Si aiiiii~i i i i iiiiiii ii A HISTORY OF HAWAII Potrait rde from life in i8r6 by the Frenrh artist, L. Clori Original owned by oBce Ca right. Photographic copy made by Norman D. Hill A HISTORY OF HAWAII PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL COMMISSION OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII BY RALPH S. KUYKENDALL WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS BY HERBERT E. GREGORY Netn Iork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I933 COPYRIGHT, 1926, BY THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. All rights reserved - no part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in magazine or newspaper. Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1926. Reprinted May, I927; June, 1928; April, 1933. * PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. iiA PREFACE THE purpose of this book is to describe briefly and simply the historical process by which Hawaii came to be what it is to-day - an integral part of the United States, an American commonwealth having a unique social and economic background. The topical method is used, but without disturbing too violently the chronological sequence of events. The aim has been to make each chapter center about some person, some event, or some clearly defined line of development, other things being made subordinate to the central theme, in order that the attention of the reader may be fixed upon the outstanding characters, the decisive events, and the controlling movements in the history of Hawaii. In the selection of facts and incidents to be included in a work of this character, no two writers would agree. The authors of this book have used their best judgment, in the light of their own studies, and the criticisms and suggestions of those with whom they have discussed the subject. While the book is intended primarily for school use, it is believed that it will be of service to the general reader who desires a plain statement of the main facts of Hawaiian history. It will be well to state briefly how the volume came to be written. The Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii, by laws enacted in I92I and I923, provided for the appointment of an Historical Commission. Among the duties assigned to this Commission was that of having compiled and published a school textbook of Hawaiian history. Governor Farrington appointed as members of the Commission Hon. Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole, Hawaii's Delegate in Congress, Hon. George R. Carter, formerly Governor of the Territory, and Dr. K. C. Leebrick, Professor of v PREFACE History in the University of Hawaii. Upon the death of Prince Kuhio in January, 1922, Mrs. A. P. Taylor was appointed to fill the vacancy. After its organization the Commission employed Ralph S. Kuykendall as Executive Secretary. It is under direction and by authority of the Historical Commission, as thus constituted, that this volume (the "textbook of Hawaiian history" required by the law) has been written. The first three chapters were written by Herbert E. Gregory, Ph.D., Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and History; the remainder of the book by Ralph S. Kuykendall, M.A., Executive Secretary of the Historical Commission. In the preparation of this history use has been made principally of the following collections: (i) the Archives of Hawaii; (2) the George R. Carter Library (now the property of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society); (3) the library of the Hawaiian Historical Society; (4) the library and collections of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. It would be unjust not to acknowledge the unfailing courtesy and helpfulness of the officials and attendants who have charge of these collections. The Historical Commission has been able, out of the appropriations made by the Legislature, to obtain several hundred pages of important documentary material from the national archives of the United States, Great Britain, and Mexico, and from unofficial collections in the United States. Many of the illustrations in the book are from photographs made especially for this work. The members of the Historical Commission have given generously of time and counsel; the book owes much to their interest, knowledge of facts, and good judgment. Mr. G. V. Blue, formerly Instructor in History in the University of Hawaii, assisted in the preparation of chapters XXVII and XXX. Much help has been gotten from the results of the work of other laborers in the field of Hawaiian history, especially W. D. Alexander and Thomas G. Thrum. The authors are also PREFACE vii under obligation to other individuals too numerous to mention in a preface. The questions and exercises at the ends of the various chapters were prepared by Miss Thelma K. Murphy of the Kauluwela School, Honolulu. Following some of these are references to a few books or special articles on topics treated in the chapters. In the Appendix is given a short list of the more important general books dealing with Hawaiian history, a summary of the government of Hawaii, and additional statistical tabulation of historical interest. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PACIFIC AND ITS ISLANDS.... I II. THE PACIFIC PIONEERS....... I6 III. SOME POLYNESIAN CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS... 34 IV. CAPTAIN COOK AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS......... 52 V. THE RISE OF KAMEHAMEHA...... 62 VI. FUR TRADERS AND EXPLORERS..... 70 VII. KAMEHAMEHA COMPLETES THE CONQUEST... 80 VIII. THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA......87 IX. INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY..... 98 X. SANDALWOOD DAYS.......10 XI. FOREIGN RELATIONS....... 8 XII. PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION......127 XIII. THE CATHOLIC MISSION.... 143 XIV. RECOGNITION OF INDEPENDENCE..... 152 XV. ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT....65 XVI. END OF FOREIGN DIFFICULTIES.....76 XVII. THE WHALING ERA.. 89 XVIII. EARLY AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES....98 XIX. A NEW KING AND A NEW POLICY....208 XX. THE LAST OF THE KAMEHAMEHAS.....219 XXI. KINGS BY ELECTION....... 229 XXII. CHANGES DURING A THIRD OF A CENTURY (1840-1874) 240 XXIII. RECIPROCITY AND ITS EFFECTS..... 250 XXIV. THE REIGN OF KALAKAUA..... 26I XXV. THE END OF THE MONARCHY......273 XXVI. HAWAII BECOMES AN AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH. 285 XXVII. HAWAII AND THE NATION...... 298 XXVIII. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT..... 310 ix CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXIX. RACIAL ASSOCIATIONS....... 323 XXX. OLD PROBLEMS IN A NEW AGE..... 333 APPENDIX......... 345 RULERS OF HAWAII.... 345 GOVERNORS OF HAWAII.... 346 POPULATION OF HAWAII.. 346 GROWTH OF HAWAIIAN COMMERCE.. 347 OUTLINE OF HAWAIIAN GOVERNMENT.... 347 A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS DEALING WITH HAWAIIAN HISTORY........ 356 I. GENERAL HISTORIES..... 356 II. REFERENCE MATERIAL..... 357 A HISTORY OF HAWAII A HISTORY OF HAWAII I THE PACIFIC AND ITS ISLANDS A large ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest body of water on earth. It is twice the size of the Atlantic Ocean, four times the size of the Indian Ocean, and more than ten times larger than the Arctic Ocean or the Antarctic Ocean. Its length from north to south measures nearly 8,ooo miles, and along the Equator where it is widest the ocean measures more than 9,ooo miles. When marked out on a map, it is seen that the Pacific Ocean occupies more space than all the continents combined and covers more than one third of the entire surface of the earth. Borders of the Pacific. The Pacific is bounded in part by land and in part by water. On the east and northeast it is walled in by land extending from Cape Horn along South America, Central America, Mexico, the United States mainland, Canada, and Alaska, a distance equal to nearly one third of the circumference of the earth. Until the Panama Canal was dug and opened for navigation in I914, this wall was unbroken and the Pacific was entirely shut off from the Atlantic. On the north the Pacific is connected with the Arctic Ocean by Bering Strait only 54 miles wide. On the northwest the Pacific is bounded by the continent of Asia, which is bordered by the long chain of islands known as the Kuriles, Kamchatka, Japan, and Taiwan (Formosa). On the west the waters of the Pacific join the waters of the Indian Ocean by passing through straits between the I A HISTORY OF HAWAII Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra, Java, and Australia. On the south the Pacific Ocean is united with the Antarctic Ocean by two great branches; one of them, that between Australia and New Zealand, is 1,200 miles wide, and the other, that between New Zealand and South America, 5,000 miles wide. Depths of the Pacific. The Pacific Ocean is not only very broad but also very deep. Its waters rest in an enormous basin with steep sides and a wrinkled bottom. In several places the water covering the bottom of the basin is 25,000 feet deep, and at one place near Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, it is 32,088 feet deep. The average depth of the whole Pacific is nearly 14,000 feet, which means that, if placed almost anywhere on the bottom of the ocean, the great mountain Mauna Kea, 13,823 feet in height, would be entirely covered with water. Only near the continental shores of America, Asia, and Australia and near islands is the depth of the Pacific less than,000o feet. From this deeply sunken floor of the Pacific masses of land project upward. Many of them do not reach the surface of the water; some of them, called reefs, come just about to the surface and may be covered by water during high tide and exposed to view at low tide; others remain above the surface as islands. Many islands. The number of islands in the Pacific Ocean is not known. Every one that is known is shown on the maps used by the captains of ships, but there is doubt about the position and size of several of them. There are islands on which no man has ever landed, and there may be islands which no one has seen. The maps used in schools show only a few of the Pacific islands; many small islands which stand far away from continents and from larger islands are omitted, and there is not space on the map for showing all of the small islands which form part of a group of islands like Hawaii, Tahiti, and Tonga. Fiji consists of 470 islands, the Tuamotus of an equal number, and the Philippines of more than 7,000. In the whole Pacific there are possibly 30,000 iuil~~~~~r Ig~~~~~ln 10 oo 08'6 140'120 FAR tUiQ l to 1222U20., *kb I '* I \ ' $E~~~~~~i ~ ~ ~ *J-l I. 22 PIIIPIN:ss D^' j (\ 1 ~ I~~~~~~A ^1..-? '*- ' —f^ ^ - r^ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... *".