to be remaining.            supplanto, I, trip  up  the heels,
superfluo, xi, 3, overflow, abound.     overthrow.
superfluus, a, um, overflowing.       supplementum, i, N., filling-in,
superfundo, 3, pour over, extend.       supply, recruiting.
supergredior, gressus, 3, overstep.   supplementurn, i, N.,.filling up.
superi, 6rum, the upper divinities.    suppleo, Evi, et-, to fill up, supply.
superimpleo, 2, fill to overflowing.   supplex, icis, kneeling, suppliant.
superinjicio, 3, throw on or over.    supplicatio 6nis, F., public prayer
superior, us, higher, upper, former,    or thanksgiving.
older, superior.                    suppliciter, suppliantly, humbly.
super-jacio, 3, throw upon, overtop.   supplicium, i, N., prayer, supplicasupernas, natis,  of the upper          tion; also punishment, torture (the
country, northern.                    criminal kneeling for the blow).
supernE, upward.                      supplico, I, kneel, implore, worship.
supernus, a, um, on high, celestial.  suppldo, si, 3, stamp, applaud.
supero, I, surmount, surpass, sur-   supplbsio, onis, F., stamping.
vive, abound, subdue, go past.      sup-pono, 3, put beneath, substitute,
super-pono, 3, place on or over.        forge, counterfeit, subjoin.
supesedeo, sedi, sess-, 2, sit upon   supporto, I, carry, convey.
surpass, desist, omit.              suppositicius, a, um, substituted.
superstes, stitis, c., a bystander,.  suppositio, 5nis, F., substituting.
survivor.                           suppressio, 5nis, F., keeping back
superstitio, 6nis, F., superstition,    or down, embezzlement.
object of dread or scruple.         supprimo, pressi, press-, 3, press
superstitiosus, a, um, superstitious,   down, sink, check, detain, suppress.
prophetic, scrupulous.              supprSmus, i, M., under-butler.
supersto, I, stand on or over.        suppuiro, I, to gather matter, [puc].
super-sum, remain, abound, sur-   supputo, I, to prune, turn.
vive, be present, assist.           supra, above, before, beyond, besides.
superus, a, um  (~ 17, iii.), upper,   suprEmus=summus, highest.
higher; pl., the celestials.        sura, ee, F., calf of the leg.
supervacaneus (-vacuus), a, um,   surculaceus (-osus), a, urn, woody.
superfluous, needless.              surculus, is, M., sprout, shoot, twig.
super-venio, 4, come upon or over,  surdg, dimly, indistinctly.,follow, surpass, attack.            surdus, a, um, deaf, dull, mute.
supinE, negligently.                  surgo, surrexi, ct-, 3, to rise, lift.
supino, I, to lie backward.           surrado, si, sum, 3, scrape.




surremigo -  taberna.                         185
surrrmigo, I, to row beneath.          sUitilis, e, sewed, fastened.
Surrentum, i, N., Sorrento (near   sitor, &ris, cobbler.             [bler.
Naples).                            siitrius (-trinus), a, um, of a cobsur-repo, 3, creep softly, steal upon.   siitiira, ee, F., a seam.
surrepticius, a, um, stolen.           suus, a, um, one's own, favorable;
surreptus, [ripio,] snatched away.       pl. M., one's friends or soldiers;
surrideo, si, 2, to smile.               N., one's property.
surrigo —surgo, rise.                  Sybaris, is, F., a Greek town in
surripio, pui, rept-, 3, snatch, steal.  S. E. Italy, noted for luxury.
surrogo, I, substitute.                t sycaminus, i, F., mulberry.
sur-ruo, 3, to undermine, demolish.      syc,, F., gum-resin.
sursum, upward, on high.               f sycophanta,  ~e,  M., informer,
surus, i, N., branch, stake.             slanderer, cheat, flatterer.
sis, suis, c., hog, sow.               Sylla=Sulla.
Sisa, orum, N., capital of Persia.   tsyllaba, ae, F., syllable.
susceptor, 6ris, M., contractor, re-   sylva==silva, forest.
ceiver.                             t symbola, ae, F., share, scot.
suscipio, cEpi, cept-, 3, take up,      symbolus (um), i, M., mark, token.
sustain, acknowledge, undertake.    t symphonia, ae, F., harmony.
suscito, I, lift, cast up, rouse, restore.   symphoniacus, a, um, for singing.
suspecto, I, to look up at, watch.     Symplgadgs, um, F., cliffs in
suspectus, a, um, suspicious, dan-       the   Euxine,  which   dashed
gerous.                                against one another (myth).
suspectus, us, M., looking-upward.   f symposium, i, N., banquet.
suspendium, i, N., hanging.            t syngrapha, Be, F.; us, i, M., note,
suspendo, di, sum, 3, hang, sus-         bond, contract.
pend, support, depend, check, stop.   Synnada, 6rum, a town of Phrysuspicax, acis, suspicious.              gia, famous for marble.
suspicio, pexi, ct-, 3, look up to,   Syphax, acis, king of Numidia,
admire, suspect, distrust.            ally of Carthage, died B.c. 20I.
suspicio, Snis, F., distrust, suspicion.   Syraciise, drgm, F., a city of Sisuspiciosus, a, um, distrustful, sus-    cily, taken by Marcellus, B.C. 212.
picious, causing distrust.          Syria, Me, F., the country E. of the
suspicor, I, mistrust, suspect, think.   Mediterranean.
suspiratio, 5nis, F.; -atus (-itus),   Syrinx, gis, F., a nymph, beloved
us, M.; -ium, i, N., sigh, deep        by Pan, changed to a reed.
breathing.                          t syrma, se, F., a trailing robe.
suspiro, I, to sigh, sigh for.         syrtis, is (idos), F., quicksand;
susque deque, up and down.               Syrtes, two great shoals on the
sustentatio, 6nis, F., delay, sus-       North coast of Africa.
pense, forbearance, maintenance.
sustento, I, sustain, support, maintain, endure, delay.                                 T.
sustineo, ui, tent-, hold up, sustain,
restrain, maintain, endure.         T, the proenomen Titus.
sustollo, 3, lift, raise.              tabanus, i, M., gadcfly.
sustuli, [tollo, or suffero,] raised.   tabella, e, F., tablet, letter, ballot,
sUsum==sursum, upward.                   picture, votive tablet.
susurro, I, to whisper, murmur.        tabellarius, a, umn, of tablets.
susurrus, i, N., a whisper, murmur.  tabeo, 2, melt, waste, decay.
siitela, se, F., [suo,] artifice.      taberna, me, F., shop, booth, inn.




186                  tabernaculum -  Tarracina.
tabernAculum, i, N., tent, pavilion.   tamarix, icis, F., tamarisk.
taberndrius, a, um, of shops or   tamdiu, so long... (quamdiu, as).
booths; pl., shopkeepers.           tamen, yet, still, nevertheless.
tabes, is, F., decay, pestilence.     tametsi (tamenetsi), although.
tdbesco, bui, 3, consume, dissolve.   tammodo, but just now.
tdbidus, a, um, decaying, corrupt.   tamquam, as if; as it were.
tabificus, a, um, dissolving, corrod-   Tanais, is, M.,, the river Don.
ing, infectious.                    Tanaquil, ills, wife of Tarquin.
tabula, ee, F., board, plank, tablet,  tandem, at length, now then.
panel, picture.                     tango, tetigi, tact-, 3, touch, reach,
tabularis, e, of boards or tablets.      hit, affect, cheat, mention.
tabularius, a, um, of records; M.,  tanquam-=tamquam, as if.
registrar; F., record-office; N.,   Tantalus, i, myth. k. of Phrygia,
archives.                              punished   in   Tartarus  with
tabulatio, 5nis, F., flooring.           eternal hunger and thirst.
tabulatus, a, um, boarded,floored;   tanti (gen.), at such a price.
N., floor, layer.                   tantillus, a, um, so little.
tabulinum, i, N., balcony, terrace, a   tantisper, for so long.
shelf for records.                  tantS, by so much (w. compar.).
tabum, i, N., corruption, pestilence.    tant6pere, so much, so greatly.
taceo, cui, cit-, 2, to be silent, still,  tantulus, a, um, ever so little.
noiseless.                          tantum, so much, so far, only.
tacitd (to), silently.                 tantummodo, only.
taciturnitas, Atis, F., silence.       tantundem, just so much.
taciturnus, a, um, inclined to silence   tantus, a, um, so great, so much,
tacitus, a, um, silent, secret, mute.    so many.
tactio, onis, F., touch.               tantus-dem, a, um, just -so great.
tactus, [tango,] touched.              tapete, is, N. (acc. -ta, pl., -tas, M.),
tactus, Us, M., handling, touch.         carpet, rug, tapestry.
teeda, we, F., pitch-pine, torch; mar-   tarandus, i, M., reindeer (?)
riage-torch, wedding.               tarde, slowly.
teedet, uit (taesum est), it wearies.  tardipes, pedis, slow-foot.
tedium, i, N., weariness, disgust.     tarditas, dtis, F., slowness, dulness.
Teenarus (os), i, c.; (-on, N.), the   tardities, 6i; -tfido, inis, F., slowsouthern point of Greece.              ness.
Tenarius, a, um, Spartan.             tardiusculus, a, um, rather slow.
tcenia, ae, F., fillet, hair-band.     tardo, I, to delay, prevent, linger.
tmesum est, [tedet,] it wearies.      tardus, a, um, slow, sluggish, lingertwter  tgter, offensive.                 ing, dull, deliberate.
tagax, &cis, light-fingered.           Tarentinus, a, um, of Tarentum
tAlaris, e, of the ankle; N. pl.,        (Taranto), in S. E. Italy.
winged sandals.                     tarmes, itis, M., woodworni.
talarius, a, um, of dice.              Tarpdia, ce, the maiden who betalea, We, F., rod, bar, cutting.        trayed the citadel to the Sabines.
talentum, i, N., talent (1 cwt, or   Tarpeius mons, the steep north
sum of a little over sIOOO).           front of the Capitoline.
tdlio, hnis, F., punishment in kind.    Tarquinius, i, the 5th and 7th k.
talis, e, such, of such sort.            of Rome, B.C. 618-578, 534-509
talpa, e, F., mole.                      (from Tarquinii, in Etruria).
talus, i, M., ankle, ankle-bone, die.    Tarracina, ae, F., a coast-town
tam, so; tam... quam, as (well) as.     half-way bet. Rome and Naples.




