K EY
TO
A CHART
OF THE SUCCESSIVE
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS,
WITH AN ACTUAL SECTION FROM
THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
ILLUSTRATED BY THE
CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF EACH FORMATION.
BY
JAMES HALL,
PiALONTOLOGIST TO THE GE' LOGICAL SURVEY OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.
BOSTON:
GOULD AND LINCOLN,
59 W ASHINGTON STREET.
1852.




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by
GOULD AND LLNCOLN,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
STEREOTYPED  AT THE
IOsTn"' STEnEOTYPE FOUNDRY,




PRE F ACE.
THE preparation of the Chart of the Geological Formations was undertaken at the
request of S. S. Randall, deputy superintendent of the Common Schools of New York
and editor of the Common School Journal,
and of A. G. Johnson, deputy secretary of
the State of New York.
The object had in view was the introduction of the study of Geology into the schools
with better means of instruction and illustration than then existed within the reach of
the pupils.
The work was commenced in September,




4                PREFACE.
1849, and completed in December following.
Circumstances, which it is not now necessary to enumerate, have delayed its appearance much longer than could have been desired.
It is now issued, with the following pages
of explanatory matter, in the hope that it
may render a study so delightful in itself
and so practically useful, more extensively
introduced and more easily understood.
ALBANY, N. Y., December, 1851.




INTRODUCTION.
THE crust of the earth is found to consist of
materials which are either in a loose condition, as
soil, clay, sand, gravel, etc.; or consolidated in the
form of what are commonly called rocks, as limestone, slate, granite, etc.  All these, however, are
termed rocks by the geologist.
These rocks are arranged in successive beds or
layers, one above another, and are more or less distinctly marked by their mineral character, or by
the fossils they contain.  }Most of these layers or
strata were originally formed in a horizontal position, but have been subsequently deranged and displaced, so as to be tilted up, and stand in more or less
inclined positions, or even sometimes to be entirely
overturned.  It is owing to this circumstance, that
we are able to explore the strata to a very great
depth, and without the necessity of excavating;
1*




6                INTRODUCTION.
since those beds which are really the lowest, are
often broken up, and have their edges raised to the
surface, or even to great heights beyond other layers
which are above them in the geological succession.
It is within the province of geology to determine
the true position of each layer, and its relations to
those above and below it, however confused or
obscured may be their present condition; and to
present the evidence on which this determination is
sustained.
The chart, to which this book is an accompaniment, is designed to exhibit to the eye the order
in which the successive layers or strata of rocks are
arranged, as it has thus far been determined by
geologists; and, also, the characteristic fossils which
have mainly afforded the key to this arrangement.
It is intended to exhibit the appearance that would
be presented if a section, or cut, were made from
the surface towards the centre of the earth, thus
exposing the different layers to view by their edges.
It is, in fact, such a representation as may be
seen in,the banks of many rivers, as the Niagara,
or in the high, rocky cliffs of the lake or ocean
shores, only it is much more extended than any
such natural exposures.




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.   7
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
Towards the left hand side of the chart there is
represented a large mass of rock colored red, which
is regarded as the basis upon which, or against
which, all the other rocks rest.  To the right of
this are represented the several successive strata or
layers composing the entire series of stratified -rocks.
By observing the direction of the stripes which
represent these strata, and which are in truth as we
find them  in nature, it will be seen, that by passing
along the upper margin, from right to left, we pass
over the strata in the same order as they occur in
passing downwards along the right hand margin of
the section. In other words, we may obtain the same
information by travelling along the surface of the
earth as we should do by penetrating downwards
towards the centre.
In no limited region of country will all the strata
here represented be seen; nevertheless, all these
strata, and all the phenomena exhibited, from  the
granite peak on the left, as far to the right as' the
limits of the Carboniferous formation, may be seen
in travelling over the country from the northern
part of New York to the centre of Pennsylvania.
In this way, we pass in succession over the outcropping edges of the different layers which lie one




8   GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TtIE CHART.
above another, in the same order and with the same
regularity as are there represented.  Maany other
portions of country would filrnish similar examples
of this order of succession, more or less complete.
Since the higher strata are mainly formed out of
the ruins of those below them, it is more satisfactory to begin our investigations with the lowest beds.
Let us begin, therefore, on the left of this series,
next to the granite, and proceed along the surface
(or upper margin of the section) to the right.
Lying next to the mass marked  granite, is a
broad purple or grayish colored stripe marked
Gnciss and Mica Slate, with beds of crystalline limestone; and, in another part of the same, Quartz
rocks, Sandstones, Conglorncrates, etc.; which names
are sufficiently indicative *of the character of the
rocks occupying this place in the series.
Above this, the entire series of rocks is arranged
under three grand divisions.
I. PALMozoic RocKs.  IL. SECONDARY ROCKS.
1II. TERTIARY and MODERN ROCKS.
I. THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS (from  a;at.,ug, ancient,
and. -XI<', life) are so called from  containing the
oldest or most ancient forms of plants and animals in a fossil state.  These are subdivided into,
1. SILURIAN SYSTEM, 2. DEVONIAN SYSTEM,
3. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.
The Silurian System is again divided into upper
and l o w e r, by a well-marked line of separation.




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.   9
Adjacent to the granite, we have represented a
portion of this system, in which the strata have
undergone certain changes, and have assumed a peculiar condition, termed ME T A M OR PHIC. Rocks
of this character are not peculiar to the Silurian
period; but rocks of any age or of any system
nlay undergo similar changes, by the agency of
intense heat; as the contact or proximity of highly
heated vapors, or melted masses of rock.
II. TmHE SECONDARY ROCKS are so called from
being in a somewhat different condition from those
below them, but mainly from containing an assemblage of fossils of different types from those of the
preceding formations, indicating a second period in
the age of the rocks.  This division comprises,
1, the NEW RED SANDSTONE SYSTEM, which
is again subdivided into the PERMIAN SYSTEM
and the TRIASSIC SYSTEM; above which are,
2, the OOLITIC SYSTEM, and 3, the CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.
II. THE TERTIARY and MODERN ROCKS COmprise the third great division of rocky strata,
marked by fossils which differ essentially from
those of the preceding formations, approaching
more nearly to existing forms. In this division are
included, 1, the TERTIARY SYSTEM proper, and,
2, the qUATERNARY, or deposits of recent production.
On the upper part of the map are arranged a




10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TIIE CHART.
series of figures of fossils firom the systems of
rocks just enumerated.  These fossils are enclosed
in compartments, separated by vertical lines, and
within  each  one of these are represented those
fossils which are most important, and characteristic
of the system  to which they belong.  They are,
moreover, so arranged, as to be nearly over the
upper or outcropping edges of the different systems
which they represent.
In order fiully to comprehend the subject illustrated upon this chart, it will be necessary to return to the starting-point, viz., the granite nucleus,
and to pass again from  left to right, noticing more
particularly the several subordinate formations of
which the systems are composed.
The gneiss, mica slate, crystalline limestone, and other rocks included in the first division, above the granite proper, are not to be regarded
as belonging to the Silurian System. They constitute a series of more or less crystalline rocks, in
which, thus far, no fossils have been discovered;
and they are more intimately related to the granitic
rocks below, than to the formations above them.
From  their stratified condition, they are regarded'
as having been originally deposited in water, and
subsequently, by the action of heat, to have become
remarkably altered, and crystalline in structure.*
* This assemblage of strata is known as the Azoic SYSTEM.




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CIIART.  11
The rocks of this period are interesting and important from containing the extensive beds of specular and magnetic oxide of iron, in different parts
of the United States.
The series of quartz rocks, sandstones, conglomerates, and other rocks overlying these, and represented in the upper part of the same division, are
also highly metamorphic, and  contain, in some
places, veins of copper ore, as indicated upon the
chart.
With the blue stripe above the rocks just noticed,
commences the SILURIAN  SYSTEM, the lowest
rock of which, yet known, is the Potsdam  sandstone and its associated conglomerate.  It is in
this rock, also, that we find the first organic remains.
It will be observed, that at the extreme left hand,
several of the lower divisions of this blue stripe are
represented in a folded and contorted condition,
unlike the same formations farther to the right,
which  are  but slightly undulating.  These  are
termed ", METAMORPHIC ROCKS " of " Silurian age."
They are more or less crystalline, and their general
features are quite unlike the same rocks where they
are unchanged. In tracing them to the right, they
gradually lose this character, and assume that of
unaltered, stratified rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, shale, etc.
Since szcU e.a'-,5mT's are of frei'qent occurrence




12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
in nature, and in rocks of various systems, the connection of the two has been shown; and we have,
for example, at the beginning of this formation,
colored blue, the terms ", Gneissoid and Granular
Quartz rocks, which are metamorphic states of the
Potsdam  sandstone."  In other words, the Potsdam sandstone, when altered by igneous action,
becomes first a granular, more or less crystalline
quartz rock, and finally passes into gneiss.
Next above this we find c" Crystalline Limestone;"
and again, in a continuation of the same beds,
"' Crystalline limestone, Variegated and White JIarble," which are metamorphic conditions of the following limestones, viz., Trenton, Black River, Birdseye, and Chazy limestones, and Calciferous sandstone.
The various limestones named, become crystalline,
from the action of the igneous rocks on the left and
below them, and furnish the white and variegated
marbles.
In the same manner, the succeeding Chloritic,
Talcose, and Mica Slates are metamorphic conditions
of the Hudson-river group; which is itself susceptible of separation into several subordinate groups
of shales, shaly sandstones, etc., as indicated in
another part of the division.
From this point, or from the commencement of
the Oneida conglomerate, the names first written in
the subdivisions of the formations, and enclosed




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART. 13
between parallel lines, are those by which the rocks
are known in their unaltered condition. Returning
to the upper margin of the section, and reading
downwards, the names following those of the rocks
are the names of localities or places where the
same rock may be examined to advantage, either
in ravines, cliffs, or river banks. A few only
of the more important localities are indicated, beginning with those in America, and followed by
those of foreign countries, where the same rock is
known to have been discovered.
It will be seen, that in some instances, the names
of two or more rocks are included in the same subdivision, or between the same parallel lines. In
these instances, the rocks are closely allied to each
other in character, and are not sufficiently distinct
to require subdivision by lines. The names are
arranged in the order in which the rocks occur in
nature. As an example, we have the Calciferous
Sandstone, the Chazy, Birds-eye, Black River, and
Trenton Limestones, in one subdivision. In these
groupings, the name of the locality is placed as
nearly as possible to succeed the name of the rock.
The names of these rocks will also be found
repeated near the right hand margin of the chart,
and, in the same order, from below upward, as
they occur from left to right on the upper margin of
the section. In this column will also be found the
2




14 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHIART.
names of still more minute subdivisions, into which
some of the rocks or groups have been separated
in the geological surveys of New York.
For example, the Hudson-river group consists of
three distinct members: the Utica Slate, the Frankfiort Slate, and the Pulaski shales and Sandstones.
Thlle division marked on the upper margin of the
chart as Lower Helderberg limestones is shown, on
the right hand margin, to be composed of the Tentaculite or Watcer limestone, the Pcntamcrus limestone,
Delthyris shaly limestone, and  Uppcr Pentamerus
limestone, divisions which are easily recognized in
some places, but are very obscure in others.
The same may be said of the Upper Helderberg
limestones, which are capable of subdivision into
three distinct masses.  The subdivisions into which
the Hamilton group can be readily divided, are
shown a little within the right hand margin, and to
the left of the name of the group itself.
In several instances, the names by which groups,
or rocks of the same age, are known in England
are given in parentheses, at the lower end of the
stripe, as the Wenlock Formation, corresponding in
part with the Niagara group; Caradoc sandstone,
with the Hudson-river group.
In this manner, the strata are all marked as far
as, and including, the Coal formation. Above and
beyond this, it will be found that the names of




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.  15
localities do not, in every instance, immediately follow the name of the rock. This difference. indicates that the rocks have not as yet been distinctly
recognized in this country, and, therefore, no
American locality is inserted.
From  the Coal period upward to the Tertiary, the formations are preeminently European;
they are extensively and very perfectly developed
in England and upon the continent, and form  a
great and prominent geological feature.
Of the Tertiary System, the two lower members,
Eocene and Miocene, are fully recognized in many
localities; while those strata usually denominated
Pliocene have not yet been so distinctly recognized,
and therefore no American localities are given.
In the Modern or Quaternary system of deposits,
no localities have been given, for want of space.
From the commencement of the Secondary Rocks,
therefore, the English names of the rocks are first
introduced, and next to them those of Continental
Europe: first, the German name, in German letters; and next the French name, in scrip type;
and beyond these are given, in Italic capitals, first
the names of the continental localities, and finally
the English ones, the English name of the rock being
again repeated at the right hand margin of the section. As an example, under the NEW RED SANDSTONE SYSTEM, take the Mlagrnesian limestone, the




16 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
second rock above the Coal measures. This rock
has no positive representative in America. Its German name is Zechstein and Kupfer Schiefer, (the latter
a layer of copper-bearing slate;) and the French
name following it, Calcaire magnesien, is simply a
translation of the English. Among the prominent
localities are Mansfeld, in Germany, and East Thickley, in England, as given on the chart.
In the OOLITIC SYSTEM, the Lias has been recognized in this country, from certain fossils found
in the coal beds of Richmond, Virginia; and above
this, none of the members of this system have
been recognized in the United States, and consequently no names of American localities are found
after the names of the rocks.
It will be seen that each of these systems is made
up of several subordinate groups of individual rocks.
It will be observed, moreover, that rocks of the same
denomination are repeated in almost every one of
them. Thus shale, sandstone, and limestone occur in
all the systems of the Paleeozoic Rocks.  In their
general aspect and character, these rocks, in the different systems, are much alike; and it is often only
by their contained fossils that we are able to distinguish them. This repetition of deposits of similar
character arises from a continuation or a repetition,
at different and successive periods, of causes similar
to those giving rise to the first deposits.