****2 "lt/l> I" 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~* *0 2222, / 2?, Hill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i w THE~~~~~1 ISLAN)S /r O A (I 7 12?1 II 1t 01 AN Ui L O T PCF OCEAN 1205 140' ky'UEd6 Ea-6 180' LW~rdk*;ain't A ih ailllll:mii Clfi 1110 120 ij vil """" /O I THE PACIFIC AND ITS ISLANDS 3 islands, which is more than the islands in all the other four oceans. The Pacific Ocean may be called the Ocean of Islands. Islands of different sizes and shapes. The islands are of different sizes and different shapes. Some of them are projecting rocks or short high ridges like Molokini, Kaula, and Mokolii; others are low flat masses or broken rings of islets of a few hundred acres in extent, like Laysan and Palmyra islands. There are many islands the size of Oahu or Maui, some of them flat and low and some of them rugged and mountainous. There are many islands larger than any in the Territory of Hawaii. Java is ten times the size of the island of Hawaii; New Caledonia is about the size of Massachusetts; and Borneo is larger than Texas. Continental islands. The many thousands of islands in the Pacific are of several different kinds. Some of them, like Juan Fernandez (Robinson Crusoe's island) off the coast of Chile, Vancouver Island adjoining the State of Washington, the Japanese islands on the Asiatic coast, and Papua separated from Australia by the narrow Torres Strait, are continental islands. They consist of about the same kinds of rock and have many of the same plants and animals as the near-lying continents of which they were once a part. Other is ands, like New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Timor, Borneo, and the Philippines, are little continents in themselves or parts of continents which have been broken up into islands by the sinking of the surrounding land into the sea. Oceanic islands. Most of the thousands of islands which rise above the sur ace of the Pacific are oceanic islands; the rocks which compose them and the animals and plants which live on them are different from those on the continents of North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. These oceanic islands include Hawaii, the Marquesas, the Tuamotus, the Austral, Cook, the Society, Tonga, Samoan, Ellice, Gilbert, Marshall, and Caroline Islands and the many small islands scattered between and beyond these groups. 4 A HISTORY OF HAWAII Volcanic islands. Oceanic islands of the Pacific are of two kinds, volcanic islands and coral islands. Volcanic islands are composed of lava which has issued in a molten state from vents in the bottom of the sea and spread out over the sea floor, building up a mound of rock. In places where lava continues to come from the interior of the earth the mound may be built up until it stands above the surface of the water. Continued supply of lava may make this mound into a huge mass of lava, a volcano, which may remain as a mountain long after lava has ceased to flow. Some volcanic islands consist of one volcano; others have been made by the combined activities of many volcanoes. The kind of lava rock which composes the volcanic islands of the Pacific is basalt and is different from that which forms volcanic islands in some other parts of the world. Coral islands. Coral islands are composed of limestone made of whole shells and parts of broken shells of many small animals which live in the sea and of algae, sea plants, of several kinds. Of the animals which form limestone, corals are the most abundant. The beginning of a coral island is a mass of land which rises nearly to the surface of the sea. To this land corals attach themselves and begin to spread and to grow upward nearly to the water's surface. Corals also attach themselves to the edges of continents, continental islands, and volcanic islands, forming reefs which border the shore and extend some distance seaward. Coral islands are not found everywhere, because corals can live only in warm, shallow, and clear salt water. No corals grow in New Zealand or in the Aleutian Islands because the water is too cold; and none grow near the mouths of fresh-water streams or of muddy streams. Corals by themselves make coral reefs which may be exposed at low tides, though they do not make coral islands, for they die when out of water. But waves may break up a coral reef and make an island by piling the broken fragments so high that their top is above high tides. The waves not only break large I,, ffY* ~ I ^ ''^ / / J- S I8- I g" 8" fi ' I d s A j 0 X, ~ii i.:aa~I ":~ i,I; S. W Eki~ffl 0 H I2 ir iaSi'g g r. ~i ( | Y N 3 Ir dI II " 3; i IL I S;ChA1C1 gIIXg~zzxlj0;i|;it~llt2222lll i ~ -f. r,:. f f. afji dffj ~~fif0Y jffj 5,;.;;'~~~, f ~ ~ 3fffjf f f."f f" " fj f f f ffff3f f.d ff f g;t f f~ 3 rf2 f ff i0330:f$Mfff 4 3: f f - f s ff f tffO~e. f;3if j - f 3 f f fffffff30g f ff j fff e f3f afY l " H IY. 8~i~ ~1 '" f3 z / g 3tf E..f. g,g. B <..gf g. S / f t h gilti." N.M. f g f..t f f. f.ffrff. f i f ff ffffff..a B 3 I........................ fl }u; iS g leter Wrtten w Ckpt owerwltd~e e X 3isld 78 A HISTORY OF HAWAII other made it impossible for them finally to get together. Vancouver's third object was to secure the punishment of those who had been responsible for the killing of Lieutenant Hergest. For this purpose he visited Maui and Oahu. The king, Kahekili, and his advisers seemed to be willing to do what Vancouver demanded; after an investigation at Waikiki three natives were executed for the murder, but it is very doubtful whether they were the guilty ones. Vancouver spent about three weeks at Hawaii and made shorter stops at Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. To Kauai he returned two girls who had been taken from there to the American coast on a, trading vessel. At all these places he was careful to avoid any possibility of trouble with the natives and they in turn showed a most friendly and honorable disposition. From his actions it is clear that Vancouver looked on Kamehameha as the most powerful chief and as a man on whom the greatest reliance could be placed. He also gives high praise to John Young and Isaac Davis. Vancouver's third and last visit to the islands (January-March, 1794) was marked by a number of interesting circumstances. The English ships remained for several weeks at Kealakekua. Vancouver improved the time by giving Kamehameha much good advice. He was able to bring about a reconciliation between the king and his favorite wife, Kaahumanu, between whom an estrangement had occurred. An additional supply of cattle was brought from California and Kamehameha was induced to place a tapu on them for a period of ten years. The carpenters of the Discovery and the Chatham constructed the framework of the Britannia, the first vessel ever built in Hawaii. This was a project on which the king had set his heart, and he spent most of his time watching the operations connected with it. At this time there were about a dozen white men residing on the island and they all came to take part in the work. Among them was a carpenter named Boyd, in the service of Kamehameha, FUR TRADERS AND EXPLORERS 79 who undertook to complete the vessel after the framework had been set up. Shortly before the departure of Vancouver, Kamehameha and his chiefly advisers ceded the island of Hawaii to Great Britain, or placed it under the protection of that nation, as a defense against the attacks of enemies, near or distant, with the understanding, however, that the native religion, government, and social system should not be interfered with. This cession was never accepted by Great Britain and no result of any importance ever came from it. The visits of Vancouver made a deep impression on the Hawaiian people. They remembered particularly his refusal to sell guns and ammunition and his effort to bring the chiefs of the different islands to live at peace with one another. This effort failed, but the attention which he paid to Kamehameha undoubtedly increased the prestige of that king and made it easier for him to conquer the other islands and in that way pacify the entire group. The Hawaiian tradition says that Vancouver promised to send teachers from England to explain the Christian religion to the Hawaiians. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES When traders came to the Hawaiian islands, there were both good and bad results. Make a list of each in your notebook. Which do you think were the greater, the good results or the bad? Give evidence from the chapter to support your decision. Compare the visits of Vancouver and their results to Hawaii with the visits of other traders mentioned in the chapter. With which captain would you have preferred to sail - Metcalfe, or Vancouver? Why? VII KAMEHAMEHA COMPLETES THE CONQUEST King Kahekili of Maui. Kamehameha, having conquered his own island, was more eager than ever to gain control of the remainder of the group. But a great obstacle stood in his way. This was Kahekili, the king of Maui. By the time Kamehameha had become sole king of the island of Hawaii, Kahekili had succeeded in making himself overlord of Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai. This powerful chieftain was an older man than Kamehameha and for a long time had been the ruler of Maui. He had fought many battles with Kalaniopuu, who invaded Maui on several occasions. In some of these battles the Hawaiian king was badly defeated, and finally Kahekili was able to win back the district of Hana, East Maui, which for a long time had been held by the moi of Hawaii. For several years after the death of Kalaniopuu, while Kamehameha was engaged in his contest with Keoua and Keawemauhili, Kahekili was able to turn his attention to Oahu and Molokai, and in a short time he succeeded in conquering those islands, where he treated the conquered people with the most barbarous cruelty. His younger brother, Kaeokulani, had married the moi of Kauai, and by this means Kahekili's influence was extended over that island as well. In his wars he was aided by his brother, Kaeokulani, the real ruler of Kauai, and by his son Kalanikupule, who was made regent of Maui while Kahekili remained on Oahu. This was the situation about I785. Kamehameha makes war on Kahekili. Toward the end of that year Kamehameha sent an army under command of his 80 KAMEHAMEHA COMPLETES THE CONQUEST younger brother to attempt the reconquest of Hana, East Maui. This attempt met with some success at first, but the invaders were soon driven out by a force sent against them by Kalanikupule. After this, for several years, peace prevailed on all the islands, and during this time the chiefs were engaged in strengthening their own positions, repairing the damage done in the recent campaigns, and carrying on trade with the many foreign ships which visited the islands for rest and refreshment. In 1790 Kamehameha prepared another army, invaded Maui, and defeated Kalanikupule in the great battle of Iao Valley. The Maui army was almost completely destroyed, but Kalanikupule and several other chiefs escaped to Oahu, where they joined Kahekili. Kamehameha decided to carry the war into Oahu and was making plans to do so when news came to him that his possessions on Hawaii had been invaded and ravaged by Keoua. He therefore gave up the idea of further conquest at that time and returned to Hawaii to settle his account with Keoua. Kahekili attacks Kamehameha. When Kahekili saw that Kamehameha was involved in difficulty at home, he and his brother Kaeokulani (or Kaeo, as he is more frequently called) gathered their warriors together, returned to Maui, and from there launched an attack on Hawaii. Kaeo carried destruction and ruin into the valley of Waipio, while Kahekili invaded Halawa in Kohala. In order to repel this attack Kamehameha collected a large fleet of war canoes, with which he met and defeated the fleet of Kahekili off the north coast of Hawaii. In this battle each side used cannon which had been obtained from the fur traders, and Kamehameha's victory was due to his superiority in this respect, John Young and Isaac Davis being in charge of his artillery. It is probable also that the small schooner, the Fair American, formed part of his fleet on this occasion. This battle occurred in the spring of 179I, only a few months before the death of Keoua, which-made Kamehameha sole king of the island of Hawaii. 