HA 400 M-;96partment f P ii Instru tion REPORT 0 THIN en ral S p r~~~~~~~rintn nt~A 0 l Cl N I WI~~~~~ S~,~ ~ I~~m RECEIVED m ExcHOE. L'i 6 av ]FROM i % n BvTT~rfi~TeTtTH TmT...................... A: it t i I icer - 0~, Xk/dn. o * ~~~~~465 r Department of Public Instruction A I4.f\^r REPORT OF THBI General Superintendent OF THB CENSUS, 1896 *A ~ ~ HONOLULU: ' HAWAIIAN STAR PRESS. 1897., LA ' *. / " I. - >.^ A * '> ', / V^^ r,,. 44W,,#,,/ J faw 4a z I Y,9 t 4-J '. I I o'( A4- I. PY 4 'k -. X2 H Ialr ia -* f1 A 1 -^'I, "^3^k KEPOOLELE APAU. AGED 124 YEARS. (The Oldest Inhabitant of the Hawaiian Islands.),,4# Ii 4: f: JLr; r * A l2~,:; a +~* -t,I ~r,I; I rt (.si I / CONTENTS. PAGE. Ages................... 54, 57, 58, 59 Born of Foreign Parents.28, 32, 42, 45 Buildings........................ 110 Cattle............................ 118 Census, '96...................... 51 Census, '90..................... 51 Children Born................... 85 Children, Surviving.............. 85 Chinese......................... 36 Cost per Capita................. 11 Divorced......................... 85 Dwellings........................ 15 Enumerators.................... 10 Females, Percentage of.......... 19 Females, Total.................. 34 Foreign 13orn.... 2, 33, 38, 39, 48, 51 Hawaiians.............. 28, 31 Hawaiians Born.........38, 39, 62, 65 Horses......................... 118 Houses......................... 20 House Owners '................. 101 Increase of Population.......... 21 Increase of Sexes................ 19 Inhabited Buildings.........110, 113 Japanese....................... 36 Live Stock...................... 118 Males, Total..................... 34 Married....................... 85 Married, Percentage of........... 88 Maternity Statistics............. 90 Mixed Races..................66, 67 PAGE M ormons........................ 105 M others......................... 85 Nationalities................... 31 Occupations...................72, 75 Occupations, Percentage of....... 80 Owners, House.................. 101 Owners, Real Estate............. 101 Part-Hawaiians........28, 31, 66, 67 P'opulation by Islands............ 15 P'opulation, Increase of.......... 21 Portuguese....................35, 36 P'rtestants...................... 105 Read............................ 95 Real Estate..................... 101 Religions........................ 1u5 Religions, Percentage of........ 108 Roman Catholics................. 105 Rooms, Number of.............. 110 Schedules.....................15, 20 Schools.......................... 95 Schools, Percentage Attending. 99, 100 Staff.......................... 2. Superintendents........... 9 Tables, Summary of.............. 13 Uninhabited Buildings......110, 113 Unmarried...................... 85 Unmarried, Percentage of....... 88 Widowers............... 85 W idows.......................... 85 Write.......................... 95 I;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CENSUS REPORT. 1597. H. E. COOPER, Esq., Minister of Education. SIR:On receiving my appointment of General Superintendent of Crnsus for I896, my duty was to study the plans used in previous cen3us taken here; and secondly, to put myself in communication with other Census Bureaux. Through a friend I obtained much information from the United States, and I further received very full details from New Zealand. I paid special attention to the methods of working in New Zealand, because they had to deal with a Native population there, as well as with that consisting of colonists and sojourners of different races. But I found that in New Zealand the native population was entirely separated from the general population and that the qmestions asked were somewhat different in character. Considerable consideration had to be given as to the form of blank to be distributed and the amount of information which should be demanded. For this a careful study of blanks used in various places was made. It was felt that more information about the social and economic condition of the people should be obtained, than had been attempted heretofore, and a far more elaborate schedule was planned. After it had been carefully considered it was submitted to the Board of Education and with some / little change was accepted by that body,.through Minister Cooper. It was then printed. From my experience I should strongly recommend that the Census Law be revised at the next Legislature, and that the schedule be laid down by Statute. This will make matters very much easier for the Superintendent of Census, who will be saved considerable research and trouble, for which he receives no thanks. The next step was to appoint district superintendents. In acting upon this very important matter I decided to offer to each one a certain specified sum for which the enumeration of the district should be made. This entailed a very large amount of correspondence, because, after the appointments had been given, instructions had to be forwarded and explanations had to be made. The district superintendents appointed, subject to the approval of the General Superintendent, the enumerators who actually took the names and saw that the blanks were properly filled out. The following were the DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENTS: OAHU. Honolulu....... C. Weedon........................... British Ewa and Waianae...... C.......Chas. C. Dement.....................American Waialua...................Edward Hore............. British Koolauloa and Koolaupoko....... William Henry..................... American HiAWAII. Hilo........................... H. C. Austin.........Hawaiian born American Puna........................... Henry Rycroft...........Hawaiian born British Kau........................... C. Meinecke...................... German South Kona................ H. T. Mills...............................British North Kona....................W aldemar Muller....................... German South Kohala....................Miss E. W. Lyons...... Hawaiian born American North Kohala................... T. McDougall........Hawaiian born British Hamakua..................Chas, T. W illiams............. Part Hawaiian MAUI. Lahaina and Lanai..............Henry Dickinson.................... British Wailuku.........................John A. Moore..................... American Makawao.......................C. H Dickey......................... American Hana............... R........R. Strauch..................... German 9 MIOLOKAI. Molokai.......................G. Trimble............................ Britishn KAUAI. Waimea and Niihau.............E. Oml stead............................German Koloa........................... Ed. tretz............................German Lihue.................W. I. W ells..........................American Kawaihau...................... H. Z. Austin.................A.. merican Hanalei........................ W. E. H. Deveriill................... British There were thus twenty-two district superintendents. It was upon the advice of Dr. Rodgers, who took the Census of 1890, that I appointed a District Superintendent for Honolulu. Dr. Rodgers had acted as his own superintendent. In his report,. page io, the Doctor says: "In Honolulu (Kona, Oahu), I acted as my own District Superintendent. The result of this experiment was not altogether satisfactory. To select over twenty subordinates, to carefully instruct them in their duties, to supervise their work and properly scrutinize their returns, embracing about one-fourth of the population of the country, is more than ought to be undertaken by one person who has at the same time to carry on the correspondence and attend to the administrative details of the central office. I should advise the superintendent of the next census not to undertake the same task, at least not without the help of a competent and experienced assistant." By putting the districts of Koolauloa and Koolaupoko under one superintendent, and doing the same for \Vaianae and Ewa, I reduced the total number of superintendents and thus saved some expense. The total number of enumerators employed by the Census Bureau was 158, but many of these employed sub-assistants, paying them out of their own wages, especially in Honolulu, where the districts were divided off and a certain value put on each. Thus, in the district known as Chinatown, the enumerator in charge employed a large force, and starting about 10 in the evening, completed the census of the district before morning. The number and nationality of the enumerators who held commissions signed by the, 'I t t! 10 General Insvector, and countersigned by the District Superintendents, was as follows: NUMBER AND NATIONALITY OF COMMISSIONED ENUMERATORS. NATIONALITIES. Oahu. Hawaii. Molokai. Kauai. Totals. I __. _ Hawaiians................. 16 31 12 14 73 Part-Hawaiians.............. 1 8 13 7 43 Americans............. 8, 7 3 1 19 British...................... 5 1... Germans................1.... 1 1 1 3 Portugupse.............1..... 1 5 Japanese........................ 2 R ussian.......................... 1 Spaniard................... 1......... Totals................... 47 54 31 26 158 Thus it will ble seen that more than half of those who were employed as enumerators were of Hawaiian blood, viz.: seventythree pure Hawaiians, and forty-three part-Hawaiians, making one hundred and sixteen in all out of a total of one hundred and fifty-eight. The system employed in taking the census was largely modeled on that of New Zealand. To each district superintendent were issued enumerator's books, which they distributed to their enumerators. On the first page of these was the name of the district, the number of the sub-district, the name of the enumerator, and the boundaries of his sub-district carefully laid down by the district superintendent. Every census blank was numbered. When the blanks were issued the number of the blanks issued to the enumerator was noted in his enumerator's book, and he had to account for those lost or defaced. After distributing, the enumerator went around and collected his returns. These he entered in his enuinerator's book, first according to the number of the blank, or schedule, and second tunder the name of the householder. Then he entered the total number of males and females in the builuinv. 11 This was the first method of check the Census Bureau had. A comparison between the schedules and the enumerator's books was at once made, and resulted in showing a very large number of discrepancies. A very large correspondence ensued and a considerable number of schedules in every district had to be sent back for correction. Without the enumerator's book it would have been impossible to have the check, and I should certainly urge any one who has to take a census in the future to make the enumerator's book his sheet anchor. It is the keystone of accuracy. It could be much more elaborated from the simple form I used, but I feel that without it, and I know the gentlemen who worked with me feel as I do, we should never have been as sure of our ground as we are. The total cost for superintendents and enumerators was $6909.50. It was reckoned that the cost would be $7000.00, so that there was $90.50 saved u —on the proposed expenditure in this direction. The above amount also includes pay of interpreters to translate Chinese and Japanese blanks. Comparing with the previous census work of 1884 and I890, it will be found that the per canita rate is smaller. Thus, the per capita rate in 1884 for a population of 80,578 was 6.54 cents. That for I890, with a population of 89,990 was 6.56 cents, while in 1896, the per capita rate was 6.33 cents for a population of I9,020o. And further, in the two previous census there was no expense for translating Chinese and Jaoanese blanks, because they were not used. Tabulating, we get as follows: Total cost per capita for all the Islands...................33 cents Total cost per capita, Oahu.........................5.86 cents Total cost per capita, Hawaii...........................631 cents Total cost per capita, Maui and Lanai...................7.01 cents Total cost per capita, Molokai..........................8.166 cents Total cost per capita, Kauai............................ 5.19 cents It may be added that the cost of taking the census of Honolulu was the cheapest, as that was obtained for 4.87 cents per head. The more concentrated the population, the cheaper is it to obtain census results. 12 The census was taken as of Sunday, September 27th. Tle first papers came in from Ewa, Mr. Dement's district, on Monday, October 5th-a district which had a total of 3067; and the last batch of papers was received from South Kohala, on November i8th. This district returned only 558 names, but the population is excessively scattered over a large area, and the district superintendent very carefully checked the blanks and sought fresh information before sending them clown. In nearly all cases the corrections were made before the end of October. The staff employed to sift the matter acquired consisted of Mr. M. S. Levey, Mr. N. B. Macfarlane, and Mr. Chas. P. West. Mr. Levey was appointed October ist, and the other two gentlemen on October 5th-the day the first batch of schedules came in. And to tlese gentlemen I must give my sincere thanks for their accuracy and untiring efforts to tabulate satisfactorily the information obtained. In the early part of the census the General Superintendent attended entirely to the business of the office, only engaging occasional clerical help, and in this way money was saved so that the staff of tlree could be kept from October, 1896, to the middle of 1897. The first clerk was dropped MIay 5th, the second May 31st, and the third on July 5th, 1897. ,.,,. \,,. THE TABLES. In the report there are altogether eighteen tables. Besides the main tables, the e are a number of explanatory sub-tables scattered through the report. Each table has a special section of explanation and comment. TABLE I -Gives a summary of the male and female population byN Islands and districts, the nut-mber of dwellings, inhabited and uninhalited, and in course of building, and the number of schedules filled out. TABLE II-Gives a comparative summary of the population bv islands and districts, showing the increase or decrease between 189o and 1896. TABLE III-Sllows by islands and districts the number and sex of Hawaiians, of part-IIawaiians, of the Hawaiian born — both parents being foreigners; and lastly of those of foreign birth. TAI-LE IV-Gives the males and females of all nationalities. TABLE V-Gives a summary of the nationalities and sex of those born on the islands, both parents being foreign, and also of those of foreicgn birth. TABLE VI Gives the nationalities and sex in detail, according to islands and districts, of those born on the islands, both parents being foreigners. TABLE VII-Gives details of nationality and sex according to islands and districts of all those of foreign birth. TABLE VIII-Gives the whole population according to ages and nationalities. i 14 TABLE IX-Hawaiian born of Foreign parents according to ages and Nationality. TABLE X-Details of mixed races of Hawaii, showing;il admixtures of Hawaiian blood according to nationalities and sex. TABLE XI-Classification of each nationality and sex by occupation. TABLE XII-Classification of each nationality and sex as married, unmarried, widowed, divorced, together with statistics of children born and children surviving. TABLE XII-Classification according to nationality and sex of those able to read and write, and of those attending school. TABLE XIV-Classification by nationality and sex of owners of real estate and owners of homes. TABLE XV-Classification of religions according to the Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Mormon forms of worship. TABLE XVI-Table of buildings inhabitated, uninhabited, and in course of construction according to islands and districts. TABLE XVII-Table of dwelling houses, classified according to number of rooms. TABLE XVIII-Table of owners of live stock according to nationality. TABLE I. -. I. -T- -., - I vvTTTTT "TI MR IfYTYWI 'T i T17"! TT ITtY T IhJJTYTTYVY1VYY1TT T T T I tYT'MyTTTZTJ WT-TYI / TABLE I. Summary of Male and Female Population by Islands and Districts, and number of dwellings inhabited and uninhabited, and in course of construction, together with numnber of schledules filled out. S UB-DIVISIONS. OAHU. Honolulu............... E w a.................... W aianae................ Waialua................. Koolauloa.............. Koolaupoko............. Total for Oahu......... HAWAII. Hilo.................... Puna................... Kau.................... South Koiia............. North Kona............. South Kohala............ North Kohala........... Halnakua............... Total for Hawaii........ MOIOKAI.............. LANAI.................. Total, Molokai an i11aI MAUL. Lahaina................. W ailuku................. Makawao................ Hana................... Total for Maui.......... NIIHAU................ KAUAI. Waimea................. Koloa................... Lihue................... Kawaihau............... Hanalei................ Total, Kauai and Niihau. PJOPULATION. SCHEDULES. --- - TOTAL. MALE. FEMALE. I) \V E LLINGS. C(sx- _..._ —_ TOTA L. INHAB-! UNINHAB- STUI'(TTI(N ITED. ITED. 5,153 840 47 6,040 390 67 464 206 2.... 208 4,850 345 110 cli,<.. 18,775 2,284 886 11,145 783 395 29,920 3,067 1,281 ZU08 92u6 423 1,349 211 37... 248 226 1,289 546 1,835 232 37 3 272 407 2,004 749 2,753 493 82 3 578 6,146 26,164 14,041 i40,205 6,685 1,065 60 7,810 1,399 210 377 425 425 84 w,- r 9,071 1,228 2,031 1,397 1,905 318 Cls,, I- 3,807 520 877 930 1,156 240 12,878 1,748 2,908 2,327 3,061 558 1,880 256 437 )403 526 102 165 38 135 33 129 52 7 3 4 7 7 I 2,052 297 57(6 443 662 155 752 1,090 0(,027 oo,(8 b2,6'o5 1,450 4,125 611 139 2 657 4,007 1,673 5,(80 818 26(8 4 4,135 22,632 K10,C53 33,285 5,033 959 35 281 1,335 972 15 51, 54 2,307 105 651 23 92 13 3 I 746. i; I - - - I~ ~ ~ ~.. ~ --— ~ r~~*~s~4 ~ _- -~ --— ~~~a -- T71 ')aP. 1 '? 1 1, t - 1 1K) I;7 I 1 ( 1'- () I i, Z' lt) I, ^ L -L I _L I I I 1 rx I I t I 436 1,529 869 2,398 883 4,098 1,974 6,072 1,058 3,261 2,203 5,464 548 2,547 1,245 3,792 2,925 1.1,435 6,291 17,726 454 198 989 165 1,177 120 536 167 3,156 650 3 655 4 1,158 't I I '~F 1, OtJU 8 711 18 3,824 30 I 583 214 475 421 382 I 76 3,226 1,277 2,304 2,067 1,950 88 164 1,205 558 1,121 695 825 4,431 1,835 3,425 2,7(2 2,775 586 359 563 387 425.... 607 3 383 11 629.... 449 4 559 31 34 2,105 10,900 4,492 I 8 2,661 RECAPITULATION. Oahu............. Hawaii........... M olokai........... Lanai............. Maui.............. Niihau........... Kauai............. Grand Total........... 6,146 26,164 14,041...... 4,135 22,632 10,653 281 1,335 972...... 15 51 54...... '2,925 11,435 6,291.. 30 76 88 2,075 10,824 4,404......15,607 72,517 36,503 _ 40,205 3 3,285 2,307 105 1 7 '70^ 6,685 5,033 651 23 Q 1 Kr I 1,065 959 92 13 A.S q( 60 35 3 18 s~r 7,810 6,027 746 36 3,824 34 2,627 [ I, t -- O, JL O i 164 31 1 3 15,228 2,320 299 109,020 17,899_ 3,081 124 21,104 s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TABLE I. PROPORTIONAL INCREASE OF THE SEXES. Taking up the consideration of Table I, it will be found that the male population has in six years increased from 58714 to 72,517, an advance of I3,803, or 23.5 per cent, while the female population has increased in the same time from 31,276 to 36,503, and advance of 5227, or 16.7 per cent. The total number of males in the country is almost double that of the females. The actual total increase in the whole population is I9,030, or 21.1 per cent. The disparity of the sexes continues to be as noticeable as ever, and below is given a table showing where, in a great measure, this disparity lies. For the past thirty years the relative disparity between the sexes has fluctuated very little among the Hawaiians, and in the year under review there is a noticeable improvement, the percentage of females being higher than any time since. 866. PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES ACCORDING TO NATIONALITIES AS COMPARED WITH TOTAL POPULATION OF EACH. NATIONALITIES. 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 Hawaiians.................. 47.05 46.72 46.75 46.26 4667 4713 Part-Hawaians.............. 18 50.74 49.47 49.76.50.13 49.92 Hawaiian born foreigners.... 51.25 49.84 47.66 47.85 48.61 Portuguese................... 7.09 13.30 45.20 44..55 44.17 Chinese.......... 9.17 5.52 3.90 4.85 5.09 7.3 Japanese................ 1.5.62 18.4 18.68 Other foreigners........... 25.25 23.12 29.77 35.37 28.9 29.90 Total Averages.... 45.25 44.37 41.19 36 04 34.75 33.48 Where blanks occur, special statistics of these nationalities were not then taken. 