~~;~~~~~ (~ ~~~~;;~~j;j) <~ —-— __ __ j) ~jM; ~~~ /\~~~~~~ THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE C0EN'TENNIAL EX.HIBITI-ON, HELD IN COMMEMORATION; I OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THEh GREAT BUII,DINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST" EXHIBITED IN THEM, EMBRACING ALSO A Concise History of theo Origin and Success of the ELxhibition, and Biogrphies-of the Leading Members of the Centennial Commission, TO WHICH IS ADDED A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, B3Y JAMES P. McCABE, AUTHOR OF THE "C~CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," "PATHWAYS OF THE HOLY LAND," ETC., ETC. EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BUILDINGS AND SCENES IN T.'E GREAT EXHIBITION. Issue. by subscription only, and not for sale in the book stores Residents of any State desirin,; a copy should address the Publishers, and ani Agent will,%al "on them. See page 875. PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. PHILADELPHIA, PA4, CHICAGO, ILL., AND ST. Louis, Mo. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by J. - JTO:ES, In the Office of the Librari-an of Coiress, at Washingto, D. C. I I PREFAC P E F C E. H E close of the first century of American Inde ] pendence naturally called for some extraor dinary and imposing commemoration of the great event; and when it. was proposed to celebrate it by an International Exhibition, in which the American Republic should display to the world the triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace during its first century of national existence, and ill which these triumphs should be compared in friendly rivalry with those of other and older nations, there was a general and cordial response of approval from the entire country. Out of this sentiment the International Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign nations entered cordially into the competition to which they were invited and the enterprise was carried forward to completion with the most gratifying energy atnd promptness. The International Centennial Exhibition was 8 grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its < ** s I 3 PREFACE. positive and overwhelming success as compared with the previous great Exhibitions of the world. It is a success of which the American people have especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held, and were fostered with the greatest care, and every resource of the state was placed at their disposal to insure success. The Centennial Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor by the American Government, which withheld its aid until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced it to come forward and do its share in the work. The Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people of the United States, conceived by them, carried forward to its close by them, and made by them the grandest success of the century. The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands camne from all parts of the Union, and yet other thousands from abroad to visit the great Exhibition, and all these went away with the acknowledgment that, great as their expectations were, they were more than realized. Believing that such would be the interest of the American people in the Exhibition, the author began at an early day the preparation of this work, in which he has sought to present to the reader not only the history of the great enterprise, from its inception down 4 PREFACE. to its close, but at the same time to give to him a lifelike picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record faithfully and accurately the various features and incidents of the great fair which seem to him most likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, and that the work will be found of use and interest by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for themselves the beautiful and instructive display described herein, as well as by the thousands who could not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Exhibition only by the reports that reach them through their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit chiefly the author has written these pages, in which he has endeavored to enable. them to become familiar with the Exhibition without either the expense or trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed that those who visited the Exhibition will find a perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Exhibition was a world within itself, and the visitor entering its portals was plunged at once into the midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and attractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study of this eighth wonder of the world through the medium of some systemnatic and carefully prepared account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the 5 PREFACE. intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered him in this work. Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, *admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented, whatever they may think of the manner in which the work is executed. The engravings in this work have been prepared especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York, and other well-known houses. JAS. D. MCCABE. PHILADEILPHIA, December 4th, 1876. 6 1. Steel Portrait of George Washinton................................... Frontispiece, 2. Signing the Declaration of Independence by the Conti nental Congress, July 4th, 1776..................................... " 3. Main Building of the International Centennial Exhibition.................. 4. View in the Main Exhibition Building, showing the Spanish, Egyptian and Danish Courts....................................................................... 5. Main Entrance to Exhibition Grounds............................................... 6. Agricultural Hall-International Exhibition..................................... 7. Scene in Agricultural Hall, showing the Tobacco Exhibit.................. 8. Memorial Building or Art Gallery-International Exhibition................ 9. Machinery Hall-International Exhibition...................................... 10. View in Agricultural Hall, showing the Brazilian Exhibits............... 11. Horticultural Hall-International Exhibition..................................... 12. Ceremonies at opening of the Exhibition.......................................... 13. General View of the Interior of Main Building................................. 14. Food Fishes of the Sea-Exhibited in the United States Goverln ment Building............................................................................ 15. Grangers' Centennial Encampment.................................................... 16. Main Aisle in Agricultural Hall, showing the Old Windmill, etc.............................................................................................. 17. View at Ninth and Chestnut Streets................................................. 18. William Penn..........................................................................PAGE 18 19. Penn's Treaty Monument..................................................... 19 20. Penn laying out the plan of Philadelp hia.......................................... 21 21. Monkey House, Zoological Gardens.................................................. 23 22. Market Street below Seventh............................................................ 26 23. Ninth and Market Streets................................................................ 27 24. Declaration of Independence proclaimed in Philadelphia.................... 28 25. Lippincott's Building...................................................................... 29 26. Market Street above Eighth.............................................................. 30 27. Corner of Market and Sixth Streets................................................ 32 28. Bingham House............................................................................... 33 29. The house in which the Declaration of Independence was written....3.. 34 7 I T.1 -[1:11 1: 10 I-~s dr I,IST OF ILLUSTRATI()NS. 30. Market Street above Seventh........................... PAGE 31. National Publishing Company's Building.......................................... 32. Christ Church in 1776...................................................... 33. Young Men's Christian Association Building..................................... 34. Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company's Building, Chestnut Street..............................................................................4 35. Carpenter's Hall.............................................................................. 36. Independence Hall in 1776............................................................... 37. Provident Life and Trust Company.................................................. 38. Chestnut Street below Third............................................................. 39. Chestnut Street above Sixth............................................................. 40. Post-Office........................................................................................ 41. Independence Hall, Philadelphia, in 1876.......................................... 42. Interior of Independence Hall.......................................................... 43. Old Bell of Independence Hall........................................................ 44. Public Ledger Building.................................................................... 45. German Democrat Building.............................................................. 46. Guy's Hotel..................................................................................... 47. Old Masonic Temple, Chestnut Street................................................ 48. Continental Hotel............................................................................. 49. Girard House................................................................................... 50. Chestnut Street at Twelfth............................................................... 51. A Chestnut Street Dry-Goods Store................................................... 52. Colonnade Hotel.............................................................................. 53. Chestnut Street Bridge over the Schuylkill, Philadelphia................... 54. Merchants' Exchange....................................................................... 55. Residence of George W. Childs, Walnut Street................................. 56. Corner of Arch and Sixth Streets..................................................... 57. Benjamin Franklin.......................................................................... 58. St. Cloud Hotel............................................................................... 59. Arch Street Methodist Church........................................................... 60. Beth-Eden Baptist Church............................................................... 61. Horticultural Hall........................................................................... 62. Academy of Music...........................................7 63. Union League Club House............................................................... 64. La Pierre House.............................................................................. 65. The New Public Buildings............................................................... 66. The National Museum in Independence Hall................................... 67. New Masonic Temple...................................................................... 68. Aviary, Zoological Gardens.............................................................. 69. Moonlight on the Beach at Cape May-Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad..................................................................................... 70. Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul.................................................. 71. Gethsemane Baptist Church............................................................. 72. The Old Swedes' Church.................................................................. 73. Central Congregational Church......................................................... 74. University of Pennsylvania............................................................... 75. Girard College............................................................................... 76. Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo.................................................... 35 36 37 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 48 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 67 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 81 82 83 83 85 91 94 97 99 101 103 106 108 1.11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 77. Mercantile Library.................................................................PAGE, 112 78. Baptist Board of Publication, Chestnut Street...................i............... 115 79. Academy of Natural Sciences.......................................................... 116 80. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Chestnut Street........................... 120 81. Philadelphia County Prison............................................................ 122 82. View of the Schuylkill from Laurel Hill, showing the Falls Bridge. 125 83. View of Fairmount Water Works................................................... 127 84. Steamship Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad on the Delaware River........................................................................................ 13(0 85. Fairmount Bridge........................................................................... 134 86. View above the Dam, Fairmount.................................................... 136 87. Girard Avenue Bridge.................................................................... 138 88. Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge, Fairmount Park............................... 140 89. The Battle of Germantown-Chew's House...................................... 141 90. A Germantown Villa....................................................................... 142 91. The Schuylkill, at Philadelphia...................................................... 145 92. Bear Pits in the Zoological Garden................................................. 146 93. Fountain near Mineral Spring, Lemon Hill..................................... 147 94. Monument to Abraham Lincoln in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia..... 148 95. East Terrace, Lemon Hill, Fairmount Park..................................... 150 96. Glen Fern, Wissahickon........................................................... 152 97. Schuylkill Bluff, Fairmount Park................................................... 153 98. The Hermit's Well......................................................................... 155 99. The Wissahickon........................................... 157 100. Hemlock Glen on the Wissahickon................................................. 159 101. Entrance to Fairmount Park at Egglesfield.....................6............. 160 102. Fairmount Park from the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge.................. 162 103. Drinking-Fountain on the Wissahickon........................................... 163 104. Columbia Bridge over the Schuylkill, from the Rustic Bridge in the West Park.............................................. 168 105. The Drive-Wissahickon...................................... 172 106. Elephant House, Zoological Gardens................................................ 174 107. The Wissahickon at Chestnut hill................................................. 177 108. On the Wissahickon........................................ 180 109. Drive in Fairmount Park............................................................... 184 110. On the Wissahickon Drive........................................... 186 111. Restaurant in the Zoological Gardens.............................................. 189 112. Bridge over the Wissahickon at Valley Green................................. 191 113. Bridge over Wissahickon, near Mount Airy..................................... 207 114. Centennial Medal-Reverse............................................................. 212 115. Centennial Medal-Obverse......................................................... 213 116. Carnivora Building, Zoological Gardens.......................................... 214 117. Monster Pines, West Park.............................................................. 215 118. View firom Belmont, West Park..................................................... 219 119. Building of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company............ 222 120. Ravine in Western Park, Sweetbriar Vale....................................... 225 121. John Wanamaker's New Clothing House, Market Street................... 229 122. Scene near Tyrone, on the Pennsylvania Railroad............................ 2.32 123. Scene at Allegrippas, Pennsylvania Railroad................................... 242' 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 124. The Horse-Shoe Curve, Pennsylvania Railroad........................PAGE 247 125. Track Tank, Pennsylvania Railroad................................................ 249 126. Block Signal Station, Pennsylvania Railroad................................... 252 127. Bryn Mawr Station, Pennsylvania Railroad..................................... 256 128. Bryn Mawr Hotel, Pennsylvania Railroad....................................... 264 129. Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Altoona............................... 270 130. Interior of a Parlor Car, Pennsylvania Railroad............................... 274 131. Central Dome, Vienna Exposition Building..................................... 278 132. Chester Valley, near Philadelphia, as seen from the Pennsylvania Railroad.................................................................................... 282 133. Scene on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia..................................... 291 134. The Globe Hotel, opposite entrance to Main Building...................... 297 135. Transcontinental Hotel, opposite Main Building............................... 298 136. The United States Hotel, near the Main Exhibition Building........... 299 137. Grand Exposition Hotel.................................................................. 301 138. Centennial Depot, Pennsylvania Railroad, opposite Machinery Hall. 307 139. Doyle's Restaurant......................................................................... 311 140. Centennial Depot of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad............. 314 141. Bird's-Eye View of the Centennial Buildings, Fairmount Park, Phila delphia...................................................................................... 319 142. The Roman Catholic Centennial Fountain....................................... 326 143. Statue of Liberty to be erected in Indapendence Square.................. 328 144. Main Building of the International Centennial Exhibition, Phila delphia, 1876............................................................................. 334 145. Delaware State Building.................................................. 340 146. Connecticut State Building............................................................. 343 147. Ohio State Building..................................................................... 347 148. Massachusetts State Building.......................................................... 353 149. New York State Building............................................................... 357 150. Studio of the National Photographic Company................................ 362 151. New Jersey State Building......................................................... 370 152. Colorado and Kansas State Building................................................ 376 153. Arkansas State Building................................................................ 380 154. The Book Trade Exhibit-Showing J. B. Lippincott & Co.'s Case.... 385 155. The Colosseum, Southeast Corner Broad and Locust Streets............ 391 156. Eastern Entrance to the Swedish Court........................................... 404 157. Entrance to the Spanish Court........................................................ 409 158. Entrance to the Egyptian Court..................................................... 412 159. Entrance to the Brazilian Court.............................. 422 160. The Spanish Building.................................................................... 428 161. Machinery Hall-International Exhibition..................................... 436 162. The Corliss Engine in Machinery Hall.................................. 439 163. Cook's World's Ticket Offices, Centennial Grounds.......................... 451 164. The German Restaurant................................................................. 462 165. Agricultural Hall.......................................................................... 471 166. The Carriage Building...................................... 476 167. Interior of Agricultural Hall.......................................................... 484 168. Horticultural Building................................................................... 50,. 169. Stairway in Horticultural Hall....................................................... 511 10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 170. The Forcing-House, Horticultural Hall................................... PAGE 512 171. Memorial Hall or Art Gallery........................................................ 519 172. Eagle used in ornamentation of Memorial Hall............................... 521 173. Italian Statuary in the Annex to the Art Gallery............................ 534 174. Photogra[)hic Art Gallery............................................................... 541 175. Unite(l States Government Building................................................ 546 176. Post Hospital of the United States Army........................................ 586 177. Women's Pavilion, International Centennial Exhibition.................. 590 178. Pennsylvania State Building.......................................................... 600 179. Maryland State Building............................................................... 602 180. The British Buildings.................................................................... 608 181. Building of the German Empire............................. 611 182. Swedish School-House............................................................ 613 183. The Japanese Dwelling................................................................. 615 184. The Judges' Hall.......................................................................... 619 185. Grand American Restaurant........................................................... 621 186:. The Southern Restaurant............................................ 622 187. Restaurant of the Trois Freres Provengeaux................................... 623 188. The Shoe and Leather Building..................................................... 626 189. Building of the Department of Public Comfort............................... 630 190. Singer Sewing Machine Building........................................... 633 191. The Empire Transpl)ortation Company's Building............................. 636 192. Building of tlie Campbell Press Company....................................... 638 193. The American Newsl)aper Building................................................ 641 194. General J. R. Hawley, President of the U.S. Centennial Commission... 650 195. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance............... 654 196. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition............................. 655 197. Professor J. L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission.................................................. 656 198. General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of Revenue................................................................................... 658 199. Abbe Bolt Forging Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall.................. 660 200. The New Post-Office, Philadelphia.................................................. 662 201. The Wisconsin State Building.......................................................... 665 202. Women's Centennial Concert Garden, Broad Street............................ 670 203. Boat Houses of the Schuylkill Navy................................................ 674 204. Commodore James M. Ferguson..................................................... 679 205. The Baldwin Narrow-Gauge Locomotive, used by the West-End Rail way in the Exhibition Grounds.................................................... 682 206. The Ice-Yacht, exhibited in Machinery Hall................................... 683 207. The Sellers Slotting Machine, in Machinery Hall............................. 685 208. Johnson's Type Casting Machine, in Machinery Hall....................... 687 209. The Sellers Hydrostatic Wheel-Press, in Machinery Hall................ 689 210. "The Death of the Elk "-Swedish Group in the Main Building...... 691 211. Brayton's Hydro-Carbon Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall......... 692 212. Group of Palm Trees in Horticultural Hall.................................... 694 213. Dead-Stroke Power Hammer, in Machinery Hall.............................. 696 214. Sevres Vase, in Memorial Hall....................................................... 699 215. The Vintage Festival, by Alma Tadema, in Memorial Hall............. 702 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 216. Langen Otto Gas Motor, exhibited in the German Section of Machinery Hall.................................................................................PAGE 704 217. Flowers' Centennial Oil-Cup, exhibited in Machinery Hall............... 708 218. Carved East Indian Furniture, in the Main Building...................... 709 '219. Machinery Section, Agricultural Hall.............................................. 711 220. Four-Cylinder Soap-Making Machine, exhibited in the French Section, Machinery Hall.......................................................................... 712 221. Interior of Rotunda of Memorial Hall............................................. 714 222. "Aquometer" Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall.......................... 715 223. Department of Printing Machinery in Machinery Hall..................... 717 224. Becker's "Rizpah Protecting the Bodies of her Sons," in Memorial Hall......................................................................................... 719 225. Combination Wood Worker, exhibited in Machinery Hall............... 720 226. Eastman Johnson's "Old Kentucky Home," in Memorial Hall......... 722 227. Garlandal's Air-Cooler and Purifying Apparatus, exhibited in Ma chinery H a l l.............................................................................. 723 228. The Stevens Parallel Vise, exhibited in Machinery Hall..................724 229. The Italian Department, Agricultural H all....................................... 726 230. Slotting Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery Hall... 727 231. The Sewing Machine Section, Machinery Hall................................. 729 232. Chambers, Bro. & Co.'s Archimedean Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery H a l l......................................................................... 730 233. Power Punching Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery H a l l........................................................................................ 731 234. Dreaming Iolanthe, in Butter, in the Women's Pavilion.................. 733 235. "Dug-Out" from British Columbia, in the United States Government Building................................................................................... 734 236. Steam Hammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall.... 736 237. Ferris & Miles' Shaping Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall...... 738 238. Totem-Post, from Haidahs, Queen Charlotte Islands, in the United States Government Building......................................... 739 239. "Diana." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building..................................................................... 742 240. "Psyche." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building............................................................... 744 241. View of the Interior of the Glass Works........................................ 745 242. Chinese Pagoda, in the Main Building............................................746 243. Kiosk of Stuffed Birds, exhibited in the Main Building.................. 748 244. Patent Folding Bed, exhibited in the Main Building....................... 750 245. The Whitmore Portable Steam-Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall. 752 246. Perforated Veneer Seats................................................................. 754 247. View of Section of Fish Exhibit, United States Government Building. 756 248. "The Century Vase," exhibited by the Gorham Company in the Main Building.......................................................................... 757 249. British Museum Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff..................... 759 250. Tumbler Drainer, and Water-Jet, exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery H all.............................................................. 761 251. Palmer Power Spring-Hammer, exhibited in Machinery Hall.......... 763 252. Exhibit of Seeds in Agricultural H a l l............................................ 767 12 CEREMONIES AT THE OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. GENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF TIIE MAIN BUILDING. e, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 253. Ticket-Office of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the Exhibition Grounds............................................................................ PAGE 770 254. Soda Fountain, exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery Hall......................................................................................... 774 255. Japanese Bronze Vase, in the Main Building................................. 776 256. Baugh's Sectional Mill for Hard Substances, exhibited in Machinery Hall................................................ 779 257. Liberian Ivory Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall................... 781 258. Malachite Mantel and Ornaments, exhibited in the Russian Section, Main Building......................................................................... 783 259. Weimer's Suspended Hot-Blast Stove, exhibited in Machinery Hall.. 785 260. The "Warwick Vase," exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building................................................................................... 787 261. Weimer & Birkenbine's Furnace Charger, exhibited in Machinery Hall......................................................................................... 788 262. The Twiss Vertical Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall................ 789 263. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building.................................................................................... 792 264. Theorell's Printing Meteorograph, exhibited in the Swedish School House....................................................................................... 793 265. Mammoth California Grape Vine, in Agricultural Hall.................... 796 266. Centennial Award Medal (Obverse)................................................ 798 267. Centennial Award Medal (Reverse)................................................. 799 268. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building. 803 269. Patent Car Coupler, exhibited in Machinery Hall........................... 805 270. Blank Books, exhibited by W. F. Murphy's Sons, Philadelphia, in the Main Building..................................................................... 807 271. The Aquaria, Agricultural Hall...................................................... 809 272. Alcott's Turbine Wheel, exhibited in Machinery Hall..................... 811 273. Steam iammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall..... 814 274. Portuguese Government Building...............................;.................... 816 275. View of the Looms, Machinery Hall.............................................. 818 276. Rhode Island State Building.......................................................... 820 277. Gregg's Impact Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall........... 822 278. Liberian Coffee Huller, exhibited in Agricultural Hall................... 823 279. "Keystone Soda Water Apparatus," exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery Hall........................................................ 825 280. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited in the Main Building........................... 826 281. Silver Bas-Relief Plaque, Repousse, exhibited by the Gorham Co........ 828 282. Ornamental Pagoda, in the Chinese Section, Main Building............. 829 283. Mississippi State Building...................................................... 831 284. Communion Service, "Gorham Plate," exhibited by the Gorham Manufacturing Company, in the Main Building.......................... 833 285. Drum Roller Printing Press, exhibited by Cottrell & Babcock.......... 835 286. The Runquist Oscillating Governor, exhibited in Machinery Hall.... 836 287. Silver Flower Vase, Repousse Work, exhibited by the Gorham Co... 837 288. Wagner's Chariot Race, in Memorial Hall....................................... 838 289. Makart's "Venice doing Homage to Catharine Cornaro," in Mem orial Hall................................................................................ 841 13 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 290. Gillinder & Sons' Glass Works in the EKhibition Grounds......PAGE 843 291. Upright Drilling Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall.................. 846 292. Brazilian Government Building.................................................... 847 293. "Old Virginia" Building............................................................... 848 294. Philadelphia City Building............................................................ 850 295. French Burr Mill, in Machinery Hall............................................ 853 296. Steam-Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall...................................... 854 297. Conelly's Statue of Thetis, in Memorial Hall.................................. 855 298. Embroidered Screen, exhibited in the Chinese Section, Main Building. 856 299. Vermont State Building.................................................................. 858 300. The New England Log Cabin and Modern Kitchen........................ 859 301. Planing Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall.............................. 860 302. Radial Drill, exhibited in Machinery Hall...................................... 861 303. Liberian Coffee Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall.................. 864 304. Screw-Cutting Lathe, exhibited in Machinery Hall......................... 867 305. Peacock's Feather, containing the famous "Brunswick" Diamond, and over 600 Small Diamonds................................................... 869 306. China Vases.................................................................................. 871 307. China Vases.................................................................................. 872 308. Centennial Award Medal............................................................... 873 309: Interior View of the Kansas and Colorado Building........................ 310. General View of the Interior of Machinery Hall............................. 311. The Hydraulic Basin, in Machinery Hall....................................... 312. View of the Interior of the Women's Pavilion................................ 313. Interior of the United States Government Building....................... 314. Interior of the Brazilian Court, in the Main Building..................... 315. General View of the Interior of Horticultural Hall....................... 316. The Chinese Court, in the Main Building................................... 317. Exhibit of Garden Seed, in Agricultural Hall............................. 318. Ornamental Vase and Flowers, exhibited in Main Building............ 319. "Exhibition Vase," exhibited in Main Building............................. 320. The Starch Pavilion, in Agricultural Hall..................................... 321. General View of the Interior of Agricultural Hall......................... 322. Pagoda and Group of Vases, in the Chinese Section...................... 323. Japanese Temple in Bronze, Main Building.................................... 324. Silver Pitcher, exhibited by the Gorham Co................................. 325. Solid Silver Salver, exhibited by the Gorham Co. Value $3,000..... 326. Show-Cases in the Chinese Department, Main Building.................... 327. Group of Vases, exhibited in-the Chinese Section.......................... 328. Bronze Vase, exhibited in the Japanese Section............................. 329. Principal Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad, West Philadelphia... 330. Improved Stop Cylinder Press, exhibited in Machinery Hall......... 14 This Page 1S Blank Materials were not available when scanned. Northern Micrographics, Inc. 2004 Kramer Street LaCrosse Wisconsin 54602 608-781-0850 CONTENTS. CHAPTER 1. THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.-HISTORICAL. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn His Treaty with the Indians -Original Plan of the City Growth of the City-The Revolution Occupation by the British-Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia Its Banking Interests-Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City The Centennial Census-Population of Philadelphia..................... CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. Location of Philadelphia-Size of the City-Its Regularity Materials used in Building the Houses "The City of Homes" Philadelphia Houses-Mr. Kortwright's Statistics-The Public Squares-Market Street-The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written -The National Publishing Company's Building-Second Street-Christ Church-Chestnut Street-A Splendid Thoroughfare-Carpenter's Hall -The Continental Congress-The First Prayer in Congress-The Custom House The Post-Office-Independence Hall-The Fashionable Prom enade —Noted Buildings-The Hotels-;The Continental-The United States Mint-Walnut Street-The Merchants' Exchlange-The Commer cial Exchange-An Interesting Site-Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings-Offices of the Centennial Commission The Abode of Wealth and Fashion-Arch Street-The Grave of Frank lin-Handsome Churches-Broad Street-The Baltimore Depot Penn sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb-Academy of Music-The Colosseum-Union League Club House-The Public Buildings The Masonic Temple -Academny of Fine Arts-Reading Railroad Depot Third Street-The Financial Centre-The Girard Bank-Old Churches. 24 15 17 CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876-CONCLUDED. Steam Railroads-Their Depots and Ticket Offices-Steamship Lines The Philadelphia Markets-Prominent Churches-Cathedral-The oldest Presbyterian and Roman Catholic Churches-rThe old Swedes' Church-Thle Public Schools-University of Pennsylvania-TlThe Medi cal Colleges-Girard College-The Philadelphia Library-Mercantile Library-Ridgway Library-Academy of Natural Sciences-Learned Societies-Thle Zoological Gardens-Benevolent Institutions-Tlhe Penn sylvania Hospital-Insane Asylum-Naval Asylum-Prisons-House of Correction-Places of Amusement-Cemeteries-Newspapers-Banks Gas and Water-Street Railways-The Water Front-The Delaware Shore-Port Richmond-The Coal Wharves-Ship Yards-Camden Smith's and Windmill Islands-Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad The American Steamship Line-The Old Navy Yard-Greenwich Point -League Island-The Navy Yard-Fort Mifflin-A Reminiscence of the Revolution-The Schuylkill River-The Bridges-The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges-The finest Bridge in America-West Philadelphia-Germantown-Manufactures and Coimmerce........... 92 CHAPTER IV. FAIRMOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park-Its History-Improvements-Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill-View from the Hill-The Waterworks-The Art Gallery-TlThe Lincoln Monument-Lemon Hill-Reminiscences of Robert Morris-Sedgeley Park-The River Road-The East Park The Storage Reservoir-Old Country-seats-Mount Pleasant-Arnold's Home-Fort St. David's —Thle Wissahickon-P,omantic Scenery-The Hotels-The Hermit's Well-TIThe Mystics-Washington's Rock-The Monastery-The West Park-Solitude-The Zoological Gardens-The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibition-Lansdowne-George's Hill Belmont-Judge Peters-The Sawyer Observatory-How to Reach the Park................................................... 144 CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.' The First Proposals for the Exhibition-Initiatory Measures-Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia-The Memorial to Congress The Act of Incorporation-Appointmnent of the Centennial Commission-Creation of the Board of Finance-Liberal Action of the City of Pliiladelphia Donation of the Exhibition Grounds-The Formal Transfer-Proclama tion of the President of the United States-The Invitation to Foreign 16 COiTEN'IS. PowerTlThe Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors Goods-TiThe General Government Takes Part in the Exhibition-The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874-Planrs of the Commission-Circulars of the Director-Genleral -Regulations for Exhibitors-Order of the Treasury DepartmentWork of the Board of Finance-Sales of Stock-The Bureau of Revenue -Its Successful Work-Sale of Medals-Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia-Refusal of Congress to Aid the ExhibitionReport of the Board of Finance-Action of the States-Appropriations by Foreign Governments-Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition-Third Annual Report of the Board of FinanceReception of Goods-Completion of the Work-The System of Awards -The Centennial Calendar....................................... 167 CHAPTER VI. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION.' A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners from Foreign Countries.......................................... 230 CHAPTER ViI. GETTING TO THIE EXHIBITION-ACCOIMMODATIONS FOR VISITORPS. Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia-Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States —Settlement of the Question of Fares-Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia How to reach the Exhibition Grounds from the city-The Pennsylvania Railroad-Magnificent equipment of the Road-The Model Railroad of the Union-Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad The Schuylkill Steamboats-The Street Railway arrangements-Calbs and Carriages-Regulations concerning them-The Philadelphia Hotels -Their Capacity for accommodating Guests-The Centennial Lodging House Agency-Boarding Houses-Suburban Hotels-Circular of the Centemimal Commission with reference to Accommnodations for Visitors. 240 CHAPTER VIII. THE OPENIXG OF THEI EXHI13ITION. Arrangements for the Opening-Programme Issued by the Centennial Commission-Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May-TiThe Opening Day-The Rush to the Grounds-Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points-The Gates Thrown Open-The Grand Stands-A Brilliant Scene -Arrival of the President of the United States-Wagner's Centennial March-Bishop Simpsoni's Prayer-Whittier's Hymn-Enthusiasm oi the Multitude-Transfer of the Exhibition to tlhe Centennial Commis 17 COXNTENTS. sion-The Centennial Cantata-Address of General Hawley President Grant Declares the Exhibition Open Thie Flag Unfuirled-The Presidlent's Tour Through the Buildings-The Starting of the Great Engine -Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds-Illumination of the City........ 267 CHAPTER IX. WITHOUT THE GROUNDS. Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town-lThe Transcontinental and Globe Hotels-The Uniited States-TiThe Gravd Exposition-The Panorama Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue-The Chleap Hotels-Thle Beer-Gar dens-The Carriage Shleds-T'he Ciheap Museums —Thle Oil Wells-The Street Car Concourse-A Busy Scene-Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl vania Railroad-Belmont Avenue-Appearance of the Street-The Largest Soda Fountain in the'World-TiThe Restaurants-Thle Tropical Garden-A Delightful Resort-George's Hill-Belmont-Tlie Steam boat Landing-Centennial Depot of the Reading Railroad.............. 296 CHAPTER X. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Topography of the Grounds-The Ravines-TlThe Entrances- Thlle Tui'rn stiles-Styles of Tickets used-TlThe Photograp)ll Regulation-The Cen tennial Guard-The Fire Departmnent-Thle Narrow-Gauge Railway The Rolling Chlair Service-Landscape Gardening- Thle Flowers-The Avenues-The Bridges-Barthlioldi's Forrntain-TllThe Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain-The Centennial Waterworks-Relief Plans of Foreign Cities-Statue of Religious Liberty Statues of Christopher Columrnbus and Elias Howe-The Hunter's Camp An Old-Fashlioned Railroad Train-The American Soldiers' Monnument-Thle Ice-Water Fountain-The Indian Camp................................... 316 CHAPTER XI. THE MAIN BUIL,DING. Description of the Main Building-A Monster Edifice-TlThe Interior A Magnificent Hall- Decorations - The Galleries-A Beautifuil and Imposing Scene -Water-Closets -Restaurants- Fountains- Letter Boxes-Telegraph System-The Elevator-Classification of the Display in the Building-The American Department-The Great Organ-The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit-TiThe Roosevelt Organ-TlThe Paper Makers-The Book Pavilion-TiThe Model Post-Office-The Cotton and Woollen Goods —The Carpet Rooms —American Pottery-Among the Iron Workers-The Fire-Arms Exhibit-Rich Co.stumes-The Tele graphic Display-Tle G.as Fixture Department-A Brilliant Display 18 CONTENTS. The Jewellers and Silversmiths-The Moorish Pavilion-A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects-The Century Vase-The Cologne Fountains-The Furniture Display-Model Houses Completely Furnishled Thie Pianos and Organs-Beautifuil Instruments-ConcertsGreat Britain and Irelaind-Magnificellt Display of Silver and Plated Ware-Splendid Furniture and Chlurlch Ornaments-Beautiftll Porcelains-Sutperb Pottery-Statuary Process of Making Pottery-The Tile Exhibit-Rich Iron Work-Rare Furnituie-A Royal Pavilion-rand Display of Cotton and Woollen Good,s and Linens-Jewelry-Splendid Carpets-The Book Display-The Graphic's Art Collection-Rich Stained Glass-A Gorgeous Slhow from India-Thle Canadian ExhibitThe Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion-The Educational Exhibit of Ontario-The Australian Exhlibits-Thle W(on(lers and Resources of the Pacific Continiet-Pyramids of Gold-Superb Photographs of Australian Scenes —Dust from the Gold Coast-Native Dia monds-TlIe West Indian Display-France-The French Co,irt-Rare Bronzes-Exquisite Porcelains The Textile Fabrics of France-Tlle Silk Court-Beautiful Laces-Statuary-Religious Groups-TlThe Booi; Trade Exhibit Fine Engravings-Fine Cutlery-Articles de ParisScientific and Philosophical Apparatus............................. 33 CHAPTER Xi1. THE 3IAIN BUILDING-CONCLUDED. Germany-Location of tlte German Section-A Superb Display of Porce lain-Beautiful Vases-Plate Glass-Bronzes-The Silks-Display of the E!berfeld'Manufacturers-Thle Ivory Pavilion-The Chlemical Dis play-Tlle Velvet Pagoda-The Hospital Department —Fine Church Decorations-Models of an Oceati Steamer-Thie Book Ptavilion-The Austrian Court-Magnificent Bohemian Glass —The Meerschaum Pipes -Exquisite Carvings-Vienna Leather Work-The Italian Coiurt Artistic Wood Carvings-Beautiful Jewelry-Glassware from Venice Belgium-Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics-Carved Furniture -Firearms-A Belgian School and Gymnasium-The Lace Court Beautiful Iron Work-Pictures in Tapestry-The'Netherlands-A Grand Display of the Public Works of Holland-The Woollen Goods-Model Farms-A Dutch Eating-house-Rare and Beautiful Art Works-Educa tional Exhibit-The Artisans' School —Switzerlaid in Miniature-The Watchmakers-Scientific Instruments-The Swiss School System-Rich Laces-Thlle \Wood Carvers-Sweden-The Peasant Groupsc-Senes in , the Home Life of the Swedes-A Beautifill Exhibit-Fine Porcelains The Bessemer Steelmakers-Display of the Swedish Army-Norway Peasant Groups-Thle Laplanders-A Fine Collection-The Danish Court-Etruscan Imitations-Esquimaux Houses and Boats-The Span islh Pavilion-A Beautiful Structure-Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain-Evidences of Spanish Ind(lustry The Egyptian 19, CONTETIS. Court-A Rare and Beautiftill Display from the Land of the NileTie Past and the Present-A Page from the Arabian Nights-Rich RobesArticles from Central Africa-Egypt's Agricultural Resources-The Japanese Court-A Wonderful Display-Superb Bronzes-Tim Lacquered Ware-What the Island Empire Exhlibits-The Chinese CourtA Beautiful and Curious Display-Exhibit of the Orange Free StateAnother Sample of Dutch Energy-'The Tunisian Court-Eastern Magnificence-Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico -The Brazilian Pavilion-A Superb Edifice-Tie Empire of Brazil Illustrated-Exhliibit of the other South American States —Display from the Sandwich Islands-TlThe Russian Exhibit-Rich and Beautiful Objects from St. Petersburg and Moscow-The Portuguese Court-A Handsome Collection-Secial Portuguese Features-Tlhe Turkish Court — The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan-TiThe Mineral Annex-The Carriage Annex.........................................386 CHAPTER XIII. MACHIINERY HALL. Description of the Building-The Interior-Conveniences for Visitors Precautions Against Fire-TlThe Corliss Engine-Distribution of Power -The American Display-Curious and Interesting Machines-The Steam-Engines-The First Steam-Engine in America-Thle Blast Fur nace-The Sewing Machines-A Handsome Display The Suspension Bridge Exhibit-A Monster Cotton Press-Weaving Machines-Making ~'atches by Machinery-Carpet Weaving-TlThe W-ater Motors-The Locomotives-The Railway Exhibit —The Vacuum Pan-The Tobaco Factory-Making India Rubber Shoes-Making Candies by Machinery -The Massachusetts Marine-Among the Printing Machines-The Old Franklin Press-Printing the New York Herald-The Ice Yacht American Machine Shops-Nail and Tack Making-Tlie Hydraulic Annex-The Tank-The Cascade-The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma-. chines-The British Section-The Road Steamers-Iron Armor Plate Weaving Machines-Railway Models-The Walter Press-The Sugar Mill-The Canadiani Exhibit-The G(erman Section-The Krupp Guns -The French Section-Silk Weaving - Lithographing Belgian Machinery-The Well-Borer-The Swedish Section and Exhibits-The Russian Guns-The Brazilian Section-A Handsome and Characteristic Display............................................... 33 CHAPTER XIV. AGRICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building-Interior Arrangements-Clasification of the Exhibit-The American Department-Agricultural M,chlinery-Tlhe p19ws-Harvesting Machlines-Threshing Machinvs-The Cider Mill 20 CONTENTS. -The Native Wines of America-The Starch Makers-The WindmillThe Natural History Collection-The California Bufiet-The AquariaTile Tobacco Exhibit-A Fine Display-Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of tile Union-Daniel Webster's Plow-The Cape Ann Fisheries-" Old Abe "-Thie British Court-A Small Display-Agricultural Products of Canada-Canadian Machinery -The French Exhibit-A Fine Display of French Wines-Germany's Contribution-The Wines of the Rhine lanid-Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary-Exhibit of Russian Products-Italian Wines and Oils-Bologna Sauisages —The Spanish Court-A Complete Exldibit of the Products of Spain-The Portuguese Collection-Holland's Exliibi~ -The Norway Fisheries-Swedish Exhibit- The Japanese Court-The Tea and Silk Culture-The Brazilian Court-The Cotton Pavilion-A Remarkable Collection- The Brazilian Silk Culture- Exhibits of 'enezuela and the Argentine Republic- The Liberian Court- Th-e Pomological Annex —The Wagon Annex...,*,................470 CHAPTER XV. HORTICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building-The Grand Conservatory-A Beautiful Hall -The Fountain Cost of the Building-Classification of the Exhibit-A Richl Collection of Tropical Plants-A Beautiful Scene The Forcing liouses-Thie East and West Rooms-Exhibit of Gardening Materials The Electrical Orgaiin-Tlie Horticultural Grounds-The Guano Pavilion The Tent-Anthony Waterer's Rhododendrons-. The Cuban Sumnmer 11ouse....................................................... 507 CHAPTER XVI. MEMORIAL HALL. Description of the Building-Bronze Groups of Statuary-The Annex Classification of the Art Exhibit-The Reception and Central Halls The Paintings and Statues in themi-The Art Galleries-Notable Pic tures by American Artists-The English Gallery-Masterpieces of the Mlodern English Painters-The Older English Artists-The Queen's Pictures-The South Kensington Exhibit-The French Pictures-The German Gallery-The Austrian Collection-A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary - Italian Paintings- The Castellani Collections- Spanish Pictures-Art Gems from Sweden and Norway-Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School- Notable Pictures from Belgium-Tihe Danishi Gallery-Brazilian and Mexican Art-The Photographie Annex-A Fine Display of Photographs.............................. 517 21 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Description of the Building-The Groiunds-Exhibits of the Various Departments Outside of the Building-The Monitor Turret-The Great Guns of the Arnmy and Navy-Tlhe Postal Cars-The Transit of Venus Exhibit-Armiy Trainis-Disposition of Space in the Hall-Exhibit of the Post-Office Departmeniit-A Model Post-Office-The Agricultural Department A Fine Display The Interior Department-Exhlibit of the Patent Office-Historical Relics -A Rich Display of Indian CLri osities-The Educational Exhlibit-The Census-Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Territories-A Magnificent Display by the Smnithsonian Institution-The Animals and Fishles of the United States -The Mineral Collection-The Treasury Exhlibit-The Lighlt-House and Coast Survey Branches-The Navy Department-A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American Man-of-War-The Torpedo Service-The War Department-Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service-Thlie Engineer Corps and its Work M-aiking Rifles and Cartridges by Machiiiery-Thle Post Hospital-The Laboratory-The Light-House..................................... 543 CHAPTER XVIII. THE VWOMIAN'S BUILDING. Description of the Building-Its Cost-A Lady Engineer-The Interior of the Building The Exhibit-The Loom s —Works of Femnale Artists -Inventions of WAVomen-Institutions Managed by Women-Splen(i(i Embroideries-Display from Foreign Countries-Tlle Printing Office.. 5S9 CHAPTER XIX. THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION. The State Buildings-St. George's House-The French Government Building-TlThe French Stained Glass Pavilion-The German Govern ment Building-The Spanish Buildings-The Portuguese Building The Swedish Schlool-House-Thle Canadian Log-House-The Brazilian Building-The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar-Thie Turkish and Tu nisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars-The Syrian Bazaars-TiThe Moorish Villa-The Chlilian MAa(llineryv Hall-Buildings of the Centennial Com mission-The Judges' Hall-Tile Restaurants-Thie Shoe and Leather Building - The Brewers' Hall-The Buttter and Cheese Factory Department of Public Comfort-Singer Sewing Machine Cottage-The Centennial Photographic Association-Thle American Railroad Ticket Office-Empire Transportation Conipany's Biilding-Starr's Iron Works -The Glass Works-Camipbell Printing Press Btuil(ling- Thle American 22 CONTENTS., Newspaper Building-The World's Ticket Office-The Palestine Camp -The NVWomen's School-House-The American Kindergarten-The New England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen-Pacific Guano Company's Building-TlThe Sheet-Metal Pavilion-The United States Life-Saving Station-The Elevated Railway-The Windmuills......... 596 CHAPTER XX. BIOGRAPHICAL. General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United. States Centennial Commission-John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi nance-Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition-Pro fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centeimial Commission-General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial B-ureau of Revenue............................................. 649 CHAPTER XXI, THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration-Independence Hall Decorated -The Centennial Legion-Thlle Blue and the Gray-Ceremonies of Jutly lst-Congress of Authors-Tlle Great Civic Parade of Jllly 3d The Midnight Celebration-Dawn of the Fourth-The Military Parade -The Exercises in Independence Square-Illumination and Fireworks. 661 CHAPTER XXII. THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. Arrangements for the Regatta-The Prizes-Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy-Programnme of the Races -Biograpllical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson-Description of the Races-The Winners........ - 673 CHAPTER XXIII. THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock-Description of the Grounds -The Horse Show-The Noted Animals-TiThe Dog Show-The Cattle Shlow-A Superb Exhibit-Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats-TiThc Poultry Show..................................................... 697 CHAPTER XXIV. THE STATE DAYS. Arrangements for the State Celebrations-New Jersey Day-An Inspirit ing Spectacle-Connecticut Day-Massachusetts Day-New York Day -A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State-Pennsylvania Day-The Grandest Celebration of AlI-A Gala Day at the Exhibition 23 CoxtEkT3. -The Fireworks —Rhode Island Day-Thle Italian Day-Inauguration of the Columbus Monument-New Hampshire Day-Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day-The Fireworks-The Delaware Celebration-Reception by the Governor of Maryland-TiThe Virginia Celebration-Thle Tournament-The Ball-Crowning' thle Queen of Love and Beauty-Ohio Day-The Merchants' Reunion-Vermont Day......... 725 CHAPTER XXV THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION. Statement of Leading Events Connected Withl and Growing Out of thee Exhibition..................................................... 782 CHAPTER XXVI. THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS. Ceremonies at Jutdges' Hall-Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission-Character of the Awards-Description of the Medals -List of the Principal Awards in Each Class....... 791 CHAPTER XXVIi. THt CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION. The Fireworks on the 9th of November-The Closing Day —Unfavorable Weather-The Attendance at the Exhibition-Ceremonies in Judges' Hall-The Music-Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell-The Te Deum Remarks of President John Welsh-Address of Director-General Goshorn-Speech of General Hawley-President Grant Declares the Exhibition Closed-Stopping. the Machinery-Scene in Machinery Hall. 819 CHAPTER XXVIII. STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE. Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition Gradual Increase in the Attendance-Statement of Admissions-The Receipts-The State Days-Other Noted Days-Comparison of the "Centennial" with Other Exhibitions-Statement of Exhibitors...... 845 CHAPTER XXIX. WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhlibltion-Views of General Hawley-What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished-Views of President John Welsh, Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments.................... 852 21 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. CHAPT E R I. THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.-HISTORICAL. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn-His Treaty with the Indians Original Plan of the City-Growth of the City-The Revolution-Occupa tion by the British-Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia-Its Banking Interests-Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City-The Centennial Census-Population of Philadelphia. HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first century of the independence of the United States by an International Exposition, it was admitted that the proper place for the holding of such an exhibition was the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive event which placed the United States among the nations of tile world, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to introduce the reader to the great city in which it was held. The city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same name, is the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. - It is the second city in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the world. The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn 2 17 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY immunediately after taking possession of the province of Pennsylvania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body of colonists ill August, 1681, and in 1682 camne over himself and superintended the surveys of the new city. The land was chosen by himn because, he declared, "It seemed appointed for a town, because of its coves, docks, springs, and lofty land." All these features have long since disappeared before the rapid growth of his city. During the year 1682 a large number of colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth. The place at which William Penn first set foot on the soil of his new city was long known as the "Blue Anchor Landing," from a tavern of that namne, the first house built within the limits of the city. A little later, under a s)reading elm at WILLIAM PENN. 18 ~\\ \\\\ ~~~~ _ x _ Y\ \\ ~ ~ ~ I & ~~~ - HHt OR ~~X OF I N\ [i VI'EW OF THE KANSAS AND C(OORADO BUILI)ING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Shackamaxon, nlow Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed by no oath but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither side sought to evade its obligations, which were simply of peace ,md good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its earlier years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other settlers suffered. "We will live," said the Indian sachems, "in love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sunl shall endure." They kept their word. "Penn came without arms; he declared his purpose to abstain PENN'S TREATY MONUMENT. from violence; he had no message but peace; and not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian." The venerable elm tree which witnessed "the only treaty ever ratified without an oath, and the only one never broken," stood unharmed until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious gale. Its site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite, which stands on the east side of Beach street, a few steps north of Hanover. The Second and Third street cars will convey the visitor to Hanover street, from which he will have but a square to walk; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone and lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it. On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the 19 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Schuylkill, -which was purchased from the Swedes, who had on their part purchased it from the Indians, Penn in 1683 laid out the capital of his province, which he namled PHILADELPHIA, the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. It was abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, and was admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to be a "greene country town, gardens round each house, that it might never be burned, and always be wholesome." The streets were laid off by marking their course through the primitive forest by blazing the trees, and the builing of dwellings was begun. In the first year of Penn's arrival in the colony, twentythree ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three years after its foundation Philadelphia contained upwards of six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in return for articles of European manufacture. The original plan of the city was a parallelogram, two mniles long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide. It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed by twenty-one running north and south. A grand square of ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure grounds and promenades. In the main the original plan is still adhered to. The streets running from river to river, with the exception of Highl street, were named after the native forest trees. They were called Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar. Nearly all of these names remain. Sassafras is now called Race; Mulberry is Arch; High is Market; and Cedar is South street. The streets intersecting these were numbered. Philadelphia grew rapidly, and by the early part of the eighteenth century was the largest and most flourishing city in America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadily in wealth. 20 xxxxz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~XX ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ __~~~~C '(t ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ----- Th~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~&1~~~~~l j~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~fI:~~~\\ ~~\\\\~~''~ ______________________________________________ ~~~~~ ~; __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P ___________~~~~~~~~~~~ ______ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; ____ ___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p ________________ _____________ __________ _______'~~~~~~~~P ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W 'I iiIII~~~ijjj ]1,1 ii EI ___ OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHlIIBITION. "In 1711 the city was divided into ten wards. In December, 1719, a printing press was set up, and Andrew Bradford began to publish the American Weekly Mercury, which was continued until 1746. In 1728 the Gazette was begun, which fell to Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building of a State IHouse was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, and the building begun in 1732, and completed in 1735. The bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7thl, 1753, the new'great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the motto,'Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof," was raised to its place. This is the bell celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence, PENN LAYING OUT THtE PLAN OF PHILADELPHIA. and now in Independence Hiall. The first Colonial Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenter's Hall, a building still in use as a hall, September 4th, 1774. Congress held its sessions at the State House in 1776, and here adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence. The British forces occupied the city from September, 1777, Go June, 1778." During the British occupation a census of the city was taken by order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,767 inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city by the enemy, Congress resumed its sessions at the State House, which remained the seat of government of the Union until the close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constittition of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that 21 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY great instrument was adopted in the same building that had witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Upon the inauguration of the Federal government, the national capital was removed to New York, but in 1790 was restored to Philadelphia, which remained the seat of government until 1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital. In 1800 Philadelphia also ceased to be the capital of the State, which was located at Harrisburg. The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great rapidity between the close of the Revolution and the year 1812. The second war with England almost destroyed this commerce, which did not return with the peace of 1815, and the completion of the Erie canal a few years after the close of the war, gave to New York an advantage which reduced Philadelphia to a secondary place in our foreign trade. "Previous to 1839, the banking capital of Philadelphia was large, and for the most of the period previous to 1836, it was the monetary centre of the country. The first Bank of the United States, established by Act of Congress, in 1791, with a capital of $10,000,000, was located here, and the second Bank of the United States was established here in 1816, with a capital of $35,000,000. The subsequent failure of the bank under its State charter in 1839, and the loss of its large capital, greatly weakened the financial strength of the city, and the monetary centre was permanently transferred to New York. The revulsion of 1837, and the subsequent financial depression, fell heavily on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apparent until 1844." The city retained its original limits until 1854. In the meantime the thriving suburbs of Kensington, Germantown, West Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Richmond, Penn, Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, had sprung up around it, making in the aggregate a city much larger than the parent town, and causing no little confusion and trouble by the number of adjacent and independent municipal jurisdictions. In 1854 the State Legislature consolidated the parent town and all its suburbs in one city under the general name of '22 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Philadelphia. By the same enactment the corporate limits of the city were made to embrace the entire county of Philadelphia. MONKEY HOUSE, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. Since the consolidation the city has grown with marked rapidity. In 1860 the population was 565,529; in 1870, 674,022; and by the municipal census of the 1st of April, 1876, was 817,448, showing an increase of 21- per cent. in the six years that have elapsed since the last Federal census. 23 CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. Location of Philadelphia-Size of the City-Its Regularity-Materials used in Building the Houses-" The City of Homes "-Philadelphia Houses-Mr. Kortwright's Statistics-The Public Squares-Market Street-The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written-The National Pubs lishing Company's Building-Second Street-Christ Church-Chestnut Street -A Splendid Thoroughfare-Carpenter's Hall-The Continental Congress -The First Prayer in Congress-The Custom House-The Post-Office — Independence Hall-The Fashionable Promenade-Noted Buildings-The Hotels-The Continental-The United States Mint-Walnut Street-The Merchants' Exchange-The Commercial Exchange-An Interesting Site Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings-Offices of the Centennial Commission-The Abode of Wealth and Fashion-Arch Street-The Grave of Franklin-Handsome Churches-Broad Street-The Baltimore Depot-Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb-Acad emy of Music-The Colosseum-Union League Club House-The Public Buildings-The Masonic Temple-Academy of Fine Arts-Reading Rail road Depot-Third Street-The Financial Centre-The Girard Bank-Old Churches. HE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one hundred miles from the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the Delaware bay and river. It is one hundred and thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is located in a nearly level plain, elevated above the DelaWare and Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the northwest, are built on a fine rolling country, which abounds in picturesque views that offer a striking contrast to the uniform flatness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of one hundred and twenty square miles. Its greatest length from north to south is twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from 24 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. east to west, eight miles. The densely inhabited portion of the city covers an area of about nine square miles, extending for about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the. Schuylkill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans acted between Vine and Spruce streets, east of Twelfth street. The wealthiest private section, that inhabited by "the fashion," is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above Tenth is considered the most desirable street in the city, and contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the Union. Arch street above Broad, and Broad along its northern portion, are handsome residence streets. Market street is entirely devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union. The suburbs of Philadelphia are noted for their beauty, and are thickly built up with handsome country seats, villas, and cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the vicinity of the Wissahickon. Philadelphia is laid out with great regularity. As we have stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five others at right angles. Broad and Market streets were to divide this city into four nearly equal portions, a considerable area being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site of the magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets are usually from fifty to sixty-six feet in width, with a fewv of greater breadth. Those running from north to south are numbered, beginning at the Delaware river; those from east to west are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect. Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The general aspect of the city is bright and pleasing, mingled with a certain degree of primness, due to its Quaker origin. Except 2& MARKET STREET BELOW SEVENTH. 26 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. in those portions along the rivers it is clean and healthy. Market street divides it into two portions, called North and South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan, one hundred nunmbers being assigned to each l)lock or square. Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets. This system renders it easy to find a building in any part of the city between the numnbered streets. The portion of the city lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old name of West "NINTH AND IARIKET STREETS. Philadelphia. It was in this section that the Exhibition grounds were situated. As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many edifices of brown and free stone, iron, and marble have been erected, which give to the city a more varied as well as a handsomer and more substantial appearance. Philadelphia is emphatically a "city of homes." Of its 140,000 buildings, 130,000 are dwelling-houses, a number greater than the whole 27 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louisville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are the homes of mechanics. It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes are better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those of any city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as compared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis; Baltimore alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadelphia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country. They are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts, and white marble steps and trimmings. They have solid white DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PROCLAIMED IN PHILADELPHIA. wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two chambers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two spare chambers, and one or more servants' rooms. They are lighted with gas, heated by furnaces in the cellar, and supplied with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildings are erected every year. A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadelphia, thus sumnmed up the leading features of the city, ill one of his official reports to his government: "Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it 28 ~<;~T QRNAMENTAL VASE AND FLOWERS, EXH IBITED IN MAIN BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. lives in an area of 1291 square miles. The city has 1000 miles of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of these are paved. It is lighted by nearly 10,000 gas lamps. The earth beneath conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over 600 miles of gas mains, and 546 miles of water pipes. It has over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 1794 city railroad LIPPINCOTT'S BUILDING. cars passing over these railroads daily; 3025 steam boilers; over 400 public schools, with suitable buildings, and over 1600 school-teachers and over 80,000 pupils. It has over 34,000 bath-rooms, most of which are supplied with hot water, and for the use of the water at low rates the citizens pay more than a ]half million of dollars; it has over 400 places of public worship, and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons; it has nearly 29 THIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 9000 manufactories, with a capital of $185,000,000, employing 145,000 hands, the annual product of whose labor is over 384)000,000. It exported in 1873 in value over $24,000,000, and imported in value over $26,000,000; the amount for duties in gold was nearly $8,500,000; the real estate, as assessed for MARKET STREET ABOVE EIGHTH. taxation, was over $458,000,000, and there was collected nearly $9,000,000 for, taxes." Public 8quares. Penn's original plan, as we have said, contemplated a public square in each of the four quarters of the city. These still remain, and others have been added. 30 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Independence Square, or, as it was formerly called, The State House Yard, lies immediately back of Independence Hall, extending back to Walnut street, and from Fifth to Sixth streets. It has been put in order for the centennial year, and is now a neat and tasteful ground. The lampposts recently set up at the entrances to the square are not only quite pretty, but appropriate also. On the base of the posts appear the names of the original thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of the Independence Bell, is the inscription, "Proclaim liberty throughout the land," etc. Each lamp, of very beautiful design, has four representations of the bell upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. They add much to the appearance of the square. lVashintgon Square lies diagonally opposite Independence Square, and extends from Walnut almost back to Spruce street, and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded by fine old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-place in summer. This square was once a "Potter's field," and here were buried many soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison diseases of the Revolution -Rittenhouse Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets, and extends from Eighteenth to above Nineteenth street. It is a handsome enclosure, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful fountain, and is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is surrounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which are among the handsomest in the Union. Loyan Square lies between Race and Vine and between Eighlteenth and Twentieth streets. It is the handsomest square in the city, and a favorite resort. In 1864 the great Sanitary Fair for the benefit of the Union army was held here. Tile entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with flooring. The trunks of the trees served as so many pillars for the roof, above which waved the branches of the trees. Franklin Square lies between Race and Vine streets, and extends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old square, the principal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees. 31 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It was originally a burying-ground, and was used as such for many years. Norris Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square, at Third street and Washington avenue, are very handsome. They are new; the first four named above constituting the squares designed by Penn. The streets of Philadelphia are among the most attractive in the world, and the business streets have few equals. Market Street. Market street is the great thoroughfare of the city. It is the grand entrepo6t of the domestic and foreign commerce of Phila delphia, and extends ~______ _ ~ in an unbroken line firom the Delaware to _________ ___ _____ the Schuylkill, cros ____=__ _ses that river, and _- 9 3continues its course to the city line. It was the High street of William Penn, and has al ways en joyed the pre-emi nence it n ow holds. PromnnIt is one hundred feet wide, and is lined _ with magnificent warehouses from the Delaware almost to the Schuylkill. Some of these are CORNER OF MARKET AND SIXTH STREETS. superb edifices, built in the handsomest and most. massive manner, and are provided with every convenience for the business transacted within them. Prominent among these are the -splendid buildings occupied by the great publishing houses of Lippincott & Co., and Claxton, Remisen & Haffelfinger; the mammoth warehouse of Hood, E32 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Bonbright & Co., dry-goods merchants; the vast clothing warehouse of John Wanamnaker & Co., at Sixth atnd Market, on the site of the presidential mansion of Washington and AdamLs, perhaps the largest and most complete clothing establishment in the world. The Binyham House, at the corner of Market and Eleventh streets, is au excellent hotel and a tasteful structure. The great width of Market street allows an immense amount BINGfHAM HOUSE. of traffic to be done upon it. In addition to the lines of the street railways, tracks are laid from West Philadelphia down the greater part of the street, connecting with the principal steam railway lines, and merchants are thus enabled to run the cars consigned to them directly into their warehouses. The various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Express Company has its main depot on this street. The scene on Market street is always bright and animated, 3 33 .1 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and viewed from any point at any hour of the day the street is thronged with an eager, hurrying crowd of vehicles and pedestriians. Adjoining the southwest corner of Market and Sevenith streets is a plain, modest-looking building of brick, now used as a business house. A stranger would pass it by a dozen times without notice, but it is among the most noted edifices in the city, and should be dear to every American heart. It is the House in which the Declaration of Independence was written. In 1776 this building stood beyond the thickly settled por THE HOUSE I- - WHICH THE DEC- ARATIO OF INDEENDECE AS W RIT EN. THE HOUSE IN WHICH THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS WRITrTEN. tion of the city, and in what was known as " The Fields." A garden, enclosed by a brick wall, occupied the site of the house which now stands on the corner. The house was new, and the situation was so pleasant, that it at once attracted the attention of that dear lover of natuire, Thomas Jefferson, when he came to Philadelphia to take his seat in the Continental Congress. "I rented the second floor," he tells us, "consisting of a parlor 34 OF TFIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. and bedroom, ready furnished." He paid thlirty-five shillings a week for his rooms, and in the parlor he wrote the Declaration of Independence upon a little writing-desk three inches high, which still exists. MARKET STREET ABOVE SEVENTH. The desk was bequeathed by him to a friend, and was accompanied by a certificate in Mr. Jefferson's own handwriting, -setting forth the place and timne of its purcltase by him, and the fact that he had used it in the preparation of the great and -Glorious document with which his name anid fame are inseparaJly connected. 35 I I I I - I I I[II NATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY'S BUILDING. On Seventh street, just north of Market, is the splendid irotfront building of the Nalional Publishing Company. The offices, store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., of the Company are in the building shown in the accompanying engraving. Their extensive printing office and bindery are located in tw(o 36 lIn ,,zoi.Loas skn a~ Ki ~IsasA aoaot- (iEv vco I I THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. adjoining buildings in the rear of this one. They are fitted ut) with every convenience for the manufacture of books, and with the latest and most improved labor-saving machinery. Every appointment is perfect in its way, and the work of this immense establishment goes on from day to day with regularity and precision. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the Company enable them to supply large editions of their books with a rapidity which only a great publishing house can command, and tc supply their agents with promptness and regularity. The Company was organized in 1863, under the presidency CHRIST CHURCH IN 1776. of Mr. J. R. Jones, who remains at its head. Under his able management it has enjoyed thirteen years of remarkable prosperity, and has taken rank as the largest and most successful subscription book house in the world. Second 8Streef. Second street is one of the miost peculiar features of the city. It extends in an almost unbroken straight line from the northernI to the southern limit of the city, and is to Philadelphia very . I 37 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY much what the Bowery is to New York. It is lined for miles with retail stores of every description, the customers of which are almost entirely of the humbler class, and it would be hard to surpass the confusion and the utter disregard of "the eternal fitness of things" with which these are thrown together. It is a street which the visitor must see in order to appreciate it thoroughly. The most prominent object on Second street is Christ Church, Situated north of Market. It stands on the site of the first church erected by the followers of William Penn. It was begun in 1727, and was completed in 1754. It is built of brick, in the old style, and is surmounted by a tall spire, from which he who has the courage to ascend it will be rewarded with a noble view over the city, the Delaware, and the surrounding country. The steeple is 196 feet in height, and contains a chime of eight bells, said to be the oldest in America. They rang out merrily upon the Proclamation of Independence one hundred years ago, and will join their voices to the glad chorus of rejoicing that will go up from the great city on the 4th of July, 1876. They were cast in London, and on the tenor bell is inscribed this legend: "Christ Church, Philadelphlia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all." The interior of the church is tasteful, but is finished in the style of the early part of the eighteenth century, except that the old high-back pews are gone, and the sitting arrangements are altered to suit the needs of a modern congregation. In the aisles of the church are buried Johin Penn, the first member of the Penn family born in America, Dr. Richard Peters, Robert Asheton, and many others who were noted men in their day, but are now remembered only by the scholar. Washington attended divine service regularly in this church, while in the city, during the Revolution, and during his residence in Philadelphia as President of the United States, and the feet of many of the greatest men of our history have trod the hallowed aisles of this venerable edifice. Christ Church is 38 OF THE CENTENNIALI EXHIBITION. the property of the Episcopal Church. In 1772 the Rev. William White, afterwards the first Bishop) of the Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania, was made Assistant Rector, and in 1789 the first general convention, which adopted the Constitu YOUNG MIEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUIL,DING. tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, met here. The church is opened twice for service on Sunday, and for prayers on Wednesday and Friday mornings, at which time it may be visited, 39 of I i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i I _________________ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P 'I ~III\\I\\I\\i,,III~iiI,Ii; I ______________ \{jyll~i\~\;l~ft~ j;; I (1 I I II ____________ ______________9 " EXHIBITION VASE," EXHIBITED BY G(ALLOWAY & GIRA1, iN T'lH MAIN BUILDING. I THE CENTENNIiL EXHIBITION. Chestnut Street. Chestnut street is the Philadelphia Broadway. i- extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crosses it by means of a magnificent bridge, and continues its course through West Philadelphia to the corporate limits. From the Delaware to Fifteenth street, it is lined with long blocks of lofty and elegant stores, and beyond this, to within a few squares of the Schuylkill, the street is built up with handsome residences. Some of the most noted buildings in Philadelphia are located on this street. Commencing at the Delaware, we find the wharf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers, and the busy crowded Delaware avenue, which lies along the river's bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense torrent of business that pours along it. Climbing the hill which leads up from the river, Front street is reached, "the high and dry bank" that rose above the river in the days of William Penn. From Front to Third street, the buildings are massive, very tall, and below Second street are almost entirely constructed of brick. Above Second street marble and other stores relieve the monotony of the brick fronts. This part of the street is devoted to the wholesale dry-goods trade. On the southeast corner of Third street is the five-story brick building of the Western UJnion Telegraph Company, with long lines of wires radiating from it in every direction. Third is the Wall street of Philadelphia, and we shall refer to it again. On the south side of Chestnut, above Third, is the handsome brown stone building of the Bank of North America. This was the first bank established in the United States. It was chartered in 1781, at a time of great financial distress, and one of its principal originators was Robert Morris. This able financier made a good use of the bank in behalf of the Federal government, and restored the national credit by its aid. Immediately above the bank, and separated from it by an alley, is the new building of the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. It is one of the handsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two banking rooms are among the most beautiful and convenient in 41 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the Union. The safe deposit vaults are burglar-proof in every sense of the word. A little above this building, and standing back from the street in a court, is a quaint, venerable-looking edifice. This is Carpenters' Hall. The Carpenters' Comnpany of Philadelphia was organized in 1724, and in 1770 began the erection of this structure as a place of meeting. It was finished in 1771. On the 5th of September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the great Congress !!=Lii ",1..... _....':!jiffi~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - _,~l CARPENTERS' HALL. of the Revolution, composed of delegates from all the colonies except Georgia, assembled in this building. It numbered fiftyfive members, consisting of delegates from every colony save Georgia, whose governor had prevented the election of delegates Among the members were many of the most eminent men in the land. From Virginia came George Washington, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee; from Massachusetts, Samuel Adams and John Adams; from New York, Philip Livingston, John Jay and William Livingston; from Rhode Island, the 42 io Oi''1 HlE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. venerable Stephen Hopkins; from Connecticut, Roger Sherman; from South Carolina, Edward and John Rutedge and Chlristo pher Gadsden; and hfrom New Jersey, the Rev. John Witherspoon, the President of Princeton College. Tihe memnbers of this illustrious body were not strangers to each other, though the majority of them met now for the first time. They had corresponded with each other, and had discussed their wrongs so - ~ IXNDEPENDENCFE HALL IN 1776. thoronlghly, that each was well acquainted with the sentiments of his colleagues, and all were bound together by a common sympathy. The Con~res rin was organized by the election of Peyton Randoll)h, of Virginia, as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, an Irishman )v b)irth, and the principal of the Quaker Hig,h School in Philadelphia, was then chlosen secretary. It 43 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY was proposed to open the sessions with prayer. Some of the members thought this might be inexpedient, as all the delegates might not be able to join in the samne form of worship. Up PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST COMPANY. rose Samuel Adams, in whose great soul there was not a grain of sham. He was a strict Congregationalist. "I am no bigot," he said. "I can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue, whatever may be his cloth, provided he is at the same time a 44 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIJBITION. friend to his country." On his motion the Rev. Mr. Duch6, an Episcopal (lergyman of Philadel)phia, was invited to act as chaplain. Mr. Duch6 accepted the invitation. CHESTNUT STREET BELOW TTTIRD. When the Congress assembled the next morning all was anxlety and apprehension, for the rumor of sle attack upon Boston, which had reached Putbnan and aroused Connecticut, had gotten 45 THE ILLUSTRRATED HISTORY as far as Philadeplphia. The chaplain opened the session by reading the thlirty-fifth psalm, which seemled, as John Adams said, ordained by Heaven to be read that morning, and then broke forth into an extempore prayer of great fervor and eloquence. At the close of the prayer a deep silence prevailed in the hall. It was broken by Patrick Henry, who rose to open CHESTNUT STREET ABOVE SIXTH. the day's proceedings. He began slowly and hesitatingly at first, "as if borne down by the weight of his sulbject," but as he proceeded he rose grandly to the dity of the occasion, and in a speech of masterly eloquence he recited the wrongs of the American colonies at the hands of Great Britain, and declared that all government in America was dissolved, and urged upon 46 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the Congress the necessity of forming a new government for the colonies. Toward the close of his speech he struck a chord which answered in every heart. "British oppression," he exclaimed, "has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more. i am not a Virginian, but an Americaln." The deputies were astonished at his eloquence, as well as at the magnitude of the interests with which they were intrusted. Opposite Carpenters' Hall, on the north side of Chestnut street, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe Deposit and Insurance Company. It is built in the Italian style, is one of the principal ornaments of the street, and is the most extensive establishment of its kind in the country. Its vaults are burglar and fire-proof. Its immense safe weighs one hundred and fifty tonlls, and was constructed at a cost of $60,000. A handsome iron building, used by the Provident Life and Trust Company, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut. The massive granite buildings of the Jayne estate front onl Chestnut street, east of Third. The central one is eight stories in height. On the south side of Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth, is the United Slates Custom House. This noble structure was originally built for the second Bank of the Unlted States. It was begun in 1819, and was finished in 1824, at a cost of nearly $600,000. The bank was chlartered by Congress in 1816, after the close of the second war with England. Its capital was $35,000,000, of which the United States took $7,000,000. It began operations in January, 1817. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson struck such hard blows. In 1833 he removed the government funds from its keeping, and as he steadily vetoed the acts of Congress for a renewal of its charter, the bank passed out of existence at the expiration of its charter, in 1836. A few years later the building was purchased by the Federal government for about half of its original cost, and was converted into a 47 THE ILLUSTRrATED HISTORY Custom House. It is constructed of white marble, and stands upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all the surroundilg houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in Amnerica. .ront of eighty-seven feet and a depth of one hundred POST-OFFICE. and sixty-one feet. It has two massive facades, one on Chestnut street and the other on Library street. Each front consists of a heavy entablature and pediment, resting upon eight large fluted Doric columns. The building contains the offices of the Custom House and the United States- Sub-Treasury. 48 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The Post-Office Is situated immediately above the Custom House. It is built of a bluish white marble, in the French style, with a mansard roof. The business of the Post-Office has long since outgrown its present contracted quarters, and a new building for its use is in course of construction higher up Chestnut street. The present edifice contains, in addition to the Post-Office, the rooms of the United States District and Circuit Courts and the office of the United States Marshal. On the north side of Chestnut street, opposite the Custom House, is the substantial granite building of the Bank of Philadelphia. Just above it is the _Farmers' and Meclanics' Bank, a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the Union, its charter dating from 1807. The present bankinghouse was built in 1855. It stands on the site of a spacious old-time mansion, which was the head-quarters of Admiral Lord Howe during the occupation of the city by the British in the Revolution. The bank is the financial agent of the State of Pennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the depository of the "Philadelphia Clearing House." The Clearing House occupies a portion of the building. Here the banks of the city make their daily settlements. Immediately above the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank is the building occupied by the Penisylvania Life I8sut-ance and Trust Coipany. This company Was established in 1812. It does an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold nearly $100,000,000 in trust. In the same block are the Peoples' Bank and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe Deposit Coompany, both handsome structures. On the south side of Chestnut street, occupying the entire square from Fifth to Sixth, are the venerable buildings of Independence Hall. This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the city. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, who also planned Christ Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in 1734. 4 49 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I '/1~~~~~~~~~~~1 p I P~~~~~~~~~~~~ p _________________ P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PV~~~~l1 ~ ~ ~! ;M/~~;j/;j;;'i;;P ~/j;;/~~;P P -4 Pp; pP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; ,1/4ij7 //;4~~~~~~~~~~;/~~~PP P ___________~~~~~~~~a y!~'7 A//~1;~~/~Pip!i/P PP/NP ~P ~~ p ______ li//Il;; I ii, ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PAPi ,/P/PPp __ ~ 1 i ~'L ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Pp /~~~-;tttt~~~~~A - THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION'. The builder was Edmund Wooley; the wings were not added until 1740. The glazing of the windows was done by Thomas Godfirey, since known to fame as the inventor of the quadrant. The original cost of the building was ~5,600. The building is of brick, with marble trimmings, and has an air of stately dignity and repose, which offers a striking contrast to the hurry and bustle of the busy street. The central building is the handsomest, the wings being much plainer as well as smaller. A tasteful steeple, ornamented with a clock, rises from the centre of the main building. It was erected in 1828, in place of the original steeple, which was taken down in consequence of INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HIALL. being decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of Washington of white marble, the gift to the city of the children of the public schools. The building was erected by the province of Pennsylvania for the purposes of a State House. The Continental Congress, composed of delegates from the thirteen colonies, assembled here 51 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY at the opening of its adjourned session on the 10th of May, 1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence, which has made this venerable edifice'for all time the very shrine of American patriotism. The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor are medallions containing the head Of one of the Georges. The eastern hall-the one on the left of the visitor as he enters from Chestnut street-is "Independence Hall." It was in this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions, and that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart, Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush's statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and the table on which the Declaration was signed. At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall formerly used by the Court of Common Pleas. It is now a Museum of National Relics, and contains many rare and curious articles of historical interest. The collection is being constantly enlarged. On the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell which, in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed liberty to the people of America. It was cast in England, especially for the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia, who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." On the morning of the 4th of July, 1776, vast crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tower ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an 52 OF TIHE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. nounced to him, and had posted his little son at the door of the hall to await the signal of the door-keeper. When the an nouncement of the vote was made, the door-keeper gave the signal and the boy ran quickly to the tower. The old man heard him coming, and clutched the bell-rope with a firm grasp. The next instant the glad cry of the boy's voice was heard. "Ring! ring!" he cried; and then the deep, sonorous tones of the bell went rolling out of the tower, and were answered with a mighty shout from the assembled: throing without. A few days later the coe DTecla ration of Independ *~~~~~ ence was formally read by order of Congress fro m the d oo rway of Independence: Hall to the peopl e asse mbled in the square in the rear of P the hall, a nd was r eceived at Snehb by them w ith overwhelmingi enthusiasm. At the close f_s l o of the read in g t he crowd ofcr cpu tore the royal decorations from the hall, and carried them into the squar e and made bonfires of them. A broad stairway leads OLD BELL OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. to the second floor, on which are located the chambers used by the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia. The hall at the western end was used as the Senate chamber during a part of the sessions of the First Congress. At the time of the Revolution, the lobby extended from this hall to the eastern end of the building. The American officers captured by the British at the battle of Germantown were confined here. The eastern wing is now occupied by the Municipal Government, and contains the offices of the Mayor of the city, and the Police Department. The western wing is known as "Congress 53 THE ILLUSTERATED) HISTORY Hall." On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet bearing this inscription: "In this building met the FIRST SEXATE and the FIRST HOUSE OF IREPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America; and herein GEORGE WASHINGTON was inaugurated President, March 4, 1793, and closed his official career; where, herein also, JOIIHN ADAMS was inaugurated the Second President of the United States, March 4, 1797." The House of Representatives occupied the first door> now used by the Court of Quarter Sessions and the Highway PUBLIC LEDGER BUILDING. Department, and the Senate, upper floor, at present devoted to District Courts No. 1 and No. 2. Thomas Jefferson, as VicePresident, presided over the Senate during Mr. Adams' administration. Congress sat here from 1792 to 1799. Immediately opposite Independence Hall are the Americai 54 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Hotel, the rooms of the Philadelphia Press Club, and the office of the Actdams Express Comnpany. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth streets is the splendid brown-stone building of the Public Ledger. It is one of the most perfectly appointed newspaper offices in the world, and is a noble monument to the energy and ability of Mr. George W. Childs, its proprietor, who has made the Ledger one of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals in the Union. On the northwest corner is the office of The Day, and a few doors above is the office of the Evening Bulletin, the - O oldest afternoon paper in l the city. Almost immedi- - e - i ately opposite the Bulletin _______ _ RWANDIE:: is the office of the German Demioe',at, a showy build-! Aig; atd on the southwest corner o f Seventh and 1' A( i Chestnut is the office of The Piess. A few doors above se Seventh, on the north si de _ of Chestnut, is the office of a The, Timiies. __ _ At the northeast corner al of Seventh is Guy's Hlotel, a handsome building of GEAN DEocRAT BUILDNG. white marble. The hotel is conducted on the European plan, and is an excellent house. The heavy business of the street may be said to end at Seventh street, at which point the fashionable promenade begins. Above this, the stores are chiefly retail establishments, and in the next eight squares are collected the handsomest and most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-furnishing, carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are palatial structures, and in the majority the display of goods is 55 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. rich and beautiful. The windows are dressed with great taste, and afford a constantly changing series of pictures unsurpassed by any street in the world. The scene on the street is always brilliant. The whole fashionable world turns out here to see and be seen in fine weather, and from two to six in the afternioon the street is thronged with elegantly dressed people, and showy carriages and other vehicles. On the north side, above Seventh, is the elegant front of the GUY'S HOTEL. (~t( Jfasointc Temple. It is a conspicuous object on the street, and at the time of its erection was considered the most elegant structure of its kind in the country. It is now eclipsed by the new Temple on Broad street, and having been deserted by the brethren, is being converted into a hotel. At the southeast corner of Ninth and Chestnut is the (Continental Hotel, the largest in the city, and esteemed by experienced travellers the best in the Union. It is six stories in height, and covers an area of 41,536 square feet of ground. a56 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Chestnut street front is built of Albert and Pictou sandstone, and is elegant and tasteful in design. The Ninth and Sansom street fronts are of a fine quality of pressed brick. The hotel was opened in February, 1860, and has done a steady and prosperous business ever since. It has acconmmodations for 1000 guests, and is famous as setting a better table than any American hotel. All of its appointments are elegant and substantial, and combine solid comfort with beauty. Elevators convey guests and their luggage fiom the ground-floor to the CONTINENTAL HOTEL. sixth story; telegraph wires radiate from the hotel to all parts of the world; the traveller may purchase his ticket to his destination and check his baggage before leaving the house; and most of the necessities and many of the luxuries of life may be had from the stores under the same roof. The cost of the building was $1,000,000. Immediately opposite the Continental is the Girird House, a stately edifice of brown-stone, erected at a cost of $500,000. It is considered the second hotel in Philadelphia, and is a for 58 V> GROUP OF VASES, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. lr6 ( I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. midable rival to the Continental. It has accommodations for 800 guests. The eastern half of the square, bounded by Chestnut, Market, and Ninth streets, is the site on which the new Post-OfSce is being erected. An appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made for this work, and the Post-Office will be a splendid and perfectly arranged building. It will be constructed of granite, and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of $6,000,000. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the "Burd Block," built of white mnarble, and consisting of three beautiful and magnificent stores-the handsomest on the street. At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the building of the GIRARD) HOUSE. New York MS tual Life Insurance Company. It stands on the site of the old Keene mansion, and is a magnificent structure of light Rhode Island granite, in the Renaissance style. It is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and one of the handsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was $1,000,000. On the north side of Chestnut, above Tenth, is the American Theatre, better known as Fox's. It is a gaudy structure, stands on the site of the old Academy of Fine Arts, and will seat 2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number of elegant stores. The Amnerican Sunday-Sehool Union occupies a handsome granite edifice on the south side of the street, between Eleventh 59 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and Twelfth. It was erected in 1854, and is the head-quarters and central office of this vast organization. Girard Row, on the opposite side of the street, contains a number of handsome stores. One of these is occupied by the art galleries of C. F. Haseltine, a place which no lover of art should fail to visit. B3ailey's Jewelry Store, at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Twelfth, is a superb edifice of white marble. It is the largest establishment of its kind iil the city, and is richly worth CHEwSTN'T STREET AT TWELFTII. a visit. The building is owned by Dr. S. S. White, manufacturer of dental materials, Ahio occupies all the upper floors. On the north side of the street, above Twelfth, are the C(7Icstnut Street Tleatre, the leading society theatre of the city, and Concert IIrtll. The United States Miii Stands on the north side of Chestnut street, above Thirteenth. The building is principally of brick, faced in front with white marble ashler. It is in the Ionic order, and the front is ornamented with a wide portico of beautiful design, supported by 60 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. six large pillars, and approached by a flight of wide steps. The United States Mint was established by Act of Congress, in April, 1792, and in 1794 David Rittenhouse was appointed by President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh street, near Market, was first used, and there copper cents were A CIIESTNLTT STREET DRY-GOODS STORE. coined in 1793. Silver dollars were coined the next year, and gold eagles in 1795. Until 1826 all the work of coining was done by hand, but in that year steam machinery was introduced. The present structure was begun in 1829, and was finished in 1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others 61 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY being merely branches of this establishment. It is one of the most complete and perfectly equipped institutions of its kind. The steam-engine and the coining a.nd mnillinig machinery are exceedingly intricate and costly. The steam-engine used for driving the coining machinery is one of the most perfect and beautiful pieces of machinery in existence. The largest scale used in the mint will weigh 6000 ounces of metal, and the smallest one-thirteenth-hundredth part of a grain. Of late years the mint has been largely engaged in coining money for China and Japan. The probable resumption of specie payments at an early day will no doubt restore to this institution its old time activity. The operations of the mint are conducted with the most scrupulous integrity. The government has never lost a cent's worth by the dishonesty of any of the officials or employcs since the institution was establislie(l. Visitors are admitted from 9 to 12 each day, and the officis of the mint take pleasure in explaining the coining and otlher processes. There is a valuable and extensive cabinet of riaie and curious coins attached to the mint. Some of the coins ate of a date 700 years before the Christian era. Nearly opposite the mint is the new building of the Pres)ytericun EBoarc of Publication. It is built of white granite, with trimmings of polished Aberdeen stone. At the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth streets is the magnificent new building of the Young Meit's Chlristiat Association. The ground-floor is devoted to stores, but the upper floors are used by the Association. It is the handsomest building owned by this society in the United States. At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the Colonnade Hotel, a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in height. It is a first-class hotel, and has accommodations for 700 guests. At the northwest corner is the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany. Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Reform Club Hoiuse, a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitted up ill superb style. 62 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Beyond Fifteenth, Chestnut street is lined with handsome residences, to within a short distance of the Schuylkill. The most beautiful and costly of these is the mansion built by the late Dr. Jayne, at the southeast corner of Nineteenth street. On the north side of Chestnut, above Eighteenth, is the Tabernacle Baptist Church. The Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge of iron, with stone piers. Beyond the river the street is built COLONNADE HOTEL. up regularly for of elegant villas. a few squares, but then gives way to a series Walnut Street. The lower part of Walnut street is devoted entirely to business At the corner of Second and Walnut is a large four-story birownstone building known as "Anthracite Block," as it is occupied entirely by persons engaged in the coal trade. This part of the street is principally devoted to the same interest. Just above Secend street Dock street intersects Walnut 63 m ~ ~ ~ -f~__ CHETINT 6REE L'tll(~EOVEI T IE C \t-LKILL, P. TIHIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and Walnut streets stands - The Merchants' Exchange. This is the most conspicuous feature of this portion of Philadelphia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is used for the purposes indicated by its name; and the large rotunda on its eastern side has lately been fitted up at great expense for the daily sessions of the Philadelphia Board of Brokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream of running water. In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of the Exchange, is the Cormmercial Excheange. It is a handsome building of brick and brown-stone. with a tower The lower hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their daily meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the MERCHANTS' EXCItANGE. 5 65 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY United States Signal Service. The building stands on the site of the "Old Slate Roof House," which was so called because it was at that time the only house in Philadelphia provided with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his family with him, and John Penn, the only native American of the family, was born here. General Forbes, Braddock's successor, died here, and General Henry Lee, the famous "Light-Horse Harry" of the Revolution, was buried from here. John Adams, John Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here for a while. Washington was a frequent visitor to the house. At the southeast corner-of Walnut and Third streets is the building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Comlpany, one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of Third street is the office of the Sunday Dispatch. Between Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal offices. On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Companies. The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway than any other organization in the world. The building of this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy granite. The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard. Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth; and diagonally opposite, at the corner of Sixth, is Washington Square, both of which have been already described. This is a region of lawyers' and real estate agents' offices; a number of insurance offices are also located here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Washington Square is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, the first savings bank established in America. It began in a small way in 1816, and its depositors. now number 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000. On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the 66 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIONi. Walnut Street Theatre, once the leading theatre of the Union. It was the scene of many of the most memorable triumphs of Kean, Kemble, Forrest, Macready, and the elder and younger Booth. Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth is the I RESIDENCE OF GEO. W. CHILDS, WALNUT STREET. building occupied by city offices of the Un?ted States (Centennial Commission. Immediately opposite is the office of the Centennial Board of Finance. On the north side of the street, just below Tenth street, is the Jrving House, a fashionable hotel, with accommodations for 200 guests. The business portion of Walnut street may be said to end 67 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY at Tenth street. Beyond this the street is occupied by dwellings, which, above Twelfth street, are among the handsomest in the country. Marble, brown-stone, granite, and free-stone alternate with brick, and give to the street an appearance more varied than that of Fifth Avenue, and almost as handsome. Rittenhouse Square, already described, is at the intersection of Eighteenth and Walnut streets. The residences surrounding it are especially attractive, and afford a fair sample of the higher class of the domestic architecture of the city. At the upper end of Rittenhouse Square is the Church of the Holy Trinity, a handsome brown-stone edifice with a square tower and pinnacles of the same material. At the southeast corner of Twenty-first and Walnut is one of the most beautiful specimens of church architecture in Philadelphia. It is the property of the Presbyterian denomination, and is known as the Second Presbyterian Church. The line of residences ceases abruptly about a square from the river. Beyond the Schuylkill it is taken up again, and Walnut street forms one of the most beautiful thoroughfares of West Philadelphia. At Thirty-ninth and Walnut is the palatial residence of Anthony J. Drexel, the well-known banker, and one of Philadelphia's most useful citizens. It is a splendid specimen of villa architecture. Arch Streetf. Arch street is the next great thoroughfare north of Market street, and extends from the Delaware to the Sehuylkill. It is a wide and handsome avenue, the lower part of which is given to business. It is a street which retains more traces of the Philadelphia of half a century ago than any of the great highways of the city, and is quieter and more staid than either Market or Chestnut. It is one of the brightest and most attractive of the city thoroughfares, and forms a pleasing contrast to either of those just mentioned. At the corner of Fourth and Arch, surrounded by a high brick wall, is the Meeting House of the Orthodox Friends. Philadelphia owes her prosperity to-day, in a great measure, to 68 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere and modest virtues of the Quaker will always command the grateful reverence of the people. At the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets is Old Christ Church Graveyard. It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the same time the ground on which Christ Church stands was acquired, and the first internient was made here in 1700, five years after-.-.;wards. Many prominent, men are buried here. _- _= Here lie the bones of Peyton RI andolph, the. President of the first Con-:_.1: am tinental Congress; Fran- __ cis Hlopkinson, a — igner I of the Declaration of In -____ wall, at the upper end of F the cemetery, are the: _ graves of Benjamii l lIC A.1) SIXTH STIIE,,TS. Franklin, and Deborah, his wife. In 1858, a portion of the wall was removed and an iron railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and statesman, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last resting-place, bearing an inscription dictated by Franklin himself, with the exception of the date. It reads thus: " BENJAMIN ) and FRANKLIN. DEBORAH J 1790." What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous 69 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY inscriptions in Laurel Hill! Franklin needed no monument over his tomb, no epitaph, to keep his memory green in Philadelphia. His monuments lie all over the city. Among the most prominent are the Philadelphia Library, the American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Hospital, the University of Pennsylvania, and Christ Church. Adjoining the grave of Franklin is that of his daughter BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Sarah, and her husband, Richard Bache. It is marked by a similar slab. At the southwest corner of Fifth and Arch is an ancient building, erected during the latter part of the last century for the use of the Free Quakers. It is now occupied by the Apprentices' Library Company, which was established in 1820, "for the use of apprentices and other young persons, without charge of any kind, for the use of books." On the north side of Arch street, above Sixth, is the Arch Street Theatre, a handsome marble front building. The interior is one of the best arranged and most comfortable in the city. 70 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. On the same side, above Seventh, is the St. Cloud Hotel, a handsome building, with a brown-stone front, with accommodations for 400 guests. At the northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel Wood's Museum, a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmons' and Slocum's Opera Hou,se. _ iTh>\~ ST. CLOUD HOTEL. On Arch above Tenth, on the south side, are the Methodist Book Rooms. At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the Areh Street Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the stateliest church edifices in the city. It was completed in 1873, is constructed entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style, 71 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY with a spire rising to a height of 233 feet. Its cost was over $250,000. At the northwestern corner is St. John's Lutheran Church. It is built of serpentine stone, with gray sandstone and iHummel-stone dressings. The tower, which is not yet completed, will be massive in its proportions, and very beauti ARCH STR,EET METHODIST CHURCH. fil. The interior decorations are very rich, and the altar is one of the handsomest in this country. The church is built in the florid German Gothic style, and will cost when completed about $300,000. At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the First Baptist Church, one of the oldest organizations of that de 0 72 I-:!111'. SHOW-CASES IN TIIE CHINESE DEPARTMENT, MAIN BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. nomination in this country. The congregation was formed in 1684. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 225 feet in height. The interior is very handsome. Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences, many of which are very handsome. Many of the "solid men" of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is the West Arch Street Presbyterian Church, a splendid edifice, much admired by the people of the city. Broad 8Sreet. Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an unbroken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet along this entire length. The southern terminus of the street is at League Island, a low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard. Work was begun upon it almost immediately, and about a year ago the Navy Yard was transferred to it from its old quarters higher up the river. We shall refer to it again in another portion of this work. For some distance north of League Island, Broad street is bordered by truck farms, and is ornamented with a double row of trees. Several handsome churches and some fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At the northwest corner of Broad street and Washington avenue is the Depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, or, as it is more commonly called, "the Baltimore Depot." It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs of this prosperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, to which we shall refer again. At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvan,ia 73 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Institution for the Deaf and D1umb. This noble charity was organized in 1820, by Bishop White, and in 1821 was incorporated by the State. The building presents a front of cut stone, with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a BETH-EDEN BAPTIST CHURCH. frontage of 200 feet. The State of Pennsylvania makes a lib. eral appropriation every year towards its support, and the States of Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to it, and send their deaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits. At the northwest corner of Spruce street is Beth-Eden Church, the property of the Baptists. It is a superb edifice, and when 74 I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. its spire is completed, will be one of the most perfect specimenls of church architecture in America. On Broad street above Locust is Horticultural Hall, the property of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which was incorplorated in 1827. HORTICULTURAL HALL. Immediately above Horticultural Hall, and separated from it by a space of a few yards, is the American Academy of Music, The most capacious and elegant opera house in the country. It was completed on the 26th of January, 1857, and was opened with a notable ball. It is still used for the grand balls of the Philadelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridge is thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticultural Hall, and the two buildings are used in common. The Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trimmings, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but 75 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior. The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100 feet deep. The proscenium is richly ornamented, and the boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Corinthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously upholstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which are rows of private boxes the family circle, and the amphitheatre. ACADEMY OF MUSIC. The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to those of the prosceniun, but smaller. The dome is frescoed to represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, handsotnely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms, etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony, which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer, 76 OF THE CEN'TENNIAL EXHIBITION'. which is located immediately over the main lobby. The building will comfortably seat 3000 persons, and has held as many as 4000 sitting and standing. Its estimated value, with it: scenery and other appointments, is $800,000. On the southeast corner of Broad and Locust streets is The Colosseum. It stands directly opposite the Academy of Music, and is one of the most noticeable buildings in the city. It wva originally erected at the corner of Broadway and Thirty-fiftlh street, in New York, but was taken down, transferred to Philadelphia, and rebuilt here in the spring of 1876. As it constitutes one of the most prominent places of interest in the city the whole year round, a brief description of it will be of interest to the reader. The building is cylindrical in form, and has a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and 126 feet at the eaves. The height from the pavement to the under side of the roof is 77 feet; The foundations are of masonry, capped with granite blocks. The walls are constructed of wrought-iron frame work. T irons, 31 by 321 inches, are set upright, 6 feet apart at the base, and 3 feet apart at the top, and are connected at intervals of 7 feet 6 inches by T and angle-irons bolted to them, the whole forming a kind of ladder. There are twentyeight of these ladders placed round the circumference, all secllrely joined together. Wooden braces are added to the panels of the ladders. The outside, 405 feet in circumference, andl 75 feet high, is covered with corrugated iron. Being constructed in this way it can be seen how it was possible to take the building down in New York and ship it to Philadelphia, although the undertaking was a laborious one, and attended by enormous expense. The roof is covered with tin, and contains forty-eight skylights. Within the building is a promenade 94 feet in diameter, and 300 feet in circumference. It is fitted with ornamental columns and pilasters, and has fitf'teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beauty. The main entrance to the building is at the corner of Broad and Locust streets, the facade of ornamental galvanized iron stand-ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The facade is 32 feet wide, and 65 feet high. The whole building is beauti 7 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fully frescoed in bright colors. The engine for working the elevator is in the basement at the centre of the structure, and the boiler at the rear of the lot, entirely separated from the building. There will be no fire whatever in the Colosseum, (the heating being done by steam-pipes), except gaslights, and every precaution in the shape of plugs, hose, &c., will be used to guard against accident. A great feature of the Colosseum is the tower. This substructure arises from the ground in the interior of the building, around it running the promenade already described. It is 38 feet 6 inches in diameter at the base, and formerly terminated at the roof-line. In reconstructing the building on the Philadelphia site, the tower was run up to a total height of 166 feet, with a diameter at the top of 20 feet. The tower has a balcony 113 feet above the pavement-line, 47 feet in diameter. From this point the tower takes a conical form, decreasing in width as it rises. At a height of 141 feet from the pavement, a second balcony is reached, with a diameter of 33 feet. The balconies are each 4 feet wide outside the tower, and protected by substalntial railings. The two balconies will accommodate from 250 to 300 people at one time. An Otis steam elevator, capable of carrying forty persons at a time, is run from the ground to the upper balcony, whence there will be an iron stairway on the outside of the tower giving access to the summit, twenty-five feet above, where fifty or more persons may be accommodated at one time. This topmost space is protected by a high and strong iron railing. The tower is composed of sixteen "ladders" similar to those used in the construction of the main building. On the inside is a heavy framing of timber, extending from the floor to the top, and braced to the iron work, within which the elevator works. In addition to the elevator, a staircase seven feet wide runs round the interior of the tower to the top. At an appropriate point is hung a chime of bells. Here it may be stated that the cost of the Colosseum in New York was 8250,000. The extension of the tower and the cost of tearing down, shipping and rebuilding, brought the total value of the 78 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I P. ~~~~ ~~Ii ( I, I. j i i 1; , I I'I, i, ! ) i I i I I , I 11 i i I I i !" i i l i iii I. l I, i, , ,, i i i ii . i 4 I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. investment at Broad and Locust streets, apart from the paint ings, to a sum not far short of half a million. It is expected that the tower will- prove a great point of at traction to residents and visitors. There is no place in the vicinity from which so good a bird's-eye view of Philadelphia can be had, nor under such pleasant circumstances. A few steeples in the city have the requisite elevation, but there are no accommodations in them for visitors, who are forced to climb the whole distance. At the Colosseum tower the visitor is taken up by an elevator, and all the surroundings will be of a nature suited to the class of citizens who will be attracted to the spot. Arrived at the first balcony, the sight-seer may either there satisfy his curiosity, or again entering the elevator, may be carried still higher up the shaft to the second balcony. If hie has yet further aspirations, he may take the outside stair way to the extreme top. It is probable ladies will not much affect the last stage of the journey, but it will be perfectly safe for those who choose it. It is evident that visitors may gaii a more correct and immediate idea of the topography of Phila delp'hia through this medium than by any other means at hand in the city. The building is designed expressly for the exhibition of the magnificent panorama of Paris, which has attracted so much attention in that city and in New York. The picture shows "Paris by Night," and is the work of Messrs. Danson & Son, artists of eminence. It covers over 40,000 square feet-or more than an acre-of canvas, and represents a territory of about seven square miles. Every street and every building of prominence or interest in all this wide space is depicted on the canvas with absolute correctness. The great capital is shown in its most magnificent mood, and the painting has a reputation among artists higher than that of the "Old London." In its illusion "Paris by Night" surpasses all works of this kind ever devised. It is almost impossible to escape the impression that one is indeed looking down upon an enormous living and breathing city. Drawing and perspective are perfect, and Paris, absolutely as it was before the Communistic spoilers 79 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ravaged it in parts, is practically before the gazer. All persons who have been in Paris will take delight in refreshing their memories by this means, and it will give the greater number who have not been there an excellent idea of the place where all "good Americans go when they die." The Cyclorama is arranged by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur face of the circular edifice, its lower edge, however, not coming to within twenty-five feet of the ground floor, that space being filled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascending the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a central platform, looking downward from which he sees the sparkling city spread seemingly for miles around him. The idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the queer French spoken by the people around him. To further carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made to extend far up and beyond the platform, and is painted to represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pours its full soft light over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting with the myriad illuminations which make gay the Boulevards, the bridges, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which there is a perfect simulation of a storm over the city. The moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city are blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenic effect universally excites admiration and astonishment. At the southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new St. George Hotel, a first-class house, with accommodations for 400 guests. On the west side of Broad, north of Walnut, is the Union League Club House. This magnificent edifice is the property of the Club whos name it bears. It is built of brick, with brown-stone trimmings, in the French Renaissance style, and cost over $200,000. It was finished in May, 1865. It is sumptuously and tastefully furnished, and has all the appointments of a first-class club 80 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. house. Its restaurant is excellent, and it contains many valuable paintings, statues, and busts. The club has now a membership of over two thousand. It was organized in 1862 for the avowed purpose of giving to the general government "an unwavering support of its efforts for the suppression of the rebellion." Immediately above the "League House" is the La Pierre House, one of the mnost elegant hotels of the city, with aceomimodations for over 200 guests. UNION LEAGUE CLUB HOUSE. A Presbyterian church, with a handsome Corinthian portico, stands opposite the "League House," and immediately above Chestnut street is another on the same side of Broad street. The line of Broad street is interrupted a little above Chestnut street, by the enormous pile of the new Public Buildlngs, now in course of erection for the use of the municipal government. The building is surrounded by a grand avenue, 135 feet wide on the southern, eastern, and western fronts, and 205 feet 6 81 i Tl- E ILLUSTrRATED HISTORY. w\ide on the northern fi'ont. The plan submitted by Mr. John McArthur, Jr., architect, was adopted. It is essentially modern in its leading features and presents a rich example of whlat is known by the generic term of thle "t:enaissance," modified and ad(apted to the varied and extensive requirements of a great Aimericani municipality. It is designed in the spirit of FIrench art, admirable in its ornamentation, while the whole efllect is one of miassive dignity, wortlhy of us and our posterity. This immense arechlitectu-ral pile covers, exclusive of thle courtyard, an area of nearly 4-2 acres, and consists of one building, LA PIEPR,RE IHOUSE. surrounding an interior court-yard. The north and south fronts measure 470 feet, the east and west 486C- feet, in their extreme length. The four fronts are similar in their design. In the centre of each an entrance pavilion, of 90 feet in width, rises to the heightL of 185 feet, having rece(dinrg vwings of 128 feet elevation. The fronts terminate at the four corners with towers or pavilions of 51 feet square and 145 feet high. The whole exterior is bold and effective in outline, and rich in detail, being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters, pediments, cornices, enriched windows, and other approp)riate adornment. Archways of 18 feet in width by 86 feet in height, opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute 82 TIIE NEW PUB1LIC 3UILDINGS, THE NATIONAL MUSEUM" IN INDEPENDENCE ItALL. 83 R THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the four principal entrances, and at the same time afford passages for pedestrians up and down Broad and Market streets, directly through the buildings. The basement is 18 feet in height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Its exterior is of fine white granite, of massive proportions, forming a fitting base for the vast superstructure it supports. The exterior, above the basement, embraces a principal story of 36 feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, with all attic over the central pavilions of 30 feet, and over the corner pavilions of 12 feet, all of white marble, from the Lee quarries, ill Butler county, Massachusetts, wrought, in all its adornments, to express American ideas and develop American genius. In the centre of the group a court-yard of 200 feet square affords light and air to all the adjacent portions of the building. From the north side of this space rises a grand tower which wil! gracefully adorn the public buildings, and at the same time will be a crowning feature of the city, as St. Peter's is of Rome, and St. Paul's of London. The tower, which is so deeply and strongly founded, is 90 feet square at the base, falling off at each story until it becomes, at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A statue of the founder of Pennsylvania, 20 feet in height, will crown the structure and complete the extraordinary altitude of 450 feet, mnaking it the highest tower in the world. The entire structure will contain 520 rooms, giving ample, convenient, and stately provision for all the departments of the city government, including heat, light, and ventilation, and the whole is to be absolutely fire-proof and indestructible. The several stories will be reached by four large elevators, placed at the intersections of the leading corridors. In addition to these there will be large and convenient stairways in the four corner buildings, and a grand staircase in each of the centre pavilions, on the north, south, and east fronts. It is computed that the entire cost of the work will be near ten millions of dollars, and that it will be completed in ten years from the day when the first spadeful of earth was removed. Opposite the northwest corner of the public buildings is the 84 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. School of Designfor Women, the only institution of the kind in America. It was founded in 1848 by Mrs. Peter, and the work of the school consists in training women gratuitously in the business of mechanical drawing, and thus enabling them to acquire a pleasant and profitable means of support. NEW MASONIC TEMPLE. At the northeast corner of Broad and Filbert streets is the new Masonic Temple, Cape Ann syenite of a grayish white color. corner a grand tower rises to a height of 85 A massive edifice of At the southwestern THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 230 feet. It is built of stone also. At the northwestern corner there is another, but a lower, tower. The main entrance is in the centre of the western or Broad street front, and is protected by a beautiful Norman porch of Quincy granite. The temple is 150 feet in length, with a side elevation of 90 feet. Its appearance is massive and beautiful. All the stone of which it was built was dressed at the quarry, and was brought to the city ready to be set up in its place. It may, therefore, be said of this temple as it was of Solomon's, that "There was neither hammer nor ax, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building." The temple is devoted entirely to Masonic purposes, and its interior decorations are very beautiful and costly. It is fitted up with halls for the different branches of the Masonic order, each hall representing a distinct school of architecture, and each a model of beauty and magnificence. The temple was five years in process of erection, and cost $1,300,000. The public buildings, the Masonic temple, and the churches at the intersection of Broad and Arch streets give to this portion of Broad street a magnificence unsurpassed in any city of the country, and in striking contrast with the appearance of the street north of Arch. Crossing Arch street, the visitor enters upon a region of warehouses, shops, and lumber yards, which it is to be hoped will ere long give place to buildings more suited to this fine street. This state of affairs continues as far as Callowhill street. The only building of note in this part of the street is the new Academy of Fine Arts. The academy was founded in 1805 by the subscriptions of private citizens of Philadelphia. For many years it was located in a building on the site of the present Chestnut Street Theatre. In 1870 it was determined to remove to a larger and better building, and the present edifice was begun a year or two later. It is an elaborately ornamented building with a frontage of 100 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 258 feet on Cherry street. The Broad street front is two stories in height. The wall is laid in patterns of red and white brick, with light stone trimmings, and the ornaments consist of encaustic tiles, and statue of terra cotta. The effect 86 ' —ffi~''L'Y CD D o Q Qt: ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 X W _. ~ X C'D ~. -~ (D ,' I>-o \//~~~x ~~~ I I I - OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. is novel and rich. The Cherry street front is constructed of like materials. It is relieved by an elegant colonnade supporting a row of arched windows, back of which rises a transept with a pointed gable. The collections of the academy are the most valuable in the country, and among them are the masterpieces of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, and other eminent artists. These are arranged in handsome galleries. The cost of the building was $300,000. The galleries are open to the public at. stated times. A slight admission fee is charged. At Broad and Callowhill streets is the Depot of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. This road is one of the direct routes to the Centennial Exhibition grounds. Diagonally opposite, immediately below Spring Garden street, are the Baldwin Locomotive TVorks, one of the largest establishments in the world. Three thousand men are employed here, and -one locomotive is completed in every eight working hours. It is worthy of mention that Oliver Evans, a Philadelphian, was the first to propose the use of a locomotive in America, and that M. W. Baldwin, the founder of these works, was the first to manufacture one. On the east side of Broad, above Spring Garden street, is the Boys' Central High School, above which rises an observatory. It is considered one of the best schools in the Union. Next door to it is the North Broad Street Presbyterian Church, a handsome edifice of brown-stone, with a lofty spire. The building next beyond it is the Jewish Synayogue of Rodef Shalom, a rich and striking specimen of Saracenic architecture. The interior is fitted up with great magnificence. Above Green street the character of Broad street undergoes a change, and the visitor enters a region built up with some of the handsomest residences in the city. Some of these are magnificent, and all are elegant and tasteful. The street is bordered on each side with a row of fine trees, which add greatly to its beauty. It is a popular drive and promenade, and on Sunday afternoons and other fine days presents an animated and attractive scene. At the southwest corner of Master street is the 87 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY handsome residence formerly occupied by the late Edwin Forrest. It was erected by him in 1859. It is now used as a hotel. Diagonally opposite the Forrest Mansion is the Memorial Baptist Church, built of green-stone, and in the form of an amphitheatre. Above Columbia avenue the street is more sparsely built up, and by degrees the houses become more scattered, until the visitor finds himself in the charming suburb that lies between the city proper and Germantown. Third Street. From Market to Walnut, Third street is the "Wall street" of Philadelphia, and is given up to the bankers and brokers of the city. It is lined with banking establishments and brokers' offices, and its ways are as dark and its tricks as vain as those which have made the financial centre of New York famous. Fortunes are made and lost quickly here; and the street has witnessed some gigantic operations, and some tremendous failures in its day. North of Chestnut is the Merchants' Bank, with a fine Corinthian portico. Nearer to Chestnut, on the east side of the street, is the banking-house of Drexel & Co., the leading establishment of its kind in the city. It has branches in New York, London, and Paris. At the southeast corner of Third and Chestnut is the Vandyke Building, used by the Western Union Telegraph Company as its central office. One hundred and seventeen lines of telegraph radiate from this building to the different parts of the country: fifty-six to New York, eighteen to the West, and forty-three to the South. Lower down the street is the Tradesmrnen's Bank, a showy building; and at the corner of Dock street is the Penn Building, the first iron building erected in the city. On the west side of Third street, between Chestnut and Walnut, is The Girard Bank. This is a handsome edifice, and is faced with white marble. It is ornamented with an elegant portico with fiuted-marbla 88 ~ II ~ Id~~\' V; HQ;I _ t-11(> - 41 _ r OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Corinthian columns. On the pediment is an American eagle. The cornice and the pediment are of wood, and the capitals of the columns are of lead. The building was erected in 1795, and was then considered the handsomest public edifice in the city. It was built for and occupied by the First Bank of the United States, which had been chartered by Congress in 1791. The charter of the bank expired by limitation in 1811, and Congress refilused to renew it. Stephen Girard, the famous Philadelphia merchant, who had accumulated a large fortune by his ventures in the East India trade, was a warm friend of the bank, which he regarded as the cause of a very great part of the prosperity of the country. He was so sure that Congress would renew the charter that, in 1810, he ordered the Barings, of London, to invest all his funds in their hands in shares of the Bank of the United States. This was done to the amount of half a million of dollars. When the charter expired, he was the principal creditor of the bank. Discovering that he could purchase the old bank building and the cashier's house for $120,000, he at once secured them, and on the 12th of May, 1812, opened the Girard Bank with a capital of $1,200,000, which he increased the next year by $100,000 more. He retained all the old officers of the Bank of the United States, and continued the cashier, Mr. George Simpson, in his position. He was greatly indebted to Mr. Simpson for the subsequent success of the bank. The breaking out of the second war with England, and the consequent suspension of specie payments, soon followed, and subjected his new enterprise to a severe strain. It was a matter of great doubt with Mr. Girard how he should preserve the integrity of his own institution, while the other banks were suspending their payments; but the credit of his own bank was effectually secured by the suggestion of his cashier, Mr. Simpson, who advised the recalling of his own notes by redeeming them with specie, and by paying out the notes of the State banks. In this way not a single note of his own was suffered to be depreciated, and he was thus enabled, 89 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in 1817, to contribute effectually to the restoration of specie payments. Mr. Girard was instrumental in securing the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States, and was its largest stockholder and one of its directors. When the books were opened for subscriptions to the stock of the bank, he waited until the last moment before the books were to be closed, and then came forward, and asked if all had subscribed who wished to do so. Being answered affirmatively, he asked how much of the capital remained uncalled for. He was told $3,100,000. To the surprise of all present, he said he would subscribe for that entire amount. At his death the capital of his own bank had increased to $4,000,000. By the terms of his will his bank building became the property of the city of Philadelphia. In 1833 the Girard Bank was chartered by the State, and began business in a portion of this building, which it still occupies, having, since 1864, become a national bank. The rest of the building is now occupied by the offices of the city treasurer and city controller. Immediately above the bank is the old banking-house of Jay Cooke & Co., whose failure a few years ago occasioned a heavy loss to the entire country. On the east side of Third below Walnut is the handsome light stone building of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. Almost immediately opposite is St. Paul's Episcopal Church, a venerable structure, erected in 1760, by a number of the congregation of old Christ Church, who had withdrawn from that parish because of the dismissal of the Rev. Dr. McClenaghan "without suffi cient cause." The church is rough-cast, and stands in a spacious enclosure, in the midst of long ranges of vaults covered with marble slabs. Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, is buried in one of these. At the southwest corner of Third and Pine streets is an old grave-yard, in the midst of which stands St. Peter's Episcopal Church. It was begun in 1758 and was finished in 1761. It was originally designed as, and was for many years, a chapel of Christ Church, by the congregation of which it was built. Dur 90 OF THIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. ing the Revolution it was occupied by the British when they h e l d the city, and was greatly damaged by them. In 1831 St. Peter's was separated fro m C hrist Church, and was mtnade all inde AVIARY, ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. pendent parish. The steeple is much more modern than the church. It is furnished with a chime of bells, the gift of a Mr. Wilcox, once a wealthy merchant of the city and a member of the congregation. 91 CHAPTER III. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876-CONCLUDED. Steam Railroads-Their Depots and Ticket Offices-Steamship Lines-The Philadelphia Markets-Prominent Churches-Cathedral-The oldest Pres byterian and Roman Catholic Churches-The old Swedes' Church-The Public Schools-University of Pennsylvania-The Medical Colleges-Girard College-The Philadelphia Library-Mercantile Library-Ridgway Library -Academy of Natural Sciences-Learned Societies-TlThe Zoological Gar dens-Benevolent Institutions-The Pennsylvania Hospital-Insane Asylum -Naval Asylum-Prisons-House of Correction-Places of Amusement Cemeteries-Newspapers-Banks-Gas and Water-Street Railways-The Water Front-The Delaware Shore-Port Richmond-The Coal Wharves -Ship Yards-Camden-Smithl's and Windmill Islands-Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad-The American Steamship Line-The Old Navy Yard-Greenwich Point-League Island-The Navy Yard-Fort Mifflin A Rieminiscence of the Revolution-The Schuylkill River-The Bridges The Fairmount and Girard Aveniue Bridges-The finest Bridge in America — West Philadelphia-Germantown-Manufactures and Commerce. NOWHERE are eight lines of railway entering the city of e'tj, Philadelphia, or terminating at Camden, on the op posite shore of the Delaware. These are as follows: ' ~-; The Pennsylvania Railroad, the depots of which are at Thirty-second and Market streets, in West Philadelphia, and at Kensington. The ticket offices of this road are located at the depot, and at 838 Chestnut street, 1348 Chestnut street, and 116 Market street. From the Kensington depot local trains run to points between Philadelphia and Trenton. The West Philadelphia depot is the arriving and starting point of trains from and to the West and New York. The old line of the Camden and Amboy road, now leased by the Pennsylvania Company, lies entirely in New Jersey, and the terminus is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. It 92 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. is the line. to New York by way of Amboy, and to points in New Jersey. The Philadelpitia and Reading Railroad. The depots of this road are at Thirteenth and Callowhill, and at Ninth and Green streets. The ticket offices are at 838, 624 and 732 Chestnut street, 317 Arch street, and at the depots. The Thirteenth street depot is the station for the main line to Reading and the anthracite coal regions. The Ninth and Green streets depot is the station for points on the Germantown and Norristown branches. The North Pennsylvania Railroad. The depot of this road is at Berks and American streets. It is a direct line to Bethlehem, Lehigh Valley, and the North and West. A branch of this road has just been constructed, connecting with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, at Bound Brook. It forms with that road a direct line to New York, and passengers over it enter that city by the New Jersey Central Berry, at the foot of Liberty street. The Philadelphia, Wilrnington and Baltimore Railroad. The depot of this road is on South Broad street, at the corner of Washington avenue. It is the only direct line from Philadelphia to Baltimore, Washington, and the South. It is also the route from Philadelphia to the West by way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, connection with which is made at Baltimore. The ticket offices of the road are at the depot, and at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. The TVest Chester Railroad. The depot of this road is at 3100 Chestnut street, in West Philadelphia, and its only ticket office at the same place. The road extends to West Chester. The New Jersey Southern Railroad. The depot of this road is in Camden. The Market Street Ferry connects with it. The ticket offices are at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. It is a direct line to Long Branch, Ocean Grove, and Sandy Hook, on the New Jersey coast. From the latter point connection is made with a steamer to New York. The Camden and Atlantic Railroad. This is the line to Atlantic City, on the New Jersey coast, the nearest and most 93 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. accessible sea-shore resort from Philadelphia. Atlantic City has long been famous as the best sea-bathing point on the coast, and is always crowded during the summer season with a brilliant and fashionable throng of visitors, in search of health and pleasure. Its proximity to Philadelphia-being only an hour and three-quarters distant-and the admirable facilities for reaching it afforded by the numerous fast trains between the two points, will enable visitors to the city of Philadelphia to spend a day or two at the sea-shore, and enjoy "a dip in the ocean," without trespassing upon the time set apart for their summer vacation. The depot is at the foot of Vine street. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street, and at the depot. The West Jersey Railroad. This line extends to Cape May, and to points in Western New Jersey, on the Delaware Bay. The depot is in Camden, and passengers are conveyed to it by the Market Street Ferry. The ticket offices are at 838 and 1348 Chestnut street. The road is controlled by the Pennsylvania Company. Passengers over any of these lines can procure their tickets, secure berths in sleeping-cars, and have their baggage checked and called for at their residences or hotels, at any of the city ticket offices namled above, thus saving themselves all trouble at the depot at the moment of departure. 8Steamship Lines. There are two steamship lines plying regularly between Philadelphia and European ports. These are the American &eamship Company, the splendid vessels of which have become noted as among the best and most comfortable on the ocean. The sailings of this line are weekly. It is a strictly American corporation, and the only one for this purpose in existence. Its success has been marked from the start. The International Steamship Company, or Red Star Ine, plying between Philadelphia and Antwerp, despatch their vessels fortnightly Philadelphia is connected with the principal ports on the Atlantic .eoast by steamship lines, which transact a steady and profitable 95 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY business. The various European steamship lines sailing from New York have offices in Philadelphia. Markets. The markets of Philadelphia are among the institutions of the city. In them are collected the vegetable products of the NTorth, South, East and West. It is the boast of the city that the provisions to be had here are always fresh and at moderate prices. Meats of all kinds, poultry, fish, ec,gs, butter, vegetables and fruits, are displayed in the greatest profusion and in the most tempting manner. The old sheds whicl, formerly disfigured the streets of the city are giving way to lhatl(lsome and commodious edifices of brick. At the corner of-' Mtarket and Twelfth streets, and on Fifth street near Chestnut, are two of the finest market-houses in the city. They are well worthi tt visit. Churches. A number of the most prominent churches of the city lihve been noticed in our description of the principal streets. A'\,v remain to be mentioned. The Cathed)al of St. Peter and St. Paul, situated on Eighteenlth street, facing Logan Square, is one of the most elaborate religious edifices in the city. It is the principal church of the PRomnan Catholic denomination, and a conspicuous object in any view of the city. The Most Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, D. D., afterwards Archbishop of Baltimore, was Bishop of the Diocese of Philadelphia from 1842 to 1851. Soon after his entrance upon his office, he inaugurated the movement for the erection of a new Cathedral, and fixed upon the Logan Square site as the proper place for it. The site was opposed by the clergy and many of the laity as too remote from the centre of the city; but the Bishop, who had an abiding faith in the growth of Philadelphia, carried his point, and on the 6th of September, 1846, the corner-stone of the Cathedral was laid. In 1857 Bishop Kenrick was promoted to the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and was succeeded by Bishop Wood, under whom the work was completed. It was dedicated with imposing 96 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. ceremonies in 1864. The architects were Napoleon Le Brun and John Notman. The building is of stone, and is built in the form of a cross, with a massive portico and a grand dome. It has a frontage of 136 feet, and a depth of 216 feet. The height of the apex of the (7%? CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AD ST. PA CATHEDRAL OF ST. P'ETER AND ST. PAUL. pediment from the pavement is 101-1 feet, the height of the dome is over 210 feet, and its exterior diameter is seventy-one feet. The architecture is of the most elaborate Roman Corinthian style There are no side windows-a feature in which the church differs from most of the buildings in this country-the 7 97 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY light being introduced almost wholly from above. The faiade is ornamiented with a portico supported by four immense Corinthian capitals~ sixty feet high, and six feet in diameter. On the frieze of thle pediment are cut the words "Ad Majoremn Dei Gloriamn." The interior of thle buildingl is cruciform, and is finished in a light stone which greatly resembles Paris stone, the effect of which is striking. The walls are freseoed with a fine painting of thle Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adorat,ion of the Shepherds, and withl figures of the four Evangelists. The crown of the dome is adorned with a painting representing the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin. The high altar and the various shrines of the church are constructed of marble, and are adorned with great ma,gnlificence. The interior is thus rendered one of the richest and most beautiflil in this country, and will bear comparison with many of the churches of Europe. The cost of the whole edifice was over $1,000,000. Adjoining the Cathedral are the chapel, used for early and week-day services, and the residence of the Bishop. Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington Square is The First Presbyterian Church. This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest Presbyterian congregation in Amnerica, but in 1835 it was discovered tlhat an older congregation existed at Relhobotlh, on the Eastern Shiore of Maryland. The records of the church go back to 1698, in which year the congregation was worshipping with the Baptists in their cliurch on " Barbadoes lot," at the northwest corner of Chestnut and Second streets. The present building was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 1868 the church was 'under the pastoral care of the Rev. Albert Barnes, whose literary labors are too well known to the reader to need mention here. At doseph's Church, The oldest Ronoman Catholice chlurch in Philadelphia, is situated in Fourtli street just below Walnut, near the buildingt of the Reading Railroad om)paly. In 1733 several Jesuit tfathers purhbased the lot on which it stands, and erected a plain wooden OF THiE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. edifice. This was pulled down by the soldiers by order of the colonial authorities, was rebuilt, and pulled down a second time. A t hird time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers came to destroy it. This time the fathlers interposed the plea that the building, was their dwelling, as well as a church, and that as such they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suc I GETHSEMANE BAPTIST CHURCH. cessful, and the house was spared. The old church stood until 1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and the Continental Congress assenmbled here in it, at the close of the Revolution, to return to France, throuigh Lafayette, the thanks of the country for her aid in the RIevolution. Tihe present structure was erected in 1838. At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is 99 .:.., 1:1 e. THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The Third Presbyterian Church, Generally called "The Old Pine Church." It was organized in 1760 by a number of families who withdrew from the First Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn. The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768. During the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dragoons. Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David Rittenhouse, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edi. fice in the city, the Gloria Dei, or 8wedes' Church. It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadelphia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn's colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river. A year or two later they built log huts on the plateau beyond the river. "They were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk, too; gave their open hand to the English, who asked leave to settle on the land, and shut it against the Dutch, who claimed the land as a right... Nothing can be more pathetic than the letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager to Europe, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging that'godly men might be sent to them to instruct their children, and help themselves to lead lives well pleasing to God.' It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival of Rudman and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the Swedish king... Immediately after the arrival of Rudman ,and Bjork, Gloria Dei Church, known now in Philadelphia as a -, f,..w * 100 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. old Swedes', was built. It stood upon a green bank of the quiet river, Swan Swanson's being the only hut near by. On Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the women's horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even faraway Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or shirts of wolfskin on the branches of the trees before they went THE OLD SWEDES' CHURCH. in. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, hialf believing, and wholly afraid.. The church itself was built in a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the best articles out of his house when the money did not come in 101 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fast enough, and carrying the hod every day himself." Ths original church was built of logs, and served as a blockhlouse as well as a place of worship. It was built in 1677. The present edifice was erected on the same site iii 1700. It is built of brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over froim Sweden. In the churchyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist. It mnay be added here that William Penn scrupulously respected the rights of thle Swedish settlers, and purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city of Philadelphia. On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is 8St. Mark's EpiscoPal Church. It was erected in 1849, is built in the decorative Gothic style, and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully proportioned churches in the city. It is built of freestone, so nicely laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 150 feet in length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is very beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among( the finest in the country. The church is the property of one of the wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are grand and impressive. St. Clemnent's Church, at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme rintualistic establishment in the city. On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is St. George's Methodist EpiscoPal Church, The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism was established in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Thomas Webb, who held his meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets. He succeeded in forming the germn of the present congregation. In 1769 Richard Boardman and Joseph Pillmore were sent 102 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. over by John Wesley to talke charge of the Philadelphia church. Thlley preached in the present building, which had just been erected, and was known as " Our Preaching House." Francis Asb)lry, afterwards the great bishop, named it St. Georgye's, in 1781. In March, 1770, the first love-feast held ill Amierieca was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied the church as a riding-school. The chlurlch has had among its pastors four who became bishops in the Methodist Episcopal CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CIIURCII. Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott. The Central Congreygational Church, on Eighteenth street, at Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late Norman style, erected at a cost of $100,000. St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church is at the corner of Girard avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure, with a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The 103 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of Philadelphia. There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different denominations: DENOMINATION Number of Churche Advent Christian Church....................3...... Baptist........................................ 63 Bible Christians................................. 1 Christian Evangelist............................... 1 Christian Independent............................. 2 Church of God.................................... 1 Congregational................................... 2 Disciples of Christ................................ 2 Evangelical Association............................ 8 French Protestant Episcopal........................ 1 Friends (Orthodox)................... 6 " (Hicksite)................................ 8 " (Primitive)............................... 1 Hebrews.................................... 11 Lutheran (English).............................. 14 " (German)........................... 12 " (Independent)......................... 2 Mennonite...................................3 Methodist Episcopal........................... 89 " " African........................ 9 Methodist (Free)..................................1 Moravian........................................ 4 New Church (Swedenborgian)...................... 3 Presbyterian..................................... 75 " (Reformed Synod)..................... 3 " " (Original................... 1 a " (General Synod)............ 8 " (United)............................. 12 Protestant Episcopal.............................. 90 Reformed Episcopal............................... 3 " Church in the United States............... 16 Roman Catholic.................................. 43 Unitarian...................................... 2 Universalist......3............................3 Tbtal.................. 503 104 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Educational Establishments. The public schools of Philadelphia have long been famous for their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 396 school-houses in the city; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year 72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was $900,819; the whole amount paid for school purposes was $1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by 8,587 pupils. The private schools and academies are numerous and well attended. There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of these is the - University of Pennsylvania. This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy, founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments or schools, namely: the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, and the Law Schools. The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia, at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and Locust street. The University. buildings are constructed of serpentine stone, with the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio stone. When all are erected they will comprise a complete square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and convenience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes. The buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science, the Medical School, and the Hospital attached to the Medical School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure, three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital 105 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY is situated to the south of the School of Arts and Science, and stands in a lot given to the University by the city on condition of its niaintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law School is located in the first building mentioned. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty includes in its number some of the most eminient men in the Union. defferson Medical College Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at Cannon.sburg, Pa. It owes its existence principally to the exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its faculty the most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was rapid, and it has long been considered one of the first medical schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every part of the Union. The college building is a handsome structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class institution. 106 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOIN. The Iioiceopathic Medical College is situated on the northli side of Filbert street, above Eleventh. Attached to it is a large and well-conducted hospital. The college is regarded as one of the best schools of this branch of medicine inll existence. The College of Pliarmacy is on the east side of Tenth street belowv Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the education of chemists and apothecaries. Thankls to its effOrts the drug business of the counitiy has been placed mainly in the hands of educated phlarmaceutists. The College of Physicians Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising physicians, and its object is the investigation of "the diseases and remedies whichl are peculiar to this country." The membl)ers are divided into two classes: Fellows, or practising physiciaIns residing in the city; and Associates, who are eminiient physicians in other parts of the country. The college publishes a quarterly journal of its transactions, whichl is highlly valued b)y the profession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the sciences of medicine and surgery. Girard College Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whose name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of fortyfive acres, fionting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junction with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and strengtlhened with pilasters. By the terms of his will, Mr. Girard left the sum of six millions of dollars to trustees for the purpose of founding and maintaining a college for the free education and support of white male orphlans. The cost of the buildings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of $1,933,821 has been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of the vast legacy was to he klept as a fund for the support of the collegre, the interest only being used. The trustees in a recent 107 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, " it will soon be amnple to maintain as many orphans as the entire plot of ground can accommodate." The number of pupils in the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $190,000 is annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades. The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept. The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front. The college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the United States. It is constructed of pure white marble, and the general design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners. The building rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps, which extend around the entire edifice, thus givinlg to it an air of greater solidity and splendor. The building has a length GIRARD COLLEGE. 108 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform between the outer walls and the ranges of columns. The architecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The columns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and are surmounted by capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance from the top of the capitals to the apex of the pediment is 34 feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each side contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room, and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with marble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weighs 969~1 tons. The building is divided into three stories, and is used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace of the last material is anywhere visible to the eye. A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of the founder, and a room in tile building known as "Girard's Room" contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects. A numbl)er of fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height, with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of the pupils. MAr. Girard's will contained the following restrictions upon visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics are his own: "I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect whatsoever, shall hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said colleye: nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there is such a multitude of sects, 100 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to derive advantage from this l)equest, free from the excitement which clashing doetrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce; and my desire is, that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the schlolars the ptr2-est p?inciples of tnorality, so that, on tlheir entrance illto active life, they may, front inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards theirfellow-creatures, and a love of tr)uth, sobriety, and industry, adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their mnatured reason may enable them to prefer." ' When Mr. Duane had written this passage at Girard's dictation," says Mr. Parton, "a conversation occurred )etwveen them, which revealed, perhaps, one of the old gentleman's reasons for inserting it.'What do you think of that?' asked Girard. Mr. Duane being unprepared to comment on such an unexpected inrjunction, replied, after a long pause,'I can only say now, Mr. Girard, that I think it will make a great sensation.' Girard then said,' I can tell you something else it will do,-it will please the Quakers.' Hie gave another proof of his regard for the Quakelrs l)y naming tlhree of them as executors of his will; the whole number of the executors being five." The Pennsylvania Colleye of D)ental Su?gery is located at Tentlh alnd Arlch streets, and the Phtilactdelphia Dental College at 108S North Tenthl street. Both are flourishing institutions. The TWomnan's Jiedical College of Pennsylvania is at Twenty-first and North College avenue. The Polytechnic College of the State of Pennsylvatnia is on Market street above Seventeenth. The church institutions are the Accademy of the Protestant Episcopal Clthuch, at Locust and Juniper streets; the Theologiocal Semninary of the Evangelical iLutheran Crurech, at No.216 Fraikllin street; St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) College, at 317 Williing's alley; and thle Semninary of St. Clha)les Boriiom?,o, at Overbrook station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond Hestotville. The building of the last-named institution is a mag,nificent specimen of the Italian style of architecture. 110 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIB1TIyI. LIBRARIES. The principal library of the city is the Philadelphia Library. It was founded in 1731, by Benjaumin Franklin, Thomas Hopkinson, Thomas Cadwallader, and several other gentlemeln, Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan became interested in the enterprise at an early day, and instructed Mr. Hopkinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase books to the value of ~65. This was done, and the books were SEMINARY OF ST. CI-IHARLES BORROIEO. received in 1732. Thle library was made free to the public, but none but subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logani, were allowed to take the books from the building. This rule is still observed. Tile library grew slowly, and in 1782 the lheirs of James Logan presented the trustees with the valual)le Locjanian Library, which is Still kept as a separate collection. Thle two collections now number about 100,000 volumes. The library III THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed and occupied by the library in 1790. The Mercantile Library Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut. It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers, and in 1826 was made a stock company. The building used by the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with MERCANTILE LIBRARY. the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, $230,000. It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the principal newspapers and magazines of this country and Europe. It has also a cliess-room with twenty-four tables. It is managed upon the most liberal plan, and has a membership of 12,000. The Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands 112 OF THE;CENTENNIAL EXHIBI'TION. in the centre of'the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by a stone wall, except on the Broad street front, where the wall gives place to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid off in the most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage of 220 feet, and an extreme depth of 105 feet. The principal fagade faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to the central building and one to each of the wings. The porticos are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all, eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a platform which is reached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building. Tile main entrance is from the central portico, and leads illtO a vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 14 feet high, which opens into the main hall. This hall is cruciform, 84 feet in length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. The main hall will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etco Thlie wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wife. lThe building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush, who at his death bequeathed the land on which it stands, and the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. Wheil completed the Philadelphia Library Company will most likely exercise control over the "Ridgway Branch." The building is in all respects one of the most massive and superb edifices of its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and will always form one of the noblest of Philadelphia's public institutions. 8 1 —fa THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows: NAME. LOCATION. American Baptist Historical Society..........530 Arch Street. American Mechanics' Library.............Fourth and George Streets Atheneum Library.........................Sixth and Adelphi Streets Apprentices' Library Association.............500 Arch Street. Amnerican Protestant Hall and Library Asso'n..1415 Locust Street. Friends' Library...........................304 Arch Street. Germantown Library.......................4838 Germantown Avenue. James Page Library Company............... 208 East Girard Avenue. Library Association of Friends............... Race and Fifteenth Streets. Library of the German Society............24 South Seventh Street. Library of the Law Association..............532 Walnut Street. Mechanics' Institute Library.................1110 South Fifth Street. Moyamensing Library.......................Eleventh and Catharine Sts. Odd-Fellows' Library.......................806 North Third Street. Philadelphia City Institute Library........... Eighteenth and Chestnut Sts. Spring Garden Institute..................1349 Spring Garden Street. Southwark Library Company.................765 South Second Street. Wm. Brotherhead's Library..................205 South Thirteenth Street. West Philadelphia Institute Library..........4050 Market Street. Wagner Free Institute of Science............. Seventeenth and Montgomery. The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number 3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the Academy of Natural Sciences. This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentlemen for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period a museum and a library were established. These have been steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000 volumes. The museum contains over 250,000 specimens. Among these are "more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000 fossils, 70,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes,;:4 2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell — bearing mollusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles, 37,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs of 1500 species, 1000 mammals, and 900 skeletons and pieces of osteology." The 114 BAPTIST BOARD OF' PU BLFTATION, CHIESTNUT STREET. 115 THE ILILIUSTRATEI)D HISTO()RY collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruction is ftlrnished to a number of stud(elts. Visitors are admitted on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents. The moneyi is devoted to the purposes of the building fund. The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of Chestnut, haut a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was begun at the southwest corner of Nineteenth and Race streets. It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nineteenth street, and a depthi of 198 feet on Race street. It will l)e in the collegiate G-othic style, and will be constructed of ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. serpentine stone with triimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the north winvg has been completed, and into this the collections of the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire building with all its appointments will cost over $700,000. The American Philosophical 8ociety Occupies a quaint old building in Fifth street, immediately in the rear of Independence Hall. The society occupies the second floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Benjamnin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia, 116 i OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBIT'I()N. paving become interested in scientific studies, established a society of kindred spirits, which he called "The Junto." Its membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. (O)ut of this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743. Among its members have been some of the greatest mnen of our history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000() volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789. Among the most precious possessions of the society is the original draft of the Declaration of Independence in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson. The Pennsylvania Historical Society At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Pennsylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society was establishled in 1825, and for a number of years struggled onward in the face of great difficulties. It has now a membership of 600, a library of 12;000 volumes, and 80,000 pamphlets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical persoInages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of engravings and manuscr'pts, among which are William Penn's papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of American antiquities. The Franklin Insltitute Was incorporated in 1824, "for the promotion and encouragement of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts by popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of models and minerals, offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions submitted to them." The membership is open to all persons friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The building occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiments. 117 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There is also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock construceted by David Rittenhouse. The Institute has done and is doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in this country. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia, After an existence of many years, has but recently become prominent among the learned associations of Philadelphia. It has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract was originally known as "Solitude," and was the residence of John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn. The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoological Society have fitted up their garden with a number of handsome improvements, consisting of a monkey-house, a beaverdam, deer and buffalo parks, a winter-house for animals from the tropics, three large stone bear-pits,'and an aviary. The collection of animals is already very large, and is being increased. It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to inone in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twentyfive cents for adults, and ten cents for children. Besides the above associations are the Arnerican Eitomologie(rl Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Germantown S(ientific Association, at 4836 Germantown avenue; the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets; and the Wagner Free.nstitute, at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue. Benevolent Institutions. The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union. We can mention here but a few of the more prominent. 118 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has been noticed in our account of Broad street. The Pennsylvania Hospital Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the institution for "the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure of lunatics." The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall, except ill the centre of the Pine street front. Through this open space the group of venerable buildings can be seen from the street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in 1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients were removed to the new hospital in West Philadelphia. The TVills' Hospital, in Race street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by a bequest of the late James Wills, for the treatmnent of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind Is at the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged building, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils, many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay for their instruction and support. The Municipal Hospital For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof. Adjoining it is the "Potter's Field," with its rows of nameless graves. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been already mentioned in connection with the University. The 119 : T HE, ILLUSTRATED'HISTORY -.I... IIBlock/ey Almshouse Lies south of the University and faces the Schuylkill. It eone sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high. P1LESBYTEitIAN BOARI) OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT ST. These are arranged as the four sides of a square. The number of inmates is about 3000, of whom 600 are in the insane departmecnt, and 200 more in the children's asylum. The buildings i20 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHI-BIT.ION. themselves cover an area of ten acres, and stand in a tract of 179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asylum. The city'of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thousand dollars in the support of this institution. On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets, in West Philadelphia, is the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, WVhich was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with a central edifice and wings, with Doric porticos, and a filne dome over one hundred feet high. One of these buildings is occupied by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400. The Presbyterian Hiospital, at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets; the Hospital of Christ Church, on Belmont avenue, near the Park entrance; the Jewish Hospital, on the Olney road in the Twenty-third ward; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of Philadelphia, at Haddington; the Burd Orphan Asylum, on the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market street; the Preston Retreat, the Hffouse of Industry, and the House of Refuge, are noble institutions. The United States Naval Asylum Is located on Gray's Ferry road below South street. It was built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of infirm and decrepit officers and seamen of the navy and the marine corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in height, and is approached by a flight of marble steps. There are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the governmernt. The Commodore's quarters stand north of the asylum. In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the late war by the government for the care of the sick and wounded sailors of the navy. The grounds are handsomely laid out. 121 I THE. ILLUSTRATED HISTORY PRISONS. The prisons of Philadelphia are well conducted. They are three in number. The Philadelphia County Prison Is located on Passyunk road, just below Reed street. It is a massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding wings on either side. At the end of each wing is a heavy octagonal tower, aInd on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in a bastion. The arch-itectutre is in the English-Gothic style of the fifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite, and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the UInion. About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison is genrerallv known as the "Moyamensing Prison," from the fbrmer name of the district in which it stands. 122 ;PILADELPHIA C'OUNTY PI4ISON. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The Eastern Penitentiary, Or, as it is better known, "Cherry Hill Prison," occupies the entire square bounded on the south by Fairmount avenue, and lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance, a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows. The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all of which space is occupied by the buildings. Within the enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors like the points of a star. They are so arranged that the warden, sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors, and to each cell is attached a small walled yard, in which, at certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the solitary plan. The prisoners are furnished with work enough to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells. They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners. It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage of preserving the prisoner from association with the other criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the danger of meeting with other prisoners after his release, and being by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are about 500 convicts confined here. 123 .THEE ILLUSTRATED,-HISTORY. ,,,e House of Correction Is at Holmesiburg, in the northern part of the city. It contains two thousand cells, and answers the purpose of a work-house and a prison. Places of Amusement. The most prominent places of amusement have already been noticed in our account of the city. Philadelphia has one firstclass opera-house-the Academy of Musice, at Broad and Locust streets-and three first-class theatres. These are the Chestnut Street Thceatre, on Chestnut street, between Twelfth and Thirteenth; tlhe Arch Street Theatre, on Arch street between Sixth and Seventh streets; and the Wfalnut Street Theatre, at the corner of Walnut and Ni\nth streets. ])uring the centennial season there will be two first-class concert gardens, viz.: Theodore Thoa(s' Garden, at Broad and Master streets, and Kiralfy's Alhambra Patlace Gar(len, on Broad street below Locust. The (,olosseurm, at Broad and Locust streets, affords a first class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris. The other places of amusement are, Fox's New American Theatre, on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central Theatre, on Walnut street above Eighth; the New National Theatre, at Callowhill and Tenth streets; and Enoch's Varieties, on Seventh street below Arch-all devoted to variety entertainments; the Arch Street Opera House, on Arch street above Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera House, both of which are negro minstrel halls, and well patronized; and Colonel IWood's Museum, at Archl and Ninthl streets. Cemeteries. The principal cemetery of'Philadelphia is Laurel ill, on the east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid tombs, some of which are noted as works of art. The other 124 -VI _ VIEW OF THE SCHUYLKILL FROM LAUREL HILL, SHOWING THE ILLUSTRATED HIS'IORY cemeteries are, Glenwood, Monument, Wodlands, Ronaldson's, Odd Fellows, and Mount Moriah. Newspapers. There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of these, seven are Republican, four Democratic, and sixteen independent. About fifty periodicals- are published in the city, which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business of the United States. Banks. There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate capital of $20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National banks, and eleven conltinue to do business under the State laws. The National banks have a capital of $16,235,000, and the State banks a capital of $4,000,000. Gas and Wafer. Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, which is supplied at a reasonable rate to the citizens.,Tle gas works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extortions of private companies. The total length of street mains is over 600 miles. The city is supplied' with water from the Schuylkill river. The water works are at Fairmount, on the east side of the Schu ylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was introduced into the city in 1827. Since then additional reservoirs have been constructed within the limits of the Park, and additional pumping houses bhave been erected at Belmont, Boxborough, and other points on the Scehuylkill. The works are supplied with the most approved and complete machinery, the engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours. In order to preserve the water of the Schuylkill pure and fit for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years 126 OF'HIIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBI'T ON,. ago, purchased the land oni both si(des of' the river to tile Falls, and along the \Vissahickon for several miles f:romn its mouth. These streams are thus prevented from being nmade the reeeptaaces'::)r the refuse of facetories, which would render their water, impure About 546 miles of water pipes have beehn lai(d through tlihe 'a-l OF FI:[RM (-)OI"NT A i.: WC}FKS. I1:,7 TIE ILLUSTIIAITED IlIJSTOPY city, and all the niodern, and the most of the older houses,!have water intro(lduced into tlhenm. The average ati6ount used'lie-ip day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir has been recently constructed in the East Parks, at a cost of $2,000,000. It has a capacity of 750,000,000 gallonis. 8treet Railways. There are about twenty-two main lines of street railway in Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best system of street transportation in the Uilion, and convey passengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents. A numlber of these lines run direct to the entrances to the exhibition grounds. The Water Front. The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is washed on three sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a forest of masts, representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point can he as perfectly acquiie a correct idea of the vast commerce which yearly enters and leaves this port. An excellent plan would be to engage a boat at Tacony, descend the river to tlhe mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend that stream to the exhlibition grounds. Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the "sights" of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive iir the world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate length of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and boats. The shipping piers are 23 in number, and their aggregate length is 4- miles. They are provided with 1021 miles of single track, and in addition to this are connected withi'each 128 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. other and with the main line of the road by 22 nmiles of track. The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is emptied into schlutes 169 feet in length, which convey it directly into the holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are employed here, and the daily shipments of coal amount to 30,000 tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the transportation of coal from Port Richmond to other points, and intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other vessels are employed in this trade. Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island, a spot dear to the hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen. A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of William Cramp & Son, said to be the most extensive establishment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels were built here for the navy duiing, the civil war, among, others the New I,)-onsides. The four iron steamers of the Ameicran Lilie, plyinig between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also built here. Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delauitre TTFceter TTFor/sk, and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling mnills, iron foundries and forges; and beyond these still, occupyil-g the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to SouLth lAmerica and the West Indies. Immmediately below Noble street are the freight depots and piers of the North Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads. Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and separated from it by the Delaware, is CAMDEN, the sixth city of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied in crossing the river is five minutes. 9 129 THE CE'TENNIAL EXHIBITION. In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market street, is Smith's Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through which the Camden & Amboy Railroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill Island, also a pleasure resort. At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the rear of these docks is the enormous Elevator of the Pennsylvania Railroa(1, with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and every facility for prompt and economical shipment. Immediately adcljoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard, covering a tract of ei,ghteen acres. It was purchased by the government in 1801 for $37,500, and was sold about a year ago to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for about $2,000,000. Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to Leag,ue Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware. This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers, which vessels lie at its docks and receive and transfer passengers and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary. At Creenwich Point, at the foot of Packer street, are the coal wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad, second only in extent and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the Reading road at Port Richmond. Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is League Island, Now occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The island was presented to the government by the city of Phliladelphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the extensions in contemplation are completed, will have a frontage of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average depth of water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish 131 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in his report for 1871: "A navy yard so ample in its proportions, in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to our country." Just below League Island is Mud Island, on which stands old Fort -kTliin. This work was begun at the outbreak of the Revolution, and consisted then of all embankment of earth. It was known as the "Mud Fort." Upon the occupation of the city by the British in 1777 it became necessary to capture the defences oni the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Red Bank, on the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been held by the Amnericans the enemy must have evacuated the city. Oni the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same time a pickled force of twelve hundred H-essians was sent to storm the works at IRed Balnk. The latter attackl was repulsed with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander, Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire upon Fort Miifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom bardment was continued until the night of the 15thl. Fort Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Red Bank, onr the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now the obstructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phila 132 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION~ delphia. The present work was constructed after the close of the Revolution, and is strongly armed. The Schuylkill river flows into the Delaware immediately below League Island. This river was sc named by the early Dutch navigators, and the name is said to mean "a hidden river," from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers ascending the Delaware until the junction is reached. A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore, are the new docks and the grain elevator of the International, or Red Star, Steamship Line, plying between Philadelphia and Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of the most prominent shipping points of the city. "The Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia's'reserve forces.' With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schluylkill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines ill the coal regions; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce on the Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be required-a time which cannot be far distant." The principal objects of interest on the Schutylkill are the bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the opposite sides of the river. Some of these are among the finest in the world. The first of these; after passing the mouth of the river, is the Penrose Ferry Bridge; above this is the Gray's Ferry Bridge, a double structure, used for the passage of the trains of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Higher up is the new South Street Bridge, begun in 1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of $865,000. With its approaches, which rest upon massive stone arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun 133 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, except at the draw span, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This gives a roadway of thirty-five feet, and two footwalks, each ten feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and eilghty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier. Chestnut Street Bridge lies next above. It was begun in 1861 and completed in 1866, at a cost of $500,000. It is one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite. At Market street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the place of the old wooden bridge that crossed the river at this point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is used for the Market Street Railway, by vehicles and pedestrians, and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Fctirmount, or Callowhill Street, Bridge stands on the site of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fairmount. It is one of the handsomest and most substantial bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial Exllibition was used by a large part of the visitors. There is a span over Callowlill street of eighty feet; then follow five arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one hundred and five feet; then the main span of three hundred and fifty feet over the Schuylkill; then ten arch colonnades on the west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet; then the bridge over Thiirtiethl street, ninety feet long; then seven spans of plate girders, three hundred feet in length, and finally the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and forty feet long; making a total length of one thousand two lun — dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways, the upper one thirty-two feet above thle lower. The upper floor is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks onI each side. The bridge is constructed of iron with stone piers and foundations, and is ornamented with a double row of magnificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor, 135 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and are used by a number of street car lines running direct to the exhibition grounds. The cost of this magnificent structure was $1,200,000. Above the bridge are the dam and water-works at Fairmount, and higher up still are the boat-houses of the Sehuylkill navy, to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work. Higher up still is the finest of all thie Philadelphia bridges, the now famous Girard Avenue Bridge, Which spans the Seliuylkill at the main avenue of approach to VIEW ABOVE THE DAMA, FAIRMOUNT. Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the most magnificent bridge in the United States, and will always be one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city. It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hundred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height of the roadway above low water is fifty-five feet. The girders rest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following description of thie bridge is taken from The leietflfie American: "The masonry of the piers and al)iltments is rock-faiced ashlar 136 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. of Maine granite laid in mortar of one part Coplay cement to two parts of sand. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rockfaced granite work. "Superstructure.-There are seven lines of trusses or girders placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal and vertical bracing. "These trusses are of the well-known Phoenixville pattern of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and the vertical posts are Pheenix-fianged columns, united by castiron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phenix weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic pressure. Upon the tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch beams placed two feet eight inches apart. These are covered transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick, corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide. These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt concrete is placed. "The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of one hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000 pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds per square inch as the compressive limit on parts. "All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pins are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this bridge is double refined, or of'Phoenix best best' brand, capable of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as follows: Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per square inch; no permanent set under 27,000 pounds to 30,000 pounds per square inch; average reduction of area at point of fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees, or hammered fiat. 137 00 GIRIARD AVENUE BI,IDGE. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. "Roadway.-The corrugated iron plates which cover the bridge are themselves covered by four inches to five inches of asphalte, making a water-tight surface. The one hundred feet of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-half feet of carriage way and two sixteen and one-half feet sidewalks. The roadway is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next the sidewalks for horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways, made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-feet gauge. The gutters and curbstones are of fine cut granite. The sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square, laid diagonally. "On each side of *he slate tiles are spaces two feet wide, which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one winter's frost these tiles became so much shattered that they were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place. The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder of the sixteen and one-half feet. "The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornaments, and are supported by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth standard is prolonged into a lamn)-post. There are eight refuge bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the supporting shaft rising through all octagonal seat, which forms its base. The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner. "The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze cast under a pressure of sixty poun(-ls per square inch, which forces the metal into all the finest lines and makes an extremely sharp casting; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this process from an electrotype has been used to print engravings from. There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame. " It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will 139 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY be gained through the arched openings in the abutments, and this spot has been selected as a proper place for a drinking fountain. The bridge is painted salmon color, relieved by blue and gold; the cornice and balustrade are green and gold. "The construction of the permanent new bridge began May 11th, 1873, and July 4th, 1874, it was formally opened for public travel, and has remained in use ever since. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE, FAIRMOUNT PARK. " This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pumnping out that water; second, to the forethought displayed in making the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured through a freshet which increased the depth of water from thirty feet to forty-six feet; third, to the peculiar construction of the girders (which contain over three thousand five hundred tons 140 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIO-N. of iron), which were made at Phoenixville fromn the ore, entirely by machinery, and without any hand labor; and, lastly, to the rapidity and facility of erection allowed by the pin-connected mlode of construction." Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connectin Bridye of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over which the road fromn West Philadelphia to SNew York passes. Above this is the Columbia Brid/e, a wooden structure, used by the Reading Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the THE BATTLE OF GER.,IANTOAVAN-C'HENV'S 1O1USE. Schuylkill is a picturesque stone bridge of six arches, which is also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, the trains of which pass over it. West Philadelphia. West Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas and( cottages, which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it possesses every advantage and convenience of the city troper. 141 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the visitor. Germantown Is the principal and mnost beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It is reached by the Germanatown branch of the Philadelphia and A GERMANTOWN VILLA. Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled in 1683 b)y emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms a 142 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIO0N. part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several historical mansions, chief among which is the old " Chew Mansion," which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle of Germantown, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phliladelphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a liberal expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the homes with which it is filled. Manufactures and Commerce. The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia is 8184. They employ a capital of $174,016,674, and 137,496 hands; they pay out $58,780,130 annually for wages; consume raw material to the amount of $180,325,713; and yield an annual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns were as follows: Vessels arrived, Amterican, 503; tonnage, 185,727; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews, 6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911; crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 343; tonnage, 153,845; crews, 3741; foreign, 547; tonnage, 251,467; crews, 6526. Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890; tonnage, 405,312; crews, 10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21 were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 were steam vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign. In the same year the imports amounted to $20,383,853; and the exports to $21,016,750. Of the latter sum $20,982,876 were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports. Such is the great city in which the Cenitennial Exhibition was held. 143 CHAPTER IV. FAIRMIOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park-Its History-Improvements-Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill-View fromn the Hill-The Waterworks-The Art Gallery The Lincoln Monument-Lemon Hill-Reminiscences of Robert Morris Sedgeley Park-The River Road-The East Park-The Storage Reservoir -Old Country-seats-Mount Pleasant-Arnold's Homnle-Fort St. David's The Wissahickon-Romantic Scenery-The Hotels-The Hermit's Well The Mystics-Washington's Rock —The Monastery-The West Park Solitude-The Zoological Gardens-The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibi tion-Lansdowne-George's Hill-Belmont-Judge Peters-The Sawyer Observatory-How to Reach the Park. ~(RAIRMOUNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of ~1h;O Philadelphia, is the fourth park in size in the world. It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by Epping and Windsor forests, in Englandl, and the Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the Schuylkill, from Callowbill street bridge to the Falls of Schuylkill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and along the Ylissahickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a further distance of seven and a half miles. The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to preserve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that were being erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the conviction in the minds of the Philadelphians that their gireat and growing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoyment of its people. The Park is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures ithe world. It has not yet received the care and taste hiat have been lavished upon the "Central" of New York, but improve 144 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIO.N. ments are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will, before many years, be the most magnificent park in existence. It is generally divided into four sections, known as Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill, East Park, Vest Park, and Wissahickon Park. O/ld Fairmounit and Lemon Hill. Fairmount and Lemon Hill begin at Callowhill street bridge, and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the TrlIE SCHUTYLKILL, AT PHILAD)ELPHIA. p-ennsylvania Railroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly impressed with its beauty. The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the 10 145 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. waterworks on the river shore below pump &aty by steam and water power the enormous quantity of thirty-five million gallons. The reservoirs are four in number, and fBoLO them the visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained in the Park. "At the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass, above which you are standing, you have the Reservoir Park, with its cascades, walks and plots; and turning west- ward your eye embraces the lake-like Fairmount daim, with its broad and bright-falling sheets of' f()am; its headrace, for e-bay, and beautiful terraces; the fairy-like little steamers that ply up and down the Schuylkill; the terple-like pier at the dam; the boathouses of the Schuylkill Naa v yN, and their little fleets with waving streamers; the grand Lincoln monument, and beyond this, the arboreal and floral FOUNTAIN NEAR MINRAL p N, SPR(IN G,. commencement of Fairmount Park proper, with its broad and beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles; its fountains ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and historic groves." Near the base of the standpipe on the cliff overlooking the forebay are "Leda and the Swan," a group'of statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the intersection of Broad and Market streets. 147 THE ILLUSTI'ATED HlISTORIY N,ot far from the Green street entrance to the Park is the Art Gallery, a rough-cast building, containing a number of fine works of art, among which are Rothernmcl's " Battle of Gettysburg," painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost o,'. 30,000, and Benjamin West's "Christ Rejected." The g-allery is free to visitors. The "Battle of Gettysburg " held a place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibition. Passing the Art Gallery, ani following the imain drive, the _ ~ ~~~~ MONUMIENT TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN FAIRMOUNT PARK, PHILADELI>ItA. visitor reaches the Lincoln Monument, which stands in the open space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents the martyred President seated in his chair, holding in his right hand a pen, and in his left the scroll of the Emancipation Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite. On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: "To Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people;" on the east, these 148 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. words: "Let us here highly resolve that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the face of the earth; " on the north: "I do order and declare, that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion, are and henceforth shall be free;" on the west side: "With malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in." The statue is the work of Randolph Rogers, the artist of the famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $33,000. It is colossal in size, being 9 feet 6 inches ill height. It was dedicated ill 1870. Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the centre of a large basin, known as the Golld-fish Pond. From this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to the top by the stone steps which lead up from the successive terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of Lemon Hill, And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older myansion, which constituted the dountry-seat of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, the man to whose fertile brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris' countryseat was generally known as "The HIills." His residence was simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was his "dearly loved" home, and here he resided from 1770 to 1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt. The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for his indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for want of funds to carry on the war. At the critical moments, however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the necessary funds, and often when no other wav would answer 149 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great sufferer from the financial troubles caused by the war, but had the happiness in the end, of seeing the triumph of the cause for which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of the Revolutionll he formed a new private business enterprise, EAST TERRACE, LEMON HILiL, FAIRMOUNT PARK. which resulted in a failure and caused his ruin. He had always advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to meet his liabilities, was obliged to suffer that penalty. He was offered his liberty ill consideration of the great services he hadl rendered to his country during the Revolution, but refused to accept it, saying that "a law-maker should not be a law-breaker." 150 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Hie remained in prison for four years, and was released in 1802, upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly after this, he died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. His beautiful home at "The Hills" was sold at the time of his ruin, and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the site of the old one. The house is now used as a restaurant. Beyond the plateau on which the house stands is another, once called "Sedgeley Park." Here is a plain wooden building known as "Grant's Cottage," from the fact that it once stood at City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed to Fairmount Park after the close of the civil war. From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road sweeps around the foot of Lemnon Hill, and skirts the shore of the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park, and passes under the Girard avenue and Pennsylvania Railroad bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually from the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, which it crosses at Mifflin Lane. The East Park. The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauphin street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the mouth of the Wissahickon. Above South Laurel Hill Cemnetery the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width. Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its extreme length is about four miles. In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built upon what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most picturesque portions of the East Park. The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beauti 151 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ful portions of Fairmount Park. It comprises a series of ravines and hills of the most picturesque character, stretching northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schlnylkill in bold and beautiful cliffs and promontories, which are the delight of the artist. At every turn the visitor is confronted with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag GLEN FE-RN, VITSSAITICRON. nificent and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect. Within the limits of the East Park are Several of the old time country-seats, which were once so thick in this region. Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of these is Fountfain GPreen, near thie lower end of the reservoir. It was 152 OF THE CENTENN\IAL EXHIBITION. once the residence of Samuel Meeker, and was built in the latter part of the last century. North of this, between the reservoir and the Reading Railroad, is Mount Pleasant, a fine stone mansion, built some years before the Revolution by Captain John McPherson. During the wars between Great Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth C(IIUYLKILJ-, I;LUFF, FAIR [MOUNT PARK. century, Captain McPherson commanded several privateers belonging to the port of Philadelphlia. He was a bold and successful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes as "the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania." McPherson sold 153 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the house soon after the opening of the Revolution, and it was purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command at Philadelphia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children, retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his treason, the State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life-interest in the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 1796, the new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant officer of the Revolution, and subsequently the first Superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. From the fall of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house was the head-quarters of Baron Steuben, of the American army. Just south of Laurel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a park restaurant. It is a popular place of resort for the people of Philadelphia, and is admirably conducted. The view from the heights onl which the mansion is located is magnificent. Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. David's, a fishing club-house, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timber which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects. The Wissahickon Park Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from the mouth of Wissahickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance of seven and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along both banks of the river, and is less than an eighth of a mile in width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of the park. Nature has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that there is nothing for art to do in its behalf. The Wissahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise up steeply on either shore and in some places almost overhang it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by heavy rains or the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely any motion at all. "Along the whole course of this romantic OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. stream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appearance. The waters leap along seeking the great river by devious courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic THE HERMlIT'S WELL. impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and lofty trees which shade the pathway or let occasional gleams of brightness flash through the gorges." A short distance above the Falls is Wissactickon Hall, a lhousc well known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Abov( this are the.iaple Spring, Vltlley Green, and IHlian P Roc 155 t T HE ILLUSTRATED tHISTORY. hotels. Above Maple Spring is TWashington's Rock, a favorite resort of the father of his country during his residence in Philadelphia as President of the United States. On the opposite side of the Wissahickon, and beyond the limits of the park, is "The Hermit's Well," dug by Johann Kelpius, a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar sect here towards the close of the seventeenth century. "Johann Kelpius (migrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, and with him forty others; they settled on the Ridge, the range of hills on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millenniiumrn. But hlie was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his followers-the rest having disbanded-were afterwards known as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed them. "A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit's Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover's Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred feet above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelpius. It is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive here." The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above Washing ton's Rock, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, on the west side of the creek. A short distance above the bridge t'he stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a small creek "which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the Wissahickon. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular descent of about twenty feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Ritten house was born, and near its source the first l)aper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond these points the road reaches a bridge-the Red Bridge-fover whilch it crosses to the opposite bank of the stream. About a mile 156 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY further, another road leaves the park road and, crossing the stream by a bridge, takes you to the Monastery. When and by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears to have been built about 1750. It stands on high ground on the brow of a hill, with a range of hills towering above it. A lane winds round the bend of the bluff and, climbing its steep side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and the uplook from the romantic dell below are magnificent. In the valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known as the Baptistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their dead. "A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them was excavated by miners seeking for treasures; the other caves are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond —three and a half miles above its mouth —the stream is crossed by a beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in masonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden bridge spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The Devil's Pool, where Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down, forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near upon moonlight nights nothing can equal the numerous fairy-like figures and grotesque outlines and shadows that play in the silent and fantastic light. "It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood; a portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still be seen in close proximity. "A short distance further on is Valley Green, with its hotel 168 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has only one arch, and its reflection is so per feet that on fine days we see an entire oval of masonry instead of a single arch. "Proceeding a short distance th rough a deeper and more mountainous course of the stream, we reach a p 0 i u t of celebrity, known as Indian Rock, the abode and hunting-grounds of the last tribe of the Indian race in this region. Upon a lofty and peculiarly shaped i rock is see n t he f ig ur esn of their chief, Todyas- - euny, or Todawskim, llEMLOCK GLEN ON THE WISSAHIcKoN' who, with the remains of his people, left for the hunting-grounds of the West above an hundred years ago."* Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the park is reached, in the bright, open country about Chestnut Hill. The West Park. The West Park commences at Spring Garden street, on the west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the Falls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow strip, a large part of which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been * Magee's Jllustrated Guide to Philadelphia, pp. 103, 104. 159 TIIE!II,US'I'RILATED- HISFTOiY assigned to the Zoological Society for their Zoological Garden. This is the portion formerly known as Solitude, the country-seat of John Penn, to which reference has been made in another part of this work. Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching ENTRANCE TO FAIRMOUNT PARK AT EGGLESFIELD. away from the entrance at the bridge to George's Hill, two miles distant. This is its widest portion. The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fairmount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known as Egglesfieid. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes 160 OF THE CEN-TENNIAL EXHIBITI,ON. Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at one time a member of Congress from Philadelphia. Farther on, about a mile and a quarter front Girard avenue brildge, are Lansdowne Plateau and Lansdowne Concourse, the (rroulds lately occupied by the Centennial ELxhibition. The LansQlowne Mansion was destroyed by fire ill 1854. It stood near the group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to Belmonrt and George's Hill. The mansion was built by Johl Penn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided ill it (duri,g the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated t)y the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained tlhe Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it to his widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief-Justice Allen. In 1797 it- was purchased by William Binghlam, the first IUlite( States Senator from Pennsylvaiiia. He lived in great style, and the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashburton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from whom it was purchased by the Park Commission. Beyond Lansdowne is Georyge's Hill, a beautifiul elevated tract of eighty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George and his sister, well-klnown and respected members of the Societv of Friends. The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateaun, the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater. The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower part of the park on both sides of the river is in sight, with the city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water. The road from George's Hill leaves the reservoir on tlhe right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to Belmont, one of the most prominent points within the limits of the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose 11 16i 0 FAIRMIOUNT PARIP FROM TIlE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BRIDGE. C5l TllE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and built the first house which stood there. This venerable build ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies' restaurant of the present establishment. Richard Peters, the sonl of the founder of the estate, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there until his death in 1828. He served with distinction as an offi cer of the American army during the Revolution, was subse quently a Commissioner of the WTar Office, and after the estab lishment of the present government of the United States was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the United States Dis tricet Court. He was one of the most prom-I iment men of his dday in Pennsylva- i nia, and was the in-i timate frie nd ofrWashin-gton, Jeffer- I i son, Hlancock, the Adamses, and otherst of' the "fathers of the republic."- lie was as well known?_ for his wit as for his' more solid attain- - ments, and his resi- DRINKING-FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAIIICKON. Aence was the resort of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners of distinction who were his guests were Lafayette, Steuben, Chastellux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe. The mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river, and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant city. A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to 163 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the shore of the Schuylkill. Here the visitor is shown a small cottage which was the summer residence of Thomas Moore, the poet, during his stay in this country in 1804. Adjoining the Belmont Mansion is the OScwyer Observatory, one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory rises from the Belmont plateau, which is over 200 feet above tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the highest point of the Centennial buildings. It was constructed by the inventor, Mr. L. B. Sawyer, of Boston. Tile trunk of the observatory is a wrought-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at the bottom and three feet in diameter at the top, constructed by the Whittier Machine Company of Boston. This tower is set in a foundation of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet deep, laid in cement and dressed with granite. On the upper dressing of granite, which is one foot thick, there is ribbed iron plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fastened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a half. This ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observatory. The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attached to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also riveted to the central shaft. The top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered, and is capable of accommodating comfortably about thirty passengers. The sides are almost entirely of glass and small iron bars, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the surroundings while they are ascending. The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine; by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These ropes pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, connected with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inch cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The ropes pass up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels 164 OF THE CEN'TENNIAL EXHIBITION. or shives, and down outside the shaft. They are attached to the car at four points. Outside the shaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the samne diameter at the top as at base, and intended to serve the two-fold object of guiding and supporting the car and strengthening the tower. The car runs on four guides, or points, which form a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total strength of eighty-eighlt tons. The car and its thirty passengers are estimated to weigh about six tons. The car itself is counterbalanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons, and the total weight to be raised, therefore, is about three tons. Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly four times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of all of the ropes there are four separate "checks" provided, any one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward passage of the car on the instant. By means of a powerful spring the breakage of the rope itself is made the means of throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wroughtiron clutch to the guide, which will stop the car immediately. The car when near the top encircles a gallery two and a half feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with a wire net work. From this gallery the visitors ascend by means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also enclosed with a wire netting, thus excluding the possibility of any one falling or jumping from it. From this point a flagstaff, thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or 130 persons comfortably. At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building about sixty feet square, of an ornamental style of architecture, after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwartzman, architect of the Cen tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices, engine-room, reception-roomns for ladies, etc. It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security, and to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is 165 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. braced by eight guys of galvanized iron rope, an inch and a quarter in diameter, and each capable of sustaining twenty tons, anchored in masonry ten feet deep. The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total cost was $40,000. The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adults, and 10 cents for children. Beyond Belmont the main road passes through one of the finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount Prospect, a point from which a most extensive view of the park, the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond this the road passes to Chamouni, at the northern limit of the park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Falls bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickon. During the Exhibition, the park was reached from the city by the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads, the depot of the former linle being at the Elm avenue entrance to the Exhibition grounds, and those of the latter at the foot of the hill on which stood Memorial Hall, and at the foot of Belmont hill. A number of street railway lines also led to the park and the Exhibition grounds. Steamboats plied regularly on the Schuylklill between Fairmount, just above the dam, and the various landings within the park limits below the Falls. 166 CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The First Proposals for the Exhibition-Initiatory Measures-Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia-The Memorial to Congress-Thie Act of In corporation —Appointment of the Centennial Commission-Creation of the Board of Finance-Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia-Donation of the Exhibition Grounds-The Formal Transfer-Proclamation of the President of the United States-The Invitation to Foreign Powers-The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors' Goods-The General Government Takes Part in the Exhibition-The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874-Plans of the Commission-Circulars of the Director-General-Regulations for Ex hibitors-Order of the Treasury Department-Work of the Board of Fiiance -Sales of Stock-The Bureau of Revenue-Its Successful Work-Sale of Medals-Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia-Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition-Report of the Board of Finance-Action of the States-Appropriations by Foreign Governments-Congress Appro priates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition-Third Annual Report of the Board of Finance-Reception of Goods-Completion of the Work-The System of Awards-The Centennial Calendar. S the close of the first century of the independence of the United States drew near, it was generally regarded as the duty of the nation to celebrate it in a manner worthy of the great fame and wealth of the republic. Various plans for accomplishing this object were suggested, but none met with a national approval. In 1866 a number of gentlemen conceived the idea of celebrating the great event by an exhibition of the progress, wealth, and general condition of the republic, in which all the nations of the world should be invited to participate. The honor of originating and urging this plan upon the public belongs to the Hon. John Bigelow, formerly minister from the United States to France; General Charles B. Norton, who had served as a commissioner 167 00 COLTTIPI BRDEOETHSCTTYIL, F-ONL Tilljj,RJTCI~l(ElNTl ETP. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. of the United States at the Paris exposition of 1867; Professor John L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana; and Colonel M. Richards Muckle, of Philadelphia. The plan proposed by these gentlemen was not generally received with favor at first. It was argued in opposition to it that the great exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held; that under our peculiar system the government could not take the same part in our exhibition; and that it would thus be thrown into the hands of private parties and wvould result in failure. The city of Philadelphia was designated as the place at which the exhibition should be held. This feature of the plan aroused considerable opposition growing out of local jealousies. It was argued by the friends of the scheme that Philadelphia was fairly entitled to the honor, inasmuch as it had been the scene of the signing of the Declaration of Independence; and that the city was also admirably located for such an exhibition, being easily accessible from all parts of the Union and( from Europe. The friends of the scheme labored hard to overcome the objections urged against it and had the satisfaction of seeing their plans become more popular every day. The matter was ably dliscussed in the press of the country, and at length was taken in hand lby the Franklin Institute'of Philadelpl-hia, which body petitioned the municipal authorities to grant the use of a portion of Fairmount Parkl for the purposes of a centennial celebration. This petition was laid before the Select Council by Mr. John L. Shoemaker, one of that body, who offered a resolution providing for the appointment of a joint commnission of seven members from each chamber to take the subijeet into consideration. The resolution was adopted, and Mr. Shoemaker was ap)pointed president of the joint commission. After a careful consideration of the subject, the commission decided to lay the plan before Congress. The Legislature of Pennsylvania now came to the assistance of the commission, and adopted a resolution requesting the Congress of the United States to take such action as in its judgment should seem wise .n favor of an international celebration in the city of Philadel 169 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY phia of the one hundredth anniversary of American independence. The Legislature also appointed a committee of ten to accompany the Philadelphia commission to Washington to present a memorial upon the subject to Congress. The memorial of the committees was presented to Congress by the Hon. William D. Kelley, a representative from Pennsylvania, who urged its adoption by that body, and the selection of Philadelphia as the scene of the celebration, as that city had witnessed the adoption, signing, and proclamation of the Declaration of Independence. Early in March, 1870, Mr. Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, presented a bill in the lower House of Congress making provision for the proposed exhibition. The bill was several times amended, and was finally adopted by Congress on the 3d of March, 1871. It provided for the appointment by the President of the United States of a commissioner and alternate commissioner from each State and Territory of the Union, who were to be nominated by the Governors of the States and Territories from which they were appointed. Philadelphia was selected as the place at which the exhibition should be held; and it was expressly declared that the United States should not be liable for any of the expenses attending the exhibition. The Act of Congress was as follows: AN ACT to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the American Independencei by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. Whtereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadelphia; and, whereas, it l)ehooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the Centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the Fourth Day of July, Anno Domrnini seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and, whereas, it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our 170 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations; and, whereas, no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate; and, whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; tlherefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufactures shall be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city of Philadelplhia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. SECTIONT 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding an exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the said city where the exhibition shall be held. SEC. 3. That said comnissioners shall be appointed witllin one year from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories respectively. SEC. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one commissioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of such commissioner and commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the comnmission. SEC. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the city of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power to make all needful rules for its government. SEC. 6. That the commission shall report to Congress, at tlhe first session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening 171 9~~~~~C -~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ t THE DIiVE-WISSAHICKON. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. and for closing the exhibition; a schedule of appropriate ceremnonies for opening or dedicating the same; a plan or plans of the buildings; a complete plan for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition; the requisite customhouse regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles firom foreign countries intended for exhibition; and such other matter as in their judgment may be inmportant. SEC. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the commissioners or other officers provided by this act from the treasury of the United States; and the United States shall not be liable for any e.xpenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of Athe satme. SEC. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the commission herein provid]ed for, of the proposed exhibition, the President shall, thirough the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, sutting forth the time at which the exhibition will open and the place at which it will be held; and he shall colmmunicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the ommissioners for )publication in their respective countries. Approve(d llarch 3d(, 1871. Tihe President having approved the bill it became a law. During, the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners provi(lded( for by the act of Congress. They were invited to assemble at Philadelphia on the 4th of March, 1872; and on that day commlissioners from twenty-four States, three rTerritories, and the District of Columbia, met at the Continental hotel in Philadelphia. A temporary organization was effected by the election of David Atwood, of Wisconsin, as chairman, and J. N. Baxter, of Vermont, as secretary. The commissioners then repaired in a body to Independence Hall, where they were officially received and welcomed by Mayor Stokley. General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, responded to this address on behalf of the commissioners, who then repaired to the chamber of the CoimmGn 173 I (;j\~~ _ II I ~ ~>~~~ ffi ting, steam sawt machinles and gang saws. Ba!rr(aeks.-There are five one-story and one large two-story fiarne b)tiildings located at prominent points ill the grounds. These are the barracks for the Centennial Guard, or special l)olice for(ce of the Exhibition. These buildings are also police stations and are provided with cells for prisoners. Tile twostory barrack, which is located at the southwestern extremity of thie grounds, is provided with a court-room and a magistrate's offiee. Fire-Enyine Houses.-These are two in number, and are of wood and one story in height. They contain halls for the steam fire-engines stationed in them, halls for the horses, and quarters for the men. One of these buildings is at the northeast corner of the Main Exhibition Building; the other at the intersection of Lansdowne drive and Belmont avenue. They are supplied with steam fire-engines, hose carriages, ladders, and Babcock extinguishers on wheels and portable. The Restaurants. Besides the restaurants and lunch-rooms in the Exhibition buildings there are seven first-class restaurants located within the grounds. These are among the largest and most (omipletely appointed eating-houses in the United States, and are required , by the Centennial Commission to con(duct their afifairs in such a manner that visitors to the Exhibition may be able to obtain the best fare at moderate prices. ilte A?mierican Bestaurant is the largest and handsomest of 620 OF TilE CENTENNIATl EXHIBITION., all these establishments. It is situated on the northern side of Belmont valley, iimmediately south of Agricultural Hall, anid within a short distance of Horticultural Hall. It is three liuidred by two hundred feet ini size, and is built around three si(1es of a court which is open on the south. This court-yard is o,ne hundred and twenty-five by one hundred and sixteen feet in size, end is handsomely turfed and ornamented witlh fountains and flowers. A wide piazza extends arounld the building, ol)ening upon the court. There is a large and handsome (lining]iall at the east end of the building, which can seat six hundred( gue:ts, and on the opposite side of the building is a pavilion for Ithe sale of ice cream, etc. Five thousand guests can be seated at once under the roof of the restaurant. Meals are served either GRAND ANIERICAS RESTAURANT. 2 l( carte or t(ible (d']ioAc. There are private rooms for suppers, dinners, etc., and the establishment possesses every facility for entertaining a large number of guests. It is conducted by Messrs. Tobias & Heilbrunn. Thle Southern, Resta(u?,rant is situated on Belmnont avelnue, north of the Woman's Building. It is one hundred and cightyfive feet long and ninety-four feet deel), and has four large dining-rooms and sixteen I)rivate rooms for lparties or others who wish to dine away froni the bustle of a large, crowded hall, several parlors, a readiong-roomt, etc. It is intended as a place of rendezvous for visitors from the Southern States, and(l the waiters arc all colored men. The proprietor is Edwar(l Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gelntlenlan well kiownvii through 621 TITE ILLIUSTRATED IIISF)I~Y out tlte Sout',i as "a man who can keep a liotel." The estal)lishlment can aecoinmmodate one thousand guests. There are two Frelleli restaurants within the grotunds. The Restao(' of thre _7Y'ois Fi'-i'cs P) oveaiuczx is situated onI the west side of Belmnont avenue, on t he iiortlh slore of the l akle, and sosoutl of the iUnite d States Government Btiilding. It is a simple otie-story wooden b uild(lin g, one hundred and seve enty-seven by one huniidre d a n(l te n feet in size, ai(l stands in the midst of tastefully laid-off gro(u nds. It will ((.onlmmo .1 T.E SOUTHERN ESTAURANT THIE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT. (late about one thousand guests, and is a duplicate, with respect to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after wlhich it is named. Louis Goyard, of Paris, is the proprietor. Thie Restacurant Laf(tyette is a handsome two-story frame structure, located on the south slope of ILansdowne ravine, north of the Carriage Building. The second story is arranged us an open-air pavilion, and the building contains a inumnber of iubtlie and private dining-rooms. It is one of the liandsoinest G, 22 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIIBITION. eating-hlouses in the grounds, and is conducted on the French plan. It will acconiiiiodate about one thousand guests. Paul SLudreau, of Philad(lelphia, is the proprietor. Tile German aPc.tauranlt, or, as it is better knowvn, "Laubecr's Restaurant," is situated on the south side of the Belnmont valley, a few yards northeast of Horticultural Hall. It consists of a large dinin -hall with a lofty dome, elaborately frescoed and fitted up ill elegant style, and three wings enclosing a large RESTAURANT OF THE TROtS FRERES PROVENQEAUX. space which is floored over and covered with canvas. In this court tables are set, and beer and German wines are served. The building is two hundred by one hundred and fifty feet in size, and is handsome in design and convenient in arrangement. It will accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The proprietor is Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular and enter: 1)risitng citizens of Philadelphia. It may I)e added here that G23 TIHE F,LUSTRATED HISTORY this has been the most successful and best patronized establish mIent within the grounds. The VTienna Bakery and Carfe, Fleischmann, is a tasteful structure of wood, one hundred and forty-six by one hundred and five feet in size, situated immediately east of the French Government Buildi,ng, near the entrance gates opposite the Reading Railroad Depot. It is the property of Gaff, Fleisch imann & Co., of Blissville, Long Island, New York, and is designed to exhibit the advantages of compound yeast in baking. It is fitted up with a bakery in which fresh bread is being constantly baked(, and served to customers in the coffee-house which adjoins the bakery. The George's Hill Restaurant is a firame building one hundred and twelve by seventy-two feet in size, situated in the western portion of the grounds, near the State buildings. It is also called the Hebrew -Restaurant, as it is designed withl especial reference to the wants of the Hebrewv visitors to the Exhibition. Talman & Kohn are the proprietors. To the southwest of the George's Hill Restaurant is a small pavilion erected by Jacol) Kohn, of New York. Here are sold the delicious wines and liquors of Hungary, which are served by attendants in the national dress of that country. The Dairy.