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THE
HISTORY
OF THE
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
BY
THUCYDIDES;
A.CCORDING TO THE TEXT OF L. DINDORF;,-'WITH
NOTES:
FOR THE USE OF COLLEGESo
Kr ipa cE   dei iaoXXv' dydvlrtpa Ets ro 7rapaXprlpa dKoectv  6vyKelrago
BY
JOHN  J. OWEN, D. D.,
formerly Principal of the Cornelius Institute, and now Professor of the Latin and Gre&e
Languages and Literature in the Free Academy in New-York City
INEW YORK:
LEA  I TT  & ALLEN,
379 BROADWAY.
M.DCOc0ol.~]J




ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848 by
JOHN J. OWEN,
In the Clerk"'Sce of the District Court of the Southern Distri k of New.
York.




IS
RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
TO
THE REV. MOSES STUARUT,
FESSOR OF SACRED LITERATURE IN ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SE.IINARS
AS
A TESTIMONIAL OF AFFECTIONATE REGARD9
FROM
HIS FRIEND AND FORMER PUPIL,
TIHE EDITOR.








PREFACE.
T.is edition of Thucydides is based on the text of L
Dindorf's edition, Leipzig, 1824. Indeed, with the single
exception of punctuation, which has been modified, as will
be explained in the sequel, there has been no departure
from Dindorf's text, the readings which seemed to be} prep
ferable being referred to in the notes which accomrrpany
this edition.  In preparing the notes, I have made; free
use of 1, Poppo's edition, xi. vols. Leipzig, 1821-1840.
2, Goeller's, Leipzig, 1836. 3, Haack's, Leipzig, 1820. 4,
rfirger's, Berlin, 1846. 5, Bothe's, Leipzig, 1848. 6, Didot's, Paris, 1833. 7, Bekker's, Oxford, 1821. 8, Arnold's,
Oxford, 1840. 9, Bloomfield's, London, 1849. I have also
derived much assistance from Betant's Lex. Thucyd. now
in a course of publication.
In the use of the editions before nrle, I have aimed at
a conscientious acknowledgment cJf all aid received from
others. If, however, my own mind arrived independently at
a given result, I did not deem it to be my duty to attribute
it to others, even though a coincidence might aiterwards
have been found to exist between my own conclusions and
those of other editors. Nothing has been received on the
mere assertion of other scholars, however eminent they
might be. Every difficulty has been subjected to a thorough




viii                  PREPACE.
examination, and the opinions of others have been weighed
and compared impartially, and honored as their intrinsic
worth appeared to demand.
The same plan has been pursued in the preparation of
the notes, which I adopted in my previous publications,
and it is hoped that this volume will betray no marks of less
care and attention, in the selection of words and passages
requiring comment, or in the kind and degree of assistance
furnished to the student, than is manifest in those editions.
To some it may appear at first sight that too much aid
has been furnished the student. It will be seen upon examination, however, that it has not been indiscriminately
bestowed, but in a way which always leaves much for the
student himself to do. It will also appear, that I have not
proceeded on the plan of selecting a few chapters on which
to give a full commentary, and of leaving the other portions
comparatively untouched, but have aimed to bestow upon
every chapter and every section throughout the whole text,
the amount of illustration which its difficulties seemed to
require.
The general observations on the orations and other
portions of the history, together with the argument aixed
to each chapter, I hope will be found of great service to
the student. They have cost much labor, owing to the
excessive brevity of style which characterizes Thucydides,
Sand which renders it extremely difficult to reduce his writings to a much shorter compass than he has left them, and
yet retain the leading ideas.
In respect to the punctuation of the text it may be re.
mTarked. that at the instance of several eminent professors,




PREFACE.
a more free use of punctuation-marks has been made than
is found to have been done in Dindorf's edition, although
not to the degree in which they are found in the older editions. In revising the punctuation of Dindorf, I have been
guided mainly by my own sense of the wants of the text,
although in many instances my views have been modified
by the usage of other editors.
The basis of grammatical reference is the grammar of
E. A. Sophocles (new edition), and Kfihner's School Grammar published at A.ndover, 1844. References also have
been freely made to the grammars of Crosby, Buttmann,
Matthime, Rost, Kruger, and Jelf's KIihner (Oxford edition,
1842).
The map prefixed to this edition, although of necessity
reduced in size, is an exact reprint of Kiepert's Map of
Greece at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. It is
unnecessary to inform scholars of the high estimation in
which the maps of this geographer are held throughout the
civilized world. It would be desirable for each student to
have in his possession a complete set of Kiepert's maps;
but as this cannot be expected, the map accompanying this
edition will be found to meet all his wants as far.as relates
to Greece in the times of Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato,
etc. For much that pertains to geographical and topographical matters, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to
Col. Leake's "Travels in Northern Greece and the Morea,"
and " Topography of Athens," books which Bloomfield justly
says are indispensable to the student or reader of Thucydides, and of so masterly a character as fairly to entitle the
writer to the appellation of the first geographer of our age.




X                     PIZ'RE2FAC E.
I take occasion again to return my tnanks to tne classi.
cal professors and teachers, for the favor with which they
have received my previous publications, and for the friendly
interest which they have manifested in the present work.
As soon as my avocations will permit, I intend, if my life and
health are spared, to offer them another volume, containing
the remaining text of Thucydides, brief annotations, and
copious verbal, historical, and grammatical indices of the
whole work. Meanwhile I commit to their kind regards
this volume, with the hope that it will contribute sorhewhat
to the cause of classical learning in this country, and serve
to introduce to more general use the writings of the man,
to whom by common consent has been given the appella.
tion PRINCEPS HISTORICUM
Cornelius Institute, May 4th, 1848.




ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS.
S.   stands for Sophocles' Greek Grammar.
K.       "    Kiihner's    "       "'
C.       "    Crosby's    "        cc
Mt.      66    Matthie's  c"       6
Butt.    "    Buttmann's s"       46
Kr.      "    Krfger's    "        6t
Vig.    "    Viger's Greek Idioms.
N.       "    Note.
cf.      "    compare, consult.
x. T. c.  "    ar 2& lot7ra& = etc., &c.
sc.      "    scilicet.
The references to Kfihner are made to his School Grammar, translated
by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor, Andover.  Whenever Jelf's edition of
Kiihner is referred to, the name is fully given.  The references to Butt.
mann are made to his Larger Grammar, translated by Dr. Robinson.








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OTE.







NOTES.
BOOK I.
Tnm Preface of this history, which is supposed to have been written by
Thucydides after the termination of the war (see N. on I.. 1    1), extends to
chap. 24, and may be divided into three parts: 1, the reason w1yv the
history was composed (chap. 1); 2, the magnitude of the Peloponnesian
war, evinced by a comparison of the ancient state and condition of Greece
(chaps. 2-19); 3, the nature of Grecian history and especially of the work
now in hand (chaps. 20-23).  The second of these portions may be subject
also to a threefold division: 1, the times which preceded the Trojan war
(chaps. 2-8); 2, the Trojan war (chaps. 9-11); 3, the times which succeed
ed that war (chaps. 12-19). Cf. Poppo ad loc.
CHAPTER I.
The historian alleges as the reason why he composed a history of the. Peloponnesian *war,
that it was greater and more menlorable than any wa'r in Greece which had preceded it
(~ 1); it is impossible to arrive at any certain knowledge of the nature and importance
of the preceding wars, yet the probability is strong that they were not very great (~ 2).
1. 3ovwvat8asr.  This is the forml  of a patronymic without the
signification, as M rTa8idgrl,'Apt rd[tSg, etc.  Cf.  t. ~ 429, 83. —
Asvaiosr.  Some think that the words rod'OkXpov have been left
out by copyists, inasmuch  as they are found in  IV. 104. ~ 4, and
elsewhere.  But, as Poppo  remarks, our historian so distinguishled
him;self, that there  was no danger of his being confounded with
others of the same name.  There is no need with some critics of
supplying the article with'A~r'vaior, as no emphasis is intended.,:vv;'ypfa+E rov  rXF1Ar ov, co?2mposed a history of tle war.  The Scholio
nst says, that ypdaqat is used of one thing, ~vyypc/atm, of several.
Tfence reference may be had to the documents or narratives upon




182                           N O T E S.                       [BooX L
which the history was founded.  Thucydides is called (CaTr eioxv)
O6  vyypaSev —. --- cr  oroXar av,  as they carr'ied it on.  Supply
avrov.  Some are disposed to read 0v instead of 6s, but without
sufficient authority to justify the change. --- dp$aEvos   evbbvs Ka2
ara/ltevov (9 acpvetrvo O  rTo   avyypaxfa  Eb`V's oTE KatLfferrTo 6 7rToXE,OSr), h1av ing commenced it immediately at the beginning of the twar',
i. e. lhe commenced the collection and arrangement of the materials
at the first breaking out of the war.  The history was not written
out until the war had closed.  Cf. V. 26. ~ 1, where he speaks of the
war as finished, and II. 13. ~ 7, where the Long Walls are spoken of
as a past affair. r- al.  Unless this connective suggests the mental
repetition of $vveypa+e, I am  at a loss to conjecture its use. since'Xrrtcas', exlpecting, szppFosing (cf. Lat. sperare), denotes the cause of
the preceding proposition.  Cf. K. ~ 312, b. -o-     atoXoycr'arov rc-lv
rrpoy6y~vrcYvY, mnore remarckable than any which had preceded.  This
use of the superlative for the comparative, is of frequent occurrence
in Thucydides. -     aclutaovres- E-?r(av (-= ja7'Klaov), were in the highest state of prepcaration. - ----    avrdv, i. e. bfor the war.  "6'/Kpi'Le,
E;  vt eodem  modo dictum, ut EtppTO roS E o  rord'fXEov, II.. ~ 1,
qua voce illam  explicat Zon. p. 984."  Kriig..- To h'XXo'EXXVLKbOV
rovS aXovs EXXt7vEas. a- Kl —Opov= Kal ort Ectpa, the construction having been changed from  orT wvith the verb to the participle.
Kxat here refers to Tr  after aK1ia'ovrTEg, and introduces another reason
for the conjecture expressed in  TKlatpotOEVOS.   o-     O!Euv-'-r  8t
partly-a-sd partly. -----  aoouaeVoh' (sc.  vviTo-racatl froIn the pleceding clause).  "Id in animo habens, id mloliens."  Bothe.
2. KITrlqtsr.... OapL3apcov, for this was the greatest commotionl whlichl
ever took place camong the Greeks, and a considerable portion of the
barbariacns.  l'no-Lt does not take the article, because it is the predicate, and the pronoun a'U-r1 the subject.  Cf. K. ~ 246, R. 1; Kr.
~ 61. 7.  8B  strengthens tLylto-r7, by fir the greatest.  Some confine
/leytoTrr?7  b  to rois "EXXr/-tv, but it evidently is to be extended to
IEpEt rtvt rTv 3ap3dipcov,  a large portlionZ of the barbarians." Arnold
Reference is had to the Persians, Thracians, Sicilians, etc., who par
ticipated with the Greeks to a greater or less extent in the Peloponnesian war. -.s.   elg N    reiv - and I had well nigh said, not, and,
so to speak, as this phrase is more commonly to be rendered.  Kal in
the next clause is even, also. --— c t 7rXeLG-o rov aCJporOv -rAwpXerots
advpcorots-. ----    ra  ap 7rpo a3rflv.  "The plural pronoun refers to
some such expression as ra rou 7roXE!tTov or Tr  IIeX1ororTO rlo-taKC  a9
we often find the Persian war called Ta MrtKa.c."    Arnold. By Trn -a&p
rrpo avrj)v is meant the Persian, and by rh'r t 7raXatrFpa, the Trrojan




CHAPr II.]                       N OTES.  S
war.  Some, however, nuderstand by the former of these expressions
both the Persian and Trojan wars, and by the latter, those still more
remote, viz. in the heroic ages. -         t  Xpdwov rrXov  or, on account
qf the length of time which had elapsed since they were carried on
This use of 7rAX2os, in the sense of PIKor, is quite rare. --    (1vara
cirvarovm.  K. ~ 241. 3. --'r.  Some supply i~ froml the precedincg EK, but it is better to make it stand for a after crKo7rorrlt, tile
genitive resulting from the attraction of the pronoun with its antecedent 7etqICphIov.  Poppo in his Suppl. Adnot. says "per schema Kara
KOtVOa explicanda verba." --    -caKporTarov croovTrt,  Poppo after the
Scholiast explains these words, diutissime spectare.  I prefer with
Goel., Arnold, and Bloomf., to render it, going back as far as possible
in my inquiry.   - 7rtrEarVOat  " intelligendum   cro-re, ita ut yfdemns
habearm testimoniis.' Bothe. -- / eyarXa refers to the ra which precedes. --  E' -h ra    Xa, as it respects other things, i. e. civil affairs.
For this use of fes (old Attic for Eiv), cf. K. ~ 290. 2. c.
CHAPTER II.
The inhabitants of Greece in its earliest state were for several reasons migratory (~~ 1, 2);
the richest districts were most subject to this change of inhabitants (~~ 3, 4); while
Attica from its sterility was more permanently inhabited (~ 5); for which reason it
excelled in population the other states of Greece, furnished a refuge for such as were
driven from their homes, and planted colonies in lonia (~ 6).
i. baltver7at-otKovLE'v.  With the participle, halive-TaL signifies to
appear, to show  one's self; with the infinitive, to seem,,ideri.  K..
~ 311. 8; S. ~ 225. 8. --      p here introduces a confirmation of what
was said in the preceding chapter, that neither the civil nor military
affairs of Greece, in its earliest ages, were very considerable.   - -      }
vvY'EXXL'r KaXovx;f?0V, what is note called  Greece.  S. ~ 225. 1.,e3aioos, "snodo firmo  ac stabili."  Betant.  -   perava-crao-et  (maigrations) ormo-a.  Supply (atlvovrat from  the preceding context.
gVo EaVrtjv, their own  country.-         m3taodvot....... 7rXeL6rv,  "coacti
ab  iis, quicunque mcajoe nutmero  ipsos invaderent.'"  Haack.  de[,
fromn time to time.  When it has this meaning, dcE is usually placed
between the article and the adjective or participle.  Cf. I. 11. ~~ 1, 2;
22. ~ 1, et saepe al.
2. VEtldOevo  a..... croOv, each one holding as his own possession as
much (only) as he could live on jnust enough for subsistence.  On




184                            NOTES.                           [Booic I
o-rO,, cf K. ~ 332. R. 8.; S. ~ 222.6.  adroiv, "'itam  tolerare."  Betant.      XpI/.LrTov is well rendered by  Bloomf. goods, moveables,
p9ro)pe~rty, not money only. -       ov8E y"v /vTrevovrTE7V not planting the
earth, as with vines, olives, etc., since the enjoyment of the fruit of
their labor would be so precarious.  For the construction of  i'38Xov'OV
(it being unzcertain), cf. K. ~ 312. 5; S. ~ 226. b.   6- 6roTe.  The
idiom of our language would have required El f/.) after i3BqXov. ---
Kal, also, too.  - LTIXtcLXorovVTcOJ sO. acr.)v.  When the subject
of the genitive absolute is a pronoun, which can easily be supplied
from the context, it is often omitted.  Reference is had in adretXlrcov
properly to abodes and dwellings. The construction is varied, for
daTELXcrovS  OvruSr CLatpiCo-eraL  (SC. r1lv y)/7V 7reJUVTev/IEtVI). -- iMa
moreover, withcal. -        Kma' 7i}ppav (daily) is fiequently found with
verbs denoting to live, to obtain a livelihood.    c- avayKaov rpon r,
necessary subsistence.  -   o  XaKcXerrg, without difficulty, readily.
aL' avrd, i.e. on account of the little difficulty they made in emigrating. -- -rapao-Kcev  refers to military apparatus.
3. r7s1 yg 71 applor77i (= r ys 7Y-S 7x kXemrov.  Cf: K. ~ 264. 2. C),
the'richest country, literally, the best of the lazd. ---   v   Oero-aXtl a
KaXoV/Ltvl7.  Thessaly  was in -more ancient times called Emnatlln,
Pelasgia, Pyrrha, etc. -'ApKatl'r9.  The Arcadian  country  was
mountainous,, and hence as their lands were uninviting, the ancient settlers were suffered to remain unmolested, and they were,
therefore, called by HIerodotus actrdXoves  (of. I. 6. ~ 3). --- a-XX77
ho'a i7,  Kpdarto-ra, and wthatever other parts were mlost fertile.
4. (periv y Jg, fertility of soil.  rZt-I-iyytyvoEvzat =- ytyopevaL Ev
no-t. -    spEtLpoYro refers to the persons who stirred up factions.
-     /t1a.  See N. on ~ 2, supra. --       XXkobXcov, stcrangers, foreigners, probably, for tle most part, Greeks belonging to other tribes.
5. 7odv, fb r   tnstace. -   i  r-od i7rl 7riXEL(Tro —oho-av.  This is
explained by the Scholiast and some commentators, by making ovmcia:
stand for etvot, thus blending two modes of expression, iK ro;I7Ti
rXELr(rrov — vLat, and'A7rtTLK7v   Irrl 7rrkeiorov —oroav.  They then take
EK  rod witlh  ooU(rv (-= dnLvat), and  translate ErL 7iae-(roy), j/br the
n2ost part. IBut I prefer with Poppo, Arnold, and Bloomf. (in his last
edition) to regard EK rov Esrr m7rXo-rov as a single expression- e't
apXrs, firom  the beginning. -        Xe7rreotycOv, thinness of soil, sterility.
A great part of Attica was bare rock, where nothing could be sown.
But in -the portions capable of cultivation, barley,. and even wheat
were produced, and every sort of plant and animals throve in spite
ot the poverty of the soil. Cf. Boeckh's Pub. Econ. Athens, p. 40.
Agriculture was held in great estimation by the Athenians.  Of. Xen.




CE..4P. I.T]                   NOTES.                              185
(Econ. 4; Aristot. Polit. VI. 4.      ol avrol (the same.  S. ~ 160. 5)
dEI.  See N. on IT. 36. ~ 1.
6. Kal 7rap(8eLy/la.... ai77?jvat, and this is no small pr9oof of m.l,
statement (viz.) that' on account of the migrations, Greece, in its
other parts ( 7E ra v'XXa), did not increase in like manner (63uolws-)
with Athens.  After much examination, I am  led to prefer this mode
of translation, which  connects 8t&  ras eusrotKlas... av's vIr at nitlh
ov Xoyov, to the one adopted by Bloomfield, which unites it with
apaety/pLa u r8 e. The 7rapMSetypa (proof) is contained in the clause
beginning witih E yip r;s a  IXXrs. Goel. and others would erase Is,
and make rT A'XXa (-=-r' aXXa  r.S'EXXadosr) the subject of aiS'r/,jvat.  This gives the same sense with the subaudition of r'tv'EXXakSa
as the subject.  The Xdyos or statement to which Thucydides refers,
as Arnold observes, is contained in the words ov XaXArrsr....rrapaKEVeiy, ~. 2, supra. The interpretation of Haack after Poppo, I cannot but regard as very wide of the mark: On account of the immigrations into Attica, that country did not increase in other respects
(i. e. in riches and military resources), in an equal degree with the
number of its inhabitants.  Nothing is said in the previous context
about the comparative increase of the population and resources of
Attica; therefore to introduce it here would be foreign to the design
of the author, which seems to have been, to show how their migratorv habits retarded the growth of many of the Grecian states.  This
he does by comparing them with Attica, where the population was
stable and on the increase. -         oL 7roX;- = E)K7rLTrrOVTrer (being banished, cxpelled) —oi   UvTarrJTaTooL= TV 7ToXE/io EKr7rrr7TVTWV oL  vvanTrorYaroL. Melanthus and the -Ieraclidm  are supposed to be especially
referred to in ol bvvaTrcrarot. -        eo  /3f3alov Ov is an accusative
absolute.  Cf. S. ~ 226. a; Mt. ~ 568. 3.  "IMale Haack. X(oplov intelligit;  debebat saltem  rt, tanqUam  aliquid jirmum."  Poppo.  In
abbreviated adjectival sentences, the predicate adjective stands in the
neuter singular, when the subject to which it refers, expresses not
any particular individual of a class, but mnerely the general notion.
Cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 381. -       wroirat ytLyv70LEOL.  In later times, it was
with extreme difficulty that one, who came from  another state into
Athens, could obtain the jus civitatis. -        a rro  aatoo, of old, long
ago.,- tzELo ETt, yet greater. -    s'IwvLav. This is a prolepsis,
inasmuch as Ionia received its name from  the Ionian colonists, who
being expelled from Peloponnesus, had taken refuge some sixty years
before in Athens.  A similar prolepsis is found in the use of SEXA1oVvra, VI. 4. ~ 2.-  cr....'ATTriKLs.  Cf. S. ~ 226. a. Bloomf. supplies
ycopeLv avrovs with oVX LKavls! ov0(r:s.




186                              NO T ES.                             [Boora  I
CHAPTER III.
E xidence of thle  weakness of Greece in its more early times, is furnished in the fact, thar,
before the Trojan war. no enterprise was unlldertaken by the states in combination, and
that they had not yet any name in common (~ i); they gradually received the appellation Ilellesses from Hellen and his sons, who had become powerful in Phthiotis, and were
called in by the other cities to their aid (~ 2); of which Homer is a witness, who, tholgh
living at a far later age, nowhere calls them  Hellenes, but restricts that name to those
who came with Achilles from Phthiotis (~ 8); nor in contradistinction fiom them does
Homer call any Btrsbctrians, inasmuch as tile Greeks had yet no general name to which
this appellation could be opposed (~ 4); the Trojan expedition was undertaken by them,
only because at that time they began to turn their attention more particularly to naval
affairs (~ 5).
1. N8  resumes the  main  subject, which  was broken  off by the
parenthesis, Ficatro-ica  8hE r;ls -y3   K. r. X. in  ~ 3, of the preceding
chapter.   r- ti     refers forward to the' sentence commlencing with
mrpo  yarp  r&ov  TprontKV.     ~ouX  7'tcoTa-u =  i/Xtora.   Tlhucydides is
fond of the litotes.-       rtov TpwtLK&v, the'ojan war.  Cf.  Mt. ~ 445.
6. d.  -  qa Iveratc —ipyaa1raFEvm.  See N. on I. 2. ~. --  hOKEc 8; /ot
-FLXev.  By the omission of o7-t, the dependent clause here assumes
the form  of a principal clause.  Great vivacity and strength is iamparted  in such  cases,  by  the  omission  of the  word  denoting  the
dependent relation.  Cf  Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 798. 1. a;  Kr. ~ 55. 4.
N. 8. ---   In  rh  iE\  rrp'EX EXXvos  (in  the  times befoare  iellen),
the article is joined  in the same mnanner as in the phrases r- ( rr\
7o6Ve, r7  7rpo 7-orov, etc.  Some prefer, however, to make rh  pEv
-3- -= ra   y —ra 8, p)a-tin —et partimn. -              a Kal  7carvv oe', not at
all.  Kta increases the force of arcvv, as our word very, in the phrases
very  mnuch, very little, etc.  Cf. Kr. ~ 69. 32. N. 18.  t- lvat m criKXmrqt.  Notice the change of construction from e1XeY, the noininative being here used with the infinitive, which  construction is v-aried
again by the  accusative with  the  infinitive in,KaXeo-ZaL'/EXX77vas.
The reason for this last change, seems to  be the employment of the
preceding accusatives with prepositions, Kar-a' h'vq, and Ka"' EKcmrovso,
which are really subjects of wapsXe-sat.and KaoXo-'at.  Cf. Mi[t. ~ 427.
t. Obs. 2; Jelf's Kiihn. 372. Ohs. 2. --   -'XXa re KaL, and especially.
-   4Q'  Oav)vO,9 fr'om  themzselves, i. e. they themselves gave the nanme
to their respective districts.
2. "EXXmrvov, Hiellen was the king of Phthia in Thessaly, and was
the mynthical ancestor of the Greeks, in contradistinction from the more
ancient Pelasgians.  Cf. Snlith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Mythol. p. 378,
rXvo- T-r(ov, having  become powerful.  Cf. I. 9. ~ 2.- - ra-yo




CHAP. III.]                    NOTES.                               1.87
/pEov (middle), so. Yvpcurcrov elicited from  e  ras ciXXaS WrOXEL whicn
follows. -        avrosr refers to Hellen and his sons.  --- 5&r' coQEXeta,
for aCid, i. e. of the cities which invited them. -    KaY' EKcaoroVu, o0n6
by one, singly. --    r7  ojLtXfa fapXXov, more by intercourse than by
any  conventional arrangement.  Poppo  suggests that /i&XXov may
signify, magis magisgque, in  dies scepius.   - ov belongs to  136'varo
(sc. ro KaXEo-~at'EXkkqvasa). -- [i7raLtv EKvmLKoat, to comne into  1se
among all; literally, to prevail, to get the upper hand.  Bothe takes
irraot in the sense of 7rarVrcr.
3. 7roXX5-T'repov.  Homer is supposed to have lived after the
Ionian migration, which was 100 years subsequent to the Trojan war.
No less diversity than 500 years is assigned to the various dates of
his birth. The most probable supposition is, that he lived about 300
years after the Trojan war.       Kal (before TCro  TpLOK&OY), even.
4. obvb   3ap3cipovr  4'p?7KE.  " Non negat Thucydides, vocem  Pldpfapos Homeri rotate et fuisse et peregrini quid indicasse (I1. 2. 867,
KapCov 3apf3apo0bvwcov); negat, earn omnes exteros, tamquam  Hellenibus oppositos, complexam esse.  Cf. Odyss. 8. 294."  Haack. --    8a'
-ro /ur'EXXrivas  xr o —airo KEKlepL-vaL, because the Greeks were  not yet
distinguished.
5. ot....KX.7.EYTre, these several ('Kao-rot) Hellenistic comnrunities,
having been fist called Helle~nists by separate cities, (i. e.) such as
understood one another's language, and afterwards all being called by
that gelneral appellation.  There are other ways of translating this
passage which for the sake of brevity I must omit.  Some verbal explanations, however, are needful.  ol 8' is put for oTrot be.  ov0 is
resnmptive, and takes up the assertion made at the beginning of the
chapter, 7rpob rc, TpcOLK&V....'EXXd.  As Arnold well remarks, what
is there''EXXds, is now  ol'S  EK(aOL ro  EXXrVES, and the following words are a sort of explanation of the term, which properly
speaking is an anachronism.  Zo-ot, in the parenthetical clause Srot
adXXXcov,vvl[Eoav, takes the gender implied in rr&XEts, $vvleo-av is the
tmperf. 3 plur. of wVV,7LLu.  For its construction with the genitive, of
K. ~ 2T7. 5. e. -       CaLtd av daXXiXcov, want of intercourse with one
vnother. r- E'pamav refers to'EXXirvev for its subject.            dXXah.... vvrXS ov, nay, it was only because (K. ~ 312. 3. b.) tlhey were better
acquainted with nautical affairs (literally, the sea) that they united in
that expedition.  This sentence introduces the reimarks, which Thucydides now proceeds to make, on the origin of maritime affairs and
the practice of piracy.  It is unnecessary with Haack to supply  s. or
KaTa before'rrparelav, as it is the cognate accusative after ~vviXj ov
(K. ~ 278).




188                             NOTES.                             [Boo, I
CHAPTER IV.
Minos was the most ancient possessor or, navy, and having brought the Cyclades andel
his dominion and expelled the Carians, began to clear the sea of pirates (~ 1).
1. yap is here inchoative and explanatory.  In such instances it
may be rendered now.  " The Schol. remarks, that by three comIsparisons Thucydides shows the slender power of the times which preceded the Peloponnesian war; (1) by. comparison with the period before
Minos, (2) with that from  his age up to the Trojan war, (3) from
thence to his own times." Bloomf. ~-   ratXararos-vavrctKo  EKTr7oToar%
woas the most ancient Possessor of a navy.  Similar to this use of the
superlative is the Latin primvus hoe facit =2primus fuit, gqti faceet.
---  -          =  KetvcoV COl. --    Vv'EXXpstKS    naXanko-oasE.  " -rporeponv yap
kiaptlK7  EKaeXiro." Schol.  It is now cailed the Archipelago. -         KvKXcacov.  These islands received this name, because they formed  a
kind of circle around Delos. -         oZiKt —riS, colonizer. -     Ktpags eeXacors.  Herodotus (I. 171) says that the Carians were expelled by
the Athenians. It is probable, that the Dorian and Ionian colonies
wholly  extirpated  those  old  Carian  inhabitants, many  of wholm,
doubtless, had been suffered to remain and enjoy equal privileges with
the colony of Cretan settlers planted there by MIinos.  In this way,
tlhe apparently conflicting accounts of Herodotus and our author may
be reconciled. --        i)' o'r ov   svaro, as far as he vwas able. -   -- ro
-IUyan  (S. ~ 222. 2; K. ~ 308. 2. b), in order that greater revenues
snight accrue to him.
CHAPTER V.
The Greeks and Barbarians anciently were much addicted to piracy, which, so far from
being deemed unlawful or dishonourable, was regarded as in some measure confelrrilg
glory upon those who engaged in it (~ 1); this is seen in the traces of the custom still
remaining in certain parts of the continent, and from the testimony of the old.poets
(~ 2); robbery by land was also practised, which custom still prevails in some of the
Gr 3ia3 states (~ 8).
1. yap  serves here  to  introduce  the  origin  and  cause of the
piracy, referred to in the  close of the preceding  chapter.              ov
vsco  dwvvarr-ureov.  A litotes for. the most poweyful.  See N. on L. 8.




CHAP. V.]                      NOTES.                              189
~ 1. -   I KepFova.... rpoOQS, both fo~r their own gain  and to suzpplj,
food to their poor.  rotis dcaevifL- literally signifies, the weak, infirm,
but as these persons are generally possessed of slender means of subsistence, we may render it as above.  rotZ adfvE(rL rpoqjjg is put for
CvcEa rpojr   r7s r&W doaOsEVeov.  By attending to such passages the
reader will see, in a manner, how Thucydides compressed his style.
KarT  KaAEas     oLKov/IEvatL, being -inhabited like villages, i. e. in a
scattering manner like Sparta, Mantinea, Tegea, etc.   - Trov 7rXELcroT
W....7roLoYvro,   derived thence the greatest part of their livelihood.
TO  rrXEirroV TO o  fI'lov- TO rrXAEYrov Tto  /3lov.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 3.
O oK —xTC, not yet. — c    porro..... ptiXXov, but rather bringing
something (rt) of glory even.
2. o..... ap&v, to whom  it is an honour to do this cleverly, in
good style.  c;o/-ors  an adjective in the predicate. Some take KaXJsE
in the sense of humanely, but this is a signification wholly unsuitable
to the passage.  As Bloomf. remarks, there is no word which better
expresses the exact idea, than our English word handsomely, in the
acceptation deaiterously.  oe' oraXatol rov oro?7rv =e ol raXatol rrotrlral.
Bloomf.  I prefer, however, with Bothe, to refer oi 7raXatot to the
persons spoken of by the poets, inasmuch as it was not the poets
themselves who asked the questions here referred to.  Thus also it
may be opposed to rTvE' E'r  viv.        ra- TrE 7rVOtrES-E-p-oT eE, " i. e.
interrogari advena8 ab hospitibus fccentes, nam  non ipsi poetin percontari poterant." Goeller.  -rTrEtL  depends upon  epcorT VTre  as its
cognate accusative.  Cf. K.' ~ 278. 1; S. ~ 182. 2.      or rrvv;raz'ovrat
EKELtWV WV (S. ~ 192. n. 3)'rvvdvovTraL.  Cf. II. 57. ~ 1.  -  drraLtoVvrTov, disowningz hold-ing unworthy. --   o.... OYEL8tOV7rov. The
order is: ovgre o[T  (=-EKELvOV o4) E7rtLEXES   IEtq ElIEavat ovetatovrtoiv.
The particles rE —ovi respond to ogre in the first member.  The freedom from reproach here referred to is illustrated in Odyss. 3. 71.
3. Kar' 77retpov, by land.  rlrelpos  signifies the mainland of Greece
as opposed to its islands. -   r-    r'raXaat5 rpowrc refers to the practice
of piracy and robbery by land, just spoken of, and not, as Huds. and
some others think, to the dispersed and defenceless condition of the
people who inhabited the cities. -   AoKpov...'AvKapvvava.  Grote
well remarks (Hist. of Greece, II. p. 388), that the Ozolian Locrians,
the 2Etoliaus, and the Acarnanians were the most backward members of the Hellenic aggregate.  It was not until near the time of the
Peloponnesian war, that much information is given respecting them.
--       rTe  t8r7pOP OpElopCLt, the wzearing of aremor (literally, the being
slagd in iron), is the subject of E'ULaEINPtqKe, continued, remained as a
custom.  -   dr1  Tr  rvaXaWtf  X rOTariE.  Armnsl  would be worn ne9*




190                                NOTES.                               LBooK 1,
cessarily by the pirates and robbers, and also by those who would de.
fend  themselves fiom  their attacks,  drno here denotes the cause or
occasion, by reason Qf
CHAPTER VI.
Yn the early times, all the Greeks wore arnls even while pursuing their ordinairy avocaticnse
(~ 1); a custom which is now plievalent in some parts of Greece (~ 2); and which wans
first laid aside by the Athenians, who adopted a more refined mode of life, although it
ras bhlt recently, that the more elderly dispensed with the ornaments of a less civilized
alge and adopted the simple apparel now in use (~ 3); in this adoption of a more simplf
costume the Lacedomonians took the lead (~ 4); and were the first also who practised
gymnastic exercises naked, girdles having been before worn around the loins after the
manner of the barbarians (~ 5); in many other respects, there was a similarity betwee,
the old Grecian mode of living, and that of the barbarians at the present time (~ 6).
1.;botspObo'pEt.  See N. on I. 5. ~ 3.   ~- alt.... OiKjf etS,   0o  CCcount of their qnmprotected dwellings. Cf. 7rdoXeotLV Cal-EetXorOr I. 5. ~ I.
Bloonif. wofuld render t}bpcaKroov      oKrc 7Keel,  open villages or scatterea
hctealets.  -    vvvtirq  -  vvZrjcor.       iatTrauv refers here to the habits
and modes of daily life (" vita) genus et institutio." Betant), and may
be rendered, ordinary pursuits. -           teb'  7rkTWoV  f'vo07rkoT.
2. -raimra Trrs'EXXdtoos, i. e. tile Ozolian Locrians, 2Etolians, and
Acarnanians.  Cf. I. 5. ~ 3. --          Ert olrsco veto'pduewa, retaining notw this
habit; iiterally, living yet in this manner. --- rv  rore (S. ~ 169. 1)
-...3Ltalrq(lr-v dependls on oat1Eiov. --         i =  extending to.
3. ie  TOlS Srp(t)rot, first of all (K. ~ 239. R. 2).  Solme render the
phrase, amcoong the first.  But cf. M~t. ~ 290. 3; Jelf's Kiihn. ~~ 137. 4;
444. 5. a. See also N. on III. 17. ~ 1.   -  dvecl y v          r~ 8at-,  by ca relacaxction  of nccnner's, i. e. by adopting  customs  less severe. -             cl
7rpeorUrepot-rTov eEvSaasldVYov    the older men of the opgulent class.
avrosr (- ~  avrov), Qf thenm, among them.  Mt. ~ 387; Crosby, 616.
1.  ~-  s ta 6 dro    poSalstov,  on account of their luxuzrious habits, as
Arnold well relnarks, explains why they  wore the linen  dress, not
why they  took  it off.  Hence these  words are  to  be  taken with
bpopouvres  and not with  e'rai oavsro.  The structure of the sentence is
luite confused.  In  respect to  the wearing  of linen  garments, Goel.
thinks' that the luxury consisted, not only in their being of linen material, but oftentimes richly embroidered. -            p Xpv,v.... rptXCo, arracnging the hair on  their head in rolls by the fastening  of golden
grass7holppers.  "The  Xpvcrol  rErt7yeE   served  (like  the  ornamrented
co0?bs of modern' times) to keep  tihe top-knot (KpCO/AXov) in orlder."




CHAP. VI.]                        A OTES                            191
Bloomf.  Their shape bore a resemblance to the form of grassh3ppers
a device which the Athenians seem  to hal@ve adopted, to slho-w that
they were natives of the soil (aicsro woves), as the grasshopper, which
was produced fiom the land itself.  Aristoph. Equit. 13831, alludes to
these grasshopper-combs.  The student is referred to Smnith's Dict. Gr.
and Rom. Antiq. p. 268, for an intstresting sketch of the various ways
in which the Greeks arranged  aheir iair, with appropriate illustrlations.  lvaaov; EvYO  depends on iEravo-avro (S. ~ 225.'), and  r7wv rptXc7v  limits Kpro~SXov. — _   ah' o0, from  whic'h custom  of the Atlecnians. -       o7-rKev  Kar;TErX  (the fashion prevzctzled) is a hypiaiiage fc-r
Oe 7rpeor,3Vrepot 7r0'IlwVI KarTE(o-Xov -Tl  uKevTv  ra{Tw7l,.  Bauer.
4. tirpct,  simple, modest.  -  E's (before rov vov), conformed to.
K. ~ 290. 2. (3) b. -       Es  ra adXMa, i'n other respects. -     7rpo  rovs
woXXodr' is to be construed after luo-olatrot, which the Schol. explains, 41oIautrot. O-     TeL h  /IELO) KEKTrIIE'vot.  This shows that in
the estimation of Thucydides, equality of property was not a feature
of the Lacedmmonian institutions.  Grote (Hist. Greece IL. pp. 520525) exposes most admirably the dreams of Plutarch, in respect to the
alleged redivision of landed property by Lycurgus, and his banishment
of gold and silver firom Sparta.
5. J7yvov`i&o-av. The practice of contending naked in the Olympic games, which, as we are here informed, arose from  the Spartans,
was adopted in the 14th Olympiad, as it appears from  an epigram
on Orsippus the Megarean.  Gottl. says that Trp6irot is not to be
pressed too far, since the Lacedmtnonians derived this custom  firom
the Oretans.  Of. Plat. Renub. V. p. 452.  A  reference, however, to
this passage in Plato, will show that the ay&yvEE  are not referred to,
but the games themselves. -           ie   r5 qbavepod.  There seems to be
an ellipsis of  7rpoEXSovres, exutis vestibtms in conspcgeetu   progrecssi.
So Bauer, Goeller, and Poppo.  Haack makes Es  roi  avepop        v -= ev
rp  qjlavepIc  or qbavepsJr.  Arnold's and Bloomfield's translation, for
all to see, making  Es denote either the designed or natural result of
the action, is inadmissible, since the former was not tlrue, and to
notice the latter, as though the reader -would need to be informed,
that a combatant who exercised naked would be seen by all, does not
comport with the brevity of Thucydides, who never turns aside to
inform  his reader of any thing, which he may be supposed to know.
-.- Xlra is an abridged dative for Mrai', X Iraq,  from  ro'X[,ra.
Ir. ~ 68. 9.     ij- lTXe1ravro, i. e. rpCrot. rpr.   rot  3apc3apots  o-rLv oS
rTOW papoapowv E'OCLV Ot   (=  vLOtIS.   K. ~ 331. R. 4). -   vvv is to
be constructed immediately after eT 8E Kacl.       Kroiig. remarks with
rteaflon that haXa r3i-erat sliould properly have been a'Xsv rte1Ev.or




3 92                             N OTES.                            [BooR 1
and  the  following  Kal  omitted, since the  difference bet-ween  the
Greeks and Barbarians, in the time of Thucydides, was not in the.institution of prizes for wrestling  and pugilism, but in the barbarian
custom of contending with girdles around the loins. -- ror-o referl
to  ro 7,rvyuaXetv Ka  7sraXaleLv, elicited from  the  preceding substantives 7rvy/k1s and 7raXr0s.
6. Iriig. constructs 7roXXa with  6dtoLorpo7ra, but Bloomf. supplies
KarT  with 7roXXc and takes 46otorpowra adverbially.
CHAPTER VII.
For the sake of security against the pirates, the more ancient towns were built some distance from the sea, while such as were Inore recently founded were built on the very
sea-coast, or on istllmuses for the more convenient pursuits of commerce (~ 1).
1. i'qq 7rXoYiucos-pcov o'vrwv, naviCgatioi n being noso more cCdvanced,
"when things begcac  to admit more o' ncavigactios." Arnold.  7rXC)Yi'/1W
re'pov is found in the editions of Goel., I-aack, Poppo, and Bloomf.
The plural is here used for tihe singular.        C 7' aI)roiL -roic atiyluXosc,'eapon the very sea-coast.  S.   160. 4. a.         (17eXciavov, occupied.
In other places, as IV. 45. ~ 2; 102. ~ 4, it is more fully written Zl)o-v
arroXuoovra retXIEttv, retXErCtv (5n'oXacul (tvctv.  The verb therefore may
be safely rendered, they walled off  enclosed qoith cwalls.  Cf. Betant
sub voce.  Bloomf. illustrates the choice of commanding positions as
the site of these towns, by rei-erring to Corinth and Potidea.-           &r[
7roX  advrtocXolJaav, for a lonzg tsiie precalent, " diu obdurantem — diuturnam."  Bothe.  Cf. II. 64. ~ 5. --  ainro in alro ZaXdorrao    denotes
distance firom a place, the verb of the proposition being one of iest.
K. ~ 288. 1. b.  Reference is had to such cities as Sparta, Thebes, Delphi, Argos, etc. -        E'q)pov, they (i. e. the pirates) laid waste, ravaged.
ipros in this sense is usually joined with alyco.        -TOV.... KOVV, as
many of the others as lived on the coast (KadrCo Cj'ovv), although unacquainted with maritime affairs.  Haack supplies EKELZroVS before io'roe,
on account of the preceding  aXXq5Xovs.  The participle OferET is here
concessive, and may be translated  as a verb preceded by although.
Cf. K. ~ 312. 4. d; S. ~ 225. 6; ov ~aXda'oLo-    OVIoK E/rretpoL r7s9 taXdtorosjes.    -  Kal   ftEXpt rov8E K.. X. resumes the narration, which
was interrupted by the parenthesis?'chepov....',KOV.  -l dVKto-[LCVO
rrsi (-it,'o  o0KOUOt), a're built at a distance froml  the coast.  The
ge',dero ly constructio ad sensum is put in the masculine, althlough t!le
verb,itperly refer:s to cities.  See N. on I. ~ 136. 1.




CuAP. VIIL                       NOTES.                                 193
CHAPTER VIII,
Piracy was also practised by the islanders, whom the purificat on of Delos showed to have
been ]nostly Carians and Phcenicians (~ 1); but when Minos expelled the pirates from
the islands, the sea became more open to navigation (~ 2); for which reason, the resources and power of those who dwelt on the sea-coast increased, and their mode of life
becoming more settled, they surrounded their cities with walls, some of which cities
obtaining the pre-eminence over smaller ones, attained to considerable consequence, and
thus the way was prepared for the Trojan expedition (~~ 3, 4).
1. Poppo thinks that this section belongs to the preceding chapter,
inasmuch as it illustrates the subject matter of that chapter.  ovX
aao-ov p== X~ ov. -        oVrTe, who we~re.  The participle may sometimes
be rendered by the relative and verb.  Cf. K. ~ 309. 3. b; S. ~ 225. 2.
- ovrot....o.Komav (colonized).  Cf. iHeodot. I. 171; IV. 147; VI.
44.    -  iapr'ptov 8E.  See 7ropaceLyia, I. 2. ~ 5.  The full form  is
found in Herodot. II. 58.  TEKUlpLOv lae Ilot roTroV  r7oe (EO-icr).  Cf.
Mt. ~ 628. 2.f; Butt. ~ 151. 6. --  KauapoFezvqrr.  After this purification of Delos by the Athenians on the advice of an oracle, they suffered no person to die on the island, but carried those whose end was
approaching  over into Rhenma. -               r8Be 7r-  7roXE'Jt.  Delos was
purified at the end of the sixth  year of the Peloponnesian war. —v7rEp  Lto'-V, above one half. ---   KEV  TiCV &rTXov   07rXotLS  according to the opinion of some, but it is better to render -aKevq, fashion,
mzake. ----- $vvreatifier.  Goel. edits ~vvreTa/htLvov, which yields the
samne sense.
2. The discussion of events seems here to be resumed from  chap.
4, at which place the historian digressed, to speak of the existence of
piracy and robbery, and their effect upon the condition and habits of
the various states of Gr~eece.  &E may therefore be rendered, however.
-   Karacrra'osro   having been established.  r         T 7rX opa-'it,repov.  Cf. N. on I. 7. ~ 1.-    ot EKc r76v voqo-   KuaKopyot adro-r7ro-av
oe v ro4  vqLTroTs  KoaKopyot (the pirates) acvo-,rq(rae (were expelled);~ avr&rv.  K. ~ 300. 4. a.  rrip gives a shade of indefiniteness to lore
-  about the time when.
3. oi 7rap& Sikao'o-av  alv spc7rot, i. e. the men who inhabited the
sea-coasts. --   fCtXXo.... rrotov'pevot, having now  obtained possession
of greater qwealth. -- fiEatsorepoY has reference to a more permanent
mode of living. --'eiX17 TrePte3OiXXoTro (sc. raS  r'oX6(rtr) -  -Thrs rrdXket  rELXFrLV  EKvKXovz. -- -XorkVo-Uorepot eavr&-E  - richer than  they
were before. -         yaIp "' causam  reddit verborum  3ato'repov CiKovV et
TEiX?,rEpLtX3OXXOVTo."  Poppo. -          KepS&v depends on  EnfEEvOL.  K.
~ 273. 2. b  — O —7-o —( ovr, the poorer.  S. ~ 65. --— rpoT e7roo0 vro




194                               NOTES.                               [Boos-1L....r6\XeL, they won over and mnade obedient to them  the smaller cities.
Two phrases are here blended into one.
4. piiXov'&8/ o'vres, being now in a better state than forlmerly, i e.
having now become powerful and richl.  Bauer interprets this  lassage: magis est, ut tali conditione jam  fuerint, quam ut in illa prisca."
-- Tcrpoy Xp6ry       o-rs'po  XpOriC, a former reading  bhut now  considered a gloss.
CHAPTER IX.
The expedition against Troy was set on foot, not so much by the suitor's oath to Tyndis
rus, as the superior power and influence which Agamemnon had to any of the princes
of his time (~ 1); for Pelops, by the wealth which he brought from Asia, became pow-'rful in Peloponnesus (which took its nam-re fiom Min), whichl power was increased by
Atrens. who obtained tlte sovereignty of Mycente and some other states on the death
of Eurystlleus (~ 2); all whlicll wealth and power Agamemnlon possessing, he drew to.
gether the armament against Troy, Inore through tlhe influence of fear than attachment (~ 3); for he fitted out the greatest number of ships for that expedition, according to IIomer, who also speaks of his extensive sway (~ 4); fiom this expedition may
be conjectured the nature and importance of those which preceded it (~ 5).'1. rodv TroTE  UVValEL 7rpov'XOv, by being superior in power to  the
princes of that time.  The genitive depends on 7rpov'cov (S. ~ 198. 2),
which participle denotes means (K. ~ 312. 4. e; S. ~ 225. 3), and is
opposed to rovE b'pKotS in the next clause.  These clauses are inverted,
the  natural order being:  ocei ovb roo-7r0ov-i(-ycov (o-roV) 7rov ror'e
aVVaUYeL rpoiv'ov. --- KaretLXstLEO ovS   (obstrictos).  The oaths referred
to are those which, at the advice of Ulysses, were ilupcxed upon the
suitors of Helen by Tyndarus, to  approve of the cho'ce whvich  she
might make, and  defend her from  any violence which  amight subseo
quently be offered to her. Cf. Apollod. IIT. 10. ~ 9.
2. ol ra o-acrErrarac K. r. X.  The order is: ot 8ibirF'yvot (cf. I. 20.
~ 1) rah -atEcrrara  IIcXororvrleqo-v, those of the  iF"e&oponnesians who
have received the clearest accounts.  I prefer this to the interpretation
which makes IIEXorrovvqoIc-v depend on rc' (raioErvrara'   those who have
received the clearest accounts  of the  affairs of Peloponnesuts, inasmuch as in such a case, we should have expected it to have been written rTI- JIeXo7rorVrtft aLvS.-o —V.... Excov, which he brought with him
fr'om Asia.  a depends on E'ow.  -  rYv  &rGovvUlav-o-rXev, furnish.
ed the name; literally, had the naming, i. e. had it named after hinself.  -    /Acom belongs to iEr1aXV7.r v Gr ra, although he was a foreign.
er. ---  roL...V. ~vvevXivat.  Haack, Poppo, and  others render: tc
his posterity still greater power accrued, taking /MEIO'  for a neutel




OnAP. IX.]                    NOTES.                               19plural, or supplying  iuvauztv from  the preceding context.  Bloomf.
translates: with posterity attained unto still greater estimation.  In
this case the construction would be: Kat (X4Eyovrwv)'crErpov ITL pLnt O
vvevwe~XtVaL (yeve~oraL) roit IKYo'voWS. I prefer this rendering, because
it seems to harmonize better with the context, it being the design of
the author to exalt in this place the fame of Pelops, and to give his
posterity (i. e. Atreus and Agamemnon) their meed of praise in -the
subsequent context. -— r'HpaKXEL.Svn.  Eurystheus was slain by
Hyllus and Iolaus, assisted by Theseus. ---- Kara rO oLKeV) on account of his relationship. -   rvyXaVEvv depends on Xe'yovo-t at the
commencement of the section. -            a'ro'v, i. e. Atreus.  The clause
TVYXXVELV avrov would have followed  7Trpo's.... a'vr  far imore naturally as a genitive absolute: Kalt ievyovroSr ro  7rarepa K. r. X.  The
structure of the sentence, as Kriiger remarks, would hlave been improved, had o"Tros been a primary verb. --        ai rov Xpvol7rrrov uavrarov.  The Schol. says that Pelops killed Chrysippus, and Atreus fearing the same treatment fled from home.  According to another tradition, hlis step-mother Hippodameia hated hiru, and prevailed on hler
sons Atreus and Thyestes to kill him, on which account Atreus fled
away from the anger of his father. --  BoKoIvra eLvaOt by appearing
to be (see N. on 7rpoVixov, I. 9. ~ 1), is connected to  30p0   by K(ll Mf0~z.
-     MvKayalIov and;o-ov depend on rTv  3acrtoeL. av.    7rapaXa43FiE
and KnaracrrTvat have the same construction as rvyXaLvew. -            rTV
IIEpacE8Lv depends on ~dleovE. Sthenelus the father of Eurystheus
was the son of Perseus.
3. a = which wealth and power.  Sililar to this is the use of
ra'ra, Xen. Anab. I. 6. ~ 9.  Cf. I. 18. ~ 2.        Kal vavrtLK  rT, and
in naval poewer also.  On Kal —Tr, cf. S. ~ 236. N..   - Er 7T  rXEovr=
LiaXXOV. -   iX;oV'as.  See N. on I. 3. ~ 2.-   ov.... q.d/o3,'not so
much by affection as by fear; literally, not by cffection more (rO
7rXELov  /aiXXop) than by fear.
4. CaLvErat-a-AqCP LKdtLcvoE.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 1.    e7 TGo LKaVO.
TreKIlptoJoaac, if his testimony be regarded vralid.  It is here meant, not
that the testimony of Homer is to be distrusted, but that some allowance is to be made for poetical exaggeration. -            iv....7 rj mapaB;ao-el.  Cf. Il1. 2. 108. ---  ro (TK7jrr-pov.  This sceptre was a lance,
which the Cheroneans venerated as a god.  Cf. Pausan. 9. 40, p. 795,
2ited by Gottl. -- v- -   coov depends on EKfaTEr.  ~'-   -O —- Xop
pr'eter. --,rretpcrqj  cv, inasmztch aC s he was an inhabitant of the
continent.  See N. on I. 5. ~ 3.  The participle here denotes the reason
r cause.  Cf. K.  312.4. b; S.~225.4. See alsoN. onI. 20. ~ 2.
5. oTa v Tr rirpb avlsr-how powelful qwere the armaments before it.




