PALJEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
VOL. I.








GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA.
J. D. WHITNEY, STATE GEOLOGIST.
PALEONTOLOGY.
VOLUME I.
CARBONIFEROUS AND JURASSIC FOSSILS.
BY F. B. MEEK.
TRIASSIC AND CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.
BY W. M. GABB.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE OF CALIFORNIA,
1864.




CAXTON PRESS OF
SHERMAN & CO., PHILADELPHIIA.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE. By J. D. Whitney,                                        vii
SECTION I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS. By F. B. Meek,..    3-16
SECTION  II.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRIASSIC FOSSILS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES. By W. M. Gabb.                           19-35
SECTION  II I.
DESCRIPIrON OF THE JURASSIC FOSSILS. By F. B. Meek,..       39-53
SECTION IV.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CRETACEOUS FOSSILS. By W. M. Gabb,.       57-217
INDEX OF LOCALITIES OF THE CRETACEOUS FOSSILS,..         219-236
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENEtRA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED,.     237-243
(V)








PREFACE.
As it is presumed that the volumes of Palmontology,
forming a part of the series of publications of the State
Geological Survey of California, will come into the hands of
persons who will not have the other parts of the work, it is
deemed proper to preface this volume by a brief notice of
the origin and organization of this Survey. This subject
will be entered into more fully in the first volume of the
geological portion of the Report; but it is suitable that a
sufficient account of the course and plan of operations of the
Survey should be prefixed to the first volume of each separate department, to enable those consulting the publications
in that department to understand the scope of the work, and
to give due credit to those engaged in bringing together the
materials, of the special working up of which this volume
is the first instalment.
The Act of the Legislature creating the office of State
Geologist and authorizing a Geological Survey of the State
of California, was approved April 21st, 1860; but operations
were not commenced until about the 1st of December of
(vii)




viii                  PREFACE.
that year; consequently the work has been in progress not
quite four years.
The plan of the Survey, according to the requirements of
the Act by which it was originally organized, demanded
c"AN ACCURATE AND COMPLETE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE
STATE," and a Report, containing C"a full and scientific description of its rocks, fossils, soils, and minerals, and of its
botanical and zoological productions."  Provision was also
made for the collection of specimens in all departments of
Geology and Natural History, which specimens were to be
deposited "in such place as shall be hereafter provided for
that purpose by the Legislature."
Under this Act, the Survey was carried on, with greater
or less vigor, according to the varying amounts appropriated
by each successive Legislature, until the spring of the present year, when the Act expired by constitutional limitation;
the Legislature of California having no power to create an
office which shall last over four years.
By an Act of the last Legislature, however, approved
April 4th, 1864, the office of State Geologist was again
created, and filled by the same person who had thus far
held it, while the course of investigation to be pursued,
under the new Act, was less distinctly marked out than in
the previous one, leaving more to the discretion of the State
Geologist, and the chances of smaller or greater appropriations from the next Legislature; but requiring him "to
complete the Geological Survey of the State, and to prepare
a Report of said Survey for publication, and superintend the
publication of the same;" farther adding, that "such Report




PREFACE.                     ix
shall be in the form of a geological, botanical, and zoological
history of the State."
The following persons have been employed on the Survey
since its commencement: Professor W. H. Brewer has had
charge of the Department of Botany and Agricultural
Geology, and has also occupied the post of Principal Assistant, having had charge of the party in the field during my
absence. We have been assisted in the field-work by Messrs.
Clarence R. King and Auguste R6mond, both of whom have
rendered efficient and valuable service as volunteers, the
former during part of the last year and during the season of
1864; the latter at various times, and especially in the summer of 1862. It is hoped and expected that one or both
these gentlemen will be permanently attached to the Survey
during the remainder of its continuance.  Mr. C. Averill
was also connected with our work from its commencement
up to February, 1863, as clerk, commissary, and barometrical
observer. In the Topographical Department, Mr. C. F. Hoffmann has been employed from March, 1861, up to the present time, with the exception of a short interval during the
early part of the current year. Mr. V. Wackenreuder has
also rendered assistance in this branch of our work, during
the seasons of 1862 and 1864.  In the Paleontological
Department, Mr. W. M. Gabb has been regularly employed
as Palseontologist to the Survey, since the beginning of the
year 1862; he also acted as Assistant in the field-work
during a part of the season of 1862. Dr. J. G. Cooper has
had charge of the Zoological Department, having been employed, with occasional intervals, since July 1st, 1861. Mr.
PAL. VOL. I.-B




X                     PREFACE.
W. Ashburner served as Assistant in the field from the commencement of the Survey up to the spring of 1862, and was
chiefly employed, during that time, in examining gold-quartz
mines and machinery in the principal mining counties of the
Sierra Nevada. To all these gentlemen my cordial thanks
are tendered for their devotion to the interests of the Survey.
Rarely can it have happened, that one in charge of a work
of this kind has found himself more efficiently or more
pleasantly supported by his associates.
We have also been greatly assisted by the use of collections and materials furnished by private individuals.  I will
only specify in this connection such help as we have had in
what bears directly on the Palkontological Department,
leaving that which is related to the other branches of the
Survey to be fully set forth in other volumes.
In the first place, the California Academy of Natural Sciences has given us free access to its collections, among which
are some things of interest, collected chiefly by Dr. J. B.
Trask, which we should otherwise have failed of obtaining.
Dr. Trask has also frequently and most effectually aided
us by communicating valuable information as to localities,
as well as in other ways. Dr. J. A. Veatch has supplied
the Survey with extensive collections of fossils from various
localities, especially from the prolific one of Lick Springs,
or Tuscan Springs, as it is now called; he has also contributed valuable specimens from the Cerros Islands and from
Clear Lake. Mr. Gorham Blake has also made important
additions to our collections, by specimens contributed from
various quarters, especially from the Humboldt Mining




PREFACE.                     Xi
Region, and from the auriferous rocks of the Sierra Nevada.
Mr. R. Homfray kindly presented us with a valuable suite
of fossils from Nevada Territory.  Mr. Remond has given
the Survey the use of his collections, made chiefly in the
vicinity of San Francisco Bay, previous to his joining our
corps. Dr. George H. Horn, U. S.A., who was stationed at
Fort T jon for several months, collected assiduously in that
prolific locality of Cretaceous fossils, and kindly placed all
his materials at Mr. Gabb's disposal. Mr. E. Mathewson has
collected with great zeal in the prolific localities around
Martinez, and has generously furnished the Survey with
specimens of all such species found by him as were not
already in our possession. Other persons have contributed
one or more specimens each, some of which, belonging to the
larger mammalia, are of considerable value: these will be
noted in the volume in which they will be described, and
due credit given to the persons by whom they were presented.
As the general plan of operations of the Survey, and
the progress made in each department up to the present
time, will be fully set forth in the volume of Geology, which
will soon follow this, it will only be necessary here to give
such a sketch of the extent and order of our field-work as
may be necessary to enable those consulting this volume to
understand what parts of the State and the adjacent Territories we have visited, and what districts are represented
by the materials elaborated in this portion of the Report.
During the winter of 1860-61, the field-work having comnenced December 12, 1860, we explored San Bernardino




Xii                  PREFACE.
and Los Angeles counties; then the region of the Coast
ranges, from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara; thence to San
Luis Obispo; thence down the Salinas Valley and across to
San Juan; thence down the Mount Diablo range to New
Idria, back to San Juan, and up through Alameda and
Contra Costa counties, on the west side of the range, to
Mount Diablo; thence across the Straits of Carquines and
up Napa Valley as far as the Geysers, which point was
reached just at the setting in of the rainy season of 1861-2.
The party then returned to San Francisco, having been in
the field just a year. The chief palaontological collections
made during this time were of Tertiary age.
The explorations of the year 1861 having revealed the
presence of Cretaceous rocks in the Mount Diablo range,
and various circumstances making it apparent that the vicinity of Mount Diablo itself, by a detailed and careful study,
would throw much light on the structure of the Coast ranges,
and furnish a key to what had previously been more or less
obscure in the stratigraphical position of the rocks south
and west of the San Joaquin, we devoted a month, at the
commencement of the season of field-work for 1862, to
making a detailed examination of the region between
Martiniez, on the Straits of Carquines, and Marsh's ranch,
ten miles east of the mountain.
This accomplished, the party, in charge of Professor
Brewer, continued their explorations along the Mount Diablo
range towards the southeast as far as Pacheco's Pass, working up the geology and topography of an extensive district,
of which almost nothing had been previously known. Hav



PREFACE.                    xiii
ing completed this task, it had been my intention to have
the party cross the San Joaquin River, and meet me at Snelling's, on the Merced, and then to devote the remainder of
the season to working up the geology of the foot-hills of the
Sierra Nevada, going as far north as time would permit, and
then returning on the west side of the Sacramento, along
the foot-hills of the Coast ranges north of the Bay of San
Francisco. It appeared, however, that all the ferries of the
San Joaquin had been broken up by the unprecedented storms
of the previous winter (1861-2), so that there was no possibility of crossing at any point, the river continuing greatly
swollen by the melting of the snow of the Sierra until late
in the season. This rendered a change in our plans necessary, as the party had to return up the San Jose Valley and
cross at Benicia. It was then determined to continue the
work up the valley, along the Coast ranges west of the
Sacramento River, with the view of reaching Mount Shasta
before it would be too late in the season for its ascent. This
plan was partially carried out, and the region north of Benicia explored as far as Rag Cation; but the severe sickness of
several of the party during the summer, seriously interfered
with our progress. After reaching and ascending Mount
Shasta, additional explorations were made in that vicinity,
in Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties, and afterwards
along the east side of the Sacramento Valley, in the foothills, for the purpose of ascertaining more clearly the relations of the Cretaceous formation to the auriferous slates of
the Sierra Nevada. Still later in the season, the field-work
being continued to the end of November, the vicinity of the




xiv                    PREFACE.
Bay of San Francisco was more thoroughly examined by
small parties on foot, especially portions of' Santa Clara,
Contra Costa, and Alameda counties. During this season
the larger portion of the Cretaceous fossils described in this
volume were collected, a large number of the most prolific
localities having been discovered in the course of the summer. The Carboniferous limestones of the Sierra Nevada,
from Pence's ranch north to Bass's ranch, were also carefully
examined during this season, and the collections made which
are reported on by Mr. Meek in this volume.
During the season of 1862, we were fortunate enough to
secure Triassic fossils from several different portions of the
Territory of Nevada, especially a valuable collection made
by Gorham Blake, Esq., in the Humboldt Mining Region.
In 1863, the region about Fort TCjon, the Canada de las
Uvas, and( that portion of the State which lies about the
head-waters of the San Joaquin, was made the object of a
reconnoissance by Messrs. Brewer and Gabb. and a considerable number of new Cretaceous species discovered. After
this was accomplished, the work of the Survey was, during
the remainder of the season, mainly confined to the high
Sierra, and consequently but little was added to our stock of
fossils. In September, however, Messrs. Brewer and King
made the interesting discovery of a locality of Triassic, and
also one of Jurassic fossils, in and near Genessee Valley, in
Plumas County; the latter constitute the material worked up
by Mr. Meek in Section III, of this volume. The Triassic
fossils from Genessee Valley, together with those collected by
Mr. G. Blake, and by the Survey as previously noticed, and




PREFACE.                    XV
to which was afterwards added a valuable suite of specimens
from the Humboldt eastern range, made by Mr. Homfray,
have been elaborated by Mr. Gabb, in Section II.
In the autumn of 1863, Mr. Gabb was engaged by me to
conduct some explorations outside of California and the regular work of the Survey. He made a trip, of three months'
duration, through Oregon and Washington Territory to Vancouver Island, and collected a considerable number of Tertiary and Cretaceous fossils, making important additions to
the little previously known of the geology of that extensive
region. He has now joined an exploring party through Southeastern Oregon, emphatically a geological terra incognita,
from which region he can hardly fail to bring back facts of
importance. The expedition started from Fort Klamath, at
the north end of Klamath Lake, about the 20th of June.
During the spring of the current year Mr. Clarence R. King
made some valuable explorations in the Humboldt ranges of
Nevada Territory; he also, previously to that, had made an
interesting contribution to the geology of the Sierra Nevada, by the discovery of Belemnites in close contact with
one of the great auriferous quartz veins of the central gold
mining region (on the Mariposa estate), thus adding a very
important link to the chain of evidence going to show that the
auriferous slates and metamorphic rocks of California are, to
a large extent at least, of Secondary age, and not Palkeozoic,
as had heretofore always been assumed, without evidence.
Messrs. Brewer, King and Hoffman are now, or have been
up to a quite recent period, engaged in the high Sierra,
around the head-waters of King's River, and the other




Xvi                    PREFACE.
streams between that and the Merced,-a region from which
we can hardly expect any considerable additions to our
paleontological materials, while, on the other hand, their
geographical discoveries, and their additions to our knowledge of the topography of the State, have been of great
importance.
Mr. Remond, having been for some time detached from
the Survey, has resided in Sonora, Mexico, and has made
numerous geological observations, an abstract of which will
be communicated in the forthcoming volume of this Report
especially devoted to Geology.
The observations of the Survey, taken in connection with
those already and hereafter to be made on the north, south,
and east of California, will enable us to form a general idea
of the geological structure of a vast area of country bordering on our Pacific coast, and we trust that we shall be able,
in due time, to furnish a geological map of a large portion of
the western side of our continent; a map which, it may
with truth be added, will have little resemblance to those
heretofore published. Such a map, however, will of course
only present an outline of the geology of this region; for
anything like a thorough exhibition of its structure we shall
have to wait many years, since it is a field sufficiently extensive, and difficult of exploration, to require an almost
unlimited amount of labor before its details shall have been
fully wrought out.
It will be proper, in this connection, to mention, in as
concise a manner as possible, some of the principal results
of our Survey, and particularly those which relate to the




PREFACE.                    xvii
character and distribution of the different subdivisions of the
geological series, as developed on and near the Pacific coast.
Perhaps the most striking fact we have to present is, the
immense development on the western edge of our Continent
of rocks equivalent in age to the Upper Trias of the Alps,
and palseontologically closely allied to the limestones of
Hallstadt and Aussee and the St. Cassian beds, that extremely important and highly fossiliferous division of the
Alpine Trias.
This great Triassic belt of the Pacific coast has been most
fully explored by the Survey in the latitude of 400, and over
a width east and west of nearly four degrees of longitude
(1.170 to 121~). It is from this region that the largest portion of the Triassic fossils described in this volume have
been obtained, namely, from the three parallel ranges, in longitude 1170 to 118~, in Nevada Territory, known as the
Humboldt Mountains, or the Humboldt Mining Region, and
from localities in Plumas County, California.  But sufficient
palsaontological evidence has been obtained to enable us to
state that this formation extends from Mexico to British
Columbia, and that it occupies a vast area, although much
broken up, interrupted by eruptive rocks, and covered in
many places by heavy accumulations of volcanic materials.
Among the specimens from the Humboldt ranges, as also
from Plumas County and other localities in the Sierra Nevada,
Mr. Gabb recognizes at least four species as identical with
European, while the whole aspect of our Triassic collections
is strikingly like that of the Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds,
there being the same remarkable intermixture of OrthoceraPAL. VOL. I.-C




Xllii                   PREFACE.
tites, Ceratites, Goniatites, Nautili, and Ammonites, the latter
frequently of those peculiar globose forms occurring in the
Alps, together with Halobia, Monotis, Avicucla, Pecten, and
other species, a Moriotis being the most abundant and most
widely diffused of all.
Accompanying this Triassic formation in the Sierra Nevada, and probably also in the Humboldt ranges, is an extensive development of rocks of Jurassic age, usually highly
metamorphosed and extremely barren of fossils. Enough of
these, however have been found to warrant the assertion,
that the sedimentary portion of the great metalliferous belt
of the Pacific coast of North America is, to a large extent,
made up of rocks of Jurassic and Triassic age, with a comparatively small development of Carboniferous limestone,
and that these formations are so folded together, broken up,
and metamorphosed in the great chain of the Sierra Nevada,
that it will be an immense labor, if indeed possible at all, to
unravel its detailed structure. While we are fully justified
in saying, that a large portion of the auriferous rocks of
California consist of metamorphic Triassic and Jurassic
strata, we have not a particle of evidence to sustain the
theory which has been so often brought forward, that all, or
even a portion, of the auriferous rocks are older than the
Carboniferous, not a trace of a Devonian or Silurian fossil
ever having been discovered in California, or indeed anywhere to the west of the 116th meridian. It appears, on
the other hand, that no inconsiderable amount of gold has
been obtained from metamorphic rocks, belonging as high
up in the series as the Cretaceous.




PREFACE.                      xix
The fourth section of this volume furnishes evidence of
the wide-spread occurrence of the Cretaceous system on the
Pacific coast. The Coast ranges of California and Oregon
are, indeed, to a large extent, made up of rocks of this age,
usually somewhat metamorphic in their condition, and often
highly so; but still, on the whole, forming the richest fossiliferous formation of California, having furnished already, in
the course of our necessarily rapid explorations, a more or
less extensive series of species at over thirty localities. The
Cretaceous formation is also extensively developed on the
flanks of the Sierra Nevada, in the northern part of the
State, and in this position being less metamorphosed than in
the Coast ranges, several of the localities discovered have
proved to be prolific in well-preserved as well as interesting
and novel forms.  According to Mr. Gabb, it appears that
the Cretaceous, so far as is yet known, is represented on the
Pacific coast by but a single member,-the Upper or White
Chalk, —and that it mnay be divided into two well-marked
groups, the lower of which corresponds to the No. 4 of Meek
and Hayden, or the Fort Pierre group.  This division (Div.
A.) of this volume, has yielded 152 species in California, out
of about 260 collected in the Cretaceous, and of these only
about half a dozen are common to this and the upper division (Div. B.).  This latter should, probably, judging from
its stratigraphical position, correspond with the Fox Hill
group, or No. 5 of Meek and Hayden; although all the species,
with a single doubtful exception, are peculiar to California,
and. that species is referred to one described from  No. 4 in
New Jersey and Tennessee.




XX                      PREFACE.
Rocks of Tertiary age are extensively developed in the
Coast ranges, and especially in that portion of them which
lies between the parallels of 340 and 350. Although fossiliferous in many localities, these beds do not usually retain
their organic remains in as good a state of preservation as
the Cretaceous, while the number of distinct groups of species in the Tertiary rocks is considerable, indicating the
existence of several subdivisions of the system, the exact
relations of which to each other, and to those recognized in
the Eastern States and in Europe, are not yet fully wrought
out.  Besides the marine mollusca of the Tertiary, to be
worked up by Mr. Gabb during the coming winter, there
are, in the collections of the Survey, large numbers of fossil
plants, as well as of mammalian remains, from the later
Tertiary and Post-tertiary of the Sierra Nevada and the
Coast ranges, which will be elaborated. by competent authorities, and which will furnish, as is expected, the materials
for a second volume of the palaeontological portion of our
Report.
For a full description of the Stratigraphical Geology of the
State, so far as developed, and for farther details as to the
distribution and relations of the fossils described in. this volume, the reader is referred to the forthcoming volume of
General Geology, which is intended to follow the one herewith presented without delay.
J. D. WHITNEY.
OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF CALIFORNIA, Sept. 1864.




PALAONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
VOL. I.
SECTION I.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS,
B Y F. B. MEEK.








F ORAMINIF ER A.
GENUS FUSULINA, Fischer.
FUSULINA ROBUSTA, Meek.
P1. 2, Fig. 3, and 3 a, b, c.
SHELL oval-subglobose, the longer diameter being to the shorter
about as 26 to 20. Surface with longitudinal linear, slightly
impressed furrows, placed at regular intervals, one over each
septum, and  extending from  end to  end,-becoming  a little
twisted as they approach the extremities. Volutions five or six,
the last or outer one being usually less capacious than one or
two of those immediately within. Septa about thirty to forty in
the last or outer turn of adult shells; nearly straight at their
outer edges, but becoming waved and distorted within, so as to
give the interior a complex cellular appearance, particularly near
each end of the shell. Mesial fissure apparently short and very
narrow or linear.
Greatest length of one of the largest specimens, 0.40 inch;
breadth of do., 0.32 inch. Average size, about one-fourth less.
Compared with the published figures of the Russian species, F. cylindrica of
Fischer, this species will be found larger and greatly more ventricose. Notwithstanding its larger size, however, it usually has about one volution less, while its
septa, and the coincident strive of the exterior, are less numerous and more
distant. It agrees more nearly in form and size with a variety of a shell found
in the Coal-measures of Kansas and Missouri,-usually referred to F. cylinclrica,for which Dr. Hayden and the writer proposed the name Ventricosa. (Proceed.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 261.) It is uniformly much more gibbous, however, and generally attains a larger size; while transverse sections show that even
( 3 )




4             PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
much smaller sized individuals of the Kansas shell have two or three more volutions than the species under consideration, and several more septa in each turn.
Locality. Bass's Ranch, Shasta County.*
FUSULINA GRACILIS, Meek.
P1. 2., Fig. 1, and 1 a, b, c.
Shell small, very slender, cylindrical; volutions five to six.
Surface marked longitudinally by slight linear furrows, or faintly
impressed  strime coincident with the septa within.   Fissure unknown.  Septa about twenty-five in the last or outer turn, very
strongly undulated laterally so as to come nearly or quite in contact at regular intervals, thus giving the interior, as seen in longitudinal sections, a distinctly reticulated cellular appearance.
Length, 0.20 inch; breadth, 0.05 inch.
This is by far the most slender and regularly cylindrical species of the genus I
have seen,-its sides being parallel and without the slightest tendency to swell
out in the middle. It will be readily distinguished, by its form alone, from the
most slender individuals of F. cylindrica, or of any other known species, excepting perhaps F. elongata of Shumard; and from that by its comparatively minute
size, since Shumard's species attains a length of one to two inches.
Occurs associated with F. robusta.
FUSULINA CYLINDRICA, Fischer?
P1. 2, Fig. 2, and 2 a.
Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer. Oryct. Moscow, 1837, p. 126, pl. 18, fig. 1-5.
Fusulina depressa, Fischer. Ibid., pl. 13, fig. 6-11.
Fusulina cylindrica, Murchison, De Verneuil and iKeyserling.  Geol. Rus. &c.,
vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 1, a, b, c, d.
Along with the foregoing there are a few weathered silicious specimens, having
exactly the form and agreeing in size with the above-cited species; but the specimens are not in a condition to warrant a very positive opinion in regard to their
identity with the Russian form. I suspect they will probably be found to be
distinct, but being unable, from the imperfect specimens examined, to point out
any characters by which they can be distinguished, I refer them provisionally to
that species.
Length of a medium-sized specimen, 0.28 inch; thickness of do., 0.10 inch.
Occurs in a silicious mass with F. robusta.
* All the species described or noticed in this section are from the limestone
belt, which crops out, forming a range of hills, east and northeast of Bass's Ranch,
Shasta County. J. D. W.




ZOOPHYTA.
GENUS LITHOSTROTION, Fleming.
LITHOSTROTION MAMILLARE (?), Castlenau, (sp.)
P1. 1, Fig. 4, and 4 a, b.
Stylina, Lesueur. 1832.
Astrcea mamillaris, Castlenau. Ter. Sil. de l'Amerique du Nord, pl. 24, fig. 5.
1843.
Axinura Canadensis. Ibid., fig. 4.
Acrocyathusfloriformis, d'Orbigny. Prod. de Palaeont., t. 1, p. 160. 1850.
Lithostrotion basaltiforme, Owen. Rept. Wiscon., Iowa, and Min., tab. iv, figs.
5 and 6. 1852.
Lithostrotion manillare, Edwards and Haime. Monog. Polyp., p. 433, pl. 13, figs.
1 and 1 a, b.
Lithostrotion mamillare, Hall. Geol. Rept. Iowa, vol. i, part 2, p. 667, pl. 24, fig.
5, a, b.
1 HAVE referred this coral to the above species with some hesitation, because
the specimens are imperfect fragments, not giving a very satisfactory idea of the
general appearance of the entire corallum, nor of the calices. As near as I have
been able to determine, however, from sections, it agrees well in its internal structure with fine specimens of L. mamillare, now before me, from Missouri and Illinois. There can be no doubt in regard to its generic characters; and, if not
specifically identical with the common species of the Mississippi valley, it is certainly a closely allied representative form.
As in that species, the specimens present two modes of growth, one in which the
corallites are in closely aggregated masses, and assume an angular prismatic form,
and another in which they are less crowded, cylindrical, and grow in tufts. These
two forms may be distinct species; but they seem to present the same internal
structure, and it is not improbable that additional specimens would show intermediate gradations in the mode of growth, as we see in authentic examples of L.
marmillare from the Western States.
In both of the forms alluded to above the rays vary from about twenty to thirtyeicht, most of which extend to the colLmnella.  Alternating with these is another
(5)




6            PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
series of much shorter, or rudimentary rays. The tabulie pass obliquely upwards
and inwards from the outer vesicular zone on all sides to the columella, and occasionally divide, so as to impart a somewhat vesicular appearance to the interior
area. The outer vesicular zone consists of small vesicles, arranged in irregular
oblique rows, sloping inwards from the surrounding external wall.
In the tufted specimens with cylindrical corallites, where the epitheca is well
preserved, the surface shows no traces of costal strive, such as we see so well defined
on similar varieties of L. mamillare from the subcarboniferous rocks of the Mississippi valley. From this fact, and the slightly more flexuous appearance of the
corallites, I am led to suspect that this form may possibly prove to be a distinct
species. If so, I would suggest for it the name L. subiceve. Whether the other
form, with crowded angular corallites, presents smooth or striated surfaces, when
the corallites separate, I have no means of knowing, there being no specimens in
the collection in a condition to show these surfaces.
LITHOSTROTION? CALIFORNIENSE, Meek.
Pi. 1, Fig. 2, and 2 a, b, c.
Corallum apparently growing in small tufts, or probably sometimes produced and branching into dendroid forms. Corallites
large, cylindrical, or cylindrico-conical, and more or less flexuous.
Surface marked by small but distinct wrinkles of growth, and,
where the epitheca is well preserved, scarcely visible traces of
costal strioe. Calices rather deep, circular or a little oval, and
bearing within a moderately prominent, somewhat compressed
columellar boss.  Rays from fifty to sixty-eight, a little fiexuous;
about half of them extending to the columella, while the intermediate smaller ones only pass about one-third of the way in from
the outer wall. Vertical section showing the outer vesicular zone
to be bounded by a thin, irregular, inner wall, and composed of
small, unequal vesicles, arranged in oblique, irregular rows,
sloping inwards; each row consisting of about six to eight of the
vesicles.  Tabulea ascending and much divided, so as to form
large, irregular vesicles, sloping outwards from  the axis.
The specimens of this species yet obtained are mostly detached corallites, embedded in hard limestone, and consequently are not in a condition to show very
clearly its mode of growth. As near as can be determined, however, it would seem
to have grown in small tufts of a few large diverging corallites,-at first subconical




CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.
in form, but becoming elongated and cylindrical with age. Whether or not they
continued to branch, so as to present a dendroid aspect, cannot be determined
from the specimens yet collected. The rather large size and subconical form of
some of the corallites, as seen detached, might lead to the supposition that they
belong to the genus Clisiophyllum, from which they do not differ materially in
their internal structure. The compound mode of growth, however, of the entire
corallum, would exclude it from that genus as defined by Edwards and Haime.
Until better specimens can be obtained for study, its generic relations must remain
somewhat doubtful.
The large size, and more conical form of the calices, as Well as their more
widely divergent mode of branching, will readily distinguish this species from
any variety of the common L. mamillare. The surfaces of its calices are also
more wrinkled by the marks of growth, while it wants the rather distinct costal
strie of that species. Again, the large vesicles of its middle area, as seen in a
vertical section, are more numerous and irregular, and do not slope with a downward curve, as in L. namillare.
LITHOSTROTION
P1. 1, Fig. 3, and 3 a.
Corallum loosely fasciculate. Corallites slender, cylindrical,
more or less flexuous. Calices unknown. Rays twenty to twentyfour, rather strong, straight, and apparently extending nearly or
quite to the columella; sometimes alternating with short rudimentary rays. Tabulwe thin) arranged more closely than the rays, and
curving strongly upwards as they approach the axis. Outer vesicular zone, as seen in vertical sections, very narrow, and occupied
usually by a single series of small, very oblique vesicles.
Only knowing this coral in the condition of very imperfect specimens, I do not
feel warranted in identifying it with any knoWn species; nor would it be desirable
to attempt to describe it from such material under a new name. It may be compared with such forms as L. irregulare, Phillips (sp.), L. Martini, Edwards and
Haime, &c., though it seems to differ in its internal structure from these and all
the other species with which I have compared it.




8           PALIEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
GENUS CLISIOPHYLLUM, Dana.
CLISIOPHYLLUM GABBI, Meek.
P1. 1, [Fig. 1, and 1 a, b.
C(ORALLUM elongate, or becoming at maturity cylindrico-conical,
attaining a large size; smaller extremity rather pointed, and more
or less abruptly curved.  Surface with small obscure wrinkles of
growth, and rather faintly marked longitudinal or costal strise,
coincident with the rays within, which are regularly arranged,
about six to eight in the space of 0.25 inch. Rays forty to sixty,
moderately strong, nearly straight, and in part extending to and
ascending the central boss of the calices with a slight twist.
Alternating with these principal rays there is another series of
short rudimentary ones, rarely extending beyond the inner margin
of the outer vesicular zone.  Calices deep, and nearly or quite
circular, with a thin rim, and a rather prominent, acutely conical,
central protuberance.  Outer vesicular zone, as seen in a vertical
section, composed of very small, regular, subrhombic vesicles,
ranging with their longer axis nearly vertical, but disposed so as
to form oblique rows sloping inwards.  Middle area between the
pseudo-columella and the outer vesicular zone, occupied by large,
irregular, elongated, more or less arcuate, transverse vesicles,
Pseudo-columella composed of irregular, elongated vesicles, inclined obliquely downwards and outwards, parallel to the outer
slope of the central boss.
Length of a rather small conical specimen, 2.50 inches; breadth
of ditto, at larger extremity, 1.45 inches. Fragments of large
subeylindrical specimens in the collection indicate their entire
length to have been six to eight inches, and their transverse
diameter near two inches.
This fine coral is perhaps more nearly related, both in form and internal structure, to Clisiophylluz   bipartitum, McCoy (Paleozoic Fossils, p. 93, pl. iii c, fig.
6), than to any other known species. It attains a larger size, however, and has a




CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.                               9
more acutely conical, central protuberance; while it presents differences in the
details of its internal structure. As in that species, a vertical section shows its
outer vesicular area to be comparatively thin, and composed of very small vesicles,
the middle zone between this and the pseudo-columella of coarser, transverse
vesicles; and the false columella itself of elongated, slanting vesicles. In our
species, however, the comparative breadth of these zones is different; its middle
one, of transverse vesicles, between the false columella and the outer area, being
proportionally much broader, or nearly equalling the breadth of the pseudocolumella; while, according to Prof. McCoy's figures, the columellar space is ten
to twelve times as broad as the middle zone in his species. Again, the outer vesicular zone in the species under consideration is proportionally a little broader
where fully developed.
It is worthy of note that the outer area is merely rudimentary in small specimens,
and probably entirely wanting in very young examples of our species. In specimens of one inch to one and a quarter inches in length there is usually but a single
series of these small outer vesicles, rising like little blisters on the inner side of the
epitheca between the rays. Farther up from the smaller extremity of the corallite
another alternating series is developed upon these, and still higher another, and
so on until ten or twelve series are produced in large specimens; beyond which
there would seem to have been no farther increase. The vesicles themselves of
the outer zone appear to be of uniform size at all stages of growth; their height
being about 0.04 inch, and their breadth about 0.02 inch. No well-defined walls
were observed separating the outer and middle zones, nor the latter from the
pseudo-columella.
The specific name is given in honor of Mr. W. M. Gabb, Palmontologist of the
State Geological Survey of California.
VOL. I.-2




MOLLUSOA.
BliAC H I oP O D A.
GENUS ORTHIS, Dalman.
ORTHIS (sp. undt.)
P1. 2, Fig. 5, and 5 a, b. c.
Compare Orthis Michelini, L'Eveille (sp.). Davidson, Carb. Brach. Grt. Brit.,
pl. 30, Figs. 6 to 11.
SHELL small, suborbicular, or a little oval, the length being
greater than the breadth; hinge-line very short, or less than onethird the breadth of the valves, and not imparting any angularity
to the lateral margins.  Valves nearly equal, without any mnesial
depression. Ventral valve somewhat flattened in front, but more
convex than the other in the umbonal region; beak prominent
and incurved; area small, regularly arched; foramen higher than
wide.  Dorsal valve more regularly convex than the other, most
prominent between the middle and the cardinal margin; beak
rather prominent, but less so than that of the other valve, imoderately incurved.  Surface of both valves ornamented with fine
threadlike radiating strie, which increase by division and intercalation; crossing these are a few distant, obscure, concentric
marks of growth.  Strie of both valves showing the bases of
minute, scattering, hair-like, tubular spines.
Length, 0.35 inch; breadth, 0.32 inch; convexity, 0.17 inch.
This little shell seems to be an exact miniature of Orthis Micheini, L'Eveille,
excepting that its beaks are more prominent and arched than is conmmon in thltt
( 10 )




CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.                                  11
species, particularly that of the ventral valve.  In the prominence of its beaks it
agrees more nearly with 0. Michelina, var. Burlingtonensis, Hall; but it is a much
smaller shell, with a shorter hinge, and more rounded cardinal extremities. Mr.
Davidson, I understand, considers the form figured under the name 0. Mlichelina,
var. Burlingztonensis (after a careful comparison of authentic specimens), identical
with British examples of L'Eveille's species. This being the case, I cannot see
how the form under consideration can be distinguished from that species, unless
by its much smaller size. If the only two specimens I have seen are not young
shells, or accidentally dwarfed individuals, they may belong to a distinct species;
but, until other specimens can be procured for comparison, I prefer to leave th:
question in regard to their relations to 0. Mllichetini for future consideration.
GENUS PRODUCTUS, Sowerby.
PRODUCTUS SEMIRETICULATUS, Martin (sp.)
P1. 2, Fig. 4, and 4 a.
Anomites semireticulatus, ~Martin. Petrefact. Derb., pl. 32, figs. 1 and 2, and pl. 33,
fig. 4. 1809.
Anomites productus, 3Martin.  Ibid., 22, figs. 1 and 2.
Anonzites Scoticus, Martini, and antiquatus, Sowerby.  Minm  Con.  1814 and 1821.
Anomites Martini and antiquatus, Phillip.  Geol. Yorkshire, pl. 7, fig. 2.  1836.
Leptcena antiquata and tribulifera, Fischer.  Oryct. Mosc., pl. 26, figs. 4 and 5,
and pl. 26, fig. 1. 1837.
ProductZs Martini, De Koninck.  An. Foss., pl. 7, fig. 2.
Productus Inca and Peruvianus, d'Orbigny. Voy. Am. Mer., pl. 4, figs. 1, 3, and 4.
Productusflexistriata, McCoy. Synopsis Carb. Foss., Ireland, pl. 17, fig. 1. 1844.
Productus semireticulatus, D)e Koninck.  MIonogr. Gen. Product, pl. 8, fig. 1.
Productus Calhounianus, Swallow?  Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 215.
1858.
THE specimens of the shell referred to the above-cited species are very imperfect, but seem to agree in all their visible characters with that well-known form.
Still it is possible that better specimens, showing the entire shell and its internal
characters, might present differences warranting its separation. It evidently
attained a large size, some of the specimens indicating a transverse diameter of
near three and a quarter inches.




12          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
GENUS RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer.
RHYNCHONELLA (sp. undt.)
SHELL small, subglobose, or subtrigonal. Dorsal valve more
convex than the other, most prominent a little in advance of the
middle, and rounding down to meet the other valve in front and
on each side; ornamented with from nine to eleven simple, rather
obtuse, plications, which extend scarcely half way up towards the
beak from the front, three of them  being raised anteriorly, so as
to form a moderately prominent mesial ridge. Ventral valve
somewhat compressed, most gibbous near the umbo; beak slightly
arched, and extending a little beyond, and closely pressed upon
that of the other valve; surface with plications and mesial depression corresponding with the mesial ridge and plications of the
dorsal valve; anterior margin provided with a mesial projection,
which fills a corresponding sinuosity in the front of the other valve
when the shell is closed.
Length, 0.33 inch; breadth, 0.28 inch; convexity, 0.25 inch.
In a genus like this, where there are so many closely allied species, it would be
folly to attempt to determine a species from a single imperfect specimen partly
embedded in the matrix, especially when it comes from a distant and hitherto
unexplored locality. I therefore merely give such characters and as good a figure
as the condition of the specimen will admit of, * and leave the determination of its
specific relations until we can have an opportunity to study better specimens.
X This shell is not figured on the plates furnished by Mr. Meek. J. D. W.




CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.                                 13
GENUS SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
SUBGENUS MARTINIA, McCoy.
SPIRIFER LINEATUS, Martin? (sp.)
Pl. 2, Fig. 6, and 6 a, b, c, d.
Conchiliolithus Anomites lineatus, Martin.  Petrefact. Derb., tab. 36, fig. 3.  1809.
Terebratula lineata, Sowerby. Min. Conch. 4, p. 39, tab. 343, figs. 1, 2 (not fig. 1).
Terebratula imbricata, Sowerby.  Ibid., 34, fig. 3.
Spirifera Martini, Fleming.  Brit. An., p. 376. 1828.,Spirifera lineata, Phillips.  Geol. York, p. 219, pl. 10, fig. 17. 1836.:Spirifera imbricata, Phillips.  Ibid., fig. 20.
Spirifera mesiloba, Phillips.  Ibid., fig. 14.
Reticularia reticulata, McCoy.  Synop. Carb. Ireland, pl. 19, fig. 15.  1844
Reticularia imbricata and lineata, McCoy.  Ibid., p. 143.
Martinia strinyocephaloides, McCoy? Ibid., p. 144, pl. 22, fig. 8.
S~pirifera eltliptica, McCoy.  Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 427.  1855.
Spirifera imbricata and lineata, McCoy.  Ibid., p. 429.
Spirifer setigerus, Hall.  Rept. Geol. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 705, pl. 27, fig. 4, a, b.
Spirifera 2erplexa, McChesney?  New Species Palmeozoic Fossils, p. 43.
THE shell I have referred to the above widely distributed species may possibly
be found to present some internal or other specific difference from kSpirifera lineata,
when a series of good specimens, entirely detached from the matrix, can be examined. So far, however, as I have been able to determine from those in the
collection before me, it seems to agree exactly with young examples of that species
figured by Mr. Davidson in his "Monograph of the Carboniferous 13rachiopoda
of Great Britain."  In size, and nearly all other respects, it likewise agrees well
with S. peiplexa of McChesney, which Mr. Davidson pronounces identical with
S. lineata, after a careful comparison of authentic American specimens with
British examples of Martin's species.
If our shell never attains a larger size than the specimens under examination,
I should strongly suspect it to be distinct from S. lineata; but in that case it would
be difficult to find characters to distinguish it from S. perplexa, McChesney, which
from its uniformly smaller size may be distinct from S. lineata.




14            PAL1EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
GENUS SPIRIFERINA, Davidson.
SPIRIFERINA (SP. undt.)
THE specimen referred to the above-named genus is but a fragment of a dorsal
valve. It is too imperfect to exhibit any reliable specific characters, and is only
referred to this group from its coarsely punctate structure.  It evidently belongs
to the plicated section of the genus, and has an extended hinge-line, being apparently somewhat like S. cristata, Schlot. (sp.) Its moesial fold is larger than the
lateral plications, of which there are four on each side.
GENUS RETZIA, King.
RETZIA COMIPRESSA, Meek.
Pl. 2, Fig. 7, and 7 a, b, c.
SHELL small, ovate, subtrigonal, rather compressed, showing no
traces of a mesial fold.  Beak of ventral valve moderately prominent, and but slightly arched; rounded, and truncated  at the
extremity by a small circular foramen.  Surface ornamented by
ten or eleven simple, rather narrow, prominent, radiating  costTe,
about equalling the deep furrows between, and extending nearly
or quite to the beaks.
Length, 0.34 inch; breadth, 0.33 inch; convexity about 0.24
inch.
The specimens of this species in the collection examined are not in a condition
to show the area, or any of the internal characters, yet they present peculiarities
by which it may be distinguished from any other known carboniferous species.
It is, perhaps, most nearly related to R. Ilormonnii=Tercibratala MIormonii, of
3Marcou (Geol. North Am., pl. 6, fig. 11, a, b); but is a much less gibbous shell,
with narrower and more sharply elevated plications. It may also be compared
with R. prunctilifera, Shumard (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 220), from
which it also differs in being more compressed, and in having fewer and more
prominent plications, as well as in being destitute of any traces of a mesial sinus.
The specimens being weathered, do not show the surface punctte very distinctly,
but, by the aid of a good magnifier, traces of them can be seen in a good light.
They are very fine and regularly disposed.




CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.                     15
GAST EROPOD  A,
GENUS EUOMPHALUS, Sowerby. — STRAPAROLLUS,
Montfort?
SUBGENUS OMPHALOTROCHUS, Meek.
EUOMPHALUS NVHITNEYI, Meek.
P1. 2, Fig. 8, and 8 a.
SHELL large, rather thick, depressed-subtrochiformn, widely umbilicated.  Umbilicus deep and conical, nearly or quite equalling
the breadth of the last whorl at the aperture. Volutions four to
four and a half, sloping and concave above, and bicarinate around
the outer side, the carine being separated by a wide, nearly vertical, flattened or concave spaces  Between the lower carina and
the obtusely subangular margin of the umbilicus the under side
of the whorls is nearly flat, or slightly convex; while the side
forming the walls of the umbilicus is more or less flattened and
very abrupt.  Suture linear, but well defined. Aperture suborbicular, or transversely suboval, not modified by the preceding
turn. Lip rather obtuse, and a little concave in outline on the
inner side; while on the under side (judging from the curve of
the lines of growth) it is oblique, and more or less sigmoid in outline.  The same obliquity continues around the outer and upper
sides, so that the margin of the lip must project forward consicerably farther above than below.  Surface marked only with
lines of growth, which are most strongly defined on the under
side and within the umbilicus.
Greatest breadth about 4,60 inches; height near 2 inches.
All the specimens of this shell in the collection are imperfect, but, taken together, they convey a correct idea of its form and most of its characters. Its
biangular, broadly flattened periphery, and general outline, give it so much the




16             PALAiONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
aspect of some depressed subtrochiform species of Pleurotomaria, that it was not
until fully satisfied that the lines of growth, in crossing the flattened space between
the caringe on the outer side of the whorls, as well as in passing over the carinoe,
make not the slightest backward curve, that I could be convinced there might
not have been a sinus in the lip, as in that genus. It differs from the type of
Sowerby's genus Euomphalus (E. pentangulatus), as well as from the other typical
species of that group with a more prominent spire, in having its whorls flattened
or broadly concave around the outer side, and flattened with an outward slope
above. It is also a much more ponderous shell, with a more oblique outline to
its lip, in consequence of which it projects much farther forward on the upper
than the lower side of the aperture. It also seems to have differed in having its
peritreme scarcely continuous, or, at any rate, very thin on the side connecting
with the preceding whorl.
I have some doubts in regard to the propriety of placing such shells in the same
genus with Euomphalus pentan#gulatus; but do so from deference to the opinions of
various authors, who insist upon making Sowerby's genus include a wide diversity
of forms. It may be regarded as the type of a group for which I propose the
name Omphalotrochus, including 0. antiquus= Solarium antiquum, d'Orbigny, from
the carboniferous rocks of Bolivia. (Voyage dans l'Amerique AMrid., p. 42, pl. 3,
figs. 1, 3.)
The identity of Montfort's genus Straparollus with Euomphalus, Sowerby, would
seem to be very questionable, if any reliance can be placed upon Montfort's figure
and description of the type of his genus (Straparollus Dionysii).  If they are congeneric, however, Montfort's name will have to take precedence, as it has priority
of date; and the group to which our shell belongs would then stand as a subgenus
under it, with the name of the type written Straparolhus (Omph/alotrochus) Whitneyi.
The specific name of this fine shell is given in honor of Prof. J. D. Whitney,
State Geologist of California.




PALJEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
VOL. I.
SECTION II.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRIASSIC FOSSILS OF
CALIFORNIA AND THE ADJACENT
TERRITORIES.
BY W. M, G AB B.
PAL. VOL. l. —3                  (17)




1 am indebted to Mr. Meek, of Washington, to whom I sent sketches of some
of these fossils, for comparing them with the works of European authors on the
Trias, to which I could not at that time have access in California. Since then, I
have been enabled to verify most of his opinions by reference to the fine monographs of Hauer. WV. M3. G.
(18)




ORTHOCERATITES, Breynius.
O. BLAKET, 11. S.
P1. 3, Fig. 1.
SHELL slender, conical; apical angle in young specimens, 11~;
diminishing as the animal increases in size, so that, in a fragment.7 inch in diameter, the sides are almost parallel.  Septa
placed at two-fiftlhs the diameter of the shell apart.  Siphon
small, central. Surface plain.
There are no marked characters by which this species can be well distinguished.
All the specimens are small. The figures are natural size.
Locality: Buena Vista District, Humboldt IMining Region. Collected by Gorham Blake, Esq., in honor of whom the species is named.
NAUTILUS, Breyn.
N. WHITNEYI1,. S.
P1. 3, Figs. 2, 3.
SHELL moderate in size; last volution expanding somewhat
rapidly towards the aperture, enveloping about two-thirds of the
preceding whorl.  Sides flat, converging towards the dorsum,
and gradually rounding into it.  Dorsum  slightly arched.  Umbilicus large, being nearly one-third the diameter of the whole
disk; the umbilical margin slopes outwards and unites with the
surface of the shell by a rounded angle.  Septa deeply arched
(19)




20           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
on the sides; separated from  each other by about one-third the
width of the volution.  Surface marked by fine lines, which arise
in the umbilicus; curve slightly backwards and then forwards on
the side, and, as they pass over the angle between the side and
back, again curve backwards, making a deep sinus on the dorsum.
This shell is allied in form to N. bidorsatzis, Schlot. The sides are, in the present species, more strongly inclined towards each other; and the dorsum is convex, instead of being excavated. The umbilicus also is smaller.
Locality: With the preceding species.
N. MULTICAMERATUS, 11. S.
P1. 3, Figs. 4, 5.
SHELL broad, subglobose; whorls deeply embracing; sides compressed and rapidly converging; dorsuml broadly grooved; umbilicus apparently quite snall, partially obliterated in the specimen.  Septa numerous, crowded, arching forwards on the sides,
and curving slightly backwards on the back. Siphuncle unusually
large. Surface marked by revolving, somewhat irregular elevated
lilnes.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen was found by Mir. R. Homfray at "Dun Glen,"
near the Auld Lang Syne )Mine, Sierra District, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory.




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                            21
GONIATITES, De Haan.
(?AGANIDES, Moutf.*)
G. LAVIDORSATUS, Hauer, sp.
P1. 3, Figs. 6, 7.
(Ammonites Id., Hauer; Sitzungsber. KI. Akad. Wien, 1860. Pi. 3, figs. 9, 10 b.)
SHELL discoidal, whorls many; increasing very gradually in
size; each volution enveloping about one-fourth of the preceding
one. Umbilicus broad and shallow. Aperture sub-elliptical; sides
sometimes nearly straight, emarginate onl the ventral side.  Surface sometimes plain, sometimes strongly ribbed.   When the
ribs are present, they arise on the margin of the umbilicus, and
arch forwards as they approach the dorsum; but always become
obsolete before reaching it.
They present every variety, from  sharp, prominent ribs, to al.
most obsolete undulations, usually being more closely placed in
proportion to their distinctness.
Septum  composed of a dorsal and two lateral lobes, which,
with their saddles, are all mere rounded undulations.  Hauer,
when he described this species, had not seen the septum.
Dimensions:  Diameter across  the  body  whorl, 1.05  inch.
Width of body whorl,.32 inch.  Width of aperture,.25 inch.
These measurements are from the specimen figured. It possesses five volutions.
Another specimen, 1.75 inch in diameter, has eight whorls. The specimen figured
differs somewhat from Hauer's figure in the transverse diameter of the whorls;
but still greater differences exist between specimens found at our locality, both in
this respect and in the prominence and distance between the ribs. Prof. Whitney collected in El Dorado Canon, near Dayton, Washoe, a species which may be
a- It is doubtful whether this name should be accepted. The description given
by Montfort was so indefinite that it might be applied with equal or even greater
propriety to the genus Clymenia. I prefer, therefore, to adopt the name given by
the first author, who characterized the genus properly; especially since, with the
exception of d'Orbigny, all subsequent authors have given it their sanction.