-This is a tasteful structure, built of logs, and is open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A frame pavilion has been erected to the west of it, and is used for the same purpose. The buildings stand on the north slope of the Lansdowne ravine, southwest of the Horticultural Hall, in the midst of grounds handsomely laid out as a garden. They are owned by an association of dairymen residing in Philadelphia and the adjoining counties, and in themni fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, ice cream and refreshments of the lighter kind are served out to visitors. The Tea and Coqee Press Building is a handsome edifice, with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of Belmont valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It is the property of Mr. Jonathan Miller, and is designed to show a new metho(l, invented by him, of making tea, coffee and other extracts, by 624 OF TIPN CENTENNIAL EXHIBIT31TON. mteans of pressure caused by the expansion of the materials uised. This invention is one of the most important discoveries of the day, and is considered by chemists and other scientific men to be a national benefits The process of making tea and coffee is shown to visitors by the inventor and his assistants, and attracts many spectators, especially housekeepers, to whom it is of great value, as it not only gives them a fine article of coffee and tea and a quick mnode of preparing them, but econonmizes the materials used. The value and power of the process of making extracts is shown by the fact that the entire propertics to be extracted are taken out in a short time by cold water, and when hot or boiling water is thrown into the press, the expansion of the material is so great as to prevent the generation of steam. Tea and coffee made 1)y this process, and deliciously cooled with ice, are served out to visitors at a small cost, and lhe "presses" are sold at moderate prices. Individual Enterprises. Tche Shloe (tnl Leather Builcliig.-Thlis building was erected by the Shloe and Leather Trade of the United States. It is built of wood, is very plain in design, is one story in height, and is three hundred by one hundred and sixty feet in size. It is situated southtl of Machinery IIall, and the main entrance faorces the grand plaza between Machinery Hlall and the M1ain Building. At this end of the building are the offices and committee rootns. The building, contains a large hall, at each end of which is a gallery, and smaller roomns at each extremity of the edifice. The hall is handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, each trues which supports the roof being draped with red, white and blue bands. As these are very numerous, the effect of the display is very fine. At each end of the hall are elaborate decorations appropriate to the place. The hall contains a complete exhibit of all the materials which enter into this large American industry, from the heavy and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leathler down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly six hundred 40 62-5 ~~ —— ~ E~~~~~iw~~~~~~mt7~$7~~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c Tnr SUO A' LEATJIFN B171DIXG, TITE, CE,XTE,XNIAL EXHIPITI ON. American iotnses take part in this3 exllibit, and a fewv manifacturers from Englalud, Russia and Germany. Tile largest dislp)lay is nmad(le by Massacel-itisetts. Tlhe exllil)its from this State exceed thlose from all the otlher States together. Nle\wark, Newv Jersey, is well represented aind occtl)ies a large sl)ace, and bothl New York and Phliladelphia make an excel lent al)pearance. The central aisle is taken up on botl sides with a display of boots a(nd shoes for men, women and children. The goods are contained in lhandsome glass show-cases, and range in character fromi the heaviest to the lighitest and finest workl. The variety of shoes is very great. One manufacttircr exhil)its over five hl(ndredl distinct patterns. Another exhibitor has arranged lhis collection with reference to the historical interest wlhilch fashion has given to the sliapes and finish of coverings for the feet, shlowing, as lie does tlhe shoe from 1776 down to thle present Centennial year in its differing fornis. At the western end of the main aisle the India rubber manufaeturers exhibit their goods, and mnake a handsome (lisplay of tlhe various articles of this material used in conimerce. At the west end of the tbuilding i3 a smiall room, or hall, containingr a fine exhibit of triunks, satchlels, and tlhe different leather goods utsed by travellers. Adjoin'ing, this, on the northl side of the butildi(ng, is a (listlay of llar(l\are for trunlk-makers, etc. The southl side of the main hall is occuplied with a large exhibit of leather. Rockwell & Co., of New Yorkl, iiiakle a special exhibit of sheep leather, their imitations of R1ussia leather being so perfect that it is hard for any one buLt a skilled exl)ert to detect the difference. On the north side of -the hall is a largc display of hoot and shloe miaking machinery. Conlst)icuLous amlong the nmachiles exhibited hlere is the MAcKay sewing-miachine for boots and slloes, from Boston. This mael-chine is regarded( as one of the best ini use-if not tl-e very best —and its capabilities for doing tlhe work for vwhich it is designed nmay l)e seen in thle fact that the company's books shlow hlalf a million of dollars of royalties on the work done last year. The Tal)ley Heel-Burnishing 627 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Machine Association, of Boston, exhibit one of their admirable machines, of which four hundred are now in use. The UnioIn ed(ge-setting macline is an interesting object. It is said to do its work in one-half the time it can be done by hand; and the Plummer's Union whitening and buffing machine I)erforms the labor of six men. The American Shoe-Tip Company, of Boston, exhibit an intersting machline for quilting boots and shoes with wire. Many of the machines are ill operation, and their'workings may be seen by visitors. The Shoe and Leather exhibit is highly crleditable, and gives an admirable idea of the magnitude and importance of this great American industry and of the skill and ingenuity exercised in it. The Brewvers' Industrial Ehibtition But7(ling is situated near the northeastern corner of the Exhibition grounds, and immediately east of the Agricultural Building. It is two hundred and seventytwo feet in length and ninety-six feet in width, and was erected at a cost of $30,000. It is a large and conspicuous woollen building. Hop vines are trained along the southl front, and the grounds on this side are tastefully laid off as a hop vineyard. The building contains one large hall eighty-five feet in height, and four smaller halls forty-five feet highl. Over the miain entrance on the south side is a statue of King Gambriiinus. At the rise of the second roof is a beer-barrel ornamented with the flags of all nations, and over each entrance is a hand(some desiign made up of the implements and materials used in the business. The interior is decorated handsomely with bunting of various colors, and over the eastern entrance is a large trophy surrounding a medallion on which is inscribed the following sentence: "In the year 1863, 1,558,083 barrels of beer were brewed in the United States; in 1875, 8,743,744 barrels were prodluced from malt liquors, on which a tax was paid of $9,144,004." Inscriptions in English and German relative to the brewing business are placed on the wall at various points. Near the centre of the hall is an elevator which conveys visitors to the gallery outsile of the building, froiii -whiclh a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the river, and the surroundiilg country is obtained. G28 OF THiE CENTENN[AL EXHIB[TION. The building is devoted to a display of thle processes of mak iig malt, and brewing beer, ale, and porter. MIr. Charles Stoll, of New York, has erected at great expense a working brewery of the most approved plan, containing all the latest improve ments. It is called the "Centennial Brewery," and has a capacity of 150 barrels at one time. Opposite to this display there are two malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected by William Hiughes and Theodore Bergner, of Pliilad(elpliia. The latter is a patent arrangement, and is compllete in every particular. In various parts of the building, the manner of steeping, germinating, and drying the malt, is slown, together with the cleaning and separating machlines. Malt-grinding n?Ils, hop-grinding mash machines, vats, tubs, and beer-cooling apparatus, from Austria, are also shown. Models of malthouses ai(ld breweries are exhibited, and among these is a model of the brevery of one hundred years ago, when all the labor was done by hand. The brewery then was simply a rough slied with a rud(lely thatlched roof of straw. Close by is a model of a modern brewery of to-day, with all its machlinery and improvemenits. Salnmples of hops, barley, and other cereals fromn which malt liquors are made, are shown, one firm displayingt five varieties. Samp)les of malt liquors of all kinds, in glass and wood, are also exhibilted. On the northern side of the Brewer's Building is an annex known as the " Ice House." It is seventy feet in length and eighity feet in width, and tihe walls are double and are lined with shavings to assist in mainitaining a low degree of temperature. It is fitted up with three compartments: one for ale, vwhichl does not re(quire so low a temperature; a second for beer, which requires great cold; and the third for use as a sample room. All the malt liqu,ors intended for competitive exhibition are, kept in this buil(ling. The Butter and Cheese Factory- is a large wooden buil(ling(r situated near. the northeastern end of the Exllii)ition grounds and east of the Brewer's Building. It is one hundred and sixteen by one hundred feet in size, and is two stories in 11height. It contains a special exhiil)it of-the dairy p)rod,ii(L-s of the Ui'tedh 629 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. States, and illustrations of the processes of making butter and clleese. The Departm?entt of Public Comnfort is a peculiar and very important l)ranci of the great Exlhibition. As its name indicates it is designed to supply additional comforts and conveniences to visitors to the Exhibition. It is controlled by acompany of .wvliclih Mr. W. MAarsh IKasson is tile Presidei-nt. The sium of $20,000 was paid to the Centennial Comimission for tile privilege of estaiblishingi this department, and it was mad(le a condition of the concession that all the accommodations provided by the department shiould be of the best quality, and that the charges for them should be tod(lerate. The principal buiilding of the Department of Putiblic Comfort stands on the corner of the Avenute of the Republic anId Agricultural avenue. It is a handsome edifice of wood, two stories in height, two hundred alld sixty-four by one hundred and twelve feet in size, and consists of a central buihliung with two wings. The central building is used by the department, and contains a large reception-room for visitors, which is abundantly supplied with chairs and sofas, and is free to all who choose to avail themselves of its facilities. A register is kept here, free of clharge, in which visitors may enter thteir names, ad(ldress in the city, and date of intended departure, so that friends may readily learn of their whlereabouts. Special arrangements may be made for the reception of visitors' letters addressed to the care of the Departmtent of Public Comifort. These will be kept until called for, or forwarded to any desired point. Reserved seats at the theatres and principal places of aniutsemnent ii the city may be Obtained here. At the ntorthl end of the receptioln-liall is a luIncl-cotunter, at whichll refreshments are sold at moderate piies. Stands for the sale of fancy article, newspapers, periodicals, etc.; are to be found in the reception rootn, and attached to it are barber-shlops for gentlemen, dressing-rooms for ladies, water-closets, lavatories, boot-blackitig rooms, and coat and baggage rooms, where baggaoge and other smtall articles may be left at a sniall cost, th: owner receiving a check for his lrop)erty. Iin connectioni withl thle (A)at and blag,gage room are teni sta 631 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 'ions, in and about the Exhibition buildings, where articles of wearing apparel, small baggage, bundles, baskets and umnibrellas mnay be deposited and cared for, or checked for delivery to other stations. Stands for supplying newspapers, periodicals, and all the current literature of the day, are provided in the reception roomn and in and about the different public buildings; stationery, postage stamps, and all conveniences for writing, are also supplied. Ill the Art Gallery stands for thle sale and hire of object and opera glasses are established. Five pavilions for bootblacking are also located at desirable points about the grounds. At all the coat and baggage stations umbrellas are kept for sale and hire. Telegraphic stations for ordering rolling-chlairs and calling messengers of the American District Telegraphl Company may also be found there. - Over the central portion of the building is an open air gallery, which is covered with a canvas awning and is free to all visitors. It is intended, like the reception room, as a place of general resort for visitors. The eastern wing is occupied by the General Telegraphl Office of the Exhibition, also under the control of the Depart, inent of Public Comfort. Messages may be sent from here to all parts of the world. The room contains an exhibit of the various instruments used in telegraphing, the greater number of which may be seen in operation. The western winig is fitted up for the accommodation of the United States Centennial Commission and the members of the press of thle country. It contains some of the offices of the Coiimmission and a large and airy hall, wvhich looks out upon the wooded slopes of the -Lainsdowne, valley, and is fitted up with tables and chlairs for the use of the army of correspondents and reporters whlo are daily engaged in making the attractions of the Exhibition knovwn. to the public. Thte Sige)- Sewing Machine Buiiding is a pretty fiame cot age erected on: the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of Memnorial Hall, by the Singer Manufacturing Company at a cost of $20,000. It is handsomely frescoed within, aid is fitted up in elegant style. It is devoted to a special exhibit of the 632, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Singer sewing machines. Among the novelties on exhibition here are a wax-thread lock-stitchl machine, and bntton-hole and eyelet machine, a book-biinding machine, and several others that are new to the public, one of whichl is capable of making SINGER SEWING MACHINE BUILDING. 30,000 diflbrent styles of stitches. Numnerous samples are shown of the work performed withl the Singer machine, and these are among the nost beautiful and skilfill specimens of needlework to be seen in the Exhibition. A reg,ister is kept in the reception parlor for the niaimes of visitors. At the close of the Exhibition the company will present to one of the lady visitors 633 THFE IJ,TI,USTRArTED IlISTORY whi)ose name shall be fouiid in the register, the two millionth machline of their manufacture, the chloice to be determined by lot. Sixty-onle mnaclines, each of a different style, are ill operatiol lhere. The B)es)yh'tr((? i b(le Soociety P(avition is located on the northl sid(le of the Lansdovwne valley and( south of the Horticuilturiial Hall. It is a plain structuire of wood, oval in slal)e, an(l suirnounted by a carve(l roof wvith a projecting cornice. It bea.rs tle inscril)tion, " TIhe Bible V without note or comment." The front is ornamented with anl open Bible, above which is thile text fromi Jerenliali xxii. 29: " 0 earth, earth, carth, hear the wor(l of tlhe Lord." Bibles and Testaments, in all the written langtlages of the world(l, are sold here at,cost. The "Timiies " P(tzitious is a small framie striucture erected 1)v thle l)prol)rietors of the Pliladell)lia "' Times," as a Centellnial. Ibusilness office. It stands on Belmont avenue, opposite and east of the lakle. ThLe G(Utss JI(yctziie stands on Belmont avenue o0)posite the lakle, and north of the Photograpllic Associatioii Butilding. It is forty feet square and twvo stories in heiglht. It is constructed maiialy of plate glass from the workls of Miessrs. IKlautsliecck, Thomas & Stuart, of Pliila(lelpl1ia, and( is devoted to a special exhibit of plate and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors, etc., made by tlhe above firm. All the articles in the buildin g are for sale. The Anmerica, FuIsee Conip(tny's B'uil(hlinig is a small plain structuire, situtated onl Lansdowie drive, north of the Jutl(ges' Building. It contains an exhibit of the safety match of this company, the hlead-quarters of which are il Nevw York. The Ceciteliiial I'lotoygraplhie Associ(ttiott Buildling is tlhe p)rolperty of the company the name of which it bears. It is a one-story frame buil(ling with a wride balcony around it, and is situated on tl-e east side of Belmont avenue, north of the grand plaza. It is olne hundred an(d fifty by thirty feet in.size, andi contains one room -for the exhibition of phlotographls, and three rooms for pllotogral)hie mantifacture. The comp)anty have the exclusive ri,ghlt of making photographs of the buildings and 63-1 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. exhibits, wll-chl are on sale here and at various points in tlhe l)uildings a,td within the grounds. This is the only place wlhere visitors can have their p)ictures taken at the Exhibition. The Anteirican Raili['oal Ticket Office is a llandsome building, octagonal in sh,ape, and constructed of wood. It is seventy-five feet in diameter and two stories in llei,ght, and is situated on the nortlheast corner of Belmont avenue awnd the Avenue of the Republic, immediately west of the Ju(lges' HIall. It is used as a general ticlket office for the four great trunk lines of the coilntry-thle Pcnnsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, and Newv Yrlrk Central railroads. Tickets are sold to all points in thle United States, and information filrnislhed respecting routes of travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the building is used as the office of the Adams Express Companiy for the transactioln of their Centeniiial bI)tisiiess. The.Bankers'.Bui(lihg is a handsome cottage, painted in dark rich colors, and situated east of the Art Gallery, b)etween the Phlotographlic Annex and the Vienna Bakery. It wavs built by the colltributions of the banlkers of the princip)al cities of the Union and their clerkls, a.nd is designed for the exllibition of coiiis and currency, ali(i as a place of rendezvous for bankers and their families while visitin(, the Exhlibition. Thle E~lpib'e Tran.spoi'tation, C.oil.)a,y's Building is a plain wooden structure, seventy by sixty feet in size, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of tlle east end of the Main Exhibition Building. It is built in the style of a railroad freight station-house, and is devoted to an exh-il)it of the methlod of transporting "fast freight," as practised by the Eml)ire Transportation Company and its connections. A number of lhandsomne working models of lake steamers, grain elevators, oil tanks, railroad cars and locomotives are arranged around the room, and are in coInstant operation. They show the system of bringing grain in steamers from the great lakes to prominent p)oints on the great trunk lines, and of transferring it l)y elevators to the cars which are to convey it to the eastern markets; and also firom the cars to tlle large elevators of the terminal points in the east, from whichl it is discharged into vessels bound 635 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY for foreign ports. A series of working models also exhibits thle method of operating petroleum wells, and of shipping thle crude oil in tank cars and conveying it to distant markets. The models to be seen here are among the most perfect in the Exhibition, and the display made in this building is as interesting as it is suggestive. The Burial Casket Buildiig is a one-story frame structure, with turrets, situated on the southl slope of the Lans(dowNne valley, north of the Annex to the Art Gallery. It is devoted to an exhil)ition of the various styles of burial askets. ' The Gas Machine is an octagonal one-story frame structure, THE EMIPIRE TRANSPORTATION COM-PANY'S BUILDING. fifteen feet in diameter, situated southl of Machlinery Hall, and is devoted to an exhibit of a new process of generating a fixed illuminating gas. The exhibitor is J. C. Tiffany, of Boston. Staf r's Iron TW,orks are located southwvest of Machlinery lHall, near the fence whichl separates the Exhlibition grounds firom Elim avenue. They are the property of MIessrs. Jesse WA. Starr & Son, of Camden, New Jersey. The display consists of iron pip)es for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp post!, etc. The chief feature is a complete set of gas apparatus for the manufacture and distribution of gas, from the benches and retort house to the gas-hloldler. Included in the apparattus may b)e found a set of cast-iron purifiers, withl wet and dry centre 636 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIB13ITION.. valves, and an improved carriage (first introduced by this firm) for removing the lids of the purifiers. Another feature is an automatic compensating governor, circular, imultitutibular and pipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooden and wrought-iron lime sieves. The exhibit is the largest and most complete made by ainy of the iron workers of the Unioi, and reflects the highest credit upon the Messrs. Starr. The extent of the business of this firm may be imagined by the reader when it is stated that their patterns alone are valued at $250,000. The Gutnpowder Pile Driver is exhibited by the Guniipowvder Pile Driving Company, of Philadelphia. It is built in the open air, and is situated southwest of Machlinery Hall, and affords a practical demonstration of the advantages of driving piles by this process. The Automtatic Railroad is situated west of Machinery-Hall, and is exhibited by Charles W. Hunt, of New York. It is an exceedingly ingenious invention, and illustrates the mode of unloading vessels by means of a railroad worked by a selfactilig apparatus. The G(lass-TVork3 are situated west of Machinery Hall, near the Fifty-second street entrance to the grounds. The building is one story in height, and contains a large brick fuirnace and chimney in the centre. It is gayly decorated with globes and other objects of colored glass. All the various processes of pressing, blowing and cutting glass are carried on here by a corps of experienced workmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and other articles are manufactured and sold to visitors. The building is the property of the well-kniown firm of Gillender & Sons, of Plhiladelphia, who are among the most prominent, glassmakers of the United States. The work-room is thronged all through the day with visitors watching the process of manufacture. The Saw-M7ill is a one-story frame building, with a boilerhouse attached, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hall, near Fountain avenue. It is the property of E. W.:Ross & 637 Co ". ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I _______________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e2 ,XG OF TIE CAIPBELL PRESS COMPANY. THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITfON.v Co., of Futltor, New Yorlk, who exhibit l]ere a fine direct-acting circular saw of improved construction. The Catnipbell l) i eting Press Buil(iiiy is situated immediately west of Machinery Hall. It is l)iIilt of wood; is two stories in lheigllt; is one hundred and forty-four by eighty-eight feet in size, and is handsomely decorated. An elaborate faqade stands at the eastern end, and is surmounted by a statiue of the inventor of the art of printilng. A b)alcony crosses this front on a level with the second story. The building is in all respects one of the hlandsomest and best arranged erected by private enterprise witllin the Exihibition grounds. It is the property of tlhe Campbell Printing Press and Maniufacturing Company, of Brooklyn, New Yorkl, who here exilil)it all their specialties inii printing presses, from the inmmense and splendid "Rotary" to the smallest card printing presses. The company have the exclusive right to do printing, for the exhibitors and other persons connected With the great fair, and offer them peculiar facilities in this respect. For this purpose the colnpany have establislhed a large iand complete printin, office iii this buiildingI in whii(lI all the branches of the art are carried on. Type-settiing, stereotyping, electrotyping, printing and book binding are in operation here, aind those interested in these matters may here study all.thieir details. A daily news paper is to be edited, set up, printed and circulated from this building. The Campbell Building thus constitutes one of tlhe .featurecs of tile Exhibition, and deserves a generous recognition at the hands of visitors to the great fair. FuilleJr, TVa re- i & Co.'s Stove Buildigny is a handsome onestory frame pavilion, situated( at the east end of Machinery Hall and opposite the Total Abstinence Fountain. It is devoted to an exhibition of stoves, heaters and ranges in operation fiom the fanious works of Fuller, WVarren & Co., of New York, Chicago, Cleveland and Troy. These are richlly worth an examination, and are among the handsomiest as well as the best in the world. The Liberty Stave ljVorks is the name of an ornamental wooden structure west of Macliilery IHall and south of tlih 639 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Total Abstinence Fountain. It is occupied with a display of stoves, heaters and ranges, manufactured by Charles Noble & Co., of the Liberty Stove Works, of Philadelphia. These offer a sharp competition to those of the establishment just mentioned? both in beauty of design and good workmanship. The Pavilion of the Boston "Ierald" and Boston "' Daily Advertis8er" is a small one-story frame building, situated on Fountain avenue, north of the western end of Machinery Hall. It is the head-quarters of the correspondents and attaches of the journals to which it belongs, and a centre of New England news. Pop-Coin Btildings.-There are two of these buildings located in the grounds, one on Fountain avenue, opposite the north end of the lake, the other on Agricultural avenue, east of the Newv England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen. They are one-story frame structures, and are devoted exclusively to the sale of pop-corn. They are the property of J. A. Baker, of Dayton, Ohio, to whom the concession for the sale of this article belongs. The American Aewspaper Building is a handsome two-story frame structure, seventy by forty-six feet in size, and is situated oni Fountain avenue, north of the lake and south of the United States Government Building. The edifice is thirty-three feet in height, and the style of architecture is light and graceful, affording a pleasing contrast to the great buildings of the Exhibition. It is painted in cool and pleasant neutral tints, and has a most attractive and inviting appearance. From the exterior it appears to be two stories in height, but the central hall rises clear to the roof. A long table extends down the middle of thlis hall, and on it are arranged copies of all the newspapers published in the United States. Chairs and sofas are scattered about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who are cordially welcomed and made to feel at home by the courteous manager and his assistants. All visitors are invited to come and read the local papers from their distant homes, and the building is thus one of the most convenient.of all the features of the Exhibition.' 640 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. On each side of the reception hall are long, narrow, but well, lighted alcoves, in the innumerable pigeon-holes of which,re files of all the daily and weekly papers published in the United States. The admirable system upon which the establishment is conducted renders it easy for the attendants to find at once any paper of any date that thie Visitor may desire to see. Foreigii visitors are thus enabled to make a study of American journalism. The height of the side chambers, where these alcoves THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER BUILDING. are placed, is about ten feet, and over them are long galleries or sheltered balconies which extend all around the interior of the building. These are most tastefully fitted up with comfortable chairs and neat walnut writing-desks, while from the large open windows can be obtained a charming view of the lake, or glimpses of almost any other portion of the grounds. The representatives of all the newspapers in the country are welconlme to the free use of these writing-rooms, and pens, ilnk, paper and envelopes are furnished editors and reporters free of charge. 41 641 - THE II,I,ISTRATED HISTQRY When it is remembered that the building is located on one of the loveliest spots in the enclosure, and when it is stated that no noise of any kind, except the sul)tdued voices of visitors, breaks the stillness so necessary to all higher classes of composition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place in whiclh to prepare descriptive reports of the Exhibition could be found, and no doubt the liberal acconmmodations will be taken advantage of by large numnbers of visitiig journalists, as well as. by those resident in this city. The building and its contenlts are the property of Messrs. George P. RPowell & Co., of New York, well known to the American people as the leading ad(lvertisilng agelits of the United States. The energy and generosity with whIichi they have carried out this unique and important lbranch of the Exhibition should render thlem even imore popular with the business men of the country than their past extraordinary career has shown them -to be. The ANewt York "Tribune" Pavilion is a tasteful one-story strtuceture, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high peaked roof. It stands on the west side of Belmonot avenue, near tlhe north end of the lake, and is used as the head-quarters of the T,'ibutne correspondents and as the Centennial business office of that journal. The Pressed Fuel Co)ilany's Buil' yg is a small but handsome iron pavilioln, situated on the Avenue of the Repub]ic, west of the lake and ol)l)osite Macliinery Hall. It is devoted to an exhibit of the pressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau, of Philadell)hia. The li'ol(l's Ticket Office. The well-known firm of Cook, Son & Jenkins, whose main house is in London, but whose branches are now established in New York, Philadelphia, BostonI, Washlington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pittsburgh, h-ave already gained a world-wide reputation b)y their system of cheap and attractive tours in all parts of the world. They have erected a handsome buil(liiig of wood, hexagonal in form, and sixty feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, immediately nortih of the eastern el(l of Machilery Hall. Tile interior coln 642' OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. sists of a main hall extending to the roof and four private offices. The hall is lighted by six tasteful dormer windovws placed in the roof, which rises from the sides to the central portion. Counters are arranged around the hall, at which tickets to all parts of the civilized world are sold. Guide-books to foreign countries, based upon the system of tours adopted by Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, are for sale. A number of articles of olive wood made in Palestine are offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading froni the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities are on exhibition. Among these is the mummy of an Egyptian priestess or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the mummy, which, though three thoutlsand years old, is in an excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case is rich in Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which describe her ladyship as a priestess or princess of noble rank; and the inscriptions, while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contain extracts from the "Book of the Dead," or "Ritual of the Dead." The mummy and case are the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, President of the Richmond (Virginia) College, who obtained them at Luxor while making a trip up the Nile under the escort of a m-ember of this firm. Weapons and other curiosities from Upper Egypt are also shown. In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins show a model of the camp which they provide for persons journeying through Palestine under their charge. It consists of a dining-room tent large and square in shape, fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc.; and a sleeping-tent containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressingcase, etc. Attached to these is a kitchen. The camp is in charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook. Those who contemplate making a visit to the Holy Land should not fail to see this establishment, and should by all means consult Mr. Cook or one of his partners, who offer facilities and comforts in this difficult journey which cannot be otherwise obtained by travellers except at great expense. Frank Leslie's Buicling is a pretty one-story frame pavilion 643 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY on the east shore of the lake, just north of the World's Ticket Office. It is used as a head-quarters for the artists and correspondents of Frank Leslie's illustrated publications. The Vomen'8 School-House, or Kiideyar ten, is situated nQrtheast of the Woman's Building and a few yards distant from it. It is a one-story Gothic cottage, one of the most charming and attractive structures on tile grounds. It is thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and is built of pine wood, which is brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polishing. Not a particle of paint is to be seen about the building, but the native wood shows everywhere bright and rich in color. The interior consists of a large hall with an alcove at the side for spectators. The system used is that of Frederick Froebel, the inventor of the I(indergarten. A lowN table stands in the centre of the room, and around it are a number of little rocking-chairs for the little pupils. Every Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday the operations of the Froetel system are shown from ten until half-p)ast twelve o'clock. The teachier is a la(dy from Boston, and the class is composed of sixteen bright little ones from the Northern Home for Friendless Children, inll Philadelphia. A more delightful sight thlan these happy children at their studious play cali scarcely be imagined. The advantages of the Kind,ergarteii are so well known that it would be useless to dwell upon them here. The Ame,'ican Kiinderyarten is a small frame building lying immediately northi of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It is in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experienced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon Frocbel's; or rather an adaptation of his system to American wants. A school for the training of Kindergarten teachers constitutes a distinctive feature of this establishment. It is open daily. Clark & Conmpany's Building is situated between Belmont avenue and LJansdowne drive. It is forty feet square, one story in height, and is surmounted by a tower. It is devoted to a special exhibit of self-coiling shutters. Thle Warirenl Foundry and laclhine Shop represents cast-iron 644 OF TIHE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. gas and water pipes unprotected from the weather. It is located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge of the Exhibition grounds. The New E,ygland Farmer's Home and Mo(dern Kitelen constitute one of the most interesting features of the Exhibition. They are situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avenue, and not far from the Woman's Building. The New England Farmer's Home is a plain one-story log house, and is built and arrang,ed in the style of the New England farm-houses of a century ago. It contains t parlor, or "settin-room," a kitchen, and bed-rooms, all of which are furnished with veritable heirlooins contributed by the people of New England. Many of the articles are exceedingly valuable for their historical interest. In the "settin-room" is a chair made for Governor Endicott, who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two centuries and a half ago. In one of the chambers is the Fuller cradle in which was rocked little Peregrine White, the child who was born on board the "Mayflower" on the voyage of the Pilgrims to Plymouth. The rockers have been' worn away in the long years that have elapsed since then, butt the cradle still remains a mute witness of the wondlerful story of American progress with which all tongues are busy i )X What a contrast between the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Plymouth, anid the fierce storms that howled along the bleak aInd barren coast of New England, and the grand assemblage of the nations and wealth of the world in which it now takes its part! Here is Johnl Alden's writing-desk, on which hlie penned those tender epistles in which "Every sentence began or closed with the name of Priscilla, Till the treacherous pen to which he confided the secret Strove to betray it by singing and shouting the name of Priscilla" Here also is an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years, and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Alden could find no way out of the welb slie wove about him. Here is the dressing 645 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY case of the Rev. Samuel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode Island, one hundred and twenty-eight years old; and against the wall hangs the first clock brought to Andover, Massachlusetts. Everything ill the house has the ripe flavor of antiquity, and the visitor may see in the place an exact reproduction of the homes that his ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution, left so promptly and bravely when the news of the battle of Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house is occupied only by ladies, who are dressed in the quaint costumes of their great-grandmothers, and who conduct visitors through the house and explain to them the story and uses of its contents. Adjoining the farm-house is a frame building fitted up as a Modern New England Kitchen. It contains all the improvements of the present age, and shows the progress of the century in this department of domestic industry. The Pacific Guano CJonzpany's Buildings are situated at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal structure is a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion, two stories in height, containing specimens of the guano; and north of this is a shed containing models of the company's warehouses at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina. The grounds around the pavilion are plentifuilly fertilized with the guano, and are planted with cotton, tobacco, arid sugarcane, wlhich are growing finely under the warm sun and the generous stimulus of the fertilizer. The Averiql Chemical Paint Company's Building is situated on Fountain avenue, east of the saw-mill. It is a handsome pavilion of wood, and is ornamented with colored panels showing the various colors and qualities of the paints mnanufactured by this company. Specimens of the paints are on exhibit tion within the building. The New York Slate Roofimg Company's Building is a small wooden structure with a pointed roof. It is situated on thb slope of Lansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It is devoted to an exhibit of the rubber 646 OF' TIlE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITiON. roofing and the patent slate roofing paint manufactured by this company. Georye Hayes, of New York, has a wooden building painted in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and immediately west of the edifice just described. It is devoted to a special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects. The Sheet lietal Pavilion stands on the north slope of the Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the German Government Building. It is a handsome and elaborate edifice constructed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, ornamented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extends around the roof. The building is the property of Marshall Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company, of Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet metal and ornaments. The building, which is itself a beautiful specimen of the work of these firms, contains a large exhibit of the wares manufactured by them. The Caffe do Brazil is situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake. It is a small one-story pavilion of wood, and is conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian merchants. The United States Life-Saving Station is a handsome twostory building, situated on the north shore of the lake, immediately west of the: Trois Fres Proveneanux'Restaurant. It is intended to sh6w' the system in use at the life-saving stations established by the general government at the dangerous points along our coast, and is provided with a full equipment of the articles necessary to tlis purlipose. The Elevated Railway sl)ans the Belmont valley, and connects the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rests upon a series of pillars which have foundations of masonry placed in the bed and on the sides of the valley. It consists of one upper rail and two lower ones placed in a triangular position, the lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central or upper rail. The car rests on the central rail, on which- the principal wheels work, and it extends down to the level of the 647 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. lower rails, thus making it a two-story structure. Hlorizontal wheels revolve on the lower rails, and thus keep the car steady and prevent it from jumping the track or being thrown off. The adhesion of these wheels to the rails can be increased at pleasure. The car is divided into three compartments, one upper and two lower ones. The locomotive is provided with La France rotary engines, and lhas an ordinary horizontal boiler. It carries its fuel and water in the compartments below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is cheaper to build, more economical to operate, and safer than any other elevated road in use. It conveys passengers across the Belmont valley for the moderate sum of three cents. The JVindmills.-A number of patent windmills of various kinds are located in the extreme northeastern corner of the grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They are in constant operation. 648 .. q>>S~~~~~~t~Iw CHAPTER XX. BIOGRAPHICAL. GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, President of the U. 8. Centennial Commission. OSEPH RUSSELL HAWLEY was born in Richmlond county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 1826. is father, a Congregationalist minister, and a native of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis sionary work in North Carolina, but in a few years removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboro. Here young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at the free schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New York, and continued it at Farmington, Connecticut. In 1850 he removed to -Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his uncle, David Hawley, a well-knorvn city missionary, and began the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in his efforts to establish himself in his profession, but went to work with an energy and determination that finally brought him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christmas day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A. Foote, of Guilford, Connecticut. Mr. Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one of the leaders of the Free Soil party. He was conspicuously active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent and forcible speakers in his party. Although enjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led 649 THIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY him a few y)ears later to abandon his profession and devote limself to journalism. Associating himself with Mr. Faxon, he bougllt out the 11artford Republican, and changed it into the Hartford -Evening Press, of which he assumed the editorship. The new journal was a success from the first, and Mr. Hawley soon found himself ranked among the leading journalists of New England, a position which he maintained with ability and profit until the breaking out of the civil war. Upon the receipt ~, ~~~~of Governor Bucking ham's proclamation, X%. X: after the fall of Fort Sumter, Hawley and two friends met at ~':;:::::': —'!?"ithe office of the Pres8 ~~~~'wa and signed their US'ENTENNIAL':~"~" CInames to an enlist ~~~ n~ ment paper as volun teers in the 1 st regi msent. A public meet ing was held at Hart ford the same e ven ing and was pr esided over by the Lieutenant Governor of the State. The list was presented . - \~'~"\ ~ ~to the meeting and was at once filled up, GENERAL J. R. HAWLEY, PRESID E and Company A of U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. the 1st regiment was formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company, which was mustered into the service for three months, on the 22d of April, 1861. The colonel of the regiment' being pronioted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regimIent was promptly sent forward to Washington, and in the 650 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.. battle of Bull Run, which soon followed, Captain Hawley's company was one of the few that did not take part in the shame ful panic and flight. The company was mustered out of the service onl the 31st of July, 1861, their terni of enlistment being ended. In the fol lowing month the 6th Connecticut Regiment was organized for three years' service, and of this body Hawley was made lieu tenant-colonel. Upon reaching Washington the regiment was assigned to the Department of the South. It took part in the attack on Fort Wallace, under Colonel Terry, on the 7th of November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah, in April and May, 1862; in the battle of Jamnes Island, oil the 14th of June; and in the fight at Pocatalig0, on the 22d of October, 1862, in all of which engagements it was especially distinguished for gallantry. During this period Terry had been made a brigadier-general and Hawley had been promoted to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly all these affairs. Colonel Hawley commanded his regiment during the operations of General Gilmore, at Morris' island and Fort Wagner, in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer of 1863. He was subsequently placed in command at Fernandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to secure for his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which was ignored by the War Department during the war, but which he regarded as a most, valuable weapon. On the 19th of February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of Olustee, Florida. On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans ferred to the Army of the James, wihere Colonel Hawley was given the command of a brigade in Terr;'s division. He participated in this capacity in Butler's attack on Bermuda Hundreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep Run, Chapin's Farm, New Market Road, Darb)ytown Road, Charles City Road, and in nearly all the engagements which occurred north ofthe -James river during the year. In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen 651 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY eral of volunteers, and in November was placed in command of 3000 Connecticut troops, and sent with General Butler to New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden tial election of that year. He returned to the army when the elections were over, and in January, 1865, took part in the storming and capture of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina, one of the most brilliant operations of the war. In the spring of 1865 General Terry was placed in comm'and of the city of Richmond, and General Hawley was at his request made his chief of staff. He held this position until September 28th, 1865, when he was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers; and on the 15th of January, 1866, was honorably mustered out of the service. In quitting the army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able officer, who had rendered good service to his country and whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and efficient discharge of duty ill the field, and often under the most trying circumstances. Returning home he was nominated by the Republican party as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was elected over Governor English in one of the most exciting contests ever held in the State. He held the office for one term, and then, declining a renomination, returned to his editorial duties, having during his service in the army and his gubernatorial term retained his connection with the Press, which had been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Congress, and was re-elected in 1874. General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work for the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both in Congress and in his journal gave himself heart and soul to the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing 652 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.., tile United States Centennial Commission, he was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Connecticut. Upon the first meeting of that body, in March, 1872, General Hawley was chosen President of the Commission, to which position he has since been regularly re-elected. The ability and energy with which he has discharged the difficult burdensome and often delicate duties of his position are shown in the magnificent success with which his labors have been crowned. In person General Hawley is about five feet eight or nine inches ill height, with a stout, well-built figure. His face indicates firmness and decision of character, and the expression of his clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability, and as a man utterly incapable of an equivocal action. JOHN WELSH, Ohairman of the Centennial Board of Finance. John Welsh was born in the city of Philadelphia, in 1805, and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years old, and was for many years a member of the well-known firm of J. & W. Welsh, general shipping and commission merchants, on Delaware avenue, near Walnut street. He is one of the most successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half a century has been closely and honorably identified with the business interests of that city. Mr. Welslh was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial Commission, inii June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it, and was unanimously chosen Chairmall of the Board. In this capacity hle has served for four years, and has discharged his duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial business of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board of Finance. Upon this body devolved the task of making thie contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand 653 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTORY and one things necessary to the complete success of the Exhibitioii, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary for carrying out the great scheme. The reader will thus see that the duties of Mr. Welslh have been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past two years he has devoted his whole time to the affairs of the Exhibition and under his vigorous and able mainagement they have been conducted with a vigor, promptness and success which are character istic of the man. The .-:.....-.-. best evidence of the ........ ~ —-.high esteem in which !6~~~ ~ ~ Mr. Welsh is held by the solid business men ~i~;~ ~~ of the city is showni in the eagerness with >\~~;~>i,~ ~i which t he I'eading BOARD; OF Fcapitalists of Phila j~\~j delphia affixed their .i~'4,~i~! names as sureties to the bonds for $500,. _ ii~' i~'"~:~: ~000 which Mr.Welsh, in connection with Mr. w-~=~ ~~~~~~Fraley, the Treasurer of the Board of Fi' nance, was required 'ast throng whichto give for the faith oHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD oF F INACE. fil disbursement of' the suim of $1,500,000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally was shown in the enthusiasm with which he was greeted by the vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on the 10th of May. ALFRED T. GOS8HORN, Director- General of the Exhibition. Alfred T. Goshlorn was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834. 654 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. He received his early education at the common schools of that city, and completed his studies at Hamilton College, from which he graduated with distinction. He studied law, and in due time entered uloin the practice of hlis profession, but soon left the bar and ellga,ge(l in manutfacturing, becoming subse quiently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near Cincinnati. He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, was appointed by President Grant a Comrimnissioner from: Ohio. At the first. meetilg of the Com mission he was elect-. ed on e of-the Vice Presidents of that w body and Director- General of the Ex- TH hibition. cre Th e aDirector-Gen-t eral is the chie f ex- ecuitive officer of the Exhibition. Upon e~ him devolved the trying charge of supervising the work generally, conducting A. T. GOSHORN, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE EXHIBITION. negotiations, correspondence, and leading as one harmonious body to the objective point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintendents, clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national commissiouers, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise after its public inauguration and during the Exhibition period. Such a position requires executive ability of the highest order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn's 655 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY labors have been crowned has demonstrated the fact that iie possesses this quality in an eminent degree. PROFESSOR dOHN L. CAMPBELL, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission. John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son an excellent education. The young man entered W a b a s h College in 1844, and graduated from it with distinction .Ed~.!:.: in 1848. In 1851 lhe . m....:.... was appointed pr incipal of the Preparatory De partment of Wabashi College, and held this I~~ITE~:) ~TTE C N CI N position for two years, which~55~~~ hdevoting his leis ure time b~ I/I'll I/J/ ~to the study of the law, Washngto headdrecei ving his license to practise in 1853. He did not enter upon a legal career, however, for, in 1853, PROE'ssOR J. L. CAMrBELL, SECRETARY OF TaZ he was appointed Pro UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. fessor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Wabash College, and accepted the position which he has since held with great distinction to himself and benefit to the college. In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth 656 OF TIIE CE.NTE.N-'IAL EXItIB xT: ON. of the great philosophler. The occasion of thlis address suggested to Professor Campbell the idea of commemoratilng the approaclling CentennLial of American Independence wVithl an International Eixlibitioii to be held at Philadelphia, and fio.i this time lie blioode(l over tlhe slcheme. In 1866 Professor Campbell was appointed by thle President of the United States a member of the Board of Visitors to West 'oint, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf of the Exhibition scheme-a plan which appears about tlhis time to have sIggested itself to the other gentlehen mentioned in an earlier oart of this work. Hie ad(iressed letters to the Hon. MIorton \.IcMichael, MIayor of Philadellphia, and thle Hon. Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiaiia, suggestiliig, and giving an outline of a plan for the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia. Tliese gentlemen cordially responde(l, promising coopberation. Professor Carnmphell, thus encoLrage(l, continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisftctionI of seeing it an accomplished fact. Upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, Mr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner firom Indiana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4thl of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of thl Commtittee on the permanent organization, and was subsequently placed at the head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a p)osition of great responsibility. At the session of the Commission in May, 1873, hle was chosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome duties of that important office. It being now impossible for hinm to attend to his professorships he offered his resignation to the Trustees of Walba.sh College, but that body, rather than lose lhis services for the institution, granted himl leave of absence until the close of tihe Exhibition. 42 657 THIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY GEIIERAL CHA~LES B. NORIOIV, 8ecreta;y of tle Bi;eau of Revenue. I Charles ~. Norton was born t Hartford, Connecticut, an rcce~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i'e hruheuaini hsbyodadyuh p reaching man's estate he adopted journalism as his profession,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ of the prominent literary men of Europe. At the b)reaking out of the civil war, Mr. Norton gave up his bl)usiness, and organized a regiment of twelve hundred men. He was elected a second lieutenalnt, atind took l)art wNithl his command in the first bl)ttle of Bull Ruln. He was sulbseqlcently present in nearly every battle of the arlily of tlhe Potomac and discharged 658 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the duties of the various positions filled by him with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. He was soon taken from the line, and placed on the staff of General Butterfield, after which hlie served on the staffs of Generals Mc Clellan, Porter and Barry. He was brevetted a brigadier general of volunteers for his gallant meritorious services, and remained in the army until the close of the war. In 1867 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition, and at the same time received a special military aplpointment to that Exposition from the State of New York. In this double capacity he repaired to Paris, where he fully sustained his previous reputation. Hie devoted himself with especial care to the interests of the American exhibitors, and won their grateful esteem by his services in their behalf. He made two reports on the Exposition: one to the President of the United States on "Munitions of War;" the other to the Governor of New York on the "State Exhil)it and on the fortifications of the city of New York." Of these reports sixty thousand copies were prilnted and circulated by the genieral government and the State of New York, and the author received many flattering letters from foreign governments complimeneting him upon their accuracy. General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the plan of an International Exliit)ition. As soon as the scheme began to take a definite shape, and more especially after its incorporation by act of Congress, he become personally identified with the great undertaking. His services and experiencehave been of the greatest value, and though he has not at any time held any very high official position, hlie has proved his efficiency in every department, and his experience has been made use of without stint to the permanent advantage of the Exhibition. He has had especial charge of the press and all matters connected with the publicity of this great enterprise, and by his universal courtesy and hlis readiness to give, and peculiar capacity for giving, information he has made miany friends, and has rendered idvaluable service to the Exhibition. He has been one of the 6,59 THIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. hardest workers in the undertaking, and has been content to labor in private, leaving to others the credit of his work, and satisfied to do anything that could in the least contribute to the success of the great scheme. Such a man deserves an especial recognition at the hands of his fellow-citizens, and should receive it. Though his labors have not always been apparent to the world, they have been of the highest importance, and in nothing have the Centennial Commission shown their good sense more strikingly than in securing for the great work before them the experience and services of this able and accomplished gentleman. ABBE BOLT FORGIN MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. 660 CHAPTER XXI THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration-Action of the Centennial Commis sioni-Independence Hall Decorated-The Centennial Legion-The Blue and the Gray-Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia-Ceremonies of July 1st Congress of Authors-The Great Civic Parade of July 3d-Ushering in the "Fourth "-The Midnight Celebration-Stirring Scenes - Dawn of the Fourth-The Military Parade-A Grand Demonstration-The Exercises in Independence Square-Other Celebrations-Illumination and Fireworks. SHE arrangements for the proper celebration of the 4th s[]of July, 1876-the one hundredth anniversary of American independence-were at an early day confided to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial cooperation to the effort to have all things in readiness for the Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and vigor that could not fail of success. It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Declaration of Independence was signed in Indeplen(-ence Hall and proclaimed to the people in Independence Square, the commemorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to makle tlhe venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstrations. The city authorities caused the building to )e lhand somely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands, covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and streamers, were erected in Independence Square for the accommodation of the singers and invited guests who were to take 661 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. part in tne rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions-tihe gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen-was hung in the State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to the shouts of the multitude when the moment of rejoicing should arrive. Being anxious that the Centennial celebration should d(lo its share in cementing the reunion of the Northern and Southern States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion, the formation of a "Centennial Legion," consisting of a detach mnent of troops fromt each of the thirteen original States. The command of this splendid body of picked troops was conferred. upon General Ambrose E. Burnside, of Rhode Island, and General Hlenry Heth, of Vir,ginia, was chosen Lieutenant Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. The Le gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commn)ands of the original States being eager to serve iii it. For a week previous to the 4th of July crowds of people be gan to pour steadily into Philadelphia. Volunteer organizations from the varioutis States were constantly arriving, and were either encamped at various points in and around the Exlibition grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and the view down any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the cl(),1tls of bunting with which it was decorated. The principal buildings were almost hidden by the flags which adorned them, or were ornamented with patriotic inscriptions, and at various points on Chestnut street triumphal arches were erec~td. By the night of the 3d of July it was estimated that at least 250,000 strangers were assembled in Philadelphia. The Centennial ceremonies were begun on the morning of Satur(lay, the 1st of July. The leading writers of the Union had been invited to prepare memoirts of the great miie of ouir revolutionary period, which were to be deposited among the archives of the State House, and all who were alble to accept the invitation assembled in Independence Hall at eleven o'clockl onl the morning of July 1st, 1876, Where they were joined by a number of invited guests. The ceremonies were opened by an 663 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. address from Colonel Frank M. Etting, the Chairman of the Committee oil the Restoration of Independence Hall, and a prayer by the Rev. William White Bronson. Whittier's Celltennial Hymni was then sung b)y a chorus of fifty voices. The names of the authors were then called, to which each responded in person or by proxy, and laid his memoir on the table in the hall. The exercises were then brought to a close, and the company repaired to the stand ill Independence Square, where a large crowd had assembled. The ceremonies ill the square were begun at half-past twelve o'clock with Helfricli's Centennial Triiumphal March, performed by thile Centennial Musical Association. Mr. John William Wallace, the president of the day, then delivered a short address, after which Whittier's Centennial Hymn was sting by a chorus of one hundred and fifty voices, and Mr. William V. McKean reviewed at some length the great historical event in conmmemoration of which the ceremonies were held. After the band had played "God Save America," the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, of MAassachusetts, delivered an a(ldress, which elicited warm applause. "The Voice of the Old Bell," a Centennial ode, was then sung, and Governor Henry Lippitt, of Rhode Island, made a short speech. The band followed with a number of patriotic airs, and Mr. Wallace announced the unavoidable absence of General John A. D)ix, and introduced in his place Frederick I)e Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, who iliade a few remarks. After a Centennial Ode, by S. C. Uplijlm, had been sung by the chorus, tie Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewvster delivered an eloquent ad(dlress, at the close of whichi .iiother Centennial Hymn, by William Fennimore, was sung. Senator Frank P. Stevens, of Maryland, then said a few words, after which the "Star Spangled Banner" was sung, and the exercises were brought to a close by a prayer from Bishop Stevens. All through Sunday, the 2d, the crowds continued to pour into the city, and on Monday, 3d(, the streets were almost impassable. Business was generally suspended from the 1st to the 5th of July. 664 Q99 ,)TTTTnfT'TVT KTq,10)qT,,k 9ITTJ TIlE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The celebration ushering in the 4th of July was begun on the night of the 3d. A grand civic and torchli,ght procession paraded the streets, which were brilliantly illuminated along the lwhole line of march. The procession began to move about lialf-past eight o'clock at night, and consisted of deputations representative of the various trades of the city, the Centennial Commissioners from the various foreign countries taking part in the Exhibition, the governors of a number of the States of the Union, officers of the army and navy of the United States, civic and political associations, and officers of foreign men-ofwar visiting the city. Some of the deputations bore torches, and these added to the brilliancy of the scene. All along the line fireworks were ascending, into the air, and cheer after cheer went up from the dense masses of enthusiastic spectators which filled the sidewalks. The illumination of the streets along the route of the procession was superb. Chestnut and Broad streets flashed resplendently in lines of fire and colored lanterns. The dense masses which thronged these streets stood out boldly in the clear light of the illumination, and the long, slow-moving line of the procession flowed through tlhem like a vast river. Crowds had collected around Independence HIall, filling the street before it and the square in the rear of it. An orchestra and chorus were stationed on the stands in the square to hail the opening of the Fourth with music. The movements of the procession were so timed that the head of the column arrived in front of Independence Hall precisely at midnight. The crowd, which had been noisy but good-natured, was hushed into silence as the hands of the clock in the tower approached the midnight hour, and one hundred thousand people waited in breathless eagerness the strokes which were to usher in the glorious day. As the minute hand swept slowly past the hour there was a profound silence, and then came rolling, out of the lofty steeple the deep, liquid tones of the new liberty bell, sounding wonderfully solemn and sweet as they floated down to the crowd below. Thirteen peals were struck, and the first tone had hardly died away when there went up from the crowd 666 OF TIHE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITION. such a shout as had never been heard in Philadelphia before. It was caught up and re-echoed all over the city, and at the same time the musicians and singers in the square broke into the grand strains of the "Star Spangled Banner." All the bells and steam whistles in the city joined in the sounds of rejoicing, and fireworks and firearms made the noise tenfold louder. When the "Star Spangled Banner" was ended the chorus in Independence Square sang the "Dox()ology," in which the crowd joined heartily, and the band then played national airs. The festivities were kept up until after two o'clock, and it was not until the first streaks of the dawn began to tinge the sky that the streets of the city -resumed their wonted appearance. The lull in the festivities was not of lollg duration. The day was at hand(, and it threatened to be mercilessly hot, as indeed it was. As the sun arose in his full-orbed splendor the thunder of cannon from the Navy Yard, from the heights of Fairmount Park, and from the Swedish, Brazilian, and American war vessels in the Delaware, and the clanging of bells from every steeple in the city, roused the few who had managed to snatch an hour or two of sleep after the fatigues of the night, and by six o'clock the streets were again thronged. In view of the extreme heat of the weather the military parade had been ordered for an early hour of the day. At a little after seven o'clock the line was fornmed, the right resting on Chestnut street, facing west, in the following order: Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, Commander-in-Chief, and Aides. General Bankson, commanding First Division N. G. P., and Aides. Philadelphia City Troop. Black Hussars. Keystone Battery. Brigadier-General Thiayer, Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P., and Aides. Cadets United States Military Academy. United States Marines. Second Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. Third Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Ballier. Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Maxwell. 667 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTORY Gray Invincibles (Pa.), Captain Jones. First Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. Brigadier-General Brinton and Staff. Second Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Lyle. United Train Artillery, Providence, R. I. Detroit National Guards, Captain O'Keefe. First Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, Colonel Benson. Twenty-second Regiment New York N. G., Lieutellant-Colonel Camp. Albany Zouave Cadets, Captain Reynolds. Weccacoe Legion, Captain Denny. PB Company First Regiment N. G., District of Columbia. D Company Eiglitli Regiment N. G. P., of Harrisburg. Washington, D. C., Grays. Pierce Light Guards of Boston. Centennial Legion. Three companies Virginia National Guards, Colonel Ordway. Seventh National Guards, New York, Colonel Clark. Twenty-third National Guards, New York, Colonel Ward. Two companies Fiust Regiment N. G. of Vermont. Two companies Detroit Independent Cadets. Visiting troops from Texas. Cadets of Northern Home. Girard College Cadets. Visiting Governors and their Staffs. The Ceeztennial Leygio), composed of detachments from the thirteen original States, occupied a prominent place in the line. It was commanded by General Henry Heth, of Virginia, aid was composed as follows: Rhode Island-Lighlt Infantry Regiments. Georgia-Clinch Rifles. New Jersey —Phil Kearney Guards. Delaware —A merican Rifles. Maryland-Detachment Fifth Regiment., Massachusetts-Boston Light Infantry. South Carolina-Washington Light Infantry. New York-Old Guard. North Carolina-Fayetteville Light Infantry. New Hamipshire-First New Hampshire Battery. Connecticut-New Haven Grays. Pennsylvania-State Fencibles. Virginia-First Light Artillery Blues. The troops numbered about ten thousand men, rank and file, and the whole columni was tinder the chief command of General 668 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, and a gallant veteran of the civil war. The command was made up of troops who during that bloody struggle had fought each other gallantly, and who had now come to testify their devotion to their common country, and to show to the world that in trusting its defence to its well-regulated militia the American republic is stronger than the most powerful monarchies of the old world. At half-past eight the column began to move down Chestnut street towards Independence Hall, in front of which the troops were reviewed by General W. T. Sherman, the Commanding General of the armies of the United States; the Secretary of War; Prince Oscar, of Sweden; Lieutenant-General Saigo, of the Imnperial army of Japan; the officers of the Swedish menof-war in the harbor; the governors of several of the States; and General Hawley, the President of the Centennial Conimission. As the troops passed along they were greeted with enthusiastic cheers by the crowds on the street. The Centennial Legion and the troops from the Southern States were the objects of an especially hearty demonstration. The route chosen was a short one, the extreme heat forbidding an extended parade, and by ten o'clock the military ceremonies were over. As soon as the parade was ended the crowd turned into Independence Square, which was soon filled. The approaches to the building by way of Chestnut and Sansorm streets were kept clear by the police, in order that those who were entitled to seats on the stand might reach their places. Four thousand persons were given seats on the stand, and a vast crowd filled the square. As the invited guests appeared and took their seats on the platform the prominent personages were cheered by the crowd. The Emperor of Brazil received a welcome that was especially noticeable for its heartiness. It was hoped that the President of the United States would be present and preside over the ceremonies; but General Grant declined the invitation to do so, which it was at once his privilege and his duty to accept, and remained in Washington, 669 ______________ '' \\i!}f ' - if ::il"; I'll' a III' IIIIIIiI IIII _______________________ Ill f If p I fill ILL LIII _ I L I __ I f j. J,4~ILILf/LfJIj;\\ 670 I 0 w 0 tl-i t4 ,.-II VI t n 0 :t 0 t t-I w 0 tv m tt t-t It :q i - UN THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. preferring his selfish ease to a little patriotic exertion and exposure to the heat on this grandest of his country's festivals. His absence was generally remarlked and severely condemned by his countrymen. At a fewv minutes after tell o'(lock General Hlawley, the President of the United States Centennial Commission, appeared at the speaker's stand and signalled to the orchestra to l)eg,in. The opening piece, which was an overture entitled "The Great Republic," based on the national air, "Hail Columbia," and arranged for the occasion by Professor George F. Biistow, of New York, was rendered in fine style by the orchllestra under the leadership of Mr. P. Gilmore. As the music ceased General Hawley again came fo(rward and introduce(l as the presiding officer of the day the Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Vice-President of the United States, who was received with loud cheers. After a few remarks appropriate to the occasion Vice-President Ferry presented to the audience the Right Reverend William Bacon Stevens, D. D., the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania, whom he introduced as the ecclesiastical successor of the first chaplain of the Continental Congress. The bishop was in his canonical robes, with prayer book in hand. He delivered a solemn and impressive prayer, (tiring the utterance of which the whole audience stood with uncovered heads, silent and attentive, unmindful of the blazing sun which poured down upon them. When the prayer was ended the " Hymnl, Welcome to All Nations,' words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, music,'Keller's Hymn,'" was sung. The Vice-President then announced that Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, a grandson of the patriot of the Revolution, who offered the resolution in Congress that "these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent States," would read the Declaration of Independence fromn the original manuscript, which the President had intrusted to the mayor of Philadelphia. The faded and crumbling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was then exhibited to the crowd and was greeted with cheer after cheer. Richard Henry Lee, a soldierly-looking Virginian, 671 THE IL,LUSTERATED) HISTORY. then calne forward and read the Declaration; but the en thusiasm of the crowd was too great to permit them to listen to it quietly. At the cl(-)se of the reading the orchestra performed a musical composition entitled "A Greeting from Brazil," a hymn for the first Centennial of American Independence, composed lby A. Carlos Gomez, of Brazil, at the request of His Majesty Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. It was received with cheers by the crowd, which were repeated for the Brazilian Emperor, whose hearty interest in the Centennial celebrations and the Exhlibition had made him a favorite in Philad(lelphlia. MIr. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance, then, at the suggestion of Vice-President Ferry, in troduced Bayard Taylor, the poet of the day, who recited a noble ode, which was listened to with deep attention, the audience occasionally breaking out into al)llautse. When the poemn was ended the chorus sang "Our National Banner," the words by Dexter Smith, of Massachusetts, the music by Sir Julius Benedict, of England. As the music died aptay the Vice-Presid(lent introduced the Hon. William M. Evarts, of Newv York, the orator of the day. Mr. Evarts was greeted with hearty cheers, after which he proceeded to deliver an eloquent and able address, reviewing the lessons of the past century and dwelling upon the great work America has performed( for the world. When Mr. Evarts retired fromn the speaker's stand General Hawley gave the signal to the leader of the orchestra, and the "Hallelujah Chorus," from "The Messiah," was sung; after which the vast audience, at the request of the Vice-President, joined in the One I-IHund(redth Psalm, with which the memorable ceremonies came to an end. During the day the Humboldt Statue and the Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain, in the Exhibition grounds, were dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. At night the city was brilliantly illuminated, and a magnificent display of fireworks was given by the municipal authorities at old Fairmount. 672 ,CHAPTER XXII. THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. Arrangements for the Regatta-The Prizes-Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy Programme of the Races —Biographical Sketch of Commodore James M. Ferguson-Description of the Races-The Winners. NE of the most prominent features of the Centennial Exhibition was the Grand International Regatta of the rowing clubs of the world, which was begun on the Schuylkill during the latter part of August. As was expected, it was the most imposing demonstration of its kind that has ever taken place, thanks to the energy and liberality which those who had it in charge displayed in arranging for it, and it is safe to predict that their expectations were fully realized. The course over which the races were rowed is one of the best in the world. The river is broad, deep, and still, and without an obstacle to interrupt the contestants in their effo(irts. The leading boat clubs of the United States and British provinces were present, and the English universities, and the city of London, the chief boating centre of the world, were fairly and handsomely represented by picked crews which offered a generous but active competition to the American oarsmen. The races were held under the auspices of the United States Centennial Commission, which awarded the prizes to the successful contestants. These consisted of medals of gold, silver and bronze, vases, punch-bowls, etc., and are as handsome in both design and execution as the siIversmith's art can make them. The gold medal was for the winning crew, silver for the 43 673 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. second in the race, and the bronze for all the participants. The medals are circular in form, and in the centre, in bas relief, will be a single-scull oarsman pulling; over himn is a scroll, and the outer edge contains thirteen stars. The reverse has the words "International Regatta, Philadelphia, 1876," sutirrounded by a wreath, in which is left a space for engraving the name of the contestant. Attached to the lnedal.s is a pendant loop of quite a pretty design. The dianmond badge, for the winner of the single-shell race, has upon it the flags of the foreign nations which are represented, carved and surmounted by a scroll. Below, in the centre, is the nlonograml of the navy in diamonds, in a Ehield, surmounted by bent sculls entwined with laurel leaves. A pedestal has raised devices of a rudder and foot-board, and below this, in bas relief, is a rower ill a single-shell. The bottom of the badge is composed of crossed oars, with a lantern and a scroll depending therefrom. For the pair-oared race the prize will be a miagnificent punchlbowl; the top is embellished with the figures of two oarsmen stripped, and each holding aloft an oar; on the sides are the heads of eagles thrust through laurel wreaths, and on the sides are wreaths, with boat-hooks and palm leaves. The base is of ebony, and decorated with festoons, rosettes, and laurel leaves. On the reverse side-is a space for eigraving the name of the winner. For the graduates' race the prize is a large vase; on the sides at the bulb are the figures of herons about devouring frogs; on the sides are the letters "I. R. R." International Rowving Regatta. There are within a shield flanked by oars, over which is a scroll containing the figures "1776-1876." The shank rests upon the arch of a bridge, through which is passing a four-oared shell, vigorously pulled by the crew. All rests upon a base which represents the water of a river. For the double-scull race a simple but pretty prize was adopted. It represents two oarsmen ready for work, and carrying their boat down to the water and their oars on their shoulders. On the base is a blank for an appropriate inscription. For the college regatta the prize is contributed by George W. Childs, Esq., of the Publie Ledger, and comprises a tureen of magnificent 6'75 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY design, the upper part being emnbellished with the heads of eagles. Tile tureen rests on a shank consisting of a silver globe, flanked by four oars. The globe rests on twvo columns for side supports, and a representation of old Independence bell for the centre support. Tile bell has on it the United States coat of arms, and the columns the coats of arms of Eng land and Ireland. On the lid of the tureen is a figuf'e of Victory. For the international four-oared shell race is also a handsome tureen, having on its sides views of the Schuylkill. The top is a representation of the dome of the Capitol at Washington, surmounted by the statue of America. The shank has the flags of a'l nations, in colors, entwined around it, and the base is of marble of different colors. The regatta brought together the boating men of the world; and as these are amateurs and men of the better walks of lifemany of them gentlemen of wealth and culture-it was one of the pleasantest and most beneficial features of the Exhibition. As the races, while under the control of the Centennial Commission, were under the local management of the Schuylkill Navy, it is proper to call attention more fully to this organizaton. The SCHUYLKILIL NAVY was organized in 1858, and is com posed of iine boating clubs, as follows: The University Barge Club, of Philadelphia............... 12 boats. Thile Undine " " " ".............15 " The Quaker City" " " "...............12 " The Pennsylvania Boat" "............. 15 " The Philadelphia Barge" " "............11 The Malta Boat " " ".;.11 The Crescent Boat " " "............. 13 " The West Phila. Boat " " "............. 11 " The College " " " ".............. 