196                             NOTES.                              [Boo, t
CHAPTER X.
It is no reason why the poetic account of the greatness of the armament against Trey
should be discredited, because Mycenm was apparently a small city (~ 1); this will appear evident, if, Lacedrsimon having been overturned, any one should attempt to ascertain its power from its ruins (~ 2); the Trojan expedition ought therefore to be re
garded as greater than any which preceded it, but inferior to those of the present age
(~ 3); for Homer makes the number of the ships 1200, the largest containing 120, the
snlallest 50 men (~ 4); which number cannot be considered great, when regarded as the
combined force of the whole of Greece (~ 5).
1. 4'r.... ), because ilfycenc was a simcall city.  See N. on  es 1E33atov ov, I. 2. ~ 5.  HIaack and Poppo supply 6rdXo-~ta fiom  the following clause.  Mycenw  was destroyed by the Argives, in the 78th
Olympiad, A. c. 468, thirty-seven  years before the Peloponnesian
war.  -'  rL.... evalt, or if any of the cities of those times, etc.
Blooinf. makes this clause parenthetical, and renders: and which of
the cities of those times does not now calppear inconsiderable?  But I
think this to be unnecessary, as the commllonly received signification
makes apposite sense, ditodXpecv, worthy of notice.-           oVK....lp. -
Kao-t, no one utsing this (i. e. O5TL MvK1val fpLKp)V  K. r. X.) as a certain
proof, should disbelieve that this armanment was as great as the poets
represent.  aev belongs to Xpo,tcvos  and gives the sense no one using
etc. (if any one should peradventure use it as a proof).  /tz  is added
to the infinitive because preceded by a7rl(Tro't1, a verb of denial.  Cf.
Mt. ~ 534. Obs. 4; K. ~ 318. 8; S. ~ 230. 3.  Sometimes 0rL ov and
cso  ob are used in this construction with the indicative or optative.
- KaarXEl, prevails, obtains.
2. Sparta and Athens are now brought forward as illustrative of
what has just been said. yhp (illustrantis) may therefore be rendered,
for example. --    rs-E KarafcKEVjSV re  6f, the foundations of the
edifices. - Karao-Keuv  signifies fixed or permanent furniture, and hence,
as here, is put for buildings, especially public edifices and large mnansions. -    r roXX;v-ma7rart'av  rls  vvadecov — 7rpo  rTb KXEkoS arie, inuc7l
doubt of their power in compcarison with (7rpos) their Afme, i. e. with
whiat their fame represented it to be.-    rrpoEXrdvrog vroXXov Xpdvov,
in  a  long  lapse of time. -T ro7T c'retra, to posterity (S. ~ 169. 1):
limits dlvat, which  has for its subject, darnTluav. -- -X-  X      Iowrov(ro-....!zopas.  The five divisions of Peloponnesus were, Laconia, Messenia (which was subject to Lacedaemon), Argolis, Achaia, and Arca.
dia (which included Elis).  In Argolis were included thle Epidaurians
Tcezenians, Corinthians, and Sycionians. -           reov'co  vuciXcwv 7roX




HAP X.]                        NOTES.                              197
Xhv.  This was true after the Peloponnesian war, when Thucydides
composed the history. Before the war, the Spartans had few if any
sublject states out of Peloponnesus.    - ogrTe  uvvoLKLoc/Er~-77V, "not
compactly built."  Bloomf.  r- r0dXE)os. For the omission of the
article, cf K. ~ 244. R. 3. --   Kara Koa,  in villages.  Miiller (Dorians, II. p. 48-50) says, that the names of these hamlets or villages
were Pitana, Messoa, Limna, and Cynosura, which lay on all sides
around the city (,rdotE)'properly so called, and were divided from one
another by intervals, until at a later period (in the time of the Macedonian power), they were enclosed with walls and united and incorporated together. Niebuhr supposes that such was the early state of
Rome, to which Arnold adds the Borghi of Florence, and some of the
Italian towns. -        qaivotr', so. rr(Xtr from the preceding 7roXkeo.  A
Schol. supplies Bavvalr fi'om  the foregoing rOv avvatecoo. -'Ar7vatoAv.... ra;vrov is put for et 8B oL'Arqvaiot v7r:oLtev, and responds
to the preceding members, etL Jpto)Etl X27re E[7 E6.         IKaCqiEaC
depends on oLmat, the words KagTroL.... V7ro8EcEro-pa being parenthetic.
—; E ortL, instead of a noun in the regimen, is uncommon after
words implying the idea of comparison, like  Lt7r-Xao-tav.
3. ov'Kovv (IrWrrTEiV GEKOS), hence it is not proper to doubt- wte ought
not to doubt..-  ruv (rrpIarEiav, i. e. the armament fitted out against
Troy.  r- rvv in r&v 7rpo avrsjr depends on iMEytioyrrlv.       XEro/WdvYV UB TCOV vUv, but falling short of those at the present time. -:avrav3a (i. e. Kal evrav3a) "has the same sense as if Thucydides had
written Kal 7repl TavrLs  rvs crrparm-lta  Xiyovrt.  Therefore the relative
T/ is in the feminine gender."  Arnold. Z- E7r Tor ftifEov-KOOIAtoaLt,
to exaggerate for the sake of embellishment, "in majus celebrare."
Poppo.       KaL ov'rsco, i. e. even with all the embellishment of Homer.
4. xLtXtov..... L'v  The Schol. says that Homer's number of the
ships was 1166.  Eustathius finds in the catalogue the number of
1186. Thucydides may be supposed to have used a round'number.
a — dypyv depends upon ras /Ev (i. e. vaD), as the genitive denoting the contents, or that wit-h which a thing is filled; ships of
(  Iholding, carrying) 120 mnen.  In the same manner we find 7rXoTa.:trov and a5itatu ~orov.  Of. Kr. ~ 47. 8. N. 4.  Krug. in his note on
this passage remarks that, as we can say at vqes 7/o-av (vaen) eZaruo
dvepcv, so also we may say vrE'forlKE 7 ras  va  (vats) EKarobv cavpjv.
I —-- XXc iv yo.v.... rapeOrKEvao'tpeva is generally regarded as parenthetic, the main subject being resumed by oiv in 7rpoE rTE IyeoyTcrra
ove. ----   arEpEra  (sc. veWv, cf. III. 18. ~ 5), themselves rowers. --- I
have put a comma after raivres, because EV TralE  (tlXOKTrTroV  avn(i is
by no means to be joined with'trav. but is to be taken in the sense




198                               NOTES.                              [Boos i.
of, in what he has said of the ships of Philoctetes. ---   replvecds, sw
pernumeraries, i. e. those who are merely passengers, and take no part
in the management of the ship. -  -r.)v....r e t, those particularly
in office   the chiefs.  Cf. ra -  rE'X, I. 58. ~ 1.       ELXkXovTar  should
properly be s~tXdrrwv, but as in that case it would have referred to
B3ar&Vcov, and not as it does to  the whole armament of the Greeks,
the accusative was adopted, the subject being partly contained in the
subject of the  primary verb, 7reptvecow   rroXXovs.:v/n'XEev, as Arnold
remarks, having  exactly the  same  meaning, as if Thucydides had
written 7rFplvecoy  TrokWovE  AErTa  - o&Cv ayeLv.  The subject of peXXovras is therefore "EXXvuara to be supplied. --    KaraicpaKTa, decked, with
decks.  Their ships were covered only in the prow  and  stern, which
covering Homer calls iKpla vr0rS (cf. Odyss. 12. 229). Even in the
time of the Persian war, the ships were not entirely covered (cf. I. 14.
~ 3, aivra.... Krcaraopo),1rTa). Cf. Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq.
p. 58. -     X  rfTLKcrTp,0, rather after the piratical fashion.
5.,rp5o.... aKo7robLrt7 in reference to the greatest and the slmallest
ships, if we look at the mnedium =if we look at the medium  between
the greatest and the smallest ships.  7rpos here  denotes fitness, conformity to.  Cf. K. ~ 298. III. 3. b. orv =-I say then, or accordingly.
rKOrovYTrL hinlits alvovorat. -   cos —rerorLevoI,     being regarded as sent.
K. ~ 312. 6.
CHAPTER XI.
The want of means to support an army, was a reason why the armament against Troy
was no larger; and so limited were they in their resources, that they were obliged to
engage in expeditions into the surrounding regions, in order to obtain subsistence for
the army, which fact shows why the siege was so long protracted (~ 1); for if they had
pressed the siege vigorously withl their whole force, they might easily have taken the
place (~ 2); but:vant of pecuniary resources made the military operations prior to this
expedition feeble, and even this was inferior to its fame as celebrated by the poets (~ 3).
1. a'trLov, the reason  of this paucity..-   d'Xpr/spa7a, woant of
smoney. -       rsr yasp Tpoo.rs.  The article, as Bloomf. well remalrks,
refers to something to be mentally supplied, as the food, se. necessary
for their sustenance. ----- abrdev, from  the place itself, i. e. from  the
Trojan country.  -   7roXkcoirira denotes the means.  See N. on I. 9.
1. —---  r  in  rreq' rE r responds to r7  in Tro  TE arparov.  8- 7Xozs




CEAP. XI.]                      NOTES.                               199
EE... LrtXL'avro is a parenthetic clause, confirmatory of &r7eL&   T.....
fKp(rlprav.  The proof of baXov &8 is introduced by yap. — OVK av
E;reXl o-avro.  Supply mentally  l i     q piXry EdKpamr7rr(av. --   &  iI  8'
ov3' is resnmnptive.  It is often found after particles of time in the
apodosis.  -  cvraLv2S   i. e. when they had gained  the first battle.
7-rpor yoEwpytav.  Eustath. (ad. II1. p. 387) says that Diomedes
ploughed the Thracian fields, and was not plresent at the theatre of the
wnT7ar. --   yreTiar.   Under the conduct of Achilles, the Gieeks made
excnrsions into the surrounding country anid pillaged  many cities.
XnT'rea, although a word denoting pilacy, is here to be taken in a
modified sense, of pillaging  expeditions, excursions for~ plunzder, as
Bloomf. remarks, bearing some resemblance to the privateering of
nmodern times. -,, "hoc igitur modo seu gzuan ob causaln." Poppo.
Cf. I. 25. ~ 4; II. 2. ~ 3; IIr. 13. ~ 2.-    navrv 8teo-rraptfecov refers
to the Greeks.          a r& &'.,ca'rr7.  The timne of the siege was well
known, and hence the article is prefixed to &Ka Wfr7.  Cf. Kr. ~ 50. 2.
N. 1.- -- tia  is to be taken withI avreiXov, and not with dvrtlraXot
(= dvrdmLta) as Bauer supposes, since it has the sense of impetu, vi, and
not viribus.  It is singular that ILier. Muiiller should connect O'a wvith
avTrov &ecrrraptXEvcovY.  The idea is that, in consequence of the dispersion of the Greek forces in quest of the means of subsistence, the Trojans were enabled to Inake successful resistance in  the open field,
oagainst those of their enemies who were left to carry on the siege.
-          relt, fbr the time being.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 1.
2. fXovres-, with.  K. ~ 312. R. 10.- c- pdop, being  collected together. -      evvztX,&   rt'v - rr0eXouv G&etepov, had  carried  the  war
throu/gh (i. e. to a successful termination) without cany interrrution.
u-   - X, belongs to Kparobvrer and not to  etov. -    o' ye.  K.
~ 317. 2.    - &l.  See N. on the previous section.  -    7oXtopKxl 8'
a'[ 7rpoo-rKaTeo/tleoL, b'ut had they appllied themselves to the siege; literally, sat dclown to the siege.  Poppo concects ilv with dhov.
3. ro rov, i. e. the expedition against Troy. -        avra yE a' ra-a-U,
inzdeed this itself (K. ~ 303. 3).  The plural is here used also, although
referring to the Trojasn expedition, the idea of events in the expedition
being prominent in the writelr's rmind. -        yevdolev is here concessive.
See N. on11 I. 7. ~ 1. -     o —,ol —'Tr,   is shown to have beeM.  ar/Xo0
with a pa, r-ticiple sio'nifie:  to disclose, reveal, with an infinitive, to say,
to announce, etc.  K. ~ 311. 12.   - Ka o 7-o.....aurec-XKgdros, even
the repeort whic.h, th/roZlgl tie meditm of the poets, is now currelnt respecting it.  See N. on I. 10. ~ 1 (end).




200                             NOTES.                              [_soo  L
CHAPTER XII.
The Greeks still remained in an unsettled condition after the Trojan war, and therefore
made no great improvement (~ 1); this resulted, among other things, fromn the factions
which had arisen during that war, and through which, those who returned were banishedl
from their respective countries (~ 2); the Boeotians and Dolians changed their abodes
(~ 3); the country at length becoming tranquil and the population no longer migratory,
colonies were sent out to Ionia, Italy, Sicily, and other regions (~ 4).
1. E7rel Kia, then also, and even.  Cf. I. 69. ~ 5. 5- -....  uEr.
KIETro,  weas still mzoving from  place to place and chcanying abodes.
Every edition before me, except Dindorf's, has KarcpKtgEro, instead of
I     CErsKEro, which Arnold renders, wvas settling itself, i. e. was not yet
settled. -      ore.... a.1...v aL ot-rTE   o7 X roX'vxw(rao'a Kal ktq aerq-'~vat, inasmuch as the negative belongs to the whole clause.  Cf. K.
~ 318. R. 5.  Poppo, however, resolves the clause into, gb-,re wr   bovyxaara Kal orceOr a       rtqZvaL which mnakes no material difference in the
sense, since oVTOa)c refers to a state of rest, which is denied in /r1 } ovxicioaora.  Not much different from this is the translation  of Bloolnmfield: so as to enjoy too little quiet to mcake any progress in powere.
uovxda-raoCa is put in the nomninative (for ro-vXdo'co-av) by attraction
with 71'EXXar, the subject of the principal verb.  Cf. Jelf's K(iihn.
~ 863. Obs. 5; Kr. ~ 55. 2.  Ns. 1, 4.  Goeller  commences  tlte
apodosis to  relF.... arq73va5tL, with  p6nXt  r,  Ev  rro)XX   K. r. X.. ~ 4
infra.  All the intervening words, both he and Bloomf. enclose in a
parenthesis.
2. Xpovia yevoo5E07Y, taking place after so long a timve.  Cf. Odyss.
17. 112.       7roXXak belongs to evEOXMcoOrr, nade qCany changes.
-Trao-ets, factions. --  os Er7L vroXv, for the most part, generally. --
d' ho,, by swhich (see N. on darlo 7roXtov, I. 24. ~ 4), sc. aordrrecov, and
not ~rrodXeov,  which would either be without the preposition or else
take EK.       EK7rrtrToTES-E-rKTov.  The subject is oe roXTorl elicited
from  the preceding 7rokeot.         TLra  7rdkEtL.  The use of the article
Poppo  (Proleg. I. p. 200) thus gives:  "clarcas qtrbes, qtcas inde
novimus extitisse."  See N. on ra  /Kua frr7, I. 11. ~ 1.  The  chiefs
who are here spokeln of as being expelled from  their country, were
Teucer, Philoctetes, Diomedes, AMenestheus, Pyrrhus, Idomeneas, etc.
8. "Apvqc. The Thessalian Arne is here intended. The Bceotian
Arne which was thus colonized  was afterwards called  Cheronwa'Coroneia, Leake).        alratardvrer, being expelled.  The aorist active




"HAP. X.I                     N OTES.                            201
has here a passive sense.  S. ~ 207. N. 3.     iov in hJ' Cv is plural
because carobaos-p/r, to which it refers, has a collective idea.  Miiller
says, that the writer added this through deference to the authority of
Hionler. But in the catalogue of the ships, the BMeotians are represented as possessing the whole of what was afterwards called Bceotia,
and could not therefore have been a portion only of its inhabitants.
Grote (list. of Greece, II. p. 22) says that Thucydides has not removed the discrepancy between himself and Homer by this statement,
but only made it less strikingly obvious.  The subject is involved in
difficulty. --   Aopqr....'(rXov. During their exile from Peloponnesus. the Heraclidse took up their abode in Doris, iEgimius having bequeathed to Hyllus his doninions, in gratitude to Hercules for having
reinstated him  in his government which he had lost.  it was thus
that eighty years after the capture of Troy, they planned the recovery
of their ancient possessions, the traditionary namne of which expedition is " the return of the descendants of hfercules."  Cf. Cramer's
Greece, Vol. II. p. 101; fiiller's Dorians, I. p. 50 seq.  The invasion
was successful, and all Peloponnesus, except Arcadia and Achaia, fell
into their power.  Grote (Hist. of Greece, II. p. 18) thinks that Thucydides or some previous author, computed this epoch of eighty years
by tl-e generations in the line of Hercules, the first generation after
Her.cules commencing with the siege of Troy, which, reckoning thirty
years for a generation, would bring the fourth generation to coincide
with thle ninetieth year after that period, or the eightieth year after
the city was taken.  This would agree with the distance in which
Tlepolemus, Tenlenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus stand removed
fron HIercuiles. 3oyyo0Koorw'ret. Repeat eira'IXlov aX&outv.
4. /oJXL, scarcely, not ct length, as that idea is contained in Ei
mroXXcj Xpdvo. -     delraggv P,  being unsettled, migratory.  See the
use of this woird in the previous section and in I. S. ~ 2.- E';Tre'7mLe.
I pre-fer with Haack, Goeller, Poppo, and others, the  imperfect
E$EIreL/Tre, because the writer is here speaking of colonization in genelal and not of any specific colonies. -'Irlas, i. e. the southern
part of Italy, in which were many Grecian colonies, and which -as
called'by later writers Magna Gricia. -- E'TorW 3 Xcopla (-'vta
(oopla). See N. )n I. 65. ~ 3.




C~202                             NOTERS.                             [BooX   1
CHAPTER XIII.
As Greece increased in power and wealth, tyrannies began to be established, and increasing
rttentin was given to maritime affairs (~ 1); in which Corinth led the way, trilemes
being said to have been built first there (~ 2); and at the same time Aminocles the
Corinthian constrncted four for the Samians (~ 3); the earliest sea-fight took place between the Corinthians and the Corcyrmans (~ 4); Corintll, by its favorable position for
the land trade between Peloponnesus and the rest of Greece, and also for its maritime
advantages, after the suppression of piracy, became a double emporium and arose to
great opulence (~ 5); the Ionians also, in the times of Cyrus and Cambyses, possessed a
considerable navy, as did also Polycrates and the Phocoeans (~ 6).
1. 7rv KrTrL5-r-roLoVS-E, having obtained the possession of.
pXXov is here employed as an adjective. -             - rah roXXa is to be taken
adverbially  (=  errT Ir  rbroXV), for  the most part, very generally (K.
~ 279. R. 8), i. e. in  most of the states. --         rvpavvL8es, absolute sovereignties.  Reference is had in this term  to the mode, in which  ab
solute power was obtained, rather than the manner in which it was
exercised.  As opposed to the kingship  spoken  of below, it signified
power usurped  and  unlimited, in distinction  firom  that which  was
legitimate, hereditalsy, and limited by constitutional restrictions. -'erri pqTolr Y'PaLrr, with defined prerogatives, i. e. such  as had been
long established  by usage and  common  consent.  errL here denotes
condition, K. ~ 296. II. 3. b. --   7rarptKal, ancestlral, hereditary.
Goeller thinks that rrarptKal  3arrLtkeua  does not signify, dominion  received from one's father, but rather ro rrarptKov et rio KaTa vdtoov elva
7rrarplov, and that the word wrarptKal is used, because it includes the
signification of paterni et patrugm ez institutis admninistrati regiminis.
But his reasoning in support of this is by no means satisfactory. -:av'rtKa re i;- prie-ro, begant to fit out for himself nzcvies.   -  (d1relXovro (sc. ol'EXXrvreS from  ~'EXXhs in the previous clause), began to
apply themselves.  So Betant in hoc loco.
2. rpdrrov depends on E'yyvrara.  S. ~ 195. 1.  -!seraxetpio-at, to
change in the structure.  A Schol. says that the alteration consisted
in converting  vessels of fifty  oars into triremes.  Thucydides uses
iTraXetpLo-ra  here in the sense of the middle  iferaXcpl~orarobat.  A similar usage may be found in UovXo~v, I. 16. ~ 1; III. 87. ~ 4, and KTraXcaat, III. 46. ~ 1. - - ra  Reps rahs  var=-  the structure of s7i sps;
literally, those things pertaining to ships.  K. ~ 295. III. 3.             T rqs'EXXr8os is added, says Poppo, because triremes had before this been
in use among the Phoenicians.
3. 2altiots, for the Samians, depends on 7ro(ilo-ar.  For the con



Car. XIIL]                   NOTESs                               203
struction of balvevaL —rontoav, see N. on I. 2. ~ 1.  -  tMUtcrra  about,
in 1round numnbers.  Goeller prefers the sense of ferme instead of circiter. ---  ro, 7rroXlov, i. e. the Peloponnesian war.  This shows that
Thucydides wrote the preface of his work, at least, after the war had
terminated.
4.   — =:E'KtvW v irs, of which equfivalent, the antecedent depends
on 7raXacr-r?, and the relative is governed by.-..J.. -     KoptLvwlev
7rpos KepKvpatovr.  Between the Corinthians and Colcyrrans there
existed the most inveterate enmity, although thle latter people were a
colony of the former.  The expedition hlere referred to was the one
conducted by Perialnder to avenge the death of his son Lycophron,
whoom he had driven from  his holne and banished to Corcyvra, but
afterwards recalled in his old age, and whom  through fear of Periander, who was to take the place of his son, the Corcvyrsans murdered.
Cf. IHerodot. III. 50-53. --  (-raV   (sc. padXy), from  the time qf that
battle. For this use of the dative, of. Mt. ~ 388. c.  ~- t;iXpt rom  avro
Xpd6ov, i. e. the close of the Peloponnesian war.
5. yap, now.  See N. on I. 4. ~ 1. --  Cet is strengthened by 3j,rore = always at all times. -      -;rriptov, a place of trcgic, a comnmercial town.  This name was generally applied to mnaritime places,
where articles of merchandise were imported and exported. -'EXX'ovwv is in the genitive absolute with E7rTytIyovr. --    Tr Mr2Xoat i2a
olden time. --    7- mrX/cl), more.      8l-.... Er/L0tO-dvrTOvl   having
intercourse with oze another through their territory. -  -roTs rtaXatoos
7rotlTrac. Reference is had to Homer, who says (I1. 2. 570):
0 8& MVcvavts ELXOv EUKTL;EVOV 7rOXLEJpOv,'AVetv rTE Koptvaoi,
--— aXXov ErXnfCov, began to atlend more to navigation; literally,
began to sail more.  E7rXWCoov is a poetic word.      a, Kipovv.  I concur with Poppo, Goeller, and others, in referring this verb to the Corinthians, inasmuch as rau vanv evidently means, the ships just mentioned
(i. e. the Corinthian ships), and the following context shows a change
of subject. Poppo notes a similar variation of the subject in II.,?. ~4
TII. 16 (init.); 52 (init.).  Such abrupt changes are not wonderful in
a writer like Thucydides, who makes every thing subordinate to
brevity. -       cl4oT6orEpa, both ways, i. e. Corinth became an emporium
for traffic by sea as well as by land (K. ~ 270. R. 10; Butt. ~ 115. 5).
It is remarked by critics that dalqorepa mlay be taken in three senses,
1, by sea and by land; 2, to the Greeks both within and without the
isthmus; 3, to the two ports of Corinth, viz. Cenchrea and Lechmeum.
The first is the only interpretation which has claims to be considered
as the true one. -     Xpar/rwoi depends on rrpoyds.




204s,          NOTES.                             [BooK L
6. "Ioatv limits ylyverat, of which vaVTtKO'V (navy) is the subject. —Erlt Kvpov, in the time of Cyrus. K. ~ 296. II. 2. --. rs —Ka' iavrovs
baXdoarao7, their own sea; literally, the sea over against thern.  Fom  the
construction of aXu(io-(-vr]  in dependence on EKpci7r-Crav, Oef. S. ~ 189.Kipp 7roXkeFjo0vre. Cf. Herodot. I. 161 et seq.  The participle here denotes time, while they were carrying on war. KK.~ 312. 4. a; S. ~ 225.
2.      IIoXvxpdTrsr.  See Herodot. III. 39, 120.-   e&r  KalS6o-ov.
See N. on E'ri KIpov supra. -'PvetLav, Rhenea, one of the Cyclades
(see N. on I. 4. ~ 1) so near to Delos, that Polycrates is said (III. 104.
~ 2) to have connected them  with a chain.            avr2st e (consecrated).... At/Xp. The way in which this was done is mentioned in III.
104. ~ 2, and Herodot. III. 34, 122. --    Maocra)lav oLt:TL'orrev. Arnold
remarks that this is not to be understood as referring to the sea-fight
mentioned by Herodot. I. 166.  I-e understands Massalia as being settled by a colony, sent out fifty-five years earlier than the flight of the
main body from the arms of Cyrus, and therefore founded long before
the subjugation of the parent state to the Persians. If this be true,
the sea-fight here referred to must have been fought with the Carthaginians, some time previous to the one spoken of by Herodotus.
CHAPTER XIV.
Many generations after the Tr(ojan war, the Greeks possessed bit four triremes, the most.
common ships being fifty-oared vessels and long barks (~ 1); and it was only just before
the Persian war that the tyrants of Sicily and the Corcyrwans possessed any considerable
number of triremes (~ 2); the 2gginete and the Athenians had but few ships, and those
mostly of an inferior class, until Themistocles incited the latter people to the construction
of better ones, although, even then, not decked throughout (~ 8).
1. Poppo and Haack disconnect this chapter from  the preceding
one, by placing a period instead of a colon after vavlAaXovvprer.  Bloosnf.
closes the preceding chapter with  the words vavr7tKIv l.              u- arp,
then, now, an inchoative use of this connective, which is so frequent,
that, unless in special cases, it. requires no fuirther notice. --   rarv,
i. e. the navies just mentioned. --        yteveti  is the dative of time when,
A generation was reckoned at thirty years (see N. on I. 12. ~ 3).
yervoleva, although being.  See N. on I. 7. ~ 1. X —       PXFptea depends
on  jatvErat.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 1.      T- 7evrqTKorVTpotr.  These fifty
oared ships were of that class called!tovijper, because the rowers sat in
one rank, twenty-five on each side, These ships were first introduced




CaAr. XV.J                       NOTES.                                 205
by the Phocmans.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 877.
8-' frt, but still. --    ESrdprvpv'a, provided with, or perhaps consisted of would be a signification more appropriate in this passag e.
-  -  )7rcEp EKELva (se. r&-v TpcoLKhfV), as those in the Trojan war.
2. Aklyov re (sc. judvov), and only a short time.          r-,)v MqTBtKJVY
refers to thle first invasion of Greece by Darius.       e/Td,  (after. -
7rTpl Tre  LKEX(tv, around Sicily (K. ~ 295. III. 1. b), i. e. on the Sicilitn  coasts.  If however 7r'E[l tLEXeXtav - LKEXtKOS07' the older should
be: ro  -r 7vpavvoLS  e WEpLt  LKEXtav. --     Er  rhXogs, in  a considerable
numb ber.  K. ~ 290. 2. 1. b. -    The context demands the subaudition
of srcz'ov afterl itlt,)koya, in the sense of the only navies worthy of nzote.
3. el TrLeq (XXOIt, SC. aCvrTtKa E'KEKTVrrO. A shade of doubt is coniy
municated by et to the clause: such others (if there were any) as had
nav ies.  For this species of brachylogy, cf. K. ~ 346. 4. -- - 3paXEa
(=-  tKp9.  Cf. I. 74. ~ 3; 117. ~ 3; 140. ~ 1), inconsiderable, small as
to numbers, although  there may be a reference also to magnitude.
Haack supplies 7rXoia, but ravrtXa is to be preferred. -   — rE Te, sc.
7v.  Kri;g. whlom  Poppo follows, supplies E'KnKi70rIro.  But this is less
apposite and natural than the common rendering: and it was nzot till
late that Themistocles, etc.       d alq' ov =- &srE, which is found in one
MS. -    rof /3ap/3apo.v is put for rov f3apolipcov, as in Latin k2omanus
is put for Romnani.  Reference is had to the second Persian invasion,
which had been threatening Greece ever since the battle at Marathon
and did not therefore come unexpectedly.  -- Baa 7ra'7E   (sc. re0W),
throughout the ship.  Poppo understands 8L  ricro-js to mean, in every
ship, i. e. nondunm  omnes tectas fuisse.  Some reject as harsh the
ellipsis of  Es'oa, and take alta rr;crls in the adverbial sense omnino, as
8tal  KYJCES  (Athen. 442. a), frustra, and darlo i-rS  ot'E, I. 15. ~ 3.  But
see N. on that passage.
CHAPTER XV.
The states which gave their attention to the formation of a navy, greatly increased their
power (~ 1); for no wars by land, except border hostilities, were yet carried on, nor
were any distant enterprises undertaken (~ 2); combinations of smaller with greater
cities were not formed for common expeditions, except in the war between the Chalcideans and Eretrians, when the rest of the states separated into parties on the one or the
other side (~ 3).
1. 8U —5e os, however. o —      K EXaXro-Tr-v -very great.  A litotes.
See N. on I       1.3.'    -    ol 7rpooXd'vrer  avroig (sc. rogs VtaTreKOls), those
paying attention to their navies, i. e. making it an object to form and
10




206                             NOTES.                           [Boox j
establish a navy. --— 7rpoto-d  and cipxj are datives of means.Sat  IauXcT-ra ho-at ( EKEJOLt d0ot) /i) aCapKd  ecxov xcjpav, and  especially as many as had a territory insmeficient for their sustenance.
Bloomf. refers this especially to the Athenians.  It was also true of
the Corinthians.
2. o'hev, whence, refers to 7rOE/XFo. -— Kal ill Trs  Kal appears to
us to be pleonastic, but the Attics employ it frequently after rIE, to
connect the thought more closely. ----  rapeyFeVro, accrnted (= might
accrue).  This use of the moods in adverbial sentences of place (K.
~ 336), is the same as in adjective sentence.s (K. ~ 333), the indicative
being used when the attributive qualification is to be represented as
actual or real. -— a- rvrs....caT(rotL.  The order is: 7rtv-reg hi (sc.
oO'Eot) OaOLt Kal (even) y evovro 1cav EK670ovs rpoS 605/OpovS (borderers) 0ovs O4ETepOV'S.      OC~pOTElpOS-Et ero-av.  K. ~ 278. 1.        7roXv
atro rj-S  EavrUrv is bracketed  by Poppo and Goeller, on the ground
that the idea contained in EsK&/aovrs is repeated.  But, as Bloomf. well
observes, IKaBtovS  merely signifies, abroad, foreign, without defining
the distance, and hence the clause in question is by no Ileans superfluous.  Cf. II. 10. ~ 1. -    i7r' kIXXv KaraT-rpob7/, for the subjutgation
of others.
3. oa / yap ~vvyear'Kreo-avy —ro'2tEl  ivrtqKoot.  The Schol. says, that
the lesser cities did not associate in war with the larger cities, as subject to  them, ov ylap vrrsK0oot.  Hence Poppo makes 6vrt~7oot = f
V7r7KOOL, and with it supplies ol'EXkvges instead of rAetv-.    -   alv, on
the other hand.  Bothe reads a&. --  avroi does not refer to lAsrT7Koot,
but to all the Greeks, especially to those implied in  tEyto-rat wokets.
-   rro rwS't(o_-q  (Sc. /lotpaS), on equal terms, i. e. the expenses
being justly apportioned.  The Schol. supplies oLvv-reXeas.  But cf.
III. 40. ~ 6.-   &EroaVo   roa, 0   solebant suscipere." --— c b'r EUrrot oL
d6arvyeiroves, as they severally happ9ened to border on each other.  The
general idea is, that neighboring states went to war with one another,
but no general combination was folrmed against any distant enemy.
l —-  tXTTa..... 8tea-r, especially in the war whichc acnciently ocureedr
between, the Chalcideans and Eretrians (it was that), the  rest qf th7e
Gree7s ranged thenselves on different sides, and thus were engaged in
general hostilities.  Kal has here the force of also, likewise.  The sentence is exceedingly compressed, but its general sense cannot well be
mistaken.




CHAP. XVII.1                      NOTES.                                  -207
CHAPTER XV1.
Various obstacles were in the way of the prosperity of the other states, and especialJy
were the Ionians weakened by the Persian power under Cyrus, as were their islands at
a subsequent period oy Darius (~ 1).
1. aXkoztL, fromn other quarters, ain other ways. -          E  a$,T7~ v',
i.e. eroO t7 adtqSiYvat.  Cf. K. ~ 308. 2. b.  K;coXvlara contains a negative idea and is therefore followed by;7/ with the infinitive.  See N.
on  I. 10. ~ 1 (end). -       -Ka, especically, serves here to introduce  a
particular instance of the obstacles to their advancement. -             Bloomfield makes "IO(rl to  depend on e7re;yEETro unaderstood, the subject of
which is KdpoV Ka:l Ij IEpO-CLK7 /3aotLXEa (a hendiadys), and in order to
furnish a subject to irreforpdrev, l he supplies s1 referring to  3acrt-Xeca.
But why not with the Schol. construct "Ico-t after  rreo-rpirevoe-,  and
make Kdpog and j8ao-sre[a the subject of the verb?  This expedition
of the Persians, of course would be a KikXva to the lonians, and it is
unnecessary, therefore, that this idea should be formally repeated by
supplying'ErEye7Evro KcXvhta.   -    rpoxcop7cro-avrov  iErr'  yeya rov 7rpayiamrcov is referred by the Schol. to the Persians, but is evidently to be
taken with "IJOo-.  -'AXvoro  The river Halys separated Lydia fiolil
the Persian  dominions.  The  ancient Greeks designated  what was
called subsequently Asia Minor, by  j,rapa2c arTdo-sor, or?7 f'vr7r Tav'pov, or'1 evroS'AXvoo.  -    7roXetL, i. e. the Ionian cities. — E'o0vXcooe.  See N. on I. 13. ~ 2.   -  Aapeors.  Repeat E28doUeoe. —            Er
vavrtLK  is the instrumental dative.  K. ~ 608.  The. reduction of the
Ionian  states took place on their revolt, at which  time (A. c. 498)
Miletus was destroyed.
CHAPTER XVII.
The tyrants, with the exception of those in Sicily, looking only to their own interests and
security, did nothing memorable (~ 1); so that Greece, impeded on every hand, for a
long time made little advancement (~ 2).
1. rspavvot belongs to o(o-ot (i. e. oo-ot rVpavvot), and is therefore
without the  article, the whole proposition  forming  the subject of
)KOVV. --   r.                                o... rpoopEleO,  2pr oviding only fro  their own interests.




208                            NOTES.                           [Boox L
Kiihner (Jelf's edit. ~ 633. 3. e) explains To 1Ei' Eavr7ov, something depending on themseZies, i. e. having no reference to any body else.  Cf,
ro EQavroU I/dOov (rKo7rOSv, VI. 12.   2'.. —— i       crO-)/a=  as it regarded their personal security and gratification."  Bloomf.  Notice
this use of (r)/ia in the sense of person.  The fact here spoken of is
illustrated  by a reference to Periander, who is said to have ha(i a
body —gnard of three hundred men.-  b' cio-raXelas v 0o-ov E'6vaTro,
as safely as possible, i. e. with as much safety to themnselves as p(ssible.  tz('  with  its  case  is here  taken  adverlbially. -.- tiXwra
(= JKpLi&S. Schol.) belongs to o'-ov Uibvavro. --   pKovv  (= wiv  Kovv),
managed, guided the affairs of:  The cautious and timid policy here
spoken of, had reference to foreign wars, as is seen fromr the context.
- axr' auviVL. "'There is a mixed meaning in the word  aro', partly
expressive of derivation' and partly of agency: nothing great proceeded from them; nothing great was done by them."  Arnold.  Cf.
Mt;. ~ 573; K. ~ 288. 1. 3. c. --     eL El' rt, excerpt somnething.  We
are not to understand r' as referring to any memorable deed, but as
simply signifying any deed whatever.  "When el,n1 has the meaning
ezcept, another El is sometimes joined, like nisi si, while the predicate of Et /71 is omitted.  K. ~ 340. 5.  -   EKda-(-rot is to be constructed  with ~iprpiXy7  (mentally supplied fiom  the preceding sentence), there being a sort of apposition  between it and axr' avramv.
- yhp in oi y7p implies an ellipsis: I refer especially to the
tyrants of Greece, for those in Sicily, etc.  "' Tyrannorunm Siculorumn
magna  potentia  inertira  Graecorum   opponitur."   Bothe.          lErt
7rXeFo-rov-avYa!va/Er, to a very great height of power.  The scope of
the argument shows that the power here spoken of, referred to the
ability of the tyrants of Sicily to carry on distant wars.
2. KCareLXero,) oas held in, impeded.  KOavj,  in  common,  by joint
undertaking.   -  KarTpydateo'al =  J0rTe KarepyadeoElat.  Poppo makes
w- in 7rxXELc re respond to tlr)Te going before.  The clause Kara....
Etvat may be rendered: and by single cities it was still less rdventurous.




CHA   XVIII.]                    NOTES.                                 209
CHAPTER XVIII.
Soon after the tyrants had been expelled by the Lacedsemonians, who, enjoying good
laws fiom the most ancient times, had not been subject to these usurpers, the Persiane
invaded Greece and'engaged with the Athenians at Marathon (~ 1); on their second
invasion the Greeks combined for defence, the Lacedemonians being at the head, and
the Athenians doing all in their power by sea for the common safety; but soon after
the close of tile war the confederation was dissolved, and parties were formed under
Athens and Lacedemon as the leading states (~ 2); friom that time to the present war,
they were continnually engaged in making truces or in carrying on hostilities, and thus
acquired no small skill in warlike affairs (~ 3).
1. ot re'AbSvaco2 v v tpavvoR. Reference is had to I-ippias and Hipparchus, who succeeded their father Pisistratus in the government of
Athens. -         oc ExK Tr~S  /iXXsrS'EXXacbov is put for,y rv /a'XXy'EXXLat,
the preposition  being attracted by KareXsV77o-av, which  denotes the
direction swhence, cf. JK. 300. 4.  See N. on I. 112. ~ 4. -     7rL 7roXL
gail  rpty 7rvparvevebeIo-r.  Haack, whom  Arnold  cites approvingly,
interprets this clause: "magnamn ptarete-l cante, quamn Athenienses, sutbactce a tyrannis" = a great pcart of Greece had been subject to tyrants
before Athens seas.  I concur, however, with Bloomf., who translates
it indefinitely: generally and even of old ulnder tyrannical goveranmnent.  -    oel 7TrXJeLrot..... KareXvT-crav, the greater 1part had been p1ztl
down, the last, except those in Sicily, by the Lacedceamonians.  Cf. I.
122. ~ 3.  TreevreIot is to be connected with v7ro AlaKeaatLtorlowr.i- yap AaKeanl cwv beginsi  a parenthesis which  closes with  7rXeo-as
KabloTrao-av, the design of which parenthesis being to show, why Lacedsemon took so prominent a part in expelling the tyrants from the
other Grecian states, viz. because it had enjoyed so long a well-regulated government and had been free from-tyrants ((Ervpavvrevros). The
second yhp introduces a parenthesis within this parenthesis, the object, of which is to expand and illustrate the idea contained in the
preceding words dcit drvpa'Yvevros.  By keeping in view these divisions
of this long and apparently confused sentence, the student will have
far less difficulty in explaining the words and clauses of which it is
composed.         I itera  rosv K7-tv  -o-AcopLEcov, after its occupcancy by
the Dorians.  The Heraclid3e did not foiund Lacedeanmon, but took
possession of it when it had been long founded.  Hence KTrWWtv here
and KT'iOvTES   in V. 16. ~ 3, are to be taken in a modified sense of
fowsnding anew, inasmuch as Sparta had comparatively little ilnporLance before the Doric invasion.  Cf.  iill. Dor. I. p. 102.  In respect
to the order of the clauses in this connection,  s7rl.... aractecirao-a is
to be constructed immediately after sq yap AaKebalp.cov, and AerT....




210                            NOTES.                           [Boox 1,
AcpLdov may be rendered after i',os. -- r.... orraortciracr,  hacin
been distlacted by factions the longest of acy we know of.  L0, (= EcKLI
vcov i). Some refer this relative to xr6XE&ov, but Poppo would supply
xpovcov, which on the whole I prefer, reference being had to the
various times du-ring which the other states were harassed.  The
period in the ILacedmnmonian history referred to in this place, is the
one preceding the return of the I-Ieralclidm.-   ic rraXanrdrov, for a(
very long time.  Lycurgus gave laws to Sparta. according to Aristotle,
about A. c. 884, and upwards of four hundred years before the Peloponnesian war.  Xenophon (Rep. Lac. X. 8). places the Spartan lawgiver more than two hundred years earlier, that is, at the time of the
Heracleids (Cf. Smith's Diet. Gr. and Roem. Biog. and Mythol. Vol. II.
p. 850).  Grote (Hist. Greece, II. p. 454) thinks that Lycurgus introduced his discipline and constitution about A. c. 830-820.  Mr. ClintonI (Fasti Hellen. III. p. 141), with his eye on this passage of Thucydides, fixes the legislation of Lycurgus at about A. 0. 817, and I-is
regency at A. c. 852.  The chronology is very confused and diverse,
firoml the uncertainty which rests over the timle when Lyc rgus flourisled.       iXiy7  7rXEko, -somewhat mnore.     ro 7   7roXioov, i. e. the
Peloponnesian war.  -  Bloomnf. says that aq)b' ov is put for dqt' 0o
Xgpov and 8c' onv, etc. -      oXn-rae, i. e. the oligarchy, the council
of elders established by Lyc:r.gus. -   at' autrd, i. e. by continuing
in the same polity. --    UvaciEot =   u- vvarol gO'vr. --- rA Kca[Tno-aLTrV.
The Lacedmlmonians arranged the affairs of other states after their
own model, abolishling both tyrannies and democracies.  r T refers to
political institutions, modes of government, etc. u- lEUT 8b T7-)v
resumes the subject, which had been interrupte(l by the parenthesis
beginning at 71 7Ytp AaKe8aLltLov, but it, will be seen that, in the
resumption, the words are somewhat changed: fWLB t8B;  oN'    upavvot
KarEXv5oLJav-LTera  i TrYv Tov rTVP(Itlvv Kar(XUvo-tv. When bi is fiound
in thle first clause, it is usually repeated in the resumptive clause (cf.
Cyrop. II. 3. ~ 19), which here embraces the apodosis. --       i7 taX, -
EyELvEro.  Cf. N. on I. 11. ~ 1.    wrpos, against.  K. ~ 298. III. 1. b.
2. 8EKxc'Tr  8  E'rEL.  This refers to the commencement of the expedition of Xerxes, and not to the battle of Salamis, vwhich is shown by
Scaliger, whose opinion Duleer supports, to have been fougllt eleven
years after the battle of Marathon.  Poppo, Goeller, Haackl, and
Bloomfield adopt the salme view. Petav. on the other 1hand (of whom
Poppo remarks: recentiores tarnen magno consensu Petavium sequuntur) says: Marathonia pugna cormmissa est decilno anno ante Salaminiam  auctore Thucydide.  But Ertl rir/v'EXXkda a ka   E harmonizes
better with the former v;ew, since it refers rather to the going upon




CrAP. XVIII.]                  NOTES.                               211
an expedition than fighting a battle. --  8ovXo0-0o'/Lvos denotes the
purpose of fXsc, S. ~ 225. 5. ---  vgrroXEpao-',ircov. " Aoristi particiiulm offensioni est, quum scriptor non qui comn.ezniter bellumn gesseracnt,
sed qui —gerebant vel gesturi ercant dicere velit." Poppo.  Goelier
thinks that the Aorist was employed, because the Greeks had already
united in the first Persian war.-    dvaoKevaro-dptEVo,, collecting together theitr moveables.  " Colligere vasa."  Betant.  In Liddell and
Scott's Lex. this passage is cited under the definition, to diszantle
orne's house, city, etc. This meaning is unsuitable to the passage. —E2  ras  va4a belongs to Egrj3avre.-.   8e- Kpgroloav irpo- =   LaKplSelTrer
iXWpovv 7rpo's.  This species of constructio prnegnans, by which a verb
of rest is followed by a preposition of motion, is quite common. Cf.
K. ~ 300. 3. b; S. ~ 235. --  o[ $vFtroX)Fjravores.  It is singular that
nMiidler should supply avrc~ (i. e. T7C (3lTtX0l), since the use of 7-Gr)
$vlUrroXjToffo'dvroov supra, shows that it is here to be referred to those
who united against the king.  Two classes of Greeks are here spoken
of, viz. those who had revolted fi'om  the king, and those who from
the beginning had united to oppose him. a- raf7a.  See N. on I. 9.
~ 3.  --  ot pAiv refers to the Lacedlmnonians, ot 3E to the Athenians.
3.;1 otlwXtlta, the defenesive alliance, confederacy against the Persians.  It was not until the destruction of the Persian fleet on the
Eurymedon, by Cimon, that the Persian war wavs terminated.  Until
that time the alliance, to which the invasion of Xerxes had given
birth, remained unbroken. -'EXXrv)v limits rtv;s. -    EL't TLVES rov
&taoraLEv, whoever any where were at variance = when dsfifrences arose
among any qf them. -       S r;v7Se ael K.. 7.X.  The order is: Es r7(vSe
rv TodXEtEov (ret rta  Ev  7Trev3(JeiE vot ra hE 7rOXeOv/vTreS (sometimes making
treaties amid sometimes fightling). --    MXXXots depends on VrroXqeovTem.  S. ~ 202. 1. --— rh TroXa, in whatever' pqertains to war. —tuLTa.... Tro LovLEOL, inasmuch as their practice was in the mvidst of
dangers, i. e. (as Arnold observes) "their field of exercise was not the
parade, but the field of battle'  veXimrav WrSOLOZVerVOL = IEXErJvreS.




212                            NOTES.                             [BooKn 
CHAPTER XIX.
The Lacedmemonians levied no tribute fiom their allies, but took care by conciliatory
measures to establish oligarchical forms of government among them; the Athenians, on
the contrary, deprived their allies of their ships and made them tributaries, by which
means they became highly prepared for war (~ 1).
1. Here begins an account of the respective polilcy of the two leading states of Greece, which is given more at length in the process of
the history. -. ouX.... ryocrro is opposed to  xpliara.... qepetv,
which is said below of the Athenians.,- bVroeXEis-'-qpov, subject
to pay taxes; literally, payers of tribtute. -      ros VLodyaXovg depends
on E'xorrse (by possessing.  See N. on 1. 9. ~ 1), and not on'Iyouvro as
tihe Scholiast directs, which verb in the signification to rule, govern, it
followed by the genitive.  K. ~ 275. R. 1.1.        Kar' oXtyapXlavv K. r. 
The order is: Zepa7redovr-e  (sc. ~vta'Xovss) /uoov 0'7rco  rroXtreEvr'oort
lrrLt7eLoor o-(gLo-L  auroTs (i. e. the Lacedemonians)  Kar' oXlyupXtav.
Arnold cites I. 76, 144, as illustrative of this passage.  Bekker and
Arnold from  a single MS. edit. roXLtreo-ovo-t.  But notwithstanding
the usage of Thucydides (rrpo 4LuirwOY   7rotetv)) the AMS. authority is
too feeble to admit this reading as genuine.   - sepawrevorTrer has the
same construction as EXOVrer, to which it is opposed.'A r'vaCot,
se. OIyovrro from the preceding context.  The vulgar edition has qPXov
after 7rapaXau3Jrer.  But although this might express more specifically
the idea of r-ulingr as opposed to'Iyorvro, which, in reference to the
Lacedwmnonians, does not so much imply the exercise of dominion, as
the leading or general oversight of states otherwise represented as free,
yet I find that moderil critics with great unanimity have rejected the
word as spurious. The context will give to'youv7ro the shade of signification, required by its reference to the Athenians.  ~- r p Xpovp,
"sensim  pcaullatimn."  Haack. ~-  w7Xi' Xlco, Kal Aco-fi3co.  In process of time the Lesbians became subject to the Athenians. - -
TodVe ro'V roXketov refers to the Peloponnesian war.         ye- Ewlr in respect to revenue. -       s), vhen.  So the Latins use aut for quCa1.do.
-        r& KIpITL(Trra-q-wvT7o-a,, they had been most flourishing (K. ~ 278.
R. 1).  Reference is had to the period a little before the expiration of
the thirty years' treaty, when the Athenians not only had subjected
the islands of the Greek colonies of Asia Minor, but had united to
their confederacy Phocis, Argos, Bceotia, and Achl-laia. Cf. I. 102 105;
108, 111, 115. - TrC r vOpItaXtla against foreign invasion.  See N. on
i 0la6Xlata, I. 18. ~ 3.