20 This is dealing with a question which is touched on later in the renort, but it is well to note at the outset this decrease in the proportion of females during the period and the steady increase in the proportion of males. The former, during the thirty years, have decreased from 45.25 to 33.48 per cent, while the latter have increased from 54.65 to 66.52 per cent. There is no difficulty in placing the finger on the spot where the shoe pinches-it lies among the Chinese primarily, and then among the Japanese. Comparing the inhabited houses with the inhabited houses given in the report of 1890, there will be found an increase of 2206. This is quite accountable when we consider the large number of homestead lots taken up, the opening out of the coffee lands in Puna, the two Konas, and elsewhere, and the large nunIer of house lots taken tip in the vicinity of H-onolulut. Under such circumstances there is nothing to be astonished at in the increase. In fact, the inhabitants ner inhabited building of I890, )eing comparedl with those of 896, we find that the average in the former period was five to a building, while in the latter it is six. This can be accounted for by the fact that a considerable portion of the increase comes from the plantation laboring class, who live in quarters. No comparison can be made in regard to the uninhabited buildings, which include mills, stores, churches, etc., since no statistics of the kind were taken at the last census, nor was any note taken of the buildings in course of erection. The number of schedules filled out and returned to the office was 15,607. A detailed account of them was kept. I do not think that so manv Hawaiian schedules should be printed in the future. I had 12,000 printed in Hawaiian and 8000 in English; but I am convinced that the number should have been reversed, but I was following out previous precedent as I could manage to dig it up out of accounts of former General Superintendents. TABLE II. Comparative Summary of Population by Island and District, showing the increase or decrease betwixt 1890 and 1896. SUB-DIVISIONS. 1896. 1890. GAIN. Loss. NET GAIN. OAHU. Honolulu.......... 29,920 22,907 7,013.......... Ewa............ 3,067 2,155 912................ W aianae........... I 1,28 903 378............... W aialua............,3 1,286 63................ Koolauloa....... 1,835 1,444 39................ Koolaupoko......... 2,753 2,99 254........ i Total, Oalhu...... HA WAI I. Hilo........ Puna............... K au............... South Kona....... North Kona........ South Kohala...... Nortl. Kohala....... Hamakua.......... i Total, Hawaii.... MOLOKAI........ LANAI.......... MAUI. Lahaina............ W ailuku........... Makawao.......... H ana............ Total, Maui...... KAIUAI, NIIHAU. N iihau............. W aimea........... Koloa........... Lihue.............. Kawaihau......... H analei............ Total, Kauai, Niihau j 40,205 31,194 9,oII........ 9,o01 12,878 9,935 2,943................ 1,748 834 914................ 2,908 2,577 331............. 2,327 1,812 515................ 3,0o6 1.753 1,308................ 558 538 20............... 4,125 4,303........ 178 5,680 5,002 678................ 33,285 26,754 6,709 178i 6,531 2,307 5 2,826....... 414 2,398 2,113 285..... 6,072 6,708....... 636. 5,464 5,266 198.. 3,792 3,270 522 17,726 I7.357 I1005 636 369 164 4,43I I,835 3.425 2,762 2,775 15,392 2,739 ",755 2,792 2,101 2,472 1,856 8o0 633 66i 303 Ir.859 3,533 3,533 RECAPITULATION. Oahu......... 40,205 31,194 9,.............. Hawaii............. 33,285 26,754 6,709 I78........ Molokai, Lanai...... 2,412 2,826........ 414........ Maui.............. 17,726 I7,357 1,005 636........ Kauai and Niihau.. 1I5,392 11,859 3,533....... Grand Total...... 109,020 89,990 20,258 1,228 19,030 IP 0 4~~~~~~~ TABLE II. RELATING TO THE COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE POPULATION BY DISTRICTS AND ISLANDS FROM I890 TO 1896. This table shows the absolute gain by districts and islands since the last census. As has been shown in Table I, there has been a total net gain of I9,030 upon the whole population during the six years, or of 21.1 per cent. But not all districts show a gain,-a few show a loss, and this requires explanation. The Island of Oahu shows no loss in any district. The gain is in tl.e aggregate 90oI, or 28.8 unon the previous census. The gain in Honolulu was the largest on the island, being 30.6 per cent. The Island of Hawaii showed a gain in every district save North Kohala, whihl was reported 178 short of what it was in I890. This can be accounted for by a more economical use of labor, or more likely by a change in the nationalitv of labor. The number is trifling. The net gain of the island is considerable, viz: 67o9, or 25 per cent. On this island. it is interesting to see in what districts the great gain has been. These districts are Hilo, Puna, and North Kona. The Hilo district has an absolute increase of 2943, equivalent to 29.6 per cent, due in a great measure to sugar extension, though coffee has had to do with it in a minor degree. The Puna district has risen from a total population of 834 in 1890 to a total of 1748 in 1896, a gain of 914, or o09.5 per 24 cent, beating the record of the islands. This is entirely due to the coffee industry. But North Kona runs it close. In I890 that district numbered I753 inhabitants; in I896 it numbered 306I inhabitants, a gain of 1308, or 74.5 per cent. This again is due to tne coffee industry. The islands of Molokai and Lanai together present a loss c.f 414. It would have been interesting to know on which island the loss occurred, but there are no figures for reference in the past census, so they have to be massed together. A loss of 414 means I4.2 per cent. This can be accounted for on Molokai by the closing of the mill at Kamalo. The mill was burned and never re-erected, so that a number of laborers and their families left the island. As I have already stated, it is impossible to settle where the loss of population should be placed, but my knowledge of the destruction of the mill leads me to think that the loss belongs to Molokai. Moreover, the departure of the laborers from a plantation carries away with it the many hangers-on, who live off the wages of the laborers. The Island of Maui has not made the progress in population that I expected. The cause has been carefully investigated, and is perfectly explainable. The total gain is 369, or 2.1 per cent. Three districts, viz: Lahaina, Makawao, and Hana have made gains, but Wailuku dropped 686, or 9.4 per cent. This is due to two causes-a change of labor, substituting Asiatic for the prolific Portuguese, and the consolidation of the plantations around Wailuku, which has done away with the necessity of so many hands. Turning to Kauai, there is a very satisfactory gain in population. The total is 3533, an increase of 29.8 per cent. Every district has contributed its quota of gain, Koloa showing the lowest, and Waimea and Niihau the highest. The figures for Niihau have been kept separate in this census, and it is to be hoped that at the next census a comparison can be made. Niihau 25 is a peculiar island, and it would be interesting to learn whether under the peculiarity of the paternal conditions under which the Hawaiians live on that island they increase or decrease. Fronm the small number on the island, I ah of the opinion that the rising generation does not stay on the island, but moves to other centers as soon as it can. I I'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TABLE III. TABLE Gives in detail the Population by Islands and Districts, showing number and sex of ' SUB-DIVISIONS. OAHU. Male H onolulu.............................. 4,15 E w a................................... 27 W aianae.............................. 21 W aialua.............................. 2 K oolauloa............................. 4C Koolaupoko........................... 3 Total, Oa iu....................... 5,67 HAWAII. tilo................................... 1,04 P un a................................. 3i K au................................... I South Kona........................... 7 North Kona........................... 7( South Kohala.......................... 1 North Kohala......................... 67 H am akua............................. 4 Total, H awaii...................... 4,8 MOLOKAI.........1............. 1,0( L A N A I................................ Total, Molokai and Lanai.......... MAUI. L ahaina............................... W ailuk u.............................. M akawao........................... Hana................................. HAWAIIAN. PART HAWAIIAN Female. Total. Male. Female. To) i2 3,766 7,918 1,735 1,733 3, '4 253 527 64 67 4 163 377 37 33 5 221 486 45 45 4 363 767 47 37 14 310 674 135 142 '3 5,076 10,749 2,063 2,057_ 4 t1 855 1,896 254 226 )9 369 768 31 33 '4 500 1,074 67 65 11 707 1,448 124 112 35 702 1,467 118 138 6 159 335 59 62 75 605 1,280 195 175 33 444 927 118 121 54 4,341 9,195 966 932 1 55 | 847 1,912 38 41 79 )3 888 1,991 128 92 4 7 132 1 99 18 480 1,098 133 143 51 1,055 2.206 284 296 10 629 1,239 208 239 37 755 1,582 102 107 )6 2,919 6. 125i /727 785 i 1 Total, M aui........................ 3,2',H A U............................. | KAUAI. Nil 74 W aimnea.............................. K oloa................................... Lihue................................. K aw ailau............................. H anaiei.............................. Total, Niihatj and Kauai...........O ahu.................................. Hawaii................................ i M olokai and Lanai.................. Maui....................................... i' iilha and Kauai....................I G rand Totals..................... Census of 1890..................... G ain........................... Loss......................... 83 157. --- —-. 1 352 768 64 78 163 343 66 50 274 625 87 84 199 387 44 29 325 J 679 100 121 1,396 2.959 361 363 RECAPITIUL 5,673 5,076 10.749 2.063 2.057 4,854 4,;41 9,195 966 932 1 103 888 1,99 132 99 3,206 2,919 6,125 727 785 1.563 1,396 2.959 361 363 16,:499 14,620 31.019 4,249 4,236 18,364 16,072 34.436 3.085 3,101 - - - - - __ — - - ~^._._ _ j e,1,1 6 4 1.1 3 5 1,965 1 1,452 3,417...... - ///a *Iawaiiaos.,Part Hawaiians, 1Iawaiim born of foreign parents and foreign born. BORN OF FOREIGN FOREIGN BORN-ALL PARENTS. KINDS. TOTALS. al. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 468 2,828 2,284 4,612 10,560 3,362 13,922 18,775 11,145 29,920 131 178 171 349 1,768 292 2,060 2,284 783 3,067 70 90 81 171 545 118 653 886 395 1,281 90 74 52 126 542 105 647 926 423 1,349 84 56 48 104 782 98 880 1,289 546 1,835 277 122 118 240 1,383 179 1,562 2,004 749 2,753 120 1 2,84-8 2,754 5,602 15,580 I 4,154 19,734 26,164 14,041 40,205 80 1,013 920 1,933 6,763 1,806 8,569 9,071 3,807 12,878 64 34 23 57 764 95 859 1,228 520 1,748 32 117 114 231 1,273 198 1,471 2,031 877 2,908 36 50 35 85 482 76 558 1,397 930 2,327 56 159 135 294 863 181 1,044 1,905 1,156 3,061 21 4 4 8 79 15 94 318 240 558 70 295 268 563 1.510 402 1,912 2,675 1,450 4,125 39 462 422 884 2.944 686 3,630 4,007 1,673 5,680 98 2,134 1,921 4,055 14,678 3,459 18,17 22,632 10,653 33,285 220 17; 12 29 125 21 146 1.335 972.2,307 11 11 2 1 3 7 5 12 51 54 105 231 19 13 32 132 26 158 1 1.386 1.0 6 2,412 276i 76 73 149 702 173 875 1,529 869 2 398 580 215 236 1 451 2,448 387 2.835 4,098 1.974 6,072 147 550 601 1 1,151 1,893 734 2,627 3,261 '2,203 5,464 209 144 131 275 1,474 252 1,726 2,547 1.245 3,'792 Fl2 I 985 1,041 2.026 6.517 1.516 8.063 11.435 6.291 1 1 7.726 1 1 2 3'j 1 42 273 243 516 2,473 16 123 133 256 908 71 325 287 62 1,541 73 212 162 374 1623 L1 138 119 257 1,358 1.072 946 2.018 i 7.904 ION.: ------- 2 532 212 476 305 260 1,787 3 3 005 1,120 2.017 1.928 1,618 9,691 76 3.226 1.277 2,304 2.067 1,950 10.900 88 1.64 1,205 4,431 5 58 1 1.8315 1,121 1 3,425 69-5! 2,7(62 825 i 2.775' 4.492 15.392 20 2.848 2,754 2, 134 1,921 i21 ~i 19 13 985 1,011 L'241 1,072 ' 946 7,058 6.675 ~6 3,909 3,586 1)11) 3,149 3,089 5.602 15,580 4,154 19,734 26,164 14,041 40.205 4. 0 55 14,678 3,45.9 18,137 22,632 10,653 33,28 85 32) 132 26 158 1,386 1,026 2412 2.026 6.517 1.546 8,063 11,435 6,291 17,726 2,018 7.904 1,787 9,691 10,900 4,492 15,392 13,73 3 44.811 10.972 55.783 72,517 36,503 109,020 7,495 333,356 8,517 41.873 58,714 I 31,276 89,990 6,238 11,455 2,455 13,910 13.803 5,227 19,030 I TABLE III. FIRST SUMMARY BY NATIONALITIES. In this table the first sifting of the population by nationalities is commenced. They have been divided into Hawaiians, part-Hawaiians, Hawaiian born, both parents being foreigners, and foreign born of all kinds. From this is gathered that the total Hawaiian population, pur sang, is 31,019, as against a total Hawaiian population in 1890 of 34,436. This means a decrease of 9.9 per cent. The loss among the Hawaiians from I884 to I890 was reported at 13.9 per cent. This shows that the diminution of the native Hawaiian is growing less and that there really is an upward tendency. This can be accounted for in the greater care bestowed upon the younger Peneration. The young Hawaiians are better fed, better dressed, and altogether better taken care of now than they were a dozen years ago. It is also interesting to observe that while the males have decreased Io.7 per cent, the females have decreased only 9 per cent. The term part-Hawaiian is used to signify every admixture of Hawaiian blood. The term "half caste," previously used, is objectionable on two grounds. It does not cover all admixtures of blood, and it is a term which is regarded as an aspersion by many. The term "part-Hawaiian" has no such objection either from the sentimental or the practical side. The part-Hawaiians, then, have increased, as they have been steadily increasing, for years past. We now have part-Hawaiians who have married partHawaiians to the third generation, and it is difficult to trace out 32 the originality of the foreign parentage. In 1890 the part-IIawaiians numberedl 6t86; by the census of 1896 they are counted at 8485-, an increase Of 2299, or 37.1 per cent. At this rate there:slotildl le i i,o0o part —l~aNNvaiiaiis by the next census. There wvill probably he-) more. it is also satisfactory to notice that amiongr this section of the ipo1)ulation the balance of the sexes is almiost even, there hemt 4249 miales and 4236 femnales. Ta igup the coiisideration of those born on the islands,..both of whose parents are forchgners, there is a very largre in-,crease (luiring th~e last six years. The census of i8po grave the Iigtires for these as 7495; the present census gives them a total of 13.733,, an advance Of 83.4 per cent. This is, indeed, an enormious increase; btit the increase b)etween 1884 and 1890 was far larger, for it ran up from11 2040 to 74915), or an adlvance Of 267.4 pe cent. 'The increase was found to be (ine in a largre measure to the Portu'guese, wvho are extremiely, prolific. But ther aenexct figrures. Up to the present the nationality of those born of foreign parents,on these islandIs has never hbeen pickedl out. Table V ini this report xv1ill enable future suiperintendlents of the censuis to make comparison in this direction, for it gives the n-ationality of those wvho have been lborn onl the Hawaiian Islands5, b~othl parents lbeiing foreigniers. It must b)e state(l that in assigning nationality, that of the father is always takcen. Thus, if a Gernian has nlarrie(1 a Frenchwom-an, the offspring is classed as Cerman: if an Amierican has married an E~nglishwomian, tile offspring is classed as American. Such cases, bowvever, are comparatively rare. (Of course, any admixture of Hawaiiai lo)00( is,classed undler lpart-Hawaiiails, andl the Butreau Ilas even classed fllost of tilese lby their paternal natiollalities. Tile balance of the sexes amiong tilose b)orn of foreign parents is very close, the males ntimberillg 7058 and tile femiales 6675, a -comparatively slight (liffereilce. To lpnt it mnore clearly, in tins casof the population thlere are 52.8 per cent of males and 47.2 per cent females. 33 The foreiTn b)orn 1popullatiofn has ifcreasedl from 41,873 to 55,783, an advance of 13,910, or 33.2 per cent. It is here that the great liscrepancY between the sexes conies in. The males nun> ber 44,811, while the females only number 10,972, thus making the males in the lroportiou of four to one of the feniales. The 'comparatively even lbalance of the other sections of the population reduces the proportion to about two to one, as stated alove. 34 TABLE IV. Total Males and Females of all Nationalities. NATIONALITIES. Hawaiians........... Part Hawaiians....... Americans............ British.............. Germans............. French.............. Norwegian........... Portuguese........... Japanese.............. Chinese.............. S. S. Islanders........ Other Nationalities.... Male. Female. Tctals..16,399 14,620 31,019 4,249 4,236 8,485 1,975 1,111 3,086 1,406 844 2,250 866 566 1,432 56 45 101 216 162 378 8,202 6,989 15,191 19,212 5,195 24,407.19,167 2,449 21,616 321 134 455 448 152 600.72,517 36,503 109,020 Totals........... TABLE IV. MALES AND FEMALES OF ALL NATIONALITIES. This Table divides off our heterogeneous population into twelve heads. Under it are classed together by their proper nationalities those who have come to the islands and those who have been born on the islands, both parents being foreigners. A later Table will separate these. This is the proper classification, otherwise, a nationality which is full of vitality may be made to appear as if it were receding. Thus, taking the Portuguese, who are extremely prolific, according to the comparative table published in the census of 1890, they were credited with a loss. Now, as a fact, there was no loss. The Portuguese population has increased immensely. Of course, if only the foreign born Portuguese are to be considered as Portuguese, and there is no immigration, the Portuguese, on such a basis, would, in a few decades, come to nil. That there was a loss of Portuguese in 1890 is absolutely untrue. There was a gain. Taking Table III of the census report of I890, it will be found that the Portuguese were 8602 in that year, as against 9377 in 1884. But turning to page 17 of the report, one finds that there is an estimate, probably correct, that of the Hawaiian born foreigners, 4117 were Portuguese. This entirely reverses the statement in Table III of the Census Report of I890. According to Table III, there were 8602 Portuguese of foreign birth on the islands. According to the estimate of the General Superintendent of Census, there were 4117 Portuguese 36 born on the islands-both parents being Portuguese. This would make the Portuguese population reach I2,7I9, and upon this we can really calculate. We have a real basis as to the progress of the Portuguese Colony here. If the number of Portuguese on the Hawaiian Islands in the year I890 was I2,7I9, during the six years this race has increased to 15,191. This means a gross increase of 2472 during the six years, or I9.8 per cent. Of course, this is an enormous increase, and as the balance of sexes is fairly kept, it is an exceedingly healthy one. To make a comparison between the other foreigners is impossible. They are simply massed together in the last report as "Other White Foreigners," which precludes a comparison between the advance of Americans, British, Germans, etc. And again as "Chinese and Japanese."-Page 17 of report of I890. Something can be made of the latter in the way of comparison, but it would have been much more satisfactory if the Chinese and Japanese had been kept separate. Taking the two together, I find that in 1890 there were I5,301 foreign born Chinese in the country, and 12,z60 foreign born Japanese. Adding to this the estimate of 1701, Hawaiian born, both parents being Chinese or Japanese, we get a total of 29,362 Asiatics. Taking the figures of the present census, we find that there are in all 24,407 Japanese and 21,6I6 Chinese, including those foreign born and those born in this country. This would give an advance to the Asiatic population of i6,66I, or 56.7 per cent. But it must be remembered that this is in a large measure a fluctuating population. The men come here as laborers, and, if Chinese, have to return to their own country when their contracts are out. If it were possible to make' a comparison between the resident Asiatic and the ephemeral Asiatic, some satisfactory solution could be arrived at. Whoever takes the next census will have proper material to deal with in this line. 37 Of the other nationalities it is impossible to make a comparison. The only thing that the present census can do is to make a standard for future census takers. I do not wish to criticise my predecessors, but it is plain that the method of only putting down those as Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, American, etc., who were born abroad is utterly misleading, and that not taking cognizance of those born of foreign parents here must cause an erroneous impression. I do not feel that I need defend the position I have Assumed. TABLE V. Summary by Nationality and Sex of the Hawaiian born and foreign born foreigners. NATIONALITIES. HA~WAIIAN BORN-BOTH PARENTS FOR EIGNERS. Male. Female. Totals. FOREIGN BORN. Americans............... British................. German................. French.................. Norwegian.............. Portuguese.............. Japanese................ Chinese................. S. S. Islanders........... Other Nationalities........ 401 352 252 10 71 3,606 1,054 1,204 21 87 419 360 268 16 91 3,353 1,024 1,030 25 89 820 712 520 26 162 6,959 2,078 2,234 46 176 Male. 1,574 1,054 614 46 145 4,596 18,158 17,963 300 361 1emale. Totals. 692 2,266 484 1,538 298 912 29 75 71 216 3,636 8,232 4,171 22,329 1,419 19,382 109 409 63 424 GRAND T OTALS. 3,086 2,250 1,432 101 378 15,191 24,407 21,616 455 600 II I Totals............t. 7,058 6,675 1 13,733 44,811 10,972 55,783 69,516 TABLE V. SUMMARY OF FOREIGN BORN AND HAWAIIAN BORN FOREIGNERS. This Table classifies the foreigners who were born on the islands of foreign parents, and all foreigners who were born abroad. One thing shows up plainly. In looking down the table of the Hawaiian born, both parents being foreigners, the reader is at once struck with the very even balance of the sexes. The American, the British, the German, the French, the Norwegian, -all have a slight ureponderance of females to males. The Portuguese, Chinese, and Japanese have a slight preponderance of males. It is among those who are foreign born that the great discrepancy occurs, and it occurs among the whites as well as among the Asiatic races. The total foreign born males amount to 44,8I 1, while the total foreign born females only number 10,972, or 80.3 per cent of males to 19.7 per cent of females. It will be interesting to see in whlich nationalities the greatest percentage of discrepancy occurs. The percentage of American foreign born males is 69. That of American foreign born females 31. The percentage of British foreign born males to British foreign born females is 68.I to 31.9. The foreign born Germans have 67.3 per cent of males as against 32.7 per cent of females. With the Portuguese the balance of the sexes is fairly equal, and it is plain that as time goes on it will 40 reach a normal position. The very large number of children born of Portuguese parents is also worthy of notice. The foreign born Portuguese amount to 8232, while the Portuguese born on the islands of IPortuguese parents amount to 6959. When the next census is taken it will be possible to calculate the rate at which the Hawaiian born Portuguese are advancing. The foreign born Japanese amolunted to 77.7 per cent males, and 22.3 per cent females. The greatest discrepancy exists between the male and female foreign born Chinese. These people show 92.6 per cent males against 7.4 per cent females. (f course, as a matter of fact, a large number of foreign males are married to Hawaiian womnen, or to part-Hawaiian women. If we look at the total make up of the population, the percentages run as follows: Hawaiians..................................... 28.4 of the population. Part-Hawaiians............. 7.8 of the population. A meri-ans, Europeans and their descendants......?1.1 of the population. Japanese......................2.3 of the population. Chinese........................................... 19.8 of the population. Others.............................................6 of the population. 100.0 per cent. Like in all comparatively new countries, the young men come here to make a home, and later the wives come to join them from the distant shores. Tlat the normal condition of the future will be healthy is shown by the excellent balance kept by those born in the Hawaiian Islands, both parents being foreigners, and by the mixed races. TABLE VI. TABL INationality and Sex in detail, according to Islands and Districts, SUB-DIVISIONS. OAHU. Honolulu -----—. —. --- —--- Ewa ---------------------—. Waianae. --- —---------------- Waialua ---------------------- Koolauloa. --- —---------------- Koolaupoko ----------------- Totals for Oahu ---------- HAWAII. Hilo... — --—. ---. ----. --- — Puna.. --- —------------------- Kau- -----—.. --- —. --- —---—. $outh Kona. --- —----—. ---North Kona --- —---—. --- —-- South Kohala --- —------ ---- North Kohala ---------------- Hamakua. ---------—. --- —-.Totals for H awaii. - - - - - MOLOKAI --- —------- ------ LANAI --- —---------------- Totals, Molokai, LanaL-. MAUI. Lahaina. -----—. —..-. —. ----. Wailuku --------------------- Makawao.. --- —--—. --- —---- Hana. --- —--—.. —..-.... --- —Totals for Maui. --- —---- AMERICAN. Male, ae. 262 274 11 16 2 2 3 275 295 I I Male. 195 4 1. 8 215 Female. BRITISH. 204 8 1 9 6 228 GERMAN. I Male. Female. 96 99 1 2 5 7 103 10 103 1 108 Male. iFemale. 5 10 1 5 11I 5 10 Male. I II] 36 5 41 FRENCH. NRGIA 43 45 25 22 19 12 2 5 1 5 3 1 --- ---- -- 4 8 9 8 4 4 ---- 1 3 5 7 3 2 2 4 3 3 1 6 9 6 3 19 22.. — - 3 -- ---- 9 12 22 26 13 6 1 2 74 79 90 85 44 36;; 1 3 5..................................................................................................... 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 12 8 12 12 8 4 34 27 5!Z —^.^-^:3-^ ----........ 3 i 8 1 3 1 14 14 2 2 4.. -..-. j 4 8 13 1 2 —5 1 2 1 1 3 I -.. -1 1 27 29 12 10; 1 -- 10 NIIH-AU1 2...... —...........KAUAIA. -__:- _... Waimea 1 5 9 8 16 21 2 2 10 K oloa-1 --- ----—. — ----------- 1 1 9 8 Lihue --- —--—. --- —------ lu 6 4 3 64 80;. 3 -Kawaihau -..... --- —.. ---- 1 2 1 — 2 2 ---- 2 Hanalei-.. --- —- --. --- —--- - 1 1 -1 - -2 3 Totals for Kauai. ---- - 14 15 15 13 93 114 2 2 i 15 Island Totals ------- 401 419 1 352 360 252 2688 10 16 I 71 Grand Totals ----- 820 712 520 26 162 I I I Af those born in the Islands, both parents being foreigners. PORTU-. S. ISLAND- OTHER NAGUESE. JAPANESE. CHINESE. ERS. TIONALI- TOTALS. TIES. I~aml male. maie. aale. Male F le Male male. Male mae Male. le Male male.Male ale. male. 19 942 918 94 113 641 568 2 2 55 57 2,328 2,284 42 46 19 35 91 U2 ---- --- 2 1 18 171 69 56 9 5 7 12 ---- ---- --- - - 81 51 34 11 7 8 2 - -- 74 52 22 12 6 12 23 19 1 --- 2 3 56 48 |5 29 25 15 18 t68 60.... 1 ---- ---- 122 118 44 1,155 1,091 154 19U 838 723 3 3 59 61 2,848 2,754 3 5 3 16 12........ I....... 2 1 34 23 67 67 29 18 4 6 -. -- 2 _. — 117 114 25 21 10 3 3 i --- I......... 50 35 104 90 32 24 10 8 --- I -.... I. - 159 135 2 2 2 — __ 4 4 143 128 23 30 101 74 --- --- 3 8 295 268 318 272 83 82 9 18 5 2 42 422 9 1,274 1,148 464 396 161 145 1 2 20 18 2,134 1,921 4 1 5 4 2 1 — 17 12 2 —... -5_ _- ___ _______- ____2 _ ___12 -- 4 ----.. 1 5 4 2 1 -—. ---- 19 13 —: 19 24 31 27 7 7 5 8 76 73 5 109 104 42 61 30 33 1 5 1 4 215 236 13 420 446 46 66 56 47 - -- 29 2 550 601 2 90 79 36 37 2 2 4 3 -- 144 131 20 638 653 1,55 1191 95 89 10 16 3 6 985 1,041 -- - - - -- - - - -1 2, 16 110 98 83 68 37 23 3 1 2 I 273 243 - 58 58 29 46 22 16 1 2 2 1 123.13 166 I14 67 47 11 6........- -.... 1 325 287 2 121 98 64 41 19 16 1.... 1 1 212 162 80 63 371 40 17 10 1 1. 138 119 18 535 461 280 1242 106 71 6 4 5 4 1 1,071 944 1 3,606 3,353 1,054 1,024 1,204 1,030 21 25 87 1 89 i7,058 6,675 6,959 2,078 2,234 46 176 13,733 I I TABLE VI. SHOWING BY ISLANDS AND DISTRICTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION WHERE BOTH PARENTS ARE FOREIGNERS. Among this class of the population the larger number is to be found on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii. The Portuguese head the list with 6959 out of a total of 13,733. The Chinese come next, with 2234, and the Japanese third, with 2078. The remainder, amounting to 2462, is divided among various nationalities. Putting the matter into percentages, it will be found that those born here of foreign parents ran^e as follows: Of the total American population.... 26.5 per cent. was born here. Of the total British population....3... 31.6 per cent. was born here. Of the total German population......36.3 per cent. was born here. Of the total Portuguese population...45.8 per cent. was born here. Of the total French population........ 2.5.7 per cent. was born here. Of the total Norwegian population....42.8 per cent. was born here. Of the total S. 8. Islander population 10.1 per cent. was born here. Of the total Japanese population..... 8.5 per cent. was born here. Of the total Chinese population.......10.3 per cent. was born here. Of the total of other nationalities..... 29. per cent. was born here. Of all foreign nationalities together.. 19.7 per cent. was born here. TABLE VII.?. I \^ -~/ J X., '.! '' ' J.' 1'"' ~f TABL lNationality and Sex in detail, according to SUB-DIVISIONS. OAHU. Honolulu ----------------—. Ewa --- —-------- --------. —. Waianae. --- —--------------- W aialua ------------—.. --- —Koolauloa. ------------------- Koolaupoko. --- —---—... ---Totals for Oahu ---------- HAWAII. Hilo -—.. -.... --- —-—.-... Puna. —.. --- ——. —. --- —--- Kau-.. —. --- —--—.. —..South Kona. --- —-----—. ----. North Kona. ----.... South Kohala -. --- —-— __ North Kohala........ Ilamakua....... Totals for Hawaii..- -- MOLOKAI --- —-------- ---- LANAI ----- -------- Totals, Molokai, Lanai. MAUI. Lahaina. --- —--...........- - - Wailuku --- —-—............. Makawao... —............. Hana. -............... —..Totals for Maui. --- —-- IIHAU ---------------- I' I I AMERICAN. FeMale. Fe male. 1,073 465 17 8 9 1 ---- 15 6 12 2 1,127 481 BRITISH. GERMAN. FeMale. male. Male. male. mI, _male_ 586 3231 253 130 29 7 11 4 9 4 9 3 9 3 2 1 6 4 1 12 9 6 2 651 346 285 141 FRENCH. Male. Fe- Male. Male. Male. male. 29 25 71........ 1 7 - - -—.... i.. 4 1 ---- 4 30 25 - 83! NOIV GIA: 108 45 103 27 30 12 2 2 45 14 113 5 9 1. 4 24 9 22 5 9 4 4 2 3 11 2 8 5 2 1 ---- --- --- 13 3 9 4 6 -2 - - 2 36 1 58 23 24 9 1 3 4 — 264 110 255 83 92 28 11 2 18 I _.-,..... _.. ~. _ 3....... _.. -:.... _. _ 19 15 7 4 15 4 2 39 19 37 5 17 7 8 35 30 21 1 i 7 1 1 5 15 4 9 2 9 1 1 -. — 108 68 74 23 48 13 1 20 1.... ---- ----. ~~~~ i ~.~. - -—. I ---- ii - I KAUAI...- Waimea ------------- 20 5 261 16 35 23 2.. 17 Kolba...-... -- 4 2 3 1 21 9 1 -- Lihue. —.-........... 1... 13 7 15 6 115 76 1. - 11 Kawaihau ---------- 18 8 5 2 5 3 2 4 Hanalei --- 4l ---- - ------- 4 3 14 5 1 7. 4 1 — ---- Totals for Kauai-. —. - 59 25 63 30 183 11 4 1 23 Island Totals --—. ---- 1,574 692 1,054 484 l 614 298 46 29 i 14 I Grand Totals- - _-_ 1.538 —_ -- 1 2 ___ 75 - 9I: 21: Grand Totals....... i. 2,2i6 1,538 912 75 216 __ _ _ ~~~~~~.7.._............ 7 7._..,;0=_ — .E viIe Islands and Districts, of all foreigners. VE- POIRTU- OTHER NAGiJESE. JkPANESE. CHINESE.. S. ISLAND- TIONALI- TOTALS. ERS TIONALL- TOTA.S. re-Fe- Fe- Ffie- Fe- Fe- FeMale F Male. F Male. F Male. male F Male F I~ale. male. male. I male. male. male. male. i-4 - f _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ 33 1,040 933 1,590 584 5,671 813 47 12 200 44 10,560 3,362 5 14 77 59 7 115 979 75 1 1 3 1,768 292 104 59 240 43 17,12 6 1 3 1 545 118 83 55 135 29 299 16 5 1 7 542 105 19 17 212 45 523 29 2 --- 1 - 722 98 1 24 19 449 69 8e1 69 12 8 2. --- 1,133 179 19 1,394 1,160 3,223 - 885 8,505 1,008 68 25 214 44 15,580 4,154 1 962 700 4,145 979 1,368 16 19 3 24 3 6,76.3 1,806 2 7 6 622 63 57 1 7 3 764 95 76 50 551 109i 573 16 9 3 2 1,273 198 41 27 282 35 137 4 1 1 1 482 76 104 50 488 '83 214 11 3 1 2 863 181 33 9 33 5 - 79 15 156 127 652 14.3 003 95 9 2 18 2 1,510 402 4u9 280 1,555 340 844 14 5 7 2,944 686 5 1,755 1,270 8,328 1,761 3,849 181 45 10 61 9 14,678 3,459 - ~ 2 3 15 4 66 4 7 1 6 1 125 21 2 2 1 1 5 2 3 17 6 67 4j 7 1 6 1 132 26 -- 29 15 326 83 219 8 85 44 --- 702 173 2 156 139 881 173 1,262 33 20 9 28 --- 2,448 387 6.562 468 587 145 656 69 o1 1 10) 1 1,893 734 2 106 82 773 148 534 5 14 5 8 3 1,474 252 10 853 704 2,567 549 2,671 155 129 59 46 4 6,517 1,546 2 - - -- -1 2 12 175 123 1,335 319 8401 28 10 3 13 3 2,473 532 63 46 489 124 290 23 28 7 10.. 908 212 1 182 163 854 212 350 9 4 -..7 1 1541 476 4 91 851 762 173 726 27 7 2 3 1 1,623 1305 81 89 583 142 665 24 2 2 1.. 1,358 260 l 592 497 4,023 971) 2,871 11i5l1l3 7,9083,8 7 4.596 13,636 18,158 4,171 17,963 1,419 300 109 361 I 63 44,811 10,972 8,232 22,329 19,382 4'09 424 I __ v TABLE VII. A SUMMARY OF THE FOREIGN BORN INHABITANTS BY ISLANDS AND DISTRICTS. From this Table comparison with the former census tables can be made, but it is not a statisfactory one, for, as has been pointed out in previous remarks, such a comparison is not a true one, in that it only takes into consideration the immigrants, and pays no attention to those born here of foreign parents. Thus, in the tables of the last census, the Portuguese were debited with a loss, when they really had made a gain, but the gain was from the increase of the colony here. Comparing, according to the old fashion, the nationality of the foreign born people on these islands will be found as follows: NATIONALITIES. ensus Cen GAIN. Loss. 1896. 1890. American............................ 2,266 1,928 338.... British............................... 1, 8 1,44 19t German........................... 1,04 912.... 22 French.............................. 75 70 '.... Portuguese........................... 8,232 8,602.... Norwegian........................... 216 227.... 11 Japanese........................... 22,329 17,939 4,390.... Chinese.............................. 19,382 15,301 2,081.... Of other nationalities there is no necessity to take notice. I make this table out in deference to prejudice, but I distinctly state that it gives a false impression. The gain in American and British is much larger than appears in such a table. There has been no real loss of Germans or of Portuguese. In the 52 latter case, there has been, in point of fact, a large gain by births. The only people such a table gives any figures worth considering are the Chinese and the Japanese. These are a shifting and nigrating people. Tables IV, V, VI, will serve as a basis of comparison for the next census. The above comparison is really not a comparison of growth of population by birth, but by immigration. It means that there has been an excess of American, British, Japanese and Chinese immigrants, and that there have been no Portuguese, German and Norwegian immigrants. Such a comparison as is oltained by Table VII is, from my point of view, entirely misleading, unless it is regarded as purely a comparison of immigration, TABLE Vil. TABLE VIII. Population of the Islands according to Ages and Nationality. NATIONALITIES. IUnder 1 year. 1 to 6. 6 to 15. 2,882 2,585 15 to 30. 30 to 45. 45 to 60. 60 to 75. 4,216 3,200 2,021 1,469 4,:344 2,84 | 1.558 I 742 75 to 90. 90 to 100.I Over 100 Totals. 305 321 7 16,399 249 33 10 14,620 554! 65 17 31.019 Hawaiian males.............................. Hawaiian females........................... T otal.................................... Part Hawaiian males........................... Part Hawaiian females.................... Total...................................... Hawaiian Born Foreign males.................. Hawaiian Born Foreign females............... T otal................................... American males................................ American females.............................. T otal....................................... British males.................................. British fem ales................................. Total....................................... Germ an m ales................................. German females.............................. T otal....................................... i 337 1,930 363 1,894 700 i3.824 I 5.467t 85601 6.04 3.579 29.211 184 1,108 1, 226 1,048.511 127 43 2........ 4,249 220 1,078 1,211 1,138 451 112 24 2........ 4,236 404 2,186 2,437 2,186 962 239 67 4........ _8,485 68, 3,557 |. 2,371 31 3 9 81 5 1.... 7,058 698 3,399 2,134 317 89 2 10 6,675 1,383 6, 956 4,505 636 170 63 19 1.... 13.733 1 35 65 44 611 269 137 12........ 1,574 3 36 61 264 210 79 29 9 1.... 692 4 71 126 708 821 348 166 21 1.... 2,266.... 121 341 284 410 231 72 11........ 1,054 10 38 144 169 86 30 7.... 484. 22 72 428 579 |__31T7 102 j 8j...1...._ 1,538 6 29 193 235 109 38 4....... 614 7 33 109 91 42 15 1..... 298.. 1 3 - +62 _302 -326 -— 15l --- - -. — ---- 131_ 2 32 326~ 1511 5,3' 5.... 912 I -.... i.... r. 19 1() j .........:.......................- - -... —...................-.....9 ~~ ' Total..............................8 1 75 Norwegian males...........................35 81 20 2......... 145 Norwegian females.............................. 1 5 21 31 12 71 Total............................... 1 _ 12 56 112 32 2 1........216 Portuguese males........................4 66 410 1,720 1,258 880 235 22 1.... 4,596 Portuguese females.............. 5 68 364 1,649 954 518 68 7 3.... 3,636 Total.................................. 9 4 77 3, 2,212 1,398 303 29 4.... 8,232 Japanese males................................. 2 62 116 10,515 6,890 545 27 1........ 18,158 Japanese females...............................1 2,976 1,068.... 19....4,171 Total................................147 13491 7,958 564 27 2........ 22,329 Chinese males....................2 34 544 7818 6,314 2,858 378 14....1 17,963 Chinese females............................... 1 2 121 837 343 75 14.... 1,419 T3 62 6651 8,655 6,8695 7 2,933 218 Total......................................93 3 2 10 9.382 S. S. Islander males................................ 4 106 118 51 17 3... 1 300 S. S. Islander females.......................... 31 2 63 27 14,j........ i109 Total............................ _1 1 6 169 145 65 i 186 3 4.... 1 499 Other Nationalities males................... 6 78 155 92 26 4..... 361 Other Nationalities females.............. 6 19 27 9 1....... 63 Total....................................... 15 12 9- 14 82 101 27 4.... -., 424 Total Males................................. 1,215 6,810 7,694 26,71 19,883 7,248 2,462 382 332,517 Total Females....................... 14 6596 6,592 11,888 6,311 2,558 940 277 37 10 36,503 Grand Totals............................. 2,509 13,406 14,286 38,669 26,194 9,806 3,40 659 70 19109,020.S.Grand Total, s180........................ 1885 9,534 12,099 29,118 j 24,137.638 3,433 1,146....0 89,990 lb TABLE VIII. CLASSIFICATION OF EACH NATIONALITY BY SEX AND AGE. In this Table I have added two extra columns with the purpose of giving statistics of advanced age. The classification made by Dr. Rodgers in the Census of I890 enables the student of statistics to see between what ages the increase of population has taken place. The first two columns are those which should be studied carefully, for these give the key to the problem of the future. Are the young children increasing, or do we depend entirely upon exotic growth for the increase in our population? Adding the two columns together, it will be found that of children under one year up to children of six years, there are now I5,9I5 children marked in those columns, as against II,419 in I890. This really means that of all the births which have taken place since the last census, I5,915 had survived on September 27, I896, or, in point of fact, that there have been 4496 more survivals during the last six years than there had been between 1884 and I890. This is an increase of 39 per cent in the portion of the population which is going to build up the future. These six years show the true healthy increase. Analyzing this, I find that the chief increase lies among the Hawaiian born of foreign parents. / 58 Tile Hawaiians count 4524, as against 4275 in I890, a gain of 249, or 5 per cent. The part-Hawaiian show 2590 in place of 1568 in I890, a gross gain of 1022, or 65 per cent, while those born on the islands with both parents foreigners, have, during the same period, increased from 50I8 to 8339, a difference.f 3321, or 66 per cent. It is impossible to compare the gain in each separate nationality, because that would require the Hawaiian born of foreign parents to be credited to their proper nationality, which has not been done in the past. It was in this section of the census that I hoped to be able to show a hopeful increase among Hawaiians of pure blood, and the result is a disappointment to me. A gain of five per cent between birth and the age of six cannot counterbalance the death rate in the later years, and it is safe to predict it is absolutely impossible that within the next six years there can be any actual increase in the number of Hawaiians. The decrease, however, may not be as rapid as it has been in the past, but there will be a decrease. On the other hand, the part-Hawaiians are bound to increase rapidly during the next census period. A Table further on will show from what various nationalities the part-Hawaiians are sprung, so that it will be possible in the future to range them along with such nationalities; but that is work for the student of statistics, and not for the mere report and commentary upon the fivures of the census. The working age must be considered as lying between sixteen and sixty; and between those ages there are 53,912 males, and 20,687 females, making in all 74,599 persons. Later, there will be a comparison made between those actually reporting themselves at work. Comparing with the population of similar age in I890, we find that there is an increase of I2,706. But, alas! it is here that the great falling off comes among the Hawaiian population. In 1890 the Hawaiians between these ages 59 numbered 20,680, while in I896 they numbered I8,18I. They run thus: SEX. 1890 1896 15 to 30, m ales................................. 4,713 4,216 15 to 30, females................................ 