82 A HISTORY OF HAWAII Death of Kahekili. Again for a few years peace prevailed throughout the group, while the chiefs engaged in trade with the foreign ships and prepared their resources to be used in the final struggle for supremacy. It was during this time that Vancouver made his three visits to the Hawaiian islands and tried in vain to bring about a permanent peace between the opposing forces. During these years Kahekili, though he was old and feeble, visited all of the islands over which he ruled, leaving Kaeo as regent on Maui and Kalanikupule on Oahu. Finally the aged king died in the summer of 1794 at Waikiki, and his possessions were divided between his brother and his son, Kalanikupule continuing to rule over Oahu and Molokai, while Kaeo retained control of Maui and Kauai. War between Kaeo and Kalanikupule. In the latter part of 1794 Kaeo decided to return to Kauai, where there had been some disorder due to his long absence. He accordingly set out with a considerable force, stopping first at Molokai and then at Waimanalo, Oahu, to rest. For some unknown reason Kalanikupule sent a body of soldiers to prevent his landing and some fighting occurred. This difficulty was soon settled, however, by a personal conference between the two leaders and shortly afterwards Kaeo proceeded on around the island to Waianae from which point he expected to embark for Kauai. While waiting here he discovered that some of his own soldiers were conspiring against him. In order to avoid this danger Kaeo proposed to his chiefs to make an attack on Kalanikupule and conquer the island of Oahu. This had the desired effect; the conspiracy was checked, his warriors all rallied about him, and the advance toward Waikiki was at once begun. Kalanikupule marshaled his army and prepared to meet the attack. Just at this time two English fur trading vessels, the Jackal and the Prince Lee Boo, under command of Captain William Brown, came into the harbor of Honolulu. Brown had visited the islands several times before and was well known to all KAMEHAMEHA COMPLETES THE CONQUEST 83 the native chiefs, to whom he had sold guns and ammunition. Kalanikupule now appealed to him for assistance, and a bargain was made by which Captain Brown was to receive four hundred hogs in return for the aid which he and his men should furnish to the Oahu king. A few days later an American ship, the Lady Washington, commanded by Captain John Kendrick, who was likewise well known at the islands, came into the harbor, and it is possible that he also gave some assistance to Kalanikupule. The invaders continued to advance and two battles were fought. In the first battle Kaeo won the day, but in the second the Oahu warriors, with the help of the foreigners, gained a decisive victory and Kaeo and several of his chiefs were killed. This battle was fought December 12, I794, in the Ewa district. The next day the foreign ships fired a salute in honor of the victory. Through some oversight one of the saluting guns on the Jackal was left loaded with shot and this shot passed through the Lady Washington, killing Captain Kendrick and some members of his crew. The body of Kendrick was taken on shore for burial and a few days later the Lady Washington sailed for China. Capture and loss of the English ships. After the battle a disagreement seems to have arisen between Captain Brown and Kalanikupule over the question of payment for the service given to the king by Brown and his men. The trouble was apparently settled satisfactorily, but some of Kalanikupule's chiefs advised him to seize the two ships. After some hesitation Kalanikupule agreed to this, and on the first day of January, 1795, the plan was carried out. A large number of hogs were brought down to the beach and while part of the English sailors were busy killing and salting the hogs and part of them were at a distance getting salt, the natives captured the ships, killed the two captains, and made prisoners of all the sailors. Being in possession of these two ships, with a large quantity of guns and ammunition, Kalanikupule thought he would now 84 A HISTORY OF HAWAII be able to overcome Kamehameha. The English sailors were compelled, under guard, to get the ships ready for sea, Kalanikupule and his queen went on board, and the vessels were taken out of the harbor and anchored for the night at Waikiki. During the night the English sailors rose in revolt, killed their guards, put the king and queen on shore, and sailed for the island of Hawaii, where they told about these occurrences on Oahu. Kamehameha conquers Oahu. When Kamehameha heard about these events, he saw that the time had come for him to complete his work of conquest. He therefore summoned his chiefs and warriors and collected the largest army that had yet been seen on the islands. This army was well equipped and thoroughly trained and organized. To transport it Kamehameha had already built an immense fleet of war canoes. In February, I795, the expedition sailed from Hawaii, touching first at Maui. That island was taken possession of, after which the fleet crossed over and took possession of Molokai and from there sailed to Oahu, landing at Waikiki. During the passage from Molokai to Oahu, Kaiana, who was one of Kamehameha's principal chiefs but whose loyalty had for some time been doubtful, deserted with his followers and joined Kalanikupule. The army of Oahu was posted in Nuuanu Valley and there the last great battle was fought. Kamehameha won a complete victory. Of the defeated army hundreds were killed and a large number were driven over the pall (precipice) and perished on the rocks below. A few escaped up the sides of the mountains. Kalanikupule wandered for some months in the mountains, but was finally captured, killed, and sacrificed to the war god Kukailimoku. Attempted invasion of Kauai. Having made sure of his control of Oahu, Kamehameha turned his attention to the conquest of Kauai and Niihau. Captain Broughton, an English naval officer, who was at Waikiki in February, I796, states that Kamehameha was then making preparations for an attack on ehame s army l at As represented in a modern pageant. 86 A HISTORY OF HAWAII Kauai. These plans were rapidly pushed and during the spring a fleet of canoes set out on the difficult journey from Oahu to Kauai but was shattered in a storm, so many of the canoes being lost that Kamehameha's plan had to be abandoned for the time being. Revolt on Hawaii. An additional reason for postponing the attack on Kauai was the fact that during the absence of Kamehameha and his principal chiefs from Hawaii a serious revolt had broken out on that island. This was led by the brother of Kaiana and was joined by many warriors who had been followers of Keoua some years before. The rebels succeeded in getting possession of a large part of the island. Finally Kamehameha returned in the fall of I796 and quickly crushed the revolt, the decisive battle being fought near Hilo. The rebel leader escaped but was soon captured and offered as a sacrifice to the gods. This was the end of the wars of Kamehameha. He was able to devote the remaining years of his life to works of peace. Kauai and its dependency Niihau remained as yet unconquered, but from that direction there was no danger to Kamehameha's position, and eventually those islands were ceded to him without the necessity of armed conquest. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES I. Do you think Kamehameha was justified in attacking Maui and Oahu. Why? 2. What evil attended Kamehameha's conquests? Which do you think the greater, the evil or the good? Why? 3. Do you think that the possible good results of a war justify a war? Give evidence to support your conclusion. 4. Which do you think the greater day in Kamehameha's life - the day of the battle of the Pali, or the day on which he made the Mamalahoe Kanawai? Why? VIII THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA Condition of the country. At the conclusion of Kamehameha's wars of conquest the country was in bad condition. The almost constant fighting for many years had resulted in the loss of many lives - warriors who were slain in battle and women and children who died of starvation and destitution. One writer who visited the islands in 1796 estimated' that Kamehameha alone had lost six thousand of his people in the recent wars. The various islands were devastated, crops destroyed, and cultivation interfered with. In this respect Maui and Oahu were much worse off than Hawaii. Before starting for Kauai in I796 Kamehameha caused all the hogs on Oahu to be destroyed, so that the natives of that island would not be able to rebel against him. When his army returned without being able to reach Kauai, conditions were worse than before and something very much like a famine resulted. Against this dark picture we must place the fact that the wars were now ended. There was no one left strong enough to successfully oppose Kamehameha's rule. Indeed, most of the chiefs who had fought against him were killed, and no powerful chiefs were left except those who were his supporters. Now Kamehameha, having become the supreme chief, proved himself a wise and able ruler. Kamehameha encourages industry. Under the encouragement of Kamehameha the country quickly returned to a state of prosperity. The historian Kamakau says that the king " urged the chiefs and common people to raise food, while he set the example by doing the same thing... All this the chiefs and 87 88 A HISTORY OF HAWAII common people saw with their own eyes - that their lord and master labored with his own hands.... The common people said of Kamehameha, 'He is a farmer, a fisherman, a maker of cloth, a provider for the needy, and a father to the fatherless.'" Crime and disorder were suppressed, so