CHAP. XX.]                        NOTES.                                    213
CHAPTERS XX.-XXIII.
These chapters contain the third division of the preface, the subject oi
which is the nature of Grecian history, together with some preliminary
remarks on the work now in hand.  This portion of the preface should be
read with great care and attention, as in it the historian unfolds the plan
of his work, the principles which regulated its composition, and gives the
ground of his claim  to accuracy and impartiality.  The easy and natural
transition which it forms to the main hlistory, the clear and magnificent
view which it gives of the subject, and its adaptation to win for the writer
the sympathy and  confidence of his reader, render it one of the most
finished specimens of the kind to be found in any language.
CHAPTER XX.
Such was the state of affairs in Greece, altllough, perhaps, it will be hard to be credited,
firom the proneness of men to catch at flying reports of past events without due examlination (~ 1); thus the Athenians in general believe that Hipparchus was slain tby Iarmodius
and Aristogiton, because he was the tyrant, whereas lIippias, who by right of primogeniture held the government, was the object of their conspiracy, and ilipparchus was slain
as the result of a disarrangement in their plan (~ 2); thus also the opinion of the rest of
Greece, in respect to the suffrage of the Lacedsemonian kings and the existence of the
Pitanatan band, is incorrect (~ 3).
1. rah vEV ouv.  The corresponding particle to pev is 8e in the beginnling of the next chapter, all between being properly a parenthesis.
X- XaXErh.... rLrTreUalt is difficult of interpretation on account of
its great brevity.  Bloomf. with Bauer makes 7rmLorevoa-    7rtLrrevO        pvUat
and translates: hozoever h7,ardly it macty find credit, even wohen established by a regular chain of lproofs.  7rarnrl reKlry7p[c, every arguLment
necessary to proof.  " Omni (i. e. omnis temporis) testimonio ex ordine
con7irmata."   Bothe.  Goeller by  a sort of grammatical attraction
makes the passage -  rolmaira evpnov,  o(rre  raV e 7s  reKtKjuppo   avrc6V
xaXe7r5v  lvaart rrlcr-curat,  and  remllarks: "inon  solum   raYvrl TEK177rp[l
dixit, sed 7ravrl i;C's  TrKu7/pI, quia in tanta vetustatis obscuritate non
simplex argumenturn sufficit, sed modo alilan rem  ex alia colligendo et
ongioremn  demum  post conclusiotiern ad sententiamn  probabilem perveniri potest."   Of this explanation Poppo remlalkts: "  hune sensum  nos
10*




N O T E S.                      [Book LI
e verbis elicimus."  These interpretations agree in the main point, viz.,
that 7ravrL iJ$s: TEKfqIpLp  signifies, established on the monst thorough and
protracted investigation.  I am less pleased with Arnold's interpretation: being hard for believing every argument one acfter another; i. e.
the general statement might not be questioned, but each particular
argument which lhe has used, mllight not equally obtain credit.  The
word rEKAL}JPLoV, I apprehend, cannot be made to refer to particular
facts or ar~guments, and the ground which Arnold gives for this rendering, viz., that the parenthesis contains the reason why the specific details of the narration may lie open to suspicion, applies equally as well
to the interpretation of Bloomf., or Goeller.  The facts of the history
may have been based on the most incontrovertible evidence, and yet
those who remember how readily reports of past actions are caught
up and circulated, may be disposed after all to doubt whether the true
picture of affairs in times so remote is given. Such I believe to be the
sense of this much disputed passage. -     yap introduces the reason for
what has just been stated.          Kat 7'V, eveen i: v  6   =oiO -  just as
if they woere events in the history of'another countnry.  6olcos is often
used elliptically.     ciitacavlcrrws,  woithout questiona, "sine disquisitione."  Betant.
2. rT  7rkXo; —o'voralt.  The verb is put in the Ilural, because
reference is had to the individuals implied in the subject (K. ~ 241. 1).
r- rvpavvov ovrat), as bein.g the tyrant.  The participle here denotes
an assumed cause.  Cf. K. ~ 312. 6; S. ~ 225. 4.  See also N. on I. 9.
~ 4. It was in respect to thle supposition of his being the tyrant, that
Thucydides says the Athenians were mistaken. -     7rpeaoSiraroT  r  v?PXe K. T. X. The order is: 7rpEaraSvraTos cov 7-Tp IiELOL(rrpLtrov vt'cov;7PXE (SC. rTov'AZ'alcov). " — I7rwrapXor..... arov is parenthetic and
does not depend on the preceding;or-.   - 6KElv T r7 6i/-'p. fixed upon
to slay Hippias. -       Ka 7ruaLpaxprPia, even at the very time, i. e. just as
they were about to perpetrate the deedl.        S 7wpoEm00rose, as frogm
one forewarned and therefore prepared.  Bloomf. cites the proverb:
"forewartzed, foreaCrmed."     bapca(IvrErS TL Kata CvS'vvevaat, to encounter (- meet death) c'fter hcavinig doine something worthy of note;
or, to even (KCal) encounter deCth, p2rovided they could (first) do somecthing worth dying for. I prefer the former interpretation. The palticiple denotes time.  See N  on I. 13. ~ 6.    ro Aenoi.Kplon, the Leocorizmon. oi  monument of the daugllters of Leos, stood in the midst of the
Ceraaneicus within the walls, and was oie of the most renowned of
the ancient monuments of Athens. Cf. Leake's Athens, I. P. 162. --
r'J1 IHIavu7vartKa'v.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Greek and Roei. Antiq. p. 704.
This story of the PisistratidT, introduced again with much enlarge



Cmp. Xx]                     NOTES.                             215
ment and for no very obvious reason in VI. 54-59, as well as the
declaration of his personal knowledge of the family (VI. 55. ~ ), has
induced some (after the Schol. on I. 20) to think that Thucydides was
connected to them by relationship.  But this is mnere conjecture. --
adMKreKTvaV, Sc. rovrov.
P. ov Xp,)vc? ltvrroVfLEvaO, not obliterated from the memory by time,
the memory of which is not lost by length of time. -     ol aXXoL "'EXXqveg, i. e. other than the Athenians. Of course the Lacedemonians are
also to be excepted, since they would certainly be acquainte(l with the
things here mentioned.  /- ~1 /lta   q cp?.... 8voiv. It is thought by
some that Herodotus is hinted at, who speaks (VI. 57) of the two
votes of each king.  Miiller (Dorians, II. p. 105. N. a) thinks that
Thucydides refers to Hellenicus rather than Herodotus, whose work
he could scarcely have read.  But although reference nnmay have been
had to HIellenicus and other early writers, whom  l-Ierodotus perhaps
carelessly followed, yet I can scarcely be persuaded that the history
of Herodotus was unknown to Thucydides.  The story first related
by Lucian and repeated by many others, that Herodotus read his work
to the assembled Greeks at Olympia, and that the young Thucydides
was present at the recitation and moved to teanis, is undoubtedly     a
mere invention, as Dahlmann has most ably and conclusively shown.
Yet that is no proof that Thucydides was a stranger to the writings of
HIerodotus, when he composed the history of the Peloponnesian war.
In respect to the grammatical structure of +r/pj  7rporro-rtEram, there
is no difficulty, if we give to the verb the signification, to assent to, to
accede to one's opinion ('!chp).with a vote; i. e. to give a vote. —
fLravLcTrv XoXov.  Here again it is thoughlt by some that a blow is
aimed at Herodotus (IX. 53; III. 55). It is said thaut Caracalla in
imitation of antiquity composed a X6Xos ILtravamsq of Spartans.  So
the Tarentines, in order to retain the local names of their mother city,
had a division of their alrmy which was called Pitanates; also upon a
coin of Tarentum  the 7reptrwoXot IlTravarot are mlentioned.  All this
seems to favor the truth of the statement of Herodotus.  Cf. Mull.
Dorians, II. p. 49. N. t.  Schweig. ad Iterodot. 1. c. conciliates the
statement of these two great historians, by supposing that there was
nuChl a band commanded by Amompharetus in the battle at Plat(a,
which not being perpetual, ceased to exist in the time of Thucydides.
-     ra Erolfa (" ea, quce in promptu sunt." Poppo), i. e. those things
which can be learnt fiom hearsay without.the labor of investigation.




216                             NO T E S                            [BooK I
CHAPTER XXI.
Although it is to be feared that these accounts will be approved by few readers (cf. I. 20. ~ 1),
yet the historian avers, that they will not err who place greater confidence in him than
in the poets and logographers, who shape their narratives so as to be pleasing to the ear
rather than agreeable to the truth (~ 1); and though men fancy ancient wars to be the
greatest, yet to those who judge fiom the facts, this war will appear greater than any
preceding one (~ 2).
1. EK 8e reSv Lp&77UEVYV resumes the subject from r-h  iEV oVe at the
beginning of the previous chapter. This is clearly indicated among
other things by odcosr, which  implies EL KaL Ta 7rXtaa xaFrmiz E'TrL
LTErtTore o'aL.  -.... atlapravot, no one would err in the belief
(vot(~cov, in thinking.  See N. on 1. 9. ~ 1), that these things which
I have narrated, are for the vmost part such as I have represented
them to be.  oTa baiXbov may be supplied after TrotavrTa from  a'ltXSov.  The words av —lalupravot belong not only to vo/d(oev, but also
to 7rtoCr'cov and Iyq7ff-arLEVOr.  It may assist to the right understanding of the chapter, to regard Kal o6re ohr 7rotrTral.... EKeVLtK7KcorTa as a
parenthesis, containing another and subordinate parenthetical clause,
VTra advYeEeyKTara.... E!vevltKqKO7ra.  In  this second  parenthesis oe7a
refers to a ( —;KEva ai) in a &8tiXsov, or it may be refeired, as Goel.
suggests, to cr (-  o'a) 7rotqTrat svtvcoKaort.  iErW To JLEiL(O KOv /Io~vEr.
See. N. on I. 10. ~ 3. -    Xoyoypaiot, i. e. writers of pjrose as opposed
to 7rotIral, which seems here to designate those early chroniclers who
wrote  in verse.  The name  logographers, which  Thucydides here
applies to his predecessors, is now given by scholars to the historians
who  preceded  Herodotus, and whose histories were  composed of
myths and traditionary stories, although doubtless containing much
that was true.  Cf.  iill. Lit. of Greece, p. 265.-    &rfl..(. Xr/orepov, with a view to their beingz alluring to (literally, leadistg to) the
ear rather than consistent with truth.  "When two adjectives are
compared with each other, so as to signify that the property or quality
is found in a higher degree in one than in the other, both of tllen are
put in the comparative."  Mt. ~ 456. Cf. K. ~ 323. 4; S. ~ 159. 2.cvWEe;XeyKra, impossible to be convicted or refuted.  Liddell and Scott.
"Which can neither be proved nor disproved for want of evidence on
either side."  Arnold. -        av7c-e depends on Tarh  roXX-a —-aTrto-l-wr E7rl
ro ULV8eSS  EKwvetKlKT7KdTra, have encroached upon (literally, won theiru way
to. Arnold) the fabulous, so as to be entitled to no credit (dr-rtarcos,' ita   t nulla fides iis habeatur'."   Goeller). -     epject-aL-rro x poXc.
i)ts, to be stuffciently well made out.  The subject of this infinitive is




C1h,. XXII.]                         NOTES.                                217
easily elicited from a' &bjXuov supra. -        Cos rraXaLh- EYac, for things so
ancieznt; i. e. considering their great antiquity (Cf. K. ~ 341. R. 3; S.
~ 223. 2).  This clause, which  Poppo  makes -  rb 7raXaLt'a etl E'rrwtav
e'uvat, Ztaltut L  testimonia de rebus priscis clarca esse possunt, qualifies
asroxporror.
2. o6 riOXe/lO    is the subject of  qXrhd;-e  (will cappear). -        i'v Lc,
sc. Xpov. --  ael.   See N. on I. 11. ~ 1 (end).  -   7ravcrau-leov =
av'rot v rravo-aE'aWrov a7rea TOo  roXE['etv (from  rroXeLFo-t). --    avrtv (sc.
rhSv apXalov) depends on  AELCOrv.
CHAPTER XXII.
While the exact words of the speeches uttered in this war are not pretended to have been
given, yet the orations have been made to conform as nearly as possible to the general
sense of what was really spoken (~ 1); as to the deeds, such only are narrated as fell
under the observation of the historian, or were. received on good authority from others
(~ 2); this, however, was a task of extreme difficulty, from the conflicting accounts often
given by those who were eye-,witnesses of the same affair (~ 3); severe adherence to
truth to the neglect of all mere embellishment may be less agreeable, but cannot but be
snore useful to the reader, and will render tihe history worthy of being an everlasting
t)ossession (~ 4).
1. Kal.... e'Ka-rot and as to t7he several (eoKaroL-o    ee N. on 1. 3.
~ 5) speeches which woere mgade.  Xsoya is antithetic to ra 8' lcpya  rfv
rrpax3Yvrov, ~ 2 infra.  -    Botle  edits  Zo-a Xoy&v = -(rovr  Xoyovs.
- Ev avT-6, i..  EV Tfs 7lroXcE[L4. ---   TrvY aCKpifjeCav arm'slv rCiv XEXS'TroS (a changed construction for rorcoa rT'v aptL)3etav)  -ra= ra Ta
E~X'dvr~a d:pttf3cs.       E/ol lismits xakerm0'. -        y =: KEKEvov a)  of
which  equivalent, the  antecedent (referring      g  to -rCv XeX'rECrov) depends on r7'v daKp8cEtav, to be supplied friom  the preceding clause. —
Tros /XXo ev wrobev-drruyy)/'XXowvw is opposed to duol....  1aKOVca.
tav belongs to  latre&Ya.  a- e' 8EovTa  AdXt(-ra, those things most espeeially needed -  most to the 2purpose.. -     EXo  fuo.... XEX~vrcoTv, keeping as close as possible to the general (v/lrrdai-qe) sense of what was
actually spoken.  On the  construction  of yv'cxs/, cof. K. ~ 273. R. 5.
b; S. ~ 192. 1. -        oircolsa  responds to cbr 8' av EadKoovh.  "It thus
appears that the speeches recorded by Thucydides are genuine as to
their substance, although the style, the arrangement, and many of the
particular arguments are  altogether his own.   They  a*re like the
speeches written  by Johnson tor the parliamentary  debates in the
Gentlenman's Magazine;  the substa1nce of the debate was reported
to him, and he then enlarged and embellished it. in order to set it off
to the best adcvaltage."  Arnol d.




218                            NOTES                             [Booi x
2. ra 8'.... rOX[eL/, but as to the deeds which were actually performed in the war.  In order to avoid a pleonasm, Goeller, on the
suggestion of Kriiger, connects rCov T-rpaXEvTrco with E'v T9 7rokxep.
But this is unnecessary, since the manifest design of the author was
to give emphasis to the actuality of the deeds spoken of, and hence
he departed firom the usual mode of expression Tr EWpy  Ta r   rpu(uxS'vra.
Haack remarks: ad ra iPv -rc3 7wroX'/Uat    7rpaX2evra non solum  ra Fpya
pertinent sed etiam  rca XeXErrTU. -         -....... 7re$FoSMy.  Construct
(as Poppo  directs): OVK eK Tro  7rapaTrvXivvros    ruvvtavoikeros ov3' W
e/oL E3'KIEL, X'   (r/l$wco  ypdacLj) EWecV OtS re av7  7TaLP7  K(T T
7raph T7ov a'XXcov (7rvveav4Levo9).  The  vwords  K T-ou rrap(LaTv(;roS -
from  any one whom it chanced, froam every chance comer. — u  Js;/Vol
E8OIKE —a according to any 2 ere imp2sreSsiZns of mzy own. 1-  ar5s
7rapiv.  It is supposed that Thucydides served in the first seven years
of the war, for in the eighth, he was appointed to the command of
the Athenian fleet off the coast of Thrace.  From what lie says, he
must have been an eve-witness and an ear-witness of many thlings,
which were done and said in this war1,  ETre$eiwX    confornms ra'ther to
okr (- E;KEiVa o 7) Te arh'5 7r apiv than to  Mroapa T    Co-  hfiXXv, anld henco
7rvv.avi/fEvoE may be easily supplied fioni  lie, preceding context.'EretEXhYV implies great thoroughness of investigation, and hence
with ocov  vvarTOvY (aKpSEIa (- aKPpflcr~o'ara Mt. ~ 461. Ohs.) is highly
emphatic.
3. oV.....  Aeyov, did not give the same account of the samre actions.
-   dXX' o`s....xot, literally, as any one mzight be in respect of good
will to either party, or of his memory = as any one was inclined to be
partial to either party, or as his memory served him.  To the phrase
Cog EXeL the genitive is added, to show in what respect the sense of
the verb is to be taken. K. ~ 274. 3. b.  EarTpcov depends on e;volt1r,
as expressive of the cause whence the feeling of good will or partiality arose (K. ~ 274; Kr. ~47. 7. N. 5).  EWvoLt Trvos-edvvotLa 7rpds Ttva.
4.  evT refers forward to 3e in o'col 3h j/ovX'auov-rat.  In this way
arep(E;Errpov is opposed to c('0X0A a infra.   7- rO Aj  JvV&3es ae rzv,
their being free from  myths.  The negative ItA  is used, because'the
clause may be resolved into: quia nullee in iis exstent fabulc instead
of exstant, which would express actuality without reference to any
supposition, and would therefore demand ro o v' &oer.  Cf. Jelf's
Kiihn. ~ 475. Ohs. 3. --  TW rTe....  eaoT.  Construct: orKO7TE-L TO
oaaq)  (the truth) rJv yEVoiE;vCOV (Kal rno  aa0E's) TrOv ALEXX0VoV 7rore
av2SL K. r. X.  On KTaraT ro' davpfretolv, according to the course of human
affairs, in all human probability (av2porElswo), cf. K. ~ 292. II. 3. b.
-     KplveLV (sc. roVTrovv referring to orotl), for them  to judge, is the




H"P. XXIIL]                      NOTES.                                 219
subject of'El (S. ~ 159. 2).  The pronoun to be supplied here refers
probably to political men, who endeavor to  acquire a knowledge of
the future by the study of the past, and to whom  such a history as
this would be preeminently useful. --  After JapKovVrcT-    E'$E, Poppo,
with several other critics, supplies roS-rols or avrrois referring to 0o0-ob.
But it is far better with Wolf, Hgack, Arnold, and Bloomf., to supply
E/Jol, which is omitted dignitatis vel modestire gratia.         KrT7pLa r —
VyKELTratL =  VyKELratOL  C  KTrfia rE;S act, this (i.e. his history) is comnposed as an  EVERLASTING  POSSESSION.  ES  dei  to our old foir aye.
Bloomf.-   aycuvloa, prize  compositionz, a tr'ic   of literar'y skill.
Reference is here supposed to be had also to Herodotus, but the doubt,
which now  hangs over the statemlent of Lucian  in respect to  the
recitation at Olymlpia (see N. on I. 20. ~ 3), mlakes such a reference in
this place to an equal extent uncertain.  Besides, those critics, who
are continually spying out references to Herodotus of the kind here
and previously referred to, should remember that it does not add to
the  praise  of Thucydides, to  represent him  as indulging  in  these
covert and petty allusions, the designed object of which, must have
been to disparage the credibility, and thus undermine the reputation
of his great predecessor and rival for coming ages. e-           s ro rrapaXp~7a denotes the object or purpose of dycvito/y a (K. ~ 290. 2. 3. a).
- aKOveiv, se. rtva.  Cf. S. 222. 6.  The sentiment of this passage
is noble, and worthy of the man, who by common consent is justly
styled PRINCEPS HISTORICOsUM. -    The subject of dv'yKeLrat is properly arTa to be supplied from  WSEXt/ka avr-a.
CHAPTER XXIII.
The importance of the Peloponnesian war is again insisted on, by a brief comparison of it
with the Persian war, which was shown to have been brought to a termination in two
sea-fights and as many engagements by land, but this war was lasting (~ 1); and in the
amount of blood shed, the capture of cities, the change of inhabitants by the war and
the accompanying seditions, was never equalled (~ 2); to which things were added whiat
before had only been heard of, viz. earthquakes, eclipses of the sun, droughts, famnics,
pestilence, and the like (~ 3); the causes of the war are introduced as next claiming attention, among which the veritable cause was the fear with which the Lacedmnmonians
regarded the growing power of the Athenians, but the ostensible one is detailed in the
narration which fellows (~ 4, 6).
1. Twov 8i rpodrepov.  This chapter, although belonging to the prerace, is more ilmmediately introductory to the history which commences
in thle next chapter. -     a vEv   avltXJao,   i. e. the sea-fights at Art<



220                             NOTES.                             [BooiK I
misium and Salamnis.  The land engagements were those at Pylas and
Platen.  aveTiv is in the genitive (TI. ~ 99. 5) and depends on Kplo-tv,
had its decision of two seac-fights =found its decision in teo sea-fights.
Poppo, I-aack, and Goeller read 3voyv, but the reading of Dindorf is
suLpported by that of Bekker, Arnolcl, etc. and by the authority also
of allmost all the MISS.   - TOTOv....wr,ooVg3r.  A  varied  form  of
expression for o6 7rrdysor (i. e. the Peloponnesian war),potif3rq eiS jieya
Z71KOS, 01r (with  Bloonif.) roroV ov  rE TOr Weoumov (ro) /tKos  (Es) tE;ia
7rpo;tYT. -- V- uvv' 77,X l y cv a  7at,  cip22ened  to be -- befell. ---'repa
refers to wra21.araT to be mentally supplied from the preceding member.        v'ic-p XpdOP,  i. e. in twenty-seven years.
2. ovrch y/csp.... oo ipqtL qco-av.  The sentiment is as though it 1had
been Nwritten: 7r>,co —rat yaop 7rostJt i' r8OE Trc  -ro;iCp xrFl/iat 7' p71s3o1-aOv (we~re Wtahen~ acod(, gade desolate.  Butt. ~ 144. N. 7 end), silnce
the construction is continued with l t ai rlv-al 8iE —io-I  i a', wh-vlereas
the words as they now stand woulld require to be followed by ovTrVwo /3ctl)8ap pcoYv, o,8i 1ra,-(co:v etc.  The negative form  given by ov're
yit/ TdXcts roomae, atcels illucilh  to the vivacity and stren gth of the
passage. o   itil 6/;,r,;,~1roiav we may mentally supply rrpdrcpov  iv'o-?
XpV /            8. --   r,,7cb top.  Reference is had to Mycalessus.  Cf. V-T.
80. i-7r') u0 Tv   rcV    art7rovrTrWokE/rovvrcv.   Platia (TII. 68) and
Tlhyre  (iV. 57) a e supposed here to be Imeant.  Haack includes with
these Mytilene, but a reference to III. 50, will show that the walls
only of thlat city Aelre demolished, the city being saved friom  destruction by the reconllsideration and rejection of a vote to destroy it, which
had been passsed   by the Athenian  assembly on the preceding day (eft:II. 49).   -       Kal oL'Krtiropav  LerE-3aXov  (sc. ev  rothp  ^-0  aoXEioW),
chztanged inab cittnts even, i. e. had their inhabitants driven  away to
make roon for others.  The cities here referred to are -'gina (II. 27),
PotidC a (II. 70), Scio (V. 32), and Melus (V. 118).-   qvyal, banisthnIYents. --     o pieY —   i, 8 arl)( lty-pavt'ry.-   hl 8tca r  UTar(TtamsELv, on
acco;nt ~of sedition.  lIaack thinls tllat reference is had in this place
most especially to the Corcyrleans.  Poppo in his notes on the Scholia
adds the Argives (V. 82), the Samians (VIII. 21. 73), et alii.
3. aKO&, by rejport, is helre opposed  to'py), -n2 fact.   -   oK
awrtorTa  KarTEOrr7  beccage not sicredible =ceasoed to be incredible. —oEl0lto'v re 7rcpt, both as it respects (1I. ~ 295. 8. I. 2. a) ecarthquacrkes.
--  - ala —Ka', cat olzce —cnzd. --       y lr does not here mean the habitable globe, for, as Bloom~f. justly remnlars, that sense would require
the article, but it sigllifies land, ter2i tosy, and Cr' i;rrXcio-ov  sipos yos
-—;rrrXov, occupied a very eztensise territory =woere very extensively
s —tvalent.      iKXetLS SC. Katr Eo-T7C-aV from Kario'rn sUl)ra.  Strict.




CIIA. XXIII.]                   NOT ES.                              221
ness of construction would have required eKXetL4E'v, but it is varied
as though 0uESLoo  re had preceded. --    vrvKvorepnc.....tvtovevdye'va,
mnore frequent than wthat had been remnembered from former times.'yapB here denotes in conmparis0on wvith (K. ~ 298. III. 3. d), and trapci
ra  1LOqJuoveudV.evaC  Trv F1.JLfovevoWvcov (in dependence on 7rvKvdrTpaut)
only much more intensive. --          =   ro. --  avXyot.  Repeat evv~owav.  E~-  UTrt rrap' oJL ir ap' rPior.  K. ~ 331. R. 4.  Rarely is a
word placed between E'r-v in this use and its relative, and then it is
a preposition.       ar' avr&v, i. e. abr'Xv.  The connection between
drought and famine is very obvious.  So on the footsteps of famine
follows pestilence, and hence the connection of XtI/bE  and Xoqtru  so
common as to be almost proverbial.  Cf. Matt. 24: 7. -             Kal K 1....
vr-osr, and thact  hich produced the mnost (oVx 7'Ktorra,   a litotes.  See
N. on I. 3. ~ 1) damage and destroyed c con2siderable pcart (ju/poe rt),
the pestilential disease. _Some critics refer I-tlpor to territory and supply y~g, i. e.'ArTTLKr.  Others translate: did its share of destruction.
I concur in the following note of Arnold, in which he substantially
follows Goeller: "'The word tiepos  seems to imply more than cc part,
for all the other visitations hadc destroyed a part of the people.  It
appealrs to signify so large a part as sensibly to affect the whole by its
absence; a proportion or substantive part of the whole nation.  Thus
also it is used VII. 30."  m XotLttdiqs vo'ro- (stronger than o Xoqybr)
takes the article because it is epexegetical of I.....sepac-a, where
the article could not be dispensed with. --    /ert' da, and $vv- are
not pleonastic but highly intensive.
4. The historian now begins to detail the causes of the war.
$anro-abvrov.  S. ~ 189. -- XtivO-V7Es,  when they had broken.  See
N. on 7roXeLO0vreC, 1. 13. ~ 6.-    Evfolar e aXcortv by the Athenians
under Pericles.
5. BLrT, thy, soheqrefore.   r- p-po  ypaa 7rp&arov  is apparently
pleonastic, but in truth highly emphatic.   -  Tras 8taopar which led
to the war. --- TOV  7L TLYa  rlTrCo-at worE, in order t:hat (S. ~~ 222.
2; 194. 1) no one may ever inquire.
6. rrpdq4aacv, ccautse, occasion, opposed to   rtatn  29, 9cparent cautses,
ostensible reasons.  These words might well have changed places, as
both are employed out of their usual signification.  rrpd4ano-t is the
subject of ecvat understood, the predicate of which is rov''A vPeaLdovs
— drayK/do-at (=r T T7or'Aqaelovs evayrcio-an. Cf. M1t. ~ 542. Obs. 1. c).
-  yryeopfeovr, because they had becogme.  See N. on 5e, I. 9. ~ 4.
s  rv aveepOv XeyopeveaLm-EKaTEpcoV, oplenly alleged  by  each party.
For the genitive, cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 483. Obs. 4. -   a)' ve, on accouwnt
of which,




222                             NOTES.                              [Boo, L
CHAPTERS XXIV.-LXVI.
We are now to enter' upon the history of the war, which Thucydides
shows to have avowedlh risen out of the contest between the Corinthians
and Corcyreans (chaps. 24-55), and the affair at Potidea (chaps. 56-66).
This portion may be regarded, therefore, in its relation to the main history,
s a detail of the pretended causes of this long and ruinous war.  It is well
worth the perusal of the student, as laying open in a most lucid manner,
the genius and policy of the states representing the two great forms of government, aristocratical and democratical, which were about to engage in a
mighty and final struggle for the mastery.  It should be regarded as a beacon light of the past, serlving to warn against the most distant approach
towards civil war, and showing to what extent the passions of men will
carry them, and how ruinous their measures, when, overlooking the welfare
of the whole, they seek to aggrandize and make powerful one state upon the
ruins of others.  The reader will find much that is reprehensible in the
Athenian line of conduct, yet not more than in that of the Lacedaemonians,
who, with a cold and selfish policy, were aiming at power not less eagerly
than their more active and excitable rivals.  A grasping and overbearing
spirit had taken possession of both states, under different forms, it is true,
but equally pernicious to their own best interests and those of Greece in
general.
CHAPTER XXIV.
Epidamnus, the situation (~ 1), and founders (~ 2), and growth (~ 3) of which are described,
had become agitated by internal dissensions (~ 4), the result of which was, that the
common people banished those in higher life, who uniting with the Barbarians, carried
on war by land and by sea against the party which had expelled them (~ 5); in consequence of which, the citizens sent to Corcyra their parent city for aid (~ 6); but failed
irn obtaining it (~ 7).
1.'Emr/BaaYvoS.   E2pidamnus, afterwards called Dyrrachium  and
now  Durazzo, is said by Euseb. Chron. to have been founded  188
years before this. -       ev 8ELa....  K.K rOv, on the right to one sailing
(K. ~ 284. 10. a; S. ~ 201. 4) into the Ionian gulf.  By'IdLwan KlkXTrovG
is not meant the lonian sea, but the southern part of that portion of it,
which was afterwards called the Adriatic. -             7rpo~ oLKo-o -L, bordered
on, dwelt near to.  The accusative which follows this verb, depends on
the preposition.-    TavXavrtoL.  Miiller places the Taulantii north




AP. XXIV.]                    NO T E S.                            228
of Epidamnus, but Bloomf. contends that their country lay between
Epidamnnus and Apollonia.
2. rv&v d''HpaUK Xovs, oJf the posterity of Hercules.  It was usual
to select the cekists, when new colonies were planted, from the distinguished iHeracleid families, which were found in all the Dorian cities.
Cf. Grote's list. Greece II. p. 479. --- EK Ti s /rpordoXEaSr, i. e. from
Corinth, which was the mother city of (ioreyra.l - -    KaraKX[1?73LES,
being called to this office.
4. crao-tar-avres  8E hev ackXXXoL9 K. Tr... There are two modes of
translating this passage, according as fSb2;dpoqavy is taken with  rartlad. -
o-avreS he iEv kXXXkots (they were weakenzed by intestine discord), or with
d-r,ro)XE'ov rtr5L' (by a certain wzctr).  The forlmer translation, which
makes arro (= E —) rroXE'ov the souree or occasioan of the intestine
troubles, is defended by Hlaack, Goeller, and Arnold; the latter, which
regards drro (= v7ri) vroX'tov as the inmmediate cause of their being
reduced in numbers, is adopted by Poppo, Bekker, Iriig., Bloomf. etc.
A comma is placed after cap~cdpov by those who maintain the former
interpretation.  I am inclined to adopt the second translation, as according better with the signification of aoro,, which stands much more
commonly for V7ri than for Q', cafter, and with the general sense of the
passage, since intestine broils would be likely to take place without the
occasion of a barbarian war, especially as this colony was composed
of settlers from two states that had long disagreed.  But after being
weakened by these internal feuds, what more natural than that the
Barbarians (i. e. the Taulantii) should attack them, and that too with
success? --   cos  E'yerat is to be taken with the preceding words.
5. ra 8N reXevrTalc  at last. K. K   278. R. 1.  Some critics (as Goeller
in his first edition) interpret, as though it were written rai 8i rEXevrmaZa
Ov,;r7t rrpo ro 7ae roTi wroXi;ov (i. e. the Peloponnesian) 0 8 a/io  a(rTCv.
V-      S 8vvarov', " optimnates." Betant.  " There was here it seems,
as well as el-sewhere, that contest between the ol E'xoVTEV and the' oL
oK, f'Xovres, the have-somethings and the have-nothings, which has
harassed, more or less, every nation that has arrived at any height of
civilization, and seems particularly to infest old and thickly inhabited
countries."  Bloonmf. -     d-reXkvrTE fi'om  Epidannus to the Barbarians. - roZ'u E V 7-,7  -rXoet1, those in the city -  the citizens of
Epidamnus.
6. The events here spoken of took place A. c. 435. Olymp. 86. 1.
--     Ol.... VrTES, those who were (see N. on 0VTrEg I. 8.   1) in the city,
in contradistinetion to those woe hlad beein expelled. --- Co'7Irpo'7-'oXLV  o-uCea, intasmn2xch as it'was (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4 end) thieir pareznt
esty. --— / oE    t ~rtpL)opav  fepotJE;vovU?   not to look on and see thzem




22D4                              NOTES.                               [Booxi i
come to ruin.  Cf. Liddell and Scott ad verb. Treptopaci.  See also Mft.
~ 550. ---- rovs  evyovras, the exiles, or perhaps better the persovn
accused, and who had avoided trial by flight. -- rahra —dE6ovro.  In
the sense of to request, M8EO-al tales the accusative of the thing.
Cf Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 529. Obs. 1. -          Kdae6otLEvotL e  ro'Hpa;ov  (in t7e
temple of Jicno) by constructio  pr egnans (see N. on I. 18. ~ 2) for;X3vvrTes E  7r0'Hpatov  Kad'EorTo  dE  avTp7.  I- lKETEay oK;EUarTO
probably because the goverllnent of Epidamnus was now  democratical, while that of the Corcyrseans was aristocratical.
CHAPTER XXV.
The Epidamnians in their perplexity consult the Delphic oracle, whether they shall deliveo
up their city to the Corinthians, and having received an affirmative response (~ 1), depalrt
to Cominth and entreat aid (~ 2); this the Corinthians promise to grant, both on the score
of justice and throungh hatred to the Corcyrwans (~ 3); which hatred arose from the
insolent treatment they lhad experienced from them in their colonial relations, thle
Corcyrleans being puffed up by their naval superiority, and because their isle lhad once
been inhabited by the Phseacians (~ 4).
1. yvdvrEsT-oOlav, knotcing that he  vsoas.  With the infinitive, yt-?/v&sooKELv signifies to learn, to jdcge, etc.  K. ~ 311. 4. -          rsyolpiav
-=   o j:letav.     iv.... rapo,    z were in a state of perplexity wohat to
do in the preseynt exigency; literally, woere held in a strait etc.  -;irdat,
i.. Or(re    batL,  or eS T5  cE'obal. --   arrmefaTEs   EY AeAX0o5.  "The
usual resource of desponding states."  Mitford. --              d  -oapacoev.  The
optative  (after an Historical tense) is used in indirect interrogative
sentences, when the question is to be represented as proceeding fiomn
the mind of another.  Cf. K. ~ 344. 6.            E rtL/ooplav mroteLorCa -= rtoplay Xkaev. -     5 8', i. e. the  oracle. -           advETXe, responded. --,yEidAoras (i. e. roTs KoptvlIovs), leaders, heads of the colony.  They
had been the founders of Elidamnus through the mediumn  of Corcyra,
now they were constituted the ismnediate founders: and received as
such the allegiance of the Epidainnians.
2. rT   avrTeLov =  TO mo' reva -...    O  a.'ra  shotviing  clealC y
that their founder was from  CUorinth.  With the infinitive, BEIKVoVt
signifies to teach.  K. ~ 311. 11.  Priig. says that the use of aqho,)  for
EavrTEv is mostly Ionic and Thucydidean. --  EEorro Tre.  Ilermann
on Eurip. MIed. (Opwsc. III. p. 156) defines these words, prcetenreaque
orabunt.  He lays down also the rule, that re is not employed to
connect a main circumstance, but one inferior in importance.  But I
cannot see why the enltreating:  etc. in this place, is not to be  etgardced




nAPr. XXV.]                    A O T ES.                             225
as an important circmnstance, inasmuch as it was the bur'den of the
mlessage which had been previously sent to the Corcyrreans, and that
to which the delivering up of the colony to thle Corinthians was an
indispensable step, a saine, quacno;       6d;op. n  fvt poprE1ovs   is more intensive than   ejoo;EovS (I. 214. ~ 6), Utterly (i&a-) _per'ishing.
3. BE in KopivmLoL 8U is a general connective.   -  TE after KaTar
is responded to by di in C/la;f, serving thus to connect the reasons
why the Corinthians acceded to the request of the Epidanmians. ---
Eavr, P eyLCt, -,was etheirs.  K. ~ 273. 2. a. — o dvre, although  they
were.  See N. on I. 7. ~ l.
4. ov're yp-a&LdvoreE.  The construction may be made regular by
writing obTe tOdJoTres  or lOTE yap c8ooav, or still better, by repeating
7Tapl1/tEovv (K. ~ 313. Be 1).  The existence of yhp sho( ws, that the
writer intended to have repeated a verb of similar meaning to  rapq-,liXovv.  This, as Arnold remnarks, lhe either forgot, or supposed that
raprvq&hovv itself' could serve as the verb, notwithstanding by the insertion of yap he had rendered it grammatically impossible.  -  raVpyipeL:, festive asseImblies.  The Schol. refers this to the Olympic and
Nlemean gaines, but it is better to understand by it the public festivals
in each city. --  yE'a ra vaOIoeIva includes probably the WpoEapia.
V- orE... LEpC.ol)v has afforded coimmentators much trouble. Bloomf.
translates: nor~ conznmitted tie leadi;ing, pcart of the sacC'sifciCal rites to
C Corinthiatn; literally, not begiznzing the sacrificial'rites woith, c Cointihiacn.  Goellerl whom. Arnold quotes approvingly, makes KopGtvyi?
cvapl depend onl Lmvre, anrd 7rpo;ca-apXpE.vot =  E'v 7rpot<aTapXIv  and
then translates ov'-re -yip....ir epv:  1e que ien plublcis soienl2ctctzbu.ls
cosueetos hoores tirb ueazotes,   ne que solitc~a?ntuznia viro Corinthio in
saccris.  By  zzcunia, Goeller (whlose interpretation is substantially that
of Bloomlf. and Haack) means the rites with  which the sacrifice colm-'menced, such as pouring wine upon the head of the victim, sprinkling
the barley  (ovXoxvrs),,) and casting into the fire the hair cut fiom the
heacd of the victim. But, as Poppo remarks, if Koptv.Ip davdpt pertains
to 8[daores yTipC)  and with these wordls, to both members of the sentence, it could not have well been placed after the second ov"re.  I
prefer, as most natural, the translation which is in substance that of
Poppo: nor servizng   Corinthian7  ) with the first (= best) lortion, of
the victimjs.  It is obvious that KopLv3,op dvdpi admlits of tihis interwetation as readily as though it had the plural form  Komv;/loLr CILvaptIC, 
which Bloomf. thinks in that case would have been required.  In
respect to this signification of  rpoKarpcpx,  cf. Butt. Lexil. No. 29;
Liddell and Scott sub voce.  The reader is also referred to some valuable remarkls in Grote's lMist. Greece (IV. p. 73), on this custom  of




226                                N   T EO -.                           [BooK  I
honoring the citizens of the mretropolis with a privileged  seat at fes.
tivals, and with the first taste of the sacrificial victim. -            Xpra',rceo
av3wuteL is opposed to  -fy f e  r6XeFov 7rapuo-EKev  (infra), antd shows in
what respect 04coia is to be taken.  The Kai before XpSIrwv has reference to Kal before T57 Ed  r6ketov.-    6Ooti.... 7TXOVTcror(TOOot, eqoat
to the richest of the G'ecica   stactes.  On o!a-la Awith  tlhe superlative,
cf. K. ~ 239. P. 2; S. ~ 159..     According to  It.~ 280. 3, the use of
opota is seen  in  the equivalent, ovrcr  ~XoV5'tol 6,pota  rolT  ttAXto-ra
(7rXovolotO) riv'EXXsVcov.  Cf. Bloom-field's note.-  - vboar'-repot than
the Corinthians.           vavrtKS.... EratpoliLEvotL, sometimes (e'rto'rTe  occeasioncally.  Bloocif.) bei'cg pos~~ed "~ on account of their great naval
superiority.  For th e ise of nr )c  c v denoting the ground of &ratpo-'os, of. Mt. ~ 534. I. b; K. ~ 2S85. 1 (1).  vauresK  denotes the respect
in which 7rpodxcLv is to be taken.               ic  KaTa( i.... vc  g, and because
the Phceacians, renouwned in nom''zl affarios, dwoelt formerly in CoreyrqaC;
literally, being elacted (w7ratp06eov   repeate(l) on accoutnt of the previoua
dweilling  of the Phceacians in Corcyra.  FIor the double genitive after
rpoeVtoirctv, of. K.   275. R. 6; S. ~ 187. N. 2.  iacra Tisjv —rpoEVOlK7ot (a varied construction fr'om   rpoeLctv c7ratpopevot) iS interpreted by
the Schol., 6/o/ow i- upccotL.s]0 ri-v    LKo  =                - in a manner befitting
the preocccupation of   orcJyra by the Phaacians, i. e. as became the
successors of the Phtaenians.  It must not be supposed fromn  this, that
Thucydides placed  nmuch if any confidence in the fabulous account of
the Pheacians.  He speaks here of the subject, as it was considered by
the Corcyrmeans. --., for this reason (cf. I. 11. ~ 1), refers to the fact
just beifore alluded to, ithat the Pheaeians formerly had occupied their
islanl. --   os Cs8V ovaTot very poweftl, "gquite powoerful."  Schol.
CHAPTER XXVI.
For the reasons just given, the Corinthians send out colonists and troops to assist the
Epidamnians (~ 1); these go by land to Apollonia (~ 2); the Corcyreans hearing this,
sail with a fleet to Epidamnus, and order the citizens to receive the exiles (cf. I. 24. ~ 5),
and to send back the colonists and troops that had comne to their assistance (~ 3); on
their refusal to do this, the Corcyrmeans proceed against them with forty ships, taking
with them the exiles and some Illyrian auxiliaries (~ 4), and lay siege to the place,
having first made proclamation, that any Epidamnian or stranger who wished, might
depart unmolested (~ 5).
1. EyKXsF/ara  E'XOVreg =   KaT5yopOVrieS.  Phav. -              otro  p...opa
KAEVO'V'reS, making goroclamation that any one who chose might gc as o




CHAP. XXVI.]                  NOTES.                               227
colonist. --—'AtrpaKtorcv depends on  /povpo's.  Ambracia, in the
southern part of Epirus, was founded by a Corinthian colony, as
w-as also Leucadia, an island on the western coast of Acarnania. -
dpovpofw  depends on KEXckovTes, which in this connection signifies
comumndiing.  iZval mnnst of course be repeated.
2.,We(y by land.  Although it is not said expressly, that they
went to Epidamnnus, yet it is implied in the emphasis which must be
given to  re(j   - they went by land to Apollonia, and afterwards
proceeded to Epidamnus by owater.  Apollonia, the ruins of which are
now call Pollina, was situated near the mouth of the izas or Aols
(now Voioussa), about fifteen miles south of the Apsus. It was at this
time dependent upon Corinth.  Bloonlf. suggests that they went by
water from Apollonia, in order to avoid the danger of passing through
the territory of the Taulantii.   -   ae't,' throughftar. --    KcOvcoVrat.
The subjunctive here depends on a verb ('ropeSqoc-av) denoting time
past, in order to inpart vri;acity to the discourse, by narrating past
events as though they were present. Cf. K. ~~ 330. R. 1; 345. 5; S.
~ 212. IN. -   wEpacoV/Ev OL,  while passing, on their passage.  (See N.
orn  roXefkovUvreS, I13. 1~ 6); or, perhaps, it is better (with Mt. ~ 555.
Obs. 2) to construe this participle as an infinitive after KcoXVcoVrq
sIould hizderfrosm passing.
3.,])ovro-?qKOVr(a.    With the participle, alafS'dvcrcoae signifies
to perceive, to observe; with the infinitive, to think, to imaginze.  K.
8 311. 5; S. 225. 7. -       vavw- is the dative of accompaniment.
S. ~ 206. 5.  ~- Erip  (oro'dX  consisting of fifteen ships, as we learn!>y a comparison of ~ 4 infra, where the fleet of the Corcyrfnans is said
to consist of forty sail. -     KaT' frmpeta5v, insultingly, with insolent
t-hkreats.  The haughty demand made here by the Corcyrmans, arose
less from a desire to aid the exiles, than from hatred to the Epidamnians, increased probably by the intelligence, that they had applied to
Corinth for assistance.  -   yaip in  XkRov Tyap introduces the reason
for the demand made by the Corcyraeans in behalf of the exiles.  The
parenthetic clause extends to KarTdyeLv, after which the demand made
by the Corcyroains is resulned, the re in rovs r.e Ppovpobv  corresponding to the re in  oVs re TE   Vyovras and  n'oiE/1!reLv depending
on EK;XEVOV Katr' r7Tpetav at the beginning of the section. -    rci7movr.... vyy;EvEmv,  pointing to the sepuichres (of their ancestors) and
showing their (- claiming) relationship.  For the dilogia in dcroaetKVrvrES', cf. K. ~ 346. 3. -- - v wrpo'orXdEV~oq) holding out which, alleging
whic7 as an argument or ground of request. --    7rorelxretLv from
Epidamnus. -          ovi;r i. e. Kar' ovebr, stronger than ovG. Bloomf.
avroov is neuter. Cf. I. 29. ~ 1; 140. ~ 4.




228                            NO T E.                         [Boo. L
4. The Schol. interprets aXX&a by Kal, but the abruptness of tcXX&
is quite in keeping with the style of Thucydides.  An ellipsis nlay
be easily supplied, such as: the C(orcyrceatns (made no more verbal
demands), bat 1proceeded agacinst them., etc. ----  rs.araovTes (sc.
avTros}), under pretence of restoring theim.  os is here used de re pretextu.  -   ical (alSO) connects 7rpo9-Xa3odvsre with Ltr& rT&7   qbv y5Bov.
--    rrpoorXaf36vres as auxiliaries.  The participle is to be construed
with orrpavreovo-v.
5. rrpoor'atedlesVor, blockading, not strictly  besieging, since, as
Bloollf. and Poppo observe, it was not until after tile Epidamnians
would listen to no proposal, that it is said the Coreyrieans EiroXL6pKrov
ri7v roXtv.  The accusative is rarely found after rpocrKa2cieo-rat, and
only in the general mueaning which it has in this place.         x 7rpoEMroV
— rov  3ouvXotevov-aiTLv'at.  The object of verbs which take the geLitive or dative, is frequently put in the accusative with the following
infinitive.  Cf. K. ~ 307. N. 3; S. ~ 222. 3. a. --  e.... Xpet-a7
but otherwise they woould treat theim, as enemies.  PolSpo and Goeller
edit Xp7o-ac-rat, but the future form is adopted by Bekker (in his last
edition), HIaaok, and Arnold, which is undoubtedly correct, since the
time of the action is essentially future.  Cf. K. ~ 257. RL. 2; Jelf's
Kahn. ~ 405. Obs. 2.  There is no need with Bloomf. to repeat srporawrov per dilogiam  (see TN. on ~ 3 supra), in the sense of order, declare
openly, since such brevity of expression is continually occurring in
every language.  -  -ErElorvTo refers to the Epidamnians. E —? rt
B' o-Zlrs r T  Xcoplov is a parenthesis, and is so marked in miost of the
editions before me.  i(o-rOs  (- a-L4q4uXao-rotor. Schol.) means here
a pieninsula, or an isthmus ona a peninsula.  Notice the position ol
Ioposrg between the subject and the verb.
CHAPTER XXVII.
The Corinthians prepare to send out a fleet for tile relief of Epidamnus (~ 1); ships,
money, and troops are furnished at their request by their allies (~ 2).
7roXtopKovrsral, sc. ol'ErrL8a/vLotL.  T.,he indicative is here employed
because the statement is given in the messenger's own words, O'T6
in such cases serving as a mark of quotation =  (announcing) " the
Epidannicans are besieged."  Jf. K. ~ 329. R. 3; S. ~ 213. 1.  Some
may prefer, however, in this and similar cases, to regard the indicative
ts supplying the place of the optative (S. ~ 213. N. 1), for the sake of




NAP. XXVIL]`' OTES.                           t22
-.vaclty: (announcing) aictt the E~pidaomnicans, etc. -   drrotldLv....
EKrTpvrro- — pr ocaihnede thcat a colony, was Cbout to be sent to E2pideonnZS.  (See N. on  tceKpi7oraa pr,ops, I. 18. ~ 2).;s in its use here is
much like our fja, in such expressions as, the eepedition is for Oregon.
So here: p roclaimned a colonby for E2Lzidainnzus.  r- i;n  1r.7 tcry Ktl
6oita. (se. [io'pa or -rtfl), h/aviZng  equcel and sirnilCr'CankZ acd pririleges with the old colonists and with one another.  Not, as Goeller
supposes, equal to the citizens of the parent state, but equal to one
another, whatever distinctions may have existed among them  at
Corinth.  --  Haackh supplies  oOrrrE  before v&at.  Cf. K. ~ 306. R. 3;
S. ~ 223. 1.    - /r; ES iXot —/ov'XEcra.  A  shade of uncertainty is
given to the first verb by the optative = should perhcps be  o2ezwilling
-— and yet woished (as a matter of fact).  For this intermlingling of the
optative and indicative, cf. Mt. ~ 529. 5; Reost, ~ 122. I. 7; Jelf's
Kuihn. ~ 855. Obs. 4.  The apodosis is contained in /epEoEtL, which is
constructed like the preceding lmea. --   7revirrxovra apcxypaus KarT-aOr7a Kopvtcsav, by p1aying fifty Corinthian dvrachonce, towards defraying
the expenses of sending out the colony.  The Corinthian drachlin
was equal in value to the zEginetan, w-Xhich was worth ten oboli.
Fifty of these would amount, therefore, t'i somwething more than
eighty-three Attic drachmm (see  N. on 1TI. 17. ~ 3).  Some tralnslate
Kopt'lasr, at Corinth, but are divided in opinion, whether it is to be
taken witIl IcaTanvtit  or0 wNitIl  EVCewv. Many of the MSS. have KoptvZLotg. --   /IEVEV  depends oil Ei/pvrr-orov.
2. rj'v MeyapEwv.  Megara, Awith the states here named, formed a
part of the ancient Peloponnesian confederacy, and were bound to Corinth by the ties of consanguinity, amity, and unity of political views.
The aid which Me[egara received firom Corintb, when it revolted fron
Athens, is spoken of, I. 114. ~ 1. -   v- prrpo7rrwe+Etv, to convoy, to attend for the sake of defence. ~-   ct; pa, if perchcance. --    ioXvotLVro
— WrXEv. K. ~ 306. 1. a. --   HaXTs (Att. for HakXes. S. ~48. N. 2. b),
the inchabitants of Pale, one of the four cities of Cephallenia, and as
sonicme think, a Corinthian colony.  But cf. Miill. Dorians, I. p. 130,
N. m. -'E7rtSavplwr.  The Epidaurus here spoken of, was a city
of Argolis, on the western coast of the Saronic Gulf, over against
Egina.-'Epplovsy, the inhabitants of Heremione, which was also a
City of Argolis, south of Epidaurus and opposite Hiydrea. ~-   Tpot
6VLOL.  Trmzen lay about midway between Epidaurus and Hermione,
somewhat east of a direct line betweert the two cities. --       Oq3aovss....  tao-trovr. These being wealthy, but not maritime states, furnished money doubtliess in the way of a loan.  The Eleans, in addition tce
money, furnished empty shlips, not having seamen to man thema.