4,616 4,341 30 to 45, males.................................. 3,620 3,200 30 to 45, females..................... 3,096 2,842 45 to 60, males................................... 2,629 2,021 45 to 60, females................................. 2 006 1,558 Total............................ 20,680 18,181 That Hawaiians do live to a great age is show by the columns which exceed sixty years of age. Here we find 221I Hawaiians out of a total of 3402 of all nationalities between sixty and seventy-five. Tie Hawaiians number 554 out of 659 of the various nationalities between seventy-five and ninety. They count sixty-five out of seventy between ninety and one hundred, and seventeen out of nineteen of those over one hundred. Of those who claim to be over one hundred, I made careful investigation through the district superintendents, and I found that though there could be no certainty whether they were one hundred or one hundred and ten; still, by memory of events, and so forth, their claims to being over the century were just. The oldest person on the islands was a woman who claimed to be one hundred and twenty-four years of age. This case, in conjunction with Prof. Alexander and Mrs. Nakuina, I investigated personally, and the results will be found in the Appendix. The youngest person on the list was a child not half an hoir old. I TABLE IX. TABLE Hawaiian born of Foreign Parents acce Under 1 Year. NATIONALITIES. i_ __ _ Male male. II 1 to 6 Years. Male. male. Americans --- —-----—. — British ---. --- —----—.. --- Germans - - ------------ French.. ----..... --- —-- Norwegians —... --- —-.... Portuguese- -----—. --- —. Japanese ----—. ----. --- —Chinese ---------------------- S. S. Islanders --------—. --- Other Nationalities -------- Totals. --- —- ---------- 26 24 19 23 16 18 1 4 5 313 288 198 215 95b 116 1 4 12 5 685 698 126 113 107 4 27 1,640 791 715 5 29 3,557 130 116 118 6 36 1,605 739 603 9 38 3,399 I 6 to 15 Years. 15 to 30 Years. 30 to 45 Years, 1 Fe- Fe- FeMale. Male. Male. l e male. male. male 101 120 71 73 i 40 41 108 112 79 79 28 2 103 97 1 23 22 3 11 3 7 1....i.... 36 48 4 3 1,582 1,384 i 66 71 4 5 3 65 I 2 4.... 1 332 263 i 58 45 i 4 14 7!i 4 1 29 31 i 16 14 i 1 1 2,371 2,134 319 3171 81 89 e e. I, I. I... -........ irding to Ages and Nationality. Total, Grand Totals. 4Iale Fe- Male. male. 28 22 9 5 4 2 ---- ---- ---- 35 28 9 9 - 1 ---- 10, 1 --- -- -- FeM male. 401 419 352 360 252 268 10 16 71 91 3,606 3,353 1,'54 1,024 1,2u4 1,030 21 25 87 89 7,058 6,675 820 712 520 26 162 6,959 2,078 2,234 46 176 13,733 i, r I TABLE IX. HAWAIIAN BORN OF FOREIGN PARENTS ACCORDING TO SEX AND AGE. In this Table the Hawaiians born of foreign parents are classified according to their proper nationalities, and divided under their respective ages. It will be noticed at once that this class of the community has its strength chiefly in the young. Of the I3,733 persons who go to make up this total 12,844 are fifteen years old and under, leaving but 889 persons above that age. In six years from now the strength of this section will begin to show in the various trades, etc., but it will not develop fully for at least twelve years. Among the Hawaiians born of foreign parents, the Portuguese take the lead with a total of 6959. Of these 6812 are fifteen years old and under, and a majority of them even being six years old and under. It is this fact, that, at first glance, makes the number of Portuguese who are actually at work look small in comparison with their total numbers, but so large a number of the Portuguese are below the working age. The chief number of the Chinese and Japanese, on the other hand, are to be found between the ages of fifteen and sixty. 66 TABLE X. Details of Mixed Races of Hawaii, showing all admixtures of Hawaiian blood according to nationality and sex. NATIONALITY OF FATHER. Male. Female. Totals. *Hawaiians........... 429 462 891 tPart-Hawaiians..... 1,147 1,179 2,326 Americans............ 665 647 1,312 British................ 590 531 1,121 Germans............. 168 159 327 French................. 39 30 69 Norwegians............ 25 28 53 Portuguese............ 296 246 542 Japanese.............. 32 45 77 Chinese............... 656 731 1,387 S. S. Islanders......... 52 39 91 Other Nationalities...... 150 139 289 Totals............ 4,249 4,236 8,485 *These cases are where Hawaiian fathers of pure blood, have married wives who are of mixed blood, their children are therefore classed as part-Hawaiians. tThese cases are where a part-Hawaiian has married a partHawaiian, or in some instances an European or American woman. The latter cases are rare. It has been found impossible to trace the original nationality of the grandfather or great grandfather of this class of citizens. TABLE X. CLASSIFICATION OF PART-HAWAIIANS BY PATERNAL NATIONALITY. This table is an entirely new departure in the census tabulation. In it has been made an effort to trace the nationality of the part-Hawaiian population from the paternal side. The total population of mixed blood amounts to 8485. Of these, I have been able to trace to the origin of 5168. Where part-Hawaiians have married women of mixed blood, it has been impossible to define the strain of blood, and the same may be said even more forcibly where part-Hawaiians have inter-married. It then becomes a hopeless mixture in which, in the third or fourth generation you have the blood of Americans, British, Chinese, and goodness knows what else focussed in one person. To the ethnological student it would be very interesting to trace up the various influences of blood, and to see which strain predominates. Without desiring to be dogmatic, and also not desiring to go into details for proofs, which, in the first place would be offensive to many people here; and secondly, would entail an amount of detail which would not be suitable to this report; I would say that the part-Hawaiian, and part-Chinese strain, when mixed with the American, or European, produces the highest and most intelligent, but not the most robust class. Of the 5168, whose paternity the Census Bureau has been able to trace, the cases are almost entirely of the first generation. Here it is found that American and Chinese run one another rather closely; the part Hawaiians of American descent 68 numbering 1312, and the Chinese 1387. The British come somewhat closely after with 1,121. It should be specially noted that the Portuguese, in proportion to their number, have a very small amount of mixed Portuguese and Hawaiian. Could an analysis be made of the 542 partHawaiian of Portuguese descent, it would be found that the chief number of the mixed race came from the very early settlers of the Portuguese here-men who arrived years ago in whalers-many of them of African blood. The late great influx of Portuguese, which has taken place in the last fifteen years, has given the Hawaiian Islands a colony which inter-marries, but does not marry with Hawaiian women. It keeps itself a distinctive colony of pure blood, and in that differs from the American, British, and Chinese settlers. In the above statement, the term "part-Hawaiian" has been used advisedly, as has already been noticed. The old term, "Half Caste," besides the objection cited, did not cover the ground. In the South and in the West Indies there is an endless nomenclature to cover the various aldmixtures of blood. There has been in times past a clumsy attempt to do the same thing here. When I first came to the islands people used to talk of quarter-whites, half-whites, three-quarter-whites, etc. I alwavs considered these distinctions offensive in the first place; and in the second place, as not covering the ground. When I was appointed Inspector General of Schools, and had to tabulate the school population, after much careful thought I adopted the term "part-Hawaiian" as an expression far more inoffensive than "Half Caste," and covering the ground more thoroughly. The Board of Education adopted my suggestion, chiefly through the advocacy of the late Walter Hill. Without such a comprehensive term, it would i;ave been impossible to have prepared the Table which is here presented, and which, I feel sure, will be of considerable interest to certain classes of students. 69 The fact that the mixed race is itself prolific in the second, and even the third generation, is a matter of great interest. The pure Hawaiian can barely hold his own. All that can be said rer him is that he is decreasing less rapidly than he (lid six years ago; but the mixed race is advancing rapidly, and in this direction the Hawaiian strain shows no symptoms of being lost. 4* TABLE XIJ, NATIONALITIES. TABL Classification of each Nation Farm- Ric Labor- ers and R C ffee Ranch- ers. Agricul- ea- P t ers. _____~____ turists. er ers Hawaiian males................................ hawaiian females.............................. Total...... Part Hawaiian males........................... Part Hawaiian females................. Total..................................... American males................................ American females.............................. Total....................................... British m ales.................................. British females............................... Total....................................... Germ an m ales.................................. German females................................ Total....................................... French males................................... French fem ales................................ Total....................................... Norwegian males.............................. Norwegian females............................ Total...................................... Portuguese males.............................. Portuguese females....................... Total........................... Japanese m ales.................................. Japanese fem ales............................... T otal...................................... Chinese males.................................. Chinese fem ales................................ T otal...................................... S. S. Islander males.......................... S. S. Islander females.......................... Total............................ Other Nationalities males................... Other Nationalities females..................... Total....................................... Total Males................................ Total Females.............................. Grand Totals............................. 2,758 3,653 20 1 32! 791 105.... 1.... I 2,837 3,758 20 10 32 [ 348 192 3 10 30 11 6 1.... 59 54 1 42 14 59 655 1 42 14 I 1 6 0........ I 66 54 1 22 24 66 55__ 1 22 25 160 35.... 12 5 3... 8 21.......... 193 14...... 3,036 299 1 45 47 81 21.... I..... 1. 8 1 14 *;.. 3,117 300 1 45 47 14,394 456 99 62 15 2,164.......... 2.... 16,558 459 99 62 17 10,923 1,267 716 36 98 18 11 2... 10,941 1,278 718 36 98 171 21. 55 226 21. 85 28.... 9 5 85 28.9 5 2,411 128 3 1 3 I- 271 I 34,438 6,203 14 249 274 * 130 crew of U. S. S ality and Sex by Occupation. Driv- Mer Clerks Pishers. Marin- Me- ers and chants.and Doctors. ers. chanics. Tesm- and Salessters. Traders men. 872 319 5-13 167 35 134.... 19.... 1 3 891 319 513 167 36 137.... Law- Other Other Profes- Occu- Totals. yers. sions. pations 97 557 9,201 21 201 430 35 118 758 9,631 38 23 245 42 25 146... 15 39 208 1,364........ 1 6 34 '27 86 38 23 245 42 26 152 15 73 235 1,450 *206 290 38 11 245 39 31 126 273 1,534........~~ I ~ 1 4 4.... 137 45 192 1 206 290 38 116 249 43 31 263 318 1,726 52 265 21 101 186 14 14 53 178 1,051........ ~ I ~~~~ ~~~~ 3 2........ 50 19 76 _ 52 265 21 104 188 14 14 103 197 1,127 16 113 20 32 68 2 1 16 126 606 2 1.... 22.... 2 20 48 16 113 20 34 69 2 1 38 146 654 7 10.... 2 3.... 11 6 50 7 10.... 2 3 1 6 50 16 35 5 4 8......... 21 123 3 4 7 16 35 5 4 8........ 3 25 130 10 9 257 94 85 79 1 3 26 134 4,126 1.... 1 77 161 10 9 257 94 86 79 1 3 27 211 4,287 90 19 261 47 237 159 12 1 75 520 16,447 1....... 3 253 2,426 91 19 2261 47 217 159 12 1 78 773 18,873 294 15 220 105 820 293 15 300 1,508 16,610 3 2 3 100 294 15 220 105 823 295 15 303 1,569 16,710 7 17 3 2 1.1 7 230 55 7 17 3 2 11 1...1 7 285 13 56 53 5 16 17 2 1 12 61 36........ 1.... 3 4 8 13 56 53 5 16 17 3 1 15 65 371 1,325 755 2,265 546 1,473 1,338 85 101 756 3,599 51,705 20........ 12 18 5. 277 711 3,589 1,345 755 2,26.5 546 S. Adams included. 1,485 1,356 90 101 1 1,033 1 4,310 55,294 -L ----------- --- C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \ A. ",.". ' TABLE XI. CLASSIFICATION OF EACH NATIONALITY AND SEX BY OCCUPATION. This Table gives the population classified according to the occupation of the males and females of all races. This classification is given under fifteen heads, instead of under eleven, as in I890, or four, as in 1884 and 1876. The Hawaiian born foreigners are classed with their nationalities, not separately. The Hawaiians report 9200 males as engaged in various employments, and 430 females. The main work done by the Hawaiians is farming. They show 3758 farmers anld agriculturalists out of a total of 6203 farmers and agricui-uralists of all nationalities. Of course, the man who owns and cultivates his kuleara comes under this head. Of the unskilled laborers, the Hawaiians furnish 2837 out of a total of 34,438. But as fishermen and sailors they take the larger share. There are 89% fishermen out of a total of 1345, and of sailors 3I9 out of 755, and of the latter number I30 were men-of-wars-men. As mechanics, too, they make a good showing. Hawaiian mechanics number 5I3, or 22.6 per cent of all the mechanics upon the islands. The part-Hawaiians report I450 workers, of whom I364 are males and eighty-six females. Of these 359 are workling as 1unskilled laborers, 245 are mechanics and 152 are clerks and salesmen. Eighty-eight part-Hawaiians are entered as professional people. If we class together the Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians who are mechanics, as is justifiable, it will be found that the mechanics 76 of Hawaiian blood amount to a total of 758, or 33.4 per cent of all the mechanics. This easily disposes of the claim that the Hawaiian mechanic has no show on the islands. The mechanic that comes next in number to the Hawaiian is the American, with 290; the British follows, with 265; the Japanese, with 261; Portuguese, with 257; Chinese, with 220. The number of Hawaiian mechanics very nearly equals, or exceeds, any three of these nationalities taken together, and, if he chooses to be steady and enterprising, the mechanic of Hawaiian blood is sure of constant work. But there is no doubt that the natural taste of the Hawaiian leads him to farming on a small scale, as the cultivation of his kuleana, and to fishing, or to anything connected with tle sea. The reason is not far to seek. The Hawaiian does not care for the steady, monotonous employment that Europeans and Americans are accustomed to. Neither of the employments mentioned above require unremitting toil. There are times when the very hardest work is required; but, on the other hand, there are periods when no work need be done. It is not one long steady pull all through life as other nationalities are accustomed to. I would not for an instant have it thought that the Hawaiian is inherently lazy. He is not. He is capable of enduring very exhausting toil, and performing it very cheerfully; but what he is not capable of is long continued and monotonous effort. Tle Portuguese workers number 4287. Of these 4126 are males, and 16I females. But it is very evident that those Portuguese females who enm-loy themselves as sewing women, and who' gain a partial livelihood by doing washing as well as looking after their household duties, have not returned themselves as workers. The unskilled laborers number 3117, or 72.7 per cent of the Portuguese working population; while 295 enter themselves as farmers and agriculturalists. These are chiefly those who have taken up homestead lots, and are living upon them. But in some cases,. though the lot has been taken up, the head of the household still works as a laborer on a plantation, while the familv lives on the 77 lot and does the cultivation. He might, therefore, enter himself as a laborer and not as a farmer. To get such statistics absolutely correct is thus well nigh impossible. The other occupations in which Portuguese show up strongly are those of mechanics, merchants, clerks, salesmen and ranchers. The latter are chiefly found in the two Konas. Of professional people, the Portuguese claim 31, The Japanese showr the largest number of unskilled laborers, viz: Ia,394 males, and 2164 females, or 16,558 in all. They further show tup as mechanics, merchants, clerks and salesmen. As merchants they stand next to the Chinese, who have been, and still are, the principal small traders on the islands; but the Japanese are cutting into this business, and in Honolulu they are cutting into the business of the smaller wlite store-keepers. Among the Japanese are twelve doctors. In all, 91 claim to belong to the professional classes. The Chinese have 10o.41 employed as unskilled laborers, showing that the balance of unskilled labor is much in favor of the Japanese. As independent farmers and agriculturalists, the Chinese number 1272. Most of these have only small holdings. They raise vegetables which are largely sold to the white famili.s, and when away from the centers of population, corn, potatoes andt pigs are their chief sources of income. As rice planters they have almost a monopoly, lnumlbering 718 out of 844. In this line the Chinese have been of great benefit to the country. Large areas of land whlich were unfit for ordinary cultivation, great reedcovered swamps, which were the hone of the wild (luck and the water hen, have been nmade productive 1-)b them and nlow yield a fine rent to the owners of the land andl a revenue, in taxation, to the Government. As fishermen, the Chinese stand next to the Hawaiian.,, numbering no less than 294. But the Hawaiian fishermen work chiefly each for tlemnselves or in little companies of from three to half a dozen. The Chinese work in large companies, a firm of small capitalists owning the boats, nets and 78 drying houses and other buildings, and employing their own countrymen at wages, and sometimes with a small interest in the firm, to do the work. If there is one thing that this race understands better than another, it is co-operative labor. By means of it the" get more out of their workers than any other race can obtain out of them. The Chinese take the lead among merchants and traders, more than half of the people so employed being Chinese. They claimu 315 professional people of their race, 15 of whom are doctors. Taking the Americans, British, and Germans, the number employed as unskilled laborers is not large, being, American, =q; British, 66, and German, 163. Their strength shows up among the farmers, mariners, mechanics, merchants, clerks, and salesmen, lawyers, doctors, and other professions, and the various unclassified occupations-such as lunas or overseers, managers of plantations, bookkeepers, and dozens of other means by which trustworthy men are enabled to earn a living for themselves and their families. Taking up the matter of the labor of all the nationalities, it will be seen that the bulk of the unskilled labor is performed by the Japanese and Chinese. these races supplying 27,499 laborers, against 6939 of all other nationalities. That is to say, out of a total of 34,438 unskilled laborers, the percentages are as follows: The Japanese have............ 16,588 or 48. 