9 " There are thus one hundred and nine boats in the navy, and the membership is at present about six hundred and fifty. The members are strictly amateurs, a term which is thus defined by the constitution of the navy: "We define an amateur oarsman 676 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIONX. to be one who does not enter in open competition, for either a stake, public or admission money, or entrance fee, or compete with or against a professional for any prize, or who has never tauglht, pursued, or assisted in the pursuit of athletic exercises as a means of livelihoods or has not been employed in or about boats or in mlanual labor on the water." Each club has its own boat-house. These are located on the east shore of the Schuyl kill at Old Fairmount, and are elegant stone structures, two stories in height. They are provided with every facility for boating, and with rooms for meetings and entertainments. Tihe total amount invested by the navy in boats, uniforms, houses, etc., is about $70,000. The members of the Schuylkill Navy entered with enthusi asm into the arrangements for the regatta, and contributed more than. liberally to the expenses of the fete, which, unlike the Exhibition itself, brought no pecuniary return to its pro jectors. Besides furnislhing quarters in their own boat-houses to the boats of visiting crews, they erected temporary boat houses in the park, which furnished ample accommodations to all who came to take part in the races. From the circular issued by the navy we make the following quotation - "Arrangements have been made to hold the following races: "Fi-st-An International Race will be held, open to all regularly organized boatcluibs throughout the world, to be rowed in accordance with the rules of the National Amnateur Rowing Association of the United States; the prizes to be a piece of plate each for fours, for pairs, for doubles and for single-sculls, and in addition, medals to be presented to each man rowing in the race, to be of gold for the winning crew, for the second crew of silver, and the remainder of bronze. "&Second-An International College Race for four-oared shells will be held, the prize-to be a piece of plate, with a gold medal to each member of the winning crew; open only to under-gradl ates. "Third-An International Graduates' Race will be held for four-aared shells, open only to graduates of colleges or univer 677 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY sities; the prize being a piece of plate, and a gold medal to each member of the winning crew. "No person will be allowed to row iii )oth the Illternational College Race and International Graduates' Race. "Foutcrth-Professional Races will be held, open to all crews tlhrotugllont the world, for four-oared, pair-oared and single-scull shells for purses, the amounts of which will be announced by the 1st of May, 1876. "The races will be held between the 20th of August and the 15th of September, and the entries shlall be closed oil July 15th. "An entrance fate of $25.00 will be charged for fours; $15.00 for pairs an(d doubles, and $10.00 for singles. This fee will be returned to all boats starting in the races, and is demanded as a guarantee of good faith in mi)aking the entry, and to justify the committee in making the necessary arrangements for properly housing the boats of the entering crews. "The Amateur Races will be rowed in heats one and a half miles straight-a-way. The Professional Races will be rowed in heats of three miles, one and a half miles and return. "Besides the above prizes the'Jury on Rowing' of the United States Centennial Commission, who will have an oversight of all the races, will award the diploma and medal of the Comrmission to the victors. "The National Amnateur Rowing Association will hold their annual regatta over the same course (the National), beginning on Atugust 22l." Great credit is due to the navy as a whole for its generous su?pport of the regatta, -but the man who is entitled to the chief )raise is James M. Ferguison, the able and efficient Commnodore of tlhe Schuylkill Navy, who was the first to conceive the plan of an international regatta as one of the features of the.Exhibition, and to wllose energy, pltclk aud determination the success of the scheme is mainly due. James M. Fergtson was born at Cookstown, in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, on the 1st of August, 1834, and comes of that North of Ireland Presbyterian stock which built up western Pennsylvania and Amuericanized itself by its gallant services 678 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. during the Revolution. His father was a linen merchant, but becoming unfortunate in business, emigrated to the United States in 1847. One week after the arrival of the family in Philadelphia, the father was laid to his eternal rest, and the subject of this memoir, a lad of thirteen, was set to work to earn his own living. He was placed in a wholesale notion house in Philadelphia, but did not remain there long. He was COMMIODORE JAMIES M. FERGUSON. anxious to become a printer, and soon entered the office of William S. Young as an apprentice. It was a characteristic of the boy, as it is of the man, not to do things by halves, and he set to work with a will to master the "art preservative of arts." In this office he was a fellowapprentice with many young men who have since become distinguished in journalislm. Among these may be mentioned John Russell Young, managing editor of the New York IHerald; 679 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY H. J. Murdoch, of the United Presbyterian, of Pittsburgh Major John M. Carson, of the Washington Reljublican; Joseph McFarland, of the Cincinnati Conmmercial; George S. Ferguson, of the Christian Instructor of Philadelphia; and John Blakely, of the Philadelphia Evening Star. He succeeded so well in his efforts to learn that, before his apprenticeship expired, his employer released him to allow him to take charge of the office of the Westminster Herald, of New Wilniington, Pennsylvania. He had a double object in securing this position. It not only gave him an independent position, but enabled him to enjoy the benefits of a two years' course of study at Westminster College. During this time he attended regularly to his duties in the printing office, and maintained an enviable position in his classes at college. At the close of his collegiate term he removed to Pittsburgh, and became the publisher of the United Presbyterian, one of the most influential journals of that denomination in the United States. Soon after settling in JPittsburgh, he married Miss Lizzie Moffatt, of New Castle, Pennsylvania, who died in 1860, leaving one son as the issue of this union. Mr. Ferguson was anxious to return to the city of his boyhood, and an opportunity was soon offered. He purchased all interest in the Christian Instructor, a weekly paper published by his old employer, and at the same time established the Youth's Evangelist, a semi-monthly for Sabbath school children. Under his able and energetic management these papers were soon placed upon an assured footing of success. ID October, 1868, he contracted a second marriage, the lady in this instance being Miss Rebecca J. McBride, of Philadelphia. In January, 1870, he entered into partnership with S. A. George in the business of printing, electrotyping, and stereotyping, the firm-title being S. A. George & Co. He is still a partner in this house, which possesses one of the largest and most perfectly appointed printing establishments in the United States. Soon after his return to Philadelphia, Mr. Ferguson became a member of the Quaker City Barge Club, one of the rowing organizations of the Schuylkill Navy. The war put an effectual 680 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. damper upon all enterprises of this kind, but upon the return of peace the public interest in boating matters beganii to revive. Mr. Ferguson v as quick to perceive this, and exerted himself with characteristic energy to promote the interests of the Schuyl kill GNavy. He was especiallyactive in organizing and carrying out the regattas of the navy, and his services were so highly appreciated by his comrades that early in 1868 he was elected to the post of Vice-Cornimodore of the navy. His admninistra tion of this office gave such marked satisfaction that in 1869 he was elected Commodore. At the close of 1869 business engage ments compelled him to decline a re-election as Commnodore, but he was still the representative of his club in the naval board. At the urgent solicitation of the members of the navy, he accepted the position of Vice-Comimodore a second time in 1872; and in August, 1873, upon the resignation of Commodore Coxe, was unanimously elected Commodore once more, and has held that position ever since. As early as the fall of 1873 Commodore Ferguson conceived the plan of a grand International Rowing Regatta on the Schuylkill in 1876, and at once set to work to bring the navy to the support of his scheme. In this hlie was successfill, and at the meeting of the naval board in March, 1874, he was author ized to visit Europe and invite the principal rowing clubs of the old world to take part in the proposed regatta. He sailed in July, and, on the night preceding his departure, was the recipient of an unexpected ovation from the members of the navy, who presented him with a superb gold badge emblazoned with the monogram and flags of the navy and other appropriate devices. The cost of this beautifil insignia of his office was $300. Upon reaching Europe, Commodore Ferguson visited the leading rowilng associations and extended to them the invitation of which he was the bearer. He was everywhere received with markled cordiality, and brought back honie the gratifying assurances of the hearty cooperation of these associations in the regatta. Upon his return home he gave himself with renewed energy to the effort to bring the scheme to success. It ws his personal 681 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY effort that induced the United States Centennial Commission to adopt it, and make it a part of the programme of the Exhibition, and, as Mr. Lynch, of the Centenr;al Commission, declared in a recent public speech, "If the regatta is the grand success it promises to be, it will chiefly be due to the indomitable energy, pluck and determination of Comlodore Ferguson, who conceived it and carried it to triumph in the face of every obstacle." In person, Commodore Ferguson is a little above the medium height, with a compactly knit, active figure, light sandy hair and whiskers, and clear unfaltering eyes, which glow with the genial light of the warm and generous nature which has endeared him to his host of friends on both sides of the Atlantic. TIlE BALDWIN NAPROW-GAUGE LOCOMOTIVE, USED BY THE WEST-END RAIL WAY IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. The most active preparations were made for the International Regatta by the gentlemen having it in charge, and no efforts were spared to make the occasion the most memorable aquatic carnival ever held. The course was carefiully marked off with flags and buoys, and the distances measured with exactness. A grand stand was erected at Rockland, the finishing point, and another on the opposite side of the Schuylkill. The starting point was immediately below the bridge of the Reading Rail 682 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. road, at the Falls of the Schuylkill, and the "finish" at Rockland, just above the Columbia bridge. The stands and the banks of the river were tlhronged with s)pectators daily, the crowds frequently nunmbering as nmany as one hlindred thousand persons, and the utmost good nature and enthusiasm prevailed. The winning crews were greeted with deafening cheers as they came in, and were made to feel that the sympathies of the vast throng were heartily with them. The Regatta was in all respects a brilliant success, and the result more than rewarded the generous efforts of those who had projected it and carried it through to its triumph. THE ICE-YACHT, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. As it will be impossible to give a detailed description of each day's proceedings, we, must content ourselves with presenting here a statement of the result of each day's work, from whichl the reader will learn the names of the contestants, the winners, and the time made by each. The Regatta was opened on Tuesday, Autust 22d, and 683 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY closed on Wednesday, September 6th, 1876. ThIe first three days were devoted to the Fourth Annual Regatta of the National Association of Alilateur Oarsmnen, with the following result: Fourth Annual Regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, held at Philadelphia, August 22, 23, and 24, 1876. Race-Straightway. Distance-i I niles. Course-TThe National Course, Schuylkill river. Umpire-Mr. E. D. Brickwood, England. Judge at Finish-Mr. Walter C. Madeira, Phliladelphiia. FIRST DAY. l'IIL IIEATS-FOUR- OARED SIIELLS. FIRST HEAT. Time. 1.-Atalanta, New York city-Bow; W. It. Downs; 2, H.W. Rodger; 3, C. A. Lyon; stroke, J.. Eustis.............................................................. 9.13 2.-Beaverwyck, Albany, New York-Bow, J. T. McCormick; 2, J. H. McEntee; 3, R. T. Gorman; stroke, T. J. Gorman.........................................9.2S/ 3.-Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut-Bow, F. Wood; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H. Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy.......................................... 9.39 SECOND HEAT. 1.-Columbia College, New York city-Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; str,ke, J. T. Goodwin........................................................... 9.13/4 2.-Vesper, Philadelphia-Bow, H. McMillan; 2, F. Henderson; 3, W. T. Corson; stroke, J. B. Mingus......................................................9.14 SINGLE SCULLS-FIRST HEAT. 1.-P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York....................................10.28 2.-R. H. Robinson, Ulion Springs, New York.........................................10.55 3.-C. P. Tasker, Crescent, Philadelphia...................................... 11.12/ SECOND HEAT. 1.-C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New Y,,rk.........................................10.38y' 2.-F. Pleasonton, Quaker City, Philadelphia..................................11.45 THIRD HEAT. 1.-F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York....................................10.46 2.-H. McMillan, Vesper, Philadelphia......................................10.47 SECOND DAY. .)OU'LEB - SCULLS. Time. 1.-Union Springs, New York-Bow, R. II. Robinson; stroke, C. E. Courtney...... 9.19 2.-Atalanta, New York-Bow, P. C. Ackerman; stroke, H... Rodger.... 9.26 3.-Vesper, Philadelphia-Bow, H. McMillan; stroke, J. B. Mingus................10.102 PAIR OARS. 1.-Atalanta, New York-Bow, W. H. Downs; stroke, J. E. Eustis................1O.1 2.-Nautilus, New York-Bow, David Roache; stroke, William Walshe..............10.29 3.-Argonauta, New Jersey-Bow, W. T. Taylor; stroke, JohnGunster..................10.50y THIRD DAY. FINAL HEA[''S-SINGLE SCULLS. Time. 1.-F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York.............................................0.39 2.-P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York....................18.46 684 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. FO UR-OAR SHELLS. Tiine. 1.-Atalanta, New York-Bow, W. H. Downs; 2, H.W. Rodger; 3, C. A. Lyon; stroke, J. E. Eustis..................................................................... 9.373_ 2.-Columbia College, New York-Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; stroke, J. T. Goodwi.................................................... Not taken These races being over, the International Regatta proper began on the 28th of August, and lasted five days, the public interest in it increasing every day. The following is the official statemnient of the result: INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. AMATEUR RACES. Held at Philadelphia, August 28, 29, 30, 31, and September 1, 1876. Race Straightway. Distance-1- miles. Course-National Course, Scihuylkill river. Umpire-Mr. Frank Brown, New York. Judge at Finish-Mr. Walter C. Madeira, Philadelphia. THE SELLERS SLOTTING MACHINE, IN MACHINERY HALL. FIRST DAY. TRIAL HEATS-FOUR-OARED SHELLS. FIRST HEAT. Time. 1.-EEureka, Newark, New Jersey-Bow, J. Young; 2, W. Ryno; 3, P. Young; stroke, J. Angleman............................................................... 9.2913 2.-Dublin University Rowing Club, Ireland-Bow, N. Ferguson; 2, C. Barrington; 3, C. B. Barrington; stroke, G. H. Hickson............................................ 9.36 3.-Argontauta, Bergen Point, Newv Jersey-Bowv, E. Smith; 2, B. Stephenson; 3, C. E. Dunbar; stroke, F. C. Eldred.................................................... 9.42 t 685 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY SECOND HEAT. Time. 1.-Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut-Bow, R. J. Cook; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H. Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy..........................................9.02 2.-Vesper, Philadelphia-Bow, It. McMillan; 2, F. Itenderson; 3, W. T. Corson; stroke, J. B. Mingus.................................................................... 9.13y, 3.-Crescent, Philadelphlia-Bow, C. E. Steel; 2, H. K. Hinchman; 3, II. W. Terry; stroke, G. Milliken............................................................. 9.46!, THIRD HEAT. 1.-Columbia College, New York city-Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; stroke, J. T. Goodwin............................................................ 9.08 2.-Elizabeth, Portsmouth, Virginia-Bow, J. Murray; 2, P. McGrath; 3, T. Gallagher; stroke, D. Callahal........................ 9.11 3.-Quaker City, Philadelphia-Bow, J. McBeath,; 2, C. R. Adams; 3, S. B. Stinson; stroke, S. M1. Gormsley............................................Withdrawn FOURTH HEAT. 1.-Beaverwyck, Albany, New York-Bow, J. T. McCormick; 2, J. H. McEntee; 3, R. T. Gorman; stroke, T. J. Gorman......................................... 9.14 2.-Duquesne, Alleghany City, Pennsylvania-Bow, D. Fritz; 2, O. Moody; 3, S. Moody; stroke, F. Brennan.................................Not taken 3.-Falcon, Burlington, New Jersey-Bow, A. Horn; 2, H. McKim; 3, T. Meyers; stroke, J. W. Itorn.................................................................Not taken FIFTH HEAT. 1.-Watkins, New York-Bow, A. McLafferty; 2, F. Stoll; 3, A. Tyrell; stroke, F. Wakeman...................................................................... 9.06/4 2.-Pennsylvania, Philadelphia-Bow, J. W. Barr; 2, W. H. Rennert; 3, A. L. Kappes; stroke, H. Conrad...........................................................Not talenr 3.-Malta, Philadelphia - Bow, J. R.be; 2, C. Giller; 3, J. Dunston; stroke, W. Harper.....................................................................Withdrawn SIXTH HEAT. 1.-London Rowing Club, England-Bow, R. Labat; 2, F. Gu]ston; 3, A. Trower; stroke, J. Howell............................... 8.55 2.-Northwestern, Iliverdale, Illinois-Bow, W. B. Curtis; 2, II. Smith; 3, J. Killorin; stroke, C. Corning...................9/ 3.-Atalanta, New Yorli city-Bow, W. H. Downs;.2, H. W. Rodger; 3, C. A. lAyon; stroke, J. E. Eustis...............................................itdraw SEVENTH HEAT. 1.-Trinity College, Cambridge University, England-Bow, J. A. J.lmieson; 2, G. S. N. Man; 3, W. B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose....................................... 9.06 2.-OOneida, Burlington, New Jersey-Bow,1 B. N. Weston; 2, G. A. Hunt; 3, F. G. Wood ington; stroke, F. H. Deacon............................................... ot taken SECOND DAY. S1NG-LE SCUILLS-TRIAL HEATS. FIRST HEAT. 1.-J. McCartney, Friendship, New York...11 013 2.-G. E. Man, Argonauta, New Jersey...............................................11.13 3.-G. W. Young, Crescent, Philadelphia........................................11.26 4.-F. Henderson, Vesper, Philadelphia...............................................11.33 SECOND HEAT. 1.-E. D. Mills, Jr., Atalanta, New York.....................................10.59v/ 2.-J. M. Holsman, University, Philadelphia.'.11 40o4 3.-J. B. Leibert. Vesper, Philadelphia............... Not taken 4.-W. B. Curtis., Northwestern, Riverdale, Illinois.....Withdrawn 686 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. THIRD HEAT. Time. 1.-S. J. Gormley, Quaker City, Philadelphia................................:0.524 2.-it. A. Robinson, Union Springs, New York................................10.56 3.-C. P. Tasker, Crescent, Philadelphia.................................... 11.15/ FOU.R-OARED SCULLS-SECOND TRIAL IIE-.ITS. FIRST HEAT. 1.-Beaverwyck, Albany, New York-Bow, J. T. McCormick; 2, J.H. McEntee; 3, R. T. Gorman; stroke, T. J. Gorman................................................... 9.07 2.-Eureka, Newark, New Jersey-Bow, J. Young; 2, W. Byno; 3, P. Young; stroke, J. Angleman.............................................................................. 9.13 JOHNSON'S TYPE CASTING M-ACHINE, IN MACHINERY HALL. SECOND HEAT. 1.-Watkins, New York-Bow, A. McLafferty; 2, F. Stoll; 3, A. Tyrell; stroke, F.Wake man...........................................................................011/4 2.-Trinity College, Cambridge, England-Bow, J. A. Jamieson; 2, G. S. N. Man; 3, W. B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose.......................................... Not taken 3.-Columbia College, New York city-Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; stroke, J. T. Goodwin'.......Withdrawn THIRD HEAT. 1.-London Rowing Club, England-Bow, R. Labat; 2, F. Gulct,n; 3, A. Trower; stroke, J. Howell.........................................8.5114 2.-Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut-Bow, R. J. Cook; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D, H. Kellogg X stroke, J. Kennedy......................................... 8.52l THIRD DAY. SINGLE SCULLS —TRIAL HEATS. FOURTH HEAT. 1.-C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York.. 11.29/ 2.-P. C. Ackerman, Atalanta, New York.................................Not taken 3.-J. Magin, Waverly, New York.....................................Withdrawn 4.-J. Kennedy, Yale College, Connecticut.....................W............ithdrawn 687 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY FIFTH HEAT. Time. 1.-F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York.............................................12.05/ 2.-J. B. McBeath, Quaker City, Philadelphia..........................................12.073/ 3.-C. Megargee, Colleges Philadelphia..................................... 12.15,/ 4.-H. Young, Malta, Philadelphia..........................................13.10 FINA4L IEAT FOUJR-OARED SH E LLS 1.-Beaverwyck, Albany, New York-Bow, J. T. McCormnick; 2, J. H. McEntee; 3, R. T. Gorman; stroke, T. J. Gorman.................................................. 9.06 2.-London Rowing Club, England-Bow, R. H Labat; 2, F. S. Gulston; 3, A. Trower; stroke, J. Ilowell.............................................................. 9.063/, 3.-Watkins, New York-Bow, A. McLafferty; 2. F. Stoll; 3, A. Tl'yrell; stroke, F. Wake man............9......................................................9.16 SIXTH HEAT-SINGLE SCULL. 1.-W. G. Thomas, Philadelphia.....................................................11.361/4 2.-G. W. Parker, Quaker City, Phliladelphia.........................................12.403/2 SEVENTH HEAT. 1.-H. McMillan, Vesper, Philadelphia...................................Not taken 2.-T. M. Montgomery, Northwestern, Illinois..................................... Withdrawn 3.-J. B. Mingus, Vesper, Philadelphia..................................Withdrawn ~~- I ~EIGHTH HEAT. 1.-F. Pleasanton, Quaker City, Philadelphia..............................12.00 2.-F. G. Woolman, Oneida, New Jersey.................................Withdrawn 3.-R. H. Labat, London Rowing Club, England...........................Withdrawn FOURTH DAY. SINGLE SCULLIS-SECOND TRIAL HEATS. FIRST HEAT. Time. 1.-C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York................................10.31 2.-F. E. Yates, Union Springs, New York...............................Withdrawn 3.-S. J. Gormley, Quaker City, Philadelphia....................................Withdrawn 4.-F. Pleasanton, Quaker City, Philadelphia.............................. Withdrawn SECOND HEAT. ].-J. McCartney,'Friendship Club.....................................................10.32/ 2.-E. Mills, Jr., Atalanta...............................................10.44 3.-J. B. Mingus, Vesper..............................................................10.54 PAIR-OARS-FIRST HEAT. I.-Atalanta, New York-Bow. W. H. Downs; stroke, J. E. Eustis....................... 9.45 2.-Nautilus, New York-Bow, Roache; stroke, Walshe................................. 9.58 3.-London Rowing Club, England-Bow, E. A. Trower; stroke, G. O. Howell.....Withdrawn 4.-Argonauta, New Jersey-Bow, E. Smith; stroke, F. C. Eldred....................Withdrawn SECOND HEAT. 1.-Northwestern, Illinois-Bow, John Killorin; 2, stroke, Henry Smith................10.02 2.-Northwestern, Illinois-Bow, W. B. Curtis; stroke, C. T. Corning...................10.084 3.-London Rowing Club, England-Bow, F. S. Gulston; stroke, R. H. Labat.........Withdrawn COLLEGE GRADUATES. 1.-Dublin University Rowing Club, Ireland-Bow, G. F. Ferguson; 2, C. Barrington; 3, C. B. Barrington; stroke, G. H. Hickson,..............................10.393 No competitor. 688 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. SINGLE SCULLS-FINAL HEAT. Time. 1.-C. E. Courtney, Union Springs, New York..........................................10.48' 2.-. McCartney, Friendship, New York...............................................11.121 FIFTH DAY. DOUBLE SCULLS-TRIAL HEATS. FIRST HEAT. 1.-Atalanta, New York-Bow, P. C. Ackerman; stroke, It. W. Rodger..................10.293/4 2.-Vesper, Philadelphia-Bow, H. McMillan; stroke, J. B. Mingus......................10.43 3.-Northwestern, Illinois-Bow, WV. B. Curtis; stroke, C. T. Corning....................10.56 3. —neida, New Jersey.............................................Not taken THE SELLERS HYDROSTATIC WHEEL-PRESS) IN MACHINERY HALL. SECOND HEAT. Time. 1.-Union Springs, New York-Bow, L. E. Yates; stroke, C. E. Courtney..............10().17 2.-Crescent, Philadelphia-Bow,G. Young; stroke, C. P. Tasker........................10.34 3.-Vesper, Philadelphia-Bow, J. B. Leibert; stroke, F. Henderson.....................10.541 PAIR-OARS-FINAL HEAT. 1.-Northwestern, Illinois-Bow, J. Killorin; stroke, H. Smithl.........................10.02 2.-Atalanta, New York-Bow,W. I1. Downs; ttroke, J. E. Eustis.......................10.16 INTERCOLLEGIATE. 1.-Yale College, New Haven, Connecticutt-Bow, R. J. Cook; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H. Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy........................................ 9.103/4 2.Coltmbia College, New York City-Bow, E. E. Sage; 2, G. Griswold; 3, C. S. Boyd; stroke, J. T. Goodwin........................................... 9.20 3.-Trinity College, Cambridge, England-Bow, J. A. Jamieson; 2, G. S. N. Man; 3, W. B. Close; stroke, J. T. Penrose.....................................N....... Not taken DOUBLE SCULLS-FINAL HEAT. I.-Union Springs, New York-Bow, F. E. Yates; stroke, C. E. Courtney..................52Y2 2.-Atalanta, New York-Bow, P. C. Ackerman; stroke, H. W. Rodger.................. 9.54 This closed the Amateur Races. The Professional Races began on Monday, September 4th, and closed on Wednesday, Septet: 6th. The following is an account of the work of the three days: 44 689 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY FOUR- OARED SZIILLS. FIRST HEAT. Lying so far above the start, it was an utter impossibility for any one to judge exactly who had the advantage of the start, but from the steamer it looked as if the New York crew had a slight bit the best of it. As they neared the end of the Island it was seen that the Americans had the lead, and they passed the point three-quarters to thile fore. Before the willows, and at the end of the clump of trees, London steered into the west shore, and made a brave spurt, which put the bows on even terms, and this position was held right up to the buoys. This half of the race was clearly in favor of the New York crew, who had rowed the best stroke by far, England rather lagged, and splashing to such an extent as to surprise the people, who rather expected to see tilhe perfection of oarsmanshlip from these four men, as they have been winning at all of the prominent regattas in England prior to their departure for this country. In making the turn at the Falls Bridge the Londoners straightened out first, and before the New York men could point their boat down the river were leading by a good three lengths. The Americans pulled over to the west shore, and spurted for the lead, but the Thames men, without any apparent difficulty, maintained their commanding position, and could have increased it if they had so desired, and they crossed the line the easiest kind of winners in 18.2112 minutes. The half distance was made in 8.15; the Americans 15/2 seconds later. The victors were heartily cheered at the finish by the boats and the spectators. Time 1.-Thames Crew, London, England-Bow, W. Spencer; 2, Henry Thomas; 3, J. Higgins; stroke, Thomas Green.....................................................1 8.21/2 2.-New York Crew, New York-Bow, F. Plaisted; 2, J. Flauris; 3, J. Mahony; stroke, J. W. Maxwvel.........................................................18.37 SECOND HEAT. The start for this heat between the famous Paris crew firom St. John's, New Brunswick, and the comparatively unknown Fishermen, from Halifax, was effected with the latter crew slightly in advance, and at every stroke they rapidly drew away fronm their more experienced opponents. Youth alld vigor were telling. The great four who had been pitted against the fastest crew England possessed, and won, it was plainly to be seen had lost not only their strokle, but also the strength for which they were formerly so noted. They have been rowing together f)r seven or eight years, and now have gone stale. No. 3 especially pulledl in a style that has not been shown by any man since the start of the regatta. It seemed as if he would dislocate his neck at every tun at his oar; it was almost painful to look at. The Fishermen, without outriggers to their boat, were making her plough through the water in splendid style. The buoys were reached in 8.51, and the winners did not exert themselves coming home. The Paris labored earnestly, but the steering, if nothing else, would have defeated them badly. On the return half they got clear east of the buoys, and then pulled through the heavy grass to regain their position. After this they steered so far to the west that it was supposel that they were going down on the west side of the island. Noticing their mistake they pulled through boats, hitting stakes, and just straightened out in time to see the red flag dropped. The time, as announced, was 17.58 minutes, and will have to go oil record as correct, but it does not at all tally with that made by several competent gentlemen on board of the Belmont. The time of the losers was not taken. Time 1.-Fisherman's Crew, Halifax, Nova Scotia-Bow, O. Smith; 2, C. Nickerson; 3, W. Smith; stroke, J. Nickerson............................................. 17.58 2.-Paris Crew, St. John, New Bruinswick-Bow, G. Price; 2, G. Price; 3, S. Hutton; . troke,,R. Fulton..................................................Not taken THE WHAL EBOATS. Now followed-what proved to be the only really interesting or closely-contested event of the day. There wer three entries, all from New Bedford, Massachusetts. The Sixth Ward" had the west position-the Vesta the centre, and the Centennial the east. The first-named took the lead at the word-and held it past the island, amid the cries of encouragement and loud applause from either.,sslwr., e.tuceutits of the coxsxvains of the different boats were thoroughly in 690 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. earnest in coaching their crews, and their movements as they assisted the stroke-oar and encouraged the men were very odd and peculiar, and entirely new to these waters; but as the three were similar in their exertions, it must have been all right and proper. The Sixth Warders were still leading at the mile-post, when both the Vesta and Centennial spurted and took the lead, and( a hot race followed, all of the crews plucky and staunch, up to the buoys. The stake-boats were turned very nearly at the same time, and this was the position opposite Laurel Itill landing, when the Vesta coxswain called on his brave and gallant crew, and they responded with a will, and within a hundred yards had a lead of alength. From this time out the race belonged to the Vesta, and the excitement was to see who were to be second. It was close work all the way downi to the finish, the three crews struggling manfully and pulling for dearlife. The Centennial managed to get just a little to the front of No. 6, and was but two seconds ahead when Mr. Madeira raised the flag. Time. 1.-Whaleboat Vesta...................................................................25.51 2.-Whaleboat Centennial.............................................................26.01 3.-Whaleboat Sixth Ward..................................................26.03 THE DEATH OF THE ELK, "-SWEDISH GROUP IN THE MAIN BUILDING. SINGLE SC TLIS-TRIAL HEA ITS. FIRST HEAT. England was represented in this heat by Thomas, Canada by Hanlon, and America by Coulter. The start was fair and even. Hanlon, however, at once pulled away, Coulter second, and the Londoner well to the rear, and he drew out before the island was passed. The Canadian was far ahead before the mile-post was reached, his lead being at least three lengths. Coulter appeared to have no vimn, and was apparently making no extra exertion to will the race. At any rate he was beaten in the following time: Time. 1.-Hanlon. Toronto.......................................................... 21.34 2.-Coulter, Pittsburgh....................................................22.24 8.-Thomas, London..................................................Not taken SECOND HEAT. Out of the three entries for this heat, O. Smith, of the Halifax crew, withdrew, leaving Brayliey, from St. John, and Green, of London, to contest. Soon after the start Green pulled off the course, anid Brayley rowed over alone. 691 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Time, 1.-Brayley, St. J o h n....................................................22.z6y 2.-Green, London................. Drew out 3.-. Smith, Halifax.................................................Withdrawn THIRD HEAT. Ellis Ward, of Newburgh, New York, was placed on the right, Spencer, of London, in the centre, and Peel, of Philadelphia, on the outside. It was thought that this heat would be a close one between Ward and Spencer, as it was understood that the London men were of the opinion that the latter was good enough to take second money in the regatta, Higgins to take first. But like the preceding ones, it was all one-sided, without a single interesting feature, save a slight struggle between Spencer and Peel. Ward took the lead from the start, and was never headed at any time during the race. He was three lengths to the front of Spencer at the stake-boats, and after the turn was made, pulled rapidly away for the mile-post, where he stopped for a few seconds to rest himself. When he resumed rowing it was palpable that neither of his opponents were his equal, and he won as he liked. Peel and Spencer had a spurt together for a short distance, but the latter was about pumped out, and slackened up, when the Philadelphian passed him. Time. I.-E. Ward, New York..................................................22.201/2 2.-Peel, Philadelphia.............................................................23.47 3.-Spencer, London.....................................................24.20 BRAYTON'S HYDRO-CARBON ENGINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. FOURTH HEAT. The two scullers, Louther and Morris, from the Iron City, who were to contest this heat for the honor of their native city and country, with Higgins, of London, the best in England, as they pulled up to the starting point were greeted with repeated cheers. When the word was given, Higgins jumped off with the lead, being, at the first hundred yards, a half length in advance of Louther, and as much more ahead of Morris. Opposite the centre of the island Louther spurted and drew up even with the London man, Morris dropping still farther behind. The two foremost men still stood on equal terms at Sedgeley, Louther sheering towards the centre position of Higgins, being repeatedly warned by the umpire, and at each call trying to keep out of tlhe way. Nearing the willows the Pittsburgh oarsman gained, and had the best of the race by about three-quarters of a length, and here both men pulled out of their course and a foul ensued, the oars touching several times. When the boats were extricated Louther took the lead, turning 692 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. tt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iesabasfrtanrehighmsoedsacaha.Hgisafrthfoldino Time. 1.-Louther, Pittsburgh (foul)........................................................21.35 2.-Higgins, London (foul).............................................................21.59 3.-Morris, Pittsburgh..................................................................22.35 FIFTH HEAT. McKiel and Plaisted were the only starters in this, the last heat of the day. Both men kept well together up to the willows, when McKiel, in trying to pass il front of Plaisted, ran into him, and the umpire gave the heat to the latter. im I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tim-e. 1.-Plaisted, New York................................................Not taken 2.-McKiel, New York...................................................Foul 3.-Smith.........................................................Withdrawn SECOND DAY. SIYGLE SCULLS-SECON.D TRIAL HEACTS. FIRST HEAT. In the drawing the night before it had fallen to the lot of Ellis Ward, of New York, to be pitted against Brayley, of St. John's, New Brunswick, who had a walk over for his heat the day previous. From the reputation of the first-named oarsman, who is well known from Maine to California, it was thought that the American colors would be to the fore in this heat. Mr. Curtis started them fairly, and there was no advantage. Ward was pulling two strokes slower than the St. John's man, who was making thirty-four to the minute, and he had gained the advantage of a half length by the time the end of the island was reached, and pulling regularly and with considerable power, the length was a length and a little over at Sedgeley. Opposite the willows and a little above, Ward spurted, and, hugging the west shore, drew away from his opponent two lengths. Both of thie contestants were now in rough, lumily water, and the advantages of position and water were much more equal, heretofore Ward having much smoother water to row in. Brayley was still keeping up his stroke at thirty-four, while Ward had dropped down to thirty. The Canadian man gained as they drew towards the etake-boats, the American turning about a length and a half in advance. After getting pointed down towards home Brayley made a vigorous spurt, and, rowing in admirable form and with good judgment, gained on Ward at every tug of the oars. Before Laurel Hill landing was passed the two had joined issue, and for a half dozen strokes it was a fine contest, but as Brayley got the bow of his shell in front about two feet the American lost all power and strength, and it was plain to be seen that he had done all he could do that day. He pulled pluckily throughout the rest of the race, and pluckily made several efforts at a spurt. They were feeble, and it was almost parinful to see the exertions of the gallant fellow, as he bent to his work and endeavored to regain the lead. It was of no avail, however; Brayley was much the stronger man and best oarsman of the two, and crossed the line seventeen seconds ahead of the once-famous oarsman of Cornwall-on-theHudson. Time. 1.-A. Brayley, St. John's, New Brunswick.............................................22.06 2.-E. Ward, New York........................................................... 22.23/2 SECOND HEAT. After the fiasco of the morning row-off between Higgins and Louther, the second heat of the second trial-heats of singles was looked forward to with considerable interest, as it was hoped andi tholight by the majority that" Pat" would row over the course in such excellent form and make a record of time that would give some color to the claims of his friends that he was as good a man as any in the world. A few who were better up in rowing matters, and had watched the young Toronto man, were confident that he would have an easy victory over either of his competitors. HIe had health, age, and an honest ambition to help him, three very requisite qualities 693 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in the oarsman of the present day, and in addition to these his style is fiully the equal of any man on the river. Hanlon was fortunate enough to draw the favored position on the west side Plaisted, the New Yorkler, in the ceitre, and the Pittsburgher, who so suddenly shot up to glory, o0 the blue or east side of the course. When Mr. Curtis, in his sharp, decisive way, gave the command of start, it rather looked as if Hianlon had dipped his oars somewhat in advance of the word "Go." At all events he immediately assumed the lead, with the New Yorker second, and the renowned Louther third. Going to the head of the island the Canadian was leading Plaisted; good two lengths, and the PittsburghI man one more. They went along strung out at about the same distance to Sedgeley, where the New Yorker had gained a little, and the end of the string held his own. Directly opposite the one-mile post Hanlon steered out into the centre of the river, and Plaisted assumed the last position which he had vacated; Louther in the meantime having dropped to six lengths in the rear. As the first two neared the stake-boats, Plaisted made a desperate spurt and closed up considerably, and making an excellent turn, much better than GROUP OF PALM TREES IN HIORTICULTURA'L HALL. Itanlon, he straightened out but a little less thin a length bobind and right here was seen the difference between the two men, as Hanlon for the first time in elf to work, and with the most consummate ease drew away from Plaisted as if he had been a plaything, and at the Laurel ITill landing was leading by three lengths, and csrnsmous of his ability to win the race, he rested on his oars opposite Sedgely landing, and wiped his hands on his shirt. The Tinie. 1.-T. Hanlon, Toronto, Canada......................................................21.54/4 2.-F. Plaisted, New York, N.Y......................................................22.27 3.-P. Louther, Pittsburgh, Pa.........................................................23.14 PAIR-OARS-TRIAIL HEATS. FIRST HEAT. The four London professionals were drawn for this heat, and as it was well known that Green and Thomas, who are the champion pair-oars of Euglatd, would win, there was but little interest 694 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. taken in the contest. The two crews pulled at a good pace over the course, but shortly after the start the champions went to the front, and were never headed. Time. 1.-T. Green and H. Thomas, London.......................................2l.44y, 2.-. Higgins and W. Spencer, London..............................................21.543/ SECOND HEAT. The last heat of the day brought to the start twoof the great Ward brothers, Josh and Gil, and tite Fanikuer-Regan crew fiom Boston. Pisisted and Maxwell, of New York, after the severe race of the former with lIanlon, considered it advisable to withdraw. A beautiful start was effected when the word was given. The Wards by tite time the island was passed, by dint of -extremely tough work and good steering, had got ahead about a halt; still continuing the same lead at Sedgeley, and at the willows bad succeeded in giving tite Bostonians their wash. The latter, however, did not approve of this state of affairs, and pulled to the east to avoid it. In doing this they lost ground, and at the mile-post had fallen back to a length and a half. Between this point and the Laurel Hill landing use Bostots pair spurted and closed the gap to within a half. The Wards finally reached the stake-boats in advance, bn made an execrable torn, and witen the contestants were both around Faolkner and Regan were in front. Like Rub in his heat, as soon as tliey were passed the brothers let down, and were beaten a mile from the honte ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Timne. I.-G. Faulkner and P. Regan, Boston.................................................20.28 2.-J. and G. Ward, New York........................................................20.441 THIRD AND LAST DAY. ~'he last day of the grand international regatta, in spite of the importance of the final heats between the four-oared shells, singles, and pairs, was but sparsely attended. To be sure, there were thousands of spectators present. but the enthusiasm and general manifestations of-approbation and delight were slight compared to the scene witnessed at the close of the London-Yale, and Beaverwyck-London heats. The assemblage seemed to have the correct idea that when the contestants started on the course there was no probability of an honorable, mantily struggle for superiority, and, while they were perfectly willing to cheer and applaud the victors, tihere was always a reasonable doubt in their minds that the hindmost boat may have won, and nothing could be settled until the umpire gave his decision. The word "London" seems to have been impressed upon the minds of the American public in aquatic matters as the synonym of "fotul," and whenever any of these gentlemen, either amateur or professional, were entered, the majority of those who followed the oarsmen on the course rather expected tliat there woulhl be some difficulty that would end the race unsatisfactorily. The proof of this was easy to be seen in the cries and shottts that greeted the Faulktier-Regau crew as they passed the line a quarter of a mile to the front of the champion pair-oars of England. "There is no foul this time!" "Foul! foul!" from the entire assemblage. The English oarsmen must certainly nowv be satisfied that they can have all the justice that can be looked upon in any quarter of the globe in this country, and though the judgment of Mr. Curtis has been questioned, there is not the slightest hint from gentlemen but that he has decided all cases exactly as he has viewed theim, actinig as an umpire, not as an oarsman or an American. Now that the regatta is over the retrospect simply shows that professional oarsmen should never be invited to attend or participate in regattas which depend on the subscriptions of citizens who love the sport to form purses to gather these men together. If the regatta had closed with the contests between amateurs, the people would have been much better satisfied than they are at present. The final heats to-day were not interesting after the start, and were not a fitting finale to the grandest aquatic event of the decade. FI.NAL IE-AT-FOUR-OARED SIIELLS. The committee having decided that the four-oared shells should be the first race of the day, the two crews, the Thames and the Halifax, drew up towards the starting point, the former having the best position-the west —and the latter placed some distance towards the east. Mr. Umpire Curtis was a little quick in giving the word, and the London men caught his voice the 695 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY first, and hbad made three strokes before the Haligonians understood the situation. Both crwvs made a remarkably fast stroke, the Englishmen forty-eight to the minute, and their opponents forty-six. The race was severe and sharp from the start, but the colonists, by the middle of the island, had a lead of a half a length. They then dropped to forty-two and the London to fortyfour. Opposite Sedgeley the cockneys sheered into the west shore, and Halifax increased the lead to a length and a half. At the willows a half more had been gained, London still keep 1 q ~ i Aing up to forty-four and Halifax dropping to thirty-six. Before thie mile-post the fornier pulled directly into the latter's wash, and spurted, making a great effort to reach their leaders. They gained half a length and were pulling up gradually, and there was every appearance of a foul. Before they could come close enough for this purpose the Halifax people pulled over to tile east shore to make the turn. London, who were a length behind blhen thle stake-boats in t E I l were reached, straightened up at least a length ILl ID~ ~ and a half ahead, and now the strnggle com menced. Both crews drew away towards the west shore, and putting forth every bit of strength there was in them, pulled for home. Halifax gained so rapidly that it was hardly conceivable 1~<~ / ll ithat they had the best four in England ahead of them, and just here it was where the mistake was made by their bow oar; hlie did not straighten up quite soon enough, and got into London's water, and a, they neared them the latter refused to giv-e -:~ ~ =lt0 i ~ an inch, and a foul necessarily followed. An appeal was made by both crews, and they must have understood the umpire to say "Go on," as after drawing apart London started, and had covered two lengths before the Halifax men seemed to understand the situation. Then, buck DEAD-STROKE POWER HAMMER, IN ling to their work, they followed their oppo MACHINERY HALL. nents and at'each stroke neared them. When the tug came the Londoners were not there, and as soon as the fishermen put the nose of their boat in front they ceased rowitig and paddled over the remainder of the course. Below Columbia bridge both crews were listened to by the umpire, and he then gave the race to the Thames crew on a foul. FINA.L HtEAT-S1NGLE SCEULLS. There is but little to say about this race, except that Hanlon, of Toronto, who has proved himself to be one of the best single scullers in America, won from the start from Brayley, of St. John's. The latter pulled a most plucky stern chase, but he is evildently not thile equal of his younger and more scienced opponent. The time for the winner was 21.09 minutes; Brayley, 21.16y,. PAIR OAR-FINAL HEAT. It was hardly looked forward to as a good race between Green and Thomas and the FaulknerRegan pair, after the hot work the former had had in the first race. Still the Englishmen for three-quarters of a mile pit f,rth all1 the power that was in them, and pulled away up to fifty, the Bostonians only making forty-four, and at this rate they led fronm the start, and by the time the willows were passed, the Londoners slackened up, and never made an attempt to win the race, contenting themselves with second money. Faulkner-Regan covered the three miles in 21.20 minutes. 696 CHAPTER XXIII. THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock-Regulations of the Bureau of Agriculture, governing these Exhibits-Description of the Grounds-The Horse Show-The Noted Animals-The Dog Show-A Fine Collection of Canines-The Cattle Show-A Superb Exhibit-Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats-Description of the Animals-The Poultry Show-The Scene in the Pomological Annex. IfHE arrangements for the display of liverstock, in con nection with the Centennial Exhibition, were intrusted ~;~ by the Executive Committee to the Bureau of Agri C culture. The following regulations for these displays were thereupon issued by the Chief of the Agricultural Departmnent, with the approval of the Director-General of the Exhibition: UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIO.N, 1876, PHILADELPHIA. BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE. Live-Stock. 1. -Thle live-stock display at the International Exhibition will be held within the months of September, October, and November, 1876; the periods devoted to each family being as follows: Horses, mules, and asses, from September 1st to 14th. Dogs, from September 4th to 8th. Horned cattle, from September 21st to October 4th. Sheep, swine, and goats, from October 10th to 18th. 697 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Poultry will be exhibited from October 27th to Novem ber 6th. 2.-Animals to be eligible for admission to the International Exhibition must be, with the exception of trotting stock, walk ing horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle, of such pedigree that the exhibitor can furnish satisfactory evidence to the Chief of Bureau, that As applied to thoroughbred horses, as far back as the fifth generation of ancestors on both sides, they are of pure blood, and of the same identical breed. As to short-horned cattle, they are registered in either Allen's, Alexander's, or the English herd-books. As to Holsteins, Herefords, Ayrshires, Devons, Guernseys', Britannys, Kerrys, and other pure breeds, they are either imported or descended from imported animnals on both sides. As to Jerseys, that they are entered in the Herd Register of the American Jersey Cattle Club, or in that of the Royal Agri cultural Society of Jersey. As to sheep and swinie, they are imported or descended from imported animals, and that the homebred shall be of pure blood as far back as the fifth generation. 3.-The term breed, as used, is intended to comprehend all family divisions where the distinction in form and character dates. back through years of separation; for instance, it is held that the progeny of a pure-blood Jersey and a pure-bred Guernsey is not a thoroughbred but a crossbred animal, and as such is necessarily excluded. 4.-In awarding prizes to animals of pure blood, the judges will take into consideration chiefly the relative merits as to the power of the transmission of their valuable qualities; a cardinal object of the Exhibition being to promote improvement in breeding stock. 5.-In case of doubt relative to the age of an animal, satisfactory proof must be furnished, or the animal will be subject to examination by a veterinary surgeon; and should the state of dentition indicate that the age has not been correctly stated, the person so entering as an exhibitor will be prohibited from exhibiting in any class. 698 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 6.-The forms of classification for awards, as given under each head, are intended (excepting in the case of trotting stock, walking horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle) to apply to the animals of any pure breed that are entered for competition. 7.-The Exhibition being open to the world, it is of the first importance that the best of their kind only be brought forward, as tile character of the stock will be judged by the general average of those exhibited. 8.-Exhibitors will be expected to furnish their own attendants, on whom all responsibility of the care of feeding, watering, and. cleaning the animals, and also of cleaning the stalls will rest. 9.-Forage and grain will be furnished at cost prices, at depots conveniently located within the grounds. Water can be had at all hours, ample facilities being provided for its conveyance a nd distribution throughout the stockyards. 10.-Exhibitors must supply all bardess, saddlery,. vehicles, and other carepof eint gs, and all s) u clenin th stllswill rest.' |\ < ij 9.F~rae ad grain will be B furishd t cstprices, at depots i=-'ad coneletlylocated waithin thle grouns. Wter an b had at all 0t hous) mpl failiiesbeing pro- < 9 vided for its conveyance and dis- t3 tributionl throughout the stock- l yards.,/I \9t 10. —Exhibitors must supply all tljlfi!1lilli harness, saddlery. v ehicles, and G l r llll >zrz\illlll other appointments, and all sulch hafurniss, saleiry, v, atend ants othecare apofeing, wandterig anl(su must be kept in their appointed _ _ i!,oifl,,,'_ places. sEvRES VASE-IN MEMIAL 11.-The Commission will erect ample accommodation for the exhibition and protection of livestock, yet contributors who may desire to make special arrangements for the display of their stock, will be afforded facilities at their own cost. Fractious animals, whether stallions, mares with foals, or bulls, will be provided with stalls of suitable character. 12.-All stalls will be regularly and distinctly numbered; corresponding numbers on labels, of uniform character, will be 699 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY given to each exhibitor; and no animal will be allowed to pass from its stall without its proper number attached. 13.-Numbers alone will distinguish stock in the show-yards, preceding the awards of prizes. 14.-The judges of live-stock will make examination of all animals on the opening day of each serial show, and will for that day have exclusive entrance to the show-yard. 15.-No premium will be awarded an inferior animal, though there be no competition. 16.-All animals will be under the supervision of a veterinary surgeon, who will examine them before admission, to guard against infection, and who will also make a daily inspection and report. In case of sickness, the animal will be removed to a suitable enclosure especially prepared for its comfort and medical treatment. 17.-When animals are taken sick, the exhibitors may either direct the treatment themselves, or allow the veterinary surgeon appointed by the Commission to treat the case. In this latter event, the exhibitor will be charged for all expenses incurred. All possible care will be taken of animals exhibited, but the Commission cannot be held responsible for any injury or accident. 18.-A ring will be provided for the display and exercise of horses and cattle. 19.-On the last day of each serial show, a public auction may be held of such animals as the exhibitors may desire to sell. Animals may be sold at private sale at any time during their exhibition. During the period of a serial show, no animal, even in the event of being sold, will be allowed to be definitely removed. 20.-An official catalogue of the animals exhibited will be published. 21.-Exhibitors of thoroughbred animals must, at the time of making their entries, file with the Chief of the Bureau a statement as to their pedigree, affirmed or sworn to before an officer authorized to take affidavits, and the papers so filed shall be furnished to the jury of experts. 700 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 22.-The ages of live-stock must be calculated up to the opening day of the exhibition of the class to which they belong. 23.-Sheep breeders, desiring to exhibit wool, the products of the flocks, will display not less than five fleeces. 24.-All animals must be entered according to the prescribed rules as given in forms of entry, which forms will be furnished on application to the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. Breeding Horses. Mares entered as breeding animals must have had foals within one year of the show; or, if in foal, certificates must be furnished to that effect. All foals exhibited must be the offspring of the mare with which they are at foot. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Pure bred turf stallions, six years and over. Pure bred turf stallions, over four years and under six years. Pure bred-turf stallions, over two years and under four years. Pure bred turf moves, six years and over. Pure bred turf mares, over two and under six years. Awards will be made for: Trotting stallions, six years and over. Trotting stallions, over foul years and under six. Trotting stallions, over two years and under four. Pure bred draught stallions, six years and over. Pure bred draught stallions, over four years and under six. Pure bred draught stallions, over two years and under four. Pure bred draught mares, six years and over. Pure bred draught mares, over two and under six years. Trotting brood mares, six years and over. Trotting fillies, over four years and under six. Trotting fillies, over two years and under four. Running and Trotting Horses Shall be judged according to their record up to August 15th, 1876, due regard being had to present condition. 701 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Awards will be made for: Running horses having made fastest record. Trotting stallions having trotted a mile within two-thirty. Mares and geldings having trotted a mile within twotwenty-five. Walking Horses. Fast-walking horses, whether bred for agricultural purposes or the saddle, will compete in the ring for awards. THE VINTAGE FESTIVAL, BY ALMA TADEMA, IN MEMORIAL HALL. Matched Teams. Awards will be made for: Matched teams having trotted a mile in two-thirty-five. Matched stallions for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high, and over 1500 pounds weight each. Matched geldings for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high, and over 1500 pounds weight each. Matched mares for heavy draught, over fifteen hands high, and over 1400 pounds weight each. Matched mules for heavy draught, over fifteen and a half hands high, and over 1300 pounds weight each. Breeding Asses. Awards will be made to respective breeds of: Pure bred jacks, over six years. Pure bred jacks, over three years and under six. 702 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Pure bred she-asses, over six years. Pure bred she-asses, over three years and under six. Neat Cattle. No cow will be eligible for entry unless accompanied with a certificate that, within fifteen months preceding the show, she had a living calf, or that the calf, if born dead, was born at its proper time. No heifer entered as in calf will be eligible for a prize unless accompanied with a certificate that she has been bulled before the first of April, or presents unmistakable proof of the fact to the judges. No bull above one year old can be entered unless he have a ring in nose, and the attendant be provided with a leading stick, which must be used whenever the animal is taken out of stall. Awards will be made for the best herd of each respective breed, consisting as follows: One bull. Four cows, none under fifteen months. Neat cattle, of each respective breed, will compete individually for awards. Bulls, three years and over. Bulls, over two years and under three years. Bulls, over one year and under two years. Cows, four years and over. Cows, over three years and under four years. Cows or heifers in calf, over two years and under three years. Yearling heifers. A sweepstake award will be made for the best bull of any breed. A sweepstake award will be made for the best cow of any breed. Fat and Draught Cattle. Animals entered as fat and draught cattle need not be of pure blood, but will compete on individual merits. Fat cattle must be weighed; and, in general, those will be jtidged best which have the greatest weight, with the least surface and offal. 703 THE ILLUISTRATED HISTORY Awards will be made for: Best fatted steer of any age or breed. Best fatted cow of any age or breed. Most powerful yoke of oxen. Most rapidly-walking yoke of oxen. Most thoroughlytrained yoke of oxen. Most thoroughlytrained teamn of three or more yokes of oxeIn. Br eeding Sheep. Yy;;\\ ~J / All sheep offered for exhibition must be accompanied wtith a certificate to the effect that they have been shorn since the first of April, and the date given. 1p; 81 i1~~ If not fairly shorn, ~Titf!or if clipped so as to conceal defects, or with a view to im prove the form or appearance, they will be excluded from competition. _ _.....: Awards will be LANGEN OTTO GAS MOTOR, EXHIBITED IN THE made to repective GERMAN SECTION OF MACHINERY HALL. breeds for: The best pen of five animals of same flock, and including one ramn; the ewes all having had living lambs the past spring. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Rams, two years and over. Shearling rams. 704 OF TIHE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. A sweepstake award will be made for the best ram, respectively, of long, middle, and fine-wooled breeds. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Ewes, in pens of three, all having had living lambs. Shearlings, in pens of three. A sweepstake award will be made for the best pen of three breeding ewes, respectively, of long, middle, and fine-wooled breeds. Fat 8heep. Fat sheep entered for competition must be weighed; and, in general, those will be judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least surface and offal. Awards will be made for: Pen of three best fatted sheep of each breed. Pen of three best fatted sheep of any breed. Breeding Swine. Every competing sow above one sear old must have had a litter or l)e in pig, and the owner ninst bring proof of these facts if required. If a litter of pigs be sent with a sow, the young pigs must be sucklings-the offspring of the sow, and must not exceed the age of three months. Awards will be made to re8})ecive breeds for: The best pen of one boar and two breeding sows. For pen of sow and litter. Awards will be made to rc8})e,ctive breeds for: Boars, two years old and over. Boars, one year old and undei two vears. Boars, between nine months and one year. Breeding sows, two years old and over. Breeding sows, one year old and nnder two years. Pen of three sow pigs between nine months and one year. breed. A sweepstake award will be made for the best sow of any breed. 45 705 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Fat Swine. Fat swine entered for competition must be weighed; and, in general, those will be judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least surface and offal. Awards will be made for: Pairs of best fatted hogs of each breed. Pairs of best fatted hogs of any breed. Dogs. Benches will be furnished free of charge. Exhibitors may themselves assume the costs of attendance upon their animals; but, to provide for them who cannot conveniently attend the Exhibition, the Commission will assume the expenses of feeding and daily care free of charge. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Dogs of two years and over. Dogs of one year and under two. Pups. A sweepstakle award will be made for the best dog of any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred dog of any breed. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Bitches of two years and over. Bitches of one year and under two. Bitch pups. A sweepstake award will be made for the best bitch of any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred bitch of any breed. Poultry. Poultry can only be exhibited in coops made after specifications furnished by the Bureau of Agriculture. The,Commission will furnish coops and attendance flee of charge. 706 OF-TIHE CENTENNIAL EXItIBITION. Awards will be made to respective breeds for: Pairs of one year and over of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, swans, pigeons, guineas, and ornamental birds. For pairs under one year. I Fish. Living fishes will be displayed in both fresh and salt-water aquaria. Awards will be made for: Largest display of fish of each species. Largest display of fish of all species. A. T. GOSHORN, Director- General BURNET LANDRETH, Chief of Bureau of Agriculture. Philadelphia, Marci 22d, 1876. The grounds assigned to the live-stock displays were situated about five hundred yards south of the main Exhibition enclosure. They comprised twenty acres in the form of a trapezium with the wider end in front, bounded on the north by the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the south by Westminster avenue, on the east by Forty-first street, and on the west by Belmont avenue. They were surrounded by a high wooden fence, containing three groups of entrances similar to those at the main Exhibition enclosure. Two of these groups were on Belmont avenue, and the other at the corner of Westminster avenue and Forty-first street. The buildings and improvements cost over $25,000. There were 826 stalls for cattle and 540 stalls for dogs. All these were comprised in twenty-nine frame buildings, each 170 by 14 feet in size, and having a roof projecting four feet on each side and end. Eighteen of these sheds were on the northern border of the grounds, perpendicular to the fence, and the eleven others on the southern border, in the same position with respect to the fence. The offices of the superintendent and the judges were in a frame building fronting on Belmont avenue, and two stands for the judges were erected in the centre of the large area between the shleds. This area was 707 TITE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY left open for the purpose of exercising the animals and of exhibiting their performances to the judges and the spectators. , ii FLOWERS CENTENNIAL OIL-CUP, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. The Horse Show. The exhibition of horses, mules, and asses was opened in accordance with the official programme on the 708 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 1st of September, but was not fairly in operation until several days later. It was in many respects a surprise to the visitors, being on the whole much better than was anticipated. The palm was worthily borne off by the Canadian exhibitors, whose stalls were located immnediately on the left of the entrance, their display being the best arranged and to the farmer the most valuable and instructive on the grounds. The animals here exhibited consisted mainly of Clydesdale and English CARVED EAST INDIAN FURNITURE, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. draught horses, which are a specialty of Canadian stock-raising. Tihere are two branches, if we may so express it, of the Clydesdale breed. One of these is known as the English Clyde, the other as the Scotchl. Both branches are originally from Scotland, but the English breeders have made certain modifications in the horse. Both branches were well represented at the Exhibition. All the animals exhibited there in tile imported class were of the very best specimens of the breed, and it is rather a difficult matter to select particular horses for special mention. 709 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The chief praise, among the Clydesdales, however, was given to Royal Tom, an English-bred horse, four years old, and weighing 2133 pounds. He was a rich mahogany bay, and so evenly and symmetrically built that while standing in his stall his immense size was scarcely noticeable. When brought out with other horses in the ring, however, the young giant at once showed his magnificent proportions in their true light. He was a very compact, closely coupled and ribbed horse, with broad, flat legs, exceptionally clean for a horse of his great size. He wore upon his collar twelve medals, won by him at fairs in England, and has never yet been beaten at such an exhibition. A very fine specimen of the Scotch-bred Clyde was seen in "Scotsman," a light bay four years old, and weighing 2000 pounds. He was not so compactly built as Royal Tom, and was not so fine in the characteristic points of the breed, but was still a magnificent young draught stallion. In the same row of stables were two very fine specimens of the Lincolnshire, or English draught horse. One of these was "Simon Pure," a bI)eautifuil blood bay, of excellent style, but somewhat more leggy and lighter limbed than the Clydesdalei but rangy and possibly)] more active. The other was "Lord Dufferin, a remarlkably smooth two-year old. He is of a rich brown color, very compactly built, and entirely free from blemish; an exceedingly promising young horse, a little smaller than sonme specimens of the breed, but making up in. quality lwhat he lacks in size. In the next range of sheds were shown the practical results of the infilsion of this draught blood in the exhibit of cross-bred stallions and mares an exhibit of the greatest value to breeders and farmers. Here were to be seen horses of great size, but of more active and graceful build than their somewhat clumsy sires. One of the handsomest draught stallions on the ground was Lord Logan, one of those cross-bred or grade stallions, three years old, of a rich blood bay, smooth limbs, devoid of the exaggerated hairy fetlock which marks the pure Clydesdale, and more rangy and free in action, with a weight of 2000 pounds. Especially noteworthy among these grades were three 710 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. mares exhibited by George Doidge, of Coltumbus, Ontario. They were fillies of extraordinary size and attracted especial attention from those interested in the breeding of horses. In the next row of sheds were displayed stallions of the breed especially raised for coach purposes, called by various names, and produced by no very exact course of breeding. The most noted of these were exhibited by Mr. Long, of Lansing, Ontario, and were styled by him Cleveland Boys. One of these was "Lord Zetland," bred by the nobleman of that name, of the celebrated thoroughbred Voltigeur by a grade mnare; the other was " Emnperor," bred by the late Emperor Napoleon III. ~ ~~ ~ ~\~~ \ '~ ~~~~ ~ __ II I MACHINERY SECTION, AGRICULTURAL HALL. out of the thoroughbred "Esculape." These horses are of large size, with blooded heads, clean and sinewy limbs, and well adapted for carriage service, being stylish and of excellent action, but not very fast. They will scarcely supersede the trotting stallion with Americans as breeders of carriage horses. The Canadians exhibited very few thoroughbreds or trotters, and only two Percheron stallions, which, though fair animals, were not as handsome specimens as could be found in the United States exhibit. Passing the Canadian exhibit, we come next to the exhibit 711 TiH E ILLUSTRATED HiISTORY of horses from the United States. First of all we noticed a row of sheds devoted mainly to the display of the Chestnut Grove Stock Farm, of Eastoni, Pennsylvania, which exhibited horses of all kinds. WTe noted the very handsome imported four-year-old draught stallion Oxford, a Clydesdale of pure type; Highland Golddust, a beautiful chestnut sorrel stallion, a splendid specimen of the well-known Golddust trotting stock, and several other stallions and geldings of approved trotting and draught strains. Crossing to the other side of the grounds FOUR-CYLINDER SOAP-MAKING MACHINE EX HIBITED IN THE FRENCH SECTION, MACHINERY HALL. we came to the stables devoted to the thoroughbred and trotting stock exhibited by our own breeders. In the first stall we find, ill strong contrast with the draught stallions described on the Canadian side, the beautiful but small Jenifer Arabian, a very light gray, almost white, and a strong exponent of the points of that poetic breed, delicate in all his proportions, but perfection in form. We noticed, in passing, the very handsome stallion Andes, out of Bolnnie Scotland, and the beautifil 712 , —,-.~~~-r OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. blood-brown stallion Bingaman, out of Asteroid, active as a deer and playful as a kitten, with beautiful limbs, and grand muscles playing, with easy grace under his sleek and supple sklin. Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, exhibited four fine stal lions, which were among the most notable on the grounds. Two of them were aged horses-one, Tom Allen, out of the celebrated Ethan Allen, a strong-limbed, serviceable trotter, well up in the points of the Allen stock; the other, Montgomery, out of Alexander's Abdallah, the very aristocracy of trotting pedi grees, and a very good example of the strain. The others were promising colts. Among the trotting stallions particular curi osity was excited by Graphic No 36, a two-year old colt, out of the stallion Smuggler, whose wondeirful performances, during the past summer, have made him the sensation of the hour. Graphic is a rangy, heavy-limbed colt, and looks as if he would be a goer. The best-known trotting stallion on exhibition was Thomas Jefferson, a noble black horse of wonderfuil beauty, whose long tail actually trails uponi the ground, and whose per formances, under the skilful reins of Budd Doble, are matters of turf history. The next most notable horse was Mr. F. G. Wolbert's stallion, Bismarck, out of Hamnbletonian. Bismarck is sixteen and a quarter hands'igh, of a rich bay color, closely coupled with broad, flat legs of' enormous range, and muscles of exceptional size. He has no record, but could doubtless establish one low down in the twenties. There were a number of other exceedingly fine horses, but none of national reputation. After the trotters and runners came the UJnited States display of draught horses. Prominent among these was the exhibit of James A. Perry, of Wilmington, Illinois, which consisted of imported Percheron horses. At the hlead of his stud was the Duke de Chartres, probably the finest Percheron stallion ever imported, light dapple-gray in color, sixteen and a half hands high, weight 2050 pounds, limbs and muscles of enormous size, but perfect symmetry, and, despite his immense size, active as a mustang. Mr. Perry also showed Rolland, a horse of great size and power, and especially noteworthy as to color, being a rich dapple-brown, which is somewhat rare in this breed, which 71 —l OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. liing(ton, New Jersey, exhibited the Clydesdale stallion, Samson, a very handsome brown four-year-old; and also an exceedingly fine Clydesdale mare, Mayfield. The smallest animal onl the grounds was the Arabian Jack, exhibited by Louis Lienan, a little creature not much larger than a Newfoundland dog, but exceedingly attractive in its quaint ugliness. At ten o'clock in the morning and again at four o'clock ill the after noon, during each day of the horse show, the animals were led out inll the ring, and were there, either in harness, or under the charge of at tendants, put through the performanaces best calculated to show their speed and display their most attractive and valuable qualities. The sight at such times was beautiful and inspirit- X;A ing, and drew l arge~ numbers of persons to ExcIir witness it. Prominent among the animals ex- il26 of w hibited in th e rin g was a team of beautiful dapple-gray horses, the daprple-gry orses. A.e."AQUO3METER" PUMP, EXHIBITED IN MACIIINproperty of Mr. A. R. ERY HALL. Murdoch. Their aggregate weight was 3500 pounds. Especial admiration was excited by two milk-white mares, twin-sisters, granddaughters of Dan Rice's old horse Excelsior. The number of entries at the horse show was 246, of whiclh 170 were American. The remainder belonged to Canada. 715 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The following gentlemen were the judges of the horse exhibition: John R. Viley, Lexington, Kentucky; Dr. J. W. Weldon, New York; Basil Duke, St. Louis, Missouri; Colonel E. T. Stowell, Cornwall, Vermont; George Murray, Racine, Wisconsin; Thaddeus Holt, Macon, Georgia; Thomas D. Dewey, Owessa, Michigan; Milo Smith, Clinton, Iowa; General T. G. Williams, Austin, Texas; S. P. Brown, Washington, District of Columbia; A. Mc(Allister, Springfield Furnace, Pennsylvania; S. H. Tewksbury, Portland, Maine; John Miller, Columbus, Ohio; F. Parrington, England, and Dr. Tetu, Quebec. The horse show was well patronized, the attendance and the interest in it increasing each day. It was formally closed on the 14th of September. The Dog SIow.-The dog show was opened, according to arrangement, on the morning of the 4th of September, and was closed on the evening of the 8th. It was a perfect success, and was pronounced, by competent judges, the most complete and satisfactory exhibition of its kind ever held. The entries numbered 722, of which 681 were American, twenty-six English and Irish, and fifteen Canadian dogs. The collection embraced sporting and fancy dogs, imported and domestic English and Irish Jordan setters, and pointers of fifty pounds weight over and under. Harriers, beagles, Chesapeake Bay dogs, Irish water spaniels, and a large variety of hounds and terriers of all sizes and colors made up the list, with a liberal display of Newfoundlands, St. Bernard's, mastiffs, bull-dogs, poodles, etc. The different breeds were classified according to sections, and by reference to the catalogue the visitor was enabled to familiarize himself with the distinguishing characteristics of the breeds. With the list of entries was incorporated a description of typical characteristics, and a scale of points such as is made use of in judging dogs in England. Long before the visitor reaches the show," wrote the correspondent of the New York Tribune, "he is greeted with such a medley of dog voices as he has assuredly never heard before. From the deep bay of the fox hound to the sharp yelp of the 716. OF TIIE CENrirNNIAI, EXHIIIBITION. terrier, from the filll tone of the Englishl mastiff to the uncertain squeak of the poodle, there are numberless gradations, with variations for each mood of the dog mind. Setters are more largely represented than any other variety of the dog race, and there are many fine, highlly-b)red animals here. There are some excellent red Irish setters here, including a few that are valued at two hundred guineas apiece, and sonme black-and-tan Gordon setters so finely marked that they would form finle subjects for the animal painter. Many English setters are exhibited, DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING MACHINERY IN MACHINERY HALL. and some of them not only show the points of good dogs, but have pedigrees of remarkable extent. Most noticeable among the latter are two dogs recently imported from England, late the property of Edward Laverack, of Shropshire. They are descended from stock which Mr. Laverack obtained in 1825, and which, it was supposed, had been pure for thirty-five years He has kept a continuous strain of pure blood since that time. The pedigree of the two does for nine generations is shown, and the number of names in it is adapted to give a person an 717 it |! hl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~llt9 [ i f~~~~~~~~~ THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY enlarged idea of the dimensions of the graveyard which might contain the bones of his ancestors. There are comparatively few pointers, but some are good animals. Some Irish terriers are shown of a very high strain of blood, as may be judged from the price, two hundred guineas in gold, asked for one or two of the best. Very curious in appearance are the Irish water spaniels, with long curly top knots and slhaggy ears. There are quite a number of Duchshunds, a medium-sized dog, with singlilar crooked forelegs. Among the other canines are English fox-terriers, used to unearth the fox when tihe hounds have run him into his burrow; many Skye terriers, Scotch terriers, black-and-tan terriers, poodles, and lap dogs, Spitz dogs, Siberian bloodhounds, a fine English mastiff, English and Italian greyhounds, Chesapeake Bay duck dogs, vicious-looking bull terriers, English pug dogs, sheep dogs, and two queer hairless MNlexican hounds." The attendance upon the dog show was large, many of the visitors being ladies. The judges and their specialties were as follows: John E. Long, Detroit, Michigan, pointers and spaniels; Col. T. G. Skinner, New York, hounds; Dr. L. 1r. Twaddell, Philadelphia, non-sporting dogs; John Swain, Baltimore, Maryland, English setters; George Drolet, Montreal, Canada, Irish and Gordon setters. Among the more prominent awards were the following: The Forest and Stream prize to Ailleen, owned by Frank Roan; prize for Duchlishunds to Dr. L. H. Twaddell's Unser Fritz; Turf, Field, and Farm prize for fox hounds to J. Shaner's Dandy and Chip; C. L. MWestcott's prize to J. E. Long's Juno; John Krider's prize to J. Ayre's Ulen; Captain A. IHI. Clay's prize to Bess; the Chicago Field's prize to Ruflis 2d. The Philadelphia cup for the best setter in the show was awarded to Paris, owned by L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, Ontario, Canada. The cup for the best imported English setter, over one and under two years, was awarded to L. H. Smithl's Llewellin. The Detroit Gun Club cup was awarded to Juno, owned by J. E. Long, of Detroit. The Philadelphia sportsman's cup for pointers was awarded to G. A. Strong's Pete. 718 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The Cattle Show. Tile display of horned cattle began on the 21st of September, and lasted until the 4th of October. Though the entries were light at first they increased daily, until they finally numbered ,550 head of cattle, so that the exhibition may be fairly considered a success. It attracted (.. many visitors, especially j <', those interested in the rais- a ing of cattle. Among the an imals on exhibition w ere four l arge buffaloes from Colora do at which w ere especially noD-I ticed by r eason of their d an t immense-size. The largest animal displayed was' the Gen er al G rant, whose weight was almost five thousand pounds. There were also shown two steers one from Kentucky, the';_ other from Canada, whose weight was almost equal to that of the General. Two rows of sheds were set apart for draught cattle, of which a fine display rrcKER's "RIzrAu Ro BODIEo was made. All the oxen OFCHER POTECTIN MEMODIES on exhibition were thoronghly trained to the voice of the driver, and the greater part of them belonged to the finest breeds of this country. Among the entries were 150 Jersey milcd cows from various parts of the United States, and 12 from England; about 70 Shorthorns from Canada and Pennsylvania, principally for beef; 50 Ayrshires, for dairy purposes; a large number of Devons, intended for botl; the dairy and the meat market; and a number of fine specimens 719 THE ILLUSTR.iATED HISTORY of' Hereford, Galloway, Kerry, Holstein, and Dutch breeds, most of wllich were bred for the market. Tile display of fat cattle for beef was also fine, althoulgh the entries firom each State were small. A number of the more valuable Shorthorns were imported from England by a well-known Kentucky cattleraiser. They were valued at from $4,000 to $9,000 apiece, and one of them, a gigantic bull, was valued at $10,000. COMBINATION WOOD WORKER, EXHIBITED IN MACItlNERY HALL. On the 4th of October a number of the Shorthorn or Jersey cattle were sold at auction, the cattle show being over. The prices were fair, the sale opening with the disposal of the heifer Cassandra for $180, and the roan bull Lord Cranham for $100. The Display of Sheep, 8wine, and Goats Began on the 10th of October, and lasted until the 18th. The entries were as follows: sheep, 400; swine, 375. Thle Ameri 72")0 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXrlfBITION. can animals were exhibited by prominent breeders ii) New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Can ada sent a considerable numbl)er of sheep of the l)reeds of Cotswolds, Leicester, Soutlhdowns, and Oxford-downas, and some fine swine of the Suffolk, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Essex, and Chester white breeds. Among the Soutlidowns were soIme of the most valualile specimens of sheep ill existence, sonme of which were valued as high as $6000 apiece. One of the largost was a breeding ram weighing four hundred pounds, whlose hire for a siIngle season is about $250 gold. MAr. Russell Swan wick, of England, exhibited some noticeable Cotswold sheep, the average weight of which reached the rare figure of three hundred ponixis, a weight not often attained by this breed. Among the swine hlerds Mr. T. S. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, exhibited the finest animals. These were imported Berkshires, all of which are said to have carried off premiums at various European exhib)itions. The heaviest hog in the display was ex hibil)ited by Messrs. Shlaner, Ashbridge& Walter, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, who exhibited some splendid Chester whites. The Poultry Show.-The exhibition of poultry was held in the Pomological Annex to the Agricultutral Building, and was opened on the 27th of October and closed on the 6th of NovemI)er. The large hall was specially fitted up for the occasion with long rows of coops. Above these were placed a number of cages containing Canaries. The entries of chickens and birds amounted to more than six thousand, but the fowls present fell short of this number. The finest displays were from Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Michigan. A considerable number of fine fowls from Canada and England were also on exhibition. The majority of the States of the Union were well represented, and the visitor was afforded a fair idea of the excellence and variety of the fowls raised in this country. The exhibition was under the charge of J. E. Diehl, Esq.5 the -Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Poultry Association, who acted as Superintelndent. 