that agriculture, fishing, and all other useful industries could be carried on in peace and security. A trader who visited the islands in I798 found them in a prosperous condition. Of Oahu he says: " The lands are in the highest state of cultivation, everything of luxurious growth;... you here see the breadfruit, coconut, plantain, sweet potatoes, taro, yams, banana, which are native productions, and watermelons, muskmelons, pumpkins, cabbages, and most of our garden vegetables, introduced by foreigners." Organization of the government. One of the first things to which Kamehameha had to turn his attention was the organization of the government in such a way that his control might be permanent and beneficial. Having conquered the kingdom, everything belonged to him, both the land and the people. He was supreme; but in accordance with the usual custom he divided the land up among his chiefs as a reward for their services to him, retaining, however, a number of valuable districts as his own personal estate. The chiefs in turn subdivided it among their followers. This procedure reminds one of the feudal system of Europe in the Middle Ages. The greatest portions were given to the four Kona chiefs who had aided him in all his wars, Keaweaheulu, Keeaumoku, Kameeiamoku, and Kamanawa. These chiefs also formed a council of advisers on whom he depended. When they died their sons, Naihe, Keeaumoku, Hoapili, and Koahou, succeeded them. The king appointed a younger chief, Kalanimoku, as prime minister and treasurer. In this office he was the most powerful person in the kingdom next to Kamehameha. So well and faithfully did he serve the king that he earned the title of the THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA 89 "Iron Cable" As governors Kamehameha appointed men on whose fidelit he could depend. John Young was for a long tigme governor of the island of Hawaii, and Keeaumoku governor of Maui. All the people were required to pay taxes in proportion to their ability. The taxes were paid in the products of the soil and in such things as were manufactured "Each person was to bring the result of his own labor. Some brought pigs chickens dogs industry. The hunters brought rare feathers and birds and the fishermen brought fish." At a later time sandalwood became an important article of taxation. A religious king. Kansehameha maintained the ancient religion of his peoplef with great strictness. He was the official guardian of the war god Kukailimoku and paid it special atten tion; but at the same timee he was careful to appoint priests to attend to the ceremonies du to t he other gods. He built several heiaus and repaired many others. The tapus were carefully observed, though in his later life the length of some of the periodical tapuo hs to have been shortened. It is recrded th the 9o A HISTORY OF HAWAII king caused several persons to be put to death for violations of the tapus, some of these executions occurring as late as I8I7. During his lifetime no missionaries came to Hawaii to teach the people a better way, and the example of the foreigners he saw did not lead Kamehameha to have a very high opinion of Christianity. To one man who told him his gods were not true gods, the king is reported to have said, " These shall be my gods, for they have power, and by them I have become possessed of this government, and through them I have come to my throne." Kamehameha's treatment of foreigners. Kamehameha was one of the first chiefs to realize the advantages to be gained from the foreigners who came to the islands in increasing numbers. He was fortunate in securing very early the services and advice of two such honorable men as John Young and Isaac Davis. They were the most important of his foreign advisers; but there were several others whose names are deserving of mention, among them being Holmes, Stewart, Boyd, Harbottle, Beckley, Adams, and the Spaniard, Paula Marin (Manini). The advice of Vancouver was also very profitable to Kamehameha. A great many of the foreigners who took up their residence on the islands were of evil or worthless character, but Kamehameha was a keen judge of men and was able to pick out those upon whom he could depend. These he rewarded liberally with land and in other ways. The foreign traders quickly learned that Kamehameha could be trusted to deal fairly with them in all particulars. This reputation for fair dealing gave him a great advantage over some of the other chiefs during the later wars, and after the conquest was completed made the Hawaiian islands the most important commercial center in the whole Pacific Ocean. Being honorable himself, Kamehameha expected those with whom he dealt to show the same characteristic. He was honest in his relations with the traders, and he was shrewd enough not to allow them to treat him dishonestly. THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA 9I Development of commerce. The fur traders were the first foreigners to visit the islands in any considerable number. They came chiefly for the purpose of buying fresh meat and vegetables, firewood, and water. As time went by other island products were sought after. Most important, perhaps, in the earlier years, was salt, of which large quantities were exported. Another article bought by the traders was cordage or rope made from the olona fiber, which was valuable for the rigging of ships. After the year 800o the trade in sandalwood became of great importance. Besides these native products, Kamehameha in the later years of his reign accumulated a large stock of goods of foreign manufacture and was able to supply ships with such things as firearms and ammunition, hardware, cloth, and ship furnishings, which they sometimes needed. In exchange for the provisions they obtained the first traders gave the natives trinkets, bits of iron, and other things of little value. As they got better acquainted with the foreigners the native chiefs came to demand articles of greater value. During the time of Kamehameha's wars of conquest guns and ammunition were the principal articles of trade. These continued to be imported and while the king was building up his navy he purchased large quantities of ship supplies of various kinds. At this period and still more at a later time cloth and many other articles of peaceful character were much sought by the Hawaiians. This demand was supplied by the traders. Kamehameha early learned the value of silver and before his death is reported to have accumulated in trade two or three hundred thousand Spanish dollars. In 1805 he exchanged a small schooner built at Oahu for the brig Lelia Byrd, an American ship of 175 tons burden, and he later purchased several other foreign vessels. At first the trading was generally carried on in the ships, the natives bringing off their hogs and vegetables in canoes. The ships ordinarily visited several islands before completing their purchases. Yams could best be gotten at Kauai and Niihau; one 92 A HISTORY OF HAWAII of the bays on the west side of Niihau was known to the traders as Yamu Bay. After shoot:1795 the neighborhood of Honololo harbor gradoally came to he the principal trading center. Ships were frequently directed there from other places to get their supplies The importance of Honolulu wvas stillfu rther increased after Kamehamneha took up his residence at Waikiki in 1804. Storehouses of stone were built near the harbor to hold the king's foreign goods, and much of the produce of the other islands was Port of flotolulo in iloti By the French artist L. Choris. collected in ships and brought to Oshu for the use of the king and to supply the foreign traders. After a time some traders -ventured to bring their goods on shore and place them in storehouses, from which they would sell them to the natives. This development took pilace after the beglinning of the santlalwood trade, but permanent trading houses were not established until after the death of Kamnehameha. Kana added to the kingdomi. After suppressing the revolt onl Hawaii in 1796, Kamehameha continued to reside on that island for a number of years. When he saw that the affairs of the kingdom were at peace he turned his thought once more to the THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA 93 conquest of Kauai. For this purpose several years were spent in building the famous fleet of peleleu canoes. These peleleu canoes were large double canoes, each with a platform and sail. It is said that more than 800 of them were built. When everything was ready the fleet sailed to Maui, where Kamehameha stayed for a year, and then went on to Oahu. It was at this time that the terrible pestilence called Okuu (probably the cholera) swept over the islands. Great numbers of the people died. Kamehameha himself was stricken down and barely escaped death. Before the scourge finally passed off, all the other great chiefs had perished. This pestilence occurred in the year 1804 and because of it Kamehameha was compelled once more to postpone the war against Kauai; but he continued to make preparations on a still more elaborate scale. By this time he had a large number of foreigners in his service, including carpenters, blacksmiths, and other mechanics. These were employed in building small sloops and schooners. By the end of I809 the king's fleet consisted of more than forty sailing vessels, built at Waikiki, together with the brig Lelia Byrd. The young king of Kauai, Kaumualii, knew about the preparations Kamehameha was making, and he did what he could to put his island in a state of defense. Some negotiations were carried on between the two kings, and finally Kaumualii came to see that he had no choice except to surrender or to be conquered by his powerful neighbor. In i8io, therefore, he went up to Honolulu in one of the trading ships and acknowledged himself a subject of Kamehameha. The latter allowed him to retain the government of Kauai, but from that time on, Kaumualii every year paid to Kamehameha a tribute, consisting of a large quantity of tapa t:loth, mats, oranges, coconuts, calabashes, spears, hogs, fans, and,ther articles. The Russian episode. The later years of Kamehameha's life Were disturbed by an attempt of a Russian adventurer to make a,ettlement on the islands and to get Kauai away from his control. 