1 per cent. of the total laborers. The Chinese have............10.941 or 31.8 per cent. of the total laborers. The Portuguese have........... 3,119 or 9.1 per cent. of the total laborers. The Hawaiians have......... 2,837 or 8.2 per cent. of the total laborers. All other nationalities have.... 9.53 or 2.8 per cent. of the total laborers. Total........3........34,438 or 100.00 per cent. Another point of interest is the total number of people in the country having no occupation. To get a result one should fix upon some definite period of work. Such a period would at first glance seem to be between 15 and 60. But such a hard and fast rule does not adequately represent the laboring population of some classes of our population. Take the Portuguese, for in 79 stance, and it will be found that thev commence work in many cases before the age of 15, and continue working long after 6o. And this is true of the other races as well. I have, therefore, taken as my basis all those over 15. The number above 60 years of age is comparatively small, and those who do not work after that age will about counterbalance those under 15 years who do. With this as a basis, the following results are obtained: NATIONALITIES. Hawaiians.................... Part-Hawaiians......... Americans.................... British............... Germ ans................ French.................... Norwegians....... Portuguese............ Japanese..................... l Chinese...................... S. S. Islanders............... Other Nationalities.......... Total................. 'otal Male op- Total Male PopulTotaln P- ulatiorn Un- Per cent without ion Above employed Above Occupation. Fift een. Fifteen. ______Fe 11,250 2,049 18.21 1,731 365 21.75 1,621 87 5.36 1,120 69 6.106 605 48 142 19 13.38 4,187 61 1.45 17,980 1,533 8.52 17,445 835 4.78 297 67 22.55 372 9 2.41 56,798 5,094 8.96. _. - - _ If we deduct Hawaiians, those of part Hawaiian blood, and the South Sea Islanders from the above Table, we find the average of unemployed much lower. Of these there are 13,278 above the age of 15, and 2481 report themselves as unemployed, leaving for other races 43,520 above the age of 15, and 2613 reported as unemployed, which is only 6 per cent of the possible working population. Tie non-workers among the Hawaiians are to be found amoni the young men rather than among the old, for any one who has traveled as much as I have around the group and visited the little outlying villages will have been struck with the great age at which Hawaiians work on their little farms, while the yountger men will not be found at any regular occupation. The volume of Portuguese workers will increase very much during the next six years, for the large mass of Hawaiian born Portuguese is still und(er working age, though many under 15 are already at work. And this accounts for the small number of PERCENTAGE OF NATIONALITIES ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS. NATIONALITIES. 'Ja It I - c'" 00 Cd=. Hawaiians............. Part-Hawaiians......... Americans............. British................. Germans............... French................. Norwegians............ Portuguese............. Japanese............... Chinese................ S. S. Islanders.......... Other Nationalities..... 11,250 1 1,731 1,621 1,120 605 48 142 4,187 17,980 17,445 297 372;cJ I0 24.51 20.12 3.64 5.89 26 34 16.66 13.38 72.51 80.10 62.61 57 58 22.85 00 'i5 W z 33.02 13.58 685 901 859 6.25 1057 9.36 3.51 12.14 7.08 1129 W 7.75 2.19.06...24.50 1.69 236 3.50;' 0._ 2.84 1.33 12 71 4.64 2.64 14.58 11.27.22.10.09 5.72 15.06 CO) 0 Cd Q 4.56 14.17 17.89 23.66 1867 20 83 24.65 6.14 1.45 1.26 1.01 14 25 2.34 1.48 2.43 2.34 1.87 3.30 3.52 2.25.26.60.67 1.34 i t 4.16 2.1 Q;<.32 1.45 7.10 9.01 5.28 4.16 2.81 2.03 1.31 4.70.34 4.30 1.19 8 44 15.11 16.61 11.23 6.25 563 1.89.88 1.68 457 1.17 4.95 3.12 12.02 12.10 16.84 7.23 15.92 3.13 20 82 22.91 12 50 14.79.71 3.20.48 2.89 1.80 8.65.34 2.35 4 03 16.40 06 0.2 0 o P 0 0 C) + Q) cz 0 E00 00 100.00 100.00 86.62 98.55 91.48 95.22 77.45 97.59 ------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 7 _ _ - -- Portuguese appearing as unelployed above the age of 15, for the ranks of the unemployed are recruitel by an appreciable percentage of workers under 15. The French and Germans report no non-workers. The possible number of workers above i5 is reported as 48, while in the Table of employments, 50 French are entered. This m-eans that two French are working vho are untier 15 years of age. The Ger — mans are calculated at 605 possible workers above 15, and as 6o6, workers are returned, it is evident that the same explanations holds good. A detail Table on the opposite page gives tie males of each nationality above tie age of 15, with the percentages of each natiolality engagedl il tie various pursuits. To save botlh space and unnecessary figures, farmers, coffee planters. etc., have been classed togethler under ole lleadl as agriculturalists alli ranchers, andl the professions are massedl undler one lheadl. Here we are struck witl tlhe Proplortions in whicll tie (lifterent natiolalities take up certainl kinds of wxork. Tle P~ortucruese, Chinese, and Japanese are not only numerically the larger numher employed as laborers, I)t they slhow a larger l>ercenta, e of laborers il proportiol to their oWXl llumlbers. It is worthy (of notice, how~ever. tilat in 1890 there was 95.22 per cet of thle wvhole Japanese po-tliationi enlploVedl as laborers. while ini 186, tilhouglI the gross total had increased, the p)ercentag e of those employed in this manniier was 8o.i10 per cent of the total Japanese ipoplllation. Tile percentage of the iPortugiuese and Chilnese laborers remains p)ractically stationary. The nulber of n-art Hawaiians engTagel ill professional pursuits ias increasel from 1.90 of tie whole part-li awaiianl populatiol to 3.12, Which shows the spread of edllcation among this class of people. The bulk of thenm are teachers; lbut otler professions are attracting them. Thle true position of tie Cllinese ulerchait antl trader is also shc-.-::-l bvy this?Ialble. Numerically they seenecl to lominate 82 all other classes of the community; but viewed in the light of this Table they are only 4.70 of the total population of their race, while Americans are 7.Io, and British 9.o0 of their respective nationalities. Could it be possible to know what the relative wealth employed in trading was, the figures would be overwhelmingly in favor of the Americans. Another fact is, that while the proportion of white traders to the total white population has increased, the proportion of Chinese traders has decreased. Naturally, as the proportion of the Japanese laborer to the total Japanese population has decreased, the proportion ot Japanese in other lines has increased. Thus, we find mne:rchants who, in I890 were listed at 0.42 per cent, in 1896 appear as 1.45 per cent of the Japanese population, while Japanese merchants and traders have increased from 0.27 per cent to 1.31 per cent. In all other lines there has been an increase, but not so noticeable as in those mentioned. The number of French in the country is extremely small, and, as can be seen from the Table, they are largely engaged in professions. In point of fact they are priests and teachers. In I890 the French counted 20.94 per cent of their total number under the head of professional men and teach ers, and in the present census they show un with 22.9I per cent. All these calculations have been based upon the male population. The female population claims notice. There has been a decided increase among female wage earners. In I890 there were in all 2143 females who reported themselves as workers, or 5.2 per cent of the total workers. In 1896 there were 3589 female workers reported, or 6.9 per cent of the total workers. Of these the Japanese women take the lead with 2426, of whom 2164 are entered as laborers. As the total number of female laborers is 2411, the Japanese furnish 89.3 per cent of this class, while all other nationalities furnish 10.7 per cent. It is interesting to look down the column of professional life. Here the American females stand easily first. Of a total 83 of 282 females professionally employed, I4r are Americans, or exactly 50 per cent. The main part of these are school teachers. The British females rank next, with 50 professionals, or I7.7 per cent. Part-Hawaiians follow, with 34, or I2.06 per cent, and then Hawaiians, with 2I, or 7.4 per cent. A number of women put themselves down as "Other Occupations," and among these are doubtless some who should be classed as clerks, for, from an intimate knowledge of the country, I am thoroughly satisfied that there are more than eighteen women engaged in such occupation. Then again, some womnen object to entering their occupation, as some object to entering their correct age. Of course, among women of other occupations are also classed typewriters, dressmakers, and a number of occupations which are not tabulated separately. There are many other points which can be brought out of this Table. I have only indicated a few, but the student of sta+;stics can easily obtain for himself what he desires. / X; J-1 ) J Ir TABLE XII. Classification of each nationality and sex, as married, unmarried, widowed divorced, and statistics of children born and children surviving. __ NATIONALITY. Hawaiian males. --- —--- Hawaiian females. ------ Totals- - -........... Part-Hawaiian males ---- Part-Hawaiian females — Totals -............. Haw. born foreign males Haw. born foreign fem... Totals ---------- American males. ---—. — American females ------ Tctals..-.. ---...... British males. --- —---—.. British females --—.-. ---Totals. —. —........ German males..-.-...-... German females-.... — Totals,........... French miales --—... ---French females -. --- —-. Totals —. ---.-......... Norwegian males --—.-. Norwegian females...... Totals... ---......-... Portuguese males --—.-. Portuguese females_.._.. Totals. --- —...-.. --- Japanese males -----—.Japanese females --—... — Totals. --- —.......... Chinese males. --------—.. Chinese females. --—. —.. Totals --—. ---...-. — - S. S. Islander males —.. S. S. Islander f emales --.. Totals -----—. ----.... Other Nationalities male Other Nationalities femrn. Totals.....-....Total Males -------- Total Females.. --- —Grand Total --------- I I i I i i I I I I i I I CB 0 ro 0 0 1,482 1-4 82 **d 16 0 133 145 278 0 E-4 16,399 14,620 31.019 11 0 cu rd - 0 X" ___ I~~~~~~~~ ---- ___ 30 Ef - 'D 5,535 6,455 11990 9,249 6,405 15-54 1,615 1615 5,805 27,994 16,659 5.805 27.994 16.669 817 3,354 ( 58 20 4,249.... 970 3,116 111 39 4,236 904 4,031 3,028 1,787 6,470 I 111 58 59 8.485 904 4,031 3,028 123 6,923 7 5 7,058 ---- --—.... 180 6,476 16 - 3 6,675 154 545 484 3u3 13,399 16I 7 8 13,733 154 545 484 616" 80. '.. 70 18 1,574 [... -- 361 -271 52 ---- 8 692 294 941 731 977 7,141 52 70 26 2,266 294 941 731 435 53 ---- 46 10 1,054... -- 2-3 127 70 — 4- 4 484 260 1,158 883 718 690 70 46 -14 1,538 260 1,158 883 192 86 20 ---- ---- 298 174 776 610 469 390 20 26 7 912 174 776 610 17 24 - -4 1 46 --—.-~ 7 21 1 -— 29 3 18 11 24 45 1 4 1 75 3 18 11 73 67 24 1 145 4 ---' 51 17 3 ---- --- 71 46 204 168 124 84 3 4 1 216 46 204 168 3,190 1,312 - 87 7 4,596 {-.. 2,714 777 136 - 9 3,636 2,32713.222 9,476 5,904 2,089 136 87 16 8,232 2,327 13,222 9,476 4,212.3,864 - 68 14 18,158 _ ---- i.... 3,184 945 35 ---- 7 4,171 1,510 2,499 2,218 7,396 14,809 35 68 -_21 22,329 1,510 2,499 2,218 4,027 13,800 122 14 17,963 - - ---- - - - 1,119 246 53 1 1,419 844 2,436 2,133 98"-i8T 5-,6 4 — ` -~-4 - --- ----— ~ 73 33 2.. 1 19 34 76 49 -- 171 -_-_f _ _ __ ---- 6...- --- _ — 7& 5 — 171 215 2 16 55 409 34 76 49 140 199... 17 5 361. -- I 45 14 4....-63 36 139 119 185 213 4 17 5 424 36 139 119 19,560 50,711 ---- 2,007 239 ~72,57 - -- - -- 15,634 18,534 2,118 -- 217 36,503 12,391 54,039 36,569 1~1~"'i~~~~~... - ~ 35,1941 69.245 1 2.118 1 2.007 I 456 109.020 1 12.391 1 54,039 36,569 - L - 7__'_ __ _: 1 __ _ --- -- - _ - _ _ _ _ - - - _ - - - _ _ - - _ - -1. - _ - _ - ---- -- - - _ - _. _-_ _ _ _ - - - _ i TABLE XII-A. Classification of Hawaiian Born Foreigners, as married, unmarried, widowed, divorced, and statistics of children born and surviving NATIONALITIES. 0 o 5 ~ S | American males --------- 68 328 ---- 3 2 401 -. — -- - American females. --- —- 52 357 10 --- 419 46 185 156 Totals --- —--------- 120 685 10 3 2 820 46 185 156 British males. --- —------- British females ---------- Totals --- ------ German males. ---------- German females --------- Totals --- —---—.... French males. --- — French females --- —----- Totals. —. --- —. --- —Norwegian males ------- Norwegian females ------ Totals ---------—. --- Portuguese males ------ Portuguese females ------ Totals --- —-----—. ---Japanese males...... --- — Japanese females -------- Totals. --- —--- ------ Chinese males ----------- Chinese females. --- —---- Totals ------------ --- S. S. Islander males —.... S. S. Iblander females. --- Totals --- —-... --- —--- Other Nationalities male Other Nationalities fernTotals.. --- ——...-....Total Males. --- —----- Total Females- ---—.. Grand Totals-.... —. 31 316 -- - 2 3 352 46 308 4 2 360 43 170 151 77 624 4 2 5 712 43 170 151 5 247 ---- 252 21 247 ---- --- 268 16 55 49 26 494 ---- 520 16 55 49 2 7. 1 ---- 10.. 3 2 1 --- ---- 16 3 8 8 5 19 1 ---- 26 3 8 8 71 --- ---- 71 1 90 - -- 91 2 3 3 1 161 ------ 162 2 3 3 5 3,601 ---- --- - 3,606 34 3,319 --- - 3,353 26 72 70 39 66,920 ---- -- ---- 6,959 26 72 70 1,054 --- — 1,054 1.024 -------— 1,024 2,078 2,.... 8 1,195 -- 1 --- 1,204 ---- 21 1,009) - --- ---- 1,030 16 47 43 29 2,204 -— 1-2,234 16 47 43 1 20 21 1 23.. i25 1 4 3 2 43 1. ---- 46 1 4 3 3 84 8-. — -...87 -- 1 87 ---- ---- 1 1 1 4 171 -- 176 1 1 1 123 6,923 — 7.... 7.. 8 180 6476 16 3 6675 154. ---- I 303 13,399 16 71 8 I13,733 1 154 545 484 TABLE XII. CLASSIFICATION BY EACH NATIONALITY AND SEX ACCORDING TO MARRIAGE RELATIONS, AND CHILDREN PBORN AND SURVIVING. The first thing that strikes one in this Table is that the total of the married n-en exceeds the total of the married women, not paying any attention to the number of widowers, widows, or divorced, though these would not affect the ratio to any extent, as the total widows amount to 2118, the widowers to 2007, and the divorced males to 239, while the divorced females are reported as 217. The excess of married men is easily accounted for. A considerable number of Chinese and Japanese return themselves as married whose wives remain in their own countries. It is no uncommon thing for a Chinese who has made money here -o return to China, buy a wife, whom hle leaves in charge of his parents. Others have had wives before coming here and have left them at home. And this latter is also true of the American and European foreigners, though not to any large extent. The total excess of married males over married females is 3826. While the Japanese married males exceed the married females by 1028, and the Chinese males married exceed the Chinese females married by 2908, it follows that wives for a number of these, as also wives for other foreigners, should )e found among the Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians. And this the figures show. The excess of Hawaiian married females over married Hawaiian males is 920; of married part-Hawaiian females over married part-Hawaiian males 153, or I073 in all. Ss PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION MARRIED AND UNMARRIED. Number Number Per Cent Per Cent Total NATIONALITIES. Over of Per Cent 15 Years. Married. Married. Married, ~married. Hawaiian males --- —-------- 11,250 7,150 63 56 36.44 100.00 Hawaiian females --- —------ 9,778 8,215 84.02 15.98 100.W0 Part-Hawaiian males ------ 1,731 895 51.70 48.30 100.00 Part-Hawaiian females -- - - - 1,727 1,120 64.85 35.15 100.00 Haw. born foreigner males — 445 136 30.34 69.66 100.00 Haw. b'rn foreigner females 444 199 44.82 55.18 100.00 American males — --- ---- 1,473 704 47.79 52.21 100.00 American females- 592 421 71.11 28.89 100.00 British males 1,008 491 48.71 51.29 1-0.00 British females -------- 436 357 81.88 18.12 100.00 German males ------ 579 310 53.54 46.46 100.00 German females.. -------- 258 212 82 17 17.83 100.00 French males. --- —---- 46 22 47.83 52.17 100.00 French females.. 88 28.57 71.43 100.00 Norwegian males. -------- i 138 78 56.52 43.48 100.00 Norwegian females. 65 54 831.08 16.92 100.00 Portuguese males. -- 1 4.59 6 3,284 71.45 28.55 100.00 Portuguese feaes3,199 2,859 89.37 10.63 100.00 Japanese males. --- —-- 17,978 4,294 213.83 76.12 100.00 Japanese females.__..__- 4,064 3,226 79.38 20.62 100.00 Chinese males._______ 17,383 4,163 23.95 76 05 100.00 Chinese females ----- 1,69 1,173 92.43 7.,57 100.00 S. S. Islander males. ------- 296 118 39 86 60.14 100.00 S. S. Islander females ----- 105 76 72.38 I 27.62 100.00 Otber Nationalities m ales_< 35.5 162 45.63.54.37 100.00 Other Nationalities females. 56 4 8.5' 12.150 109.00 Total Males --------- 57,27 8 21,806 38.07 61.93 100.00 Total Females. --- —-- 22,021 17,969 81.60 18 40 1CO.00 Total of All-.. ----------- 79,299 39,77 50.16 49.84 100.00 ---- 89 According to the last census, the excess of married males over married females was 2680. The excess of Japanese married males over Japanese married females was 863, an(d of Chinese I8I0. This excess was to be accounted for on precisely similar lines to those laid down as an explanation in this census. There was also a similar excess of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian married women amounting in all to 805. Comparing with the tables of 1890, and counting in widows, widowers and divorced persons, it will be found that there has been not only an increase in the actual number of the married persons, but an increase in the ratio of married to single. Thus, in I890, there were 36.87 per cent males and 72.98 per cent females above 15 years of age who were, or had been, married. According to the detail Table here given, in 1896 the married males had increased to 38.07 per cent, and the married females to 81.6o per cent of the population above 15 years. The Chinese shqw the least amount of married females, within the age mentioned, viz: 7.57 per cent. In this they have changed places with the Japanese during the period of six years. At the last census it was the Japanese who headed the list, with only 6.71 per cent of unmarried women. At present there are 20.62 per cent of the Japanese marriageable females unmarried, and it is safe to say that a considerable number of these are leading an immoral life. By casting the eye down the Talle it will be seen that pretty nearly all the women available for marriage, are married. Seeing that the percentage is calculated on all women over 15, and that with a large number marriage does not take place till between I8 and 20, the deduction, that the women of the country are married as soon as possible, is evidently correct. A rate of 18.40 per cent of unmarried women is a very small one indeed. TBut when we have 6I.93 per cent of the male population unmarried, and also remember that a considerable number of Chinese and Japanese, though entered as married, have left their wives in their resoective countries, the percentage of unmarried women looks MATERNITY STATISTICS. NATIONALITIES. Hawaiians....................... 14,620 Part-Hawaiians.................. 4,236 Hawaiian born foreigners........ 6,675 Americans....................... 692 British......................... 484 Germans........................ 298 French........................... 29 Norwegians...................... 71 Portuguese...................... 3,636 Japanese......................... 4,171 Chinese........................... 1,419 S. S. Islanders............ 10 Other nationalities............... 63 Total........................ 36,503;-2 l. z 9,778 1,727 444 592 436 258 28 65 3,199 4,064 1,269 105 56 k. >1 I ~ 66.88 40.76 6.65 85.54 90.08 86.57 896.55 91.54 87.98 97.43 89.42 96.33 88.88 o II 8,215 1,120 199 42l 357 212 8.54 2,859 3,226 1,173 76 49 2i2 P, l 84.01 64.85 44.82 71.11 81.88 82.17 28.57 83.07 89.34 79.38 92.43 72.38 87.50 22s2 oz 5.805 904 15t 294 260 174 3 46 2,327 1.510 844 34 36 5___ 59.36 52.34 34.68 49.66 59.63 67.44 10.71 70.77 72.42 37. 1 66.50 32.38 64.28 o 2 27,994 4,031 545 941 1,158 776 18 204 13,222 2,499 2,436 76 139 3.20 4.4,5 4.6982 4.45i 3..54 3.20 4.45 4.69 600 4.43 5.68 1.65 2.88 2.23 3 86 oc:.. > >.16,659 59.50 3,028 75.12 484 88 80 o 731 77.68 885 76.25 610 78.60 11 61.11 168 82.35 9,476 71.67 2,218 88.75 2,133 87.56 49 64.47 119 85.61 36,569 67.67 22 021 I 60.32 17,969 81.60 12,391 56.26 54,039 4.36 - - - I - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -- -- - I -~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 91 very small indeed, and social conditions must exist which are anything but satisfactory from a moral standpoint. The low rate of marriage among the Hawaiians born of foreign parents is undoubtedly due to the fact that so many of these are below the age of 20, and that marriages before that age are not common. There were only, in point of fact, 889 Hawaiians born of foreign parents, available for matrimony out of a total of I3,733, which means that of this class of the population 12,844 are under the age of I5. During the next six years there will be much marrying and giving in marriage among these, and the marriage statistics will have a very considerable addition from them. In close relation with these statistics are those of maternity, which are here tabulated in detail from Table XII. These can be compared with the statistics of 1890. The nercentare of mothers or of women who have borne children to the total number of women above the age of i;, which may be considered, physiologically, the age of notherhood, runs as follows: Portuguese.......................................72.42 per cent. Norwegian........................................70.77 per cent. v German...........................................67.44 per cent. Chinese....................................... 