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.  17
Since all these strata, with the exception of the
limestones, were deposited from the mud, sand, and
silt carried into an ancient ocean, there must be
an entire absence of a formation where dry land
existed at the time; and it will very naturally be
presumed that it cannot have the same thickness in
all parts of its extent. This is not only true, but
many of the formations thin out entirely, leaving the
one above and the next below to come in contact.
As examples of this, which are represented on the
chart, we have the Oneida conglomerate, a rock made
up of sand and pebbles, which, in its greatest development, has a thickness of several hundred feet. In
the same manner, the lower Helderberg limestones are
represented as thinning out entirely, a feature which
is remarkable in those rocks.  The Oriskany sandstone and Cauda-galli grit also thin out entirely.
The same feature is represented in some of the
rocks of the secondary period, and, as before said,
it may occur in any of them.
This thinning out may arise from the fact that in
the wide and deep ocean certain deposits never
reached the deeper portions, but subsided along
its shores. Or it may have been caused by certain portions being too shallow, or even upraised
above the level of the water. It may also have occurred in another way. After the deposition of the
stratum, it may have been uplifted so near to the
2*




18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
surface of the sea as to have been worn away by the
waves, and thus have allowed a succeeding deposit
to come directly upon one of preceding date. Such
operations have sometimes taken place to a considerable extent. We have an example of this erosive
action at the termination of the Carboniferous formation, where the upper undulating surfaces of the
strata of the Coal period have been worn down, and
in some places present considerable depressions,
from which the strata have been removed. The
evidence of similar erosive action is visible at the
termination of the Cretaceous system, and before
the Tertiary strata were deposited.  The same
causes have doubtless operated, in many instances,
where no evidence is now preserved in the remaining portions of the formation.
The QUATERNARY or MODERN SYSTEM of deposits
is represented on the section as covering only a
small portion of the surface. This has been done
to avoid confusion; though we know that, in nature,
the materials of this age cover almost the entire
surface. They have been deposited after the older
formations, and since the uplifting and breaking up
of the lower rocks, and consequently lie in a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, position upon the edges
of these rocks, when upturned, or upon their plane
surfaces when they have not been thus uplifted.
The same is also true of the Tertiary deposits




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.  19
which have often been made upon the upturned
edges of the Palaeozoic rocks, and are thus shown,
in a single example, lying upon the edges of the
Carboniferous strata.
We will now direct our attention to the stratified
deposits on the left of the granite peak.
The rocks of Secondary age, the New Red sandstone, O6litic and Cretaceous formations, are there
represented as resting on gneissoid or granitic rocks.
The strata are shown as more or less undulating,
and becoming contorted in their proximity to the
igneous rocks below, and even entirely metamorphic
in their character.
Strata of this age, both in their normal condition
and in various stages of metamorphism, are the prevailing rocks of the Alps, the Jura, and the Apennines; and towards the south they are overlaid by
Tertiary strata, through which rise the ancient volcanic vents and active volcanoes of Southern Europe, while the lavas have flowed over the surface.
It is intended, in this sketch, to combine the exhibition of phenomena which are in reality connected
in nature, though spread over a wide surface.
Besides the formations we have been considering,
another series of bands may be seen rising in nearly
a vertical direction, traversing or cutting through the
strata previously described.  These rocks penetrate
from below upward, sometimes reaching to the




20  GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
surface, and in other cases terminating in the older
formations.
The two on the extreme left are intended to represent volcanic chimneys passing from the sources of
volcanic fires to the surface.
A column of lava is represented as rising through
a fissure in the granitic and secondary rocks, dividing
above, and extending to two distinct cones, where the
volcanic fires have ceased to be active.
To the right of this column is represented another,
originating from a vast reservoir below, and which
rises to the surface through two distinct cones, exhibiting the character and phenomena of active volcanoes.
The others represent Trap dikes, Greenstone
dikes, Porphyry dikes, Granite veins, &c.
From their character and condition, they have
evidently been forced up from beneath, in a state of
fluidity, penetrating the superincumbent rocks through
fissures and between strata. Among the attendant
phenomena of the intrusion of these dikes and
Granite veins is the production of faults; that is
to say, fractures and dislocations of the strata,
which often extend through a very great thickness,
or even for an entire system of strata. The illustration of these phenomena is made by a black line
following the dislocation of the beds, on each side
of which the strata are displaced, so as no longer
to be continuous.




GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART. 21
The occurrence of metallic veins in various rocks
is represented by lines of color, as well as by name.
The production of these rocks is regarded as due
to the same causes which produce and sustain volcanic action at the present time. The fluid lava
penetrates the adjoining rocky beds through fissures,
and, on cooling, becomes dikes, analogous to those
penetrating the more ancient rocks. Portions of
the fluid matter also flow over the surface, and
accumulate in immense masses, even covering large
tracts of country.  The same feature is attendant
on the Trap dikes, and, in many instances, extensive areas are covered by rock precisely similar in
character to that forming the dikes, but assuming a
columnar form, as represented on the upper margin
of the large section, above the New Red sandstone
system, and the other above the Cretaceous system.
Rocks of this kind, and having this position, are
termed basalt, or basaltic rocks.
Although there is a variety of character and
composition in the nature of these ancient dikes, it
is not so great as the variety among the products of
modern volcanoes.
In the section which has just been described, all
the important geological formations known to exist
are brought together and presented in their true
order of succession. It is true, that no single locality or moderate extent of country will furnish all
the rocks here exhibited.




22 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
The low section at the base of the chart is one
exhibiting the successive rocks and formations
which appear along a line, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Ocean, and will afford a good idea of the
condition in which rocks are found, with all their
disturbances and deficiencies, when examined over
a large extent of country.
Beginning at the eastern extremity, in Nova
Scotia, we have a well-defined Coal Formation of
the age of that represented upon the larger section
above. As we go westward, we find rocks of the
Devonian and Silurian periods coming out from
beneath those of the Carboniferous period, precisely
as is represented in the larger section. In pursuing
this direction, however, we soon find the rocks
folded and contorted, and becoming crystalline in
their character, like the metamorphic rocks represented to the right of the granite, in the section
above.  In travelling entirely across the White
Mountains and the Green Mountains, we find no
rocks older than those of Silurian and Devonian
age, with occasional intrusions of granite veins and
Trap and Greenstone dikes. The section is upon
too small a scale to allow of the minute representation of all these phenomena. In the valley of
Lake Champlain, between the Green Mountains of
Vermont and the Adirondack Mountains of New
York, the Silurian rocks are less folded, and grad



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.  23
ually lose their metamorphic character, revealing
again their fossils in great numbers.*
Between the Champlain valley and the central
portion of the Adirondack Mountains, the Gneiss,
Mica Slate, and Crystalline limestones (of the age
of those next the Granite in the large  section)
come in, in great force, containing extensive beds of
iron ore.  In the centre of this chain are immense
masses of peculiar granitic rocks, forming high
mountain peaks.  Again, to the west and south-west
are the Gneiss rocks, and, above them, the Silurian
strata, in a disturbed and partially metamorphic condition. From this point, the Silurian strata dip
regularly to the south-west, and we pass over their
outcropping edges, and those of Devonian and Carboniferous systems.  In this direction, however, we
find no higher formations succeeding the coal field
of Pennsylvania, and, after passing for a long distance over its various members, as exposed in the
valleys and watercourses, we descend again to the
westward, passing over the outcropping edges of
the various members of the Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian systems, as far as the rocks of
the Hudson-river group.  On the west side of the
coal field, therefore, the successive formations are
* It may be remarked here, that even as far east as the Con.
necticut River some of the strata still preserve their fossils.




24  GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.
precisely in the same order, from left to right, as
upon the section above. The student will understand, that the rocks represented as coming out
from beneath the coal formation, on either side,
are also continuous beneath that formation, and
constitute a part of the great system which so
largely pervades the country.
From this section, it can be readily understood
how the coal field of Pennsylvania has once been
continuous with that of Illinois, farther to the west;
and that they have been separated by that agency
which has upheaved the lower rocks between, and
caused them to dip in opposite directions. When
these  rocks were uplifted, their edges became
broken, and, in this condition, were exposed to the
action of water, which has covered the surface;
and by this and other agencies, these projecting
rocks have been worn down, and the two coal fields
so widely separated. On the western side of this
elevation, marked by Cincinnati, we find a repetition of similar rocks, dipping again beneath the
Illinois coal field, and, in part, reappearing on the
western side, along the Mississippi River.
Beyond this point are again carboniferous rocks
and coal fields, the character and extent of which
are not fully known.
In this western direction, we find rocks of the
Cretaceous, system resting directly upon the Car



GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CHART.  5
boniferous rocks. By a reference to the large section above, it will be seen that this implies the
absence of the New Red Sandstone and O6litic
systems, which, as before remarked, are usually
absent in American localities.  Between the mouth
of the Kansas River and the summit of the Rocky
Iountains, there is a wide extent of rocks belonging to the Cretaceous system, and from  beneath
which appear metamorphic and highly crystalline
strata.  To the westward, upon these metamorphic
rocks, at intervals, rest formations of Tertiary, and
even, perhaps, of Cretaceous age. The fossil plants
and shells, however, that have been collected, are all
of the Tertiary period.
At all points along this line of section, west of
the Cretaceous formation, where the names of rocks
are given, it is from specimens that have been collected by Captain Fremont and others.  At intervals,
Basalt and Trap, with more recent volcanic rocks,
are known to occur, and active volcanoes exist on
the western slope. The metamorphic rocks underlying all this region are probably all of Palwozoic
age; and those towards the western margin belong
to the Silurian systenm.
One of the most striking features presented in
this section across the country, is, the great difference in elevation between the eastern and western
portions of the continent. This difference woald
3




26        CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN
be the more striking, were the line carried west,
over the higher mountains, as it is at the east; but
it follows a line of travel much below the mountain
peaks, which are sometimes represented in the background. This is a very interesting and very important feature in our continent.
CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF ROCK FORMATIONS.
Rocks are classified and arranged in systems and
groups, according to their mineral characters and
their fossil remains; and these are intimately associated with considerations regarding their origin and
deposition.
One of the most obvious distinctions which first
occur is the subdivision of rocks into stratified and,unstrattied.  These terms, moreover, indicate the
origin or mode of production of these different formnations; for the unstratified rocks are those which
have originated from igneous action, or whose earliest condition has been that of fluidity from heat.
These rocks, moreover, are always crystalline in
structure; though this character alone is not suffidient to distinguish them  from each other, or from
-stratified rocks which Ihave been subjected to heat.
The stratified rocks, on the other hand, have had




OF ROCK FORMATIONS.             27
their origin from water, and are called sedimentary
rocks. Their earliest condition has been that of
sand, clay, or carbonate of lime deposited from
water.
The unstratified and crystalline rocks are variously associated with the stratified rocks, and not
always below them. They are often seen breaking
up through the stratified masses, and penetrating
them in various ways.
Rocks are represented on the chart in five different types.
(1.) The GRANITIC proper, including the great
central mass, and the granitic veins which penetrate
to the Silurian rocks.
(2.) The TRAPPEAN, including the porphyry dikes,
which, having their origin below, penetrate the
Gneissoid rocks, the Silurian, the Carboniferous,
and even the newer secondary strata; and may be
found associated with the Tertiary rocks. These
have not only penetrated the strata from below,
but have sometimes flowed over the surface.
(3.) The VOLCANIC, which may penetrate any of
the strata, and, in a melted state, flow out over the
surface of the superficial beds.
(4.) The METAMORPHIC, which are shown next
above the Granite, as gneiss, mica slate, quartz
rocks, sandstones, crystalline limestones, &c. These
rocks, though evidently stratified, as if originally




Q28        CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN
deposited from water, have become so altered by
igneous action, that their'normal character is lost.
No fossil remains have ever been found in the rocks
of this period.
Beyond these, we find in the rocks of Silurian
age, gneiss, mica, and talcose slates, and crystalline
limestones, which are distinctly traceable to their
original conditions in the strata further to the right.
We have also on the left of the granite, strata of
the New  Red Sandstone, Olitic, and Cretaceous
formations, becoming metamorphic.
We thus perceive that though these rocks belong
to different parts of the stratified series, they are
nevertheless similarly changed by the same agencies,
the slates of'any period becoming talcose and
mica slates, the sandstones becoming gneiss, the
gray, yellow, or blue limestones crystalline marble
of various colors.
(5.) The  STRATIFIED  or SEDIMENTARY  rocks,
which, in their unaltered condition, occupy the
larger portion of the chart to the right hand, and
above those previously noticed.  These rocks have
generally undergone no change from their original
condition of beds of mud, sand, and carbonate of
lime, except that in most cases they have become
indurated or stony in their character.*
* The student will understand the necessity of including all
deposits whatever as rocks, without regard to their condition of




OF ROCK FORMATIONS.                29
These formations being altogether the most important and extensive, have been examined with
great care; and from all the facts obtained, both
of their mineral character and contained fossils,
they have been arranged in subdivisions, as shown
on the chart.
This succession, as here given, represents the
order in which each one has been deposited above
the other; and since each formation in turn has
been the uppermost, or the surface on which the
plants and animals have lived which are now found
imbedded in the rocks, they represent so many
epochs in the earth's history. Each one, even of
the minor subdivisions, represents what is equivalent
to a condition of the earth covered by its plants
and animals, as in its present actual condition.
In other words, were the entire present creation
to be destroyed and covered up by various sedimentary deposits, the whole would represent, in
the continuation of the geological succession, only
one of the lesser subdivisions of any of the systems.
cohesion or induration, when he is told that the Potsdam Sandstone is, in many places, no more coherent or indurated than are
beds of sand or gravel of the latest periods; and its condition, as
a stony or indurated rock, is by no means indicative of its age.
3*




30)              SILURIAN SYSTEM.
I. SILURIAN SYSTEM.
Above the system of Rocks designated as Metamorphic, commences a succession of stratified deposits, marked every where by the presence of fossils.
The first subdivision of this great series is known as
the SILURIAN SYSTEM.
From the great thickness of this system of rocks,
it has been found necessary to divide it into upper
and lower. The line of separation is marked, to a
great extent, in the United States, by a rock made
up of coarse sand and pebbles, or becoming in some
places a coarse sandstone. This subdivision is given
on the chart at the Oneida conglomerate.
In the United States, we recognize all the divisions of the Silurian system given on the chart.
Characteristic Features of the Successive Beds.*
Potsdam Sandstone.  This is the lowest member
of the Silurian system.  It consists of an aggregation of water-worn sand, sometimes with  pebbles
forming a conglomerate. The rock is usually compact and fine grained.
In its metamorphic condition, it becomes a com* The teacher should point out to the pupil these successive
rocks on the chart, as he reads these descriptions. He will also
find indicated some of the principal localities.