94 A HISTORY OF HAWAII About the beginning of the nineteenth century the Russian American Fur Company, chartered by the Czar of Russia, had secured a monopoly of the fur trade in Alaska. The company had difficulty in getting supplies and for that reason wished to establish trading posts in California and the Hawaiian islands. Some trade developed between the islands and the Russian settlements in Alaska, carried on principally in American ships, and in 1812 a Russian fort and settlement were established on the coast of California, north of San Francisco. Two years later Baranoff, the governor of the Russian company, sent a ship to the Hawaiian islands to purchase supplies. This ship was wrecked on the island of Kauai but a large part of the cargo was saved by the natives. Toward the end of the following year (i815) Baranoff sent a Dr. Scheffer in an American trading ship to try to recover what had been saved from the wrecked vessel and, if possible, to establish a trading post in Hawaii. Scheffer was kindly received by Kamehameha and allowed to travel about wherever he pleased. He spent some time on the island of Kauai, where he won the favor of Kaumualii by his skill as a physician. In the spring of I816 Baranoff sent two ships with some Russians and Alaskan Indians, to be used by Scheffer in connection with the proposed trading post. Scheffer then went to Honolulu, where he was allowed to land his men, and proceeded to build a blockhouse and to square out a place for a fort. Kamehameha was at this time residing on Hawaii, but he was informed of Scheffer's actions by John Young, who was in charge of Oahu, and immediately sent Kalanimoku with orders to send the Russians away. Scheffer, seeing that he was not strong enough to resist, put his men back on the ships and left Honolulu. The Hawaiians then built the fort, under the supervision of John Young, the work being completed about the end of I8i6, and Captain George Beckley was placed in command of it. This was the fort from which the present Fort Street in Honolulu received its name. THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA 95 After leaving Honolulu Scheffer returned to Kauai. It is clear that he went beyond the instructions he had received from Baranoff, for he tried to persuade Kaumualii to declare himself independent of Kamehameha and place himself under the protection of Russia and to give the Russians a monopoly of the sandalwood and other 4 / kinds of trade. He presented a ship to tI Kaumualii, who in. K his turn assigned to I / Scheffer a large tract / bs of land. The Russians, with the assis- Il - tance of Kaumualii's people, then threw up a breastwork, mounted with cannon, at Hanalei, and in the early part of 4 1817 built a substan- OLD RUSSIAN FORT tial fort at Waimea, WAMEAKAUAI [jjaI~ ~ma.cLe b, over which the Rus- G.E.GJacKsoN. NaVt;UUTi R.N sian flag was raised. a in 18se, or the For a time Scheffer MHAWIAN GOV'T.SURVEY. Re.'d u w.t..E. t94 seemed to have every- W..'"a. thing his own way, '.. __- - -_______ but soon Kaumualii was convinced by the arguments of the American traders, who were constant visitors at the islands, that the Russians, instead of being his friends, were dangerous enemies. Kamehameha also gave him strict instructions to expel Scheffer and his people. This was finally done, though not without some fighting. 96 A HISTORY OF HAWAII Scheffer sent one of his ships with a report to Baranoff, while he himself, with the rest of his men, made his way to Honolulu in a leaky vessel, suffering great hardships on the voyage. From Honolulu he went to Canton on an American ship, while another American trader carried his people to the California coast. The actions of Scheffer were repudiated by Baranoff, by the directors of the Russian American Company, and by the Russian government. Death of Kamehameha. Kamehameha resided at Oahu until about I8II, when he returned to Hawaii and spent his remaining years at Kailua. There he died, May 8, I8I9. He was ill for a long time preceding his death and everything possible was done for him. Finally a heiau was built and then the priests said to him that a human sacrifice must be offered. But Kamehameha forbade this, saying, " The men are tapu for the king," meaning his son Liholiho, who was to succeed him. After his death the customary human sacrifice was not offered, but all the other practices incident to the death of a chief were carried out. The heir to the throne left the place which had been defiled by death, going to Kohala until the conclusion of the funeral ceremonies. After the bones of the dead king had been prepared for burial, they were taken by one of the chiefs and placed in a cave, the location of which has never been revealed. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES I. A man who adheres to established customs and practices is called conservative. One who adopts new ideas and practices is called progressive. Which do you think it more desirable to be? Why? Which do you think Kamehameha was? 2. Give evidence from this chapter to show that Kamehameha was wise; that he was a keen judge of character; that he was progressive; that he was conservative. 3. Copy the following list in your notebook and put a plus sign before each item which you think was a wise deed or attitude of Kamehameha's; a minus sign before the deed or attitude which THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA 97 you do not approve. Be able to give arguments to support your choice: a. Taking advice from John Young b. Destroying hogs on Oahu c. Dividing the land among his chiefs d. Taxing the people e. Observing strict tapus f. Believing in the war god g. Encouraging foreign trade 4. Give the story of the origin of the name of Fort Street. FOR FURTHER READING (Chapters V-VIII) GOWEN, H. H. - The Napoleon of the Pacific. WESTERVELT, W. D. - "Kamehameha's Method of Government," ir Thirtieth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. ALEXANDER, W. D.- "The Proceedings of the Russians on Kauai, 1814-I816"; Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society, No. 6. CAMPBELL, ARCHIBALD. - Voyage Round the World; Chapters 8-Io. Campbell was in Hawaii in I809 and I8Io. HAWAIIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. - Reprints, No. 3, "The Log of the Brig Hope." The Hope was at the Hawaiian islands in I79I. HAWAIIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. -Reprints, No. 4. "The Diary of Ebenezer Townsend, Jr." Townsend visited Hawaii in I798. IX INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY tiholiho, Kaahumanu, and Kalanimoku. Before his death Kamehlameha appointed:his son Liholiho to succeed him as king... o his nephew Kekuaokaani he intru ted the care of the war god, Kukailimoku. Lihotiho, who took the title of Kamehameha If, was an amiable prince and possessed considerable shrewdness, though he was far less capable than his father. He was apt to act impulsively. For a long time he had been subject to bad inffluenres. Kame haImela, recognizing the weaknesses of his son, appointed his fa vorite queen Kaahnu masu, as k hau a;i' Kamehameha II or premier Und S this arrangement Kaahumanu possessed equal authority wltl Liholiho. Kalaniimok continued to hold the position that INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY 99 had been given to him by Kamehameha. After the accession of Liholiho, some of the chiefs who had been kept in subjection only by fear of Kamehameha wished to divide up the islands into several kingdoms, as they had been before. It is also probable that Kekuaokalani wanted to overthrow Liholiho and become king in his stead. But Kaahumanu and Kalanimoku, who were by far the most powerful chiefs, remained loyal to the young king and with their help he was able to put down all opposition. The influence of the foreigners was also on the side of Liholiho. Overthrow of the tapu system. The first important event in the reign of Liholiho was the overthrow of the tapu system and the ancient religion of the Hawaiian people. A very important feature of this old system was the restriction on eating, whereby men and women were forbidden to eat together and women were not allowed to eat pork, bananas, coconuts, and certain kinds of fish. These tapus had been sometimes violated secretly and for a long time influences had been at work against the whole system. Most important of these influences was the example of the foreigners, who did not observe the tapus. Another was the report of the overthrow of the tapu system and idolatry in Tahiti. Before the death of Kamehameha many Itawaiians, including some chiefs of high rank, had ceased to believe in the gods of Hawaii. Soon after the death of the old king the question was discussed lby Liholiho, the two dowager queens (Kaahumanu and Keopud}lani), Kalanimoku, and Hewahewa, the high priest, and it was "ecretly agreed that the whole system would be abolished as soon s it could be done with safety. It was first necessary for the 'oung king to make sure of his throne. In these deliberations the wvo queens took the leading part and their opinions were of great weight, since Keopuolani, the mother of Liholiho, was the chief of highest rank in the entire kingdom, and Kaahumanu had great!{)litical influence. 100 A HISTORY OF HAWAII In August, I8I9, a French warship visited Hawaii and the commander of the ship let it be known that he was on the side of the king. At this time Kalanimoku and his brother Boki, governor of Oahu, were baptized by the Catholic chaplain of the French ship, and Liholiho stated to the captain that he also would be baptized if it were not for certain political considerations. About the first of November the king, under the urging of Kaahumanu and Keopuolani, took the decisive step. A great feast was prepared and Liholiho, after some hesitation, sat down and ate with the women. The people looked on with astonishment and when they saw that no harm came to him, they shouted, "The tapus are at an end, and the gods are a lie! " This action is called the ai noa (free eating) as opposed to the ai kapu (tapu eating). Immediately orders were sent to all the islands to destroy the heiaus and burn the idols. These orders were obeyed in most places; but some of the idols were hidden away and kept by those who still believed in the old religion. Revolt of Kekuaokalani. There were many who looked upon the action of Liholiho as impious and wicked. Chief of these was Kekuaokalani, guardian of the war god, who had tried to dissuade the king from taking such a step. He now gathered about him those who believed as he did. Among them were several priests, who quoted an ancient Hawaiian proverb, " A religious chief shall possess a kingdom, but wicked chiefs shall always be poor." The king sent two of his advisers, Naihe and Hoapili, together with his mother Keopuolani, to the camp of Kekuaokalani to see if the matter could not be settled peacefully. This attempt failed, and both sides prepared for the struggle which should determine whether the gods of Hawaii were true or false. The king's army, led by Kalanimoku, had the advantage of a larger supply of guns and ammunition, but the opposing party fought with great courage. The battle, which took place near Kuamoo, Kona, Hawaii, resulted in a victory for the king. Kekuaokalani and his wife Manono were both killed fighting bravely, and their I1NTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY I 01 followers were scattered or taken prisoners. From the result of this battle the mass o1 the people concldedl that their old gods were powerless and they willingly destroyed the idols and their temples. But in spite of that fact, many beliefs connected with the old