230                               NOTES.                              [BcoK I
CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Corcyraeans hearing of this extensive armament send am bassadors to Corinth
charging theml to withdraw their g-rrieson and colonists from Epidamn-us (~ 1); pro.
fessing their willingness to submit the whole affair to the arbitration, either of othel
states, or of the oracle at I)elphi (~ 2); but if war was resolved upon, they should look
for aid from some powerful quarter (~ 3); to this the Corinthians reply, that they would
consider tlheir proposals, whenever they should withdraw their fleet and barbarian auxiliaries from Epidamnus (~ 4); the Corcyr'Lans consent to do this, provided the Corinthians will take upon themselves the same conditions (~ 5).
1. ovs 7nrapEXha3ov to be witnesses (says the Schol.), or to ensure to
the Corcyrieans more respect from  the Corinthians.  It is probable
that the Corcyrfeans began to be aiarmled at tihe powerful confederacy which was formed against them, and had  recourse to the mediation of the Lacedelmonians and  the Sycionians.   r-.s....'ErcaBd-?.Ov, as they 7had no concera with  JpiCdaamnus.  For the construction
of ht-1/eriv (filomL tc-ret,ut),: cf. K. ~ 312. 6. c; S. ~ 226. a.  auroTs
may be referred to S. ~ 201. 3; and'Ewrrt3aivov to S. ~ 191. 2.
2. e' b  r  davrmroLoOv(raL  (SC.'ErrcBavov), lay  cay cclatia  to  pfidamcZnus~.  a'vrTz'oteo-aac,    "vindcicare sibi."  letant.  - - {~.r- 3ovat,
" to stbmit t'he quarrelg to a fair discutssioz."  Arnold.  I Nwould rather
say, submit thie  mcatter to acbit*ration, or to c, judicial inrestigaction.
The  expression  is a forensic  one.            wu ap'st 7r6Xectv ane, i. e. r,aph'0XeFtov  nap' a'l.   K. ~ 300. 5. b.            upt,'stLV, sC. B[Sag  B8e6ovat.
-      trotreoov depends onil cvat (to belong).  S. ~ 190.           KOparelv is
constructed in the same manner as levat and  ze'vetv, I. 27. ~ 1.  It is
worthy of note, that the Corcyrseans did not offer to refer the subject
to a congress of the Peloponnesian states, lest, as Miiller (Dorians, I. p.
202) justly remarks, by the preponderance of Sparta, their liberty
might have been endangered, but it was to be referred to  arbitrators
shosen by both states, or to the Delphic oracle.  This last offer was
very generous on the part of the Corcyrneans, inasmuch as the Del
phic oracle had countenanced the proposal of the Epidalnnians, to pu
themselves under the protection of Corinth, and might be inclined
therefore to favor their interests.          n,7r' Xuov b  OOIt elO&V irotiv, but
they were utnwilling  to snake wanr; literally, they  owould  not pernit
etc. -  t. ~ 608. 1.
3. Etd b8  t1, but other'wise, i. e. if the Corinthians would not consent to an  amicable  adjustment of the  difficulties. --              avrol, they
themselves (as the  Corinthians had  done). --- EKEI'Vov W           ta Lo~ voEVL,
(taken transitively), they compelling,  at thieir comrpulsion. --— roa




CIAP. XXVIII.I                  NOTES.                               23]
o-at, to mc/7e for themselves. --     Iaack refers QtXAovs to the Spartans or Athenians.  The latter doubtless are meant. -               tovXom-at
refers to the Corcyraeans and not to the Corinthians. The meaning is,
that Lhe Corlcyrsans did not wish to be obliged to pursue the course
here spoken of. -       TErpovr as an expression of difference is followed
by the genitive (K. ~ 271. 3; S. ~ 198. 2).  It is here qualified by
aXXkov, farl othe~r than, i. e. of a very different nature -than.  -  r7v,rv ovrcov, i. e. the exiles and the Illyrians (cf. I. 26. ~ 4), who were
at this time aiding the Corcyrmans, for this state had not yet confederated itself with any Grecian power (cf. I. 31. ~ 2).  The Schol. explains r(v  vdv o'vrcov by irsov r  y' l~XVjVrroV) and therefore Matthis
con1ctue      aps:apo            V' Xdvr-wv.aWXov, taking e'XEtV uapXXov in
the sense of potiorerm esse.
T. rg rTE CIU), i. e. the forty ships with which they were now
blockading Epidamnus (I. 26. ~ 4).  -  rovr 3apaidpovs, i. e. the Pllyrians.   -  3ovXuoE6o-ErTa, they wvould delibe1rate zupon the thing. -
7rporepov the withdrawal of the shlips and Barbarians.  -    l....
7roXLtpKacff4at, it woutld not be zwell for those (i. e. the Epidaimnians) to
be sustaininig a siege.  The particles  E'v and 8h are here employed to
connect two propositions, which are strongly contlrasted with each
other.  The ou KaXcXr  Cielv, cf.  ALtt. ~ 150. p. 445, was predicated of
neitherl of the actions taken by itself, but of the incongruity of carrying on hostilities while arbitrating for peace.   -- avrovs refers to
both the Corcyrmeans and Corinthians.  Goeller refers it to the Corinthians alone, but, as Poppo remarks, why then was it not written
oas l?-     BL tKba(e3 t, to be litiycating, to be at issue in a suit.
5.  wvrdieyov: replied. - -  rovr Ev'EmrtSlbvp, i. e. the colonists
and troops sent to Epidanmnus by the Corinthians (I. 26. ~ 1). —7rOtljatV Tav7a, i. e. r-ha  vais Kal rofts  apf3apovg darrdEetv. -     erolot
8  aEvat K. r. X.  There is some diversity in the translation of this
passage.  One class of interpreters, among whom  are Poppo  and
lHaack, make 7roLtorao'~at to  depend  on EroL/oL, and  construct 6o-re
(in the sense of hac conditione  ut.  lt.  ~ 479. ac; S. ~ 223. 1) after
Kara Xoopav.  The sense then would be: they were also ready to mzakle
a truce on this condition, that both parties should remain as they owere
(literally, in their place), until the cause should be decided.  Arnold
an(l Bloomf., on the other hand, construct IE/YEMv (defined more specifically by co-re) in direct dependence on EropLot, and retain hE after
o-rovh8ai (which is omitted or bracketed by all the recent editors), thus
connecting 7rot'roao'-at with /Yvetv'. This would give the sense: " they
woere also ready to agree that both par'ties should remain, wohere they
vwere, and a truce be made, to continuse until the cacuse should be de



232                             NOTES.                              [Boo  I1
cided." Bloomf.  This strikes me as the more natural interpretation,
and one, which avoids the harsh transposition of words upon which
the other is based, although the interposition of (rre between ET(;TL/o
and LEveLv, is somew,.hat troublesome to account for.  In respect to the
mood which's. -takes, tKiihner lays down the rule (Graml. ~ 337. 3. 5),
that when the point of time expressed by it is past, and the statement
is to be represented as a fact, the indicative is used; when present or
future, the subjunctive.
CHAPTER XXIX.
The Corinthians reject the proposals of the Corcyreans, and sail for Epidainnus will
seownty-five ships under Aristeus and other leaders (~~ 1, 2); the Corcyrveans send a
herald to Actium to forbid their further approach, and meanwhile busy themselves in
preparing their fleet for action (~ 3); the mission of the herald proving unsuccessful?
they comle to action with the Corintlian fleet and destroy fifteen of their ships (~ 4);
and on the saine day get possession of Epidamnus (~ 5).
1. 7rwkpeEs, i. e. full of sailors, well nmanned.  -    rpivepov,  i. e. in
advance of the armanment.  -    popovvra.   S. ~ 225. 5.  The Schol.
regalds this act of the Corinthians as done by the way of insult, but
it was a ceremony of general usage.           i'pavre, hcaving weighed anchor, plt to sea. --  6to-1XXiomo.  Three thousand hoplites are spoken
of (I. 27. ~ 2).  There may have been some mistalke in the text, or
perhaps the whole number could not be got in readiness to emlbark in
season.  The Schol. thinks that through contempt of the Corcyrsans,
one thousand were left belind.  But this is very unlikely. —   KepKvpatolst.  S. ~ 202. 1. -     vavrtin is used adverbially (cf. III. 55. ~ 3)
and strengthens 7roXe/o-rovres, to,iglht against.  S. ~ 225. 5.
2. irorpar//yet conformns in numnber to the first sat)ject which follows it.  Cf. K. ~ 242. R. 1. -      re(v.  S. ~ 189.
3. Elv'AK7I )... y7, in ActizMn inR t0he coizttry of AJnactoriutn.
The genitive denotes the whole, the city or town being a part.  See
N. on I. 114. ~ 2.  Actiumn was afterwards celebrated  for the naval
fight between Augustus and Mark Antony.               eiv dva-rp  i'n Ca svlh.,
The Schol. says that this was done to show their peaceful intention.
--—.    potvra;7 rtXet.  See N. on 1. 10 ~ 1 (end). ---'rpovv.
See N. on srXspet, ~ 1 supra.   -  Ce'aivrre.  There is much  doubt
in what consisted the repairs, which all commentators agree that this
word denotes.  The only views which seem  capable of justification
nr'e, (1) that of Passow, Goeller, and Arnold: qundeqrgirding with 7opeg,




CHAP. XXIX.]                   NOTES.                               233
i. e. passing under-girths under the ship and so binding it together.
Arnold says that the Russian ships taken in the Tagus in 1808, were
kept together in this imanner, in consequence of their age and unsound
condition.  I-He also refers to Acts 29: 19.  But Poppo denies that
v7ro~ovvv-i, which is there found, has the same mneaning as  Evvkt,
or that the signification of bvro[Ma-ra in Plato, Repub. X. p. 616. C
(cited by Goeller, and Arnold) is parallel; (2) the interpretation
dopted by Portus, Haack, and others: furnishing svith benches, oars,
etc.; (3) the interpretation of Bloomf., who refers it to the inner
block7s, beams, and stays, by which the fiame of the ship is held together, and which need to be repaired or renewed( whenever it is relitted.
I am inclined to adopt this view, although far firvon  being certain as
to its correctness.  The general definition  ecpairing (of. Betant sub
Voce), is perhaps all that we can give with our present knowledge of
ttlhe word, and the ancielnt structure of ships.           Tr- L- KevtKearcerT
refers, probably, to such minor repairs and equipments as all ve~sels
occasionally require.
4. yap in IreOoeapciKovrTa yap implies an ellipsis: the number (i. e.
eighty) was all they could oppose to the Corinthians, for forty, etc.
E- VLKrav. Leake thinks that the action took place between Paxds
and Cape Varl'lm.  -   rpap 7roX)X, by fcar.  Phav. quotes this in the
adverbial form  riaparoXv. --       BteSeLtpav, disabled, jput bhors de cornbcat.  -  avroil refers to the Corcyrmeans.  o- rov   7r-n     toptrovvra
refers to those of the Corcyrneans w:.o were besieging Epidanmnus.
Haack well observes that this is shown by the change of case, since
otherwise the construction might have been continued by the dative,
7T-'E r/ia/arov 7roXtopio(r-t. --    rapaorrrjo'aorraa  6oXoy[l, forlced to a
capitulaction, brought to agree to terms of sl&rrender'.  This use of
7rapItorrqll is easily derived from its literal signification in the middle:
to cacse a person to stcand by one's side, and hence to compqel to be on,
one's side.      ho-rrE, on condition that.  See N. on I. 28. ~ 4.  -
Irn5Xv8arS, nezo comers, the same that were called  E'vol (I. 26. ~ 5), i. e.
the Ambraciots and Leucadians (I. 26. ~ 5). - (r7roboO-at " est in
servitutegn vendere." Goeller. -     KopntytovSr bE B-cavrar E'XEtV, but
having bound the Corinthians they should keep then _. should retain
the Corinthians in custody.




234                               NOTES.                              [Boos 1.
CHAPTER XXX.
The Corcymreans having erected a trophy, put the rest of the captives to death, but re.
tain the Corinthians in custody (~ 1); tile fleet of the latter retiring homewards, thle
Corlcynreans remain masters of the sea in those parts, ravage the territory of Lelcas
and burn Cyllene (~ 2); the Corinthians send out a new fleet to sustain the cause of
their allies, which taket its station at Actium and about Chimerium (~ 3); the Corcyrrean fleet takes its station opposite at Leueiinne (~ 4); but neither party attempt to
bring on an engagement, and on the approach of winter retire homeward (~ 5).
1. AevK[IJvrq.  Arnold prefels AevK4L/Fti  as the reading of the best
MSS. and  confirmled by the nalse LeukimImo, which  the place still
bears.  Cf. Dodwell's Ch1ss. Toil. I. p. 39.  Col. Leake (Travels in
North. Greece,. p. 94) by the name AIefkelmo identifies it with  the
lotw  cape advancing into the channel at Corfu, eight miles to the
northward of Cape  Biianco.  -   ro;.... dOrEKretvav.  This wvas done
contrary to the terms of surrender. probably in  the excitement occasioned  by thle erection  of tilh  trophy, or at the suggestion of the
demlocratical leaders, in order to cut off all hope of accomlmodation
with  the aristocracy. --    tkhXov; than the Corinthians.  They were
called  Z-n-IXvIn3e  in tlhe preceding chapter.
2.,(Tlao evot  worsteC. -— E' O'KOvU homewar&d.  hr  with  the
genitive imarlk-s the aimn, object, or direction  of the action, as nrXetv
rTl -,tmcovU, to sail towards Scansos, but 6rrl cia'ov, to Samos; er' ot'ov,
to their house.  Cf. K.. ~  273. R. 8; 296. 1. b; S. ~ 231. ---- EKpTroV
is the apotlosis of e'rretSl-cv; eXcpr77.t-av.     Tr  Kar EKEtYva ra Xaopl(
i. e. the sea aadjacenlt to Corcyra.-         r7 —ra7rotKcav.  This has been
mentioned before (I. 27. ~ 2), and hence the article is attached to it.
r — Tr  yrsc E'Tc/to), cravaged a part of the country.  For the genitive,
cf. MAt. ~ 325. 1; K. ~ 273. 3. a; S. 191. 1.  The same expression we
find in II. 56. ~ 4. -  eirlvetovp, naval arsenal, sea-port, where  the
navy of the state lay.  Such  was the Pirmus, Nisea, Gytheum, etc.
---- rapXov refers to the Eleans.  Cf. 1. 28. ~ 2.
3. 7reptldreT  r2 s;pe) wOhen  the summer'  tveas drawing to a close,
about thle enzd of suvnmel r.  Poppo  and Haack read  rteptvrt r6 2gpe(O.L
(((cslatis reliqcua par~te), which  reading  is found  in  almost all the
MJSS. and also in Bekker's edition.  Bult Arnold shows pretty conclusively, that this would demand the reading r7  rreptO'vrT  Too  bm&povr, or
ve  bJpem Tp    r rptLdre.  Some render it (as did Bloomf. in his earlier
3dition), until the return  of (the next) sugnmer, on the ground that
tlhe sea-fight could not have taken place before the last of July, which




CHAP. XXXI.]                   NOTES.                                235
would have left too little time for the Corinthians to return home, refit
their fleet, which must have been roughly handled in the engagement,
and station it at Actium and about Chimeriunm, in season to niake applicable the words which follow (~ 5 infra), dXX?7 r7- zpog roti-o adrTKa~FOe~voL K. T. X., ciLter r'emaining inz olpposite statcions this oholoe szni,met.:  13But may we not assign to the time of the battle, an earlier date
in the summer than this interpretation assumes?  Goeller thinks that
it took place in the beginning of the sumlmer, and perhaps even inl th
spring. If so, there would remain ample time for the transactions here
spoken of. Besides, if adXXa ro,ipos -rof ro (duVT,,eLSE EjEvotL K. r. X. refers
to the next summer after the battle, it has a very harsh connection, to
say the least, with ro, re XpWOOV roV  -rkitCro',, wi th which the section
commences, especially if Tro' 6' ELotavrt'v nivra K. T. t. with which the
next chapter begins, be taken also into consideration.  The battle
took place A. c. 435.  The full year after the sea-fight, and the year
subsequent to that, would include the -winters of A. c. 435-4, and
434-3.  But here a difficulty arises from the fact, that the best chronologists unanimously fix the date of the second expedition in 432.
What were the contending parties doing the year that is here omnittedl?  Arnold leaps over the difficulty, by assigning the (ldate 433 to
the time when the speeches (chaps. 32-43) were delivered, and 432 to
the events which are detailed in I. 44.  But perhaps the termzinizs a
quo of these two years may be the winter of A. c. 435-4, when both
parties went into winter quarters; the year after the sea-fight would
then be 434-3 and the next year 433-2, so that in the spring of 482
the second expedition  light be made.'AKrtlc.' This station and
that at at Chierium were chosen, for the protection of the Leucadians
and their other allies in that quarter.           Xetspptov,  lhimerineczm,
according to Leake the place now called Arpitza.  Cf. N. on I. 46. ~ 4.
CHAPTER XXXI.
The Corinthians spend the next two years in active preparations for wnar (~ 1); at which
being alarmed, the Corcyermans determine to send ambassadors to implore the aid of the
Athenians (~ 2); the Corinthians hearing this, send an embassy also to Athens (~ 3);
an assembly being convened in that city, the debate is opened by the Corcyrseans (~ 4).
I. opy,  4cpov7rfsc rmv —ioXFn oltc, carryint g 0on the war  sctir spiit.
The old commentators (whoml Bloomf. here follows) interpret it, being;ndicinat at the war, taking in duzdgeon the twar (i. e. tile events of it),




236                            N OTES.                           [Boo. I
But cf. Tr ai'Xa sv/co ~e'pov, V. 80. ~ 2, upon which Poppo remarks:
nihil ahlind significare possunt quam  s'eliqua implettu equodane  animi
administ'oCbant.       EvaV7mryovTro, 7ept building shils  for' themselves.
Ira K1P)rtcirra -  to the utmhost of theirs ability. -~  fiLroS, TeiSov-,reI (sC. abTroI), inducing themb by wcages (to.enter into their service).
Bloomf. fi'om  IIT. 31. ~ 1, would supply  v/teOriv, and refers to
our expression, tc6Eing theqn into pay.
2. roav yTap commences a parenthesis which extends to AaaKEMtpovicov.  The verb MEoerv which follows, is connected by Kat (before
the parenthesis) to oi KepKvpaotL.... eopooovrTo.       ovevor  depends
on evmr7rovSot, in7 alliance with 9no one.-   JS, to, "is never thus
prefixed to a noun denoting an inanimate object."  S. ~ 136. N. 
EV'plOKEo-3ca, to find frb  thevmselves.  Cf. Anab. II. 1. ~ 6.  The object
is  (beXelmcv.
3.:al. (leeOl, they also.-    rpeecvo(r4vtevEot (S. ~ 225. 5), to vnegotiate by acnbassador's.  Poppo prefers 7rpeCo-evodpeYO.  o      (o- t lepends on  f7orb8tLov.  r- wpb0s-rpoo-yevid Evoev.  Sometimles the preposition with which  a verb is compounded  is repeatedl.              si- aa
(=  er  rS  ie0-2at) denotes the respect in which f,urLb'lov is to be taken.
Cf. 1. 25. ~ 1.  Bloomlf. takes it in the sense of Boo;-rSa, displonere,
orsder, i. e. bring to an issue.  This verb is usually accompanied by
eV or KaXiCs, which sense is here given by    /3oXkopwrat.
4. Kararn o-(rt  is intransitive.  Cf. Soph. Gr. Verbs, p. 165.
TOLdae, as follows.  The substance of the speech is given. Cf. I. 22. ~ 1,
CHAPTERS XXXII. —XXXVT.
This oration of the Corcyrseans may be divided into, 1, the exordium
(chap. 32); 2, the argumentative portion (chaps. 33-36. ~ 2); 3, the peroration (chap. 36. ~ 3). The second part (i. e. the argumentative) may also be
subdivided into the rb fE'ALyuov (chap. 33), and 7b  lcKatop (chaps. 34, 35). This
last head may also be subdivided into an argument, 1, upon the clailms
which the Corinthians, as the mother country, might be supposed to have
upon the Corcyrzeans (chap. 34); and 2, upon the violation of the Peloponnesian treaty with which the Athenians would be chargeable, should they
succor the CorcyrTans (chap. 35. ~ 4). The orator then recurs again to the
adlvantages of the proposed alliance (chaps 35. ~ 5, 36. ~ 2), and closes with
the peroration.
The orations and speeches in Thucydides are full of exegetical dificulties,
and require much laborious study, in order to understand them, so as to se,




OcAAP. XXXII.]                      NOTES.                                     237
and appreciate their beauty  and force.  The reader should subject every
sentence to the most searching gramnlatical analysis both etymological and
syntactical, and having thus explored the meaning, shoukl treasure it carefully
in memory, so as to be able to read in connection larger portions, and in the
end, the whole oration.  This, however, should not be deemied all tbat is
requisite.  Repeated perusals are necessary, to secure that ease of translation,and fi'edoml  from verbal perplexities, which bring the mind into sympathy
with the great and glowing ideas of rhe writer, and cause it to be borne along
upon the stream of argunment, which flows with such depth and vehemence
and grandleur.  The editor of this edition would therefre  urge  upon every.
reader, the importance of attaining by frequent reviews that facility of translation, which will enable lim to read these speeches, without the interruption
occasicned by cons!Lilng lexicons and otlher books of reference.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Tile exOrtiun conmmenes    eittl an acknoewledgment. tha.t those who'ask aid, in the circutlstanees  i whllich tile CorcyrLeans present themselves to the Athenians, should show
that lln a vni-itge s-ill accrue therety to those -whio confer tle falvo, and that the obli-latio wl b\111 e amnply repail by tile plarty assisted (I~ 1, 2); a brief refer'eoce is inmade to
the unw!ise ine oI con(Iuct previously pursued by the Coreyr-eans in lhavilng  abstained
fiom ailiance xit any of thlle states (~~ 3, 4); they hadl indeed lefeatced the Corinthians
in a formelr battle, yet the extensive forces which their enemies ivere collecting fiom
PelopolleesLs, comilpelled them to ask caid of the Atheniazis (~ 5). This exordium has
ever beel - reu.rdel as a master-piece of its inid, aln(l has been closely imitated by subsequent writers, amo!ig whom may be mentioned, Procop. in orat. Gepid., and Sallust Bell.
Jag. Comlpare also the oration of the Campanians. Livy, VII. 80.
1. AKlKatov.... daJaaiia~ at.  The order is: 8tKatcov  rovs  77K0to ras rpa
rovr 7reTaas, cs  Kal  /IELcS  Vl,) or0o o/evOvOs EitLKovplas, FLjE EepyFclaG
-7rpovqeteXofj r7s (so. 65' 4tCov'A,71qvaic o) cava&Saast.   Poppo, Goeller,
Arnold, and Bloomlfield edit. 7rpoooetXomte'vqs. -            rapa reoVs  7r Xar, ad
alios, i. e. to th/ose iovith so/ltoe  inte rcoutrse is had.  --   osrcp Kal q7ksm,
SC. edme Ca.          eo-'e1o-IEovev  marks the purpose of  Koi'oras.  K. ~ 312.
5. c; S. ~ 225. 5. -  -        Evaataadal,   to omakce it c/ecarly  (Eaa-) accp)ear.
--     rpa)roi —o-EFlra.  Between  these  correlative  particles, we  find
two other corresponding conjunctions, Fi Xtcrra  tEv and  i  b /q'. -
4vftjpmopa (so.  rnjstara.  Jelf's Kiihn. ~~ 529. Obs. 1; 583, 45) is connected by the preceding KaL to the antithetic clause o'rt y  (at least) oVK
Erut(/'mta. --    rL belongs to &eoVTrat repeated from the preceding clause.
--   r'v XiptWv  3i3aetoe:OivLv, they shall hcave thle favor secwure (to be
returned when. needed) =  shall do a favor?qit to 7e forp'otten.  There
11* 




238                           NOTES.                             [BooK I
is here a change of subject, which, however, is only rhetorical, since
the expression =  they (i. e. the persons benefited) zwill not forget
the favor bestowed.  This appears to be the view taken by the Schol.,
who explains Xadpv by (VIrTXPLV.  Cf. r v XdptV KaraTeOLroe) I. 33. ~ 1,
7with the explanation given in the note.  Poppo prefers the common
interpretation: (qui societaten petant) eticnbfirmam gratiam habituros, will acknowledge their lasting obligations.  This interpretation
involves no change of subject, and therefore by some may be pieferred to the one above given. -       @- i/3alos in Thucydides is an adjective of two terminations.   -  C-ac'r KaratrTo-T7ovoL =   -caOer (clear)
rroeLTeov r.     L?7 opytiEont depends on  K'atov.
2. KEpKvpaioL...  txas.   Construct:  KEpKvpatoL aLrE(TCretav 7ta-Sr
7TtrToIEovres, LETra rrqg aLr 7lOEwg 7-riS  $vypaXina  7apE'$o-t ravora EXvpa
VLiv, the Corcyrcecans have sent us, trusting thact while we ask the alliance (literally, with the asking of the alliance), we shall establish these
points to your satisfaction (literally, shall snake these points sune to
you).   /i'v is the dcat. commodi. K. ~ 284. 3. R. 4.
3. -rETyrr7KE.... dJiv6~opov, but it has happened (- it is our for.
tune) that the same custom, (when considered) in relation. to (;, K.
~ 290. 2. 3. c) our present request is irrational in your view (rrpbos  xadsa,
K. ~ 298. 11I. 3. e), and _prejudicial to the present posture of our affairs.
The;'rtr1rjevta here spoken of, was that of making no allies, and of
minding their own interests only.  This appears fiom  the following
section, introduced by Tyip (epexegetical).  ov is often omitted after
rvyXvo.  K. ~ 311. R. 5; Mt. ~ 553. 8. Obs. 1.  7Trpobs /uas is to be
joined with,agXoyov, and not with Es riv  Xpetav IlctLv, when viewed
with reference to our i~nterests as it regar~ds you, as someo interpret the
passage. Xpelav is a request resulting from necessity.  7tULv =;j7&v, i. e.
7LereTpav.  Somle, with Arnold, may prefer to make I7iv depend upon
TrerTXKE.  The sense would not be altered. --         r Ta fuerEpa avrov,
in reference to our interest.
4. vLpaixot....oX'XouIev explains /Aoyov in the pi eceding section.
and Kal 5lta.... Ka[eo-raFev is exegetical of idcvpqwopov.  Some refer
both clauses to each of the above mentioned adjectives.'v rd,rpo ro:, i. e. Iv 7rj 7rpo 7ro  Xpo'vc (fully written in II. 58. ~ 2; 73.
~ 3), in the time before this =  aforetimne. --  EKOV'rol, toluntarily.
--   TOrO, i. e. vIa.LaXot eVat. -     ep?7iotL of helpers.-   at' avro,
i. e. because they had formed no alliances.  -   The subject of xreptiaTn7KEV is 4.... oowc poodvr  (prudent moderation. Poppo), with which
ro.... 4VyKlVVEVElv is in apexegetical apposition (K. ~ 226. R. 3).---  r  rov 7rIXa;s yvro;y, "aliorum  arbitratu."'  Poppo.-   a/3ovXIa
i thought to refer to aiXoyov, and do-arveLa to lc&vitQopov.  -       at.




CHAP. XXXII.]                   N O.T E S.                            239
voY/vrIE  depends on 7repLETrr7Kav in the sense of ElS rTo 0alvcEffSatL has
turned out to be manifestly a/3ovXla Kasl ad;etela.
5. ouv is here resumptive of the thought which was partially interrupted by ~~ 3, 4, the orator now' proceeding to give the reason why
the Corcyreans, although victorious in the former battle, applied to
tile Athenians for aid. In this use, ouv = I say then.  -- vavjaxiavPawoOr/rf aeou a KoptvSLovv.  After the analogy of vtKdai (S. ~ 184. N. 1),
d7rcoswc is here followed by two accusatives, we defeated the Cori-nthians in a sea-fight.  Cf. Mt. ~~ 409. 3; 421. N. 3; Bernh. Synt. p.
121.  It is strange tlhat this should have been overlooked by such
critics as 1Haack, Goeller, and Bloomfield, and that the old methlod of
suplplying a preposition should have been resorted to in constructinn    g
vaovluxtalv.     s Kara  io'va  streRgthens avrolt,' alone by oursebles."
Se in  cmELB) N8  respoInds to,Ev ill the preceding proposition.
ajL       arot phvEY dp&tEv"  toEg we saw tlChat we were unable.  The partici-!)le after oaci, when it refers to the subject of the verb, may be put
sither in the nominative, or in the accusative to agree with the reflexve pronoun.  Cf. S. ~ 225. N. 2. c; K. ~ 310. 4. a.   - 7repyTveo-'Sat;lie Corinthians.  -  Portus referls  6 Kt'vasvo0  to Greece at large, but
3loonif. tihinks that the danger to Athens is hinted at, which in the:ourse of the oration is proininently brought forward.   - Uw' aivrots',
ender them, i. e. in their power. --       ~vyyvc,77  (sc. a'rtTL pivl), wqe are,zeusable.  c- EL..... roX&s)t v1. Poppo refers  Acrh a Kaal and 860'qv
a.... 5(apria to roXgl)Lev, and  constructs and explains: Ed (Eobn).'
rpoTrpov  arrpaytiouvV1  EvavrlaY _pColuev, (elrep rop ro 7roiovulEv) /1 /IerTa:aKtas (= KaKOL OUvrer) 80oB'qS  hi gkXXov  ptaprca (= aLXX' art 8dqs?ttdp-'o0lE).  On the reference of Et and /A; to different words, cf. Hoog.
Xr. Particles, p. 56. IV.  I prefer, however, withl some of the most,ble of the recent commentators, to refer JirTha KaaKras.... a(laprta to.rpaytoo-at1, because the nain design of this exordium  was to remove
Lnfavorable impressions in respect to the past conduct of the Coreymeans, rather than to apologize for their present temerity in applying
o the Athenians for aid.  /era KaKtas  (= KaKa), with evil intention.
O6'qE 6aijaorta, by an errer of judgment.




240                               NOTES.                                [BooK I
CHAPTER XXX I II.
Hlaving finished his exordiLum, the orator proceeds to show that it will be for the interest o
the Athenians to furnish aid to the Corcyrmeans, who being the injured party, will be lesa
likely to forget the favor, than those to whom they are opposed, and who besides havw
a powerful navy (~ 1); the Athenians are reminded, that they now enjoy the rare fortunn
of receiving, as voluntary allies, the very power whose accession to their interests the3
would have valuled above smuch treasure (~ 2); and this alliance is rendered timely bj
the war with the Lacedemonians which now threatens the Athenians, a sure premoni
tion of which was the Corinthian invasion, designed as it was to break down the Corey
rman power, and thus deprive the Athenians of their aid in the approaching strugglh
(~ 3); wherefore these plans should be anticipated and frustrated (~ 4).
1. j  vtv7rvXlt —rT1 tlhr pag, th7e occurrence (der zilfcg/L.  Popp(
after Bredow) of ou0r request.  Banuer  very strangely connects $vurv
xta with KaTa 7roXXar.         s Trp&-Tov.... roelferer3e.  The justice of theil
cause is here slightly talluded to, but is fully argued in chaps. 34, 35
Its introduction served to show that the orator was by no mean;
disposed to overlook so ilnportantl   a point, or to pl'ace the ro' ov'/,topo
before the ro 8I[<aolv, allthough it wT-as first discussed in the oration
e_'rera corresponds to 7rpCr-ov,heeI, and therefore stands for ETretra a
(K. ~ 322. R. 4), introducing another reason why the request of th
Corcyrm'ans should be granted.  -    Ede4MevO, bhiy receiving into you
alliance.  The participle here denotes the imeans.  See N. on I. 9. ~ I
- os  asy ptC'raXo-ar-aao'eLo —e =  Ka-rabeLoT'e  t} OS aC  uaXto'ra Karo
ZeJo-Zl  or Karalo-ero-e ov av cM'Xtfrra KraraehLreZ, if the future indice
tive be preferred  as corresponding better with  7rwotCoreo-Se.  Popp
(Suppl. Adnot. p. 116) gives up'the reading KnaraeoTrbfe, which he pre
viously  had  adopted  and defended.  Goeller well remarks, that t;h
metaphor in KaTrauhe~o-e is taken froml depositing  money with  somr
one, friom  whom  it may be received afterwards with interest.
IavrLKotV re.  A  third  reIasu)  is here  introduced  why the request c
the CorcyrS ans should be granited, and in order to express it Iwit
delicacy, it is mlade by the  connective 7r  a part of the  precedin.
proposition. --- K.EKTrijESa   is here used as a present. -— XVrkv   zc
7rap' b/siv  except yours. --     A rX&Eivoov.   The article is omitted for th
same reason, probably, that rT' was employed as a connective instea
of E7reLra.
2. TrS evSrpa[a  -ra7vccor;pa (tat noore rr'e r ae good fortune) = otlacr
Ev7rpatlf asr7rvcorrEpu   = a uirq r     evwTrpuM'r    ar- 7t7TrlT7.  Cf. MBt. ~ 45C
Obs. 2 (end).   1- Haack woultod nllcitally supply i Iefl'.q after Xvor7P.,
Iripa, reforring   forward to ci;)....r o ezrn}yyeXaroe1 which would COi




CHAP. XXXIIL]                 NOTES.                              241
tain the explanation of the pronoun. Both he and Poppo place a
comma after El, to connect it more plainly with av'rr, 71rapEarTv avrL7rayyEXkro. ---?Jv —vvawzt-avr T1. The relative clause is frequently
put before the proposition containing the antecedent, for the sake of
emphasis (S. ~ 173).  U6valuv belongs properly to avT'rr (this sa/me
power), but is put after the relative by attraction (S. ~ 175. 2; C.
J 525). The design of this attraction, as well as the inversion of the
clauses, is to give the adjectival sentences a substantival character,
while the substantive clause deprived of its principal word, becomes
subordinate to the adjectival sentence. --- v Yrpo6-1rtorac ec, would
have value beyond.  The object of eLWrt-oraO-?E is  )v —6'va!Lv Vi11v
7rpooyevYEOat (to be added). --- avTreraryyeXros, freely, spontaneously.
- roVs 7roXXois is explained by Poppo, as referring to mankind at
large (vulgus), but perhaps it is better to refer it to the other states of
Greece. a-   adpErv, reputation for virtue (edloola).  The sentiment
is, that if the Athenians accepted the alliance thus voluntarily sought
by the Corcyrmeans, they would secure for themselves a high reputation among all the states of Greece. --   ots = EKEtotr ov, of which
equivalent the antecedent limits /;epovoa supplied from  the preceding
clause. --     ai — aa 7rivra, all which advantages together (i. e. at the
same time).  -   ev 7t wravrt Xpdvp, "est omqni tempore quod novimus=ex omrnia memoria, quum'v 7ravrl Xp6ov  sine articulo esset
omni tempore." Goeller.  Cf. K. ~ 246. 5. /. 8-    8  strengthens
3Xtyote, very few. o —      o= eKElvot  oVs, the antecedent limiting
taodvreE.- -     a-daXCtav refers back to lorX'v, and KO0o0V to d'periv.
oVX TTrorov —r, not less-than = as well as.
3. roiv & 7r0rXiOve, but as to the war, is properly in apposition with
rTOV7O  the omitted subject of?oecr-aL.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 581. 1.
yvco/Lrs Latapravet, he errs in judgment.  Bloomf. says that the metaphor is taken from  archery.  a- w-aaverat robv  AaKeasatLolovosroXke/lrMoELovrca (a desiderativee word, S. ~ 143).  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3
(init.). -   7rap' avroir, in their (i. e. the Lacedminonian) estimation
(K. ~ 297. II. 2).  Cf. II. 29. ~1; VI. 59. ~ 3.  We find the varied
expressions /LEt aurbv in II. 101. ~ 5, and E'v rois rrpcroL in IV. 105.
~ 1.-     es's raiv 4er;Tpay  (S. ~ 102) E7rtlXlpl-Ltv.  "Port. recte vertit
ad vos invadendos." Poppo.  The object of the orator is to show, that
the plan of the Corinthians and their allies is, first to break down the
power of the Corcyrwans, and then to attack the Athenians, thus preventing them  from an union against the encroachments of the common enemy.  This will serve to explain'Iva.... or-ojev which follows.
----  t6     UOUP.... f3e3ati oaoS2at.  Various interpretations have been
given to this passage, which for brevity's sake I must omit, and con



242                               NOTES.                               [BooK I,
tent myself with giving the one which, on the whole, appears to me
to be encompassed with the fewest difficulties.  Hermann de Ellip. et
Pleon. p. 142  explains it:  i ro)   fido-aca'a.Sr KaKeoat, } 7o To- cas
auror  /3el3ataoo'ao~aa,   and  supposes that to  avoid  this  repetition,
ddoac was put once in the preceding  clause.  This, as I conceive,
unfolds the true sense.  The construction would  then be:    8'E a8voniv
atadprco-a  (_ that they mnay certainly attain to one of the two objects),
ao-acat (aira'), 5) KaKojratL-7 f3e3alc'o-raet2aL (viv' qicci-at KaK)frao-a 
aaioLat 0ef3atcooao'rat), either to be beforehand, in humbling us, or in
strengthening their own power.  OzaiVEtv is usually constructed with a'
participle.
4. l'IErepov B' au E'pyov Trporepr-rat, it is our business then to antici2pate them. -    r7 Tatv Be'V &aScov, sc. q r7-za  referring to the  Coreyrfans.-    rrpoe7rnf3ovXeveLv and darerI30ovXEVUELSv, Bloomf. well renders
foreplot and counterplot.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
The orator now passes from a consideration of the advantages resulting from the proposed alliance, to a discussion of the justice of their suit, against which it is no argument that they were colonists of the Corinthians, since their alienation has resulted
from the ill-usage which they have received from the parent state (~ 1); this is tacitly
admitted by the Corinthians, in their declining to submit the difficulties to a judicial
investigation (~ 2); the conduct of the Corinthians towards those connected to them
by the ties of consanguinity, should admonish the Athenians of what they may expect,
if they enter into a league with them (~ 3).
1. X'yeo-tv refers to' the  Corinthian  deputies.          ) IaTrrcoo'av, let
them  learn from. experience.  -   rdac-Xovora, sc. vtr7  r7Sr urponrdXero.
This appears from  rtLta rs71  /xrp0r'roXtv which follows.        -  7rrl r7rivat, with a view to be. e'rl here denotes condition. Cf. K. ~ 296. II. 3.
b. -o- doXot and 60/oLot are in the nominative after Etvat, because its
subject is the same as the principal subject of the sentence.  K. ~ 305.
2; S. ~ 224. --         roTr XlFrrolvors i. e. the citizens of the parent state.
2. co  bE  lj]8tcKovv, sc. or KopIvetot.  The course of reasoning made
use of by the speaker, may be reduced to a syllogism: The state
which ill-treats its colonies, can make no objection, on the score of
justice, to their putting  themselves under the protection of another
state-the Corinthians have ill-treated  us-therefore they can make
no  objection, etc.   The  minor term  of this syllogism  the  orator
proves, from  the virtual confession of ill-doing made by the Corinthians, in their refusal to submit the affair to arbitration. -            7rpoXsAbfvres yaip 7repi'ErrO8aitvov,'s KpLoTv.  Cf. I. 28. ~ 2.   -'a'oo as op



CHAP. XXXV.]                      NOTES.                                  243
posed to 7ro4wt? signifies fair and peaceftul measures. -            /c tFT-EX?;V,
to prosecute.
3. Vbv is the dat. commodi. --   TEK1pbPLov) sign, here warning.
-       T- —,rE denotes the result of vi'h u.... rEK1iptoLV.  When the effect
is to be represented  as conceived  merely, the infinitive is employed
after iTo6re, otherwise the indicative or optative.  Cf. Mt. ~~ 531. N. 2;
341. 2. 3; S. ~ 217. 3...a.rrny, fraud, trickery, here sophistry.
Opposed to this is {K roi EV;EOS', in a straight-forward manner, openly.
These last words are to be joined to 8so/fevoLS, and not to,rov7rOVpyEL,v, in the sense of immediately, at once, as is done by some interpreters. A little reflection on the passage must convince any one, that
the antithesis lies in adrrdr  and E/K roy evEsEoS, and not in the infinitives, which in such a case would be the mere repetition of the same
idea  varied  in  words only. -          6  &yap  XaXlo-Tras  ras  tEUrat,LEXElasXatavawov (=, SEratieXcErat), for he who repents  the seldomest.  The
Schol. says that this is put for 6 /1vr' oXAs (not at all) Xatm3cYvcov
IgeErazlEXELv.-      daaX eraror, SC.'v, which  is sometimes omitted
after  larTEXEL.  K. ~ 311. R. 5.
CHAPTER XXXV.
An alliance with the Corcyrmeans would be no infringement, on the part of the Athenians,
of any treaty with the Lacednmonians (~ 1); for states, which (like Corcyra) have
entered into no confederation, may select whomsoever they please as allies (~ 2); and
it would be unjust for the Corcyreans not to have the same privilege as the Corinthians,
who were summoning auxiliaries to their aid from all parts of Greece (~~ 3, 4); allusion
is again made to the advantages of the proposed alliance, especially to the accession of
naval power, which the Athenians would thus obtain (~ 5).
1. X    ErE.... o7rovia. Miuller (Dorians I. p. 214) says that the dePensive treaty with Corcyra, engaged in a war with its mother country,
was, according to ancient Greek principles, wholly unlawful and unjust.
2. Ev avTzrar, i. e. in the thirty years' truce.  Cf. I. 115. ~ 1. —
rLS = EL T E (S. ~ 215. N. 7), and is therefore accomlpanied by 7u8apo5
nstead of obvaazo.    K. ~ 318. 3.  --   E'$evao, Butt. (~ 150. p. 442)
eemarks that " eL'ErtL refers to the physical possibility, it is possible;
Eo-rt,, to the moral, it is lawful, one many; E'-rt stands indefinite
letween the two, it may 01' can be done."   Sometimes these meanings,re interchanged for rhetorical purploses. --         rap'....  eeiv.  Fully
written it would be: EX2ELyv urap' EKEgYOtv  rap' 6rorvfipov  (/Xhlov) aV
pcEK(rJrat.  In respect to this article in the thirty years' truce, Muller
[. p. 214. N.) says that its meaning can only be: states not included




244                           NOTES.                           [Book I.
in the alliance may join whichever side they please, by which means
they come within the treaty, and the alliance guarantees their safety.
But if a state already at war with another state, party to the treaty
(EvO7rov8os), is assisted, a war of this description is like onie undertaken
by the confederacy of the assisting state.
3. Kat 8ELVOV El roSb8E  AEIv —-I)aus 8.  The construction of 8EtLVo
is only suited to the second of these clauses, the other being thrown
in to heighten by contrast the effect of the second. It was not el'oi~cra.... &.VrK&ov which was BEtvdv, but /Lar v..... OEXelag (i. e. that
the privilege just spoken of should not be granted to the Corcyrmans).
Cf. Mit. ~ 622. 4; Butt. ~ 149. p. 426. -    da ro v dE'vo7ron ov, from the
states confederate with them, from their confederates. --   E'ra.  See
N. on iEeWvaL, ~ 1 supra.-    V?7qKO&ov. The Schol. says that the Palians of Cephallenia are meant, as they were subjects of the Athenians. Cf. I. 27. ~ 2. -- rrpoKELI7E,'proposed, i. e. the one now under
consideration.  Some render it, present, in hand. --   ETra.  The old
commentators and editors place a )eriod after dohEXEras, Poppo and
Bloomf. a colon.  In either case E4ra -is used in the way of reproacE
and may be rendered, and yet, and nevertheless.  See Arnold's. Gr
Prose Compos. p. 140. -     27;ovrat has here a transitive signification
4. 7roXv 8a iv Xrrelovw is for v Ni 7roXvA rXEtovt. --   alrta —'oi fLEI
-alTrLontela..-    o-vX 6Tcos  (= obX 0r'oS ou) —c XXkh Ka, lnot only no
-but even, is a formula by which antithetic clauses are strongly op
posed to each other.  K. ~ 321. 3. b; Kr. ~ 67. 14. N. 3. — e XIp&o
The Corinthians had taken it ill, that the Athenians supported the Me
gareans in a war which arose between these two states subsequent t
the Persian war.      27rrLvTroY  (se. Ka,' i/frv) is opposed to KLgVvvet
ovracS in the preceding proposition. -    wepLord eo-Se.  See N. on 7EcpL(
pav, I. 24. ~ 6. --   ov 0 L 8Katov, sc. 7rpoaoXa3eWiv KopLtvLovs. -     dXX' X
Supply 8LKaLLOV EarL from the preceding context. --    KaLKELVOV depend
on /oSaaodpovr, and not upon KVaEL)Xv, the sense being, to prohib'
their nmercenaries from  being rccised out of yjousr country, and not
prohibit your mercenaries fr'om  them.          Ka.' 0,-r (as fare as);
7rEaTreO,   "quatenus vobis persuasum futerit.  Poterant enim  modic
poterant clanculum, non aperte, nec magnis viribus Corcyrwis opituL
ri." iaack. --   rrb rov rpoc/avoDr, openly. This shows that a seer
mode of assistance was hinted at in the preceding clause, and hen,
between dcr7 ro rov  pooavovs and KaY' o',rL) there is a sort of antithes
5. 7roXXh —r,ra  v;ipovra (se. o'vra.  Cf. KI. ~ 310. R. 5) droSE[lKV
uEV, we show (= hcave to show, can show) that the advantages are mzan
See N. on 8EtrKVfU, I. 26. ~ 2. -   iv adpXy  of the oration, especial
in chap. 33. -     /ldv, i. e. the Corcyreans and the Athenians.



CHP,. XXXVI.]                    N OTES.                                245
qcrav.  The tense conforms to VT-lITOIpev instead of aroSelKVVIe.  So
Arnold correctly explains: "' We say, as we said before, that we have
both the same enemies. Thucydides has expressed it a little differently:
we say what we said before, (viz.) that we had both the same enemies."
-      o7rep (= id quod) refers to the idea contained in ol re....r   av,
and o5rep crace/rdTar) rrlidrsr (pignus fidei) is to be regarded as a substantival adjective sentence.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 836. 2. -  /IeraaTdrar, deserters (when considered in relation to the Corcyraeans), and
seceders, if the Athenians be considered as referred to.  That it might
refer to the latter as well as to the former state is evident, for to withdraw from one confederacy and to pass over to another, was an avowal of hostility, followed almost necessarily by war. -- Haack makes
eaiv to depend on 8aqpep L ($vSA;peL. Arnold), elicited from obvx 56ola
in the preceding proposition.  Goeller makes aXXa stand in the place
of Kal, and refers the infinitive back to aXXah  8ZKaLov  i in dXX' w/ (~ 4
supra).  I prefer with  Kiihner (Jelf's edit. ~ 671. 3) to supply 8et or
XPa.  In such cases, it becomes a general expression of necessity or of
something  to  be done.-   el- bi l,  but if otherwise, i. e. if what
his just been said is impossible. --     eXvprTarov in respect to a navy.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
The argument in favor of the utility of the proposed alliance is continued. If the Athenians fear a rupture with theLacedivemonians, such a fear, accompanied with strength, will
intimidate the foe more than courage or confidence, unaccompanied by so powerful an
ally as is now offered to them (~ 1).; the argument is strengthened by a reference to the
favorable situation of Corcyra, in respect to hindering the approach to Peloponnesus of
any navy from Italy or Sicily (~ 2); in brief, if the Corcyroean navy is not united to that
of the Athenians, it will be seized upon by the only other naval force in Greece (viz.
the Corinthian), and thus in the end be opposed to the Athenians (~ 3).
1. Td —b8eoLt  a'7ro, his fear; literally, his being afraid in respect;o breaking  the treaty.  Tb 8E6L&O -=To  be&Jal.  So T7 0appo0 —'O rapoeLv (K. ~ 263. a. y), and refers to such confidence of the Athehians in the observance of the treaty, and in their own resources, as,ould lead them  to reject the proffered alliance of the Corcyreans,
Lnd enter single-handed into the contest which was evidently ap)roaching.  This would be an object of less dread to their powerful
nemies (toXoovrav   To~V eX.poVs), than a fear on the part of the Atheiians of breaking the treaty, overbalanced by the desire to unite to
heir arms so powerful an ally as the Corcyrvean state.  It must be




246           -               NOTES.                          [Boca
borne in mind, that the fear here spoken of is, lest the treaty should
be broken, and the confidence, that it would not be broken and that
war would not ensue.- From the second member of the antithesis (ro
d 2aproov.... Eo-dtEvov), Bloomf. would supply with rb be0tbo  at'ro
LorXvv Exov in the first member, the words t8a1e;vov ~irs.  For the
construction of /Oo,3iov with yvcrco, see N. on I. 25. ~ 1 (init.) --
p0 8Jqvtveov, if he does.not receive us. /i7 is used with the participle,
when it can be resolved into a conditional clause.  K. ~ 318. 5; S.
9~ 225. 6; 229. 3. s- ao-evyer, i. e. comparatively weak in consequence of the rejection Ef a powerful ally..-   Waee0Trepov, non formidandum, or as Goeller translates, minus formidandum.  -  fovXEvodievos.  Repeat yvrror. --   oTray.... w7r6oeov, when in reference to an
approaching and almost present war.  o-ov oh, all but. -    ro a'r'a.
S. ~ 169. 1. -        rrepKorrorJv, by surveying. --    0.... 7roXetLovrat,
which is made a friend or an enemy at the most critical time; or
perhaps, whose friendship or enmity is of the highest momnent.
2. yap introduces the proof of what was asserted in g.... 7roXetoorat. -'IratMas  and ELKEXlas depend on 7rapadrXov.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 502.  KaXcos rapadrXoU  KELTat) is well situated in respect to the coasting along.  For KaXiro constructed with the genitive, cf. K. ~ 274. 3.
b; hMt. ~ 338; S. ~ 195. 1. rraparkAov is employed, because the voyage
to Italy was made by coasting along the shores of Greece as far as the
promontory of Iapygia, at which place they crossed over to Taros.
-     EIKE.3V,  i. e. from  Italy and Sicily. - 7 r- Te eYre (sc. vavrrKdv) rpOd rTlaKE rrapa7rerFtat, and to send on their course (= convoy)
any navy sailing hence and to those countries.  Ev2E'vSE refers  to
Greece in general, although a special reference to Athens may here be
easily understood, since that state, probably, was well known to the
Corcyrmeans, as having an eye on those western regions as a field for
their ambitious plans.
3. fpaXvrar? 8' avi KebaXalcp, but to sumaw  up all in the shortest
compass.  av Ke  aXai is repeated in r68''av, in consequence of the
intervening clause, rot.....'Kacrov.  This dative accompanies jdi`OLTre,
denoting that fron which the thing spoken of may be learnt.  Cf. K.
~ 285. 3. b. --    roTs  iract K. r. X. refers to things, and not to persons: in respect to all and every particular; " both as to generals and
particulars." Bloomf.  This dative may be referred to K. ~ 284. 3
(10); S. ~ 201. 4.-   dovra.  The syntax of this participle is encompassed with some difficulty, but I like best the solution of Goeller,
who supplies (as does Poppo after him)'aore from  the preceding
iao-tre &v (K. ~ 311. 2), you know that there are.  Of the other modes
of solution, one only is worth repeating, and that is, to consider the




CsInu. XXXVI.]                NOTES                                 247
conjunction 8N  after rTOvTov to be placed in the apodosis of the sentence, which would then give tile sense: as there are [but] three
7zavies in' Gr'eece ofj any accounte, if then of these three, you allow two
to be united together. -    Kal.... 7rpoKKrtTrX/tOVTaL is epexegetical, i. e.
it denotes the manner in which the CorcyrSan and Corinthian fleets
would be united, viz. by the subjugation of the Corcyrmans to the
Corintliians.     - BcELiEcvOL.  See N. on 1. 33. ~ 1.    - ETfE-ayoYvLoat, you will be able to contend.-    -7rXetoO-L, se. r&vy IIEXorrovrlMoov.  Poppo, Goeller, and Haacek edit raTe?pLterTcpats, with (= by the
accession of) our ships, making it depend on 7rrXEiot, as rroXX6o does
in the phrase TroXXc,7rXEoveS.  SO Kriig. calls it the dative of difference, although he retains with Bekker the old reading vawvl ralre ivETepalS.  But may not this dative be constructed with dycovtaEo-aL, as
the dative of the means?        o- oi  E....TroLtaE, after themn the Corinthians spake as follows.
CHAPTERS XXXYII.-XLIII.
These chapters contain the reply of the Corinthians to the foregoing
speech of the Corcyrweans.  After a brief exordium (chap. 37. ~ 1), in which
the charges, that the Corinthians had treated the Corcyrlans unjustly, and
were now oppressing them  with an unjust war, are alluded to as topics
which ought first to be considered, the orator proceeds to a refutation of
these charges (chap. 37. ~ 2 to chap. 39). HIe then shows that it would be
a breach of the treaty with the Peloponnesians, to assist the Corcyrleans in
this war (chap. 40), and having urged upon the Athenians a remembrance
of the former services of the Corinthians, in assisting them  against the
LEgineta, admonishes them that they should not be induced by motives of
interest to commit an act of injustice (chaps. 41, 42). The speech is then
closed with a brief peroration (chap. 43).
The argumentative portion of this oration, is founded on considerations
of justice and equity, rather than what will be for the policy of the party
addressed. In tAlis it differs from the oration of the Corcyreans, the principal object of which was to show, that the alliance would conduce to the
interests of the Athenian state. It will readily be apprehended how appeals
of this latter sort would influence an assembly like the one here addressed,
composed of men elwhose whole thoughts were engrossed with the aggrandizementl of the state and tle extension of its sway.  In strong invective,
biting sarcasm, bold and striking antitheses, vehement and passionate appeals
to the rnolal sense of the audience, the oration of the Corinthians far surpasses the preceding one, which is rather a specimen of calm, earnest reasoniag, than of the stormiy wrath, which characterizes the one which followed.