SILURIAN SYSTEM.               31
pact, crystalline quartz rock, or, in some situations,
assumes the character of gneiss.
The principal fossils of this rock are two or more
species of Lingula. Some remains of trilobites and
other fossils have been found.
When compact, it is an excellent building stone.
Calciferous Sandstone. This rock usually consists
of a mixture of calcareous and siliceous particles,
whence it derives its name. It contains cavities
lined with quartz crystals, and has also layers or
nodules of chert, showing that the siliceous matter
has been in solution. At the west it is known as a
magnesian limestone, and is not very siliceous.
Some portions afford a hydraulic cement.
It breaks in rough, irregular blocks, and, except
in some of its localities, is fit only for a rough
building stone.
This rock contains quartz crystals, calcareous
spar, lead ore, and copper ore, and often small
nodules of anthracite coal.
The Chazy, Birds-eye, Black River, and Trenton
Limestones, form a group not always distinguished
from each other.  They are, however, distinct, and
easily recognized by their fossils in the eastern part
of the United States.
Chazy Limestone, from the town of Chazy, on
Lake Champlain, where it is very well developed,
consists mainly of two members; - the lower is a




32             SILURIAN SYSTEM.
light gray, and, for the most part, encrinal limestone; and the upper, a dark blue or nearly black
limestone. It occurs on both sides of Lake Chanmplain, and upon the Isle la Motte, where it is extensively quarried.
This rock contains no valuable minerals or metals.
When metamorphosed, it forms, with the succeeding limestones, a crystalline marble.
Its fossils are numerous and characteristic.
The Maclurea, and other characteristic fossils,
being cut in various directions in the slabs of marble sawed from this rock, appear in great beauty.
It is largely used for flagging stones for the floors
of public buildings.
Birds-eye Limestone. This rock is of extremely
fine texture, of a light bluish color, weathering to a
drab or whitish ash color. It is even-bedded, readily
breaking into slabs, and very durable as a building
material; —it is extensively quarried along the Mohawk valley and other places.
This name is derived from the appearance given
by numerous stems of a plant-like fossil, which penetrate the layers vertically, as if the calcareous mud
had been deposited around them while growing;
and when the surface is polished, the ends of these
stems present circular spots.
The principal fossils of this rock are the one
just mentioned, with a few corals and some chambered shells.




SILURIAN SYSTEM.              33
This rock can be traced westward for many
hundred miles, still retaining the same characters as
in New York. It is quarried at Frankfort, Kentucky, where it is of a light ashen color.
Black River Limestone. This limestone is grayish or bluish gray, coarser and less regularly bedded
than the Birds-eye.
Although a thin mass, it can be traced over a
wide extent of country, and is recognized by its fossils as far west as the Mississippi River.
Its characteristic fossils are a coral and an Ormoceras, (No. 63 on the chart.)
Trenton Limestone. This is a more important rock
than the three others preceding. It covers an extensive surface in the State of New York, particularly along the valley of the Mohawk and its tributaries, and in the valley of the Black River. It
forms the Trenton Falls, on West Canada Creek.
The rock is for the most part black 6r very dark,
thin-bedded or shaly, or with shale alternating with
thin bands of limestone. Many of the layers are
concretionary, or nodular, in structure. Some portions are regularly bedded, and afford good building
stone; the upper portion is often thick-bedded, of a
gray color, and crystalline in texture; and this portion especially furnishes an excellent building material.
West of New York this rock becomes gradually




34             SILURIAN SYSTEM.
thinner and lighter colored, and ori the Mississippi
River consists of thin shaly layers, which weather
to a drab or ashen color. This limestone, with those
below it, are known to be continuous, from the western part of New England, in the direction of the
great lakes west and north-west, to beyond the Mississippi River, and south-west as far as Alabama.
The great valley of Virginia occurs in the limestones of this period.
Fossils are extremely numerous in this rock, and
some of them extensively distributed and characteristic, being found over many hundreds of miles in
extent.
The Trenton and other limestones of the Mohawk
valley are metamorphic east of the Hudson River,
becoming partially or entirely crystalline. These
are the white and variegated limestones of the western part of New England.
In an economical point of view, therefore, these
limestones are very important, furnishing excellent
building stones in their normal condition; and again
in their metamorphism affording beautiful materials
for building, statuary, and ornament.
Hudson River Group. This group of strata consists of shales, shaly sandstones, and sandstones,
with bands of impure limestone, and sometimes
thicker beds of limestone alternating with shale.
West of New York the calcareous matter increases




SILURIAN  SYSTEM.                     35
in proportion, and the whole group becomes one of
shale and limestone, with no sandstone, and scarcely
any arenaceous shale. It thus becomes very different at widely separated localities, and it is only by
studying intermediate points that we arrive at a
knowledge of the changes which gradually produce
these great differences.*
This group of rocks can be traced from the valley of the Hudson River westwardly and north-westwardly, through  the valley of the  Mohawk to the
shores of Lake Ontario, and thence west through
Canada to the shores of Lake Huron, and even to
the northern shores of Lake Michigan. It also
covers a large area in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and
Tennessee.: The pupil should always recollect that a sedimentary deposit
will change in its character when extending over a wide area. When
we consider the conditions under which such deposits are made, it is
easy to understand how this change is produced. Streams bring down
mixed sediment of sand and mud, and flow into an ocean where
the current is less; consequently the heavier particles, no longer
suspended by the force of the stream, fall down. The finer mud
particles flow on, in very quiet water remaining some time suspended, and, with a moderate current, will be carried to a great
distance. From this cause, shaly deposits will always be more
extensive than arenaceous deposits of the same period. This is
readily illustrated by the smallest stream flowing into a pond; or it
may be illustrated by an artificial stream into which the pupil may
throw sand and mud, which, transported to a reservoir where the
current is checked, will be thrown down at different distances from
the inlet.




36            SILURIAN SYSTEM.
In many parts of this extent it is highly fossiliferous, and the seas of tropical climates of the
present day scarcely any where furnish a more numerous and varied fauna than these very ancient
strata.
The rocks of this group, when metamorphic, produce chloritic, talcose, and mica slates, as shown in
the chart, towards the granitic peak.
Oneida Conglomerate, or Shawangunk Grit.  This
rock is a coarse sandstone or conglomerate, resting
upon the Hudson River group, and from which there
is sometimes a gradual passage. It forms the line
of division between the Lower and Upper Silurian.
In many places this rock does not exist, having
thinned out; and the Medina sandstone rests upon
the sandstones or the terminating calcareous beds of
the Hudson River group.
This rock is used for millstones, and the Esopus
millstones are made from it. It forms the Shawangunk Mountain, in New York, and the continuation
of the same range in New Jersey. It received the
name of Oneida conglomerate from its occurrence
in Oneida county, being the only conglomerate rock
in that part of the State of New York. It there
rests conspicuously on the rocks of the Hudson
River; and the Medina sandstone being absent, it is
succeeded by the Clinton group.
Mliedina Sandstone.  This is a red or brownish,




SILURIAN SYSTEM.               37
argillaceous sandstone, usually soft and readily disintegrating on exposure. Some portions are more
siliceous, and furnish good building stone. It is a
conspicuous rock at Medina, Orleans county, New
York, the canal being cut through it for some distance.
It forms the lower fall on the Genesee River, and the
banks of the river to its mouth.  It also forms the
banks of the Niagara River at Lewiston, and a part
of the cliff on either side for several miles above.
In the eastern part of New York, it thins out, and
is hardly recognizable.
It contains few organic remains; the most important are a species of Lingula and a marine
plant.
Clinton Group.  This consists of shales, sandstones, conglomerates, limestones, and beds of iron
ore. Although of moderate thickness, it extends
throughout the State of New York, occurs in Canada, and again -, the shores of Lake Huron and
Lake Michigan.
The most important feature of this group, in an
economical point of view, are the beds of iron ore,
which are coextensive with the strata, and uniform
for a hundred miles.
Niagara Group.  This consists mainly of a mass
of shale, and another of limestone above. The
limestone forms the table-rock over which the Niagara River falls, and the shale below is the rock
4




38            SILURIAN SYSTEM.
which is worn away by the action of the water and
air.
The shale is soft and argillaceous, consisting
mostly of clay, with a small proportion of lime. It
contains iron pyrites, which decomposes on exposure, causing the rock to crumble rapidly. The
limestone, on the contrary, is extremely durable,
withstanding the effects of weather. It forms one
of the best building stones in New York. The lower
part, which is filled with the stems of encrinites, has
been used for the beautiful series of locks at Lockport. The fragments of crinoids are often brown
or reddish.
West of New York, the shale of this group becomes more calcareous, and finally the whole mass
is a limestone. It extends from Niagara westward
through Canada, along Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, and thence to the Mississippi River.
It has many beautiful and characteristic fossils;
and by the presence of a certain coral, (fig. 10,) it
can be traced over hundreds of miles across the western mounds and prairies.
Onondaga Salt Group. This group consists of
shaly and marly deposits, composed of clay, and
carbonate and magnesian carbonate of lime. The!ower part is a red shale; the middle and upper parts
are gray, greenish gray, and ashen colored.
In the State of New York it is chiefly important




SILURIAN SYSTEM.             39
from its brine springs. These are principally confined to the valley of the Onondaga Lake, whence the
name of the group. All the gypsum of New. York,
of any importance, is derived from these rocks.
Tracing the group eastward from Onondaga
Lake, it thins out on the Hudson River, and westwardly becomes more calcareous, and finally it is
not distinctly recognizable beyond the shore of Lake
Michigan.
The soils formed from the decomposition of the
rocks of this group, and of those of the Niagara
group, are among the most fertile in the United
States.
Lower Helderberg Limestones.  These limestones
have been described as the water lime or Tentaculite limestone, the Pentamerus galeatus limestone, the
Delthyris shaly limestone, the Encrinal limestone,
and the Upper Pentamerus limestone. Although
each of these rocks is distinct and well marked in
New York, they are not so easily distinguished individually elsewhere. The lower, first named, are
dark colored and thin-bedded limestones; the next
are thick-bedded, gray or bluish; the third a shaly
limestone, and the two upper gray and crystalline.
In a westerly direction, these limestones thin out
entirely; and, from the thinning of the Oriskany
sandstone above them, the Upper Helderberg lime



40            DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
stones rest upon the Onondaga Salt group, as shown
on the chart at the right of the Trap dike.  Southward they extend through Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and Tennessee, where, from the absence of the
Onondaga Salt group, they rest directly upon the
Niagara group, and the fossils of the two are often
mingled together.
II. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. Oriskany Sandstone. This
rock succeeds the Lower Helderberg limestones. It
is a friable, or sometimes calcareous sandstone, from
which much calcareous matter has been removed by
water. In other places, the rock appears to be a
compound of lime and silex deposited from solution.
In some parts it abounds in fossil shells, but in most
localities the shell has been removed, and casts
only remain.  When the sedimentary deposit is
coarser, and more readily penetrated by water,
the forms qf the shells have entirely disappeared,
and cavities or shapeless casts alone remain. This
rock forms the separation between the Silurian
and Devonian systems, as now recognized in this
country.
Cauda-galli Grit. This deposit succeeds the Oriskany sandstone. It is composed of a mixture of
shaly or clayey matter and sand, crumbling down
into angular fragments on exposure to the air. It
is a dark-colored rock, weathering to a rusty brown,
and contains no fossils, unless, perhaps, a marine




DEVONIAN SYSTEM.              41
plant, which produces very curious markings upon
its surface, from which this name has been
given.
Upper Helderberg Limestones. Included under this
head are the Sc&toharie grit, and the Onondaga and
Corniferous limestones. The whole together form a
group, coixtensive with the Palweozoic deposits in
the United States. They can be traced from the
Helderberg Mountains, and their continuation on the
Hudson River, westwardly to the Niagara River at
Black Rock; and thence through Canada, and
across the Detroit River into Michigan: and also on
the south side of Lake Erie, through Ohio, Indiana,
illinois, and Kentucky.
The limestones are gray, bluish, and black, the
higher one containing much chert or hornstone.
They every where are filled with great numbers of
fossils, among which have been found remains of
large fishes.
Hamilton Group. This consists of a series of
shales. These have been distinguished as the Marcellus slate, which is black and slaty; the Ludlowville shales, more fissile, and of an olive color; the
Moscow shale, which is bluish or grayish blue, and
very fissile.
In the central and eastern parts of New York,
this group contains large proportions of arenaceous
shales and shaly sandstones. The subdivisions are
4*