66.50 per cent. Other nationalities......................64.28 per cent. British...........................................59.63 per cent. Hawaiian................................ 36 per cent. Part-H awaiian................................... 52.34 per cent. American..........................................49.66 per cent. Hawaiian born of foreign parents................. 34.68 per cent. Japanese.....................................37.15 per cent. S. S. Islanders......................................32.38 per cent. French............................................10.71 per cent. This order very closely agrees with the order of the Census of I890, which- ran: Portuguese........................................76.90 per cent. Norwegian........................................76.19 per cent. Germ an...........................................62.10 per cent. Other nationalities..................................1.86 per cent. Chinese...........................................55. 70 per cent. 92 Hawaiian..54.32 per cent. British....................... 53.68 per cent. Part-Hawaiian..................................52.34 per cent. American........................................52.28 per cent. Hawaiian born of foreign parents..................36.06 per cent. S. S. Islanders.....................................27.75 per cent. Japanese..........................................25.67 per cent. French.............................................20.83 per cent. Taking the average number of children born to each mother, the order is as follows: French..........................................................6 Portuguese.................................... 5.68 H aw aiian..................................................4.82 German..........................4.69 Part-Hawaiian..............................................4.45 British.......................................................4.45 Norwegian................................4.43 Other nationalities......................................... 3.86 Hawaiian born of foreign parents.............................3.54 American...............................................3.20 Chinese.....................................................2.88 S S. Islanders.................................. 2.88 Japanese.....................................................1.65 The Census of 180o gives the following order for these statistics: Portuguese................................................. 4.83 H aw aiian...................................................4.70 Part-Hawaiian...............................................4.02 N orw egian................................................3.98 G ermw egian......................................................3.97 GCer111~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ man~~~~~~~r~ ~~1...3.97 Other nationalities........................................,,.3.93 B ritish.......................................................3.45 Hawaiian born foreign....................... 2.85 Chinese......................................................2.73 American................................................. 2.62 French......................................................2.20 S. S. Islanders...............................................2.12 Japanese.........................................1.56 Here there is quite a change. The average of the Hawaiian has risen froni the eighth to the third place, and practically to the second, for it is only the fact of an abnormally large family and the very few mothers that ntuts the French at the top of ihe 93 list. The Portuguese average, spread out as it is among 2327 mothers, is really very large. But the most interesting part in the statistics of this Table is the column giving the proportion of children surviving 1o those born. It is not the number of births; it is the number that survive, that should be specially regarded. When these are considered, an entirely different order is shown. The percentage of children surviving runs as follows: Hawaiian born of foreign parents...................88.80 per cent. Japanese..................................... 88.7.5 per cent. Chinese........................................87.56 per cent. Other foreigners.......................... 85.61 per cent. Norwegian............................... 82.35 per cent. Germ an...........................................78.60 per cent. American...................................... 77.68 per cent. British.............................................76.25 per cent. Part-Hawaiian.....................................75.12 per cent. Portuguese......................... 71.67 per cent. S. 8. Islanders................................ 4.47 per cent. French............................................61.11 per cent. Hawaiian.........................................59.50 per cent. The Census for 1890 for the same column gave the following: Chinese.......................................... 92.21 per cent. Japanese................................... 86.70 per cent. Hawaiian born of foreign parents..................86.58 per cent. Other foreigners...............................80.19 per cent. German......................................79.25 per cent. Norwegian.........................................78.53 per cent. British.................:.......... 78.15 per cent. American........................................75.14 per cent. Part-Hawaiian.................. 71.60 per cent. Portuguese.................................. 70.37 per cent. S. S. Islanders...................................67 per cent. French............................................54.54 per cent. Hawaiian........:................................54.07 per cent. The increase of survivors among Hawaiians is noticeable and satisfactory. It shows that these people are taking greater care of the rising generation. But to give us a proper guide sto the increase of the various races, we should have quarterly 94 reports of births and deaths throughout the islands, and it would be better to have monthly ones. A general round-up once in six years does not give the detail required. The comparison of the Table shows that the census takers have done their duty fairly well, in as much as the Tables of I890 vary very little from those of I896. To reach such a result is eminently satisfactory. TABLE XIII. Classification of Population, by Nationality and Sex, of those able to read and write and those attending school. 1 NATIONALITY. o. n.3 12,187 10,061 'd ag W 3 973 2,973 Ca d F0 0E: 2 11,012 8.959 19,971 9 2.486 433 58 2,091 369 147 4,577 802 Hawaiian males.............. Hawaiian females........... Totals................... Part Hawaiian males....... Part Hawaiian females... - Totals..................... Haw b'n foreigners males. Haw b'n foreigners temalesT otals................... American males............ American female.........-.. Totals................... I 22.248 ] 6,946 2,922 2,169 1,722 108 917 361 2.455 1,911 1,614 57 773 362 5,377 J 4,on60 __ 3,336 165 1,690 723 1,921 1,797 160 244 1.747 594 1,763 1,641 82 208 1,397 516 3,681 3,43,8 242 452 3,144 1,110 1,201 1.178 7 156 24 31 ~ 571 569 17 65 27 27 1,772 1,747 114 22-1 51 58 British males............... 93 987 11 11l 24 British females.............. 454 450 14 61 4 Totals.........1,447 1,437_ 115 172 48 German maes............... 539 413 7u 447 17 German female............. 237 1159 3 201 13 Totals................... 776 572 73 648 30 French males................ 42 35 21 28 1 French females.............. 27 25 2 26 1 l'Totals..................... * 69 60 23 54 2 Norwegian males............ 19 105 7 2 6 Norwegian females.......... 54 40 1 42 5 Totals............ - 173 145 | 8 134 11 Portuguese males............ 1,392 8':3 108 878; 44 Portuguese females.......... 860 512 27 480 171 7i1 - _ __ __ Totals......... *-.. 2,25- 3 135 1,358 415 Japanese males........ -.... 10,597 285 68 10,549 54 Japanese females............ 1,297 28 1,273 17 Totals.................... 11,894 313 74 11,822 71 Chinese males.............. 9 - 010 485 213 8,843 117 Chinese females.............. 354 42 13 324 23 Totals....................9. 9,364 527 226- 9,167 140 S. S. Islander males........ 115 21 37 75 7 S. S. Islander females..... 48 7 10 34 2 Totals................... 163 28 47 109 9 Other Nationalities males... 269 206 46 217 6 Other Nationalities females. 50 3744 1 Totals..................... 319 243 47 261 7 Total Males............... 41,307 12,477 13,662 21,837 5,650 Total Females.......... 18,231 8,394 10,749 2,873 4,545 ri.ndA Ttal q _M_ 1.Is 20.871 124.411 24.710 10.105 22 39 1 1 14 103 246 47 21 68 351 124 473 ____~2 1. 31 1,994 1,555 a *>1 -. -.. - - - -- ---- ---- - '- I - 1 --- I- - - - - I - ~- V I VVL _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~& --- I TABLE XIII. CLASSIFICATION BY NATIONALITY AND SEX OF THOSE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE, AND ATTENDING SCHOOL. A new departure has been made in this Table in order to obtain an insight not only into the numbers who can actually read and write, but who can read and write English, Hawaiian, and any other language. In some cases a person can do all three. It is quite possible that an inaccuracy may have crept into these Tables, for those who filled them, in some instances, would state that they could read and write, and then failed to state what language they did read and write, and this will account for the slight difference in the total of Americans and British who read and write, and those of the same nationalities who read and write English; but the difference is small: among the Americans, 35; and amonf- the British, IO. NATIONALITIES. Number Over 6 Per cent Able to Years. Write. Years. Read and Write. Hawaiian................... 26,495 83.97 Part-Hawaiian.........................95... Part-Hawaiian. ~5,895 91.21 Hawaiian born foreigners.............. 5394 68.29 *Americans............................ 2,060 86.02 ritench................................... 75 92.00 British.r1,516 95.44 Germans..... 899 86.31 French. 75 9.0 Norwegians.................................... 215 80.46 Portuguese....................................,089 27.84 Japanese....................................... 22,189 53.60 Chinese................................... 19,317 48.47 S. 8. Islanders................................ 407 40 05 Other Nationalities............... 423 75.41 * 130 sailors of U. S. S. Adams not tabulated. In the accompanying Table the percentage of those able to read and write is given, according to all nationalities, and from this may be judged the relative illiteracy of the races. This lies 98 chiefly among the Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, and South Sea Islanders. The reason that the Hawaiian born foreigners do not stand higher is, that among them are so many children just over 6 years of age, who are just beginning to go to scho l, and who could not be returned as able to read and write, although they had as a body commenced to learn. Comparing with previous years, we find the results as follows: EiNumebet vr Per cent. Able YEAR. umber Over 0 to Read and Years. Write. 884.................................... 70,382 55.43 1890........................................... 78,571 48.85 1896................ 93,105 63.90 This rise in the percentage of those able to read and write is undoubtedly due to the fact that in this Census all who can read and write, no matter in what language, were taken cognizance of. But the figures should be combine 1 in a somewhat different way. T. Number Above 6 Number Able to! Per cent Able to NATIONALITIES. IYears. H Head and Read and Years. i Write. Write. Hawaiians and Part Hawaiians 32,390 27,625 85.28 Americans and Europeans other than Portuguese.......... 5,319 4,556 85.65 Portuguese................... 8,089 2,252 27.84 Japanese, Chinese, S.S.Isl'ders. j 41,913 21,421 51.10 In this the Hawaiian keeps up his reputation for literacy. Few people can show as high a percentage as this. The Portuguese will improve very much in the next six years, for all that mass of Portuguese born on the islands, will be able to read and write. It will be noted that 26.2I per cent of the Hawaiians, and 69.2I per cent of the part-I-Iawaiians, are able to read and write English. This percentage will rise with every year. 99 In considering the school population, I have to take as a basis those of school age. This is the only thing that can be done, but it cannot be exact in reference to the percentage of those going to school, because a considerable number over school age attend school, and, now that kindergartens have been opened, a large number of children under school age do also. This necessarily raises the number of those in attendance at school Referring to the official report of the Board of Education published in I896, the number of children over school age was reported as 533, and the number below school age was 853, or 139I in all. This was I5.29 per cent of the total number. The Census shows that there are I4,286 children between the ages of 6 and 15, or the legal school age, and that the number attending school was I3,744. This would give 96.20 per cent of those of school age attending school. But this. of course, does not allow for pupils below and above the school age. Estimating these at 15 per cent, as they were reported in I896, it will make 206I pupils to be deducted as being above or below school age, and this would make the Table read: Number within school age, 14,286; number of pupils within school age attending school, 11,683. Percentage of those within school age attending school, 8i.77 per cent. However, that is not the way the comparison was made last time. Of course, there was not so much need for a correction, because the kindergartens were not then in full swing, as they are now; but still there was a need, and Dr. Rodgers referred to it. Taking figures upon the old basis, we get: 1884-Number within school age 12,333..........Percentage attendin? school. 70.73 1890-Number within school age 12,099..........Percentage attending school, 81.59 1896-Number within school age 14,286..........Percentage attending school, 96.20 In the following Table, which gives the percentage of each nationality attending school, I have not worked out the percentages of the French and South Sea Islanders, because the numbers are so small that the per cents appear ridiculous. Of the French, there is one child of school age, while three are 100 returned as going to school. This would make 300 per cent attending, which is absurd; but it is quite explainable when we think that in the case of two of the French children attendingl school, either or both may be above 15 or below 6; and the same is true of the South Sea Islanders. NATIONALITIESchool. hool A ing School. Hawaiians...................................5,47. 39 Part-tiawaiians............................ 2,497 99.01 Hawaiian born foreigners...................4,505 94.40 Americans................................... 126 86.50 British............... 7, 82.75 Germ ans...................................... 62 82.25 French........................................ 1 Over Norwegians................................... 12 100.(0 Portuguese..................................... 7 4 5.40 Japanese.......................... 147 94.55 Chinese.........665 9.48 S. S. Islanders.. 6 Over S. S. Islanders.................................. 6 Over Other nationalities.................. 12 83.33 _ Total........_......................... 14,286 96.20 lhe system for enforcing the law for bringing children into school is leculiarly efficient in these islands. Very few children of school age escape being obliged to attend school. The reason that the American, English andl German do not stand among tlie 90 per cent is, that in many cases their children are educated at home by governesses until they are 7 or 8 years of age, and:l others are educated entirely at honme. There are very few countries, however, where education is so universal, and in a few dlecadles, if things go on as they are now doing, there will be very few indeed who cannot read and write English. Those who are illiterate come to us from abroad. The Hawaiian school system is by no means perfect, but it enables those who have 'ts advantages to read and write English. The 13,744 pupils:n school are all taught in English. TABLE XIV. Classification by Nationality and Sex of Owners of Real Estate and Owners of lomes. OWN REAL ESTATE. NATIONALITIES. Hawaiians........... Part Hawaiians...... Haw. born foreigners.. Americans........... British.............. Germans............ French.............. Norwegians.......... Portuguese.......... Japanese............ Chinese............. S. S. Islanders....... Other Nationalities... Maie. 2,570 400 98 220 198 83 10 24 393 93 190 2 57 emnale, Total..1 I I 1,425 322 62 53 53 11 *... 3 45 4 5 2 4 OWN HOUSE THEY LIVE IN. 3,995 722 160 273 251 94 10 27 438 97 195 4 61 i i I Male. Female. 2,432 668 305 151 44 24 164 28 134 33 87 9 Total. 3,100 456 68 192 167 96 8 20 695 345 758 2 59 7 19 645 335 745 2 56 1 1 50 10 13 3 Totals........... 4,338 1,989 6,327 I I 4,975 991 5,966 TABLE XIV-A. Classification of Hawaiian Born Foreigners by Nationality and Sex, as Owners of Real Estate and Owners of Homes. OWN REAL ESTATE. OWN HOUSE THEY LIVE IN. NATIONALITIES. I Male. Female. Total. Male. Femle. Total. Americans.......... 50 34 84 21 13 34 British............. 29 15 44 10 7 17 Germans............ 6 3 9 4 2 6 French.............. 1 21 1 2 Norwegians.......... 1. 1........... Portuguese........... 5 7 12 3.... 3 Japanese........... I... 1........ Chinese............. 5 1 6 4 1 5 S. S. Islanders........................ Other Nationalities.... 1 1 1. Totals........... 98 62 160 44 24 68 II II -------— ` —. —`~ --- I ~.~.-.. = = == = _ _. _ _ _ _._ - - -- -- - - I~-1 —~- _'-.- - 1 --- - - 1 - _ — _ —~ —~ --- _~ — _ —~._~~~- _... _... _ TABLE XIV. REAL ESTATE AND HOME OWNERS. In this Table an effort has been made to get the number of real estate owners, and the number of those owning the houses they live in. These columns were constructed in order to enable one to judge how thrifty the various races were. The result of the figures makes a good showing for the Hawaiians and partHawaiians. The total real estate owners reporting themselves in I890 was 4695; while the total real estate owners reporting in I896 was 6327, an increase of I632 owners. This increase, it is safe to say, is due to the homesteaders, and the main part of it is divided among the Hawaiians, part-Hawaiians and Portuguese. These three nationalities report as follows: NATIONALITIES. 1890. 1896. Increase. Haw. Owners of Real Estate.. 3,271 3,995 724 Part-Haw. Owners Real Estate 395 722 327 Portuguese Owners Real Estate 234 438 204 10 Other Nat Owners R. Estate 795 1,172 377 That is to say, that while the three nationalities mentioned have had an increase of 1255 owners of real estate, all other nationalities have only increased 377. To my mind, this shows the growth of the homestead plan, for the bulk of this increase must be amongst this class, and the nationalities of those who claim the increase prove the fact. Of the area of land owned, it has been impossible to get correct statistics. The attempt was made in 1890, but the returns were manifestly incorrect, and it was decided by the Board of Education to make no effort to obtain figures which would prove to be misleading. 