248                              NOTES.                             [Boo IL
CHAPTER XXXVII.
After a brief exordium (~ 1), the orator proceeds to show, that it was not from any honu
able motive, but from their bad character and ill nature, that the Corcyraeans had formed
no alliance (~ 2); for which neutrality the situation of their city was highly favorable, inasmuch as they could be their own judges, in cases where they had done injury (~ 3); the
real ground, therefore, of their standing aloof from alliances, was that they might commit
njustice apart and alone, and escape detection (~ 4); had they been what they profess to
be, in proportion to their being less amenable in consequence of their position, would have
been their desire to interchange mutual offices of justice and kindness with others (~ 5).
1. ro'vE  here expresses contempt, like the Latin iste. -           Some
may prefer, however, to take it in the sense of &vraisa (see N. on
I. 53. ~ 2).        ro- v Xtoyov =  8v   oroo'avro Xdoyor, r-O  ar'cov X6yov.
Poppo. -- dXX' os Knl (= a XX  C Kan rrep  7-oUov'), but concerning
this also, how that, etc. ---  a-ro, i. e. the Corcyrteans. -         sV7rT;VraS.... 08gp or(popv,  when we also have first considered (see N. on 7roXe-'_OvTrev, I. 13. ~ 6) both these points.  KaL,  i. e. in like manner with
the Corcyrweans. o-   ofr0o Kal commences the apodosis.  i- OvaL (of
which  eb&aS is the subject) depends on cdlayKaiov, the words KepKvpaLiov... 7roXEloUvVTaL being parenthetical. -— rov aikXov Xdyov, the rest of
our speech, what we have yet to say.  As the refutation of the charges
advanced by the Corcyrwans embraces the remainder of this, together
with the two following chapters, the /aXXos Xdoyos refers to the subject
matter of chap. 40.-   da+' ptc&v, instead  of the simple genitive,uiiv, conforms to the verbal da'tco-Ltv, the words y dqb' a    ri L    d&tco(tS
=  j'jpov daicoo-ls.  As opposed to xpeia (see N. on I. 32. 5 3), dlcot-,Ls signifies a claism of right.  ~- dacraXirepoep orV VpoetL7re,   yo'u mCay
be more certainly acquainted beforehand."  Arnold.  To daocaXEa'repov
employed adverbially,  U17 dXoyl-rost  (not rashly = considerately) in
the next proposition is opposed.
2. Jbao4, i. e. the Corcyrueans.  U- 8, now. Al- 8To  75  -qpov.
Cf. N. on tucopoaorsv', I. 32. ~ 4. -    ro 8' (= roVro bs.  K. ~ 247.
3. a)-s'rer7eisevo-ar, whereas they practised  this custom.-     dper7).
"Prepositio  e'ri ad adpErT  ne cogitatione  quidem  repetatur necesse
est."  Poppo. -      l 3ovXod'berot, because they wished.  See N. on I. 9.
~ 4 (end). --  ov8E  Ldprfvpa.  Arnold with Dobree would read ov"re,
and connect it with what follows, either as a witness (to their evil
deeds), or to have the shame of asking his aid (to do ill).  This is substantially the interpretation of Bloomfield, Bauer, Haack, and Goeller
in his last edition.  But ov"re responds to r- before obe[va, and henco
does not require any change in ov8&.  Poppo refers the shame spoken




CHAP. XXXVII.]                 NOTES.                             249
of, to the refusal with which the overtures of alliance, made by a
state of such notoriously bad character, would be sure to be met
with by all the other states. I like this interpretation, because a state
so bad as Corcyra is here represented to be, would not blush at asking
others to be their coadjutors in wrong doing, but still might feel a
reluctance to ask a favor, which they knew well beforehand that no
state could honorably grant.  The sense given by the Schol. is inadmissible, because this idea is already contained in ov,uCdprTvpa qXetv.
Equally to be rejected is the sense given by Gottl. and Kistemm., that
they were ashamed to ask allies, when they had acted as allies to none.
3. avrTapEcr. This epithet is applied to a city having in itself
every thing necessary for the support of its inhabitants.  So Betant
defines it: "sibi sufficiens, per se validus."  Cf. II. 41. ~ 1. --    o-lv
is to be constructed with KEtE'Vq as the accusative of the cognate
notion.  ( Cf. Jelf's Iiilhn. ~ 556. b.   7rapixee.....ylyveorat, makes
themn (themselves) jutdges of those acts in wohich they injure any one,
rather than that judges should be appointed by mnutual agreenment.
This is in the main the interpretation of Poppo, Arnold, Gode., and
Bloomf. (in his last edition), and one which after repeated examination I amn inclined to adopt.  By $vsrgKav, Goel. remarks, "Thucydides intelligit pacta de litibus inter civitates per arbitros dirimendis."  From the preceding clause, rovbs &KaoTas is to be supplied with
yl'yveo-rat. IHaack most strangely refers i&)XXov to 7rdoXLi-KtL/KeYr,
opportunitcate urbis potizls, quam  pactis, tamqGuagm juZdices sent
eorum, quos Icedunt.  But in this interpretation, lhe leaves out rtLa
(used here collectively in the sense of rtv(i), and, as Poppo relmarks,
reliquarn structuram  non expedit.  OV -- KE'VeOW  a', of whichl the
relative is constructed with  3Xa.w-rovo-l, which has in this place two
accusatives.  Cf. Mt. ~ 415. 3; Butt. ~ 131. 5; K. ~ 280. 2.  a-    a
7-.....  X'ee2at i. e. 8ta rTo  (rov-Oi i'jrto'ra  eV E7rn rovs 7rwXa  EK;rXe,,iaXto-ra 8E'roVt  aiXXov  8;Xeo3atL, aTre aBq a'vayrKy E'KECGe  KaTCtlPoTtr.ts
Steph.  bl rT-o-EXero-aL denotes the reason of 7rap9xet av'rovs 8KaTrcts K. r. X. Had the Corcyrwans visited their neigthbors, they would
have received like for like; but remaining in their well-furnished
and independent city, they could practise with impunity any imposition they chose, upon such as were compelled by stress of weather
(dvljyK  Kctralpomras), or for any other cause, to touch there.  In this
picture of the Corcyrian policy and conduct, there was doubtless
much exaggeration and false coloring.  E'K7rfovras, while they sailed.
See N. on 7roXE/o~VTreE, I. 13. ~ 6.
4. KiyV rovrco.... a'o-7ov8ov-7rpo/3EArvrat  =  ES  rovr?  vecrTLv rTo
Ev7rpe7rEs, 0 7rpo;EXvraT  (prcetexere solent.  Bothe), in this consists




25L0                             NO TE S.                           LBooi L
their specious practice of forming no alliance, wohich they pretend to,
i. e. this is the reason why they form no alliances.  ro evrrpe7rE- S ac-rov8o0  = rT  (0o-rrovov r  E'rpE7r;S, "this specious, fair-showing Znon-alliaCZce."  Bloomf.  iv T0orT  (= && rosro) refers to aXX' OrrS — waK3o       l
Kat Goros —flathcovrat, 7rX;oVy EXcooLV, and avat(crXvvrCoo-L, which follow.
Some take ev7rpesrEs  as sarcastically spoken in the sense of decorous,
excellent. --  ovX I'va —dXX' 6orros, not that (i. e. not with the design
that)-but that.  Goeller has a long note on the hyperbaton which
he finds here.  But it is very common in this formula, to place the
negative clause first in order, and is evidently more emphatic. --
Karmc  1ovas.  See N. on I. 32. ~ 5. ----- Haack says that Ev o.....ciwao'XvrTro'Jt explains the preceding clause, orroC  Ka ra'  vas, and further
remarks: eadema  respondent superioribus illis:  Uycaxod'v re ov;eva.... a(LrxvevoaL.at-'v o, whenever.  ov has also the same meaning.
— avancrXvvurocr, may practise their impudence either in denying the
charge of rapine, or in admitting it, and impudently braving it out.
The first of these is preferable, inasmuch as the whole argument is, to
show that the Corcyrteans wished their deeds of violence to remain
concealed.  Arnold paraphrases: may be spared their blushes, as there
are none to witness them.
5. KaLTO',t  and  yet certainly.~-      aXsrr6ETopo-TO LS ri rXSg, literally, hard  to be taken by others, inaccessible  to any attack = less
amenable to others.  Cf. I. 82. ~ 4; 143. ~ 5.  For the construction of
-roLS areXas, cf. K. ~ 284. 3. (11); S. ~ 206. 4.       &l8oir- c.... 8LKaa, in
giving and receiving what is just and equitable, or, if the expression
be taken in a forensic sense, in doing justice, and in  receiving  it
willingly at the hand of others.  These participles belong to  eLKCv6va
as denoting the means. Cf. N. on I. 9. ~ 1.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
The C orcyrmans are charged with not having acted towards the Corinthians in a just and
becoming manner (~ 1); for the Corinthians, as their founders, were entitled to their
respect and obedience (~ 2); and that this was rendered them by their other colonies
was a proof both of their own moderation and the injustice of the Corcyr'eans (~~ 3, 4)
even if the mother country had been in the wrong, it would have been honorable for the
colony to have submitted, but, so far from this having been the case, the colony was the
aggressive party (~~ 5, 6).
1. TOLOLS&7 i. e. such persons as are willing to reciprocate acts of
justice.  Cf. I. 37. ~ 5. -      ogvres, although they are.  See N. on I. 7.
~ 1.   -  a-ETer&oat, stand aloof =  have stood aloof, inasmuch as the




CHAP. XXXVIII.]               N O T E S.                           251
action belongs to the past, and also extends to the present.  Cf. K.
~ 255. R. 1. d —      8ta 7ravrov, continually, is opposed to the idea that
this was the first and only instance of hostility on the part of the
Corcyriaans. ----- Ko e4-;r' E5lEl-clav, that they were not sent out as
colonists. Allusion is made to what the Corcyrwans said in I. 34. ~ 1,
the note on which passage will explain the use of eirt in ernt r  KaK&s
7rdoxELv.
2. tEsl 8N' ov8' aVTrot 0apiev, but we deny (K. ~ 318. R. 4).  avrol
gives to V/IetL an exclusive sense, we ourselves (S. ~ 160. 4. a), whatever they may think or say. --  iarotKL-cat at great expense and
pains. --,r  ELKdOa E av1'aKatL, to be looked up to with dte respect.
rah ElOra is to be taken adverbially, and refers to the honors enumerated in I. 25. ~~ 3, 4.  Betant defines mavta'uwl, cultu et observantia
prosequi.  Cf. III. 39. ~ 5.
3. youv.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 5. -     lheas Kai  iXL't-ra, and we esp]ecially of the Grecian states.  Muiiller remarks (Dorians, I. p. 132. N.
b), that her other colonies showed a remarkable obedience to Corinth.
o-repy0olE2a.  This verb is used primarily to denote the mutual
love of parents and children, and hence by an easy transition, the
affection between a king and his people, a country and its colonies.
Sometimes it designates conjugal affection, and is therefore a stronger
term than dya7radio) or (X(iAco.
4. TOg WAXfOn'-  of the colonies.-    av —oK  3pSa dwrrapE-Kot[LEv.
The optative with av follows Et with the indicative, when a settled
conviction is to be politely expressed with a shade of doubt. Here, the
idea is: if we are accep9table to the rest of the colonies, we cannot with
reason be disagreeable to them alone, but perhaps we are not acceptable.  Cf. K. ~ 339. 3. a; S. ~ 215. 1. - oa' t7ortTparEvotlJ:EK7rpEnro;s, nor that wee would manae war unreasonably. Haack very correctly
makes EmrLTorparevOlelV depend on o'rt, which with ar is to be repeated
firom  the previous context.  In respect to the apparent disagreement
of EKSrIpEIT&) with'...  d&8KOVEVOLt unless we had been greatly injured,
I am pleased with the citation by Arnold of the line in Shakspeare's
Julius Cmesar, which before it was altered, as it has been in the recent
editions (because it was ridiculed by Ben Jonson), ran thus:
" Cmesar doth never wrong but with just cause;"
which means, that although COesar does what may seem  hard or
wrong to an individual, yet he does it not without just cause, and
therefore it is not really wrong.       ad&KOV/tEVOL.  Herm. on Soph.
Elect. 47, says that here is indicated a present effect of a past action.
5. KaXov 8' rvy it had been becoming = it would have been become



252                             NOTES.                             [Bc K I
ing, there being an ellipsis of Av (K. ~ 260. R. 3).  -La,   to hade
fielded, given way to.  This infinitive is properly the subject of?'V.
S. ~ 222. 1. -        rptivy &  alTXpo'v.  Regularity of construction would
have demanded sI/iv 8&  bul /3tao-ao-iaL in dependence upon  KaXoC 8'
Mv, or that aqXXa roo8E /ILE  KaXov iy should have preceded.  The as
after )lAiv corresponds to the previous e'v, but is constructed as though
p iv had been in the clause KaXer 8' 8 v.   - --    erpLTrrra, mnoderatiorn,
"modestiam."  Bothe.
6. EZovo-a n7rXoTrov, the power of wealth.  Some translate, license of
wealth, i. e. the insolence of authority which wealth confers upon the
possessor.  But cf. I. 16. ~ 1; 123. ~ 1; III. 45. ~ 4; VI. 31. ~ 4, in
which passages the idea of power is most relevant to the sense. Both'Eovola and vfPpeL belong to paFaprr-Kao-L as the dative of cause. —
a'XXa in reference to the particular injury alluded to in what follows.
-     KaKOVptEV7'.  See N. on  rl7t7-vErasV   I. 37. ~ 1.      0 o  7rpoe7rotLoivro, "non conciliabant sibi beneficio."  Bothe.   See N. on I. 57.
~ 4.-   EXd'vrov hi'pciev, but vwhen we went. See N. just cited. -
E'XovrTE  /31a Z'xovot,   they forcibly seized and still retain; literally,
having forcibly seized it, they keep possession of it.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
The orator proceeds to reply to what the Corcyrmeans had said, respecting their offer to
submit the affair to arbitration (I. 34. ~ 2), by saying that this offer was worthy of no
attention, inasmuch as it was proffered after they had secured the advantage in negotiation of having obtained the upper hand (~ 1); the wrong done by them in respect to
Epidamnus, was aggravated by their application to the Athenians to become in fact
participators in their wrong doing (~ 2); which application ought to have been made
before they had been brought into peril by their acts of injustice (~ 3).
1. b8s is here used ironically in the sense of forsooth, the particle of
certainty being employed in respect to that, which in the estimation of
the Corinthians was doubtful, at least so far as related to the honesty
of the Corcyrman proposal referred to.-    8[t!i — KpteTo-Cat to be tried
in a legal cmanner, to submit the cause to trial. Cf. I. 28. ~ 5; 78. ~ 4;
86. ~ 3; II. 58. ~ 4; III. 67. ~ 5, in all which places /)[K?7 is used of a
legal investigation.'-  ye.... aei he ought not to be considered cas
saying any thiIng to the purpose, vwho makces this offer (to submit to'arbitration), at least when he has the advantage and is in safety (as to the
result). Such is tLe interpretation which, on the whole, I would give
to this most difficult passage.  In this translation it will be seen that
sv (- aXXa rauTnv. Mt. ~ 477) is made to depend on rrpoKaXoiuaEov




CHAP. XXXIX.]                  NOTES                               253
(K. ~ 278. 4), to which also the article r&b  belongs.  7rpobXovra and I
rov cda~oaXoOs are to be taken with 7rpoKaXov'/Eyov, and denote the
circumstances in which the offer to stubmit to the proposed arbitration was made (S. ~ 225. 2; K. ~~ 312. 4. a; 288. 3. g).  xEyeLw TL, to.peak something of importance, or to the purpose. -         UOKEiv has for
its subject fKELJOV contained in rTv —7rpoKaXov'LAevov (= -KELVOvY   S 7rpoKaXdELrat. S. ~ 225. 1). For the construction of 8E, cf. S. 222. 1. --
X'a.....KatcTo'ara, but he (should be thought to speak to the purpose), who, before he contends in law, makes his actions and his words
equally conduce to equity.  I have been much perplexed in respect to
this sentence.  If with  Goeller and Portus we render  s'aov....
Xdyovs, facta verbis equat; or if with Bloomf. we mIake Cs'i'cov denote a similarity between the words and actions, then of what use is
0/oIotos?  Where also is the antithesis, which we should expect to find
between this sentence and the one which precedes it?  It appears to
me that to 7rpov'xovra Kral E'K rO  daoaXoUS, which denotes the unequal
condition of the parties, E'S' o-o is antithetic, and denotes an equality
in position as well as in words, which ought to subsist between them.
The words of the Corcyroeans were fair and equitable, but their
lactions in laying siege to Epidamnus, and in provoking a war with the
Corinthians, made all their professions of desire for amicable settlemnent nugatory, inasmuch as the parties were placed in very unequal
positions.  With this view I find that Poppo harmonizes, in his approbatory citation of Casa's interpretation: qui factis pariiter atque
oratione cgeuitatem retinet.  So also Haack: factca non mintus quam
verba ita tarnzquam in integruumn   deducere, utt nil commocli prae altero
habeas.  Poppo renders rpiv 8taycoiaeor-as (S. ~ 223. ~ 3), p3riusquam
bellumn gerere incipiat, in order that it may harnonize with ov,rplv
rOX\opKfEv which follows.  But these words last quoted, contain the
application of the general principle, laid down in the foregoing words,
to the conduct of the Corcyrmans in the present affiair.  As that general proposition has reference to judicial proceedings, and as bawywtvCewoat corresponds to 7rpoKaXoV!LEvov in the previous clause, I prefer
with the Schol. and Betant, to take this verb in a forensic sense, before they come to trial, or contend in a suit at law.
2. TO Xoplov, i. e. Epidamnus. -- - r-FpcG'E2c;at.  See N. on I. 35.
~ 4.     TO —      E7rperrEs. See N. on 1. 37. ~ 4. --  7rapEcrxovro.  Goeller
says: 7rapeXEcTat est verbis, 7rapdxeltv re offerre. --    ov 7aKEl /OVOV
avro[, i. e. xd'vov avroi raCKEi.  It will readily be seen that avrol and
v/isa are opposed to each other.  a- a'oUvrEs   depends on q'KOVcrW,
they have come to ask.  S. ~ 225. 5. --   vvaaKEv, to assist them  in
Joing wrong, to be their coadjutors in wickedness.  Notice the allitera.




254                           N O T E S.                        BooK I,
tion in this word and ~vuFiLaXEiv. -- - taodpovs  opvras ytrv, because
(see N. on I. 9. ~ 4 end) they are our enemies.  I see not how Poppo
can make Brta/dpovs o'vras equvlalent to t&Tre Vjiae 8taq/o6povs ELL(.
Reference is evidently had to what was said by the Corcyrseans (I. 33.
~ 3), that the Corinthians were hostile to the Athenians, and therefore
the proposed alliance should be accepted, in order that the encroachments of the common enemy might be the better resisted.  The argument of the Corcyraeans stands thus: the Corinthians are enemies of
the Athenians; the Corcyroeans are hostile to the Corinthians, and
should therefore be received into alliance by the Athenians, in view
of the inevitably approaching war with Corinth.
3. ov0i  is the subject of rrpo(rE'vat.  -   ore doraX;o-rraror  o-av.
At first sight, the sentiment here seems to conflict with that expressed
in q'v Ye.... 8e  (~ 1 supra).  But no disagreement whatever exists,
for here the argument is against the deferment, on the part of the
Corcyrweans, to ask aid of the Athenians to the time when they were
threatened with the perils of war (ovrotL 8i KrvtvveVovo-r); but there,
against the procrastination of their offer to submit to arbitration, until
they had secured a vantage ground, which would prejudice the suit in
their favor.  Bothe prefers, instead of dro-raX;orarot, the comparative
doaXE'(rrepot with the sense of the positive (Mt. ~ 457), as corresponding better with ov'roC KrtSvvrevovrt to which it is opposed.    - irpootEVc  to you for aid. -      iv J, l7when.    rg r.E....rETaXadovrEr,
who did not then (i. e. O're d-aaXieroaroL'o-rav) share their power. For
the participial construction, see N. on hvrev, I. 8. ~ 1. Reference  is
had here, as the Schol. remarks, to the war with the Samians (cf. I.
115. 116), and MEginetre (1. 105), when the Athenians stood greatly in
need of assistance, and to have shared the Corcyr-ean power would
have been of eminent advantage to them. --    ieraXa0dvregs —eraSc'acre.  See N. on $vtyaXc;v and $vva8sKeiv (~ 2 supra). -     T-or  d4ap/rl/trcov dwrroyevod/evot ( —yevd1euvot  rr Lo ruwv d~Aapnr7?rcov), althoucgh
disconnected with (literally, far away frogm.  K. ~ 288. 1. (1) b) their
faults.  In respect to the participle, see N. on OPvres, I. 7. ~ 1.
alrtas ro T'oov, an equal degree of blagme.  S. ~ 188. 1. -  - KoLv av
rau, by having shared.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1 (init.).    xo- KOL't.... E'XEY
they should share the consequences - the results should be commono0 to
both parties.  ovai Xpiv is to be repeated before fXetV, inasmuch as this
is a condensed and emrphatic repetition of what has just before been
said.  Haack and Bothe refer the whole clause to the Athenians,
which would give the sense: the results (of their crimles) you should
share in commnon with them, by having long ago participated also in
their power.  But this transition is unnecessary, since by referring it




CHAr. XL.]                           NOTES.                               255
to the Corcyrmare,  tha  same idea is reached, viz. that in order to involve the Ath'sJ-ils in the consequences of the prosperity of the Corcyratans, it -w- proner that they should have also shared in the prosperity  itself.  Besides I know  of no instance, where KOWvdO   in the
active sigoifies to participate in, this sense being confined to the middle which then frequently takes the genitive.
CHAPTER XL.
Watving thus dispose4 if the arguments of the Corcyrmeans, the orator proceeds to show,
that they cannot be received with justice into the alliance of the Athenians (~ 1); for
what is said in the treaty, that neutral states may join whichsoever party in the confederacy they please, has no application to the present case, an alliance with one party being here sought to the injury of the other (~~ 2, 3); they should, therefore, either stand
aloof from both the Corcyrteans and Corinthians, or unite with the latter to whon they
were friends by treaty (~ 4); to this course they should be incited by the example of
non-interference set by the Corinthians, when the Athenians were putting down the
Samian rebellion (~ 5); a contrary example now furnished by the Athenians, would in
the end prove highly prejudicial to their own interests (~ 6).
1.  7tear srpoo-rovrcoJv  EyKXqtta'rcov, with fit charges, i. e. with  aceCs-utions weighty and well substantiated. -  -spXoEusa, we have conze.
The present of this verb has the sense of the perfect after the analogy
of'KetL.  Cf. Mt. ~ 504. 2. ---  o, i. e. the  Cortyrteans. E- &8Xoorat is to be constructed with  es, thus it has been shown.
2. ar is a conjunction, and serves to introduce the ssubstantival
sentence, oVS.... 8eXOL-Se, the object of /a2edv (K. ~ 329. 1).-  av
-b6xoto3-e.  With the optative d&v is used, when the affirmation is to
be considered as a conjecture, supposition, or undetermined possibility
(K. ~ 329. 5; S. ~ 215. 1).  The optative here follows a principal tense
(XP7), because it is conditioned by a protasis to be mentally supplied:
you could not justly receive them  (if you wished  to  do it).  Cf. K.
~ 327. R. 1. --  e t yap, for though.  -   e' raCll  (r7Tovaniar i. e. in the
thirty  years' truce. -      -- rap'  rroMrE'povs  follows EXei&v, and precedes
in construction  trls —3ov)Xerat.  Cf. I. 35. ~ 2.  --  (typawtv, not registered or recorded as parties to the treaty.  Such cities were also styled
c~rovbot  or EgKorJrovoL, by which was meant, that they belonged to the
confederacy neither of the Athenians nor the Lacedamonians, and
were therefore neutral.  Those who were parties to the confederacy
were styled E'vrorovsot, which differed from ncric/uyaXol in this respect,
viz. the Corinthians were o-mvrtaxo, or allies of the Lacedminoniana,




256                           NOTES.                          [Boo30K 
but were Evorrrovaot of the Athenians.  These words, however, are
sometimes interchanged, as in I. 81. ~ 2, or rather E'Vorov8ot, being the
most comprehensive term, is used for the lesser and more special one.
-        Erl aL /3n &ripcov, to the injury of others, not in alterius p)artis
frauidem, as some interpret it. ----  oriv, extended, had reference to.
o5 belongs to this verb. -     O(rTLr-e  TrE:, and therefore takes /i'
instead of ov. Cf: Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 743. 2. -— XXov a7rbo daoro-rep&v,
ivithdrawing himself frnom another, or perhaps here,throwing off allegiance to another.  So Bauer (cited by Poppo) understands it.  aV'rbv
is here to be considered as the accusative of the thing (K. ~ 280. R. 3.
d).  The more usual construction would have been haXXov avrov. -
eL uroqpovoo-t.  I concur with Bloomf. and Arnold, that this parenthesis can be rendered intelligible, only by supposing an omitted
clause: (and who will not admit them) if they are wvise; or if reference is had to 7roXeorv avr' dp5,v)s, instead of -roT 8e&aieivoLt, (and
war will not be thus brought) if they are wise.  Goeller opposes El
o-copovoovo to Pu) 7meLtOLEV oL htv (unless you are persuaded by uts.
S. ~ 225. 6), thus making it _ el 7TErlovTat 7jtiv, and remarks that it
ought to have been et /E /t o-cqOpovoVo-L (sive el 8E /iL 7reELo0vrat tr)iv).
But it is a general principle which is here laid down, and therefore
cannot be referred directly to the persons addressed.  Poppo would
supply ol ae&a/elvot as the subject: if those who receive them (S. ~ 225.
5) act with forbearanrce and mvoderation.  This interpretation, which
is adopted also by Hier. Muiller, is worthy of consideration, inasmuch
as it mnakes the rectitude and pacific nature of the transaction, to depend upon bothl the parties to the alliance. ---- o', i. e. r- rr7AEoXEov
mrl elprlqvl  V/Lt  7rTto/iVat, which is easily suggested to the mlind by
the previous context.
3. yap cofirmzantis, i. e. it serves to introduce a confirmation of
what has just been said. --  twivov, i. e. this alliance with the Coreyrfaans will not be the only feature in the transaction.  Tlhis appears
fiomrl the following aXX&.... roXEtoL.  The juxtapositionl of EvPomrdaov
aild 7rOXEL'to imparts great energy and vivacity to the expression.
Supply 71/iv with dcvayKrq, or Viaig with  /ltwCIPeoC at. - E t're laET'
avTcov, i. e. if you side with them. --—;,'~ vev  LySW  =with yout, only
a little softer. ----  ro7rovu  is the object of nIUve(v3C(.
4.  [Kgat ol' i-crE' —crrpat= aK(Lv y' eJrlt VLaS b Tla-rvat. The Greeks
were fond of changing the impersonal to the personal construction,
the object being elevated into a subject, and the proposition made
more comrpact thereby.  Cf. K. ~~ 307. R. 6; 310. 4. R. 3; Mt. ~ 297;
S. ~ 225. 7. --  EK tro ley  (away from the,fet, ouit of the Qway) is
qsnally followed by the genitive, but hele  taklles dure'poS  as the




CHAP. XL.]                     NOTES.                 2.57
cDat. incommodi.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 601. 2. - c aE i  r1 (see N. on
I. 35. ~ 5), i. e. if you determine to side with one of the parties. —rouvdrLov to what the Corcyreans ask. --  U6vat.  Repeat here &bKaLol
y' Eiroi from  the preceding context, and also with Ka'tnr'rval infria.
-     B' avaKeoXis, at truce.  The genitive with  tal is called by Kihner (~ 291. 1. 3. b) the possessive genitive, e. g.  L&a 3fioov ct'vat, to be
in fear- = to have fear;  L'? g'Xpar ylyvrTeaL r7'ti, to be hostile to some
ne =: to have hostility, etc.  8ah gives intensity, as if one were passng through the idea represented by the substantive. -          Kalt'V rSo nov
K. r. X. is to be connected with ilvat, the words KoptvSIot.... Ei/;eov-e
being parenthetical.  vo'uov takes the article, because  oCre.... EXEo-2at referring to it follows, the rule that you should receive -- the rule
of receiving.  Bloomf. calls this the anticipative use of the article.
5. 2aldov dairoo-raivrnv, when the Samians revolted (S. ~ 226).  See
N. on I. 39. ~ 3.  An account of this revolt is given in -I. 115-117.
-r V.... E+qqto-E/vomv, when the rest of the Peloponnesians were
divided in their votes.  In respect to this deliberation of the Peloponnesians, nothing is said elsewhere, except that an allusion is again
made to it in the following chapter.  The Salnians doubtless applied
to the Peloponnesians for assistance, which, as Kriig. (ad Dionys. p.
328) remarks, the Corinthians were unwilling to grant, from their inveterate enmity to the Samians.  Cf. Herodot. IIT. 48. ---     Xpl,
whether it would be proper = whether they should.  S. ~ 153. a.  In
indirect interrogative sentences, the indicative is generally used, when
the question has the same verbal form  in which it was originally
stated. -   avrELro/ev-   "we said no, maintaining that, etc." Bloonmf.
-   robv.... KoX(iLEV   each one should punish his own allies.  " In
rTiV proprie notio nostri man inesse, a-robv autem per se solum videtur
valere." Poppo.
6. ytip = 86. Schol.  A second reason is now introduced for what
is said in Trv v6m.ov.... UEXfEo-.at (~ 4 supra). --    BEX61EPOL, by receiving.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1. -     a- /avOe!aL.....rppo'e-Clt,  it zwill be found
that equally as many (literally, not less) of yours (i. e. deserters from
you) will come over to us.  Haack refers a to Xowpla.  Goeller, however, puts it for o't, which seems preferable: what of yours shail eorlte
over, i. e. whatever deserters. —   S' UtlZV = Ka.)' /, v.




258                               NOTES.                               LBoox L
CHAPTER XLI.
The justice of the proposed alliance of the Corcyrseans having been considered, the orator
goes on to offer some advice, and to make a claim of favor, which in reversed order
form the topics of this and the following chapter.'Ie asks that the Athenians shounl
remember the favor, which they had received at the hands of the Corinthians, and return like for like (~ 1); for in the war with the _,Egineth they had assisted the Athenians, and had prevailed on the Peloponnesians to render no assistance to the Samlians
(~ 2); the critical time in which these favors were granted enhanced their value, for in
exigencies like those, assistance granted by an enenmy even, were sufficient to entitle him
to be received as a frienld (~ 3).
1. &8KatcLTara, legal claims, grounds of right.             r6aE, i. e. such
as have been descanted upon in the foregoing chapter.. rrapavreorty
and adrio-tv depend on feXowev, to be supplied from  the preceding sentence. --    oK.... E'rLXp); o-au, since we are not enemies to injure you
(S. ~ 223. 1), nor on the other hand friends to h7ave miuch interchange
of good ofiices, q. d. we think that our request should be granted, for
we are not enemies that you should refuse us, nor yet are we on such
terms of fiiendship, as to abase (EirTLXpjcr-as, abuti.  Betant) the favor,
by seeking to have such  an interchange of kindnesses as shall be burdensome to you.  We simply ask, t1herefore, that, in remembrance of
our formler kindness in the iEginetan and Samian  war, you  shall
reject the suit of the Corcyrleans.  Goel. thinks that reference is had
to the remark of the Corcyrlman orator, &eocvocr TE (Corinthiis) eK
Tro  EVbEosr 1uo   rovpy~Eh  (I. 34. ~ 3).  Bloomf. makes the last clause
concessive: aglthough twe are not friends to nuch (Ert-) benefit you.
-     atiE'v, we think.
2. ve&w-sFaKpp&r, ships of wa'r; literally, long ships, in distinction
from  the round merchant-ships  (o-rpo7yy6Xa nroka) adapted to  carry
freight rather than to  quick  sailing.           o-n'ravioravres, when (see N.
on I. 13. ~ 6) you were in want of, agrees with the omitted  subject of
kad3rETr. -     7rpo  rTov Aiytmvqtrv-7rdXepov.  The immediate cause of
this war was the refusal of the iEginette to restore, at the demand of
the Athenians, two statues of the olive-tree wood, which they ihad
stolen friom the Epidamnians.  Cf. Herodot. V. 85. -               V'rEp, before,
earlier than; literally, beyond.           Es la[itovu, and that (service)
in respect  to the SamiaCtns.  With this, rSo....po7ljo-al which folloNrws,
is in epexegetical atpposition (see N. on I. 32. ~ 4). --     Lt' warS,  i. e.
through our influence.  avroiq refers to the Samnians. E —    7rtKpdTrq77v,
vrctory.
3. Ev Kalpolr rotoVroLs, in such a critical time.  ol Katpol is almost
always employed in a bad sense, in times of imminent peril (= gra



CHar. XLII.]                     NOTES.                                    259
vissima temnpora.  Cicero). -       r7iv 7rravcov... LKuav, are regac dless of
every thing in colmhnasrison with (Trapa.  See N. on I. 23. ~ 3) victory,
i. e. neglecting every thing else through  desire of victory.  asreptoMrrot, not lookinng round about -  careless of every thing round about.
Some render 7rapa, on account of.-            QItXov is the second, and TOp
iurovpyoLfra (-_  KEiKOV O VbTrovpyEi) the first accusative after ijyovsrat.
S. ~ 185.           roX7ecor.  Repeat byoihramt.,-'V Kat.... r'v, even
though he chance to have been (S. ~ 225. 8) a friend.   e- re[, since,
introduces a sentence climnacteric to rTov rrWrcov......tLKa   and confirmatory of the declaration just mlade, that no formner acts of friendship would outweigh actual opposition, in a crisis like the one here
referred  to. -      Kal, even.  -    7rh oZKeia  XELpov l'rIevrat) they suffer
their own affai'rs to go to truin; "they gnismanage their own afcairs."
Arnold. -        The position of ras anrcrKa gives great emphasis to the
sentiment.  Indeed the language of the whole chapter is compressed
to the very highest degree, and the most forcible expressions  are
selected, as the medium  of the vehement appeals made against the
Corcyrteans. Every word has its proper place, and not a useless
epithet breaks the force, with which the passions are aroused and the
judgment hurried on to the contemplated decision.
CHAPTER XLII.
This chapter is mainly taken up with the item of advice, which was announced in the
preceding chapter. No one should think that acts which are. just, conflict with those
that are useful (~ 1); for unjust acts are never promotive of advantage, and the war
alluded to (I. 33. ~ 8) is too uncertain, to be made the basis of a not doubtful enmity with
the Corinthians, and moreover the ill-feeling, to which the Megarcan war had given birth,
ought for prudential reasons to be allayed (~ 2); a favorable opportunity to do this now
presented itself (~ 8); as to the accession of naval strength, which the Corcyra-ans had
offered, not to inflict wrong upon equals was a far surer road to power, than any advantage which ambition might prompt to secure (~ 4).
1.  1v sbvjvnrlvrer (cf. Ilt. ~ 349; S. ~ 193). --   Cao'rco, which
should  properly have  been  constructed with;v~v1cse'v;rer,  is taken
with Vecorepo's rI  (-=  e  7tS e'(orl VerrTFpoS) included in ievtvc3erec,
it being the last subject before the verb (K. ~ 242. R. 1. b).  Emphasis
is also imparted to ve(Arep,s rt-s  by this construction.           dpvpeto-1at,
to requite, a sense which is easily derived from the more usual signification of the middle, to zoard of, to defend one's self, which is often
done by returning the blows, i. e. giving like for like. Cf. II. 67. ~ 4;
IV. 63. ~ 2. -   GKcata is the subject of AXyeo'-at, that these just things




260                           NOTES.                           [Box l
are said =  that these things which are said are just. --— rotXEnt-rE
(against the Lacedaemonians) is for 7roXecFETp    E  reference in the
number being still had to vcoTrepo'  TtL, although all the auditors are
referred to. In respect to the use of tile indicative with E1, it shows
that the speaker had a strong conviction of the reality of the thing
spoken of, although he does not express it as an actual fact.LKata.... XE]yEeral, that these things wohich we have spoken are just;
literally, that these things are spoken just.  8&Kata is in the predicate.
See N. on I. 124. ~ 2.  -    XXa is opposed to Tabe XEyerotath, as etvbopa is to btKata.
2. eXaXLTora aicapravy by litotes for does that which is the most just.
The idea is that nothing is usqfuil which is not just and honorable, a
noble sentiment, which ought to be engiaven on every mind.          TrO,L;XXo  rov 7   rOXe/Wov, " the eventual occurrence of the war, i. e. whether
there will be a war or not." Bloomf.  Thucydides abounds in the use
of the neuter participle for the corresponding abstract noun.  Cf. S.
~ 158. 2.  Reference is had in To5 piXXov rod 7rodXetov, to the intimation
of an approaching war, thrown out in the speech of the Corcyrmans,
I. 36. ~ 1. --.... KeXEvovffv,  with which terrifying you (- by the
fear of which) the CUorcyrceans bid you. -          d- q cave  is opposed to
Oavepav which follows. --    ourK i'tov (so. o-rl), is not worthy, is not
of sufficient weight =  ought not. -----  rapevPras  (1 aor. pass. part. of
E7ratpCO, to rouse utp, to excite) belongs to vpsv, the omitted subject of
KTr(racrZat. -     a-rc~, i. e. by the terror of the war which the Corcyraans predicted (cf. zo  dNXXov roy 7roXeMov supra).-    o3 etAXkovuaav,
"?non cunctanten, i. e. prcesentemn."  Haack.  0avepAvw.... /LuXEovaav,
Poppo says, responds in a manner to 7bov!iE"ovra.... rs-dXEpov (against
the Lacedmrnonians), which was uttered by the orator of the opposite
side (I. 36. ~ 1). V —   7ro+las —V4eewv, to tiake away something of the
suspicion (S. ~ 191. 1).  U7ro+las is here employed euphemistically for
the hatred, enmity, which the Corinthians had conceived against the
Athenians.  Cf. I. 103. --    vabpov, sc. ia-l.
3. — rTEXEvraTa XUapts is to be referred to  7v-advrT8Lot vat-Ev T9
7rapovrt foazv4 XpvYat (I. 41. ~ 1), that the suit of the Corcyrmans
should be rejected. If the Corinthians were gratified in this, it would
do much towards lessening the ill-will, to which the Megarean affair
had given rise. The idea, however, is couched here under a general
sentiment, that a present favor will efface the remembrance of a far
greater ground of complaint.
4. p?7bi O)TT...E.eX. EoSE.  Cf. I. 35. ~ 5; 36. ~ 3.  E  XmKEV, " trahe're post se.  Pass. allici."  Betant. -    XvporE;pa, firmer, oetter
established. Cf. I. 32. ~ 2; III. 12. ~ 1; 83. ~ 2.- Tc   aVTL'Ka cavepc,




CHAP. XLI.]                       N    T ES.                              261
i. e. T.   UvvaMLEt Tov KepKvpatawv.  The word avrl'Ka (=  quod est prcesens) is opposed to r5 /AE'XXov (~ 2 supra).  Cf. Steph. Notes on.the
Schol.  This critic remarks: " rT   aiTtKa chavepco tacite opponi r7Iv  tI?eJEv foi'5Etav quse est KpvrTT1 Kal daavoS.  Quasi videlicet, dicentes
aLa KwvavYWV, illud innuerent."'rap;evras, sc.'Lrvd)  as the sentiment is general. --         SLa KLVVSvwoV belongs to rS 7rkX;ov EXetv (=  rXeovEKTELV), which is opposed to the preceding rob Lu  d8BLKEV roV-S  6/ZOIOVE
TOb 1E4TpLOV Kat tl0ov evat.
CHAPTER XLIII.
The peroration now follows, in which the orator, alluding to the friendly vote of the
Corinthians in the Peloponnesian council, again asks that his state shlall receive a suitable
return for that act of friendship (~~ 1, 2); and exhorts them not to grant the Corcyrseans
their suit (~ 3); for thus they would consult both their duty and interest (~ 4).
1. 7rEptrrEr7Tr-OKorfe  OlS (= eKeivotS  0), having fccllen into  these circumnstcnces.  The relative  a' in the equivalent may be rendered, in
rqeference to which, and is to be taken with  rrpoe1irotEv.  In respect to
the transaction alluded to in the words, Iev Tr  AaKsebatlnovt aVTot 7rpoFerroPev, cf. I. 40. ~ 5.  b- C0eXqrgvras- 3Xadirat.  The subject is here
changed to the Athenians, as KoficrEo-Sat refers to the Corinthians.
T7r V/UETrEpaq.   Repeat 4~zO.
2. yv/vovrEs-svat.  See N. on I. 25. ~ 1. - Construct EKEivov with
TO  atpoapov.  -     v Co.... fX3poe.  Cf. Oltov  rE yp....  Xoe og, I.T
41. ~ 3.
3. b;xEOe.  Thiersch. (~ 295. 10) defends the reading ~(X~T.
But cf. Poppo's Proleg. I. p. 139.           Sa ic' siMv, against our will, in
defiance of us. --    lxqre  itvvere aVrT a, nor bring aid to them (cf. I.
40. ~ 5; 50. ~ 5; 105. 3, et smepe al.).  The dative after this verb  is
the dat. commodi.
4. 7rotoivres, see N. on I. 9. ~ 1 (init;.). ---          avTros, for yoursele.  l)at. commnodi.
1%2~i




262                              NOTES.                             [Bfoox L.
CHAPTERS XLIV.-LV.
In these chapters we are informed, how the Athenians became embroiled
in the war between the Corinthians and Corcyvrans, and the part which
they took in it.  The style is much the same as that of the orations, but
less compressed and irregular.  Although the narrative portions are characterized by great brevity, yet the prominent events are selected and arranged
with such judgment, and related with such perspicuity, that a reasonable
amount of study will lead to a clear understanding of almost every historical detail.  No author furnishes so fine a model of a clear and vigorous
style as does Thucydides, and hence his writings should be read with a
continual reference to this trait of excellence.
CHAPTER XLIV.
The Athenians at first are inclined to favor the suit of the Corinthians, but having extended
their deliberations to a second meeting, resolve to make a defensive league with tho
Corcyroeans (~ 1), in order to prevent the junction of the Corcyrman and Corinthian
navies, and to weaken the power of the latter, before the cormnlecenlent of the struggle
with the Peloponnesians, which now seemed inevitable (~ 2); another reason for the
league, was the commanding position of the island of Corcyra (~ 3).
1. Kal 81s.  This shows that a previous deliberation had taken
place (cf. r7.efv 7rporEpa).       u o5X roTo-ov (=-  aXkXov by litotes), not
less than they were on the second thought inclined to the side of
the Corcyrteans. --- dre;r avro, a~pproved, not so decidedly, however,
but that they came together the second time for deliberation.
FLErEyvcootav is here used in a pregnant sense = —  cr;yoEyvoav Kat cyvwcrav, they changed their gnind and deterninzed.  K. ~ 346. 3.  This
species of brachylogy  is quite  colllmno    ainong  the Greek writers.
Cf. Plat. Gorg. p. 493. C; Xen. Cyr. I. 1. ~ 8, et al.-   ~vcWpaXtav.
This term, Bauer observes, denotes properly a defensive cdliance, in
opposition to e'7rtiaXta, an offensive alliance;  But in use, the former
came to denote the genuts, embracing leagues and treaties of every
sort both  for offence and defence; the latter, the species or form
(='7vitrt13eeO), the condition of which was that succors should be
granted a.gainst can invading enelmy, -but not so as to involve tle state,
thus rendering aid, with  the invaders.  HIere then  ~vijctnxla is an




CHAP XLV.]                     N O TES.                             263
alliance q ensive and defensive, and errtlyaXla (infra) is a defensive
alliance.  &- crE..... VoLetv explains $vpFtaXla v FlEiv      7rot c-ao-aSL.
-- -rogS avroub  (sc. aCvrolS)) the same with them, or the same as they
have.  S. ~ 202. N. 1. ---   el yhp introduces the reason, why the
Athenians came to this determination.          bu/Ino-tv is made by Mt.
(~ 382. 1) to depend upon EKeXEvov, and to refer to the Athenians.
But Poppo and Goel. contend that EKEXEcUOv auoC-tsv for E'KcXEVOV  01aIS
is not Thucydidean.  As avTros, referring to the Athenians, follows
immediately in the next clause, they make  qtlr-tv (- avrols) to depend on  V/LTrXMEV and refer to the Corcyreains.  This interpretation,
which seems on the whole to be preferable, and which Kriiger adopts,
implies an omitted subject of  vosmTrXeTv referring to the Athenians.
Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 589. 3. Obs. 3. - - rO, sc. Y%.  Cf. Mt. ~ 282. 2.
2. Kai (E, even thus, i. e. Kal EQav t~j  $Cowvrat rovs  KEPKvpaos. --
rpoE(r-bat =   rpoaoVvat. r-   rOv'rOV, i. e. so great.       $ovyKpovetU.... dXX7jXots, but as much as possible to wea~r them outt one against
the other.    I Kop[tLSos   belongs to E' 7TrdXeO  i KanLorr6YTeTaL, might
put themselves in a position for war with  the Corinthians (dat.
incommiodi).-    iaXXose, i. e. the Peloponnesians.  Poppo with Bekker prefers roLs I/XXoLt  ro-o.  The article can hardly be dispensed
with, and I am  inclined to the suggestion of Bloomf., that the text
may be emended by the transposition l(XXors roLs.
3. fipla  8, and together with this - and moreover. These particles
serve to introduce an additional inducement, for the course which the
Athenians concluded to adopt. -       v- d' 7raparhTXc. Cf. I. 36. ~ 2, where
it is written 7rapadrXov.
CHAPTER XLV.
An alliance being thus formed with the Corcyrweans, the Athenians send ten ships to their
aid (~ 1); charging them, however, to assist the Corcyroeans only when acting on the
defensive (~ 2); they arrive at Corcyra (~ 3).
I.?yvh7, is the dative denoting circumlstance.-    vrrepov  the
departure of the Corinthians. -   aE'KOa caS.  The smnallness of this
force is attributed by Plutarch, to a design to show contempt for the
Corinthians, but Bloomf. more naturally attributes it to the fact, that
Pericles did not enter heartily into the cause.
2. Is.... Xopalo  in any of tie places bel70ofing to them.  The arti



*264                            NOTES.                            [Book L
cle belongs to Xoplhov.  Cf. Mt. ~ 279. Obs. 4.  The Schol. thinks that
Epidamnus is referred to.
3. oVrc0, i. e. if the Corinthians invaded Corcyra or any of its
dependencies. -         KaETa& Gvaflev, according to their power = as far as
their power would admit.  o- G....  -7rovaii, in order that they
might not break the treaty.  K. ~ 308. 2. b; S. ~ 222. 2.  The infinitive with the article is often found without E'veKa.-,ULEV a, so then.
This took place, A. c. 432. Olymp. 87. 1.
CHAPTER XLVI.
The Corinthians and their allies sail against Corcyra with 150 ships under Xenoclides and
others (~~ 1, 2); they came to anchor at the Chimerium of Thesprotia (~ 3); the geographical situation of Ephyra, the Acherusian lake, and the river Thyamis is described
(~ 4); the Corinthians encamp (~ 5).
1. &is in oi he refers to,iEv in the beginning of the preceding chapter. --  avros 7rapEaKEVarro.  " The verb which should be referred
to a subject is changed into the passive, and is used impersonally with
the dative of the subject."  Mt. ~ 227. Obs. 2; S. ~ 208. N. 2. --;c-av ae'HXElov K. r. X.  In this list of auxiliaries it will be seen, that
the  Epidamnians, Herinionians, and  Trcezenians, who in a former
expedition (I. 27. ~ 2) contributed eight ships, now appear to have
sent none.  Bloomf. thinks that their ships are here included in the
number of the Corinthian ships.  The Megareans, Eleans, and Ambraclots increased upon their former number.
2. 7rbtorroo aoro- = he being general zowith four colleagues; literally,
himself thefifth. See K. ~ 303. R. 4; Crosby, ~ 511.5.  Cf. II. 18. ~ 1.
3. 7rpoo-EFtLLav, arrived at.  Cf. Liddell and Scott.  a- ro AevKa8on  TrXeoVreS is to be construed before 7rpocutearv.  -   6plx~orral,
anchored, came to anchor.
4.  mriEp amroD, above it in respect to situation.        dErd, removed
from. -'Eqbp7q.  Cf. Odyss. 1. 159.. Oeorrpor['a8o9 is added, because
there were other cities of the same name, especially one in Corinth.
---  Tap' avrm-v, along by it (i. e. Ephyra). -'AXepovola XtYlerq. Cf.
lEn. 6. 107. --- i ahvrtJv, i. e. the lake. -     +db' ov, from which river.
--   exEL refers to XcvlVq.-    KE-crpitvqv, Cestrine, is considered by
Col. Leake (North. Greece, IV. p. 73) to be the same with the present
district of Filiates. --  h rr& EvTr, between wOhich.  Reference is had to
the rivers Acheron and Thyamis, and not to Thlesprotia and Cestrine.




ChAP. XL VII.]                 N OT ES.                             265
Haack, therefore, ve'y p:roperly puts a colon after Kero7plvv. --
UeKpa —ro XLetpsoov.  This seems to be distinguished fiom the port of
Chimerium, which was probably near it.  Leake tlhinks that the promontory of Chimeriun  is the same as the modern Caje Vatrlan.
This whole  passage is encumbered with  geographical difficulties,
which, with my present helps, I feel unable to solve.
5. 7r-  777relpov depends on  vYra5~a (S. ~ 187. 3), in, this pacrt of the
continent. - - orpacro7reaov E'roTrojavro. The construction of the ships
in ancient times was such, that but a small stock of provisions could
-be carried in therm, and their numerous crews, as Niitford observes,
could hardly eat or sleep conveniently on board. Hence they were
under the necessity of debarking to encamp, whenever the ships
reached a suitable or convenient place.
CHAPTER XLVII.
Uhe Corcyrseans man 110 ships, and accompanied by the Atheniin ships (I. 45. ~ 1) station
themselves at Sybota (~ 1); their land forces with the Zacynthian auxiliaries encamp on
the promontory of Leucimne (~ 2); the Corinthians are assisted by large bodies of the
Barbarians (~ 3).
1.'o-Oro-TrpooTrXEovra.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3. --          avTro, i. e.
ihe Corinthians.    - ErrparopreSevcravro.  From  what follows it
Arould appear, that those who encamped in this plac3 were sailors.
See N. on I. 46. ~ 5. a- -tc KaXovY-aL;vj3ora.  Leake says thlat these
islandis, which still bear the ancient name, are five or six miles southward of the mouth of the Thyamis (North. Greece, I. p. 103), and
Jhat there is a sheltered bay, between the two principal Sybota, and
another between the inner island and the main (ib. III. p. 2).  They
received the name ~;[o'ra, from  having been formerly used as hogpastures.
2. AEVK:/lVp.  On this promontory the Corcyrseans had erected a
trophy, after their first engagement with the Corinthians (I. 30. ~ 1).
-— ZaKvvbov XtXLO  orX0Lrat.  As the Corcyraeans were said (I. 31.
~ 2) to have formed no alliance with any Grecian state, they must
either have formed a league with the Zacynthians, at the same time
that they applied to the Athenians, or in this extremity, the Zacynthians came to their help without any formal treaty.
8.  lravp.... wapaeo3ov lKJOcTes.  The order is: woXXo't N;' cutm (also)




266                            NOTES.                           [BooKx 
r-nv flapf84pcoz. EV    relp   7IapaO3E60o77;tr7cOEY?Jav -ro7 Kopltovsn
This seems to have been suggested by the mention of the Zacynthian auxiliaries, since its appropriate place would have been in the previous chapter.  The Barbarians rendezvoused at Sybota, a desert pol't
of Thesprotia (cf. 1. 50. ~ 3), from which some think that the islands
received their name. --   Tanry, here, i. e. in this part of the continent. --  Miiller remarks (Dor. I. p. 132) that the strong and continuous chain of Corinthian colonies along the coast, forced even the.
Barbarians of the interior, and especially the Epirots of Thesprotia,
to maintain a perpetual connexion with Corinth.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
The Corinthians having sailed by night from Chiiserinum and put themselves in readiness
for battle, at dawn of day descry the Corcyruean fleet making towards them (~ 1); as
soon as the fleets are seen by each other, they form in line of battle (~~ 2, 8).
1. TptCLv ST epf7 crtLTL, provisions for three days.  Somle think that
a contrast with the Athenians is here intenidcl, lWho made no such
provision  when on the point of engaging with the enemy.  Dr.
BloomIf. thinks that it was done here on the supposition, that the ColrcyrmTans would retreat to Corcyra or Leucimne, in which case their
provisions would be very serviceable. --    rvlyovro, put to sea.  With
this verb, vVKTroS is to be taken. -     rs Erri vavlsaxtav,  ii Wit]th fJll pn-)Z
pose of battle."  Bloomf.  See N. on I. 126. ~ 5.-  dia'a e' belongs
to KaUrsopGaO  and not 7rXEoVTre'. -   f- trTEcpOUS', on the high seac out at
sea, is opposed to lying at anchor in the harbor.
2. ro 86EtZLo  KEpaS was the post of honor. -      ro /  4XXo, sc.;pOs.           re;-7, divisions, squadrons....... eL, each of which
(divisions) one of the commanders led.
3. EraTnav-ro, acrranged themselves in order of battle. --    KoptvlioLs.
The dative is here el-ployed for the adnominal genitive (S. ~ 20. 1. 5)
after K p(aS.  In K'paS KepKvpal'Yo (~ 2 supra) the usual case was employed. -      viiaxot.  Supply erTticavro from  the preceding clause.
---— o os  cKaroL.  Some supply e'ruXov, but it is better with Bloomf.
to understand EriLdavro, as more suitable to the context. ---   Ecovvtov
— spas  was in this instance the most honorable post, as being,pposed to the Athenians.