42            DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
not in all places conspicuous, and where the arenaceous deposits prevail, none can be distinguished except the lower black slate or Marcellus, which always retains its characters. The group occupies a
thickness of some eight hundred or one thousand
feet. It extends through New York, a part of
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Canada West, and Michigan.
In the number and beauty of its fossils, it exceeds
any of the other groups, several hundred species
being already known in the State of New York
alone.
The Tully Limestone. This may be regarded as a
subordinate member of the preceding group. It is
a mass of shaly limestone, twenty to fifty feet thick.
It contains some fossils not known in the Hamilton
group, the most peculiar of which is the Atrypa
cuboides.
Genesee Slate. This is a black, fissile rock, splitting in thin, even lamina, and nearly destitute of
fossils. It holds a very conspicuous position, forming the junction between the calcareous shales below, and the argillaceous shales and shaly sandstones
destitute of lime, above. There is also, beyond this
point, an almost entire change in the fossils.
Portage Group. This is so named from the
rocks exposed in the three successive falls at Portage, and in the banks of the Genesee River below.
It consists of a series of shales and shaly sandstones,




DEVONIAN SYSTEM.               43
nearly destitute of calcareous matter, and containing few fossils.
This group has been described as consisting of
three members: 1. The Cashaqua Shale, a soft,
green shale, with nodules of a semi-calcareous rock,
or shaly sandstone; 2. The Garreau Flagstones,
which are compact and firm shaly sandstones;
3. The Portage Sandstones, consisting of thin and
thick-bedded argillaceous sandstones, which crumble
on exposure to the air.
This group is very conspicuous in the western
part of New York, and is seen along the shore of
Lake Erie from below Dunkirk, westward beyond
the eastern limits of Ohio.
Chiemung Group. This consists of a series of
shales, shaly sandstones, and sandstones, all of which
are olive or greenish in color. Almost the only calcareous matter in this group is derived from the remains of shells. It is equally thick as the preceding
group, and occupies a large extent of surface, a
width of twenty or thirty miles in the southern counties of New York. Towards the east, it resembles
the Hamilton group in its appearance, though the
fossils are quite different.  Beyond the limits of
New York, it may be traced west into Ohio.
It contains few materials of economical value.
Its fossils are numerous, and partake of the char



~14           DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
acters of those usually considered as characterizing
rocks of the Carboniferous age.
Old Red Sandstone, or Catskill Mountain Group.
Above the Chemung Group, we usually find some
coarser beds of sandstone or a conglomerate; and
still beyond, a series of micaceous shales and shaly
sandstones of great thickness. These rocks are
mostly brown or reddish, and, where not exposed,
sometimes green. They are conspicuous as forming the high Catskill Mountains. This'series has
been regarded as the equivalent of the Old Red
Sandstone of Europe; and the opinion was confirmed by the discovery of the remains of several
fishes characteristic of that rock.  The fish scale
(fig. 167) on the chart is from this.
Notwithstanding the great thickness of this group
in the Catskill Mountains, it thins out rapidly west;
and while on the Chemung River, within the borders of Pennsylvania, the whole group is several
hundred feet in thickness, on the Genesee River, at
the southern limits of New York, it is but a few feet
thick. This circumstance, with the horizontal position of the strata, render the rock interesting and
remarkable; and it is evident that during its deposition there must have been repeated sinkings of the
bed of the ocean, to allow of this great accumulation in the limited area which it occupies.




CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.             45
III. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. This system embraces a series of shales and sandstones; an extensive limestone formation; a second series of various
colored shales, sandstones, and conglomerates; and,
following these, beds of shale and sandstone, with
beds of coal. This latter part of the series has given
the designation to the whole. The shales, sandstones,
and limestones contain remains of shells, corals, and
fishes, showing their marine origin; while the coal
has resulted from terrestrial vegetation, and the remains of land plants are every where imbedded in
the shales and sandstones which accompany the coal.
The following are the subdivisions: —
I. Yellow Sandstones and Shales. (Waverly Sandstones.) The lowest group of strata recognized as
belonging to the Carboniferous period, are the yellow sandstones and shales which are very widely
distributed in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. These
contain, in places, some thin beds of limestone.
Fossil shells are abundant in the sandstones, and
great numbers of crinoids are found in the shales.
In the Geological Reports of Ohio, these sandstones in part are described as the Waverly sandstones; and from the absence of the intervening
rocks, these strata have not always been distinguished
from the Chemung and Portage groups.
2. Carboniferous Limestone.  This great limestone
formation underlies the coal strata throughout most




46          CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.
of their extent. It is in great part a gray, or bluish
gray limestone, weathering to a light ashen color.
Some parts of it are crystalline, others compact and
fine grained, and some of the strata are Oolitic in
structure.
This limestone has a great thickness and extent
in the Western States.  It is very conspicuous along
the Mississippi River, forming high cliffs above the
mouth of the Ohio. It is also the rock in which all
the large caves of the west occur; the Mammoth
Cave, in Kentucky, and others of great extent in
Indiana, are in this rock. It contains numerous fossil shells and corals; among the latter, one very remarkable and interesting form is represented on the
chart, in figures 134 and 135.
3. Red Shales and Shaly Sandstones.  Succeeding
the limestone just described, there are, in some parts
of the country, a series of red and brown shales
and sandstones. These lie below the great conglomerate which is directly at the base of the Coal
measures.  In the eastern coal fields, these rocks
are important, and form a conspicuous feature in the
landscape; while at the west, their existence is
scarcely recognized.
Carboniferous Conglomerate, or Millstone Grit.
Throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, and in some parts
of Indiana and Kentucky, this coarse conglomerate
lies at the base of the coal-bearing rocks.  It




CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.             47
corresponds apparently with the Millstone grit of
the European Coal measures.  It is composed of
coarse sand and pebbles of crystalline quartz, often
scarcely cohering. It forms a prominent horizon in
the neighborhood of the outcropping Coal measures,
and an excellent guide in searching for beds of coal.
Great Coal Measures, or Coal Formation Proper.
This consists of a series of beds of soft shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and beds of coal, with, more
rarely, beds of limestone. There is no regular succession throughout the whole, but repeated alternations of beds such as enumerated. In the coal fields
of Pennsylvania, more than twenty successive beds
of coal are known, separated from each other by
beds of shale and sandstone.
The coal has all been formed from the decomposition of vegetable matter; and remains of numerous plants are found in the shale above the beds of
coal, and in the it under clay," or soft shale underlying the coal bed, as well as in the coal itself.
The fossil plants at the base are likewise different
from those in the shale above, which, together with
the condition of the material, showing quiet deposition, leads us to infer that these deposits were made
in quiet water, and that the plants grew and were
imbedded where we now find them. Moreover, the
successive beds of coal are characterized by different
species of ferns which undoubtedly grew at that




48           CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.
period, and show from their perfect preservation that
they suffered little disturbance before being imbedded
in the mud.
The importance of this formation can scarcely be
overrated.  It furnishes all our coal, both anthracite
and bituminous, and iron ore in large quantities is
also associated with the coal beds. The sandstones
afford good building material; and while some of
the limestones furnish lime, others are fit for architectural and ornamental purposes. The coal serves
us as fuel, fuses our ores, generates the steam for
our manufactories and steamboats, and is in fact the
controlling element in our mechanical, manufacturing, and commercial operations.
The extent of the coal fields in the United States
is greater than in all the rest of the known world;
and they are so situated as to give the greatest possible facilities for mining and transportation.
The series of strata from the base of the stratified rocks to the top of the Coal measures, is very
perfect in the United States; but above this the series is very incomplete.*
* The preceding rocks being more important to the American
student in geology, from forming an essential part of the geological structure of the United States, have been mentioned in detail.
For the remainder of the series, which are but imperfectly developed, or exist only in representative beds or parts of great groups,
a general description only will be given.




NEW RED SANDSTONE.              49
IV. NEW RED SANDSTONE SYSTEM. PERMIAN
AND TRIASSIC SYSTEMS. Above the Coal measures,
and overlying them, sometimes conformably, and at
other times unconformably, is found a series of red
sandstones, red, green, and variegated shales, marls,
and sandstones, with yellow magnesian limestones.
These contain few traces of vegetation, and the
organic remains are quite distinct from those in the
rocks below. The system has been divided into
Permian and Triassic systems.
The rocks recognized as of the New Red Sandstone period, are the sandstones and shales of the
Connecticut River valley, New Jersey, Virginia, and
North Carolina. These belong apparently to the
Triassic System, and represent a portion of the
upper marls and sandstones of the period, as more
fully developed in Europe. The remains of fishes,
and the tracks of birds, which have been so beautifully developed and illustrated by Professor Hitchcock, Dr. Deane, Mr. Redfield, and Mr. Marsh, are
among the interesting fossil remains of this period
in the United States.
It will be observed that no American localities are
given upon the chart for any of the strata of the
Permian system, none of its members having yet
been found in this country.
In England, and upon the continent of Europe,
gypsum and rock salt are found in the marls and
5




50             OOLITIC SYSTEM.
sandstones of the higher part (Triassic) of the system; and hence the name saliferous, or salt-bearing.
Both in this country and in Europe, the rocks of
this age are associated with igneous rocks, which,
penetrating the coal formation, pass through and between the layers of sandstone and shale, and finally
in many places overlie the whole, in vast masses of
basaltic rocks. Examples of this are seen in the
Connecticut valley, Mount Holyoke, the East and
West hills, near New Haven, and the Palisades,
along the Hudson River.
V. OoLITIC SYSTEM. The several members of
this system are of more or less importance in England and upon the continent of Europe. The only
member recognized in the United States is a formation at Richmond, Virginia, which appears to be a
representative of the Lias of Europe.
The system consists of limestones and shales. A
soft bituminous coal is associated with it, and the
shale contains remains of numerous ferns and other
plants. The limestones have not the compact structure of those in the Paleozoic rocks, and they are
often intermixed with clays and sands, and the layers
separated by shaly or arenaceous beds.
This period is remarkable for the appearance of
large marine reptiles. The contrast in the general
features of the fossils of the Permian, Triassic, and
Oilitic systems, with the preceding, is very apparent.




CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY SYSTEMS. 51
In Europe, the limestones of this period furnish
beautiful marble; and the fine statuary marble, so
long regarded as Primary, is a metamorphic limestone of this age.
VI. CRETACEOUS  SYSTEM.  The characteristic
feature of this system is the existence of extensive
strata of chalk. The subdivisions include the Wealden and Neocomien groups, both of which are local;
the former being scarcely known out of England, and
the latter being only recognized on the continent of
Europe. Beyond these, we notice three stages in
the Cretaceous system  - the Green sand, upper
and lower, with the gault or chalk marl; the Lower
chalk, and the Upper chalk, with the Pisolite or
Maestricht beds.
The lower and middle portions of this system are
represented in the United States, east of the Mississippi River only by the Green sand of New Jersey
and some of the Southern States. West of the Mississippi River, and towards the base of the Rocky
Mountains, the Cretaceous system is very extensive,
reaching from north of the Missouri River southwest into Texas.
The fossils of this system represented on the chart,
are characteristic both in America and Europe.
VII. TERTIARY SYSTEM. This consists of three
distinct groups, representing distinct periods of deposition.  These are the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene.




V52         QUATERNARY PERIOD.
The Eocene formation in the United States consists of beds of green sand, yellow limestone, and
admnixtures of clay and sand.
London clay and the coarse limestones of Paris
belong to this period.
The Miocene, or Middle Tertiary, in the United
States, consists of various sands and clays.
These older Tertiary formations extend from
Maryland through Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
They are characterized by immense numbers of
shells,- and also by the renlains of sharks, and several peculiar species of cetaceans.
The Pliocene formation has not been clearly
recognized in the United States. The Norfolk crag
of England, the sub-Appenine beds of Southern
Europe, and extensive deposits in Sicily, belong to
this period.
VIII. MODERN OR QUATERNARY PERIOD. Drift.
Succeeding the Tertiary deposits proper, is the
period of the Drift. This term is applied to superficial materials, consisting of sand, gravel, clay, pebbles, and boulders, whether deposited from water,
and thus assorted and stratified, or mingled together
without order or stratification, bearing evidence of
having been transported by other means than water.
The source from which the drift and all other
superficial deposits are derived, is the older rock




QUATERNARY PERIOD.             53
formations which have been broken up and more or
less comminuted by the action of water and the
fragments among themselves. Owing to this circumstance, a single rock formation or group of
strata has, by the breaking up and transportation of
its broken materials, formed the superficial deposits
over wide areas, and thus given origin to the soils,
and consequently the vegetation, of the surface.
5*




LIST OF FOSSILS
FIGURED UPON THE CHART.*
I. PAL.EOZOIC FOSSILS,
INCLUDING
LOWER AND UPPER SILURIAN, DEVONIAN, AND
CARBONIFEROUS.
Fig. 1. Buthotrephis gracilis. Clinton Group. Oneida county, New York.
Fig. 2. Chletetes Lycoperdon. Trenton Limestone
and Hudson River Group. Trenton Falls, Mohawk valley, New York; Cincinnati, Maysville, and many other
localities at the West.
Fig. 3. Streptelasma corniculum.  Trenton  Limestone. Trenton Falls, New York; Ohio, Wisconsin, and
Tennessee.
Fig. 4. Favistella stellata. Hudson River Group.
Madison, Indiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Drummond's
Island.
Fig. 5. Graptolithus ramosus. Hudson River Group.
Albany, New York.
* The name of the fossil is first given, and following it the name
of the particular rock or group, and lastly the name of one or
more localities.