104 The increase in the number of Hawaiian owners since I890 shows that under the Republican Government those of Hawaiian, blood have had a full chance of obtaining homes for themselves, and that they are not being "hounded from the soil," as has been frequently represented, but that every effort is made to induce them to become owners, and that success has, in a great measure, crowned the effort. The column headed: "Owns the House He or She Lives In," was framed so as to get at those who own houses on leased land, as well as those who own a house and lot. Many Portuguese, Chinese, and others own houses which they have erected upon leased land. There are, in all, 5966 houses owned by the persons inhabiting them. So that out of the I3,724 residences on the islands, 43.46 per cent are dwelt in by their owners. This is a remarkable showing. Of these dwellings the Hawaiians own.....................................51.94 per cent. Part-Hawaiians own............................... 7.64 per cent. Portuguese own.................................. 11.64 per cent. Chinese own........................................12.70 per cent. Japanese own...................................... 5.78 per cent. Eight other nationalities own.................10.30 per cent. The Hawaiians have their dwellings chiefly upon lands, owned in fee simple or on homestead lots, which will become their property within a term of years. By glancing at Table XIV it will be seen that Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian owners of land exceed the number of those owning housesi while the Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese owners of land are less in number than those owning the houses they live in; and this proves they build on leased land. These Table will afford a basis for comparison in the future, which will give somewhat of a clue to the thrift of the population in obtaining homes for their families. People who acquire permanent homes become valuable citizens, and to watch and foster their progress is the duty of the State. TABLE XV. Classification of Population by Nationalities and Religions. PROTESTANTS. RO1 MAN CATHOLICS. MORMONS. NATIONALITIES.-! —_ t — --- Male. I Female. Total. M| ale. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Hawaiians....... 6,505 6,337 12,842 4,260 4,167 8,427 2,353 2,015 4,368 Part Hawaiians. 1,619 1,623 3,242 1,263 1,370 2,633 211 185 396 Haw. b'n for'gners 879 922 1,801 3,423 3,199 6,622 9 6 15 Americans....... 900 504 1,404 165 47 212 26 8 34 British......... 799 385 1,184 23 57 180 6 1 7 Germlans......... 447 145 592 53 30 83 2.... 2 French.......... 1 5 6 38 19 57..... Norwegians...... 102 52 154 6 2 8.... Portuguese 79 7 14 34 3 7812 1.... 79 67 146 4,346 3,466 7,812 1 Japanese........ 530 181 711 37 12 49 4.... 4 Chinese......... 677 160 837 59 8 67 47 2 49 S. S. Islanders.... 117 61 178 37 5 42.... 3 3 Other Nationalities 133 43 176 156 15 171 7.... 7 Total....... 12,788 10,485 23,273 13,966 ' 12,397 26,363 I 2,666 2,220 4,886 I~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ TABLE xv. RELIGIONS: PROTESTANT, ROMAN CATHOLIC, ANI MORMON. In the last Census the religions were not asked for. It was decided on this occasion to obtain the statistics of the Protestants, Catholics (Roman), and Mormon. In a matter of this kind a large number of people decline to state what their religion is, and with our large Asiatic population there is a large number of Buddhists, followers of Confucius, etc. With these and their many varying sects, the statistics had nothing to do. The total number of people making returns as to their religion on the lines laid down was 54,522. Deducting this number from the whole population of 109,020, we find 54,498 who did not return themselves as of any religion. The Chinese and Japanese number 46,023. Of these 1717 return themselves in some one of the columns of the Table. This leaves 44,306 who must be Bud'dhists, etc, and deducting this number from the total of 54,498; who made no returns, we have I0, 92 Hawaiians, Europeans>. and Americans who either profess no religion or who decline to say of what religion they are. Taking those who have returned themselves as belonging to these three divisions, the total is 54,522 or 50.01 per cent of the whole population. Of this number, 23,273, or 42.68 per cent, are Protestants; 26,363 or 48.36 per cent, are Roman Catholics, and 4886, or 8.96 per cent, are Mormons. If we calculate with the whole population as a basis, we find that 21.35 per cent are Protestants, 24.18 per cent are Roman Catholics, and 4.48 per cent are Mormons; and 49,c9 per cent are Buddhists, other Eastern creeds, or profess no form of religion. 108 Ci the 25,637 H —awaiians whio make returns muler this Table,2 12,842, or 50.09 per cent, are Protestants; 8417, or 32.87 per cent, are Roman Cathiolics, and 4368, or 17.04 per cent, are Mormnoui-. In fact, the strengyth of the Mormions lies amionoy the Hawallans,c-and part-H1awaiians —the other races contributing but few. Of the 7959 Portuguese of foreign birth making) returns, 146 ~or 1.84 per cent are Protestants and 98.15 per cent Roman Catholics. A considerable number of this nationality appears also under Hawvaiian-born foreign,,,ers. And this is clearlv shown bv the fact t-hat so man v 1 awaiian born foreigners are Romlan Catholics, th-IIe litunller stan(Jinlg: Total, 8438; Protestant, i8oi, or 21.34 per cent, atnd the Roman Catholics, 6622, or 78.-48 per cent. Of the Japanese, 764 report themislves as Christians. O..f thecse 71 1, or 93.06 per cent, are Protestants, and 49, or 6.42 per cent, ar-e R)omian Ca tholics. Thie Mfornons also claim" 4 Of thi nationality. Thie Chiniese report 9153 Christiais, Of whom1 837,,or 8`7.83 per cent, are Protestants, and 67, or 71.03 per cent, are Roman Cathol'ics, while 4.9 rellort themiselves as MTNorm-ons. The (letail Table giIven below, tocrethcr with the main Table, wvill furnish all inforn.,ation needed ILv those wvho (lesire to gro into this (question more (leeplvy than this report (loes. Its tItity is to -ive the facts as far as obtainable. I1nade Ilv other hands. The (leluctions ml-ust be I NATIONALITI ES. Ilawaiians......... Hawaiian born foreigners.... Americans.......... British............ Gernmans........... French............ 'Norwegians......... Portuguese.......... Japanese........... Chine-se............ $k. S. Islanders......... Other nationalities...... Totals.......... Totals. 215,637 6,271 8,438 I 6.50 1,371 677 63 16 i 764 953 223 3,54 5 -i4,,5 22 lPer ceent of Protr stants..50. 09 51.70 21.34 85.09 8 6. 136 ( 87.44 9. 54 195 06 1.84 93.06Y 87.83 79.S2 4 9. 72 Per ('ent rf Catho-i l ics.I 41.9.9 78.48 12.85 13.13 12.26 4.94 198.15 6 42 7.03 18 83 48.30 Per cent 'Total Per of Mor- cent. mons. 1 7. 04 100.00 6 31 100.00.18 100.00 2,06 100.00.51, 100.00.30 1.00.00 100 00.. 100.00.01 100.90.52 100 00 5.14 100.00 1.35 100000 1.98 100.00 8.96 100.00 I 42). (8 -48.36 I TABLE XVI. TABLE Buildings, Inhabited, Uninhabited and in Course of OAHU. 605 Buildings used as Plantation Quarters..........containing 4,869 persons 7 " " Jails and Lock-ups, including Reformatory School......... 269 " 7 " " Hospitals and Asylums......... 344 81 " Hotels and Boarding Houses.... 668 " 157 " Lodging Houses................ 1,764 ' 10 " " Boarding Schools............. 732 5,816 " ' Private Residences.............. 31,464 " I " a Drill Shed.................... 1 " 1 Barracks........................ 94 6,685 40,205 " Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 212 Brick Buildings. 61 Stone Buildings. 7,432 Wooden Buildings. 43 Grass Buildings. 62 of Other Materials. 7,810 including 47 Churches. HAWAII. 1,238 Buildings used as Plantation Quarters............containing 12,878 persons 8 Jails and Lock-ups............ 163 7 " " Hospitals and Asylums.... 35 " 23 " " Hotels and Boarding Houses.. "106 14 " " Lodging Houses............... " 43 3 " Boarding Schools............... 100 3,740 " " Private Residences.............. 19,960 5,033 33,.85 Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 99 Stone Buildings. 5,177 Wooden Buildings. 686 Grass Buildings. 65 of Other Materials. 6,027 including 97 Churches. MOLOKAI. 1 Building used as a Jail and Lock-up...............containing 12 persons 6 " " Hospitals and Asylums.......... 12 644 " " Private Residences.............. ". 2,283 651 2,307 Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 9 Stone Buildings. 732 Wooden Buildings. 5 Grass Buildings. 746 including 21 Churches. LANAI. 23 Buildings used as Private Residences...........containing 105 persons 23 105 Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 26 Wooden Buildings. 10 Grass Buildings. 36 including 2 Churches. XV/I f Construction, according to Islands and Districts. MAUI. 738 Buildings used as Plantation Quarters............containing 6,472 persons 7 " Jails and Lock-ups.............. 79 1 " " a Hospital.............. 30 " 6 " " Hotels and Boarding Houses.... 52 " 3 " " Lodging Houses............,.... 15 2 " " Boarding Schools............... 153 2,399 " " Private Residences.............. 10,925 3,156 17,726 " Recapitulation of buildings inhabited. uninhabited and in course of construction: 1 Brick Building. 75 Stone Buildings. 3,421 Wooden Buildings. 305 Grass Buildings. 22 of Other Materials. 3,824 including 55 Churches. mIIHAU. 31 Buildings used as Private Residences.............ccntaining 164 persons 31 164 " Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 31 Wooden Buildings. 3 Grass Buildings. 34 KAUAI. 907 Buildings used as Plantation Quarters............containing 8,025 persons 2 " "Jails and Lock-ups..1............5 " 3 " " Hospitals and Asylums......... " 17 4 " " Hotels and Boarding Houses. " 7 " 31 " Lodging Houses.......... " 204 1 " " a Boarding School.............. " 32 1,372 " " Private Residences.............. " 6,908 2,320 15,228 Recapitulation of buildings inhabited, uninhabited and in course of construction: 2 Stone Buildings. 2,430 Wooden Buildings. 174 Grass Buildings. 21 of Other Materials. 2,627 including 19 Churches. RECAPITULATION OF ALL THE ISLANDS. 3,488 Buildings used as Plantation Quarters............containing 32,244 persons 25 " " Jails and Lock-ups............. " 538 23 " " Hospitals and Asylums........ " 438 114 " " Hotels and Boarding Houses.... " 853 205 " " Lodging Houses.............. " 2,026 16 " " Boarding Schools............. " 1,017 14,026 " " Private Residences......... 71,809 1 " " a Drill Shed............... " 1 l 1 " " a Barracks.................... 94 " 17,899 109,020 Recapitulation of buildings on all the Islands inhabited, uninhabited and in course of cons ruction: 213 Brick Buildings. 246 Stone Buildings. 19,.?49 Wooden Buildings. 1,226 Grass Buildings. 170 of Other Materials. 21,104 including 241 Churches. l l I II i, I l I i I. I I I TABLE XVI. BUILDINGS INHABITED, UNINHABITED, AND IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION, BY ISLANDS. In the Census of I890 the first effort was made to get an enumeration of the dwellings and inhabited buildinp's of all kinds. In this Census a step further has been taken, and the number of inhabited, uninhabited buildings, and those in course of construction, has been noted, together with the material out of which thev have been constructed. In Table I there is a summary of the dwellings by islands and districts, to which reference can be made for special information. This Table deals with the islands, not sub-dividing into districts. The total number of inhabited buildings in I890 was I5.60o, and the total counted at this Census was I7,899. Comparing by islands, we find as follows: INHABITED BUILDINGS. DISTRICTS. 1890. 1896. Oahu......................................... 5,471 6,685 Hawaii...................................... 4,173 5.033 Maui (including Kahoolawe)................... 3,357 3,156 Molokai 651 Lanai2 t..................4................ 2,30 Kauai n 2,320 N iihau o.................................... 2,047 31 114 From this it will be seen that there has been an increase in the number of inhabited buildings on every island, save that of Maui. This is explained by the consolidation of the plantations, alluded to on a previous page, which caused a considerable falling off in the population of one of the districts. There are altogether 650 uninhabited houses on Maui, and allowing for mills, churches, storehouses, etc., it is quite evident that the houses wh:ch are no longer inhabited must be found among these 650. The percentage of people occupying the different classes of houses is as follows: 3,488 Plantation Quarters contain....... 29.58 per cent. of the population. 25 Jails and Lock-ups contain.........49 per cent. of the population. 23 Hospitals and Asylums contain.....40 per cent. of the population. 114 Hotels and boarding houses contain.78 per cent. of the population. 205 Lodging houses contain............ 1.86 per cent. of the population. 16 Boarding schools contain............93 per cent. of the population. 14,026 Private residences contain......... 65.87 per cent. of the population. 1 Drill shed I 1 BDrill shed.0 9.09 per cent. of the population. 1 Barracks 100.00 The average number to each kind of building is as as follows: 3,488 Plantation quarters' average......................... 8.71 persons. 25 Jails and Lock-ups' average...........................21.52 persons. 23 Hospitals and Asylums' average.......................19.05 persons. 114 Hotels and boarding houses' average................... 7.48 persons. 205 Lodging houses' average............................... 9 88 persons. 16 Boarding schools' average.............................56 persons. 14,026 Private residences' average............................ 5.12 persons. 1 Drill shed's average................................... 1.00 persons. 1 Barracks' average..................................... 94.00 persons. 17,899 6.09 In I890 the average number of persons to each inhabit:t e building was 5.73, while now the average is 6.09. The nulmber of hotels and boarding houses has increased very largely, the total renorted in I890 being 50, while under the present enumeration there are I14 reported. Many of these are Japanese boar;ing houses, which have sprung up with the incoming of this class of the population. Lodging houses have also increased from 130 to 205. 115 Below is give ' a detail Table of Honolulu apart from Oahu: HONOLULU (CITY). 68 Buildings used as plantation quarters containing...... 383 persons. 3 Buildings used as Jails and Lock-ups (including Reformatory........................................... 262 persons. 5 Buildings used as Hospitals and Asylums containing.. 273 persons. 78 Buildings used as Hotels and Boarding houses containing............................................. 657 persons. 157 Buildings used as Lodging houses containing......... 1,764 persons. 10 Building; used as Boarding schools containing........ 732 persons. 4,828 Private residences containing........................25,683 persons. 1 Building used as a Drill shed containing.............. 1 person. 1 Building used as a Barracks containing............... 94 persons. 1 Building used as a Receiving Station containing ) 1 Building used as Kapiolani Home............... 71 prsons 5,153 Buildings. '.),920 persons. RECAPITULATION OF ALL BUILDINGS, INHABITED, UNINHABITED, AND IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION. 210 Buildings of Brick. 60 Buildings of Stone. 5,699 Buildings of Wood. 18 Bui dings of Grass. 53 Buildings of Other Materials. 6,049 Buildings, including 26 Churches. The plantation quarters given are to be found among the rice natches and banana plantations, etc., on the outskirts of the city, the limits of which are from Koko Head to the Ewa line an.l up Nuuanu to the Pali. The average in Honolulu is 5.8 person3 to a building, so there is not, evidently, much over-crowding. Were there time and mnoney to make exhaustive tables in this direction a set of tables shoulld be made showing the relative per cent in different districts of the town, and the same tllill shouldl be (lone in taking sub-sections of the country districts. But for details like this the appropriation is entirely insufficient. TABLE XVII. Dwellings classified according to number of rooms and material. OAHU. 'T Housso fHouses of Houses of MATERIAL. 2 rooms. 3 to over 6 Totals. I room. 2 roomsrooms. Brick....9 1......5....... 9 18 521 I l Stone................... 3 5 1 28 37 W ood......................... j 558 1,141 3,507 1,286 6,492 Grass......................... 20 8 2.... 30 Other materials............. 7 5 9 4 2 Totals...................,i 597 1339 6.685 HAWAII. _ _ _ Brick........................... Stone.......................... 46 14 10 5 75 W ood......................... 572 732 2,784 342 4,430 Grass.............5............ 35 108 55... 498 Other materials........... 5 4 1.... 30 Totals.................... 97 58 2,850 347 5,033 MOLOKAI._ Brick7..7.77..:77.77 77 -.7.- -- Stone.......................... 2 W ood......................... 40 176 409 19 644 Other materials............ Totals..................... 44 177 411 19 i 651 LANAI. __ _______ ___ S o e......................... Wood........................ 2 7 8 3 20 G rass.......................... 2 1........ 3 Other materials................... Totals....................... 4 8 8 3 23 Total Molokai and lanai 4. 185 419 I 22 i 674 B rick......................... Stone...................... 20 4 2 31 Wood....4..................... 428 704 1,328 400 2,860 Grass...................... 183 22 6.... 211 Other materials.............. i 10. 14 1.... 54 Totals......6............. I 641 165 1,348 402 3,156 NIIHAU. __ Brick.................................. S tone........................ j. W o od........................ I 1 11 15 28 Grass.......................1 2.... I... 3 Other materials.............................. Totals.................... 2 13 ___ 15 I 31 _~___ ~ KAUAI. Brick......................7.. Stone..................................... 1 Wood........................ 241 436 1,261 247 2,185 Grass......................... 79 38 13 130 Other materials........ 1.... 3.... 4 Totals.................... 321 474 1,277 248 2,320 __Total Niihau and Kauai. 323 487 1.29 249 2,351 ____ _" __RECAPITULATION. _ Brick........................ 9..... 18 53 21 101 Stone........................ 69 24 17 36 146 Wood......................... 1,84 3,207 9,312 2,298 16,659 rass........................ 62 1 76 880 Other materials............. 43 43 23 4 113 Totals..................... 87 3,472 9,481 2,359 17,899 TABLE XVII. This Table gives an analysis of the material of which the 17,899 inhabited homes are constructed, together with the number of houses of one room, of two rooms, of three to six rooms, and those over six rooms. The one-roomed houses include tents, and in one instance, a cave which was used for a dwelling. Stone houses. in some cases are those constructions whose walls are made of rough undressed stones and roofed with grass, which are to be found in rocky districts of the islands, such as the Konas and Kaupo. The bulk of the inhabited houses is found in the fourth column, viz: houses of from three to six rooms. This is another table which the lack of funds at the disposal of tlhe Sunerintendent of Census has prevented from being fully elaborated. Such a table should give the number of inhabitants to, —11 class of house, and the nationality of each householder; and it should further be divided into plantation quarters, private residences, etc. There would then be an opportunity for showing where the over-crowding occurred, and where legislation might step in. Material for this is contained in the schedules, but it would take considerable time to tabulate. This Table is entirely new, and will, even in the rude state in which it is presented, afford a comparison for future statistics to be undertaken when fuller means are at hand to tabulate. 118 TABLE XVIIl. Owners of Live Stock according to nationality. Z::7 - ------ - ^ — — I ----- --- NATIONALITIES. Hawaiian males.......... Hawaiian females........ Totals................. Part-Hawaiian males.... Part-Hawaiian females.. Totals................. American males......... American females........ Totals................. British males............. British females........... Totals................. German males............ German females......... Totals................. French males............ French females.......... Totals................. Norwegian males........ Norwegian females..... Totals................. Portuguese males........ Portuguese females...... Totals................. Japanese males........... Japanese females........ Totals................. Chinese males............ Chinese females......... Totals................. S. S. Islander males.... S. S. Islander females.... Totals................ Other Nationalities male Other Nationalities fern. i II 3a 3,476 475 ad 10,349 787 1,780 91 MI a; C) 1,498 195 bo 3. 465 43 Ir c4c 145 21 a 2,680 982 ad 0 991 478 1.469 713 170 883 ____I_..__________________. --- ---- - — — ----- --- 3,9511 12129 1 878 t 1.693 508! 166 1 3.662 7,427 3,124 310 153 506 37 1,225 668 565 290 545 40 20 2 8 195 17 52 7.717 3.669 350 173 508 45 1,420 685 617 6,7429 1,526 279 65 693 26,068 876 5,065 0t6 426 178 13 1.... 1 49 5 7,155 1,704 __292 66 __693 26,069 925 5,070 817 9,498 1,709 322 14 309 24,004 529 15 1,741 2,445 221 43 3 6 350 84 2 519 11,943 j,930 3e5 17 315 24,354 613 17 2,260 1,173 662 148 66 22 12 335 13 377.... 1'.