Tarraconensis -  temporatim.                     187
Tarraconensis, e, of Tarragona, in   tegumen, inis; -mentum, i, N.,
Spain.                                cover.
Tartarus (os), i, M.; -a, orum, N.,   Tdius, a, um, of Teos (Anacreon).
the  place  of eternal torture,   tela, ae, F., web, warp, loom.
hell; adj., Tartareus or -inus.    Telamo (-on). 5nis, father of Ajax.
Tartessus, i F., a port of Spain.    Teleboae,  rum, a robber people
tarum, i, N., aloe-wood.                of Acarnania.
Tatius, i, a Sabine king, reigning   Telegonus, i, son of Ulysses and
jointly with Romulus.                 Circe, slayer of his father. and
taura, Ae, F., a barren cow.            founder of Tusculum.
taureus, a, um, of bulls or oxen.     Tlemachus, i, son of Ulysses
Tauri, 6rum, a people of Thrace.         and Penelope.
tauriformis, e, bull-shaped..         T6lephus, i, son of Hercules and
Taurii lidi, games in  honor of          Auge; king of Mysia.
the infernal deities.              tellus, uris, F., the earth.
Taurini, 5rum, people of N. W.   Telmessus, i, F., a town of Caria.
Italy (Turin).                     telum, i, N., spear, javelin, weapon.
taurinus, a, um, of bulls, or oxen.    temerarius, a, um, accidental, rash.
Taurois, entis, a fortress of Mas-   temere, by chance, rashly, hastily.
silia.                              temeritas, dtis, F., chance, rashness.
Tauromenium, i, N., a town of   temero, I, to profane, pollute.
eastern Sicily.                     Temesa (Tempsa), a, a town of
taurus, i, M., bull, ox, bullock.        S. Italy, noted for copper mines.
taxa, e, F., laurel.                  t9mrtum, i, N., intoxicating drink.
taxdtio, ohis, F., reckoning.         temrno, 3, scorn, despise.
taxeus, a, um, of yews.               tEmo, 6nis, M., beam, pole, waygon.
taxim=tetigerim, [tango,] touch.   TempS, pl., N., a valley of Thessaly.
taxim, gently, by degrees.            temperamentum, i, N., measure,
taxo, I, touch sharply, charge a-       moderation, temperament.
gainst, appraise.                   temperans, tis, moderate.
taxus, i F., yew.                     temperanter, with moderation.
Tdf getus, i, M.; -a, orum, N., a   temperantia, ae, F., moderation.
mountain-ridge in Laconia.          temperate, temperately.
te (tu), thee.                        temperitio, onis, F., tempering.
ttechna, Ae, F., craft, trick.        temperatus, a, um, arranged, pretecte, covertly.                        pared, moderate.
tectorius, a, um, for covering; N.,  temperi, [tempus,l at tlheJt time.
thatch, plaster.                   temperies, &i, F., tempering, temper.
tectum, i, N., roof, dwelling, shelter.  tempero,  I, to  temper, qualify,
tectus, [tego,] sheltered.              soften, regulate, govern, forbear.
tecum (tu), with thee.                tempestas, atis, F., time, season,
ted=tE, thee.                           weather, tempest.
tdda=teeda, torch.                    tempestivE, seasonably.
Tegea, ae, F., a town in Arcadia.    tempestivitas, dtis, F., timeliness.
Tegegus (-aeus), a, um, Arcadian.   tempestivus, a, um,fJt, ripe, timely.
teges, etis, F., covering, mat.       templum, i, N., open circuit, sanctegillum, i, N., hood.                  tuary, temple.
tegimen (tegmen), inis, N., cover.   tempora, um, N., temples, head.
tego, xi, ct-, 3, to cover, hide, shelter.  tempordlis, e; -drius, a, um, for a
tegula, ea, F., tile.                   time, temporary.
tegulum, i, N., roof.                 temporqtim, at times or seasons.




188                           tempori -  tersus.
tempori, in season.                     ter, three times.
tempto=tento, try.                      tercentum, three hundred.
tempus, oris, N., time, season, occa-   terdecies, thirteen times.
sion, circumstance.                  terebinthus, i, F., turpentine-tree.
temulentia; Me, F., intoxication.       terebra, es, F., auger (for boring).
temulentus, a, um, drunk.               terebro, I, to bore, pierce.
tenacitas, atis, F., stubbornness.      teredo, inis, F., borer.
tenaciter, stubbornly.                  teres, etis, [tero,] worn  smooth,
tenax, acis, grasping/, firm, tena-       rounded, polished.
cious, stubborn, stingy.             Tereus, i, myth. king of Thrace.
tendo, tetendi, tent- (tens-), 3,   tergeminus, a, um, three-fold.
stretch, extend, spread  out, go,   tergeo, 2; -go, si, 3, to wipe, cleanse.
tend, endeavor, encamp.              Tergeste, is, N., a port of Istria,
tenebres, arum, F., darkness, night,      Trieste.
gloom, blindness, death.             tergilla, e, F., pork-rind.
tenebricus (-cosus), a, um, gloomy,   terginum, i, N., raw hide.
dark, obscure.                       tergiversatio,o nis, F., refusal.
tenebrosus, a, um, dark, gloomy.    tergiversor, I, turn the back, shufTenedos (us), i, F., an I. near Troy.     fie, evade.
tenellus, a, um, tender, delicate.      tergo= —tergeo, wipe.
teneo, ui, tent-, 2, hold, keep, attain,   tergum, i; -us, 6ris, N., back, body,comprehend, restrain, endure.           hide; dare terga, to flee.
tener, era, um, soft, tender.           termrs, itis, M., olive-bough.
tenerasco (-esco), 3, to grow soft.   terminalis, e, of boundaries.
teneritas, atis, F., softness. ~        terminatio, 6nis, F., fixing bounds.
tenor, oris, M., career, course.        termino, I, to bound, limit, define.
tensa, ze, F., a car (for the images   terminus, i, M., boundary, limit.
of the gods).                        ternideni, me, a, thirteen each.
tensio, onis, F., stretching out.       ternus, a, um, by threes, threefold;
tensus, [tendo,] stretched, tiqht.        pl. three each, three.
tentabundus, tryin<g here and there.   tero, trivi, trit-, 3, wear, wear away,
tentamen, inis; -mentum, i, N.;           bruise (for threshing), frequent.
-atio, onis, F., attempt.            Terpsichore, es, the  Muse  of
tento, I, try, tempt, attack, attempt.    Dancing.
tentorium, i, N., tent.                terra, se, F., earth, ground, region.
tentus, [tendo,] stretched; [teneo,]   terrenus, a, um, earthen, earthy,
held.                                   earthly.
tenuis, e, thin, slender, narrow,   terreo, ui, it-, 2, to frighten, alarm,
shallow, meagre, slight, fine.          scare aiway.
tenuitas, atis, F., thinness, scarcity.   terrestris, e, of the earth, or land.
tenuiter, thinly, poorly,.finely.      terreus, a, um, earthen.
tenuo, I,?nake thin, dilute, attenu-   terribilis,e, frightful, dreadful.
ate, reduce, enfeeble.               terricula, se, F., a bugbear.
tenus, 6ris, N., cord, snare.          terrifico, I, terrify.
tenus, up to, as far as.               terrificus, a, um, causing dread.
tepe-facio, 3, to make warm.            terrigena, ae, c., earth-born.
tepeo, 2, to be lukewarm.               territo, I, to terrify.
tepesco, pui, 3, grow lukewarm.         territorium, i, N., territory.
tepidarium, i, N., warm bath.           territus, [terreo,]frightened.
tepidus, a, um, lukewarm, faint.       terror, oris, M, dread, terror.
tepor, oris, N., gentle warmth.        tersus, [tergo,] clean, correct, neat.




tertianus -  Thracus.                          189
tertianus, a, um, of the third.         textrinus, a, um, of weaving or
tertio, it-, I, to do thrice.              construction; N., ship-yard.
terti5 (umrn), for the 3d time, thirdly.   textura, ae, F.; -tus, M., structure.
tertius, a, um, third.                  textus, [texo,] woven; N., web.
teruncius (fig of as), penny, trifle.    t thalamrngus, i, F., barge.
tesca, orum, N., wastes, wilds.         t thalamus, i, M., bed-chamber, bed,
tessera, as, F., square tablet, die,       wedlock.
chequer, token.                      t thalassicus, a, um, sea-like.
testa (-ula), a, F., brick, tile, shell.   Thales (Rtis), is, an Ionian philtestaceus, a, um: of brick or tile.        osopher, B.C. 640-550.
testrimentdrius, a, um, of wills.       Thalia, as, F., the Muse of Comedy.
testamentum, i, N., a will, testa- f thallus, i, M., a green bough.
ment.                                 Thapsos, i, F., a town of Sicily.
testatim, in fragments.                 Thaumantias, adis; -tis, idis, Iris,
testatio, 5nis, F., attestation.          daughter of Thaumas.
testetr, before witnesses.              theatralis, e, of the theatre.
testator, oris, M., witness, testator.    t theatrumr, i, N., theatre.
testatus, a, um, proved, published.   Thebae, drum, F., a city of Egypt;
testeus, a, um, of earthen.               also, capital of Bceotia, Thebes.
testificatio, 6nis, F., evidence.       t theca, ae, F., case, sheath.
testificor, I, prove, give evidence.    Themis, idis, F., goddess of Justestimonium, i, N., evidence.              tice and Prophecy.
testis, is, c., a witness.              Themistocles, is,  an  Athenian
testor, I, bear witness, testify, prove,   statesman, B.C. 5I3-449.
attest, publish a will, call to witness.   t theriaca, a, F., antidote.
testildineus, a, um, of a tortoise.     f thermae, arum, F., warm springs
testildo, inis, F., tortoise, tortoise-    or baths.
shell; boards or shields, locked    Therm6don, tis, M., a river of
to cover a storming-party.              Pontus.
testum, i (tu), N., earthen pot, lid.    Thermopylae, arum, Thermopykle,
tetanus, i, M., cramp.                    the  pass  from   Thessaly  detete (td), thee (emphatic).               fended by Leonidas, B.C. 480.
titer, tra, um, offensive, foul.        tthesaurus, i, M., treasure, treasTethys, yos, F., wife of Oceanus.          ure-house.
t tetra-, four.                         Theseus, ei (eos), myth. king of
ttetrans, tis, M., a quarter.              Athens, son  of 2Egeus  and
tetrao, 5nis, M., heath-cock.              AEthra.
ttetrarches, as, M., tetrarch gov-   Theseus (-&ius), a, um, of Theseus.
ernor of a quarter-province.          Thessalia, ae, F., northern Greece.
tetra, shockingly.                      Thetis, idis, a sea-nymph, mother
tetricus, a, um, crabbed, harsh.           of Achilles.
tetuli, tuli (fero), bear.              t theurgus, i, M., magician.
Teucer, cri, myth. k. of Troy;   t thiasus, i, M., dance in honor of
also, a brother of Ajax.                Bacchus.
Teucrus (-crius), a, um, Trojan.        t tholus, i, M., dome of temple.
Teutoni, orum  (es, um), Teutons,   t thomix, icis, F., cord, thread.
a German tribe.                       t thorax, acis, M., breast, breasttexo, ui, tum, 3, to weave, braid,        plate.
build, cover.                        Thrdcia, se, F., Thrace (Turkey).
textilis, e, woven; N., web, cloth.     Thrdcus (-cius, -cicus); Threitextor, 6ris, M., weaver.                  cius, a, um, Thracian.