LIST OF FOSSILS.                55
Fig. 6. Graptolithus pristis. Hudson River Group.
Mohawk and Hudson River valleys.
Fig. 7. Stictopora ramosa. Trenton Limestone. Middleville and Trenton Falls, New York.
Fig. 8. Conophyllum Niagarense. Niagara Group.
Lockport, New York.
Fig. 9. Caninia Helderbergiae. Delthyris Shaly Limestone. Base of Helderberg Mountain, Albany county,
New York.
Fig. 10. Catenipora escharoides.  JNiagara Limestone and Clinton Groups.  Western New York, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kentucky, &c.
Fig. 11. Heterocrinus simplex. Blue Limestone, (age
of Hudson River Group.) Ohio, Indiana, and Tennessee.
Fig. 12. Glyptocrinus dodeka-dactylus.   Hudson
River Group. New York. "Blue Limestone," Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fig. 13. Ichthyocrinus levis. Shale of the Niagara
Group. Lockport, New York; also in limestones of Tennessee.
Fig. 14.  Dendrocrinus longidactylus.  NViagara
Group. Lockport, New York.
Fig. -15. Encalyptocrinus (Hypanthocrinus) decorus.
Shale of the JNiagara Group. New York and Tennessee.
Fig. 16. Caryocrinus ornatus.  Niagara  Group.
New York and Tennessee.
Fig. 17. Caryocrinus ornatus. A young specimen,
with a portion of the arms attached.
Fig. 18. A part of the column and root of the same.
This species occurs, in the JNiagara Group, at Rochester
and Lockport, New York; Glades of Decatur county, Tennessee.
Fig. 19. Callocystites Jewettii.  Niagara  Shale.
Lockport, New York.
Fig. 20. Lepadocrinus Gebhardii. Pentamerus ga



56                INTRODUCTION.
leatus Limestone, (of Lower Helderberg limestones.) Helderberg Mountains and Schoharie.
Fig. 21. Joints of the column of the same. The figure
between this and fig. 20 is a single plate of the body.
Fig. 22. Palmaster (.lsterias) matutina. This is an
ancient representative of the modern star fishes. Trenton
Limestone. New York.
Fig. 23. Schizocrinus nodosus. Structure of the body
and arms, in part. Trenton Limestone. New York.
Fig. 24. Part of an arm of the same, with the plates
and tentaculae attached.
Fig. 25. Homocrinus. Structure of the body. Trenton Limestone. Mohawk valley, New York.
Fig. 26. Lingula prima. Potsdam Sandstone. New
York, St. Croix, and Wisconsin Rivers.
Fig. 27. Lingula quadrata. Trenton Limestone and
Hudson River Group. New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and
Iowa; also in Lower Silurian rocks in Europe.
Fig. 28. Orthis calligramma. Lower Silurian rocks
of Europe.
Fig. 29.  Orthis testudinaria.  Trenton Limestone
and Hudson River Group. New York and Ohio.
Fig. 30. Orthis plicatella. Trenton Limestone. New
York. Blue Limestone. Ohio.
Fig. 31. Orthis tricenaria. Trenton Limestone. New
York, Wisconsin, Iowa, Tennessee, &c.
Fig. 32. Orthis flabelulum. Niagara Group. Rochester, Lockport, &c., New York.
Fig. 33. Leptvena alternata. Trenton Limestone and
Hudson River Group. Middleville, Trenton Falls, Lowville, Watertown, &c., New York; Cincinnati, Ohio; Madison, Indiana; Maysville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; near Galena, Plattville, and Mineral Point, Wisconsin; Illinois; Dubuque, Iowa; Falls of St. Anthony.
Fig. 34. Leptwena filitexta. Trenton Limestone. New




LIST OF FOSSILS.                57
York. Lower part of Blue Limestone, in Tennessee, Ohio,
Wisconsin.
Fig. 35. Leptuena depressa. JNicagara Group, Lower and Upper Helderberg Limestones. New York.
Fig. 36. Spirifer lynx. Trenton Limestone and Hudson River Group. New York, Ohio, Kentucky, &c.
Fig. 36 a. Smaller variety of the same.
Fig. 37. Spirifer Niagarensis. Niagara Group. Wolcott, Rochester, Lockport, and other places in New
York.
Fig. 38. Spirifer rugosa. Lower Helderberg Limestones. Base of Helderberg Mountains, Schoharie, Carlisle, and other places, New York; Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and glades of Decatur county, Tennessee.
Fig. 39. Spirifer varica. Delthyris Shaly Limestone.
Base of the Helderberg Mountains, New York.
Fig. 40. Spirifer macropleura. Delthyris Shaly Limestone. Base of Helderberg Mountains, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Figs. 41, 42, and 43. Atrypa increbescens. Trenton
Limestone and Hudson River Group. Blue Limestone of
the West. Trenton Falls, Middleville, and other places,
New York; Cincinnati, Ohio; Maysville, Kentucky; Madison, Indiana; Nashville, Tennessee; and other western
localities. The species is remarkably variable in size and
proportions, depending on age and other circumstances.
Fig. 44. Atrypa reticulata..Niagara, Lower and
Upper Helderberg Limestones, and Hamilton Group. Lockport, New York, Helderberg Mountains, Genesee valley,
Eighteen Mile Creek, Lake Erie, and numerous western
localities.
Fig. 45. Atrypa aequiradiata. Upper Member of the
Lower Helderberg Limestones. Helderberg Mountains and
Schoharie.
Fig. 46. Pentamerus galeatus. Pentamerus Lime



58                INTRODUCTION.
stone. Helderberg Mountains and Schoharie, New York;
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Fig. 47. Pentamerus oblongus. Clinton Group. Near
Rochester and Wolcott, New York. Limestone of XViagara
Group. Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Fig. 48.* Cast of Pentamerus oblongus. This species occurs in the condition of casts in most of the western
localities.
Fig. 49. Atrypa obesa.  Upper Pentamerus Limestone. Base of the Helderberg Mountains.
Fig. 50. Ambonychia (Pterinia) radiata. Hudson
River Group. Oswego and Lewis counties, New York;
shore of Little Bay des Noquets, Madison, Indiana; Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fig. 51.  Modiolopsis modiolaris.  Hudson  River
Group. Same localities as the preceding species.
Fig. 52. Avicula. Lower Helderberg Limestones. Helderberg Mountains, New York.
Fig. 53. Avicula. Lower Helderberg Limestones. Helderberg Mountains, Schoharie, Catskill.
Fig. 54. Murchisonia bellacincta.  Trenton Limestone. Middleville, Trenton Falls, Lowville, and Watertown, New York; Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Fig. 55. Murchisonia bicincta. Black River and
Trenton Limestones.  Trenton Falls, Middleville, and
Watertown, New York; Wisconsin, Tennessee.
Fig. 56. Acroculia acuminata. Delthyris Shaly Limestone. IIelderberg Mountains and Schoharie, New York.
Fig. 57. Acroculia Gebhardii. Same position and
localities as the preceding species.
Fig. 58. Platyostoma ventricosa. Same position and
localities as the preceding.
* On a few copies of the chart it is marked 18, but is known
by being the next figure to the right of 47.




LIST OF FOSSILS.               59
Fig. 59. Cyrtolites ornatus. Hudson River Group.
Oswego and Lewis counties, New York. In the same
geological position in Ohio, Indiana, and Tennessee.
Fig. 60. Bellerophon bilobatus. Trenton Limestone
and Hudson River Group. New York, Ohio, Indiana,
Kentucky, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
Fig. 61. Trocholites ammonius. Trenton Limestone.
Middleville, New York.
Fig. 62.  Orthoceras multacameratum.  Birds-eye
Limestone. Black River valley, New York; Tennessee.
Fig. 63. Ormoceras tenuifilum. Black River Limestone. Watertown, New York; Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Tennessee.
Fig. 64. Endoceras proteiforme. Trenton Limestone.
Middleville and Trenton Falls, New York; Northern Michigan, and Tennessee.
Fig. 65.  Beyrichia tuberculata.  Upper Silurian
strata of England. (This form of crustacean is usually
known as./gnostus.)
Fig. 66. Cytherina fabulites. Upper part of Birdseye, and in Black River Limestone. Watertown, New
York; Mineral Point, Wisconsin, and in Tennessee.
Fig. 67. Cytherina spinosa. (The position of the
valve reversed.) Niagara Group. Lockport, New York.
Fig. 68. Agnostus integer. Silurian rocks of Bohemia.
Fig. 69. Trinucleus concentricus. Trenton Limestone and Hudson River Group. Glen's Falls, Trenton
Falls, Oswego, Lewis, and Jefferson counties, New York;
Cincinnati, Ohio, and other western localities.
Fig. 70. Calymene (Triarthrus) Beckii.  Trenton
Limestone, Utica Slate and Hudson River Group. Mohawk
valley, Turin, in Lewis connty, New York; Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Fig. 71. Isotelus gigas. Trenton Limestorw   Tren



60               -INTRODUCTION.
ton Falls, Middleville, Watertown, and Sacket's Harbor,
New York; Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fig. 72. Illienus crassicauda.  Trenton  Limestone,
and other Lower Silurian strata. Trenton Falls, Watertown, &c., New York.
Fig. 73. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. Trenton Limestone. Trenton Falls, Middleville, and Watertown, New
York; Cincinnati, Ohio; Tennessee.
Fig. 74. Homalonotus delphinocephalus. Niagara
Group. Rochester and Lockport, New York.
Fig. 75. Phacops limulurus. Niagara Group. Rochester and Lockport, New York.
Fig. 76. Calymene Blumenbachii, var. JNiagarensis.
Niagara Group. Wolcott, Rochester, and Lockport, New
York.
Fig. 77.  Lichas (Platynotus) Boltoni..Niagara
Group. Lockport, New York.
Fig. 78. Phacops nasutus. Delthyris Shaly Limestone. Base of Helderberg Mountains and Schoharie, New
York.
Fig. 79. Acidaspis elliptica. Silurian rocks. Europe. A similar species (in fragments) occurs in the Lower
Helderberg limestones.
Fig. 80. Phacops Hausmanii.  Lower Helderberg
Limestones. Base of Helderberg Mountains and Schoharie, New York; near Rumsey, Virginia, and in Tennessee.
Fig. 81. Eurypteris remipes. Onondaga Salt Group.
Waterville and Williamsville, New York.
Fig. 82. Onchus Deweyii..Niagara Group. Lockport, New York. This is the earliest well-defined form of
a defensive fin bone of a fish, though fragments have been
seen in the Clinton Group.
Fig. 83. Osteolepis. A restored figure from Agassiz's
"Poissons Fossiles."  Professor Agassiz says that some




LIST OF FOSSILS.               61
scales of fishes from Silurian strata seen by him are
more nearly like those of Osteolepis than of any known
genus.
FOSSILS OF THE DEVONIAN SYSTEM.
Fig. 84. Lepidodendron. [?] Chemung Group. Chemung county, New York.
Fig. 85. Heliophyllum. Hamilton Group. Genesee
valley, shore of Lake Erie, at Eighteen Mile Creek.
Fig. 86. Lithostrotion. Corniferous Limestone. New
York.
Fig. 87. Cyathophyllum dianthus. Upper Helderberg
Limestones. Helderberg Mountains, and westward.
Fig. 88. Favosites gothlandica. Upper Helderberg
Limestones. Helderberg Mountains, New York; Ohio,
Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Fig. 89. Cyathocrinus [? ] ornatissimus. Portage
Group. Shore of Lake Erie, Chatauque county, New
York.
Figs. 90 and 91. Portions of Crinoidal columns. Onondaga Limestone. Helderberg Mountains to the Niagara
River, at Black Rock; Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, &c. Columns of this character are remarkably characteristic of the
Onondaga limestone.
Fig. 92. Nucleocrinus elegans. Hamilton Group.
Moscow, and other localities in the Genesee valley, New
York.
Fig. 93. Strophodonta demissa.  Hamilton  Group.
Genesee valley, shore of Lake Erie.
Fig. 94. Chonetes carinata. Hamilton Group. Seneca and Cayuga Lake valleys, Genesee valley, shore of
Lake Erie, New York.
Fig. 95. Spirifer medialis. Hamilton Group. Genesee valley, New York.
6




62                INTRODUCTION.
Fig. 96. Spirifer mucronata. Hamilton Group. Madison county and westward to the shores of Lake Erie.
Fig. 97. Spirifer cultrijugatus. Upper Helderberg
Limestones. Western New York, Ohio, and Kentucky.
Fig. 98. Calceola sandalina. Devonian rocks of the
Eifel, Germany. Specimens from the Upper Helderberg
Limestones, in Kentucky and Tennessee.
Fig. 99. Atrypa elongata. Oriskany Sandstone. Helderberg Mountains, Schoharie, &c., New York.
Fig. 100. Atrypa aspera. Hamilton Group. Genesee valley, shore of Lake Erie, New York.
Fig. 101. Atrypa concentrica.  Hamilton  Group.
Seneca and Cayuga Lake shores, Genesee valley, shore of
Lake Erie, New York.
Fig. 102. Avicula flabella. Hamilton Group. Madison county, New York.
Fig. 103.  Avicula longispina.   Chemung  Group.
Steuben county.
Fig. 104. Cypricardia [? ] rhomboidea. Hamilton
Group. Cayuga and Seneca Lake valleys, New York.
Fig. 105.  Grammysia  Hamiltonensis.  Hamilton
Group. Madison county, valleys of Cayuga and Seneca
Lakes, New York.
Fig. 106. Loxonema nexilis. Hamilton Group. Madison county, valleys of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, New
York.
Fig. 107. Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata. Hamilton
Group. Madison county, New York.
Fig. 108. Acroculia dumosa. Corniferous Limestone.
Helderberg Mountains, New York; Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Fig. 109. Goniatites.  Marcellus Shale.  Schoharie
and Manlius, New York.
Fig. 110. Phacops selenurus. Corniferous Limestone.
Helderberg Mountains, Schoharie, Cazenovia, New York.