46 721 THE ILLUSTRAIED HISTORY Of the fowls and birds on exhibition our limits will allow us to speak but briefly. The Light Brahmas attracted particular attention. They were large, beautifil chickens, with all the perfect marks of that breed. Immediately to the south of the coops containing them were a number of coops of fine Bantams. Of the large Cochin Clinas there were several varieties. Some of them were puie white, others pure black, and others again of the buff varieties. D)r. H. H. Lowrie, of Plainfield, New Jersey, exhibited three handsome white Leghlorns. Mr. Mc1,(are, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, sent some silver duckwinged Game chickens; whilst Benson & Burpee displayed L iM( ~< EASTMAN JOHNSON'S "OLD KENTUCKY HOME,'" IN M%EMORIAL HtALL. sixty cases of fine fowls, anioing which were putre white and bt)lack Leghlorns, black SI)ainish chickens, and black Hamburgs with red conlbs and white wattles. There were also some beautiful silver and gold-spangledl Hamlburgs, and golden-pencilled and silver-pencilled Hamburgs. G. H. Warren, of New York Mills, and G. F. Seavey, of Massachusetts, exlhibited some l)eautifiul golden and silver Sebright fowls-very beautiful bantams, spotted all over the body, wings, tail and neck. Probably the most attractive exhibit to the ordinary visitor, as well as to the poultry fancier, consisted of a number of pairs of silver Pheas}ants from Pennsylvania and Connecticut. These were of a very rare breed, and were, without doubt, the most beautiful fowls in the Exhibition. 722 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Tutrkeys were well represented, a number of varieties of domestic and wild fowls being shown. The black, light and dark bronze and white, and the wild turkey had each its well-selected representative. Among the ducks we may notice the Raven duck, large, darkcolored and beautifully marked; the Cayuga duck, pure black, evene to the bills, legs and feet; and the Aylsbury or the Centiary, ipure white, and equal in size to the Cayuga. W. A. Burpee exhibited a curious du(ck, hatched in the spring of 1876, and GARLANDAL'S AiR-COOLER AND PURIFYING APPARATUS, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL.. perfect in everv way except that its feet instead of being webbed were perfect chicken's feet. This duck could swimn as well as any other, notwithstanding this defect. There were two Egyptian geese on exhibition. They were very handsome and attracted much attention. The breast is of black, white and gray, spotted like canvas; the back of a reddish-brown, black and gray mixed; and there is a reddishbrown ring around the throat, with the same tinge in different shades on the neck and head. There were also several varieties 9f the Toulouse, China, Bremen, H1ong-Kong and Wild goose. 723 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. The display of pigeons was very extensive and very finie, comprising some of the best and rarest breeds, besides such favorites as Tumblers, Jacobins, Fan-tailed and Crested birds, Cameras, Turbets, Antwerps, and numerous others. One display of a breed which has been increased in size, until the birds THE STEVENS PARALLEL VISE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. are almost as large as common chickens, attracted exceptional attention. There were also exhibited a number of swallows, African, Chinese and English owls, Magpies, Starlings and Canary birds. A fine display was made of patent incubators, and other apparatus for the better care and raising of chickens. 724 CHAPTER XXIV. THE STATE DAYS. Arrangements for the State Celebrations-New Jersey Day-An Inspiriting Spectacle-Connecticut Day-Massachusetts Day- New York Day-A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State-Scenes and Incidents in the Grounds-Pennsylvania Day-The Grandest Celebration of All-A Gala Day at the Exhibition-The Governor's Reception-The Fire Works — Rhode Island Day-The Italian Day-Inauguration of the Columbus Monument-New Hampshire Day-Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day -The Fire Works-The Delaware Celebration-Reception by the Governor of Maryland-The Virginia Celebration-The Tournament-The Ball Crowning the Queen of Love and Beauty-Ohio Day-Magnificent Tribute to the Governor of Ohio-The Merchants' Reunion-Vermont Day. N order to add to the attractiveness of the Exhibition, and more especially to carry out the design of making it a means of celebrating the Centennial period of our P National history, the Executive Committee at an early day determined to inaugurate a setries of " State Days," on each of which a special celebration should be held in the Exhibition grounds in honor of the State of the Union to which the day should be assigned. It was decided that the ceremonies on these occasions should consist of an address devoted to a review of the history and progress of the State holding the celebration, a reception by the Gover nor of such State at the State building in the Exhibition grounds, and such other festivities as should be decided upon b y th e committee. It was understood that these celebrations woul d of necessity be confined to the States nearest Philadelphia, as it would be comparatively easy for their people to be present in force on suchi occasions. The more remnote States by reason of their distance w ould find it impossible to take part in these festivals. Ar 725 THE ILLUSTRATED IHISTORY rangenments were promptly entered into between the Centeniial Colmmlission and the authorities of the States desiring to engage in these celebl)rationis, and the utmotst enthusiasm was displayed by all parties in carrying out the programmes decided upon. New Jersey Day. The first State to engage in these special celebrations was New Jersey. Thursday, the 24th of August, was the day selected by the State authorities, and for several weeks previous A~~~~~~~~~ THE ITALIA DEPARTMENT AGRICULTURAL HALL. -THE ITALIAN DEPARTMENT. AGRICULTURAL HALL. to that date energetic efforts were made to induce st,ch a ntumber of the people of New Jersey to be present at the Exhibition that the occasion should i)e an event memorable in the history of the State. New Jersey had done so much to make the Exhibition a success, and I)ad given it such warm Iand( efficient support at its most critical periods, that it was peculiarly appropriate that this generous commonwealth Ehould open the series of State festivals. Thursday, August 24th, was bright air, fair, All through tlhe 726 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. morning trains were arriving from points in New Jersey, bringing thousands of visitors, and other thousands came by way of Camden, the Delaware river ferries, and( the city carll lines. By eleven o'clock the grounds were thronged and the various buildings of the Exhibition were filled with a merry, eager crowd of "Jersey folks," bent on seeing the beauties and wonders of the "Centennial." / ===_m, M A _ lt\~1_ ~ / / — /_ _ - SOTN /1[CIE EXIIE B Y -ERI & MIE = -AHER A SLOTTING MACHINE, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES IN MACHINERY HALL. At ten o'clock the Newv Jersey Reception Conmmittee, consisting of native Jerseymen residing in Philadelphlia, assembled at the Centennial depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad to act as an escort to Governor Bedle and party, who were to come fromn Trenton. The Committee was constituted as follows: 727 THE ILIACSTRATED HI:STORY E. C. Knight, Chairman;Hon. Morton M(Micllael, Dr. Joseph Pancoast, Honi. B. IJ. Brewster, Samuel Bisphain, Samuel E. Stokes, J. B. ILippincott, Richard J. Dobbins, Furman Sheppard, Edward Browning, James H. Stevenson, John W. Stokes, Louis A. Godey, Dr. E. C. Jayne, and Joseph IH. Campion. The unusual demand upon the transportation facilities of the road threw all the morning trains behind time, and it was not until after eleven that the arrival of the train containing the gubernatorial party was announced by the cheers of the crowd around the (de)ot. As Governor Bedle and his party alighted tiron' the trailn, they were mnet by tlIe Reception Committee, the chairman of which greeted tliem with a brief address of welcome, to whiel) thl)e Governor miade an appropriate response. The conmpalny with their escort now formed in line, and p)roceedi-g across the street, entered the grounds tllhrot,ugh the gate adjoining the Board of Finance head-quarters. Here were drawn lip in two lines on either side the chiefs of the del)artments of the Centennial management, with President JolIii Welsli, of the Centennial Board, Thomas Cochlran, Clement IJ. Biddle, Amos R. Little, and other members. Headed by the great First BPrigade Band of forty-five pieces, thern playing at the Centenial, the procession filed.around the Bartholdi fountain and up to the Judges' Hall. The following is a list of the more l)rominent among the visitors in line, and subsequently in attendance at the Jersey State Btiildii,g: Governor Bedle and lady; Hlon. AI)ram Browning, the orator (of the (lay; ex-Governors Parker and Newell; ex-United States Senator Stockton; Hon. A. L. Runyon, State Comptroller; Major-General Mott, keeper of the State Prison; Vice-Chiancellor Dodd; Sllpreme Court Judges Van Sickle, Reed a;l(l- Dixoni; Speaker of the State Senate, General Sewell, and Staite Senators Leon Ab)bett and lady, JOh)n Hill, Dayton, TI)orne, Potts, Schultze, Jarrard, Kirk and Hopper; Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly Carscaller, and Assemblyman Sidney B. Berais; Hols. Orestes Cleveland and J. G. Stevens, New Jersey Centennial Commliissioners-at-large;. aides-(le-cainps to 728 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the Governor, Colonels Garretson, Hendri(ekson, Spencer, Hoy, Holcomnbe and Vredenburg; Adjutant-General Stryker; Quarternmaster-General Perrine; Judge John T. Nicklerson, United States D)istrict Court; State Treasurer Wrig,It; Ashbel Welech, Esq., ex-Presi(lent of United Companies of New Jersey; Superintendcent J. A. Anderson, of Belvidere division; General N. N. lHalstead; Ioii. Alexander Wurtz, ex-State Senator, and Benjamrin F. Lee, Clerk of New Jersey Supreme Court. The procession also included the Reception Committee, mnembers of the Centennial manageiment, and many Jerseymen who had previ 'I - THE SEWING MACHINE SECTION, MACHINERY HALL. oisly arrived on the grounds, General Hawley and President M'elsh accompanying Governor Bedle and Mr. Browning resl)ectivel'y. When the audience had asseml)led( in the Judges' Hall, which, for the first time in its history, was entirely filled, GoV'ernor Bed]e introduced the orator of the day, the Hon. Abram P)rowning. Mr. Browning then delivered an eloquent and instructive address, in which he reviewed the history and progress of the State of New Jersey, and explained its agricultural, 729 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY industrial and commercial resources. He was listened to with marked attention, and was frequently applauded. At thle concltision of the ad(dress, the company formed in line and marched from Judges' Hall to the splendid New Jersey State Buil(ling, on Belmont avenue. This building and the grounds around it were thronged with people awaiting the arrival of the Governor. From every spire of the building above the red tiled roof floated the national colors. The sutirrounding structures gayly flaunted their bunting, bands of music at the adjoining restaurants gave forth their sweetest strains and Machinery Hall chimes rang out their peals of CHAMBERS, BRO. & CO'S ARCHIMEDEAN BRICK MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN .MIACHINERY HALL. melody in honor of "Jerseymen's day." Every county in the State, from Sussex to Cape May, and from Hudson to Camden, was represented in the thronging multitude whichl from nine A. M. till evening tested the strength and capacity of the spacious structure, and surged restlessly through and around it. The procession from Ju(lges' Hall, headed by the First Brigade Band, arrived at the building at fifteen minutes after one o'clock, when many of the State officials were escorted into the private rooms of the State Commissioners. Soon after, Governor Bedle appeared in the main hall of the buildi,ng, and mounting 730 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. a Chlair addressed the crowd. A formal reception was held l)y the Governor at the close of his speech, and lasted until three o'clock, the citizens of the State present and maliy strangers being severally presented to his Excellency. This reception brought the ceremonies to a close. Thie attendance during the day was as follows: paying visitors, 56,326; free, 10,727; total, 67,053. The receipts were $28,063.75. - -ji\\ I _-_- _ =-'~1 ll~[ilillfllllll i"""L""'"" ii. POWER PUNCHING MACHINE, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES IN MACHINERY HALL. Connecticut Day. The day selected by the authorities of Connecticut for their State celebration at the Exhibition was Thursday, September 7th. Several days previous to this the Third and Fourth regiments of Connecticut volunteers arrived at Philadelphia, and went into camp in Fairmount Park near the Exhibition 731 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY grounds. On the 6th, Governor Ingersoll arrived fronm Hartford. The 7th of September was an exceedingly disagreeable day. A dull and cheerless rain fell all through the day, and compelled the abandonment of a portion of the ceremonies that had been determinled upon. In- spite of this, however, the crowd of visitors poured steadily through the gates, and long before twelve o'clock the principal buildings and all the main avenues were thronged. At one o'clock Governor Ingersoll held an informal recel)tion at tile Connecticut State Building on State avenue, which was largely attended. It was estimated that fully ten tllousan(l citizens of Connecticut were present at the Exhibition during the day. The total attendance was as follows: paying visitors, 64,059; free, 10,985; receipts, $30,853.75. Massachuseffs Day. Thlrs(Idy, September 14th, was Massachusetts day. The chief interest of the occasion centred about the Massachusetts Building, on State avenue. All the surrounding buildings, American and( foreign, displayed their bunting, while from the cupola of the MNassachiusetts house floated the old Pine Tree flag, an emblem of colonial days, with the national colors from the flagstaff in front, and a pretty collection of many colored ensigns tastefuilly arranged above the main entrance. The doorways of the interior were decorated with fla,,. During the afternoon an orchestra, stationed in the hall, fulrnished the music for the occasion, while from the towers of Machinery Hall the chimes r,ang out the national airs, and gave a salute on the bells thirteen times, in honor of the day. At one o'clock Governor Rice, attended by his staff, took his stand in the Governor's room of the building, and held a formal reception, which was largely attended. The people were presented to his Excellency by Commissioner A. L. Coolidge. The visitors entered by the main door and, passing through the hall, repaired to the Governor's room. After paying their re 1732 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXITIBITION. spects to his Excellency they passed through the press and readiig-room, and made their exit from the building by way of tlhe rear door of the hall, the passage ways being kept open by a detail of the Centennial Guard. During the reception, the Sons of Massachusetts, an organization of Massachusetts men residing in Newv York city, and led by Colonel Frank E. Howe, presented a handsome flag to the State through the Governor. The presentation was made in UI> an appropriate address by Mr. f Nathani Appleton, of Boston, ~ll and was acknowledged in'fitting ~ terms by Governor Rice. After the reception was over, the Governor, his staff, and the members of the executive coun- DREAMING IOLANTHE, IN BUTTER, IN cil dined in the State build- THE WOMIEN'S PAVILION. ing. At night the Governor was serenaded at the Trans-Continental hotel, where he was lodging. It was estimated that fully ten thousand visitors from MAassachusetts were present in the grounds during the day. The cash admissions to the grounds were 85,795; the free admissions, 12,073; total, 97,868. Receipts, $41,193. New York Day. The 21st of September was set for New York day, the fourth of the series of State Centennial celebrations. The day was bright and clear, and at an early hour throngs of visitors began to pour through the gates into the Exhibition grounds. By noon it was evident that the occasion would be memorable as drawing the largest attendance since the opening of the Exhibition, and by one o'clock the crush was tremendous. Thousands came in from New York city and other points in the Empire State during the morning, and each arriving train over the lNew 733 THE ILI,USTRATED HISTORY York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad was crowded to its utmost capacity. At one o'clock Governor Tilden reached the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds in a carriage, and was received by the Centennial authorities and escorted to the New York State building. His arrival was greeted with deafening chleers, a(nd he was followed by a vast multitude eager to do honor to the chief magistrate of the Empire State. The Governor was accompanied by ex-Governor Bigler, of the Centennial Board of Finance, and was followed by about forty members of the United States Centennial Commission, heladed l)y General Hawley, and( Commissioner Becklwith, of New York. Governor Tilden acknowledged the hearty greeting of the crowd by repeatedly bowing from his carriage. l;~ ~ ~~ $.~jj> ~~~j\j~~ __________ "DUG-OUT" FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, IN THE UNITED STATES GOVERN MENT BUILDING. Upon reaching the New York building, Governor Tilden at once entered it and tookl his stand iii the principal parlor. The formal reception immediately began. The visitors were presenlted to the Governor by M?'. Fratnk Leslie, President of the New York Centennial Comninission. As the people received the Governor's recognition, they passed out l)y a door and stairway in the rear of the building. After the lapse of a considerable time it was found that to receive the increasing mass of people on the outside, who were then being admitted through the front entrance at the rate of twenty per minute, would require the time allotted to the ceremony to be extended several 734 -\' l2 ), .,Yl I I p, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. hours. An intimation was also given privately that the floor of the building was not of sufficient strength to stand the uinusual weight being put upon it. It was accordingly suggested to Governor Til(len to repair to the portico and address the multitude gathered around the edifice. Thlis suggestion being acquiesced in by the Governor, the formal reception was brought to a close, and the Governor, descending to the portico, was intioduced by General Hawley, who said: "Fellow-citizens, you anticipate what I have to say. I have the great honor of presenting to you to-day his Excellency, Governor Tilden, of New York." When the cheers with which hlie was greeted had subsidled, Governor Tilden said: "LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: My right arm is not wearied with the hearty grasp of the thousands who have seized it with the force-of a single shake [A voice: There are 40,000 here who can't get in], but your committee have warned me that the ceremony could not possibly be brought within the time allotted to them, and have therefore instructed me to make my acknowledgments to you en masse. Ladies and gentlemen, I tender to you my cordial salutation, one and all.. I have come here to-day to perform an official duty, to put the moral power and the official authority of the great State of New York by the side of Pennsylvania, to testify our appreciation and our sympathy. In behalf of five millions of people I thank you for your kind attendance, and I thank you for your expressions of respect, and, tendering to you my cordial and complete salutation, one and all, I bid you adieu." The ceremonies of the day now came to a close, and Goverlior Tilden, accompanied by Colonel Frederick A. Conkling arid( Henry Havemeyer, Esq., of the State Board of Centennial Commissioners, left the New York building for a tour through the grounds. They were followed by a large crowd of people who repeatedly gave loud cheers for Governor Tilden. The party entered Machinery Hall, through which they passed, and then proceeded to the Main Building and Memorial Hall, and 735 TIHE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY returned to the New York house by way of the Government Building. A battalion of the New York City Police was drawn up in front of the State building awaiting the Governor's return. As ie approached the men came to a present arms. The Governor STEAM HAMMER, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES, IN MACHINERY HALL. passed through the ranks, inspecting the force, and then ascended to the portico. Superintendent Walling, in charge of the force, introduced the Governor to the men, who received him with three cheers. The Governor thereupon addressed them briefly, congratulating them upon their proficiency in drill 7336 OF THE CEiTENNIAL EXHIBITION. and discipline, after which the patrolmten passed in review before him. Shortly after this the Governor entered his carriage and left the grounds. It was estimated that forty thousand persons from the State of Newv York wvere present during the day. The total attendance was as follows: Cash a(lmissions, 122,003; free admissions, 12,58.5; total, 134,588. The receipts were $59,986. Pennsylvania Day. Thulrsday, the 28thl of Septembl)er, was set apart b)y the Cen tenial autlhorities for the celebration of the State of Peansyl vania. The day was particularly well chlosen, inasmnuchl as it was the one hundredth alnniversary of the adoption of the first Constituttion of Pennsylvania. It was declared by special procla mationl of the G overnor of the State to be a legal holiday, and in all parts of the State preparatiolns were set on foot aind en thusiastically carried out to make it thle most imemorable occa sion in the history of the Exhiibition. It was not doubted that the State which had been the mainstay of the Exllibition in all its trials, and which, more than any other, had carried it througlh to success, would ea,gerly avail itself of tlhis opportunity of testi fying emphatically and unitedly its approval of the mannner in which the great enterprise had been carried out. W'ith the rising of the sun on the norling of September the 28thl the city of Philadelphia was astir. Business was generally suspendled, and thousands of citizens and visitors sojourning in the city took the early trains for the Exhib)ition. All thlrough the day the steam and horse railroads, and the various vehicles engaged in the work of transporting passengers, were crowded to their utmost capacity. Trains were arriving all the forenoon from distant points in the State; each bringing hundreds of visitors to swell the great throng. The entrances to the Exhibition ground swere opened at halfpast eight o'clock, and imniediately there was a rush for tlhc turn-stiles. Tlhis continued without intermission for several hours. By ten o'clock the crowd had settled down into a steady stream, and the turn-stiles revolved with tlhe regularity of water 47 '737 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY wheels, receiving and discharging an unbroken stream of lhumanity, and the constant shower of half dollars falling into the cash-boxes soon showed that the day was to be a success financially as well as in other respects. At one o'clock the reports from the turn-stiles showed that one hundred and seventy-five thousand paying visitors had passed the gates, and still the crowd kept pouring in. FERRIS & MILES' SIItPING MACHINE, EXHlIBITED IN MIACHINEiiRY HALL. "0No pen, however inspired," says the Plhiladelphia Puress, in its account of the celebration, " could adequately describe the scene presented inside the Centennial grounds an hour after the gates were opened. If the whole world was not centred there, it was very evident that a considerable portion of a State had converged to a focus, and though every broad avenue was alive with humanity, the multitudes seemed to double every hour. The Main Building, being the nearest and chief point of attraction to the main entrance, soon became uncomfortably crowded, anu thie tens of thousands of delighted guests sur,ged on and on, nultil 738 OF THIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. every open structure on the grounds was filled, and every wide avenue turned into a gay boulevard. Among these thronging thousands all classes of society possible to find i;n a single State were represented, from the most highly cultured to the most ignorant, from the wealthiest to the poorest; but though high and low were mingled to gether in a seemingly inseparab)le mass, the best of good nature prevailed, and all so cial distinctions were forgotten in the com mon feeling of love for the old Keystone State. Usually nearly the whole number of dlaily visitors are in the grounds at one o'clock, but yesterday they continued to arrive until very much later, and at three o'clock in the afternoon the scene was indescribably bril-; liant. InI -addition to the immense numbers of visitors who came as individuals, there. were miany thousands belonging to permna- nient or temporary organizations who came in a body. Miany of these were the employes' of large firms, and in most cases, where their ~i~!( admission fee was paid by their employers, ~"'!\(.,x thley proceededT to the grounds in a body, and i.. remaine(l togethier for some hours afterwards.: i,'"' The mein finom the Baldwin Locomotive WVorks w\ere there in full force, and pre-'T: - sented a very creditable appearance. The Aeteiran Corps of the First Infantry, N. G., TOTF,)-POS', FRO- At TIAIDAS, a. 1 i1 1 a a * 1 z~~~~olll Qlrr -N CIIAIl,IOT'I-F ISL4N'D,S, ulnlcder Colonel Charles S. Smith, and Com- IN TIF UNJTSD STATESI OT-' Tx n 1. a ~~~~~~~~~ERNMFiNT BU'IL1)ING pany D), of the First Regiment, acted as an es- E,,.. (ort to the Governor during the day, and their handsome uniformis added greatly to the beauty of the grand spectacle. They were accompanied by the First Re,giment Band. Th-e Battalion of Patriarch, I.. 0O. F., was headed by the Weccacoe Band. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics, the students of Giuard Colleg,e, with their excellent band, the children of the Soldicrs' Orphans' IIstitnte, and the Lincoln Institution, and the mnembers of the Constitutional Convention, all marched through 739 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the grounds in a body at different times, and thus one excitement followed another until the two hundred thousand visitors wearied from mere excess of enjoyment. What lent a peculiar charm to the scene was the presence of a large number of school children, and although the little ones must have endured much inconvenience making their way through the crowd, it was evident, from their beaming faces, that the day was one of intense delight. The fiftieth graduating class of the Central High School arrived at the grounds about one o'clock, and proceeding to Belmont, renewed old friendships in the enjoyment of a grand banquet. As the shadows grew longer there was a general movenment toward the gates; but it at once became so evident that only a small portion of the outpouring throng could be transp)orted away at one time that thousands returned, in order, as they fondly hoped, to avoid the rush, and also gain at least another hour of enjoymenet amid the splendors of the occasion." Various entertainments were offered to the visitors during the (day. There were concerts and musical recitals at the music stand in the Main Building, and performances upon the great organs. The various exhibitors of musical instruments gave performances at theii respective stands. The chimes of Machinery Hall were rung( at frequent intervals, patriotic and other airs being executed upon the bells by Professor Widdowes. Thle little folkls were amused by the frequent ascent of paper balloons from the open space in the rear of Agricultural Hall. - The day was glorious, the beautiful autumn weather being all that could be desired. At ten o'clock in the morning Governor Hartranft left his quarters at thie Globe Hotcl, accompanied by a number of disYtnguliled citizens of the State, and proceeded to the Exhibition grounds, under thie escort of the First IRegiment of Pennsylvania Infantry. The Governor's party and his escort entered the Exhibition grounds by the principal gates on Belmont avenue, and proceeded at once to the Pennsylvania State Building. There they were formally received by General Hawley, Direc tor-General Goshorn, and Mr. John Welshl, on behalf of the 740 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Centennial authorities, and were at once conducted to the Judges' Hall, wIlere the ceretmonies of the day were to take place. The buil(diing was beautifully decorated inside with the flags of all nations, the colors of the State of Pennsylvania being tastefully draped over the doorway. A raised platform, withl a canopy of the national color-s, covering a beautiful and mammoth cactus, was reserved for the Governor and the distinguished gentlemen who aeconipanied him. The hall was densely crowded in all parl-s, and thie audience listened patiently and attentively to the numerous addresses that were made. Thel ceremoniies were opened by the Hon. Morton McMichael, who intix(ltuced, as the pisiding officer of the day, Governor Jol1i F. tIartranft, wiho was received with loud cieers. Govrernor IHartranft acknowledged tlhis greeting in a brief but eloque nt addres, and introduced to the audience General Joseph R. Hawley, the President of the United States Centennial Com aiissii)n. General HIawley in fittiing terms expressed the obliga tion of the Celltennial Commission and of the Nwhole country to the o)fple of Pennsylvania for the part they hiad taken in the Exiiil)iti(li. He was follownved by Mr. John Welsh, President of tle Centennial Board of Finance, whose address wvas brief aud to tbe same effect. Governor Hartranft then introduced to the au ie,eice ttie IHon. Benjamin Harris Brewster, the orator of tle day, vwho delivered a lengtly anld able oration, reviewing the f1rst century of thte history of Pennsylvania. He was freq,iietly alplaudled. Addresses were then nmade by ex-Governor Bigler, ex-Governor Pollockl, Senator Cameron, Justice Strong, of the United States Supreme Court, and ex-United States Senator Scott. At tthe close of Senator Scott's remarks Governor Hartrauflrt declared thle ceremtnonies at an end, and the audience disi~rse('. in th1e' afternoon MIrs. Gillespie and the other ladies of the Women's Centennial Executive Commitee held a reception in Jud(gs' Hall, wvhich was largely attended, mnany of the most distingished men of the country being present. In the afteinoon Governor Hartranft held a reception at the S - building. The bailding had beeii elaborately deorated 741 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOPY both inside and out. The walls were festooned with United States flags, and similar flags waved from every turret, window, and other possible point on the roof. The entrance was hung with bunting, and in the west room was A *:@~'#; ~ placed over the large por trait of the Governor the word "Welcome." A W4'M~ ~~~number of d istinguished *.~~. ~i _ persons gathe red in the b uilding early in the after iioon, and the grounds 'i':R ~without wer e tlhronged '/::~t with a dense crowd. BULDG by // Shortly after two o'clock the Veteran Corp s Regiinent, whiich had act ed as the Governor's es cort during the day, -- -:::.pmarched up the Avenue ,"'Ii'"'"'of the Republic, preceded by Company D, of the ~ ~~First Regiment, and ;"':">?' " —.-..i. headed by Beck's Band. At the southwest corner of the building the troops turned and marched along the south side, to the west, -where they entered the ______ I ~~~~~huilding, and cleared a "... E IN E~~A~TTA, passage-way for the GovDIAWAY FIGURE I N TERR A IN ernor, who, accompanied ITED B3 GALLowA Y & G AFF, I T HE MAI by his staff, came in at the BUILDING. eastern or main entrance. Proceeding to the Governor's room, Governor Hartranft 742 OF TIHE CENTEN-.NIAI, EXiIB3ITION. received the Centennial auhiorities and a number of other distilnguishled gentlemeln. The public reception was now begun. The first to be presented to the Governor were tlhe Soldiers' Orphans, from the State Schools, who passed in review before his Excellenlcy, and were cordially received by him, each being greeted with a hearty lhandshake and a pleasant smile. The officers and men of the Keystone Battery next filed in and paid their respects to the Governor. Then came the MIayor and the Select and Comnmonl Councils of the City of Philadelphia; and finally the escort of troops, which hlad accompanied the Governor, filed by all(i shook hands with hlim. The d(oors were now thrown open to the Feople, and until five o'clock they passed by in rapid succession, nearly all managing to take his Excellency l)y the hand. It was estimated that at least 10,000 persons were received by the Governor. During the reception the Corinthian Qutartette, of the A american Vocal Union, rendered several songs. Promptly at five o'clock tlhe doors of the State building were closed, and the Governor, retiring to his own room, held an informal recejtiol1 of his staff officers, and a number of lady visitors. His Excellency then repaired with his escort to the Philadellphia City building, at the eastern side of the grounds, and paid his respects to the Mayor of the city. At three o'clock MAayor Stokley held a formal and largely attended reception at the Philadelphia building, near Horticultural Hall. There was now a lull in the festivities, and the crowds flocked to the various restaurants to obtain their evening meal, or seattered( themselves about the grounds. Tlle eating houses were filled to such an extent that it was almost impossible for the guests to receive attention at the hands of the waiters. The utmost good lhumor prevailed, however, and all through the day there was no rowdyism, no violence or misbehavior on the part of the vast crowd within the grounds. Towards nighltfall the peol)le began to drift steadily towards George's Hill, and by six o'clock the slopes of the hill and the tops of the surrounding buildilngs were densely crowded. The 743 THE ILLUSTARATED IIISTORY tcrovwd continued to grow la,rger until lialf-past seven, thle hour fAr beginning the display of fire ""'~. workls, which was to conclude the celebration of the day. At least 175,000 people were gathered withi,i ~ thie Exhibition grounds at this houtr, \~$>~X ~," and as many more were assembled o in the streets and tile Park outside :' "-'"of the enclosure. The display was in chllarge of Messrs. Broek & Co., of Lon(lon and was one of the finest \ever witnessed in this country. The display began promptly at .:"t - " —-: half-past seven o'clock. From tIe ......... "':' —'-:: = —-:= first salute of aerial mzarDoons to tIe final display of variously-colored "''=i rockets, the interest of the crowd ~ \ ~~1 never flagged. The simrultaneous illulmination of the entire ground's \~~~'\ jA lby magnificenllt colored liwlats was t ~' X the first feature of the entertain \\,t \\ nment, and was peculiarly effective. ,There were several set pieces enm \ ~ boldying devices emblematic of hle'\~~ X Xroeic deeds and suggestive of patri otic purposes. -One was a portrait of Washiington, another a (levice ' ilin red, white, and 1)bl1e, containing 12 CEthe words, "Welcome to All iN _ tien-S." Large balloons, having daz ~~i' ZI~[ llf' tl['J zling artificial lights, were sent heavenward. As they drifted oil' "PSYCHE.": FICRu IN TERRA- toward the northeast, colored fire COTTA, EXHIBITED BY GAILLO-. i wor RF,x N T AINoworks were- discharged with fine W,AY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. effect. The bursting of the la>'..e shells in mid-air, settilng fire ilalmerable stars of every color and tint, so lit up the grounds that 7'44 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. tlie effect was su,ggestive of dazzling sunlight. Mostly all of thle large rockets happily burst just as their downward course Nwas begun, thus sending their showers of stars toward the gazers below with indescribable effect. The programme included nearly every variety of fireworks, fronl thle most simple devices to the most intricate combinations otf thle lkind that lhuman ingenuity and skill have ever devised. Tlhe scelne was peculiarly impressive. This was especially true toward the last of the )rograrmme and at its close. A calcium light of the utmost power had been alrranged on the top of Machinery Hall, and as In~~~~~~~~~~~~'6"'' 6''"6 VIEW OF THIE INTERIOR OF THE GLASS-VORKS. its illuminating rays were tuIIecd toward diferenit portions of the girounds in succession the effect was imposing in the extreme. The dazzling artificial light slhone upon the lake, fountain, and the waving trees, and the result was one of awe and grandeur. The spray of the fountain seemed like spray of Il)rnislled silver; the trees, already assuming the varied and 1)eautifiil tints of autumn, seemed likle a weird fancy picture instead of a beautifill reality. When the final bouquet of rockets had been fired fromi George's Hill and thle entllssiastic Penunsyl 745 TIIE ILLUSTRATED) HISTORY vanians turned toward the points of exit at the end of Machinery Hal], their upturned faces, stuggesting hope, energy, and unfailing courage, were typical of the towering strength and resources of the Keystone State. The celebration was now at an end, and the crowd made a rush for the gates, which were flung open wide, in order to allow the people to pass out. The street and steam cars and all the other available vehicles were soon fille(l, but it was long after ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CHINESE PAGODA, IN THE IIAIN BUILDING. midniighit before the depots and the streets around the Exhlibit,()i were cleared. The total attendance was as follows: Cash admissions, 257,168; free, 17,751. Total, 274,919. The receipts were $118,673.75. Rhode Island Day. Thursday, October 5th, the day appointed for the Rlho(le Island celebration, was cold and raw, but in spite of ~liis tlihe 746 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Exhibition grounds were crowded at an early hour. The State building, on the slopes of George's Hill, was handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, Lnd was visited by thousands of people during the day. At half-past eleven o'clock General Hawley, accompanied by Generals Bradley and Lewis Merrill and Commodore Calhoun, of his staff, and Mr. John NWelslh, President of the Centennial Board of Finance, repaired to the United States Hotel, where Governor Lippett was lodging, and escorted the Governor and his staff to Gate A, where a number of the members of the Centennial Commission and the Board of Finance were waiting to receive them. A procession was then formed, and hleaded by a detachment of the Centennial Guard and the band of the First Brigade of the First Division, the visitors proceeded along Belmont avenue to State avenue, where they turned off towards George's Hill and the Rhode Island State Building. As the State building was too small to accommodate much of an audience, and moreover had but one entrance, it was decided that Governor Lippett should hold his reception onl the porch. The guards at the head of the procession soon cleared a passageway through the crowd, and the Governor and his companions advanced to the porch of the building. Here General Hawley welcomed his Excellency and his attendants in the heartiest manner, and was answered by Governor Lippett withl happy effect. At the close of his Excellency's speech, the reception of visitors began. The Governor standing on the steps of the building received the people one by one as they came up in line, and as each one paid his respects to the Governor he passed over to the west side of the building. The reception ended at three o'clock. Governor Lippett and party then re])aired to MIachinery Hall, where they were received by Mr. George H. Corliss, Centennial Commissioner from Rhode Island, who explained to them the construction and working of the great engine. The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admissions, 89,060; free, 11,886. Total, 100,946. The receipts were $44,496. 747 I' ( I KIOSK OF STUFFED BIRDS EXHIBITE1D IN THE MAIN. BUILDING. 748 1 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The Italian Day. One of thle most memorable celebrations connected with the Exl-iibitiou took place on Thursday. October 12th, on whielh day the Italian residents of the United States presented to the city of Philadelphia the magnificent marl)le statue of Christopher Columbus, which now ornaments the West Park. The dlay was the 386tll anniversary of the discovery of the Newv World by Columbus. The various Italian civic and military organizations of Philadelphia and other cities which decided to take part in the ceremonies assembled in South Eig(litli street on the nmorning of the 12th of October, and proceeded up Eighth street to Chestnut, and thence to Fifth, where they were reviewed by his Honor the Mayor, after which the Mayor and members of both branches of City Councils entered carriages and took the place in line assigned( to them in accordance with the programme. Chief Marshal J. Ratto, Esq., headed the line and was fbollowe(l by a platoon of twenty-four reserve officers, commanded by Lieutenant Ci'out. The visiting Columbus Guard (Bersaglieri), of New York, came next, headed by the Black Hussar Ban(I dismounted. The riflemen numbered about seventy men, and made a handsome appearance, the officers having an abundance of green ostrich feathers in their low-crowned hats, while those of the privates and non-comtmissioned officers were b)lack. The red, lwhite, and green of Italy, together with the stars andc stripes, were born )by the color-bearers. Followinvg these came the Columbus MonuLment Association in barouclies, and then the Mayor and nmembers of Counicils. Attired in their han(lsome winter uniform, the State Fenicible Band preceded the Italian Beneficial Society, of Pliladelphia, who carried a handsome blue banner, withl the proper ilnscription. Dele,gations fromn New York, Washington, Boston, Baltimore, and other cities were in one body, and bore at the front the banner of the Boston Mutual Relief and Beneficial Society, on which was an elegant painting in oil representing the landinig of Columbus. The Italian Colony, of Philadelphia, and G. Garibaldi Society, 749 THlE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY of New York, brought up the rear of the line. The line of march was up Fifth to Arch, thence to Broad, to Fairmount avenue, through the Park to Girard avenue, to Belmont avenue, and to the Globe Hotel, where Governor Hartranft and staff were in waiting to accomupany them to the site of the montument. The movement to erect a monument to Christopher Colum PATENT FOLDING BED, EXHIBITED IN TIIE MIAIN BUILDING, b)us originated in Philadelphia about two years ago, when the Columbus Mionument Association was organized, the call for aid in the enterprise being heartily responded to, not only by the various Italian societies in the country, but by individutals who made personal contributions. Professor Salla, of Florence, Italy, being applied to, sent over a design for a monument, which was adopted, and the artist began his work at once. It arrived 700 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. in this country in July, 1876, but, as the officers of the association desired to have it placed in position not more than a few days before the time fixed for its dedication, it was not con, veyed to the grounds until needed, when it was erected on the site originally selected for it. The entire monument cost $18,000, and stands twenty-two feet from the ground, the statue of Columbus being tenl feet in height, and the pedestal twelve feet. The base is seven feet long by six feet in width. The figure represents Columbus, in the costume of his age and clime, standing on a ship's deck; near his feet being an anchor, coils of rope, and a sailor's dunnage-bag; his right hand resting on a globe fifteen inches in diameter, with the New World outlined on the front face, and supported by a hexagonal column. His left is gracefully extended, and holds a chart of what was once an unknown sea. The head of the statue is b)are, and the physiognomy abouttas represented in the bust of the great navigator at Genoa. The statue faces east, and on the front cap of the pedestal are the words: "Presented to the City of Philadelphlia by the Italian Societies." Beneath this is a medallion represenlting the landing of Columbus. On the opposite side of the cap is inscribed: "Dedicated October 12th, 1876, by the Christopher Columbus MIonument Association, on the Anniversary of the Landing of Columbus, October 12thl, 1492." Underneath is the Genoese coat-of-armns and the words: "In Conmmemoration of the First Century of Amierican Isdependence."' On the remaining two sides of thie pedestal aire the coats-of-arms of Italy and the United States. The military escort to Governor Hartranft formed on Girard avenue east of Belmont avenue at al)out two o'clock. It consisted of the following regiments and organizations of the First Brigade, headed by General Biinton and staff: First Regiuent, Colonel Benson; Second Regiment, Colonel Lyle; Wecacoe Legion, Captain Denny; Washington Grays, Captain Zaie; First City Troop, Captain Fairmani Rogers, acting as personal escort to the Governor. The military marched up Belmont avenue, and halted opposite the Globe Hotel, at which point Governor Hartranft took his place in the line. At about three 751 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii ___________________ <;\\hI{~~~~~~ J~\I/i/7/\\\j _____ ~c Iiz THE CENTEN.NNIAL EXHIBITION. o'clock, the-procession from the city having meanwhile arrived, marching through the Exhibition gates at the Belmont avenue entrance, the line proceeded along the avenue to its junction with Fountain avenue, the site of the monument. The moiitumrent was veiled with two large American and Italian colors, and around its base had been erected a platform (apable of accommodating about one hundred persons, the space iii front being enclosed and supplied with seats for invited g'uests. The rear of the stage was festooned with Americai an(d Italian colors, studded with the coats-of-arms of all natious, and fromn all sides waved green, red, and white Italian ban nerets and red, white, and blue streamers. A force of guiar(ls, under Captain Snyder, were in attendance to prevent the anxious multitude from pressing too closely upon the speakers' stand. At half-past three o'clock the military had taken position in a semi-circle skirting the crowd, with the First City Troop in the centre. Governor Hartranft, Mayor Stokley, and Baron Blanc, the Italian minister, adyanced to the stage, fol lowed at intervals by the officers of the Italian societies, the orators appointed for the occasion, and the Fairmount Park Commission. Governor Cheney, of New Hlampshire, with his staff, in full uniforrm, also appeared on the platform, and the Black Hussars' Band, of Philadelphia, were assigned a position in front. After an overture by the l)and, the exercises were opened by Mr. Charles S. Keyser, of Philadelphia, with whom the suggestion of the memorial statues in the Park originated several years since, and who has long been identified with the work. Mr. Keyser officiated in the conduct of the ceremonies, and introduced Mr. Alonzo M. Viti, Honorary Consul of Italy, and Meniber of the Royal Commissioin to the International Exlhil)ition. Mr. Viti briefly stated the motives which had led to the presentation of the statue, and at the close of his remarks the statue was formally unveiled b)y Governor Hartranft and Baron Blanc, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, from his Majesty the King of Italy to the tUnited States, and Royal Commissioner to the International Exhibition. As 48 7 5 "J' THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the two gentlemen, standing on either side of the platform, pulled vigorously at the halyards, the colors entwined around the statue slowly rose from the marble and floated on the breeze from the top of the flagstaffs to which they had been drawn, and disclosed to the cheering multitude the beautifiul effigy of the great discoverer. The Italian hymn was given by the band, followed by the Star-Spangled Banner, and a salute of artillery was fired from a battery stationed on George's Hill. An address was then delivered by Governor Hartranft, after which Mr. Nunzio Finelli, the President of the Columbus Monument Association, formally presented the statue to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. Tile address of acceptance was delivered by the Hon. Mortoin MMicAiael, President of tIhe Park Commission. Brief addresses from a number of distinguished gentlemen present closed the ceremonies. New Hampshire Day. Thursday, October 12th, the day of the Italian celebration, was also celebrated as "New Hamrpshire Day." The programme of each festival was so arranged that the New Hamnpshire ceremonies were over before those of the Italian societies began. At a quarter to eleven, in the morning, Governor Cheney and staff, the latter being in full uniform, with the Amoskeag Veteran Corps, numbering ninety-six men, in Continental uniform, commanded by Colonel Wallace as the Governor's body-guard, the entire party being escorted by the cadets of the Virginia Military Institute, numbering one hundred and eighty-five youths, under the command of Colonel Scott Ship, left the United States Hotel, where the gubernatorial party were quartered, marched up Elm avenue, entered the Exhibition grounds by the main entrance, and were there received by a detachment of the Centennial Guard under Major E. H. Butler, who escorted the body to the New Hampshire building. Presidents Hawley and Welsh acted as the escort of Governor Cheney, the three proceeding on foot, followed by the Governor's staff, members of the Centennial Commission and 755 I THE ILLUSITRATED HISTORY Board of Finance, and several thousand citizens of New Hampshire, the escort of military and police taking the lead. The march was enlivened by the music of Brown's Cornet Band, of the Veteran Corps. In the vast throng thiat soon surrounded the State buildilng it is estimated that there were between 6,000 and 7,0)00 people from New Hampshire. The rest of the crowd were mnainly New Englanders also, of whom it is estimated that there were upward of 13,000 in the city. The Veterans having drawn up to guard the front of the building, Presidents Hawley and Welsh, accompanying Governor Cheney, appeared oil the porch of the latter, and were received with great applause. General Hawley now came forward, and in a few character I t ILI VEW OF 5ECTON OF F'IH EXHIBIT, UNITED STATES GO~'ER5'MENT BUILDING. igtic remarks welcomed the Governor and peoplle of NewiHampshire to the Exhibition, and introduced to thire throng gathered about the building his Excellency, Governor Cheney, of New HIampshire, who was received with hearty cheers. The Governor in a b)rief address expressed his appreciation of the cordial welcome given to himself and the people of his State. A prayer was then offered by the Rev. Mr. Powers, of Manchester, after which the Governor introduced the Hutchinson Family, who sang the well-known song called " The Old Granite State." Governor Cheney then introduced to the audience Professor E. D. Sanborn, of Dartmouth College, who 756 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIIBITION. delivered a lengthy oration on the history of New Hampshire. Brief addresses followed from ex-Governor Straw and others, after which the Governor took his stand in the reception-room and the formal reception of visitors began. It lasted a little more than an hour, and at its close Governor Cheney and staff, with most of the distinguished gentlemen present, proceeded ~ THE CENTURY VASE," EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY IN TIHE MAIN BUILDING. to the Columbus Monument, and assisted in the ceremonies there. The attendance on the 12th of October was as follows: Cash admissions, 101,541; free, 11,881; total, 113,422. The receipts were $50,536. 757 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Day. The 19th of October, the anniversary of the surrender of the army of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington at Yorktown, was set apart for the joint celebration of the States of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. The State government of Virginia declined to take part in the celebration, so that the participation of the " Old( Dominion" in it was 1)urely informal. It was re solved by the authorities having the affair in charge that the occasion should be one of the most memorable in the history of the Exhibition, and extensive preparations were made for it. A display of fireworks was announced for the ni,ght of the 18th of October, while the 19th was to be taken up with the State celebrations and a grand tournament and ball. The Firewtorks.-The second grand display of fireworks was given on the night of the 18th of October, on George's Hill, by Messrs. B]3rock & Co., of London. It was witnessed by about 60,000 persons within the grounds and a much larger number outside. Precisely at seven o'clock the grounds, upon which bothl the mist and darkness had settled, were suddenly made brilliant by the simultaneous appearance of several hlundred lights of many colors fixed to short poles. This lasted over five minutes, during which one hundred large rockets, the contents of fifty five-inch shells, and six large magnesium ballooIns shot high into the air. Then followed the simultaneous flight of fifty five-inch shells, that showered thousands of turquoise and ruby stars over the heads of the spectators and veiled the fireworks of nature in the hleavens. Then ascended one hundred brilliant tourbillions, thirty large rockets, with twinkling stars; a fountain of fire that rose as if from Vesuvius to the height of one hundred feet; a battery of fifty mines of saucissons; seven pigeons flying along wires to and from their cote; two figures seventy feet in width and sixty feet in height; portraits of President Welsh and Director-General Goshlorn, in a burning condition, and one about half the size of one of the others; a portrait of General Hawley; a volley of one hundred eight-inch shells, sending innumerable and dazzling fire-I)alls of every variety of color tip against the sky. 758 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITION. A representation of Inde pendence hall, one hundred and fifty feet long and one hundred feet high, the greater part of it being 1li(lden from most of the spectators by its own smoke; a volley of one hundred mines of saucissons; the simultaneous discharge of fifty ten-inch shells, and( the flight of fifty large rock ets, each of which liber ated( twin parachutes carry ing several thousand feet high and over two miles from the starting point; fiery representations of t)al loon baskets, which then burst and showered downs countless stars of red, green, blue, white, purple and other colors. These were doubtless seen for forty miles or more on all sides. Then followed a grand salvo of shells fired in rapid succession, and causing a many-colored shower of such vastness and dazzling bewilderment as to cause in the case of maiyv persons no small degree of fright. It seemed as if al I the stars of a hundred heavens were concentrated in that shower. BRITISrH M'TUSEUM VASF, EXITIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF. 759 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Next came the grandest and most successfill of the fixed pieces-a great cascade of fire two hundred and ten feet long and one hundred feet high. To describe it is to say that a real cascade, if flame-colored, could not have been more naturallooking. Hardly less imposing, and far more startling and dazzling, was the finale-a bouquet of two thousand large rockets. When the last spark had died away a powerful calcium light was thrown over the grounds from the north central tower of Machinery Hall, and the chlimes rang out "Home, Sweet Hoine," the gates were thrown open, and the crowd dispersed. The Deltiware Celebration.-Thursday, October 19th, was a beautiful day, and as bright and balmy as the loveliest Indian summer weather could make it. About 11 o'clock the State authorities of Delaware, and the city officials of Wilmington, arrived at the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, where they were received by the officials of the Centennial Exhilbition, and escorted by them to the Delaware State building, adjoining the Maryland building on the east, and which, like the latter, was profusely and tastefully decorated with State and national colors. Above each building floated the flag of its State, and the Delaware structure displayed the coats-of-arms of the Old Thirteen. The procession entered the grounds and marched to thi3 building in the following order: detachment of the Centennial Guards, Major E. H. Butler commanding; First Brigade Baud, Carl Heinemaun, leader; Governor Cochran, accompanied by Presidents Hawley and Welsh of the Commission and Board of Finance, and escorted by the American Rifles of Wilmington, numbering seventy-five men; the State and national officials of Delaware and the city authorities of Wilmington; Governor Cochran's staff; Colonel George Truitt Maxwell, Chief Marshal; Firemen's Centennial Association of Wilmington; State Centennial Commissioners, members of the United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, and the people of Delaware, who dropped in the line along the wav until their number exceeded five thousand. The line having drawn up along State avenue, in front of the 760 OF THIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Delaware!)uildil)g, where some ten thousand people had as sembled, the gubernatorial party arrived upon tlhc porchl, and were greeted with cheering, aftelr which General Hawley, on behalf of the Centennial management, welcomed Gov ernor Cochran and all the: iR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~''lii{ people of Delaware. He re f/rred to the part which that + * State bore in the work of founding the government, and to the propriety o f i s I tsIi,i holding such a celebration as the present. Governor Coc h ran then addressed the asseni- i When Governor Cochran ended his speech, the Hon. William G. Whitely was introduced by Ch-ief-Juistice Comegys. Mr. Whitely de- Il livered an address, giving a history of Delaware from its first settlement to the present day. Mr. Whitely's address being end-:'-:,.It.' ed, Governor Coch- (! ran began his reception of visitors, _:;__} first receiving the - —:_::-_ — _ —: —?: —:_;_ respects of the Ccntennial Commis- TUMBLER DRAINER, AND WATER-JET, EXHIBITE sion, Board of Fi- CHARLES LIPPINCOTT & Co., iN M-ACHIINERY HALL. nance, and other prominentoi'cials of the Exhibition. The guests were introd' uced 761 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY by Colonel MIaxwell, chief of staff. As many as could shake hands with his Excellency in an hour and a quarter, at the rate of about forty-five a minute, did so. By this time their neighbors of Maryland had asselnbled in such numbers, and become so enthusiastic that the Delaware building began to grow deserted, all attention being drawn to the former quarter. The JIaryland Celebration.-At a quarter past twelve o'clock the participants in the Maryland celebration entered the Exhibition grounds by the main entrance, and proceeded to the Maryland State building in the following order: Detachment of the Centennial Guard, under Major E. H. Butler; First Brigade Band, Governor Carroll and staff, on horseback, the staff being in futll uniform and the Governor in citizen's dress; Second Brigade, Maryland National Guard, under General James R. Herbert, and composed of the Fifth and Sixth Regimnents, commanded, respectively, by Colonel H. T. Loney and Colonel Clarence Peters. As the procession entered the grounds it was reviewed by Presidents Hawley and Welsh, with other representatives of the Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, who afterwards fell in line at the lhad of the people of Maryland, who brought up the rear of the line. Governor Carroll and stat halted in front of the Maryland building and reviewed the mnilitary, which marched past and up George's Hill, the First Brigade Band performing martial and patriotic airs. TIle nmarching of the Fifth was noticeably fine, and elicited great applause. The Governor and staff then dismounted, and were received )y President Welsh and ()thler members of the Board of Finance, who escorted the glubernatorial party to the porch of the Maryland building, amid the strains of "Maryland, My Maryland," by the First Brigade Band, their favorite air;and the noble form of their Governor, who now confronted them from the porch, aroused the enthusiasm of the people to its highest pitch, and their cheers drowned the music. Then followed a medley of "Away Down South in Dixie," "Yankee Doodle," and kindred airs by the band, after which Governor Cochran, who had stolen a fewv moments from his own celebration, arrived, 762 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. under the escort of General Hawley, to pay his respects to Governor Carroll. Governor Hartranft, who, all the morning, had ITT I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z PALMER POWER SPRING-HAMMIER, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. been everywhere that he should be, and done everything that he could do for the honor of the visitors, fell in at this point, 763 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and made it a gubernatorial trio. Presently the members of tile Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, most of them accompanied by ladies, and several foreign gentlemen, including Mr. Wu Ying Ding, the Chinese nmaldarin (in full native cos tume), arrived and entered thle bI)uilding,, after which the oratory began. General Hawley, addressing Governor Carroll, said that the United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, likewise all connected with the management of the Centennial, bade him and his people a most hearty welcome. Marylan(l, said he, had a glorious share in the events celebrated during, this Centennial year, and her sister States do not forget what she has done for the honor of the star-spangled banner. " I am here," he concluded, "to bid you a heartier welcome than laiiguage can express. I need not say that the Governor of Maryland deserves all the esteem that Americans can give a faitijftil citizen and an able executive officer; nor can Americans soon iorget his illustrious great-grandsire, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, the man who signed his post-office address to the Declaration of Independence." [Great alp)plause.] Governor Carroll then arose, and, when the loud and long-continued applause which greeted himi had subsided, made a brief but eloquent reply to General Hawley, thanking him and the Centennial authorities for the welcome he and the people of Maryland had received at their hands. Governor Denison, Commissioner of the D);strict of Columbia, was then introduced by General Hawley. HIe was glad to be there to represent the District of Columbl-)ia, and he believed that if it were possible for Americans to feel a greater love for their country than they possess, the vast multitude of citizens present would go home so impressed by what they had seen and heard this day that they would be better patriots than ever before. MIr. J. G. L. Findlay, the orator of the day, was then introdu(ed, and spoke at great length on the history and resources of Maryland. The Hon. Thomas Wilson, Commissioner of the District of Columbia, who was then introduced, said that it was proper 764 OF THIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. that the Centennial celebration of Maryland and the District of Columbia should be held jointly. The latter is bone of Maryland's bone, and flesh of her flesh. Maryland gave part of herself that she might live. "All hail, tlhen, to our mother State of Maryland." The speaker then delivered an eloquent and thorough history of the District of Columbia, and of the foundation and progress of the city of Washington. After the close of Mr. Wilson's address, Governor Carroll took his stand in the reception-roomn, where over five thousand persons desirous of giving his hand a friendly shake availed themselves of the opportunity to do so, they being introduced to him by Ad(jutant-General Frank A. Bond, chief of the gubernatorial staffi About three o'clock Governor Carroll was obliged to welcome, en masse, the thousands awaiting outside to grasp his hand. Then he and his staff proceeded on horseback to witness the great tournament, which had begun some time previously on the eastern slope of George's Hill. The Virginia Celebration.-The Virginia celebration was entirely informal, there being no official representation of the State at the Exhibition. At the Virginia building there was open house and lunch for all visitors from the Old Dominion who wished to partake of it. The number of Virginians present on the grounds was about 5,000. In addition to these there were about 800 visitors from West Virginia, who rendezvoused at their State building, but took no part in the ceremonies of the day. The Tournament.-The great feature of the day was the Tournament, a novel sight in Philadelphia. The followingcr is the Philadelphia Times' graphi( description of it: Sixty thousand persons stood on the slope of George's Hill yesterday afternoon to lookl at the CenteInnial Tournament. And a pretty sight they mad(le. Full half of them were ladies, in bright dresses and gay ril)bons; here a knot of uniformed police; there a party of eager sight-seers, be-badged all over with blue ribbons and gilt letters. Everywhere a patient, quiet crowd, waiting in the hot sun for the show to begin. Further down the hill, toward the west end of Machinery Hall, Were 765 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ten thousand more, perched on every available elevation, covering the pedestals of the Catholic fountain, crowding the towers of the large buildings, and crunching along over the gravel roofs of the neighboring structures. The high elevator, at the top of the hill, was alive with people, and the Exhibition fence, in a semi-circle of half a mile or more, was ornamented with a fringe of human faces. This great crowd had gathered to see a genuine Southern tournament. The like of it never was seen in Philadelphia before. It was arranged by men who first saw the light below Mason and Dixon's line; it was carried through by them, and to them was to belong the credit or discredit of the day, as events might determine. A tournament down South is everybody's holiday. Not so very far down South either, for it is only in Maryland and Virginia that the tourney grows to its full- height: in the far South it is not much better known than in the North; and, very appropriately, nearly everybody who was interested in the management of yesterday's pageant was from either Maryland or Virginia. There were fifteen knights, representing the thirteen original States, the Union, and the Centennial, and the day's work before them was to ride over a given course, thrust their spears through diminutive rings and enjoy the plaudits of the multitude. The course proper, at the foot of George's Hill, was about three hundred yards long; at intervals of fifty yards were three arches, fifteen feet high by ten or twelve feet wide. From the horizontal bar forming the top of each frame hung a wooden rod, ending in a piece of iron a foot or more in length, and from each of these three iron endings was suspended a small red ring, an inch and a half or thereabouts in diameter. The rules of the tournament required that each knight should ride at a full run, and that each knight's spear should be at least six feet long. Every rider, then, must start a hundred yards or more from the first ring, control his horse, poise his spear, and be in perfect condition when the first arch was reached. To knock a ring from its frail fastening availed the knight nothing; a breath of wind or a touch with the lance 766 OF THE CENTEXNIAL EXHIBITION. would (do that; but each rider must thrlust his spear through the ring, or through all three of them, if he could, and bring it still impaled upon his spear, to be laid at the feet of the judges. Tile rings used yesterday were much smaller than is eustLomiarv. Three inches in diameter, and even four inches, is not an Ullusual size, and a two-inch ring is considered uncommonly diffi ~ ~/jj/ ~.~ <~ li'ft I!<" it - _TOS-G- T._,. EXiHIBIT -F S I EXHIBIT OF SEEDS IN AGRICUTLTURAL IJALL. cult to capttur.e. But the rings used yesterday were smaller than any of these; bringing into play all the nerve and slkill that the riders possessed, and this fact was not appreciated by the seventy thousand spectators, who could not know tile extreme difficulty of impaling so small a ring when going.t fill speed. At two o'clock the judges were in their stand, and t{i, 767 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY knights stood( waiting for the word. Colonel Skinner, Doctor Mforgan, C. M. Barton, General Torbert, and H. J. Smith had been al)pointed judges, and the knights were H. Crozier, representing New Hampshire; E. H. McFarland, Jr., representing Massachusetts; Wm. P. Bryan, representing Connecticut; Geo. V. Bacon, representing New York; C. D. Chapman, representing New Jersey; H. M. Perry, representing Pennsylvania; R. L. Kane, representing Delaware; R. W. Hereford, representing Maryland; P. A. Scaggs, representing Virginia; J. M. Hardy, representing North Carolina; F. Nelson Jarboe, representing South Carolina; J. A. Fox, representing Georgia; Cllarles White, Jr., representing the Centennial; and A. B. Suit, representing the Union. The knights, however, were not genuine representatives of the States that they were supposed to represent, and thus the tournament lost the element of rivalry between the thirteen States that might otherwise have added to its interest. Nearly every one of the contestants was from either Maryland or Virginia. Hardy, representing North Carolina, is a Nortll Carolinian, and nobody would accuse Chapman of being anything but a Jerseyiman, but these were about the only exceptions. Chief Marshal Suit had garnered in the amateur knights from Maryland and Virginia, and to them the spectators are chiefly indebted for their day's amusement. William P. Bryan, for example, who represented Connecticut, is from Prince George's county, Maryland; O. A. Fox, the knight of Georgia, is a Virginian; Charles White, Jr., thle Centennial knight, is a Marylander; and A. B. Suit, knight of the Union, and the chief marshal's youthfill son, is a Virginian. The chief marshal, after brushing the Centennial dust from the shoulders of his velvet coat, and readjusting his broad, re(l sash, mounted his charger and announced that he was ready for the fray. The knights, at the biddling of the four mounted heralds in gorgeous uniforms of ( crimson, green, and gold, with hoarse voices and shining trumpets, then drew up in line in front of the judges' stand, with hats in hand, to listen to an introductory speech by Colonel J. J. Stewart, of Baltimore. The colonel told them of the honor and glory of knighthood 7G8 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. and chivalry, but he took longer to tell it than the crowd thought necessary or expedient, and at the end of five minutes or so the whole hill-side broke out into a roar, and when the colonel kept on, in spite of the warning, he was interrupted with cries of "sit down," and "cut her short, old man," but he finished his speech, and the fifteen knights cantered down to the west end of the course, and waited each for his turn to exhibit his skill for his State, his true love, and his honor. Colonel Suit sat with dignity upon the back of a fine steed that insisted upon elevating a pair of shining shoes every time the band struck up a lively note. The colonel took his place beside the centre arch and shouted "Knight of New Hamnp shire, prepare to charge!" The assistant marshal next below him in the line repeated the words, and "Knight of New Hampshire, prepare to charge," rang down the course from mouth to-mouthl. Another assistant marshal, in another huge crimson sash and a cocked hat, raised his gloved hand and the heralds, at the signal, struck a note on their bugles. The Knight of New Hampshire prepared to charge. He started out on a trot, struck a gallop and then spurred his horse into a run. Not such a fast run, however, as lie might have struck if he had entered as fully as his rider into the spirit of the occasion. Still he was on a run, and that was all that the rules required. The spear was poised, the rider's eye was on the goal, and the first ring rolled in the dust. The second ring followed it; but the third was nicely impaled upon the lance, and "Knight of New Hampshire, one ring," the judges announced. Massachusetts did not do so well. Massachusetts, unfortunately, had a very frisky gray horse, that had an unpleasant habit of shying off at the slightest provocation, and the result was that the Bay State's gallant knight went back to his post without having to stop to tell the judges how many rings he had taken. Rhode Island did better-a little better-taking one ring. Connecticut took one ring, and New York the same. Then came therepresentative of the Keystone State. He was arrayed in gorgeous shining armor. But the Keystone and the armor came to grief, for never a ring crowned his efforts. New Jersey's 49 769 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY little representative, on the smallest and friskiest of mustang ponies, took two rings, and earned them well, for he was a skilful and daring rider, and poised his spear with the practised eye of a genuine knight. Delaware's representative, who was a lIi TICKET-OFFICE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Baltimorean, rode slowly up to the first arch, slowly up to the second, slowly up to the third and took all1 three rings. Maryland's knight, also riding slowly, took one ring. Virginia took one. Nortll Carolina's representative, handsomely equipped 770 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. with a suit of golden armor, and looking every inch a knight a fearless and accomplished rider, and all over a man-a native of the State that he represented, dashed up to the first arch with such speed that he carried away the rod from which the ring was suspended. But not dismaye(d by this, he kept up his speed and laid before the judges the two remaining rings. He asked, with apparent justice, that he might be allowed a trial at one more ring, to atone for the breaking of the arch, and the judges replied that he should have dropped his lance when the ring came down. "It is not knightly to drop your spear," the knight replied, and the crowd heard him and cheered him. The judges, however, offered to let him give up his two rings and try at all three rings again, but this the knight very wisely declined. South Carolina's man, riding very fast and very gracefuilly, took all three of the rings. Georgia took none. The Knight of the Union, a smnooth-faced little boy, mounted on the smallest of gray ponies, galloped up to the first arch, stopped, dodged his spear at the ring, missed it, galloped up to the second, dodged at the ring, missed it, galloped up to the third, dodged at the ring, missed it, and cantered back to the start amidst the shouts of the multitude. The Knight of the Centennial did better, taking two rings. This ended what, in a horse race, would be called the first heat. There were three such trials, giving each knight a chance at nine rings. The knight who brought home the most rings was to be winner of the tournament, and winner, of course, of the first prize. Each trial was very nearly a repetition of the first. The North Carolina man carried away another stick, and the Massachusetts steed shied off again, the judges giving his rider another chance for the rings. While the second trial was in progress, an array of uniformed horsemen filed across the brow of the hill, and a few minutes later a uniformed courier galloped over the course and announced "Governor Carroll, of Maryland." He was followed shortly by the Governor and his staff, the former mounting the judges' stand, where Governor Hartranft soon appeared. The band played "My Maryland" and "Hail Columbia," and the multitude cheered. 771 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Delaware at length carried off the honors, through the prowess and skill of her Baltimorean champion, and when the knights were drawn up in line before the judges' stand, to hear the decisions, there was such a glimmering, and glittering, and shining of fancy costumes as would make a fortune for anNy shop that sold cotton velvets and gilt facings. Then the knights went over to the Transcontinental to is the record: KINGS. 8d trial. 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 0 1 3 KNIGHTS. 1.s New Hampshire................ Massachusetts.................. Rhode Island.................. Connecticut..................... New York..................... Pennsylvania................... New Jersey.................... Delaware...................... Maryland...................... Virginia....................... North Carolina................. South Carolina................ Georgia........................ The Union...... >Centennial..................... The Knight of Pennsylvania was then allowed another chance at one ring, the centre ring, in his first trial, having been misplaced. He won the ring, raising Peninsylvania's score to three. The Knights of Connecticut, South Carolina, and the Centennial, having each six rings, then competed for the second prize, with the following result: Connecticut, one; South Carolina, one; Centennial, two. In a further trial between Connecticut and South Carolina, the former made two rings and the latter one. New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland, having five rings each, then rode for the third prize, New Hampshire taking one ring additional, New Jersey two, and Maryland three. 772 supper. The following t trial. 1 0 2d triaz. 1 0 1 3 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 Total. 5 1 14 6 2 2 5 8 5 3 3 6 2 2 6 I 1 1 0 2 3 1 1 2 3 0 0 2 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The prizes were, therefore, won in the following order: RINGS. First prize, Delaware................................. 8 Second prize, Centennial............................... 6 Third prize, Connecticut..................... 6 Fourth prize, South Carolina...................... 6 Fifth prize, Maryland.................... 5 The standing of the other Knights was announced as followvs: New Jersey, five; New Hampshire, five; Rhode Island, fouir; Pennsylvania, three; Virginia, three; North Carolina, three; New York, three; Georgia, two; Union, two, and Massachusetts, oie. The prizes contested for by the knights consisted of gold and( silver tea-sets, elegant bronzes, richly carved pitchers, breechloading rifles, etc. The crowning of the Queen of Love and Beauty, by the successful knight, took place in the evening, at the Judges' Hall, and was witnessed by a large audience. The tickets to this ceremony were sold at five dollars a piece, the money being used to defray the expenses of the tournament. The hall was handsomely decorated, a throne having been erected on the south side, the platform brilliantly illuminated with candelabra, upheld by bronze figures of knights and pages, and bordered by pyramids of rare exotics. The balconies were early filled with ladies and gentlemen, and by eight o'clock the throng of visitors illcreased so rapidly that it was found necessary to bring the first floor into requisition. At half-past eight o'clock the Reception Committee entered, with General A. T. A. Torbert, master of ceremonies, and Hon. J. F. Stewart, the orator, and were soon afterwards followed by the knights, marshals, and heralds. These, with the exception of the five successfuil knights, who were escorted to the platform, took positions at the back of the throne, and then the arrival of the Queen of Love and Beauty, Miss Perkins, of Buckingham county, Vir, ginia, and her Maids of Honor, Miss Griffith, of Maryland; Miss Holland, of Florida; Miss Taylor, of Delaware, and Miss Bladen, of Philadelphia, was announced. All eyes were turned toward the entrace, and in a moment afterwards the Queen and 773 :PLL ,,I,IvH.&,a1113Yj.Z O;' "O r,,Taiid -svii i (i.,.Laiix Ixyiviao v(i <~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 I TIE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. her attendlants, all attired in white satin, appeared, and with their young, faces illuminated by the rays of a calcium light, and beaming with joyous anticipation, advanced to thi throne, which now, surrounde(d with fair la(lies, gallant knights, heralds, pages, andi marshals, presented a picture of rare magnificence. The Hoti. J. F. Stewart was again introduced, and delivered a brief address appropriate to thle occasion, after which the victor of the tournament placed upon the head of the Queen a silver crown. The Maids of Honor were next croiwned by the four remaining knights, and then began the reception, the participants in the tournament being first presented. The names of the successful contestants were afterwards read by Horace J. Smith, Esq., and the prizes awarded. The novel ceremonial concluded with the coronation ball, which was heartily enjoyed by all who were so fortunate as to be present. The-attendance on the 19th of October was as follows: Cash admissions, 161,355; free, 15,052; total, 176,407. The receipts were $80,367.50. The day thus ranks next to the Pennsylvania celebration in the number of persons present. Ohio Day. Thursday, October 26th, was assigned to the State of Olhio for her special celebration. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes arrived in Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 25th, and tookl up his quarters at the Transcontinental Hotel, opposite the Exhibition. On the morning of the 26th large crowds poured into the Exhibition grounds, and by ten o'clock a dense mass of people had assembled around the Ohio State building for the purpose of doing honor to the Governor of the Bu(keye State. It was estimated that at least 30,000 people of Ohio were present on the occasion. The Ohio building was gayly decorated with flags and bunting, and presented a handsome and attractive appearance. At eleven o'clock, Governor Hayes, accompanied by his staff, left the Transcontinental hotel, and repaired to the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds on Belmont avenue. He was 7 7 -0 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY met there by General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, President John Welsh, and nmembers of the Centennial Commission. A procession was formed headed by the First Regi menit band and a platoon ,,,, ~:~ r:of Centennial Guards. As it passed down along Bel mont avenue the chimes Fsu~~ ~ ~rang out a welcome, the '~. i,ecrowds along the line cheered lustily, and the scene was an inspiring one. When Governor Hayes ap _ | ~peared on the east portico AlJt of the Ohio building, j~t-~~ among the distinguished people surrounding him were Hon. Benjamin F. W ade, Hon. Amos Town send, Hon. R. C. Parsons, General George McCook, ex-Governor Edward F. C-,=Noyes, General Bucklin, Hon. Edwin D. Morgan, Governor Hartranft, and ....... others. The appearance ~//~1! of the Governor was the signal for prolonged cheers, ~ _ I _ _1 _ I 1__1I BUILDING. in a measure subsided General Hawley came forwvard and introduced Governor Hayes to the multitude. The Governor was received with enthusiastic cheers, and when these had died away delivered an eloquent address, whichwas frequently applauded. The Governor then took his stand in the reception-room, and the people filed in rapidly, took hini by the hand, and passed out. The reception continued for twro hours, and was marked by the greatest enthusiasm. 776 JAPANESE BRONZE VASE, IN THE MAIN B-UILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Shortly after two o'clock it became apparent that it would be impossible to admit all who wished to pay their respects to the Governor of Ohio, even should the reception be prolonged until nightfall. Governor Hayes therefore yielded to the suggestions of the State managers and brought the ceremony to a close. He then ascended to the balcony, and addressed the throng without, thanking them for their attentions to him, and expressing his regret that he was not able to greet each one personally. The announcement of their disappointment was received by the thousands below in the best of humor, the Governor was again heartily cheered, and as he retired the crowd began slowly to disperse. At fifteen minutes before three o'clock the Governor, accompanied by Director-General Goshorn, left the building and took the cars on the steam railway for the Memorial Hall station, where he alighted and passed through the Main Building. At about four o'clock, while making a tour of the buildings and grounds, under the escort of Mr. Goshorn and several members of the gubernatorial staff, Governor Hayes arrived in the vicinity of the Municipal building, at which the commercial exchanges of other cities were being entertained at lunch by their Philadelphia brethren. At the door of the building the Governor and his companl)aions hesitated, and were on the point of withdrawing, when, upon the solicitation of Mayor Stokley, the party were induced to enter. Governor Hayes was presented to the company by Mr. E. Harper Jeffries, of Philadelphia, and received with hearty applause. The Governor responded in acknowledgment of the cordiality of his reception, which, he said, he construed to have been tendered not as a compliment to himself as an individual, but to the office of the chief executive of the great State of Ohio. Addressing Mayor Stokley, he added, that the pleasure of meeting so many of the representative men of the business interests of the country was an unexpected one, and that as he had been honored with an introduction, his only purpose was to pay his respects to the gentlemen present. He thanked the people of Philadelphia, through their Mayor, for the generous manner in which they had greeted the name of Ohio, and the welcome they had extended to her 777 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY executive, and closed by saying that whatever may be the result of the present ephemneial political strife, we would all remember that we are Americans. The Governor's brief remarks were interspersed with rounds of cheers, which were renewed upon their conclusion. Mayor Stokley followed in some pertinent remarks, and the visitors in a short time withdrew to continue their trip through the enclosure. The 26th of October was also the occasion of a reunion of the merchants of the principal cities of the Union. The cere monies were held in the Exhibition grounds. Tile Commercial Exchange, of Philadelphia, met at its own building, and at the roll-call there were 600 names answered to. The Drug Exchange also met at the Commercial Exchange building, and the entire body, and 200 members were present. Both l)o(lies took the cars of the Pennsylvania railroad for the Exhibition, where they were joined by the Philadelphia Stock Brokers, 300 in number, and the Grocers' Association, with 75 members. As a grand national reunion of the great capitalists of the great cities of the Union, the day was a remarkable occasion. There were thousands of those whose successful mercantile ventures have given them high standing in moneyed circles-of men who are known to be leaders in matters of finance and commerce. At the Centennial depot they waited until several delegations from other cities swelled the gathering. First came the Baltimore Corn and Flour Exchange, 500 in number; then followed the Commercial Exchange, of Wilmington, Delaware, 100; Trenton Board of Trade, 200. The great excursion from New York came in two sections, numbering 1,200, and composed of the following bodies: The Produce Exchange, the Cheap Transportation Exchange, the Cotton Exchange, the Board of Trade, and the Stock Exchange. The entire body then formed in line, and headed by Grafulla's band, and escorted by President Welsh and the Board of Finance, proceeded to the Pennsylvania State building. It was about quarter after twelve o'clock when the visitors, accompanied by the Philadelphia delegation, arrived at the 778 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Pennsylvaniiia State building, but long before they even put in an appearance upon the grolunds, a crowd had collected on the lawn b)efore the structure, and filled the spacious apartments of the )avilion. It was some little time before the visitors had been comfortably positioned in front of the main entrance; but when all were comfortably located, Governor Hartranft, Hon. John W\elsh, and several members of the Centennial Board of Finance emerged from the Governor's private apartment and took up a position on the portico. The very presence of this distinguished \\ 7-'// //4 f, ~,:~. 