22           PAL/EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
referred to the present one, —some specimens of which must have been a foot in
diameter. From their state of preservation, however, it is impossible to decide
on their identity, since they only occur as indistinct impressions on slate. Dr.
Horn has more recently sent me a specimen, undoubtedly belonging to this species, found opposite the military station in Owen's Valley, Tulare County, California, about thirteen miles north of Owen's Lake, in the foot-hills on the east
side of the valley.
CERATITES, De Haan.
C. HAIDINGERII.
P1. 5, Figs. 8 and 10; and PI. 4, Fig. 9.
(Goniatites Haidingerii, Hauer, Naturwiss., p. 264, P1. 8, figs. 9-11.)
SHIELL compressed, lenticular.  in the young state, the whorls
entirely enveloping each preceding' one; sides slightly arched,
converging towards the dorsum, and then suddenly rounding
towards it.  Dorsum  acutely carinate.  Umbilicus very small.
Aperture emarginate for nearly half its length. Septum, in a
specimen about an inch in its greatest diameter, composed of a
dorsal and seven lateral lobes.
More advanced individuals show a strong modification of these
characters.  In one, having the last whorl with a width of two
and a quarter inches, the sides appear to be flatter, the umbilicus
is proportionally larger, exhibiting a portion of some of the inner
volutions, the dorsum  has lost its central ridge, and becomes
strongly bicarinate, and the lateral lobes of the septurn are double
in number those of the small specimen figured.
The septum consists, as remarked above, of a variable number
of lobes and saddles.  The saddles are simply rounded, though
sometimes irregular; the larger lobes end abruptly, are deeply
notched in the middle, and have one or two teeth on each side of
the notch.  In young specimens, the lobes nearest the dorsal
margin are longest and widest, and show the dentic-uhlate termi



TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                    23
nation most strongly. In the largest specimens examined, the
lobes occupying the same position are a little the largest, but are
very narrow, as are also their corresponding saddles. Their lower
extremities are notched, but not dentate. Dorsal lobe unknown.
Locality: HIumboldt Mining Region, Nevada Territory.
C. WHITNEYI, n, s,
P1. 4, Figs. 11, 12, 13.
SHELL of moderate size; whorls five, enveloping about one-half.
Surface of the whorls flattened on the sides for about two-thirds
of their width, the dorsal third being inclined inwards. Dorsum
grooved by a rounded channel, sometimes deep, at others nearly
flat. Umbilical margin of the whorls abruptly truncated. Urnbilicus broad and shallow; not quite a third of the greatest dianleter of the shell,  Sides ornamented by a variable number of
arching, ribs, which pass from the edge of the umbilical cavity to
the margin of the dorsal groove, These ribs are sometimes
dichotomous and bear a variable number of nodes. The largest
number is four rows, They are placed, one row at the origin of
the ribs, at the edge of the umbilicus; another row at the dorsal
margin; a third on the middle of the whorl, at the point where
the ribs bifurcate; the fourth row is placed between the last two.
The two marginal rows are most constant, although sometimes
only the dorsal row remains. The number of ribs is also variable,
some specimens bearing twice as many as others of the samne size.
Occasionally numerous supplementary ribs occur; while in some
specimens they are nearly or entirely absent.
Septum: Dorsal lobe divided at the end into two small, converging points, by a regularly rounded emargination; dorsal
saddle wider than the lobe and simply curved; superior lateral
lobe terminating in three small tooth-like processes, with an
additional one on each side above. Remainder of the septum
unknown. The part figured extends about half the width of the
whorl. It is taken from a specimen one and a quarter inches in




24          PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
diameter.  The figures of the shells illustrate the most marked
forms of this somewhat variable species.
Named after Prof. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist of California.
AMMONITES, Brug.
A. BLAKEI, 1. S.
P1. 4, Figs. 14, 15.
SHELL discoidal, compressed.   Whorls five or six, truncated
somewhat abruptly on the umbilical margin, usually flattened on
the sides, rounded towards the dorsum, which is sometimes carlnate, sometimes roundcled.  Body whorl enveloping about threefourths of the preceding one.  Umbilicus deep.  Surface some.
times plain, or merely undulated; at other times, it is marked
by numerous ribs, which cross the sides, arching forwards from
the margin of the umbilicus to near the dorsum, where they
generally become obsolete.  These ribs sometimes commence
with a strongly marked tubercle, although they are usually plain.
There are also usually supplementary ribs at irregular intervals.
These ribs arise in the middle or towards the ventral side of the
whorl; andj at a short distance from their origrin, become as large
as the primary ribs.
Septuml: Dorsal lobe divided, at the extremity, into two short
branches, each ending in three teeth; above these branches are
two notches on the side of the lobe; dorsal saddle aboutt as wide
as the lobe, and marked by three shallow notches; superior lateral
lobe a third larger than the dorsal, bifurcate at the end a nd
toothed at the sides; lateral saddle like the dorsal; inferior lateral
lobe smaller than the dorsal, with two processes at the end and
one on each side. Besides these there are two supplementary lobes
and saddles much smaller than those described.  Diameter, 1.85
inch. Width of body whorl,.85 inch. Width of mouth,.55 inch.
A specilen was collected by Mr. R. Homifray, near Star City, IIumboldt, six
inches in diameter, and Withl a row of large nodes on the middle of the vhorl,
from which the ribs biflurcated.




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                         25
This shell is closely allied to A. scaphitiformis, Hauer; but the umbilicus seelms
to be larger; and the septumn, which is of the same general style, is much more
complex, especially in the dorsal and superior lateral lobes.
A. AUSSEANUS, Hauer.
Plate 3, Figs. 16 and 17.
SHELL subglobose; whorls deeply enveloping, increasing very
gradually in size.  Umbilicus small, profound.  Surface smooth
or striate by indistinct lines of growth. Cast marked at intervals
of one-fourth of a volution by a deep groove, caused by a thickening of the shell.  These constrictions bend slightly backwards at
their origin, near the umbilicus, then arch forward on the side
of the whorl and pass straight across, or curve a little backwards
again on crossing the dorsum.  This last character is not always
constant. I have seen several specimens where it was entirely
absent, and others in which it is but faintly exhibited. Aperture
compressed crescentic, very deeply emarginate.
Septum: Dorsal lobe divided for half its length into two branches,
each of which is subdivided into three smaller ones; two smaller
spurs above the branches; dorsal saddIe. about as wide as the
lobe, and trilobate at the end; superior lateral lobe divided into
three branches at the end, with two above on each side, all variously toothed; superior lateral saddle like the dorsal saddle; lateral
lobe like the preceding one, except that it has but two terminal
branches, each of which is bifurcate; lateral saddle like the
others, but smaller; inferior lateral lobe like the superior lateral,
only differing in being smaller.  There are, besides these, two
smaller lobes and saddles.
Dimensions: Diameter, 2.45 inches.  Height of aperture at the
dorsum,.55 inch.  Width of aperture, 1.5 inch.
This shell is so nearly like Hauer's figure that I have referred it to the same
species. It is more compressed laterally, and there seems to be a little difference
in the lateral lobes of the two forms; but these points are not of enough importance to warrant a separation.
PAL. VOL. I.-4




26          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
A. HOMFRAYI, n. s.
P1. 4, Figs. 18, 19.
SHELL small, discoidal, deeply embracing; sides flattened, curving inwards towards the dorsal margin; umbilicus small, less than
a fourth of the diameter of the shell; margin angular; dorsum
bicarinate, channelled between the carinte.  Surface ornamented
by numerous flexuous ribs, arising on the margin of the umbilicus, and crossing the sides in three broad curves, bending abruptly forwards when near the dorsum, and ending on the dorsal
carina, which presents an undulated or tuberculated appearance.
These ribs bear a variable number of rows of tubercles, the most
constant of which are those nearest the dorsum  and on the umbilical margin.  Septum composed of a dorsal and three lateral
lobes.  The dorsal lobe is divided for about a third of its length,
each branch bearing a couple of spurs, and with three or four
simple tooth-like processes above; dorsal saddle narrow above
and slightly notched at the end; superior lateral lobe broad above,
narrow  below, trifid at the extremity, and with three or four
spurs above; lateral saddle shaped almost like two sides of an
equilateral triangle, and slightly notched along the sides; inferior
lateral lobe half the size of the superior lateral, with three irregular spurs at the end, and slightly toothed above; supplementary
lobe much smaller, but nearly a miniature of the last.
Figures, natural size. Fig. b, septum.
LocaEity: E. Range, Humboldt, Nevada Territory. Collected by Mr. Richard
Homr.fray, to whom the species is dedicated.
Some specimens, from the same locality, smaller than the one figured, are more
convex on the sides, and with the ribs proportionally a little larger and less numerous; and with several rows of tubercles, in a few cases nearly as prominent as
the ribs themselves.
A. BILLINGSIANUS, n. S.
P1. 5, Fig. 20.
DISCOIDAL, subcompressed; sides flattened, converging towards
the dorsum, which is regularly rounded; umbilicus about a third




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                            27
of the diameter of the shell; margin rounded; whorls increasing
very  gradually in  size in  the young  shell, afterwards more
rapidly; aperture subcordate; surface plain; septum  composed
of a dorsal and two lateral lobes.  From  the condition of the
specimens, I have not been able to obtain the details; but the
lobes appear to be quite complex, with a tendency to throw  out
long slender spurs.
Figure, natural size; fig. a, section of the body whorl.
Locality: With the preceding. Collected by Mr. Homfray.
Named in honor of Mr. E. Billings, of the Geological Survey of Canada.
A. RAMSAUERI? Quenst.
P1. 3, Fig. 21, 21 a.
(A. Ramsaueri, Q. Hauer; Die Cephalopoden des Salzkammergutes, p. 22, pl. 8,
figs. 1, 6.)
Two or three imperfect specimens of this Ammonite were found by MIessrs.
Brewer and King at Gifford's Ranch, Plumas County, the most perfect of which
is figured. They agree in all external characters with figures 5 and 6 above
quoted; and, in the absence of proof to the contrary, I have referred them to
Quenstedt's species. The peculiar, irregularly placed, nodose ribs, the minute
umbilicus, and the evidently subglobose form of the shell before distortion, forbid
a separation; unless larger specimens should want the anglewhich forms on the
dorsum of adults of the European form; or some difference should be detected in
the septum.
Two or three fragments, showing merely a portion of the side of one volution,
collected by Mr. Homfray, associated with A. IHomfrayi and A. Billingsianus, should
probably bd referred to this species.
The identification of this shell-A. Ausseanus-atid one or two other species,
with known European forms, together with the close resemblance of others to
their European congeners, as well as the great similarity of type between nearly
all of the forms in the American and European deposits, point at once to a nearly,
if not perfectly, complete synchronism between the Trias of the Sierra Nevada
and that of the Alps.




28            PAL2EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
MYACITES. Schlot.
M. (PANOP(EA?) HUMBOLDTENSIS, n. S.
Pi. 5, Fig. 22.
SHIELL equivalve (?), inequilateral; beak between a third and a
fourth the length from the buccal end.  Cardinal margin slightly
elevated; posterior extremity broader than the anterior, and a
little more regularly rounded. Surface marked by a few regular,
prominent, rounded, concentric ribs.  Length, 1.05 inch.  WVidth
from beak to base,.55 inch. Depth of valve,.1 inch.
This shell has only been found as internal casts. I refer it to Schlotheim's
genus, 31yacites, on the same grounds on which he founded the genus,-the external
form. Later authors appear to doubt the validity of the genus. Be that as it
may, it is very probable that among the antique forms, referred to the genus
Panopcea, and of which the hinges have not been discovered, we may find not only
one, but several distinct generic divisions.
Collected by G. Blake, in the Buena Vista District, Humboldt Mining Region,
Nevada Territory.
PANOPCEA, Menard de la Groye.? P. REMONDII, n. s.
Pl. 5, Fig. 23.
SHELL subelliptical, oblique, thin; beaks subcentral, prominent; anterior end rounded; posterior sometimes produced, sometimes regular; most promlineant towards the base. Surface marked
by concentric undulations and fine lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: From  San Marcial, Sonora, Mexico. Collected by Mr. R6mond.
Associated with two or three other bivalves, one apparently a Cardium, too imperfect for description. In the same formation were found fragments of fossil
plants, probably Triassic.




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                        29
CORBULA, Brug.
C. BLAKEI, n. s.
P1. 5, Fig. 24.
SHELL (right valve) subquadrate, convex; beak nearly central;
umbone large, prominent.  Anterior margin regularly rounded;
posterior abruptly truncated.  Umbonal ridge angular, distinct.
Posterior to this ridge the surface slopes at an abrupt angle to
the margin of the shell. Surface ornamented by irregular concentric lines.  Length,.46 inch.  Width from beak to base,.3
inch.  Depth of valve,.12 inch.
A single specimen only has been found. Collected by Mr. G. Blake in the Humboldt Mining Region.
MYTILUS, Linn.
M. IIOMFRAYI, 11. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 25.
SHELL thick, oblique, convex; cardinal margin arched, posterior end convexly and obliquely truncated, anterior margin very
slightly convex.  Surface marked only by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Two specimens from Dun Glen, Sierra District, Humboldt County,
Nevada Territory, associated with Ncautilus multicameratus. Collected by Mr.
Homfray.
This shell belongs to the type of M. vetustus, Goldf., of the Muschelkalk, but is
sufficiently distinguished by its outline, being longer, more slender and more
oblique. It is also somewhat less convex than that species.
AVICULA, Klein, Lam.
A. HOMFRAYI, n. s.
P1. 6, Fig. 26.
SMELL trigonal, oblique; left valve convex, right valve unk-nown.  Cardinal and posterior margins nearly straight, uniting




30           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
by an obtuse angle; basal margin regularly rounded; anterior
sinuous. Surface convex below, excavated towards the posterior
wing; marked only by lines of growth. Anterior wing unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Star District, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory. Collected by
3Mr. Homfray.
A. MUCRONATA, 11. S.
P1. 5, Fig. 27.
SHELL small, compressed, oblique; beaks central; anterior
basal margin rounded, obliquely truncated; posterior prominent;
anterior ear unknown; posterior broad at the base, emarginate
below, and produced at the extremity in the form of a slender
spine-like process.  Surface marked by fine, irregular, linear,
radiating ribs, crossed by a few lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Gifford's Ranch, Plumas County.
HALOBIA, Bronn.? II. DUBIA, n. S.
P1. 5, Fig. 28, a, b.
SHELL equivalve, slightly oblique, very much compressed. Beak
small, hardly projecting beyond the hinge margin; nearly (if
not exactly) central. Cardinal margin straight. Surface marked
by irregular, straight, or waved radiating ribs. These ribs are
marked by fine impressed lines, one of which occasionally becomes deeper than the others, thereby causing a bifurcation.
The spaces between the ribs are deep, and rarely more than half
as wide as the ribs themselves. In most specimens the surface is
crossed by oblique concentric undulations, as in some species of
Leptcena.
The close resemblance of this shell to the genus Orthis is sufficient to throw
some doubt on its correct generic determination. I have examined a large suite
of specimens, and have not been able to detect any trace of an area: this fact,




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                            31
together with the resemblance of the outline, taken from the strina of growth, to
IIalobia Lomeltii of the Saint Cassian formation, renders it probable that they are
generically related, especially when we take into consideration their geological
relation.
Fig. a, represents the inside of a fragment of a valve, the largest specimen col
lected. Fig. b, is from the surface of one of the most perfect specimens. c, is a
magnified view of the ribs.
Localities: Star Canfon, Buena Vista District, Nevada Territory, and Gifford's
Ranch, Plumas County, California.
MONOTIS, Bronn.
NM. SUBCIRCULARIS, n. s.
P1. 6, Figs. 29, 29 a.
SHELL flattened, subcircular, produced behind; beaks placed
between the middle and anterior end; anterior, basal and posterior margins forming nearly a perfect semicircle; the anterior
margin curving regularly inwards, above, to the beaks.  Wing
short, broad, and obliquely truncated behind.  Surface marked
by from  forty to fifty irregular, radiating ribs, alternating in size,
and crossed by fine, squamose, concentric lines.
Figures, natural size, and a magnified view of the surface.
Locality: Gifford's Ranch, Plumas County, California; collected by Prof. Brewer;
and Star District, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory, by Mr. Ilomfray.
This shell is very closely allied to 3M/. salinaria, Bronn; but differs from that
species, as figured by Goldfuss, in being less oblique, more prominent below, less
produced behind; in the- anterior end being regularly rounded above, instead of
bearing a small angle, and in the ear being shorter and broader. The number of
ribs is about the same, and they resemble each other in their being irregularly
undulated and alternating, as well as in the cross strip. The most obvious difference is in the rounded upper end of the anterior margin of this species, instead of
the very distinct angle of MiI. salinaria, almost amounting to a second ear.
RHYNCHOPTERUS, N. Gen.
AVICULOID,   hinge straight, no area; with  a small acute ear
anteriorly, posterior side not alate, rounding upwards and inward
to the cardinal margin.




32           PALIEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
This genus bears almost the same external relation to Avicula, on one side, that
3l1onotis does on the other. None of the specimens show more of the hinge than
that it is straight and slightly thickened.
R. OBESUS, n. s.
P1. 5, Fig. 30, a, b.
SHELL oblique, very convex.  Umbones prominent, placed at
the centre of the cardinal line.  Hinge straight, ear acuminate,
small; posterior margin broadly and regularly convex. Anterior
margin sinuous.  Surface marked by irregular lines of growth,
and occasionally by obsolete concentric undulations.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Rattlesnake Point, near Humboldt City, Nevada Territory.
POSIDONOMYA, Bronn.
P. STELLA, n. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 31.
SHELL subcircular, convex, inequilateral; beaks prominent,
anterior.  Cardinal margin rounded in advance, straight and
slightly sloping posteriorly, and uniting with the anal margin by
a curve. Surface smooth, or marked by a few regular, concentric,
rounded ribs.
Length,.9 inch; width,.75 inch; depth of valve,.18 inch.
Locality: Star Catfon, Humboldt Mining Region.
P. DAYTONENSIS, n. s.
P1. 6, Fig. 32.
SHELL flattened, oblique; beak small, not prominent. Cardinal
line straight, shorter than the greatest length of the shell. Buccal
margin excavated below the hinge-line, convex below, merging
insensibly into the base. Anal margin convex below, nearly
straight above, and inclined inwards to meet the hinge-line. Surface depressed, marked on the cast by a few faint concentric un



TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                         33
dulations. Length,.3 inch from anterior to posterior extremities.
Width,.28 inch. Smaller and more oblique than the preceding
species: the central position of the beak and the straight hingeline will serve at once to distinguish this little shell.
Width,.25 inch; length,.2 inch,
Locality: El Dorado Canon, Nevada Territory, near Dayton.
Collected by Prof. Whitney. Probably of the same age as the preceding species.
MYOPHORIA, Bronn.
M, ALTA, n. s.
P1. 6, Fig. 33.
SHELL small, inequilateral, higher than wide, abruptly truncated posteriorly; anterior end and base broadly rounded; beaks
central, approximate, curved anteriorly; umbonal ridge acute,
with a slight depression immediately in advance; surface posterior
to this ridge abruptly descending to the posterior margin, and
with a few radiating lines; anterior to it~ the surface is marked
only by faint concentric lines.
Figure, twice natural size.
Locality: Dun Glen, Sierra District, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory.
A single imperfect specimen, collected by Prof. Brewer, at Gifford's Ranch,
Plumas County, has most of the characters of this species, and is about the size of
the figure; but differs in having the beak more strongly curved forwards, and in
the anterior margin being more prominent. These differences may be the result of
the difference of age in the two specimens.
PECTEN, Linn.
P. DEFORMIS, n. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 34.
SHELL small, thin, compressed, inequilateral, base oblique, ends
subequal; sides sloping with a slight convexity from  the apex;
ears subequal, moderate in  size.  Surface marked  by about
twenty-five irregular, rather large, radiating ribs, a few of which
PAL. VOL. I.-5




34           PALAE ONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
arise at some distance from the beaks. These are crossed by very
fine concentric lines.
Figure, nearly three times natural size.
Locality: A single specimen from Gifford's Ranch, Plumas County, California,
associated with Ammonites Ramsaueri, Monotis subcircularis, &c.
TEREBRATULA, Lwyd, Auct.
T. HUMBOLDTENSIS, n. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 35, and 35 a, b.
SHELL oval, elongate, smooth, sides regularly curved; base
broadly truncated; lower valve, beaks prominent, incurved; base
with  a broad, rounded sulcus; upper valve rounded  above,
slightly elevated in the middle, below.
Figures, natural size. All of the specimens are so much distorted that their
true outline is almost entirely destroyed. No two specimens are of the same
shape, although the one figured appears to be nearly, if not quite, of the normal
form.
Locality: Abundant in Star Canon, Humboldt County, Nevada Territory.
Collected by Mr. Homfray.
RHYNCHONELLA, D'Orb.
R. LINGULATA, n. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 36, and 36 a, b.
SHELL plicate, ventricose, sides sloping above, convex below,
base subtruncated; lower valve with three median ribs and three
lateral ones on each side; base sulcate and prolonged into a long
tongue-like process, edge serrate; upper valve with four median
ribs, elevated above the general contour of the shell, and three
lateral ones alternating with those of the opposite valve.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: With the preceding species.
Although this shell is also distorted, yet it retains much more completely its
normal form than the Terebratula described above.




TRIASSIC  FOSSILS.                       35
R. AEQUIPLICATA, 9t. S.
P1. 6, Fig. 37, and 37 a, b.
SHELL subglobose, convexity of the two valves equal.  Beak
large, prominent, incurved, sides sloping convexly to the ends
of the hinge-line, beyond which they converge very gradually and
merge into the nearly straight basal margin.  Surface marked by
fourteen nearly equal rounded ribs, which commence on the upper
valve at about one-third of the distance from the hinge, and on
the lower valve at a point opposite to the hinge. The two lateral
ribs on each side are oblique, and end abruptly anteriorly, but
are flat posteriorly. Between the rest are regular rounded grooves
of about the same size as the ribs themselves.  No median sinus.
The four middle ribs extend a little further into the smooth part
of the surface, but differ in no other respect from the adjoining
ones.  No surface markings have been detected.
Length, 1.1 inch.  Width, 1. inch.  Thickness,.85 inch.
From the "Cinnabar District," in the range east of the Humboldt.Mountains.
Collected by Gorham Blake, Esq.
SPIRIFER, Sow.
S. HOMFRAYI, 11, S.
P1. 6, Fig. 38.
SHELL long, narrow, ends rounded, most prominent below the
iinge-line. Upper valve with a broad, regularly concave, median
sinus, and six curved, subangular ribs on each side. Lower valve
with a broad rib, corresponding to the sinus in the opposite valve,
and five lateral ones. Area broad, shorter than the length of the
shell. Beaks rmutilated.
Figure, very slightly magnified.
Locality.' A single distorted specimen found by Mr. Homfray in Star Canon,
Humboldt County, Nevada Territory, near his mill, associated with Terebratula
Ilhtmboldtensis and Rhynchoneila linygulata.








PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
VOL. I.
SECTION III.
DESCRIPTION OF THE JURASSIC FOSSILS.
BY F. B. MEEK.
( 37 )








CLASS BRACIIOPODA.
FAMILY RHYNCIIONELLIDI.
GENUS RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer, 1809.
RHYNCHONELLA GNATHOPHORA, Meek.
Plate 8, Fig. 1, and 1 a, b, c, d, e,f.
SHELL of medium size, subtrigonal or suborbicular, generally
rather compressed, but sometimes gibbous in adult specimens;
the greatest convexity being near the middle. Postero-lateral
margins straight and diverging from the beaks at an angle of
from eighty to one hundred degrees.; Dorsal valve usually more
convex than the other, particularly towards the front, where it
rises into a low, rounded, mesial prominence, rarely traceable
more than half-way back towards the incurved beak. Ventral
valve with a moderately deep mesial sinus, occupying about half
its entire breadth at the front, but narrowing and becoming more
shallow as it recedes, so as to die out near, or a little beyond, the
middle. Beak pointed, rather prominent, and moderately arched.
Surface of each valve ornamented by sixteen to twenty simple,
rounded, or subangular, radiating plications; three to four of
which occupy the sinus of the ventral valve, and four to five the
corresponding prominence of the dorsal valve.
Length (of a rather narrow specimen), 0.80 inch; breadth of
do., 0.72 inch; convexity, 0.44 inch. Length (of wide compressed
(39)




40             PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
example), 0.76 inch; breadth, 0.83 inch; convexity, 0.36 inch.
Convexity of a gibbous specimen, measuring 0.86 inch in breadth,
0.57.
None of the specimens of this species in the collection are in a condition to
show the foramen, or fine surface strise. They give a very clear idea, however,
of all the other external characters, in which it appears not to vary greatly. It
is evidently allied, judging from Mr. Davidson's excellent figures and description,
to a shell from the Inferior Oolite, referred by him with doubt to R. lacunosa,
Schlotheim, sp. I have not access to the figures of 1?. lacunosa, published by
Schlotheim, or Von Buch; but on comparing our California species with those
given by Mr. Davidson, it will be found that the latter represent a shell with more
angular plications, and a less pointed and more inc-urved beak. They also represent the flattened space on each side the beak of the ventral valve, between the
umbonal angles and cardinal margin, as being wider, and the umbonal angles
more defined; while the front, as seen in a side view, is much less obliquely truncated.
Still it is by no means improbable our shell may prove to be identical with some
of the forms referred to R. lacunosa; but until paleontologists have determined
more clearly the limits of that species, and agree in regard to which of the several
types, evidently included in it by some, is to retain the name, we shall probably be
less liable to err, in distinguishing the form under consideration by another name,
than if we were to identify it with Schlotheim's species.
It seems to be the most abundant species in the rock, and the specimens are
generally little distorted.




JURASSIC  FOSSILS.                        41
FAMILY TEREBRATIULJIDA.
GENUS TEREBRATULA, Miller, 1776.
TEREBRATULA. 
P1. 8, Fig. 2, and 2 a, b.
SHELL subovate,  gibbous, greatest convexity at or a little behind the middle; front faintly sinuous on each side of the slightly
truncated middle.  Ventral valve much more convex than the
other posteriorly; forming a regular semi-ovate curve from near
the beak to the front, where there is no mesial sinus, but sometimes an exceedingly faint longitudinal furrow on each side, corresponding to slight elevations in the other valve; anterior margin a little produced, so as to fill a shallow flattened recess in the
edge of the other valve.  Umbo gibbous, and rounding in on
each side without defined lateral angles (point of the beak, in the
only undistorted specimen in the collection, broken away). Dorsal. valve less gibbous, and much shorter than the other, owing to
the prominence and convexity of the umbo of the latter; forming
a. regular gentle arch from the beak to the fiont, where there is
a, low  flattened mesial prominence, with a slight concavity on
each  side of it.  Surface with moderately distinct concentric
marks of growth.
Length, about 1.45 inch; breadth, 1 inch; convexity, 0,85 inch.
This shell bears considerable general resemblance to some varieties of T. perovalis, Sowerby; but is proportionally narrower, and has the umbo of the ventral
valve much more gibbous, and more prominent, as well as less angular on each
side. It would be idle, however, in a genus like this, to pretend to identify a
species, from two or three mutilated and distorted specimens, with any known
form; nor is it desirable, under such circumstances, to name it as a new species.
It is more than probable, however, that it will prove to be new when a good series
of specimens can be examined.
PAL. VOL. r. —6




LAELLIBRANCHI A T A.
FAMILY OSTREIDA.
GENUS GRYPH}EA, Lamarck, 1801.
GRYPHEA
PI. 8, Fig. 4, and 4 a.
SHELL thin, rather under medium  size, varying from  subovate
to suborbicular.  Under valve moderately deep, generally more
or less lobed on the anterior side; beak not prominent, scarcely
rising above the hinge.  Upper valve flait, or slightly concave;
beak not truncated.  Surface of both valves apparently with only
moderately distinct concentric marks of growth.
Length, about 1.68 inch; breadth generally less; convexity,
about 0.45 inch.
The specimens of this Gryphcea, in the collection, are too imperfect to admit of
a sufficiently satisfactory comparison with known species to determine whether or
not it is new. So far as can be made out, from the imperfect specimens at hand,
it seems to present somewhat the form of G. vesicularis; but is considerably smaller
than the average size of that species, and more narrowed towards the beaks. It
also differs in having the beak: of the upper valve not truncated, but angular and
curved a little to the left side. It seems to be more nearly allied to some Jurassic
forms than to G. vesicularis.
(42)




JURASSIC  FOSSILS.                           43
FAMILY LIMIDt.
GENUS LIMA, Bruguiere, 1792.
LIMA? SINUATA, Meek.
P1. 7, Fig. 4, and 4 a.
ShELL (left valve) broad, suborbicular; compressed and rounded
in outline behind; moderately convex anteriorly; basal margin
rounded; anterior side sinuous and distinctly gaping above,
prominent and narrowly rounded below.  Surface ornamented
by from ten to twelve distinct radiating costre, one-half to onethird as wide (at the border) as the depressions between.  Costie
simple, extending to the beak, and more or less roughened or
subnodose from the crossing of the concentric wrinkles of growth.
(Ears and point of the beak unknown.)
Diameter, from  the hinge to the ventral margin, 3.10 inches;
antero-posterior diameter, 3.35 inches; convexity (left valve only),
about 0.60 inch.
The foregoing description was drawn up from a cast of a left valve, with some
remaining fragments of the shell attached, but not in a condition to show the
finer surface-markings or ears. Indeed, until better specimens can be collected
for examination, its generic relations must remain doubtful. In the forward
curvature and attenuated character of the beak, it presents much the appearance
of the curious Jurassic genus Trichites. The absence, however, of any traces of
the prismatic shell-structure of that genus, if not due to metamorphic agencies,
would alone exclude it from that group. In addition to this, it presents unquestionable evidences of having the anterior side distinctly gaping, as seen at g, in
the profile, figure 4 a, plate 7; while in Trichites the valves are said to be closed
all around. I suspect it will be found to present characters that will require for
its reception the establishment of a new genus.




44           PALAIONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
LIMA RECTICOSTATA, Meek.
P1. 7, Fig. 56
THF only specimen of this fossil in the collection is a cast of a right valve with
the margin of the anterior side broken away. I was at first inclined to think it
might be the right Valve of the last-desciibed species; but, on a more careful comparison, it was found to differ so materially in form, the straightness of its cost-,
&c., as to lead to the conclusion that it can scarcely be the right valve of that
shell, unless it belongs to an undescribed genus. Hence it has been thought better
to view it, provisionally, as a distinct species.
It is much compressed, and presents a rhombic-oblong outline,
as seen with a portion of the anterior margin broken away; the
length being considerably less than the diameter from the hinge
to the ventral margin.  Its hinge-line is rather short, and ranges
at right angles to the longer diameter of the shell.  No remains
of ears are visible, the posterior margin rounding apparently into
the hinge-margin above.  The beak is located anteriorly, and
surface ornamented by eleven simple, straight costa, which radiate
backwards and downwards from the beak.  The costsa are rather
prominent, a little narrower than the depressions between, and
present (in the cast) a roughened, irregularly subnodulose appearance, produced by concentric markings, which are also visible
in the depressions between the ribs.
LIMA? CttNEATA, Aleek.
P1. 7, Fig. 6, and 6 a.
SHELL, (right valve) obliquely subtrigonal, or suborbicular;
moderately convex, particularly in the central and posterior
regions, but cuneate anteriorly; posterior side obliquely truncated? anterior margin concave in outline above,  where it is
truncated obliquely forward and downward, to hear the prominent middle, from  which point it rounds into the rounded
base; posterior umbonal slope prominent, and very distinct from
the flattened ear above, in consequence of the abrupt inflection




JURASSIC FOSSILS.                            45
of the truncated posterior side. Beaks curving forward. (Hinge
and ears unknown.) Surface ornamented with about twelve to
fourteen strong, simple, obtuse, radiating plications, which are
ratbher wider than the furrows between, and all curve regularly
forward as they approach the beak; those on the anterior side
descend from  the beaks with an oblique forward curve.  (Finer
surface-markings unknown.)
Diameter from the beaks to the most prominent part of the
ventral margin, about 2 inches; antero-posterior diameter, about
the same; convexity (of right valve), 0.46 inch.
The only specimen of this shell in the collection is a right valve, which has the
point of the beak, both ears (if there were two), and some of the posterior margin
broken away. Hence it is with considerable doubt that I have ventured to refer
it to this genus; and it is quite probable the above description may be found to
require modification, when entire specimens can be obtained. Its most marked
peculiarities, supposing it to be a true Lima, are the for*ard curvatuke of its beaks
and coste, and the prominence of its posterior umbonal slopes.
These characters, together with the strong radiating costse, give the shell much
the aspect of some types of CarditGa, to which genus I should have been inclined to
refer it, provisionally, were it not for the fact that it shows uhnihistakabie remains
of a flattened eari behind the beak. The specimen is not in a condition to show
the size or form of this ear; but it was evidently very flat, arid separated from the
prominent posterior umbonal slopes by an oblique sulcus, formed by the inflection
of the truncated posterior side of the valves.. The specimen gives no indications
of an anterior gap, or of a defined lunule.
In some respects, this species resembles L. striata of Deshayes, and L. radiata,
Goldfuss, from the Muschielkalk; btit it differs from both in the anterior curvature of its beaks and costs, as well as in its cuneate anterior sides prominent
posterior umbonal slopes, and flattened posterior ear.
If we go back of the date of the binomial system of nomenclature established
by Linnatus, in carrying out the law of priority, Klein's name Radula would have
to be adopted forl the genus Lima; and the names of this and the foregoing species
would become Radula sinuata, R'dlula cuiteata, and Radula recticostata. Or, if it
is considered desirable to separate such fossil species from the typical Limas of
more modern date, Sowerby's name Plagiostoma would have to be adopted, and
the names would be Plagiostoma sinuata, P. cuneata, and P. recticostata; unless
some of out shells, as elsewhere suggested, may constitute a new genus.




46           PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
FAMILY PECTINIDAE.
GENUS PECTEN, Muiiller, 1776.
PECTEN ACUTIPLICATUS, Meek.
P1. 8, Fig. 3.
THE only specimen of this species in the collection consists of an impression
of apparently a left valve, in the hard matrix. Owing to the fact that the cars
are imperfect, it is very difficult to determine, beyond doubt, whether it is a left
or a right valve, though the slight obliquity of the plications, and the appearance
of the remaining portions of the ears, indicate that it is the former; while its
very slight convexity goes rather against this conclusion. It may be characterized as follows:
Subovate, compressed, longer from  the hinge to the ventral
margin than the antero-posterior diameter; sides converging
from near the middle to the beaks, at an angle of about 80~;
ventral and ventro-lateral margins regularly rounded; ears flattened, anterior? one with two or three small radiating costse,
and the posterior with one rib near the hinge margin; both
marked with fine striae of growth.  Body of the valve ornamented by fourteen to fifteen regular, simple, sharply elevated,
angular, radiating plications, equalling in size the angular furrows between; crossing the whole are numerous very fine,
crowded striwe of growth, which are deflected so as to follow a
zigzag direction, as they pass over the plications and across the
depressions between.
Diameter from the hinge to the ventral margin, 2.50 inches;
antero-posterior diameter, 2.15 inches; convexity (left valve?),
0.35 inch.
This species belongs beyond doubt to the genus Pecten, as usually understood by
most authors; but does not, however, belong to that genus, as properly restricted
by Lamarck, in 1799, to such types as P. jacobceus, which must be regarded as the
type of the genus. Having no means of knowing to which one of Prof. Agassiz's
unpublished genera of Pectenidc it belongs, it is placed here for the present in the
genus Pecten.




JURASSIC  FOSSILS.                      47
FAMILY PTERIIDIE.
GENUS INOCERAMUS, Sowerby, 1814.
INOCERAMUS? OBLIQUUS, Meek.
P1. 7, Fig. 2, and 2 a.
SHELL small, (right valve) much compressed, obliquely subovate, sub-mytiliform; beak attenuate, oblique and nearly or
quite terminal; anterior side a little sinuous, and sloping backwards above, sloping and a little convex in outline below; postero-basal margin narrowly rounded; posterior margin nearly
straight, ascending forward so as to intersect the short hinge at
a very obtuse angle.  Surface apparently nearly smooth, or with
slight tracings of concentric markings.
Length from the point to the beak, obliquely to the posterior
inferior margin, 1.14 inch; antero-posterior diameter, 0.68 inch;
convexity of left valve, 0.07 inch.
Knowing nothing of the hinge of this little shell, nor of the nature of its left
valve, it is with considerable doubt I have ventured to refer it provisionally to
the genus Inoceramus. If it belongs to that group, it would fall into the section
Mytiloides of Brongniart, unless the other valve is much more gibbous.
INOCERAMUS? RECTANGULUS, Meek.
P1. 7, Fig. 1, and 1 a.
SHELL (right valve) oval-oblong, higher than wide, much compressed, anterior side straight, and almost vertically truncate
above, rounding into the rounded base below; posterior side
forming a broad semi-elliptic curve, rounding to the hinge above;
hinge short, and ranging very nearly at right angles to the truncated anterior margin; beak placed directly over the anterior
edge, not prominent, or projecting above the hinge-line. Surface
with small, obscure, concentric wrinkles.




48           PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
HIeight, 1.17 inch; breadth, 0.97 inch; convexity (of right
valve only), 0.13 inch.
I am equally in doubt in regard to the generic relations of this species, having
seen but a single specimen, which gives no idea of the nature of the hinge, or of
the form of the opposite valve. It differs from the last in being less oblique,
proportionally broader, and in having the beak less prominent, while its hinge
ranges more nearly at right angles to the longer axis of the shell. It is replaced
by a greenish choritic substance, showing Do traces of the shell structure.
FAMILY TRIGONIIJDP.
GENUS TRIGONIA, Bruguiere, 1789.
TRIGONIA PANDICOSTA, Meek.
P1. 8, Fig. 7.
SHELL small, rhombic subquadrate? moQderately convex; beaks
prominent, oblique, and nearly terminal; anterior side very short,
rounding obliquely backwards into the rather short, rounded
base; posterior side comparatively broad, compressed, and nearly vertically truncated.  Corselet wide, compressed, occupying
nearly half the surface of each valve, only marked with distinct, regular thread-like lines of growth, separated from  the
flanks by a linear ridge extending from  the back part of each
beak, with a gentle curve, obliquely backwards and downwards
to the postero-basal margin.  Flanks and anterior side ornamented by six to eight costre, which extend from  the margin of
the corselet, first obliquely backwards and downwards, after which
they are deflected very abruptly forwards and upwards.
Length, about 0.55 inch; height, about 0.37 inch; convexity,
0.35 inch.
Of this little Trigonia there is but a single specimen in the collection, and it is
so firmly embedded in the exceedingly hard matrix, that it is not possible to




JURASSIC  FOSSILS.                         49
determine very exactly its outline, or as clearly as is desirable some of its other
characters. Its costie seem to be without nodes, but it is possible that better specimens might show them to be faintly nodose or crenate. It seems not to be very
closely allied to any species with which I am acquainted.
There are in the collection fragments of apparently two other species of this
genus. One of these is considerably larger than that described, and has the costse
distinctly nodose. They are, however, not angularly deflected, but curved gradually forward.
FAMILY MYTILIDIE.
GENUS MYTILUS, Linnaeus, 1758.
MYTILUS MULTISTRIATUS, Meek.
P1. 7, Fig. 7, and 7 a.
SHELL narrow, subovate, arcuate, moderately convex; the
greatest convexity near the middle, or between it and the beaks;
antero-ventral margin sloping backwards from the beaks, and a
little arched; postero-basal extremity rather narrowly rounded;
dorsal margin moderately arcuate, and passing rather gradually
into the sloping posterior border. Beaks curved a little, more or
less obtusely pointed, and not compressed. Surface with fine
regular radiating strike.
Length from beaks to postero-basal margin, 1.23 inch; greatest
diameter at right angles to the same (below the middle), 0.55 inch;
convexity, 0.36 inch.
This species bears some resemblance to Mytilus pectinatus of Sowerby, from the
Kimmeridge clay; but is less convex, and has less prominent anterior umbonal
slopes, while its radiating strike do not divaricate. Its beaks also appear to be
more pointed, and its postero-basal margin is more rounded.
PAL. VOL. I.- 7




50           PALBEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
FAMILY CRASSATELLIDIE.
GENUS ASTARTE, Sowerby, 1816.
ASTARTE VENTRICOSA, Meek.
P1. 8, Fig. 5, and 5 a.
SHELL of medium  size, suborbicular, gibbous; basal and lateral
margins rounded; beaks moderately prominent, subcentral, or a
little in advance of the middle, obtuse and rather tumid; lunule
apparently rather large. Surface ornamented with regular, distinct, concentric ridges, about equalling the furrows between.
Length and height about 1 inch; convexity near 0.55 inch.
It is with some hesitation this species is placed in the genus Astarte, since the
specimens do not show the muscular or pallial impressions, nor very satisfactorily
the nature of the hinge; while it is a more gibbous shell than is common in that
genus. One of the specimens, however, shows an imperfect impression of the
hinge of a right valve, which, so far as can be determined, seems to be like that
of Astarte.
There are several more or less analogous European Jurassic species; but none
of them appear to be more closely allied to our shell than A. elegans of Sowerby,
which is less convex, and differs in outline. Our shell also differs in having more
convex beaks.
FAMILY LUCINIDhi.
GENUS UNICARDIUM, D'Orbigiy, 1852.
UNICARDIUM? GIBBOSUM, Meek.
P1. 8, Fig. 8, and 8 a.
SHELL thin, rhombic-suborbicular, very gibbous; length somewhat greater than the height; greatest convexity a little above
the middle; beaks nearly central, rather prominent and gibbous;




JURASSIC  FOSSILS.                      51
anterior side somewhat narrowly rounded; dorsal side sloping
and concave in front of the beaks, declining with a slightly convex outline posteriorly from the beaks to the middle of the anal
margin, which is subangular; postero-basal margin truncated
obliquely forward and downward to a point a little behind the
middle of the base; ventral margin rounding down from  the
front, and extending backwards with a slight descent to its intersection with the obliquely truncated postero-basal margin, at
which point there is a slight angularity of outline. Each valve
provided with an obscure posterior umbonal ridge, which descends
with a gentle curve fronm behind the beak to the postero-basal
angle.  Surface with moderately distinct, irregular, concentric
strioe.
Length, 1.62 inch; height% 1.45 inch; convexity, 1.10 inch.
As we know nothing of the hinge, or muscular and pallial impressions of this
shell, its generic relations cannot be determined beyond doubt. From its thinness,
however, and general appearance, we have been led to refer it provisionally to
D'Orbigny's genus Unicardium. Its most marked characters are its posterior
umbonal ridges, and truncated postero-basal margins. We are not acquainted
with any closely allied specifs.
FAMILY ANATINIDA.
GENUS MYACITES (Schlot.), Munster, 1840.
MYACITES DEPRESSUS, Meek.
Pi. 8, Fig. 6, and 6 a.
SHELL rather smiall  depressed, narrow:-sbelliptic, moderately
gibbous in the middle, and along the flanks obliquely backwards
and downwards from the umbones; slightly compressed in the
antero-ventral region.  Extremities very narrowly rounded,-the
most prominent part of the anterior being below the middle, and




52            PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
of the posterior above it; anterior side nearly or quite closed, and
the posterior a little gaping.  Beaks depressed, approximate, located a little nearer the middle than the anterior margin.  Dorsal
outline declining obliquely in front of the beaks, nearly straight
and horizontal behind them, where the margin is inflected so as
to form a narrow false area. Base presenting an irregular, semielliptic outline, being rather more prominent behind the middle
than in front, where it is even slightly sinuous.  Surface ornamented with small, rather irregular, concentric costae or ridges,
which diminish in size to mere lines on the umbones.
Length, about 1.26 inch; height, 0.56 inch; convexity, 0.45
inch.
This species is perhaps most nearly allied to a shell described from the Lower
Oolite by Munster, in Goldf. Petref. Germ. ii, p. 257, under the name Lutraria
tenuistriata, and subsequently included by Prof. Agassiz in his genus Pleuromya
(see Etud. Crit. sur les Mol., tab. 24). It differs, however, from all the forms of
that rather variable species of which I have seen figures or specimens, in being
more depressed, or longer in proportion to its height, and in having its extremities more narrowly rounded; while its beaks are less prominent and placed farther
back. That these differences are certainly not due to accidental distortion is evident from the condition of the specimens. Should the name Pleuromya le substituted for Myacites, this shell should be called Pleuromya depressa, since it is a
typical Pleuromya.




CLASS CEPHALOPODA
FAMILY BELEMNITIDA.
GENUS BELEMNITES, Auct.*
BELEMNITES
P1. 8, Fig. 9, and 9 a.
A FEW fragments of this fossil in the collection are sufficiently well preserved
to leave no doubts in regard to its belonging to the genus Belemnites, though they
present no reliable characters for specific identification. One of the specimens
shows longitudinal and transverse sections of the anterior portion, with the conical
cavity for the reception of the phragmocone filled with the same hard material as
the matrix in which the fossil is embedded. Although somewhat altered by the
metamorphic action to which it has been subjected, the substance of the guard
retains its original fibrous structure. The sections across the anterior cavity for
the reception of the phragmocone show that it wants the characteristic slit of the
genus Belemnitella, and hence miust be a true Belemnite, as that name is generally
applied. Occurs associated with Rhynchonella gnathophora.
* It is probable that a strict compliance with the established laws of nomenclature may compel us to restrict the name Belemnites to the group D'Orbigny
proposed to call Belemnitolla, since Lamarck seems to have been the first regular
binomial author Who used it in a binomial sense; and his only exatnple (Syst. An.
1801, 104) was his B. paxillosus (B. mucronata, Schlot.), the type of Belemnitella,
D'Orbigny. If so, some one of the several names proposed by Montfort would
have to be taken for the group to Which authors most generally apply the name
Belemnites.
(63)








PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
VOL. I.
SECTION  IV.
DESCRIPTION OF THE CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.
BY W. M. G ABB.
(55)








CRUSTACEA.
CALLIANASSA, Leach.
C. STIMPSONII, n. s.
P1. 9, Fig. 1, a, b, c.
HAND subquadrate, flattened, equally convex on both sides,
slightly twisted.  Upper and lower edges acrute; the lower one
crenulate. Fixed finger (from cast) nearly as long as the hand,
not toothed, very slightly curved on its inner edge.  Movable
finger unknown.   Surface irregularly and minutely wrinkled,
and marked along the upper edge by a row of about seven foramina, surrounded by a raised lip looking forwards, and over the
rest of the surface by a number of pustules, which are largest
and most closely placed on the upper half.
The figures are of natural size. Fig. b represents a hand from Chico Creek, collected by Mr. Remond. Fig. c, another hand, found by myself at Clayton, Contra
Costa County, in the sandstone above the coal. Fig. a, three segments of the
abdomen, very imperfect, found in the same mass as the preceding specimen.
Also found near Cafada de las Uvas. From both divisions of the California Cretaceous.
Compared with C. Danai, H. and M., from Nebraska, the hand of this species
is proportionally shorter, broader, and apparently less robust. There are two
species found in New Jersey, and as far south, in the Cretaceous, as Mississippi;
but, as well as I can remember, the hands are in both cases narrower than in the
present one. I placed specimens of both the above in the hands of my friend,
Dr. Stimpson, for description; and take pleasure in dedicating the present species
to him,
raL. VOL. I.-8                                         (57 )




CEPHALOPODA.
BELEMNITES, Cuv.
B. IMPRESSUS, n. s.
P1. 9, Fig. 2, and 2 a.
SHELL elongated, robust, subcylindrical, tapering convexly towards the point for about a fourth of its length; upper portion
expanded, thin. Alveolus extending about half the length of the
shaft; the cavity being divided by plates placed at short distances
apart.  On one side is a well-marked groove extending from the
tip to near the top of the shaft; becoming nearly linear below and
widening out above, until it loses itself in the general swell of
the surface.
From north fork of Cottonwood Creek, southwest of Horsetown, Shasta County;
collected by Messrs. Brewer and Remond.
One fragment of an alveolus was discovered by myself at Mount Diablo in the
gray limestone, associated with Amnmonites lRmondii and Inoceramus Piochii. This
is, I believe, the most southern locality of the species yet known. It is only found
in the older division of the Cretaceous (Div. A.).
Figures, natural size. The section is taken from the point marked a, on the
large figure.
(58)




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          59
NAUTILUS, Breyn., Auct.
N. TEXANUS? SHUM.
P1. 9, Fig. 3, a, b.
(N. Texanus, Shumard. Trans. Acad. of Sciences St. Louis, 1860, p. 590.)
SIIELL subglobose.  Whorls increasing rapidly in size.  Body
whorl, sides convex, narrowing towards the dorsum, widest about
a third of the distance from the ventral, to the dorsal side; back
rounded, sides sloping convexly and sonewhat rapidly from the
widest part towards the umbilicus.  Umbilicus small, apparently
not covered. Surface marked by a number of undulations, which
arise at or near the umbilicus, pass straight to the middle of the
whorl, whence they arch gracefully backwards, crossing the dorsum, where they are most strongly marked.  Siphon nearly central, a little nearest the dorsal side.  Septa gently undulated;
and, at their widest part, placed about one-fourth the width of
the whllorl apart.
Figures, two-thirds of the natural size.
Three specimens were obtained at Alderson's Gulch, Shasta County; and one
from near Mount Diablo, in Mr. Pioche's collection; the last was found by Mr.
Clayton. (Div. A.)
The specimens from which Dr. Shumard described his species were all imperfect. I refer the present form provisionally to the Texas species, with which I
am unacquainted, since it seems to agree very closely with Dr. Shumard's description.
ATURIA, Bronn.
MIIegasi.phonia, D'Orb.
A. MATHEWSONII, n. S.
P1. 17, Fig. 31.
SHELL subglobose, whorls increasing rapidly in size, deeply
enveloping; sides sloping regularly towards the dorsum, some



60           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
what flattened; dorsum  regularly rounded, narrower than in the
preceding species; umbilicus small, closed; surface of the shell
sloping inwards for but a short distance. Distance between the
septa on the dorsum  equals about half the distance between the
umbilicus and the dorsum.
Septa arching gently outwards and forwards for about half
their length in a regular curve, which becomes more abrupt, and,
suddenly bending backwards, forms a long tongue or lobe, the
sides of which are nearly straight; from this lobe the septal margin
proceeds directly to the dorsum in nearly a straight line. Surface
smooth, or marked only by fine radiating lines. Siphon large.
Figure, natural size, from a Martifiez specimen.
Localities: Martifiez and Clayton (Div. A.), and Cafada de las Uvas (Div. B.).
Four specimens of this species have been found, of which two were collected by
Mr. Mathewson. A very young, but perfectly characterized specimen, was found
by myself at Alizos Creek, near Canada de las Uvas; and, more recently, I was
fortunate enough to procure a nearly perfect specimen, sixteen and a half inches
in diameter, at Clayton, Contra Costa County. All of the specimens are unfortunately too much weathered on one or the other side to give a good transverse
section. A perfect shell would probably present nearly the same outline as Fig.
3 b, except that it would be narrower on the dorsum and more regularly rounded.
AMMONITES, Brug.
A. SUBTRICARINATUS, D'Orb.
P1. 10, Fig. 4, and 4 a.
(A. subtricarinatus, D'Orbigny. Prodrome; Vol. 2, p. 212, 1]tage 22. No. 9.)
(A. tricarinatus, D'Orb. (not Poitiez), Pal. Fr., p. 307, P1l. 91, Fig. 1, 2.)
SHELL discoidal; whorls many (number unknown) slightly embracing. Section of whorls subquadrate, narrowest towards the
dorsum.  Sides marked by a few  large ribs, which rise at the
margin of the umbilicus, sometimes by means of a small, flattened tubercle, pass obliquely forwards and outwards, and termi-'late in a large distinct tubercle.
Dorsum marked by three prominent angular ridges, the middle