LIST OF FOSSILS.                63
Fig. 111. Phacops (Crypheas) calliteles. Hamilton
Group. Valleys of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, Genesee
valley, shore of Lake Erie, New York.
Fig. 112. Homalonotus Dekayii. Hamilton Group.
Cazenovia, and other localities in Madison county, New
York.
Fig. 113. Phacops bufo. Hamilton Group. Madison county, valleys of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, Genesee
valley, shore of Lake Erie, New York; Canada West,
Ohio, and other western localities.
Fig. 114. Cephalaspis Lyellii.  Old Red Sandstone,
Scotland.
Fig. 115. Ptericthys cornutus.  Old Red Sandsione,
Scotland.
Fig. 116. Scales of Ptericthys cornutus.
Fig. 117. Holoptychius nobilissimus, a single scale
Red Sandstone of the Catskill JMountain Group. Blossburg, Pennsylvania.  This species occurs, with the two
preceding species, in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.
Fig. 118. Byssacanthus crenulatus. The bony ray
or dorsal spine. (Ichthyodorulite.) Old Red Sandstone.
Russia.
Fig. 119. Dendrodus latus, a tooth. Old Red Sandstone. Scotland.
Fig. 120. Coccosteus decipiens. Teeth of this species. Old Red Sandstone. Scotland.
Fig. 121. Dendrodus sigmoidalis, a tooth. Old Red
Sandstone. Scotland. Teeth of a species of Dendrodus
and of Coccosteus are associated with the scales of Holoptychius, (fig. 117,) in the Red Sandstone of Blossburg,
Pennsylvania.
Fig. 122. Diplocanthus striatus, a spine. Old Red
Sandstone. Scotland.
Fig. 123. Dipterus. A restored form from the fragments occurring in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.




64               INTRODUCTION.
FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.
Fig. 124. Sphenophyllum erosum.  Coal Shale of
Carboniferous formation.
Fig. 125. Asterophyllites equisetiformis. Coal Shale.
Fig. 126. Pecopteris Sillimanii. Coal Shale. Pennsylvania and Ohio.
Fig. 127. Pecopteris. Coal Shale. Pennsylvania and
Ohio.
Fig. 128. Neuropteris.  Coal Shale.  Pennsylvania
and Ohio.
Fig. 129. Sphenopteris elegans.  Coal Formation.
Europe.
Fig. 130. Stigmaria ficoides. Coal Formation. Europe and America.
Fig. 131. Sigillaria. A part of the stem and roots, as
it stands in a coal mine near Liverpool, England.
Fig. 132. Sigillaria. A portion of the surface enlarged from the preceding figure, but still less than the natural size.
Fig. 133. Calamites approximata.  Coal Shale. Europe and America.
Fig. 134. Archimedes. Carboniferous Limestone. Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky.
Fig. 135. Polypora. Carboniferous Limestone. St.
Louis, Missouri.
Fig. 136. A portion of the poriferous surface of the
preceding fossil enlarged.
Fig. 137. Pentremites florealis. Carboniferous Limestone. Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.
Fig. 138.  Pentremites pyriformis.  Carboniferous
Limestone. Same localities as the preceding.
Fig. 139. Actinocrinus 30-dactylus. Carboniferous
Limestone of England.
Fig. 140. Terebratula hastata. Carboniferous Lime



LIST OF FOSSILS.                65
stone of England. A similar or identical species is known
in the Carboniferous limestone of Indiana.
Fig. 141. Spirifer attenuatus. Limestone, alternating
with Coal beds. Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky.
Fig. 142. Spirifer. Yellow Sandstones, below the Carboniferous Limestbnes. Ohio, Indiana.
Fig. 143. Productus punctatus. CarboniferousLimestone. Kentucky, Ohio.
Fig. 144. Productus semireticulatus. Carboniferous
Formation. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Alabama, and Missouri.
Fig. 145. Monotis. Yellow Sandstones, below the Carboniferous Limestone. Ohio and Indiana.
Fig. 146. Allorisma. Yellow Sandstones, below Carboniferous Limestone. Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky.
Fig. 147. Macrocheilus. Coal Measures. Ohio.
Fig. 148. Euomphalus catillus. Carboniferous Formation. Europe.
Fig. 149. Bellerophon  tenuifascia.  Carboniferous
Limestone of Europe.
Fig. 150. Goniatites striatus. Coal Shale. Europe.
Fig. 151. Phillipsia globiceps. Carboniferous Formation of Ireland.
Fig. 152. Dithyrocaris Scouleri. Carboniferous rocks
of Ireland.
Fig. 153. Limulus trilobitoides.   Coal Measures.
England.
Fig. 154. Cochlearus contortus.  Coal Formation.
Europe.
Fig. 155. Scale of Megalichthys Hibbertii.  Coal
Measures. Scotland.
Fig. 156. Tooth of Psammodus longidens. Carboniferous. Europe.
Fig. 157. Megalicthys Hibbertii.  A  tooth.  Coal
Measures. Scotland.
6*




66               INTRODUCTION.
Figs. 158 and 159.  Teeth of Diplodus gibbosus.
Coal Shale. England.
Fig. 160. Dorsal spine of Tristychius arcuatus. Coal
Measures. Scotland.
Fig. 161. Spine of Gyracanthus tuberculatus. Coal
Measures. England.
Fig. 162. ~Pygopterus. (Restored figure.) Carboniferous. Europe.
Fig. 163. Amblypterus. (A restored figure.) Coal
Formation of Saarbruck.
SECONDARY FOSSILS.
FOSSILS OF THE PERMIAN, TRIASSIC, AND OOLITIC
SYSTEMS.
Fig. 164. Neuropteris linnweefolia. Lias. Richmond, Virginia.
Fig. 165. Zamites obtusifolius. Lias. Richmond,
Virginia.
Fig. 166. Cycadites megalophyllus. Oilitic. England.
Fig. 167. Teniopteris magnifolius.  Lias.  Richmond, Virginia.
Fig. 168. Anthophyllum obconicum. Coral Rag.
Wiirtemburg, Germany.
Fig. 169. Astrea tubilosa. Coral Rag. Wiirtemburg, Germany.
Fig. 170. Caryophyllia annularis. Coral Rag. England.
Fig. 171. Encrinites liliiformis. Muschelkalk. Near
Gdttingen.




LIST OF FOSSILS.                67
Fig. 172. Apiocrinites rotundus.  Oolite. Bradford,
England.
Fig. 173. Apiocrinites rotundus. (Restored figure.)
Oilite. Bradford, England.
Fig. 174. Cidaris coronata. Coral Rag. England.
Fig. 175. Terebratula digona. Oolite. England and
Germany.
Fig. 176. Trigonia costata.  Oolite.  England and
the continent of Europe.
Fig. 177. Gryphaea incurva. Lics. England and
the continent of Europe.
Fig. 178. Ammonites nodosus. MJuschelkalk. Germany.
Fig. 179. Ammonites falcifer. Ooilte. England.
Fig. 180. Ammonites jason.  Oxford Clay.  England.
Fig. 181. Aspidorhynchus. (Restored figure.) Oolite.
Solenhofen, Bavaria.
Fig. 182. Placodus Andriani. MJuschelkalk.  Bamberg, Bavaria.
Fig. 183. Ichthyosaurus communis.  Lias.  England.
Fig. 184. Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus. Lias. England.
Fig. 185. Pterodactylus crassirostris. Oolite. Solenhofen, Bavaria.
Fig. 186. Megalosaurus Bucklandii. Oolite. Stonesfield, England.
Fig. 187. Mastodonsaurus * Jaegeri. Keuper. Wiirtemburg.
Fig. 188. Ornithicnites. (Tracks of birds.)  Sandstone, age of Trias. Connecticut River valley.
Fig. 189.  Phascolotherium   Bucklandii.   Oolite.
Stonesfield, England.
* Labyrinthodon of Owen.




68               INTRODUCTION.
FOSSILS OF THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.
Fig. 190. Equisetum Lyellii. Wealden. England.
Fig. 191. Lonchopteris Mantellii.  Wealden.  England.
Fig. 192. Anthophyllum Atlanticum.  Green Sand.
New Jersey.
Fig. 193. Ventriculites. Chalk. Lewes, England.
Fig. 194. Caeloptychium agaricoides. Green Sand.
Westphalia.
Fig. 195. Hallirhoe costata.  Chalk. England.
Fig. 196. Idmonea contortilis. Yellow Limestone,
Cretaceous formation. Timber Creek, New Jersey.
Fig. 197. Marsupites ornatus.  Chalk.  Lewes and
Brighton, England.
Fig. 198. Ananchytes ovatus. White Chalk. England.
Fig. 199. Spatangus parastatus. Cretaceous formation. New Jersey.
Fig. 199 a. Galerites cretosus. (Base of specimen.)
Chalk. Lewes, England.
Fig. 200.* Cidarites armiger. Cretaceous formation.
New Jersey.
Fig. 201. Terebratula Sayii. Green Sand. New
Jersey.
Fig. 202. Terebratula Harlani. Cretaceous Limestone. New Jersey.
Fig. 203. Gryphvea convexa. Green Sand. New
Jersey.
Fig. 204.  Pecten  quinquecostatus.  Green  Sand.
New Jersey.
Fig. 205.  Plagiostoma  spinosum.   Upper White
Chalk. England.
* In some copies of the chart marked 203.




LIST OF FOSSILS.                69
Fig. 206. Inoceramus.  Cretaceous formation. Near
the base of the Rocky Mountains.
Fig. 207. ABmrnrites Conradi.  Cretaceous formation. Alabama..
Fig. 208. Scaphites Iranii. Neocomien. Europe.
Fig. 209. Turrilites catenatus. Chalk. France.
Fig. 210. Hamites attenuatus. Gault. England and
continent of Europe.
Fig. 211. Baculites anceps. White Chalk. England.
Fig. 212. Belemnitella Americana. Green Sand.
New Jersey.
Fig. 212 *.f Claw of Astacus Sussexiensis. Chalk.
Lewes, England.
Fig. 213. Macropoma Mantellii. Cretaceous formation. Lewes, England.
Fig. 214. Coprolite of MIacropoma Mantellii.
Fig. 215. Ptychodus spectabilis. A dorsal spine.
Chalk. Lewes, England.
Fig. 216. Palaeorhyncum latum.  Slates of Glaris,
Switzerland.
Fig. 217. Beryx microcephalus. Scales..Middle
Chalk. Lewes, England.
Fig. 218. Corax pristodontes. Chalk. Europe.
Fig. 219. Ptycodus MIortoni.  Cretaceous formation.
Alabama.
Fig. 220. Otodus appendiculatus.  Chalk.  Europe
and America.
Fig. 221. Tooth. of Iguanodon Mantellii, (young.)
Lower Green Sand. England.
Fig. 222. Teeth of Iguanodon Mantellii. An older
individual, and the tooth worn.
Fig. 223. Jaw and teeth of Mosasaurus Hoffmanii.
Upper Chalk formation. Maestricht.
t 212* In some copies of the chart. the asterisk is wanting after
the figures 212.




70                INTRODUCTION.
FOSSILS OF THE TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY
SYSTEMS.
Fig. 224. Mimosites Browniana.  Tertiary.  Suffolk, England.
Fig. 225. Pecopteris [?] undulata. Tertiary. Rocky
Mountains.
Fig. 226. Glossopteris [?  [Fucoides.]  Tertiary.
Rocky Mountains.
Fig. 227. Sphenopteris Fremontii. Tertiary. Rocky
Mountains.
Fig. 228. 3Madrepora palmata.  Tertiary.  Chesapeake Bay.
Fig. 229. Caryophyllia cespitosa.
Fig. 230. Anthophyllum  lineatum.  Tertiary. Virginia.
Fig. 231. Oculina. Tertiary. Claiborne, Alabama.
Fig. 232. Scutella Lyellii. Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 233. Scutella Rogersi. Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 234. Nummulites loevigatus.
Fig. 235. Nummulites lwevigatus. A section of the
same. Tertiary. England.
Fig. 236.  Calcarina rarispina.  Eocene Tertiary.
Paris Basin.
Fig. 237. Spirolina stenostoma.  Eocene Tertiary.
Paris Basin.
Fig. 238. Terebratula lacryma.  Tertiary. Carolina
and Alabama.
Fig. 239. Plagiostoma dumosum. Eocene Tertiary.
Carolina and Alabama.
Fig. 240. Ostrea panda. Eocene Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 241. Pecten Jeffersonius. Tertiary. Virginia.
Fig. 242. Pecten eboreus. Tertiary. North Carolina and Virginia.




LIST OF FOSSILS.               71
Fig. 243. Cardita planicosta. Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 244. Area idonea. Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 245. Pectunculus subovatus.
Fig. 246. Crassatella alta. Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 247. Astarte undulata. JMiddle Tertiary. Virginia.
Fig. 248. Fusus contrarius.  Red Crag.  Norfolk,
England.
Fig. 249. Fusus quadricostatus.  JMiddle Tertiary.
Maryland.
Fig. 250.  Cerithium  giganteum.  London  Clay.
England.
Fig. 251. Turritella Mortoni. Eocene Tertiary. Fort
Washington, Maryland.
Fig. 252. Conus gyratus.  Eocene Tertiary.  South
Carolina.
Fig. 253. Nautilus ziczac.  London  Clay.  England.
Fig. 254. Cancer Leachii.  (Sheppey Crab.)  London Clay. England.
Fig. 255. Scienurus. London Clay. Sheppey, England.
Fig. 256. Lophius brachysomus. Tertiary. Europe.
Fig. 257. Smerdis minutus. Tertiary. Europe.
Fig. 258. Platax macropterygius. Tertiary. Europe.
Fig. 259. Spine of Spinax. Tertiary. Europe.
Fig. 260. Notidanus primigenius.  JMolasse.  Switzerland.
Fig. 261.  Charcharodon  angustidens.   Tertiary.
South Carolina.
Fig. 262. Charcharodon megalodon. Tertiary. S.
Carolina.
Fig. 263. Andrias  Scheuchzeri.  Tertiary.  Europe.
Fig. 264. Chelydra Murchisoni. Tertiary. Europe.