17/, S a A ~~~~~1 9 i :~~ r. T, BAUGH'S SECTIONAL MILL FOR HARD SUBSTANCES, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. party threw the vast assemblage into a spasm of vociferous applause, which reverberated to the very confines of the International city. When quiet was restored, the Hlon. John Welsh stepped to the front of the portico and introduced Mr. George W. Mears, the President of the Philadelphia Commercial Exchange, who, onr. behalf of the mercantile bodies of Philadelphia, welcomed 779 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the visitors to the city and the Exhibition. Mr. J. L. N. Stark, President of the New York Produce Exchange, then responded, and Governor Hartranft was called upon, and replied in a few words. At the conclusion of Governor Hartranft's address the pro cession was reformed, with the Philadelphia delegation in ad vance, and headed by McClurg's band, moved down Fountain avenue and across the Horticultural plateau to the Municipal building, where a collation had been prepared for the entertain ment of both hosts and guests. Arriving at the drab-colored pavilion, the Philadelphia boards halted and allowed the visit ing associations to pass through and enter the building in advance. On account of the rather contracted quarters of the structure erected to represent the city, it was necessary to admit the delegations in tantalizingly small sections, but the bands in attendance enlivened the waiting moments with musical selections, and in a little less than two hours all were bountifully served. The reception here was entirely informal, the members of the various organizations gradually dividing into groups, and sauntering off to view the manifold attractions of the Exhibition. At a little after three o'clock, Governor Hartranft arrived at the Municipal building, but after bowing his acknowledginents to the hearty applause with which he was greeted, retired to an ante-room to rest from the fatigues of the day. An hour later the Governor left the building and took a carriage for the city, and by six o'clock the visiting delegations were all on their way to their homes. The attendance on the 26th of October was as follows: Cash admissions, 122,300; free, 13,361; total, 135,661. The receipts were $61,029.50. Vermont Day. The 27th of October was observed as Vermont's day. Governor Fairbanks, the chief Magistrate of the State, being unable to attend through illness, deputed ex-Governor John B. Page to represent him. The Vermont State building, which was located on the Avenue of the Republic, just west of the Penn 780 OF TIlE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. sylvania building, was handsomely decorated. At ten o'clock ex-Governor Pag,e held a reception at the State building, which was attended by about two thousand citizens of Vermont. From the State building the guests marched to Judges' Hall, where at eleven o'clock, Hon. Henry Clarke, by appointment of the Governor of Vermont, delivered the formal address. The orator stated that the State was the first to be admitted into the Union formed by the original thirteen, and proceeded to review her history from Colonial days down through the Revolution to the present time. The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admnissions, 95,553; free, 12,517; total, 108,080. The receipts were $47,485. 1/ _____ LIBERIAN IVORY DiSPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTtURAL HALL. 781 CHAPTER XXV. THIE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITIONX. Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of thie Exhibition. 'OR the convenience of the reader we give here a brief t summary of the principal events connected with the six m)) onthlls' career of the great Exhibition. <, May 10th, 1876.-Thie Formial Openillg of the Ex hibition. The a(lmissions were: Cash, 76,172; free, 110,500. iMaty 15th.-Opeiing of the International Billiard Tournament, at Horticultural Hall. This was the most successful affair of its kind ever given, the highest run ever made in one inning (251) being accomplished by William Sexton. May 16th.-The General Assembly of the United Presbyte rian Church met in Philadelphia. On the same day the Volunteer Firemen's National Convention assembled in the same citv. Mlay 23d.-The Grand Temple of the Order of True Templars of Pennsylvania convened at Philadelphia. May 24th.-The Judges of Award of the International Centennial Exhibition entered upon their duties. May 30th.-Formal opening of the Bankers' Centennial Pavilion, in the Exhibition grounds. The ceremonies were elaborate, and were attended by numbers of bankers from all parts of the Union. May 30th.-Anniversary of the American Sunday-School Union celebrated in Philadelphia. Reunion of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar 782 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 783 of the United States. Largely attended by knights from all parts of the Union. Meeting of the American Social Science Association at Philadelphia. Thie National Convention of the Baptist Social Unions met at I'hiladelphlia. Ma.y 31st. Grand Celebration in Philadelphia by the Grand .~~~ ''] jj"'.. ~~~~~ ~ ~....';; &~~ ...'"I~ii!~!ir E as! * nmug~~mII~~ Illlll!!llW no MALACHITE MANTEL AND ORNAMENTS, EXHIBITED IN THE RUSSIAN SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. Comimandery of Knights Templar of the State of Pelnsylvania. Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society at Philadelphia. June 1st.-Grand Parade of the Knights Templar of the United States. Over 6,000 lnights in line. THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY June 2d.-Visit of the Massachusetts Press Association to the Exhibition. June 6th.-American Medical Association met at Philadelphlia. June 7th.-Reunion of the Army of the James, held at the Philadelphia Academy of Music. Opening of the American Brewers' Sixteentil AIinual Congress at Mennerchor Hall. June 8th.-Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomac at the Academy of Music at Philadelphia. June 1Oth.-National Convention of Civil Engineers met at Philadelphia. Jtne 12th.-Meeting of the Association of Superintendents of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, at Philadelphia. Women's National Temperance Union met at Philadelphia. June 13th.-International Temperance Conference opened at Philadelphia. Meeting of Good Templars State Lodges at Philadelphia. June 14th.-National Association of Stove Manufacturers met at Philadelphia. The National Division of Sons of Temperance of North America began its sessions at Philadelphia. MiLnisterial Temperance Conference held at Philadelphia. June 15th.-Dedication of the Ice Water Temperance Fountain in the Exhibition grounds, by the National Division of Sons of Temperance. Meeting of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars of the United States, at Philadelphia. June 20th.-National Convention of Mining Engineers met at Philadelphia. June 22d.-Meeting of the Manufacturing Chemists' National Association, at Philadelphia. June 24th.-Meeting of the Grand Encampment of the Knights of Malta, at Philadelphia. June 26th. —Meeting of the National Religious Amendment Association, at Philadelphia. World's Homceopathlic Convention opened at Philadelphia. 784 OF THE CENTENIN'LL EXHIBITION. 785 Convention of the German Free-Thinkers held at Pliladelphia. June 27th.-Meeting of the National and State Encampments ot the Grand Armry of the PRepublic. ' ~H \ ~\<\; WEIAIER'S SUTSPENDED HOT-BLAST STOVE, EXHIBITED IN MACIINIERY HALL. .TJe~i 28th. —AIeeting, of the iNational Law Congress, at Pliiladelphia. Reuniiion of the 28thi and(I 147tli Regiments of Pennisylvaniia Volunteers and Knapps' Battery, at Philadelphia. 50 TIlE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Junte 30th.-The Ten Days' Encampment of the West Point Cadets in the Exhibition grounds opened. July lst.-Congress of Authors held at Independence Hall. July 2d.-National Convention of Catholic Young Men's Associations held at Philadelphia. July 34.-International Typographical Union met at Philtdell)hia. Commercial Travellers' Association began its sessions at Philadelphia. July 4th.-Grand celebration at Philadel)hia of the one hlun(iredtll anniversary of the Independence of the Unite(d States of America. For description of this celebration see Cllal)ter XXI of this work. Reunion of the Society of the Cincinnati at Philadelphia. Reunion of the Veterans of the \Var of 1812-15 at Philade] phia. The Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain and the Humblol(lt Monument in the Exhibition grounds forma)lly dedicated. July 6th.-Meeting of the International Conference of Delegates of the Societies of St. Vincent de Paul, at Phila(lell)phia. July 11th.-The International Arbitration Convention met at Philadelphia. July 16th.-Encampmient of the Columnbus (Ohio) Cadets on the Exhibition grounds. July 25th.-Peninsvlvania State Dental Society met at I'lliladelphia. July 28th.-Encamnpment of Knights Templar at Ri(lley Park, under the auspices of the Maryland Comnmandery. August lst.- -Convention of Antiquarian and Historical Societies met at Philadelphia. August 7tha.-Pennsylvania Militia encamp at Camp Anthony Wayne, in Fairmount Park. August 11th.-Grand parade and review of the Pennsylvania Militia. August 15th.- International Chess Tournament held at Philadelphia. Meeting of the Photographers' National Association, at Plhiladelphia. 786 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. American Association of Instructors of the Blind met at Philadelphia. Grand Lodge of Knights of Pythias of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia. August 16th/.-Convention of the Caledonian Club of North America held at Philadelphia. Aug st 22d.-Opening of the International Rowing Regatta on the Schuylkill. For an account of the Regatta see Chapter XXII. THIE WARWICK VASE," EXHtIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN TItE MAIN BUILDING. Supreme Lodge of the Knights of P1ythias assembles at Philadelphia. Grand parade of the Order. August 24thl.-New Jersey Day. Paid admissions, 56,325; total, 67,052. Receipts, $28,063.75. Augtst 28th.-Reunion and parade of Swiss Citizens of the United States at the Exhibition grounds. September lst. —Opening of the Live-Stock Displays of the Centennial Exhib)ition. The Horse Show begun. September 2d.-Encamrnpment of the Connecticut Militia near the Exhibition grounds. 787 rI ta, -:M 1 71.?, z/ A. It~ F -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ;~~~I~ ~~~. ;~t<~~~~~~~~~~~j~~~~ *-~. _ _ _ _ _ # ) *~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ~~~ b \ \~~~~\ \ \ I \ ~ ~ Y i ~; ~ >~~~~~~~~~- > ~ <' < I t 0~~~~C I ~~~ -~~~ -~~~ F~o ;tII~\h I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I*-~~~~~c I! ___ Ii (I >\yu<(~~~~~~x __ I A\ O I - IIII;~~i~;~~~~~ -L ~~~\7y~~I~l~~l7{I{I~~It_ CIO OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. September 14th.-Massaclltlsetts Day. Cash admissions, 85,795; total 97,868. Recei)pts, $41,193. Septem)ber 19th.-Graiid Lo(dge of the Independel)t Order (i' Odd Fell()o\vs let at Plhila(delphia. Septem ber'0th.- Pa- rad(le of tlle Girat(l L1o(d(g e (f Odd Fellows a.t Pli la (Iel ph ia. Se,ptembe 21st. - Newv Yorkl Day Cashi a(imnis sion.s, 122,003; total, 134, 588. Re(eipts, $59,986.. September 23d. - ConI- 4 vention of Aperians (hon ey-raiseis) held at Phila dell)hlia Welsh National Eisted- fodd in session at Pllila- ~. delphiia. National Carriage Builders' Association in session at Phiiladelphia. Septemiiber 27th. —Fornial a 1 1a 0 1u ne e e n t of -..,~, Awards by the Centennial Commnission at Judges' Hlall. September 28th.-Penn- _ sylvainia Day. Cash ad lsios 2,; THE TWISS VERTICAL ENGCINE, EXHIBITE) IN 1missions, 257,168; total, MACHINERY HALL. 274,919. Receipts, $118,673.75. Grand display of firewNorks at night in the Exliibitio()' grolunds. October 4th.-Dedication of the Hall of the Patriotic Sons of America at Plhiladelphia. Conference of librarians of the United States in session at Philadeiphia. 789 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. October 5th.-Rhode Island Day. Cash admissions, 89,060; total, 100,946. Receipts, $44,496. October 12th.-New Hampshire Day. Cash admissions, 101,541; total, 118,422. Receipts, $50,536. The Columbus Statutie in the Exhibition grounds dedicated l)y the Italian Societies of the United States. October 13th.-Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute encamp on the Exhibition grounds. October 17th.-State Council of the Order of United American Mechanics met at Philadelphia. American Dairymeii's Association met at Philadelphia. October 18th.-Grand display of fireworks in the Exhibition grounds at night. October ] 9tlh. Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia Day. Cash adiissions, 161,355; total, 176,407. Receipts, $80,367.50. October 26th.-Ohio Day. Cash admissions, 122,300; total, 135,661. Receipts, $61,029.50. Reunion of the Merchants at Judges' Hall, in the Exhibition grounds. November 2d. Bishop Allen's monument in the Exhibition grounds dedicated. November 9th.-Farewell reception and banquet by the Centennial Comnmission and Board of Finance. Grand International display of fireworks at night. November 10th.-Fonrmal close of the International Centennial Exhibition. 790 CHAPTER XXVI. THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS. Ceremonies at Judges' Hall-Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission-Character of the Awards-Description of the Medals-List oft the Principal Awards in Each Class. H'fE awards of nie(lals and diplomas to successful com petitors in tlhe Centennial Exhibition were announced in Judges' Hllll with appropriate ceremonies on the evening of the 27th of Septemni)er. No event during the course of thie Exhibition was looked forward to with as much interest by the exhibitors as this one. At times many of them were inpatient at the unavoidable delays and disposed to murmur at the management of this important branch of the work; but the manner in which the judges performed their duties, the discrimination with which their reports were prepared, and the enhanced value of their awards over those made at any former International Exhibition, finally caused all dissatisfaction to disappear. Gratification at the success of the new American systemn of awards was universal. Judges' Hall was beautifully decorated for the occasion. Partitions had been removed, greatly enlarging the seating capacity of the room and adding greatly to its beauty. The flags of the leading nations of the world were arranged in festoons around the galleries, and curious lanterns from the Chinese department were suspended between the columns. The rostrum in the rear of the platform was covered with flowers and rare plants, over which there was a canopy of American flags. Marble statues were placed in the corners of the room, vases from the Main Building in the corridor, and one of the century vases in silver in the open space in front of the platform. 791 TIfE ILLI,USTRATIlil HISTORY General Lewis E. Merrill, U. S. A., acted as master of ceremonies, and announced as they entered the f()llovwil,named bodies of gentlemen: The Centennial Commnission, t li, Board of l;inance, and the United States Government Boar-(l GLeneral Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awards and tile l(.)rd of Judges; tlhe Director-General of the Exhibition ali(l the Foreign Commissioners; the officers of the Centennial Guard, the Presidents of the Celii tennial Commnission and the Board of Finance, and the Covernors of States aif the DI)iplomatic C()oi1ps. After tl]ilse had all t.a;sse,l to the places assig,ed( them, Il)rayer was -:_"__"__'_' oflTred by the e. Dr. "__~~ ]-leteniiy A. Board man, of Philadelphia, in response i~ g ~to whlielh the Teii)j)le Quar II'\ I tette of Boston sang a selection from SebIuhert s Mass for wiale voi'ces. United States Commis;~-~S~~ ~ sioner Daniel J. Mforrell, who presided, then made a .__ ~ soads slhort address. The music vwhliclh followed consisted of selections from the national airs of many cothtries, pe rformed b)y the Centennial orchestra. As tie munsi(c, of each nation was reco,nized the audience rose to ~~~~I. —%'%WO TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED BY GALI,OWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN BUeILDING. its feet in honor of the country thus represented, and the airs of France, England, and Germany were loudly apl)laudled. Director-General A. T. Goshorni then delivered a short ad 792' OF THE CENTENNIAI EXHIBITION. lress. His allusions to the Foreign Commissioners and the Board of Judges were received with warni applause. He said ii substance as follows: This Exhlibition is not a newv competition of rival manufacturers and tradesmnen. It brings together nationalities and leads to extended relations; promotes the acquisition and diffusion of a better knowledge of national resources and products, and of national methods and industries. It creates and enlargers mutual respect and esteem, softens )prejudices, and contributes to the preserva 4 THEORELL'S PRINTING METEOROGRAPHI, EXHIBITED SCHOOL-HOUSE. tion of harmony and peace-thlie noblest aimn of civilization. The benefits of this assembling of the representatives of every civilized country with their pf)roducts will be better unders,tood and more fully appreciated after the Exhlibition itself has passed away. We are in the presence of the productions o' science, art, invention, skill, and labor, fitted to improve the material an(d im(oral condition of man. WVe are at the same time in the presence of higher influences. The united attcition aIll thought of nmany leading minds of the 793 IN THE SWEDISH THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY civilized world, for the time being, centre here, and, by their representatives, preside over this institution; opinions of many and diverse minds thus ill contact become by attrition and discussion more developed and perfected in themselves, and in turn flow back through the various channels to reanimate and quicken the sources of their origin. We learn here what science and art have done for the comfort and elevation of man, and are reminded that the discoveries and inventions during the era which this Exhibition commemorates are the most remarkable and useful recorded in history. No feature in thisenterprise has produced a more profound impression than the individual character and qualifications of the gendtlemen selected for these commissions, and who are intrusted with most delicate and difficult duties. In addition to the required knowledge and experience, they have dist layed calm consideration and forbearance, vigilant attention, and the most friendly and lively zeal for the success of the work. It is, therefore, gentlemen of the foreign commissions, that I seize this opportunity for my associates and myself, and on behalf of the exhibitors from the United States, to express to you with the warmest feelings the high sense we entertain of your important services and the large degree in which we are indebted to you for the measure of success which has crowned our efforts. With equal earnestness and sincerity and pleasure I refer to the eminent body of men, both foreign and American, combining among them superior attainments in every department of human knowledge, selected to examine and express their opinions upon the qualities and merits of the products and subjects forming this Exhibition. The task imposed on them was in some of its features new and untried. They were desired to express opinions individually and in writing upon the qualities and merits of individual products, and to affirm their opinions by their respective signatures. Most obviously this was asking the performance of a task at once difficult and delicate, and the assumption of great responsibility. The good-will, earnestness, and zeal with which they accepted this onerous charge and entered upon the work gave assurances to the Centennial Commission that have been to them a source of gratification and of confidence. Their work is now completed and will soonl be given to the public, which is in the end the final arbiter and ultimate judge. It is not competent for me to anticipate that verdict, but I may allude to some of the elements on which it must of necessity be founded. It has been the duty of the Centennial Commission to examine, appreciate, and confirm in legal form 12,000 or more of the recommendations of the judges for awards. In the progress of this labor, the commission have been impressed with the spirit of impartiality, fairness, and earnestness which pervades the work. They have been equally impressed with the evidences of trained skill and acute discrimination and with the manifestations of special and general knowledge throughout. Surely it cannot fail that the people and nations represented here will in due time acquire, from the usefnl and reliable information conveyed by the reports of the judges, a better and fuller knowledge of their own products and of the products of each other. In the fuill confidence that the wishes and aims of the Centennial Commission in adopting 794 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. this method of awards wvill be thus happily realized and appreciated both by exhibitors and the public, I have now the honor to express to you, gen tlemen of the Board of Judges, on behalf of the Centennial Commission, our thanks for the signal aid and great benefits in this department, which you have conferred on the exhibitors. And now, gentlemen, in a few weeks the object for which we came here will be accomplished. Thle Exhibition, which has been the source of so much pleasure and instruction, and which has excited the admiration of millions of visitors, will soon pass into the records of history. The circumstances that suggested it were of a peculiar and interesting character. Connected with the centenary commemoration of one of the most important political events in the history of the world, and from its inception having been free from merely commercial or mercenary motives, it was organized and has been condlucted with the single view of erecting a monument dedicated to the fruits of peace, that will be remembered for all time with pride and pleasure. Inaugurated in a spirit of fraternity and good-will, it was intended to afford to the people of this country and all other countries an opportunity to see and study the elements that have conduced to the national welfare. We acknowledge our indebtedness to the exhibitors from foreign countries, and to the exhibitors from the United States who have co-operated with zeal and most faithfully to render the Exhibition successful in all of its departments. The work has been great-the difficulties many-but we trust the future will bring returns of a fruitful harvest. After the singing of a quartet from "Les Enfants de Paris" b)y Adolphe Adams, General Hawley b)riefly explained the work of the Judges and of the Centennial Commission in preparing the awards, as follows: GEN'rLEMIEN: We have reached another interesting step in the progress of the International Exhibition of 1876. The importance of the work which culmninates this evening has been felt by the Commission from the beginning. It has never been thought possible to devise or carry out a systenm of award that would render absolute justice, or obviate criticism; but it was believed that we could, by the plan with which you are familiar, get nearer that result than did our predecessors in other exhibitions. We departed from the usual system of international juries and called to our assistance 125 judges from the United States, and an equal number from foreign nations, all selected for their known character and qualifications. Our method also dispensed with graduated medals. It required written reports recommending awards based upon merit, the elements of merits, in the language of the Commission, inclu-ding "considerations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the purpose intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and cost." The articles exhibited were classified in twenty-eight groups, and to each of these groups a competent number of judges, foreign and American, was assigned. They entered upon their 795 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY duties May 24. Each group chose a president and secretary, and called to its aid such reporters and experts as were needed. Tile rules required that the report upon each article or subject should be s;gied by some one judge and countersigned by at least a miajority of his as.,ociates in that group. No limitation has been imposed upon the number of tlhe awards. It is aII)parenlt that of twenty articles submlitted, each might be worthy of honor for the peculiar merit, or, on the other hand, it [light happen that none would deserve special mention. The Chief of the Bureau of Awards, General F. A. Wtalker, represented the Commission in it s relations with the judges, interpreting and applying the ru l e s and conveying th e decis ions of the Comnmission upon questions that arose f r o m time to time. Il e classified the reports and prel)arecd tleiii for considera MAMMOT H CALIFORNIA (R TAPE VINE, IN AGRICULTRAL IIALL. tion by the Commission. That body has read every one of the reports either in committee of the whole or in large sub-divisions thereof. Tile task is not quite complete, a few reports are not ready for our exanmination. Final action upon others is delayed by reason of such oversights, alleged( violations of the rules, duplications, overlappings, or technical error as may be expected in so large a mass of work by 250 gentlemen working in twenty-eight groups. TIre Commission has formally approved reports and awarded thereon its unifoi-ii medal and diploma. The lists of awards that we present this evening ale classified by nationalities. The lists given to the press are arranged under their several groups. The preparation of diplomas, medals, and certified copies of the fill reports in each case must necessarily be a work of more time. It was (leemed juSt to the exhibitors to announce the principal fact as speedily as possible. 796 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Among the many to whom we feel personally grateful stand prominentlythe tells of thousands of exhibitors. While commnercial and purely matelial il1otives and consid(lerations are appealed to in order to induce their participation, it is quite evident that a large number are here on the occasion somewlhat peculiar, not alone from the United States, but from many nations, chiefly that they may testify their good-will in our festival year in the country [loud applause]; aind there are many purely governmental exhibits to competitive examination that will nevertheless receive the highest of awards, the continuing gratitude of the whole American people. The special manifestations of friendly interest and cordial good-will presented by many sovereigns can never be forgotten, and they will do much to perpetuate international friendships. [Applause.] As the names of the. several countries were called and their representatives came forward to receive their lists they were greeted with loud applause. Es[)ecially was this true in the cases of Brazil, Egypt, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Tur key, Great Britain and Victoria, and the United' States. IIn some instances the whole audience rose to its feet, and the slapping of hands and shouts of "Bravo" continued for several seconds. The exercises of the evening were closed by the singing of DIidlev Buckl's Serenade by the Tenmple Quartette Club and Music by the First Brigade Band. The method of awards adopted by the American Centennial Commission diff5rs from the preceding systemns. It dispenses with the international jury, and substitutes a body of judges, one-half foreign, chosen individually for their high qualifications. It dispenses also with the systemrn of awards by graduated medals, and requires of the judges written reports on the inherent and conmpl)arative merits of each produclet thought worthy of an awarl, setting forth the properties and qualities, presenting the considerations forming the grounds of the award, and avouching each report by the signature of their authors. Thus the volumes of reports will form a complete encyc]opedia of the Exhibition, which can be consulted on all disputed questions as to the relative merits of objects of like character, and will be an authority to settle the quarrels of rival manufacturers and inventors about the value of their premiums. The medals awarded by the Commission were of bronze, round in shape, four inches in dianmeter, very chaste in appearance, and the largest of the kind ever struck in the United 797 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY States. The stamps were engraved by Henry Mitchell, of Boston, and the medals were struck at the United States Mint at Philadelphia. In the centre of the face is a female figure, representing America, seated on an elevation, and holding a crown of laurels over the enml)letlls of industry that lie at her feet. At equal distances apart on the outside zone of the face CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL-(OBVERSE). are four other female figures in bas-relief, which with appropriate symbols represent America, Eutrope, Asia, and Africa, respectively. The reverse side has in the centre the words: "Awarded by the United States Centennial Comnirnission," and, on the outside zone: "International Exhibition at Philadelphia. MDCCCLXXVI"-all in raised letters. The zone 798 III OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIO'!ON. on each face is separated from the illecr area by a wreath of laurels. All the mnedals of award were of the same size, weight, material, and design. About twelve th,,usand were presented to deserving exhibitors. The list given below embraces but a small portion of the CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL-(REVERSE). awards granited by the Centennial Commnission. A complete list would more than fill a volume of the size of this one, and the list would be made up largely of the names of exhibitors from foreign countries, in which American readers would have no special interest. It is to be understood that these awards of medals are evidences merely of merit, not 799 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY superiority; the reports made subsequently indicate whxlose exlhibit in each group is held in highest esteeiri by the jud(ges. Group /.-Tlhe First Group embraced every character of mineral ores and combustibles, metals and metallurgical prodleicts, and the various tools and apparatus for mining. No les: tean 616 awards were made. Among the Amneri(an exhibitors were the followNing: Coffin, Redington & Co., New York, Fine Silica for Polishing. E. D. Dougherty, Tennessee, Colored Marble. Gilson, Clement & Woodpin, Rutland, Vermont, Statuary Marble. Anthracite Fuel Company, Rondout, New York, Compressed Coal. Albany and Rensselaer Iron and Steel Company, Troy, New Yorlk,' Bes3cnmer Steel and Wrought Iron Rails, Bars, Forgings, Axles, Spikes, Nails, and Horseshoes. Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, Scranton, Pennsvylvania, Bessemer Pig Iron and Wrought Iron Bars. James C. Jackson, New York, Exhibit of Castings made )by novel methods. Tatham & Brother, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Shleet Lead and Tin-lined Lead and Iron Pipes. Edwin P. Ball, Chicopee, AMlassachusetts, Steam Stamping Machine for Crushing Ores and Rocks. J. E. Mitchell, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Grindstones and Fixtures. Sheldon & Slosson, West Rutland, Vermont, Block of Statuary Marble. -I. M. Manly & Son, Pennsylvania Rolled Iron Hand Eail. MAadisoi County Pottery Comnpany, Richmond, Kentucky, Pottery. George MA. Mowbray, North Adams, Massachusetts, Apparatus for Blasting Mines, Electric Battery, Fuses, etc. George K. Tyson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Phosphlor-Bronze. HIastings & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gold Leaf and Dental Foil. Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Nickel Anodes. Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Iron Rails and Rail Piles. G)oup II.-Medals were bestowed upon 285 exhibitors in the Second Group, which embraced all articles of pottery, glassware, artificial stonte, b)rick, terra-cotta work, tiles for roofing or pavement, majolica, and pallissey ware, porcelain for the table, window, mirror, aid tablle glass, and machinery for making all such articles. Amnong the exhibitors on the list of awards are the following: Galloway & Graff, Pliladelpl)lii,t, Pennsylvania, Artistic Terra-Cotta. 800 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Joseph H. Moore, Trenton, New Jersey, White Granite Table Wares, Bis quit and Parian. Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, Boston, Flint Glass Table Wares, eto. H. C. Fox & Sons, Philadelphia, Druggists' and Perfumers' Glass Wares. IlIomer Brooke, New York, Presses for Glass. The Brick Enamelling Company, Philadelphia, Enamelled Brick, in a variety of colors. Wmn. Chambers, Philadelphia, Brick-making Machine-operates by expres sing the Clay. The Fire Proof Building Company, New York City, Fire Proof Hollow Block of Tell Lime Composition for Building Purposes. J. Goebel & Co., New York City, Crude and Burned German Clay, and Glass-melting Pots made from same. Roland & Sprogle, New York City, Artificial Carburetted Stone. J. B. Dobleman, Greenpoint Flint WVorks llroll], Ke YoiI tif Glass Table Wares, etc. Whitall, Tatum & Co., Philadelphia, Chemists', Druggists' and Perfirners' Wares of Lime and Green Glass. Groupl III.-The Third Group embraced chemicals and pIhIarmnaceutical preparations, and the apparatus for manufactur ing them, and 748 exhibitors received medals. Of these the most noticeable houses in the list are given below: E. B. Benjamin, New York, Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus. Averill Chemical Paint Company, New York, Ready Prepared Paints. Brooklyn White Lead Company, New York, Lead Colors. Joseph Burnett & Co., Boston, Cologne, Flavor Extracts, etc. Colgate & Co., New York, Fancy Soaps and Perfumery. Francis & Loutrel, INvew York, Copyable Printing Ink. Lockwood, Brooks & Co., Boston, Inks and Mucilage. Henry Maillard, New York, Confectionery. George Mathler & Sons, New York, Printing Inks. Maynard & Noyes, Boston, Inks. McKeone, Van Haagen & Co., Philadelphia, Soaps. Enoch Morgan & Son, New York, Sapolio Soap. Charles Pfizer & Co., New York, Chemicals. Restdorff, Bettman & Co., New York, Dressings for Ladies' Shoes. Robinson & Pratt, Philadelphia, Printing Inks, etc. Crosse & Blackwell, London, Vinegar. T. W. Masury & Son, New York, Colors. T. & E. Atkinson, London, Perfilmery and Toilet Soaps. Group IV-Group IV. included animal and vegetable products, such as milk, cream, butter, cheese, honey, flour, starci), wines, malt liquors, etc., and the machinery for their prepara S1 801 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOR).Y tion. The awards number 1,129, two-thirds of them being to foreign exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the following received medals: American Condensed Milk Company, New York, Condensed Milk. T. Kingsford & Son, Oswego, New York, Starch. William Barnett, Philadelphia, Starch. Glen Cove Starch Company, Long Island, Starch. J. J. Wood & Co., United States, Columbus, Ohio, Starch. E. T. Cowdery & Co., Boston, Mixed Pickles, Gerkins, CatsLps. P. Lorillard & Co., New York, Tobacco in all its forms (except cigars). L. Schepp, New York, Desiccated Cocoanut, Preserved Fruit. E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Vegetables. George V. Hecker & Co., New York, Flour from Winter Wheat. Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, Rhode Island, Baking Powder. John G. Borden, Brewster's, New York, Preserved Extracts. E. C. Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Extracts. Gordon & Gilworth, New York, Preserved Extracts. Crosse & Blackwell, London, England, Pickles, Sauces, and Preserved Fruit. Group V.-Group V. was devoted to the display of fish and fish products, and apparatus for fishing, fishl culture, etc. Tile award(s are incomplete, but number 229, very few of which are to An-merican exhlibitors. Among those named are the folJowing: Mrs. J. H. Slack, Bloomsbury, New Jersey, Combination Hatchling-Boxes. C. F. Orvis & Co., Manchester, Vermont, the Orvis Reel. A. B. Shipley & Sons, Philadelphia, Artificial Flies, Rods, Reels, etc. Conroy, Bassett & Malleson, New York, Artificial Flies, Bass Lines, Fine Rods, etc. American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New York, Tramnil Nets, Gill Nets, Purse Nets, and Lines.;. W. R. Lewis & Bros., Boston, Canned Salmon, Mackerel, Lobster, ad( Clams. Max Ams, New York, Pickled Eels, Caviar, Pickled Salmon, Anchovies, etc. J. W. Carley, New York, Preserved Oysters, specimens of Oysters and Clams. Eugene G. Blackford, New York, Live Fish in Aquaria, with Fish in Refrigerators. Kemp, Day & Co., New York, Canned Lobsters, Mackerel, etc. John Winslow Jones, Portland, Me., Fresh Mackerel and Canned Lobster. JToseph F. Tobin, New York, Whalebone. Ilapgood & Co., San Francisco, Caniined Salmion. 802 TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXHIBITED BY GALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE MAIN B3UILDING. 803 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Educational Department, Ontario, Canada, Prepared Fish. General Collection of Bermuda, Bermuda Fish, alive, including Parrot Fish. General Exhibit of Bermuda, Shells, Corals, Sponges, Sea Fans, Echmo doems, etc. Brazilian Commission, Turtle Oil and Turtle Butter. Museum of Bergen, Norway, Collection of Mammals, Fishes, Crustaceans, etc. Board of Commerce, Bergen, Norway, Salted Herring and Cod, Cod Roes, Ling Cask. Fabrica Progressa, Povora de Varim, Portugal, Conger Eel in Oil, Oysters in Oil, Shad in Oil. Board of Commerce, Alesund, Norway, Fishing Tackle, Lines, Nets, etc. President Vienna Commission, Vianna del Castello, Portugal, Lamprey in Oil. Royal Swedish Commission, Blekinger, Salted Gotland Herring, Eels, do. Cod, etc. Commissioners from Tasmania, Brown Trout. Gloucester Fishing Exhibit, Gloucester, Massachusetts, General Collection of Fishing Implements, Models of Boats. Massachusetts Marine Exhibition, Boats for Fishermen and Fishing Vessels. Maryland Centennial Commission, Maryland, Model of Fish-Hatching House, Models of Boats, etc., etc. C. C. Brand, Norwich, Connecticut, Wlhaling Gun with Bomb Projectile. E. B. and T. Macy, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Whaling Gear. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Connecticut, Fishing Boat, Fit tin,etc. ford & Anthony, Boston, Massachusetts, Anglers' Imnplements, Hooks, etc. Toss, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Bait Mill. ey & HoIsmer, Sandusky, Ohio, Fishing Dressing Machine. te Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fishing Lamps lthan Buck, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fisherman's Clothing. Carter, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Fisherman's Oil Clothing. ddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Fishing Rods. n Sea Food Company, New York, Dried Turtle, Dried Cod, Dried Clams. Group VI.-Und(ler this head were exhibits of timber, worked timber, parts of buildings, forestry, ship timber, seeds, nuts, etc. The awards numbered 150, of which the following are the most noticeable: Peter Henderson & Co., New York, Field and Garden Seeds. James M. Thorburn & Co., New York, Garden Seeds and Tree Seeds. A. L. Fanchese & Co., New York, Marble Mantels. Fisher & Bird, New York, Marble Mantels. 804, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Group VI.L-Furniture, upholstery, wooden-ware, baskets, mirrors, washing-machines, and like articles were embraced in the seventhll group. The awards numbered 307. The following American houses among many others received lmedals: Charles Zinn & Co., New York, Basket and Willow-Ware. Peter C. Doremus, New York, Sofa Spring-Bed and Lounge. Demorest, Joyce & Co., Brooklyn, New York, Opera Chairs. Adolph Thiery, Philadelphia, Mantel and Pier Mirrors, Chairs, etc. Hertz & Co., New York, a completely furnished Bed-roomn, comprising rich Maple, Mahogany, and Amaranthl Bedstead, etc. The Hartford Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut, 'Voven Wire Mattresses, etc. Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, Casket Trimmings. Wakefield Rattan Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Rattall Furniture. PATENT CAR COUPLER, EXHIBITED IN M3fACHINERY HALL. Group VIII.n-Ii Group VIII. were embraced cotton, linen and other fabrics, including the materials and the machinery, and of these there were sixteen different classes. The awards number 384, including the following: H. W. Johns, New York, Asbestos Fibre and Fabric. Woven Wire Mattress Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Wire Mattresses.. Wakefield Rattan Company, Wakefiold, Massachusetts, Rattan Goods. American Linoleum Manufacturing Compainy, New York, Linoleum Floor Cloths. Group IX.-In this group were exhibits of wool and sillk f?olics, including the materials and the machinery, woven and 805 TIlE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY felted goods of wool, and mixtures of wool. The awards numbered 595, from which list the following American exhibitors have been selected: M. A. Furbush & Sons, Philadelphia, Carding Machine. Jesse Eddy's Sons, Fall River, Massachusetts, Fancy Cassimeres. John and James Dobson, Philadelphia, Carpets, Blankets, Overcoatings. George H. Gilbert Manufacturing Company, Ware, Massachusetts, Flannels, Blankets. American Silk Label Company, New York, Silk Labels. George Crompton, Worcester, Massachusetts, Loomns. Danforth Locomotive and Machine Works, Paterson, New Jersey, Silk Machine. James Roy & Co., West Troy, New York, Shawls. John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Carpets. United States Bunting Company, Lowell, Massachusetts, Woollen Bunting Damasks. W. H. Horstmann & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dress, Carriage and Upholstery Trimmings. B. B. Tilt & Son, Paterson, New Jersey, Figured Silk and Silk Looms. John N. Stearns & Co., New York, Figured and Twilled Silks. Dexter, Lambert & Co., New York, Silk Goods. Clieney Bros., Hartford, Connecticut, Silks and Silk Ribbons. Group X.-Group X. embraced all articles of clothing, furs, il)(lia-rubber goods, ornaments and fancy articles, and the aiwards made number 537, the larger part of which went to fortsign exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the most notable were as follows: W. A. Drown & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Umbrellas and Parasols. Celluloid Manufacturing Cotiiptiy, Newark, New Jersey, Brushes, Jew elry, etc. Althof, Bergmann & Co., New York, Mechanical Toys. Fred. Julius Kaldenburg, New York, Pipes. F. Grote & Co., New York, Turned Ivory, etc. Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York, Military Hats and Caps. Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, New York City, Society Goods. New York Belting and Packing Company, New York City, Emery Vul canite. John Wanamaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Civil and Military Clothing. Devlin & Co., New York City, Civil and Military Clothing. Madam Demarest, New York City, Fashions, Paper Patterns, Dress-Cutting System, and Shirt and Stocking Suspenders.. Goodyear Rubber Company, New York, Rubber Goods. 806 OF'THE CENTENNIIAL EXHIBITION. Group XI.-Iicluded in Group XI. were all articles of jewelry, wvtches, sil\erware, b)ronzes. The exhib)itors numbered oinly 1 50, of whom only twenty-six were Americans. Of these ii nl; i (1 -<~.I- BLANK BOOKS, EYH1BITED BY W. F. MIVRPHY'S SONS, PIIILADELPHIA, TN TIlE MAIN BUILDING. the principal ones receiving the recognition of a medal were as fol lows: Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York, Bronze, Marble, Zinc, and Imitation of Bronze. (Gorham Manufacturinig Company, Providence, Rhode Island, Silverware. Gorham Manifacturing' Comipanv, Providence, Rhode Island, The Century Vase, in Solid Silver. 807 TIIE ILLUSTRAKTED HISTORY Tiffany & Co., New York, Jewelry and Jewelled Watches, Silver Work. Robbins & Appleton, New York, Gold and Silver Watch Cases. Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, Silver-Plated Goods. Reed & Barton, Taunton, Massachusetts, a large Nickel-Plated Vase. Group XII.-I" Leather and manufactures of leather, inclu(i ing boots and shoes, trunks," etc., were the class of articles ex hibited as Group XII. The awards announced to-day numl,(tr 215, almost wholly to American exhibitors, the principal! of whom are given below: Dana, Moffet & Co., New York, Harness and Russet Leather in Variety. S. Halsey & Son, Newark, New Jersey, Patent and Carriage Leather, and one Hide of Oil-Top Leather. Henry G. Ely & Co., New York, Buff, Pebbled, Glazed, and Split Leather. Hubner & Keller, New York, Oak-Tanned Calf Skins. Kees & Thlorne, New York, Hemlock Sole Leather. Chatfield, Underwood & Co., New York, Belt Leather. W. F. Breed, Dole & Co., Lynn, Massaclhusetts, Shoes, Slipipcrs and Gaiters. Barroums & Boyd, New York, Shloes and Slippers. J. G. Bruzzell & Co., Lynn, Massachusetts, Shoe Machlinery. Edwin C. Burt, New York, Ladies' Fine Made Shoes. Schlultz, Southwick & Co., New York, Union Crop Sole Leather. Hoyt Brothers, New York, Hemlock Sole Leather. American Cable Screw Wire Company, New York, Standard Screw Wire Machine, for Uniting thle Soles to the Uppers of Boots and Shoes. Bay State Shoe and Leather Company, New York, Men's, etc., oi olmen's, etc., Boots and Shoes, Sewed, Pegged, etc. Dawley & Derby, New York, Lasts, Boot Trees, etc. Kenny & McPartland, New York, Shoes. E. B. Stimpson, New York, Shoe Machinery. G(roup XIII.-The paper industry was exhibited as Group XIII., and embraced such manufactures as stationery, printing 1)aper, blank hooks, playing cards, wall paper, etc., besides the machinery and apparatus for printing, such as printing presses, type-casting machines, stereotyl)ing apparatus, book-binding and envelope machines, etc. The awards numbered 239. The chief exhibitors to whom awards were announced to-day are tlh~ following: Tiffany & Co., New York city, Wedding Stationery. Esterbrook Steel Pen Company, Camden, New Jersey, Steel Pens. Porter & Bainbridge, New York city, Visiting and Wedding Cards anl Papeteries. Hoe & Co., New York, General Exhibit of Printers' Preses, and Materials for Printers' Use. 808 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Bookbinding and Printing. H. O. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Bookbinding. D. Appleton & Co., New York, Bookbinding. B. O. Woods & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Amateur Printing Presses. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Books. J. R. Osgood & Co., Boston, Massachliisetts, Books. Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books. G. P. Putnam & Sons, New York, Books. Harper Brothers, New York, Books. Francis & Lotitrel, New York, Blank Books. R. Hoe & Co., New York, Newspaper Press. THE AQUARIA, AGRICULTURAL HALL. Group SHIV. Group XIV. included all 1al-)aratus for heating, lighting, ventilation, water supply aind drainage, such as stoves, fire-places, kitchen ware, gas fixtures, water-pipes, et(. The number of exhibitors was small, there being only 49 aw\vards, of which nearly all were to Americans. Among these were the following: W. H. Jackson & Co., New York, Grates and Fenders for Open Fires and Fire Places. Wakefield Earth Closet Company, New York, Earth Closets, Cabinet Closets. Tuttle & Bailey, New York, Vertical Wheel Registers for Heating and Ventilation. Jacob H. Folhlamus, New York, Refrigerating Cuphoard and Safe. Smith Refrigerator Company, Albany, New York, Dry Air Refrigerator. W. S. Carr & Co., New York, Bath-Room Furniture. Lewis W. Leeds, New York, Improved Methods of Ventilation and IHcating (diagrams). William G. Creamer, New York, Car Lamps. 809 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Group XV.-This group was devoted to builders' hardware, edge tools, cutlery, etc., and awards to the number of 214 were made. Amrnong them I observed the following large Americaii houses nanled as receivers of medals: J L. Mott Iron Works, New York, Fountains, Vases, and Statuary. The Meriden Cutlery Company, Meriden, Connecticut, Table Cutlery. Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamiford, Connecticut, Time, Saf, Door. and other Locks. Hall's Safe and Lock Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, Safes. Herring & Co., United States, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safes. Marvin Safe and Scale Company, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safe and Combination Locks. Grotp XVJ.-" Military and sporting arms, weapons, apparatus of hunting explosives, etc.," was the title of Group XVI., and in this department only 70 exhibitors appeared. The principal awards to American exhibitors were made to the following: E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, New York, Firearms and Ammunition. Merwin, Culbert & Co., New York, Pocket Revolvers. Clark & Sneider, Baltimore, Maryland, Breechl-loading Guns. Sharpe's Rifle Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Breechl-loading Hunting Rifle. E. Remington, Ilion, New York, Breechl-loading Guns and Target Rifle. Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Colt's Revolver. Richard J. Gatling, Hartford, Connecticut, The Gatling Gun. South Boston Iron Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Condensed Bronz Cannon and Howitzer. Group XVII. Pleasure and travelling carriages, carts, wagons, sleighs, and all other manner of vehicles and their accessories, such as fittings, robes, rugs, etc., were named under Group XVII., and 150 exhibitors were given awards. The principal American exhibitors thus distinguished were as follows: L. P. Tibbals, New York, Chllildren's Carriages. J. A. Conover, New York, Children's Carriages and Wooden Horses. Peters & Calhoun Company, Newark, New Jersey, Harness, Saddles, etcC. M. Mosemnan & Co., New York, Fire Engine Harness. J. B. Brewster & Co., New York, Carriages. Wood Brothers, New York, Carriages. C. T. Raynolds & Co., New York, Carriage Varnishes. silo t OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Group XVIII.-"Railway plant, rolling stock and alpa,ratus, and road engines" was the title of this group. The ex ALCOTT'S TURBINE WHEEL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. hibitors were only 66 in number, and of these 42 were Americans. The awards to the latter most worthy of notice were as follows: -811 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Loco motives. New York Central Railroad Company, New York, Postal Car. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States Postal Car. Pullman Palace Car Company, Chicago, Illinois, Hotel, Parlor, and Sleeping Car. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, Railroad Track. John Stephenson Company, New York, Street Tramway Cars. Group XIX.-This group was devoted to the exhibition of models of vessels and apparatus of transportation, including life-boats and salvage apparatus, propeller wheels, ropes, steering apparatus, and even balloons and their apparatus. The exhlibitors were few, and only 30 awards were made. Among them were the following to leading American exhibitors: Irving Grinnell, New Hamburg, New York, Ice Yacht. C. & R. Poillon, New York, Model of Schooner Yacht Sappho. A. H. Hark & Co., New York, Flax Twines. Lawrence Waterbury & Co., New York, Manilla Rope. John A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Ropes. E. Waters & Sons, Troy, New York, Paper Boats. New York Safety Steam Power Company, New York, Steam Yacht. Grouttp XX.-Under this head were grouped motors, hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, such as boilers, water-wheels, shafting, belting, pumps, pneumatic railways and tubes, hydraulic jacks, presses, fire-engines, and the like. Contrary to general expectation the exhibitors in this group were numerous, and 351 awards were made. Included among those to Amuerican exhibitors are the following: Hartford Pump Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Compressed Air Pump. Babson & Dwight, New York, Self-Regulating Fire Escape. Chlard & Howe, New York, Lubricating Cup and Compound. John A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Rope, Rigging, etc. Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Pumps, Hydraulic Rams. Hubbard & Aller, Brooklyn, New York, Steam Pumps. Otis Brothers & Co., New York, Passenger Elevator, etc. John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, New York, Turbine. Blake Hose Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Fire Hose. Wells Balance Engine Company, New York, Double Piston Engine Richard Dudgeon, New York, Hydraulic Jacks and Punches. Vulcanized Fibre Company, Wilmington, Delaware, Pipes. 812 II I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHiBITIO)N. Champion Fire Extinguisher Company, Louisville, Kentucky, Chemical Engines, Hook and Ladder Trucks. Babcock Manufacturing Company, New York, Chemical Engines and Attachments. WVilliami K. Platt & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Fire Extinguishers. Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Hand Fire-Engine. Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Safety Hoisting Machines, etc. Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Wrought Iron Tubes, Tools, and Brass Work. Griffith & Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio, Vertical Portable Engine. Group XXI.-Machine tools, whether of wood, mretal, or stone, were embraced in this group. The awards numbered 160, and of these 100 went to American exhibitors, including the following Stephen's Patent Vise Company, New York, Parallel Vises. Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ice Tools. Henry Disston & Sons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Circular and other Saws. John W. Griffiths, New York, Wood-bending Machine. Simonds Manufacturing Company, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Circular Saws. S. A. Wood's Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Wood-working Machinery. Clough & Williams, New York, Machine for making Cork Handles of Wire. Old Colony Rivet Works, New York, Planing and Shaping Machine. American Saw Company, Trenton, New Jersey, Punching, Shearing, and Pressing Machines. John Roach & Son, New York, Wrought Iron Forgings. Group XXII.-This embraced machines, apparatus, and implements used in sewing and making clothing, lace, ornamental objects, pins, etc. There were only 48 exhibitors. Of the American exhibitors the following received awards: American Watch Company, Waltham, Massachusetts, Watchmaking Machinery, and a System of Watchmaking. T. C. Page, Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, Lamb Knitting Machine. Remington Sewing Machine Company, Ilion, New York, Button-hole Sewing Machine. The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Sewing Machines for Stitching Buttonholes. Wilcox and Gibbs Sewing Machine Company, New York, Sewing Machines. The Howe Machine Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Shuttle Sewing -fachines. Wilson Sewing Machine Company, Chicago, Illinois, Wilson's Family Sew. ing Machine. 813 -i I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Tile Weed Sewing Machine Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Shuttle Sewing Machine. Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sewing Machines for Leather. Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sewing Machines. The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Family Sewing Machines. G r o up XXIII.In this department were grouped all "agricultural nl a chines, implements of agriculture, hor ticulture, and gar dening." Of the 260 awards m a d e three-fourthis w e r e to American exhlibi tors, principal among whom I no ti ce th e inames of the follow ing: 5heeler, Millick & Co., Albany, Ne w York, Horse Hay Rake. R. H. Allen & Co., New York, Sugar Land PloAPs, Cultivator s, etc. Blymer Manufacturing Compa n y, Cincinnati ho, OLio, Sugar Machinery. Process of Chilling Steel. Gripping Claw, etc. er Churn. ator. and Sickles. table Farm Engines. ~~~~~~~~I STEAM HAMMER, EXHIBITED BY FERRIS & MILES, IN MACHINERY HALL. 814 I i i OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIHIIBITION. Walter A. Wood, Hioosac Falls, New York, Harvester. Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Falls, New York, Self-Binding Reapers. Pennock Manufacturing Company, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, Double Arm Hay Forks. A. J. Nellis & Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Iron Tie for Binding Cotton. R. H. Allen & Co., New York, Horticultural Implements. Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Falls, New York, Sweep Rtke Reapers. Grotp XXIV.-Erbraced in this group were the instru ments and apparatus of hygiene, medicine, surgery, prosthesis, etc. Of 132 exhibitors to whom awards were made, I find the following to be the most prominent American mainufacturers: McKisson & Robbins, New York, Pharmaceutical Preparations. Crandall & Son, New York, Crutches. Robert Shoemaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Drugs and Fluid Extracts. J. B. Seeley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Trusses. Elastic Truss Company, New York, Trusses. Groutp XXV. Embraced in this department were exhibits of "instruments of precision, research, experiment, and illustra tion, including telegraphy and music." There were 321 awards, the principal American exhibitors receiving medals being the following: George Steck & Co., New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos. Decker Brothers, New York, Grand, Square. and Upright Pianos. Bacon & Karr, New York, Square and Upright Pianos. Burdett Organ Company, Erie, Pennsylvania, Reed Organs. Mason and Hamlin Organ Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Reed Organs and Harmoniums. Wm. Knabe & Co., Baltimore, Concert, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos. James W. Queen & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Mathematical and Drawing Instruments, Microscopes. Albert Weber, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos. Holmes Burglar Alarm Telegraph Companv, New York, Burglar Alarm Telegraph. Peloubet, Pelton & Co., New York, Reed Organs. Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, Edison's American Automatie Telegraph. Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, Quadruplex Electric Telegraph, and for the Phelps Printing Telegraph. American District Telegraph Company, Improved Gravity Battery, District Telegraph Apparatus. Chickering and Sons, Boston, Massachusetts, Concert, Grand, Upright, and Square Piano-Fortes. Steinway & Sons, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos. 815 THE ILLUSTRATED HIISTORY Gr,oup XXT-TI.O-Only 163 exhibitors, of whomi oily 18 were Armericans, fiurnished displays for Group XXVI., which was devoted to the illustration of architecture and engineering. The American exhibitors wlio received awards were as follows: Thomas I. Speakman, Phliladelphia, Combined Wire and Wood Fence for T]narm Use. J. IHerbert Shedd, Providence, hlode Island, a Iyvdrant with all the necessary Appurtenances. State of Massachusetts, New ELgland, I-o{fIital fo,i Women and Chiildlen. State of Ohio, Stlte Buiildilg. State of lasIa iusettso Stt Iospitil fi) risane 1 f PORTUGUEs'E GOVTRNMENT BUILT)ING. Michigan Survey Commission, MicIig,an, Geological Charts. Kentckly Survey Commissionl, Geological Cliarts and Profiles. Q. M. Gen. M. C. Meigs, Wasliington, District of Columbia Plans of two Large Bridges. Prof. Semper, Plans of Town lHall. State of Massachlisetts, Exhlibit of Normal Schools, etc. United States, Exhibits of Engineering. Engineer Corps, UTnited States Arimy, Pontoon Bridge for Advanced Gutard and Armvy United States Government, Collective Exhibit Cliff and Cave Dwellings. Group XXVII.-As this departmen(t embraced the exhit)t, i.l Memorial Hall and its Ainncx and the P-otog,raphic Ha'i, 81G i I i II I i i. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the list of awards is simply a list of the painters, sculptors, photographers, and others whose works have been submitted. Of these exhibitors receiving awards for other than purely art reproductions, the following list will be interesting: American Photo-Lithographic Company, Heliographs. W. Kurtz, New York City, Photographs. Tiffany & Co., New York, Silver inlaid with Niello and Copper. J. L. Mott & Co., New York City, Castings in Iron. Knoedler & Co., New York, Engravings, Etchings, etc. W. E. Marshall, New York City, Engraving. Continental Bank Note Company, Engravings. National Bank Note Company, Engravings. Prang & Co., Boston, Massachusetts, Chromo-Lithography. John Rogers, New York City, Sculpture. Gorham & Co., Providence, Rhode Island, Repoussd Work in Silver. Tiffany & Co., New York, Repousse Work in Silver and Iron. Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, Lithographs. London Graphic Company, Drawings and Wood Engravings. Group XXVIII.-" Education and Science" was the title of this department, and it embraced a large number of subdivisions. There were 672 exhibitors, of whom the following are particularly worthy of mention as having received awards: D. Appleton & Co., New York, Various Publications. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, School Books, Ma-ps, Chlarts. A. T. Bicknell & Co., New York, Books for Builders. Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, Philadelphia, Books. S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago, Illinois, Publications. Harper & Brothers, New York, Books. Henry Holt & Co., New York, Books. H. O. Houghton & Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, Plain and Colored Lithographic Printing. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., New York, School and College Text Books. F. Leypoldt, New York, Publishers' Weekly, etc. Orang,e Judd & Co., New York, Books, etc. James R. Osgood & Co., Boston, Books. The Sons of Geo. P. Putnam, New York, Books, Literature, and History. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, Books. J. Sabin & Sons, New York, Bibliographical Publication. Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books and Maps. L. Prang & Co., Massachusetts, System of Drawing designed by W. Smith, and other Publications on Art Teaching. Kay & Brothers, Philadelphia, Law Books. 52 817 I I I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. Lee & Sheppard, Boston, Massachusetts, Works of Charles Sumner, etc. Miss E. M. Coe, New York, Kindergarten Work and Materials. J. W. Scheminerhorn & Co., New York, School Apparatus, Furniture, and Health Lift. Illustrated London News, London, Specimens illustrating the Art Department of The Illustrated News. Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, Illustrated Books, Publicat;.ols, Ser-ials, etc., etc. The Graphic Newspaper, London, Illustrated Newspaper. Central Pacific Railroad Company, Natural Objects and Illustrations of Objects, representing the flora and Fauna of California and other portions of the country traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Books and Apparatus of Instruc tion. Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Students' WorK. Catholic Publication Society, Ecclesiastical History. ~ I VIEW OF TlHE LOOMS, MACHINERY HALL 818 I CHAPTER XXVII. THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION. The Fireworks on the 9th of November-The Closing Day-Unfavorable Weather-The Attendance at the Exhibition-The Change of Programme -Ceremonies in Judges' Hall-The Music-Prayer of Rev. Dr. Seiss Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell-The Te Deum-Remarks of Presidernt John Welsh-Address of Director-General Goshorn-Speech of General Hawley-President Grant Declares the Exhibition Closed-Stopping the Machinery-Scene in Machinery Hall. HE Centennial Commission resolved at an early day to close the Exhibition with as elaborate and appropriate ceremonies as those which had marked its commence ment. On the night of the 9th of November, a grand display of fireworks was given on George's Hill by Messrs. Brock & Co., of London, and Professor Jacksonl, of Philadelphia. This was the most imposing and successful pyrotechnic display of the Exhibition, and was witnessed by a vast multitude within the grounds and a still larger throng without the enclosure. When the morning of Friday, November 10th, the day appointed for the formal closing of the Centennial Exhibition arrived, there was manifested on all sides a feeling of mingled regret and pleasure-regret that the grand Exhibition, with all its glories, with its wealth of attractions, its mechanical triunmlphs, and its treasures of art, would be, in a few brief hours, but a bright page in a glorious history; pleasure that now, on its closing day, the country could point with pride to the six months' career of the great enterprise-a half year without a blot on its record. The morning of November 10th opened with clouds and rain, and during the day a cold, disagreeable storm prevailed. I) 819 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY spite of this, however, the early trains and street cars were crowded with visitors, and every available vehicle was pressed into service by the multitude. As soon as the entrance gates were opened there was a rush for them by the crowd that had gathered about them. The entire force of the Centennial National Bank was actively engaged in furnishing the required change, and the turn-stile keepers were compelled by sheer force of necessity to accept, without close scrutiny, the admission fees from the good-natured, pushing throng. This stream of people continued to pass throu,gh the turn-stiles until late in the afternoon without intermission. RHODE ISLAND STATE BUILDING. It had been intended to hold the closing ceremonies in the open air at the western end of the Main Building, but the steady rain which fell during the day rendered a change in this part of the programme imperative. Judges' Hlall was therefore chosen as the most suitable place for these exercises. A vast crowd collected around the hall, and the disappointment at not being able to witness the closing ceremonies was general. A broad passage way was kept open in front of the building by two long lines of the Centennial Guard, which effectually barred the entrance of any one unless provided with the proper card of admission. 820 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Twelve o'clock struck, but the rain continued to fall steadily, and there were no signs of a change of weather, no hope that the rain would cease and permit the ceremonies to take place in the open air. Word was accordingly sent to the distinguished personages to repair to the Judges' Hall, there to participate in the ceremonies which were formally to close the grand Exhibi tion. The arrangements, everything considered, were admira ble. The First City Troop, under Captain Fairman Rogers, and supported by a strong detachment of Centennial Guards, kept back the ever-increasing crowds, and formed an avenue between the thousands of visitors who were at least determined to see if they could not hear; and carriage after carriage rolled up to the entrance, and their occupants, provided with the open sesame in the shape of a ticket marked "Admit to the Judges' Pavilion," quickly passed into the interior. By two o'clock all the visitors had arrived, and were in the places assigned them. On the platform sat President Grant. To his right were General Hawley, Director-General Goshorn, Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, and George W. Childs, Esq. To the left were Commissioner Daniel J. Morrell, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, Rev. J. H. Seiss, John Welsh, Esq., and General Robert Patterson. Immediately back were Governor Hartranft; Governor Rice, of Massachtisetts; Governor Bedle, of New Jersey; Governor Cochranc, of Delaware; Chief Justice Waite, Associate Justices Davis and Bradley, and Mayor Stokley. Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister, had donned his court dress to do honor to the occasion. General N. P. Banks, displaying unaffected interest, stood near her Majesty's envoy. Thomas A. Scott chatted to Bishop Simpson, whose fine features were lit up with a feeling of interest at the scene. Asa Packer, millionnaire and philanthropist; Frederick Fraley, who has handled the Centennial receipts with the ability of an accomplished financier; U. S. Grant, Jr., the President's private Secretary; Aristarchi Bey, saturnine and cynical in appearance; Bayard Taylor, the Centennial poet; ex-Governor Straw, of New Hampshire; Professor Blake, of the Smithsonian Institute; S. M. Felton, President of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 821 _________ _____ ___________ ___ I / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, _ _ _ _ _ \\\\\\\%>;~~~~~~~~~~ THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. and Baltimioire Railroad, and others, formed a backgrountd which was thoroughly representative in its character. To the right sat the members of the staffs of the Governors, and a number of distinguished army and naval officers, antd on the left were accommodated the Centennial Commissioners, the members of LIBERIAN COFFEE HULLER, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. the Board of Finance, and a number of the Diplomnatic Corps. In front, and filling every vacant seat, were the privileged personages admitted to witness the closing scenes. 823 I i THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. At two o'clock the Centennial Inauguration March, written by the great German composer, Professor Wagner, for the opening ceremonies of the Exhibition, preluded the formal exercises, and its now familiar notes were greeted with enthusiastic applause. Whlen, on the opening day, this composition was for the first time publicly performed, the effect was rather disappointing, as in the open air only the wind instruments could be clearly heard. So far as the music was concerned the change of programme to the Judges' Hall proved a decided advantage, for the massive chords of the "Centennial March" rolled out upon the air in waves of richest harmony, while every note of the most intricate evolutions was distinctly marked. General Hawley, President of the Centennial (ommission, who acted as the presiding officer, then introduced Rev. Joseph A. Seiss, who offered the following fervent prayer: Almighty God! who hast made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, we, Thine unworthy servants, look up to Thee through the only mediator, Jesus Christ, Tlhy Son. We worship Thee as the Creator, the Sustainer, and the Governor of all things, visible and invisible, to whom all homage is due from all creatures in all places of Thy boundless dominion. We offer unto Thee our thanks for Thine unsearchable goodness, and humbly pray Thee to touch us with a right sense of the majesty of Thy glory and of the wealth of Thy loving kindness, that our hearts may ever glow with reverence and affection toward Thee whensoever we contemplate Thy wonderful works toward the children of men. For the earth, which Thy hands have fastened; for its continents and seas, its islands, lakes, rivers, mountains, plains, valleys, and watersprings; for what groweth out of its surface, and for what lieth in and beneath its soil; for its climates, its seasons, its zones, and the steady continuity of all that pertains to it, we thank Thee. For the human race, which Thou hast created; for the endownients with which Thou hast clothed mankind; for their preservation, their progress, their spread, and their redemption; for their happiness in this life, and for their hopes for eternity, we thank Thee. For this great country, for the richness of its productions, for the variety of its adaptations, for the ampleness of its extent, and for the splendor of its adornments, we thank Thee. For the mingled peoples to whom Thou hast given this land, for their virtues, their intelligence, their adventure, and their prosperity, and especially for the century of growth, triumph, and ameliorating power in their experiment of popular government, O King of the world! we thank Thee. For the peaceful coming together here of the representatives ot the nation, for this exhibit of the industries, art, genius, and accomplishments of so many civilizations and sorts of men; for the display of the products of so 824 ii; ~~~~~~~; ---- -. -.m THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY many lands and seas; for the comfort and satisfaction with which multiplied thousands have come and gone during these months; for the educating force, the lessons of wisdom, and the increase of knowledge thus furnished to millions of observers, and for the success with which Thou hast favored this undertak img of Thy servants, good Lord, we thank Thee. And now, as this spectacle of fraternal converse and mutual teaching comes to its termination, vouchsafe, 0 God! to crown it with Thy blessing. Wliatso ever has been displeasing in Thy 5;~~v ~~~ sight, pardon and forgive. What soever has been in harmony with Thy,self, follow with Thy con tinued favor. And graciously __l7 __ __\~~overrule all to the good of our __'______::___ country and of the whole world. These commissioners and rep resentatives of the nations bring back in safety to their homes, laden with fruits here gathered, 1;'K~g\\gt ~to profit and enrich the souls and f i x_~ ~ estates of their peoples. '!ll11II{J~iij|!l|||I|j|f | Thliese officers and executives, _.. _...... who have labored so long and courageously in the procuremient, organization, and guardianship A- -- __ of the public benefit so happily ___ F 3 enjoyed, reward and bless for their 4/' A l faithful toil and great achieve ment. These articles, exhibits, and ___HE_ teachings, as they go lience into _- A~_ ~ all countries, make lheralds and _________ ~instruments of augmented com fort, convenience, elevation, and II E ~ ~ il J~sIprosperity to the communities into which they come. This new and friendly inter 3, ________1 1::course between the ends of the earth make potent for the further TERRA —(OTTA VASE, EXHIBITED IN THiE ance of kindly brotherhood among MAIN BUILDING. nmankind, the progress of the truth, the triumph of peace and salvation, and the upbuilding of whosoever is agreeable to Thy own sovereign will and purposes. And as our own dear nation now starts out upon the unknown sea of a new century, our united prayers are lifted to Thee, O God! beseeching Thy Divine Majesty to be gracious to this youngest child in the family of nationalities; 826 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. that Thou wouldst spread Thy protecting hand over it in its dangers; that Thou wouldst forgive its sins and indiscretions, and that Thou wouldst guide it evermore in safety. Its President, its Governors, its Legislatures, its judges and mag'-srates, and the commanders in its army and navy, endow plenteously with the spirit of wisdom, justice, faithfulness, and devotion. Uphold them in their duties, and prosper them always in whatsoever is right, and true, and good. Fill all public servants with prudent counsels, trusty speech, sound integrity, and honest fear of the Lord. Send down upon our churches, our religious teachers, our schools, and all our means of education, Thy Holy Spirit, that intelligence, virtue, truth and piety may be our inheritance forever. Give grace to our people to acknowledge Thee, the only true God, by whose spirit all things are governed, and dispose them toward Thine ordinances and commands, that they may dwell together in unity and concord, and ir all godliness and honesty. And although we have often provoked Thy displeasure and deserved Thy punishments, yet we beseech Thee, of Thy great goodness, not to deal with us after our sins, but to defend and preserve unto us our free institutions and national happiness. Scatter, by Thy mighty power, every cloud that rises to threaten our nation's permanence or peace. WVard off calamities of war and bloodshed, and all moral deterioration and decay, and graciously protect us against discord and sedition within, and against invasion and spoliation from without, that our precious liberties aiay not be taken from us, but descend from generation to generation. And now, O God of Nations, King of Glory, Lord of Heaven and Earth, be pleased to accept the thanks and petitions which we thus present before Thy Majesty, and graciously hear our prayers. Mercifully, also, bestow Thy heavenly benediction upon the ceremonies of this hour, and upon Thy servants forever, that all our works begun, continued, and ended in Thee may always redound to the honor of Thy holy name, through Jesus Christ, Thy Son, our Lord and Saviour, to whom, with Thee and the Holy Ghost, ever one God, be glory and dominion, world without end. Amen. A chorale and fugue from Bachl were then performed by the orchestra, after which the Hon. D. J. Morrell, Chairman of the .Executive Committee of the United States Centennial Commission, was introduced to the audience. When the applause which greeted him had subsided he said: On the 9th day of March, 1870, it was my privilege to introduce in Congress a bill to provide for holding in the city of Philadelphia the Exhibition which this day brings to a close. On the 3d of March, 1871, that bill became a law, but not without opposition and amendments, which took from it all provisions for carrying out the purpose contemplated by the act itself. On the 4th of March, 1872, the Centennial Commission met and organized, and 827 T 8 E ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the labor of preparing for the Exhibition was commenced, in the face of obstacles such as were never encountered in a similar undertaking. The government had refused aid; local jealousies were powerful; the newspapers of the country, with few exceptions, were lukewarm or openly hostile, and the mass of the people could not be interested in an event which _ _~~~_ --- seemed far away in the =-~~ Ea?~~ - ~future. Duringthe first -____ w___w _____year of the life of the Commission d o u b t ~~~~I ~___ -everywhere prevailed, ______ _____~ and I am ashamed to _____ I ____ get,-nd I hope that his _=== t":':~:~'":''":'the psuccess of our en ___ __,sterpise and thow many wise a nd eminent citi zens rendered a hesitat _____ ___ ~~~~~~~~ing -support, or re the fortunes of theCentennialExhibition;fused to commit them ______ ~~~~~~~~selves to what, to them, prospects_ brisgee, mnd a hopelethss a financial panic and other discouraging ev cause. In this tiie of __________ - ~~~~~gloom the city of Phil t adelpia wasnot afraid to charge itself with _________ the expenses incident SILVER BASS-RELIEF PLAqUE, REPOUTSSE, EXH-IIB- to the organization and' ITED BY THE GORHAM COMPANY. labors of the Comimis sion, and in this, and ~ all other official acts, her municipal authorities have shown courageous liberality. The creation of the Board of Finance was the turning-point in the fortunes of the Centennial Exhibition; from that moment its prospects brightened, and, though that Board was confronted with a financial panic and other discouraging events, its executive offi 828 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. cers moved forward in the confidence that "knows no such word as fail." By slow and laborious stages public interest was aroused; the Women's Centennial Commnission labored with zeal and efficiency; money from private subscriptions to the stock of the Board of Finance flowed into the treasury; the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia made liberal appropriations for the uses of the Exhibition, of which a memorial will remain to future Centennials; and, when success was assured, the National Congress recognized its duty and gave us material aid. I ______________''I ORNAMENTAL PAGODA, IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. "As a woman who is in travail hath sorrow," but afterwards "she remembereth no more her anguish for the joy that a man is born into the world," so the pangs of this great labor are far away and lost in this hour of its triumph. It is but just, however, in speaking for the executive officers of the Centennial Commission, that I should point the future historians of the Exhibition to the great difficulties which have been encountered and overcome, and claim from them a charitable criticism. In comparing this work with that which has been done elsewhere, 829 I I II THE ILLUSTPRATED HISTORY I beg them to note that this has been accomplished by the volun tary agents of a free people, clothed with no official or titular pres tige or distinction, and without Governmental support. The members of the Coinmmission and the Board of Finance have recognized that they were oll exhibition as fully as any material, object enclosed within these grounds; that thousands of eyes would scan their every act, after the fashion of these times, which is to attribute rnercenIt'y or corrupt motives to all engaged in the exe cution of public trusts; and I shall esteem above the prizes the nation has won in the Exhibition, an award from that higher group of judges which represents the conscience of the world that this work which w- to-day commit to history is free from taint, that good men shall say it was honest. The managers of future Centen nial celebrations to be held on these grounds will see and do things more wonderful than our wildest dreams, and the remnanits of our finest things may be exhibited by them as proofs of the rudeness of early days; but in the records we have made the full measure of our manhood will go down to them untouched by the gnawing tooth of Time. Of the Exhibition, now to be numbered with the things of the past, it is difficult to speak. The nations are here; they have made this great spectacle what it is, and they deserve the gratitude of the American people. While they have taught much, they have also learned something, and they have seen in the crowds of American citizens, of all occupations and conditions of life, who have thronged these grounds, a polite, orderly, self-respecting and self-governing people. So far as their representatives have entered into our social life we will hope that they have found that what may be lacking in form is made up in substance; that the simplicity of republican manners is dignified by the sentiment of good-will to men. The Exhibition was opened by starting in motion the Corliss engine, that giant of wonder to all, which for six months, with equal pulse, without haste, without rest, has propelled an endless system of belts and wheels. Silent and irresistible, it affects the imagination as realizing the fabled powers of genii and afrit in Arabian tales, and, like them, it is subject to subtle control. When these our ceremonies here are ended, the President of the United States, by the motion of his hand, will make the lightning his messenger to stop the revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant 830 I OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIO-N. to tell the world that the International Exhibition, which marked the Centennial of American national life, is closed. When Mr. Morrell ceased, Theodore Thomias gave a signal to the Centennial Chorus in the western balcony, and the orchestra and chorus rendered, with fine effect, Dettingen's Te .Deum. The next speaker was Mr. John Welsh, the President of the Centennial Board of Finance, whose appearance was the signal for the most enthusiastic applause. Several moments elapsed ~,__., _ MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING. before quiet could be restored, and then Mr. Welshl delivered the following address: FELLow-CITIzE,S: —In this closing scene of the International Exhibition, I may well give expression to the grateful emotions which swell my heart, that all who have shared in the labor of its preparation and conduct, in your approval of it meet their coveted reward. 831 I 1. I, I I, I I"'j, I /-; i i I : "i I t I- " I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The predictions of evil which were made of it-and by mnany in high places-have not been realized. The nation has not been dishonored. The good name of its people has not been imperilled. This day witnesses that the noble purpose of its projectors has been accomplished. It has hallowed the Centennial year by an inspiration of the past. The circumstances attendant on the nation's birth have been recalled. The patriotic impulses of the people have been quickened. Their love for their country has been strengthened. The Exhibition has concentrated here specimens of the varied products of the United States, and made better known to us our vast resources. It has brought to us the representatives of many nations-men skilled, accomplished and experienced-and they have brought with them stores of treasures in all the forms given them by longpractised industry and art. And others are here from new lands, even younger than our own, giving full promise of a bright and glorious future. It has placed side by side, for comparison, the industries of the world. In viewing them the utilitarian revels in the realization that man is striving earnestly to make all things contribute to his convenience and comfort; the philosopher stands in awe at their contemplation as he dwells upon the cherished thought of the possible unity of nations; and he who looks on the grandeur of the scene from a spiritual standpoint is filled with the hope that the day is near "when the glory of the Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea." It has taught us in what others excel, and excited our ambition to strive to equal them It has taught others that our first century has not been passed in idleness, and that, at least in a few things, we are already in the advance. It has proved to them and to us that national prejudices are as unprofitable as they are unreasonable; that they are hindrances to progress and to welfare, and that the arts of peace are most favorable for advancing the condition, the power and the true greatness of a nation. It has been the occasion of a delightful union among the representatives of many nations, marked by an intelligent appreciation of each other, rich in instruction and fruitful in friendships. 