religious system persisted in the minds of the people for a long time. While these events were taking place, missionaries were on the way to Hawaii, bringing the message of the Christian religion. Opukahaia and the Foreign Mission School. Among the many H waiians who left the islands as samen on foreign trading Tob f Opukahaa A t C Cnntct 102 A HISTORY OF HAWAII vessd es vwas one named Opukahaia (commonly called Obookiah), who was takent t the United Statesin ni8og by a Captain BrintL iall, of New Haven, Connecticut This youth was destined to p1ay an important role in the history of his native land At New Haven he lived for a 2. e at tio Opk t it ag 6 r Itim e in thae paril of,a tt an dg~. inqurig mind an frie disCaptailn Briuta a and buof hilding of Yale Cleige On e the staep of one of those buildings he wa one day foonI weeping becanse of his ignorance. he interest of several students desireto ret u rn was arou ise and thise off red to tseal him H ~ian yours whoBif he wi beed to l aI *. ired he l i pportu- o nifty. Dutring th -~- c || 111 | | - - gourse of the next ew year~ S belib_1 ved in a number of different families and bcame w _ell?wonumn 0 Opukals~iP a ait Ealakakua, known in that partt of Hawai_ | 0 | i | _ _ nthe coun try. H hiad acerIsti of his rare. His thoughts were easily guided into rel Sigio hannels and he beeame a fervent Christiano filled with the desire to return as a missionary to his native land Through Opaukhia attention was drawni to severl other lwere gven simlar oppotunities for improveetl 21 ii n shub four ___i~c i _Tak ___$ _3b(It~Jb';~ __B1 j;d-lafl22tt"1"E 1S~tt o&}Dvrt~ -4 INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY I03 of these youths, including Opukahaia, were taken under the patronage of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to be educated " with a view to their being sent back in due time to their own native isles, qualified to be employed as preachers or teachers." In that year the Board provided for the establishment of the Foreign Mission School, in which these and other young men might be trained for missionary work among their own people. While a student in this school, Opukahaia died in 1818, but his influence lived. The desire for the Christianization of the Hawaiian islands which his life and experiences first awakened was the original reason for the sending of missionaries to Hawaii. Organization of the Sandwich Islands Mission. The intense interest which had developed among the Christian churches of New England led several young men to offer themselves to the American Board as missionaries, and on October 15, I819, the Sandwich Islands Mission was organized at Boston as a church to be transplanted into the new field. The infant church had seventeen members: Rev. Hiram Bingham and Rev. Asa Thurston, preachers; Daniel Chamberlain, farmer; Dr. Thomas Holman, physician; Samuel Whitney and Samuel Ruggles, catechists and schoolmasters; Elisha Loomis, printer; the wives of these men; and three Hawaiian youths, Thomas Hopu, William Kanui, and John Honolii. On October 23 the members of the Mission sailed from Boston on the brig Thaddeus. Included in the company were the five children of Mr. Chamberlain and also George P. Kaumualii, son of the king of Kauai. This Hawaiian prince had been taken to the United States when about six years of age by a sea captain to be educated. The money to pay for his education was lost through the carelessness or extravagance of the captain, and finally George had to become a common laborer. During the war of 81 2 he enlisted in the American navy and was wounded in battle. In 1817 he became a student at the Foreign Mission School. His religious condition was very doubtful and I04 A HISTORY OF HAWAII he did not become a member of the Mission, but it was hoped that his influence would be useful to the missionaries. Arrival at Hawaii. After a voyage of five months, the Thaddeus came in sight of the island of Hawaii, March 30, I820. Snow-crowned Mauna Kea lifted its head above the clouds, while below the picturesque northeast coast of the island was spread out before the expectant gaze of the missionaries. Messengers were sent ashore to find out the state of the country and the location of the king. In a few hours the news was brought back: " Kamehameha is dead - Liholiho is king - the tapus are abolished -the heiaus destroyed- the idols burned -the supporters of the old order have been overthrown in battle." Five days later the ship came to anchor at Kailua, the residence of the king. The leaders of the Mission went ashore, paid their respects to Liholiho and his chiefs, stated their purpose in coming to Hawaii, and requested permission to land and begin the work which they had undertaken to do. It was their desire to locate part of the Mission at Kailua and part of it at Honolulu. The proposition was considered at length by the king and chiefs. The first decision was that the whole party should reside at Kailua, and it was only after much further argument that Liholiho finally agreed to the plan of the missionaries. The first stations. It was the king's wish that the physician and two of the native youths should remain with him at Kailua. This was agreed to. Of the two ordained ministers, Mr. Thurston was selected by ballot to have charge of the station at that place. On the twelfth of April Mr. and Mrs. Thurston, Dr. and Mrs. Holman, Thomas Hopu, and William Kanui took up their residence on shore and thus started the first mission station in the Hawaiian islands. The remainder of the party went on to Honolulu and just a week later landed in that village. They were kindly received both by the natives and by the foreign residents and obtained temporary shelter in several small houses. INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY I05 A few days later the Thaddeus sailed to Kauai in order to land George Kaullmualii at his native island. It was considered advisable for Mr. Whitney and Mr. Ruggles to go with him for the puo ose of taking the greetings of the Mission to his father * r.. ~.:...., /... l yhatoora ph oby artesy of t1he Ha0ala0l Mission Chtdre' Society. A view of the iissioary establishment at Honolulu, taken October i, I82o, by Deter Chabeain The following explanation is on the original drawing No. i is the house for Public worship - school - and socil prayer — and a pa of it affords a study and lodging room for Mr. Binham. it is 28 feet long and 20 wide, has 2 doors and three windows the window that appears at the south end looks out towards the open sea which is about a ie distant. The door at the opposite end opens towards the mountain and towards the road leading from the village eastward to Witete. o. 2 is a dwelling house it has one door nd 3 windows, tw rooms, one for a lodging room for iMrs. oomis and the oter for orhan girls No. 3 is a dwelling house occupied by Capt. Chamberlh and famiy, It has one door and 4 windows and 3 rooms. No. 4 is a store house about o2 feet square, built ike the others, in the same ine, and with the same mateials via. round poles from i to 4, 6 in. diameter and thatched with grass - superadded to whih are alls and a covering of mortar made of clay and grass to secure it from ire and from rogues. No. S is a dwetllng house, now occupied by Dr. Wiliems and an unflrunate British seaman, but intended as a loding place for John Honoree and orphan boys. No. 6 is a small cooking house where the stove and a lrge boiler are set up. This is coered Vwit mortar, to. p is a Rani or a 1ong open bfilding connecting the doors of tree houses, having itself 3 entrances 2 on the south side and one on the east end No. 8 the spring of water, and of examining the possibilities of that field for missionary effort. They were joyfully received by King Kaumnalii, who was from the beginning one of the strongest friends of the Mission. He begged the two missionaries to settle on his island, promising them abundant sp port. After care l consideration at Honolulu io6 A HISTORY OF HAWAII this invitation was accepted and about the end of July Mr. Whitney and Mr. Ruggles returned to Kauai with their wives and established the mission station at Waimea. In response to the urgent request of Kalanimoku Mr. Loomis was sent to Kawaihae to teach that chief and his wife " and a class of favorite youths whom he wished to have instructed." At all of these places the work of preaching the gospel was at once begun. At first it was necessary to use interpreters. Three months after landing at Kailua Mr. Thurston preached before the king the first Christian sermon ever heard by Hawaiian royalty, from the text, " I have a message from God unto thee." Besides preaching to the natives the missionaries also held religious services for the resident foreigners and for the sailors on board the ships that visited the islands. The first schools. One of the first things to which the missionaries turned their attention was the work of education. Schools were started at the different stations, and before the end of I820 these schools had about one hundred pupils of all ages and both sexes. Among the first pupils in the school at Kailua were the king and several of the chiefs. The wives of the missionaries had an important part in the work of teaching. There was much difficulty in the beginning because the natives did not understand English and the missionaries did not know the Hawaiian language, so that it was necessary to use interpreters. At first the number of pupils was not large, but as soon as books had been printed in the Hawaiian language and native teachers had been trained, interest rapidly increased and within a very few years there were thousands of pupils. Writing and printing. The Hawaiian language had not, up to this time, been systematically reduced to a written form; there were no books written or printed in that language. Therefore, the missionaries first had to learn the language, then to reduce it to writing, to prepare schoolbooks, to translate the Bible, and to print these books so that they could be used in the schools lNTRODUCTION OF CHRI SIANITY o07 and in the religious services. All of this required much time and patient study. It was not until Januay, i822, that the first printing was done in the Hawaiian language. This was a little pamphlet containing the Hawaiian alphabet and somne lessons in spelling and reading the first regular textbook for use in the Plhto by courkesi of the Hawatlan HMton Chiadren's SQociety The fst kshool opened by the missionaries in Honolulu in May, 8ao This ia pposed to represent the ntio of the building maked No ian the view of the issionary establishment (p. WoS) by Dexter Chamberlain. The following explanation is on the orginal drawing: The School Muse at HaaarIorah, drawn by G. HIlmaes, one side being supposed so be removed lad giving a patial view of Mrs. Binfhams room, and school, as the e pupils are receiving insriucia from her lips, and her babe sleeping by her side, rocked by a little heathen child