72                INTRODUCTION.
Fig. 265.* Tooth of Basilosaurus (Zeuglodon) cetoides. Eocene Tertiary. Alabama.
Fig. 266.  Paleotherium  magnum.   JMontmartre.
France.
Fig. 267.  Palteotherium   gracile.     Montmartre.
France.
Fig. 268. Molar tooth of Elephas primiaegenius.
Lacustrine deposits of Quaternary. Europe and America.
Fig. 269. Lower jaw of Dinotherium giganteum.
Tertiary. Europe.
Fig. 270. Megatherium Cuvieri. Quaternary. Pampas of South America; Georgia.
Fig. 271. Teeth of Megatherium Cuvieri.
Fig. 272. Skull of Ursus speleus, (Cavern Bear.)
zModern or Quaternary Period. England and continent of
Europe.
Fig. 273. Skull of Castoroides Ohiiensis. Lacustrine deposits of Quaternary Period. New York and Ohio.
Fig. 274. Megaceras Hibernicum. Peat.Mosses of
Ireland.
Fig. 275. Mastodon maximus. Lacustrine deposits of
Quaternary. All parts of the United States.
Fig. 276. Fossil Fly.  (Family  Tipulid&e.)  Fresh
Water formation. Aix, Provence.
Fig. 277. Dinornis. Quaternary Period. New Zealand.
* This figure, on the left of 268, is, by mistake, numbered 271
on some copies of the chart.




CATALOGUE
OF  VALUABLE  WORKS  PUBLISHIED  BY
GOULD  AN D LINCOLN,
NI. 59, WASHINGTON  STREET,
BOSTON.
TIE attention of the public is invited to an examination of the merits of the
works described in this Catalogue, embracing valuable contributions to General
Literature, Science, and Theology.
Besides their own publications, they have a general assortment of books in
the various departmnents of literature, and can supply every thing in their line
of business on the lowest terms, wholesale and retail.
PRINCIPLES  OF  ZOOLOGY; Touching the Structure, Development, Distribution, and Natural Arrangement of the RACES
OF ANIMALS, living and extinct, with numerous illustrations.
For the use of Schools and Colleges.  Part I., COMPARATIVE
PHYSIOLOGY. By Louis AGASSIZ and AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.
" The design of this work is to furnish an epitome of the leading principles
of the science of Zoology, as deduced from the present state of knowledge, so
illustrated as to be intelligible to the, beginning student. No similar treatise
now exists in this country. and indeed, some of the topics have not been
touched upon in the language, unless in a strictly technical form, and in
scattered articles."
"Being designed for American students, the illustrations have been drawn,
as far as possible, from American objects. * * * Popular names have been
employed as far as possible, and to the scientific names an English termination
has generally been given. The first part is devoted to Comparative Physiology,
as the basis of Classification; the second, to Systematic ZoSlogy, in which thle
principles of Classification will be applied, and the principal groups of animals
briefly characterized." - Extracts erom the Preface.
MODERN FRENCH LITERATURE; By L. RiYMOND D]
V~RICOUR, formerly lecturer in the Royal Athenoeum of Paris,
member of the Institute of France, &c.  American  edition,
brought down to the present day, and revised with notes by
WILLIAM  S. CHASE.  -With a fine portrait of LAMARTINE.
** This Treatise has received the highest praise as a comprehensive and
thorough survey of the various departments of Modern French Literature.It contains biograplhical and critical notes of all the prominent names in PhL
Tosophy, Criticism, History, Romance, Poetry,, and the Drama; and presents e
full and impartial consideration of the Political Tendencies of France, as they
may be traced'in the writings of.authors equally conspicuous as Scholars anld
as Statesmlen. Fr. Chase, who has been the Parisian correspondent of severa,
leading periodicals of this country, is well qualified, from a prolonged resit
dence in France, his familiarity with its Literature, and by a personal ae
quaintance with many of these authors, to introduce the work of De VWricout
to the American public.
"This is the only complete treatise of the kind on this subject, either ir
French or English, and has received the highest cominendation. Mr. Chase i*
well qualified to introduce the work to the public. The book cannot fall rt ne
both useful and popular'" -- cw York fwaenina  Post.




RELIGIOUS PROGRESS;
DISCOURSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CHRISTIAN CHARACTER.
BY WILLIAM R. WILLIAMS, D. D.
12mo., Cloth; price, 85 Cents.
From H. J. Ripley, D. D., Prof of Sacred Rhetoric, 4/c., N.Tewton 7'heol. Inst.
Strong conceptions, suggested by earnest conviction, arrest the reader'.
attention in this volume, no less than the author's characteristic beauty
of thought and language. Historical and other illustrations of sentiments are apt and abundant; every page almost betraying the wide comprehension of knowledge which distinguishes the author. These Discourses cannot fail to make the heart better, while they inform the understanding and gratify a cultivated taste.
" This book is a rare phenomenon in these days. It is a rich exposition
of Scripture, with a fund of practical, religious wisdom, conveyed in a
style so strong and so massive, as to remind one of the English writers
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from every - even the latest opened - field of science and of literature."
- Methodist Quarterly.
" His power of apt and forcible illustration is almost without a parallel
among recent writers. The mute page springs into life beneath the magic
of his radiant imagination. But this is never at the expense of solidity of
thought or strength of argument. It is seldom indeed that a mind of so
much poetical invention yields such a willing homage to the logical element. He employs his brilliant fancies for the elucidation and ornament
of truth, but never for its discovery." - Harpers' JMonthly JMiscellanyj.
"With warm and glowing language, Dr. Williams exhibits and enforces this truth, every page radiant with' thoughts that burn,' and leave
their indelible impression upon the candid and intelligent mind." —N.
Y. Com. Advertiser.
" The strength and compactness of argumentation, the correctness and
beauty of style, and the importance of the animating idea of the discourses, are worthy of the high reputation of Dr. Williams, and place
them among the most finished homiletic productions of the day. We
could wish their judicious thoughts and animated periods might secure
the study of every Christian." —JV. Y. Evangelist.
" This work is from the pen of one of the brightest lights of the
American pulpit. We scarcely know of anyliving writer who has a
finer command of powerful thought and glowing, impressive language,
than he. The present volume will advance, if possible, the reputation
which his previous works have acquired for him." -Albany Evening
Atlas.
" Dr. Williams has no superior among American divines, in profound
and exact learning, and brilliancy of style. He seems familiar with the
literature of the world, and lays his vast resources under contribution to
illustrate and adorn every theme which he investigates. We wish the
volume could be placed in every religious family in the country.:' -
lhila. Chr. Chronicle.
We venture to predict that this work will take its place at once among
the classics of American literature." -JV. Y. Recorder.
"These sermons are certainly able and eloquent productions; a
valuable contribution to those efforts which are making, in various directions, to prevent the self-sufficiency of the nineteenth century fronm
forgetting its allegiance to God and his Christ, and to wake up the true
church to the duty, even as it has the power, to extend over time world
its spiritual government." -,'. Y. Chr. TJqmsirer.




LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN FOSTER,
AIUTH0R OF "t DECISION OF CHARACTER,  " ESS&AYS," &C.
BY  J. E. RYLAND.
With Notices of Mr. Foster as a Preacher and a Companion, by
JOHN SHEPARD, author of " Thoughts on Devotion," &c
Two Vols. in one. 714 pp., 12mo, cloth, $1,25''In simplicity of language, in majesty of conception, in the eloquence
of that conciseness which conveys in a short sentence mnore meaning than
the mind dares at once admit, his writings are unmatched." -.Nor/k
British Review.
"It is with no ordinary expectations and gratification and delight that
we have taken up the Biography and Correspondence of the authorof the' Essays on Decision of Character,' &c. The memoir of such a man as
John Foster must, of necessity, possess very peculiar attractions.
"We are glad to find ourselves in possession of so much additional
matter from the well-nigh inspired pen of this great master in English
composition." - Christian Review.
"A book rich in every way- in good sense, vivacity, suggestiveness.
liberality, and piety." - Mirror.
"The letters which principally compose this volume bear strongly the
impress of his own original mind, and are often characterized by a depth
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quisitions." - Albany Argus.
"This work, from the character of its subject, must constitute the
choice book of the season, in the department of correspondence and
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"' John Foster was one of the strongest writers of his age." — Christiuan
Regrister.
"In this large volume, of over 700 pages, the publishers have pre
sented the reading public with the memoir and correspondence of one of
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merits - for they have been read and appreciated extensively on both
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"Though a great, MIr. Foster was not a voluminous, writer. Few men
ever wrote with more care or more thoroughly elaborated their works
than he." - Western Literary JIlessenger.
" John Foster was an extraordinary man. The life and correspondence
of one who possessed the masterly powers of Mr. Foster must have much
in them to instruct and improve all who are fortunate enough to have the
volume that embraces them. - Christian Witness.
" John Foster was one of the greatest thinkers, and most vigorous and
impressive writers of the present day. We are glad to see this work
placed in the reach of all, at a very reasonable price.' - Ckristian Herald




WAYLAND'S UNIVERSITY  SERMONS.
SERMIONS DELIVERED IN BROWN UNIVERSITY.
BY FRANCIS WAYLAND, D. D.
Second Edition. 12mo. Price, $1 00.
"Few sermons contain so much carefully arranged thought as these by
Dr Wayland. The thorough logician is apparent throughout the volume,
and there is a classic purity in the diction unsurpassed by any writer, and
equalled by very few." - J.New York Commercial advertiser.
"They are the careful production of a matured and powerful intellect,
and were addressed to a thinking and well-informed audience, and are
especially adapted for the educated and thoughtful man." — Chr. Alliance
"No thinking man can open to any portion of it without finding his
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He addresses himself directly to the intellect more than to the imagination;
to the conscience more than to the passions. Yet, through the intellect
and the conscience, he often reaches the depths of our emotive nature, and
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" The discourses are characterized by all that richness of thought and
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whole volume is well worthy of the pen of the distinguished scholar and
divine from whom it emanates." - Dr. Baird's Christian Union.
SACRED RHETORIC:
Or Composition and Delivery of Sermons.
By HENRY J. RIPLEY, Professor in Newton Theological Institution,
Including Ware's Hints on Extemporaneous Preaching.
12mo. Price, 75 cents.
ALAn admirably prepared work, clear and succinct in its positions and
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a variety of reading and illustrations. It is well adapted for a healthy discipline of the faculty, and there are few preachers who might not with
profit revise their practice by its pages. It is worthy, too, of being a companion to'Whately, in the general study of Rhetoric." —J. Y. Literary
World.
" Prof. Ripley possesses the highest qualifications for a work of this kind.
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who can avail themselves of it, and especially by all young ministers."iV. Y. Recorder




REPUBLICAN CHRISTIANITY:
OR TRUE LIBERTY;
A8s ezhbited in the Life, Precepts, and early Disciples of the Great Redeema
BY E. L. MAGooN.
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"' This book is one which the masses will read with avidity, and its perusal, we think, will fire up the zeal of some Christian scholars." - Baptist.Menorial.
PROVERBS FOR THE PEOPLE:
Or, Ilustrations of practical Godliness, drawn from the Book of Iisdoom
BY E. L. MAGooN.
l2mo. Price, 90 cents.
He is quaint, sententious. Ile has indeed the three great qualhties
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be extensively read."- JMorning Star, Dover.
4" It is an excellent book for young people, and especially for young men,
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THE WORKS OF JOHN HARRIS, D. D.
THE PRE-ADAMITE EARTH: Contributions to Theological
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MAN PRIMEVAL; Or, the Constitution and Primitive Condk
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%** This is the second volume of a series of works on Theological Science.
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THE  GREAT COMMISSION; Or, the Christian Church consti
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the admiration and inspire the gratitude of thousands in our own land as well
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THE GREAT TEACHER; Or, Characteristics of our Lord's
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ZEBULON;  Or, the Moral Claims of Seamen stated and en,
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THE ACTIVE CHRISTIAN; Containing "The Witnessing
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THE WORKS OF JENKYN —CHURCH —KEMPIS.
rHE EXTENT OF TIIE ATONEMENT, in its relation to God
and  the  Universe.  By THOMAS  W- JENKYN, D.D.  12mo.
cloth. Price 85 cents.
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New York Recorder.
"As a treatise on the grand relation of the Atonement, it is a book which
may be emphatically said to contain the' seeds of things,' the elements of
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volume as setting the long and fiercely agitated question, as to the extent of
the Atonement, completely at rest. Posterity will thank the author till the
latest ages, for his illustrious arguments." - New York Evangelist.
THE UNION OF THE HOLY SPIRIT AND THE CHURCH.
in the Conversion of the World.  By THo0MAs   W. JENKYN,
D.D. 12mo., cloth. Price 85 cents.
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ANTIOCH;  Or, Increase  of Moral Power in the Church of
Christ. By Rev. P. CHURCH. With an Introductory Essay,
by BARON STOW, D.D. 18mo., cloth. Price 50 cents.
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"By some this book will be condemned, by many it will be read with
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It is the work of as original thinker, on a subject of great practical interest
to the church. It is replete with suggestions, which, in our view, are eminently worthy of consideration." -Phila. Christian Observer.
rHIE IMITATION OF CHRIST.  By TnHOAS A KREiPis.
With an Introductory Essay, by T. CHALIMERS, D.D. A new
and improved edition.  Edited by H. MALCOMr, D.D.  18mo.,
cloth. Price 38 cents.
THE PERSON AND WORK OF CHRIST. By ERNEST
SRTORItUS, D. D. Translated from the German, by Rev.
0. S. STEARNS, A. M.  Cloth,  42 cents.'C. work of much ability, and presenting the argument in a style that
will be new to most American readers, it will deservedly attract attens
tion." - JV. Y. Observer.