832 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. - It hlas placed before our own people, as a school for their instruction, a display-vast and varied beyoInd precedent-comprising the industries of the world, including almost every product known to science and to art. It has made the country and its institutions known to intelligent representatives of all nations. They have had access to our homes, have become familiar with our habits, have studied our systems of COMMUNION SERVICE, (I GORHAM PLATE," EXHIBITED BY TtIE GORHAM MANUFACTURING COMIPANY, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. education, observed the administration of our laws, and will hereafter understand why the United States of America exerts so- large an influence on other nations, and, consequently, the great truth that in proportion to the intelligence and freedom of a people is their loyalty to their government. It has concentrated on this spot, in the short term of six months, eight millions of visitors, who have enjoyed all its rare privilege,s 53 833 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY without a disturbance or any personal hindrance firom violence or even rudeness. It has exhibited the Amnerican people in their true character, resl)ectful of each other's o'hits, considerate of each other's convenience, and desirous of allowing to others a full participation ill their enjoyment. It has afforded an opportunity to show that the administration of an) exhibition on) a grand scale may be liberal in its expenditure without iuseless extravagance; that its laws may be strictly enforced with impartiality and without harshness; that its regulations may secure the efficiency of its departments and uniformity in their action; that its whole course has been free from financial emnbarrassment or even a payment deferred; anDi that, notwithstanding every part of its machinery was in constant motion, no one of the inmmel)se throng within the limits of the Exhibition was sensible of its restraint. It has shown that the authorities of the great city in which the Exhibition has beenit h.~ have been actuated by a silngle eye to the promotion of the public convenience. That, under their supervisioJi, facilities of every kind have been pro)vided, property has been protected, good order has been preserved, usu.-sal health has prevailed, and extortion in its varie4 forms has been almost unknown; these, com)bined with the unlimited accommodations for visitors alnd the hospitality (of its citizens, are in beautiful harmony with thle purposes of the Exhibition. Nor has the State of Pennsylvania beet) less in sympathy. The traditions connected with its soil are its priceless heritage. The International Exhibition is to be regarded as a reverential tribute to the century whlich hlas just expired. That century has been recalled. Its events have been reviewed. Its fruits are gathered. Its memories are hallowe(l. Let us enter on the new century with a rel)ewed devotion to our country, with the highest aims for its honor and for the purity, integrity and welfare of its people. On the Exhibition the curtain is n)ow about to fill. When it has falleni, the wonderful creation, in the beauties of which we have so long been revelling, will have passe] away. Looking round upon it now, while the scene still glows with its grandeur, and our senses ale rejoicing in its delights, I desire to assure all who have c)ntributed towards its production that there is at least one who bears in 834 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. grateful remembrance whatever they have done. It may have been an humble prayer, the earnings of hard toil, out of their abundance, or the devotion of years of intelligent labor-it matters not. The little brooks and the rivers alike make up the mighty ocean. To all-at home and abroad-who have helped us forward; to the Sovereigns and Governments of other countries who have countenanced and encouraged us; to their representatives who have worked so nobly in our cause; to the exhibitors of our own and other lands, who have done more than can be expressed; to the Congress of the United States of America, for its generous and I -I DRUM ROLLER PRINTING PRESS~, EXt'BITED BY COTTRELL & BACOCK. timely aid; and especially to the President of the United States of America, for his unwavering support and encouragement, are due the grateful acknowledgments of the nation. Would that I were authorized to make such acknowledgments here, or that myown had the value in them to make them acceptable to them all, from the humblest to the highest. And now, to my fell(ow-laborers of the United States Centennial Commission, and of my more immediate associates in the Centennial Board of Finance, I need only say that our work has its place 835 i TIlE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in the annals of the nation. If the memories of it be pleasant to our countrymen, we have done well. During this address-Mr. Welsh was frequently interrupted with applause, and this was continued after he took his seat. The orchestra then rendered Beethoven's beautifuil "Sixth Symphony." The Hon. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Centennial Exhibition, was next introduced, and spoke as follows: THE RUNQUIST OSCILLATING GOVERNOR, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. MR. PREsIDENT: -The bright sunlight that came last May to greet the opening hour of the International Exhibition of 1876 was a propitious omen. Those who had labored from its inception to place before the world in a proper manner an enterprise in which great expectations and interests were concentrated were'encouraged and strengthened in this work. It has since prospered, and won the favor of general commendation. Millions of people have come hither to enjoy the teachings'of a school that has laid the foundations for more liberal thought and Or'more extended knowledge of the' social, industrial, and political 836 OFTHE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. elements that contribute to the welfare of man. The beneficial re sults that will ensue from these teachings cannot be over-estimated. The Exhibition has been a great educator. It has given the people of other nations new and correct ideas of the resources and industries of America. It has given the people of America enlarged information of the arts, products, and wealth of the participating nations. It has also augmented and strengthened social and com mercial relations between nations which are results of high im portance, and may be con sidered a happy consumma- tion of the objects of this in ternational work, Had it accomplished less than this, it would have failed of the hopes of its \ j projectors. ha But the hour has arrived i when we must dismantle these buildings and take our depart ure. Hav ing b een for almost four years intimately con nected w ith the internal and!I external administration of t w e lell this work, I feel th at we have abundant cau se for con- -i i t gratulation that the close of m gidst of a success that is m,, courdiabos grerinae ind thens for the valuable part they have aken manifestly satisfactory to our country and approved by the SILVER FLOWER VASE, REPOUSSE WORK, patriotism of our people. In EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM CO. this great undertaking we have had from the beginning the zealous co-operation and faithful services of both the officials and the exIlibitors in the various departments, to whom we are pleased in this manner and on this important occasion to acknowledge our indebtedness. To our friends,, the foreign commissioners and foreign exhibitors, I am glad of another opportunity to express and repeat our most cordial greetings and thanks for the valuable part they have taken I II I I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY in this Exhibition. Without such co-operation it would not have obtained the dignity and interest which has so profoundly affected the people of the United States. Your presence, gentlemen, has been accepted by the people of this country as a mission of international good-will and fraternal intercourse. I pray you, therefore, to carry with you a conviction of the appreciation and friendly feelings of the government and the people towards you for your honorable and successful co-operation. I also have the pleasure to congratulate my fellow-citizens, the exhibitors from the United States. You have contributed abundantly of the rich products of the soil and mines, and of your own ingenious and skilful workmanship. You have won fresh honors in every department, and have revealed and made better known to ~ I! iii ~> MI /1111/ i/~/IIIj%//~/MJWW// lIIlII )\\ j\~; WAGNER'S CHARIOT RACE, IN MEMORIAL HA.L. our own people and to the world your strength and progress, an(l the vast resources at your command. Your contributions and intelligent co-operation entitle you to claim a large share both of the credit and benefits of this Exhibition. If the influences of this Exhibition should discourage all inclinations to the showy and superficial, and elevate the standard of quality and workmanship, and thereby add to the intrinsic merits and values of our products, it will produce its legitimate results and justify the expenditures of thought and treasure that have been lavished upon it. But I cannot conclude without alluding to the efficient and faithful work of my co-officials, and of my personal- staff, which commands my highest acknowledgments of respect and esteem. The amount of labor and thought which has devolved on you, 838 l OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. gentlemen, can never be known, nor need it be. We have our record in the consciousness of the confidence placed in us, and in the support we have always received from the United States Celntennial Commission and Ceintennial Board of Finance, and from the numerous contributors, here and elsewhere, who laid the foundation of this Exhibition, and from the public. And now, Mr. President, with the close of this day another Internatioital Exhibition will be concluded and added to the recor(is of the past. But it will not be ended; it will rather lhave only begun. The real Exhil)bition we have striven for is not limited to the dis)lay of material products, which, however pleasing, must be ibrief. The teaclhigs, the social and moral influences, the improvemient in the pr,)(lLuctive powers of genius and inventive knowledge, constitute in part the object and aim. Mlay these be fully realizec(l as the legitimate results of this Exhibition. As the Director-General concluded, chlorus -and( orelJestra burst forth iii the glorious "Hallelujah," from Handlel's "Messial." At the conclusion of the chorus General Hawley arose, and after the enthusiastic applause with which hlie was greeted had subsided, spoke as follows: The final day of the Exhibition has arrived. Four years and a half ago the Centennial Commnission was organized under the legislation of the national government to celebrate the Centennial Anniversary of our national independence by holding an interniatioinal exhibition of arts, manufactures, an(l products of the soil and mine. The National Congress deemed it fitting that the completion of the first century of our national existence should be commemorated by a presentation of the national resources of the country and their development, and oftlhe progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations. Happily the United States was and is at peace with the whole world. International Exhibitions have l)eef()nme an established featu,re in nmodern civilization, but connected with this were features of peculiar and local interest. They have not interfered with its progress-indeed, the acceptances of other nations, and the very fi-iendly congratulatory letters addressed to the President of the United States on the occasion of the celebration of the Foilrth of July, show that they have rather given an opportunity for expressions of cordial good-will that have givenl very great pleasure to 839 i a I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the whole American people. There were many and great difficulties in the path of the enterprise, the usual misapprehensions, the disturbed condition of the business ald finlance at homeand abroad and the slow conversion of a public sentiment which, in the earlier days, feared that justice might not be done to American resources and capabilities. We recall the hours of uncertainty and discouragemenlt solely that we may felicitate ourselves upon the result that have answered the hopes and predictions of the most sanguine. The Exhibition has given us a better comprehension of our OWIn position and progress. We expected and hoped to be taught our shortcomings in some respects, and we shall profit by the lessons. And yet I gatlher from my countrymen that they are not a little pleased to see how well our productions in every depaitnlent have borne the comparison to which they have been subjected. Unquestionably international trade and commerce will be proiioted. Our manufacturers, mechanics and artists will show by their work that they have been close students of the admirable exhibits from abroad, and have taken advantage thereby. The ingenuity and excellence of our mechanics and inventors will be made better known. A higher benefit has been wrought. The bonds of peace have been strengthened. Interminable ties have been created that will be strongly felt whenever national derangements are threatened. Our people are so widely scattered, and their relations have been so seriously disturbed, that every patriot anxiously desired them to seize the great occasion to know each other better that they may love each other more. What has been done toward this is one of your most valuable labors. The concurrent and almost wholly harmonious testimony of our critics at home and abroad permits us to feel that we have been on the whole largely successful in all our work. This comnmendatory judgment is very grateful to us. My associates have given expression to our gratitude. I would gladly add to what they have said if I could. The Commission thanks the city of Philadelphia, the State of Pennsylvania, the National Government, and especially you, sir, our honored President. It thanks the foreign commissioners, one and all, most heartily. It thanks the exhibitors of all nations. It thanks the American people, whose conduct here has commanded unbroken respect. It thanks its associate corporation, the Board of Finance; above 840 I I OF- THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. all, it reverently acknowledges the kind favor of Heaven which has so smiled upon us that while we turn somewhat sadly from these scenes of great labor and greater pleasure, all who have been accredited here may feel they have done something towards advancing the world to the better day coming. God be praised for the past; God send us all, individuals and nations, a happy future. Mr. President, we await your pleasure. At the conclusion of General Hawley's address the audience and chorus united in singing the national anthem, "My country,'tis of thee," the full orchestra accompanying the voices. Never was the sweet hymn sung with more patriotic fervor than then given, for as the simple yet majestic melody filled the air the original flag of the American Union, first displayed by I 4<~i'Am \\ \ i iin,X MIAKART'S "VENICE DOING HOMAGE TO CATIIARINE CORNARO," IN MEMORIAL HALL. Commodore Paul Jones on the "Bon Homme Richard," was unfurled from a window above the stage, and as its hallowed folds floated in the air all eyes gazed upon the relic with reverence, and while a thousand throats sang "America" with still deeper feeling, all present united in applauding by a brisk clapping of hands this most happy addition to the programme. At twenty-three minutes of four o'clock General Hawley announced that General Ulysses S. Grant, President of the United States, would now formally close the Exhibition. The Presilent here arose and said: "LADIES AND; GENTLEMEN:-I have now the honor to declare the Exhibition closed."i 841 I i I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The President then turned to the left, and wavc(l hlis hand as the signal to the operator at the telegraph instrtimcnt, immediately behind him, to give the signal for stopping the Corliss engine and the machinery in the hall. Mr. Robert B. Mlanley, the general director, touched the kev, and the characters "7-6 " were signalled to the main telegraph office. The sanme current caused thle hammer to strike the special gong stationed alongside the Corliss engine, which was the signal to stop, and at the same time all the gongs in the Machinery Ilall felt the effect of the electrical current, and gave notice to tile exhibitors that the offi(ial fiat of the Presi(dent, tiat the Exllhibition had been declared closed, was promulgated. At the instant the instrument ticked in the main telegraph office, tile following des)atch was placed on the wires and sent to London, Liverpool, Palris, and the principal cities of Europe, the United States, and Canadas: INTF,PNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION GROUNDS. PHILADELPHIA, November 10, 1876. The President has this moment closed the International Fxllibition-3.37 P. M. W. J. PHILLIPS, Telegraph Director, U. S. International Exhibition. All present then nlnited in singing the long metre doxology to the words, "Be Thou, O God! exalted higlh, And as Thy glory fills the sky, So let it be on earth displayeld, Till TlIou art here as there ol)eved." And soon afterwards the assemnblage dispersed. A large crowd gathered about the pavilion to witness the departure of the President, who stepped into his carriage at about four o'clock, and drove back to the residence of his host, Mr. George W. Childs. Though the Exhibition was thus formally closed, only a small proportion of the exhibits were covered lip, and the grounds remained thronged with visitors until eventing. Machinery Hall was the oljective point of not less than 842 i OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIITBITION. 15,000 persons at about two o'clockl, at wlichl hour it was believed the President would punctually appear in front of that mighty giant of mechanical skill, the Corliss engine, and seizing the lever, stop the motion of the colossus. In this speculation just so many individuals were disappointed, notwithstanding which they held their places, ol passed through the mazes of the intricate workshop. Macliinery Hall at three o'clock was packed with impatient humanity. A sea of upturned faces looked in the direction of the iron and steel giant vlwhichl controlled the i GILLINDER & SON S GLASS WORKS IN THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. ceaseless revolving wheels, the whirring belts, and the noisy operation of the perfect labyrinth of mechanism. NTever before in the history of the Centennial Exposition had there beeit such a jam of nervous, anxious, and interested observers. It wage to be the culminating and at once the finishing point in America's great exhibit. The great engine seemed more energetic than ever. Its walkling beams seemed to move with more rapidity, 843 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. and the monster wheel appeared to revolve the more quickly as if conscious of the fact that it would soon rest from its labors. Yet, though fancy or imagination pictured the grim colossus as working harder than ever, its movement was almost noiseless. The sewing-machines with their busy hum drowned the laborious efforts of the giant. Thus the work continued, and still the crowd began to thicken. All awaited the President's coming, but they were doomed to disappointment. The hand of the clock pointed to four o'clock. It lacked but a few minuLtes of the hour. At this moment two engineers took their position near the lever of the engine, and their eye rested on the gong which was to notify them when to apply the subtle touch which should end the work of the machinery, and signal the closing of the Centennial. A moment later the silvery peal of the gong, touched by an invisible wire, gave the word, and in a second the Corliss engine had ceased its operations and rested. This was the occasion for ralpturous applause, oft repeated. A change had passed over Machinery Hall. The throbbings of the great leviathan had ceased, and with them the pulsations of all other machinery, and the twenty-three miles of shafting and forty odd miles of belting. The total number of paying visitors on the closing day was 106,474. -844 CHAPTER XXVIII. STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE. Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition Gradual Increase in the Attendance-Statement of Admissions-The Re ceipts The State Days-Other Noted Days-Comparison of the "Cen tennial " with Other Exhibitions-Statement of Exhibitors. :~ OOKING back over the six months' career of the Great : OI-O Exhibition one striking fact presents itself that the c 1 e) Exhibition had to make its way slowly into public comprehension and favor The American people had little knowledge of what a World's Fair really was, and asked themnselves the question, " Will it pay to go to the Centennial?" many times before they decided to go. There was an ignorance and an indifference throughout the country concerning the grand undertaking that threatened to mnear its success. \Vith a few notable exceptions, the leading newspapers outside of Pennsylvania threw cold water upon the Exhibition, and the public lead to get its impressions from the papers. Certain influential journals in the West did not wake up to their mistake tintil the fair had been three months in progress, and only at that late date sent their correspondents to the Exhibition and began to publish descriptive letters. On the opening day Philadelphia furnished nine-tenths of the visitors. There were 76,172 paying admissions-a very fair beginning -but the attendance fell next day to 14,722, and the day after to 10,252. On the 16th of May it was only 7,056. Tihe highest figure reached in that month was 41,111, on the 30th, -and the average for the month was 19,946. Thus far the' visitors-were nearly all; from Philadelphia and the neighborin' 845 I TIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY towns. The pleasant days of June went by without the attendance showing any adequate appreciation by the public of thle manifold attractions of the fair. The highest attendance was 39,386, the lowest 20,343, and the average 26,756. By the end of the month the glowing accounts of returninlg __1~ 1 12visitors, few in number though they were, had -"~ 5, ~~ Byleavened the whole lump ~','i',,,, ~,~,of public indifference and created a general desire among all classes to make a pilgrimage to Philadel pheia. The ceremonies on the.ourth of July brought a nunmerousn iul tittide in spite of the severe heat t h a t pre -: —-- 2Wvailed. On the 3d( the It: u~tIHI1I~II'1';~~ll'" Ipaying visitors numbered k —f'~. 47,786, on the 4th 46,290, : tillon the 5th 51,825, and on the 6th 46,088. Then the attendance ran down rapidly, so that on the ~- _-~~~~ ~.~ 31st it was only 15,207. The average for the - _']". II!1111 i _Ii ru...mnth was 24,481. The heated ternm was of unVt'RIGHT DRILnINO MACHINE, EXHIBITED URIGT DRILLNG MAHN E precedented length and IN MACHINERY HALL. severity. It began in June and lasted until late in August. The Exllibition buildings were like ovens, and the concrete paths through the grounds I)urned the feet like lava. Every day many visitors were prostrated and carried to the hospital. Thousands carne in spite of 846 il OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. the heat, however, because their midsummer holiday was their only opportunity. In August the largest attendance was oin Jersey Day-55,930; the smallest was 22,141, and the average 33,655. September brought the hoped-for throng. On the 1st, 34,182 visitors entered the gates; on the 5th, 50,209, and except on one rainy day the total never dropped below 50,000 thenceforth. Connecticut Day, the 7th, scored 64,059; Massacliusetts Day, the -4th, 78,977; New York Day, the 21st, I? ~\ ~ I BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 117,941; and Pennsylvania Day, the 28th, brought the enormous numbl)er of 257,169 people within the grounds. The average for the month was 81,961. In October the average ran up still higher, being 89,789; the lowest figure was 65,865, and the highest, reached on Delaware and Maryland( Day, tihe 19th, was 161,355. Rhode Island Day, the 5th, registered 89,060; New Hampshire Day, the 12th, 101,541, and Ohio Day, the 26th, 122,300. During November the atten(dance was close upon 100,000 every date. 847 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The record of admissions by months is as follows: Months. I)ays. May........ 193 June...........26 July...........26 August........27 September....26 October........26 November.... 9 159 Receipts. $189,490.35 347,833.40 318,199.25 415,659.25 928,056.00 1,160,811.50 453,700.00 $3,813,749.75 XIm0<=.mm " OLD VIRGINIA" BUILDING. A recapitulation of the above shows the following: Number of days open.................................. 159 Paid admissions........................................ 8,004,325 Free admissions.......................................... 1,785,067 Total admissions........................................ 9,789,392 Grand total of receipts................................$3,813,749.75 The State Days. The State day ce]ebrations at the Exhibition are conspicuous in the records of the admissions as the best paying days. The * Including 110,500 officially estimated free admissions on Opening Day. 848 Paid. 378,980 695,666 636,518 908,684 2,130,991 2,334,530 918,956 8,004,325 Total. *613,495 952,177 906,447 1,175,314 2,439,689 2,663,879 1,038,391 9,789,392 II OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. following is a complete list of these days, with the cash and total admissions and receipts: Receipts. $28,063.75 30,853.75 41,193.00 59,986.00 118,673.75 44,496.00 50,536.00 80,367.50 61,029.50 Paid. New Jersey, August 24............ 56,325 Connecticut, September 7......... 64,059 Massachusetts, September 14..... 85,795 New York, September 21......... 122,003 Pennsylvania, September 28......257,169 Rhode Island, October 5......... 89,060 New Hampshire, October 12...101,541 Delaware and Maryland, Oct. 19.161,355 Ohio, October 26...................122,300 Other Noted Days. The following are some of the other large days during the Exhibition period: Paying yVisitors. October 27.......... 95,563 Novemnber 1.......... 107,7,15 November 2.......... 115,298 November 8.......... 90,588 November 9.......... 176,755 November 10.......... 106,474 Paying Visitors. Opening Day.......... 76,172 September 9.......... 99,984 September 20.......... 101,498 September 30........ 103,385 October 18........ 124,777 October 25..........106,986 Allttendance at other Exhibitions. The attendance at the various International Exhibitions pre ceding our own, show the following comparison: Year. Place. Days Open. Visitors. Receipts. 1851-London.............141 6,039,195 $2,120,0',;0.00 1855-Paris................ 200 5,162,330 640,497.00 1862-London.............. 171 6,211,103 2,044,650.00 1867 —Paris..................210 8,806,969 2,103,675.00 1873-Vienna...............186 7,254,687 1,032,090.00 1876-Philadelphia........159 9,789,392 3,813,749.75 In the case of all the European Exhibitions, the greatest day was either the closing one, or near it, and at Paris and Vienna the greatest number of visitors was on Sunday. The 54 849 Total. 67,052 75,044 97,868 134,588 274,919 100,946 118,422 176,407 135,661 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY greatest attendance on any one day at previous Exhlibitions, as compared withl "Pennsylvania" Day here, is thus given: Pliladelphia....... 257,286, on Thursday, September 28, 1876. Paris................173,923, on Sunday, October 27, 1867. Vienna...............135,674, on Sunday, Novemluber 2, 1873. Paris................123,017, on Sunday, September 9, 1855. London..............109,915, on Tuesday, October 7, 1851. London............. 67,891, on Thursday, October 30, 1862. The total number of exhibitors in the Centennial Exhibition reached 30,864, and were distributed among fifty countries of PHILADELPHIA CITY BUI LDING. the world. The United States headed the list with 8,175 exhibitors; Spain and her colonies came next with 3,822; Great Britain and her dependencies sent 3,584 exhibitors; and Portugal stands fourth with 2,462. The classification embraces seven different departments, among vwhich the exhibitors are distributed as follows, the first column giving the number of exhib-)itors in each department from the United States, and the second column the number in each department for the entire Exhibition: 850 iI - L 5 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Departments. American Exh ib's. 1-Mining and Metallurgy................. 644 2-Manufactures.............................2,246 3-Education and Science.......:.......... 381 4-Art...........................................1,784 5 —Machinery................................. 1,606 6-Agriculture....................... l,2474 7-Horticulture.............................. 40 Total.......................................8,175 Previous to 1851 there had been numerous national exhibitions in different European cities, some of which brou(lght together a very considerable number of exhibitors. In all of these national affairs FraInce kept the lead in the number of exhibitors, there being 2,447 exhibitors in that held in 1834; 3,381 in 1859; 3,960 in 1844; and 4,494 in 1849. The only national exhibition held outside of France which approached these figures in the number of exhibitors was that held in Berlin in 1844, in which all the different countries of Germany were represented, the number on that occasion reaching 3,040. The following statement gives the total number of exhibitors, and the number of American exhibitors at each of the International Expositions which have been held since the system was inaugurated in 1861 at London: American Exhlib's. 1851-London.............................. 4 99 1853-New York..........................2,083 1855-Paris................................. 144 1862-London.............................. 228 1867-Paris.............................. 705 1873-Vienna............................... 922 1876-Philadelphia........................8,175 We have not at hand the total numbl)er of exhibitors at Vienna, but leaving that out, it will be seen that the number at Paris largely exceeded that at our own Exhibition, whlile it in turn surpasses the two London Expositions and the Paris Exposition of 1855. 851 Total Exl,ib's. 2,129 8,760 2,490 4,900 2,2C,O 10,217 108 30,864 II i i Total Exhib's. 13,937 4,685 20,839 28,653 42,2t7 80,864 CHAPTER XXIX. WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition-Effects upon Foreign Nations-Views of General Hawley-What Director-General Gos horn Thinks the Exhibition has Accomplished-Views of President John Welsh-Statements of Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments. HEN we come to estimate the results of the great Exhibi tion we are at a loss to say how far-reaching they mnay be. It is certain that as a nation we have gathered a rich harvest of culture and of material benefits, and that through the influence of the Exhibition abroad we have acquired a recognition, never before accorded us, as a country of the most diversified and active industries, and the highest civilization. The culture obtained by the millions of our people who have found in the fair a mine of information and suggestion, nIust have a beneficial effect upon the national character. A tour through the halls and grounds was like a journey around the world, giving an insighllt into the life and thought-of all manner of men, and lifting the visitor above the narrow limits of his surroundings, so that his horizon stretched out to embrace the whole human race. Bigotry, conceit, and local pride vanished as the great panorama of the achievements of mankind, of all races and in all climes, passed before his eyes. Apart from this general and cosmopolitan culture in which all participated, each found valuable fruits of knowl]edge adapted to his own need. The farmer saw new machines, seeds, and processes; the mechanic, in)genious invenltions and tools, and products of the finest workmanship; the teacher, the 852 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. educational aids and systems of the world; the man of science, the wonders of nature and the results of the investigations of the best brains of all lands. Thus each returned to his horyme with a store of information available in his own special trade or profession. The material benefits accruing from the Exhibition are manifold, and will be realized for years to come as well as in the FRENCH BURR MILL, IN MIACHINERY HALL. near future. An immediate gain is the modification of the rigors of the prevalent hard times. Undoubtedly the setting in motion of millions of people, each with money to spend, has had an effect in breaking the lethargy that has stifled'enterprise in the business world and in causing the hopeful begin 853 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY nings of a revival of trade which we have been witnessing this fall. Many improvements in manufactures and the introduction of new branches of industry will soon follow as the result of the study by inventors, sklilled mechanics, and men of centerprise of the products of tile globe. Thley have discovered that many articles which we have been buyiag from other countries canl be profitably made here, and that many which we already make can be im)proved ill quality or in the element of taste, or produced at lower cost, so as to command nlew muarkets, ____'_ -$ ~ STEAMI-PUMP, EXIIIBITED IN MIACIIINERY IALL. and the result will be a still wider development of our national industries. In the eyes of the nations of the world we lhave attained a ranlk never accorded( to us before, and this will prove of great material as well as moral benefit. The good op)inion of neighh)ors is as valuable to a ctuntry as to an individual. WVe were regarded as a smart hlalf-cultulred people, of immense energy and rCemiarkab)le ingrenuiity, )but deficient in the lhigher graces and achievements of civilization, and depending upon the Old World for all finer grades of manufactures. The reports of "I 854 I i i ']'he close of the great Ex- ]ll)ition was naturally a period ~ of c(:).riatu]lti(on )y tliose wlho iad laoj te[ it an(i carried it i1 t:!~ tl)ro,,'l4il to,LcceC,S. Prominet it /1 4Ino])~r t}] )9, 4d;ser~vilg, liot()r ,,as G1e),al Jos:,ph R. tIaw-,! /" lcy, PresSide.()t of thle ULnitl lI t', c St,ite. CCwiite,,i,ial Co-.n l iiill,-sio / ij, -vilo fr)oi its or(-l,-zr~i,Atio,.iR,/ Ni,a, til) ]keal of tle legislative )oy c ")) y thlat'govei'ie( the Exhiiitionii, whi(hl it wvas con(lu(teld, and snp:'rvisi,n g in a general wav.iqiv'' iii'!'i;iiiiiiiii'ii,'',i its exectutionii. I-i f orce of'?!ll character andtl enitiusiastic de- Li votion to the enterprise en- coNELLY'S STATUE oF THETI9, IN aIble(I imi to fise a rather in- MEIORIAL HALL. coi)rtions )o(ly into a homogeneotis whole, to keep the designs of a few self-seeking'and nlfit men sbl)ordinate to the general unselfish and patriotic piirj)ose of the majority, and to secure on nearly all questions tha)t }fave arisen a wise decision. As the official h-ead of the Centennial organization on occasions of celebration and cert i THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY EMBROIDERED SCREEN, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUII,)lXNG. monies, and in its dealings with Congress and public bodies and dignitaries, his eloquence and zeal were invaluable in exciting interest in the great undertaking and enforcing conviction as to the grandeur and national importance of its aims and results. On the closing day General Hawley thus summed up some of the results of the Exhibition: 856 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. People ask me if the Exhibition has equalled our expectations. I answer by saying that it did not go beyond or even up to our dreams, grand as it is, but that it was better than we had reason to expect a year before it opened. The estimates of the commission ers as to the attendance ran from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000. The paid admissions have been about 8,000,000. So far as the financial side is concerned we have reason for gratification. If the apparent prosperity which prevailed when the enterprise was begun had con tinued, it is impossible to say how great the attendance would have been. We are well aware that mere extent and multitudes of visi tors do not make a great Exhibition, and we but accept the judg menit of foreigners and Americans qualified by knowledge of other Exhibitions, when we say that it is the largest, best situated, best arranged, best managed, and most successful Exhibition ever held. We were early met by the objection urged by Charles Sumner and others, that monarchical countries would not take part in an affair which had somewhat of a character of a family celebration of the success of republican ideas, but our invitations were accepted by foreign nations in the kindest spirit, and they evidently exerted themselves to make fine displays. Of course, commercial motives influenced their action, more or less; but it is delightful to believe that something was due to genuine good-will. UncleSam appears to be one of the most popular members of the brotherhood of nations. It must be that such a gathering as we have had here will have large influence upon international commerce and fi'iendship. Reflect that commissioners from thirty governments are making reports of their examinations, and especially on the American features, and that these reports will be published as official documents. In addition, 125 foreign judges, specially qualified by their examinations, are reporting their observations to their countrymen. Furthermore, every newspaper in the world has published descriptions and accounts of the Exhibition, so that, to use a commercial phrase, the United States have been advertised to an immense extent. The world knows a great deal more about us than it ever did before. With scarcely a single exception our foreign guests have manifested satisfaction and pleasure at their stay in the country. Many have had false impressions removed as to the character of our people' and their moral elevation. The perfect good behavior of the 8,000,000 visitors is beyond praise. The American people never in the hun 'I 857 I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY dred years of their history appeared to so great an advantage as this summer. Ili one respect only the Exhibition did not quite come up to our anticipations. We were anxious to see Vilginia, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and other Southern States with unbounded latural resources present themselves here as Kansas, Colorado, Arkausas, and others have done, and we hoped to see them in general joining more heartily in the social and semi-political features of the year. Maryland, Delaware, Mississippi, Arkansas, Teiniessee, and I(entucky, among the Southern States, expended money in assisting to matke the Fair, and found their advantage in it. It wvould have delighted us ~\;;~~/~~ VERMIONT STATE BUILDING. if all had done the same. IHad the Governor of Virg,inia appointed a day for his people to meet here hlie would have received the warnmest greeting lie ever saw in his life. The masses of the American people desired to make long strides in the Centennial year toward perfect reconciliation. Divine Providence gave us aI splendid op. portunity to shake hands. There has been a great deal done, but I wishl there had been more. It has been four and a, half years since the Commission organized. It has had many dark days. It began with no filnds, and with no machinery for raising. alny. The jealousy of States and localities was very discoura.gil,g. The American people two and three years ago were in a fault-finding 858 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. mood. It was a time of investigation, criticism, and general dissatisfaction. The press was indifferent or unjustly critical toward the Exhibition project. This was, I am bound to say, because the project proposed to put us before the world in an attitude vlwhere we slhould be closely examined, and there was great skepticism as to whether the Exhlibitionl could be well managed. In the end we gaiiied public confidence, and the press became our warm and indispensable supporter. I feel great satisfaction in reflecting that we have demonstrated two things-tlhat an almost volul)tar,y association can conduct all the material concerns of such au exhibition with ease and accuracy, TIIE NEW ENGLAND LOG CABIN AND MODERN KITCHEN. and that the enterprise has come to the last day without a single occurrence above microscopic size that could make a scandal if exposed to public view. It is my testimony, after four and a half years' presiding over the Comi)ission, that its members, altllhough selected witth no just idea of what their work was to be, have proved to be a very capable and eintirely honest body of men. Maly of them are gentlemen of rare qialifications and experience. We have labored with a sincere desire to make the Exhibition one that ou fellow-citizens would have no reason to feel ashamed of. We are ready to say that we ire very proud of our success in the material and moral aspects of the whole enterprise. Director-General Goshorn was conspicuous among those d(le 859 l THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY serving the highest praise of their countrymen for the vigor and ability with which the Exhibition was conducted. He was the Executive Officer of the Commission, and for the excellent organization of the gigantic undertaking and its orderly, methodical and intelligent prosecution, no man deserves more honor than he. Events have shown how adequate were his plans, how admirable his foresight, and how competent his executive PLANING MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MIACHINERY HALL. talent to grasp and hold the whole work and make it more than fill the measure of public expectation. General Goshorn's judgment of the results of the Exhibition is thus stated by himself: "There has been much less difficulty in the administration of the Exhibition since the opening than I anticipated. A disposition has been shown on the part of exhibitors and visitors to comply with the rules and regulations that has made my work comparatively 860 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. light. I feel sure that the Exhibition has run more smoothly than any of the great European fairs. The general rules and regulations were prescribed two years before the opening, and to our credit they remained unchanged to the end. I was engaged for six months in preparing them, and made them liberal with the hope that they RADIAL DRILL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. would stand without alteration and meet all emergencies. The attendance has been somewhat larger than I predicted. My estimate was 40,000 a day, and it will run over 50,000. The grand total will exceed that of the Paris Exhibition, which was open a month longer than this and had the advantage besides of nearly a 861 I THE ILLUSTRATED. HISTORY month of Sundays, on which days the attendance was always the largest. A comparison with the Vienna Exhibition will be found to be much more in our favor. "All the foreign commissioners were accredited to me, and I gave personal attention to their departments, so that I have had excel lenit opportunities to know the views of this class. I have heard but one expression, and that a highly favorable one. The commis sioners were especially pleased with the regulation which permitted them to arrange the spaces assigned them according to their own ideas. My aim was to give them as much liberty as possible, and I found them at all times entirely willing to cooperate with the general direction. The administration of the customs laws gave them a good deal of annoyance which I could not obviate. The customs officials never comprehended the Exhibition. Instead of regarding it as exceptional and peculiar, they treated it like a retail shop, and tied it up with all the red tape they could apply. Besides, there was a want of harmony between different branches of the customs service which added to the troubles of exhibitors. Foreigners have expressed themselves to me as greatly impressed with the character of visitors, their good order, and their inquiring disposition. "I think that about sixty per cent. of the goods displayed have been sold, and more will be disposed of during the next few days, so that the commercial side of the enterprise has, so far as exhibitors are concerned, been fairly successful. A good many collections and single articles of value have been generously presented by foreign governments to public institutions like the Smithsonian and the Pennsylvania Museum. I expect to see the exhibition rapidly dismantled. Exhibitors must all be out by the 31st of December, but they will not take advantage of the seven weeks accorded them for removing their goods except in a few cases. The disposition among themn is to stop expenses, pack up and be off as soon as possible. The foreigners are in even more haste to get home, and have made arrangements for early transportation of their articles. "As to the awards, my opinion is that our system has proved to be a good one, but for its entire success it requires, for judges, experts peculiarly fitted to make examinations and write reports. Wherever we had such in any group the result was satisfactory. One serious error was committed. As the reports came in they should have been looked over by the Executive Committee, and such as 862 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. did not correspond with the system should have been returned to the judges for correction. This was not done, and the whole mass of 12,000 reports was laid before the Commission after the judges had scattered to the four quarters of the globe. However, I can say this about the awards-there never was an exhibition where there was so little complaint about them. This is because like articles were not examined in competition with each other to determine their comparative excellence, but the awards are made for merit. "I should have added that my system of dividing the labor and responsibility among the chiefs of bureaus, giving them full control over the details, and holding them responsible for the general results in their several departments, has had very gratifying results. This plan, adopted before the opening of the Exhibition, has remained without change." A large share of the credit for the successful issue of the Exhibition belongs to Mr. John Welsh, the President of the Centennial Board of Finance, who, in connection with his colleagues in the board, managed its finances with extraordinary sagacity and energy, and with an economy nicely balanced by the liberality required for the full realization of the project. In a word, Mr. Welsh applied to the Exhibition the principles upon which he would have conducted an important business enterprise confided to hlis care;. He and his associates regarded it as a trust and not as a speculation, and they felt bound by sentiments of honor and patriotism to administer it with discretion, earnestness and fidelity. Mr. Welsh expressed himself as follows, with respect to the financial aspect of thle Exhibition: The expectations I held out to the public have in every respect been realized except one-I thought we should have 10,000,000 visitors, and we have had only 8,000,000. The differenceisattributable to three causes: first, the indisposition of people throughout the country to believe we would open the fair on the 10th of' May; second, to the tardiness of the railroads in realizing the necessity of bringing their rates within the demands of the public; and third, to the extraordinary spell of hot weather which began in June and lasted the whole summer through. The reports in the newspapers 863 8 THE [LLUSTRATED HISTORY that the Exhibition could not possibly be got ready on the day advertised for opening deprived us of the attendance we expected during the first mnonth, and then the hot spell and the high railroad fares kept people away until September. My calculations of the outlay required up to the opening, sub LIBERIAN COFFEE DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. mitted to Congress last winter, proved accurate almost to a dollar, and my estimates of the running expenses have been closely realized. We have a surplus of about $2,000,000. The total stock subscriptions amounted to $2,400,000. So we shall be able to pay 80 cents on the dollar to the stockholders, if we are not required 864 OF TIlE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. to pay back the million and a half appropriated by Congress. This is a question which the courts must settle. Thie English of the act of Congress gives the stockholders the whole of their money back before the government can claim anything, and the Senate understood it so; but Mr. Springer, the mover of the amendment to the bill ill the House, (id not. I learn that a resolution will be introduced by a member next winter, directing the Attorney-Gelleral to take steps to prevent us from paying ai)ythinig to the stockholders until the United States is reimbursed. Co(ngress otght, instead of adopting such a resolution, to pass one thanking the managners of the Exhibition, and exempting us from all demands on thle part of the governiientt. We have been celebrating the l)irthday of the nation. The government refused to appropriate anytlilng for the purpose until the success of the movement was assured. I cannot believe that it will now step in and grab all the assets, and thus throw the whole expense upon its citizens who were patriotic enough to subscribe to the great enterprise. WVe shall be able to close up our aftairs by the 1st of January if this feature of the disposition of the surplus is settled before that time. All the buildings will be off our hands on the 1st of December. Memorial Hall remains as a monument of the Centennial year. Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall are the property of the city of Philadelphia, and will be retained, the latter as an embellishment of the Park, and the former for festivals, celebrations, and the fairs of the Fratiklin Institute. The Main Building will probably be bought by the Permainent Exhibition Companiy, recently organized here, and if so will be preserved. The Art Annex, Shoe and Leather Building, Carriage Ainnex, Judges' Hall, Agricultural Hall, Commission offices, etc., will be sold at auction and removed by the purchasers. The State Btiildings will also be sold, and all the foreign structures, so far as I know, except the British house, which has been presented to the city. The restaurants and other business structures will be speedily pulled down. The amount received for concessions has not varied firom my original estimate of $500,000. We are likely to close all the business growing out of concessions and contracts without disputes and W;ithout a single lawsuit. Mr. John Sartain, Chlief of the Bureau of Art, said: I consider the Art Exhibit, as a whole, a remarkable success, 55 863 THE ILLUSTRATED H ISTORY and believe it compared favorably with the displays at previous World's Fairs. France and Germany did not send their best works, but England made a most remarkable contribution, twice as large as she sent to Paris in 1867, and three times as large as hler collection at Vieiina ill 1873. The great merit of the English pictures was owing to the fact that they came from the private galleries of gentlemen owning fine works. The Netherlands exlil)it was good, and so were those of Belgium, Sweden, and Spain. It was altogether an aggregation of extraordinary talent. The Italians sent too many copies of old masters, but among their pictures were some of first-rate landscapes. Nothing in the whole Exhibition attracted so much attention as the Italian statuary. The Art Galleries were at all times the most crowded part of the fair, and the roomins containing these statues were the niost crowded portions of the galleries. The Italians, Mr. Sartain says, have struck out a new field in sculpture, and have successfully treated in marble subjects heretofore confined to calivais-scenes from domestic life. Their execution is wonderfuil, and lwhatever the critics may say, the popular instinct recognizes and approves the truthfulness to nature manifested in these works. Captain Albert, Chief of the Bureau of Machinery, said: It is scarcely necessary for me to speak of the general success of the Exhibition in myy department, as everybody knows that it has been very successful. The machinery employed in our various industries was thoroughly. represented in almost every respect except that of marine engineering and shipbuilding, which important interest, owing to the decline of American commerce, is not in as prosperous a condition as it should be. The number of exhibitors of machinery was more than double the number at the Vienna Exhibition, the only previous one which had a separate hall devoted to this department. The exhibitors, as a rule, were very much pleased The majority of them have been reimbursed. Large sales of machinery have been made, both to foreign and native customers. A number of foreign machines have been sold and will remain in this country. Machinery Hall cost less than the sum appropriated for its erection. It was the settled policy of the Commission to encourage the exhibition of processes of mranufacture, and this led to the granting of permission to exhibitors to sell the products of such work, a percentage of the proceeds being 866 i OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. paid to the Board of Finance. During the last three months a sum was realized in this way sufficient to pay all the expenses of the Machlinery Department for that time. The Corliss engine and shafting worked during the whole time of the Exhibition without any mishap whatever, never stopping from any disarrangement, and no accident has happened to aniy personi from machinery under the control of the Bureau. To drive all the machinery in the Exhibition 4,400 horse-power was required, anl this was supplied from the boilers through three-fourths of a nile of steam pipe, varying in diameter from two to fifteen inches. This SCREW-CUTTING LATHE, EXHlIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. power was communicated by one mile of shafting. The amount tf coal used daily was from twenty-five to thirty tons. The Bureau has conducted the largest and most comprehensive tests of steamengines, water-wheels, and steamn-boilers that have ever been known, as well as trials of various smaller machines and apparatus. To show the extent of this work it may be stated that twenty-three water-wheels, belonging to eighteen different manufacturers; have been tested, the whole apparatus for the purpose being supplied by the Commission. Trials have also been made of fifteen differentt boilers and about a dozen fire-engines. 867 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTORY Among the important American machines of recent invention shown were those for cloth-cutting,, hat nmaking, envelope na:akilig, stone-cutting, and for ornamentig, in stone. Much European machinery of special interest and merit was exhibited. Among this may be mentioned machines for jute-making and for tobaccotwisting, and a sugar mill from Great Britain; IKrupp's exhibit of ordnance and heavy marine forging, and Schlickeysen's brickmaking machinery from Germany; wood-working machinery and a lithographic press from France, and mining machinery from Belgium. Russia had a fine exhibit firom begiluning to e(nd, and that of Sweden was also excellent tihroughout. The most interesting part of Brazil's display in this department was illustrative of silk production. The Canadian mr.achlinery was various and good. Mr. Burnett Landreth, Chief of the Department of Agriculture, expressed great satisfaction with the general results of his branch of the Exhibition. He said: No previous international exhibition ever had a separate department for the products and implements of fairming, and the marked success of the experiment here would, hlie thought, cause it to be copied in future fairs. There was an exceedingly good show of American agriicultural machlinery. A good deal of progress in simplifying and improving the construction of mowers and reapers was displayed. The presiding judge of this group, an Englishman, considered a hay-loadiug machine ns the most important of the niew inventions shown. None of the foreign countries exhibited much worth ccnsidering in the way of machinery and implements except Canada. England might have done so, but was deterred by the want of a market in this country. The slhown of grains and seeds in the American section was very good, an(l several foreign countries were well represented in this line. Oregon excelled all competitors in the quality of her grains. Iowa, Nebraska and Michigan sent the l)est fruits. There was a fine display of tobacco, and a remarkably extensive one of wines, in which Portuga], Spain, France, and our own country were prominent. The exhibit of wool and cotton was unfortunately scanty and defective. The live-stock show did not meet expectation as far as the quantity of stock displayed was concerned, but the quality was superior to anything ever seen in the United States. The poultry show was exception 868 OF TIIE CNTENNIAL EXHIBITION. ally good and was the largest ever liheld in this country, wlhile the display of pigeons was never equalled in the world. Amonig thle foi)'eign countries, all thiliigs considered, C a U a d a made tile best show, because sh e ha( both implements anil pro(lticts. Of pl'oducts aloe Birazil had the most coilplete and best airranged exhibit. The special exhibit of the brewing iiidustry was a notably ereditable feature of the Agricnlttirol Department, ani(l tihe butter and cheese, show was also praiseworthy. T h e exhibitors of agricultural machinery were very successful ill imakin sale to foreign ~ conuti,ries-Brazil, the Ai g,eiitiite Republic, Jatpaii, Australia and the Cape of Good Hope being large purelias MIr. Ciharles H. aliller, Chlief of the Departmtent of HIorticulture, states: I am convinced that the exhibition in that department has led to very important 869 I THE ILI,USTRATED HISTORY results. At no previous World's Fair was there a separate department devoted to Horticulture, but the innovation has been very satisfactory in its effects. The horticulturists of the delegation of French artisans who visited the Centennial Exhibition wrote a letter on their return highily praising the exhibit here, and it has been determined to have a horticultural department in the exhibition at Paris in 1878. Besides the numerous displays of specialties by Americans, many foreign collections of importance were sent to the Exhibition, and the space reserved by the Commission was so used as to give the whole great attraction as a display of decorative gardening. Multitudes of visitors have been delighted with its beauty, and many of them have learned to appreciate for the first time the results of the labors of florists and horticultuirists. This awakening of popular interest and training of taste ill horticultural matters cainnot fail to be of incalculable benefit. Exhibitors are well satisfied, and many horticulturists who made no display now regret that they did not do so. A great many foreigners have expressed their admniration of the Exhibition in this department, and many of the foreign exhibitors have contributed valuable collections to the Park Commissioners, to form part of the exhibition which will be maintained in Horticultural Hall. Measures are now being taken to organize a botanic garden and arboretum in Fairmounit Park, and an excellent nucleus exists in the foreign and American collections that would be given to aid the undertaking. General Francis A. Walker, Chief of the Bureau of Awvards, said: The so-called American system of awards has suffered more or less disadvantage in its first trial at the International Exhibition of 1876, first, by reason of its novelty, and secondly, from the want of early and adequate preparation for the work of adjudication. The trial made at this Exlhibition has not disclosed any inherent defects in the system, but it has shown the necessity of providing certain cotIditions and imposing certain limitations which seem not to have been anticipated. Among these I may indicate a restriction upon the awa(rds to be given, having reference to the importaice of the exhibits. Petty exhibits, especially those which are not of a commercial character, cannot be advantageously dealt with under the 870 OF TI-IE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. American system. If an exhibitor who presents a can of maple sugar or two or three bottles of wine, or a piece of hland-worked embroidery made for the purposes of the Exhibition, is to receive an award purely upon the mierit of the individual articles shown, without reference either to the extent of the exhibition made or to the extent and importance of his production, the reports of the judges will be so multiplied and their subjects will become so trivial as to impair, more or less, the dignity and Lutlority of the reports made upon exhibits of greater importance. The want of this limita- tion has been felt at the present Exhibition, and as the result we find the num- i. ber of awards swollen by A the recognlition of a great number of articles of unquestioned merit, but of 0 fitl [ merit in a very small way...... l" This excess inevitably i tends to diminish the proper effect of those awards which are given to exhibits of great comnmercial value. The want of early and adequate preparation for --- __ the work of adjudication _has been severely f(lt?_-___ through th vile hole r- - — m., l\_ gress of the Exhib)ition.' =., Thle classification of arti- cles as arranged for the CHINA VASES. iudges' work omnitted somie of the most important groups of products in the Exhibition, including tea, coffee, tobacco, spices, and tlhe whole line of cereals, rendering it necessary to assign, as the exigencies of the situation required, the omitted products to grou:l) which were perhaps already overburdened with the nun)l;er and variety of objects submitted to the judges' attention. The obscurity of some of the lines of classification adopted, moreover, in 871 I i I THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY creased greatly the liability, always in a degree existilng, of articles falling through between contiguous but not absolutely cotermilnous groups; of even more serious consequence was the delay in sending out blank forms to be filled up by exhibitors with the necessary inlformatioln for the judges. These forms were not prepared and issued in season to reach more than a very small fraction of the foreign exhibitors, and in the result it was found that a very large proportion even of the native exhibitors had been supplied either =not at all, or:o late as to i (iVeI lecr their replies uiia vailable 1br the purposes of tlhe judges, who were therefore left, in the iIIn c(Ompleteiiess of the offi ciail c,atalogue, to find( out for themselves both the _____lP!~ ~location of the exlhibits and the special a(lvan tages claimed by their pro ducers. In spite of thle dlefets ___?;4t0,'? " note(i, the American sys tern of awards is, I think, [ ____ tfully afckliowledged to be _______ >~~~ a success by all lwho have '_____.seen elougll of its work.ings to be able to judge ~-i:' ~~ - ~~ of the results; and I think it will be generally approved both at home = _ nn-l abroad, whlen the re cHINsA VASES. poirts of thle judges in the several groups shall be pulblished. The central idea, as you arc aware, is to give infobiniation to the body of would-be purch(asers an(d to tl)e general public throtugh a series of discriminatilng and descriptive reports, insteadl of makig use of tokens like graded medals which coivey practically no infiormation. Under the present system, the mnedal, uniform in all cases as to size, design and material, becomes only a token that the exhibitor 872 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. lhas received an award. The question what the award is is only answered by the report of the examining judge, which is expected to set forthl the elements of mierit, and, as far as practicable, the legree of nierit. In other words, the report of the judge aiswers the questioln which Socrates used to ask of his antagonists in debate wvhen they declared a thing, to be good-good for lwhat? Its adaptation to the uses designed(], its ecotnomy, its efficiency, and every othler recognized advantage of a product, coihe thus wvitliiii the scope of tlie report. The miedal simiply declares that an article is good; the report tells what it is good for, and how good. This system also enables us to avoid fobrcing comparison between objects having more or less different uses, thoughi falling under the i r. ~ ~ ~~~~;~~fl~~ CENTENNIAL AWARD MAIEDAL. same class. In general it is triiie, I think, that a judge should be able to say somiethici, better of an article or product than that it is the best. An article may be the best of its kind and yet very poor; and of many very good tlhings it may be impossible to say wliich is the best. Hience, the Bureuii of Awards has steadily discoturaged the use of superlatives in the jtudges' reports. Thle reports naia(le undler this system are nearly all in press, and will be issiled in pamphlets by groups as s0on 0as )ratiessl)le, asll probably within the course of two or three weeks. In glel.Il the judges have very clearly apprehenide d and strongly held to this plan of awards, an(dl the reports as rendered( will do great credit to the Exliibition, as constituting a part of its permanent literature, as 873 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOPRY. well as convey mnuch practical infiormation of commercial value. Of course, when a judge is to report upon an exhibit of canned peas, not a great deal can be said except that the peas were wellselected and the work of canning well done; but ill regard to the many exhibits of ani important character, highly discrininating and often fully descriptive reports have been presented. Whether in a few lines or in two or three pages, the characteristic features of each exhibit are stated. Of the judges selected for this difficult and delicate duty it certainly cannot be necessary for me to speak in terms of praise. Many of them are among the first savants of this country and Europe, while others, not so widely known, are experts of large experience and high authority in their ownI departments. They have labored with astonishing zeal and energy. They have, speaking generally, overcome not only the intrinsic difficulties of the work ofadjudication, but the disadvantages which have attended its first adoption here in Philadelphia, with rare patience and pains. I believe that substantial justice has been done as filly as can be expected in humnan affairs, and that the results as they appear will justify the system and do credit to its author, Mr. Beck with, and to the judges who have been app(inted to carry it out. THE END. -1, 874 DO YOU WANT TO MAKE MONEY? o business pays so well as an agency for poplar Histories, and Illustrated Bibles and Biblical works, for they are the class of books that every intelligent person wants, and is always ready to buy. The only difficulty in the matter is to secure a Vl-uable Popular Series of Books, and such pre-eminently are the works that we are now publishing. o series published will compare with them in real value, ifltere8, a'J?d popularity. Being the most extensive subscription book Publishers in the United States, and having four houses, we can afford to sell books cheaper and pay Agents more liberal commissions than any other company. Our books do not pass through the hands of General Agents, (as nearly all - other subscription works do,) therefore we are enabled to give our canvassers the extra per cent., which other publishers allow to General Agents. Experienced canvassers will see the advantages of dealing directly with the publishers. By engaging in this business young men will edteate theniselves in that knowlcdge of the country, and of men and things, which is acquired only by traveliug and observation, and which is recognized by all as essential to every business man. Old agents, and all others who want the Best Payiny A(jenCC5 will please send for circulars and see our terms, au(1 compare them, and the character of our works, with those of Addlress, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., At either of the following Places, (whichever is nearest to you): 19 North Seventh Street, Ilhiladelphia, Pa. 116 Ea'st Randolpli Street, Chictlgo, Ill. 410 Market Street, St. Lois, Mo. The following pages contain a Catalogue of some of our most valuable and popular Works, a specimen copy of either of which will be sent by mail, postage paid, to any address, on receipt of price. PATH VAYS S ALESTINE AND YRIA. A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THOSE COUNTRIES, THEIR HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES, INHABITANTS AND CUSTOMS, ACCORDING TO TIlE GREAT DISCOVERIES RECENTLY MADE BY THEL PALESTINE EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS. I llustrated with 242 Line Engravitgs ancd h3aps. .iINCE the establishment of Christianity throughout the civilized world *) the crntr'y known as Palestine, or the HIoly Land, has been the most interesting port:on of the globe il the eyes of every race professing faith in Jesus Christ. Not only is it the scene of the events recorded in the Old Testament, bat it witnessed the birth, the labors, the great sacrifice, and the triumphant resurrection of the Redeemer of the world. For the past ten years there has been a constant and successful effort to explore every part of the Holy Land. These explorations have revolutionized our knowledge of Palestine, and the most interesting discoveries have been made, ill tending to strengtlhen and confirm the faith of the Christian in the Bible. The author has devoted years of study and research to his task, and has produced a work which is justly regarded as one of tie most remarkable volumes eve-r ~ssued. The book opens with the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt; and traces their wonderful march from the Land of Goslhen to MIoulnt Sinai, their wanderings in the Desert, and their final march to the Promised Land. Then follows a clear and concise history of Palestine from the earliest times to the present day. From this brief outline of the character of the work it will be seen that it is very comprehensive. The Bible gathers new interest read in connection with it, and many difficulties which are constantly presenting themselves to the mind of the unassisted reader will vanish in the light of the clear explanations of this work. CQDITIONS: r type, on fine calendered( paper, comprised in one larg eages, splendidly emibellished and illustrated w itli 2'i2 , by the best artists of England and America, and PER COPY. Cloth,...................... at $3.75 c cco Back and Cor'ners),........ at 4.50 o, Panelled Si(les, Ftll Gilt,... at 6.00 Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO. Chi ca go, Ill.; and St. Louis, Mo. OILS gl —~ ESbg19 On AGENTS WANTED. Philadelphie, Pa.. THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OFP INTEREST IN THEM, EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS. This work gives a complete and vivid description of the great Exhibition. The Author has written fromn his own personal knowledge, habving gone througlh every p),r)t of tlhe great Flir, note-book in hand, recording the vast and varied information contained in this book. Ile has received in his labors the constant and sympathetic assistance of the Centenniatl authorities, and has enjoyed peculiar advantages in the lpreparation of this work. It is the only Oflicial Ilistory of the Centennial Exhibition offered to the public, an(l i. inlvaluable to those who conteilliate visiting the Exhibition. There is n(t a guide book in print which gives one-tenith of the infornmation contained in this work. To those wl}o h:ve visited the Exhibition, it will he a pleasing souvenir of their visit, and will enable themi to rc,,ill the mnagnificent scenes they have witnessed. To those who cannot ilake the jolurney, the b(,,k is a necessity, for it will enable tieiii to enjoy the delights of a thorough acquaintance wiih the great WVorld's Fair in the quietude of their own hoiies. THE WORK TREATS OF TIIE EXTIIBITION GROUNDS; giving ill naccount of them, the manner in which they are la,id off.-arnd the location of every i,bjeet of interest in them. OF TilEl GREAT BUILDINGS OF TIlE EXI-IIBITION; giving their history, their size, the-ltails of thi'ir construction, and an accuirate description of each. OF TI1iI MAIN EXIIIBITION BUTILDING, that superl) p.alace of glass and iron; of the rare and beautiful:,rticles displayed within it; the rich Jewels, Laces, Silks, and aiiinufactures of all kinds. which are here spread out ini a manner that surpasses the wvililest flights of romance anil the thousands of beautiful airid curious oljects which fill the vast hIll. OF MACtIINERY IIALL, thle grand termple of the Mechanic Arts; of the great Cotliss Engine, -and the thousandis of machines which exhibit the mechanical intdustries of the world. OF MI1EIOltlIAL IIAlL, the beautiful Art Gallery, with its thouslands of Painltings, Statues, Bronz.s, etc.; the miost superb Art Collection ever seen in any Exhibition. OF AGIRICULTURAL 1IALL, iii which is lilade the most coimplete display of the agricultural systeuis of the various nations of tho wvs,rld. This is the grand original feature of our Exhibition, and is a source of the deepest interest to all who visit it. To the fairer, the acc,iint of the superb) disla:,,y in this buildiug is worth the price of the whole book. OF HIOtRTICUL'rURAL llALL, the fairy-liko palace in which the flowers of the world are to be seen; aui of tihe beautiful landlseape garden which surroindilds it. OF TIlE UNITED STATES (GOVERNMMENT BUILDING; in which are displayed the great Natiounl Museuii and the practical wisorkisigs of the T(!rea.sury, WVar, Navy, Interior itnd Post-Oflice Deipa.rtinents. The account of the collections contained within this buildiung is brilliantly written, and is of the deepest interest to every citizen\of the Union. OF TIlE VWOMAN'S PAVILION, with its beautiful collections of the work-of woman in the various occupations in which her skill andl patience have won her success. This departmnent of the Extibition c;innot fIil to interest the women of Amterica. OF TIlLE BUILDINGS OF TIlE VRARIOUS STATES OF TIIE UNION, the arrangeinents lale fi)r slpecial displays, aiid'foir the comnfort and convenience of the visitors froiii the various States; with a deseril)tion of the buildings and their internal urrangemients. OF TlilE BUILDINGS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES; giving interesting descriptions ,)f the sta,tely nmansions o-f G,eat Britain, the handsome pavilions of Spain and Geriuimany, the curioius residence and bazaars of the Japanese, the Caf(s ot' the Turks and Tunisia-.si; the li,z,t-ars (of the Syrians, and tents of Bedouin Arabs. COlDTDITIOMTS: It is printed from clear, new type, cniomprised in one large Octavo volume of 874 page.-s, emliellished wVithl over:JOO fine engravings, of build(lings atd scenes in the Great Exhibition, aud will be furnlished to subscribers at the following prices, payable on delivery: 1l Eltf-a Fitse Satin, Cloth,........................ at $3.80 per copy. liJ Libivtlly Style- (Morocco Back and Corssers,)..........at 4.00 "'. - o r KI Tt W ^ sIT r n-Send for circulars containing terms to Agents, and a fu',ler A ENTS WANTEL D description of the work. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO,, PHILADELPHIA, PA.; CHICAGO, ILL.; or, ST. LOUIS, MO, CENTENNIAL ISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES, I II. 0 0 THE DISCOVERY OF THE AMERICAN nCONTIIENT TO The Close of the First Century of American [ndependence, and its celebration by a GRAND INTERNATIONAL CENTENNIAL EXIBITION, a renewed and wide-spread interest is being diffused among the people in the HISTORY OF THE GREAT EVENTS which have culminated in such POWER and WEALTH as that to which our country has attained. The anu-hor gives a clear, vivid, and brilliant narrative of the events of Our history, from the discovery of the American Continent to the present day. The voyages of Columbus, the explorations of the different nations of Europe, and the wanderings of the Sp)aniards in quest of gold and immortal youth are told with graphic power. Every step of our colonial history is traced with patient fidelity, and the sources of those noble, and we trust, enduring institutions which have nmade our country free and great, are shlown with remarkable clearness. The causes of our great struggle for independence are told with a i,gical force and ability uiisurpaissed in any es(]k of the day; and the story of that great struggle for liberty, with its triumphant issue. is in itself worthl the price of the boo'. Then fic'lows a'clear and succinct account of the formation of the Federal Constittitionr; the establishment of the Union; the course of affairs until tlhe breaking out of the Se.ond War with England; and a full and comprehensive account of that War an,l its results. The history of the country from the peace of 1815 to the outbreak of the Mlexican war is then given, and the thrilling story of the Mexican War is told with all the interest of a romance. The history of the Civil War is related with intense v.gor, and with strict fidelity to truth. The author writes throughout with the calmness anid impartiality of a historian, and pleads the cause of no party or section. He states facts, points out the lessons which they teach, and appealing to nieither passioni nor political feeling, trusts to the good sense of his countrymen to sustain hls views. It is a fitting time to consider the story of the past, to learn the lessons which it teaches, and to ponder the warnings which it conveys for the future. On the fourth of July, 1876, the United States of America completed the first century of their national existence. The people of this country can look back upon this period with pride, for it is a grand history —a record of the highest achievements of humanity-the n(,blest, most thrilling, atid glorious history ever penned on earth, and yet the fact renmains that the great mass of the American people are but imperfectly acquainted with it. There is a real need that we should know better than we do what we have done. It is only by& thoughtful studv of our past that we can safely provide for the perils of the future. We have triumphed over adversity, and we are now called upon to bear the test of success. The author has devoted a life of study and research to his task, and has produced a work that will take rank as the Sta?ndard lristory of the United States. CO DITIO lT S: It is comprised in one large Octavo volumeoflO621,afefs, embellished with 518 fine Historical L'ngramings, and will be furnished to subscribers, in neat and substantial binding, at the following prices: In Ex.tra Fine English Cloth,................... at $3.75 per copy., In Library Styile, (.]forocco Back and Corners,) at 4.O50 " AGEN TS WAN TE p c-The great desire everywhere manifested to obtain this work, and the low mAaGElNTS W In ANTE D. -price at which it is sold, combined with the very liberal conmissions make it the best opportunity for Agents to make money ever offered. They are meeting with unpre cedented success, selling from Fifteen to Twenty, and some even as high as T'iidrty copies per day. SEND FOR OUR EXTRA TERMS TO AGENTS, AND A FULL DESCRIPTION OF TrE WORL Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., Philadelphia, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; or, St. Louis, Mo. CAUT!O N;-%Old d, Incomplete and Unreliable Histores of the United States are beting circulated; see iU bIl that the bo; yvou')wu, montains 518 ine aiistorical Engravings and 1062po,g. THr -13E NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO'S SUPERFINE EDITION. NEW DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL PicTORIAL FAMIJL~ hBLE. With over looo Fine Scripture Illustrations. 'UR DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL PICTORIAL FAMILY BIBLE is tht most perfect and comprehensive edition ever published in this country. In addition to the Old and New Testaments, Apocrypha, Concordance and Psalnii in Metre, it contains a large amount of explanatory matter, compiled with great care, anzd ?urnishing a complete encyclopedia of Biblical knowledge. The following are among its leading features: 1. A comprehensive and critical Historv of all the Books of the Bible. 2. A very elegant and elaborate Marriage Certificate, with designs, etc., in seven colors. 3. A History of all the existing Religious Denominations in the world, and the various Sects, both ancient and modern. 4. Beautifully illuminated pages of the Lord's Prayer and Ten Commandments. 5. A very unique Falily Record for Marriages, Births and Deaths, printed in colors. 6. The History of the Translation of the English Bible. 7. A handsome Photograph Album for sixteen Portraits, printed in colors. 8. A complete and practical household Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography and Natural History, by the great Biblical scholar, William Smith, LL. D. Expounding every subject mentioned in the Bible. Special attention is called to the great value of this feature. Dr. Smith's is everywhere conceded to be the most comprehensive and valuable Bible Dictiociiry ever published. 9. Over 100O fine Scripture Illustrations, acci rately showing the Manners and Customs of the Period, Biblical Antiquities and Scenery, Natural History, etc., etc. 10. Topographical Sketch of the Holy Land, with Maps and Panoramic views of the country as occupied by the different tribes. 11. Illustrations of Jerusalem and its environs, showing the Holy City as it appeared in the time of David and again in the time of Christ. The Mount of Olives, Mount Zion, etc. 12. The Wanderings in the Wilderness, with Map and Illustrations showing the Wilderness of Sinai, the Camp of the Israelites, Standards of the Twelve Tribes, etc. 13. Illustrations of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple, with plans, altars, ark, golden candlestick, brazen laver, breastplate, molten sea, and the high priest in his various offices. 14. Illustrations of scenes and incidents in the Life of Christ. 15.'The Cities and Towns of the Bible, showing all the important places in Palestine. 16. Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs, Prophets and Kings of the Cld Testament. 17. Illustrations of the Animals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc., mentioned in the Bible. 18. Illustrations of the prominent events in the Life of St. Paul. 19. Illustrations of the trees, plants and flowers of the Bible. 20. Fac-similes of Ancient Coins, with a description of each, including the Hebrew Greek and Roman coins, with their value in gold. 21. A Harmony of the Four Gospels, and Analysis of the Bible. 22. A Table of contents of the Old and New Testaments, so arranged that any sul)ject or occurrence mentioned in the Bible can be readily referred to 23. A Plan showing how the Bible nmay be read through in a year. 24. A Table showing how the earth was repeopled by the descendants of Noah. 25. Nearly One Hundred Thousand Marginal References and Readings. 26. A Chronological Table, showing the principal events of Jewish and contemporaneous HiTstory, from the creation of the world to the present time. 27. A Table of the Kings and Prophets of Judah and Israel, arranged in parallels. The following are specimens of letters that we have received from Clergymen and from Agents who are selling our Bible: REV. W. S. BLAcK, of Monroe, Union Co., N. a., writes:-" Every person is delighted with your Bible. It is the most complete, and gives more entire satisfaction than any other Bible I ever saw. I sold 11 copies inone day, 13 in another, and 17 in another, mostly in the finest style of binding." REV. J. G(. MONFORT, D. D., of Cincinnati, O., writes: —"This Family Bible is of inestimable value. Its pictures impress sacred characters and scenes upon the imagination, and its maps, tables and marginal refer. ences make it the best of all CommentariesI Let no family that can afford it be without this large, wetl pfta,!mely-bound and ilmtsated copy of the Word of God." — This very interesting and valuable Work will be sent to ~tt address, postage paid, on receipt el' Price. SEXUAL SCIIENCE INCLUDING MANHOOD, WOMANHOOD, AND THEIR MUTUAL INTER-RELATIONS; LOVE, ITS LAWS, POWER, ETC. By Prof. O. S-,Fowler. "Sexual Science" is simply that great code of natural laws by which the Almnighty? ,Auires the sexes to be governed in their mutual relations. A knowledge of these laws is of the highest importance, and it is the general ignorance of themn whichi swells the list of disease and misery ini the world, aind wrecks so many lives which would oiherwise be happy. TIIE WVORK TREATS OF LOVE-MAKING AND SELI,ECTION, showing how love affaiirs should be conducted, and revealing the law8s which govern mniale and female attraction and repulsion; what qualities make a good, and a poor, husband or wife, and what giver persons should select and reject; what forms, sizes, etc., may, and must not, intermarry OF MARRIAGE, its sacredness and necessity, its laws and rights; of perfect and miiserabll unions; and ot all that it is necessary to know concerning this muost important relation in life. OF BEARING AND NURSING.-This portion being a coeplete eneyclopedia for pro. spective mothers, showing how to render confinement easy, and manage infants; every young wife requires its instructions as affecting her embryo. OF SEXUAL RESTORA'TION.-This is a very important part of the work, b-,,tusz elmost all men and women, if not diseased, are run down. The laws of sexual recuperation are here, for the first time, unfolded, and the who,le subject thoroughly and scientifically created; giving the cause and cure of female ailmer:ts, seminal losses, sexual implotence, etc. And Tells how to promote sexual vigor, the prime duty of every man and woman. How to make a right choice of husband or wife; what persons are suited to each other. How to judge a man or woman's sexual condition by visible signs How young husbands should treat their brides; how to increase their love and avoid shocking them. How to avoid an improper marriage, and how to avoid female ailments. How to increase the Joys of wedded life, and how to increase female passion, How to regulate intercourse between man and wile, and how to malke it healthful to both; *igt)tantee of this law is thie cause of eart-ly all the woes,f nimarriage. How to have fine and healthy children, and how to transmit mental and physical qualities to offspring. How to avoid the evils attending pregnancy, and how to make child-bearing healthful and dpsirable. How to prevent self-abuse among the young, and how to recognize the signs of self -abuse and cure it. How intercourse oit of wedlock is injurious; a warning to young rmen. How to restore and perpetuate female beauty, and how to promote the growth of the female bust. How to be virtuous happy, healthful and useful, by a rigid compliance with the laws of sexual science. There is scarcely a question cn-cerning the most serious duties of life which is nest fully ~nd satisfactorily answered in this book. Such a work has long been needed, and will be found invaluably to every man and woman who has arrived at years of discretion. It should be read cspccially by the married, and by those who have tlhe care of children, and it will ,arry happiness with it wherever it goes, by diffusing knowledge on those subjects concern. Ing which it has, until now, been almost impossible to obtain reliable information. The book is pure and elevated in tone; eloquent in its denunciations of vice; and foraible in its warnings against th. secret sins which are practiced with impunity even in the family circle. In one large royal octavo volume of 930 pages, embellished and illustrated with numerou,s Engtravinga, and furnished to Subscribers, Bound in Extra Fine Cloth......................................... at $3.75 per Cop, B3ound in Fine Loather,'Library Style,)........................................at $4.50 " AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., Ph"lade~lplhil, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; or, St. Louis,; Al. I 3 11'f L L