190                      Thrasybulus -  tono.
Thrasybfilus, i, the liberator of   Tiresias, se, a blind soothsayer of
Athens, B.C. 404.                      Thebes.
Thrax,!cis (-Eissa, F.), Thracian.   tiro, 5nis, M., raw recruit, beginner.
Thiill, 6s, F., Shetland or Iceland (?).  tirocinium, i, N., first service, raw
t thunnus, i, M., tunny-fish.            forces, recruits.
ThUirinus, a, um, of Thurii, a   Tiryns, thos (is), F., a town of
city near Tarentum.                    Argolis, the home of Hercules.
this, thfiris=tiUs, incense.           TisiphonE, es, F. (avenger of bloold),
Thyas (ias), adis, F., a bacchante.       one of the Furies.
Thyestes, se, brother of Atreus.    Titan, dnis, son of Caelus; also,
tthymbra, A, F., savory.                  the  Sun-god; pl., Titans, who
t thymeld, es, F., leader's stand.        tried  to  scale  Olympus, and
t thymum, i, N., thyme.                   were  driven  by  thunderbolts
t thyrsus, i, M., stem, staff twined      into Tartarus.
with vine-shoots.                    Tithonus, i, son  of Laomedon,
Ti. the praenomen Tiberius.               wedded to Aurora.
tiara, ae, F. (-as, M.), turban, tiara.    Tities (-enses), one of the tribes
Tiberinus, of the Tiber.                  in early Rome. (Sabine?)
Tiberis, is (idis), M., the Tiber.     titillo, I, to tickle.
Tiberius (Claudius Nero), empe-   titio, 6nis, M., Jirebrand.
ror from A.D. I4-3I.                 titivillitium, i, N., trifle.
tibia, ae, F., shin-bone; pipe, flute.    titubo, I, to stagger, reel, waver.
tibidle, is, N., stocking, leggin.     titulus, i, M., label, title, placard.
tibicen, inis, M.; -cina, ze, F.,piper,   Tityos, i, a giant slain by Apollo,
flutist; prop, column.                  his liver torn by a vulture in
Tibur, uris, N., a town of Latium         Tartarus.
(Tivoli); adj., Tiburs, tis.         Tm5lus (-ius), i, M., a mountain
Ticinus, i, M., the river Ticino in       of Lydia famous for wines.
N. Italy.                            tofus, i, M., tufa (a volcanic stone).
tigillum, i, N., a little beam.        toga, Me, F., [tego,] toga, mantle,
tigndrius, a, um, of beams.               gown of peace.
tignum, i, N., a beam, log, lumber.    togqtus, a, um, wearing the toga;
Tigrdnes, is, k. of Armenia, son-         a Roman in civil life.
in-law of Mithridates.               tolerdbilis, e, endurable, enduring.
tigris, is (idis), c., tiger.          tolerans, tis, enduring, tolerant.
tilia, Me, F., linden-tree.             toleranter, patiently, tolerably.
timeo, ui, 2, fear, dread, be anxious.   tolero, I?, to bear, sustain.
timida, timidly.                       tolleno, onis, M., well-sweep.
timiditas, atis, F., cowardice.        tollo (sustuli, sublet-), 3, lift, raise,
timidus, a, um, timid, cowardly.          exalt, lift away, Carry off, weigh
timor, 6ris, Mi., fear, alarm, dread.     (anchor), destroy, abolish.
tinctus, [tingo,] stained, dyed.       Tol6sa, ee, F., Toulouse in S. Gaul.
tinea, ae, F., bee-moth, book-worm.    toliltim, on a trot.
tingo, nxi, nct-, 3, dye, stain, wet.   tomentum, i, N., stuffing.
tinnio, 4, to jingle, scream.          f tomus, i, M., piece, part, volume.
tinnitus, us, 4, ringing, jangling.    tonans, tis, the thunderer (Jupiter).
tinnulus, a, um, ringing, shrill.      tondeo, totondi, tons-, 2, clip,
tintinnl bulum, i, N,, bell.              cut, shear, crop.
tintinndculus, a, urnm, clanking; M.,  tonitrus, us, M. (-tru; -trium, i, N).,
jailor.                                 thunder.
tintinno, I, to ring, clank, jingle.   tono, ui, I, to thunder; roar, crash.




tonsa -  Tralles.                           191
tonsa, ae, F., an oar.                  torvitas, atis, F., sternness.
tonsilis, e, shorn, clipped.            torvus, a, urn, wild, gloomy, savage.
tonsor, oris, M., shearer, hair-cutter.   tostus, [torreo,] parched.
tonstrima, Oe, F., barber's sho)p.     tot, so many.
tonsura, e, F., clipping, pruning.     totidem, just so many.
tonsus, [tondeo,] shorn.               toties (totiens), so often.
ttonus, i, M., sound, tone.            totus, a, um, g., ius, all, the whole.
t6phus —=tfus, tulfa.                  toxicum, i, N., poison (for arrows).
topia, orum, N., fancy gardening.    [trd-, =trans-.
topiarius, a, um, of gardening;   trabalis, e, of or like a beam.
M., gardener.                        trabea, e, M., state-robe.
topper, diligently, speedily.          trabeatus,  a, um,  wearing  the.toral, alis, N., valance (of couch).     trabea; F., a kind of play.
torcular, aris, N., oil or winepress.   trabs, bis, F., beam, timber, ship.
torculus (-arius), a, um, of a press.   Trachinius, a, urnm, of Trachin, a
ttoreuma, atis, N., embossed work.        town of Thessaly.
tormentum, i, N., [torqueo,] an   tractabilis, e, tractable, pliant.
engine, missile, cord, rack, torment.  tractatio, 5nis, F.; -tus, us, M.,
tormina, um, N., gripes.                  touching, handling, treatment.
torno, I, to turn, fashion.            tractim, drawlingly, strokingly
t tornus, i, M., wheel, lathe.         tracto, I, drag, touch, handle, treat.
torosus, a, um, muscular, brawny.    tractus, [traho,] drawn-out.
torpedo, inis, F,, numbness.           tractus, us, M., drawing, draught,
torpeo, ui, 2, to be stiff, numb, dull.   tract, district, course, length.
torpesco, ui, 3, grow numb.            traditio, onis, F., giving over, surtorpidus, a, um  benumbed.                render, instruction, tradition.
torpor, oris, M, numbness.             traditor, oris, M., betrayer.
torp6ro, i, to benumb.                 traido, didi, dit-, 3, deliver, commit,
torquatus, a, um, having a neck-          confide, surrender, betray.
chain.                               tradiico, xi, ct-, 3, lead across,
torqueo, torsi, tort-, 2, twist, wind,    transfer, bring over, expose.
hurl, wrench, torture.               traductio, onis, F., leadig'across,
torquis (es), is, D., collar or twisted   conducting, removing, exposure.
chain, wreath.                       tradux, ucis, N., vine-layer.
torre-facio, 3, to parch.              ttragemata, um, N., sweetmeats.
torrens, tis, rushing, boiling; M.,   t tragicus, a, um, of tragedy, tragic,
a torrent, rushing stream.             grand, terrible.
torreo, ui, tost-, 2, to parch, roast.   ttragcedia, e, F., tragedy.
torridus, a, um, parched, torrid.      ttragoedus, i, M., tragedian.
torris, is, M., Jire-brand.           tragula, Me, F.. dart, javelin, plot.
torte, awry.                           tragum, i, N., porridge.
tortilis, e, twisted, crooked.         traha, ae, F., a drag, sledge.
tortivus, a, urn, made by pressure.    traho, xi, ct-, 3, draw, drag, pluntortor, 6ris, M., tormentor.              der, squander, protract.
tortuosus, a, um, winding, tortuous,   Trajanus, i, Roman emperor, A.D.
complicated, tangled.                  98-II7.
tortiira, e, F., wrenching.            trajectio, onis, F.; -tus, us, M., a
tortus, [torqueo,] twisted.               crossing, passage, transportation.
tortus, us, M., twisting, wreath.       trajicio, jeci,ject-, 3, throw across,
torulus, I, M., tuft of hair.             transport, pierce, transfix.
torus, i, M., swelling, muscle, couch.   Tralles, ium, F., a town in Lydia.