schools. The alphalet and method of spelling first used were later changed in at few particulars when the method now in use was finally adopted From this time on the mission press was kept busy turning out schoolbooks and religious tracts. Many Scripture passages were printed in these books, but the formal translation of the Bible was not be n until 1844. The most imortant parts were translated and printed firs The New Io8 A HISTORY OF HAWAII Testament was completed in 1832, and by May Io, I839, the entire Bible had been printed in the Hawaiian language. Reinforcement and expansion. In 1822 a committee from the London Missionary Society visited the islands. With them was Rev. William Ellis, who had for six years been a missionary in Tahiti. Because the language of Tahiti was very much like that of Hawaii, Mr. Ellis in a few weeks found that he could speak Hawaiian fluently and he was the first person to preach a sermon in that language. In response to the urgent invitation of the native chiefs and the American missionaries, the committee decided that Mr. Ellis should remain at the Hawaiian islands to help in the work there. The following year a large group of new workers arrived, under direction of the American Board, to reinforce the Mission. This increase in the number of laborers made it possible to expand the work considerably. The station at Kailua, which was abandoned at the end of I820 owing to the removal of the king to Honolulu, was begun again. A second station on the island of Hawaii was established at Hilo, and a station at Lahaina on the island of Maui. The first fruits of Christian missionary efforts. From the very beginning the native chiefs took great interest in the work of the missionaries, particularly in the educational work. It was somewhat more difficult to arouse their interest in the new religion, though they were generally willing enough to listen to what the missionaries had to say. Perhaps the first who could be considered genuine converts to Christianity were Keopuolani, the queen mother; Kapiolani, a high chiefess of Hawaii, who gave testimony of her Christian faith by publicly defying the dreaded goddess Pele at the volcano of Kilauea; Kamakau, a chief of Kaawaloa; and Puaaiki, a blind man not of chiefly rank, who is better known by his Christian name of Bartimeus. The first to be baptized was Keopuolani, that sacrament being administered to her on September i6, I823, just INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY IO9 an hour before her death. From the first Kaahumanu was friendly to the missionaries personally, but for some time did not show much interest either in learning to read and write or in hearing the gospel message explained. Her real interest in these things dates from about the beginning of 1824. During that and the following years the Christian workers were greatly encouraged. The congregations grew rapidly in size and many of the natives applied for baptism and admission to the church. The missionaries were slow about granting these requests, since they wanted to be sure of the steadfastness of the converts. July Io, 1825, the blind man Puaaiki was baptized and admitted at Lahaina, and on December 5 of that year eight Hawaiians were received into the church at Honolulu. Among these were Kaahumanu, Kalanimoku, and several others of high rank. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES I. If you had lived in New Haven in 1818, would you have wished to come to Hawaii as a missionary? Give reasons for wanting to come; for not wanting to come. 2. Copy in your notebook and check the word which best describes Liholiho's action on breaking the tapus: a. rash, b. rude, c. careless, d. bold, e. wicked, f. courageous. 3. If you had been in Kaahumanu's place, would you have welcomed the party on the Thaddeus? Give reasons for and against. 4. Compare the first schools of the missionaries with schools today as regards: a. buildings, b. pupils, c. language used, d. subjects studied. 5. If you had lived in those early days, would you have gone to school? Why? FOR FURTHER READING DWIGHT, E. W. - Memoirs of Henry Obookiah. GULICK, REV. AND MRS. O. H.- The Pilgrims of Hawaii. Contains many extracts from letters and journals of the missionaries. x SANDALWOOD DAYS Importance of sandalwood trade. The fur trade first made the Hawaiian islands well known and important in the commercial world. Furs, of course, were not obtained at the islands; the traders came here to rest and to get needed supplies of food stuffs. Sandalwood was the first Hawaiian product that became really profitable as an article of export. This fragrant wood was in great demand in China, where it was used in the manufacture of incense for the temples and in the making of small articles of furniture. The Chinese were willing to pay high prices for it. During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, so far as the Hawaiian islands were concerned, sandalwood was king in an economic sense. Origin and early development. In its origin the Hawaiian sandalwood trade was an outgrowth of the fur trade. It is not known exactly when it began, but it is probable that the fur traders discovered sandalwood on the islands about the year I790. An attempt was made to develop the trade at that time, but for some reason it did not succeed. It was not until about fifteen years later that the trade in sandalwood began to assume large proportions and the year I8Io can be taken as marking roughly the beginning of the period in which the sandalwood trade was the predominant interest on the islands. The sandalwood trade, like the fur trade, was almost monopolized by American traders. At first sandalwood was merely a side issue of the fur trade. The traders went first to the northwest coast of America, where they obtained as many furs as they could during the season. II SANDALWOOD DAYS III Going from there to Hawaii, they completed their cargoes with sandalwood, the whole being exchanged in China for tea, silk, and other Chinese goods which could be sold to advantage in the United States. This system continued to be followed for many years, but soon after I8Io some traders began to deal in sandalwood also as a separate branch of commerce. It is probable that Jonathan Winship, Nathan Winship, and William Heath Davis were the first to go into the business in this way. A royal contract. These three men, each in command of a ship, had been for some years engaged in the fur trade along the American coast in cooperation with the Russians. They had visited the Hawaiian islands a number of times and become familiar with their commercial possibilities. In the fall of I81I they stopped at the islands on their way to China, each vessel taking on board, in addition to its cargo of furs, a considerable quantity of sandalwood. Six months later they returned to Hawaii and on July 12, 1812, signed an agreement with Kamehameha, by which they were given a monopoly of the business of exporting sandalwood and cotton for a period of ten years. Kamehameha agreed to gather the sandalwood for the ships and in return he was to receive one fourth of the net proceeds of the sale of this wood, to be paid to him either in cash or in such products and manufactures of China as he might see fit to order. One cargo of sandalwood was taken to China under this agreement, and then the breaking out of the War of 1812 between the United States and England prevented the further carrying out of the contract. During the war the Winships and Davis resided and made their headquarters on the Hawaiian islands and in spite of the danger from English warships succeeded in carrying on a profitable trade between China, Hawaii, the South Sea islands, and the Russian and Spanish settlements on the coast of America. Policy of Kamehameha. Sandalwood became a source of wealth to the king. Kamehameha retained in his own hands an absolute monopoly of the trade and the business was carried on II2 A HISTORY OF HAWAII under his direction. None of the other chiefs was allowed to share in it and none of them received any benefit from this traffic during his lifetime, even in the form of gifts from the king. The Chinese, European, and American goods and Spanish dollars obtained by him were stored in warehouses, where they remained for the most part unused until after his death. To a certain extent this policy resulted in a restriction of the sale of sandalwood and in a conservation of the supply; but it also resulted in some dissatisfaction among the chiefs who wished to share in the profits. In 1816 Kamehameha purchased two sailing vessels, the Albatross, formerly commanded by Nathan Winship, and the Forester, an English ship, whose name was changed to Kaahumanu, in honor of the queen. These ships were paid for with sandalwood. The Kaahumanu was put under the command of Captain Alexander Adams, an Englishman in the royal service, and was sent the following year to China with a cargo of sandalwood for the king. A safe voyage was made, but the port charges and other expenses at Canton ate up most of the profits of the enterprise. From this venture Kamehameha learned of the practices of civilized governments in the regulation of their ports, and he immediately established a set of charges to be paid by ships visiting the port of Honolulu. Before his death Kamehameha bought two or three other foreign ships in exchange for sandalwood. Policy of Liholiho. When Liholiho came to the throne his position was not very strong and he found it best, in order to win the support of the chiefs, to allow them to share in the sandalwood trade. The king himself had extravagant ideas and the chiefs followed his example; they all began to cut sandalwood and to buy foreign merchandise without any thought for the future. The buying of foreign ships became a sort of mania. In the three years immediately following the death of Kamehameha, Liholiho and the principal chiefs bought no less than eight sailing ships. SANDALWOOD DAIYS 5 13 at a total cost of more than three hundred thousand dollars. European, Chinese, and American merchandise was also purchased in immense quantities. Certain American trading houses made a practice of sending out ships and cargoes for the special purpose of selling them to the Hawaiian chiefs. Cleopatra's Barge.ix.