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                              61
one being the highest;. between these ridges are broad, concave,
shallow grooves.
Septum  composed of a dorsal, two lateral and a ventral lobe.
The dorsal saddle at its top is broader than the dorsal lobe, and
is deeply divided in the middle. The superior lateral lobe is
largest. Lateral saddle about as wide as the superior lateral lobe,
and is not bifurcated.  Further details unknown.
Figures, natural size.
Presented to the Geological Survey by a gentleman at Battle Creek, Tehama
County, and said to have come from that vicinity.
This shell is of the style of A. Leonensis, Con., but can be distinguished by the
proportionately narrower whorls and the presence of three well-marked ridges on
the dorsum, instead of the single one of that species. It is one of the handsomest
species in the State.
A. NEWBERRYANUS.
P1. 10, Figs. 5, 6, and 6 a, b; also, P1. 27, Fig. 199, a, b, c.
(A. Newberryanus, Meek. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. 4, p. 47.)
THE specimens represented by Figures 5, 6 a, b, and c. correspond in the main
with the form described by Mr. -Meek from Vancouver Island, under the above
name. The principal points of difference are in the ribs not being so definite as
described by Meek, and in the absence of the umbilical row of nodes.
By a careful comparison of these specimens with one nearly seven inches in
diameter, obtained by myself on Vancouver Island in the fall of 1863, I find no
differences, except such as can be fully accounted for by the difference in age.
This specimen, much larger than the one originally described, also shows some
other characters. It is figured on P1. 27, Fig. 199, a, b, c. The whorls are thicker
transversely, the umbilical margin is rounded, and the costee are, proportionally,
very much smaller, being barely more than a quarter as wide as the interspaces.
Another peculiar character, not heretofore mentioned, is a minute pustular
roughening of the external surface, producing an appearance not unlike that
caused by the spine tubercles of some of the  pgatcangidce. These pustules are
small, scattered, and the surface between them is somewhat roughened.
The periodical constrictions mentioned by Mr. Meek are not visible on all of
the California specimens, and when they do occur, are not always regularly
placed. On the large Vancouver Island specimen they are entirely wanting.
Figures, natural size. Fig. 6 b, is from a specimen but little over an inch in
diameter.
Localities: Comax (" Koomooks" of Meek), Vancouver Island; north fork of




62            PAL1EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County; Mlartiflez and Clayton, and south of Mounit
Diablo, Contra Costa County. Sonle fragments from Vancouver Island, in the
collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, indicate individuals
of a foot in diameter.
A. BREWERII, II. S.
P1. 10, Fig. 7.
SIHELL discoidal.  Whorls four or five, sides slightly arched,
curving inwards towards the umbilicus, on the margin of which
it is angulated and abruptly truncated.
Dorsurn rounded.  Surface marked by numerous rounded or
subangular flexuous ribs, which arise in the umbilicus, passing
obliquely forwards, cross the  angle of the umbilical margin,
keeping nearly the same direction, then curving so as to cross
the middle of the whorl transversely; after which they again
curve forwards, usually  becoming  obsolete  on  the  dorsum,
although, in one specimen I have seen, they retain their size
completely across the shell.
Septum unknown.
The figure is two-thirds of the natural size. The specimen before me, collected
by Mr. Brewer, is six and a half inches in diameter.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County (Div. A.). The
specimens are all fragmentary casts in a sandstone, and are so distorted as to
render it impossible to ascertain the shape of a section of a whorl; or even to
show the amount of enveloping of the whorls.
The character of the ribs indicates that this species is related to A. Belknapii,
IMarcou; also to A. Peruvianzus, Von Buch, and remotely to A.flacciclicosta, Roemner.
From the first two, it can be distinguished by the dorsum being distinctly rounded
and not carinate; from the latter, by the more numerous and more distinctly
curved ribs and the abrupt umbilical margin.
A. IIAYDENII, n. s.
P1. 10, Fig. 8, and 8 a, b.
SHJELL compressed  discoidal.  Whorls about four, or more,
deeply embracing, flattened on the sides, nearly flat on the dorsum, abruptly truncated in the umbilicus.  Surface smooth, or
marked by very faint undulations.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          63
Septum: Dorsal lobe small, not more than a third as long as
the superior lateral; divided for half its length into two bifalrcateci branches with a small spur above on each side.  Dorsal
saddle broad, oblique, divided into two unequal branches, each
of which is again  subdivided.  Superior lateral lobe broader
than the dorsal saddle, one large branch at the end with five
alternating spurs; on the dorsal side of this there is a very large
oblique branch with several smaller brancllets; the corresponding
branch on the ventral side is much smaller, and has but three
terminal spurs.  Lateral saddle very oblique, smaller than the
dorsal, and divided  into  three  bifurcate  branches.  Inferior
lateral lobe narrower than the superior lateral, with a terminal
branch, and two large and two small alternating spurs on each
side.  The first supplementary lobe is not more than half the
size of the preceding one. The rest, two more, decrease regularly in size.
Figures 8 and 8 a, are two-thirds of the natural size.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County. (Div. A.J
Named after Dr. F. V. Hayden, to whom we are indebted for so large a proportion of our knowledge of the geology of Nebraska and the neighboring Territories.
A. PERUVIANUS, De Buch?
P1. 10, Fig. 9.
The fragment figured is referred with doubt to this species. It is the only specimen yet found, and was collected at Tuscan Springs, Tehama County, by Dr. J.
A. Veatch. The ribs have almost exactly the character of those of the specimen
figured by 1Marcou, Geol. of N. America, P1. 5, Fig. 1 a.
A. TRASKII, n. s.
P1. 11, Fig. 10; P1. 12, Fig. 11.
SHELL robust. Whorls six or more, embracing about onehalf; rounded on the sides and back.  Umbilicus broad and
deep, about a third of the diameter of the shell, sides abrupt,
but uniting with the surface by a regular curve. Surface marked




64          PALIEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
by numerous rounded dichotomous ribs, which arise in the umbilicus, and after crossing the margin, divide into from three to
five branches, which cross the sides straight to the dorsunm;
crossing it, arched slightly forwards.  Occasionally a single rib
arises at the umbilical margin, and crosses the back without
branching.
Septumn: Dorsal lobe large, divided for half its length into two
complex branches with a small. tongue between them; above these
branches are two large and one small side branch. (On the diagram, Fig. 11, the terminal branch is represented broaderthan
usual, owing to the original being somewhat weathered at that
point.) Dorsal saddle occupying half the width of the septum,
deeply divided into four branches, one of which is simply notched
at the end; two of the others are divided into three, and the
remaining one into four smaller branches.  Superior lateral lobe
long and slender, divided above the middle into one long and one
shorter oblique branch; the long branch is nearly straight, terminates in a long single tooth, and has four or five spurs; the
short one is on the dorsal side of the lobe, terminates in two
points, and has two spurs on each side; above the origin of
these branches are two spurs on the dorsal, and one on the ventral side. Lateral saddle about as wide as the superior lateral
lobe, divided into three branches at the end.  Inferior lateral
lobe, two-thirds the length of the preceding one, with four
branches on each side and a terminal one.  Two additional saddles are simply dentate, and the two lobes have merely four
alternating branches.
Figure 10 is of the natural size.
From the collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, presented
by Dr. J. B. Trask.
Locality: Arbuckle's Diggings, Shasta County. (Div. A.)
This species is well marked, especially by the character of its septum. Externally, it is likely to be confounded with one of the varieties of the Protean species,
A. RJmondii, of this section. From Cottonwood Creek, I have seen specimens of
that species, having identically the same septum as Fig. 14 a, but with ribs, only
differing from those of Fig. 10, in being more narrow and isolated at the umbilical margin.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                            65
A. RAMOSUS.
P1. 11, Fig. 12, and 12 a; P1. 12, Fig. 12 b.
(A. ramosus, MCeek. Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. 4, p. 45.)
ONLY two imperfect specimens of this species were found. They came from the
lower division of the California Cretaceous, at Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County.
Mr. Meek, to whom I sent a sketch, says that it " agrees with A. ramnosus, except
in some details of the septa, which are probably not specific."
A. HOFFrANNII, 11. S.
P1. 11, Fig. 13, and 13 a; P1. 12, Fig. 13 b.
SHELL robust; whorls five or more, enveloping about one-half,
abrupt, but rounded on the umbilical edge, somewhat flattened
on the side, rounded on the dorsum.  Umbilicus nearly half the
diameter of the  shell, shallow.  Surface  marked  by  slightly
sinuous ribs, and by an indefinite number of constrictions. There
are nine of these on the last volution of the specimen figured,
while on another there are but six in the same space.
Septum: Dorsal lobe divided nearly half its length into two
branches, each with a long and a short branch on the outer side;
and with one long branch above on each side.  Dorsal saddle
twice as wide as the lobe; deeply bifurcate, each branch divided
into two double spurs. Superior lateral lobe longer than the
dorsal, with three spurs at the end and one above, on each side.
Lateral saddle of the same pattern as the dorsal, but smaller.
Inferior lateral lobe like the superior lateral, but not more than
half as large. Three supplementary lobes, nearly plain, and with
their saddles bifurcate.
Figure, two-thirds of natural size. One fragment before me must have belonged to an individual of at least ten inches in diameter.
Locality: Horsetown, Shasta County. (Div. A.)
The septum of this species is very much like that of A. Newberryanus, Fig. 6;
but while it differs in some trifling details, the external forms of the shells are
very distinct. A. Newberryanus is a very much flatter shell, at all ages, and the
umbilicus is always small, compared with the width of the shell, while in this it
is nearly half of the largest diameter.
PAL. VOL. I.-9




66          PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
A. RE"MONDII, I. S.
P1. 12, Fig. 14, 14 a, and Fig. 15.
SHELL robust, discoidal.  Whorls six or seven; enveloping
about one-third to two-fifths.  Umbilicus about a third of the
whole diameter, rather deep, sides rounded.  Sides of the whorls
somewhat flattened; dorsum broadly rounded.
Surface exceedingly variable. One form (Fig..14) is ornamented by a few large, straight, or slightly sinuous ribs, which
arise in or on the margin of the umbilicus, and pass over the
sides and completely cross the dorsum. Between these are interpolated ribs, arising about the middle of the side, and crossing
the dorsunm like the others.
A second form has ribs, not more than half the width of the
preceding, sometimes dichotomous, and with several series of
nodes on the sides.
Another variety is almost identical externally with A. Traskii,
Fig. 10, being ornamented by a series of ribs, which, arise on
the margin of the unmbilicus, and afterwards divide into from two
to five branches, which cross the dorsum.  The septa are, however, markedly constant. Dorsal lobe broad above, narrower
below, a well-marked tongue between the branches, two spurs on
the outer side of each branch, and three above these.  Dorsal
saddle occupying a third of the septum, deep, and divided into
two large and two smaller branches. Superior lateral lobe nearly
as wide as the dorsal, terminated by a trifurcate branch, with
four spurs above on the dorsal side and two on the ventral.
Lateral saddle deeply divided into two parts, each of which is
subdivided.  Inferior lateral lobe very small, terminating in two
dentate spurs, and with two on the dorsal side.  Two very small
supplementary lobes beyond these are merely dentate; the saddles
being equally simple.
Fig. 14 is of the natural size. Fig. 15 is a part of a specimen, the outer whorl
of which is fifteen inches in diameter.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County (Div. A.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                            67
I should have hesitated in considering all of these forms as one species, had I
not had a large series for study. In every case the septum is the same, and there
are many specimens showing intermediate characters between those specially mentioned above.
A. BATESII,
P1. 13, Fig. 16, and 16 a, b.
(A. Batesii, Trask. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1855, vol. i, p. 40.)
SHELL discoidal. XPWhorls eight or nine, not enveloping, merely
in contact for about a third of the transvei se width; section nearly
circular, slightly sinuous on  the ventral side; sometimes the
dorso-ventral diameter being greatest; at others, especially in old
shells, the transverse diameter is longest.  Surface marked by
numerous fine, rather sharp, elevated ribs, crossing from  the interior of the umbilicus obliquely forwards over the dorsum.  In
some specimens the interspaces are marked by fine revolving
lilies.  In others these lines are absent.
Septum  composed of a dorsal lobe and three oin the side. Dorsal lobe deeply divided, each branch bearing two lateral ones;
above the origin of these are two others. Dorsal saddle divided
into two bifurcate branches.  Superior lateral lobe a third larger
than the dorsal, bifurcate at the end, each branch divided into
two smaller, and these again divided; above the origin of the
large branches are a large and a small spur on each side.  Superior lateral saddle like the dorsal,  Lateral lobe of the same pattern as the superior lateral, but a third smaller,  Inferior lateral
saddle like the others, but smaller and a little less minutely
divided.  Inferior lateral lobe simply divided into three or four
dentate spurs.
Figure, natural size of the specimen. One broken specimen, showing none of
the body chamber, measures fifteen inches in diameter; and, when perfect, must
have been at least twenty-two inches across. In this specimen the end of the
whorl measures five and a half inches in height and seven and a half in transverse
diameter.  The width of the umbilicus, measured from the sutures, is seven
inches. This measurement is not in proportion with the figure given; the whorls
increasing more rapidly in size as the shell becomes larger.




68          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
Locality: The specimelln figured, one of Dr. Trask's original specimens, is from
Arbuckle's Diggings, Shasta County. This species has been found abundantly on
the north fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, and the large specimen mentioned above is from. Bald Hills, in the same county. It is also found at Benicia
and at Curry's, south of MI\ount Diablo. It is one of the most characteristic species
of the older beds in this State.
A. CHICOENSIS.
Pl. 13, Fig. 17, and 17 a, b.
(A. Chicoensis, Trask. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1856, vol. i, p. 85, P1. 2, Fig. 1.)
SHELL discoidal, flattened.  Whorls five or more, enveloping
about two-thirds. Sides nearly flat, slightly convex in the middle,
truncated abruptly on the dorsal and umbilical margins. Sides
marked by a series of dichotomous ribs, which originate on the
margin of the urnbilicus, usually from a series of flattened nodes,
branch on or a little beyond the middle of the side, and terminate
at the margin of the dorsum  in another row of similar nodes.
There are also on the ribs usually firom one to four tubercles, distributed regularly along their length. )orsum carinate in the
middle.  One small specimen shows the usual form, septum and
dorsal carina, but the ribs and nodes on the sides and on the angle
of the dorsum are absent.
Septum composed of a dorsal and three very unequal lateral
lobes. Dorsal lobe small, confined entirely to the flat dorsum,
divided by a shallow, rounded sinus, each branch terminating in
three or four teeth, two small spurs above. Dorsal saddle broad,
oblique, bifurcate.  Superior lateral lobe terminating in a tridentate branch, with two large oblique spurs above. Lateral saddle
divided into four rounded branches. Inferior lateral lobe with
six small spurs. One supplementary lobe with two small terminal
spurs, and on the umbilical aspect of the whorl is a single tonguelike process.
The young form of this species resembles closely the corresponding stage of A. _Delawarensis, Morton, but in adult specimens
of that species the whorls become very thick, the ribs decrease in




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                            69
number and carry large tubercles, and the difference of the septum  is sufficiently marked to distinguish them.
Localities: Chico Creek, collected by Dr. Trask; Pence's and Kelly's Ranchos,
twelve miles north of Oroville, Butte County; Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou
County; and I have found a single specimen on the Rancho de San Luis Gonzaga,
Pacheco's Pass, Merced County (Div. A.).
A. COIPLEXUS?
(A. complexus, II. and M. Trans. Alnier. Acad. of Arts and Sciences, 2d series,
vol. 5, p. 394, P1. 4, Fig. 1.)
A SPECIMEN in the collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences,
from the debris of the Cretaceous at Folsom, probably belongs to this species.
The external shape agrees with the specimen figured in the plate quoted above,
as well as does the septum, as far as I have been able to trace it. It differs, however, in having distant, well-marked ribs, which arch forwards and cross the dorsum. There are fourteen of these on half a whorl, of a specimen originally about
five inches in diameter. The ribs are most prominent on the latero-dorsal portion
of the whorl, being nearly obsolete on the back itself. I can only refer it doubtfully to the above species, though I trust that I shall hereafter be able to settle
the point; more particularly on account of the valuable link in the chain of evidence of the parallelism of the California Cretaceous with known beds on the
eastern side of the continent. A variety of this species has been described by Mr.
Meek from Vancouver Island, under the name of A. complexus, var. Suciaensis.? A. CooPERII, n, S.
P1. 14, Fig. 23, and 23 a.
I PROPOSE this name for a Cephalopod from near San Diego, of
which I have only seen fragments, very much compressed.  The
surface is ornamented by two rows of nodes (on the side?) with
ribs extending across, some passing through one, some through
two of the nodes; while others originate in one and end in another.  By the peculiar arrangement of the ribs, there are about
a third more on the middle of the fragment than on the margins.
Septum: The fragment exhibits two lobes and one and a half
saddles. The small lobe on the diagram is placed on the upper
(dorsal?) side of the upper row of tubercles. Both lobes are of




70          PALIEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
the same pattern, dcliffering only in size, and consequently in complexity of their minuter details.  They are bifurcate, each branch
being divided into two or three spurs; above these branches are
two spurs on each side, all being finely dentate.  Saddle deeply
divided for more than half its length, each branch bifurcate. This
septum approaches that of Ammonites.Batesii, but differs in many
of its details; the smaller lobe being towards the dorsal margin,
and apparently occupying the place of the superior lateral, is a
well-marked character.  The ornaments of the surface are also
very peculiar.
The reference of this shell to the genus Ammonites may probably-prove to be incorrect.  Two or three specimens were collected, the best of which is figured.  No whorls having been
found in contact, it may prove to be a Helicoceras, or even  tTnmites.
It is of particular interest from the fact that it is one of the oldest
fossils found in the southern part of the State, being considerably
below the newer Cretaceous fossils of San Diego.
Locality: From a shaft sunk in search of coal on the west side of Point Lorna,
opposite La Playa, San Diego, and presented by Mr. E. W. Morse to the Geological Survey.
HAMITES, Parkinson.
HI. VANCOUVERENSIS, n. S.
Pi. 13, Fig. 18.
SHELL large, section elliptical, longest diameter from dorsal to
ventral side. Inner width of the curve less than the diameter of
the smaller arm. Surface marked by numerous sharp ribs crossing
the shell, inclined obliquely forwards; well marked, but diminished
in size on the ventral side; largest laterally; each rib carrying a
small flattened tubercle on the latero-dorsal angle; some ribs in
the curve, on the ventral side, exhibit a tendency to tuberculation, but, the shell being broken off at that point, their presence




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                             71
cannot be certainly determined.  Interspaces between the ribs
broadly concave.
Septum  unknown.
Figure, one-half natural size.
Locality: "'Vancouver Island," associated with Ammonites Nlewberryanus and
another Ammonite, species undetermined; and a Baculite, figured on pl. 9, fig.
28 a, and pl. 6, fig. 28, b.
Closely allied, in form and ornamentation, to If. Flremontii, Mareou, Geol. N.
America, p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 3. It differs in the ribs continuing completely across
the ventral face, and in each rib carrying a node, instead of every third rib, as in
Marcou's species.
HELICOCERAS, D'Orb.? H. VERMICULARIS, n. s.
P1. 13, Fig. 19, and 19 a, b.
SHELL small, subcompressed.  Section elliptical.  Curve broad,
regular.  Surface marked by numerous small rounded ribs, regular in size, and extending completely around the shell, being
slightly oblique and less distinct on the ventral side.
Septum composed of a dorsal, ventral, and on each side two
lateral lobes.  Dorsal lobe divided into two bifurcate branches,
with three rounded spurs above.  Dorsal saddle wider than the
lobe, bifurcate, each branch being divided into two.  Superior
lateral lobe about as long but wider than the dorsal; the pattern
is the same.  Lateral saddle shorter than the dorsal, and of the
same pattern.  Inferior lateral lobe two-thirds as large as the
superior lateral, and more simple.  Ventral saddle small, divided
into two unequal bifurcate branches.  Ventral lobe half as long
as the preceding; trifid at the extremity, and with two or three
teeth above on the sides.
Figure, twice natural size.
This species has only been found at one locality, namely, on a hill southwest of
Martiiiez, in Contra Costa County, in the lower division. It appears to be allied
to H. Mlortonii, Hall and Meek, sp., Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 2d
ser., vol. 5, p. 396, pl. 4, fig. 8, but differs in being much smaller, having propor



72           PALJEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
tionatelv smaller ribs, no nodes, and in details of the septum. It is not rare at
the locality mentioned above, but has never been reported from elsewhere. It is
the smallest Cephalopod in the Cretaceous formation of California, so far as is yet
known.
IH. BREWERIII,. S.
P1. 14, Fig. 22, and 22, a, b.
SHELL small, whorls slightly compressed.  Surface marked by
small oblique ribs, encircling the whorls, faintest on the ventral
side.  At intervals of every four or five ribs there occurs a much
larger one, faint on the ventral surface, but prominent on the
sides and back.  These ribs bear a small tubercle on each side of
the dorsum.
Septum  unequal on the upper and lower side.  Dorsal lobe
larger than the others, rather slender, bifurcate; each branch with
a lateral spur externally and two smaller ones above. Dorsal
saddles nearly equal, bilobate at the extremities. Superior lateral
lobes shorter than the dorsal. The one on the lower side is broad,
with the sides nearly parallel; the other is of the same shape as the
dorsal, except that thlie terminal branch on the dorsal side is longer
than the other. Lateral saddles of the same pattern as the dorsal,
the upper one being broadest. Inferior lateral lobes of the same
pattern as the dorsal, the lower one being largest.  Ventral saddles very small, equal and simply notched.  Ventral lobe not as
large as one of the branches of the dorsal; trifid at the extremity,
and with one small tooth above on each side.
Length of the fragment,.85 inch.
This species is founded on a single specimen, found by Prof. Brewer at Pence's
Ranch, twelve miles north of Oroville, Butte County, associated with Amrwonites
Chicoensis, A. IRmnondii, and many other species of Division A.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                             73
DI. DECLIVE, n. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 200, and 200 a.
I PROPOSE this name for a fragment of a small species, forning
about three-fifths of a whorl from  the non-septate portion of the
shell.  It is sinistral; the um)bilicus is about equal ill diameter to
the greatest width of the largest portion of the whorl; the whorls
appear to be nearly their own width apart.  The surfatce is ornamnentecl  by numerous uniform, oblique ribs, nearly obsolete on
the ventral side, prorninernt on the dorsurn.  Section elliptical.
Figures, natural size,
Locality: Pence's Ranch, Butte County (Div. A.).
This shell resembles, in size and general,appearance, II. LBreweri't, spra?, but
differs in being more oblique, in the greatest diameter of the whorl being vertical,
instead of transverse, and in the absence of the occasional large ribs.
TURRILITES, Lain,'. (sp. indet.)
Pl. 20, Fig. 201.
A  FRAGMENT, showing the outer and part of the under surface
of about a fourth of a whorl.  The outer surface is marke(d by a
series of regular, oblique, and slightly curved ribs, nearly obsolete in the middle, and each bearing four nodes, two above tand
two below.  Under surface plain.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: From a brown sandstone (Div. A.), near Jacksonville, Oregon. Collection of Prof. Whitney.
PAL. VOL. I.-10




74          PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
PTYCHOCERAS, D'Orb.
P. AEQUICOSTATUS, nl. s.
P1. 13, Fig. 20.
SHELL robust, section subeircular, slightly flattened on the ventral side. Surface ornamented by a series of rounded ribs with
regularly concave interspaces.  These ribs appear to differ in size
only in proportion to the growth of the shell; they pass entirely
around the shell, obliquely backwards from  the ventral to the
dorsal side, being somewhat faint on the ventral surface.  There
is no sign of bifurcation of these ribs on any of the specimens I
have seen. From one imperfect impression, showing twenty-six
ribs, it seems that on a single rib there have been two tubercles
or spines; one near the dorsal and the other near the ventral
side. This is on the small branch. I can detect no trace of this
character on any of the other specimens.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Alderson's Gulch, and Eagle Creek,
Shasta County (Div. A.).
P. (? HAMITES) QUADRATUS, n. s.
P1. 15, Fig. 21; P1. 14, Fig. 21 a.
SIIHELL small, section subquadrate, angles rounded, sides nearly
flat, dorso-ventral diameter about a third more than the transverse.  Surface marked by very small rounded ribs, which cross
at right angles with the length, and become linear and slightly
arched forwards on the ventral side. Besides these ribs are periodical constrictions, placed about the width of the shell apart,
and which are deepest on the sides and back.
Septum: Dorsal lobe slender, divided into two bifurcate
branches, and with three regularly diminishing spurs above.
Saddles all of the same pattern, but differing in size. Dorsal
wider than the lobe, deeply bifurcate, each branch divided into




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       75
two smaller ones, notched at the ends.  Superior lateral lobe
bifurcate; each branch divided into two processes at the end and
a lateral one above; above the origin of these branches are a
large and a small spur on each side. Lateral saddle like the dorsal, except that it is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom.
Inferior lateral lobe like the superior, but smaller. Ventral saddle
smallest of the three. Ventral lobe deeply trifurcate at the tip
with two lateral spurs.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen from the lower division (A.), at Pence's Ranch,
Butte County.
CRIOCERAS, Lev., D'Orb.
C. (ANCYLOCERAS?) REIMONDI, n. s.
Pi. 14, Fig. 24, and 24 a.
DISCOIDAL; whorls increasing rapidly in size, flattened on the
sides; dorsal surface narrow, convex; ventral, flat or very slightly
concave. Transverse diameter less than half the dorso-ventral.
Space between contiguous whorls narrow, but well marked. Surface marked by numerous small flexuous ribs, of about equal
size, which arise on the ventral margin of the whorls and pass
entirely across the back; these ribs are often dichotomous, and
occasionally, though rarely, anastomose near the dorsum. In one
case, remains of a few small dorsal spines were observed. These
were placed in two rows, one on each side of the back.  The
ventral surface is finely striate transversely, the strise arching
forwards.  Of the septum, I have only been able to see the dorsal
and superior lateral lobes and their corresponding saddles.  I
have not been able to detect any difference other than that of
size and consequent complexity between this and the one figured
on pl. 15, fig. 30 a; except that the dorsal lobe is somewhat
shorter relatively in the present specimens.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Diiv. A. Named in honor of Mr.
116mond, who collected all the specinmefs I have seen.




76          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
Figure, natural size. There are 9'pecimens which show about a third of.a vwlution in addition to the size figured.
C. LATUS, II. S.
P1. 15, Fig. 25, and 25 a; and P1. 14, Fig. 25 b.
SHELL broadly spiral; section of whorls nearly as broad as high,
narrowest towards the dorsum. Suriface ornamented by alternate
large and small ribs; of the former, there are twenty-six or
twenty-seven on the last whorl, with sometimes three, sometimes
four of the small ones between each pair. These ribs commence
on the ventral margin and cross towards the back, either directly
or curving slightly backwards, and thein bend slightly forwards
in crossing the dclorsum.  The ventral surface is marked by very
small ribs, which arch strongly forwards.  Each large rib bears
on its dorsal front two spines, which are represented by tubercles
on the cast. Besides these, there are two others on each side,
one on the ventral margin, and one about midway between this
and the one on the dorsum.
Septumn composed of a dorsal and ventral lobes, and two lateral
ones on each side.  Dorsal lobe divided for about half its length
with a small bilobate tongue in the middle; each branch carries
two lateral projections; above the origin of these branches are
two smaller spurs, the upper one smallest.  Dorsal saddle biloebate; each branch divided into three or four smaller ones. Superior lateral lobe longer than the dorsal, divided at the middle into
three enormous branches, the middle one of which is straight,
trifurcate at the end, and with two small spurs above onl each
side; lateral branches long, curving downwards; that on thle
dorsal side longest, andcl both with several side spurs.  Above
the origin of these branches the lobe has on each side a couple
of spurs, the longest being below.  Lateral saddle of the same
pattern as the dorsal, but smaller.  Inferior lateral lobe not more
than half as long as the superior lateral, more simple, biut of the
same pattern.  Ventral saddle half the size of the dorsal, dlivided
in nearly the slame manner.  Ventral lobe as lono, nearly as




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                              77
broad, and of almost the same pattern as the superior lateral,
being slightly more complex.
Figure, four-fifths of natural size.
This species is very closely allied to C. Duvalii, Lev.; but there are several
strong points of difference. The section of the whorls, in the present species, is
nearly twice as broad as in the figure given by D'Orbigny, Pal. Fr., vol. 1, pl.
113, or that by Bayle and Coquand, MIem. Geol. Soc. France, 2 ser., vol. 4, pl. 8.
The whorls are smaller in. diameter when young, and increase more rapidly in
size than in the figure given by D'Orbigny. The spaces between the whorls are
also larger in proportion to the size of the shells, and the number of large ribs to
a volution is nearly twice as great as given by D'Orbigny. There are also several
points of difference in the septum. The lobes are all more slender, and the inferior
lateral lobe is much smaller in proportion than in D'Orbigny's figure. The ventral lobe, however, shows the greatest difference. In C. Duvali'i it is small; in this
species it is as long as the superior lateral and more complex.
Locaeity: Near Weaverville, in the Trinity River, Trinity County; from a
boulder.
C. PERCOSTATUS, 11. S.
P1. 16, Fig. 26; and P1. 17, Fig. 26 a.
SI-IELL large; section of whorls rounded, subquadrate, as broad
as high, somewhat narrowed towards the dorsum; sides flattened;
back flat, or but slightly convex; ventral surface usually a little
concave,  sometimes plain.  Surface marked by plain ribs, small
and numerous on the younger whorls, but which become fewer
and larger as tle shell increases in size  until in the adult state
they are large, prominent, isolated by broad interspaces, and sometimes forming a sixth of the whole height of the whorl.  These
ribs c6mmb ence at the ventral margin, curve backwards sliglltly,
and then pass directly to and across the back; they are often
dichotomous in the young shells, but never so in the adult.
Interspace between the volutions very small, being  scarcely
greater than the thickness of the shell substance.
Septum  almost exactly like the succeeding.  I have not been
able to see all of the parts, but such portions as I have been able
to study do not seem  to differ in any details; althouglh probably
perfect specimens would show soDme points of diffirence.




78          PAL1EONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
Figures, half natural size.
Locality: Found in Div. A, of the Cretaceous, abundantly on the north fork of
Cottonwood Creek; also at Arbuckle's Diggings, Shasta County; and a specimen
was picked up by Mr. Rdmond on the shore of the Straits of Carquines, west of
Martinez.
In the square dorsum and the mode of costation, this shell is not unlike some
of the forms of Ammonites Remondii (supra); but -it can be at once distinguished
by the separation of the whorls.
ANCYLOCERAS, D'Orb.
A. (sp. indet.)
P1. 15, Fig. 30, and 30 a.
FOUR specimens of this fossil have been discovered, two at
Cottonwood Creek, and two at Arbuckle's Diggings, Shasta
County.  They all agree in being nearly cylindrical, the section
being elliptical.  They taper very gradually from one end to the
other, and are all of nearly the same size. They differ, however,
somewhat in the surface-markings, the ribs being more or less
distinct, and in the angle which these ribs take with the axis of
the shell.  In one specimen, the ribs are well marked, curved,
and occasionally dichotomous; in another they are much more
oblique, more numerous, and vary very much in size.
The septum is composed of a dorsal and ventral lobes, and two
lateral ones on each side. Dorsal lobe divided for half its length,
each branch bearing four or five external lateral spurs, and three
or four smaller internal ones; between these branches are two
small, distant, tongue-like spurs; above the origin of the terminal branches are two large lateral ones, the upper one being the
smaller.  Dorsal saddle broad, deeply divided into two lobes,
each of which is divided into two smaller ones, which are in turn
subdivided. Superior lateral lobe placed in the middle of the
septum; longer than the dorsal lobe, with the body more slender;
divided at the middle into three very large branches, the middle
one nearly straight, and almost an exact miniature of the wholo




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                              79
lobe, each branch being similarly placed, but not so complex; the
lateral branches send off numerous spurs above and below, some
of which are again divided.  Above these three main branches
are three smaller ones on each side, increasing in size from above
downwards.  Lateral saddle like the dorsal, but a third smaller.
Inferior lateral lobe half tile size of the superior lateral, with
nearly the same pattern. Ventral saddle a little smaller than the
lateral. Ventral lobe as long as the dorsal, and differing from
the superior lateral only in some small details of the smaller
branches.
Figure 30, two-thirds of natural size.
After a careful study of these specimens, and comparison with all the forms
with similar septa, it seems to me more than probable that they should be associated with C. (Ancyloceras?) Rlmondii. The reasons are as follows: No part of
the septum, of either form, would militate against such a union; the surface ornamentations of the two are not more unlike than are often found in the same
species; and, lastly, the two groups of specimens are of just the proper size to fit
each other, the smallest of the present specimens having a long diameter of 1.9
inch, while the largest of the spiral specimens measures 1.7 inch across.
The remarkable resemblance between the details of the septa of so many forms,
widely distinct in external characters, cannot fail to strike the least acute observer.
Here we have Crioceras percostatus, C. latus, C. Duvalii, and C. (Ancyloceras?) Remondii, with septa differing from the present form much less than is often observed among individuals of the same species; and only differing from Ammonites Newberryanus in the number of lobes and saddles; but without any iimportant variation in the pattern of the dorsal, or next two succeeding lobes and
their saddles; and yet it would be preposterous to call them all by the same specific name. It will thus be seen, that while the septum is one of the most
important aids in determining the species of Cephalopods, it cannot always be
relied on, even so far as to prove that specimens belong to the same genus. At
the same time, however, when taken in connection with other characters, it is
undoubtedly of great value.




80          PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
BACULITES, Lam.
-B. CI11COENSIS.
P1. 17, Fig. 27, and 27 a; P1. 14, Fig. 27, b, and 29, and 29 a.
(Bac. Chicoensis, Trask. Proc. Cal. A. N. S., 1856, p. 85, PI. 2, Fig. 2.)
SHELL elongated, very slightly tapering, section varying from
subelliptical or ovoid to subtriangular; dorsal side narrowest,
sometimes marked by a narrow, square carina. Sides smooth, or
ornamented by broad, slightly prominent, curved ribs, whllich have
their convexity downwards and the longest limb on the dorsal
side.  Mouth (restored firom lines of growth) deeply eliarginate
on the sides, with a long lip on tile dorsal side, and a shorter one,
not more than half as high, on the ventral side.  Septum  on the
same plan as in B. anceps. Dorsal lobe broad, with a small
tongue-like projection in the middle and a minute spur on each
side; terminal branches forming nearly half the length of the
lobe, bifid at the end, with a, short side branch at the base, one
small spur above. Dorsal saddle deeply divided into two double
branches. Superior lateral lobe a fourth longer than the dorsal,
terminating in two narrow parallel branches, each ending in three
spurs with a tooth above on each side; above these branches the
lobe suddenly widens, and bears on each side an oblique, robust
branch, with a, shorter one above it, and sometimes a small spur
above this. Lateral saddle larger than the dorsal, and a little
more minutely divided. Inferior lateral lobe a little shorter and
slightly broader than the superior lateral, divided for a third of
Lts length into two double branches, each one ending in two
uniequal spurs; between these, the excavation is either simple or
bears a single minute tooth; above these, on the dorsal side, are
three small spurs, and on the ventral side two larger ones. Ventral-saddle minute and simply notched. Ventral lobe not more
than a third as long as the preceding, ending in three spurs, with
two or three above.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                                81
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Chico Creek; Pence's Ranch, Butte County; Cottonwood Creek,
Shasta County; Orestimba Catfon, Stanislaus County; in debris at Point Loma,
near San Diego (?); and near AMartiflez (Mathewson).  Only found in Div. A.
The most common form is that found in the above localities, in the northern
part of the State, having few or no ribs, and with an outline more or less approaching an ellipse (Fig. 27). The costate form (Fig. 29), in which the dorsum
is more or less acute, is connected by imperceptible gradations with the other, and
differs from it in that, while every branch and spur of the septum agrees with the
diagram (Fig. 27 b), still the lobes are all somewhat more slender. The specimen
illustrated by Fig. 29 is from near Martiflez, and is one of the best examples of
this form.
B1. (sp. indet.)
P1. 17, Fig. 28, 28 a; P1. 14, Fig. 28 b.
THis form, labelled "Vancouver Island," in the collection of the California
Academy of Natural Sciences, is figured, in the hope that it may throw some light
on the determination of this truly difficult group of fossils. Externally, it cannot
be distinguished from the preceding, unless by its usually greater size, some specimens being two inches in their dorso-ventral diameter. The lines of growth
appear to indicate somewhat shorter lips to the aperture. The differences in the
septum can be better understood by a comparison of the figures on pl. 14, than by
any description. In place of the tongue, in the middle of the dorsal lobe, there is
always a minute emargination. The relative sizes of the dorsal and lateral saddles
are well marked, as well as the proportionate size and general form of all the
lobes. The terminal branches of the superior lateral lobe are markedly different;
and the two large and two smaller teeth in the middle of the inferior lateral lobe
of the present form cannot fail at once to distinguish it. A careful comparison
of a large number of specimens of both the forms has failed to detect any important variation in any of these details.
PAL. VOL. I.-11




GASTEROPODA.
TYPHIS, Montf.
T. ANTIQUUS, n. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 31.
SHELL small, spire high, whorls five (or six?) angular, subcarinate on the shoulder, and marked by several varices, number
unknown. Varices small, obtusely angular, and not very elevated;
one, or perhaps two, elongated tubercles between each pair of
varices; tubuli short, open.  Last tube broad, short, circular at
its encl. Mouth pyriform, acute below, rounded above. Outer
lip thickened, canal closed, anterior extremity unknown. Surface
marked only by lines of growth.
Length, about.6 inch.
Locality: Two imperfect specimens have been found by Mr. MIathewson at Bull's
Head Point, northeast of Martiflez (Div. B.). They are both very much mutilated,
the upper whorls being entirely denuded of shell and the anterior end of the canal
broken. The species is, however, interesting, as being the oldest known species
of the genus.
FUSUS, Lam.
F. MARTINEZ, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 32.
SHELL fusiform, elongated; whorls six, very convex, suture
distinct, spire high.  Canal straight, aperture unknown.  Surface
marked by large longitudinal ribs, which commence a little below
(82)




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        83
the suture and merge into the surface below the point of greatest
convexity of the whorl; these are crossed by a few small, but distinct, revolving ribs.  Where the longitudinal ribs approach the
perpendicular, they show, in one or two cases on the specimen,
a tendency to form an obtuse angle. Between these ribs the surface is broadly and regularly concave, the interspaces being a
little wider than the ribs themselves.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen found by myself at Bull's iead Point, northeast of
Martinez.
F. MATHEWSONII, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 83.
SHELL fusiform, spire turreted; whorls seven, angular. Aperture about as long as the spire, narrow; inner lip slightly incrusted, outer lip simple.  Body whorl biangular; the upper
angle acute and more prominent than the lower, which is obtuse.
Surface marked by alternating ribs, some of which are linear,
while others are quite broad.
Figure, natural size of the largest specimen.
Locality: AMartinez (Div. A.), collected by Mr. Mathewson, to whom the Survey is indebted for a number of fine specimens. I have also found it at Clayton,
in a stratum of brown sandstone, overlying the coal; and at Cochran's, six miles
east of Mount Diablo, in Div. B. Imperfect specimens from Curry's, south side
of Mount Diablo.
F. AVERILLII, n11 s
P1. 18, Fig. 34.
SHELL slender, fusiform, spire high, acute; whorls seven, sloping
on the upper surface, rounded on the side, except the body whorl,
which is obtusely angulated. Lower part of the body whorl
unknown.   Suture  impressed, distinct.  Surface  marked by
slightly oblique, rounded ribs, which commence just below the
suture, and, after crossing the shoulder of the whorl, pass about
an equal distance below it. These are crossed by a few revolving




84           PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
lines, which are somewhat enlarged on the crest of the ribs, forming small tubercles. Two of these lines, just below the suture,
form distinct ribs above the origin of the longitudinal ones.
Figure, about two-fifths magnified.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Div. A.). Named after Mr. Averill,
one of the members of the Survey.
F. DIABOLI, 11. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 3t5.
SHELL elongated, fusiform, slender, spire acuminate, a little
longer than the aperture, sides flattened.  Whorls seven, very
slightly convex.  Aperture narrow; columellar lip apparently
incrusted by a very thin layer of enamel; outer lip simple. Surface marked by longitudinal ribs, about a dozen on the body
whorl; these ribs extend, on the last volution, for about half its
length, gradually blending into the surface.  Across these are
numerous fine, impressed lines; although in some of the specimens they appear to be faint, or perhaps entirely absent.
The figure is somewhat magnified.
Locality: From the strata above the coal at Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo;
and some casts, probably of this species, from near Clayton, in the same position.
(All in Div. B.)
F. ARATUS, n. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 202.
SHELL robust, fusiform, spire rapidly tapering; whorls six, or
six and a half, rounded on the side, abruptly truncated above,
and strongly channelled below the suture.  Aperture rounded,
acute behind, columella not incrusted, anterior portion unknown.
Surface marked by lines of growth, and anteriorly by a few revolving lines.
Figure, about two and a half times the natural size.
Locality: A single specimen, marked, "near Martiilez," in the collection of
Mr. Remond.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          85
F. FLEXUOSUS, I. S.
Plate 21, Fig. 109.
SHELL elongated, slender, fusiform; aperture slightly longer
than the spire.  Whorls seven or eight, rounded; suture impressed.  Surface marked by numerous small longitudinal ribs,
crossed by small revolving lines. Mouth long, narrow, broadest
above; canal long, curved.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Division A., near Martifiez.
This shell differs from F. Diaboli in the shorter and more robust spire, the less
strongly marked longitudinal ribs, and the long, crooked canal.
F. KINGII, n. s,
P1. 28, Fig. 204.
SHIELL long, slender, fusiform; spire high; number of whorls
unknown.  Mouth long and narrow; canal straight.  Surface
unknown; from the cast, it seems to be ornamented by at least
two, if not three revolving rows of tubercles, and by a series of
elevated revolving lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single cast from Division A., from Cottonwood Creek, Siskiyou
County, north of Yreka. Named after VMr. Clarence R. King, who, with Prof.
Brewer, collected all the fossils brought from this locality.
F. CALIFORNICUS.
P1. 28, Fig, 205, and 205 a.
(? Clavatula Californica, Con. P. R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 322, pl. 2, fig. 11.)
SHELL fusiform, ventricose; spire barely as long as the mouth
whorls seven, rounded, the upper ones longitudinally ribbed;
these ribs becoming obsolete with age, and entirely absent on
the last whorl. Suture impressed. Mouth narrow in advance;
canal slightly curved. Surface, in addition to the longitudinal




86           PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
ribs, crossed by numerous fine revolving ribs, sometimes showing
a tendency to alternation in size, especially on the anterior part
of the shell.
This shell does not appear ever to attain so large a size as either of the preceding species.
Figures, natural size, and magnified.
Localities: Clayton; Cochran's, near Mount Diablo; and Alizos Creek, near
Fort T6jon.
SUBGEN. HEMIFUSUS, Swains.
F. (H.) HORNII, ii. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 206, and 206 a.
SHELL unequally fusiform; spire low, tapering concavely.
Whorls six, the last bi- or tricarinate; the others with  one
rounded carina, except the one or two forming the extreme
apex, which are rounded, smooth, and without markings. Mouth
biangular above, gradually  narrowing below; canal straight.
Surface marked by two or three series of prominent tubercles,
connected longitudinally by acute ribs, which are prolonged
above to the suture, and below to irregular distances, becoming
gradually obsolete.
Between these are numerous linear, revolving ribs, which
rarely cross the longitudinal ribs. In addition to these are
numerous fine lines of growth.
The upper whorls are merely cancellated.
Figures, natural size and magnified.
Locality: Near Fort Tejon.
Named after Dr. Geo. H. Horn, who collected all the specimens I have seen of
this, the prettiest species of California Cretaceous Fusus.
F. (HI.) COOPERII, n. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 207.
SHELL of nearly the same outline as the preceding, except that
the spire is a little higher, and tapers convexly; whorls six, in




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          87
a shell of nearly twice the size of the former.  Surface marked
by three rows of large, rounded tubercles, one on the extreme
upper edge, two below.  These tubercles are not always placed
directly opposite each other, and could not have been connected
by the rib of the former species.  Details of surface-marking
unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: San Diego, and Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo.
In all of the specimens the surface is so much decayed that, while the coarser
ornaments are still discernible, the fine markings are obliterated. Better specimens will probably show revolving lines, since traces of that character seem to be
retained by one specimen.
F. (H.) REMONDII, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 36.
SHELL filsiform, spire low; whorls five, rounded or subangular.
Aperture long, moderately wide. Inner lip simple; outer lip
thin, acute; canal long, straight.  Body whorl rounded, or in
some specimens marked by three faint angles on the widest part,
the lower two placed nearer than the middle and upper ones.
Surface closely cancellated by numerous fine, linear ribs, sharply
defined, the included spaces being flat.
The low spire and regular form of the last whorl will serve to
distinguish this pretty species, even in fragments.
Localities: Collected at Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo, by Mr. Remond,
and afterwards found by Mr. Mathewson and myself at Bull's Head Point, northeast of Martinez (Div. B.). Of the specimens found at Cochran's none were more
than an inch in length; while few of the Martiniez shells were smaller than the
figure. Also found at Alizos Creek, near Fort Tdjon.




88            PALiEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
NEPTUNEA, Bolt.
N. CURVIROSTRIS, In. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 37.
SMALL, robust.  Spire low; whorls six, rounded.  Aperture
moderate, inner lip simple, outer lip acute, crenulated internally.
Canal long, broadly recurved.  Suture distinct. Surface marked
by numerous revolving, impressed lines, filler above, becoming
more distinct below.  One of these lilies, immediately below the
suture, is much broader and deeper than the rest.  Across these
lines are numerous, somewhat irregular, curved lines of growth.
Usual length, about.8 inch, although one fragment before me
must have belonged to a specimen about 1.2 inch in length.
Locality: Cow Creek, Shasta County (Div. A.). Collected by Messrs. Brewer
and R6mond.
N. PONDEROSA, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 38.
THIcK, robust, spire high, whorls plane or slightly convex;
four or five in number; suture linear, more distinct as the shell
increases in size; undulated. Surface marked by a few large
ribs, varying in number and size on different speciimens.  These
ribs are crossed by numerous revolving lines, all of the same
size, on young specimens, but alternating irregularly on the
larger whorls. Aperture broad, rounded subquadrate; columella
slightly curved, outer lip straight, crenulate internally.  Canal
short, having at the extremity anll oblique groove, indicating a
rudimentary umbilicus, but entirely closed and very shallow.
The figure is of about average size. The largest specimen I have seen is broken;
but, were it perfect, it would have been about 1.8 inch in length.
Localities: Tuscan Springs (" Lick Springs"), collected by Dr. Veatch; and
Pence's Ranch, above Oroville, Butte County (Div. A.), collected by Prof.
Brewer.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         89
N. PERFORATA, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 39.
SMALL, robust; whorls five, very convex, suture deep; first two
whorls smooth or finely cancellate, remainder ornamented by
large, oblique ribs, nearly as high as wide, starting at the suture,
and extending nearly the whole width of the whorl, becoming
obsolete at their lower ends. These are crossed by numerous
sharply defined, linear, revolving ribs, which cover the whole
surface, and occasionally, though rarely, alternate in size. Aperture wide, rounded.  Outer lip acute on the edge, inner surface
smooth (? judging from  the cast); columella incrusted, pierced
anteriorly by a minute, shallow, umbilical depression; no trace
of a sinus anteriorly.
The usual size of the specimens is about.4 inch; the largest is.55 inch.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek (Div. A.); not rare.? N. SUPRAPLICATA, 11. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 40.
SHELL small, fusiform; whorls five or more, regularly convex;
suture well marked; spine nearly as long as the mouth. Surface
markedl by a number of small longitudinal folds on the upper
half of the whorls, commencing at the suture; remainder of the
body volution covered by distinct revolving ribs of about equal
size throughout. Canal slightly curved. Aperture unknown.
Length, about.55 inch.
This shell is of about the same size, and nearly the shape of Nassa cretacea; but,
even in fragments, it can be distinguished by the higher and more slender spire,
and the peculiarity of the surface-markings.
Localities: San Diego, collected by Dr. Cooper; and (?) Clayton, Contra Costa
County (casts).
PAL. VOL. I.-12




90          PALZEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
N. HOFFMANNII, n. s.
-PI. 18, Fig. 41.
SHORT, robust, shell thick; whorls five or six, convex; suture
linear, marked below by a slight carina on the upper edge of
the succeeding whorl. Surface ornamented by oblique, slightly
sinuous ribs, which do not extend to the suture above, and become obsolete just below tile line of greatest convexity of the
whorl.  These are crossed by a few revolving ribs, which disappear on the lower third of the whorl.  Besides these, there are
irregular, and, in some cases, prominent lines of growth. Aperture wide; columellar lip slightly incrusted; canal short, not emarginate anteriorly.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek (Div. A.). Named in honor of Mr.
Hoffmann, the topographer of the Geological Survey.
N. GRACILIS, I1. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 42.
SLENDER, fusiform; shell very thick; spire small, slender, not
as long as the mouth; whorls convex. Aperture narrow, rounded
posteriorly; canal somewhat elongated, slightly curved. Surface
marked by small, regular, angular, revolving ribs, crossed by
longitudinal undulations.
The only specimen I have seen is injured by the external layer
of the shell having been broken off with the matrix, leaving only
undulations in the place of the ribs. The internal surfaces of
the shell in the aperture seem to exhibit the same ribs as the surface, although the substance of the shell itself-is unusually thick.
Length of the fragment (having lost the upper one or two
whorls),.8 inch.
Locality: Bull's Head Point, northeast of Martinez (Div. B.). Collected by Mr.
Mathewson.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        91
PERISSOLAX, Gabb.
P. BREVIROSTRIS, 11. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 43.
SHELL short, robust, thick; spire of moderate height; whorls
five, enveloped in such a manner that only the upper surface of
the preceding whorls is visible,  Suture distinct, bordered below
by a carina, or sometimes a mere swelling of the upper edge of
the whorl.  Apical angle variable, sometimes uniform from  the
apex to the angle of the last whorl; in other specimens it is irregularly convex, from each whorl making the angle more acute.  In
one specimen the first two whorls are very acute, and the rest
unusually obtuse.  Surface biangular, sometimes with a smaller
ridge below; marked on each angle by a row of large blunt tubercles, usually placed opposite each other, and each series connected
by a low, rounded rib. These, as well as the rest of the shell,
except the canal, are crossed by numerous variable revolving ribs,
which are largest in the deep excavation just below the lower
carination.  Mouth simple, wide above, suddenly narrowed into
the long, slender canal in advance, Columella slightly incrusted
and faintly undulated in the middle,
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Tuscan Springs, Martinez, Pence's Ranch, &c.; very characteristic
of Division A.
The only marked variation in this species is in the somewhat irregular manner
in which the spire is enveloped by each successive whorl. A slight difference
may be found in the presence or absence of the third (lowest) row of tubercles.
It is rare to find them entirely absent.
I place this shell in the genus Perissolax, nobis, although the canal is unusually
short; a character which approaches that group to the true Fusus, and of which
it may probably be considered only a subgenus.