192                      trama -  tribunatus.
trrm a, M, F., woof, weft.             transpaddnus, a, urnm, beyond Po.
trames, itis, M., foot-path, course.    trans-pono, 3, transfer, remove.
trdno (transno), I, swim across.       transporto, I, convey, transport.
tranquillitas,  atis,  F., stillness,  transtrum, i, N., bench, thwart (in
calmness, serenity, brightness.        ship), bank for rowers.
tranquillo, I, to calm, still.         transvectio, Onis, F., transport.
tranquillus, a, um, calm, tranquil.   transveho, xi, ct-, 3, convey across.
trans, across, beyond.                 transverbero, I, strike through.
[trans-, across or change.             transversus, a, um, crosswise.
transabeo, ii, 4, to pass through.     transverto, ti, sum, 3, turn across.
transadigo, Ogi, act-, 3, transfix.    transvolo, I, fly or pass over.
transcendo, di, sum, 3, overstep,   transvorsus=-transversus.
exceed, transcend..        ttrapezita, e, M., money-changer.
tran-scribo, 3, to copy, transfer.     Trasimrnus, i, a lake in Etruria.
trans-curro, 3, run across, traverse.   trebax, acis, cunning, crafty.
transenna, ae, F., noose, snare.       Trebia, a, F., Trebia in N. Italy.
transeo, ii, 4, go across, pass over.   treceni, se, a, 300 each.
transero, sert-, 3, put through, graft.  trecenti, ae, a, three hundred.
trans-fero, carry over, transplant,  trecenties, 300 times.
transfer, copy, convey.              tredecies, thirteen times.
transfigo, xi, xum, 3, transfix.       tredecim, thirteen.
transfigUro, I, transform.             treis=tres, three.
trans-fodio, 3, pie)rce, thrust, stab.    tremebundus, a, um, quivering.
transformo, I, transform, alter.       treme-facio, 3, cause to shake.
transforo, I, pierce throu.qh.         tremendus, a, um, formidable.
transfreto, I, cross a strait or ferry.   tremisco, 3, quake, tremble.
transfuga, Me, c., deserter.           tremo, ui, 3, to shake, tremble (at).
transfugio, fugi, 3, to desert.        tremor, 5ris, M., trembling, dread.
transfugium, i, N., desertion.         tremulus, a, um, quivering, tremtransfundo, fiudi, Mfis-, 3, transfuse.  bling.
transgredior, gressus, 3, cross   trepidatio, 5nis, F., agitation.
over, go beyond.                     trepide, in confusion or alarm.
transgressio, onis, F.,passing over.'  trepido, I, be confused, agitated,
transigo, egi, act-, 3, drive or thrust   throb, tremble at.
through, complete, finish, settle.  trepidanter, anxiously.
transilio, ui (Ivi), 3, spring across,  trepidus, a, um, restless, anxious,
hasten over.                           alarmed.
transitio, onis, F.; -tus, US, M.,  tres, tria, three.
passage, desertion, transition.      tressis, is, M., three asses.
transitorius, a, um, for transit.      tresviri, 5rum, M., Board of three
transldtio, onis, F., transferring,      (in charge of prisons, &c.).
translation, metaphor.               ttriangulus, a, um, three-cornered.
translator, ris, M., transferred.      tridrii, brum, infantry of 3d rank.
translatus, [fero,] transferred.       tribjilis, e, of the same tribe.
transmarinus, a, um, from beyond   tribulo, I, press, oppress.
sea, foreign.                        tribulum, i, N.; -a, se, F., threshingtransmeo, I, go across.                   drag.
transmigto, I, remove.                 tribulus, i, M., thistle, caltrop (crowtrans-mitto,  3, send  across  or         foot, to impede cavalry).
through, pass by, traverse.          tribunal, alis, N., judgment-seat.
transmissus, us, M., passage.          tribUndtus, us, M., tribuneship.




tribunitius -  trochus.                         193
tribuinitius, a, um, of a tribune.       trini, ae, a, three each.
tribilnus, i, M., tribune, paymaster,   t triobolus, i, M. (3 oboli), sixpence.
commander  of  a  legion,  or   tri-nes, umrn, M. (team  of oxen);
defender of the plebs.                   septem, the Polar Bear, north.
tribuo, ui, ait-, 3, allot, impart, ren-   triparcus, a, urn, very stingy.
der, yield, distribute.               tripartitus, in three divisions.
tribus, US, F., tribe, a local division    triplex, icis, three-fold.
of the Roman people, 35 in all.   Triptolemus, myth. k. of Eleusis,
The three patrician tribes, Ram-         inventor of agriculture.
nes, Tities, Luceres, have been    tripudio, I, to dance, leap.
thought to represent the Latin,   tripudium, i, N., a religious dance;
Sabine and Etruscan stock in             a favorable omen (from the feedthe founding of Rome.                    ing of chickens).
tributarius, a, um, of tribute.          f tripus, odis, M., tripod (threetribuitim, by tribes.                      footed seat).
tribiltum, i, N., tribute, gift.         triquetrus, a, um, three-cornered.
tricee, drum, F., tricks, trifles.       triremis, is, F., trireme (galley with
triceni, ae, a, thirty each.                three banks of oars).
tricenti, ae, a, three hundred.          tris=tres (acc.), three.
tricsimus, a, um, thirtieth.             triste, sadly.
triohila, A-, F., bower, arbor.          tristi=trivisti, [tero,] wore.
tricies, thirty times.                   tristis, e, sad, gloomy, harsh, stern.
triclinium, i, N., couch on  three   tristitia, as, F., sadness, sternness.
sides (at table), dining-room.        trisulcus, a, urn, three-cleft, triple.
trico, onis, M., trickster.              tritavus, i, M., ancestor (v. avus).
tricor, I, to dally, shufie.             triticeus, a, um, of wheat.
tridens, tis, three-pronged, three-   triticum, i, N., wheat.
toothed; M., trident.                 Triton, 5nis (os), a sea-god, son
triduum, i, N., three days.                of Neptune.
triennium, i, N., three years.           Trit5nia, ae (of Lake Triton, in
triens, tis, M., a third (of as).          Africa), Minerva.
trieris, is, F., trireme (a galley of   tritor, 6ris, M., grinder.
three banks).                         tritUra,  ae, F., grinding, rubbing
trietgricus, a, um, triennial.            (threshing).
ttrieteris, idis, F., three years.       tritus, [tero,] rubbed, worn.
trifariam, in three ways or places.    triumphalis, e, of a triumph.
trifer, era, um, thrice-bearing.         triumphatus, a, um, vanquished,
trifidus, a, um, three-cleft.              got by conquest.
triformis, e, three-fold, triform.       triumpho, I, to triumph, exult.
triga, Ee, F., team of three horses.     triumphus, i, M., triumph (a solemn
trigeminus, a, um, three-twin, three-      procession of victory).
fold, very great.                     triumviri, orum, Board of Three
triginto, thirty.                          (for colonies, police, or mint).
ttri.86nus, a, um, three-cornered.       Trivia, Ae, Diana or HLecate.
trilinguis, e, having three tongues.    trivialis, e, of the street-corner.
trilix, icis, three-twilled.             trivium, i, N., meeting of 3 roads,
trimestris, e, of three months.            highway, crossroad.
trimodium, i, N., 3-peck measure.    Troas, adis, F., a Trojan woman.
trimus, a, um, three years old.          t trochilus, i, M., a wren.
Trinacria, ae, F., Sicily  (having    t trochlea, m, F., pulley-'block.
three headlands).                     f trochus, i, M., 710oop.




194                         Troes - tureus.
TrSEs, urn, Trojans.                   Tullidnus, a, um, of Tullius; N., a
Trcezen, enis, F., a city of Argolis.    dungeon built by him.
Troglodytae, dwellers in caves.        Tullius (Servius), sixth king of
Troius, a, um, Trojan.                   Rome, B.C., 578-534.
TrSja, ae, F.,  Troy  (in  north-   Tullus Hostilius, third king of
western Asia Minor).                   Rome, B.C., 679-640.
Trojugena, ae, c., Troy-born.          tum, then; cum  (tum)... tum,
ttropaeum, i, N., trophy (a post,        both.. and; not only.. but also.
decorated with captured arms),  tume-facio, 3, cause to swell.
monument, victory.                  tumeo, 2, to be swollen, turgid.
Troph6nius, i, a deity worshipped   tumesco, mui, 3, to become swollen.
in a cave of Bceotia.               tumid&, haughtily.
t tropicus, a, um, of turning, tropic.   tumidus (-Ssus), a, um, swelling,
Tros, 5is, myth. king of Phrygia.        haughty, turgid, violent.
Tr6us (-ius, -icus, -janus), a, um;   tumor, oris, M., swelling, commotion.
Tros, 5is, Trojan.                  tumulo, I, to bury.
trua, ae, F., ladle, gutter.          tumulsus, a, um, hilly.
trucidatio, 5nis, F., massacre.        tumultudrius, a, um, hasty, contrucido, I, to butcher, massacre.        fused, irregular.
truculentia, se, F., harshness.        tumultuor (-o), I, to be tumultuous.
truculentus, a, um, harsh, fierce.    tumultu6sE, in confusion.
trudis, is, F., pole, pike.            tumultuasus, a, um, confused, tutruido, si, sum, 3, to push, thrust.     multuous.
trulla, sA, F., ladle, trowel.        tumultus, us, N., tumult, uproar.
trulleum, i, N., wash-basin.           tumulus, i, N., mound, hill.
trullisso, I, to plaster.             tune, then.
trunco, I, mutilate, cut off.          tundo, tutudi, tuns- (tuis-), 3, to
truncus, i, M., trunk, stem, body.       strike, bruise, stun, importune.
truncus, a, um, mangled, disfigured,   tunica, aB, F., tunic (a belted shirt),
maimed, broken, cut off.               coating, integument.
trusatilis, e, driven by hand.         tunico, I, to clothe with tunic.
trilsus, [trudo,] thrust.              tunsus, [tundo,] beaten.
trutina, as, F., balance.              tuor, 3=-tueor, gaze, guard.
trux, trucis, harsh, grim, stern.      tiirdlis, e; -arius, a, um, of incense.
t tryblium, i, N., a plate, salver.    turba, se, F., crowd, disorder, brawl.
til, tui, tibi, te, pl. vos, thou.     turbdtS, in confusion.
tuatim, in yourfashion.               turbatio, onis, F., confusion.
tuba, as, F., trumpet.                 turbator, oris, M., disturber.
tuber, eris, N., hump, mushroom.       turbelle, arum, F., bustle, row.
tuber, eris, N., a kind of apple.      turben —turbo, whirl.
tubicen, inis, M., trumpeter.         turbid5, in disorder.
tubilustrium, feast of trumpets.       turbido,'I, to trouble, disturb.
tubulus, i, M., pipe, tube.            turbidus, a, um, confused, wild,pertuburcinor, r, I, devour.                plexed, stormy, turbid.
tubus, i, M., pipe, tube.              turbinatus, a, um, cone-shaped.
tucetum, i, N., sausage.               turbo, i, disturb, trouble, confuse.
tudes, is, M., hammer.                 turbo, inis, M., whirl, hurricane, top.
tuditans,tis, striking, driving.       turbulentus, a, um, agitated, stortueor, itus, 2, look at, gaze, guard.    my, seditious.
tugurium, i, N., cottage, hut.        turdus, i, N., -a, ae, F., thrush.
tuli, [fero,] bore.                    tuireus, a, um, of incense.