CHA. XLIX.1                       NO TES.                                 267
CHAPTER XLIX.
At the given signal the fleets, with crowded. decks, comne to a fierce engagement, which
resembles a land-fight rather than a sea-fight (~~ 1, 2); the chief reliance being placed
on bravery, since the ships were so close together as to render them motionless (~ 3);
the Athenians at first abstain from battle, but seeing the Corcyreans hard pressed, coine
to their assistance and keep the enemy in check (~ 4); the Corcyreans are victorious
on their left wing (~ 5); but on their right, the Corinthians gain a decided advantage
(~ 6); upon this the Athenians engage warnmly in the battle (~ T).
1. Er7rELt3 rat cqtEJEya EKarTEpotL j'pbuj.  Arnold compares. 1. 63; VII.
34; VIII. 95. --  rc.... rpeKce-Kvao-flvot, having even yet their ships
fitted  out very unsskilfully, according to the azcient manner.  Some
refer this to  the equipments of the  soldiers, but as EXOmVreg refers
really to the ships, although  grammatically to the sailors, VrapaorKevar-IYevot must be made to conform  to it in sense.
2. KaprEpa, fierce, obstinate.  This word is to be repeated with o5X'
6/oi/os, in the sense of well-fought or well-maintained. - - r-   7rX.Eov,
to a higher degree, mzore.
3. 7rpoo-a3XXotev.  The optative is here employed to express indefinite frequency: when, or, as often  as they rcan foul of one another.
K. ~ 337. 7; S. ~ 217. 2. -           obr peal      c'rekeUSovto, they  were not
easily separated.-    ibrr  is causal, on account of by reason of -
rt(OTEVorreS, because (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) they trusted, contains another
reason why the ships were suffered to remain alongside.  It will be
seen how in 7rpoo-f3aiXkotev and ctlreXevovro, things are attributed to the
crews, which  properly  can be predicated  only of the ships; but in.1-revorrTE   is expressed what can only be said of sentient beings.
oea Kuarao-CrVreE  /adXOaO ( "nzointvcined a. pzugna stataria."   Bloomf.
~-   o-rvxaov-vm,  lying still (Cf. II. 84. ~ 2), i. e. performing no nautical evolutions.  So  the  Schol. interprets:   7 ravgaaxomvro. -
3&EKArOL.  i" The diecplus was a breaking through the enemy's line, in
order, by a rapid turn of the vessel, to strike the enemy's ship on the
side or stern, where it was most defenceless, and so to sink it." See II.
83. 89; VII. 36. 70." Arnold.  This naval manceuvre is remarked by
Bloomf. as having been revived by Rodney, Nelson, and other naval
commanders  of Britain.   The  same  critic, more  correctly  than
Arnold, makes the design of this breaking through the enemy's line.
to separate one part from  the other (as well as to attack it in the
rear), and thus to cut it up in detail. --           vs,  with vehemence oJ
spirit.  ~P5sl y refers to bodily strength.
4. ovv, i. e. in consequence of the decision of the fight depending




268                             NOTES.                           [BOOK 1,
upjon brute force, rather than upon nautical science. -- rapaX8glr s
disturbed,  disordered. -;v,, during which engagement. ---— T
KEpKcvpaL)ots  depends upon 7rapaytyvdtePat.   -   ypXov has al'ArreKat
vPqer (= oi'A3wadoti) for its subject, BelterS otL (rpar?7yo[, which  is
contained as a part under the principal subject (al'ArrTKal vres),
taking  in the same verb (?ipXov) in reality, talthough the participle is
apparently put for the verb.  Cf. K. ~ 313. R. 1; Butt. ~ 145. N. 6;
Mt. ~ 562. N; C. ~ 333. 5.  Poppo, in his notes on the Sclhol., refers
-with LDuk. r-rparryol immediately to 7pXov.  So also does Dindorf, in
whose edition no punctuation mark is placed after rpXov.:- Trv
7rpp6Aautv. Cf. 1. 45. ~ 3.
5. TeTrovEL w0as pressed, is here nearly equivalent to ErTLE (Eero.
ruTopdba,  scattered in the fight, agrees with a'ro',r (i. e. the Corinthinlls), although it properly refers to the ships.-    ieXpt rov orparorTe8ov begins the apodosis, and therefore does not require, as sonme think,
to be preceded by the connective Kal. -        & JreKl,3avrer, disembaqrking.
p- p/ovs (see N. on II. 4. ~ 4.) = E'Trtl Eprtyot?oav.  K. ~ 245. 3. b.
-   Ta Xp7ara, the baggage.
6. raTrn, i. e. on the Corinthian right wing.        ovv (then) is not
here illative, but denotes the result of what has just been said.
ei Koplv YoL-croCovrO re, i. e. ot re Koptv'omL-C-oo'V-ro Kal. ~" Transpositul-  est rE sicut sntpe."  Poppo.'  - ET' rp E  VWIv       cldefines the
preceding;;. -    TOlE KepKvpalotC limits wapovo'av, or perhaps may
be put for the adnoininal genitive after VeClo.          Tay"v ELKOot vely.
The,nrticle is employed, because reference is had to the ships spoken
of in ol yap.....peqa'/IEtvot (~ 5 supra). ---  a     drro EXaoovoS 7wrXOovg,
out of ac lesser nuzmber.  The Corcyr.nans had only 110 ships (I. 47.
~ 1) besides the tenl Athenian vessels, while the Corinthians had 150
3hips (I. 46. ~ 1).  -.K rT  8td)ecEos  is to  be constructed  after
Isrpovorrv.
7. eIAXXov belongs to darpoqaor'o-Tos, snore openly.          cor-Te,tv'E/4XXefv  rTvlt, from  charging any ships woith the brazen beak; literally,
so ets not to charge, etc.  For p;1 with the infinitive, see N. on I. 10.
~ 1.  E'4hIXXo is employed of a ship, which falls upon another with
its Eq'3oXos.  See Liddell and Scott, szb voce.;- Xalrrp)r, clear,
mranifest.   -'pyov  ras e'xETro, every one laid hold of the worlc, i. e.
engaged heartily in the battle. -          8teFKEKptro oV8eiV  rTt) there woas
no longer any distinction between the CorcyrSeans and  Athenians,
i. e. it could not be determined from  their zeal in battle, which had
come to defend, and which to engage in the offensive. --             TOVT 
avdiyKqrr, to this degree of necessity.  K. ~ 264. R. 5. b; Mt,. ~ 341. 4;
i. ~ 187. 1.




CaMr. L.]                        NOTES.                                 269
CHAPTER L.
The Corcyrseans being routed, the Corinthians slaughter all whom they can reach, and,
without knowing it, kill some even of their own men (~ 1), inasmuch as in so extensive
an engagement, it was not easy to discriminate between the victors and the vanquished
(~ 2); and after pursuing them to the slhore, succeeded in bringing into Sybota the
greater part of the wrecks of their ships and their slain (~ 3); after which they sail out
to meet the Corcyrseans, who, together vith their Athenian allies, were again advancing
to give them battle (~ 4); as the battle was about to be commenced, a reinforcement
of twenty Athenian ships heave in sight (~ 5).
1. Ta   caq...... ava8ohvevoL (cf. II. 90. ~ 6), did not take in  tow
the hulls; literally, haul off lashing to them.  The two  expressions
may always be translated  as one word.  Notice the use of Tr a O"K4q
mrJv reiv, literally, the trough or tub of the ships, i. e. the hulls.  This
shows their disabled condition. -           as KaTravetLao, which they  iyght
happen to have disabled.  It is very evident that Karau co does not
here mean to sink to the bottom, for how could a ship in this condition
be towed off?  Nor is the interpretation, which they might have sunk
if they had chosen (MIt. ~~ 514. 2; 515. Ohs.), apposite, for who would
think of such an expression as, they did not tot  off the vessels twhich
they could have sunk if they pleased?  I concur, therefore, with those
commentators, who take KTaravetLy vavv in the sense of to mcake a ship
vwater-logged, so that it shall appear in part above water.  In Herodot.
VIII. 90, it appears, that the crew of a ship thus partially sunk, were
able to throw their darts with  such effect, as finally to capture the
ship which had thus disabled them.  Goeller refers to the battle of
Arginuste (Xen. Hellen. I. 6. 6~ 36), where the Athenian comrnanders,
after the action, propose 7rrXkv   rl rs Ta  KarTaaeaVKVLa  vaur  Kat rouvs E'
avroT)v acdvpcw7rovr.  We migh-t have expected  ev instead  of as (S.
~ 175. 1), but sometimes the Attics neglected this kind of attraction.
Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 822. Obs. 5.  The optative generally dispenses with
av in relative sentences, where the antecedent is indefinite.  Cf. S.
~ 217. 2; K. ~ 333. 4. --         nrp    i 8ros K X.  Construct: erp(crovrc
(r'eflexive) 7rpsr Tor-o  davpw;rovU   aLEKrXE'oVTrf qoVeIetv ]EiikXXuov' C'~/etV
sc. avrovs.  The infinitives denote the purpose or object of 8tewKhfOeVES, as though  they were preceded by  oa-TE (S. ~ 223).  Matthicu
(~ 532. c) nmakes them epexegetical of 7rp's ror dv2pc7;rrovr Erp7r0vroT,
but in citing the passage, he has strangely omitted 8tFerrkX ovrer, an
error which Poppo (Suppl. Adnot. p. 122) says he has now corrected.
Goeller cites himl approvingly, but the position of 8LEKI7rXoVTreS  clearly




270                            NOTES.                          [BooK L
marks it as the word, which the infinitives are designed to follow,
The sense, however, is not materially changed by Matthim's interpre.
tation.  -  qSLXovs is the object of E'Kretvov, and refers to the Megareans and Amlbraciots on the right wing, who had been worsted by
the Corcyrumans, and who were now floating about il their disabled
ships, or on fiagments of such as had been shattered to pieces. - -
ayVoovVTEr, through7 ignorance.  S. ~ 225. 3.
2. yhp introduces the cause of the ignorance just spoken of. --
E7ir rroXb rr SanXda-o-S  eirEXov&jCov.  See N. on I. 23. ~ 3. -       ov
pa~obls   -6V atwLyvoo-tv Ed7rotoUvro, they vmade it not easy to decide; literally, made the deciding not easy.  ~- yiap after vavptaxta is yap confirmant is = and no wonder, for this sea-fight.  In such a use yap
may be rendered, indeed, truly.'- EXXtO it 7rpob d'EXXqvar, jbr
Greeks against Greeks.  In the war with the Persians, greater fleets
had engaged, but never before in the internal wars of Greece. "EXXho-L
is to be referled to Mt. ~ 388. a, where it is said that the dative is
often put, especially with cos, in order to show that a proposition is
affirmed as true, not generally, but in respect to a certain person.  Cf.
K. ~ 284. 3. (10); S. ~ 201. 4.          oieyorq 8 /, far the greatest, con,-,ftssedly  thee most considerable. r —         7v rpob  avrJrs.  Afterwards
there were larger sea-fights, especially in the Sicilian expedition.
3. r-ov SrXEtOrcov.  The Schol. supplies rarolErwv, on the ground,
that some of the bodies were driven by the wind to Corcyra (cf. I. 54.
1).  But would not this apply also to vavaiyma? --   rh  Ev3ora.  See
N. on I. 47. ~ 3.  It is worthy of note, that the port of this name
always takes the article, while the islands mentioned in I. 47. ~ 1, are
always found without it.  Bloomlf. conjectures from  this, that the
islands took their name friolm the port. -- ot, whither.'p!YYon,
i. e. either it had no town, or if so, it was deserted of its inhabitants.
4. -roro refers back to the collection of the ships and the bodies
of the slain. o- o-at  a-,av Xotral.  Poppo and others rightly refer
this to the ten ships, which had not been brought into action, as they
had 120 ships (cf. I. 25. ~ 4), but sailed out with only IfO of them (cf
I. 47. ~ 1).
5. j3q 8E' B v f'ie —Kal (= 0rE) ol Koplv.tom, it was notw getting late
in the day —wvhen the Gorinthians.  <al.....EKpovo vro is made here a
co-ordinate sentence with the preceding cine, although it is properly
an adverbial sentence of time.  Cf. K. K. ~~ 319. R. 2; 337. 1. -- rE
wat)ovtoro.  The Schol. remarks on this passage, that the Greeks sang
two proans. one before the battle to Mars, the other after it, to Apollo.
Some make the pman to have been only a shout, and cite 1 Sarm. 17:
12, "and shouted for the battle."  But in the time of Thucydides, this




CHAP. LI.]                      NOTES.                               2T1
war-song was something more than a battle-shout.  Cf. Xen. Anab.
I. 8. ~~ 17, 18, where tile piean was first sung, and then, as they
rushed to battle, they raised the shout  eXeXCe.  The triumphal pmaan
after victory is said to have arisen from the fact, that Apollo sang it
after his victory ovcr the Pythian dragon.           -fo  E s E'7 rTXovv, in
order for the onset. -- K(Il before ol Koptv[Lot, is to be translated
like the preceding Kal. --  wrpcvav eKpoiovro, r'owed stern foremost,
i. e. without turning the prow away from the enemy, they pulled backwards.  7rlt, Esr, or rrpOs' is to be supplied with 7rpv)tvav. -     Xtynat
datVrL) few to aid - too few to render efficient assistance.  For the
construction, cf. K. ~~ 306. c.; 341. 3. a; Mt. ~ 448. 1. b; S. ~ 222. 6.
CHAPTER LI.
rhe Corinthians at sight of the Athenian reinforcement slowly retreat (~ 1); the Corcyrw,
ans also retire as it Wvas growing dark (~ 2); the battle being thus terminated, the Athelian fleet holds on its course to the Corcyrtean station (Q~, 4); at which plac it comnes
to anchor (~ 5).
1. a-pOiovreg')  seeing f-Sst, i. e. before the Corcyrmlans got sight of
them.   v7roro7rqo-avres.... raXet0sv,   suspecting  that they were from
Athens, and were mnore in numnber than they saw.  Two clauses are
here combined in one: suspecting that not as mzany as they saw, but
mnore (i. e. more than they saw) were from  Athens.
2. KepKvpatoLs is the dative of the agent with  ceop&wro.  S. ~ 206.
4. -    f-  rXeov.... davovs', for they sailed (so as to be) nmore concealed from  the Corcyrmans.  The Schol. says that this fleet came up
behind their backs, but as both fleets had just left their respective
ports, such an approach of the Athenian ships could not well take.
place.  Mitford says that they were doubling a headland.  I like thel
suggestion of Bloomf., that they were sailing up in flank of the Corintllians.  -   E'Basuab ov.... KpovopeE'ovv, they wonde~red at thfe Corinthians pulling backwards (see N. on I. 50. ~ 5); not, they wonde~red
that the Corinthians pulled backwards. Cf. Jelf's Kiiihn. ~ 496. Obs. 3.
--   arpv, until. v- ve  iceLvum iart-reoAXEvo-t, there are ships yonder
(ie;Cva.   K. ~ 303. 2; S. ~ 163. N. 2) sailing towards us.'Tt which
precedes is not to be tralslatedl, as the words spoken are quoted without change.  Cf. S. ~ 213 1. --, also, i. e. in the same manner
with the Corinthians. --,vveo-o'rcre ya'p #'3q.  The lmain reason
why the Corcyraans retired, was not because they thought that the




272                             NOTES.                              [BooK I
approaching fleet was a hostile one, but because it was growing dark
($vveGrKo'rae used impersonally).  This is represented by yTp causal.
--         tq aL&dXvaL to tile battle; not to rowing stern foremost as some
suppose.
3. 7 vav/laxla E'rEXEVTa E'S VVKra is by  prlegnans construetio for,
the fight ended, having lasted till night.  See N. on 1. 18. ~ 2.
4. 7rois KEpKcvparors limits a-paro7rE3ov as'n  adnominal genitive.
r- o- rparo7reSevo.vEvoLs, Cas they were encamping, (see N. on I. 46.
~ 5).  The participle denotes time.  See N. on 1. 13. ~ 6. -'As-v
8oK/thir.  Andocides was one of the ten Attic orators, whose works
were contained  in the  Alexandrine  canon.   As Schmitz remnarks
(Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rolm. Biog. and Mythol. I. p. 168), he has no
claim to tle esteem  of posterity, either as a man or as a citizen.
TrOY,yecKpv Kap t vavaycov of the Corcyrwans.
5.'yvcoo-av that they were Athenian ships. -             Jopt[o-avro (came
to anchor) refers to the Athenian ships.
CHAPTER LII.
On the day following, the Corecyroeans and Athenians sail to the Corinthian station and in
turn offer battle (~ 1); but the Corinthians are unwilling to hazard another engagement
(~ 2); and are solicitous to return home, thre-igh. fear of being molested by the Atheni
ans (~ 8).
1. ArXCo'iot, sea-worthy.  MIany of the ships were disabled in the
preceding engagement.           e' rTs ) EvL 6roLt.  The Schol. adds ro~s
r7eS A7reipov, as though  there ware a port of the same name in the
islands.  This was an unnecessary explanation, inasmuch  as the following clause, Evs c o[ KopIvbr[C lhpetovv sufficiently defines it.
2. /'eV in ras  Pev vaus does not refer, as some suppose, to 38 in troi
08 o;'Ka&e (~ 3 infra), but is pu; as though it had been written  arhs /Ev
vans   pnav, tJoVoXafov   E, 0'or  Katrep  Tas   vavs  atpav7es  a7roT r5  75y/s.
Bloomf. renders r-s   Ev vanvL aI pa re5 (vro Trs y rs, heaving  the ships
from  the land, i. e. launchibg the ships, which were usually drawn
ashore.  It is a matter of doubt, however, whether the ships, at the
late hour at which they cama to port, were drawn up on the land,
and I therefore prefer the into-rpretation: putting off fr~omv land, get.
ting the fleet under sail (cf. I. 29. ~ 1),'rA r' s ~   referring rather
to the fact, that the ships wer-, rearc shoi e, than utpon the land.
vavulaxias depends on apXEct. ---,-yr t, Of their own accor, ---
Qpo,,lTre (denoting cause see N. -.n [. a; 4) rpor-yeyevrEv.Vs,;s




CHAP. LIII.]                     NOTES.                                 273
op-poVTrreCs  ot r7s Ver,  orrs0cEyeyVy vTo0.   The participle  after certalT
verbs is to be rendered frequently by a finite verb  preceded by;rl,.
Cf. K. ~ 310. 4. a; S. ~ 225. 2. --        eiK rCo'AqrzCov.  Isaack  adopts'Atsvaovor, which  is the reading  of the majority of the MSS.  Cf.
3Mt. ~ 429. 2. ---  roXXid, in  consequence of the position  of the
article (K. ~ 245. 3. b), is to be taken in. the predicative sense with
iri-opa, difficulties in, great abundance.  K. ~ 246. 8. c. -       aixPaXaoav limits qvX/aKqr, and is the antecedent of ov'r. -           E7rtoaKEv' OVK
ova-av should have been eirL~O-KEvr  oVK o o-(Jr,  to  correspond  to  the
construction of the preceding clause, but by a varied syntax dp&vre
is repeated from  the foregoing context.  E'7TrtLKEv1v  is reoficiendar~um
naviunm copicas, materials for relcai~ring their ships.
3. roO bi O'acBE 7rXoO depends on l&EoKO<rovv, as the object about
whicll their thoughts were occupied (K. ~ 274. 1. b).  This relation is
often denoted by rrepl  with the genitive.  Cf. M3t. ~ 589.  r- 07r  (in
wVhat way) Koptrto-o'o-orrtc defines more particularly rov o'lKane 7rXo.
b- wF6roES [Lc —onK iEnt),  fecaring lest —might not permit.  8E8tore.s
takes the time of 8eo-K57rovs, and hence should have been followed
properly by the optative.  But see N. on KoAX'O-onrat, I. 26. ~ 2.-.
ES Xfcpav, to blows, to a close engagement.
CHAPTER LIII.
The Corinthians send persons to sound the intention of the Athenians (~ 1); the deputies
accuse tl:e Athenians of injustice in withstanding the Corinthians, and demand to be
themselves treated as enemies, in case they intend to hinder the Corinthians from proceeding wherever they please (~ 2); upon this the Corcyrmeans cry out, that the messengers shall be put to death; bit the Athenians reply, that they will hinder the Corinthians from proceeding nownhere except against the Corcyrwans (~~ 3, 4).
1. KEX7TLoro, a smnal boat, a s7lif; is a diminutive of KEX71S7, literally,
courser, a race-horse, and secondly, a fast-sailing boat, a yacht.         
hi7ev  KjpVKElOV, without the herald's wand (i. e. the caduceus).  This
was done, either to show that they did not consider themselves enemies, or the better Io learn the intentions of the Athenians, by thus
depriving themselves of heraldic protection, and relying for safety
solely iupon the good disposition of those to whom they were sent.
2. (RcZtxire-nroXkEiov aipXovrer, you do wrong in beginn.ing (see N.
on I. 37. ~ 5) war. --    arovasr, although  referring  to  the thirty
years' truce, is often employed without the'article.  Cf. I. 67. ~ 1; 71.




274                             N O T E S.                          [Boox I
~ 5; 78. ~ 4.       ycip (confrnzantis) introduces  a sentence,  confirmatory  of the  charge  expressed  in ro-rovSah s Xovr0e. -         afiv limits
Efrro&ov, in oulr scay. -- -TLLcopoL/LEPoLS   denotes time, wohen we take
vengeance  p2,on (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6).  The whole  clause may be
briefly and idiomatically rendered, Jbor yotu stand in, the wacy of our
taing venigeance  qpon. ---  /irXa dvratlpofevot, by taking  u2p (see N.
on I. 9. ~ 4) aCZs against tus. --  -e'orT.  The protasis takes the indicative, when the condition is considered by the, speaker a reality or
fact (K. ~ 339. I. a; S. ~ 215. 1).  The apodosis begins at tal r('IS
rFrrov8sh  Xvere. --- t1ar rovaSe, we who are here.  Cf. Kr. ~ 50. 11.
N. 22; S. ~ 163. N. 2. ---- Xai3dores-xpscao-~ce, taake and use.  Participles are to be rendered  as verbs, when they are necessarily connected with, or presupposed by the following verb.  Cf. Butt, ~ 144.
N. 7; K. ~ 312. 1R. 10; Herim. ad Vig. N. 22-, and also p. 343.  This
seemingly pleonastic use of the participle, gives life to the description,
and is in confornity with our own usage.
3. rTJv Se.... &EroWKoVesv, bt on the Corcyreaan side, as much of the
fleet as was withi~n hearing. I lhave followed the suggestion of Arnold,
in making r&v KepKvpaLov  a general term  for all on the Corcyrrean
side, both Corcyrtans and Athenians.  r6!Lyv orparOT7reoF   (referring
to the Corcyrean division), and oi  ei'A2Sjvaior  (as constituting a part
of the CorlcSean fleet), would thus be opposed to each other (rb uevu
-OL 3;).  This is better than Dindorf's conjecture, that KepKvpaLCv
should  be erased, or Fritzoeh's reading, rcv   8i, KePKvpahlv ob fIrSE
orparolreorov. -    EvSS  belongs to the following verb.
4. rTOLo-E.  See N. on roIro3e, ~ 2 supra. --- -U/aXoLr   OVCt), woho
ar'e (see N. on I. 8. ~ 1) omur auxiliaries. a- oh rreptro4(leFa (see N.
on 7rEptopiiav I. 24. ~ 6) = will p2event, the opposite signification being given by ov.  Cf. K. ~ 318. R. 1.          (5rar ro   VUV arv'o vviribuS,
to the utmost of our power.  Cf. II. 89. ~ 2; V. 23. ~ 1.
CHAPTER LIV.
Having received this answer from the Athenians, the Corinthians prepare to return homeio,
but first set up a trophy on the contineotal Sybota, as do the Corcyrweans also on the insua
lar Sybota (~ 1); the grounds are given on which the two parties clllm the victory (~ 2).
1. s7r' o'iov.  See N. on I. 30. ~ 2. --  Jv 7-z, rT/reipp as opposed
to the insular (ev rTy vjo}~p) Sybota.   -  Ta iLn ra Kura or orbi  refers
In gender to vavdyta? to wl4ich a prorminence is thus given.  Cf. Jelf's




CHAP. LIV.]              OTES.                                     275
U1iihn. ~ 391. Obs. -— t yeCvLVO0 ljr  YVK-rs, ising in the night. --
CS VEVKtqKdTES) aS if they had been victorious.  The participle herf
denotes an assumed cause. Cf. S. ~ 225. 4.
2. yv&/fi.... 7rpoLo-rroLravro, now each party claimed the victory,
for the following reasons. -X-  fXpL YVVTrOS, until night.  Although
the Corinthians had been defeated on their right with the loss of
thirty ships, yet, as their left wing and centre were so decidedly victorious as to destroy seventy ships, the battle, as a whole, terminated
decidedly in their favor. -- &-Jore.... rpocrKo-Klngao-aL defines more
fully Kpafqcraarrer.  As it respects the collecting together of the
wrecks, Bloolnf. very justly remarks, that after a sea-fight, this, like
the removal of the dead for burial in a land engagement, usually decided who had been victors. -           ovK Xdo(r-ov  XLtcov. It appears
froml I. 56. ~ 1, that the Corcyrwan captives amounted to one thousand and fifty. --  Kara8-acvr~c, bect use they had disabled (see NI. on
I. 50. ~ 1).  Bloomf. thinks that all which is meant is, that this number of sllips were more or less shattered, since if they had been sunk,
it could hardly be said, that the Corcyrneans made head with the remainlng ships and those which were sea-worthy.  But Ka7ra3bo-avrer
must certainly mean the sinking of a ship to such a degree as to render
it unfit for immediate use; and if, in addition to the loss of seventy,
ten others were so crippled as to be put hors de combat, there Nwoutld
still be thirty left.  To these add ten (the number of their remaining
slhips, cf. I. 50. ~ 4), and the thirty Athenian ships, and there is a sunm
total of seventy ships, the Athenian division of which (at least the
recent reinforcement) was fresh for the encounter.  On the other
hand, the Corinthidfns had suffered a total loss of thirty ships on their
right wing, which left them one hundred and twenty (cf. I. 46. ~ 1).
Of these we mtly suppose some were so disabled, as not to be fit to
take their station in the line of battle, so that in round numbers, their
fleet may be estimiated at one hundred ships. It is easy to see, that
the sound condition of the Athenian vessels would make the CorcyrEena fleet, even with this disparity of numbers, more than a match for
the Corinthian fleet. --   MdXtk(ra belongs to rpaiKovra in the sense of
a-bout, in vound numbers.  Cf. Butt. ~ 150. p. 437.- p e7rE8??XZov
vi'Aot vaiot.  The reading here has caused some difficulty, from  th0
qpparent inappositeness of making oi'AYqvadtoL the subject of /XMov,
Haack rejects ol'A'?1vaiot entirely.  Poppo and Bloomf. enclose these
words in brackets.   Goeller concurs with Steph. that KEpKvpaco;
should be put in the place of'Av?aio.  Bloomf. refers  X;iJov to
av-roi for its nominative, on the ground that this pronoun, in the nat.,lral order, is nearest to the yerb.  I am  of the opinion, however,




276                            N OTESF:  K'
that Bekker, Dindorf, and Arnold are riglt in receiving cl'A-qlva7.
qs genuine, since the idea thus advanced, corresponds well with th?
facts of the case.  When the Corinthians first descried the Athenian ships, they pulled  astern  (cf. I. 51. ~ 5) and thus gradually re.
tired.  On the next day, the principal reason why they declined thel
fight, was the appearance of the Athenian ships in the Corcyrali
line (cf. 5pcarTes.... dKapaLnvE;,v I. 52. ~ 2).  This is referred to in
E7retb  7t7Xov  ot'A21svaiot K:. Tr..   -   B raL TLVra refers back to the
causal participles, BtacbElpavrEs, avEXoEOweOl, and to'rti-u7reXSpso-av —.
avTErkXEov. Cf. i. ~ 304. 3.
CHAPTER LV.
The Corinthians, on their return homeward, take Anactorium and leave in it Corinthian
colonists. They treat the better part of the Corcyrean captives with kindness, hoping
thus to bring over Corcyra to the Peloponnesian confederacy (~ 1); the assistance thus
furnished to the Corcyroeans by the Athenians, was the cause of their war with the Cor
inthians (~ 2).
1.'AvaKirdptOy.  Leake (North. Greece, 11I. p. 493) identifies tho
site of this city with ruins, which he found at the south-eastern ex
tremity of the Gulf of Prevyza.   Thucydides elsewhere says that
Actiumn is situated at the mouth of the Ambracian gulf.  In all the
mnaps before me except Kiepert's, I find Anactorium  placed nearest te
the mouth  of the gulf.  The contrary is asserted  by Strabo, an(7
Bloomf. thinks that the Sinus Anrbrac. has a double entrance, on the
second of which Anactorium was situated.  In this conjecture he is
supported by Kiepert, on whose map of'l Hellas zu Anfang des peloponnesischen Krieges," Anactoriuin is placed in the inner entrance i
short distance east of Actium.  ~- &arAre, by artifice.  It is thought
that, being received as friends they seized upon the place. --    KOLVOI
KrplvpalovLOV Kna  KElwv,) a commor posseasion of the Corcyteaans and of
theirs.  That their sympathies were wtvith the Corinthians appeare
from  the fact, that they contributed o(-,e ship to the Corinthian fleet
(1. 46. ~ 1).  KotLvs  is more usually foli,;wed by the dative.  S. ~ 187
3.  -    oiK ropasr - olnjropna, 2o02JtI7eS ovos 0    o C010zos,  PeIrhap
Thucydides wished to  show  by a brief expression, that the Corcy-'m"eans livirg there were expelled, and their place supplied by ne'vr
colonists. -    ol i~'ap qa C SXot.  It appears from  this, that the Corcy.
rtean fleet was mannaed in no stus.l degr-e by slaves.  This practice
upf employing slayes in their navies, was corelupp to  ll the Grecian




CHAP. LIO.]                       N O T E S.                               27:
states.  a- rE'6ovro (2 aor. mid. of cirroiSct), they sold. -- 
tepaTrel'a eCXov =_- 2epa(rrEvou.'          Kriig. ---  ros-rpoorrotljoetav.  R.os
(~ 122. 9. N. 4) cites this passage in illustration of his remark, that the
optative stands after intentional particles (such as tivan,  rcos-, Obpn, Or,
etc.), w1hen the writer expresses his own view  of the intention of thle
agent, otherwise the use of the subjunctive is frequent and common,
Cf. K. ~ 330. II. 2. b. -        avrois  refers to the Corinthians, and is the
dcat. commodi after 7rpeo-rroLn.o-ctav.  The intrigues, tumults, and dreadful excesses, which followed on the return of these captives to Corcyra, are narrated in III. 70, et seq.  -   E'fryXavov... JroeXFrow, for it
chanced, that the most of them  wvere the first of the city in poower; or,
for the greater pyart (ol 7rXelovs), ha)ppened to be  acong the mzost poweful oj' the city.  For the construction, cf. S. ~ 225. 8; 201. 4.
2. 7reptylyJeTrat (see N. on II. 605. ~ 13) rc3 rroXeuCp rgcv KoptvSLov,
got the upper hand of the Corinthians in  the war (K. ~ 275. 1).  The
Corinthians had been foiled in the main object of their expedition
(viz. the  reduction of Corcyra), and therefore I have adopted the
interpretation, which mlakes rc,7v Kopctv3Iov depend on 7repcLtyvyerat, in
preference to that of 3Matthih   (~ 402. d), who makes the verb to bea
followed by r7  7roXitcO, emzersit ca bello (Arnold: outlived the  coaIr),
So Poppo and Goeller: " Corinthios bello sulerat, non e bello Corimn
thiorumn   emergit." -          vT aUr7, i. e. Corcyra. -     e roD 7rotXeov depends on arl'a..-   Ev o-7roveais, tempore fcederis, in timze of peacea.-.LETr)  vwith, on the side of.
CHAPTEIR LVI.
The historian now proceeds, in chaps, 56-66 (compare the general summary of chaps;
24-66), to narrate the second avowed cause of the war, viz. the affair of Potidsea (~ 1); the
Athenians, fearing lest the Corinthians might revenge themselves by inducing the Potidteans to revolt, order that city to pull down the wall facing Pallene, to give hostages, and
no longer to receive magistrates from the Corinthians (~ 2).
1. ravoa, i. e. the events of the Corcyrsan war, -which have just
been related.   ~  Kal) also, in addition to the Corcyrman affair. —--
Ie TO 7roXqeivY tending to oiar.
2. rrpao'ro'vrrov 07rcov (= O'rTo rpdrro) rqCopo0'ovTat azbovr, contriving
hozo they snight take vengeance upon them  (i. e. the Athenians).  The
future indicative here takes the place of the subjunctive after  z';reor, to
express more definitely the realization of the proposed end,  Cf S.,
13




2W78                         NOTES.                         [Boox I
~ 214. 1. b; K. ~ 330, 6. r —     rjZ io-/j.    This isthmus was the
entrance into the peninsula of Pallene (the ancient Phlegra), and is
now called the Gate of Kassandhra (b 11oprTa Tr7  Ka(ro-Cadvoa).  Cf.
Leake's North, Greece, III. p. 152. - -v!kscizXOVs  ddopov viroreXE4r,
allies payigy t.ibvute, tributary allies.  Some of the allies paid an
equivalent in money, for the troops or ships which they were to furnish.  -- es IaXXhvqv. The wall facing Pallene was ordered to be
demolished, in order that they mlight not be able to defend themselves
fi'om the Athenians attacking them by sea. The other wall (roS EK rou
iro-poO rTEXog) was erected as a defence against the Barbarians, and
therefore was suffered to remain undisturbed. — rovs re E7rLa?jitovp
yous. Miller (Dorians, II. p. 144. N. hl) says that these were upp2er desniurgi, as the E'rrTcrpaT7yo in Egypt, in the time of the Ptolemies, were
upper or superior arpawrqyol.  Goeller (to whose opinion Bloomf. inclines) thinks that irtt- here means an additional or extra imagistrate,
sent out by the mother country, to act as a colleague to the demniurgi
appointed by the colonists themselves. The Schol. says that Asclepiades (an ancient grammarian) thought e~rt- to be superfluous.  There
is, lhowever, no doubt as to the genuineness of the word as here compounded. These magistrates received this name, because their chief
duty was to transact business for thle people ( —-Athenian demnarc7'l
or the Latin tribuni). I- IepSiKKov, Perdiccas II., the son and sucl
cessor of Alexander I., and the eightll from the founder Perdiecas I,
(cf. II. 100. ~ 2). In the Peloponnesian war, he acted a very dishonorable part, sometimes siding with the Athenians, and sometimes with
the Lacedemmonians.  For the line of the Maacedonian kings, cf. Herodot. VIII. 139.   rovs 0 rl Opax Ks,) p' the people Thrace-ward, or lying
~n the direction of Thrace, a general term applied to the Greek states
which lined the northern coast of the ZEgean from  Thessaly to the
IHellespont." Arnold.  For the genitive after Irt, cf. N. on I. 80. ~ 2.
- vva7ro(rrm7coorL, cause to revolt, or draw into a revolt wqith them.
v- $tua'xovg of the Athenians.




CQAr. LVII]                     NOTES.                                  279
CHAPTER LVII.
rlhe Athenians take these precautionary measures immediately after the Corcyroean wart
for in addition to the hostility of the Corinthians, Perdiccas had now become their
enemy, because they had formed an alliance with his brother Philip (~~ 1-8); and he was
managing to set the Peloponnesians at variance with them (~ 4), and taking measures to
organize against Athens a confederacy of the states adjacent to him (~ 5); and therefore
It was that the Athenians demanded hostages from the Potid ans, and commanded the,wall next to the sea to be demolished (~ 6).
1. zrpos Tobs lIorL8aLrura, against the Potidcaans.  Poppo, Haack,
aid Goeller read Trepl robv IlortLaturaC, concerning the Potidcans, as
being more consistent ivith the fact, that the measures spoken of were
not intended to be adverse to the Potidteans, but to the Corinthians.
The expedition, however, was to all intents against the Potidmians,
and if not, rrpog could be translated, in respect to, concerning.  Cf, K,
~ 298. III. 8. e.
2. E'rerroX;seT7-o, had become inimical.    - rprepov —c9Y5v       who h7ad
before been.  For the participial construction, see N. on 1. 8. ~ 1.
3. Ui here serves to introduce a cause, and is nearly equivalent
to yap. -       Xtrrxco....    A'pSa.  Perdiccas was to have divided his
kingdom with his brother Philip, and also with Derdas his cousin, but
instead of doing this, he attempted to deprive them of their provinces.
The Athenians seelm  to have taken part with  these princes. -
cKOLVw.... VavrLovLEvotr, I' engaged in common hostilities against him."
Bloomfield.
4.'frpa-o-rev (a exerted  himzself, plotted).  See IV. 89. ~ 2.
o-o-s-yEv7rat.  See N. on I. 55. ~ 1.   - -    rr/-urwv, by sending.  Cf. N.
on I. 9. ~ 1. —  aVbrois  refers to the Athenians.  As this pronoun
would be referred nmore naturally to the Lacedamonians elicited from
AaKeSbatova, some are very much disposed to substitute'Abmjvalovs for
I1eXoQrov1crLov- -. — * 7rpoeo-rotero,   endeavored to vwin over to hivese7f
(see N. on I. 38. ~ 6).  The imperfect is here used de conatu, i. e. to
denote an endeavor or purpose.  Cf. Butt. ~ 137. N. 10; S. ~ 211. N.
12.  Notice the transition  firoi  the construction of the participle
l(r'7rrcov) to that of the finite verb.  A similar change of construction
is 1ifound in IV. 4. ~ 2; VIII, 45. ~ 4. -      e Cesea  denotes the end or
purlpose, on account of =  in order to bring about.
5. 7rpo rrCSpeC —Xdyovs,  the owas t~reating  oith, 4smaking Iproposals,
-    XKLt'Sb t.  The Chalcidians are said by Leake (North. Greece,
IIl p. 454) to have occupied, in the meridian period of Greek histor~y




280                              NOTEi.                             [Boofr I
the whole of the great peninsula lying southward of the ridge of
Mount Khortiatzi, althllough  the original Chalcidice was far  mnore
restricted in its limits.  The Bottihans, after Olynthus passed into the
hands of the Chalcidifans (through the instlrmentality of Artabazus,
who subjected it after Xerxes' retreat from  Greece), became the humnble allies of that people, and are found joined with them  on this occasion, and the one spoken of, II. 79. ~ 1. -  o'topa to Macedon.
rov ropX/covl against his brother Philip and the Athenians.
6. 3ovX65eotol.... woro-rrascres, i. e. wishing, by measures taken beforehand, to prevent the revolt of these cities. ---- ErvXov.... *-rpar7/yovVroS is a parenthesis, and is so marked in all the editions before me,
except those of Dindorf, Kriig., and  Goel.  E'rvXov —aroo-rrXXovresr
they ha2ppened to be fitting out. -         apro? i. e. Perdiccas.  Cf. I. 59.
~ 2. --    er' a;XXCSv &iKa.  Eleven  generals being so unusual and
large a, number to be sent with only 1000 men, the conjecture of
Krftg. in Seebod. Bibl. Crit. a. 1828. p. 8 (cited by Poppo and Goeller), is worthy of consideration, viz. that we should read FLer' aXcovw
8', voith four others.  It is said by those who adhere to the reading
Jer' aXXcov aeKa, that Pericles departed to the Samian war with nine
colleagues (I. 116. ~ 1), but as Poppo remarks, it does not say in that
place, that Pericles departed to the war with nine colleagues, but that
lie the tenth general (i. e. one of the ten generals) commanded the
armament.  The idea of Schoemann (Antiq. p. 252) that extraordinary
officers were created for this occasion is highly improbable. -- srrod
-r;iXXovwc.  The Schol. explains this by Evr)XXorTaL, for the fleet had
not yet set sail, as in that case it would have been asroo-rElXavr-E
instead  of amroo-rEXXov-rer. --- rrXolov to  Potidma. ---   vXaK7rv'ExEV, as we say, to keep an eye upon, to be ori the wcatch.
CHAPTER LVIII.
i'lhe Potidseans send an embassy to induce the Athenians to change their policy, but meet
with no success, whereupon being encouraged to hope for assistance from the Lacedsemonians, in conjunction with the Chalcid(ians and the Bottitlans, they seize this opportunity
to revolt (~ 1); at thle advice of Perdiceas, the Chalcidians destroy their maritime cities
sand remove to Olynthns, a part of Mygdonia being assigned to them also for their habitanion (~ 2).
1. et Tre03.  Supply cOTrELV or rnepo(5,stt, (to see).owhether they
cauld  eGrsuade.  Cfi K. ~ 344. R. 9; Aft. ~ 526; Roest, ~ 121. N. 3.
vE(w)repI v pL piV  v, to attempt no political change, i. e. to ma'ke  n.e




;JlAP. LVIII.                  NOTES.                               281
change in the polity of Potidaea.  Cf. I. 115. ~ 2. --          o7 s E....,7.
must depend on E'Xd'vres Eg r7-v AaKE8aa4ova, just as e  7wroe.....   E.E
depends on vrr/FJavTreE 7rap''AXr.vaous  7rpEo-'3tes.  The verb Eirpao-rov,
therefore, is with good reason bracketed in the best editions.        eK
7roXXov prpaovTres, after negotiating a long time. The participle here
denotes time.  See N. on I. 13. ~ 6.-    77'povro.  All thle editions
before me, except Bekker's and Dindorf's, have Ev'povIo.           al vicEE
at riL MaKEaov'av —'frXEov = a' ijEs al E7ri MaKeorvnav  TrXEovo-at ErL
MaKE0ovlav E'7rXeov. --    6jolowS i. e. just as though the Potidtclans had
sent no embassy to Athens. --    h r-'X7, the chief mnagist'racy, or as
we say, the government.:r&- 7TEX9 sunt Ephori."  Goeller. -         reaXerT is found in the plural in some MISS.  Kiihner (Jelf's edit. ~ 385.
a) says that ra& r~ErX  with a singular verb signifies the meagist rates,
with a plural verb the cabinet.  The use of the plural or singular
depends on the manner in which it lies in the speaker's mind (animo
loqzentis).  So Mt. (~ 300) remarks that the verb is put in the plural,
when the neuter plural signifies living persons.         rd(re.... roviro
then indeed at that very time.  In order to avoid a redundancy, Bauer
renders 7rre 8'1, his de causis.  But rdre is used of time (cf. II. 84. ~ 2),
and the addition of Karn  r\rv  almpCv roirov is by no means pleonastic,
but gives emphasis =  without any delay, immediately.
5. ras.... EKXT7rovras. The Athenian supremacy at sea, enabled
them to ravage the sea-coast of those countries with which they-were
at war. -        aVOtKiaSto at is here used of a removal fiom the sea-coast
up into the interior. See I. 7. ~ 1; VIII. 31. ~ 2.     "'OXvvrov.  This
city gradually rose in importance, until it subsequently became one
of the greatest cities in Greece, and carried on a successful war with
Macedonia.  It was, however, taken by Philip II., who gave it up to
plunder, reduced the inhabitants to slavery, and razed its walls to the
ground.  Cf. Cramer's Greece, I. p. 252; Leake's North. Greece, III.
p. 459.-  -rarir7v is the object, and  ttlav re 7rdXtv'o-Xvpav the i)redicate of 7rotr'ao'iat.  S. ~ 185. N. 1.     r-i. y~7  depends upon 7repl
rlv BoX'3v XMltgv. Krtig.-    Cousin says that rept in repl....   XLvruv
floes not here signify cireum, but p1rose. Cf. K. ~ 295. III. ]. a.  The
ivaters of lake Bolbe, which lay E. of Thessalonica and N. of A.pollonia,
communicated with the Strymnonicus Sinus.         velueo-at here denotes
a temporary possession. -        -ogr, as long cas. --  Iv, which usually
accompanies the subjunctive Inood after eicor (cf. S. ~ 217. 2), increases
the notion of duration by malking it more indefinite (= however lon9
it may be).




282                               NOTES.                              [BooK L
CHAPTER LIX.
Tho Athenian fleet finding that the Potidmeans have revolted (~ 1), turn their course to
MIacedonia to assist Philip and the brothers of Derdas (~ 2).
1. is rt Ert OpaxKqS  (sc. XCpta).  See N. on I. 30. ~ 2.  The parts
of Thrace herle spoken of, embraced the three  peninsulas, Pallene,
Chalcidice, and Acte, and extended north as far as Amnlphipolis.  In
this region the Greeks had planted colonies and founded flourishing
cities. — K — KaraOXlat^v,vt.... aer. 7o.T.a     (= orL adeo-TrjKaot. See N.
on I. 52. ~ 2), find that Potidceac  and the other places have already
revolted.
2. dSUvara.... Xaopia.   The  order is: EItv at vara 7vroXe!LeLv rs3:rapov(ro-r  vv'tp.1E Te   7rp   TIFp3iKKaV Ka  Ta ra  vvvaoC'ero-ra  Xopia. -.4' 0o5rep refels to.rpc'7ovrat Ehl rTXv MMaKEEovsav, and therefore is =- Eri
rT rpE7ireo2at, or e'7r- r\ -rXkev.  In respect to the plrimary design of the
Athenian  fleet, cf. I. 57. ~ 6. —  KaraoTr(tvres,     stationing  thetmselves,
taking thei.r position in the place referred to, i. e. in upper Macedonia.
This will show  why;rvelEyv  is employed in the next Imenmber.
CHAPTER LX.
The Corinthians, apprebhensive for the safety of Potid aa, send thither a body of 2000
volunteers alnd mercenaries (~ 1); these troops commanded by Aristeus, a warm friend
of tlie Potidmans, reach the city forty days after its revolt (~~ 2, 3).
1. ev roTr o   (so. XPd,'?), in the mzeanwhile.  r- ir  Ilortaalav dwearrTqKVlar, wohen Potidaca had revolted from  the Athenians.  S. ~ 226.
---  7rep  before  Tq^) Xcopti  has a causal signification, oln account offor the scafety of. See N. on e'vEKa, I. 57. ~            4. ----  og -io' TS  Kgl'V8VsO
myoVE'vou, regarding the danger as their own.             Ea- vvrT&v has here its
exclusive signification, i. e. it denotes that the volunteers were conuine ld wholly to thleir own city, while those of the Peloponnesians,
who  assisted  them, were  received  on  pay. --   /po-l             7TreloavreTs.
Vachsmnth (Antiq. Gr. I. 2. p. 310) thinks that these were not mercenarly soldiers, but such as being sent from  the confederated states,
received stipends from  the Corinthlians, in reference to which opinion




CaAP. LXI. J                      NOTES.                                  283
Poppo says: "cui opinioni verbum  rrElcavrra           aliquantum  obstare x ideatur."  -   roSr srCvraY, in  al, i. e. the Corinthians and Peloponnesians.  Cf. Kr. ~ 50. 11. N. 13.
2. Kara' 9tmlY), on account of fr'ie2ndshi?. --- (trsoU is hlere enmployed objectively, for him, towards hi7m. -    o-  X  7'Kat ra by litotes'for mostly, chiefl. —- yap in 7v y'ap introduces the reason why st,
rnany volunteered under Aristeus, viz. because he was fiiendly (Era7eaetor) to ithe Potidmans, which would be a sufficient reason why his
admirers should feel a similar regard  for them, and march for their
defence.
3. irl OpiKqor, to ThrJace.  The genitive is frequently found in answer to the question' whither' (cf. Mt. ~ 584. /g; Butt. ~ 147. p. 412),
although direction towards is most commonly denoted.  See N. on I.
30. ~ 2.    -.  In  consequence of the harsh  ellipsis of adroa:KEV77r
(sc.'Ip'as) as the antecedent of 4, Poppo,  Goeller, Arnold, and
Bloomfield  read v'orepov —Oj, after  that.  Bekker is said by Poppo
(Suppl. Adnot. p. 126) now to have adopted'.  His edition before me
has 4.  The Schol. defines 4 by fV 4  /zpea, or QJ' oeU.
CHAPTER LXI.
The Athenians hearing of the defection of Potidsea, and the assistance sent thither by the
Corinthians, despatch Callias with 2000 hoplites and forty ships against the revolted
provinces (~ 1); a junction is formed in Upper Macedonia between these forces and
those previously sent out, who having taken Thernie, were then besieging Pydna (~ 2);
having made a composition with Perdiccas they depart from Macedonia (~ 3); on their
march, they make an unsuccessful attack upon Bercwa, after which they proceed on their
way to Potidea (~ 4), and on the third day they reach Gigonas (~ 5).
1.' (syyekXla rTyo,r6oXcov o'rTt (eE(raro-t, the report of the defection
of the cities; literally, the repogort concerning the cities, that they had
revolted.  The subject of the subordinate  clause is here attracted to
the )rincipal clause, and made to  depend upon its substantive.  This
usually takes place, when the subordinate clause depends on the substantive of the principal clause.  Cf. K. ~ 347. 3; Xt. ~ 296. 3.  See
N. on I. 72. ~ 1. -'-joovro-IEdrnrap6ovra. Cf. N. on I. 26. ~ 3 (init.).
--  r/lrrr7OZ aurov o-rparqlyol.  See N. on I. 46. ~ 2.
2. rov  nrporpovU  XXtAovr.  Cf. 1. I  57. ~ 6.  Oipp77v [iprT  pKTKoarar,
had calready captured Tihersnze.  The construction will be understood
by a reference to N. on   p(Y0rer rpo7-EFYEvqrJ'Va), 1. 52. ~ 2.  Therme




284                            NOTES                            [BooK I.
was subsequently called Thessalonica, in honor of Thessalonica the
wife of Cassandra, and daughter of Philip.  It was to  the church
here, that Paul wrote his two epistles to the Thessalonians.  Its imodern name is Saloniki.   - Il68vav, Pydna.  This place was situated
on the western shore of the Thermaicus Sinus, S. Wr. of Therme, and
was famous for the battle gained in its vicinity, by Paulus lEmilius
over the Macedonian army under Perseus, which terminated the empire.
3. 7pocrKaieCFe6vot.  Cf. N. on I. 26. ~ 5. --     Kat aVrot, they also
i. e. the reinforcement. -         $ao3a-tv, an cagreemenzt, treaty.  avay
Kaiov.  The position of their affairs was such, as to make a suspension
of hostilities with Perdiccas highly necessary. -      c KarTe7rEtyEV,  urged
on, compelled to hasten.  I- loriata Kal6'ApLtorevs 7rapeFXXvr)V
(= the coming of Aristeus) is a form of expression, somewhat similar
to Kpep o            t Kal 7r 1 [F-t   ao-tXeLa (I. 16. ~ 1).  ri(avlro-ravrat, departed from, evacuated.  Cf. I. 139. ~ 1.
4. aqS LKopevoo;r BEpotav K. -. X.  This passage has perplexed commentators not a little, and as is usual in such cases has received a great
diversity of interpretations.  Bauer would distinguish between Berca
and the district of the same name, and thinks that in passing through
the district (aLKdolevoL Iv BEpotav), they  turned suddenly upon the
city (roa Xooplov) in order to take it by surprise.  But it is very unnatural to make Bercea stand for the district, and Xoopiov for the city.
Reiske, Haack, and others would connect KlK(E  EV with rWopeovTro,
thus  making  E7rL-TrpsE;avre.... EXovTrec parentlletic.  In that case,
nowever, the maL in KLEKEi'eEV would have to be cancelled, and the signification, which Reiske gives to E'rto'rprroavres turning their attention to, is also very doubtfiul, since it hardly admits of a question that
TrO  vo~i would have been added, had this been the idea intended to
be conveyed.  Bloomnf. in his recent edition, has rejected the view,
which he formerly entertained of the passage, viz. that the army on
their way fi'om Bercea and at a short distance from it, eitl-ler fiom a
sudden thought, or a premeditated design and deep-laid plan, turned
back upon the city, in order to carry it by a coutp de main.  This interpretation he has well abandoned, though for a different reason (the
absence of m7ropEf{EPTE,vaol between Kd(iKeSJE a. nd E'7r T-ptrp arevTrev) than
I would assign.  For it is very singular that tlhe Athenian armmy in
their way to Potidllca by land, the natural route lying along the coast.
should l ave turned  off anf d mnilade such a circuit to the wvest, as tthey
must have  done to pass throughl Bercea.  I am  inclined, therefore, to
the interpretation of Poppo, Goeller, Arnold, and now Bloof3100, which
makes KdKEIeSV i7rLoTrpE; /avrev, the turning off of the Athenians fi'orn