92          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
P. BLAKEI.
Fl. 21, Fig. 110.
(Busycon? Blakei, Con. Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 322, P1. 2, Fig. 13.)
SIELL elongate; spire moderately elevated.; whorls six to six
and a half, angular; suture small, faintly channelled. Body whorl
ornamented by two prominent, nodose carinwe, with a concave
surface between them; the upper one only visible on the upper
whorls; upper surface of the whorls inclined, plain or gently
concave; surface marked by faint revolving lines. On one specimen there is a distinct, non-tuberculate rib between the two constant ones, and a faint angulation below the lower one.
Aperture elongated, broad above; below, rapidly narrowing
into the long, slender canal.  The aperture and canal are more
than two and a half times as long as the height of the spire,
measured from the posterior angle of the mouth.  Canal slender,
very sliglhtly curved.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: From Division B., near AMartifez, where the only perfect specimen
has been found. I have found it abundantly near the coal-mines at Clayton, in
the same strata at Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo, and near the Canada de las
Uvas, Los Angeles County, where it is abundant.
TURRIS, Bolt., 1798.
Pleurotoma, Larm., 1799.
T. CLAYTONENSIS, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 46.
ELONGATED, fusiform; spire slender, high.  Aperture narrow,
straight, widest posteriorly, about as long as the spire.  Sinus
deep, narrow, rounded, commencing a little below  the suture,
and situated entirely above the nodose angle of the whorl; outer
lip acute, rounded, most prominent about half-way between the




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                      93
angle and the anterior extremity.  Surface ornamented by a row
of oblique nodes on the angle of the whorls, and by small ribs
above and below; a single one, larger than the rest, bordering
the upper edge of the whorl, just below the suture; the ribs
above the angle are linear, those below are larger, subnodose, and
diminish in size anteriorly.  The lines of growth are faint.
Length of the specimen, less the upper whorls,.5 inch; probable total length,.58 or.60 inch.
A single specimen, found by myself, in an excavation above the " Clark" or
upper coal-vein, near Clayton, Contra Costa County (in Division B.).
T. (S. G. DRILLIA) VARICOSTATA, n. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 47.
SHELL elongated, fusiform, spire high, whorls eight, subangular, suture indistinct; surface rnarked by a few large, roundled,
oblique ribs, most prominent on the angle of the whorl, slightly
extended belowv, arind becoming suddenly obsolete above; these
are crossed by numerous linear ribs, largest on the most promi.
nent part of the whorl.  Aperture elongated, widest above, and
rapidly narrowing below.  Sinus broad, rounded, commencing
at the suture.
Length,.6 inch.
Locality: Same bed as the above, but in an adjoining hill.
CORDIERA, PLouault.
C. MICROPTYGMA, n. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 203.
SMALL, slender, fusiform; spire high, composed of eight slightly
convex whorls; suture sharply impressed.  Aperture elongated,
subacute behind, prolonged below; canal unknown; inner lip
heavily incrusted; columella curved, bearing four or five small,
rounded, oblique folds, placed close together; outer lip with the




94            PALAONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
sinus broad, rounded, and shallow.  Surface marked by small,
curved, longitudinal ribs, running parallel with the outline of the
outer lip, most prominent a little below the suture, obsolete in
advance, and placed close together; there are about from thirteen to fifteen of these ribs to a volution, and they are crossed by
fine, revolving stritp.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Near Fort T jon; Dr. Horn.
The discovery of this shell in the Cretaceous Formation is interesting, inasmuch
as it carries the origin of the genus one formation lower than was heretofore
known. As might be expected in the oldest known species, the generic characters
are not as strongly marked as they are in the Tertiary forms. The folds on the
columella are small, very oblique, broad, and not prominent; showing an approach to the plain columella of the true Turris.
TRITONIUM, Link.
Triton, Montf.
T. HORNII, n. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 208.
SHELL robust, fusiform; spire high, whorls seven, angular, and
sloping above. Aperture elongated, broad, and biangular above;
columella but slightly incrusted; canal gently curved.  Surface
marked by an irregular number of rows of tubercles; sometimes
there is but a single row on the upper angle of the whorl; in
other specimens there are three rows, more or less distinctly connected by longitudinal ribs; these are crossed by prominent
revolving lines. Varices promrinent, not numerous. The elevated
apex and angular form, as well as the prominent tubercles, will
at once distinguish this from either of the following species.
Fig. 208, magnified to about twice the size of the specimen. Some fragments
before me, however, indicate that the species sometimes attains a size even greater
than the figure.
Localities: Not rare at Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon; and a single specimen
wvas found at Cochran's, near Mount Diablo (Division B.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                            95
T. DIEGOENSIS, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 44. e
SHELL fusiform, robust; whorls five or six, convex; spire about
as long as the aperture. Surface ornamented by sinuous, rounded,
longitudinal ribs, which extend almost entirely across the body
volution, and by fine, revolving, linear ribs, which  cover the
whole  surface.   Aperture  rounded, wide; columella slightly
curved; lip but slightly emarginated anteriorly.  The varices are
few and small.
Length,.55 inch.
In shape and markings this species resembles Neptunea perforata; but the spire
is higher, the whorls less prominently convex, the longitudinal ribs much longer,
less prominent and sinuous; while in that species they are nearly straight and
much more oblique. In this species the columella is thicker and curved, instead
of straight as in N. perforate, and the umbilical depression is absent.
Locality: San Diego (Division B.). Collected by Dr. Cooper.
T. PAUCIVARICATUM, n. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 209, and 209 a.
SHELL short, robust; spire elevated, whorls six, convex, convexly truncated above; mouth broad, outer lip crenulated internally; inner lip incrusted, recurved, and dentate anteriorly.  Suture deep.  Surface marked by numerous small, longitudinal ribs,
very oblique above, more transverse below; these are crossed
by numerous, alternating, revolving lines.
Varices large, but few.
Length,.6 inch.
This shell is of nearly the same size and shape as Neptunea perforata. It can be
distinguished, however, even in weathered specimens, by the more numerous and
finer ribs, the presence of varices, and the curved columella. From T. Diegoensis
it is sufficiently separated by the smaller and more numerous ribs, the more convex
whorls, and the deeper suture..
Locality: Alizos Creek, near Fort Tijon (Division B.)




96           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
T. WHITNEYI, II. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 210, and 210 a.
SHELL fusiform, turreted; spire high, whorls seven or eight,
subangular; suture small, but distinct.  Mouth wide above, narrowed ill advance; canal slightly curved anteriorly.  Surface
marked by prominent nodes on the angles of the whorls, prolonged slightly above and below; these are crossed by numerous, well-markedcl, revolving lines, sometimes alternating in size.
FJigures, natural size, and magnified to show the peculiarities of the surface
markings.
Localities: Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon, and a single cast from San Diego.
BUCCINUM, Linn.
B. LIRATUM, n. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 211.
SHELL ovoid, robust, test thick; spire low, whorls four and a
half to five, convex.  Aperture elongate, deeply notched in advance; outer lip simple; inner lip lightly incrusted, more heavily
below than above; umbilicus distinct, but imperforate.  Surface
marked by numerous rounded, longitudinal ribs, with interrmediate spaces somewhat smaller than the ribs themselves; these
run somewhat obliquely, especially at the top, where they curve
slightly from  behind forwards.  The lower third to half of the
shell is marked by numerous small, revolving, impressed lines.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Not rare at Martifnez, Clayton, and Marsh's Ranch, in Contra Costa
County (Division B.).
Except for the absence of the deep revolving groove on the middle of the body
whorl, this shell might be placed in the genus Pseudoliva.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                           97
NASSA, Lam.
N. CRETACEA, n. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 49.
SHORT, fusiform, spire rather elevated; whorls five, rounded,
suture distinct.  Surface ornamented by small longitudinal ribs,
commencing at the suture and passing nearly across the whorl;
these  are  crossed by fine  revolving  lines.   Canal not very
strongly recurved; sinus small, distinct (represented somewhat
too small in the figure).  Aperture acdlminate posteriorly; columella but slightl-v incrusted.
Length, usually about half an inch.
Locality: Not rare at Bull's Head Point, near Martilnez (Div. B.).
N. ANTIQUATA, nI S,
Pi. 18, gig. o50,
SHELL thin, proportionally broader than the preceding species;
whorls five, rounlded, suture impressed.  Stirface ornamented by
fine longitudinal ribs, almost linear and ntimerous, crossed by
revolving impressed lines, closely placed above, more  distant
below.  Aperture  ovate, very  narrowly  rounded  posteriorly;
columella very slightly incrusted, broad, catial but slightly recurved. Length of the specimen,.7 inch; probable length when
perfect,.8 inch.
This species is founded on a single specimen, found by Mr. Mathewson at Bull's
Head Point, near Martinfez. It is larger than any of the specimens of the preceding species that I have seen. The form is proportionally shorter and broader,
and the sculpturing of the surface is markedly different. The shell appears to be
minutely cancellate to the naked eye, and the cast, where denuded, exhibits no
traces of ribs, while in the other species the cast is distinctly undulated.
PAL. VOL. I.-13




98           PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
HAYDENIA, N. Gen.
SHELL massive, allied, in general form, to. Oliva, spire low.
Outer lip simple, not thickened nor crenulate; inner lip incrusted,
callus most marked posteriorly, without teeth or folds; canal
slightly recurved; anterior extremity of the mouth notched, and
a small sinus at the posterior extremity of the aperture, where
the outer lip unites with the body whorl.  Surface ornamented
as in some of the Buccinidse.
This curious form is probably a link between Buccinum and the genus Volu-t
harpa, Fischer. It differs from the latter in the thick shell, the presence of the
posterior sinus, the strongly recurved canal, and the sculpturing of the surface.
The irregular, rough surface at once separates it from Oliva; since, in the present
form, the mantle of the animal, evidently, never enveloped the shell.
Named in honor of Dr. F. V. Hayden, of Washington.
Hl IMPRESSA, n. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 51.
SHORT, robust, shell thick, spire low; whorls four, almost entirely enveloped; body whorl expanded.  Aperture broad, columella curved, coated by a callus varying in size slightly, in
different individuals, extending posteriorly above the suture.
Canal slightly recurved; anterior sinus broad, posterior silus
small, as deep as wide, rounded. Surface marked by a groove
parallel with the suture and immediately below the sinus and
on the anterior half of the shell, by seven or eight distinct, impressed, revolving lines. These are crossed by numerous strong,
irregular lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Division A.), collected by Dr.
Veatch (".Lick Springs" of Dr. Veatch); and Pence's Ranch, Butte County.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                      99
PSEUDOLIVA, Swains.
P. LINEATA, n. s.
P1. 18, Fig. 52.
SIELL nearly conical; whorls four, spire low, suture excavated,
bordered by a rounded rim on the succeedinlg whorl; body whorl
terminating above in a rounded or somewhat flattened border,
below which is a narrow, concave depression; below this the
whorl attains its greatest width, and then gradually narrows,
sometimes a little convexly, to the anterior end. Sides of the
aperture nearly parallel; incrustation of the columella small,
thin, and not extending posteriorly beyond the aperture; anterior
sinus broad, shallow; posterior sinus placed entirely in the upper
surface of the whorl, next the suture, twice as wide as deep.
Canal but slightly recurved.  Surface ornamented by numerous
linear, revolving ribs, and by a single, deep impressed line, about
the middle of the whorl.
Figure, average size.
Locality: Northeast of Martiiiez, in Division B.; collected by Mr. Mathewson.
P. VOLUTEFORMIS, n. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 212.
SHELL thick, robust, resembling in shape the subgenus Athleta
of the Volutes.  Spire elevated, acute; whorls five and a half,
sloping; suture irregular; body whorl sloping inwards convexly.
Aperture long, rather narrow, biangular above, deeply notched
below; outer lip simple, acute; inner lip heavily incrusted.;
colurnella slightly twisted in advance.  Surface ornamented by a
row of prominent, compressed tubercles on the angle of the body
whorl, and below this by a series of revolving, impressed lines,
faint above the median groove, more distinct below.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: But two specimens of this beautiful but aberrant form have been
found; they are from near Fort Tajon, and were collected by Dr. Horn.




100           PAL2EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
OLIVELLA, Swainson.
O. MATHEWSONII, n. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 53.
SMALL, fusiform, spire somewhat elevated; whorls five, suture
deeply channelled and margined above by a slightly raised rib.
Surface smooth.  Anterior end, with two or three plications.
Aperture acute behind, broad in front, and deeply notched.
Length,.8 inch.
Localities: Northeast of Miartinez; collected by IMir. Mathewson. Also found
abundantly at Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon.
ANCILLARIA, Lam.
A. ELONGATA, n. s.
Pi. 18, Fig. 54.
SHELL small, slender, elongated; spire high, whorls six, sides
flattened, suture obliterated (fronm an impression in the matrix).
Aperture narrow, acuminate posteriorly, columella folded in advance. Surface smooth.
Length,.4 inch; width of body whorl,.14 inch.
Two specimens were collected by Dr. Cooper from the most recent Cretaceous,
near San Diego. The shell in both cases is very soft and much injured, but the
impressions in the matrix still exhibit the surface characters. The long slender
form will serve to distinguish this shell from the preceding, even in casts.
Localities: Near San Diego; Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo; and Clayton,
(Division B.)
FASCIOLARIA, Lam.? F. LAEVIUSCULA II. S.
P1. 18, Fig. 55.
FUSIFORM, shell thick, spire elevated, whorls?  Body whorl
convex, smooth, except on the canal, where it is faintly marked




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         101
by a few indistinct, oblique, revolving lines.  Upper part of columella and aperture unknown; lower portion of the columella
tortuous.
Figure, natural size. The outline is in part restored from another fragment.
The species is founded on the fragment figured, and another, still more imperfect,
of the body and preceding volution. I describe it here, because it is one of the
few species found in the strata immediately below the coal in the Mount Diablo
district, and may be important in identifying the same beds elsewhere. It is
associated with several species found also at San Diego and Martinez (Bull's Head
Point), in Division B. From a hill, southeast of "Mine Hill," near Clayton,
from a formation below the coal-bearing strata.
F. SINUATA, 11. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 213 a.
SHELL robust, fusiforn; spire high, whorls six to six and a
half, rounded; suture linear, impressed. Mouth rounded on the
sides, acute above, narrowed below.  Columellar lip very slightly
incrusted; canal curved. Surface marked by about eight sinuous
ribs on each volution, most prominent on the angle.  These are
crossed by numerous revolving, elevated lines, usually alternating
very regularly in size.
Figures, natural size and magnified.
Localities: Alizos Creek, near Fort Tdjon; and San Diego (in Division B.).? F. Io,. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 214.
SHELL turreted, spire high, whorls seven and a half, angulated,
flat or slightly concave above, and nearly straight below; marked
on the angle by a series of prominent, flattened tubercles. Mouth
biangular above, rapidly narrowing in advance; outer lip simple;
inner lip very faintly incrusted; columella abruptly bent in advance; extremity of the canal unknown.   Surface marked by
numerous revolving lines, crossed by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen found by Dr. Geo. IH. Horn, near Fort Tejon.




102          PALIEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
I have not been able to expose sufficient of the inner lip to ascertain satisfactorily whether there are the requisite folds to place this shell in the genus 1;'esciolaria. Until more material shall have been obtained, the determination will
therefore have to remain doubtful. The species is named from its resemblance to
the fresh-water genus Io.
VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.
V. NAVARROENSIS, Shum.?
P1. 19, Fig. 56.
LARGE, fusiform, thin, tapering nearly equally from the middle
towards both extremities. Spire conical; whorls six to seven;
those of the spire sometimes flattened, sometimes convex below,
and flattened or slightly concave near the suture; body whorl
flattened near the suture, gently swelling in the middle, and
tapering or broadly and regularly concave below.  Mouth long,
narrow, acute behind, and with the sides nearly parallel in advance; outer lip acute; columella with three thin, linear, oblique
folds on the middle. Suture distinct, impressed. Surface marked
by longitudinal ribs, faintly sinuous, sometimes distinct and
prominent, at others nearly obsolete; commencing a short distance below the suture, and losing themselves about or just below
the middle of the whorl.  When they are well marked, there are
about fourteen or fifteen on the body whorl; but, as they become
less distinct, they are more numerous.  These are crossed by sixteen or seventeen revolving ribs; the first three (sometimes four)
of which are small, plain, and placed above the origin of the
longitudinal ribs; the next five or six are represented by a tubercle on each longitudinal rib, but are obsolete in the interspaces, the rest being plain, or more or less nodose. Three of
the tubercular ribs are visible on the upper whorls.
Figure, natural size of the largest specimen.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, abundant; collected by Dr. Veatch. Also found at
Pence's Ranch, above Oroville, Butte County; Jacksonville, Oregon; Siskiyou
Mountains; Chico Creek, Butte County; and Cow Creek, Shasta County (in
Division A.).




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                            103
This species agrees so closely with Dr. Shumard's description of V. N2ravarroensis
(Proc. Boston Soc of Nat. Hist., Sept., 1861), that I have called it by his name.
One specimen of the same length as his, 3.72 inches, is.2 inch wider in the body
whorl, and with a length of aperture.2 inch greater. This slight variation would
of course not separate it. There is a very slight discrepancy in the surfacemarkings, but not more than might be expected. The plain ribs at the top of the
whorl are always more numerous than in his description, and I have not been
able to find on any specimen more than seventeen of the revolving ribs in all.
The greater number of volutions can easily be accounted for by the larger size of
the specimen figured.
Should my determination of this species be correct, it will be an interesting
link between the Cretaceous deposits on the two sides of the continent, associated,
as it is, in Texas, with many species, the position of which, in the formation, has
been satisfactorily determined east of the Mississippi,
MITRA, Lam.
M. CRETACEA, n. S.
Pl. 28, Fig. 215.
SHEIL small, elongated, subfusiform; spire high; whorls seven
and a half or eight, angulated, sloping on the upper margin,
slightly sinuous below. Aperture long, rather narrow; columella
with four (or five?) oblique folds.  Surface marked by very fine
revolving lines and indistinct lines of growth. Anterior extremity
of the shell unknown.
Figure, three times natural size.
Locality: A single specimen front Martiflez; Mr, Mathewson,
WHITNEYA, N. Gen.
SHIELL pyriform, spire low, suture channelled.  Mouth with a
well-marked notch posteriorly; outer lip simple, canal twisted
and emarginate at the extremity; columellar lip incrusted, and
with two or imore very oblique folds below, like those of FascioThis genus resembles in most of its characters Fasciolaric, although its tout
ensemble is different from any species of that genus with which I am acquainted,




104          PALZEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
The low spire, the channelling of the suture, the posterior notch, the heavy incrustation of the inner lip, and the absence of crenulation on the inner surface
of the outer lip, distinguish it sufficiently.
Named in honor of Prof. J. D. Whitney.
W. FICUS, iI. S.
P1. 28, Fig. 216.
SHELL pyriform  or fig-shaped; spire low, whorls four and a
half; suture channelled or impressed. Mouth elongate, narrowed
in front; outer lip simple, inner lip covered by a rather heavy
callus; canal twisted, and with two oblique folds below, the lower
of which is the most prominent, placed at the base of the colurmella, and extending to the end of the canal.  Surface marked
by fine revolving lines, least prominent on the middle of the
whorl; upper whorls longitudinally plicated.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Abundant near Fort Tejon. (Division B.)
MORIO, Montf.
SUBGEN. SCONSIA, Gray.
M. TUBERCULATUS, n. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 57.
SHELL short, robust, thin; whorls seven, spire low. Surface
marked by two, rarely three, rows of small tubercles; two bounding the widest portion of the volution, with a plane or slightly
concave surface between them; the third, which occurs rarely, is
placed below the others: besides these, the whole surface is ornamented by fine revolving strie.  Aperture broad; outer lip
thick, longitudinally striate externally, inner surface crenulate;
columellar lip covered by a broad plate, plicate or crenulate
anteriorly. Canal strongly recurvedl. A distinct varix, nearly
as large as the outer lip, occurs on the body whorl, and some.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                            105
times there is a smaller one on the penultimate volution. I have
not always been able to detect the latter.
Figures, natural size. The view of the aperture is a restoration, based on several fragments showing different portions of that aspect of the shell.
Localities: Bull's Head Point, Martinez; Clayton, Contra Costa County, in
strata overlying the coal (in Division B.); and some specimens were collected
near San Diego, by Dr. Cooper.
FICUS, Klein.
Sycotyputs, Brown.? F. CYPRnEOIDES, n. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 58.
SHELL subconical, resembling a young CGyprwa; spire very low;
whorls four, barely exsert; body whorl large, broadly rounded
above, sides nearly straight and approaching anteriorly; suture
faint. Surface marked by rather distinct lines of growth, and
anteriorly by a few obsolete, oblique, revolving lines.  Aperture
simple; columella very slightly curved in the middle.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; collected by Dr. Veatch.
The remarkable resemblance of this shell to a young, imperfect Cyprca, has
suggested its specific name. That this is its adult, perfect form, cannot be doubted,
since I have seen half a dozen good specimens. It is probable that the generic
reference given above will have to be changed; but I know of no described genus
more suitable than the one to which it is referred, and do not feel warranted,
with the material before me, in instituting a new genus to receive the shell.
LUNATIA, Lam.
L. AVELLANA, 11. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 60.
SUBGLOBOSE, spire somewhat elevated; whorls five, convex;
suture impressed. Aperture subelliptical, narrow behind,
rounded; a little produced anteriorly.  Columella incrusted by
a moderate callus of uniform  thickness throughout its whole
PAL. VOL. I.-14




106          PALiEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
length; merging into the lip  anteriorly.  Umbilicus minute,
barely visible.  Surface marked by somewhat irregular lines of
growth. There is no opercular scar on the columellar callus.
Length,.75 inch.
Locality: Cottonwood Creek, north fork (Division A.).
L. SHUMARDIANA, n. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 61.
SUBGLOBOSE; spire not prominent; whorls four to four and a
half, convex; suture impressed. Surface marked by pretty distinct and somewhat irregular lines of growth, most strongly
marked in the larger specimens. Aperture ovate, broadly
rounded in front, subacute posteriorly.  Columellar callus distinct, somewhat thickened, abruptly contracted just above the
umbilicus, and then continued, much narrower, to the anterior
end of the mouth. Umbilicus small, but distinctly perforate.
No opercular impression on the columella.
Figure, natural size.
This species is closely allied to L. concinna, M. and H., but is considerably larger
and more oblique; the callus is heavier and more suddenly truncated at the umnbilicus; it wants the opercular impression on the callus found in that species, and
has one more volution. The latter character might be accounted for, however,
by the difference in size.
Locality: Hills, southwest of MIIartifiez (Division B.); abundant. Named ill
honor of Dr. B. F. Shumard, of St. Louis, Mo.
L. HORNII, n. S.
PI. 29, Fig. 217.
SHELL subglobose; spire small, acute, not prominent; whorls
five, almost entirely enveloped, except the newer portions of the
penultimate volution.   Aperture  semilunar, rounded  below;
outer lip acute, nearly straight; columellar lip with a moderately
large callus, thickened above, smaller and flat below, continuing
as a thickened lip almost to the anterior end of the mouth.  Um



CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         107
bilicus small, partially covered.  Surface marked by irregular
lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Alizos Creek, near Fort T jon. All of the specimens of this species
were collected by Dr. Geo. H. Horn.
L. NUCIFORMIS, II. s.
P1. 28, Fig. 218.
SHELL small, subglobose; spire moderately high; whorls not
enveloped to such an extent as in the preceding species, five to
six in number; the extreme apical whorl very minute.  Mouth
wide, broadly rounded in advance.  Outer lip nearly straight, or
slightly more prominent near the suture; inner lip simple, or but
slightly thickened. Umbilicus open, deeply perforated. Surface
marked only by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Alizos Creek, near Fort T-jon; and near Clayton (Division B.). A
number of specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were collected by Dr.
Cooper at San Diego; but they are not in a sufficiently good state of preservation
to decide the point positively.? L. (GYRODES?) CONRADIANA, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 219.
SHELL large, compressed-subglobose; spire somewhat prominent; whorls five, rounded; suture linear. Aperture elongated,
terminating  about equally at its upper and lower extremity.
Outer lip sinuous, most prominent near the suture, and retreating
below  in a broad curve; inner lip simple.  Umbilicus broadly
open, perspective, forming about half of the diameter of the lower
aspect of the shell; margin subangular.  Surface, externally and
in the umbilicus, marked by fine lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Two specimens, from Division A., on the San Luis Gonzaga Ranch,
at the east end of Pacheco's Pass.




108           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
I have hesitated about placing this shell positively in either of the above genera;
since, except for the patulous umbilicus, it would be undoubtedly a Lunatia; while
this character is litrdly conclusive, without the confirmatory one of the flattened
or canaliculate upper portion of the whorl.
Named in honor of my friend, Mir. T. A. Conrad, one of the pioneers of American Cretaceous Paleontology.
GYRODES, Con.
G. EXPANSA, 11. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 62, a, b, c.
SHELL flattened; spire low; whorls four; apical channel slightly
concave, or, more usually, fiat, angulated, or rounded on the
margin, but never carinate; whorls marked by a faint depression
below the angle, most marked in old specimens.  Mouth oblique,
expanded laterally; lips simple.   Umbilicus patulous, margin
rounded, both on the shell and cast.
Figures, natural size. Figures a and b illustrate the adult form, showing the
remarkable expansion of the body whorl. Fig. c is from a younger specimen.
This species is probably most nearly allied to G. alveata, Con.; but the whorls
are less numerous, and the shell is more expanded. This character will also distinguish it from G. abyssinis, Natica id., Morton.
Localities: Hills southwest of Martinez; Pence's Ranch, above Oroville, Butte
County; north fork of Cottonwood Creek; Tuscan Springs; and Texas Flat, Placer
County (Division A.). Also in the Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County; and
at Jacksonville, Oregon, where I found a few distorted casts only.
NEVERITA, Risso.
N. SECTA, I1. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 220, and 220 a.
SSIIELL obliquely subglobose; spire moderately elevated; whorls
five, almost entirely enveloped; apex acute; suture linear. Moutlh
acute behind, broadly  rounded in advance; outer lip broadly
rounded, acute; inner lip nearly  straight, with a moderately




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         109
heavy callus, a portion of which is developed into a large triangular mass, which nearly fills the umbilicus; across this and
below the middle is a well-marked transverse groove. Umbilicus
broad, but nearly closed.  Surface marked by lines of growth.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Alizos Creek, near Fort Tdjon.
This species closely resembles Lunatia Iornii in its upper aspect, so much so that
the differences would hardly appear of specific value. It differs, however, in
being more oblique above, less regularly globose, and in the callus, which at once
separates it from the genus Lunatia.
NATICINA, Gray.
N. OBLIQUA, n. s.
P1. 21, Fig. 112.
SHELL small, oblique; spire slightly prominent; whorls four,
rapidly increasing in size; suture faintly canaliculate. Surface
marked by numerous compound revolving lines, minutely waved
laterally, and showing a tendency to an alternation of larger and
smaller ones; these are crossed by irregular lines of growth,
which completely encircle the whorls, and are most distinct and
crowded in the umbilicus.  Aperture patulous, acute behind.
Inner lip slightly thickened, and forming a small incrustation on
the preceding whorl.  Umbilicus moderate in size.
Figure, nearly twice natural size, linear.
Locality: Northeast of Martiiez (Division B.); also from Canada dle las Uvas
and vicinity.
AMAUROPSIS, MOirch.
A. OVIFORMIS, n. S.
P1. 19,:Fig. 63.
SHELL Ovoid; spire ratlher elevated; whorls six, rounded; suture
slightly channelled.  Aperture moderate, acute posteriorly, esx



110          PALiEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
panded in advance; columella faintly incrustedc; umbilicus imperforate. Surface marked by irregular and sometimes very distinct
lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Div. A.).
A. ALVEATA.
P1. 19, Fig. 59; and P1l. 21, Fig. 111.
(Natica alveata, Con., Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 321, pl. 2, fig. 8, and 8 a.)
SHELL subglobose, elongated; spire high; whorls six and a half
to seven, rounded on the sides, truncated horizontally, or a little
obliquely above, and angulated, or sometimes slightly rounded
on the edge. Suture linear, usually bordered by a slightly raised
margin on the succeeding whorl.  Aperture suboval, regularly
rounded in advance, biangulate posteriorly; outer lip simple;
inner lip thinly incrusted. Umbilicus small, perforate. Surface
smooth, or closely striate by fine revolving lines; smooth specimens sometimes show fine lines of growth.
Figures, natural size. Fig. 59 is from San Diego; collected by Dr. Cooper.
Fig. 111 is from northeast of Martifez.
This species appears to attain the largest size of any American Cretaceous
species in the family, one broken specimen from San Diego having been, at least,
two inches high.
Localities: Found in Division B., at San Diego; Martinez; Clayton; and at
Canada de los Alizos, near Fort T6jon (Eocene of Conrad); and in Division A., at
Curry's, south of Mount Diablo, associated with numerous species of that group.
The San Diego specimens show none of the revolving lines; while in every case,
at the other localities, I have found these lines on, at least, a part of the surface.
They are usually most prominent on the upper part of the body whorl, sometimes
being visible only on the truncated portion.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       111
CINULIA, Gray.
Avellana, D'Orb.
C. OBLIQUA, n. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 64, and 64 a, b, c.
SHELL subglobose, obliquely truncated below; whorls four,
rounded; suture distinct. Surface ornamented by numerous
fine revolving ribs, with deep interspaces, which are divided into
minute, square compartments by cross-bars, which do not rise to
the level of the ribs. Outer lip heavy, smooth, a little notched,
or sinuous anteriorly. Columella coated by a heavy callus,
which unites at both ends with the lip, and bears a large fold
anteriorly, with a slight intumescence in advance of it.
Figure 64, and 64 a, are from the largest specimen I have seen; Fig. b is of
about the average size; Fig. c shows the ornamentation of the surface.
Localities: Tuscan Springs; Martiinez; Pence's Ranch, above Oroville; Chico
Creek; and Texas Flat, Placer County (Division A.). Also, at Cottonwood Creek;
and in the Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County.
C. MATHEWSONII, n. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 65.
SHELL ovoid; spire moderate; whorls four and a half, convex,
last one expanded; suture impressed.  Surface marked by rows
of minute punctations, with broader, somewhat elevated, flat
ribs between them.  Outer lip broad, heavy, slightly sinuous,
longitudinally striate and slightly indented in advance, on the
oral aspect. Columellar incrustation heavy, continuous above
and below with the outer lip, and with three narrow, prominent,
equal folds. Length,.47 inch.
Locality: From a compact, dark-green or gray limestone at Bull's Head Point,
Martinfez (Division B.); collected by Mr. Mathewson. Also, from Orestimba
Canon, Stanislaus County.




112          PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
C. PINGUIS, n. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 221, and 221 a, b.
SHELL robust, subglobose when young, ovoid when adult;
spire moderately high; whorls probably as many as seven or
eight, very convex; suture strongly marked.  Aperture rounded,
rapidly narrowed above; mature outer lip unknown; inner lip
heavily incrusted, bearing an obtuse, angular prominence above,
and two strongly marked, acute folds below, the lower of which
is prolonged downwards, and becomes continuous with the anterior margin of the mouth.  Surface marked by a series of
square, revolving ribs, with interspaces larger than the ribs
tlhemselves; these are crossed by crowded and prominent lines
of growth.
Figures of the shells magnified, the larger to a little over twice natural size;
that of the immature shell, three diameters. Figure of the surface to show the
details of ornamentation.
Locality: A very few specimens of this species have been found by Mr. Mathewson in the Bluffs, a mile west of Martifiez (in Division A.?).
A few specimens have been found at Martifez and at Tuscan Springs, which
may belong to this genus, or to Riingicula; but, on account of their imperfect
condition, I am not yet able to make out with any certainty either their generic
or specific relations. They seem to indicate two or even three species.
RINGICULA, Desh.
1R. VARIA, n. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 222 a, b.
SHELL small, elongate-ovoid; spire high; whorls six, slightly
convex; suture well-marked; body whorl broadly and regularly
convex.  Aperture wide, acute behind, narrowed in front, and
with a deep, oblique notch.  Outer lip nearly simple, the margin
being not twice as thick as the shell behind it, and very narrow;
inner lip covered with a small, circumscribed callus, bearing two
small acute folds anteriorly.  Surface variable, sometimes almost




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       113
perfectly smooth and polished; at other times ornamented by
sharp, impressed lines; and in still other specimens having square
ribs of variable width, with the lines of growth strongly developed
in the interspaces, and represented on the surface of the ribs by
shallow undulations.
Figure a, twice natural size; Fig. b, a magnified view of the surface of the most
highly ornamented variety.
Locality: Cow Creek, Shasta County, east of Shasta City.
NERINEA, Defr.
N. DISPAR, n. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 66, and 66 a.
SHELL slender, elongated; whorls numerous, very oblique;
apical angle very small; suture impressed. Surface ornamented
by small' longitudinal ribs, which commence below the suture,
and end some distance above the lower edge of the whorl; between the ends of these ribs and the next suture is a large,
rounded fold. These are all crossed by fine, revolving lines, and
by longitudinal lines of growth. Internally there are no ribs nor
folds.  The drawing and description of the external surface are
taken from a very imperfect impression in the matrix.
Figures, natural size.
Locality:. North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, rare (Division B.).
The long, slender form, convex whorls, with the large fold at the base, and the
entire absence of internal ribs, will at once distinguish this peculiar species.
ACTEONINA, D'Orb.? A. PUPOIDES, 11. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 67.
SHELL small, ovoid; spire elevated, outline convex; whorls
six or seven; suture faint. Surface ornamented only by lines of
growth.  Aperture unknown.
PAL. VOL. I.-15




114          PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
The anterior end of the figure is restored from the back of a
cast. The first two or three whorls are very small, and the angle
of the surface is much greater than that of the subsequent volutions.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Three specimens were found on the north fork of Cottonwood Creek,
Shasta County, by Mr. R6mond.
A. CALIFORNICA, n. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 68.
SHELL large, ovate; spire elevated; whorls six or seven, rounded,
somewhat flattened in the middle; suture distinct. Aperture
moderate, acute behind, rounded in advance.  Surface smooth,
marked by faint, sinuous lines of growth, which show that the
outer lip retreated gradually above, and was most prominent in
the middle.
Figure, a restoration; about natural size.
Half a dozen specimens have been found northeast of Martiniez (in Division
A.), and in beds of the same age, about two miles north of Benicia, and a single
specimen was found eight miles north of Yreka. The substance of the shell is
thick, and in all the specimens is so crystalline that not a specimen has been found
sufficiently perfect to be drawn.
GLOBICONCHA, D'Orb.
G. (PHASIANELLA?) REMONDII, 11. s.
P1. 19, Fig. 69.
SHELL subglobose, spire elevated, conical; whorls about five or
six, convex.'Aperture broad, acute behind, rapidly widening,
and regularly rounded in advance. Surface?
Figure, natural size. A restoration from a cast, showing crystalline fragments
of the shell, but none of the surface.
Locality: About two miles north of Benicia (in Division A.). A single specimen, found by Mr. R6mond.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                           115
CYLINDRITES, Morris and Lycett.
C. BREVIS, n. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 223.
SHELL short, robust, ovoid; spire low; whorls four, rounded
on' the upper margin; suture deep. Aperture broad, produced
and rounded in advance; outer lip simple; inner lip incrusted;
tile incrustation forming a large fold in advance. Sides of the
body  volution  subflattened, approaching  anteriorly.   Surface
marked only by a few indistinct lines of growth.
Figure, nearly three times natural size.
Locality: A few specimens have been found by Mr. Mathewson in the vicinity
of Martifnez.
This shell is remarkable for its very short, robust form, making an outline different from any other species of the genus with which I am acquainted. As far
as I am aware, this is the first species discovered in the Cretaceous formation.
CHEMNITZIA, D'Orb.
C. SPILLMANI, Con.?
Pi. 19, Fig. 70.
(C. Spillmani, Con. Jour. Academy of Nat. Sciences Philadelphia, 2 ser., vol. 4,
p. 287, pl. 46, fig. 48.)
SHELL elongated, slender; whorls flattened on the sides; suture
impressed. Surface marked by slightly curved, obtuse, longitudinal ribs, crossed by four or five impressed lines; under surface
smooth.  Columellar lip thickened.
Except the difference in size-and this is in all probability a young specimenI cannot find a single character on which to separate this shell from Mr. Conrad's
species. The difference in the apical angle is not so great as would seem, from a
comparison of the figures. The sides, in Mr. Conrad's specimen, are much more
nearly parallel than he has represented them.
Locality: Pence's Ranch, north of Oroville, Butte County (Division A.); collected by Mr. Brewer.




116         PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
NISO, Risso.
N. POLITA 11. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 113.
SHELL small, slender, conical; whorls many (about ten or
eleven?), flattened on the sides; upper edge minutely truncated.
Surface polished. Aperture imperfect in all the specimens. Uinbilicus open, forming about a fifth of the lower surface.
Figure, a little more than three times natural size.
Localit?/: Four specimens from northeast of Martiflez (in Division B.).
CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.
C. ALTERNATA, n. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 114, and 114 a.
SHELL long, slender; spire high; whorls about twelve or thirteen, convex; suture impressed.  Surface marked by longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous revolving ribs, alternating,
pretty regularly, in size; the larger ones form small tubercles
on crossing the longitudinal ribs, and occasionally, one of the
latter is larger than the rest, presenting the appearance of a
varix. Aperture broken; columella strongly curved, and lightly
incrusted.
Figures, natural size and magnified.
Locality: Northeast of Martifiez and Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo (Division B.)
ARCHITECTONICA, Bolt.
(Solarium, Lam.)
A. VEATCHII, n. S.
P1. 19, Fig. 71.
SHELL small; spire high; whorls biangular, number unknown.
Surface marked by a number of small tubercular ribs; three on




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         117
the upper surface of the whorls have their tubercles much larger
than the others, and so arranged as to present a cancellated
appearance; those on the side are small, and the tubercles are
mere elevated points.  i-nder surface convex, and minutely cancellated.  Umbilicus  marked  internally  by numerous, rather
large lines.  Margin unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Found. at Tuscan Springs, Tehanama County, by Dr. J. A. Vcatch.
Rare. (Division A.)
A. COGNATA, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 72, and 72 a, b, c, d, e.
SHELL, low conical; whorls six to six and a half, flat or slightly
convex  and  sloping  above, acutely  carinate on the margin.
Mouth quadrangular, oblique. Surface marked by oblique lines
of growth and faint revolving lines, sometimes obsolete.  Near
the margin, on the upper surface, is a prominent isolated rib.
UTnder surface convex in the middle, and concave near the outer
margin; in this concavity is another rib, somewhat larger than
the one above. The rest of this side of the shell is like the upper
surface.  Margin of the umbilicus coarsely crenulated.
This species is very closely allied to the Eocene form, described by Mr. Conrad
as Solarium alveatum, and by Mr. Lea as S. bilincatum. In that species (Fig. e)
there are two impressed lines, near the margin, above, and two parallel linear ribs
below; instead of the single large rib of the present species (Fig. d).
Figures, natural size. I have seen one specimen with a diameter of one and a
third inches.
Localities: Seven miles south of Martinez; and near Clayton, above the coal (in
Division B.). It is most abundant at Bull's Head Point, near Martifiez, where
Mr. Mathewson has collected numerous fine specimens, and where I found the
individual figured.
A. IIORNII, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 224, and 224 a, b.
SHELL flattened; spire very low, slightly convex; whorls six
and a half; suture distinct, impressed; outer margin of the body




118          PALEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
whorl bearing three ribs, one at the extreme edge, one above,
and the third below. Mouth rounded, subtriangular. Umbilicus
broad, margin strongly crenulated.  Upper surface marked. only
by lines of growth; lower surface grooved by extension of the
crenulation of the umbilical margin, and by variable revolving
lines.
Figures, about three times natural size; Fig. 224 b, is from the under surface
of the body whorl.
Locality: Three specimens were collected by Dr. Horn near Fort Tej on.
(Div. B.)
This species differs from A. cognata in the lower spire, convex upper surface,
less acute angle, the position of the marginal ribs, and much smaller size.
A. INORNATA, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 73.
SHELL robust, conical; spire elevated; whorls five, flattened on
the sides, compressed or channelled above, subangular on the
margin; suture impressed. Surface usually only marked by lines
of growth. Body whorl channelled above, angulated on the
margin, with sometimes a slight depression below the angle.
Lower margin rounded.  Under surface slightly convex.  Umbilicus narrow, but open the whole length of the spire; internally
striate.  Mouth rounded, subquadrate.
F'igure, natural size.
Localities: Abundant in the hills southwest of Martiniez. A single specimen
was found at Tuscan Springs, Tehama County, by Dr. Veatch. Only found in
Division A.
One specimen from Martifiez shows faint revolving lines on the outside of the
whorls.
MARGARITELLA, Meek and Hayden.
M. CRENULATA, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 74.
SHELL minute, turbinate; spire proportionally not so elevated
as in the preceding species; whorls five; suture channelled.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       119
Surface marked by fine irnbricating lines of growth, which arise
at the suture, pass obliquely backlwards around the whorl to the
umbilicus, presenting a finely crenulated appearance on the upper
angle of the whorl. Umbilical margin very coarsely crenulated.
Aperture rounded, subquadrate.  Body whorl flat, or sharply
rounded and channelled above, nearly flat on the side, sloping
outwards and convex below.
Height,.15 inch; width,.19 inch.
Locality: Three specimens were collected by Dr. Cooper, near San Diego.
[M. GLOBOSA, 11. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 225.
SHELL very small, subglobose; spire moderately high; whorls
five to five and a half, rounded, except the body whorl, which is
sometimes obliquely flattened on the sides.  Mouth subcircular,
acute behind; lips simple.  Umbilicus perspective, crenulated on
the margin.  Surface polished, marked by very fine lines of
growth.
Figure, highly magnified.
Locality: Near Benicia (in Division A.). Collection of Mr. 1Rmond.
This shell is easily distinguished from M. crenulata by its larger size, more
globose form, and its higher spire. Unlike that species, it is not truncated on the
upper margin of the whorls, and it only occurs in the lower member of the formnation; while M. crenulata is, so far as our information goes, peculiar to the upper
member.
DISCOHELIX, Dunker.
(Orbis, Lea, not SchrOt, nor Lacep.)
D. LEANA, In. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 75.
SHELL discoidal, flat; spire none; whorls five, in contact, but
not enveloping; section circular; the first whorl slightly more




120           PAL1EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
prominent on the upper than on the lower side. Surface smooth.
Aperture simple, circular.
Diameter,.22 inch; width of body whorl,.05 inch.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County (Division A.). Collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of California.
This shell, named in honor of Mr. Lea, President of the Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences, is almost a perfect miniature of Ammonites Batesii. The
margin differs from 0. rotella, Lea, of the Alabama Eocene, in being round,
instead of bicarinate; and it can be distinguished from D. foliacea, Philippi, (recent) by the whorls being circular, instead of flattened.
STRAPAROLLUS, Montf.
(Euomrphalus, Sow.)
S. PAUCIVOLVUS, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 76.
SHELL flattened; spire low; whorls few, number unknown,
increasing rapidly in size, rounded, subovate in section, most convex below; suture impressed.  Umbilicus rather wide.  Surface
smooth, or marked only by lines of growth.
Diameter,.26 inch; width of aperture,.10 inch; height of
aperture,.09 inch.
Locality: With the preceding.
S. LENS, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 77, a, b, c, and d.
SHELL minute, lenticular; spire low, slightly convex; whorls
seven, rounded above, subangular on the margin, sloping convexly inwards to the margin of the umbilicus.  Umbilicus between a third and a quarter of the diameter.  Mouth narrow,
subquadrate, and sloping inwards.  Surface smooth or striate by
delicate lines of growth.
Diameter,.3 inch; height, about.14 inch; width of mouth,
~.04 i nh.1A




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          121
Locality: With the preceding.
Associated with this is another shell. having all of the essential characters of
this species, except that the tops of the whorls, instead of being convex, are sharply
angulated a short distance from the suture, with a plain surface, sloping from the
angle to the suture. To the outside of this angle, the side is more convex than in
the specimen figured. With but one specimen, and that somewhat mutilated, I
do not feel warranted in describing it as distinct, although a series will probably
prove it to be so. Figures c and d illustrate the relative outlines.
ANGARIA, Bolt.
(Delphinula, Lam.)
A. ORNATISSIMA, II. S.
PI. 20, Fig. 78.
SHELL turbinate; spire high; whorls six, sloping and subangular above; sides flat, under-surface convex; suture impressed,
linear, bordered by a slightly raised rim on the succeeding whorl.
Surface minutely cancellate by fine, thread-like, revolving and
oblique longitudinal lines, smaller than the interspaces; the
longitudinal lines commence at the suture and pass obliquely
backwards and downwards, crossing the whole whorl and running up into the umbilicus; the revolving lines are equally
placed over the whole surface, except in the umbilicus, where
there are but five of them. Mouth simple; columellar lip faintly
thickened.
Diameter,.45 inch; height,.43 inch; height of mouth,.26
inch.
Locality: With the preceding; abundant. Also found at Tuscan Springs.
PAL. VOL. I.-16




122           PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
CONUS, Linn.
C. REMONDII.
P1. 20, Fig. 79.
(Volutitithes Californica, Con. Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 322, P1. 2, Fig. 9.)
SHIELL biconical; spire  nearly a third  of the total length;
whorls six, sloping above, crenulated on the angle; sides straight,
regularly conical.  Aperture  linear, biangular behind, a little
narrowed in advance.  Surface marked by numerous revolving,
impressed lines, and by fainter lines of growth.
Length, -usually about 1 inch.
Localities: Found by Mr. R6mond at Cochran's, east of Mount Diablo, and
since found at Bull's Head Point, northeast of Martifiez; at Clayton, above
the coal; and at San Diego (Division B.). Also near Canada, or " Cajon de las
Uvas," Los Angeles County, whence it was described by Mr. Conrad under the
above name.
This shell resembles C. Rouaultii, d'Arc., of the French Eocene: see Mem. Soc.
Geol. de France, 2 ser., tom. 3, pl. 13, fig. 22. It tapers more regularly anteriorly,
and the surface-markings are less distinct; it is also more robust. The specific
name Californicus having been used by Hinds for a recent species, I propose the
above name in honor of Mr. Remond, who discovered the specimens from which
I became acquainted with the species.
C. HORNII, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 226.
SHELL very unequally biconical; spire low; whorls seven and
a half or eight, concave above, acute on the angle, with a very
fine thread-like groove just inside of the margin.  Mouth long,
narrow, straight;  outer  lip  curved, most prominent above;
sides of the body whorl straight.  Surface marked  by a few
oblique, revolving bands below, and sometimes by one or two
on the top of the whorl.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Alizos Creek, near Fort TUjon. (Division B.)  Collected by Dr.
Horn.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         1 23
This shell is of tle same size as C. Renondii, but can be at once distinguished
by its low spire, the absence of tubercles on the whorls, and the acute, channelled
angle. I have not seen it from any other locality than the one above quoted,
where it does not appear to be very rare.
C. SINUATUS, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 227.
SHELL moderate in size, subfusiform; spire elevated, turreted;
whorls five or more, angular, concave  above, and  strongly
sinuateci  below; suture  channelled, the upper margin of the
whorl bearing a fine threadl-like groove, similar to that on th.e
angle of the whorl of the preceding species; upper surface of
the whorls finely striate, the angle minutely crenulated or plain;
anterior portion of body whorl (as much as is known) marked by
a few pretty distinct revolving lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single, imperfect specimen was found by Dr. Horn, near Fort
TWjon. The anterior fourth of the shell is gone, and the lines of growth are too
indistinct to ascertain the exact shape of the missing portion. The curved whorl
and the elevated, turreted spire will distinguish this very peculiar species.
ROSTELLARIA, Lam.   Gladius, Klein.
SUBGEN. RIMELLA, Agas.
R. CANALIFERA, n. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 228.
SHELL small, unequally fusiform; spire elevated, longer than
the mouth; whorls six or seven, convex; suture deep.  Aperture
long, rather narrow, oblique, acute behind, and broadly and
obliquely emarginate in front; the posterior angle of the mouth
is continued in a deep, narrow canal, slightly curved, along the
spire to the apex; anterior canal broad, strongly curved upwards;
outer lip thickened along its whole extent, but most strongly so
above; inner lip incrusted by a callus, which extends posteriorly,




124          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
so as to unite with the posterior canal.  Surface marked by
prominent longitudinal ribs, crossed by distinct revolving linear
ribs, very uniform in size, and with interspaces of about the same
size as the ribs.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Localities: Martiflez, and near Fort TUjon.
In 1861, in my "Synopsis of the Mollusca of the Cretaceous Formation," I
used Klein's name, in preference to that of Lamarck's, for this genus. Since
then, in common with the majority of American conchologists and palwontologists, I have determined to ignore all pre-Linnoean names, unless first adopted
under the binomial system by some subsequent author, on account of the confusion which must inevitably arise, unless we have some settled starting-point
for our nomenclature.
R. (IRIMELLA) SIMPLEX, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 80.
SHELL elongated, robust; spire high; whorls about seven,
rounded; suture distinct. Surface marked by numerous longitudinal ribs, small on the upper volutions, becoming larger,
more distant, oblique, and proportionally shorter, as the shell
increases in size; these are crossed by small, regular, revolving
lines. Outer lip suddenly expanded; posterior canal continued
along the surface of the penultimate whorl; anterior canal suddenly recurved. Aperture unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Collected by Dr. Cooper, at San Diego; and I have found a single
specimen at Clayton, in the strata above the coal (Division B.).
Larger than the preceding species, and easily distinguished by its large, longitudinal ribs.
PUGNELLUS, Con.
P. HAMULUS, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 81, and P1. 18, Fig. 48.
SHIELL robust; spire moderately high; whorls six, angular,
sloping above and crenulated on the carina.  In the immature




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                      125
state, suture impressed, linear, angle of body whorl crenulated;
surface marked by numerous fine, revolving lines; lip thin,
broadly rounded, most prominent in the middle.  In the adult
shell, the surface-markings and suture are obliterated by a heavy
incrustation, which covers the spire and body volution. Aperture
broad behind, narrowed in advance; outer lip provided on the
margin with a broad, heavy callus above and a smaller one below,
with a narrow, subangular sinus between them; between the
upper callus and the body whorl there is a broad, deep emargination; below, the margin rapidly retreats towards the canal,
which is strongly curved forwards in the form of a blunt hook.
Viewed from  the back, the upper margin of the lip presents a
thick, rounded callus, commencing at the club-shaped extremity,
and which, curving upwards, merges into the general contour of
the shell, on the upper surface of the body whorl.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: In the hills southwest of Martifiez (Division A.). The strong hooklike canal, and the notch in the outer lip, will at once distinguish this from the
other four known species of the genus.
P. MANUBRIATUS, n. s.
Pl. 29, Fig. 229.
SHELL small, rather thin; spire moderately high; whorls six,
rounded; suture distinct. Mouth long, narrow, very acute posteriorly; canal wide, straight, not very deeply notched; outer lip
with a square callus; prolonged above into a long, slightly curved
hook; the notches above and below the origin of the callus are
well marked, the lower one being somewhat variable; the margin
of the lip is thickened along its whole length; inner lip heavily
incrusted, the layer being prolonged so as to cover the whole
ventral face of the shell to the apex. Surface marked by numerous sinuous ribs, extending from the suture about two-thirds of
the distance towards the anterior end.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Cottonwood Creek, Sisk;you County.