turgeo -  ultrix.                           195
turgeo, tursi, 2, to be swollen.        t tyrannis, idis, F., tyranny.
turgesco, 3, to swell.                 t tyrannus, i, M., sovereign, tyrant.
turgidus, a, um, swollen, turgid.      Tyrius, a um, of Tyre.
tiiribulum, i, N., censer.             Tyros (us), i, F., Tyre, a port of
tUricremus, a, um, incense-burning.       Phoenicia.
tiirifer, era, um, yielding incense.   Tyrrhenus, a, um, Etrurian.
turma, as, F., troop, squadron (of
32), throng.
turmalis, e, of a squadron, cavalry.                    U.
turmrtim, by squadrons, or troops.
Turnus, i, myth. king of Rutuli.    fiber, eris, N., breast, udder, fertility.
turpis, e, ugly, base, foul.           fiber, eris, rich, fertile, abundant.
turpiter, basely.       ~              iberius, berrimP, more fruitfully.
turpitildo, inis, F., foulness, dis-   ilbero (-to), I, tofertilize.
grace, infamy.                       Ubertas, Rtis, F., richness, abunturpo, I, to soil, pollute, dishonor.     dance, fertility.
turriger, era, um, bearing towers.    ibertim, copiously.
turris, is, im, i, F., tower, citadel.  ubi, where, when, as soon as.
turnitus, a, um, castled, towering.    ubicumque, wherever, everywhere.
turtur, uris, M., turtle-dove.         ubilibet, anywhere you will.
turunda, ae, F., paste, ball.          ubinam, where?
tils, tUris, N., incense.              ubique, everywhere, wherever.
Tuscus, a, um, Tuscan(of Etruria).   ubiubi, wherever.
Tusculum, i, N., a town of Latium.   ubivis, where you will.
tussio, 4, to cough.                  fido, I, to moisten.
tussis, is, imn, i, F., cough.         udo, 6nis, N., a fur or felt sock.
tisus, [tundo,] bruised.               Udus, a, um, wet, moist.
tutarmen, inis, N., defence.           ulcero, I, to make sore.
tfit&, thou (emphatic).                ulcer6sus, a, urn, full of sores.
tiit&, safely.                         ulciscor, ultus, 3, to revenge,punish.
tiitla, a, F., guardianship,protector.   ulcus, eris, N., sore, ulcer.
titelaris, e, of defence.              illginosus, a, um, moist.
tiit, safely.                           illigo, inis, F., moisture.
tutor, oris, M., protector, guardian.   Ulixes, is (ei), Ulysses, myth. king
tutor, I, to guard, ward off.             of Ithaca, famous for craft and
titus, [tueor,] safe.                     eloquence.
tuus, a, um, thy, your.                 ullus, a, um, lus (w. neg.), any.
Tybris=-Tiberis, Tiber.                ulmeus, a, um, of elm; ulmea
Tydeus, ei (eos), myth. father of         virga, rod (for whipping).
Diomed (Tydides, ae).                ulmitriba, as, M., rod-wearer(slave).
tympanum, i, N., drum, tambourine.   ulmus, i, F., elm.
Tyndareus, ei (us, i), myth. king    ulna, a, F., elbow, ell.
of Sparta, father of Helen.          ulpicum, i, N., a kind of leek.
Typhfius, a, um, of Typhoeus, or   uls. beyond.
Typhon, a giant buried  under   ulterior, us, farther, beyond..iEtna.                              ultimr   (um), for the last time.
ttyphon, 5nis M., whirlwind, ty-   ultimus, a, um, fiurthest, last.
phoon.                               ultio, 5nis, F., vengeance.
ttypus, i, M., figure, type.           ultor, 5ris, M., avenger.
ttyrannicida, as, M., tyrant-killer.    ultra, beyond, besides.
ttyrannicus, a, um, tyrannical.        ultrix, icis, F., avenging.




196                          ultro    urbanus.
ultr5, beyond, afar, besides, volun-   undeciremis, is, F., ship of I I banks.
tarily, unconstrained, unprovoked.   undecumque, whencesoever.
ultroneus, a, urn, voluntary.         undelibet, whence you will.
ultus, [ulciscor,] avenged,punished.   undeni, e, a, eleven each.
ulula, e, F., screech-owl.            undevicecimus, a, um, nineteenth.
ululatu, s,  M., wailing, howling.    undeviginti, nineteen.
ululo, I, to wail, howl, resound.     undique, everywhere, from all sides.
ulva, ae, F., sedge, meadow-grass.    undo, I, to wave, overflow, abound.
Ulysses==-Ulixes.                     undosus, a, um, full of waves, bilumber, bri, M., an Umnbrian hound.      lowy..
umbilicus, i, M., navel, centre.     finedo, 5nis, M., arbute.
umbo, 6nis, M., boss (of shield),  Uinetvicesimus, a, um, twenty-first.
shield, elbow.                     ungella, e, F., a little claw.
umbra, 2e, F., shade, shadow, ghost.   ungo, nxi, net-, 3, smear, anoint.
umbrdculum, i, N., shade, bower.      unguen, inis, N., fat, ointment.
umbrSticus, a, um, of the shade.      unguentdrius, a, um, of ointments;
umbrdtilis, e, staying in shade, at     c., peifume.
school.                            unguentum, i, N., ointment, perumbratiliter, in outline.              fJme.
Umbri, 5rum, people of Umbria,   unguicilus, i, M., Jinger-nail.
a dist. of N. E. Italy.            unguinosus, a, um, oily.
umbrifer, era, M., shade-giving.      unguis, is, M., nail, claw, talon;
umbro, I, to shade, cover.              ad unguem, accurately.
umbrosus, a, urn, shady.              ungula, ae, F., hoof, claw.
umquam, ever.                         unguo=ungo, anoint.
fina, together.                      Rinice, alone, singularly.
inanimis, e; -us, a, um, of one mind   Rinicolor, 5ris, of one color.
or will, unanimous.                inicus, a, um, single, sole, singular,
Lnanimitas, atis, F., unanimity.        unique.
uncatus, a, um, hooked.               iniformis, e, of one shape.
uncia, se, F., one-twelfth (as ounce,   inio, 5nis, F., oneness; M., a pearl.
indh, &c.), a trifle.              11nio, 4, to unite.
unciilis, e; -arius, a, um, of an   finitas. atis, F., oneness, sameness.
ounce.                            finiusmodi, of one sort.
unciatim, by ounces or inches.        universe (-im), in general.
uncinus, i, M., hook, barb.           universitas, atis, F., the whole, the
unctio, onis, F., anointing.            universe.
unctor, oris, M., anointer.           Universus, a, um, all together, as
unctorium, i, M., anointing-room.       a whole; N., the universe.
unctus, [ungo,] rich, sumptuous;  Inoculus, a, um, one-eyed.
N., banquet, ointment.             unquam —umquam,   ever.
uncus, i, M., hook, barb.             anus, a, um, ius, one, some, only, a.
uncus, a, um, crooked, hooked.        Rpilio, 5nis, M., shepherd.
unda, ae, F., wave, water, tide.     upupa, se, F., a hoopoe, mattock.
undatim, like waves.                 Urania, the muse of Astronomry.
unde, whence.                        Uranus, myth. father of Saturn.
[und-, one from; (as undeviginti).   urbane, courteously, wittily.
undecentum, ninety-nine.              urbdnitas, atis, F., city-life, fashion,
undecies, eleven times.                 refinement, wit, elegance.
undecim, eleven.                      urbanus, a, um, of the city, in city
undecimus, a, urn, eleventh.            style, refined, witty, impudent.




urbicus -  vaccinium.                          197
urbicus, a, urnm, of the city.          uter, tra, um, trius, which (of two),
Urbinas, atis, of Urbinum, a town          either one, whichever.
of Umbria.                            uter-cumque, whichever (of two).
urbs, bis, F., city, town (esp. Rome).   uterinus, a, um, of the same mother.
urceus, i, M., pitcher, waterpot.       uter-libet, which you will.
Uredo, inis, F., a blight, burning.     uter-que, each, both.
urgeo (-gueo), ursi, 2, press, push,   uterus, i, M., womb, belly.
crowd, urge, oppress.                 uter-vis, which you will.
firica (eruca), ca, F., caterpillar.   uiti (uitor), use.
uirinor, I, to dive.                    uti=ut, that.
t Urinus, a, um, windy.                 utibilis, e, serviceable.
urna, ae, F., water-jar, urn (for vot-   Utica, a, F., a town of N. Africa.
ing), measure of 3 gallons.          uitilis, e, useful, profitable, fil; (as
Uro, ussi, ust-, 3, to burn, blast, con-   a law term), in equity.
sum2e, chafe, corrode.               uitilitas, atis, F., use, service, profit.
ursinus, a, um, of a bear.             uitiliter, advantayeously.
uraus, i, M.; -a, M, F., a bear.         utinam, would that!
urtica, ae, F., nettle.                  utique, surely, in any case.
Urua, i, M., wild ox.                   uitor, Uisus, 3, to use, employ, enjoy.
urvaum, i, N., plough-tail.              utpote, as,namely, seeing that.
usio, onis, F., use.                    utputa, as for instance.
uisitate, as usual.                      utralibet, on either side.
uisitatus, a, um, customary.            ~airrius, a, urn, water-carrier.
usitor, I, to use habitually.           ut asque, both times.
uspiam, usquam, anywhere, in any    utrcularius, i, M., bag-p-iper.
thing, in any direction.              utriinque, on both sides.
usque, all the way, as far as, until,   utrimrnquesecus, on either hand.
wi hout stopping, incessantly.        utro, in which direction.
usquequaque, everywhere.                utrolibet, to either side.
ustor, oris, M., a corpse-burner.       utr6gue, in both directions.
ustulo, I, to scorch, crisp,,.          utrubi, where? (of two places).
ustus, [iiro,] burnt.                   utrubique (-dem), on both sides.
usuaria3 (-rarius), a, um, for use.    utrum, whether (~ 71).
5usi-capio, 3, to acquire by use.       utut, however.
usura,  e, F., use, enjoyment, in-  uiva, ae, F., cluster of grapes.
terest-nloney.                       uivens, tis; -idus, a, um, moist,
usurpatio, onis, F., making use.           damp, juicy, well-watered.
Uisurpo, I, employ, make use of, get,  uivesco, 3, to get moist.
acquire wrongfully, usurp, call.     fivifer, era, um, cluster-bearing.
Usus, [utor,] having used.              uxor, 5ris, F., wife.
Usus, U5, M., use,' service, custom, in-  -ux6rius, a, um, a wife's; fond of
tercourse, practice, needl, occasion.    one's wife.
fisaifructus, us, M., use and enjoyment of another's property.                            V
ut, that, as, wihen, how, granting that,
would that, in order that, that not   V-quinque, five.
(with words of fearing).              vacans, tis, at leisure, idle.
utcumque, however, whenever.            vacatio, 6nis, F., frieedonz, leisure,
Utans, [uitor,] possessing.                dispensation, exemption-money.
utensilis, e, fit for use.              vacca (-ula), ae, F., cow.
uiter, tris, M., bag, skin.             vaccinium, i, N., bleaberry.