CnAP. LXII.]                      NOTES.                                   285
Bermca on their return to the sea-coast, which  they had left for the
purpose of attacking it.  The passage might then be rendered: having
pr0oceeded  to Beroca, and hatving the7tnce retirned  (again to the sea),
for they had first attemnpted  to tace the place but were not able, they
proceeded by landcl to Potidcea.  This interpretation makes cal 7TrtpcaO(TCavr.E... EXovrES     a parenthesis, interposed to inform us for what purpose the Athenian army had deviated so far fromn  the direct route
along the sea-shore.  It is not to be supposed that the army struck
the coast at the salne point, where they left it to turn off to Bercea,
btht mntch higher up, and hence E7rrL-rpF+/avreg does not mean, turning
directly  bacc7,, but turning off  towards the  sea. —  rretpc avre-TEe
trd7retpav 7,rotl(rrotzevo. -   Havo-ava ov.  He was either the son or the
brother of Derdas.            qrapE'rrXeov, sailed  along the coast.  K-tar'
8Xiyov,. leisurely, by  slow  marches.           rpLraiol.  The  first  day's
Imarch probably brought theml to Pella, the second to Therme, and the
third to Gigonas, which was about an ordinary day's mnarch, N. W. of
Potidsea.
CHAPTER LXII.
The Potid'aans and their allies encamp on the isthmus (~ 1); Aristens is chosen general of
the infantry, and Perdiccas of the horse (~ 2); the plan of the former, to place at Olynthus the Chalcidians and the allies from beyond the isthmus, and his own army on the
isthmnus to watch the motions of the enemy (~ 3), is disarranged by the forecast of Callias, who detaches the Macedonian horse and a party of the allies, to prevent any sally
from Olynthus, and then marches towards Potidma (~ 4); on arriving at the isthmus
and finding the Potidiean and Corinthian forces arranging themselves for battle, the
Athenians form in opposite array and the battle commences (~ 5); the wing commanded
by Aristeus in person is victorious, but the other wing is compelled to retire before thle
Athenians into the city (~ 6).
1. 7rprE'Okmv^cp, near to Olynthus.  This, however, appears to be
so different from  the position of the Corinthians, as given  in i~ 3-5
infra (viz. under the walls of PotidTea on the side that looked towards
Olynthus), that I am  disposed to adopt 7rpos'OMX'vrov (o0, the side towards Olynthus), the reading  of Poppo, Goeller, Kriig., Arnold, and
Blooimf.  I am  confirmed in this the more by the epexegetical Ev rC
lZ~/, which  strictly speaking  could lnot have been  added, if the
army of Aristeus had been  drawn up near to Olynthus. a-.-. —  iyopav.....eremro7YLvro.  This prevented the soldiers from   straggling into the
city, under the  pretence  of getting  provisions.  rs  rrdXEos, i, e.
Potidmes, not Olynthus.
13*




286                           NOTES.                           [BooK 1
2. rdE~rr/, had revolted, is the aor. for the pluperf.  Cf. Mt. ~ 497,
Obs.; K. ~ 256. 3; S. ~ 211. N. 14.           a rr;ero  yap EVbVE  K. T. X.
This sudden desertion of the Athenians and alliance with their eneinies, mav be referred to the fickleness of Perdiccas, or perhaps to the
unjustifialle attack on Bercea.  v- dv2' aS-rod, in his stead.  Perdiccas was not himself present in the fight.
3. i} yzvudu7 rod'Ap-rtE  =-r0'Aptc-reJ  Bone, and  hence e'xorVT
follows by the constructio ad sensum.  Cf. K. ~ 313. 1. a; S. ~ 237. 2.
e —       rlrpeLv (cf. III. 37. ~ 2; IV. 42. ~ 3)....e wcoo-,, to observe the
Atthenians if they should advance.  For the use of the subjunctive,
see N. on I. 26. ~ 2. ---  l'o ictoo.  The article is rarely omitted before this word, except when it refers to the isthmus of Corinth. --
The article 7go belongs to'Lrrov and not to &maKoilav, since no mention has been made previously of any number.-    LM'rrov, cavalry.
In the same sense we employ the term horse. -;rl arpi r-_ erl r7'v
olorlaLJav.  Schol. --    Kara' vroro, in the rear.   -  0o70ovrdas  Aristeus and his troops.  -     z treai 7rote2,, to  place between.  This
manceuvre, had it been successful, would have compelled the Athenians to have fought with the Corinthians and Potidneans in front,
while their rear was at the same time attacked by the Chalcidians,
who were to sally forth from Olynthus.        ro- -rod' T-OXEMtOVr refers to
the Athenians.
4. a' av, but on the other hand. --     MagKEovas has the force of an
adjective. -'pyooL — ZrL3oo eiv.  The negation after verbs of lindering, denying, refusing, etc. is more usually strengthened by ~,
with the infinitive (see-N. on I. 80. ~ 1). --    rors E;KElEV =TroVS  fKEL
EKELEY,. Cf. Butt. ~ 151. 8. p. 446; Mtt. ~ 596. c (end); K. ~ 300. R.
8.  See also VIII. 107. ~ 2.  The clause may be translhted, that they
mzight hinder those, who were there, from  sallying forth to bring assistance.     auV-rol 8', i. e. Callias and his colleagues. -      dvaor —
(avr-ae To c-rparo7rre0ov  having caused the army to decamp= having
broken ~up the encampment.  -  E7r rm-v IIortaatav.  This shows that
the Corinthian army had stationed themselves close to the walls of
Potidmea.  See N. on ~ I supra.
5. rpbS —EyevoYro, came to. See N. on aetKplSI77av 7rpo4, I. 18. ~ 2.
---— Cog E  AaXfvi in order for battle.  rs here denotes purpose.
---- Kal arol, they themselves also. -.  ob rroXvb vcr-epov, not long
after = very soon.  This battle was fought A. c. 432. Olymp. 87. 1, the
same year (" ineunto quinto mense Attico." Poppo) in which the sea.
fight at Corcyra took place.
6. avSro gives emphasis to K;pav (see N. on I. 38. ~ 2) = the woing
where lay the chief strength, or, the strength of the army (viz.) the




CHAP. LXI LI]                  NOTES                                287
wing commanded by Aristeus.  Opposed to this is ro a' cAXXo crrpcarr
-reAov -infra. -J Katl S'roL....Xoycaec, both he and as many Corinth,
ians as were with himn, and of the rest, the picked mnen.  This sentence
is epexegetical of Kepar.      ir- e7rfr$Xyov  aBOKovTres;E7r 7roXkv, advancen
in pufrssuit a long distance.  The participle here contains the leadllnt
idea, advanced pursuing =pursued.  Cf. K. K~  10. 4. 1; S. ~ 225. 8
--  TFXOS  of PotidTea.
CHAPTER LXIII.
Aristeus having returned from the pursuit, forces his way with much difficulty into Poti
dlea (~ 1); at the cornmencernmnt of the fight, the Potidian auxiliaries in Olynthus issue
forth to ai(l their friends, but perceiving them to be defeated retire within the walls
(~ 2); the Athenians erect a trophy (~ 3).
1. hr opa, when he sees.  Hlistorical present.  S. ~ 211. N. 4.rropro-e....,Xopraca, hee weas in doubt in which direction (i. e. whether
towards Potidwea or Olynthus) he should run the hazard of proceeding.
Between him  and Olynthus were the 1Macedonian cavalry and a detachment of the Athenian allies (I. 62. ~ 4), and investing Potidea
were the 8000 Athenian hoplites and the main body of their allies.
Both directions were therefore full of danger. -          E'r ri 7'OXcvYov.
See N. on I. 30. ~ 2.- 8' ouv, but however.  ov serves here as a
particle of reference — but as to that imatter (i. e. the danger of retreating in either direction). w- vvayaydr'.... Xooplov, when (see
N. on I. 13. ~ 6) he had contracted his forces into as smnall a coinpass as possible (4s ES iXdXtLarov for es rC;Xadxurrov), in order to
cut their way in a dense body through the enemy.  Sonme join  o  E'h s
EXaXtLrov  Xoplov to 3po6tp i3taciaoa at and render it tamquanm proxi-,rum locum et minimi intervalli.  But the notion of space or distance
can hardly exist in Xcoplov.  For hr with the superlative, cf. K. ~ 239.
i. 2; S. ~ 159. 5.-  p/po? ltcdaciarat, running  to force their way
(= to make a rush).  S. ~ 206. 1.  -    7rap rai v X7A xv, along  the
5breakwater; literally, the claw, a name given from the form in which
it stretched out.  The Corinthians could not enter the gate on the
side towards Olynthus, for then the Athenians would have rushed
into the town with them; they, therefore, clambered along the projecting stone-work, which served to protect the walls next to the sea
From  the force of the waves, and thus entered by one of the gates on




288                           N OTES.                        [BooK I.
the side towards Pellene.  In doing this they were exposed to the
enemy's missiles (cast probably fiom  the blockading ships, ctf. I. 61.
~ 5), and thus sustained some  loss.  See Arnold's note on this passage,
and cf. Xen. Anal). VII. 1. ~ 17.  Poppo suggests an entrance to the
town on the side towards tile water.   - A&h rr~s 23aXadr7os, i. e.
through the water between the pier and the walls, which was doubtless quite shallow.  It is strange that any one should connect these
words with JakXXo eV9OS (being shot at), as though the missiles were
thrown over the interval of water.  Yet such is the exposition of
Bened. cited by Iaack. -    kXlyovsr eL  rLvar, so0me few.  r-va'  adds
to the indefiniteness of the number. S. ~.165. N. 2.
2. oi 8'-/ofSot, i. e. the Macedonian horse and the Chalcidians,
etc.  Cf. I. 62. ~ 3. -   drraXE  refers to Olynthus.  -  &  is causal
(=-yap). -    Karaq/avs, iln sight, visible.  "6irjtXdv yap To  Xcoptov 6
"OXvvP3os'."  Scllol.  -    HyE/na j'pSrl, the standard was raised as' a
signal to commence battle.  The proper position of these words is,
therefore, before 1 ua'Xq E-YrYVero.        [paXvb te' rl, some little distance.  See N. on ~1 (end).      fr-7rirs of Philip and Pausanias.  Cf.
1. 61. ~ 4.-    MaxKevre. See N. on I. 62. ~ 4., —    r rXov -
raxElOr. Mt. ~ 309. c. An adverb in the predicate is frequently to be
rendered as an adjective. Here it may be translated speedy, as though
in agreement with Ij VIKq7.      es rs ToErLXoS  of Olynthus.-    ov'er;potS (dative for the adnominal genitive), i. e. of neither party.
~rapeyeYovro in the battle.
3. v'7roo-dvBovs (= Vror owovsais), tender a truce.  It was an acknowledgment of defeat, to demand a truce for burying the dead.
For the idiom by which an adjective denotes the way or manner, cf.
K. ~ 264. 3. c; S. ~ 158. 3. -    oXLy7  iXdcao-ovs TptaKor-ov,   a little
less than three hunlred.  The comparative is fiequently attended by
words denoting quantity, to show  how  munch more or less of the
quality expressed by the adjective is intended.  Cf. K. ~ 239. R. 1.
-—'Arlvnacov    a,r-c.  IIn the plain of the Academy near Athens,
was found the inscription in honor of the Athenians who fell in this
battle.  It was broughlt to England by Lord Elgin, and is now in the
British Museum.  The first four lines have been lost, with the exception of a word or two at the beginning of each line, and the endings
of the remaining eight are broken off, but have been restored conjecturally by Thiersch and Bi3ckih.  This epitaph mnay be found in the
appendix of Sophocles's Greek Verbs, p. 289. In this battle and in the
subsequent siege of Potidmns, Socrates greatly distinguished himself,




CHAP. LXIV.1                  NO T E S.                            289
CHAPTER LXIV.
The Athenians invest Potidea, and circumvallate the side facing the isthmus (~ 1); the
Athenians at home, on the receipt of this intelligence, send out fresh troops, who complete the investment on the side towards Pallene, and thus surround the place on every
side (~~ 2, 3).
1. rT  8' EK TO7  (t-[O0  EvXoV, the wall on the side of the isthmus.
EK implies that the stand-point of observation was from the side
towards Olynthus.  So below, we have r-b' sv rsv IlaXXsvqv (so.
rcEXos), and in ~ 2 (end), io e' rsr IlaOXXtr'vs  reiXoS, the former of
which refers to a point of observation within the city with the eye
towards Pallene, the latter, to a position in which the eye was
directed towards the city from  Pallene, or from  the side towards
Pallene. Arnold says that ";'K corresponds with our of, and denotes
of' or belonging to," of which Poppo says "male interpretatur Arm
exempla diversissinma miscens."       a7roretXlo-avrevr, walling off, i. e.
drawing a line of circumvallation. Cf. ~ 2. infra; III. 51. ~ 3; 94. ~ 2,
et smspe al.    iEs,7)v Ila'XX1vr7v, i. e. either a city by this name, or
the peninsula itself. Probably the latter is meant, as Thucydides
makes no mention of such a city.         are —   tXtrov = ovK adrorEtXLtrov.
So in ~ 2, reLXt(tL  (I7rorEtXLetLv. -   yyvo/lEVOLE &Ixa, being divided.
Potidoea occupied this whole isthmus from sea to sea, so that between
those investing it on the two sides, there could be no communication,
except through the town or by water. Cf. Herodot. VIII. 129 (cited
by Arnold), where it is said that " the Persians, when besieging the
place on the side towards Olynthus, endeavored to get across into the
peninsula of Pallene, by passing over the usual bed of the sea, which
an extraordinary efflux of the water had left for some time dry."
2.: 7rvvavoFevomt-ovo-av.  Constructed with the participle, 7rvvza-,veo-'a  implies an immediate perception, or if indirect, sure and well
grounded; constructed with the infinitive, it implies a perception not
immediate but derived by hearsay. Cf. K. ~ 311. 6; Rost, ~ 129. 4. c.
--      ri 7 IrXcket, i. e. Athens. --    Xpodv  vrTIEpov, in time afterwards
=  afterwards. E- vryov has here its exclusive force, of their own.
S. ~ 161. 1 (end).      clopplwca.  This general, whose name is first
mentioned here, was one of the most skilful and successful of the
Athenian commanders, and shone no less by his eminent private virtues. Pausanias says that he saw the statue of this general, among
others, in a sanctuary of Diana Brauronia (so called from the town of




2950                            NOTES [                          -     ooA [
Brauron).  Cf. Leake's Athens, I. p. 146.  -   e'AO'rVos Sp/cEvo:,
i. e. he made Aphytis, a small town below Potidea where he landed.
the point from which he sallied forth to the seat of the war. -             Kara
f3paXv, by little and little, leisurely. -       Keipov, ravaging.  This word
is usually applied to the cutting down of trees, and hence in general
to the laying waste of a country.
3. ov'ro), i. e. in the manner just mentioned.-       Karh KpacroSr, with
11 their force, or perhaps here, closely, acerrime as Steph. interprets.
-  ravolv is the dative of the agent or instrument.  S. ~ 206. 1..- E- optovTaLe, blockading.  E)oppevh, " stationemn  adversam tenere."
Betant.
CHAPTER LXV.
Aristeus advises that all but 500 men should sail away, in order that the provisions in tWe
city may hold out the longer, but this advice being rejected, he himself, the better to
subserve the Potidmean cause, eludes the vigilance of the besiegers and escapes by see
(~ 1); he performs several exploits, and with the Chalcidians lays a successful ambush at
Sermyla, at the same time sending to Peloponnesus for aid (~ 2); meanwhile Phormio,
having completed the investment of Potidaea, ravages the country of the Chalcidians and
the Bottimeans (~ 3).
1. Kal here connects a genitive absolute with the nominative.ro)Tplas' of the Potideans. -.aXXo (= aXXoeEv) gives this sense to
the passage in which it stands: unless some aid should arrive from
Peloponnesus, or something unexpected (irapaiXoyov, beyond calcunlation)
from some other quabrter'. Poppo, Goel., and Bloomf. edit 7rapa X6yov
as a more primitive form. --    Cave/ov rPpsrraotL, having qcwatched for a
favorable wind.  The participle takes the case of 7roti  aXXoLr, which
would have been properly in the accusative, but is put in the dative
by apposition with abVrois, the omitted object of ~vvejo6Xeve.  ~- o0ros
has here its telic (reXtKiS) signification, i. e. it denotes the final end or
purpose; when the result or upshot is denoted, the sense is said to be
ecbatic (E'KfLar7sK). -      rrt r7rXIov (the longer) o6 -itro  davrtsoxi?.  See
N. on o'rwoo-w7rpor7rotj(rsetav, I. 55. ~ 1.     ro 7v  evrvTo ov   evat, to be
of the number of those remaining, i. e. one of those who remained to
defend the city. The genitive is employed, because the sense of eivaL
is limited to a part.  K. ~ 273. 3. a; S. ~ 191. --    ovXdoevos rTa Errt
TorroLS  7raparaKevdaerY,  wishing to effect that which seemed to be next in
importance.  e7rl rovroLS  denotes a succession of things in time and
space (K. ~ 296. II. 1. b). Hence it is used tropically of what is next to




CHAP. LXVI.]                    NOTES.                               291
be done, next in importance. ---- orros rc 7   Oev EiEt cor aptora, ivn
order that the affairs outside (Potidaaa) may be in as good a condition
as possible.  This sentence expresses the design of'KTrkovv....'AZ7vaYlov.  For the future indicative, see N. on I. 56. ~ 2. --   kXaoov r70vXaKqvb, unknown to the guard.
2. Tr5 rTE'XXa ErroX4/EL, he performed other (i. e. other than the
one here mentioned) warlike exploits.  The construction is like that
of 7rdXF/ov 7roX/epErv. S. ~ 181. 2.     2epFvXtwOv limits r7 7rXect, and
roXXoivs refers to its citizens, since it cannot well be referred to the
Athenians, who have not been mentioned in the connection. Krug.
constructs iepptvXlov with  roXXors.  The sense remains unchanged by
this construction. --?  re....7rpa(o-aey.  " A condensed expression
for es rTev IleXomrVVrrroov 7rrlqtav ErTparo-oev." Arnold.  The construction is explained in Ns. on I. 18. ~ 2; 51. ~ 3.
3. Ler...... drorol-XtLv, i. e. after the investment of the city had
been completed. -          Kai.....Xe, and some towns he also took.  On
the phrase'krLv at (some), cf. K. ~ 331. R. 4; Mt. 482; S. ~ 172. N. 2;
c. ~523.
CHAPTER LXVI.
The Corinthians and Athenians mutually accuse each other in respect to the affair of
Potidsea, the dispute not having yet led to open war (~ 1).
1.'Al-vootos   and IIekXorovvrqolots limit qrpooy'yeyirrvro. —   airtua
(see N. on I. 69. ~ 7)!eiv avrat.  The article is omitted, when the pronoun stands as the subject, and the substantive as the predicate of the
sentence. Cf. K. ~ 246. R. 1. a. -        rogS tev Koptv2otsr. Repeat mentally 7rpooryEyEvrv7ro airatL i'Atisvalotr. -      Eavrcov ovoav adrotKclav
which was (see N. on iVTrer, I. 8. ~ 1) their colony. -          E7roXtCopKov
refers to the Athenians.        rotis a' responds to the preceding Toor
EV. ----- 7rOXt  i. e. Potidwea. d- d7rEo-rToav, had caused to revolt.
in respect to the tense, see N. on I. 62. ~ 1.  For the verb used causatively, cf. S. ~~ 207. 2; 133 ('to-rsmc), and see I. 81. ~ 3; 104. ~ 1; IJ.
80. ~ 1; III. 31. ~ 1, et smepe al.      oo- (t(tv follows WeadxoVro. —rad  ro     rrpobavors -  -rpoavrr.-.        ob.... ~vve )`iet (from  o-rv.5y7Vtct), nevertheless the war had not yet broken out, i. e. the Peloponnesian war had not actually begun, these acts of hostility being
only introductory to it.;yevroTL —y   nevertheless indeed, is used when
in reference to what precedes, a thing could not have been expected,




292                             NO TES.                             [Booa IL
but yet is so.  Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. ~~ 730. a; 735. 6. --   /aq, i. e. in
their private capacity, and  not as members of the Peloponnesian
confederacy.
CHAPTERS LXVII.-LXXXVII.
These chapters contain the debates in the congress of allies at Sparta,
illn respect to the complaints made against the Athenians, and are entitled
iAAXoyos RCV svyAu Xwv  e'v AaKE6ait/Lovi, which Poppo would alter to  A'Xosyos
T-zv AaiceOaIsuovoWv reptl Tv YKaX77A/1,tM  yV Tv JUvuCUXWY. After an introduction
(chap. 6"7) the speech of the Corinthians is given (chaps. 67-72); after which
the historian briefly accounts for the presence of the Athenian embassy at
Sparta (chap. 73), and reports their speech (chaps. 74-78); the Lacediemonians then deliberate by themselves (chap. 79), and are addressed by Archidamus (chaps. 80-85), and by the Ephor Sthenelaidas (chap. 86), after which,
the vote is taken, and the treaty decided to have been broken (chap. 87).
This portion contains some of the choicest specimens of a condensed and
vigorous style, that are to be found in any language. The orations, although
alike fervid, energetic, and pointed, a:'e yet in perfect keeping with the
position and design of those who uttered them, the Corinthian speech being
full of burning invective and sarcasm, the Athenian, eminently soothing
and pacific, while the oration of king Archidamnus is replete with maxims of
profound political sagacity and experience, and that of Sthelelaidas is blunt
and laconic, almost beyond what might be expected even of a Spartan.
These characteristics will be more particularly notioed, in the analysis and
general divisions of the respective orations
CHAPTER LXVII.
fhe Corinthians, enraged at the blockade of Potidaea, exhort the allies to go to Lacedaemon,
whither they also repair and criminate the Athenians as truce-breakers and unjust (~ 1);
the DEginette also secretly foment the disturbance (~ 2); the Lacedemonians, therefore,
summon an assembly of the allies, and all who have any cause of complaint against the
Athenians (~ 3); various accusations are made by the allies, and especially do the Megareans complain, because they have been excluded from the Athenian ports and market
(~ 4); after which the Corinthians come forward and address the nssemnbly (~ 5).
1. 7roXtopKov/xLEV7 8} rij  fIortSalaa, but when Potidmc.s ars besieged.
9f. S. ~ 226. ----  vpv,......eLOrS, their own mnen being in it, and




CHAP. LXVII.]                NOTES.                             293
they also fearing for the safety of the plaee =fearing for the qfety
of the place and of their countrymen in it. -     rapeKXovv  = exhorted them to go.  The verb receives this fulness of signification from
Es, the preposition of motion which follows.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2.
--   KareFioJ'V-A7rjalgoov, clamnored against the Athenians.  For the
genitive after Kmara in composition, cf. K. ~ 292. R.; S. ~ 194. N. 3.
Xe- XeXVKOTreS  E. A participle with. eit (or its compounds), and
e'Xo, KVpE6o, etc. is sometimes used instead of the verb of the participle
or the sake of emphasis.  Cf. Vig. p. 117. IX.; S. ~ 89. 1. For the
optative in the oratio obliqua, cf. S. ~ 213. 2.
2.  eBlo'res, because they feared. See N. on I. 9. ~ 4.-   KpVa  e;.
Haack and Goel. place a comma after the words, and thus refer them
to 7rpeo-cTev'd/vot, sending atmbassadors not openly but secretly.  So
Kriig. also explains it.  Hermann ad Soph. El. 1059 thinks that ODEv —
N' in this place are employed, as though it had been written oV tawl,
Oavep&s  E7rpecrj3EVoVro, Kpv/Jqba    i 7rpeofevdpIevot cvryov.  Bauer refers'Yviyov to 7rpEof3EVOLerVo L and renders it: suaserunt bellum non [aperte]
per legatos sed occulte. But, as Poppo remarks, in that case we should
have expected the collocation, or pi'v qavep)r, rrpepo-fev/evcrot.  I prefer
to make Kpvqa qualify E'viyov: they did not openly send ambassadors,
buet secretly did much to urge on the wear.  /ev and e' are used to connect different sorts of words, as may be seen in the examples cited by
Mt. ~ 622. 3.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 765. 2.-   avro'vo/ot (having their
own laws independent). See N. on UovXol, I. 34. ~ 1. — Kara ras aroovbdr. There is considerable doubt in the minds of interpreters, to what
treaty reference is here made, or in what way the independence of the
zEginetme was guaranteed.  The Schol., whom  Bloomf. is inclined to
followv, thinks that those states whose names were not subscribed to
the treaty, were regarded as independent, and gives to Kara r-a  wrLrov8as  the sense, according to the spirit of the treaty.  But it should be
remembered, that _Egina was conquered by the Athenians six years
before that treaty (viz. the thirty years' truce), and from this fact,
together with the secrecy with which, through fear of the Athenians,
they excited the Lacedemonians to war, it is very evident, that they
were included in the treaty as f'vorovaot (see N. on I. 40. ~ 2) of the
Athenians, and therefore were not avro'vo/,ol.  Od. Miller (2Egin. p.
180) thinks that reference is had to a treaty of alliance, made through
the influence of the Lacedemonians, in which the liberty of the Gre.
cian states was guaranteed by mutual stipulations. Goeller also seems
to incline to the opinion, that reference is had to that mutual arrangement of previous jars and discords, which took place at the suggestion
Af Themistocles, before the second Persian invasion, and by which




294                          NOTES.                          [Boon 1.
independence would of course be secured to the ~EginetE.  The best
solution of the difficulty, which I have met with, is that of Iriig. in
Stud. Hist. p. 192 (cited by Poppo, Suppl. Adnot. p. 127), "Cquum
ovrovSal, nisi quid accedat, ubi de belli Pelop. causis agatur, semper
sint foedera tricennalia, horum lege aliqua Lacedremonios iEginetaruin
a7rovojqlu  putat prospexisse."  In this thirty years' peace, which I
cannot doubt is referred to here, some provision, doubtless, had been
made for the independence of Egina, although in what manner it
does not clearly appear.
3. 7rpoorrapaKaXE'o-arre r-z' ttvpiaXcowv, having sutmmoned their allies.  S. ~ 191. 1.-      The 7rE after $vadXowv is omitted by almost all
the recent editors, which makes Ka' epexegetical (= nemipe, etiam,
Poppo), i. e. serving to introduce el rts (ihoever)....'Aryvaicov v as
explanatory of r&v ~vpladXwv.  If rE is retained, then Ec rt 7  refers to
other states than those in league with the Lacedsamonians.  But
waving the consideraition, that the Lacedremonians had nothing to do
with the grievances of other states than those which belonged to the
confederacy, the suggestion of Haack, that the presence of re would
lead us to expect tl rT rTLS  a'Xos, or e rTL AmXXos, makes me prefer its
omission in the text. — r 7 a'XXo-IK5cThGat. In the active a&8K;,
governs two cases, the latter of which is retained in the passive. Cf.
S. ~ 177. 3. ---  tXXoyov-rOv Elcosora, thle ordinary assembly. Sometimes a smaller and more select assembly (6 /tLKpah  KKX?70-la), Xen.
Hellen. III. 3. ~ 8), consisting probably of the equals (ot 08totol, Seers),
was convqned, and as Mifiller (Dor. II. p. 89) thinks, was chiefly occupied with the state of the constitution, and to distinguish it firol  that
assembly, the one here spoken of has the epithet rov lctdoodra. To this
common or general assembly, all the citizens above thirty years of age
were admitted.  The place of meeting was west of the city of Sparta,
between the brook Cracion (i. e. Saffron river) and the bridge Bfbyea,
and the assembly was held in the open air. The Schol. on this passage
says, that the regular time of meeting was each full moon. Extraordinary meetings might, however, be called at any time in cases of
emergency. Cf. Mtiller's Dorians, II. p. 90.
4. cOs E aou ot, severally (see N. on I. 3. ~ 5), each in succession.
cal, and especially. See Jelf's Kuhn. (~ 759. 4) on the incressive force
of Kal, when preceded by Kalt aXot TE, or similar words.     oK XlTya
m-any.  u-!aXLo-ra U8, and particularly. --  XtpIevoXv depends on
c'tpyyoa2sa according to S. ~ 197. 2. Why the 3Aegareans were excluded
from all commercial intercourse with the Athenians, we are not informed. The words of the decree are found in the Schol. on Aristoph.
Ran. 273. D.




CrIAP. LXVII,l                   NOTES.                                   29E5
CHAPTERS LXVIII.-LXXI.
These chapters comprise the speech of the Corinthians, at the congress of
the allies in Sparta.  The exordium  extends to chap. 68. ~ 2; then follows
the argumentative portion, which extends to chap. 71. ~ 4, at which place
the peroration begins.  In the argumentative part is, (1) a complaint o.
the systematic ambition of the Athenians (chap. 68), and (2) of the supineness of the Lacedaemonians, which suffered the evil to remain unchecked
(chap. 69); (3) a comparison between the Athenian and Lacedemmonian
character (chap. 70); (4) an urgent appeal to the Lacedremonians to bestir
themselves (chap. 71. ~ 3).  This speech is spirited, pointed, abounding in
thle most bitter sarcasm, mingled with delicate strokes of flattery, and admirably adapted to the purpose for which it was delivered, viz. to exasperate
the Lacedmmonians against the Athenians.
CHAPTER LXVIII.
The Corinthians begin their oration, by a kind of complimentary complaint of the good
faith (ro 7rtun-T,:,) of the Lacedemonians towards one another, which rendered them blind
to whatever might be said to the prejudice of others, and ignorant also of affairs abroad
(~ 1); on which account, the previous complaints of the Corinthians had been disregarded,
as though arising fiom selfish interests; and no council had been called until they themselves had suffered wrong, whereas none had been so deeply injured as the Corinthians
(~'2); a long exposition of the unjust acts and ambitious policy of the Athenians is
unnecessary, since they make no concealment of their deeds, and there are present in the
assembly those, who are either already enslaved by the Athenians, or threatened with
the loss of their liberty (~ 3); Corcyra and Potidsea are alluded to, as examples in proof
of the aggressive policy of the Athenians (~ 4).
i. 7ri  7LtTOr',.... K(IorrTtv, the good faith, which characterizes the
managenment of your internca   affairs, and your private intercourse,
renders you mnore incredulous in  respect to others (i. e. tie  other
Greeks), wohenever anCy thing is said (to their prejudice); literally, if
we sayJ aC2ny t7/hing, but as Bloomf. (cited approvingly by Poppo) remarlks. 7' rTL eyOseEv is nearly equivalent to in whatever is said, the
cllhange of persoln acc.olnllodatirng the dictum generale to the speakers
themselves,  anid promot-ing brevity of expression.  ro 7rLo-TV   denotes
an abstract idea, and is employed with the article for the substantive
(K. ~ 26)3. y; Mit. ~ 269; S. ~ 158. 2; C. ~ 449. a.  See N. on I. 42. ~ 2).
KaC Kh' U/aWS  avrovsc  OXLTELCaS is opposed to ra'Eo 7rpdyuara at the




296                            N O T ES.                        [BooK 1
close of the section. Poppo, Goeller, and Bloomf., with Kistem., place
a comma after dro-Trorpovs, and connect E' TOVS -   AXtovr  with the
following words: more incredulous in respect to what is said against
others.  But the brevity of the construction, as well as the sentiment,
is marred by such a method of punctuation, and the charge of indefiniteness, which is brought against the common pointing, is removed by
supplying from the context Kar' atr;Tv  with XE7yo/Ep. -        a-romT refers
to the characteristic of the Lacedvemonians just alluded to. o- c-opoOrvvpj, moderation, wise caution. Some interpret it here, the demeanor
of a just and ypright character. ( —      alia....Xp.. oSe, but you are
the more ignora~nt of affairs abroad (i. e. out of LacedTlmon) = you
labor under grea9ter ignorance in respect to the affairs of other states.
2. a..... OXa rreorat in what respect we were about to be injured by
the Athenians =what injuries we were about to receivefrom? the Athenians.  For the construction of a-3Xairrre-,at, cf. N. on rl a'XXo-'1&bK71(a -, I. 67. ~ 3.'p- &rJp't C 7IEPL rEp  CKELtOv a.  r- 71TV pia"(tLL
E7roteLrte =  E —iav(IverE (Mt. ~ 421. Obs. 4) only a little stronger, you
did not vmake the im2provement (which you ought). --        \ XX&.... lorreVOEiTE, but you rather suspected the speakers. Poppo and Goeller make
rv XEyov7owv depend on the latter part of the sentence, the formula ce
Xiyovor- being the same as if it had been written adXXa Tir XEkyo',rov ro
XeyelJv EVEKEV TrcOv aVTroS  18ba  tac(lopov  rTreVoeLre) yout suspected that the
speaking of the speakers arose from  private interests, or, as our idiom
would demand, you suspected the speakers, that they spake from private
interest.  But there is no difficulty in constructing Trwv XEYovrcov with
v7rIEoeTre.  Cf. I~. ~ 273. 5. f;  MIt. ~~ 342. 3; 296. 3.  -  EeKVCa 7GmV
avro;l s lbLa &Lamopcov, on account of those things, owhich are advantageous to then capacrt from others ( -for their p2rivate adcvantage).  1[aq is
used adverbially and may be translated by an adjective.-    7raOrXEv,
sc.?Lyats.     e- EELhJ ev T 6 E'PyC /  0E-Y1  __ rnh 17h1 T9) O!T&L 7 rat 7 /XOIel
quo tenmpore jam injuriam accipimus." Poppo.  ev rTc efpyo =  in ipso
articulo perpessionis. -     7rporKEl.... E'XoLev, we have the greater
right (ovX i'Kt-(ra - dAXM-ra) to speak, by as muchc as we hcave the
greater charges to make.  When two superlatives in two different
propositions, are compared with each other by means of Tro)or'T —
Ao-, the former of these words is sometimes omitted, especially when
the proposition with hoac follows.  Cf. Mt. ~ 462; Jelf's Ktihn. ~ 870.
Obs. 1.
3. /aavets trov o'vreS, being in anywise concealed from view = irn a
clandestine manner. -   av belongs to 7rpoc;EEL, thenre would be need
of. —   As (= lutpote) o'uK E'O'0-L (se. ~l/7V), for you who did not know
Ct.  Cf. S. ~ 201. N. 4.  - -     refers to rovTrovs or  p/aq the omitted




CHrAP. LXIX.]'                      NOTES.                                   297
subject of AaKs1yopv. ---- Reference appears to be had in E8eovXcoIeYvovS to the AEginetm, and in roas 8' E'rrlovUX'ovra  avrovr (a varied
construction for rovr 8' d7r~oovXevotlEvovs), to the Potidmans and Megareans.      avroios refers to the Athenians. -           -OK'KLo-Ta.  See N. on
~ 2 supra.  ~-   jucuuXots is in apposition with rois 8f. -            EK 7roXXoV
7rpowrapaEKgevaopetvo/vs (sc. 8pare friom  the context)*     ruw o     L7oetras    ras
eavrcv aipa-prlar, Kal yLyv)cr-Kovra  cS'  7rarcvros   OVK oaEdLE-ea, ILXXal raro
XE/~1oS/1O ev.  Schol. --- El 7OTE r   XeroXe7covraL (= future passive.  Cf.
Soph. Gr. Verbs, p. 37), if ever they should be warred ~upon.
4. ov yapp.... etXOv, for otherwise (i. e. had  not their systematic
design been to enslave Greece), they would not have withdracton, Corcyrao (from  us) and held it in spite of uts.  Steph. and Duker think
that vrro- here denotes, in ca secret, or underhand mzanner.  For bvroXa3ovres  -etXOV,  see N. on 1. 53. ~ 2 (end).  /3ta;7chv.  Cf. N. on 1. 43.
~ 3.-      Jov ro  E;ev, the one of wohich, i. e. Potid.ea.  f'-re is to be
supplied in this sentence. - - rpo  ra m        ri t i   OpKr7s  aroxpd oatc =  7rp5s
mrh srni OpIK'r  (see N. on I. 30. ~ 2)  oTre dXproXpasmoatl  ir l OpPaKS,
ut plenuznm niuctucm  percipiatis ex  terris vestris accd  Thraciamn  sitis.
Goellei.  Thus also Arnold: so as to give you  the fuill benefit of your
domvinion in the neighborhood of Thrace.-    q 8', i. e. Corcyra. -
aim rapixo-e, would furnish.
CHAPTER LXIX.
i'he Lacedemollians are blamed, for having suffered the Athenians to fortify their city and
build the Long Walls, thns enabling them to enslave even the allies of the Peloponnesian
confederacy (~ 1); their tardiness in convoking an assembly of the allies, and their wvaent
of a definite plan are also reproved (~ 2); the crafty and stealthful imovelnents of the
Athenians will become more open and decided, if they perceive that the Lacedellonians
know their designs, and yet make no effort to frustrate them (~ 3); the Lacedsvmoniains
are sarcastically told that they conquer by delay, and seek to fight tile enemly when their
strength is doubled (~ 4); that the same slu-gishness which tihey manifested in the Persian wvar, characterizes their movements in relatior to the aggressive policy of the Athenians, to whose blunders the Corinthians have been indebted more for success, than to
any assistance from the Lacedasmonians (~ 5); an apology is made for the apparent
severity of these charges against the Laced. monians (~ 6).
1. rm&vSa  refers to  the  aggressive  nmovements of the  Athenians,
which have been referred to in the preceding chapter.                Kul vorTepop
responds to ra' me  rpcarov in the previous proposition.             ra  ucotapaireiXrs,  the long walls.  By these walls a fortified way was open from




298                          lNOTES.                         [BooK 1.
Athens to her three ports, Pireuns, Munychia, and Phalerus, of which
the former was by far the largest and most celebrated, being capable
of containing 300 ships. The southern wall was built by Themistocles,
and was 35 stadia long and 40 cubits high.  The northern wall was
built by Pericles, and was 40 stadia long, and of the same height as
the other.  Such was the breadth of these walls, that tTwo wagons
could pass each other on the top without coming in contact.  Besides
these two walls, there seems to have been a third or Phaleric wall,
concerning which, see N. on II. 13. ~ 6.-    s rTdSe re adt, u2p to this
time contilnuclly. -   roVvs VLErE;povs-v/tLaxovr, i. e. the iEginetn,
Megareans, and Potidweans.  -- ov yhp.... 3pa, for' not the one who
enslaves (is the principal offender), but he who, having the power to
prevent, looks on (and permits it), is more really the agent of the transacton - to him, who does not exert the power' which he possesses, in
preventing one from being enslaved, more truly belongs the guilt of the
trcansaction, than to himn, who actually peforms the deed.  This sentence confirms the charge made in the preceding rTvcSe VpELs ai'rtot,
and is therefore introduced by yhcp cornfrmantis.  See N. on I. 53. ~ 2.
avr6, i. e. ro 8ovXoo-aSut. --    ctrep.... eperatL, if he also (Kal) claimns
for himself the reyputation (7r-v d;'ocrtv) for virtue, as the deliverer of
Greece.  Arnold quotes Hermann ad Viger, N. 310: " EI'ITp BOKEi (Oot
dicimuns ei de quo non certo scimus quid ei placeat, ant de quo id
nescire sim-lamus.  E'LYE BOKEE a-ot dicimus ei de quo scimus quid ei
placeat," and remarks that the sense is: if he makes a pretension to
the merit of being the deliverer of Greece, we cannot say whether he
does make it, but if he does, then, etc. E)evsepco, I amn a liberator,
as Oqevyo signifies among other things, I cn an exile, and vLKaro, I am
a conqueror.
2. dXlst, tardily. ---  r  (for which Poppo would read yl) refers
to Kal ovb8 vVv, both-and also now (that we are met together) not for
any evident p2urpose (lrw Oavepo4s).  The Schol. explains Eirit rvepoaTr
by Kal vuv yap aFbtpiXXtXeraL,    E ci abKo4eaa, doubtless from  the following context, which is indeed epexegetical, yet not so as to give the
sense to Er qhanvepols, assigned it by this Schol.-   Tyap in the next
clause implies an ellipsis, for (if we had met together for any definite
purpose) there would be no need to inquire, whether we have been injured or not (the proof of it being so clear and abundant), but in what
mCanner (KaY' OTl, i. e. Ka3' o',rt) we may avenge ourselves.  On the matter here complained of by the Corinthians, Poppo remarks: " Etenim
conventus sociorum non a Lacedaemoniis hoc ipso concilio, ut bellum
decernerent, indictus erat, sed Corinthiis auctoribus multi legati Sparainm venerant."  Cf. I. 67. ~ 1. -o  ot yah... f.rfpXovrat, for these




CHAP. LXIX.]                 N O T E S.                         299
(i. e. the Athenians) acting from plans already formed, are now attacking, and not about to attack those, who have come to no decision. After
examining with care all the interpretations, which this difficult passage,
has received, I have convinced myself, that the above is the true
translation, although others will perhaps think differently.  Bloomrf.
quotes Goeller's interpretation, by which BpJrTErS is made to denote
the cause of /3qE3ovXcvUyEo = " decided because up and doing."  But it
seems to me more natural to make 23f3oVXEvtEvol thle cause or ground
of the action expressed in 8pcovrcr. Such a translation also meets more
fully the antithesis, which exists between  Ef3ovXEv/'evot and ovb &Eyvcodroars. I concur with Poppo in regarding ot as put for the demonstrative pronoun, instead of the article belonging to 8pco&zresE, since in that
case we should suppose that aSiKca would have been added, or that it
would have been ol -yap dtLKOYvTEE. The reader will easily perceive an
antithesis between'qE — rEpxovrram and ou ptlekovrras (se. ETrEpXEretrLt).
3. Ka[, yes, indeed.  -  Kar' 3Xmtyov.... rnXs = by little and little
they encroach utpon their neighbors. -- XavSavetv.... V'ttyv, whe, they
think (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6) they escape detection through your inattention.  Betant explains ro alvalo-7rov (see N. on ro mrtro-rv, I. 68. ~ 1),
stupor, negligentia.  The expression is intended to be somewlhat severe, yet should not be translated stupidity, a term far too offensive
to have suited the purpose of the Corinthians, which was to sting, but
not to provoke to anger their powerful auxiliaries, the Lacedtmemonians. That the word denotes simply unobservance, want of attention,
is also seen from its antithesis with etdoras in the next sentence.  The
general sentiment is this: as long as the inactivity of the Lacednemo-;m16, in respect to the unjust acts here complained of, was found to
result from inattention or want of knowledge, the Athenians adopted
a cautious and timid policy; but now, when they know (as they must
hereafter) that it arises from  a disregard and negligence, which the
most certain intelligence cannot affect, they will press on more vigorously and courageously in the work of enslaving their neighbors.
4. ytap may refer to  arXvpors Ey7Kgel0ovraT, the ellipsis being: (and
no wonder)./br you alone of the Greeks, etc.; or it may introduce the
proof of the foregoing proposition = your indifference and inattention
is plainly seen, for you alone, etc.  I prefer the former interpretation,
as being more simple and natural. --     rf IEXX7o0eL),  by threatening
demonstrations.;uXXr/otLS implies the holding the stick constantly
lifted up, but never striking." Arnold. " Proximne sequentia docent,
1nunctationem Lacedmmoniorum argui, quippe qui putarent, cunctando:em posse restitui; quare eos desides potius, quanm cautos et providos
(dairaXEir) perhilent Corinthii."  Haack. -     OIvot. Repeat'EXXrj



300                           NOTES,                           E[Boont L
Mvo. --   pXoo&vm7v  r7}v aqo1,Lv "t)the incipient increase."  Bloomfo
--     L7rXaaotov;vrlv belongs to rljv aV61qotv in the modified sense of.strength.  It is not easy to find a specimen of more bii;ter sarcasm,
ulan is contained in this section.  Its effect qn the Lacedlanmonians
must have been highly exasperating.
5. KaroL... E.KpTreLt, and yet (notwithstanding your remissness)
you woere spoken of as being sure (i. e. firm and trusty friends), but ti/en
the report of this (ov = rov doUbaXeg Teoat) ezceeds the thing itself, i. e.
the fact as it really is.  " apa is used to denote something which has
come suddenly and unexpectedly upon the mind, so as to produce surprise and wonder thereat." Jelf's K niln. ~ 789. 4.  Bauer and Poppo,
however, take iapa in the sense of ut nunc apparet, and &bv (i. e. 7repl
&v. Mt. ~ 342. 1) 6 X6yos, they render, fca6na de vobis.  Goeller also
refers it to the Lacedmernonians. But cf. Jeifs Kuiihn. ~ 820. Obs.; Mt.
~ 439, where examples are cited to show, that hv is a neuter relative
referring to a previous sentence.  -roi  Epyov FKparEL.  Kuihner (~ 275.
c) ranks this with the causal genitive, inasmuch as a ruler necessarily
supposes a subject, and a subject a ruler.  But I prefer with Matthlime
(~ 359. Obs. 1) to take Kpareiv in the sense of KpE1o-aCro  euvat, and thus
to refer the genitive to the idea of comparison contained in the verb.
S. ~ 198. 2. —-  yahp introduces two examples of the procrastinating
spirit of the Lacedmuemonians.  It is therefore y/fp cofirmnanztis.  Cf.
N. on I. 53. ~ 2. --    rv-Mb 7 o0v, the king of the Persians, just as 6'Aptemvto  and 6'Ao-o-6ptoS in Xen. Cyrop. are put for the Armvenian
king, and the Assyrian king.  That Xerxes instead of Darius Ilystaspis is referred to, is evident from  e7rl  reV UIEXoYrdvcorov,  which could
not be applied to the first Persian invasion, as that was directed
against Athens. --    K Ei reprcov y7r, from the extremities of' the earth.
A  similar hyperbole is found in Matt. 12: 42.          dc$log is added,
because of the inadequacy in numbers of the forces first raised and
sent out under Leonidas to Thermlopyla. -             7rpoWxan7rTouaL is punt
after 7rpo'rpovr —'.  S. ~ 223. 3. --   Kceivov refers to the Persian king.
--    repLopare.  See N. on 1:. 24. ~ 6.       rtdvl roiv  E2rehev aVTrol  instead of you yourselves invading. K. ~ 308. 2. b.  For the nominative
with the infinitive, cf. Mt. ~ 5,36. - e'rrto'ras  depends on dtLve Crat.
-     E TvXaao....Karao-rT7 vat, to e xpose yourselves to fortune (= the
chances of war) by contending woith them, wohen they are mzvch stronger
(than they were at first).  For the construction of (dycvt(dIueo, see
N. on I. 9. ~ 4. -    7ro(rrtdTevot (see N. on 0`vrer, I. 7. ~ l)-o-crqXE(va.
When followed by the participle  ftrro-rao-hat and  etlbaL signify to
know, by the infinitive, to know how to do something, to be able.  f. IK.
~ 311. 2.  -  Treol aorr, by himself, i, e. by his own fault. The Schol.