126           PALEi ONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
This is the first species of this genus in which the callus of the lip has been
found to assume a falcate form. This peculiar character seems to ally the genus
to Aporrvhais; but the constant thickness of the callus and the stromlbiform shape
of the shell will serve sufficiently to distinguish the two genera.
TESSAROLAX, N. Gen.
SHELL fusiform, spire and aperture about equal; spire incrusted
by a thin deposit, so as to obliterate the sutures.  Body whorl
bearing two  (or imore) varix-like  processes.  Aperture broad
above, continued below in a long, curved canal; a posterior canal
continues for some distance up the spire.  Columella incrusted,
but without folds or teeth.  Outer lip produced into two long
spine-like canals.
This very curious genus seems to combine the characters of several genera in
the family of the Strombicce. It has the dactylate lip of Pteroceras, the clavate
tubercles or varices of some of the species of true Strombus, the anterior and posterior canals of Rostellaria, and the enveloped spire of Callptraphorus.
T. DISTORTA, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 82, and 82 a, b.
SHELL elongated; spire high; whorls five or six (from casts),
slightly convex in the middle, so as to produce a faint undulation
on the smooth surface of the spire. Apex usually flattened and
somewhat twisted; at other times bluntly rounded.  Surface of
body bicarinate, bearing on the upper carina, at a point about a
third of the circumference from the mouth, a short, clavate process, abruptly truncated at the end and flattened on the sides.
On the lower carina is another process, flattened above and below,
prominent and angular at the extremity.  This is placed about
half-way between the first and the outer lip. Aperture small,
broad above, rapidly narrowed and prolonged below into a canal,
which curves obliquely forwards and to the left.  Above, the
mouth is continued into a canal, which runs beside the spire
for about two-thirds of its height, and then curves off obliquely




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                    127
backwards and to the rigcfht. The outer lip is prolonged into two
long, slender, channelled spines, continuations of the carinoe on
the whorl, which diverge rapidly, and which are not in the same
plane, the lower one being directed much in advance of the upper.
Figures, natural size.
Abundant at Tuscan Springs, Tehama County. Collected by Dr. Veatch (Division A.).
APORRHAIS, Petiver, Dacosta.
A. FALCIFORMIS, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 83.
SHELL elongated, slender; spire very high; whorls usually
eleven, sometimes twelve; suture distinct; surface ornamented
by about fourteen rounded, longitudinal ribs, slightly curved and
narrower than the interspaces; these are crossed by from seven
to nine rather large revolving ribs on the upper whorls. Body
volution somewhat uniangular near the lip; the ribs dwindle to
mere broad, oblique tubercles, and the revolving lines extend
down to the canal. Mouth biangular above, rapidly narrowing
to the canal, which, from casts, appears to form nearly a third of
the total length of the shell. Lip long, falcate, sometimes almost
as high as the spire, usually ending about two-thirds of an inch
below the apex; inner margin diverging at a small angle from
the spire; outer margin nearly perpendicular and very slightly
convex, ending in an angle; lower margin concave, with a small
tubercle at its inner end. The shape of this side of the lip is
variable; sometimes the angle is replaced by a broadly rounded
process. The inner face of this lip is angularly concave; back
carinate. Columella incrusted by a large callus, forming a tubercular projection immediately on the oblique lower surface of the
body whorl.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Tuscan Springs, Dr. Veatch; Chico Creek, Mr. Brewer; Pence's




128           PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
Ranch, Butte County; and Texas Flat, Placer County. One of the most abundant fossils in the State, and very characteristic of the lower group of Cretaceous
strata.
A. ANGULATA, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 84..SI-ELL elongated; spire high; whorls numerous, number unknown; upper whorls convex, widest a little below the middle;
last whorl sharply and acutely angulated, sloping and gently
concave above and below the angle; suture impressed.  Surface
ornamented by fine, thread-like, revolving lines, and by sinuous
lines of growth. Canal long, narrow, straight. Outer lip curved,
unicarinate, exact form unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: In a single stratum of greenish-gray limestone, at Bull's Head Point,
near Martiliez. Very rare. (Div. B.)
I am indebted to Mr. Mathewson for the chance of describing this species. The
specimen figured is the only one I have seen showing the body whorl, and in this
case entirely denuded of its shell. Another specimen, consisting of three whorls
of the spire, is in the collection of the Survey. Mr. Brewer collected three specimens at Huling Creek, near the Cottonwood Creek locality, resembling this
species in surface ornamentation and in the shape of the upper whorls, but in
which the last whorl was distinctly bicarinate. None of the specimens show
either lip or canal, and the lower carina is less prominent and less acute than the
upper. They are probably a variety of the present species.
A. CALIFORNICA, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 230 a, b.
SHELL small; spire high; whorls eight, convex; suture deep.
Mouth long, prolonged below  into a moderate, straight canal;
outer lip prominent, somewhat variable in shape, usually regularly concave above, rounded on the external margin and angular
below, prolonged above, on its outer edge, into a long falciform
process, which extends almost as high as the spire; inner lip but
slightly incrusted.   Body whorl nearly plain, with  an angle
above bearing a few tubercles; this angle is prolonged on the




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        129
lip to the base of the superior process; upper whorls marked by
fine longitudinal ribs, crossed by a few fine, impressed lines,
most distinct above.
Figure a, natural size; Fig. b, magnified view of a young specimen, showing
the sculpture.
Localities: Orestimba Canon; Martinez; Puerto Canon, Stanislaus County;
Siskiyou Mountains.
A. EXILIS, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 231.
SHELL minute; spire high; whorls six, upper whorl convex,
the apex blunt; body whorl biangular, the upper angle very prominent; canal produced, straight; lip unknown.  Upper whorls
ornamented by curved ribs placed somewhat obliquely; on the
body whorl these ribs incline forward to the upper angle of the
whorl, and then downwards and backwards, becoming obsolete
anteriorly; below the lower angle, they are crossed by smaller
revolving lines, producing a somewhat cancellated appearance.
Figure, two and a half times natural size.
Locality: A single, imperfect specimen, collected by Mr. Mathewson at Martinez
CYPR2EA, Linn.? C. BAYERQUEI, n. S.
SHELL  ovoid, convex, widest towards the upper end, gradually tapering below; under surface flattened.
Spire hidden. Mouth narrow, linear;
outer lip rather broad. Surface unknown.  A cast.
Locality: Clayton, Contra Costa County. Collection of Mr. Bayerque.
This species, of which I have only seen a
PAL. VOL. I.-17




130          PAL2EONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
single cast, will probably be found to belong
to the subgenus Luponia. From the narrowness of the aperture, the shell appears to have
been thin. The accompanying outlines illustrate the form better than would be possible in
a description.
POTAMIDES, Brongn.
P. DIADEMA, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 85.
SHELL turriculated; spire high; whorls eight, concave, and
sloping above, carinate, and strongly undulated on the angle by
sharp, flattened tubercles; suture impressed, linear.  Surface
marked by numerous, fine, somewhat irregular, revolving lines,
larger below the carina, and by fine lines of growth.  Aperture
broad above, rapidly narrowing below. Outer lip acute, retreating from  the suture to the carina, sinuous below.  Columella
lightly incrusted. Canal short, nearly straight, not emarginate
in front.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Abundant on the north fork of Cottonwood Creek. (Div. A.)
P. TENUIS, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 86.
SHELL elongated, slender; spire high; whorls increasing gradually in size, seven to seven and a half.  Upper two-thirds
sloping almost perpendicularly; lower third sloping rapidly
inwards towards the  suture, which is narrowly channelled.
Angle of whorls marked by pretty distinct, elongated tubercles,
which, on the body whorl, sometimes take the form of elongated
sinuous ribs; at other times the surface of this whorl is smooth.
Aperture elongated, acute behind, widest in the middle, con



CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                    131
tracted in advance. Outer lip acute, sinuous; inner lip thinly
incrusted.  Canal gently curved.
Length,.75 inch; width of body whorl,.25 inch.
Locality: Common at Pence's Ranch, twelve miles north of Oroville, Butte
County. (Div. A.)
LITTORINA, Ferussac.? L. COMPACTA, n. s.
P1. 20, Fig. 89.
SHELL small, subglobose, thick; spire moderately high; whorls
five, convex; suture minutely impressed.  Surface marked by
numerous, fine, rounded, revolving ribs, crossed occasionally by
minute, oblique lines of growth. Sometimes these latter lines are
entirely absent; but they can usually be detected where the surface is in the least weathered.  Mouth nearly circular;'outer
lip acute on the margin, rapidly thickening behind; inner lip
thickened, bordered externally by a ridge, a continuation of the
outer edge of the mouth; slightly excavated inside of this ridge.
Height,.35 inch; width of body whorl,.3 inch.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County; not rare. I have not observed this shell
at any other locality.
TURRITELLA, Lam.
T. INFRALINEATA, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 87.
SHELL elongated; whorls increasing very gradually in size,
sides nearly parallel, convexly excavated  below; suture impressed, placed at the base of an angular channel. Surfhce
marked by three principal square ribs, one placed at the upper
angle of the whorl, one at the lower angle, and the third nearest
the lower one; between the third and the upper one are two
smaller ribs, the lower of which is largest, the upper being




132          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
linear, and in the younger whorls obsolete. Between the highest
rib and the suture, on the shoulder of the whorl, is another
linear rib; and below the one on the lower angle, and on the
inferior surface, are two or three smaller ribs and numerous
(about twenty) fine elevated lines. These are all crossed by
lines of growth which, on the sides, are only visible between the
ribs, where they form fine connecting bars. These lines show
that the lip was broadly emarginate on the outer side and sinuous
below, being  most prominent on the columetlar side of the
middle.
Figures, natural size, and a magnified view of one volution.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, and Orestimba
Caflon, Stanislaus County.
T. SERIATIM-GRANULATAI Roem.
P1. 20, Fig. 88.
(? T. planilateris, Con.; Emory's Rep. Mexican Boundary, p. 158, pl. 14, fig. 1.)
(? T. irrorata, Con.; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 268.)
(T. seriatim-granulata, Roem.; Kreide von Texas, p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 12.)
SHELL elongated; whorls numerous, sides fiattened, upper and
lower margins very slightly bevelled, the lower:most strongly so.
Mouth subquadrate.  Surface marked by a variable number of
crenulate, or finely tuberculate, ribs; between these ribs are
fine, elevated lines, some of the largest of which are faintly undulated.
Figures, natural size and magnified.
Localities: Three specimens from Tuscan Springs, collected by Dr. Veatch; also
found at Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, and in the Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County.
No two of the specimens are ornamented exactly alike. The large ribs are four
and five in number, with from three to no intermediate ones. The number of the
latter varies on different whorls of the same specimen, and their arrangement
appears to follow no definite rule.
These specimens being so variable, it is more than probable that the forms described from Texas by Roemer and Conrad, which are, at least, very closely allied,
and which only differ by the presence or absence of one or two ribs, and in no




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          133
essential specific detail, are identical, not only among themselves, but-with tne
present one. This view of the case is rendered still more plausible from the fact
that I have seen Thrritellas from Texas having the crenulated and alternating
ribs of these forms, but which differed from all of the descriptions in their exact
number and arrangement.
If these views are correct, Dr. Roemer's name, being the oldest, will have to
stand, all of the others becoming synonyms; unless, indeed, farther examination
should prove that the species is the same as T. Uchauxiatna, D'Orb., with which he
compares it as follows: "Diese art lasst sich am nichsten mit Turritella Uchauxiana,
D'Orbigny, Pal. Fr., pl. 151, fig. 21-23, vergleichen, jedoch hat diese franzSsische
Art nur 4 Reihen gekiJrnter spiraler Streifen auf jedem Umgange wihrend die
fexanische deren 5 hat."  With this species I am unacquainted, and have not, at
present, access to any figure or description of it.
T. VEATCHII, n. S.
P1. 20, Fig. 90.
SHELL elongated; whorls increasing very slowly in size; sides
flat, or nearly so; suture impressed, rather distinct. Surface
marked by numerous small, longitudinal ribs, crossed by rather
variable revolving ribs, sometimes so closely placed that the interspaces are merely impressed lines. Lower surface of body
whorl convex, marked by revolving ribs similar to those on the
side.  Aperture ovoid, broadly rounded below; columellar side
most oblique. Outer lip simple; inner lip heavily incrusted and
sometimes faintly striate.
Length of specimen figured,.75 inch.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County. Collected by Dr. Veatch.
T. CHICOENSIS, n. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 91.
SHELL moderate in size, elongate; whorls numerous (about
fourteen, by combining fragments), flattened  on the sides, or
gently  convex; sometimes concave above and convex below;
bevelled underneath. Suture impressed, bordered by a rim on
the whorl below, and sometimes by one above. Surface marked




134           PALAONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
by three prominent revolving ribs, besides the one at the top of
the whorl and one on the lower margin, on the border of the
inferior excavation.  There is sometimes an additional one interpolated.  Between these ribs are minute revolving lines, sometimes obsolete, and very closely placed; four or five between each
pair of ribs.  These are all crossed by fine lines of growth, regularly and broadly curved; retreating from the suture to about the
middle of the whorl, and then descending nearly straight to the
base.  Under-surface of body whorl slightly convex, and marked
by fine revolving lines and strise of growth, or perfectly smooth.
Length, restored, about 2.5 inches; width of body whorl,.6
inch.
Locality: Chico Creek, Butte County (Div. A.).
T. UVASANA.
P1. 21, Fig. 92.
(T. Uvasana, Con.; Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 321, pl. 2, fig. 12.)
SHELL moderate in side, very elongated and slender; whorls
numerous (about seventeen or eighteen, probably), increasing
very gradually in  size, convex;  suture  impressed.   Surface
marked by from  six to ten distinct, nearly equal, and rather
prominent, revolving ribs. iNo lines of growth, nor intermediate
lines were observed, although better specimens may show them.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Along the hills from Bull's Head Point to Clayton, Contra Costa
County, and east of the mouth of the Caniada de las Uvas, Los Angeles County
(Division B.).
Near Martinez, the specimens are embedded in sandstone, and they all appear
to have been more or less eroded before fossilization. The species is very common,
some strata being almost composed of this one shell.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         135
T. SAFFORDII, Gabb.
P1. 21, Fig. 93.
(T. Saffordii, G.; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2 ser., vol. 4, p. 392, pl. 68, fig.
12 (11 in text, per err.)
SHELL el'ongated, many-whorled (about fourteen in the largest
specimen); whorls increasing very gradually in size, flattened
or concave on the side, and bevelled above and below; suture
impressed.  Whorls marked by a variable number of small revolving lines, which are sometimes obsolete on a part, and somretimes on the whole surface; besides these, there are sinuous
lines of growth.  Mouth subquadrate, rounded on the angles.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Six miles northeast of Suisun, Solano County; south of Clear Lake,
Lake County. The latter collected by Dr. Veatch. Also near Mlartifiez (Division A.).
This species is the largest Cretaceous Turritella of California, and can be readily
recognized, even in casts, by its size. The surface-markings are somewhat variable. In the Tennessee form there were distinct lines on the under side of
the whorl, when those on the sides were obsolete. In the Suisun specimen the
whole surface is strongly marked; while in the older specimens from Clear Lake
the revolving strive are entirely wanting, but are found on the younger whorls.
In this case, too, there are well-marked undulations parallel with the lines of
growth, which are most prominent on the angles of bevelment.
T. ROBUSTA, n. s.
P1. 21, Fig. 94.
SHELL conical, robust; whorls increasing rather rapidly in size,
convex; suture linear.   Surface marked by four rather prominent, revolving ribs, with concave interspaces; the upper one
is placed some distance from the top of the whorl, with a broadly
concave space between; the others are placed at about equal
distances, the lower one being on the under side of the whorl;
of these, only two are visible on the upper whorls.  Aperture,
unllkn own.




136          PALIEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Division A.), collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.
This shell approaches in shape T. Leonensis, Con.; but the ribs are plain, without
an intermediate line, and with the interspaces deeper. The distance of the upper
rib from the top of the whorl is also a strong distinguishing character.
GALERUS, Humph.
G. EXCENTRICUS, ll. S.
PFl. 20, Fig. 95, and P1. 29, Fig. 232 a.
SHELL rounded, irregular; spire low, excentric; volutions two
to two and a half. Body whorl irregularly rounded, sometimes
slightly flattened above. Suture obliterated. Surface marked
by very oblique striae of growth.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Northeast of Martinez; Clayton, above and below the coal; in an
isolated mass of Cretaceous rocks, seven miles south of Martiiez; also at San
Diego; not rare near Fort Tgjon (Division B.).
CRYPTA, Humph.
Crepidula, Lam.
SUBGEN. SPIROCRYPTA, Gabb.
SHELL oval, convex above, concave below, summit posterior,
lateral and submarginal, spiral. Internal plate attached to the
margin on the lower or outer side, curving upwards and inwards,
and uniting with the opposite side at a considerable distance from
the margin.
This form approaches the subgenus Crepipatella of Lesson, but
differs in the more markedly spiral character of the apex, and in
the very oblique position of the internal plate.  This plate presents a subspiral character, forming the strongest link yet dis



CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        137
covered between the genera Crypta on one side, and Trochita and
Galerus on the other.
C. PILEUM, ni. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 233, and 233 a, b.
SHELL deep, usually more or less oblique; whorls about one
and a half, increasing very rapidly in size. Surface marked only
by very fine lines of growth. Margin of the internal plate concave
at the sides, convex in the middle, surface concave; the upper or
right hand edge curved downwards abruptly, and uniting with
the side at an acute angle; the posterior portion of the plate running up spirally into the apex.
Figures, magnified. The largest specimen is about.6 inch in length.
Locality: Not uncommon near Fort T6jon, in Division B.
NERITA, Linn.
N. DEFORMIS, n. s.
P1. 21, Fig. 96.
SHELL thick, robust, oblique; spire rather elevated; whorls
not distinguishable; body whorl flattened above, rounded on
the angle, pretty regularly convex below. Surface smooth, sutures obliterated. Aperture irregularly quadrate; inner lip incrusted, not (?) crenulate.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek (Division A.).
This peculiar shell is the most irregular of all the species with which I am acquainted in the genus. In fact, except its distorted outline, it has almost no tangible specific characters.
N. CUNEATA, n. s.
P1. 21, Fig. 97.
SHELL flattened, cuneate; outline elliptical, or sometimes narrower at one end than the other; apex nearly terminal, blunt;
PAL. VOL. I.-18




138          PALX1ONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
spire not visible.  Surface marked only by irregular, concentric
lines and undulations. Aperture semi-elliptical; outer lip thickened internally, and finely crenulate; iiner lip thickly incrusted,
curving downwards to\vards the mouth, straight and crenulated
on the edge.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Three specimens were collected by Dr. J. A. Veatch at Tuscan Springs,
Tehama County. The line from the apex to the outer lip varies in all the specimuens; in one it is straight, in another quite convex.
LYSIS, N. Gen.
GENERAL form  like Stomtalia.  Shell subspiral, very oblique;
spire moderately prominent; whorls costate.  Aperture narrow,
oblique; outer lip simple; columellar lip straight, and rather
heavily incrusted.  Umbilicus broad, but entirely closed by a
concave expansion of the incrusting layer of the inner lip.
L. DUPLICOSTA, 11. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 98.
SHELL oblique; spire not very prominent; whorls three, rapidly
increasing in size; suture impressed.  Surface marked by from
five to seven prominent ribs, each grooved along its whole length
by a sharp, deep channel; the interspaces are broad, regularly
and rather deeply concave, and marked by a few fine revolving
lines. Mouth very oblique, rounded posteriorly, and subacute in
advance; outer lip simple; inner lip straight when viewed from
the front; seen laterally, it is very slightly concave.  Umbilical
region broad, concave, especially above and towards the outer
margin; covered by an expansion of the incrusting substance on
the inner lip; umbilical margin sharply carinated.
Figures a and b, natural size. Fig. c, a magnified section across the ribs, to show
the groove.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County (Division A.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         139
DENTALIUM, Linn.
D. (DITRUPA?) PUSILLUM, In. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 99.
SHELL small, gently curved.  Section circular.  Slightly widest
near the mouth; the sides, from  the widened portion, running
nearly parallel to the aperture, or very slightly approaching. Surface polished.
Length,.38 inch; greatest width,.05 inch.
Locality: Several specimens found northeast of 3Martifiez (Division B.); one at
Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon; and one, striated longitudinally, from Tuscan
Springs. I am not certain that the last may not be distinct; but, with the present material, shall not venture to separate it.
D. COOPERII, 11. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 100.
SHELL growing to a large size; very slightly curved. Angle
of divergence of the sides, about 4.5~. Section usually circular,
sometimes slightly elliptical.  Surface polished, in ordinary sized
specimens; marked by faint longitudinal impressed, lines, in the
largest.  Substance of the shell thin, except in the largest specimens, where it becomes unusually thick.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Numerous specimens found by Dr. Cooper at San Diego. Not rare
northeast of Martiflez, and a few specimens were collected near Fort T jon (Div.
B.); and in Division A. it has been collected at Curry's, south of Mount Diablo,
and in the Siskiyou Mountains.
D. STRAMINEUM, 1n. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 101.
SHELL  moderate in  size, slightly curved.  Section varying
from  circular to  elliptical.  Surface  marked  by about thirty




140          PALAEONTOLOGY  OP  CALIFORNIA.
small, regular, rounded ribs, with sometimes finer ones interpolated.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Northeast of Martiiiez; San Diego (Div. B.); and Curry's, south of
Mount Diablo (Div. A.).
EMARGINULA, Lam.
E. RADIATA,  n. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 102, and 102 a.
SHELL subelliptical, moderately elevated; apex a little in advance of the middle, slightly curved.  Surface marked by about
eighteen rather large radiating ribs, with occasional small intermediate ones; these are crossed. by a few irregular, concentric
lines. Emargination narrow and rather deep; the corresponding
ridge sharply defined and nearly square.
Length,.3 inch; width,.18 inch; height,.12 inc-l.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County.
I have seen but a single specimen of this rare and beautiful little shell. It is
in the collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.
PATELLA, Linn.
P. TRASKII, In. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 103.
SHELL depressed, subelliptical; apex subcentral; height variable. Surface marked by from twelve to fourteen radiating ribs
with intermediate lines, from  one to three in number; these
are crossed by irregular lines of growth.  Margin gently undulated, the ends of the ribs being more prominent than the interspaces.  Muscular impression horseshoe-shaped; ends connected
by a sharp impressed line.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County (Division A.).




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          141
HELCION, Montf.? HI. CIRCULARIS, 1R. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 234, and 234 a.
SHELL minute, subeircular, elevated, height about half the
length; apex subcentral, in advance of the middle, slightly inclined  forwards; sides sloping, concavely  in  front, convexly
behind, nearly straight on the sides.  Surface marked by concentric  undulations and  lines of growth, and  by  numerous
dichotomous ribs, irregular in size.
Length,.15 inch.
Figures, magnified to the same scale.
Locality: Near Martiflez (Division A.); collected by Mr. Mathewson.
I have seen but a single very perfect specimen of this species, and suspect that
it may be young. It closely resembles Anisomyon; but I have been unable to
detect any perforation of the apex, under a lens of high power, and the muscular
scar being hidden, it is, as yet, impossible to settle definitely its generic relations..
H. DICHOTOMA  n. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 104.
SHELL subelliptical, obliquely conical; apex blunt, anterior,
nearly terminal.  Surface marked by irregular concentric lines,
and small dichotomous ribs, obsolete towards the apex.
Figures, natural size, and magnified.
The higher and more anterior apex, and the small, very numerous, dichotomous
ribs, will distinguish this species from the preceding one. In P. Traskii, the specimens, when eroded, show no trace of the external ribs; and small specimens
of that species are liable to be confounded with the present one, except for the
somewhat more central position of the apex.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County. (Div. A.)




142         PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
ANISOMYON, Meek and Hayden.
A. MEEKII, II. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 105.
SHELL elliptical, very thin; the width and length are about
ts 5 to 6; apex moderately elevated, small, nearly central;
sides sloping nearly straight in all directions to the base.  Surface (of cast) marked by numerous irregular concentric undulations, which do not always continue entirely around the shell;
there are also marks which  probably indicate a few  faint,
radiating lines.
Ficgures, natural size.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek. (Division A.)
This shell appears to be most nearly related to A. alveolus, M. and H.; but Mr.
Meek, to whom I sent a sketch, assured me that it was distinct. The fragments
of shell, preserved on the only specimen I have seen, are only large enough to
show that its substance was very thin.
ACTAEON, Montf.
(Tornatella, Lanm.)
A. IMPRESSUS, 11. S.
P1. 21, Fig. 106.
SHELL subovoid, elongated; spire moderately high; whorls six,
slightly convex; suture channelled.  Upper third of body whorl,
and all of the preceding whorls, smooth; lower two thirds
marked by from twelve to fifteen regular impressed grooves; the
interspaces are square and flat; those above plain, or with a
slight depression in the centre, which becomes deeper anteriorly,
until these are as large as the first set of grooves. Aperture
narrow; outer lip simple; inner lip incrusted with a thin plate.
Columella truncated abruptly in advance, and not reaching the




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         143
anterior end of the  mouth; at the extremity is a prominent
fold, and a short distance above it another one, soimewhat larger
and sharper.
Length,.53 inch; width,.28 inch.
Locality: Common on the north fork of Cottonwood Creek. Collected by
MIessrs. Brewer and ReJmond.
BULLA, Klein, Brug.
B. IIoRNII, n. s.
PI. 29, Fig. 235.
SHELL moderate in size, thin, ovoid, most prominent about
one-third of the length from the upper end, the sides gradually
curving downwards and approaching to near the anterior end,
when they curve rapidly inwards; sumrmit umbilicated.  Mouth
broad, the upper end projecting a short distance above the preceding whorl, and regularly rounded; anterior end broad, produced; outer lip simple, thin; inner lip unknown, apparently
not incrusted, covered in such a manner by the matrix, especially in advance, as to hide the characters.  Surface marked by
numerous, very fine, impressed, revolving lines.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: A single specimen was found by Dr. Horn, near Fort Tejon.
The shorter and more convex outline will serve to distinguish this species from
Cylic/hna cosiata, which is also found at the same locality. A further difference is
to be found in the sculpture, the lines, in this species, being much further apart
than in the other; the shell is also much thinner.
I take great pleasure in dedicating this species to the discoverer, to whom I am
indebted for many fine specimens, not a small portion of which were new to me.
CYLICHNA, Loven.
C. COSTATA, 11. S.
PI. 21, Fig. 107.
SHELL elongated, subcylindrical, widest anteriorly; spire hidden; whorls (from casts) three or four.  Surface mnarked by very




144          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
numerous, flattened, revolving  ribs, with narrow  interspaces.
Aperture linear; inner lip incrusted.  A  single small fold in
advance, on the columella.
Figure, natural size. TJsually found smaller.
Localities: AMartiiiez; Texas Flat, Placer County; Clayton; Cochran's, east
of Mount Diablo; San Diego; and Alizos Creek, near Fort Tejon.
This is one of the most common Cretaceous fossils in the State, and is one of
the few species that range through both divisions of the formation represented
here. Through an inadvertence, the lithographer has deprived the summit of its
proper pit-like character.
MEGISTOSTOMA, N. Gen.
SHELL shaped like Philine, thin, slightly enrolled; body volution very much expanded, produced above. Aperture occupying
nearly all of the front surface.  Columellar lip thickened, flat,
rather heavily incrusted.
The peculiar character on which this shell is separated from
the genus Philine (Bullceca, Lam.), is the flat, thickened, and
incrusted columella, that genus having no columella, and the
oral surface of the penultimate whorl being regularly rounded.
M. STRIATA, n. s.
P1. 21, Fig. 108, and 108 a, b.
SHELL flattened, involute, oval; body whorl composing nearly
the whole bulk of the shell.  Mouth broadly expanded; outer
lip produced posteriorly in  a broad, rounded process; inner
lip flattened, and heavily incrusted by a longitudinally striate
layer of shell.  Surface marked by numerous square, threadlike and slightly elevated strie, which are usually grooved in the
middle; these are crossed by lines of growth.
Figures, natural size, and a magnified view of the surface.
Locality: All of the specimens I have seen were collected by Mr. Mathewson,
about a mile northeast of Martiflez, in Division B.




CONCHIFERA.
MARTESIA, Leech
M. CLAUSA, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 115.
SHELL elongate, cuneate; beaks anterior, incurved, approaching. Posterior cardinal margin sloping regularly towards the
extremity of the shell, which is narrow and rounded; basal
margin nearly straight. Anterior opening moderate in size, angular, closed. Umbonal groove double, widening rather rapidly
below. Surface marked by regular lines, concentric on the posterior part of the shell, and which, after crossing the umbonal
groove, run nearly parallel with the margin of the anterior
opening.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Localities: Pence's Ranch, Butte County; Texas Flat, Placer County; and
Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Division A.).
TURNUS, N. Gen.
SHELL thin, pholadiform; bearing internally a rib which rises
in the apex, and passes downwards and backwards to the basal
margin, in the same manner as, and posterior to, the umbonal
groove. Accessory plates unknown.  Tube simple, thin.
This genus appears to occupy a position in subfamily Teredininue, and to form, as it were, a link with the Pholadinme. With
PAL. VOL. I.-19                                 (145 )




146          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
the shell of the latter, it seems to inhabit a long calcareous tube,
like the former. At least, there are numerous fragments of tube
associated with all the specimens I have seen.  The strong internal rib, as large or larger than the rib produced by the unlbonal groove, is a character which will at once distinguish it.
T. PLENUS, 11. S.
PI. 22, iFig. 116.
SHELL thinl, broad; apex a third of the distance fiom the anterior end; beaks strongly incurved.  Anterior sinus broad, extending almost to the cardinal margin, and gracefully rounded.
Umbonal groove deep; internal rib larger than that produced by
the groove. Surface marked by irregular, concentric ribs, which,
on crossing the umbonal groove, become linear, and parallel with
the curved margin of the anterior sinus.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: North fork of Cottonwood Creek (Division A.).
Imperfect casts have been discovered on the Rancho de San Luis Gonzaga, at
the eastern end of Pacheco's Pass, Merced County. These contain shells of about
the same shape and size as the above, but in too imperfect a condition for satisfactory determination. The tubes are over an inch in diameter; and fragments, eight
or nine inches long, showing but little diminution in size, are common. These
are always found in fossil wood.
SOLEN, Linn.
S. PARALLELUS, n. S.
PI. 22, Fig. 117.
SHELL elongated, slender, thin; sides parallel, ends rounded;
anterior end somewhat more abruptly truncated than the posterior, and slightly reflected.  Surface marked by a few irregular
lines of growth.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          147
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Not rare in Division B., at Bull's Head Point, near Martinez. Also
found at Marsh's, east of Mount Diablo; and at Alizos Creek, near Fort T6jon.
PHARELLA, Gray.
P. ALTA, 11. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 118.
SHELL elongated, narrow; beaks about a third of the distance
from  the anterior end, high, acute.  Cardinal margins sloping
slightly concavely from  the beak; basal margin nearly straight.
Ends rounded; the posterior the narrowest, and slightly expanded.
Surface marked by a few indistinct lines of growth.
Figure, twice natural size.
Locality: In most of the hills west of Martifiez (in Division A.).
This shell is smaller than P. Dakotensis, Meek and Hayden, and differs in the
beaks being higher and placed nearer the anterior end.
SILIQUA, Miihlf.
Legunminaria, Schum.
S. OREGONENSIS, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 237.
SHELL subelliptical, slightly convex; beaks placed about a third
of the length from  the anterior extremity.   Cardinal margin
nearly straight, basal broadly curved. Anterior end regularly
rounded; posterior obliquely truncated above.  Internal ribs
small, narrow, and oblique.  Surface unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Two casts, with the shell entirely decomposed; from the north side of
the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, near the Toll House, on the stage road. Collection of Prof. Whitney.




1.48         PAL1EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
PANOPAZA, Minard.
P. CONCENTRICA, 1:1. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 119.
SHELL subquadrate, about a third longer than wide; beaks
small, about a third of the length from the anterior end.  Posterior cardinal line very slightly sloping; basal margin- usually regularly curved, sometimes nearly straight.  Ends gaping; posterior
end widest.  Surface marked by rather large, irregular, concentric ribs.
Figure, natural size. Sometimes the species attains twice this size; and one
specimen in the collection of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, from
Tuscan Springs, which probably belongs to this species, has a length of four and
a half inches.
Locality: Cottonwood Creek and Martifez (Division A.).
CORBULA, Brug.? C. PRIMORSA, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 120, and 120 a.
SHELL small, thin, abruptly truncated posteriorly; beaks nearly
central, small; anterior end produced, broadly rounded, excavated
below the beaks; a well-marked angulation extending from  the
umnbones to the posterior basal angle. Surface marked by numerous fine, radiating lines, and by coarser, irregular lines of growth.
Length,.37 inch; width,.25 inch.
Figure 120 a is from the posterior end.
Locality: South side of Corral Hollow, Alameda County. Probably Cretaceous.
I have not been able to uncover the hinge of the only specimen I have seen,
and therefore refer this species to the genus Corbula with some doubt.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                      149
C. TRASKII, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 121, and 121 a.
SHELL small, convex; beaks large, strongly incurved.  Left
valve most convex; anterior end produced, slightly curved; posterior end obliquely truncated; surface closely marked by small
but regular and well-marked concentric ribs. Right valve flatter;
anterior end not so produced; surface not so strongly striate.
Length,.27 inch; width,.19 inch.
Localities: Texas Flat, Placer County; Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; and
Pence's Ranch, Butte County (Division A.).
C. CULTRIFORMIS, n. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 122.
SHELL elongated, narrow; beaks moderate, nearly central.
Valves nearly equal. Left valve broadly excavated in advance
of the beaks, convex posteriorly; anterior end produced, rounded
narrowly; basal margin broadly and regularly convex.  Right
valve more deeply and abruptly excavated in front of the beaks,
not so convex as the left valve.  Surface plain, or marked only
by a few faint lines of growth.
Length,.4 inch; width,.23 inch.
Locality: Abundant west of Martifiez (in Division A.).
C. HORNII, 11. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 238.
SHELL rather large, broad, narrow  and very convex; beaks
central; anterior end produced and regularly rounded; posterior
end obliquely truncated; cardinal margins sloping equally; basal
broadly and regularly convex.  On the left valve a sharp, angular
ridge passes from the beaks to the posterior basal margin, behintl
which the surface is concave.  The right valve has nearly the




150          PAL3EONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
same form as the left; is perhaps a little more convex, and wants
entirely the posterior umbonal ridge, the surface being rounded
instead of angular. Surface unknown.
Figure 238, a left valve, natural size. The right valve is too imperfect for illustration.
A cast of a single left valve and a broken right valve, from near Fort T6jon.
Collected by Dr. Horn.
C. PARILIS, n. s.
P1. 29, Fig. 239, and 239 a.
SHELL nearly equivalve, small, somewhat inequilateral; beaks
prominent, broad, strongly incurved, and inclined slightly forward.  Anterior end sloping downwards abruptly, and regularly
rounded below; posterior obliquely truncated and biangular; a
distinct umbonal ridge passes fromn  the beaks to the posterior
angle in both valves, most acute on the left. Basal margin of the
right valve regularly and broadly convex, straighter on the left.
Surface marked by prominent, concentric ribs, crossed by fine,
radiating lines.
Figures, about twice natural size.
Localities: Martifiez to Marsh's, east of Mount Diablo; and at San Diego (Division B. ).
ANATINA, Lam.
A. TRYONIANA, In. S.
P1. 29, Fig. 240.
SHELL thin, compressed, long, narrow, and nearly equilateral,
twice as long as wide; beaks central; cardinal margin concave,
and slightly sloping in advance, nearly straight behind; anterior
extremity rounded above, sloping convexly inwards below; posterior end narrow and regularly convex; basal margin broadly
and regularly rounded.  Surface polished and. marked by fine,
concentric lines.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          151
Figure, natural size.
Locality. Two specimens, collected by Mr. Mathewson, at Martinfez.
Named after my friend, Mr. George W. Tryon, of Philadelphia.
A. INEQUILATERALIS, 11. S.
PI. 29, Fig. 241.
I PROPOSE this name for* an imperfect cast, which I discovered
in Division A., on the north side of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, near the stage road.  The beaks are about a third of the
length from the posterior end; the cardinal and basal margins are
subparallel; and, judging from  undulations on the cast, the two
ends of the shell are nearly of the same shape and size.  Surface
unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Collection of Prof. Whitney.? A. LATA, 11. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 126.
SHELL broad, thin, lenticular; valves very much flattened;
beaks small, inclined backwards, placed posterior to the middle
of the shell.  Anterior cardinal margin sloping convexly from
the beak; posterior excavated. Posterior end truncated. Surface marked by minute, irregular lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen from Pence's Ranch, Butte County (Division A.).
I have not been able to expose the hinge of this specimen; but, judging from
the general form, think there can be little doubt of the correctness of the generic
reference. It can be distinguished from A. elliptica, nobis, from New Jersey, by
its being shorter and broader, by the beak being more posterior, and by the entire
absence of any ridge.




152           PALAONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
PHOLADOMYA, Sow.
P. BREWERII, 11. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 123.
SHELL ovate or subquadrate, compressed; beaks anterior, nloderate in size; buccal end unknlown; anal extremity rounded, subtruncate; cardinal border nearly straight behind the beaks, gently
sloping; base very slightly convex.  Surface marked by twentyfour or twenty-five fine, linear ribs, which radiate regularly from
the beaks, covering all the surface, except a narrow portion posteriorly, near the cardinal margin, about as wide as two or three
ribs; besides these, the surface is covered by fine, irregular lines
of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen found by Prof. Brewer, at Pence's Ranch, Butte
County (Division A.).
This species approaches P. subelongata, M1eek, from Vancouver Island; but,
besides the difference in form, the marked difference in the number of ribs will at
once serve to distinguish them; the latter species having but sixteen ribs.
P. NASUTA, In. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 124.
SIELL oblique, convex; beaks high, anterior, incurved, nearly
touching; umbones prominent.  Buccal end obliquely truncated
inwards towards the base, nearly straight; posterior end produced, rounded, gaping; base and anterior end closed.  Surface
marked by from  twelve to sixteen small, radiating ribs, which
cover about two-fifths of the surface, leaving a small portion of
the anterior end and  the posterior third uncovered;  besides
these, the whole surface is covered by prominent, irregular, concentric ribs.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: On the shore of the Straits of Carquines, two miles west of Martifiez.
Collected by 3Mr. NMathewson (from D)ivision A.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS,                       153
NEIERA, Gray.
N. DOLABRI3FORMIS, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 125.
SHELL small, convex; beaks central, strongly incurved, nearly
touching; anterior end suddenly narrowed, produced; extremity
unknown; posterior end narrowly rounded; base broadly sinuated.
Surface marked, except on the anterior end, by moderately large,
rounded ribs, somewhat variable in size and closely placed.
Length,.45 inch; width,.33 inch.
Locality: East of Martifiez (Division B.).
MACTRA, Linn., Lam.
M. ASHBURNERII, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 127.
SHELL moderate in size, subtrigonal; base broadly and regularly convex; beaks central, slightly inclined forwards; posterior
cardinal margin sloping, straight, or slightly convex; anterior
faintly  excavated; some specimens show  an umbonal angle
well marked, while in others it is nearly or entirely obsolete.
Surface variable; specimens from  some localities showing a
large number of regular, nearly uniform, rounded, concentric
ribs; while those found at other places have these ribs few, entirely absent, or only represented by fine lines of growth.
Figure, average size. Some few specimens have been found a third larger.
Localities: Pence's Ranch, Butte County, Mr. Ashburner; Chico Creek; Texas
Flat, Placer County; near Martifiez; Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; Orestimba
Canon, Stanislaus County; Benicia; San Luis Gonzaga Ranch, Pacheco's Pass,
in Division A.; and in Division B., at Martifiez; Marsh's, southeast of Mount
Diablo; Alizos Creek, near Fort TWjon, &c.
This is one of the most common fossils in the State.
PAL. VOL. i.-20




154         PALIEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
LUTRARIA, Lam.
L. TRUNCATA, 11. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 128.
SHELL thin, compressed, somewhat elongated, length compares
with the breadth as about four to three; beaks nearly central,
prominent, small, acute and slightly inclined forwards; anterior
cardinal margin slightly sinuous, posterior convex, nearly straight;
anterior end rounded; posterior obliquely truncated, gaping.
Surface marked by faint, irregular lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Pence's Ranch, Butte County, collected by Mr. Ashburner. Also at
Chico Creek (from Division A.).
ASAPHIS, Modeer.
A. UNDULATA, n. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 129.
SHELL minute, oval, convex, very thin; beaks small, nearly
central, and prominent; posterior cardinal line regularly convex, anterior slightly excavated; extremities round and equal;
basal margin broadly and regularly convex.  Surface marked by
minute, equal, concentric lines (about 5 or 6 in.01 inch); and at
the two ends by a few large radiating ribs or undulations; these
are most marked on the posterior end, and are entirely absent on
the middle half of the surface.  Hinge small, the bifid tooth of
the left valve being only represented by two minute tubercles.
Figure, magnified a little more than three times.
Locality:.From the lower beds, Texas Flat, Placer County; collection of the
California Academy of Natural Sciences.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                      155
GARI, Schum1.
Psammobia, Lain.? G. TEXTA, n1. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 130.
SHELL equivalve, nearly equilateral, subcompressed, about
twice as long as wide; beaks broad, not prominent, a little in
advance of the middle; anterior extremity narrowest, produced
and regularly rounded, sloping below towards the basal margin,
posterior extremity subtruncate obliquely backwards; basal margin most prominent posterior to the beaks; a broad, not welldefined ridge passes from the beaks to the posterior basal angle,
behind which the surface is slightly concave.  Surface marked
by very small radiating and concentric lines, producing a woven
appearance.
The internal surface of the shell being slightly undulated, I
have been unable to detect any pallial impression on any of the
casts I have seen.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: From Division B., in the neighborhood of Martiinez; collected by
Mr. Mathewson.
All of the specimens of this shell that I have seen are embedded in a very hard
calcareous sandstone, in which it was impossible to expose the hinge. I have,
therefore, referred it doubtfully to the above genus.
TELLINA, Linn.
T. LONGA, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 131,
SHELL  elongate, slender, compressed; beaks small, sharp,
rather prominent, nearly  central;  anterior cardinal margin
sloping, nearly straight; posterior slightly excavated; posterior
end rostrate, subbiangular; anterior end rounded; basal margin




156          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
convex, most prominent  ant eriorly, and sloping upwards to the
posterior end nearly straight; shell a little more than twice as
long as wide.  Surface marked by numerous microscopic, concenltric lines, generally somewhat irregular.  Muscular scars
deep; pallial sinus broad, shallow.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: In Division B., near Martinez; and abundant at Marsh's, fifteen
miles east of lMount Diablo. A single specimen was found at Alizos Creek, near
Fort Tdjon.
T. IEM0ONDII, n. S.
P1l. 22, Fig. 132.
SHELL broad, thin, compressed, about a third  longer than
wide; anterior end broadly rounded; posterior rostrate, narrow, and truncated obliquely outwards and downwards; beaks
small, central, prominent; base broadly rounded, slightly sinuous near the posterior extremity; a well-marked ridge passes
from  the beak to the posterior basal angle; cardinal margin
convex in front, concave behind the beaks, and sloping downwards concavely towards the truncated posterior end. Surface
ornamented by numerous small, regular, concentric ribs, and by
smaller, radiating, interstitial lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Two specimens from. Cochran's, six miles east of Mount Diablo, collection of Mr. Rdmond; one from near Fort Tejon.
T. IIOFFMANNIANA,  n. S.
P1. 22, Fig. 133, and 133 a.
SHELL moderate in size, compressed, a little longer than wide;
beaks nearly central, somewhat variable, prominent; cardinal
margin sloping each way, nearly straight, most abrupt posteriorly; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior produced, narrow, rounded or subtruncate, and sometimes slightly reflected
laterally; basal margin convex, most prominent directly under




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          157
the beaks, sloping upwards, and sometimes nearly straight posteriorly. Surface plain, or marked only by lines of growth.
Muscular scars rather faint; pallial sinus deep, narrow.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Abundant in Division A., west of Martifez; also found at Pence's
Rancch, Butte County.
This species sometimes attains a size twice as large as Figure 133 a, but can
always be distinguished by its straight or slightly convex cardinal margins.
T. MONILIFERA, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 134, and 134 a.
SHELL small, subelliptical, equilateral; beaks central, proninent, with the cardinal margins sloping symmetrically on each
side, straight, or a little convex; extremities regularly rounded,
equal; basal margin  broadly convex, most prominent in the
middle.  Surface marked by fine, regular, concentric ribs, with
narrow impressed lines between them, except on the posterior
fifth or sixth, where they becoiAe faint, and are replaced by a
series of rather coarser, moniliform, radiating ribs. Hinge composed of one small, simple, and a larger bifid primary tooth, and
two prominent lateral teeth.  Pallial line very faint.
Figure 134, natural size; Fig. 134 a, magnified view of the posterior half.
Locality::From Division A., Texas Flat, Placer County; collection of the
California Academy of Natural Sciences, presented by Dr. Trask.
This shell is of the same size and shape as Nucula perequalis, Con., of the Alabamna "Ripley Group," but can be distinguished by the peculiar external ornamentation.
T. OOIDES, n. s.
P1. 22, Fig. 135, and 135 a.
SHELL large, oval, compressed, a fifth longer than wide; beaks
small, anterior, subcentral; cardinal margin sloping regularly
and convexly on both sides; extremities regularly rounded, the
anterior broadest; basal margin convex, most prominent in the
centre.  Surface marked only by rather distinct, irregular lines
of growth.



158           PAL2EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Fig. 135 is of a specimen found west of Martifiez; 135 a, from Pence's
Ranch, Butte County (Division A.).
T. MATHEWSONII, In. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 136.
SHELL equilateral, compressed; beaks broad, prominent, central; extremities equal, or nearly so, broadly rounded; basal
margin regularly  convex.   Surface marked  only by irregular
lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: In Division A., in the neighborhood of Martigfez. The finest specimens are from an outcrop about a mile north of the village of Pacheco, southeast
of Martiflez.
I am indebted to Mr. Mathewson for the discovery of this species, and for the
specimens now in the collection of the Survey.
T. DECURTATA, n1. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 137.
SHELL moderate in size, compressed, very inequilateral; beaks
anterior; cardinal margin sloping posteriorly gently, very slightly
convex; anterior end abruptly truncated; posterior end narrow,
rounded; base broadly and gently convex.  Surface unknown.
Muscular impressions slight; pallial sinus oblique, shallow and
round at the base. Primary teeth narrow, the anterior the largest;
lateral teeth small, almost obsolete.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: I found but a single specimen of this peculiarly shaped shell; this was
obtained at Pence's Ranch, twelve miles north of Oroville, Butte County (Division A.).
Although I have but a single imperfect cast of this species, I do not hesitate in
describing it, in the confidence that its remarkable shape will not fail in distinguishing it from all known species.
It approaches most nearly to T. ooidces (supra); but, in addition to its more




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          159
abrupt anterior end, in the latter species the pallial sinus lies more nearly parallel
with the base of the shell. It is narrower and somewhat angular at the base of
the notch.? T. QUADRATA, 11. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 138.
SHELL inequilateral, subquadrate, about two-fifths longer than
wide; beaks prominent, subcentral, nearest the anterior end,
which is obliquely subtruncate; posterior end a little the narrowest and regularly rounded; basal mnargin nearly straight.
Surface marked by numerous, closely placed, irregular lines of
growth.  Muscular scars and pallial sinus almost invisible on the
cast.
Figure, natural size.
Localit/y: A single specimen, from Tuscan Springs, Division A., collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of California; collected by Dr. Veatch.
I have only seen a portion of the hinge of this shell, but believe it to belong to
the genus Tellina.
T. ASHBURNERII, R. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 139.
SHELL moderate in  size, subequilateral, compressed, nearly
twice as long as broad; beaks central, small; cardinal margins
sloping nearly equally on both sides; ends symmetrically rounded, nearly equal; base broad, regularly convex.  Surface marked
only by lines of growth.  Hinge small; lateral teeth, if any, unknlown.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Pence's Ranch, north of Oroville, Butte County (in Division A.).
Named after MIr. Ashburner, who first made known this prolific locality.
This species is not unlike T. idlasthewsonii (supra), but can be distinguished from
young specimens of that by being narrower at all ages. It is slightly more convex, and the beaks are not so prominent.