198                      vaccinus -  Vaticanus.
vaccinus, a, um, of kine.               valvae, drum, F., folding-door.
vacerra, ce, F., log, stock.            valvolae, arum, F., pods.
vacerrosus, a, um, crackbrained.    vane, idly.
vacillatio, onis, F., wavering.         vanesco, 3, to vanish, disappear.
vacillo, I, to stagger, waver.          vnlidicus, a, urn, false spTeaking.
vacive, at leisure.                     vaniloquentia, ae, F., idle talk.
vacivus, a, um, empty.                  vaniloquus, a, um, false, boastful.
vaco, I, to be void, at leisure.        vanitas, atis, F., emptiness, vanity.
vacue-facio, 3, to'make empty.         vannus, i, F., winnowing-shovel.
vacuitas, atis, F., exemption.          vanus, a, um, empty, void, vain,
vacuo, I, to make empty.                  false; N., nothingness.
vacuus, a, um, empty, fdree, clear,   vapidus, a, um, spoiled, vapid.
vacant, open, unmarried.             vapor, oris, M., steam, exhalation,
vadimrnium, i, N., bail, security.        warmth.
vado, 3, to go, wIalk, stride.          vaporo, I, to steam, glow.
vador, I, bind by bail.                 vappa, Ie, F., spoiled wine.
vadosus, a, urn, shoal, shallow.        vapulris, e, oj'flogging.
vadum, i, N., a shoal, folrd, stream.   vapulo, I, to get flogged.
ve, alas!                               vara, ee, F., trestle, fbrked pole.
veneo=veneo, be sold.                  varia, ae, F., panther.
vafer, fra, um, sly, crafty.            varico, I, to straddle, stride.
vaframentum, i, N., trick.              varicosus, a, um, with swollen veins.
vagdbundus, a, um, vagrant.             varicus, a, um, straddling.
vage, here and there, vaguely.          varig, in divers colors.
vagina, We, F., sheath, husk.           variego, I, to varieqate.
vagio, 4, to cry, squall.               varietas, dtis, F., dliversity, change.
vagitus, us, M., crying.                vario, I, diversify, embroider, alter.
vagor, I, wander, roam.                 varius, a, um, changing, various.
vagus, a, um, roaming, inconstant.    varix, icis, c., a swollen vein.
valde, very, very much.                 varus, a, um, bent, bow-legged.
vale, val1te, farewell.                 varus, i, M., blotch, pimple.
valens, tis, vigorous, well, strong.    vas, vadis, M., bail, security.
valenter, stoutly.                      vas, vasis, pl., -a, orum, N., vessel,
valentia, ae, F., vigor.                  dish, tool; pi., baggage.
valeo, ui, it-, 2, to be well, vigorous,   vasarium, i, N., furniture-outfit.
poweiful; to be worth or signifiy.    vascularius, i, I., white-smith.
valesco, 3, to get strong.              vasculum, i, N., a small vessel.
vatlitdindrius, a, urn, sickly.         vastatio, 6niS, F., laying-waste.
valetuido, inis, F., state of health   vastator, 6ris, M.,  ravager, de(well or ill), soundness, health.       stroyer.
valgiter, awry.                         vaste, rudely, widely.
valgus, a, um, bow-legged.              vastitas, atis, F., a waste, desert,
valide, stoutly, certainly.               desolation, vastness.
validus, a, um, strong, powerful,   vastities, ei; -tildo, inis, F., ruin.
sound, well.                         vasto, i, malke empty, lay waste,
vallaris, e, of the rampart.              destroy, forsake.
va.les (-is), is, F., valley.           vastus, a, um, empty, waste, desovallo, I,.fortify, entrench.             late, rude, vast.
vallum, i, N., rampart (earth-wall   vates, is, um, c., prophet, poet.
set with palisades), entrenchment.   Vdticdnus, a hill in Rome, west
vallus, i, M., stake, palisade.            of the Tiber.




vaticinatio -  Venetus'                         199
vaticinatio, onis, F., prophecy.       vellatfira, s, F., conveyance.
vaticinor, I, to prophesy, sing, rant.   vellico, I, to pinch, twitch.
vatius, a, um, knock-kneed.            vello, vulsi, vuls-, 3, pull, pluck.
I-ve, or.                              vellus, eris, N., fleece; pelt, wool.
[vY-, of negative effect.              velo, I, to veil, cover, wrap.
vecordia, ce, F., folly, madness.      velocitas, atis, F., swifiness.
vecors, dis, [cor,] senseless, mad.    velociter, swiftly.
vectarius, a, um, for draught.         velox, ocis, swift,fleet.
vectigal, alis, N., tax, revenue.      velum, i, N., sail, curtain, veil.
vectigalis, e, of taxes, tributary.    velilimen, inis, N., fleece.
vectis, is, M., bar, lever.            velut, veluti,just as, asfor instance,
vecto, I, carry, convey.                  as it were, just as if.
vector, oris, M., carrier, passenger.   vena, ae, F., vein.
vectorius, a, um, for carrying.        venadbulum, i, N., hunting-spear.
vectuira, ze, F., frteight or passage.    Venafranus (-fer), a, um, of Venavectus, [veho,] borne.                   frum, a Samnite town.
vegeo, 2, excite, rouse.               venalicius, a, um, for sale.
vegeto, I, to rouse, invigorate.       venalis, e, for sale, venal.
vegetus, a, um, vigorous, active.      venaticus, a, urnm, for hunting.
vegrandis, e, diminutive.              venatio, onis, F., the chase, game.
vehemens, tis, eager, violent, vig-   venator, oris, M., hunter.
orous, powerful.                     venatrix, icis, F., huntress.
vehementer, eagerly, vigorously.       venatus, -us, M.; -tuira, as, F., huntvehementia, ae, F., strength, vehe-       ing, the chase.
mence, f.rvor.                       vendibilis, e, salable, agreeable.
vehens, tis, riding.                   vendico —vindico, claim.
vehes, is, F., cart-load.              venditarius, a, um, for sale.
vehiculum, i, N., cart, vehicle.       venditatio, 6nis, F., display.
veho, xi, ct-, 3, carry, bear, convey.   venditio, 6nis, F., selliyg, sale.
VWiens, tis; -tanus, a, um, of Veii,   vendito, I, offer for sale, praise.
a city of Etruria near Rome.         venditor, oris, M., seller.
vel, or, either, or indeed, even.      vendo, didi, dit-, 3, to sell, cry up
velabrum, i, N., awning; a street'    (as if for sale), betray for money.
in Rome for small shops, &c.         veneficium, i, N., poisoning, magic.
velamen, inis, N., cover, garment.    veneficus, a, um, poisonous, magivelamrnentum, i, N., cover, veil, cur-    cal; M., sorcerer; F., sorceress.
tain; pl., rods wound with fil-   venenatus, a, um, envenomed.
lets, borne by suppliants.           veneno, I, to poison, dye.
velarium, i, N., awning.               venenum, i, N., poison, venom,
velati, orum, M., reserve-troops.        magical, charm, potion, dye.
veles, itis, M., skirmisher.           veneo, lvi (ii), it-, 4, to be sold or
Velia, ae, F., top of the Palatine       on sale.
Hill; a coast-town of Lucania.    venerabilis, e, worthy of veneration.
velifer, era, um, sail-bearing.        venerdbundus, a, um, reverential.
velificor, I, to make sail.            venerandus, a, um, venerable.
Veliternus, a, um, of Velitrce, a   veneratio, 6nis, F., reverence.
Volscian town.                       Venereus, a, um, of Venus, or love;
velites, [vgles,] light troops.           M., a lucky throwz; F., a shell.
velitatio, onis, F., skirmishing.      veneror, I, revere, supplicate.
v6litor, I, to skirmish, wrangle.      Venetus, a, um, of Venetia, the
velivolus, a, um, winged swith sails.     country near Venice.




200                         venia    versura.
venia, ae, F., favor, permission, for-   verenter, reverently.
bearance, pardon.                   vereor, I, to fear, be afraid, revere.
veniilis, e, gracious, pardonable.    Vergilime, arum, F., the Pleiades.
venio, veni, vent-, 4, to come.       vergo, si, 3, bend, turn, lie towards.
venor, I, to hunt, pursue.            vEridicus, a, um, truth-speaking.
vgnosus, a, um, fill of veins.        vgrisimilis, e, likely, truth-like.
venter, tris, ium, M., belly, pro-   veritas, atis, F., truth, reality.
tuberance.                          veritus, [vereor,] afraid.
ventilo, I, toss in the air, fan, win-   veriverbium, i, N., veracity.
now, disturb, disquiet.             vermiculatus, a, um, worm-tracked
ventio, 6nis, F., coming.               (a style of pattern).
ventito, I, keep coming.              vermiculor, I, to be wormy or
ventosus, a, um, windy, speedy.         worm-eaten.
ventriosus, a, um, big-bellied.       vermiculus, i, M., grub.
ventus (-ulus), i, M., wind, breeze.   vermina, um, N., gripes.
venuicula, ae, F., a raisin-grape.    vermino, I, to have worms, or crawlvenurn, ui, o, M., sale.                ing pains.
venum-do, I, set to sale.             vermis, is, M., [verto,] worm.
Venus, eris, the goddess of Love;   verna, we, c., a home-born slave,
love, charm.                          native.
venustas, atis, F., charm, grace.     vernaculus, a, um, native, inmate.
venustE, charmingly.                  vernalis, e, [ver] of spring.
venustus, a, um, graceful, lovely.    vernilis, e, slavish, fawoning, jesting.
vepres, is, M., brier, bramble.       verno, I, to bloom, flourish.
vepretum, i, N., bramble-bush.        vernula, se, c., a young slave.
ver, veris, N., spring.               vernus, a, um, of sprnlig; N., springveraciter, truthfully.                  time; verne, in the spring.
veratrix, icis, F., sorceress.        v&rS, in truth, but, indeed.
veratrum, i, N., hellebore.           verres, is, M., a boar-pig.
verax, acis, truthful.                verrinus, a, um, of hog or pork.
verbascum, i, N., mullein.            verro, ri, sum, 3, scrape, sweep,
verbEne, drum, F., sacred boughs        drive, drag away, conceal.
(of olive, myrtle, laurel, &c.).    verriica, ae, F., a steel) height, wart.
verber, eris, N., lash, scourge, thong.   verruicosus, a, um, warty, hilly.
verberdtio, 5nis, F.,.fogging.       verrunco, I, to turn, turn out well.
verbereus, a, um, of stripes.         versabilis, e, changeful.
verbero, I, to scourge, beat, lash.   versatilis, e, revolving, movable.
verbero, 5nis, M., scamp, rascal.     versicolor, 5ris, parti-colored, vaverbose, wordily.                       riable.
verbosus, a, um, wordy.               versiculus, i, M., a little verse.
verbum, i, N., word pl. language,  versifico, I, to write in verse.
discourse, phrase, saying, talk;   versipellis, e, that changes skin,
verbi causE, for example.             dissembling, crafty.
verculum, i, N., [ver,] darling.      verso, I, turn, whirl, bend, disturb,
vgrg, truly, rightly.                   revolve, transact.
vergcundE, modestly.                  versor, I, dwell, abide, occupy one's
vergcundia, Me, F., modesty, shyness.   self, engage in.
vertcundor, i, be shy, or ashamed.   versoria, ae, F., turning, return.
verEcundus, a, um, modest, bashful.  versum, towards.
veredus, i, M., post-horse.           versura, ee, F., turn, turning-place,
verendus, a, urn, venerable, awful.      borrowing to pay.