CHURCH HISTORY. -POLITY AND MEMBERSHIP.
THE APOSTOLICAL AND PRIMITIVE CHURCH; Popular
in  its government and simple in its worship.   By  LYMIAN
COLEMAN.  With  an  introductory  essay, by Dr. AUGUSTUS
NEANDER, of Berlin. Second Edit. 12mo. cloth. Price $1.25.
From the Professors in Andover Theological Seminary.
" The undersigned are pleased to hear that you are soon to publish a new
edition of the'Primitive Church,' by LYMAN COLEMAN. They regard this
volume as the result of extensive and Original research; as embodying very
important materials for reference, much sound thought and conclusive argument. In their estimation, it may both interest and instruct the intelligent
layman,may be profitably used as a Text Book for Theological Students,
and should especially form a part of the libraries of clergymen. The introduction, by NEANDER, is of itself sufficient to recommend the volume to
the literary public."       LEONARD WOODS,         BELA B. EDWARDS,
RALPH EMERSON,         EDWARD A. PARK.
THE CHURCH MEMBER'S HAND BOOK. A Guide to
the Doctrines and Practices of Baptist Churches. By Rev.
WILLIAM CROWELL. 18no. Cloth. Price 37A cents.
" We have never met with a book of this size that contained so fulI and complete a
synopsis of the Doctrines and Practice of the Baptist, or any other church, as this. HIr.
Crowell is one of the ablest writers in the delominationl, and if there is a subject in the
whole range of Christianity which ihe is pre-eminently qualified to dliscuss, it is the one
before us. 1The' Hand Book' is not an abritdgment of the' Church Membecr's Man.
ual,' by the sanle author, hut is written expressly as a brief, plain guide to young members of the church.. It appears to have been prepared with mach care anod labor, and
is just such a book as is needed by every younlg church member; we might safely add,
and by most of the older members in the denomination; for there is a vast amount of
Information in it that will be found of practical use to all." - Christian Secretary.
" It is concise, clear, and comprehensive; and, as an exposition of ecclesiastical principles and practice, is worthy of careful study of all the young members of our churches.
We hope it may be widely circulated, anti that the youthful thousands of our Israel
may become familiar with its pages." - Watchman and Reflector.
THE CHURCH IN EARNEST; By JOHN ANGELL JAMES.
18mo. cloth; price 50 cents.
" A very seasonable publication. The church universal needs a re-awakening
to its high vocation, and this is a book to effect, so far as human intellect can, the
much desired resuscitation." - N. Y. Comn. Adv.
"' We are glad to see that this subject has arrested the pen of Mr. James.  We
welcome and commend it. Iet it be scattered like autumh leaves.  We believe
its perusal will do much to impress a conviction of the high mission of the Christian, and much to arouse the Christian to fulfil it." - N. Y. Recorder.
" We rejoice that this work has been republished in this country, and we cannot too strongly commend it to the serious perusal of the churches of every
name."-  Christian Alliance.
"Mr. James's writings all have one object, to do execution. He writes under
the impulse - Do something, do it. Ite studies not to be a profound or learned,
but a practical writer. HIe aims to raise the standard of piety, holiness in the
heart, and holiness of life. The influence which this work will exert on the
church must be highly salutary." - Boston Recorder.
THE CHURCH MEMBER'S GUIDE, By Rev. J. A. JAMES.
Edited by Rev. J. 0. CHOULES.  New Edition; with an Introductory Essay, by Rev. H. WINSLOW. 18mo. cloth. Price 38
cents.
A pastor writes - "I sincerely wish that every professor of religion in the
land may possess this excellent manual. I am anxious that every member
of my church should possess it, and shall be happy to promote its circulation
still more extensively."
" The spontaneous effusion of our heart, on laying the book down, was, -
may every church-member in our land soon possess this book, anti be blessed
with all the happiness which conformity to its evangelic selitituents and
directions is calculated to confer." - Christian Secretary.




CRUDEN'S CONDENSED CONCORDANCE.
A COMPLETE
CONCORDANCE TO THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.
BY ALEXANDER CRUDEN, M.A.
A NEW AND CONDENSED EDITION, WITHI AN INTRODUCTION,
BY REV. DAVID KING, LL.D.
Fifth Thousand. Price, in Boards, $1,25; Sheep, $1,50.
This edition is printed from English plates, and is a full and fair copy of all
that is valuable in Cruden as a Concordance. The principal variation from the
larger book consists in the exclusion of the Bible Dictionary, which has long been
an incumbrance, and the accuracy and value of which have been depreciated by
works of later date, contailinig recent discoveries, facts and opinions, unknown
to Cruden. The condelsationl of the quotations of Scriptures, arranged under
their most obvious heads, while it diminisllhes the bulk of the work, greatly
facilitates the finding of any required passige.
OPINIONS OF "TIIE PRESS.
From the Boston Recorder.
Those who have been acquainted with the various works of this kind now
in use, well know that Cruden's Concordance far excels all others. Yet we
have in this edition of Cruden, the.best made better. That is, the present
is better adapted to the purposes of a Concordance, by the erasure of superfluous references, the omission of unnecessary explanations, and the contraction of quotations, &c.; it is better as a manual, and is better adapted
by its price to the means of many who need and ought to possess such a
work, than the former larger and expensive edition.
From the Christian.lIirror, Portland.
The condensation effected on this edition, leaves the book even more
perspicuous, and a readier help than before.
From the Albany Argus.
The present edition, in being relieved of some things which contributed to
render all former ones unnecessarily cumbrous, without adding to the
substantial value of the work, becomes an exceedingly cheap book.
From the Albany Religious Spectator.
The work has lost nothing of its value from being condensed, as we find
it, in the present edition.
From the Christian Reflector, Boston.
We cannot see but it is, in all points, as valuable a book of reference, for
ministers and Bible students, as the larger edition.
From the Christian Watchman, Boston.
All in the incomparable work of Cruden, that is essential to a concordance,
is presented in a volume much reduced both in size and price.
From the Baptist Record, Philadelphia.
The new, condensed and cheap work prepared from the voluminous and
costly one of Cruden, opportunely fills a chasm in our Biblical literature.
The work has been examined critically by several ministers, and others,
and pronounced complete and accurate.
Fromn the Advent Herald, Boston.
This is the very work of which we have long felt the need. We obtained
a copy of the English edition some months since, and wished some one
would publish it; and we are much pleased that its enterprisullg publishers
can now fnrnish the student of the Bible with a work which he so much
needs, at so cheap a rate.




REV HARVEY NEWCOMB'S WORKS.
f1OW  TO  BE  A  LADY;  A  Bookfor Girls, containing usefu.
hints on the formation of character.  Fifth thousand.  lImo,
gilt cloth. Price 50 cents.
" Having daughters of his own, and having been many years employed'nl
writing for the voung, he hopes to be able to offer some good advice, in an
entertaining way, for girls or misses, between the ages of eight and fifteen.
His object is, to assist them in forming their characters upon the best model
that they may become well-bred, intelligent, refined, and good; and then they
will be real ladies, in the highest sense." - Preface.
" They are full of wholesome and judicious counsels, which are well fitted to
preserve the young from the numberless evils to which they are exposed, and
to mould them to virtue and usefulness. There is a directness and earnestness
pervading the whole, which must secure for it a ready access to the youthful
mind and heart." - Albany Ar.gus.
HOW  TO  BE A  MAN; A  Book  for Boys, containing  usefu
hints on the formation of character.  Fifth thousand.  18mo.
gilt cloth. Price 50 cents.
"-My design in writing has been to contribute something towards forming
the character of those who are to be our future electors, legislators, governors,
judges, ministers, lawyers, and physicians, —after the best model. It is
intended for boys -or, if you please, for young gentlemen, in early youth;
from eight or ten to fifteen or sixteen years of age." - Preface.
" They contain wise and important counsels and cautions, adapted to the
young, and made entertaining by the interesting style and illustrations of the
author. They are fine mirrors, in which are reflected the prominent lineaments of the Christian young gentleman and young lady. The execution of
the works is of the first order, and the books will afford elegant and most profitable presents for the young." - American Pulpit.
ANECDOTES FOR BOYS; Entertaining Anecdotes and Narratives, illustrative of principles and character. 18mo., gilt cloth.
Price 42 cents.
" Nothing has a greater interest for a youthful mind than a well-told story,
and no medium of conveying moral instructions so attractive or so successful
The influence of all such stories is far more powerful when. the child is assured
that they are true. The book before us is conducted upon these ideas. It is
made up of a series of anecdotes, every one of which inculcates some excel.
lent moral lesson. We cannot too highly approve of the book, or too strongly
recommend it to parents." - tVestersn Continent, Baltimosre.
ANECDOTES FOR GIRLS; Entertaining Anecdotes and NaTratives, illustrative of principles and character. 18mo., gilt cloth.
Price 42 cents.
" There is a charm about these two beautiful volumes not to be mistaken.
They are deeply interesting and instructive, without being fictitious. The
anecdotes are many, short, and spirited, with a moral drawn from each, some.
what after the manner of'J^,x; and no youth can read them without finding
something therein adapted to every age, condition, and duty of life. We
commend it to families and schools." - Albany Spectator.
" He desires to instruct rather than to dazzle; to infuse correct principles
Into the minds and the heart of the young, than cater to a depraved appetite
for romantic excitement. We cordially commend these volumes to all
parents and children." - Christian Alliance.
CHRISTIANITY  DEMONSTRATED  in four distinct and independent series of proofs; with an explanation of the Types and
Prophecies concerning the Messiah. 12mo. Price 75 cents.
*** Thb2objest of the writer has been to classify and condense the evidence,
that the wheoe force of each particular kind might be seen at one view. He
has also airmed to render the work practical, so as to have It a book to be read
as well as 4-4dizd. The Types and Prophecies furnish an important species
of evideuas, Lad are rich in instruction upon the way of Salvation.




MOTHERS OF THE WISE AND GOOD.
BY JABEZ BURNS, D.D.
3uecommenrtatfonf.
FROM REV. J. ANGELL JAMJIS.
"It is a useful and valuable work, replete with instruction and encouragement, and will have, I hope, as it deserves to have, a wide circulation. I make much use of it in my periodical meetings, among
this interesting and important class."
FROM REV. DR. BEAUMONT.
"I am constrained to say that it is full of interest, and that of the
most pleasing and useful kind. It presents to the reader a bouquet of
charmed names-a cabinet of charming reminiscences-a tissue of facts
and morals, of incidents and principles, at once delightful and edifying.
And as a gallery of' elect ladies' and their sons, it would be a profiitable study for all who fill the important relations of son and mother."
FaoM. REV. W. W. ROBINSON, M.A.
" I earnestly hope that this little volume, which is a suitable present
to the Mothers of England, will have a wide circulation; and that its
perusal will be accompanied by the powerful aid of the Holy Spirit."
FROM REV. HENRY GREY, D.D.
"It has afforded pleasure to Mrs. Grey and myself. It appears to me
a valuable selection of specimens of the success attending the faithful
performance of an important class of duties; and will, I trust, prove
instructive and encouraging to many mothers, showing in so many instances the happy effect of their prayers and exertions."
FROM REV. J. P. DOBsoN.
"Would that all mothers-young moth6rs especially-had such a
volume in their possession, and could be prevailed upon to make it a
eade mecum, in the training of their infant charge. I rejoice to speak of
it wherever I can, and shall be ready and glad to avail myself of every
opportunity of reconmmending it, because I can recommend it consci,
entiously and earnestly."
FROM THE FREE CHURCH MAGAZINE.
"We have lingered over the pages of this most attractive bock, with
feelings of interest, and tenderness, and affection, which we cannot express. Many remembrances of youth arose, and took full possession
of our heart, while in some instances we scarcely knew whether we
read the pages of the work before us, or those of memory. It is well
that instances of the precious influences of maternal piety, prudence,
and love, should be recorded; but who can tell their inestimable value?
The mothers of the wise and good! yes, were there more such mothers,
we might confidently expect more such sons."




ELEGANT MINIATURE VOLUMES.
Gilt Edges and beautifully Ornamented Covers. Price 31M cena. each.
DAILY MANNA for Christian Pilgrims. By Rev. B. STOW. D.D
THE ATTRACTIONS OF HEAVEN. Edited by the Rev
H. A. GRAVES.
THE YOUNG COMMUNICANT. An Aid to the Right Under
standing and Spiritual Improvement of the Lord's Supper.
THE ACTIVE CHRISTIAN. By JOHN HARRIS, D.D.
THE BIBLE AND THE CLOSET; Or, how we may read the
Scriptures with the most spiritual profit. And Secret Prayer
successfully managed. Edited by Rev. J. O. Choules.
THE MARRIAGE RING, or how to make Home Happy. From
the writings of J. A. JAMES.
LYRIC GEMS. A Collection of Original and Select Sacred
Poetry. Edited by Rev. S. F. SMITH.
THE CASKET OF JEWELS, for Young Christians. By JAMEs,
EDWARDS, and HARRIS.
THE CYPRESS WREATH. A Book of Consolation for those
who Mourn. Edited by Rev. R. W. GRISWOLD.
THE MOURNER'S CHAPLET. An Offering of Sympathy for
Bereaved Friends. Edited by JOHN KEESE.
THE FAMILY CIRCLE. Its Affections and Pleasures. Edited
by the Rev. H. A. GRAVES.
THE FAMILY ALTAR. Or the Duty, Benefits, and Mode of
conducting Family Worship.
Sets of the above, in neat boxes, and forming a beautiful " Miniac
ture Library" in 12 Vols. Prece $3.76.
THE SILENT COMFORTER. A Companion for the Sick Room.
By Mrs. LOUISA PAYSON HOPKINS.
GOLDEN GEMS; for the Christian. Selected from the writings
of Rev. JOHN FLAVEL, with a Memoir of the Author, by Rev
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THE WEDDING GIFT: Or, the Duties and Pleasures of Do.
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THE YOUNG CHRISTIAN'S GUIDE to the Doctrines and
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THE CHRISTIAN'S PRIVATE COMPANION.
CONSOLATION FOR THE AFFLICTED.
THE SILENT COMFORTER.   DAILY DUTIES.












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