160          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
T. (? SANGUINOLARIA) nVIIITNEYI, I. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 242.
SHELL large, thin, compressed, subelliptical; beaks a little in
advance of the centre, small; cardinal margins subequal, the
posterior side sloping downwards more obliquely than the anterior; basal margin convex, most prominent a little behind the
beaks, sloping upwards in  advance towards the anterior end.
Surface marked by fine, concentric lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Jacksonville, Oregon, associated with many species of the lower division of the California Cretaceous. Collection of Professor Whitney.
I have not seen the hinge of this shell, and cannot therefore be positive in the
generic determination. In its compressed, inequilateral form, it resembles some
of the modern Sanguinolarias, and may possibly belong to that group.
T. PARILIS, I1. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 243.
SHELL small, robust, nearly equilateral; beaks central, or nearly
so, elevated, with the margins sloping rapidly, nearly straight,
towards either end; basal margin broadly and regularly convex;
anterior end narrow and regularly rounded; posterior a little
broader and faintly subtruncatedl obliquely upwards and inwards.
Surface polished and ornamented by a few faint lines of growth.
Figure, a little larger than natural size.
Locality: A few specimens collected by Mr. Mathewson, near Martifez.
This species approaches most nearly to T. Ashburnerii; but it is thicker, shorter,
more regularly equilateral, and the beaks are much more prominent.
T. IORNII, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 244.
SHELIL long, narrow, subequilateral; beaks small, subcentral;
cardinal margins sloping slightly towards the ends; anterior extremity regular, slightly broader than the posterior, which is a




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       161
little more prominent below than above; basal margin nearly
straight. Surface marked only by faint lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: In Division B., near Fort TWjon, where it is abundant, many fine
specimens having been collected by Dr. Horn. I have found a single small specimen at Clayton, near the coal-mines.
T. CALIFORNICA, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 245.
SHELL small, very inequilateral; beaks prominent, a little behind the middle of the shell; posterior margin abruptly truncated obliquely from the beaks to the base; anterior end very
prominent and rounded; base slightly sinuous. Surface slightly
convex and marked by very fine lines of growth.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Localities: Marsh's, east of Mount Diablo. Also near Fort Tejon (Division B.).
VENUS, Linn.
V. (MERCENARIA?) VARIANS, n. s.
P1. 23, Fig. 140, 140 a, and 141.
SHELL thick, robust, inflated, variable in outline, subtriangular; length and breadth sometimes nearly equal, in other specimens, length a fifth greater than width; beaks anterior, nearly
terminal; cardinal margin prominently convex, and sloping
rapidly downwards; in advance of the beaks, the margin of the
shell is rather deeply excavated; anterior end broadly rounded,
posterior narrower; basal margin broadly and regularly convex.
Surface marked by coarse, irregular lines of growth.  Lunule
variable, small, sometimes deep, sometimes nearly obsolete.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Widely distributed in Division A.; most abundant near Martiiiez,
and Pence's Ranch, Butte County.
The two figures, 140 and 140 a, are from specimens found near Martiniez.
PAL. VOL. I.-21




162          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
These two forms are the most common, and I have before me every possible gradation between them. The form, figure 141, is more rare, and seems to be confined
to the northern portions of the State. Specimens from Pence's and from Tuscan Springs, Tehama County, usually approach it more or less closely. Although
the shell represented in figure 141 appears to be widely distinct in outline, shape
of the umbones, &c., from the others, still, after studying a series of not less than
a hundred specimens, I can find no good grounds on which to separate it.
On account of the nature of the matrix, I have been unable to examine all the
details of the hinge, and the generic determination must therefore remain, to a
certain extent, in doubt, for the present.
V. VEATCHII, n. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 142.
SHELL small, subquadrate; beaks large, anterior, nearly terminal; cardinal margin sloping slightly convexly to the posterior
end, which is rounded-subtruncate; anterior slightly concave
above, narrow-convex below; basal margin nearly straight; a
broad, rounded ridge passes from the beaks to the posterior basal
angle, in the rear of which the surface is nearly flat.
Surface marked by moderately large, regular, concentric ribs.
Figure, magnified from three to four times.
Locality: Abundant in Division A., at Tuscan Springs; collected by Dr. Veatcll.
V. LENTICULARIS, 11. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 246.
SHELL thick, subtriangular, compressed; beaks high, a little
in advance of the  centre; posterior cardinal margin  sloping
very abruptly, slightly convex; anterior side broadly excavated
under the beaks, convex below; base broadly and regularly convex. Lunule small, rather distinct. Internal margin not crenulated.  Surface marked by regular, rounded, concentric ribs.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Benicia; collection of Mr. Remond.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        163
V. TETRAHEDRA, n. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 247.
SIJELL small, thin, subquadrate; beaks small; anterior end
broadly rounded below, excavated under the beaks; cardinal
margin sloping posteriorly, nearly straight; posterior end obliquely  truncated;  basal margin  convex.  Surface  polished,
divided by a broad, rounded, umbonal ridge, into two planes, so
that when the two valves are in apposition they present four
well-marked curved faces.
Figure, a little more than twice natural size.
Locality: Not rare in the vicinity of Martinfez (Div. A.j.
MERETRIX, Lam.
M. UVASANA, Con.
P1. 30, Fig. 248.
(M. Uvasanza, Con. P. R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 320, pl. 2, fig. 3.)
SHELL thick, oval, robust, a fourth longer than wide, very
inequilateral; beaks large, strongly incurved, placed less than a
third of the length from  the anterior end; buccal margin prominently rounded below, deeply excavated under the beaks;
cardinal margin  sloping very convexly towards the posterior
end, which is subtruncated.  Surface marked by small lamelliform  ribs, separated by spaces about equal to four times the
thickness of the ribs themselves; the interspaces are sometimes
plain, sometimes striated.  Inner margin plain.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Abundant near Fort T6jon, whence it was described by Mr. Conrad;
also found, not rarely, near MIartinez, and nearly everywhere in Division B.
This is the largest species of the genus, and one of the commonest fossils in
California. The figure given in the Pacific Railroad Report is from a fragmentary specimen, and conveys a very incorrect idea of the outline of the shell.
There can be no doubt of the identity of the present form with AMr. Conrad's




164           PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
species, since I collcted numerous specimens myself, at the original locality;
and this is the only species with the peculiar surface ornamentation, mentioned
by Mr. Conrad, that has been found in California.
M. LENS, n. s.
P1. 23, Fig. 143.
SHELL compressed, lenticular; outline variable, subelliptical;
beaks small, placed about two-fifths from the anterior end, which
is broadly convex; posterior end narrower; cardinal margin
curved, gradually  sloping;  basal regularly  convex.   Surface
marked by a few irregular lines of growth.
Figure, natural size. The species sometimes grows a third larger.
Locality: Chico Creek, Butte County (Division A.).
The outline of this shell is rather more variable than is usual in the genus.
The specimen figured is 1.15 inch long and.9 inch wide; another is 1.2 inch long
and 1.1 wide. The convexity also is not constant, old specimens being proportionally deeper than young ones, and often specimens of the same size will vary.
The average depth of a single adult valve is about.2 inch.
M. HORNII, n. s.
P1. 23, Fig. 144.
SHELL subtrigonal, cuneate; beaks anterior, with the cardinal
margin sloping convexly to the posterior end, which is narrow;
anterior end prominent above, and curving inwards rapidly below
towards the base.  Lunule small, very narrow, acute below and
impressed.   Surface  marked  by  prominent, large, concentric
ribs, with interspaces of about the same width.
Figure, natural size, from a small specimen.
The species grows to about one-third larger than the figure. The artist has, to
some extent, misrepresented the characters of this shell. It should be more acute
posteriorly, the anterior end should be higher above and more oblique below, and
the concentric markings are at least a third too numerous. Judging from the
figure, there would seem to be little if any difference between this shell and 311.
arata, fig. 250; but the triangular form, much larger size and distinct surfacecharacters cannot fail to distinguish them.
Locality: Near Fort Tejon. Dr. Horn.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         165
M. NITIDA, 1. S.
P1. 23, Figs. 145 and 146.
SHELL moderate in size, inequilateral; beaks small, prominent,
anterior, about a third of the length from the anterior end; buccal extremity deeply excavated under the beaks, prominently
convex below; cardinall  margin sloping convexly and rapidly
towards the anal extremity; basal margin broadly rounded.
Surface polished and marked by a few smooth, irregular lines of
growth.  Lunule moderately large and bordered by a deep, impressed line.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Near Martifez, in loose blocks on the shores of the Straits of Carquines; Orestimba Cation; Chico and Cow Creeks (Division A.).
This shell changes its shape materially in passing from the young to the adult.
The young form is shorter and proportionally more convex than is ever seen in
full-grown individuals. In general shape there is a great resemblance between
the present species and Venus varians (supra), but the smaller size, polished surface, fewer and less distinct lines of growth, and the presence of the deeply impressed line bordering the lunule will at once distinguish it. I am indebted to
Mr. Mathewson for the specimens described and figured.
M. LONGA, n. S.
Pl. 23, Fig. 147.
SHELL elongate, nearly equilateral; beaks small, broad, not
prominent; buccal ends broadly rounded, sloping inwards below
more rapidly than  above; posterior end faintly subtruncated;
base broadly convex, most prominent below, or a little in advance
of the beaks. Surface marked by faint, irregular lines of growth,
and towards the beaks by minute, radiating lines, which become
obsolete as the shell increases ill size.  Lunule long, narrow, and
deeply impressed.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: From Division A., found in a mass of rock having the lithological
characters and the same grouping of species as is found at Texas Flat, Placer
County, but labelled " Shasta." From Dr. Behrcns.




166          PALZEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
M. ARATA, I1. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 250.
SHELL thick, rounded-subtriangular, nearly as high as long;
beaks large, prominent, a third of tlhe length from  the anterior
end, which is narrowly excavated above, rounded below, and
broader than the posterior extremity; base regularly convex; cardinal margin curving regularly to the anal end.  Lunule small.
Surface ornamented by regular, concentric, acute, impressed
lines.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County; Siskiyou Mountains; and Orestimba Canion, Stanislaus County.
Allied to M. nitida in form, but is less produced in advance, more prominent
behind, and is easily distinguished by the well-marked surface ornamentation.
M. OVALIS, 11. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 251.
SHELL oval, convex, rather thick; beaks small, acute, subcentral; anterior margin broadly convex, produced, most prominent
above the middle, subtruncated below; cardinal margin regularly
curved, sloping downwards posteriorly, uniting with the posterior
end, which, from lines of growth, seems to have been faintly truncated.  Surface marked only by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen, found near Fort Tejon by Dr. Horn (Division B.).
This species appears to be closely allied to l. lens, from Chico Creek, in Division A. It is, however, a thicker, more robust shell, is more convex; the beaks
are larger and are of a different shape, and the shell is altogether more regularly
elliptical.
M. CALIFORNICA, Con.
(31. Californica, Con. Pacific R. R. Rep., vol. 5, p. 320, pl. 2, fig. 4.)
ALTHOUGH I searched thoroughly the locality from which this species was reported, and spent several days collecting fossils there, and although Dr. Horn has




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                           167
been collecting there for months, I have not seen even a single fragment that
could by any possibility be referred to this species.
DOSINIA, Scopoli.
D. ELEVATA, G.
P1. 30, Fig. 252.
(D. alta, Con. (non Dkr.) Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 320, pl. 2, fig. 2.)
(Not D. alta, Con., Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1856, p. 315.)
SUBCIRCULAR, convex, thick; beaks prominent, placed in advance of the middle, and strongly inclined forwards; base and
ends regularly rounded; cardinal margin strongly arched and
uniting with the posterior end by a faint angle; immediately
adjoining the ligament there is an inward truncation of the cardinal border, which runs from the beaks to the posterior angle,
and is nearly a quarter of an inch broad at its widest part.
Lunule very faint. Surface marked only by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Near Fort TWjon. Dr. Horn.
Dosinia alta, Con. (not Dunker), was described, by Mr. Conrad, from the Miocene
formation of Monterey, in 1856. Subsequently, he applied the name to the Cretaceous form from the Cafiada de las Uvas, on the evidence of a specimen in even a
more fragmentary condition than the present one. By comparing fig. 252 with
his original description, or with the figures in vol. 6, Pacific R. R. Report, pl. 3,
fig. 13 a, 13 b, it will be seen at once that the two species are not of the same form.
This form approaches D. infiata, from Chico Creek, but is larger, thicker, broader,
and less convex. That species also wants entirely the truncation of the cardinal
margin.
D. PERTENUIS, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 253.
SHELL broad, very thin, subeircular; anterior and basal margins forming a regular curve, cardinal margin nearly straight;
posterior end obtusely subangulated; beaks small, in advance
of the middle and inclined forwards.  Surface marked by fine




].68         PALIEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
lines of growth.  The cardinal margin is faintly truncated in a
similar manner to D. clevata, though in a less degree.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: On the north side of the Siskiyou Mountains, in Southern Oregon,
where it is not rare, though usually found as casts in the sandstone.
This shell is about the size of, and resembles somewhat, D. ten?zis, Meek, from
Vancouver Island, but is less convex, broader, and not so high as that species.
It resembles it also in being very thin.
ID. GYRATA, n. s.
P1l. 23, Fig. 148.
SHELL lenticular, nearly circular; beaks small, central, inclined anteriorly; cardinal line curved, sloping downwards, and
uniting with the posterior margin; length and breadth about
equal. Surface nmarked by numerous irregular lines of growth,
crossed by a few indistinct, radiating lines. Lunule small, deeply
impressed.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Common at Marsh's, southeast of Mount Diablo; also found at Martifez and near San Diego; and a single cast was found near the mouth of Cafada
de las Uvas, at Alizos Creek (Division B.).
The extremely compressed form of this shell is one of its most prominent characters. The thickness of the specimen figured, measured from the external surfaces of the shell, is not more than three-tenths of an inch.
D. INFLATA, n. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 149.
SHELL subeircular, very convex; beaks small, prominent, inclined strongly in advance; height a little greater than the width;
margins all regularly and nearly equally convex.  Lunule none.
Hinge robust, internal margin plain.  Surface marked by irregular, concentric lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Chico Creek, Butte County (Division A.).




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                     169
TAPES, Megerle.
T. CONRADIANA, n. s.
P1. 32, Fig. 282.
SHELL long, narrow, very inequilateral, oblique; beaks prominent, and placed between a third and a fourth of the distance
from the anterior end; cardinal margin sloping nearly straight
to the posterior extremity, which is narrow  and  regularly
rounded; basal margin most prominent under the beaks, very
broadly rounded posteriorly, sloping upwards rapidly in advance
to the anterior end. Lunule small, bordered by a simple impressed line.  Surface ornamented by regular concentric ribs,
nearly uniform throughout, rounded above, abruptly truncated
on the side towards the beaks, and sloping towards the basal
margin, so as to present an imbricated appearance, the overlapping being upwards.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Alizos Creek, near Fort T6jon; abundant, and associated with Meretrix Uvasana.? T. QUADRATA, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 249.
SHELL small, compressed, subquadrate, somewhat variable in
shape; cardinal and basal margins convex, subparallel; beaks
anterior, nearly terminal; anterior margin deeply excavated
under the beaks, narrowly rounded below; posterior extremity
obliquely truncated. Lunule long, narrow, and bordered by a
sharp, impressed line. Surface marked by very fine lines of
growth, sometimes obsolete.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Division B., at Fort Tdjon; and Martifez: not abundant.
PAL. VOL. I.-22




170         PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
TRAPEZIUM, Miihlfeld.
T. CARINATUM, 11. S.
P1. 23, Fig. 150.
SHELL subquadrate, elongate; the length is to the breadth as
seven to five; beaks anterior, nearly terminal; anterior end concave under the beaks, convex and prominent below; cardinal
margin slightly convex, nearly horizontal, uniting by a curve
with the posterior end, which is obliquely truncated; basal
margin broadly and regularly convex; a prominent, angular
ridge passes from the beak to the posterior basal angle; in advance of this ridge the surface is gently convex; behind it, it is
concave, and descends rapidly to the posterior margin.  Surface
marked only by a few minute lines of growth. Hinge slender;
the teeth are all small and narrow, the most anterior two of the
cardinal teeth are placed almost perpendicularly.
Figure, twice natural size.
Locality: Division A., Texas Flat, Placer County. Rare.
From the cabinet of the California Academy of Natural Sciences; collected by
Dr. Trask.
CYPRINELLA, N. Gen.
ANIMAL unknown.  Shell regular, equivalve, subcordiform.
Hinge with three diverging cardinal teeth, and one anterior and
one posterior lateral tooth in each valve. Pallial sinus shallow.
This genus appears to be closely allied to Cypri?,a, but is suffi..
ciently distinguished by the presence of a second lateral tooth, ais
large as the single one of that genus.
C. TENUIS, 11. S.
PI. 23, Fig. 151, and 151 a.
SHELL moderately large, very thin, subcordate; beaks small,
prominent, strongly curved  inwards and forlvards; cardinal




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         171
margin convex, curving( rapidly downwards  to meet the posterior end; anterior end sinuous, prominent below; basal margin
broadly and regularly convex.  Surface marked by concentric
lines of growth, which  are very regular towards the beaks.
Hinge stout; lateral teeth about equal in size; middle cardinal
tooth largest, robust, and grooved on the upper surface; posterior cardinal tooth long, linear.  Lunule rather large, but only
defined by an impressed line.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: In beds, either belonging to the newest Cretaceous, or possibly Tertiary, south side of Corral Hollow; associated with Corbela primorsa (supra), an
Oyster, and two or three other species, none of which were found sufficiently perfect to be properly characterized. I have also received specimens from Dr. Frick,
labelled "Contra Costa County."
All of the specimens were more or less distorted; so that it is possible that figure
151, which was taken from one of the best specimens, may not illustrate, with
perfect accuracy, the proper form of the species. However, the inaccuracy, at
the worst, cannot be very great.
CARDIUM, Linn.
C. (LAvICARDIUM) ANNULATUM, n. s.
Pl. 23, Fig. 152.
SHELL thin, moderate in size, cordate, convex, nearly equilateral, length and breadth about equal; beaks large, prominent,
and strongly incurved and directed forwards; anterior and posterior ends regularly convex, the posterior a little the broadest;
base regular.  Surface highly polished and ornamented by very
minute, waved lines of growth, and small dots composed of circular or elliptical impressed lines, arranged in radiating series;
these rings are placed at variable distances, usually about a tenth
of an inch apart.
Figure 152, natural size; 152 a, magnified view of a portion of the surface.
Locality: Curry's, south side of Mount Diablo, from a very hard gray sandstone,
in Division A. A single imperfect specimen, collected by Mr. Brewer.




172          PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
C. 1EMONDIANUM, in. s.
P1. 23, Fig. 153.
SHELL small, subcordate, inequilateral, wider than long; Deaks
central, large, prominent, slightly inclined forward, with the sides
sloping rapidly towards both ends; anterior end broadly and
regularly convex; posterior end abruptly truncated; basal margin
rounded, most prominent posteriorly; a rounded angle passes
from  the beaks to the posterior basal angle; in advance of this,
the surface is prominently convex; behind it, it is flattened and
descends abruptly to the posterior margin.  Surface marked by
about forty square, radiating ribs, with flat interspaces; these
ribs are very large on the umbonal angle, and decrease gradually
in size in front and behind, until they are mere lines.  Internal
edge crenulated.
Figure, about three times natural size.
Localities: From near Benicia. Division A.; also at "Wright's Gulch," near
Shasta City; collected by Mr. R6mond.
C. COOPERII, 11. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 154, and 154 a.
SHELL broad, cordate, equilateral; beaks small, central, prominent; cardinal margins sloping, rounded, not very abruptly, on
both sides; ends symmetrical; base regularly convex.  Surface
marked by a large number of minute, roundecl, radiating ribs;
these ribs are a little larger on the posterior face of the shell, but
the surface so covered is not separated from the rest by any angle
or carina.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: From Division B., at MNartifiez; San Diego; also near Cafada de
las Uvas.
Closely related to C. multiradiatum, nob., of Alabama and (?) New Jersey; but
distinguished by the broader outline, and the difference in size of the ribs on the
posterior face, from those on the rest of the surface.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       173
C. BREWERII, II. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 155.
SHELL moderate in size, subequilateral, subquadrate, a little
wider than long; beaks central, strongly incurved; hinge-line
nearly straight; anterior and basal margins forming a regular
curve; posterior end abruptly truncated.  Surface, in advance of
a rounded, umbonal ridge, regularly convex; posterior slightly
concave and sloping rapidly towards the posterior margin; ornamented by about twenty-five uniform subflattened ribs, with perfectly flat interspaces; the surface of these ribs is sometimes
plain, sometimes faintly grooved longitudinally; the interspaces
are crossed by numerous minute, squamose lines, which occasionally are visible on the ribs themselves.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: This beautiful shell is abundant in the beds of Division B., east of
the north end of Caniada de las Uvas; also found in the same formation around
Martinez, although always small at the latter locality.
C. (PRoTocARDIUM) PLACERENSIS, n. s
P1. 24, Fig. 156.
SHELL small, subcircular, nearly equilateral; beaks central,
moderately prominent, with the posterior end faintly subtruncated
obliquely outwards; anterior end regularly convex. Surface
marked by minute, irregular, concentric lines, and by seven or
eight radiating ribs on the posterior face; the largest of these
is on the umbonal angle, and is bounded by two deep grooves;
the others are placed between it and the margin of the shell, and
decrease regularly in size, leaving a narrow space between the
last one and the margin plain. Internal margin plain. IIinge
slender.
Figure, magnified three times.
Localify: Texas Flat, Placer County. Collection of the California Academy of
Natural Sciences; collected by Dr. Trask.




174            PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
CARDITA, Brug.
C. ItORNII, G.
P1. 24, Fig. 157.
(C. p7anicosta, Con. (not Lam.)  Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 321, pl. 2, fig. 6.)
SHELL large, thick, convex, subquadrate, oblique; beaks prominent, anterior, subterminal; cardinal margin broadly arched,
sloping slightly, and uniting with the posterior end with a regular curve; base broadly rounded, most prominent in the middle,
from  which point it runs upwards rapidly towards the anterior
end, which is broadly and regularly curved; posterior end obliquely subtruncated, angular below.  Surface marked by twentytwo broad rounded ribs, a little the smallest posterior to the umbonal angle; these ribs are somewhat flattened above, especially
towards the base, have acute interspaces, and are crossed by
numerous coarse, irregular lines of growth.  Hinge very thick,
robust, and resembling that of C. planicosta of the Eocene.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Abundant near Fort T-jon; also found at Martifiez, and near
Clayton.
I dedicate this magnificent species to my friend, Dr. Horn, U. S. A., in recognition of the valuable assistance he has rendered me, in collecting Cretaceous
fossils in the vicinity of Fort Tejon.
It is not so surprising as might appear at first glance, that MIr. Conrad should
have referred this shell to Lamarck's species. The form figured is probably an
extremely oblique one, although all of the adeult specimens show more or less of
an approach to this shape. The young shells, of which I have examined a large
number, approach much more nearly to C. planicosta in outline. Add to this the
fact that whenever the shell is weathered so as to lose the outside layer, the ribs
become quite flat, angular on the sides, and with broad, flat interspaces. Wherever the surface is preserved intact, however, the rotundity of the ribs, and the
narrow, acute interspaces, show a character entirely incompatible with the other
form. A further resemblance is in the hinge, which, as well as my memory
serves me, is nearly, if not quite, undistinguishable from that of C. planicosta.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                      175
LUCINA, Brug.
L. NASUTA, n. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 158.
SHELL small, very thin, subcompressed, inequilateral; beaks
small, acute, not prominent, placed a little behind the middle;
anterior end broadly rounded and very prominent; posterior
cardinal margin straight, sloping downwards to unite with the
posterior end, which is narrow, produced, and subtruncate;
basal margin convex, most prominent in advance of the middle, slightly sinuated posteriorly; umbonal ridge subangular,
straight.  Surface polished, marked by faint, concentric lines of
growth, and by almost imperceptible radiating lines.
Iength,.55 inch.
Locality: A single specimen, from Division A., near Martinez; collection of Mr.
Mathewson.
L. POSTRADIATA, n. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 159.
SHELL very small, suboval, compressed, inequilateral; beaks
small, moderately prominent, placed behind the middle; hinge
margin excavated anteriorly, straight, and sloping downwards
posteriorly; anterior and basal margins regularly rounded, the
latter most prominent in advance of the middle; posterior end
rounded, subtruncate; a sharp ridge passes from the beaks to
the posterior basal margin, behind which the surface falls suddenly as if dislocated, and then continues in a parallel plane with
the rest of the surface to the posterior margin.  Surface ornamented by moderately large, regular, concentric ribs, and on the
posterior portion by two or three radiating ribs.
Figure, three times the natural size.
Locality: Division A., Texas Flat, Placer County; collection of the California
Academy of Natural Sciences; collected by Dr. Trask.
The peculiar character of the posterior end of this little fossil will at once




176          PALAIONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
distinguish it. The umbonal ridge is not an exsert angle, but a mere dislocation
of the surface; as if the shell had been broken along that line, and then set back
a short distance.
L. SUBCIRCULARIS, II. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 160.
SHELL small, subeircular, compressed; beaks small, central,
pointing anteriorly; cardinal margin slightly excavated in front
of the beaks, straight, acute, and sloping gently downwards posteriorly; anterior and basal margins forming a nearly perfect
semicircle; posterior end faintly subtruncated; a faint umrbonal ridge, behind which the surface is gently concave.  Surface
marked by small, regular, concentric ribs, which become nearly
obsolete posterior to the umbonal ridge; these ribs are acute
and sublamellar near the beaks, and rounded on the lower portion of the shell.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Collected with the preceding.
J. CUMULATA, n. s.
PI. 24, Fig. 254.
SHELL minute, subeircular, thick; beaks large, subcentral;
ends and base regularly rounded; anterior end slightly emarginate immediately under the beaks; cardinal margin nearly
straight, uniting with the posterior end by a rounded angle.
Surface marked by four or more enormous, rounded, concentric
ribs, giving the shell the appearance of being composed of a number of independent masses laid one over another; besides these
ribs there are a few small, oblique, divaricating, impressed lines,
most marked near the apex.
Figures, about two and a half times the natural size.
Locality: Near Fort T6jon; very rare. The figure and description are from a
single specimen.
I have seen but one fragment of another from the same locality.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                           177? L. CRETACEA, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 255.
SHELL thin, flattened, subquadrate; beaks subcentral; ends
and base broadly rounded, subtruncate. Surface marked only
by fine lines of growth.
Figure, twice natural size.
Localities: From Clayton to Marsh's, vicinity of Mount Diablo.
I have not seen the hinge of this little shell, and therefore refer it doubtfully
to the above genus. It is not rare at Marsh's, fifteen miles east of Mount Diablo.
LORIPES, Poli.? L. DUBIA, n. s.
P1. 24, Fig. 170, and 171.
SHELL subeircular, inflated; beaks moderately large, prominent, strongly incurved and inclined forwards; margins regularly
convex; basal margin sometimes nearly straight. Surface, in
small specimens, marked by regular, concentric ribs, which, in
larger ones,become irregular and sometimes quite coarse. Margin
thin, not crenulated.  Lunule apparently absent.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Texas Flat, Placer County (Fig. 170); Chico Creek, Butte County
(Fig. 171); and Tuscan Springs, Tehama County (Division A.).
This shell may prove to be the type of a new genus of Lucinidce. The hinge
resembles that of L. anatellinoides; but the apparent absence of a lunule and some
other characters may serve to separate it from that species. The ligament appears
to have been decidedly external. Adams says: "No external ligament;" while
Chenu says: " Ligament loge dans un sillon oblique du bord cardinal;" and his
figure of L. edentula shows it fully as external as it is in the present species.
PAL. VOL. I.-23




178          PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
MYSIA, Leach, 1819.
Diplodonta, Bronn, 1831.? M. POLITA, n. s.
Pi. 30, Fig. 256.
SHELL small, thin, subglobose; beaks between the middle and
anterior end; base and sides form about three-fourths of a nearly
perfect circle; anterior end slightly excavated, immediately under
the beaks; cardinal margin variable, arched, or sometimes nearly
straight. Surface polished and marked by faint concentric lines
of growth.
Figure, about three times the natural size.
Locality: Not rare about Martiiez; and also found at Clayton, near the coalmines (from Division B.).
I have referred this shell to the above genus entirely from the external form,
not having succeeded in exposing the hinge of any of the specimens.
ASTARTE, Sow.
A. CONRADIANA, n. s.
P1. 24, Fig. 161.
SHELL moderate in size, elongate, subquadrate, compressed;
beaks small, overhanging the anterior end, which is sinuous and
not prominent; cardinal margin convex and slightly inclined
downwards posteriorly; anal extremity convexly and obliquely
truncated; basal margin broadly and regularly convex, most
prominent at or a little behind the middle. Surface ornamented
by small, regular, concentric ribs, which, when weathered, are
replaced by finer radiating lines.  Lunule small, deep.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County: collected by Dr. Trask.




CRETACEOrUS FOSSILS.                         179
A. MATHEWSONII, n. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 258.
SHELL small, compressed, subquadrate, length  and breadth
about equal; beaks very prominent, strongly incurved, presented
forwards, and overhanging the anterior end; cardinal margin
straight and sloping downwards; posterior truncated; anterior
deeply emarginate above, narrowly and prominently rounded
below. Surface marked by fine, irregular, concentric lines, variable in different specimens, but usually most prominent near
the beaks.  Lunule deeply impressed.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Near Martifez. All the specimens I have seen were collected by Mr.
Mathewson.
A. TUSCANA, n. 5.
P1. 30, Fig. 257.
SHELL thick, narrow, cuneate; beaks small, incurved; cardinal
margin straight, sloping downwards to the posterior end, which
is obliquely and convexly truncated; anterior end straight and
sloping outwards above, rounded below; base most prominent
below  the beaks, nearly straight behind, rounded upwards in
advance. Lunule small, deeply sunken. Surface marked with
regular, rounded, concentric ribs.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: From Division A., at Tuscan Springs; also at Pence's Ranch, Butte
County.
Allied to A. Conradiana; but narrower posteriorly, more sloping on the cardinal
border; the beak is also less terminal, and the anterior end is of an entirely different shape. Two specimens in the collection of the Survey, from Chico Creek,
resemble this species in most of the essential characters, except that they are twice
as large, are more robust, wider from beak to base, and slightly excavated on the
anterior end, immediately under the beaks. They are also proportionally narrower posteriorly than the present species, and may prove to be distinct; but,
without more material, I would not venture to name them.




180         PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
ERIPHYLA, N. Gen.
ANIMAL unknown. Shell subtrigonal. Surface of valves concentrically ribbed or striated. Hinge composed of two primary
teeth in the right valve, and one in the left, and an anterior and
posterior lateral tooth in each valve. Ligament external; lunule
deep. Pallial line unknown.
This shell is closely aRied to Astarte and Gouldia, but differs
from both, in the presence of a well-marked posterior tooth in
each valve.  On the left valve there is a rudiment of a second
cardinal tooth, which enters a depression on the opposite side,
behind the large, posterior, cardinal tooth of that valve. Other
species may show two well-defined cardinal teeth on each side.
E. UMBONATA, n. s.
P1. 24, Fig. 162, and 162 a.
SHELL subtrigonal, inequilateral; beaks prominent, subcentral, inclined in advance; posterior cardinal line rapidly sloping
convexly; basal half of the shell nearly semicircular; anterior
end rounded, excavated under the beaks. Lunule profound,
subcordate.  Internal margin with a minute rim  or thickening
running parallel with the edge.  Surface ornamented with numerous regular concentric ribs, which, in some specimens,
become obsolete on the middle of the shell.
Figure 162, natural size; 162 a, magnified view of the hinge.
Localities: Cow Creek, Shasta County; also Curry's, south side of Mount
Diablo (Division A.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                          181
CRASSATELLA, Lam.
C. GRANDIS, n. s.
PI. 24, Fig. 163.
(Crassatella alla, Con. Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 321.)
(Not C. alta, Con. Tert. Foss, p. 21, pl. 7.)
SHELL very large, subtrigonal, a little longer than wide;
beaks moderate in size, prominent, with the sides sloping
rapidly, most abrupt in advance, slightly convex behind; anterior end broadly rounded; posterior rounded, subtruncated;
base nearly straight, and sloping upwards from directly below
the beaks to the posterior end; umbonal ridge faint, broad,
rounded. Surface marked only by a few small lines of growth.
Inner margin minutely crenulated.
Figure, natural size of a small perfect specimen. One cast, with a portion of
the shell preserved, measures over four inches from beaks to base.
Localities: From  Division B., near Clayton; also from Alizos Creek, near
Canada de las Uvas.
This species was referred to C. alta, by Mr. Conrad, from fragments. I have
been fortunate enough to procure two casts at the same locality, one of which still
retains a large portion of the shell; and have before me a perfect specimen,
although small, found by Mr. R6mond near the Mount Diablo coal-mines. The
specific distinctness is obvious on comparing the outline of fig. 163 with plate 7
of "Tertiary Fossils."  The shell is thicker than in C. alta, and the pallial impression is much more nearly parallel with the margin of the shell, wanting
almost entirely the abrupt recurve posteriorly. The ligament area runs out gradually below, instead of ending abruptly; and the hinge-plate is equally massive,
and even broader than in Mr. Conrad's species.
ANTHONYA, N. Gen.
SHELL equivalve, very inequilateral, long, narrow; beaks anterior, nearly terminal.  Hinge composed of two strong, oblique
teeth in each valve; those in the right valve articulating in front
of those in the left.  Muscular scars and pallial line unknown.




182         PALEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
This genus is apparently allied to the group of Megalodon and
Opis in the family Crassatellidce, the form approaching remotely to
Mi. carinalas; while the hinge differs in all of its details so strongly
as to permit no doubts of its generic difference.
Named in honor of iMr. J. G. Anthony, a gentleman whose
name is intimately connected with American fresh-water conchology.
A. CULTRIFORMIS, n. s
P1. 30, Fig. 236, and 236 a.
SHELL long, narrow, compressed, slightly curved and tapering
posteriorly; beaks acute, prominent, and placed very near the
anterior end, which is obliquely truncated above, regularly
rounded below; posterior extremity truncated obliquely upwards and inwards; cardinal margin concave, basal broadly
convex. Surface marked by fine lines of growth, most marked
near the beaks, where they assume the character of distinct
undulations.
Figure 236, natural size; 236 a, a magnified view of the hinge.
Locality: Half a dozen specimens, mostly fragmentary; were found by Mr.
Mathewson, near Martifiez.
UNIO, Retzius.
UT. PENULTIMUS, n. S.
P1. 24, Fig. 164.
SHELL moderately large, subquadrate, compressed, bialate,
length and breadth nearly equal; beaks subcentral (?); wings
nearly equal in height, the posterior a little the longest, slightly
curved on their upper margin and rounded at the ends, so as to
unite with the ends of the shell without forming an angle; anterior, posterior and basal margins regularly curved, the posterior basal portion being more produced than the anterior. Surface marked by faint lines of growth, rarely so distinct as to
produce ridges.  Ligament robust.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         183
Figure, natural size.
Locality: From a bed of fine clay adjoining the " Peacock," or lower vein of
coal, in the Peacock coal-mine, Mount Diablo District, Contra Costa County
(Division B.).
This is the only undoubted fresh-water shell that has thus far been discovered
in the California Cretaceous. I detected it in a vein of fine-grained clay, occupying a "fault" in the Peacock or Cumberland vein. All the specimens are more
or less distorted, and I was only fortunate enough to get a single comparatively
good one. The testaceous substance had apparently lost all of its animal matter,
although the ligament of one specimen is still perfectly preserved. The diagnosis
of the outline was obtained from the lines of growth on the surface.
MYTILUS, Linn.
M. PAUPERCULUS, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 165.
SHELL small, thin, oblique; beaks terminal, acute; cardinal
line slightly arched, uniting in a regular curve with the posterior
side, which is broadly subtruncated above and rounded below;
anterior margin nearly straight. Surface broadly convex, flattened above and somewhat abrupt on the sides near the beak;
ornaments none; a few faint lines of growth visible near the
margins towards the beaks.
Figure, magnified to nearly twice natural size.
Locality: Not rare in Division A., west of Martinez.
M. ASCIA, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 259.
SHELL long, narrow, oblique, convex; anterior margin nearly
straight, abruptly truncated parallel with the border; cardinal
margin slightly arched; anterior and posterior margins parallel,
basal truncated somewhat convexly and at right angles to the
two adjoining sides, uniting with them by rounded angles.  Surface marked only by a few indistinct lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Found at Fort T jon; but rare.




184          PALAEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
M. HUMERUS, Con.
(M. humerus, Con. Pacific R. R. Report, vol. 5, p. 321, pl. 2, fig. 10.)
I AM only acquainted with this species through the figure and description of
Mr. Conrad, quoted above.
MODIOLA, Lam.
M. SISKIYOUENSIS, II. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 260.
SHELL long, narrow, subcompressed; cardinal and basal margins
nearly straight, diverging posteriorly; beaks anterior, subterminal; anterior end prominent, narrowly rounded; posterior
very obliquely truncated above, rounded below. A well-marked,
rounded, umbonal ridge passes from  the beaks to the posterior
basal angle.  Surface marked by moderately distinct, concentric
ribs, most prominent posteriorly, and: ending in fine lines in
advance.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Siskiyou Mountains, California and Oregon; and Jacksonville, Oregon. Collection of the Survey and of Prof. Whitney.
This species is of the type of M. concentrice-costellata, Roem., from Texas, but
is more compressed; the anterior end is narrower and of a different form; the
posterior end is more obliquely truncated, broader and more acute below; and the
cardinal and basal margins are straighter. The ribs are smaller and more numerous.
M. ORNATA, n. s.
P1. 24, Fig. 166.
SHELL thin, broad, deep; beaks small, anterior, subterminal;
anterior end narrow, rounded, produced; cardinal margin nearly
straight, uniting by a broad curve with the posterior extremity;
anterior basal edge broadly emarginate; umbonal ridge prominent, rounded, curved downwards and widening out posteriorly, until it becomes lost in the general swell of the surface.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        185
In advance of this the surface is gently concave; behind, it is
nearly flat.  Surface marked by numerous, fine, dichotomous ribs,
except on a small space under the beaks, where they sometimes
become obsolete.  Internal edge minutely crenulated.
Figure, natural size, from an unusually large specimen. Generally from an
inch to an inch and a quarter long.
Localities: Division B., Martinez, and Mlarsh's; most common at the latter
locality.
M. CYLINDRICA, n. S.
P1. 25, Fig. 167.
SHELL elongated, subeylindrical, sides nearly parallel; beaks
anterior, nearly terminal, broad, not very prominent; anterior
end broadly rounded; base nearly straight, sloping  upwards
slightly in advance; posterior end obliquely truncated; a broad,
rounded, umbonal ridge, passes down from the beaks, gradually
losing itself in the general convexity of the shell. Surface marked
by a few  faint, concentric lines of growth, which sometimes
become slightly lamellar.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Pence's Ranch, Butte County; Tuscan Springs; also near Martinez
(Division A.).
LITHOPHAGUS, Miihlf.
L. OVIFORMIS, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 168.
SIELL small, ovoid, very gibbous; beaks large, anterior, overhanging; cardinal margin slightly arched; anterior and posterior ends round, basal slightly excavated, nearly straight. Surface unknown.
Figure, magnified to about three times the natural size.
Locality: Found embedded in the oyster, fig. 191; from Cow Creek, Shasta
County (Division A.).
This species differs from L. Ripleyanus (nob.) in its smaller size, more robust
form, more prominent beaks, and in being more compressed laterally behind.
PAL. VOL. I.-24




186          PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
SEPTIFER, Recluz.
S. DICHOTOMUS, nI. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 261.
SHELL small, oblique, subquadrate; cardinal margin straight,
anterior and posterior margins subparallel, basal irregularly convex; anterior side abruptly truncated at an acute angle to the
rest of the surface.  Surface marked, posterior to this angle, by
a few large, irregular, radiating ribs, dichotomous, or with smaller
ones interpolated.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen was obtained near Fort T jon.
CRENELLA, Brown.
C. CONCENTRICA, n. s.
P1. 24, Fig. 169.
SHELL small, long, narrow, very convex, inequilateral; beaks
prominent, strongly incurved; sides subparallel, the anterior
side being most prominent, the posterior curving above gradually
into the cardinal margin; base rounded.  Surface polished, and
marked by regular, concentric lines.
Figure, magnified one-third more than natural size.
Locality: A single specimen, from Division B., at Martiflez.
The distinct, concentric lines, entire absence of radiation, and the more parallel
sides, distinguish this species from C. serica, Con.; and the convex, narrow form,
from C. elegantula, M. and H.
AVICULA, Klein, Lam.
A. PELLUCIDA, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 172.
SHELL oblique, subcompressed, broad-linguseform; ears very
unequal; beaks moderate, anterior; cardinal line straight; an



CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         187
terior ear short, angular, posterior ear broad, acuminate; anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel for a short distance
below the ears; base forming an excentric curve, most produced
behind; there is no distinct division between the body of the
shell and the ears.  Surface polished, and exhibiting only faint,
concentric undulations, corresponding to lines of growth, and a
few microscopic, radiating lines, posteriorly.
Figure, natural size of the largest specimen.
Locality: Division B., near Martifiez, and Division A., at the Ranch of San
Luis Gonzaga, Pacheco's Pass.
But few valves of this species have been found. The outline is approximately
restored from undulations on a young specimen, the one figured being so decomposed as to show no lines of growth or other markings.
INOCERAMUS, Sow.
I. PIOCIII, n. s.
Pl. 25, Fig. 173, and 174.
SHELL small, thin, inequivalve, high and narrow.  Right valve,
with the beaks. large, prominent, incurved, and placed directly
along the anterior margin; posterior margin, to the most prominent part of the base, forms a pretty regular, elliptic curve;
anterior margin sinuated.  Left valve, beak small, not projecting
beyond the hinge-line, which is transverse and nearly straight;
anterior margin nearly straight, except towards the lower end,
where it bends round to meet the base; posterior margin slightly
convex. Surface marked by small, concentric ribs, which sometimes take the form  of moderately large undulations; this is
most strongly marked in the large valve.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Division A., north side of Mount Diablo; also Tuscan Springs.
Named in honor of Mr. Pioche, of San Francisco, who kindly loaned me the
first good specimens of the species I met with.
Fragments and single valves of several large and moderate sized species have
been found at various localities in the State; but, on account of the number of




188         PALIEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
species already described without figures, and the consequent difficulty in distinguishing allied species, I have deferred their description until I can compare them
with specimens or good figures of those already named, outside of California.
PINNA, Linn.
P. BREWERII, In. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 175, and 175 a.
SHELL long, slender, section subrhoniboidal; sides diverging
at an angle of 180 or 200.  Surface marked by rounded radiating
ribs, on at least one-half of each valve; other half apparently
crossed by a few  radiating lines and one or two oblique ones.
The middle of each valve is elevated and, in the crest of this ridge,
marked by a broad groove.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Division A., Curry's, south side of Mount Diablo; Martiflez and
Siskiyou Mountains.
A small specimen, one inch long, probably of this species, was found at Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County; and a fragment of a much larger one, three inches
across, apparently distinct, is in the collection of Mr. Bayerque, from Division
B., near Mount Diablo.
TRIGONIA, Brug.
T. TRYONIANA, n. S.
P1. 25, Fig. 176.
SHELL elongate, subquadrate, narrowest behind; beaks anterior, not prominent, subterminal; hinge-line straight, obliquely
sloping; anterior end rounded, base convex in front, straight
and sloping upwards behind, posterior end convexly subtruncated.  Surface marked by two radiating grooves, one of which
passes from the beaks to the posterior basal angle; the other is
above it; between the first and the anterior ends are arranged
oblique series of elongated tubercles. These are all crossed by




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                        189
numerous, fine, concentric Lines of growth, and occasional irregular undulations.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; collected by Dr. Veatch.
T. EVANSII, Meek.
P1. 25, Fig. 177.
(T. Evansii, Meek. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. 4, p. 42.)
SHELL trigonal, produced behind; beaks anterior, subterminal,
very prominent, strongly incurved; anterior end convexly truncated, very broad laterally; basal margin prominently rounded
in the middle, sloping upwards posteriorly straight to the posterior end, which is narrow and round; cardinal margin concave,
nearly straight behind. Corselet bordered by a rounded double
rib crossed by small transverse lines, and marked on its surface
by about eighteen or twenty small oblique ribs; remainder of
the surface marked by from  eighteen to twenty-two large, prominent ribs, slightly radiating, but nearly parallel posteriorly;
on very young shells, these ribs are pretty regularly nodose, but
become plain when. the shell. attains a medium  size; sometimes
the three or four posterior ribs show a faint groove; interspaces
between the ribs regularly concave, and marked only by the
lines of growth which cross the whole surface.
Figure, natural size. One specimen before me is between three and four inches
long; but this size is rare.
Localities: Common in Division A. Found at Tuscan Springs, Tehama County;
Chico Creek, Butte County; Curry's, south of Mount Diablo; Benicia; Martiniez; Rancho de San Luis Gonzaga, Pacheco's Pass; Jacksonville and Siskiyou
Mountains, Oregon; and Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. The specimen figured,
from Tuscan Springs, shows but eighteen ribs, and the lower portion of the buccal
margin is unusually prominent. There can be little doubt, however, of the
identity of the species, since I have found it very abundant at almost every
locality of the lower member of the Cretaceous of the west slope, from Nanaimo,
whence it was described, to Pacheco's Pass, a range of over seven hundred miles
in length.




190           PAL2EONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
T. GIBBONIANA, Lea?
P1. 17, Fig. 178, and P1. 31, Fig. 262.
(T. Gibboniana, Lea. Trans. American Philosophical Soc., 1840, p. 255, pl. 9,
fig. 7.)
(T. Hondaana, Lea. Id., p. 256, pl. 9, fig. 9.)
(T. Hondaana, D'Orb. Prodrome, vol. 2, p. 106, Etage 17, No. 711.)
SHELL rounded, subquadrate, compressed; beaks anterior, subterminal; cardinal and basal margins nearly parallel, the former
nearly straight, the latter broadly convex; anterior end broadly
rounded, straight near the beaks; posterior end truncated obliquely above, vertically below.
Surface in adult specimens marked by about thirteen nodose
ribs, starting from  a line drawn from the beaks to the posterior
basal angle, and running obliquely downwards and forwards;
those nearest the beaks becoming more oblique and somewhat
curved; above are some smaller pustular ribs, or rows of small
tubercles, running parallel with the corresponding posterior
margin of the shell.  In very young specimens all of the ribs
are reduced to rows of distinct tubercles, and those on the cardinal border change their direction  somewhat.  B3esides these,
on  two  specimens from  Martifnez, is a single  row  of small,
isolated tubercles, placed between the two rows of ribs.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Near Martifiez, and Jacksonville, Oregon.
D'Orbigny, in his Prodrome de Paleontologie Stratigraphique, refers T. lfon —
daana to the Neocomien. Our specimens are undoubtedly from the equivalent
of the lower part of the Upper or White Chalk of Europe, the Sienonien of D'Orbigny. Should I be correct in my reference of this shell to Lea's species, it will
prove either an unusually wide stratigraphical range for the species, or some
mistake on the part of the French author. Be that as it may, I can find no valid
characters, in the poor figures and meagre description given by Mr. Lea, by
which I can separate his species from the present one. It is also possible,
although there is no present means of deciding, that his T. Tocaimana may be
the same as T. Evansii; and that Natica Gibboniana, figured on the same plate,
may be Amauropsis alveata, Natica id., Con.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                  191
MEEKIA, N. Gen,
SHELL equivalve, inequilateral, gaping at both extremities;
anterior end produced, and terminating in a hook-like angle
above.  Surface plain, or marked only by lines of growth.
IIinge composed of two robnst, triangular teeth on the right
valve, and one large and one small one on the opposite side, the
large one being received between the two of the right valve;
posteriorly, on each side, is an indistinct lateral tooth. Ligament
subexternal; lunule moderate, lanceolate. Muscular scars two;
pallial line simple, or not more emarginate posteriorly than in
Trigonia or Tancredia.
A short, robust plate separates the anterior muscular scar from
the cavity of the beak.
The family relations of this shell are by no means obvious.
The hinge is not unlike that of Lycett's genus, Tancredia, and
the pallial line is also of the same form. A marked difference
exists, however, in the gaping anterior end, and the angle at the
junction of the cardinal and anterior margins. It is probable
that these two genera will form the types of a new family.
It is with pleasure that I dedicate this curious genus to my
friend, Mr. F. B. Meek, of Washington, D. C.
M. SELLA, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 179.
SHELL robust, subquadrate; beaks subcentral, small, nearly
touching, and inclined forwards; cardinal margin strongly
arched, descending rapidly, and uniting by a regular curve with
the posterior margin, which is sometimes faintly truncated;
anterior end produced, laterally compressed, rounded and retreating below, and terminating above in a sharp angle, between
which and the beak the margin is broadly concave; base regularly rounded, usually most prominent a little behind the beaks.
Lunuie small, bordered by a single impressed line. The pos



192         PALAONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
terior margin is abruptly thickened, both externally and internally. This latter character is very variable even in specimens
of the same size and from the same locality; the thickening
being, in some specimens, twice as great as in others.  Surface
marked only by lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Abundant near Martinez (Division A.). Also found at Tuscan
Springs, Tehama County, and in the Siskiyou Mountains.
IM. RADIATA, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 179 a.
THIS little shell is almost a perfect miniature of the preceding
species; but the points of difference, although small, seem to be
constant, and I have ventured to elevate it to the rank of a distinct species, despite my first impressions.
The shell is proportionally more gibbous, the beaks are more
prominent, the anterior end is more produced, the whole outline
is less quadrangular, and the anterior fourth of the surface is
marked by a few radiating lines.  The most marked difference
between the two forms is, that this one, although found at a
number of localities, over a range of about five hundred miles,
and in some places quite abundantly, never attains a size greater
than the figure, which is from an unusually large specimen
Localities: From Division A., at the Rancho de San Luis Gonzaga, in Pacheco's
Pass; Orestimba Cailon, Stanislaus County; Tuscan Springs, Tehama County;
Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County, and at Jacksonville, Oregon.
M/I. NAVIS, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 180.
SHELL long, boat-shaped, thin; beaks small, central, not prominent; cardinal margin concave in front, convex and slightly
sloping behind; anterior end angular above, sloping inwards,
rounded below; posterior end regularly rounded; base slightly
convex, nearly straight in some specimens. Surface marked only




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       193
by a few faint lines of growth.  Posterior end not thickenedl, as
in the preceding species.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Division A., near Martifiez; also at Chico Creek and Pence's Ranch,
Butte County.
This species is very distinct from the preceding. The difference in outline is
very marked; it is very much compressed; the shell is thin; the posterior thickening, so characteristic in the former, is entirely absent in this; and the internal
plate in front of the beak is thinner, and is inclined more strongly forward. It
is rare, five specimens only having been found.
ARCA, Lam.
A. BREWERIANA, 11. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 181.
SHELL small, longer than wide; beaks prominent, incurved,
approximate, and inclined forward, placed in advance of the
middle; umbones broad; anterior end rounded and sloping inwards; posterior end obliquely truncated and uniting with the
base by an abrupt angle; basal margin slightly rounded' in
front, straight behind, and parallel with the hinge or sloping
upwards; umbonal angle sharp, with the surface in front of it
very convex, behind it somewhat excavated; area narrow, almost as long as the shell; marked by a few small, closely placed
angular lines.  Surface marked by numerous small, variable ribs,
smallest behind the umbonal ridge; four or five of these ribs on
the anterior end of the shell are larger than the others, placed
wider apart, and are sometimes slightly nodose; the others are
occasionally obsolete; these ribs are crossed by numerous very
irregular lines of growth.  HIinge slender; the teeth below the
beaks, to the number of two or three only, are transverse; those
adjoining are oblique, the angle rapidly growing wider, and those
at the extremities are all horizontal; this is most strongly
PAL. VOL..'25




194         PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
marked posteriorly, the upper tooth on that side extending for
nearly half the length of the hinge.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Localities: Division A., Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County; also Tuscan Springs,
Tehama County.
A. HORNII, n. s.
P1. 30, Fig. 263.
SHELL minute, subequilateral; beaks subcentral, approximated;
anterior end broadly rounded; basal most prominent below, or a
little in advance of the beaks, nearly straight posteriorly, and
inclined upwards towards the posterior, which is obliquely truncated; posterior side abruptly truncated behind the umbonal
angle; area short and very narrow.  Surface marked by very
fine, radiating striae, somewhat undulated laterally, and crossed
by still finer lines of growth, with an occasional coarser line
formed by a slight interruption in the growth.
Figure, magnified between three and four times.
Locality: This beautiful little shell appears to be quite abundant in the vicinity
of Fort T6jon, from which place Dr. Horn has sent me numerous specimens.
A. GRAVIDA, I1. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 264.
SHELL thick, oblique, convex, very inequilateral; beaks small,
approximate, placed about one-third of the length from the anterior end; base broadly rounded, inclined upwards from  the posterior end, and convexly truncated in advance; posterior end
very obliquely truncated; umbonal ridge very prominent and
rounded; posterior to this the surface is nearly flat and at a right
angle with the rest of the shell; area short and narrow. Hinge
composed of about half a dozen small, transverse teeth under the
beaks, three or four large lateral ones in front, and five or six
behind.  Surface apparently plain, or marked only by fine lines
of growth.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                      195
Localities: "Rag Canon," Napa County; and San Luis Gonzaga Ranch, Pacheco's Pass (Division A.).
All of the specimens are more or less rolled, so as to obliterate any very fine
markings.
A. DEOURTATA, n. s.
P1. 31, Fig. 265, and 265 a.
SHELL thick, convex, triangular; beaks high, very approximate, subcentral; base broadly and regularly convex, most prominent in the middle; anterior end rounded below; posterior end
straight, oblique and truncated behind the umbonal ridge, at an
acute angle with the rest of the surface.  Hinge very short;
area short and broad. Surface marked only by indistinct lines of
growth.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen, found at Rag Canon with the preceding.
CUCULLZEA, Lam.
C. MATHEWSONII, n. S.
P1. 31, Fig. 266.
SHELL large, thin, gibbous, subquadrate, rounded in front and
on the base, and truncated behind; beaks large, prominent, subcentral, incurved, and somewhat remote; area long, narrow;
hinge-line nearly as long as the greatest length of the shell. Surface marked by a large number of small, regular ribs, rounded
on the surface, sometimes grooved longitudinally and with acute
interspaces; posterior to the umbonal angle these ribs are much
smaller than on the rest of the surface; the whole surface is
crossed by fine lines of growth.  Inner margin of the valves
crenulated; inner plate well marked, but not very elevated.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Martinez, collected by Mr. Mathewson; and a single specimen from
Clayton, below the coal-veins.