versus -vibro.                            201
versus, [verto,] turned.              vestigium, i, N., footstep, track,
versus (vorsus), towards.               moment; ex vestigio, instantly.
versus, us, M., furrow, line, verse.    vestigo, I, to trace back.
versiltus, a, um, shrewd, crafty.     vestimentum, i, N., clothing.
vertagus, i, N., greyhound.           vestio, 4, to clothe, cover, surround.
vertebra, as, F., joint.              vestiplica, ae, F., laundress.
vertex, icis, M., whirl, eddy, vortex;   vestitus, a, um, clad.
top, crown, peak.                   vestis, is, F., clothing, garment, carverticosus, a, um, whirling, eddy-      pet, tapestry, covering.
ing, full of whirls.                vestispica, e, F., clothes-maid.
vertigo, inis, F., whirling, giddiness.   vestitus, us, M., raiment,' attire.
verto (vorto), ti, sum, 3, to turn,   vestras, dtis, C., of your people.
change, subvert, translate.        veteranus, a, um, [vetus,] veteran.
Vertumnus, i, god of Seasons.         veterasco, avi, 3, to grow old.
veru, us, um, ubus, N., a spit.       veterator, oris, M., one grown old,
veruina, ae, F., javelin.               or cunning.
verum, i, N., the truth.              veterdtorius, a, um, crafty.
verum, truly, yes, but, yet.          veterinus, a, um, of beasts of burverumtamen, but yet.                    den, or draught-cattle.
verus, a, um, true, real.             veternosus, a, um,drowsy, lethargic.
verutum, i, N., dart, javelin.        veternus, i, M., old age, drowsiness.
vertitus, a, um, armed with darts.    vetitum, i, N., [veto,] prohibition,
vervactum, i, N., a fallow field.       a forbidden thing.
vervago, 3, to break up land.         veto, ui, it-, I, forbid, hinder.
vervex, ecis, M., a wether, mutton-   vetulus, a, um, little old.
head.                              vetus, eris, old; pl. the ancients.
vesania, Me, F., madness.             vetustas, Rtis, F., antiquity, old age.
vesanus, a, um, mad, fierce, savage.   vetust$, in the old way.
vescor, 3, to feed, eat, enjoy.       vetustus, a, um, aged, ancient, out
vescus, a, um, little, thin, fine-      of date, antiguated.
grained, wretched.                  vexatio, 6nis, F., shaking, distress.
vesica (-ula), ae, F., the bladder,   vexator, oris, N., troubler.
purse, tc. (of bladder-skin).       vexillarius, i, M., standard-bearer.
vespa, ae, F., wasp.                  vexillatio, onis, F., battalion, squadvesper, eri (eris), M., evening.        ron, under one flag.
vespera, Be, F., evening.             vexillum, i, N., standard, ensign, the
vesperasco, 3, get towards evening.     red flag of the general.
vespertilio, 5nis, M., a bat.         vexo, I, shake, harass, vex, distress.
vespertinus, a, um, of evening.       via, e, F., way, road, street, jourvesperugo, inis, F., the evening-       ney, passage, manner, fashion.
star, a bat.                        vialis, e; -rius, a, um, of the road.
Vesta, Be, d. of Saturn, goddess   viaticus, a, um, of a journey; N.,
of the Household.                     travelling-supplies, prize-money.
Vestdlis, e, of Vesta; pl. F., Ves-   viator, oris, M., wayfarer, traveller,
tal Virgins (priestesses of Vesta).   summoner.
vester, tra, um, your.                viato-rius, a, urn, of the journey.
vestiarius, a, um, of clothes; N.,  vibex, icis, F., scar, stripe, weal.
wardrobe.                          vibia, A, F., cross-plank.
vestibulum, i, N., fore-court, en-   vibrdtus, us, M., flickering.
trance, vestibule.                 vibro, I, brandish, shake, fling, vivesticeps, cipis, bearded, corrupt.     brate, quiver, sparkle.




202                        viburnum - vinculum.
viburnum, i N., wayfaring-tree (a   vieo, et-, 2, to twist, plait, weave.
shrub).                               viesco, 3, to shrink, wither.
vicanus, a, urn, of a village, villager.   virtus, a, urn, shrivelled, shrunk.
vicarius, a, urn, substituted; M., a   vigeni=vic~ni, twenty each.
substitute, deputy.                   vigeo, 2, to thrive, flourish.
vlcatim, from street to street.         vigesco, vigui, 3, grow flourishing.
vicenarius, a, um, of twenty.           vigesimus, a, um, twentieth.
vicEni, as, a, twenty (each).           vigil, ilis, awake, watchful, alert.
vicennalis, e, of twenty years.         vigilans, tis, watchful, anxious.
vicesimus, a, um, one-twentieth;   vigilantia, ae, F., watchfulness, vigiF., tax of five per cent.               lance, wakefulness.
vicia, a, F., vetch.                    vigilia, ae, F., wakefulness, watch,
vicies, twenty times.                      guard, night-watch (4 of the night).
vicinalis, e; -arius, a, um, neigh-   vigilo, I, watch, guard, be watchful.
boring, of the village.               viginti, twenty.
vicinia, ae; -tas, tatis, F., neighbor-   viginti viri, Board of twenty (for
hood, likeness, vicinity.               assigning lands).
vlcinus, a, um, near, neighboring,   vigor, 6ris, M., energy, force, vigor.
like; M., neighbor.                   vilesco, vilui, to grow worthless.
vicis (gen.), em, e; es, ibus, change,   vilipendo, 3, [pendo,] hold cheap.
turn, lot, recompense; acc., instead   vilis, e, cheap, worthless, abundant.
of, for; in vicem, by turns.          vilitas, atis, F., cheapness, baseness.
vicissatim, again, in return.           viliter, cheaply.
vicissim, on the other hand; in turn.   vilito, I, to cheapen, degrade.
vicissitudo, inis; -tas, ntis, F.,   villa (-ula), ae, F., country-seat, villa.
change, alternation.                  villaticus, a, um, of a villa.
victima, ae, F., victim (for sacrifice).   villico (-or), I, manage an estate.
victimarius, i, M., assistant at sacri-   villicus, a, um, of a villa; M., F.,
fice, or dealer in victims.              steward, overseer.
victito, I, [vivo,] subsist.            villosus, a, um, hairy, shaggy.
victor, oris, M., conqueror.            villum, i, N., [vinum,] sup of wine.
victoria, ae, F., victory.              villus, i, M., shaggy hair.
victrix, icis, F., she that conquers.    vimen, inis, N., slender twig, osier.
victualis, e, of provisions.            viminalis, e; -eus, a, um, of osiers.
victus, [vinco,] conquered.             vin (visne), will you?
victus, Us, M., [vivo,] food, living,   vinacea, ae, F., grape-husk.
way of life.                          vinaceum, i, N., grape-stone.
vicus, i. N., street (of houses), village.   vinMlis, e, of wine; N. pl., winevidelicet, manifestly, plainly, of        festival (in April and August.)
course, namely.                       vinarius, a, urn, of wine; M., wineviden (videsne), do you see?              dealer; pl., N., wine-pots.
video, vidi, vis-, 2, see, observe, un-   vinca, Me, F., periwinkle.
derstand, provide; P., seem, appear,   vinceus, a, um, for bindimig.
seem good.                           vincibilis, e, of conquest.
vidua, ae, F., widow.                   vincio, vinxi, vinct-, 4, bind, wind,
viduitas, atis, F., dearth, lack.         fetter, confine, fortify.
vidulus, i, N., knapsack.               vinco, vici, vict-, 3, conquer, subviduo, I, bereave, deprive.                due, surpass, prevail.
viduus, a, um, bereft, widowed.         vinctUira, as, F., bandage.
Vienna, as, F., Vienne, in south-   vinctus, [vincio,] bound.
eastern Gaul, on the Rhone.          vinculum, i, N., bond, chain, cord.