-7 6]74 148 68 22 12 — — 13- 37 20 672 ___ 10 5.... 5... 67.... 12.."...'i.......... 20 72 I 10 5 -.,,, I,,,, f 67 12 19...... 10 1 2199 181 5i 16 18.... 74 10 19 3,613 2,083 102 122 25u I 11 1,840 525 979 471 1(4 4 1 4 1 81 4 43 4,084 2 187 _ 106 123 254 I 121 1,921 529 1,022 j 4 1,46 52 186 18 5 1,629 16 76.... 45 3 7.... 1 34... 34 1,461 55 193 18 6 1,663 16 76 h 1,162 3,238 254 429 849 43 7,619 4 84 15.... 2 40.... 13 1 1,162 3.253 254 431 889 43 7,632 5 J 84 40 53 5 3 16.... 23.3 30 11...... 1. 70 64 _ 5 3 16 2 24 3 _ 2 Totals............... Grand Totals......... I I I I I: Ii 1,081 1,084 38,612 286 2 988 27,612 6 6 2,474 64 6.... 60 8 3.24 7 5 0,709 18,396 2,852 3.247 I50,709 18,396 7 7 7,824 j 110 6,269 TABLE XVIII. This Table is given for what it is worth. It is not perfect, but the error in it is comparatively small, being among the live stock of a few persons who either gave us no information, or whose information was incorrect. This error I have striven ro correct from other sources, so that the total error is really insignificant. The value of this Table will be manifest when the next Census is taken, and when comparisons can be made. It shows, however, at once some interesting facts. Taking the Hawaiians, we find that they own I2,I29 horses, out of a total of 27,612, and adding to them 3669 horses owned by part Hawaiians. there is a total of 15,798 horses owned by people of Hawaiian blood, or considerably more than one-half of the horses on the islands. Of cattle, the Hawaiians possess 3951, and the part Hawaiians, 7717, or 1,668 in all. The Hawaiians own I693 of the donkeys out of a total of 2852; the Chinese coming next, with 43I. This class of animal is very largely used as a beast of burden by the small cultivators for carrying produce to market. Had this Table been made out according to islands, it would have also shown that the bulk of the donkeys are on the island of Hawaii. Hawaiians and part Hawaiians own 5082 of the 18,396 pigs reported, while the Chinese own 7632 of the same animals. The cattle entered against Americans and English are chiefly owned by three or four large ranches. The showing becomes particularly interesting when we consider what are owned by the Portuguese and Japanese. Both 120 these races came to this country almost entirely as laborers, and the progress in acquiring animals shows how thrifty they have been. The Portuguese own 4084 cattle, 2187 horses, I92I pigs,. 529 goats, and 1022 milch cows. This is not so bad for a population which numbers its males above 15 years of age at 4187. The Japanese have not gone in for cattle, but they have 146I horses, and 1663 pigs. Give them another six years and the number of animals owned by them will exceed those of the Portuguese, save in cattle. The Chinese have II62 cattle, 3253 horses, 889 workingca'tle, exceeding in this particular any other race. This is owing to the rice plantations. The total of pigs, 7632, is also larger th'tn the total animals of this kind owned by any other race. This Table, and others like it, which should be framed, will be of immense value in estimating the economic advancement of the nation at large, and of the various races in particular. It is to be hoped that the coming Legislature will fix by law the right of the General Superintendent of Census to ask questions of this character. CONCLUSION. To the taking of the Census I have given considerable time and thought. I have striven to make it as complete as possible, but there are man-, things which I did not attempt to accomplish, and others which attempting, I have failed in. I was anxious to give the area of the coffee lands, and the number of trees in bearing and recently planted out. For this purpose I sent slips to all the coffee planters I could hear of. I only received about 50 per cent of replies, and among these many were only rough estimates, evidently. I had the same difficulty with the cane plantations. What information I had was turned over to Mr. Thrum, who will use it to correct his figures in the "Annual." In obtaining statistics of crops, and so forth, nothing of a satisfactory nature can be done till there is a special Act, and the coming Legislature should devote attention to the matter and have a comprehensive and far-reaching law, with proper penalties to be enforced upon those who do not give accurate information. A large number of people on the islands are ignorant of what the advanced countries of the world mean by the word "Census," and the ignorance is, by no means, confined to those who are usually classed as ignorant, but is to be found amongst those who consider themselves as educated. Having carefully decided what information sho,1,'!-e obtained, the Legislature should vote a sufficient appropriation for carrying out its intentions. A more liberal arnropriation would enable the General Superintendent to engage more help and keep it engaged upon tabulating for a longer period of time. I must return my thanks to the three gentlemen who have 122 assisted me in the laborious work of tabulating. It is an occupation that is intensely monotonous, and during the period they were with me they were most faithful in the discharge of their duties. To Dr. Rodgers, Secretary of the Board of Education, my thanks are also due, for rendering me every assistance in seeing what had been done in the previous Census, and for valuable stuggestions while the work was in progress. I have also to thank Mr. T. G. Thrum, who took a great interest in the matter and who has watched its 'rogress carefully. Knowing that much more could be obtained from the information collected, but feeling assured that as much had been accomplished as was possible with the means at my command, and trusting that what has been accomplised may be found accurate and satisfactory, I remain, Yours faithfully, ALATAU T. ATKINSON, General Superintendent of the Census. THE OLDEST INHABITANT. For one of the local papers I prepared the following account of niy investigation of Kepoolele Apau';; claim to advanced a-e. It is here reprinted, together with Mrs. -Nalkuina's notes, which were obtained in conversation with the old ladly. The account runs as follows: Mfrs. Nakuina's account is civen Ibelow: Among- the census returns receivel in my office were many which gave ages of natives varying froml 100 to 110, or so on. These cases I hadl investigated b_ y the (istriet superintendents, but when I came across an ohd lady in Honolulu who claimed to be 124 years of age, I thonght it was time to mnakle investigations on my own account. To carry out this investigation 1 aske(1 Professor Alexander andl Mrs. Nakuina to accompaiiv nme. Professor Alexander has a world-wide reputation as an historian of the Islands, as a man of exactt thouight, and of the highest culture. Mirs. Naktuina is an Hawaiian lady of high cultivation, both in English and her own language, and has also a very thorough knowledge of the history of the country. For myself, my training as a newspaper editor has madle me ready to watch facts, and a long period of work as Inspector General of Schools has forced me to value evidence an(l weigh it carefully. I give the above statement, because I wish the deductions we have made to bear the stamrnp of exactitude, the casc being- a pectlliar one and likely to be (lolilbtedl. On entiering the house we found the old lady sitting uipon the floor. She was,attendled by Iwo women, one of xvhorn wvas the wife of a grandson. Slie was very deaf and though not bl in], could not. see very clearly, thollugh wheln i fheld a dlollar in myiv hiaud she saw it, put out her lxand for it, ad phlacied it in her pocurket. This was at the (lose of the interview, but I,entiifion it here to show what the old lady's facutilties were. Professor Alexander, after some iprelilnihnary remarkis, in order not to alarni the ol0( lady, suggrrested a numbe-r of historical questions, which were laut by -MIs. Nakujina. From. tlhese we learned that she remembered the abolition of idolatry, that she remembered the war in that connctlion. She staited that she was -i marrie l woman and an attendant of Kapiolani 1, when the latter descended into the crater of Kilauea and broke the tabui, and that her name was chaniie(d from Kepoolele to Apam in consequence of the event. She then (her i(Ieas coming more quickly an she continued talking) told us that 124 she remembered Keoua being killed at Kawaihae. This occurred in 1791. The event is thus described in Alexander's History of the Hawaiian People, on page 132, which says: "Toward the end of the year 1791 two of Kamemehmeha's chief counselors, Kamanawa and Keaweaheulu, were sent on an embassy to Keona warrior at Kahuku in Kau. T781 at Kahuku in Kau. Keoua's chief warrior urged him to put them to death, which he indignantly refused to do. "By smooth speeches and fair promises they persuaded him to go to Kawaihae and have an interview with Kameamemeha, in order to put an end to the war, which had lasted nine years. Accordingly he set out with his own double canoe, accompained by Keaweaheulu, in another canoe, and followed by friends and retainers in other canoes. "As they aplproached the landing at Kawaihae, Keeaunlmolu surrounlded Keoua's canoe with a number of armed men. As Kamakau relates: 'Seeing Kamehameha on the beach, Ke — oua called out to him: "HIere I am." To which he replied: "Rtise up and come here, that we may know each other." "As Keoua was in the act of leaping ashore, Keeaumoku killed him with a spear. All the men in Keoua's canoe and in the canoes of his immediate company were slaughtered but one. IBut when the second division approached, Kamehlmeha — ve orders to stop the massacre. The bodies ot the slain were then laid upon the altar of P'uukohola as an offering to the bloodthirsty divinity of Kukailimoku. That of Keoua had been previously baked in an oven at the foot of the hill as a last indignity. This treacherous murder made Kameehameha master of the whole Island of Hawaii, and was the first sten toward the consolidation of the group under one Government. But, as Fornander says; 'We may admire the edifice whose foundation he (Kamehameha) laid, but iwe must note that one of its corner stones is laid in blood.' " Finally, she volunteered the information that she remembered the digging of the well in Kau, and that she was a child at the time, similar to a child running about the house, a child of between 6 and 7 years. This event occurred in 1781, and is described in Fornander's History. This would make her 122 years old, according to exact calculation; but it is quite permissable to allow her a couple of years more, as she claims. I followed up another method of investigation and inquired how many children she had, tracing their descendants. This I was enabled to do to the fifth generation. Allowing the ordinary thiryt years for a generation, four generations would give 120 years, and we can easily allow four years for the fifth, bringing out her age at what she claims by an entirely different method of investigation. We were, therefore, satisfied that the old lady had spoken the truth. What a curious link with the past she is. She must have been a little to(ddling child when Captain Cook came to the Islands. She has seen the Monarchy of Hawaii consolidated, andl she has seen its fall. She remains to-day a monument of the past, but one which must soon glide away and pass to the great unknown. We certify that the above statement is correct. EMMA M. NAKUINA, W. D. ALEXANDER. 125 At my request Mrs. Nakuina visited the old lady on several occasions and elicited the following facts: HISTORY OF KEPOOLELE APAU. She was born in Keahialaka, in Puna, Hawaii, and was about six years old when Kamehameha made the attempt to sink a well at Kalae, in Kau. Kapoolele, her first name was called after a chief, Kalakauilani, brother' to Haalou, who was Kaahumanu's mother. This Kaiakauilani was accused of having caused the death of some high chiefs by sorcery, and a petition was made to the King to have his head cut off as a dangerous character, hence the name Kepoolele (the dissevered head). Her second name of Apan, by which she has been known longest, was given her in commemoration of Kapiolani's visit to the crater of Kilauea, and her defiance to Pele, when it was generally prophesied that Kapiolani would be swallowed bodily by Pele for her temerity. Apau means "you will be ate up." She was a woman grown at the time she received the name. THer father's name was Kapa, afterward Piena. Kapa was called after the mother-of-pearl fish hook of Kaleipun (otherwise Kalaniolpuul). Kapa was born during a fishing expedition of the King of that name, Kapa's father being' a head fisherman of Puna at the time, and thus the name to' commemorate that visit of the King. Her mother's name was Kanealoha. They were fisherfolks. During childhood she lived mostly in Puna, with occasional visits to Hilo, and more rarely to Kau. She distinctly remembers seeing Kamehameha during the attempt to sink the well at Kalae. Also remembered Keoua's last visit to Puna to raise re cruits to go to war with Kamehameha, just before he was induced to go to meet the latter at Kawaihae, where he was treacherously put to death and offered in sacrifice for the dedication of the Heiau at Puukohola. The incident of Keoua's visit was fixed on her mind by the extra efforts made by her father to find unusual hiding places, in which to stow away his family, so they would not be discovered by the King's messengers and thus be compelled to betray his own, all the well known caves and usual places of resort being useless for that purpose. Apau was a full grown woman when Kapiolani and Naihe went from Kona to Kau to cut sandal wood. Naihe remained in Kau with the workmen, but Kapiolani extended her trip to Hilo by way of Puna, where she saw and took a liking to the subject of this sketch and made an aikane of her (a friend with privileges of an own sister-a sort of second-self), and, according to the custom of those days, took her back with her on her return to Kona. Apau did not see Puna again for many years. Kamikle, the daughter-in-law of Apau, tells of the family tradition of A pau'l s great bea-uty as a young woman, and up to the time she was disfigured by being poisoned. Her personal beauty was such that Kapiolani ordered her hair cut and com)edl to fall evenly over her face to her nose (a sort of ancient forerunner to the modern bangs), and she was tcquired by her august friend and mistress to always dress her hair in that style, that is, falling like a veil before and half way down her face. The cautious chiefess, having f s-s as to the firmness and stability of Ber lord's recent conversion to Christianity and prudently thought, no doubt, 126 that the constant and familiar presence of unusual beauty was rather (istracting and tended to weatken the good and virtuous resolutions of a chief heretofore accustomed to have a wish gratified as soon as expressed. Apau p was converted to Christianity with Kapiolani, and both were taubght letters along with the whole household. They were first taught from a haole (English) book, and afterwards from a native one. She has been a constant reader of the Bible until abouit two years ago, when her sight failed, and when in the in0oo0( can repeat almost -whole chapters of the Hi ble. ixapiolami would not permint her protege-to have a hiiusband for many years, buit after rejiea ted entreaties by a memiber of her own bouseholdl, added to those of Apan herself, she coiiseii ted. JIust Ief ore the Imrriage v Nvas to take place Riawika, who wvas a cook ill the famnily of the mnissionlarv w~vhio was ilEapiolain's religioiis teacher, told his master lhe bad obtaiined favors proper' for a hutsband froni. Apait and She ought to blccone his wife, as lie loved her. T11he miaster plea11ded Kawvika'-s cauise wvith Kapiolanid anid ~ailbe, a ud, althouigh \Apaul strleniloslys deinied the ftact of favors g)iveni or received froln Ktavika, she wavl s ordlered by that. very religions aud perhaps over-zealotis lady to marry Kawvika. She had to obey, andl was m-11arried to himl), buit alwavs resented the fact of having to live with a manl she did Iiot love, who, she maintains to the present (lay, told a lie in tbe niatter of her conduct, just to obtain hier. Three children were the fruit of that marriage; the last a girl, Manki, lived to wvonlaniood andl died about twenty years ago. Soon after the birth of the girl she had a chance to visit her parents at Puna, and went there. She did not return to her husband, who finally obtained a divorce from her. After their (ivorce they became quite friendly, IHe sent her a present of some raw fish, which, she claims, was poisoned, for as soon as she ate of it her lips and nose began to itch and1 then swelled. In a little while the svellino_ extended all over her face and head, and was only relieved when running sores formed. She was sick, a very long time. She finally went to Hilo for medical treatment. Her hisbanci was living there, and the -nussionaries got after them both and induced. then). to ctonsent to live together again. T17hey wvere relnarriei by _Mr. Coan, amid( the child niow liviug, Kaianao, was, thsle fruitt of tbat reuinion. Apan was by this tilme pernainiently d'sfiguired. T]'he child was left with the g1ranlordparents, while the father and mother wvent to Wahiaa, Kobala, in the service of the miissionary. After sonic timie a chief (lied in Ihoiiolulu, ainl Apaui caone to the wa ilig. She seized her oppiortunity and iiever returniei to hTer busband(. In Honolulu she first lived in Kaeo's lot oni 'Mannakea street, on. the Waikiki sidle, biet-ween King and Hotel. She, with others, washed for the shippiing and also sewed for a liviug, havbig been thoroug-hly taught in those domiestic (ltlties in the household of Kaipiolani as w\ell as (lTuri ug her service uender the missionaries..After some years she move1l to Kaaione's lot oii the Ewva side of the samne street, and] lived with her sister and brother-in-law. After some yhears they moved to Ixapiilhuolo, below King street. Here a wonian called Paele, who, it is be 127 lieved, is still living and at Ewa, was her friend and co-laborer in the wash business. This Paele was the first native to be taken with smallpox on the Hawaiian Islands. Apau claims Paele got the infection from a oblyjdile of clothes from the "'s'nips for which they washed. F,,veryone around them was s..tricken with the disease, but Apau escaped entirely, though she continued to live in the infected quarter, to care for or to prepare for burial her relatives and friends. The old lady made the remark when telling of her immunity from smallpox that God did not care to inflict her with that disease, as she was already disfigured by the man whom the chiefs, acting by advice of their religious teachers, had compelled her to take, and that he knew she has suffered enough. Her husband, in t^meantime, had obtained ano+1:r divorce from her and rem,lied When her son, Kg:'aua~' came to Honolulu to li-', she movedl up to about whp-vr she is living now. Her sor Zas born some time before the volcanic eruption, when the lava flowed to Kumukahi. Apau continued to take ip-* washing till very recent yeotrs, when the Chinamen, hawiring absorbed all that busil- ness, she confined herself to such - washing for her son's family and other work as was needed. Two years ago she slipped in a bath-room, where someone had been washing clothes, and the floor was slippery from soap. A bone was dislocated by the fall, and she has been a cripple ever since. She is getting purblind, but- -iter general health is good anld "ier appetite fair. She is confidet-t that if she had not had that fall- she would have been still able t',ue useful. The writer ssaw her, on one of the visits, pai(d for the purpose of getting her hi;t~ry, pick a patch to pieces on the seat of a workingmnan's pants vith the intention of repairing it, and as the old lady was evidently waiting for the visitor to leave before going on with her work, though urged to go on, the latter had perforce to leave, though very desirous to see her at wvork. She handled the articles understandingly, and as if it was her usual occupation. S UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN II II IIIIII l 1 I I II III II I 3 9015 04252 4796 BOUND AUG 6 1931 JBI V. Ur AIIYot LIBRARY O..* o. = e 5 l A..in'-f j:............. 1..7, 3,086................. It......... 1406 844 2,25.............. 860 566 I1432 each.. *...... 56 45 101 Norw egias..._....... 21 162 378_ Portugf se 22........ 8 89 1,9 Japanese;...,..... 19,212 5,9 24,407..h.:se, -.........., 2,44...2161., S. Islander........... 1" '.134 4' te Na'tin te...... 4'..52 600 Totals.,.,......, 7 2,1.65 19,0.... X },, i.,... Ma. ga s-i,.. I { _ X~~~~~~~~~~~~lilil i X__ _i iilll _iiliI~I