~. B. One of the vessels bought by the Hawaina ehiefs and poid for with sandalwood. The background is not Hawaiian Kamehameha had always paid at the time of purchase for whatever he hbought but after the death of that wise king, Iiholiho and his chiefs frequently gave promissory notes for large amounts, payable in sandaliwood. Competition among the eraders became so keen that they encouraged the chiefs to buy on credit if they did not have a supply of isandalwood on hand. One trader, in describing how he persuaded Kaumualii to buy another ship and cargo after he had already bought one, wrote as follows: I treated him wqth ever~ attention and honour, made him II4 A HISTORY OF HAWAII handsome presents, and gave him elegant dinners. After much trouble and difficulty I succeeded in selling the Brig and Cargo," for which Kaumualii gave his note for $77,000 worth of sandalwood. Routine of the sandalwood trade. The sandalwood was bought and sold by weight, the unit being the picul, which weighed 133- pounds. The price depended upon the quality of the wood and upon the condition of the Canton market. At the islands the traders paid from seven to ten dollars per picul for wood which they sold in China at a profit of three or four dollars per picul. In the later years the price was not so high. The traders paid for the wood not in cash, but in merchandise on which they themselves fixed the prices in such a way that the Hawaiians were compelled to pay exorbitantly for all the goods they received. The traders made two profits, one on the goods they sold and one on the sandalwood they bought, and both these profits were made at the expense of the Hawaiians. At the beginning of the reign of Kamehameha there was an abundance of sandalwood on all the larger islands. It grew on the mountains, and, because there were no roads and no beasts of burden, it was very hard to get it down to the seashore for the ships. Several travelers have described the way in which this was done. One of these visitors, who was at the islands in 1822, says that the sandalwood " is brought from the woods in logs three or four feet long, and from two to seven or eight inches in diameter. There being no carriages on the island, these logs are carried down to the seaside on the heads and shoulders of men, women, and children (for all bear a part in the busy scene) and lodged in large storehouses, to be ready for shipment.... For conveying their sandalwood from the distant parts of Woahoo and the other Sandwich Islands to the port of Hannah-rourah, about twelve small brigs and schooners are now employed." At one place this traveler found the chief "in high good humour,... busily employed in weighing the sandal-wood on SANDALWOOD DAYS II"5 the beach, and shipping it on board the two vessels which lay in the roadstead. At a little distance from his own hut was a large storehouse, not less than fifty feet in length by thirty in breadth, and about thirty feet high, where the sandal-wood was piled up and kept ready for embarkation; work people of both sexes and all ages were employed in carrying it down to the beach. The chief and his attendants directed their operations; and one confidential man, whose duty it was to see fair play, stood over the weighing machine with the American captain for whose ship the freight was destined." Another visitor, who made a tour around the island of Hawaii in 1823, saw the collection of sandalwood going on in several places. In the district of Hilo he saw the chief " and three or four hundred people, returning with sandal wood, which they had been cutting in the mountains. Each man carried two or three pieces, from four to six feet long and about three inches in diameter. The bark and sap [wood] had been chipped off with small adzes.... It is brought down to the beach in pieces ranging from a foot to eighteen inches in diameter and six or eight feet long to small sticks not more than an inch thick and a foot and a half long." While stopping in Kohala this traveler and his companions were wakened one morning before daylight " by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandal wood.... There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandal wood, according to their size and weight. It was generally tied on their backs by bands of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts. When they had deposited the wood at the storehouse, they departed to their respective homes." Effect of the sandalwood trade. Although nearly all of the common people were required to spend a great deal of their time in cutting sandalwood and carrying it down to the seashore, the ii6 A HISTORY OF HTAWAII supply obtained in this way was not large enough to pay for all the ships and foreign goods which were bought, and therefore in the course of a few Years the king and chiefs piled up a heavy debt, the extent of which they did not know. 10ow this debt was finally paid will be told in a latter chapter. The sandalwood trade also had a bad effect upon the common people. They had to spend so much of their time cutting and A sandalwood note signed by Ktaahntsok Kairiasoku) sod aoki (Poki) carrying this wood that they could not pay as much attention as before to their ordinary duties. Agriculture was neglected and the food supply was reduced, so that there was much suffering on this account. The hardships endured by the natives While working in the sandalwood forests also caused much sickness. As a result, many of the people died. The rck&less way in which the trees were cut destroyed the. forests. Very little effort -was made to preserve the young tree or to replace those, which were cut downi. In a few yearis sanidal wood Almost disaippeared from the islands. Even today, a SANDALWOOD DAYS II7 hundred years after the trade was at its height, only a few small groves are to be found. Coming of the whalers. With the destruction of the sandalwood forests the Hawaiian chiefs lost an important source of revenue. But before the sandalwood trade was entirely ended, the whaling ships began to visit the islands for the purpose of resting from their hard voyages and buying supplies of various kinds, especially food stuffs, much as the fur traders had done only a few years before. The first whalers arrived about I820, and within a few years a large number of whaleships visited the islands twice each year, thus opening up a new and important source of revenue and keeping the people of the islands in contact with the civilized world. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES I. Copy in your notebook and put a plus sign before the true statements: a. Sandalwood was carried from Hawaii to America by American traders. b. Kamehameha shared his sandalwood profits with the chiefs. c. Kamehameha put the money he received from the sandalwood trade in the bank. d. Liholiho allowed the chiefs to share in this trade. 2. Make a list of the good results of the sandalwood trade; of the bad results. Compare them. Which were greater? 3. Look up the word conservation. Were the sandalwood forests conserved? 4. What natural resources should be conserved? Do we believe in conservation in Hawaii to-day? Give proof. 5. Did the United States believe in conservation at the time of the sandalwood trade? Give proof of your answer. FOR FURTHER READING THRUM, T. G. -"The Sandalwood Trade of Early Hawaii," in Hawaiian Annualfor 1905, pages 43-74. XI FOREIGN RELATIONS First foreign agent. The same year that saw the coming of the missionaries to Hawaii saw also the appointment of the first agent to represent a foreign government at these islands. In September, I820, John Coffin Jones was appointed by President Monroe to be "Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen " and to have general supervision of American interests at the.Hawaiian islands. Mr. Jones was a trader who had visited the islands several times and was familiar with the people and their language. His appointment was an indication of the importance which American commercial interests had attained. Relations with England. Up to this time the official relations of the Hawaiian government with foreign powers, so far as it could be said to have any official relations, had been exclusively with England. The king and people looked upon Kamehameha's agreement with Vancouver as placing the islands under the protection of Great Britain. This idea was repeated by Kamehameha in a letter which he sent to the king of England in I8io. Nor is it strange that the Hawaiian people should feel this way. The first foreign ships-of-war that came to Hawaii were those commanded by the English explorers, Cook, Vancouver, and Broughton. The principal advisers of the king were Englishmen - Young, Davis, Beckley, Adams. Vancouver had promised Kamehameha that a ship-of-war armed with brass guns would be sent to him. Kamehameha in I8Io reminded King George III of this promise, and in 1816 the governor of New South Wales wrote that he had received orders II8 FOREIGN RELATIONS II9 from England to build such a ship and send it to Kamehameha. A long delay followed and the promised vessel, a small schooner called the Prince Regent, did not arrive until 1822, when it was presented to Liholiho. In acknowledgment of this gift Liholiho wrote a letter to King George IV, in which he said, " The whole of these islands having been conquered by my father, I have succeeded to the government of them and beg leave to place them all under the protection of your most excellent Majesty." Liholiho's visit to England. In spite of these political relations with England, Liholiho could not help noticing the very rapid growth of American interests: first, American fur traders; next, American missionaries; and finally, a great swarm of American whalers. There is reason to believe that the king became somewhat suspicious of American designs on the islands and it is probable that he was afraid of the Russians. For these reasons he wished to make sure that the British government would protect him in time of danger. He also wanted to travel abroad and see those foreign countries of which he had heard so much and which had been visited by so many of his people. At all events, in the fall of 1823, he announced his determination to visit England. It was thought that he would also visit the United States before his return to Hawaii. Before his departure a council of the chiefs was held, at which Liholiho named as heir apparent to the throne his younger brother Kauikeaouli and placed the government, during his absence, in the hands of Kaahumanu as regent, with Kalanimoku as prime minister. Passage to England was engaged in an English whaleship, l'Aigle, commanded by Captain Valentine Starbuck. The royal party included King Liholiho, Queen Kamamalu, Governor Boki of Oahu and his wife Liliha, the chiefs Kekuanaoa, Kapihe, Manuia, James Young (one of the sons of John Young), and John Rives, a Frenchman who had been the king's secretary. It was not at first intended that Rives should go, but he boarded the 120 A HISTORY OF HAWAII ship at the moment of dparture and the king allowed him to remain on boar1. He erved for a time as interpreter. Sailing f1rom Honolilo November 27, 1823, rAigle arrived at Portsmouth, England, May 22, 1824. On learing of the arrival Iig: r5 y* c' 1 1'* mx. * ".** be 1n awt; i1 Xi **i '*" '*a Ki;n iii Queein^ i n~i ~ n]at ~ua~ a~s {oa o n~ g no~y. in ii- uae w~~~~~~~,~~~ ~~~~,*,./* ** *., **..*TaEATMr,l eit'l ^^ TiW ThML$ ti~ THE W tipnali. Acm fUwi Handbill of theater attended by King Lflhiih and Queen:Kamamnaln 1hilew iIAondon,.*.' '. '. *'.^''A t:cirf ria f f tt. ^ *..'/.~~~* *."'',"<..".**'* ^:;:\:^ ll ~ l~is~ta|^~ * -***.**. *"'e~J I ****.'~a ~~~ e L*f<*z