vindemia - visus.                          203
vindemia, As, F., vintage, grape-   virgatus, a, um, of twigs, striped.
harvest; grapes, wine.              virgEtum, i, N., osier-thicket.
vindrmiator, 6ris, M., vintager.      virgeus, a, um, of rods or twigs.
vindcmio, I, gather grapes.           virgidgmia, ae, F., harvest of rods.
vindex, icis, c., defender, deliverer,   virginalis, e; -eus, a, um, of a
protector, avenger.                   girl or maiden.
vindicatio, 6nis, F., claim, defence,   virginitas, dtis, F., maidenhood.
vengeance.                          Virginia, a Roman maiden, slain
vlndiciae, drum, F., claim at law.       by her father, to save her from
vindico, I, to lay claim, save, de-      the decemvir, Ap. Claudius.
liver, avenge.                      virginitas, dtis, F., maidenhood.
vindicta, ae, F., the liberating-rod;   virgo, inis, F., maiden, virgin, young
defence, vengeance.                   woman, Vestal; dea, Diana.
vinea, ae, F,, vineyard, pent-house   virgosus, a, um, full of twigs.
(for besiegers).                    virgula, Ae, F., a sbmall rod.
vinftum, i, N;, vineyard.             virgultum, i, N., thicket, shrubbery.
vlneus, a, um, belonging to wine.     virile, arum, F., braceletso
vinnulus, a, um, delightful.          viridarium, i, N., pleasure-garden.
vinolentia, ee, F., intoxication.     viridicatus, a, um, green.
vinolentus, a, um, drunk with wine.   viridis, e, green, verdant, youthful.
vinmsus, a, um,full or fond of wine.   viriditas, atis, F., verdure, vigor.
vinum, i, N., wine, grapes.           virido, I, to make or grow green.
vio, I, go, travel.                   virilis, e, manly, belonging to a man.
viola, A, F., violet, gilliJfower.    virilitas, atis, F., manhood.
violabilis, e, subject to harm.       viriliter, manfully.
violaceus, a, um, of violet-color.    viriola, <a, F., a little bracelet.
violarius, a, um, of violet dye; N.,   viriosus, a, um, robust, rude.
bed of violets.                     viritim, man by man.
violatio, 5nis, F., injury.           virosus, a, um, [vir,] fond of men.
violator, 6ris, M., injurer, profaner,   vir6sus, a, um, Lvirus,] rank, slimy.
murderer.                           virtus, fitis, F., manhood, courage,
violatus, [violo,] harmed.               valor, virtue, power.
violens, tis, [vis,] violent, impetuous.   virulentus, a, urn, poisonous.
violentia, A, F., violence, fierceness.   virus, i, N., slime, poison, stench.
violentus, a, um, vehement, violent,   vis, vim, vi, F., force, violence,
boisterous.                           abundance; pl., vires, strength.
violo, I, to harm, profane, violate.    viscatus, a, um, [viscum,] limed.
vipera, Me, F., viper, adder.         viscera, um, N., flesh, bowels.
vipereus (-inus), a, um, of a viper   visceratio, onis, F., distributing or
or snake.                             devouring of meat.
vipio, 6nis, M., a small crane.       viscidus (-6sus), a, urn, clammy,
vir, viri, N., man, male, husband.      sticky.
virago, inis, F., [virgo,] a heroine.   viscum, i, N., mistletoe, birdlime.
vireo, 2, to be green or vigorous.    viscus, eris, N., [vescor,] an invireo, ihis, N., green-finch (.?)       terior organ; pl., flesh, entrails.
vires, ium, F., [vis,] strength,forces.   visibilis, e, visible.
viresco, 3, grow verdant.             visio, onis, F., sight, vision, idea.
vlresco, 3, to grow strong.           visito, I, to see or visit often.
viretum, i N., turf, greensward.      viso, si, sum, 3, view, look at, visit.
virga, ae, F., twig, rod, wand.       visus, [video,] seen; N., a vision.
virgator, nris, M., a flogger.        visus, Us, M., act or object of sight.




204                          vita -  volutus.
vita, Me, F., life, subsistence, way of   vixet (vixisset), had lived.
life, shade or spirit.                vocabulum, i, N., name, noun.
vitabundus, dodging, avoiding.          vocalis, e, loud, vocal; F., vowel.
vitalis, e, of life, vital.             vocatio, onis, F., summons.
vitatio, 5nis, F., shunning.            vocator, oris, M., inviter.
vitellus, i, M., little calf, yolk.     vocatus, ius, M., call, invocation.
viteus, a, um, of the vine.             vociferatio, 5nis, F., outcry.
vitiarium, i, N., nursery of vines.     vociferor, I, to cry aloud, shout.
vitiator, 5ris, M., corrupter.          vocifico, I, to proclaim.
viticula, Ee, F., little vine, tendril.  vocito, I, call often or loudly.
vitifer, era, um, vine-bearing.         voCO, I, call, summon, invoke, invite.
vitigenus (-eus), a,. um, vine-borne.   vocula, Be, F., a soft or feeble voice.
vitilis, e, [vieo,] platted, braided,   vola, Be, F., palm, sole.
woven; N. pl., wicker-work.           volaticus, a, um, winged, fleeting.
vitio, I, to corrupt, hurt, spoil.      volatilis, e, winged, swivft.
vitiosus, a, um, faulty, vicious.       volatus, us, M.; -tura, Be, F.,flight.
vitis, is, F., vine, esp. grape-vine.   Volcanus —Vulcanus, Vulcan.
vitisator, 6ris, M., vine-planter.      volema (pira), N. pl., pound pear.
vitium, i, N., fault, vice.             volens, tis, [volo,] willing, ready,
vito, I, shun, avoid, escape.             favorably inclined.
vitrarius, i, M., glass-blower.         volgo  vulg~, commonly.
vitreus, a, um, of glass, glassy;   volgus-vulgus, common people.
N. pl., glass-ware.                   volito, I, fly, flit, hasten.
vitricus, i, M., step-father.           volnus=vulnus, wound.
vitrum, i, N., glass, woad.             volo, velle, volui (~ 37, I.), wish,
vitta, se, F., band,_fillet.               will, maintain.
vitula, 2e, F., heifer-calf.            volo, I, to fly, hasten.
vitulinus, a, urn, of a calf; F.   volones, um, M., volunteers.
(or N. pl.), veal.                    volpes=vulpes, fox.
vitulor, I, [vinco,] keep holiday.      Volsci, 5rum, a people of Latium.
vitulus, i, M., calf, foal.             volsella, M, F., [vello,] tweezers.
vituperabilis, e, blamable.             volsus, [vello,] plucked.
vituperatio, 6nis, F., blame.           voltus=vultus, face.
vitupero, I, to blame, censure.         volilbilis, e, spinning, flowing.
vivacitas, atis, F. (vivax), vital   volUbilitas, atis, F., whirling, flow.
force, length of life.                volucer, cris, ore, flying, winged,
vlivrius, a, um, of living creatures     Jfeet; F., a bird, winged creature.
N., park, fish-pond.                  volumen, inis, N., a roll, volume,
vivax, acis, long-lived, vigorous.         eddy.
viverra, 8e, F., a ferret.              voluntarius, a, um, voluntary; M.,
vivesco (-isco), 3, get life or vigor.     volunteer.
vividus, a, um, living, animated,   voluntas, itis, F., will, wish, choice,
vivid, vigorous.                        good-will, meaning.
vivifico, I, to restore to life.        volupe, agreeably
vivificus, a, um, quickening.           voluptarius, a, um, voluptuous.
vlviradix, iCis, F., a quickset.        voluptas, atis, F., pleasure, delight.
vivo, vixi, vict-, 3, to live, subsist,   voluptuosus, a, um, full of delight.
endure, support life, dwell.          voliltabrum, i, N., wallowing-place.
vivus, a, um, alive, living.            volutatio, 5nis, F., wallowing.
vix, scarcely, hardly.                  vollito, I, to turn, twist, roll, ponder.
vixdum, scarce yet.                     volutus, [volvo,] turned.




volva -  zythum.                           205
volva (-ula), ae, F., wcrapper, wconmb.   vulsus, [vello,] plucked.
volvo, vi, ut-, 3, to roll, turn, revolve,   vulticulus, i, Mi., mien, look.
ponde r.                             vultuosus, a, um, full of airs.
vomer (is), eris, M., ploughshare.      vultur, uris, M., vulture.
vomnica, ae, F., boil, tumor, plague.    vulturinus, a, um, of the vulture.
vomitorius, a, urn, emetic; N. pl.,   vulturius, i, M., vulture, extortioner,
thleatre-entrance.                      bad throw (of dice).
vomitus, uis, M.; -tio, onis, F.,   Vulturnus, i, M., a river of Camvomiting.                               pania.
vomo, ui, it-, 3, vomit, discharge.     vultus, us, M., face, countenance.
vopiscus, i, N., thle living twCin.     vulva=-volva, wrapper, cwomnb.
voracitas, atis, F., greedilness.
voraginosus, a, um, full of pits.
vorago, inis, F., gulf, chasmi.                         X.
vorax, acis, devouring, greedy.
voro, I, to devour, engulf, conlsune.   Xanthus, i, N., a river near Troy.
vorso —verso, tur-n.                    txenium, i, IN., a guest-gi/t.
vorsus=versus, toewards.                Xenophon, ontis, Athenian genevortex=vertex, whirlpool.                 ral and historian, B.C. 445-356.
vos (tu), you.                          Xerxes, is, king of Persia, who
voster=vester, your.                      invaded Greece, B.C. 48o.
votivus, a, um, pledled by vo,   t xystus, i, M., a covered porch.
votive, longed for.
votum, i, N., a vocw, solemn pledge,
votive offering, desire.                              Z.
voveo, vovi. vot-, 3, to vow, consecrate, devote.                     Zacynthus, i, F., the island Zante.
vox, vMcis, F., voice, sound, call,   Zama, ae, F., a town of N. Africa,
wvord, speech, proverb.                 where  Hannibal was defeated
Vulcanus, i, the god of Fire.             by Scipio, B.C. 202.
vulgaris, e, common, ordinary.          t zamia, ae, F., hurt, loss.
vulgatus, [vulgo,] commonlyknown.   t zea, ae, F., spelt (a kind of wheat).
vulgo, commonly, publicly.              t zelotypus, a, urn, jealous.
vulgo, I, to publish, divulge, mingle.   Zephyrus, i, M., the west wind,
vulgus, i, N.; (or M.), common peo-      Zephyr.
ple, multitude, mob.                  t zona, ze, F., belt, girdle, zone, hem,
vulnero, I, to wound, hurt.               money-belt.
vulnificus, a, um, wounding.            zonarius, a, um, of the belt; sector,
vulnus, eris, N., a wvound, hurt.         cutpurse.
vulpes, is; -cula, ae, F., fox.         f zopissa, a, F., caulking-pitch.
vulpindris, e, crafty, foxy.           t zotheca, ae, F., cabinet, niche.
vulpinus, a, um, oJ a fox.             t zygia, ae, F., hornbeam.
vulsella=volsella, tweezers.           t zythum, i, N., an Egyptian beer.
Cambridge: Press of John Wilson and Son.