196           PALIEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
This species cannot be confounded with C,. runcata. It is thinner, more convex, less oblique, less produced behind, and the ornamentation of the surface is
entirely different.
C. TRUNCATA, n. s.
P1. 25, Fig. 182.
SHELL  large, thick, subquadrate, obliquely truncate behind,
rounded in front, and varying from nearly straight to prominently
convex below; beaks moderate in size, very prominent, nearly
central, distant and inclined slightly forwards.  Surface of young
specimens marked by pretty regular, fine, radiating lines, slightly
elevated, and sometimes exhibiting a tendency to alternation in
size; these lines usually become nearly obsolete in large specimens, and the lines of growth, which in the young shells are
barely visible, then form  the most obvious character of the surface; area broad, and marked by eight or ten angular lines.
HIinge robust, broad at the ends and narrow in the middle; composed of three or four long, angular teeth at each end, and a few
small, variable, transverse ones in the centre.  Internal plate
robust, but not very elevated.
Figure, average size.
Localities: Abundant in Division A., at Curry's, south of Mount Diablo; found
also at Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; Benicia; Martifiez; Texas Flat, Placer
County, and at many points in the Coast Range, on the east side between Mount
Diablo and Pacheco's Pass; also at Jacksonville, Oregon.
This shell is allied to C. Nebrascensis, Owen; but differs in the smaller beak, proportionally longer form, more oblique truncation posteriorly, and in being more
produced in the anterior basal region. There is also a difference in the hinge.
In C. N~ebrascensis the lateral teeth radiate, as it were, from an imaginary point;
while in the present species they are parallel with each other and with the upper
edge of the hinge-plate, and their inner ends are bent at a right angle.
For aid in the above comparisons I am indebted to Mr. F. B. MIeek, who furnished me with sketches of Dr. Owen's species, much more accurately drawn than
the published figures in Owen's Report, pl. 7, fig. 1.
Except C..Maconensis, Con., this is the largest Cucullcea found in America. A
specimen before me, from the south side of Mount Diablo, measures three inches
from beak to base; and I have seen fragments which appeared to belong to even
larger shells




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                         197
AXINIEA, Poli.
A. VEATCHII, n. S.
P1. 25, Fig. 183, and 183 a.
SHELL thick, subglobose, equivalve and nearly equilateral;
beaks large, incurved, central, approximate, with the sides sloping
downwards; anterior and basal margins regularly rounded; posterior end rounded or subtruncate.  Surface marked by from
thirty-six to forty radiating ribs, very regular in size, a little the
smallest anteriorly  and  obsolete  behind;  a faint depression
usually exists on the posterior side of the urnbones, which passes
down and strikes the middle of the posterior margin.  Internal
margin coarsely crenulated.  Hinge robust; teeth arranged radiately; the lateral teeth largest and most widely separated.
Area very narrow and short.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Tuscan Springs, Tehama County; collected by Dr. Veatch; very
abundant. Also found at Texas Flat, Placer County; Pence's Ranch, Butte
County; Cow Creek, Shasta County; Orestimba Canion, Stanislaus County; and
San Diego. Mr. Remond has specimens in his collection, labelled "Antelope
Creek," Tehama County.
A. (LIMoPSIS?) SAGITTATA, n. S.
P1. 31, Fig. 267, and 267 a.
SHELL subcircular, thin, equivalve, very slightly inequilateral;
base regularly convex, sides unequally so, the posterior being a
little the gmost prominent.  Surface marked by numerous faint,
radiating lines, which, on weathered surfaces, develop into strongly
impressed grooves; along these lines are small pits, from which
proceed downwards fine, impressed, diverging lines. Hinge composed of robust, radiating teeth. Inner margin finely crenulated.
Area?
Figures, natural size, and a magnified view of the surface to show the markings.




198          PALIEONTOLOGY  OF  CALIFORNIA.
Localities: Abundant near Fort Tdjon, and also found near Martifiez.
I have been unable to discover the ligament area of this shell; which, if it
exist, must be unusually small. On one specimen, in which the hinge is partially uncovered, there is an appearance which may prove to be the ligament pit
of the genus Limoysis. It is directly under the beak, and appears to produce an
interruption in the continuity of the teeth.
A. COR, n. s.
P1. 31, Fig. 268, and 268 a.
SHELL small, cordate, equivalve, widest below; base broadly
convex, sides nearly straight, diverging; beaks small, prominent,
incurved; area small, narrow, impressed. Surface marked by
fine, elevated, radiating ribs, with broad, flat interspaces, crossed
by regular, concentric, impressed lines.
Figure, twice natural size.
Locality: Found only at Martifez, where a few specimens have been collected
by Mr. Mathewson.
NUCULA, Lam.
N. TRUNCATA, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 184, and 184 a, b.
SnELL moderate in size, oblique; anterior end abruptly truncated; posterior end produced, rounded; cardinal and basal
margins subparallel,'convex; beaks small, anterior, terminal,
and  nearly touching.  Surface marked  by divaricating ribs;
these ribs separate along an imaginary line, drawn from  the
beaks to the posterior basal margin; near the beaks they are
regular, but towards the base, especially near the posterior end,
they become irregular, sometimes diverging among themselves,
sometimes becoming dichotomous, and at times presenting a
" hacked" appearance, from the crossing of small impressed lines
at acute angles.  Anterior end almost entirely occupied by a
large, sunken, subcordate lunule, faintly marked by minute ribs.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                            199
Figures 184, and 184 a, natural size; 184 b, magnified, to show the ribs.
Localities: Division A., at Pence's Ranch, Butte County; Tuscan Springs,
Tehama County; Ranch of San Luis Gonzaga, east end of Pacheco's Pass; and
in Division B., not rare, at Martifiez.
Closely allied to N. dlivaricata, Con., Wilkes's Expedition, Geology, pl. 18, fig.
6; but differs in the abrupt anterior truncation, the front of Conrad's species
being sinuous, and the lunular depression absent.
LEDA, Schum.
L. PROTEXTA? Gabb.
P1. 26, Fig. 185.
(Id. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 2 ser., vol. 4, p. 303, pl. 48, fig. 23.)
SHELL small, elongated, narrow; anterior end produced,
rounded; posterior end long, narrow, curved upwards; base
broadly and pretty regularly convex; beaks small, subcentral,
not prominent, with the cardinal margin somewhat convex in
front, excavated behind.  Surface marked by numerous, regular,
concentric ribs.
Figure, somewhat magnified.
Localities: Common in the strata overlying the coal, from Clayton to Marsh's,
also found at Martifez; San Diego; Alizos Creek, near Canada de las Uvas, and
in the San Emidio Caflon, near the same place (Division B.). It also occurs in
Division A., near Martifiez.
This shell resembles so closely the species described under the above name from
New Jersey and Tennessee, that I have not ventured to separate it. A careful
comparison of specimens from the two sides of the continent might bring to light
differences of specific value.
L. TRANSLUCIDA, n. S.
P1. 30, Fig. 269.
SHELL minute, inequilateral, convex; beaks about two-fifths
from the anterior end, which is produced and acutely rounded;
base regularly convex; posterior side produced, acute below,
forming nearly a straight line from  the angle to the beak; this




200         PAL2EONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
margin is, however, somewhat variable, being sometimes sinuous,
and in other specimens concave below, so that the extremity is
turned up.  Surface highly polished, and marked by very faint
lines, slightly undulated in the middle, running subparallel with
the base, the lower four or five running to the margin of the
shell before reaching the posterior angle. The substance of the
shell is translucent in all of the specimens.
Figure, nearly three times natural size.
Locality: Cow Creek, Shasta County.
LIMOPSIS, Sassi.
L. TRANSVERSA, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 186.
SHELL oblique, rounded, subquadrate, widest near the posterior
end, which is broadly rounded; anterior end produced, convex;
base straight or slightly sinuous; beaks anterior, subterminal,
small, approximate; area obliquely triangular, small, divided into
three unequal portions by two radiating ridges.  Hinge curved,
edentate in the middle, and with small oblique teeth at each end.
Surface most convex in a line running from  the beaks to the
posterior basal region; marked by fine radiating lines, sometimes
obsolete, crossed by concentric lines of growth.
Figure, slightly magnified.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County; collection of the California Academy of
Natural Sciences,
PECTEN, Brug.
P. TRASKII, In. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 187, and 187 a.
SHELL compressed, elongate, outline of the lower half forming
two-thirds of a circle; margins of the body, above the curve,




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                          201
rapidly converging and straight. Right valve, anterior auricle
long, truncated at the end, deeply excavated below; posterior
auricle broad and obliquely truncated. Surface marked by numerous, radiating, squamose ribs, with sometimes smaller intermediate ones; the interspaces are marked by oblique lines,
producing, under a glass, a woven appearance. These lines are
represented too numerously in the figure 187 a.
Figure 187, natural size.
Locality: Texas Flat, Placer County (Division A.); collection of the California
Academy of Natural Sciences; presented by Dr. Trask, after whom the species is
named.
The species seems to be rare, as there are remains of but two valves in the collection. One is very young; the other consists of the internal cast and its corresponding mould, the substance of the shell having decomposed. The drawing
is from a wax cast of this mould.
P. OPERCULIFORMIS, n. S.
Pl. 26, Fig. 188.
SHELL very much compressed; lenticular; basal half of the
outline  elongated, subsemicircular  above;  sides  converging,
straight. Left valve, auricles equal, outer margins converging,
upper edges inclined upwards from the beak. Surface polished,
showing under a glass minute, equal, concentric ribs.  Right
valve unknown.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Cottonwood and Huling Creeks, Shasta County; and Curry's, south
of Mount Diablo (Division A.).
This shell is allied to P. orbicularis, Sow. (P. laminosus, Mant.); but is proportionally longer, the ears are equal and narrower, and the concentric lamellae are
very much smaller, being invisible to the naked eye.
P. CALIFORNICUS, n. S.
P1. 31, Fig. 270.
SHELL minute, subcircular, nearly equilateral, inequivalve;
lower valve somewhat convex, upper valve nearly flat; sides and
PAL. VOL. I. —26




202           PALIEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
base regularly rounded; ears moderate; the right ear of the lower
valve long, narrow, and deeply emarginate; left ear obliquely
truncated.  Surface marked by very fine, concentric lines.
Figure, two and a half times the natural size.
Locality: Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County (Division A.).
This shell is allied to P. operculiformis, but is smaller, the lower valve is more
convex, there is a difference in outline, and the emarginated ear differs widely
from the corresponding one of that species.
A small Pecten, of about the same size with the present, but sculptured like P.
Traskii, is found at 3Martifiez. I have not ventured to name it.
LIMA, Brug.
(Ctenoides, Radula, Klein.)
L. MICROTIS, 11. S.
P1. 26, Fig. 189.
SHELL oblique, compressed; anterior side prominent, forming
a subelliptical curve; posterior nearly straight; base rounded;
beaks small; anterior ear small, obliquely truncated; posterior
unknown, probably nearly obsolete; surface nearly fiat, with a
very gentle convexity, except near the posterior margin, where
it is abruptly bent down, forming a marked truncation; ornamented by numerous flat, radiating, entire ribs, not dichotomous;
the interspaces forming shallow  grooves, serrated  on the sides
and marked in the middle by series of small pits or punctations.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Two specimens only have been found. The one figured is from Cottonwood Creek; the other was associated with the specimen of 2Meretrix longqa, ut
supra (Division A.).
This shell resembles L. ovalis, Desh. (Plagiostoma ovalis, Sow.); but is more
slender, the ribs are broader and flat, wider than the interspaces, and the intercostal punctoe are much smaller and more distant.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       203
L. APPRESSA, n. s.
P1. 31, Fig. 271.
SHELL thin, flattened, elongated, irregularly oval; anterior margin straight, or very slightly convex; posterior irregularly curved,
most prominent in the middle; ears unequal.  Surface marked
near the base by a few faint, radiating undulations, crossed by
fine lines.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: San Luis Gonzaga Ranch (Division A.). A single cast retaining but
a small portion of the shell.
PLICATULA, Lam.
P. VARIATA, 11. S.
P1. 26, Fig. 190.
SHELL variable, usually somewhat curved. Lower valve attached
by a portion of the surface, deep, radliately costate, ribs occasionally dichotomous. Upper valve flat or concave, plicate like
the lower, but not so strongly, the ribs being sometimes obsolete.
Hinge robust; muscular scar large; internal margin of the upper
valve crenate; lower valve marked with pits corresponding with
the teeth above.
Average length, about.7 inch.
Locality: Abundant in a hard, gray, calcareous sandstone, from Battle Creek,
Shasta County (Division A.).
This little shell is extremely variable in outline and convexity; one of the commonest forms is illustrated in the figure.
ANOMIA, Linn., Miil1.
A. LINEATA, II. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 193.
SHELL thin, variable in shape; commonest form  subcircullr,
often obliquely truncated on the right side; beak of upper valve




204          PALiEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
small, distinct, marginal or submarginal.  Surface marked by
fine, linear, radiating ribs, often dichotomous, sometimes laterally
undulated and crossed by concentric lines of growth, which sometimes become squamose.  Muscular scar large.  Under valve
unknown.
E igure, natural size.
Localities: Division A., Texas Flat; Pence's Ranch; Chico Creek, &c.
OSTREA, Linn.
O. BREWERII, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 191.
SHELL large, thick, elongated, tapering pretty regularly towards the beak.  Surface squamose, not plicate.  Ligament pit
subquadrate to triangular, median depression broad and deep, a
cross section forming from a fourth to a fifth of a circle; upper
end strongly curved towards the left side.  Internal margin
plain. Shell gregarious.
Figure, two-thirds of the natural size.
Locality: Cow Creek, Shasta County; collected by Mr. Brewer.
0. MALLEIFORMIS, n. s.
P1. 31, Fig. 272.
SHELL auriculate, nearly equivalve, the lower valve a little the
most convex, long, narrow, slightly curved to one side; hinge
very small, cardinal margin descending on each side of the hinge
at a broad angle, nearly straight; ear on the right side biangular,
nearly square; opposite ear uniting with the side in a broad curve.
Surface not squamose, marked by a few lines of growth. Muscular scar nearly central longitudinally, small.
Figure, natural size.
Localities: Siskiyou Mountains, in California and Oregon; also at Jacksonville,
Oregon (Division A.).




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                       205
GRYPHIEA, Lam.
G. VESICULARIS, Lam.
A FEW small specimens of this species were picked up, not in situ, near San Diego,
by Dr. Cooper. It has not been found elsewhere on the west coast.
EXOGYRA, Say.
E. PARASITICA, n. S.
P1. 26, Fig. 192, and 192 a, b, and P1. 31, Fig. 273, and 273 a.
SHELL always attached by the lower valve, thin when young,
thick and irregular in shape when adult. Lower valve shallow,
oblique, elevated and overhanging on the right hand side, flat on
the left; beak low, excentric, small; hinge small, oblique, curved;
inner margin of both valves minutely crenulated; muscular scar
long, narrow.  Upper valve distinctly spiral in young specimens,
somewhat oblique, flattened, or with an irregular angular ridge
running from beak to base. Surface of upper valve very squamose; of the lower valve less so.
Figures 192, 192 a, and 192 b, are of young specimens from Texas Flat; 273,
and 273 a, adult lower and upper valves, from opposite Folsom.
Localities: Found at the two above-quoted localities, and at Cottonwood Creek,
Shasta County.
TEREBRATELLA, D'Orb.
T. OBESA, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 194, and 194 a, b.
SHELL moderately large, broad, and very convex. Lower valve
unknown, except the beak, which is acuminate, high, and with
the sides nearly straight; area narrow, sloping slightly backwards from  the foramen; foramen  longer than  wide, sides
straight, and bordered on each side by a small impressed line.




206        PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
Upper valve broad, suboval, very high; ends rounded, sloping,
nearly straight above, base nearly straight, except in the median
emrargination; mlarked by from twenty-five to thirty radiating,
subangular ribs, with nearly equal interspaces; from eight to
ten of these ribs on the middle of the shell are a little shorter
than the others, producing a straight, shallow emargination on
the basal edge of the valve. Internal margin of the base deeply
notched; hinge teeth of the upper valve robust; median plate
rather long and prominent (in a young specimen); loop unknown.
A young upper valve,.6 of an inch wide, is straighter above
and semicircular on the sides and base; it has but seventeen ribs,
two or three of which are dichotomous, none so angular as in the
adult shell, and there is no emargination of the base.
Adult shells vary very much in convexity and costation, one
specimen having eight and another ten ribs in the median portion. But one fragmentary beak has been seen, as represented
in the figure.
Figures, natural size, except 194 b, which is from a smaller specimen and is
slightly magnified.
Localities: Division A., Texas Flat, Placer County.




ZOOPHYTA.
FLABELLUM, Lesson.
F. REMONDIANUM, n. S.
P1. 26, Fig. 199.
POLYPIDOM  triangular, convex on the sides, acute and straight
on the lateral margins; sides marked by eight or nine prominent
radiating ribs, with regularly concave interspaces.  Upper s urface unknown.
Figures, natural size.
Locality: Between Mount Diablo and the coal-mines, in Division B.; a single
specimen collected by Mr. WRdmond.
This specimen was embedded in a soft sandstone, and the surface is somewhat
corroded, so that any fine markings which may have existed are obliterated. The
upper portion is still covered by the matrix, and, from the nature of the specimen,
it is impossible to expose it without destroying the lamelkae.
TROCHOSMILIA, E. and H.
SUBGEN. ACROSMILIA, D'Orb.
T. STRIATA, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 195.
ELONGATE, slender, curved, section  circular or subeircular;
epithelium  rudimentary; surface marlked by numerous prominent stripe, usually rounded, of variable size, and often showing a
(207)




208          PALEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
well-marked alternation of larger and smaller ones. Surface of
calicle unknown.
Figure, twice natural size.
Locality: Division B., near the coal-mines at Mount Diablo.
SUBGEN. ELLIPSOSMILIA, D'Orb.? T. GRANULIFERA, n. s.
P1. 26, Fig. 196, and 196 a.
POLYPIDOM trochiform, robust, elliptical above, attached by a
broad base; surface marked by impressed strip, each one corresponding to the space between two of the septa; between these
striae the surface is finely granulated.  Septa thick, not very numerous, granular on the sides, as seen from above, narrow on
the upper margin.
Figure, three times natural size.
Locality: Rare in Division A., near Chico Creek.
ASTROC(ENIA, E. and H.? A. PETROSA, n. s.
P1. 31, Fig. 274, and 274 a.
POLYPIDOM dendroid and massive, the branches subcylindrical
and dichotomous; cells circular, disposed irregularly, somewhat
remote, surrounded by thick walls; columella projecting beyond
the edges of the septa, but not reaching as high as the top of the
cup. Septa twenty-four in number, thin, somewhat irregular;
walls between the cells massive, solid, striated.
Figures, natural size and magnified.
Locality: All of the specimens were obtained from a single mass of limestone,
a mile west of Martinfez.




CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                  209
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
FIGURE 197, plate 26, and figure 275, plate 31, represent interesting forms, which I have been unable to refer to any genera
with certainty, from not being able to expose the hinges. Figure
198, plate 26, is probably a Trigonia; but I have deferred further
determination until more perfect specimens shall have been discovered. It has been found at Orestimba Canon, Stanislaus
County; Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County; and Jacksonville,
Oregon. The shell figured at 197 is from Martiniez, and is very
rare. Figure 275 is from a Mactra-like shell; but, from the remains of the impression of the hinges on the matrix, it seems to
have had two or three heavy cardinal teeth, and to have wanted
entirely the cartilage-pit of that genus. Two specimens were
found at Marsh's, east of Mount Diablo.
Besides these, there are imperfect remains of twenty or thirty
species in the collection of the Survey, of which I have not sufficient material for determination. One of the most interesting
is a single Echinoderm, belonging apparently to the Spatanyidce,
the only representative of the class yet discovered in the formation in California. It was found near Clayton by Mr. Bromley,
and is in too imperfect a condition for determination.
PAL. VOL. i.-27








APPENDIX TO SECTION IV.
SINCE the above species were described, a few additional ones
have been received, which are described below, together with one
or two which had been overlooked before.
FICUS, Rousseau.
F. MAMILLATUS, ln. s.
P1. 32, Fig. 276.
SHELL moderate in size, thin, rounded; spire low; whorls five,
rapidly increasing in size, the first one smooth and rather prominent, presenting a mamillated appearance; suture distinct. Surface marked by numerous small, sharp, revolving ribs, crossed
by finer longitudinal lines. Columellar lip sinuous, emarginate
above, convex below; outer lip simple.
Figure, drawn from a smaller specimen to the scale of the largest fragment.
Locality: Near Fort Tejon; Dr. Horn.
This beautiful species resembles, in its sculpture, Fusus (Hemifusus) Renondii,
found at the same locality; but the shell can be at once distinguished by its more
convex whorls and shorter spire. There is a difference also in the sculpture; the
revolving ribs in this species are larger than the longitudinal ones; while in the
other species both sets are nearly of the same size.
(211)




212         PALAEONTOLOGY  OF CALIFORNIA.
NATICA, Adanson.
N. UVASANA, n. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 277.
SHELL small, subglobose; spire somewhat elevated; whorls
four; suture distinct; mouth subeircular; inner lip incrusted
above; umbilicus somewhat open, with a small revolving callus.
Surface smooth, showing a few lines of growth.
Figure, magnified.
Locatlity: Near Fort T-jon; Dr. Horn.
SCALARIA, Lam.
SUBGEN. OPALIA, HI. and A. Ad.
S. MATIIEWSONII, 11. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 278.
SHELL robust, turriculate; whorls numerous, convex; suture
distinct. Surface marked by about eighteen or twenty large ribs,
with broad, convex interspaces, crossed by fine revolving lines;
lower angle of the body whorl bordered by a prominent rib, the
lower surface being flattened and marked only by strike similar to
those on the sides of the whorl. Mouth subcircular, truncated
below.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen, from near Martifez; collected by Mr. Mathewson.
TURRITELLA, Lam.
T. INFRA-GRANULATA, II. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 279.
SHELL elongated, tapering, scalariform; whorls numerous,
sloping straight, or somewhat concavely outwards above, algu



CRETACEOUS FOSSILS.                     213
]ated and obliquely truncated below; suture impressed. Surface
marked by numerous fine, revolving, thread-like lines, sometimes alternating in size, and on the angle near the lower margin
of the whorl, by coarse granulations. Aperture subquadrate.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: Near Martifez; Mr. Mathewson; very rare.
SOLEN, Linn.
SUBGEN. SOLENA, Browne.
S. DIEGOENSIS, n. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 280.
SHELL thick, subconvex; cardinal and basal margins nearly
parallel; beaks placed near the anterior end; ends gaping;
anterior end somewhat dilated; base straight. Surface marked
by rather distinct lines of growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: San Diego; very near if not at the top of the Cretaceous of the State;
collected by Mr. Morse.
CHIONE, Miihlf.? C. ANGULATA, n. s.
P1. 32, Fig. 281.
SHELL small, thin, compressed, triangular; beaks small, acute,
prominent, placed about two-fifths of the length from the anterior
end, which is produced and narrowly rounded below, broadly
emarginate above; the cardinal margin slopes nearly straight
from the beaks to the posterior end; base broadly rounded.
Passing from the beaks to the posterior angle is a sharp ridge,
very near the margin; posterior to which the surface drops at an
acute angle to the edge of the shell, making a well-marked,




214           PALZEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
abrupt truncation. Surface ornamented by fine, numerous, regular, concentric lines.  Lunule bordered by a fine impressed line.
Figure, magnified to nearly twice natural size.
Locality: A single specimen was found by Mr. Mathewson, in Division A.,
west of Martifnez.
This shell resembles very closely Crassatella Uvasana, Con., in general outline.
It is very much thinner, however, is more produced posteriorly, the anterior end
is not so deeply excavated under the beaks, is more compressed, and the surface
ornaments and lunule are entirely different.
I have not succeeded in uncovering the whole of the hinge of the specimen
described; but, from what I can see, it seems to resemble more nearly that of
Chione than any other genus. I have, therefore, referred it so provisionally.
TAPES, Megerle.? T. CRETACEA, n. s.
Pl. 32, Fig. 283.
SIHELL large, robust, quadrate; cardinal and basal margins
nearly parallel; beaks small, approximate, anterior; anterior end
broadly rounded; posterior convexly subtruncated.  Surface convex above, flattened towards the base, marked only by lines of
growth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: North of Corral Hollow, Alameda County.
CRASSATELLA, Lam.
C. UVASANA, Con.
P1. 32, Fig. 284.
(C. Uvasana, Con. Pacific R. R. Rep., vol. 5, p. 320, pl. 2, fig. 5.)
SHELL thick, robust, triangular, convex; beaks broad, prominent, and strongly incurved; cardinal margin sloping a little convexly to the posterior end, which is subangular; anterior end
broadly rounded below, deeply excavated above; lunule large,




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                         215
lanceolate, and deeply impressed. Surface marked by a variable
number of strong, concentric ribs, near the beaks, which become
obsolete within a half or three-fourths of an inch from the apex,
and below which the rest of the shell is marked only by very fine
lines of growth.
Figure, natural size of the largest specimen.
Locality: Near Fort Tejon; Dr. Horn.
By a comparison of the figure published in the Pacific R. R. Report with the
present one, it will be observed that there are a number of important discrepancies. My figure is critically correct, and I can only account for the inaccuracy
of Mr. Conrad's by supposing that his was made from a mutilated specimen.
There can be no doubt but that I have identified his species, this being the only
shell that approaches in the most remote manner to the figure and description
quoted above, out of many hundreds of specimens collected at the original locality. The outline of the posterior end of figure 284 is restored from lines of
growth and from smaller specimens.
CARDITA, Brug.
C. VENERIFORMIS, n. s.
Pi. 32, Fig. 285, and 285 a.
SHELL small, very convex, subquadrate; beaks rather large,
strongly incurved; cardinal margin nearly straight; posterior end
obliquely and convexly truncated; anterior end deeply excavated
under the beaks, produced and narrowly rounded below; base
broadly rounded; lunule broad, deeply impressed. Surface
marked by about forty fine, acute, radiating ribs, with sometimes
an intercalated one arising in the middle of the shell, and becoming as large as the others before it reaches the base; these
are most numerous anteriorly, where all of the ribs are smaller
than on the middle; margin strongly crenulated.
Figure 285, magnified to about three times natural size. Fig. 285 a, magnified
view of surface.
Locality: West of Martinez; Mr. Mathewson.




216          PALIEONTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA.
BARBATIA, Gray.
B. MORSEI, n. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 286.
SHELL small, thin, subcompressed, oblique, broadest posteriorly; beaks small, approximate, anterior; area long and very
narrow, shorter than the shell; anterior end short and broad;
posterior end oblique above, rounded below; base sinuous,
slightly gaping. Surface depressed in the middle and towards
the ends, ornamented by numerous fine radiating ribs, alternating pretty regularly in size in the middle of the shell. Hinge
slender, composed of numerous small, oblique teeth.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: San Diego; collected by Mr. Morse.
YOLDIA, Mdller.
Y. NASUTA, n. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 287.
SHELL thin, convex, elongate; beaks subcentral, a little posterior; cardinal margin concave in advance, sinking convexly
behind; anterior end produced, most prominent above. Hinge
composed of uniform teeth, largest in advance of the beaks.
Surface polished.
Figure, natural size.
Locality: A single specimen in the collection of the California Academy of
Natural Sciences, labelled "Los Angeles," and associated with Cretaceous fossils. This shell may be Cretaceous, or possibly Tertiary. The discovery of better
authenticated specimens will be necessary to determine its true age.




CRETACEOUS  FOSSILS.                      217
PLACUNANOMIA, Brod.
P. INORNATA, I1. S.
P1. 32, Fig. 288, and 288 a.
SHELL thin, irregular, inequivalve; upper valve convex, usually
narrowest near the beaks, broad towards the base; hinge-margin
thickened; surface marked by fine radiating lines, or smooth,
usually concentrically undulated; lower valve concave, without
the radiating lines; hinge-line but little, if at all, thickened;
foramen small, bordered on one side by a thickened margin.
Figures, natural size.
Localities: Near San Diego, Mr. Morse; and north of Corral Hollow. Abundant at both localities.
PAL. VOL. I.-28








TABULAR STATEMENT
OF THE PRINCIPAL
LOCALITIES OF CRETACEOUS FOSSILS
FOUND IN CALIFORNIA AND THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES,
AND DESCRIBED OR NOTICED IN THIS VOLUME.
(219)




I!            I~c  I                    U_ c o  
Belemnites   i                                              *ressus.0
Nautilus Texanus, Shum.                                                                                                           Gulch, c
Aturia Mathewsonii, G.                                                                                                         { Alderson's
Ammonites subtricarinatus, G.                                                                                                    Battle Creek.
Teha00a Co.
lNewberryanus, Meek.                                                              |
Brewerii, G.,I
Peruvianus?,  on Buch.                                             
" Traskii, G.
" ramosus, Meek.
0 ~J2~  0        0~       0F~~      0Oi    0~   Shasta Co.
a        R Semondii, G.                                                         
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Belemnite  impesus G.      *F *
"r  o                                    "cs~~~~~~~~~ O~~~~o
"-H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   ~     ~     ~    ~     ~    ~     ~ ~ ~ Adro' ~ i~O
Nautilus Teans Shm                   *:                                                                              Hf Guch 0i~l~ ~ ~,L~~mmoaites ~    2utiarnts  3.     4                    01   21   41   61   81   02   22   42   62




1  2  3   4  5  6  7   8  9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18  19 20  21 22 23  24  25 26 27
Batesii, Trask.                      *
" Chicoensis, Trask.                 *  *        *             *                                                   *  
"   complexus, H. & MI.             i?';  Cooperi, G.                                                                                                                *                            0
Hamites Vancouverensis, G.;
Helicoceras vermicularis, G.                                                                    *                               I  
Brewerii, G.                                                                                                                I
"   declive, G.                                               I I  I 
Turrilites sp.?                                                                                                                         r Alderson's
Ptychoceras aequicostatus, G.               *                                                                                       I
~      E                        ~                   im~agle Cr'k,
Shasta Co.
P. (Hamites?) quadratus, G.                                                                                                              L Shasta Co..
Crioceras R6mondii, G.                      * |
"   latus, G.                                                
percostatus, G.                                                                      i *            i 
Ancyloceras sp. undet.                      *                                                                                                                  2 
Baculites Chicoensis, Trask.. *   i -  *'                           |2
" sp. indet.
Typhis antiquus, G.   I
Fusus Martifnez, G.                               I 




I                  I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
Cn                                     Cs
0  ui                                                                   0                                     C~~~14  bi  
m   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3~~h
-                                      C                                          Ci        E
kb       &           q r-5         4 6                              c6       m 
Fusus Mathewsonii, G.                                                                                                                        -0
46Averiliji, G.*Coha' 
I Diablo.        0
flexuosus, GI. 
44~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~4aratus, 0G.
44Kingii, G-.                         *(Cochran's 
*           *              ~~~~~~~east of Mount
Californicus, Con.                                                                                     IDiablo. 
Hemifusus Hornii, G.                                                                     **fCochran's                                                   0
*east of Mount          Z
44Cooperi, G.                                                                                                                       DiJablo.
R4      odiG                                                                       *       **Cochran's.
Neptunoea curvirostris, G.*
44ponderosa, G.*                             **** 
perforata, G.              I       *
1  2  3  4  5   6  7  5  9  10 11  12 13 14 15 16  17 18  19 20 21 22 23  24 25 26 27




1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11  12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22  23 24 25 26 27
supraplicata, G.1
Hoffmanni, G.
gracilis, G.                                                                     *
Perissolax brevirostris, G.                      *  *                                      *
49  Blakei, Con., Sp. 
Turris Claytonensis, G.                                                                        *                                  Cochran's.
varicostata, 0.                                                                         *                                                     71
Cordiera microptygma, G.                                                                                            *
Tritoniunl Hornii, 0.                                                                                                             Cochran's. 
Diegoensis, G.                                                                                                   *
paucivaricatum, G.                                                                                           *                                 0
Whitneyi, G.                                                                                                                                  0
Buccinum liratum, G.                                                                    *      *  *                                                  712
Nassa cretacea, G.                                                                                                                                   0
712
"   antiquata, G.                                                                    *
iaydenia impressa, G-.                           *  *                                                                                                712
Pseudoliva lineata, G.                                                                  *
"   volutoeformis, G.
OlivellaMathewsonii,_0. GI.                                             _                                                             _______




co2              Ca               - 
OQco                            b~i..   r..7o "                      0'                             aa q~ *-14  In                 O 1 
0t -0                       0 0                                               Ct-I   %w
Aneillaria elongata, G.                                   I*I*                                                                             Cochran's.Z
Fasciolaria ieviuseula, G.                                                                    *       * 
sinuata, G.                                                                                                           **
Volutilithes Navarroensis,Shum.**                   ***             **
M~itra cretacea, G.*
Whitneyva fieus, G-. 
Morio tuberculatus, G.? Ficus cyprnoides, G-.                                 *
Lunatia avellana, G.                         *                                                *
Shumardiana, G.
*~~~~
Hornii, G.
"nueifermNis,0-. G                                                                                 *(                 *
1   2 g3  45  6  7   8           10  11 12  13 14  15 16 17 15  19 20  21 22  23 24  25 26  27




1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21  22 23 24 25 26 27
L. (Gyrodes?) Conradiana, G.                                                                               
t Gyrodes expansa, G.               *                           * *
Neverita secta, G.                                                                                                *. Naticina obliqua, G.                                                                   *                 I* 
Amauropsis oviformis, G.  
"   alveata, Con. sp.                                                              *      *      *-3
Cinulia obliqua, G.                     *                                                                                                          t
"I Mathewsonii, G.  i       O
"   pinguis, G. 
Iingicula varia, G.
Nerinmea dispar, G.
Actoeonina pupoides, G.                  *  
"   Californica, G.                                                           *      *
Globiconcha IRmondii, G.                                                             
Cylindrites brevis, G.                                                                                                                             r/
Chemnitzia Spilmani? Con.                       *
Niso polita, G.                                                                       *                           *
Cerithiopsis alternata, G.  
Architectonica Veatchii, G.




CD o
Cottonwood Creek.
North of Yreka. ~                              c
D~       d   o       O ra r
Tuscan Springs.
CD  C   ort hD       o                                         reka'.
CD<~~ |CD~~~            CDCow Creek, Shasta Co.
0oo                                                      Weaverville.
| Chico Creek.
~~~ |:~~~~~~~Folsom.....   *                      | Texas Flat.
Y               r~ -'                             Crs
Arbuckle's Diggings.,,.| Rag Canon.
Suis un.
~.*h |                                     f aBenicia.
-4:~.          |~Martiiiez, Division A.,                                 -                    | PenceIarsh's.'**                                                      TCurry's, S. of Diablo.
Puerto Canon.
Cow Crestimba Casta Co.
S. L. Gonzaga Ranch.
Vancolsomver I.
Miscellaneous
Localities.'VIN-IOIrIIVO  dO *        DO'*tI        Oj on.IV.vJNOJ80~Ir1~yo dO AD00~;O~iOJTNO~VQIVJ95




1  2  3  4  5  6 7   8  9  10 11  12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  24 25 26 27
"   simplex, G-*
Pugnellus hamulus, G.
"   manubriatus, G.                     *
Tessarolax distortas, G.                              *
Aporrhais falciformis, G.
angulata, G.
Californica, G.*
exilis, G-.                                                                        *? Cyproea Bayerquei, G.                                                                           *                I                                       C)
Potamides diadema, G.                      *                I
"   tennis, G.? Littorina compacta, G.                                                                                                       *
Turritella infralineata, G.                                                                                      *2
seriatim-granulate, G.              *          *
7/2
Veatchii, G.                                   *
Chicoensis, G.                                                                                                                                     U1
TUvasana, Con.
"   Saffordii, G.                                                                *                                                 Clear Lake.
robusta, G.                                    *




cD                JcksniD    O g.CD
~o... Cd
Q O~~~~~~ CC
eJacksonville, Oregon.
a                         -.
U,                             Chot      C reek....Pence'xs Ranch.
3.*|ATuscan Spr ings.
Cow Creek, Shasta Co.
t                                                        | Weaverville.
Rag Caflon.
Suisu        un.
Martii ez, Division B.
Martih ez, Division A...                                ACurry's, S. of Diablo.
Puerto Caton.
Orestimbas Calon.
S. L. Gonzaga Ranch.
o*                                c   S p r Tjnon....                        MSan    Diego, Upper.
______ *   *                             | Curry's, S. oSan   D iego, Lower.
______________                             R~~~Vancouver   In.
Misce     llaneous
Localities.'VIAIHOJIrIVo  dO  X-DorIol;owrIva                          8g''~~~~~~~~~~S.GuaaRnh




1  2  3   4  5  6  7   8  9  10 11 12  13 14 15  16 17 18  19 20  21 22 23  24  25 26 27
Actaeon impressus, G. 
Bulla Hornii, G.                                                                                                          *
Cylichna costata, G.                                *  *                  *                   *  *    *               * 
Megistostoma striata, G.                                                                                I             
Martesia clausa, G.                                 ** 
Turnus plenus, G.                           *                                                                         *'?
Solen parallelus, G.                                                                        *           *                 * 
O
Pharella alta, G.                                                                               *
Siliqua Oregonensis, G.                  *
Panopaea concentrica, G.                    *                                                   *
Corbula primorsa, G.                                                                                                                    Corral Hollow.
Traskii, G.                                  *  * 
cultriformis, G.                                                                        2*                                                            1
Hornii, G.
"   parilis, G.
Anatina Tryoniana, G.                                                                      |    *
~'inequilateralis, G. 
lata, G.
Pholadomya Brewerii, G.




4-m C )                                      I                          0
ct                          co ~
I                                1)                                         6' 6'              C
ct        k" Rl  t  ct
~~a~~~,,,,;"d  ~~~~~~~~~~s r                          N  O1 
~r 1)                           CS 0),O                                                           a'*r,0 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F                            Og Fo0    * 
re ~    ~'          0          o      N    A  N                  o    nn              00 
Pholadomya nasuta, G.                                                                          IZ
Neoera dolabralformis, G-.                                                              I*I0
iAlactra Ashburnerii, G.                )         **                                     *:     **               *0
Lutraria truncata, G-.*0
Asaphis undulata, G-.                               I'? Gari texta, G.(
0 ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~                                                  -,Tellina bloga, G.
IR~mondii, G.                                                            I                                                  Cochran's.          0
lloffmanniana, G-.                                                I*
monilifera, G. 
ooides, G-.                                * 
decurtata, G.                                                                I                     I
i3iatbewsonii, G.                                   I
1  2  3  4     6  7  8  910  11 12 13 14 15 16 1   81  20 21  22 23 24 25  26`7




1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11 12 13 14  15 16 17 18 19 20 21  22 23  24 25  26 27? Tellina quadrata, G.
" Ashburnerii, G.  
WVhitneyi, G.
parilis, G.                                                                                                                                         ~ 
Hornii, G.                                                                                                         *
Californica, G.                                                                                      I                         I
3ic  *     *
Venus varians, G.
" Veatchii, G.                                                       I
" lenticularis, G.                                                                     I  I       
"   tetrahedra, G.   
Meretrix Uvasana, Con.                               I                                     * i  I  i  
"   lens, G.                                    I 
Hornii, G.                                                                                             i         *
nitida, G.                                                                                  
I long-, G.                                                                                                                        Shasta?              12
arata, G.
ovalis, G.                                                 ~                                                      *
" Californica, Con.
Dosinia elevata, G.                               I                                                                     *




;>,
Dosinia pertenuis, G.
"gyrata, G.*~
0   6                    ~~~~~~~~~~
"inflata, G.
Tapes Conradiana, G.
"4  quadrata, G.
Trapezium carinatur,.                 *G
Cyprinella tenuis, G.                                                                                                                           Corral Htollow.
0~
Cardium annulatur, G..
"R~mondianum, G.                                                                                                                           Wright's Gulch
"Cooperii, G.
"Brewerii, G.0                                                          
" PI~lacerensis, G.
0 ~        ~~~~~~~~~~                                     08 
Ca rdia  tornii, G.                                                                                                              
1  r2   3      5 6         8 9   0          2    314  15 16  17 18  19 20  2    2 2 2 3) 24 25 26 2
*~~~~~~~~
TapesCon radia na, G.                                                                             *
quadrata,  Cr.                                                                              *                               *              11 1 IIi 
Trpzu   carinatum, G.                                                       *                                              
Cypriell  tenuaiss, G.                                                                                                                          Cora  Hollow.   III        II I   
Cardpium  arnnuatum, Cr.                                                                              *           *                                                   0       eC
Iyrin  monclianum,  Cr.IIiI                                                         I       II III        *                                  W~right' Guolch.
Pldimacerensis, G. 
Cadia  orndiln, G.                              I           It                          I    *       *     I               1*,c
1  2  3  4  5   6  7i  5   9  10 11  12  13 14 15 16  17 18  19 20  21 22 23  24 25 26 27




1  2   3  4  5   6  7  8  9  10 11  12 13 14 15  16 17  18 19 20  21. 22  23 24 25 26  27
Lucina nasuta, G,                                                     I
"   postradiata, G.
suboircularis, G.
cumulata, G.                                   I1Io?     cretacea, G.                                                      I?Loripes dubia, G.                                      *I
Mysia polita, G.
Astarte Conradiana, G.                                                     *
Mathewsonii, G.                                                                I
Tuscana, 4.                                                                                                         I
Eriphyla umbonata, G.                                                 I 
Crassatella grandis, G.                                                        K                               K
Uvasana, Con.                             I                       I1
Anthonya cultriformis, G.
Unio penultimus, G.                        1                                                                                                                    w
iMlytilus pauperculus, G.
ascia, G.                                                  I    I                  I                              I
humerus, Con.                                                                                                     I K.
Modiola Siskiyouensis, G.                * 




0 ~~ 0*I                                              0o;>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;
a-,                    4  MC"D Co-a 
0 F, kH~<                                                      I ~C  nWF                  /
ct 0            CP-                                                0
T~C    0~ ri   -a;>                                              -   ~ari1r       t h3E3 ~
Miodiola ornata, G.                    I                                       K      *                  *                             Z
4ccylindrica, G.                                                          I
Lithophagus oviformis, G-.* 
Septifer dichotornus, G.                                                   I                             *
Crenella concentrica, G.                                                        **0
Avicula pellucida, G.*I*
Inoceramus IPiochii, G.** 
Pinna Brewerii, G.                 *                                               *
Trigonia Tryoniana, G.     b                    *Z
Evansii, Meek.                           O *  *    *     *         **       *               * 
Gibboniana, Lea.         **                                                  *
Meekia sella, G.                   *            *                                  *                          I
radiata, G.              *  *                                     I          *.             1*1*
1  2  34        56 78   910  11 12 13 14 15 1617 1819 20  21 2223 2425 26 27




1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20  21 22 23 24  25 26 27
navis, G.                                *             *                           *
Arca Breweriana, G.                      -          i 
Hornii, G.
gravida, G.                                                          *                                                                      0
Cuculkea Matthewsonii, G.                                                             *      *
truncata, G.                                                                                                                                - *  *  *  *
Axinal-a Veatchii, G.                           *  *                 *                                     *             *                         ci2
sagittata, G.                                                                                              *
cor, G.                                                                        *                           *
Nucula truncata, G.                             *  *                                                           *
Leda protexta, G.                                                                     *      *  *             *  *             San Emidio.
translucida, G.                                  *
Limopsis transversa, G.                                                                                                                            U2
Pecten Traskii, G.                                                   *                   *                                                         0
operculiformis, G.                *                                                                                     H Huling Creek.     co
Californicus, G.                  *
Lima microtis, G.                        *                          *2
appressa, G.                                                                                            *
GBattle Creek.     c
~Plicatula variata, G.                __         __           __    __




: n     C    )   CD   Cw  C
crt-  O   a'C -e. |Jacksonville, Oregon.. | Siskiyou Mountains.
Cottonwood Creek.
North of Yreka.
P | ence's Ranch.
Tuscan Springs.
|Cow Creek, Shasta Co.
Weaverville..>.                   | Chico Creek:.
*                   |:Folsom...                  * | Texas Flat.
Arbuckle's Diggings.
Rag Callon.
Suisun.
Benicia.
Martinez, Division B..*~~~~ | Cfartioiez, Division A.
*                *                C hClayton.
|arsh's.
Curry's, S. of Diablo.
Puerto Caos n.
Orestimba Caion.
S. L. Gonzaga Ranch.
PToj on.
San Diego, Upper.
_San Diego, Lower.
Vancouver I.
Miscellaneous
Localities.
~ V'INo[I7Ivo  o0 X9OrIOXOWrIva                              9




INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
ACTiEON, 142.                     ANCILLARIA, 100.
Actueon impressus, 142.           Ancillaria elongata, 100.
ACT]EONINA, 113.                  ANCYLOCERAS, 78.
Actaeonina Californica, 114.   ANGARIA, 121.
pupoides, 113.         Angaria ornatissima, 121.
AMAUROPSIS, 109.                  ANISOMYON, 142.
Amauropsis alveata, 110.          Anisomyon Meekii, 142.
oviformis, 109.   ANOMIA, 203.
AMMONITES, Trias., 24; Cret., 60.     Anomia lineata, 203.
Ammonites Ausseanus, 25.    ANTHONYA, 181.
Batesii, 67.           Anthonya cultriformis, 182.
Billingsianus, 26. APORRHAIS, 127.
Blakei, 24.           Aporrhais angulata, 128.
Brewerii, 62.                    Californica, 128.
Chicoensis, 68.                  exilis, 129.
complexus?, 69.                 falciformis, 127.
(? )    Cooperii, 69.     ARCA, 193.
I{aydenii, 62.         Area Breweriana, 193.
Hoffmannii, 65.             decurtata, 195.
Homfrayi, 26.               gravida, 194.
Newberryanus, 61            Hlornii, 194.
Peruvianus, 63.   ARCHITECTONICA, 116.
ramosus, 65.          Architectonica cognata, 117.
Ramsaueri, 27.                       Hornii, 117.
Remondii, 66.                        inornata, 118.
subtricarinatus,60                   Veatchii, 116.
Traskii, 63.      ASAPHIS, 154.
ANATINA, 150.                         Asaphis undulata, 154.
Anatina inequilateralis, 151.  ASTARTE, Juras., 50; Cret., 178.
(? )   lata, 151.              Astarte Conradiana, 178.
Tryoniana, 150.                  Mathewsonii, 179.
(237)




238        INDEX  OF GENERA  AND  SPECIES.
Astarte Tuscana, 179.         CHEMNITZIA, 115.
ventricosa, 50.           Chemnitzia Spillnmani, 115.
ASTROC(ENIA, 208.                 CHIONE, 213.
(?) Astroccenia petrosa, 208.? Chione angulata, 213.
ATURIA, 59.                       CINULIA, 111.
Aturia Mathewsonii, 59.           Cinulia Mlathewsonii, 111.
AVICULA, Trias., 29; Cret., 186.              obliqua, 111.
Avicula Homfrayi, 29.                     pinguis, 112.
mucronata, 30.        CLISIOPHYLLUM, 8.
pellucida, 186.           Clisiophyllum Gabbi, 8.
AXINXA, 197.                      CONUS, 122.
Axinea cor, 198.                  Conus IIornii, 122.
sagittata, 197.                 Remondii, 122.
Veatchii, 197.                   sinuatus, 123.
CORBULA, Trias., 29; Cret., 148.
Corbula Blakei, 29.
BACULITES, 80.                                 cultriformis, 149.
Baculites Chicoensis, 80.
Hornii, 149.
BARBATIA, 216.
psrilis, 150.
Barbatia Morsei, 216.)                       riorsa, 148
(?)     primorsa, 148
BELEMNITES, Jur., 53; Cret., 58.               Traskii 149.
Belemnites impressus, 58.
CORDIERA, 93.
BUCCINUM, 96.
Cordiera microptygma, 93.
Buccinum liratumr, 96.        CRASSATELLA, 181, 214.
BULLA, 143.
BULLA, 143. Ho     143Crassatella grandis, 181.
Bulla Hornii, 143.                           Uvasana, 214.
Uvasana, 214.
CRENELLA, 186.
CALLIANASSA, 57.                      Crenella concentrica, 186.
CRIOCERAS, 75.
Callianassa Stimpsonii, 57.    CRIoceRAs, 75.
CARDITA, 174, 215.                    Crioceras latus, 76.
Cardita iHornii, 174.                       percostatus, 77.
ventriformis, 215.                 Reniondii, 75.
CARDIUM, 171.                     CRYPTA, 136.
Cardium annulatum, 171.           Crypta pileum, 137.
Brewerii, 173.       CUCULLEA, 195.
Cooperii, 172.           Cucullea Mathewsonii, 195.
Placerensis, 173.                 truncata, 196.
Re'mondianum, 172.  CYLICHNA, 143.
CERATITES, 22.                        Cylichna costata, 143.
Ceratites Haidingerii, 22.    CYLINDRITES, 115.
Whitneyi, 23.            Cylindrites brevis, 115.
CERITHIOPSIS, 116.                CYPRIA, 129.
Ccrithiopsis alternata, 116.      Cypraea Bayerquei, 129.




INDEX  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES.                  239
CYPPRINELLA, 170.                     Fusus Averillii, 83.
Cyprinella tenuis, 170.                  Californicus, 85.
Cooperii, 86.
Diaboli, 84.
DENTALIUM, 139.                              flexuosus, 85.
Dentalium Cooperii, 139.                 Ilornii, 86.
pusillum, 139.                Kingii, 85.
stramineum, 139..Martifiez, 82.
IDISCOHELIX, 119.                            MaIthewsonii, 83.
Discohelix Leana, 119.                 iR6mondii, 87.
DOSINIA, 167.
Dosinia elevata, 167.
gyrata, 168.          GALERUS, 136.
inflata, 168.             Galerus excentricus, 136.
pertenuis, 167.       GARI, 155.? Gari texta, 155.
GLOBICONCHIA, 114.
ELLIPSOSMILIA, 208.                   Globiconcha R6mondii, 114.? Ellipsosmilia granulifera, 208. GONIATITES, 21.
EMARGINULA, 140.                      Goniatites lmvidorsatus, 21.
Emarginula radiata, 140.      GRYPHXA, Jur., 42; Cret., 205.
ERIPHYLA, 180.                         Gryphaea vesicularis, 205.
Eriphyla, umbonata, 180.      GYRODES, 108.
EUOMPHALUS, 15.                       Gyrodes expansa, 108.
Euomphalus Whitneyi, 15.
EXOGYRA, 205.
Exogyra parasitica, 205.     ItALosBA, 30.
Halobia dubia, 30.
IIAMITES, 70.
FASCIOLARIA, 100.                     Ilamites ~ancouverensis, 70.? Fasciolaria Io, 101.        ITAYDENIA, 98.?     laeviuscula, 100.     Ilaydenia impressa, 98.
sinuata, 101.    ITELCION. 141.
FIcus, 105, 211.                      Ielcion circularis, 141.? Ficus cyproeoides, 105.                 dichotoma, 141.
mamillatus, 211.      HELICOCERAS, 71.
FLABELLUM, 207.                      HIelicoceras Brewerii, 72.
Flabellum IR6eondianum, 207.                   declive, 73.
FUSULINA, 3.                                       vermicularis, 71.
Fusulina cylindrica, 4.
gracilis, 4.
robusta, 3.          INOCERAMUS, Jur., 47; Cret., 187.
Fusus, 82.                            Inoceramus obliquus, 47.
Fusus aratus, 84.                             Piochii, 187.




240         INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.? Inoceramus rectangulus, 47. MARGARITELLA, 118.
Margaritella crenulata, 118.
globosa, 119.
LJEDA, 199.                       MARTESIA, 145.
Leda protexta, 199.               Martesia clausa, 145.
translucida, 199.       MEEKIA, 191.
ILIMA, Jur., 43; Cret., 202.          Meekia navis, 192.
Lima appressa, 203.                       radiata, 192.?   cuneata, 44.                       sella, 191.
microtis, 202.         MEGISTOSTOSMA, 144.
recticostata, 44.           Megistostoma striata, 144.?   sinuata, 43.            MERETRIX, 163.
LMOPSIS, 200.                        Meretrix arata, 166.
Limopsis transversa, 200.                  Californica, 166.
LITHOPHAGUS, 185.                               Hornii, 164.
Lithophagus oviformis, 185.                lens, 164.
LITHIOSTROTION, 5.                             longa, 165.
Lithostrotion Californiense, 6.            nitida, 165.
irnamillare, 5.               ovalis, 166.
LITTORINA: 131.                                 Uvasana, 163.
Littorina compacta, 131.      MITRA, 103.
LORIPES, 177.                         Mitra cretacea, 103.
Loripes dubia, 177.          AMODIOLA, 181.
LJUCINA, 175.                         Modiola cylindrica, 185.
Lucina cretacea, 177.                      ornata, 184.
cumulata, 176.                     Siskiyouensis, 184.
nasuta, 175.           MONOTIS, 31.
postradiata, 175.          Monotis subeircularis, 31.
subeircularis, 176.    MORIO, 104.
LUNATIA, 105.                         Morio tuberculatus, 104.
Lunatia avellana, 105.        MYACITES, Trias., 28; Jur., 51.?   Conradiana, 107.          Myacites depressus, 51.
HIornii, 106.                     lHumboldtensis, 28.
nuciformis, 107.     MYOPHORIA, 33.
Shumardiana, 106.         Myophoria alta, 33.
LUTRARIA, 154.                    MYSIA, 178.
ILutraria truncata, 154.          Mysia polita, 178.
Lysis, 138.                       MYTILus, Trias.,29; Jur., 49; Cret.,
Lysis duplicosta, 138.              183.
Mytilus ascia, 183.
Homfrayi, 29.
humerus, 184.
MACTRA, 153.                                  multistriatus, 49.
Mactra Asburnerii 153.                    pauperculus, 183.




INDEX  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES.                  241
NASSA, 97.                             Panopea concentrica, 148.
Nassa antiquata, 97.                       iRemondii, 28.
cretacea, 97.          PATELLA, 140.
NATICA, 212.                          Patella Traskii, 140.
Natica Uvasana, 212.          PECTEN, Trias., 33; Jur., 46; Cret.,
NATICINA, 109.                          200.
Naticina obliqua, 109.            Peeten acutiplicatus, 46.
NAUTILUS, Trias., 19; Cret., 59.              Californicus, 201.
Nautilus multicameratus, 20.              deformis, 33.
Texanus?, 59.                   operculiformis, 201.
Whitneyi, 19.                   Traskii, 200.
NEIERA, 153.                      PERISSOLAX, 91.
Nevera dolabrmformis, 153.        Perissolax Blakei, 92.
NEPTUNsEA, 88.                                   brevirostris, 91.
Neptunea curvirostris, 88.    PHAREILA, 147.
gracilis, 90.           Pharella alta, 147.
Hoffmanii, 90.      PHOLADOMYA, 152.
perforata, 89.          Pholadomya Brewerii, 152.
ponderosa, 88.                       nasuta, 152.
supraplicata, 89.   PINNA, 188.
NERINEA, 113.                         Pinna Brewerii, 188.
Nerinea dispar, 113.          PLACUNANOMIA, 217.
NERITA, 137.                          Placunanomia inornata, 217.
Nerita cuneata, 137.          PLICATULA, 203.
cleformis, 137.            Plicatula variata, 203.
NEVERITA, 108.                    POSIDONOMYA, 32.
Neverita secta, 108.              Posidonoinya Daytonensis, 32.
Niso, 116.                                         stella, 32.
Niso polita, 116.             POTAMIDES, 130.
NUCULA, 198.                          Potamnides diadema, 130.
Nucula truncata, 198.                        tenuis, 130.
PRODUCTUS, 11.
Productus semireticulatus, 11.
OLIVELLA, 100.                    PSEUDOLIVA, 99.
Olivella Mathewsonii, 100.        Pseudoliva lineata, 99.
ORTHIS, 10.                                       volutfbOrrmis, 939.
ORTHOCERATITES, 19.               PTYCIIOCERAS, 74.
Orthoceratites Blakei, 19.        Ptychoceras tequieostatus, 74.
OSTREA, 204.                                      cquadratus, 74.
Ostrea Brewerii, 204.         PUGNELLUS, 124.
malleiformis, 204.         Pugnellus hamulus, 124.
manubriatus, 125.
PANOPEA, Trias., 28; Cret., 148.  RETZTA, 14.
PAL. VOL. I.-31




242         INDEX  OF GENERA  AND  SPECIES.
Retzia compressa, 14.            Tellina Mathewsonii, 158.
RINGICULA, 112.                              monilifera, 157.
Ringicula varia, 112.                   ooides, 157.
ROSTELLARIA, 123.                           parilis, 160.
Rostellaria canalifera, 123.?  quadrata, 159.
simplex, 124.                Remondii, 156.
RHYNCHIONELLA, Carb., 12; Trias.,            Whitneyi, 160.
34; Jur., 39.              TEREBRATELLA, 205.
Rhynchonella wequiplicata, 35.       Terebratella obesa, 205.
gnathophora, 39.   TEREBRATULA, Trias., 34; Jur., 41.
lingulata, 34.          Terebratula Ifumboldtensis,
RHYNCOPTERIS, 31.                      34.
Rhyncopteris obesus, 32.     TESSAROLAX, 126.
Tessarolax distorta, 126.
TRAPEZIUM, 170.
SCALARIA, 212.                       Trapezium carinatum, 170.
Scalaria Mathewsonii, 212.    TRIGONIA, Jur., 48; Cret., 188.
SEPTIFER, 186.                       Trigonia Evansii, 189.
Septifer dichotomus, 186.                 Gibboniana, 190.
SILIQUA, 147.                                 pandicosta, 48.
Siliqua Oregonensis, 147.                 Tryoniana, 188.
SOLEN, 146, 213.                 TRITONIUM, 94.
Solen Diegoensis, 213.           Tritonium Diegoensis, 95.
parallelus, 146.                     lHornii, 94.
SPIRIFER, Carb., 13; Trias., 35.               paucivaricatum, 95.
Spirifer IIomfrayi, 35.                    Whitneyi, 66.
lineatus, 13.        TROCIHOSMILIA, 207.
SPIRIFERINA, 14.                     Trochosmilia striata, 207.
STRAPAROLLUS) 120.               TURNUS, 145.
Straparolius lens, 120.          Turnus plenus, 146.
paucivolvus, 120. TURRILITES, 73.
TURRIS, 92.
Turris Claytonensis, 92.
TAPES, 169, 214.                            varicostata, 93.
Tapes Conradiana, 169.       TURRITELLA, 131, 212.?   cretacea, 214.             Turritella Chicoensis, 133.
quadrata, 169.                       infragranulata, 212.
TELLINA, 155.                                  infralineata, 131.
Tellina Ashburnerii, 159.                  robusta, 135.
Californica, 161.                   Saffordii, 135.
decurtata, 158.                     seriatim-granulata,
IHoffmnanniana, 156.                  132.
HIornii, 160.                       Uvasana, 134.
longa, 155.                         Veatchii, 133.




INDEX  OF GENERA  AND  SPECIES.                 243
TYPHiS, 82.                     I   Venus varians, 161.
Typhis antiquus, 82.                    Veatchii, 162.
VOLUTALITHES, 102.
Volutalithes  Navarroensis,
UNICARDIUM, 50.                         102.? Unicardium gibbosum, 50.
UNIO, 182.
Unio penultimus, 182.        WHITNEYA, 103.
Whitneya ficus, 104.
VENUS, 161.
Venus lenticularis, 162.     YOLDIA, 216.
tetrahedra, 163.          Yoldia nasuta, 216.












PLATE I.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                  CLISIOPHYLLUM  GABBI.                              8
A large, somewhat weathered specimen.
1 a. A calice of a smaller individual, with its margins partly broken
away, and the interior partly filled with stony matter, around
the central boss.
1 b. Vertical section of a small specimen, showing the depth of the
calice, and the prominence of the central boss, as well as the
structure of the interior. The outer vesicular zone is not
well seen in this specimen, which is too small to have it well
developed.
Fig. 2.             LITHOSTROTION? CALIFORNIENSE.                           6
An external view of a part of a corallite.
2 a. Transverse section of the same.
2 b. A group of three young corallites, as seen in the matrix, apparently diverging from a common base, and showing the muchweathered calices.
2 c. Longitudinal section of one of the corallites, showing the internal structure.
Fig. 3.               LITHOSTROTION MAMILLARE?                              7
A fragment, showing the weathered lower extremities
of the corallites.
3 a. Longitudinal section enlarged, showing the internal structure of
same.
Fig. 4.        LITHOSTROTION MAMIILLARE, var. 8ublwevis.
A group of corallites.
4 a. Longitudinal section a little enlarged, showing the internal
structure of one of the same.
4 b. Transverse section of same, enlarged.




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PLATE II.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                    FUSULINA GRACILIS.                             4
Natural size.
I a. Same, enlarged.
1 b. Section of same, enlarged.
1 c. Enlarged view, showing the undulations of the septa, as seen in
a longitudinal section.
Fig. 2.                   FUSULINA CYLINDRICA.                            4
Natural size.
2 a. The same, enlarged.
Fig. 3.                    FUSULINA ROBUSTA.                              3
A rather small specimen. Natural size.
3 a. Same, enlarged.
3 b. Transverse section of same, enlarged.
3 c. Enlarged view, showing the undulations of the septa, as seen in
a longitudinal section.
Fig. 4.              PRODUCTUS SEMIRETICULATUS.                          11
View of ventral valve, much weathered and broken.
4 a. Side view of same.
Fig. 5.,                     ORTHIS?                           10
Ventral view. Natural size.
5 a. Dorsal view of same, enlarged.
5 b. Side view of same, enlarged.
5 c. Enlargement of a portion of the surface, showing the openings
left by the breaking away of the minute tubular spines.
Fig. 6.             SPIRIFER (Martinia) LINEATUS?                       13
Dorsal view. Natural size.
6 a. Ventral valve of same. Profile view.
6 b. Another view of same.
6 c. Cardinal view of same, showing the foramen.
6 d. Enlarged surface markings of same species as seen on weathered
specimens., Fig. 7.                    RETZIA COMPRESSA.                             14
Ventral valve. Natural size.
7 a. Salie, enlarged.
7 b. Front view of same specimen, enlarged.
7 c. View of the beak' (somewhat enlarged) of a ventral valve, as
seen imbedded in the matrix.
Fig. 8.        EUOMPHALUS (Omnphalotrochus) WHITNEYI.                    15
View of underside, showing the umbilicus.  (The portion of the body whorl represented without strime is
restored in the figure.)
8 a. Side view, showing the aperture, &c.




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PLATE III.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                  ORTHOCERATITIES BLAKEI.                           19
2.                    NAUTILUS WHIITNEYI.                             19
3.                              id.
4.                          MULTICAN1MERAT US.                        20
5.                              id.
6.                  GONIATITES LAEVIDORSATUS.                         21
7.                              id.
16.                   AMMONITES AUSSEANUS.                            25
17.                              id.
18.                              HOMFRAYI.                             26
19.                              id.
21.                            IRAMSAUERI.                             27
21 a.                            id.




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PLATE IV.
PAGE
Fig. 9.                   CERATITES HAIDINGERII.                           22
11.                              WHITNEYT.                             23
12.                              id.
13.                             id.
14.                     AMMONITES BLAKEI.                              24
15.                              id.




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PLATE V.
PAGE
Fig. 8.                  CERATITES HAIDINGERII.                         22
10.                             id.
20.                 AMMONrITES BILLINGSIANUS.                        26
20 a.                           id.
Section of body whorl.
22.                 MIYACITES HUMBOLPDTENSIS.                        28
23.                   PANOPrEA (?) REMIONDII.                       28
24.                      CORBULA BLAKEI.                             29
27.                    AVICULA MUCRON'TA.                            30
28.? HALOBIA DuJBIA.                           30
28 a.                           id.
Inside of a fragment of a valve, the largest specimen collected;
b, part of the surface of one of the most perfect specimens;
c, magnified view of the ribs.
30.                  RiHYNCHOPT'rERUS OBESUS.                        32




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PLATE VI.
PAGE
Fig. 25.                   AIYTILUS  IOMFRvAYI.                         29
26.                   AVICULA HOMFRAYI.                             29
29.                IMiNOTIS SUBCIRCULARIS.                          31
29 a.                          id.
Magnified view of the surface.
31.                  POSIDONOMYA STELLA.                            32
32.'                        DAYTONENSIS.                           32
33.                     MYOPHORIA ALTA.                             33
34.                     PECTEN DEFORMIS.                            33
35.              TEREBRATULA HUMBOLDTENSIS.                         34
36.                RHYNCHONELLA LINGULATA.                          34
37.                           EQUIPLICATA.                          35
38.                    SPIRIFER HOMFRAYI.                           85




31
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PLATE VII.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                 INOCERAMUS? RECTANGULUS.                         47
View of right valve.
1 a. Section of same, to show its convexity.
Fig. 2.                   INOCERAMUS? OBLIQUUS.                           47
View of right valve.
2 a. Section of same, to show its convexity.
Fig. 3.   An undetermined bivalve.
Fig. 4.                      LIMA? SINUATA.                              43
View of a left valve, with the front of the beak broken away.
4 a. Anterior profile view of the same, to show its convexity, and
gaping margin.
Fig. 5.                    LIMA? RECTICOSTATA.                           44
View of right valve.
Fig. 6.                     LIMA? CUN-EATA.                               44
View of right valve, with beak and portions of the
margin broken away.
Fig. 7.                  MYTILUS MIULTISTRIATUS.                         49
View of right valve.
7 a. }Magnified surface strine of same.




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PLATE VIII.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                RHYNCHONELLA ONATHOPHORA.                           39
Dorsal view.
1 a. Ventral view of same.
1 b. Anterior view of same.
1 c. Profile of same..1 d. Dorsal view of a wider, more compressed specimen.
1 e. Front view of same.
1f. Front view of a gibbous specimen.
Fig. 2.                    TEREBRATULLA?                         41
2 a. Dorsal view of same, with beak broken.
2 b. Profile of same.
Fig. 3.                   PECTEN ACUTIPLICATUS.                            46
A mould or impression left in the matrix, by apparently
a left valve. The shell is not entirely dissolved out,
but fills the portions of the mould.
Fig. 4.                      GRYPHEA?                           42
View of the under side of the lower valve of a small
specimen.
4 a. View of the upper side of an upper valve, as seen in the
matrix, showing also a little of the beak of the lower
valve. The left margin of both valves imperfect.
Fig. 5.                    ASTARTE VENTRICOSA.                             50
View of left valve, being from a plaster cast, taken fiom
a mould left in the matrix.
5 a. An ideal section of the entire shell, to show its convexity.
Fig. 6.                    MYACITES DEPRESSUS.                             51
View of left valve, broken a little in front.
6 a. Dorsal view of same.
Fig. 7.                    TRIGONIA PANDICOSTA.                            48
View of a right valve imbedded in the matrix (outline
may not be exactly correct).
Fig. 8.                   UNICARDIUM? GIBBOSUM.                           50
Posterior view.
8 a. View of right valve.
Fig. 9.                     BEL:EMNITES?                          53
A longitudinal section of the upper extremity, showing
the alveolar cavity filled with the stony matrix.
9 a. A transverse section of the same at the extremity of the cavity.




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PLATE IX.
PAGE
Fig. 1.                  CALLIANASSA STIMPSONII.                          57
Natural size.
a. Three segments of the abdomen, from Clayton.
b. A fragmentary hand from Chico Creek.
c. Part of a hand, from the-same specimen as Fig. a.
Fig. 2.                   BELEMNITES IMPRESSUS.                           58
Natural size.
2 a. A section across the middle of Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.                    NAUTILUS TEXANUS?                             59
2 Natural size.
a. Side view.
b. Front view.




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PLATE X.
PAGE
Fig. 4.                AMMONITES SUBTRICARINATUS.                         60
Natural size.
4 a. End view of the fragment.
Fig. 5.                     A. NEWB3ERRYANUS.                              61
Natural size. Mount Diablo.
Fig. 6.                     A. NEW~BERRYANUS.                              61
Natural size. Cottonwood Creek
6 a. Front view.
6 b. Septum.
Fig. 7.                        A. BREWERII.                               62
2 Natural size.
Fig. 8, 8 a.                   A. HAYDENII.                                62
23 Natural si7,e.
8 b. Septuim.
Fig. 9.                      A. PEIRUVIANUS?                              63
Natural size




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v-'~~~~~~~~-': "~~~~~~~~~~~'
8~~~~~~~~~~~~~'"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~":~7'. M. i~a~4~1~2~ Gal~-"b~~ delt.  T. Smclar
t












PLATE XI.
PAGE
Fig. 10.                  AMMONITES TEASKII.                               63
Natural size.:Fig. 12.                       A. RAMOSUs.                               65
Slightly diminished in size.
12 a. Section of a volution.
Fig. 13.                      A. HOFFMANNII.                              65
i Natural size.
13 a. Section of volution.




~i~'~...... ~'   ~,m~.                 /:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...O
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-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~ i
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i:~ =~.~  ~.~                                                                                                                              i  f:~,A 9.:~.
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I ~ ~ ~  ~        ~        ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~                                                                     P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iit
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''''.......












PLATE XII.
PAGE
Fig. 11.              Septum of AMMONITEs TRASRII.                      63
Fig. 12 b.               Septum of A. RAMOSVIS.                         65
The dorsal lobe was obliterated by weathering.
Fig. 13 b.             Septum of A. HOFFMANNII.                         65
Fig. 14.                      A. REMONDII.                              66
Coarsely costate variety.
Fig. 15.                      A. REMONDII.                              66
Nodose variety.




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we
~~~~~~~~~aX~~~~~~~~~~~~~X
Nil
_..._
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~~~~~"::r;    ~ ~ ~~~~~~T












PLATE XIII.
PAGE
Fig. 16.                   AMMONITES BATESIL.                           67
16 a. Section of volution.
b. Septum.
Fig. 17.                      A. CHICOENSIS.                            68
a. Section of volution.
b. Septum.
Fig. 18.                HAMITES VANCOUVERENSIS.                         70
a Natural size.
Fig. 19.               HELICOCERAS VYERMICULARIS.                       71
19 a. Section.
b. Septum.
Fig. 20.               PTYCHOCERAS 2EQUICOSTATUS.                       74
Natural size.




.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -.                   ~.,~_~ i~'~~~~~~
9 ~    ~             ~             ~             ~            ~...??11~?i
4                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4~~~~~~:~:."'!,
-..... t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~:'?'':..' (~'':di~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i'~'H 
44~~~~........
~~~~~~~~~~~~':.::~,::*:'..-...4d.'-'  ~'''~::~'i."-~~:~::',~,-d::::..~~:i!~"::~~i:?~:i'~.::.::~~i:.:'~ii~':'~i!:.4-                                                                                                                                                                                           74;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~












PLATE XIV.
PAGE
Fig. 21 a.    Septum of PTYCHOCERAS (HAMITES?) QUADRATUS.                74
Fig. 22.                 HELICOCERAS BREWERII.                           72
Natural size.
a. Dorsal view.
b. Septum, showing the unsymmetrical character of the upper and
lower sides.
Fig. 23.? AMMONITES COOPERII.                          69
Natural size.
a. Septum.
Fig. 24.          CRIOCERAS (?ANCYLOCERAS) REMONDII.                     75
a. Section of volution.
Fig. 25 b.                 Septum of C. LATUS.                           76
Fig. 27 b.           Septum of BACULITES CHICOENSIS.                     80
Fig. 28 b.                 Septum of BACULITES.                          80
Sp. indet.
Fig. 29.                   BACULITES CHICOENSIS.                         80
Variety.
a. Section of same.
Fig. 17 c.               AMMONITES   CIICOENSIS.                         68
One of the original specimens.




T Cr(YCJ~Pt T2,l{ )YDFtTo/Dl 3l                       (C1i-retaceons)                                          t      l  114
22.
23 a,,, ~ ~ ~ ~   ~         2
24a
221.'' —/                     Am                                              W 282
W. M Gabby d8elt.                    Smtclair's litie PIhi.                          On stone by A J libotson












PLATE XV.
PAGE
Fig. 21.                 PTYCHOCERAS QUADRATUS.                           74
Natural size.
Fig. 25.                     CRIOCERAS LATUS.                             76
4 Natural size.
a. Section of volution.
Fig. 30.                 ANCYLOCERAS. Sp. indet.                          78
2 Natural size.
a. Septum.




D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P
J
~~~~~~i i'~
1:..........'Ya~x              FC
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_:~'i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
ch~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c
A                                                                                                                            (C)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
C))~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:











PLATE XVI.
PAGE
Fig. 26.                 CRIOCERAS PERCOSTATUS.                         77
y Natural size.




4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~....C...,~  i'i~iC'
o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C C C C                                                                                                D C C ~         ~     7












PLATE XVII.
PAGE
Fig. 26 a.         Section from CRIOCERAS PERCOSTATUS.                  77
Fig. 27.           BACULITES CHIcoENSIS. Natural size.                  80
a. Section.
Fig. 28.          BACULITES, Sp. indet. Natural size.                   81
Fig. 31.          ATURIA MATHEWSONII. Natural size.                     59




p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
W~~l tX:?f
lM?~, jlf
enjoy     S'                                                            -------........::': —~- 
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~~~~~;r:'''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...  
4,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ XON
liii~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~  ~?i~'~i~  ~ 
yS~~; ~  \ _S -:lj~::;~:-"" AndI::~ —  -'L U
two I    SSWE~i~  ~i ~              ~       B                            I~:i~i".
rC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
Xi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ir.....,~~~.,.,,.,~~~I~~rr~~i~~r~,-.......... 
9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9
CD~~~i                                                             ~:                ~
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~












PLATE XVIII.
PAGE
Fig. 31.               TYPHIS ANTIQUUS. Magnified.                       82
Fig,. 32.             Fusus MARTINEZ. Natural size.                      82
Fig. 33.              F. I3/ATHEWSONII. Natural size.                    83
Fig. 34-                 F. AYvERILLII. Magnified.                       83
Fig. 35.                 F. DIABOLI. Magnified.                          84
Fig. 36.          F. (Hemifusus) RESMONDII. Natural size.                87
iMagnified view of surface.
Fig. 37.           NEPTUNEA CURVIROSTRIS. Magnified.                     88
Fig. 38.               N. PONDEROSA. Natural size.                       88
Fig. 39.                N. PERFORATA. Magnified.                        81
Fig. 40.              N. SUPRAPLICATA. Magnified.                        89
Fig, 41.              N. HoFFMANNII. Natural size.                       90
Fig. 42.                 N, GRACILIS. Magnified.                         90
Fig. 43.          PERISSOLAX BREVIROSTRIS. Natural size.                 90
Fig. 44.            TaITONIUM DIEGOENsIS. Magnified.                     95
Fig. 46.            TURRIs CLAYTONENSIS. Magnified.                      92
Fig. 47.          T. (DIrILLIA) YARICOSTATA. Magnified.                  93
Fig. 48.       PUGNE1LLUS RAMULUS. Young. Natural size.                 124
Fig. 49.               NAssxA CRETACRA.  Magnified.                      97
Fig. 50..           ANTIqUATA,. Magnified.                       97
Fig. 51.            HAXYD;NIA IMPRgESSA. Natural size.                  98
a. Top view,
Fig. 52.            PSEvUDLIVA\ LINEATA. N}atural size.                 99
Fig. 53.          (OLIVELLA MATHEWSONII. Magnified.                    100
Fig. 54.            ANCILLARIA ELONGATA. Magnified.                    100
Fig. 55.? FASCIOLARIA L  YVIUSCUIJ,A. Natural size.           100




VI      call,3Bur% A                             I14
A:~~~~~~~~~~~:
K-i
31..    32.           33.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   3 9.   3
I~~~~~~~I~
W  M  Babb.Le1'  T Siru~1ai~   m-n  1~hi~a  (hi strnle by A J Ibbo~hon
36.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
IF~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/
50,~~~~~~~~~~~~7












PLATE XIX.
PAGE
Fig. 56.        VOLUTILITHES NAVARROENSIS. Natural size.                   102
Fig. 57.       MORIO (SCONSIA) TUBERCULATUS. Natural size.                 104
Fig. 58.? Ficus CYPREOIDES. Natural size.                     105
Fig. 59.            AMAUROPSIS ALVEATA. Natural size.                      110
Fig. 60.             LUNATIA AVELLANA. Natural size.                      1105
Fig. 61.               L. SHUMARDIANA. Natural size.                       106
Fig. 62.              GYRODES EXPANSA.  Natural size.                      108
a, b. Adult form.
c. A younger specimen, to show the variation of age.
Fig. 63.           AMAURoPsIs OVIFORMIS. Natural size.                     109
Fig. 64.              CINULIA OBLIQUA. Natural size.                       111
a. Side view.
b. Back view of a smaller specimen.
c. Surface magnified.
Fig. 65.                C. MATHIEWSONII. Magnified.                        111
Fig. 66.          NERINEA DISPAR.  Natural size.  A cast.                  113
a. View of the surface from a wax impression of the mould.
Fig. 67.? ACTEONINA PUPOIDES. Natural size.                    113
Fig. 68.       A. (ACTEONELLA?) CALIFORNICA. Natural size.                 114
An outline restoration, from imperfect specimens.
Fig. 69.? GLOBICONCHA REMONDII. NatUral size.                   114
An outline, from a mutilated specimen.
Fig. 70.             CHEMNITZIA SPILLMANI. Magnified.                      11-5
Fig. 71.                 ARCHITECTONICA VEATCrII.                          116
Natural size, and magnified.




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4.,
57,,
66~~~~~~~~~~~~0
Y~':4
F;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
60.   Y~~~~~~~~~~~~20!ii~~~~~~~~6!.~ ~"~"~/~?~:!.::: 74 /~I"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I:! s. 6s.
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7,.
/ /"
I:- i~~~~~~~~~s                                                          1 —~~~~~~~~1
on.~,i~,~.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....
"~'"'~ -












PLATE XX.
PAGE
Fig. 72.          ARCHITECTONICA COGNATA. Natural size.                 117
a. Magnified view of markings on the upper surface.
b. Section, showing the marginal costation.
c. Section, from A. bilineata (= alveata), from the Eocene of the
East, to show the specific difference.
Fig. 73.                A. INORNATA. Natural size.                      118
Fig. 74.         IMVARGARITELLA CRENULATA. Magnified.                   118
Fig. 75.              DISCOHELIX LEANA. Magnified.                      119
Fig. 76.          STRAPAROLLUS PAUCIVOLVUS. Magnified.                 120
Fig. 77. a-c.               S. LENS. Magnified.                         120
d. Section of allied form, from the same locality.
Fig. 78.             ANGARIA ORNATISSIMA. Magnified.                     121
Fig. 79.                CoNus REMONDII. Magnified.                      122
Fig. 80.              RIMELLA SIMPLEX. Natural size.                    124
Fig. 81.            PUGNELLTUS HAMULUS. Natural size.                   124
F'ig. 82.           TESSAROLAX DISTORTA. Natural size.                   126
Fig. 83.           APORRHAIS FALCIFORMIS. Natural size.                  127
Fig. 84.                A. ANGULATA. Natural size.                      128
Fig. 85.            POTAMIDES DIADEMA. Natural size.                    130
Fig. 86.                   P. TENUIS. Magnified.                        130
Fig. 87.  TURRITELLA INFRALINEATA. Natural size, and magnified.         131
Fig. 88.'   T. SERIATIM-GRANULATA. Natural size, and magnified.         132
Fig. 89.? LITTORINA COMPACTA. Magnified.                    131
Fig. 90.            TURRITELLA VEATCHII. Magnified.                     133
Fig. 95,           GALERUS EXCENTRICUS. Natural size.                   136




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Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
72 a.
72
73.
76
72 752
A.
79.~ ~ 9
AW ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~l
7   88
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86                 t~iFertiliz;li:
~~~~~~~~~~~~i-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~82.~~~~~~7
i.:-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
A,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t
L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~
84   16               f          8
89.                                                                   95.~~~~~~~~~
4t~~~~~~~~~
90.~~~~~~~~~~-0












PLATE XXI.
PAGE
Fig. 91.            TURRITELLA CHICOENSIS. Magnified.                      133
Fig. 92.                 T. IJVASANA. Natural size.                        134
Fig. 93.                 T. SAFFORDII. Natural size.                       135
Fig. 94.                  T. ROBUSTA. Natural size.                        135
Fig. 96.              NER1TA DEFORMIS. Natural size.                       137
Fig. 97.                 N. CUNEATA. Natural size.                         137
Fig. 98.             LYSIS DUPLICOSTA. Natural size.                       138
Fig. 99.      DENTALIUM (? DITRUPA) PUSILLUM. Magnified.                   139
Fig. 100.                D. COOPERII. Natural size.                        139
Fig. 101.              D. STRAMINEUM. Natural size.                        139
Fig. 102, a.         EMARGINULA RADIATA. Magnified.                        140
Fig. 103.             PATELLA TRASKII. Natural size.                       140
Fig. 104.              HELCION DICHOTOMA. Magnified.                       141
Fig. 105.            ANISOMYON MEEKIL. Natural size.                       142
Fig. 106.              ACTrON IMPRESSUS.  Magnified.                       142
Fig. 107.             CYLICHNA COSTATA. Natural size.                      143
Fig. 108.          IMEGISTOSTOMA STRIATA. Natural size.                    144
a. Back view.
b. Magnified view of surface.
Fig. 109.              Fusus  FLEXUOSUS. Magnified.                         85
Fig. 110.       PERISSOLAX BLAKEI. Natural size.                            92
Fig. 111.   AMAIUROPSIS ALVEATA.  Var. Natural size.                       110
Fig. 112.              NATICINA OBLIQUA. Magnified.                        109
Fig. 113.                 NIso POLITA. Magnified.                          116
Fig. 114.         CERITHIOPSIS ALTERNATA. Natural size.                    116
114, a. Magnified view of body volution.




a                       N.................. —i 
a~~~a ~
5                                                                                                                 r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A..........                                               a a oa~.
7a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nl
I.,.......................         01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~











PLATE XXII.
PAGE
Fig. 115.              MARTESIA CLAUSA. Mlagnified.                        145
Fig. 116.              TaRNus   PLENUS. Natural size.                      146
Fig. 117.            SOLEN PARALLELUS. Natural size.                       146
Fig. 118.               PHARELLA ALTA. Magnified.                          147
Fig. 119.           PANOPEA CONCENTRICA.  Natural size.                    148
Fig. 120.? CORBULA PRIMORSA. Magnified.                       148
Fig. 121.                  C. TRASKII. Magnified.                          149
Fig. 122.               C. CULTRIFORMIS. Magnified.                        149
Fig. 123.          PHOLADOMYA BREWERII. Natural size.                      152
Fig. 125.           NE  RA DOLABRAFORMIS.  Magnified.                      153
Fig. 126.               ANATINA LATA. Natural size.                        151
Fig. 127.           MACTRA ASHBUhRNERII.  Natural size.                    153
Fig. 128.            LUTRARIA TRUNCATA.  Natural size.                     154
Fig. 129.             ASAPHIS UNDULATA. Magnified.                         154
Fig. 130.? GARI TEXTA. Natural size.                       155
Fig. 131.               TELLINA LONGA. Natural size.                       155
Fig. 132.                T. REMONDII.  Natural size.                       156
Fig. 133, a.          T. HOFFMANNIANA. Natural size.                       156
Fig. 134.               T. MONILIFERA. Natural size.                       157
a. Magnified view of posterior end.
Fig. 135.            T. OOIDES. Natural size   Martifez.                   157
135, a. Cast of same species from Pence's ranch.




IIST
I~                                                                                                                                                               a,...
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1:.  ~ ~ ~.. ~ ~ "I.-I-,  ~_.,    ~,i,-       ~          ~.~.,,.~:~~:,_~,:.,,~  ~,:,~-. -,,-,                                                          ",,c,-~~.     -:~,:,.~'.;,,,~-'~, i_,~                                   -,,-~_~-.-,~.      
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_,.,'i_-;.,.:._'..,_- -:.i~~:,,, -'',     -,~'.~     "~:,           -,,                 ~-_~,.~'~.;,    "
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~~~~~~~~~!                                                           -i                                                                                                                                                              I.:. ~., q - -- -~,' _, —,_-: ~,.i,-               ~                ~                I~~,,_'                z~,_~.;,,     ~      _..;:.~-'",,.     ~,,~.;,!.,,....,:....-;:,..,~.",."   _,j, -,. I -_;,            ~      ~      ~,,,,f~_Ilx-,~ ~~-"__"`~~,,:...:,,~~,   ~-   —..   ~. —.., _  ",.,!,: —,
i ~           ~              ~,~                                                     ~     I                ~!,~:-;~-,.                       -                                                        "..,... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -            ~             ~              ~             ~,- c.:
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~.. ~~, ~, i.:.; 7", -  ",,.,.. -, I -IIi,,~.












PLATE XXIII.
PAGE
Fig. 136.           TELLINA MATHEWSONII.  Natural size.                    158
Fig. 187.               T. DECURTATA. Natural size.                        158
Fig. 138.? T. QUADRATA. Natural size.                       159
Fig. 139.              T. ASHBURNERII. Natural size.                       159
Fig. 140.     VENUS (MERCENARIA?) VARIANS. Natural size.                   161
140, a.               Var. from near Martifiez.                       161
141.          Var.? from Pence's ranch, Butte County.                161
Fig. 142.                 V. VEATCHII.  Magnified.                         162
Fig. 143.              MERETRIX LENS. Natural size.                        164
Fig. 144.                 M. HORNII. Natural size.                         164
Fig. 145.                 M. NITIDA. Natural size.                         165
Fig. 146.             M. NITIDA. Young.  Natural size.                     165
Fig. 147.                 M. LONGA. Natural size.                          165
Fig. 148.              DOSINIA GYRATA. Natural size.                       168
Fig. 149.                 D. INFLATA. Natural size.                        168
Fig. 150.            TRAPEZIUM CARINATUM. Magnified.                       170
Fig. 151.            CYPRINELLA TENUIS. Natural size.                      170
151, a. Hinge.
Fig. 152.           CARDIUM ANNULATUM. Natural size.                       171
152, a. Magnified view of the surface.
Fig. 153.              C. RREMONDIANUM. Magnified.                         172




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-1.. ~.,z,     ",~i-,  PT~,., V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~is~~i~~~t.a~,~
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-' -,       — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~ -~~~~~~..': ~ ~           ~            ~             i~
~~:'. " j::`:.":          ~- -i~~;,;::  ti~~ 
_.L1'1        I-r;~~,._,,v'~~~ -:~~~',-.Ii    01110,-            ".-aqlL':",












PLATE XXIV.
PA(GE
Fig. 154.             CARDIUM COOPERII.  Natural size.                     172
154, a. Side view, outline.
Fig. 155.                C. BREWERII. Natural size.                        173
Fig. 156.       C. (PROTOCARDIUUM) PLACERENSIS.  Magnified.                173
Fig. 157.              CARDITA HORNII. Natural size.                       174
Fig. 158.               LUCINA NASUTA. Magnified.                          175
Fig. 159.                L. POSTRADIATA. Magnified.                        175
Fig. 160.              L. SUBCIRCULARIS. Natural size.                     176
Fig. 161.            ASTARTE CONRADIANA. Natural size.                     178
Fig. 162.            ERIPHYLA UMBONATA.- Natural size.                     180
162, a. Hinge of both valves, magnified.
Fig. 163.      CRASSATELLA GRANDIS. Young. Natural size.                   181
Fig. 164.             UNIO PENULTIMUS. Natural size.                       182
Fig. 166.             ~MODIOLA ORNATA. Natural size.                       184
Fig. 169.            CRENELLA CONCENTRICA. Magnified.                      186
Fig. 170.? LORIPES DUBIA. Natural size.                      177
170, a, b. Hinge.
Fig. 171.       L. DUBIA. Natural size. From Chico Creek.                  177
Fig. 254.              LUCINA CUMULATA. Magnified.                         176




]Px H[;,f {J)~(ffO(~- %7W IT 1), F  IT( Cretaceous.,
r
-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?i'~~! TI;....:'
155
liT, Y X.~,, 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.?154:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5,.: 75 4..~,r-i~.
~~~~~~~~169    }:1~'..          8,-:
159
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160~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~6
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PLATE XXV.
PAGE
Fig. 165.            MYTILUS PAUPERCULUS. Magnified.                       183
Fig. 167.            MODIOLA CYLINDRICA. Natural size.                     185
Fig. 168.           LITHOPHAGUS OVIFORMIS. Magnified.                      185
Fig. 172.            AVICULA PELLUCIDA. Natural size.                      186
Fig. 173.     INOCERAMUS PIOCHII. Large valve. Natural size.               187
Fig. 174.             Id.            Small valve. Natural size.            187
Fig. 175.              PINNA BREWERII. Natural size.                       188
175, a. Section.
Fig. 176.           TRIGONIA TRYONIANA. Natural size.                      188
Fig. 177.             T. EVANSII. Natural size.                            189
Fig. 178.          T. GIBBONIANA,? Young.  Natural size.                  190
Fig. 179.               MEEKIIA SELLA. Natural size.                       191
Fig. 179, a               MI. RADIATA. Natural size.                       192
Fig. 180.                 M1. NAVIS. Natural size.                         192
Fig. 181.              ARCA BREWERIANA. Magnified.                         193
Fig. 182.            CUCULLEA TRUNCATA. Natural size.                      196
Fig. 183.             AXINAEA VEATCHII. Natural size.                      197
Fig. 183, a. End view.




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PLATE XXVI.
PA GE
Fig. 184.           NTTCULA TRUNCATA. Natural size.                     198
184, a. Id. End view.
184, b. Id. Magnified view of the surface.
Fig. 185.              LEDA PROTEXTA?  Magnified.                       199
Fig. 186.        LIMOPSIS TRAANSVERSA. Slightly magnified.              200
Fig. 187.             PECTEN TRASKII. Natural size.                     200
187, a. Ic. Surface magnified.
Fig. 188.            P. OPERCULIFORMIS. Natural size.                   201
Fig. 189.              LIMA MICROTIS. Natural size.                     202
Fig. 190.             PLICATULA VARIATA. Magnified.                     203
Fig. 191.            OSTREA BREWERII. Natural size.                     204
Fig. 192.       EXOGYRA PARASITICA. Young. Natural size.                205
192, a. Upper valve.
192, b. Inside of lower valve.
Fig. 193.             ANOMIA LINEATA. Natural size.                     203
Fig. 194.           TEREBRATELLA OBESA. Natural size.                   205
194, a. Front view of upper valve.
194, b. Area of lower valve.
Fig. 195.           TROCHOSMILIA STRIATA. Magnified.                    207
Fig. 196.? T. (ELLIPSOSMILIA) GRANULIFERA. Magnified.              208
196, a. Upper view.
Fig. 197.   Indet.                                                      209
Fig. 198.? TRIGONIA. Sp. indet.                        209
Fig. 199.        FLABELLUM REMONDIANUM. Natural size.                   207




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PLATE XXVII.
PAGE
Fig. 199. AMMONITES NEWBERRYANUS. Four-fifths of natural size.           61
Fig. 199, b. Septum, as far as the angle of the umbilicus.
Fig. 199, c. Surface magnified, to show the granulation.




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PLATE XXVIII.
PAGE
Fig. 199, a. Section of Volution of AMMONITES NEWBERRYANUS.              61
Fig. 200.          HELICOCERAS DECLIVE. Natural size.                    73
Fig. 200, a.              "        "           "                         73
Fig. 201.          TURRILITES. Sp. indet. Natural size.                  73
Fig. 202.               Fusus ARATUS. Magnified.                         84
Fig. 203.           CORDIERA MICROPTYGMA. Magnified.                     93
Fig. 204.             FlusUs KINGII. Natural size.                       85
Fig. 205.             F. CALIFORNICUS. Natural size.                     85
Fig. 205, a. Id. Magnified view of the surface.
Fig. 206.          F. (HEMIFUSUS) HORNII. Natural size.                  86
Fig. 206, a. Id. Magnified view of the surface.
Fig. 207.             F. (H.) CooPERII. Natural size.                    86
Fig. 208.             TRITONJUM HORNII.  Magnified.                      94
Fig. 209.             T. PAUCIVARICATUM. Magnified.                      95
Fig. 209, a. Id. Magnified view of body volution.
Fig. 210.               T. WHITNEYI. Natural size.                       96
Fig. 210, a. Id. Magnified view of body volution.
Fig. 211.            BUCCINUM LIRATUM. Natural size.                     96
Fig. 212.        PSEUDOLIVA VOLUTTEFORMIS. Natural size.                 99
Fig. 213.           FASCIOLARIA SINUATA. Natural size.                  101
Fig. 213, a. Id. Magnified view of body volution.
Fig. 214.                   F. Io. Natural size.                        101
Fig. 215.              MITRA CRETACEA. Magnified.                       103
Fig. 216.          WHITNEYA FICUS. Slightly magnified.                  104
Fig. 218.           LUNATIA NUCIFORMIS. Natural size.                   107




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PLATE XXIX.
PAGE
Fig. 217.              LUNATIA HORNII. Natural size.                       106
Fig. 219.? L. (GYRODES) CONRADIANA. Natural size.                  107
Fig. 220, 220 a.       NEVERITA SECTA. Natural size.                       108
Fig. 221, 221 a.        CINULIA PINGUIS. Magnified.                        112
Fig. 221 b. Id. Magnified view of surface.
Fig. 222 a.             RINoICULA VARIA. Magnified.                        112
Fig. 222 b. Id. Magnified view of surface.
Fig. 223.              CYLINDRITES BERVIS. Magnified.                      115
Fig. 224, 224 a.    ARCHITECTONICA HORNII.  Magnified.                     117
Fig. 224 b. Id.  Under surface.
Fig. 225.           iARGIARITELLA OLOBOSA. Magnified.                      119
Fig. 226.               CONUs HORNHI.  Natural size.                       122
Fig. 227.                C. SINUATUS. Natural size.                        123
Fig. 228.     ROSTELLARIA (RIMELLA) CANALIFERA. Magnified.                 123
Fig. 229, 229 a.   PIUGNELLUS MANUBRIATUS. Natural size.                   125
Fig. 230 a.        APORRHAIS CALIFORNICA. Natural size.                    128
Fig. 230 b. Id. Young.' Magnified.
Fig. 231.                  A  ExILIS.  Magnified.                          1.29
Fig. 232, 232 a. GALERUS EXCENTRICUS. Varieties.  Natural size.            136
Fig. 233, 233 a, 233 b. CRYPTA (SPIROCRYPTA) PILEUM. Magnified.            137
Fig. 234, 234 a.      HELCION CIRCULARIS.  Magnified.                      141
Fig. 235.            BULLA EORNII.  Slightly magnified.                    140
Fig. 237.            SILIQUA OREGONENSIS. Natural size.                    147
Fig. 238.              CORBULA EORNII.  Natural size.                      149
Fig. 239, 239 a.          C. PARILIS.  Magnified.                          150
Fig. 240.           ANATINA TRYONIANA. Natural size.                       150
Fig. 241.            A. INEQUILATERALIS. Natural size.                     151




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PLATE XXX.
PAGE
Fig. 124.            PHOLADOMYA NASUTA. Natural size.                      152
Fig. 242.   TELLINA (SANGUINOLARIA?) WHITNEYI. Natural size.              160
Fig. 243.                  T. PARILIS. Magnified.                          160
Fig. 244.                 T. HORNII. Natural size.                         160
Fig. 245.               T. CALIFORNICA. iMagnified.                        161
Fig. 246.            VENUS LENTICULARIS. Natural size.                     162
Fig. 247.                V. TETRAHEDRA. Magnified.                         163
Fig. 248.      ~     MERETRIX UVASANA. Natural size.                       163
Fig. 249.? TAPEs QUADRATA. Natural size.                     169
Fig. 250.             MERETRIX ARATA. Natural size.                        166
Fig. 251.                 M. OVALIS. Natural size.                         166
Fig. 252.             DOSINIA ELEVATA. Natural size.                       167
Fig. 253.               D. PERTENUIS. Natural size.                        167
Fig. 255.? LUCINA CRETACEA. Magnified.                       177
Fig. 256.? MYSIA POLITA. Magnified.                         178
Fig. 257.             ASTARTE TUSCANA. Natural size.                       179
Fig. 258.              A. MATHEWSONII. Natural size.                       179
Fig. 259.               MYTILUS ASCIA. Natural size.                       183
Fig. 260.          MODIOLA SISKIYOUENSIS. Natural size.                    184
Fig. 261.           SEPTIFER DICHOTOMUS. Natural size.                     186
Fig. 263.                 ARCA HORNII.  lagnified.                         194
Fig. 264.                A. GRAVIDA. Natural size.                         194
Fig. 269.              LEDA TRANSLUCIDA. Magnified.                        199
Fig. 236.         ANTHONYA CULTRIFORMIS. Natural size.                     182
Fig. 236 a. Id. Hinge.




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PLATE XXXI.
PAGE
Fig. 262.           TRIGONIA GIBBONIANA. Natural size.                     190
Fig. 265.              ARcA DECURTATA. Natural size.                       195
265 a. Id.  Opposite side, exhibiting the truncation.
Fig. 266.          CUCULL2EA MATHEWSONII.  Natural size.                  1]95
Fig. 267.      AXINEA (? LIMOPSIS) SAGITTATA. Natural size.                197
267 a. Id. Surface.
Fig. 268.                    A. COR. Magnified.                            198
268 a. Id. Surface.
Fig. 270.            PECTEN CALIFORNICUS.  Magnified.                      201
Fig. 271.               LIMA APPRESSA. Natural size.                       203
Fig. 272.           OSTREA MALLEIFORMIS. Natural size.                     204
Fig. 273.     EXOGYRA PARASITICA. Natural size, lower valve.               205
273 a. Id.  Upper valve.
Fig. 274.? ASTROCCENIA PETROSA. Natural size.                   208
274 a. Id.  Surface magnified.
Fig. 275. Indet.                                                           209




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PLATE XXXII.
PAGE
Fig. 276.            Ficus MAMILLATUS. Natural size.                     211
Fig. 277.              NATICA U sVAsANA. Magnified.                      212
Fig. 278.          SCALARIA MATHEWSONII. Natural size.                   212
Fig. 279.      TURRITELLA INFRA-GRANULATA. Natural size.                 212
Fig. 280.             SOLEN DIEGOENSIS. Natural size.                    213
Fig. 281.             CHIONE? ANGULATA. Magnified.                      213
Fig. 282.            TAPES CONRADIANA. Natural size.                     169
Fig. 283.               T.? CRETACEA. Natural size.                     214
Fig. 284.          CRASSATELLA UVASANA. Natural size.                    214
Fig. 285.           CARDITA VENERIFORMIS. Magnified.                     215
285 a. Surface magnified.
Fig. 286.             BARBATIA MORSEL.  Natural size.                    216
Fig. 287.              YOLDIA NASUTA. Natural size.                      216
Fig. 288.  PLACrUNANOMIA INORNATA. Natural size. Upper valve.            217
288 a. Id. Lower valve.




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