C,P LXX.]                        NOTES.                                     301
refers this particularly to the battle at Salamis. -            r 7r rXe'o, for the
most part.   -        pos  aUro3v  i rob'A7uvalove =e'v r   FrOXf A) T    7rpbOS
avrovs  robe'A~sovagovr., —         ro t- = —qrOTX(Lt. t  -,   i..   heO
Corinthians sand their allies.  -     roY r  5tlhapvtmao-tv, by  their  errors,
blunders.         7rrepLyEyevq1ue(vovs depends on Er'rTLrTLEvo. v   -- d' c Ivo
Bekker, Poppo, Goeller, and Arnold edit dai' V/cL~v,  referring it to the
Lacedmmonians,   who were not included in the preceding  Syair. -'arEt.  See N. on I. 12. ~ 1. —     at /ye verEpat EXarLeS, the hopes placed
ten you.  On these words Haack  remarks: brevius et obscurius dictum  pro  alt EXrT8es rtLfopl'aS  rLvo'lF ra' vitv.  The possessive pronoun
stands here for the objective genitive.   Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 652. Obs. 6;
S. ~ 162.         LV —    ras  " fortasse ad Eubceenses, I. 114. spectat, saltein ad
Potideatas, I. 58.  Idemn  postea accidit MytilenTis, III. 2, et seq."
Poppo. -         &('t ra -rtr-reo-rat is to be taken with  a7rapa-rKeVovr.
6. Ipr8lsIr bsV -- eogor, let no one of yozu thinle.  S. ~ 218. 3.-'Er' gXbpqt, from  enmity.  7- rb  rTXiov   7 airfa = and not rcather in the
way of remonstrance. -           arl-a in  the  sense  of reprehension, blame,
is here opposed to  K(rs7yopla, accusation, criminal charge.   -   SIXoav
dvSpcY.  The Schol. supplies Kard, but there is no  necessity, as it is
the objective  genitive after atarl.   -- adapravdv-rov, who have erred
(see N. on I. 8. ~1), is opposed to adBK1-dcvrcov.
CHAPTER LXX.
The orator, after slightly apologizing for the tone of rebuke in which the Corinthians indulged, on the ground that they had been the greatest sufferers, charges the Lacelednmonians with being ignorant of what sort of people the Athenians are, and how  widely
different from themselves (~ 1); the Athenians are fond of innovations, quick to invent
and execute, the Laceedmonians are content with present things, slow to plan, and accomplish only what is absolutely necessary (~ 2); those are bold and confident, these
cautious and distrustful (~ 3); those are restless and continually roaming abroad in order
to gain something more, these are procrastinators and timid in respect to the enlargement
of their possessions; they pursue their advantages to the utmost, and maintain their confidence even in defeat (~ 4); their bodies are employed in the service of the state, as if
they belonged wholly to others, but their minds they use as most peculiarly their own,
to promote her welfare (~ 5); while they regard themselves as deprived of what is their
own, by failing to secure the object of their aim, their ambition to acquire is never satisfied with present gain, and every loss is repaired by the confident expectation of something else in its place (~ 6); of all men, they have the least enjoyment in what they
possess, and deem  it a great evil to be inactive (~ 7); in short, they neither enjoy rest
themselves, nor suffer others to enjoy it (~ 8).
1. Kalt /ea, moreover,  besides.    -'arep  rtvES  Kal dXXoL, if  any
lthers — if any body else. -           Benedic., in  order to rid the Corinthi14




302                           NOTES.                -         [BOOK.
ans of the charge of too much arrogance, separates rois rrEXas by a
comma from  4odyov (blame) rE'VEvEyKELV, and supplies Visv.  But upon
what then can'rot rrrXas depend?  It is evident that under the indefinite term  -ros  rE;XaS, the Lacedminonians are referred to. -
dXXkosw.... KaZeToTrcov, especially wohen such great interests are involved.
rov L8a0epdvrcov/.  Cf. II. 43. ~ 5; VI. 92. ~ 5.  "Loquitur de ingeniorum morunique discririne, quod inter Athenienses et Lacedmmonios
obtinebat."  Haack.  But such an anticipation of what is just about
to be brought forward in so natural and easy a way, is certainly very
unlike what might be expected from  such a writer as Thucydides.
And besides, we should have expected &laodpowv instead of 8taErpoYvrcov, and also the explanatory adjunct 6'Uv  Kalt rZTV'AIvalowv.ty.v 7e, to us at least (however you may have appeared to others).
Notice this restrictive use of yE. o- o8'....e'rat, nor ever to have
considered what sort of persons the Athenians ar~e, against whom  you
will have to contend, and how much, yes (Kal), how entirely they differ
from you.  o'ovs —'A?5rvalovs  olrauE  outot cEitv'Aq7vaot rrvpbs ov'r, by
attraction of the relative.  K. ~ 332. 7; S. ~ 175. d. Ltpv is to be constructed with 6 dyxov c'arat.
2. yE in ot juyv ye denotes the reason of what has just been said.
Cf. Jelf's KIiihn. ~ 735. 4.  The comparison between the Athenians
and Lacedmmonians, which now follows, has ever been regarded as a
masterpiece of its kind, and has been often imitated by subsequent
writers.  The antitheses are all pointed and well balanced, the comparisons are bold and striking, and the delineation of these rival states
is so accurate and well drawn, that it needs only to be once looked at,
to be forever impressed upon the mind. -   weoreporrotol, "projectors
of novelty." Bloomf.; "'evolutionary."   Liddell and Scott. Cf. Miiller's
D)orians, II. p. 4.'-rr-voo-rct otLsr, quick to devise, of' quick invention.
See N. on I. 50.' ~ 5 (end).  -  irtrreXeorat pyo, to accomplish, indeed
- to carry into  execution.  -          EKEVO -..  V/lEt' o'.  Supply
tiavot, or some such adjective from the preceding 03ES. E —    rtyiviwa
U78uv, to devise nothing new (" excogitare non aliquid novi."  Betant)
literally, nothing in addition  to the present.  This expression is op
posed to the preceding E'rrtvoro-a.  So also Epyp —i@ e'o-'ua (to accomplish, ezecute) is antithetic to the foregoing E7rtrneoXact Eapyp.
3. Kal 7raph hivaluv, eve~n beyond their st~rength, "ssuppra vires."
Betant.  -  7rapah yvoujv,); beyond the limits of' prdence." Bloof.;
"prceter animni voluntatem."  Poppo.  3- EvEXirtLer, of good hope,
cheerful.      ro 8hi 6U4repov: it is yotr m ethod.  "The possessive
pronoun in the neuter is sometimes put for the personal pronoun."
Mt. ~ 466. 3.  Here it stands with 7rp6aa$, for VteiEsv with the finite




OXAP. LXX.]                     NOTES.                               303
verb.  Cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 436. Obs. 1.   - Tnis T.... rpa5at, "not to
act up to your powers."  Liddell and Scott.  Poppo thinks that the
idea of coinparison lies in EvEii, so that it may be translated, to achieve
less than you have the ability to do. --    r   rE 7yvo&1sL-T-ot f3ef3aIotIS
Tr~7 Iefala yvc/an.  Cf. Jelf's Iiihn. ~ 442. a.        irv Trf  EtvLu)
depends on  ar7oXviao -0eaat (se.  tads), you will be released from.
This clause answers to  7rrt rots 8eZvols EvX7rTLEE  supra.
4. Ical [rqv Kat, and ftirthermore, and indeed also, is often used
when some new  point in the discourse is taken up.-  nrpo  bvpas'
/LEXXrJr-a, in comnpzarison with you lingerers.  Cf. I. 69. ~ 4. --- - rro8q7iuaral,  roamers, peregrinfators.  To this e;v8br7oraTrovE is opposed. -
Tr                 Torov.(ta [r r, terarLical, that by their absence they amay acqui'e soreething. Absence on military expeditions is here referred to, inasmuch as,ry i rov(eta is opposed to rcT  E-reXXev,, by invading (others).   6Lefis.
Supply o'te1 ELt from the context.     ra-   roteia (=  -a v7rapXovra) refers
to that which is ready at hand (see N. on 1. 20. ~ 3), and hence is
easily applied to possessions already acquired. -- roiv eXzp)r depends
on KpaTrovvrT.        XE'pXovrat. Abresch supplies TrO KpaTEiv, longissimee
victoriam? persequuntur, or avroas, hostes ulciscuntur.  Bauer, whom
Poppo follows, more correctly takes is;pXovrat in a neuter sense, longissimze progqrediuntur, i. e. they push forward and occupy much territory, and thus enjoy the fruit of victory.        w7r' e&iXtLrroT  (-= ove
eaXtXc-rov.  Schol.) belongs to  ivairlrTrovc'-Lv.  This verb signifies to be
dispirited, dejected, the metaphor being taken fiom  the motion of a
rower, who inclines backwards as he pulls the oar (Xen. (Econom.
VIII. ~ 8), or fromn  a man falling backward from  a clariot (Sopll.
Elect. 729), and hence by an easy transition it is applied to mental de.
pression. Some, however, take the verb here in the sense of recedlunt.
5. ErT 8;, and moreover, and besides.       dkXXorpLoradroLt, as if belonging wholly to others, so insensible to pain do they seem, and so
regardless of hardship.  akXXorptcoraLrots =    T-rE Er'aL dXXorptcprara, or
crorep OVla-Y XorpLOT rrotL.  The commnentators cite Greg. Naz. p. 41,
where he says, that the martyrs bore with cheerfulness their sufferings, Co-crep eIv aXXoploLE scotIaaLv; and Isocrat. ap. Plut. de Glor.
Athen. TroV  E'v Mapa&CovL 7rpoKtvbveVEovraE, cOerrep atXXorpiaLs  t v4Xats
qjro-as e'laycovrlaeo'atL.  To which citations Bloomuf. adds Joseph. 1253.
10. K(Il TE -r   xacs X(opLr-avres  darwo Tow v.fJ(CraTo)o,    orTEpoElr  os' dMXorptots E'Xpwvro.  By the force of tile antithesis riY 71IpC,   b  o8KeLorCray~
ihas this sense, but they use their mnind as mnost especiallg their own,
i. e. they employ their mi:d with the most perfect independence, in
projecting new plans for the aggrandizemnent of their state.  The gesneral argmnent is, that although the Athenians yielded up thleir bodies




3804                           NOTES.                            [fBoox L
to the service of their country, as freely as if they did not belong to
them, yet in the exercise of their judgment, they were free and indepeadent, and invented each for himself new modes of advancing the
interests of their city.
6. a  tE'v I'v, wJhatevelr.  AY with the relative and subjunctive belongs to  the relative, to which it gives indefiniteness.  Cf. Jelf's
Kiihn. ~ 828. 2.  For the construction of the relative, cf. Ift. ~ 481.
Obs. 1.  etL EKELva is omitted after EddXSCrcLv, and is tl-le antecedent of
-a.  -   olKEa orE(pea.Lt.  Some editions have OiKEItov.  But or7pctr
often takes two accusatives.  Cf. K. 280. R. 3; Mt. ~ 418; S. ~ 184.
N. 2. X —    iya.... rrpa'aavTres, they thin7k (iyovrrat, to be supplied from
the preceding context) that w/hat they have chacnced to perfomrz  is small,
compared vith, wh7at tlhey are about to achieve (,rphg rah iXXovora). Construct rvXEWv with 7rpaL4avres  (S. ~ 225. 8), and consider the omitted
obIject of Wrpd(ritVEE as the antecedent of a. Some take 7rpcdavnrFe as an
infinitive  after I7yodvrat, and make ra /E'XXovrZa TvX~EV  (or EKEVaZ tyV.XXuov-t rvXELv) equivalent to r-  tEXoJTvra 7ev'O-reo'aUL or $vla/wLctv.
But Iyei-2;Tat is not among the verbs which are followed by a participie in place of the infinitive (of. Mt. ~ 534. b; K. ~ 310); and besides,
neither of these equivalents can be put for      FiXXovra rVXEt. -
Ka, een. -i ro   v i. e. Tovt. -      ~ Erpa limits c4aXovLY. -     aVTEX7rraunlTrers  XXa,  by hoping (see N. on I. 9. ~ 1) other things in its stead,
i. e. as a compensation for their misfortune.  -  irrXpcorranv has the
sense of the present to express customary action.  Cf. K. ~ 256. 4. b;
S. ~ 211.:N. 2.-   e'xoouvL.... iErtocc, they 7have and ho)pefor'whatever they are plcanning in like manner, i. e. they possess as soon as they,wish; they have and wish at the same time, so rapid are they in the
execution of what they have determined upon (&8a ro raXieav K. r. X.).
The Schol. notices, as the order of the states of mind and acts here;poken of, plan, expectation, action, possession. a E- iva a'. So Ao (ill
the next clause) = -Keivcov a, the antecedent depending on ETtLXEIlputLV.
7.  a...../otoXoVrot, and t7hrough all their lives, they toil at all
these things with labor acnd danger.  tfoxtoSL-t is.lere followed by
ravra as its cognate  accusative.  See N. on  I. 5. ~ 2.-  b ai rd
(ift KgraoiaL furnishes the reason, lwhy the Athenians have little enjoyment in their p)ossessions, viz. becaulse thley are conrtiinually b78Sy in
acquiring nwore. ---  cal.... vrrpait),?and Ithey considee notthi2ng else a
festive dccy, than to do somzething nzecessary; or mnore  freely, -they reycar'd no day as cc festive one, bus- that in wh1ich they are engaged in
some necessary business, i. e. they make it their highest alnusemnent, to
be occupied in the business which they hlave on hand.  The Schol.
says that allusion is h)ad to the opposite conduct of the Spartans. who




CHAP. LXXI.]                       NOTES.                                   305
in the time of their festivals (e. g. at the Hyacinthia and Carnea), abstained from  active war.  Cf. Miller's Dorians, II. p). 259. -             7'1vXtav.  Repeat mentally  7yeio-Sat, which  here  and  in  the  )preceding
section is followed by two accusatives.  Cf. K. ~ 280. 4; S. ~ 185.
8.  1 7trt —- YPEX o)V  qat7, if  one should, sleak  brief, -- to  speae
briefly, to say in  a loord. -          aivrovs  is the  subject of 7weCVKEVaut.
The subject of EXELv is the avrois  immediately  preceding it. -             E- a7
Repeat EZXeLv r7vxlav.
CHAPTER LXXI.
The Lacedrmmonians are charged with hesitation, although opposed by such a state, and
with the erroneous notion that safety consists not in promptness to avenge an injury, but
in doing no harm to others, and in receiving no injury in self-defence (~ 1); such a policy
was unsuited to the present times, and useful only in states enjoying tranquillity under
the influence of unchanged institutions, whereas the Athenian customs were formed on a
model entirely new (~~ 2, 3); the LacedLenionians are therefore exhorted to succor the
Potidaeans, by an immediate irruption into Attica, unless they wished the Corinthians
and their other confederates to seek some other alliance (~ 4), which in such circumstances they could do without the guilt of perfidy (~ 5); but to which course they
would by no means resort if they were aided (~ 6); wherefore they should deliberate
well, in order that'the Peloponnesian confederacy may suffer no diminution from their
hands (~ 7).
1. raVrs.r... 7rroecors, yet although (see N. on I. 7. ~ 1) such a state
is arrayed against you. --    ra'r —rotairm1sr  this-of such a sort
this, so formidable. a- Kam   oltec-e rmv co-vxtaI   K. r. X.  In  this passage there is some obscurity from  the position of oV, and the want of
conformity to the preceding structure in the closing words, r' lcroy
ve4Eve, which, as Haack and Goeller observe, should  have been (iXXci
Ka  EKELVOLr —-ol am 2rt r~ t-I XVETO t'-o  LJIoLO, as though  the
sentence  had  commenced with mKat ovK o'E-(rbE rTV cJ-VXLii  voro),si —
apme'v.  The irregularity of construction, however, renders thlle sentence mnore emphatic, by avoiding the  construction with  the  re!ative
E(iicELVOu-oi av-v- co-ct).  In respect to the words in  detail, rOTOI.vr
limits adpKetr (sulpetere, permianere. Betant). r —     ruc Lbpcoi7reOi is the
genitive denoting the whole after rocurotr, to  those of mzen = to  those
mven~.  r- e'rt rrXL-o-rov is not, as Reisk. translates, gtam  mnaxinse, but
longissime.  So Arnold:  they enjoy  the longest yeace.    r-5 7,rapa
JrKEVfr, as opposed to t-j ymvcxy, is to be taken nearly in the sense  of
rT  f'pyc.  So Levesqu. renders it: dans les enterqprises.  The word
ased, doubtless, to denote the apparatus of war, sufficiently great to




306                             N OTES.                           [BooK 1.
repel any aggression of rights, and yet not employed in the prosecution
of unjust enterprises. Bloomf. adheres to the translation given in his
first edition, in [vitT,] institutione.  Arnold paraphrases the passage,
and pays no special attention to the word, which has received different shades of translation fron allnost every annotator.        7F aatIKoJvrat is to be taken with Er-trp;LoE'o0res, and not with aBXotL  o-t as Gottl.
supposes.  For the personal instead of the impersonal construction of
8bXot, see N. on I. 93. ~ 2.  In respect to the use of the future participle hErtrpj; ovTreq, to express the existing fact of something about to
happen, cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 681. Obs.                     yorl..... vrere, you dealjustly
(i. e. practise what is just) o01 this lr)inciple (ErI) not to injurs others,
and to receive no injury yourselves in self-defence.  The sense of t —
re and Ka L —1 is here, not only not-but also not, which gives emphasis to the second member, in which lies the reproach.  Bloomf.,
after Bredow, Mliill. and  Goell., gives to errl rco -t  XvwreFTv-rT Tro V
vEefre the sense: ye na7ce justice consist in the not doing injury. BIut
this, as Bioomf. himself acknowledges, is not supported by the usus
loquenzdi, and how could the Corinthians blame them for entertaining
such ani idea of justice?  iull here denotes a principle or condition of
action.  Cf. K. ~ 296. II. 3. b.     daLvv6~EvOL belongs to t  f3XairrnE2at~ as a participle of means (see N. on I. 9. ~ 1).  The idea is, that
thie Lacecldtmonians never suffered themselves to be harmed in self-defence, and were unwilling to run any hazard in repelling aggressions.
It is singular that Bloomf. should translate this clause: in re2pellinig in.jury so as not to be harmed, inasmuch as promptness in repelling injury was the very thing to which the Corinthians were inciting the
Lacedlsemonians, and no fault could surely be found with them in doing
tlhis in suchI a way as to receive little or no harmn.  This translation
also mnakes the antithesis to lie in /' XvWreiv and amtvvodtrvomt Mn5, whereas it evidently is to be found in IA' XVre7SE and t;/ 2SXdirrco-xat.  In
few places is more difficult Greek to be found than in this section.
2. 6polq, i. e. of like peaceful institutions and character.  A Scho
liast explains this: 6/loyv,;dovL.  Poppo and Bloomf. prefer the explanation  of another Scholiast: rTh'o-a CqXoao-, sc. ESTmrlbeviara.  ----:JprTL EvSbXCora/pIES.  Cf. u.e.Tr.....f7 8sv I. 70. ~ 2. --  apXatorooTra,
obsolete, antiquated.  -  srpos amroos (i. e. rpos c7- cvaurcv), in compacbriso~n with their iostitations.  Cf. Mt. ~ 453; S. ~ 202. 2. N. 1.
Steph. very justly elicits firom  the preceding proposition and adds to
this, the clause ras av ro{'rov rvyXdavotre.      avaKyCr.... Kparetv is a
brief expressi(,n, says Poppo, for dvcdyr)  b6  El (Kal ev rots 7 ErtrL7eVuao-L) ra' Ertytyvoiteva Kparetv, co(Trep rTXvSqS aet Ta EWrytyLYoLeva (those
things which are latest) Kpuare.  The genitive rxvt7s  (= iv r,? rex.iT)




Caxe. LXXI.J                   NOTES.                               307
depends on rah elytyr{/.Leva to be supplied from  the context, and not
on Bta or repl, as Bloomf. supposes.
8. ravxaovO7Jy pev 7rdXet (to a city indeed in a state of rest) limits
applTra, the copula E'orlv being omitted.  S. ~ 150. 4.  -  rpo;  wokkXX
— Leva,  "snvultis negotiis implicare."  Poppo. ---   Ert 7reov r /covErl 7rXE'oV r7V UC&OV, or 1u'rlt 7rko    r&h a   cvm, since ra rym'Arvalcov
precedes.  Goeller.
4.   XPX.... puaPBvri,  thus far (and no further) let your sluggishnzess go; "1 let your sluggishness have reached its full limits."  Crosby,
~ 577.  Arnold puts iL;XPt evy onv ro08ie [plI-to for IeXpt Tov8e Trpo-;`iXovra Ev2,avra ropin-aco. -  The Chalcidians, Bottimans, etc. are
referred to in rons re AXtOLS. I- Kara raXoq e-a-XovTES, by lzmaking a
speedy irruption.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1.  Kriig. constructs Kamr raXOv
with  3orn9]o'are.    i'ta has here its telic sense. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1.
~ vyyevecE.  The Potidmans were a colony of Corinthians, and, as
belonging to the great Doric family, were also kinsmen of the Lacedimnmoiians.-   7rpos Jripav rtva  vUaiqaXlav, i. e. the alliance of the
Argives, who were hostile to the Lacedemonians.
5. Bpppeyv 8' iv. The optative with aZv is used per ~modestiam. So
in English, we should do (in case we performed the act) is a less offensive mode of expression, than towe shall do, assuming that the thing is
to be certainly done (cf. K. ~ 260. 4. a; S. ~ 215. 3).  The protasis is
here contained in the adverb ov'rTs, which may be mentally supplied
from the context. Cf. K. ~ 340. 1.-     rpiw ae&5V, in the estimation of
the gods.  Cf. Xen. Anab. II. 5. ~ 20.  r-   i   6opKIv = who preside
over oaths.  So we find the god of war, the god of eloquence, meaning
the deities who preside over war and eloquence: --    aL('aavonl vwv is
generally taken in the sense of a'r3Znr-v eXorovTov -=  ppovltcov (who are
capable of feeling and observing.  Arnold), inasmuch as it would be
very harsh to supply a pronoun referring to oaths, which have only
been incidentally alluded to in  eJv rcOW OpKloV.-    XVovo-t has its
subject in oI-7r'pooto-IvV-E-  = eKELVOL Ot rponatav.  S. ~ 225. i.   8'
Epqtltav, through desertion, by reason of their abandoned estate. -    oi
pfio /3orovvores.  Repeat XVnovOrL.  -   oLr = EKELvoLt oLn.
6. f3ovXdtoevwv (if you are willing) contains the protasis, as does
also teratOakkod/evot in the next clause.  The protasis is often thus
found in the participial clause.  Cf. S. ~ 225. 6.     E eloJlrpleF in your
alliance. --     o'ata.  "; This word, like sacer, in Latin, has two aiparently opposite significations: ri o&rao  Kal Tor tIKarovy, what is pious
towards heaven and just towardgs men, and again, o'o-a Kal Iepa, things
profane and things sacred. The first is the original sense of the word;
and its second signification arises frcm this, that those things which




308                             NOTES.                              [Boos
imay piously be touched or used, are those which are not sacred; i. e
which are profane."  Arnold. --   -vvqrEo-Trpovs, more congenial (to
us) in habits.
7. TIeXo7vorlJcov.... rapedoo-av, "studete Peloponneso ita }jracesse,
ut ea non minor sit quarz, etc."  Poppo.  Keil. thinks that iXao-oro
E'$Tyero-Zat is briefly  spoken  for  E'Xaoro  Kanrao-zo'at ctr]yovpevovs.
Mauller (Dorians, I. p. 198. N.) translates E',17yeriaat, ad finem  (;n-)
srcesitis, i. e. (as Goeller thinks) po1rro facite, ut p'cesitis.  To I-aack
the sense appears to be, " expedire Peloponnesumn ex eo discrimine, quo
nunc i7mpiicata est, sociis quibusdam  propter mnzetum  ad aliam,  societatemr defecere conantibus."  But it does not appear that any of the
confederated states were attempting to revolt at this time, and Thucydides has nowhere, to my knowledge, employed eVyelo'3ae in this
sense.  I prefer, therefore, Poppo's explanation, as best answering
the verbal demands, as well as those of the context.  The general
guidance and direction was not exercised, as Duk. supposes, over all
Greece, but only over Peloponnesus.
CHAPTER LXXII.
An Athenian embassy happening to be at Sparta, and hearing the charges brought against
their state by the Corinthians, judge it proper to respond a few things concerning the
power and resources of their city, that thus the Peloponnesians might be less inclined to
war (~ 1); presenting thelnselves, therefore, to the Lacedsemonians for this purpose, and
leave being granted, they commence their oration (~~ 2, 8).
1. mu' bi'Atqvalow fe'rvXe 7yp 7rpeor[ela.  The construction is somewhat irregular, there being no governing word of TrC'Aspvnaliov, which
stands first for the sake of emphasis.  The word, therefore, is thrown
for dependence on the explanatory clause, or rather, as Kiihn. (Jelf's
edit. ~ 786. Obs. 5) remarks, the two clauses are so compressed together, that the subject of the former is placed in the latter, and even
follows the government thereof.  The regular construction, according
to Goeller, would be: rogs be'Ar7valotr,  rv TVXE  yp (=  as) 7rpeo'/3ela
(anbrfv)-rrapova a,al CKaoS- e-oe TrapLTrrrea; or as Arnold constructs and
explains: rf7jv 8i'AqIvalovn rois 7xrp4E(o-L  rrraparVXovot ro're 7rapa ronl'
AaKeBaepovulot KeaL Trov Xoyvw a.o'-oisEvotS, e'Boe 7rapLr1TTea evatl, in English running thus: but the -Athenians happening at that time to havse in
embrassy at Lacedemon, and hearing whaCt toas said, resolved to address
themselves to the Lccedceimonian government.  Examples of a similar
construction may be found in I. 115. ~ 3; VIII. 30. ~ 1. The principle,
according to Goeller, is, that the subject of a proposition is always put




CHAP. LXXII.]                 NOTES.                               309
by the Greeks, as near the beginning of the sentence as possible, when
a transition is made from one subject to another. The new subject
being thus placed first, the reason of the predicate immediately follows,
before the predicate itself, and the subject is made to depend grammatically upon this reason, rather than on the predicate.  See Arnold's
note, from which this rule of Goel. is cited. See also Mt. ~ 615.  The
confusion of the present passage is increased by the presence of Kat, in
Kat So o'/NETro r&v Xdyovr, which connects the principal sentence to the
explanatory or subordinate one, and thus carries on its construction.
Cf. Mt. ~ 681. 2.  Kriig. makes'Avclrowv depend on 7rpeo-et)a, and
compares I. 115. ~ 4; VIII. 30. ~ 1. -'rvXe —rapovora, chanced to
be present. --'XXwv than the business of replying to the Corinthians. --  7repLr7-rca is followed by da7roXoy7c(ro;vovs  in the accusative,
because it is equivalent to 7raptvrat MEvr (S. ~ 178. 2), they must go. Cf.
Mt. ~ 447. 4; Butt. ~ 134. 10. N. 4. It will be seen, that the construction changes from the future participle into the infinitive, at 87Xj)oCrat
de (cf. Mt. ~ 532. c).  The incorporation of the dependent with the
participial clause by the infinitive, is less close than by the participle.
Cf. Crosby, ~ 614. a.       roii  AaKEcattlorLovs   refers probably to the
Ephori; as it is opposed to Tr 7rX7}1os in ~ 2 infra.-   hr follows EieKaXovv  as a genitive of the crime.  S. ~ 194. 4. -   7repl roo navrdr,
ins a general way.  e- co4E-q.  The indicative in this substantival
sentence after 8mqXfioat, would have communicated absolute certainty,
instead of probability, to the thing spoken of. Cf. K. ~ 329.  According to Mt. ~ 529. 2, the optative is employed because the time of the
action is future.    dv 7rkeorvL.  Supply Xpdrv) since,rkelovt is opposed to raxeos.      Ka'i alaa introduces another reason why the Athenians made no reply to the charges of the Corinthians, viz. because
they preferred to employ the occasion in descanting upon the great
power of their city, in order thus to dampen the ardor of those who
might otherwise be fierce for war. -         broXe', is properly the subject
of Etq, but is transferred for the sake of emphasis into the principal
clause, and made the object of roq-mraL. So the Latins say: nosti
a~rcelhusnz qguam tardus sit = -ua-m tardus sit lthiarcelus.  See N. on
I. 61. ~ 1.-   ba/attyv is the accusative syneccldocl-lical. -   _ v =  KelV6W  [, of which equivalent, the antecedent limits VcrmrT~J-vr.  So the
next hv = EKEc Vor, v) the relative taking the genitive after [7'reLpoL.
Mt. ~ 346. a; S. ~ 187. 2.    dt rc&rv Xdyywv, from these reresentations.
2. rois AaeaatqovtoLet.  See N. on ~ 1 supra. — e   E 7r-b rXZos, to
the assembly, i. e. the same which the Corinthians had addressed. ---
E  L A t  rrarOKOXVOL), unless there should be some hinderance.  Poppo
from several MSS. edits edbroKoXvet.
14*




310                              NOTES.                               [BooK L
3. ol 3', i. e. the Ephori. -        7rapeXJo'vres, coming forward as an
orator to speak. No difference in sense should here be sought between  MrIeeVat and 7rapEXo6TrVE.
CHAPTERS LXXITI.-LXXVIII.
In these chapters we have the speech of the Athenians.  The exordium
is brief, being contained in chap.'73. ~ 1.  The argumentative part is comprised in chap.'73. ~ 2-chap. 77, and is divided into, 1, an enumeration of
the great services of the Athenian state, especially in the Persian wars (chap.
73. ~ 2 to chap.'74); 2, a defence against the charge of ambition and unlawful means to increase their power, which was brought against them  by the
Corinthians (chaps. 75-77). The remaining chapter (78) contains the peroration, in which the Lacedmemonians are urged not to engage precipitately in
war, but to obtain a redress of grievances by negotiation. This spefech is
admirably adapted to remove the impression made by the grave chai;ges of
the Corinthians, being a calm vindication of the conduct and policy of the
Athenians, interspersed with sundry references to their general patriotism,
and remarks upon their good treatment of the allies.  There is, however,
throughout the whole oration a tone of firmness, indicative of the unalterable determination of the Athenians to adhere to the policy, upon whllich they
had hitherto acted, and to make no concession, which would abridge their
authority, or hinder the enlargement of their power and dominion.
CHAPTER LXX I I I.
The Athenians commence by stating that they came to Sparta on other business, but feel
constrained, in view of the outcry raised against their state, to come forward, not to reply
to the charges of the Corinthians, inasmuch as the tribunal was not cotrpetent to try the
Athenians, but to show that their power was lawfully possessed, and that their services
entitled them to praise and honor (~ 1); without referring to things more remote, they
-would recur to the Persian war, a reference which, however unpleasant to make so frequently, they deemed necessary, because they, if any, ought to be entitled to whlatever
good might result from a recapitulation of their services in this war (~ 2); this they
should do, not in the way of deprecation, but to show against what a city war was now in;ottemplationr (~ 3); at Marathon they engaged singly with the Persians, and in the battle
of Salamis were present -with all their forces, and thus helped to save the Peloponnesian
cities from being destroyed in detail (~ 4); of which the strongest proof was furnished by
the Persian king, who hastily retreated, after the battle, with the greater part of his army
(~ 5).
1. avrtXoyluv here takes the'dative ro7is  cr/v'pogr, because allied in
signification to avrtXEtryev rml.  Cf. Mt. ~ 390; Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 602. Obs.




CELAP. LXXIII.]                N O TE S.                            311
2.  The reading   erLE6T'pOts, found in some editions, is evidently erroneous, for the Athenians were never the allies of the Corinthians, blut
were only at peace with them. --     rept  -v _=  repl E&KElvov repL vw, or
rrept EKEWLcov a, of which the relative is used synecdochically.  ~- au,3oJEsvoL —otvvav. See N. on I. 26. ~ 3.   - KarafTofv is also a verbal noun
(like dvrtXoyiav), and, after the analogy of its verb, takes [4pwv in the
genitive. See N. on I. 67. ~ 1.      7rrap'XkoIper is followed by the subjunctive (3ovXEVo-tr/7o-e), because the act, althlough past in its performance, is present in its purpose - we have come forwarcd and zow address
you in order that, etc.  Cf. Rost, ~ 122. 9. N. 4; S. ~ 214. N. 1. —
ohv-vrepovrres  (not to answer to. S. ~ 225. 5) is to be taken with dXX'
O&rOe K. r. X., the intervening words being parenthetical. -    ovre piov....XoyoL is briefly put for oUVE {i&v 7rpos reoOrrV,7 oVTE TOVTy  rrpOs.tqaps  ot XoyoL.  For illustrations of this sort of brachylogy, cf. Jelf's
Kuihn. ~ 876.  Bloomf. makes;I/c/v and ro'raov depend on haKa-raLr,
with which he supplies ovoatv.       av yiyvotvro.  The protasis is to be
supplied from the context. See IN. on I. 71. ~ 5.'hroog —3ovXe~vwOSE is referred to by several grammarians, to show that Dawes's canon
is erroneous, viz. that 0hr-co& is never followed by the subj. aor. 1, act.
or mid.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 812. 1; Mt. ~ 519. 7. p. 885. See N. on I.
82. ~ 5.       r Pa)'gqcosc belongs to Xetpov 3ovXeVo-7o-eF, in the sense of
may not rashly (literally, easily, readily) acdopt bad counsels.     - 7rEtSo'FevotL denotes the means.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1.        KOL tc/4ila introduces another reason why the Athenians came forward to address
the Lacedmemonians.  I-Ience [3ovXdleVOL may be rendered, bhcause we
wished. See N. on I. 9. ~ 4 (end).        ov'rie (reLKoor0, not unreasonably, not withozut cause. --      diia Xoyov = dcd'trvamvor. Schol.
2. 7rctvv 7raXXeta iS referred by the Schol. to the Amazons, Thracians,
and Heraclid.e. -    T-I  = -there is no necessity.          h.v (i. e. ra
7raXata) depends on  aadprvpes, and  }KKoai-X0Jycov, may be rendered
hearsayJ (Xoyot daKovrOrEVreg. Goel.), as Hier. Miiull. interprets.  Duk.
takes XdyCov in the sense of lo-ropLjv, and malkes a.Ko(lt Xoyov -- =i ErK
hCroplpa   7rapahoors. --  r7Jv daKrov Ioo — v     of our' auditors. --  Ed  al.... rrpoaXXopEvotr, 1" although it be rather irksomne to us, to be forever
bringing this subject forward." Arnold.  This is essentially the interpretation of Haack, Poppo, and Goeller.  Some respectable critics,
however, place a comma after  po-rat, which gives the sense, although
i't is rather irksome to you, (yet) we must bring these things, etc.  But
besides the objection advanced by Poppo, that persp)icuity in that case
would have demanded 7rpopaXXofdVrovS, we Lave another more decisive
one, viz. that it would have been a needless utterance of a sentiment
highly offensive to the Lacedtcmonians, whereas if'mtiv be supplied




312                           NOTES.                          [BooK I.
after A&' gXXov-e'-rat, a:s it must be according to the pointing of
Dindorf, it becomes a modest disavowal' of any other reason than
necessity, for the utterance of that which had become stale with the
Athenians themselves. -     Kat dyap, and tr'uly.  Bloomf. supplies the
ellipsis: and (reason is there that we should) for when, etc.
SKLVaVVeroVET0 they were hazarded, i. e. they were achieved with danger.
-. i...... LETEr-xeTe  a substantial par t of which (4  referring to
wc/EXEla) you have shared.  This is far preferable to the sense given
by some annotators, the actual doirt- of which you have shared (i. e.
you have shared in the labors and pel is, which attended the achievement of Grecian liberty), for the object of the speaker was to show
that Greece was mainly indebted to the Athenians for its liberty.
The argument then is: if the Lacedminonians shared in the liberty,
which the devotion and heroism of the Athenians had secured, they
ought surely to leave to the Athenians their share of the glory of the
transaction.  In this way the antithesis is clear: you share in the
result, let us share in the glory of the achievement.  But I cannot
understand why it should be brought forward as a reason for the
meed of glory claimed by the Athenians, and made the basis of their
demand upon the gratitude of the Peloponnesians, that the Lacedmmonians had a principal share in the dangers and labors of the war.
It was true in itself, yet such a prominence given to the Lacedaemonian services, would not only have been foreign to the design of the
speaker, but:-ould have rendered the argument perfectly worthless.
For the consul c-: ion of f'pyov iEpo'r ICricrXETr  cf. ~ 191. N.
3. ii71-?rcrat, sc.  Xoyosr from the preceding context. -    7rpbr o'la
-TOdXv, against what sort (in respect to its services and power) of a
city. --     l e  3ovXEvoXEV roItv)  nless you adopt prudent counsels. See
N. on I. 71. ~ 6 (init.).
4. -yip in qapCdv yap (for wtoe affirn) introduces a more expanded
account of the services of the Athenians in the Persian war. See N.
on yap in I. 53. ~ 2. --- LdvVO 7rpoltvSvvEvoa;t 7T  Oapupipcp, that we alone
ventured to commence the contest with the Barbarian   Some prefer,
that we alone braved the Barbarian in behalf.  Cf. Liddell and Scott,
sub voce rpuPOKtV8VVEVo.  As it respects the employment of ouvot, the
Platmean auxiliaries were so few in comparison with the Athenians,
that, by a very pardonable hyperbole, the orator entirely overlooked
them. The adjective is here put in the nominative to agree with the
subject, as it has already appeared, the subject of the infinitive being
omitted.  In respect to the dative after 7rpoKtvSvreo'-at, it is to be referred to the construction 7roXqeelv rmtv. -    Ore To V('orepov kXttev refers
to the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. --- on5X  rlaroZ oEJTeS inasmuch




CHAP. LXXIV.]                     NOTES.                                  313
as we were not able.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 4 (end). -          rravStel.  A few
were left in Athens, who were slain by Xerxes, when he got possession of the city.  Cf. Herodot. VIII. 51, 52. --          rrEp  UXE'e f —r1opwehv, which restrained himv from   laying waste.  For p' with  the infinitive, see N. on I. 10. ~ 1.         Kact-a 7roketLS  by cities, city by city.
---- avvariov av   vTrcov (sc. ivcxOv from  rv IleX07or0'vvlo-0), for you
would have been unable.  "The participle with av frequently has the
sense of the future, and is equivalent to  eE'XXev with the infinitive."
Jelf's Kihn. ~ 429. 3.  Cf. S.;i,215. 5.  The protasis (L 2E'rrXEL is to
be mentally supplied.  See N:; on I. 71. ~ 5.
5. avr5s  refers to Xerxes. --         Co....  cvvacdeov, thinking that his
force was no longer eqfual (to what it had been before), i. e. perceiving
that his strength was broken. So Goel. and Arnold interpret, but
Bloomf. renders, inasmuch as the force he had was no longer of equal
match with the enemy. In respect to the construction, " a participle
with ogs signifies the same thing, as a participle of a verb denoting to
think, or to say, followed by an infinitive or an accusative with an infinitive."  K. ~ 312. 6; S. ~ 225. 4. --  TO  rEXovt is a masculine, and
is the dative of accompaniment. Mt. ~ 405. N. 2; S. ~ 206. 5.
CHAPTER LXXIV.
The orator proceeds to say, that the Athenians contributed to the naval fight at Salamis
three things, viz. the largest number of ships, a most skilful commander, and the most
untiring zeal (~~ 1, 2); the Lacedemonians, when alarmed for their own safety, came
to their aid from cities inhabited and designed to be in future inhabited, whereas
they, sallying forth from a city having no longer an existence, and encountering danger
in behalf of what they had but faint hopes of saving, preserved both the Lacedmmonians
and themselves (~ 3); had the Athenians gone over to the Persians, or had they feared
to embark on board their ships, the Lacedmmonians would not have ventured upon a
ttle, and the issue of the Persian invasion would have been far different (~ 4).
1.  roltorovr —rrov,  SUCh an event as this.  a-  c &roas   b8qXw ros,
it ctearly appearing.  The subject is ort....eyeEro.   The participle
frequently stands alone, when the subject is readily supplied from the
context, or is indefinite, a pronoun or some general word like rrpadypara,  XpW.ara,  avypoonrot, etc. being  understood.  Cf. Mt. ~ 563; K.
~ 312. R. 4; S. ~ 226. b.  -     v —iyvero,  consisted in, were suspended
upon. --    acvpa (rorpaTLY /OV  OvverrPrarov.  Thernistocles is called by
Herodot. (VIII. 124), daop 7roXXhv'EXXivov a-o0&)raros.  Our historian




zgb t4        -en vq t j it                 t~[BOOK I
in I. 138, says many things concerning his energy and eminent abilities.-     Es rAT  rerpCaKOlaS, to the four hundred, depends on oraperXodtEsa, and therefore Matthim (~ 578. f) is wrong in citing this passage in proof that e's signifies about.  In respect to the number of
ships said to be furnished by the Athenians, if &0o ILotp.jv signifies twvothirds, as is the opinion of most of the commentators, it must have
been 266. Yet, according to Herodotus, their quota of ships was 180,
to which, as Bloomf. suggests, may be added the twenty ships furnished by Athens, and manned by the Chalcidians, thus making 200, the
number set down to them  by Demosthenes, Diodorus, Plutarch, and
Nepos. This then may be considered the true number of ships furnished on that occasion by the Athenians. But how are we to reconcile with this, the number given here by Thucydides? As usual there
have been almost as many conjectures as commentators, but none of
them in all respects satisfactory.  All the MISS. except four (or according to Arnold, three) read rerparKOco-av. Bloomf. is disposed to follow
those four MSS., in which is found the reading rptamor-ovr, which
would remove the difficulty as far as the number of Athenian ships is
concerned. But then another difficulty arises, for Herodotus reckons
the whole number of ships at 378. Here then, on the supposition that
rTptaKOlovr is the true reading, is a discrepancy of seventy-eight, or if
the twelve.Eginetan ships, which were guarding the island of iEgina
in the time of the action, are subtracted, there is still a difference of
sixty-six. In order to avoid the difficulty, Bloomf. supposes that only
300 took part in the engagement.  Arnold conjectures that the twothirds of the fleet here claimed by the Athenian orator, was an overestimate, perfectly consistent with oratorical exaggeration, and that
when Demosthenes gives, as he does,' the real number of the ships,
and calls it two-thirds of the whole, he states the number to be 300.
Didot takes G6o zotp&mov in the sense of one-half, and this opinion
Goeller adopts in his last edition. The reading of Demosthenes, which
is  rptaKobrov   ov rv  a-Co  rptLpewov r&a  aLaKoolas 7 Iro'rXt 7rape'oxero, they would change from rptaKoo-i)v into rE7rpaKoG-lwv, and thus
harmonize the conflicting passages. But would it not have been more
natural for Thucydides to have written rTas iuco-elamy or 7,o m/Uv? I
know of nc way to remove the difficulty, except by the change of
reading proposed by Bloomf. and Poppo, for the statement is too disproportionate to the truth to be attributed to the exaggeration natural
to orators, who, before so grave and discriminating an audience as the
one here addressed, would find it necessary to adhere in some degree
to the statement of things as they really were.  Col. Leake (Athens,
II. p. 251) I find comes also to the conclusion, that rptaKorlar is the




CRAP. LXXIV.]                  NOTES.                              315
true reading in the passage before us. --- vavpaXo-at depends on
atrLCtra7or —EyEVero wasa the most instrumental in causing the sea-fight
to take place in the nrarrows.  Cf. K. ~ 306. 1. c; Mt. ~ 542. Obs. 1. 3;
S. ~ 222. 6.-  d7rep refers to E Trt OreTv  (= EY  Tr  2;akatirL) vauLzaxoJat. --- 8t..... ETLrl1rare.  Cf. Plut. in Themist. ch. 17, where
it is said that the Lacedmmonians presented Themistocles with an
olive branch and a chariot, the best in the city, besides bestowing
upon him  many other marks of honor.    Trv —;Xs'dvriv is to be
constructed after  uadXLtcra.  -   s, to.  See N. on I. 31. ~ 2.
2. o0  E —Zy-r',WozaI ev, inasmuch as we determined.  The relative
here introduces the ground or reason of what has just been said, re.
specting the boldness and alacrity of the Athenians. Cf. K. ~ 334. 2.
r — Tv'XX&Ov is referred by the Schol. to the Macedonians, Thessaians, Locrians, Bceotians, and Phocians.       1dXPt -~l&v- =;EXpL 7r1S
XroeXaE'jIdv. K- eKXL7T eI-SE.  See N. on  gYrve, I. 7. ~1. -  La
olKeia 8taql5lpavres. A Schol. says that the Athenians destroyed with
their own hands all the goods which could not be removed, and the
cattle which could not be driven away. Another Schol. says that
they destroyed the city, in order that it might not be used by the
Barbarians as a military station against Greece. /- &' s (-  or0osw),
not even thus, i. e. in so distressed a condition. --    rpooXLreTv depends
on 7tccrapaev.  -     a0KEacEESvrE into other countries.  -  aOUroL, i. e.
Tro4E  ~vlpacxotv. -     aXX' responds to  yr8' dOs.
3. oVX *Jo-ov.  Bloomf. is doubtless correct in considering this as
put by Attic urbanity for plaXXov. ~-  rourov, i. e. rod &0EXdia-.aL or
Tr,  &EXeWas.  -  yap in uLEiE  EYev yap introduces the proof of what
immediately precedes.  r- EIri r-p-v4LEo-rat is taken by Didot in the
sense of f'r) AmriL3 rod veyeSoaL, in consequence of the antithetic vr7Tp....ovO'as which follows.  The common rendering is ut in posterumrn
incoleretur. -       Kat obX   /ioSv To 7rXfov. Mt. (~ 455. Obs. 3. b) says,
" a comparison with' zore' implies an opposition, and two modes of
speech are therefore combined."  Here we have not for us and rather
than for us conjoined, so as to read literally, and not rather than for
us, a fulness of expression employed evidently for the sake of emphasis. --  7   OVK OV'ucr, " SC.;pbv',  uce nobis jam  nulla  esset, lon,
quce esse desiisset." " Hoc potius indicat sequentibus verbis:  v /3paXead
eXrlbt ov'(o7p." Haack.  But inasmuch as rTjs9 0K ov o-s is opposed to
the preceding aivr oLKovt-'EOv  T )Xv ErteoV, I prefer the interpretation
of Gottl., qur jam  nulla est, i. e.;q.appvEStr.   Didot refers  7rrp
rlS.... oiv'oS   to r5  6Xthvov reior, i. e. the fleet, the only safeguard
after the destruction of their city, in which the hopes of the Athenians rested, and tb is too being in circumstances of great peril. This




316                             N OTES.                             [BooK 1
conjecture is worthy of consideration, although I think reference is
had to the commonwealth, rather than to the ships or personal safety
of the citizens.    - ro pL;poS, in some measure.  Bloomf. " quantom
in nobis esset." Goel. It appears to me, that Arnold has hit upon
the true exposition: we bore our full share in  the deliverance both of
ourselves and of you.
4. el Na 7rpooexcop7soatLEv-o Vev av herL etEL vbag. if we had gone
over-you would no longer have been tunder the necessity, etc.  For the
indicative in the protasis, see N. on I. 53. ~ 2. aIv in the apodosis
weakens the assertion, and makes it a little less offensive to the Lacedemonian ears, than a positive assertion would have been. Cf. S. ~ 215. 1.
For the translation  of IELt by  the pluperfect, cf. Mt. ~ 508. b; K.
~ 260. 2 (2); S. ~ 215. 2. Notice that the aorist is employed in the protasis, because the act spoken of is regarded as momentarily completed.
but in the apodosis the imperfect is used, because the necessity spoken
of is to be represented as having a continued existence.          Ka- i&' 7Ov-.
xlav, at his leisure (as far as fighting was concerned) = without opposition. --       av avr  T7rpoEXcOp7oe, would have gone on for him (see N.
on I. 109. ~ 3).  ahrc  is the dat. commodi.
CHAPTER LXXV.
Having performed such signal services, the Athenians ought not to be envied on account
of their dominion (~ 1); for this had come to them, because they had been left by the
Lacedeemonians to finish the Barbarian war (~ 2); the sway which they held had
been increased, first through the natural influence of fear, and then for the sake of honor
and interest (~ 3); being hated by many and suspected by the Lacedaemonians, it seemed
unsafe to relax their authority, and give opportunity for the disaffected states to revolt
(4), and for this regard to their own interests no one could justly blame them (~ 5).
1. ap' alnotl E'vaE.  To these words belongs the /I-u  before OVnros,
so that the order is: spa lc ag'tol erWLEYv-ovrrcos ayanv E'rts9rvcos  8taKEiosat, is it just then —that we should lie under such a load of envy 
ob is joined with Apa when an affirmative, and pu  when a negative
answer is expected (cf. K. ~ 344. 5. d; S. ~ 219. 4). Thus Spa o0)K al~tol
E0c/Ev would signify, do we not deserve? --    ore, i. e. in the Persian
war. -    yvcOu&s   6vv;crEcor, the wisdom  of our counsel;  "our rood
sense in counsel."  Arnold.  Reference is had to what is said of iThemistocles in I. 74. ~ 1.  -' dpx   depends on;srqSslaov  &caKeo'-aT =
4Soveio-rat, which in the active voice is followed by the dative of the
person and genitive of the thing.  Cf. K. ~ 274. e. -    -y  is here




CHAP. LXXV.]                     NOTES.                            817
limitive, at least on account of the rule. --      is put in the genitive
by attraction with apXyi, the accusative being properly demanded
after EXOe1Ev.
2. avrq'v refers to dpXsv. -     J,3tao-alEvoL, by force.  See N. on I.
9. ~ 1.      T&- avrrdootgra ToO l3apf3adpov, i. e. the termination of the
war with the Barbarians.  The supineness of the Lacedamonians was
most undoubtedly a principal cause of the ascendency of the Athenians in maritime affairs.  Their continuance in the war would have
placed them at the head of the confederacy, as their withdrawal elevated the Athenians to that station. -         avrv.....Karacr7vaL, themselves entreating us to become their leaders.
3. i' avTro  8e roD f'pyov, from the nature of the thing itsey.f  So
the Schol. explains EK Tr7  /JcreVos a;vr) s  roT  vrpay/LtarOE.  The thing
referred to, is the dominion enjoyed by the Athenians, and on the
principle laid down by the Schol., that the ruler is always hated (4
apXoov aclE  tcoietrat), it would be necessary for them, by strengthening
their power, to protect themselves against the effect of this hatred.
Es r8er, i. e. to what it now is; to its present height of power.
8e;ovs, not of the Barbarians, as Hiaack supposes, but as a Schol.
remarks,  eovs rCnw KaKCOS 7ra6vrrowv;v Tr apXy Vrr7Kdo0v, for this seems
evident from  OvK aCOake' ETte-KLY8SVEULYV which follows.
4. E80fKEL has for its subject avEvras  KLYBvVEVECt with which 4rloaXiE
agrees. — a- rrqXT77Vov  (see N. on I. 76. ~ 1) belongs to c/a~S, the
omitted subject of KLVaVVEVELU.   -  rtV..... KaTrecopaI/vEMOVWI some
even who had already revolted having been subdued.  Cf. I. 98, et seq.
--   o0 6iOS as before.-    dvEvras  (by relaxing our authority) belongs to KtOVUbVVELV as the participle of means.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1.
a- yhp.... EytyLOVTro for (if we had let go the reins) the desertions
would have been to you = (by constructio prmgnans.  See N. on I. 18.
~ 2) the deserters would have gone over and remained with you, i. e.
been on your side.
5. 7r-am  depends on averrlTS/ovov (sc. E-rtL), as the dat. incommodi.
Render, it is not a matter of censure to any = none can be censured.
The subject is ev rTlesoat.-    TEv IE-yLUTarV rfEpt KLVBZvJOV = tva 1rA
Efrefr,  El JIE ytTrrov  KtV8VIVOVS.  Schol.  7reps is put by anastrophe for
aepL.  S. ~ 231. N. 2 (a).




8313                             NOTES.                               [BooK l
CHAPTER LXXVI'le seoke kCraw reotlts upon the Laced monians, that they are doing the same things in
Peloponnesua which they charge upon the Athenians, and the superiority, which would
save been theirs had they remainoca until the close of the war (see N. on I. T5. ~ 2), must
Ln like manner have been maintaine(d by a strong and vigorous government (~ 1); in accepting and maintaining tha dominion voluntarily bestowed upon them, they had done
nothing strange or discordant with established customs, and so the Lacedfemonians
thought, until swayed by motives of'self-interest they began to talk of justice (~ 2);
in ruling so just and equitably, the Athenians deemed themselves worthy of commendation (~ 3); and the mildness of their rule, for which they were now the subject of obloquy,
would be manifest if their power should pass to other hands (~ 4).
1. rhs —r6XEAt  depends on Kara0-Tq7IrtlEvoL, and ar&uov is to be supplied after;rqye6croe.  Haack  erroneously  makes the accusative to
depend  on  this verb. -         c- Irr 7TO Viv C@E;Xt0ov is referred by the
Schol. to the utility resulting from  the oligarchical form  of government. --- rdore i. e. after the battle of Mycale. ----- B' 7ravTor, i. e.
through the whole war. --   diXST7o-e, had become odious.  On this
word, as on' av'rov &  roil fpyov, the Schol. remarks, ol yap a'pXorTEr tzL-ovTrat~ /LXEXEVk epov yap ro dsvporrtvov. --  toytev cv —f!ai -
y7eVol;vovS, we know that you would be.  av belongs to the participle
(see N. on I. 73. ~ 4).  For the construction of  elS'vat with the participle, see N. on I. 69. ~ 5. —  rFo-ov than we.
2. orlsar, so that, wherefore.         dro', out of, away from. -          el...deiazeLEa a.  Cf. I. 75. ~ 2.  The vulgar reading  for  Lo1errvqv is.L3amoF.rlEe,)  per manus traditum, which  is inapplicable here. -
aveYpev (see N. on aveerars, I. 75. ~ 4) is opposed to apXetv EyKpa7rer,
~ 1 supra.  -   7rTrlxS......cEXegay.  Cf. I. 75. ~ 3. o —             0o  av....
V7rapPavres introduces another circumstance, viz. established usage, to
justify the acceptance and vigorous maintenance of power by the
Athenians. TroLourov refers to the supremacy just spoken of, and
therefore takes the article. --    KaZe(o-e-vTo! = vOtlov  Jvros, Vo/LtLOlE~vov. Schol.  The subject is properly rov.... KaTElpye-prtal.          a  tot Ire
Kf/a K. r. X.  Their acknowledged fitness to rule, is here brought forward as as an additional (ca) reason why the Athenians were not deserving of censure in receiving and exercising their authority as they had
done.  The participles vohld;ovres  and BoKovVreS  denote cause.  See N.
on  I. 9. ~ 4 (end).  With a/ltot, the words rov a'pXEtv or Tr?  dpaXq.
may  be mentally  supplied. -          v t'pv &OKOvYreE.  Cf. I. 95. ~ 7. -;XpU      X....XpOee, until the present time (viv), when, thinking it conducive to your interest, you make use of the argument of justice.  "Tro
6LKal  Xdoyp, intellige rT Xoyp T7  rrepl rTE  E'XeVSeplaE  Terv'EXXOcov.."




CHAP. LXXVII.]                     N O TE S.                                8 31
Goel. -— 7raparvXdv, it being  in  his power =  whils  it twas in his
power.  The accusative absolute is employed, when time parallel to or
coincident with another action is to  be designated.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 700. 2; S. ~ 226. b.         rrpoheir, preferring.  The object is o'P, referririg to the idea of justice or a just policy, implied in rc5 8Lsait
2,5702. i-/1 —EXELv.  See N. on I. 10. ~ I1 (end).
3.'rravEiratre t re cl~toL o'rwves, they also are worthy  to be praised
who.  Cf. S. ~ 172. 4.  r-   7  dvbpcorela  vro-et, human  nature =  the
dictate of nature, the natural desire of man.  --    Arnold  translates
BtKaLorepoL.... BvaInvw, less careless of justice  than  our actual power
enabled us to be.  I prefer Bloomfield's translation: have been snore
observant of justice than according to their power (to commit injustice).
Kara here denotes confbrmity, and  may be rendered, in accordance
with, and implies that their moderation was greater than might have
been expected from the extent of their power.
4. y' bA —lRv.  We frequently find one of these particles joined to
the principal verb, to denote the conditional nature of the whole sentence, and also  to that part of the  sentence  which  it immediately
modifies.  Sometimes the repetition results from  an intervening clause.
Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 432. a; Mt. ~ 600; S. ~ 215. N. 5.-                 cE taL ale
iaXiLora by the severity of their government. --  7/Iv BE —WrEpfS-TAR
is nearly equivalent to  )jsTv 8E  eyEveTro (has happened  to us), the verb
sepeeor-T, has come around  to us, being a more lively form  of expression.  For the dative, cf. Mt. ~ 402. d. --            r  mrXsov a', more than.
CHAPTER LXXVII.
The orator proceeds to prove what he has just affirmed (I. 76. ~ 4), by showing that the
Athenians are called litigious, when instead of compelling their allies to redress any real
or supposed wrong, they are willing to have the points in dispute fairly tried and determined by civil tribunals, from which reproach those who exercise arbitrary power in
respect to these things are exempt (~~ 1, 2); this leniency is made, however, a ground of
complaint by their allies, whenever they feel aggrieved by a judicial sentence, or by
any decision of the state, even more so than thoughs they had been stripped by the hand
of violence of all their possessions (~ 3); for men more highly resent acts of injustice than
acts of violence, as is seen fron a comparison of the patience with which these states bore
the Median yoke, with their restiveness un(ler the Athenian rule (~~ 4, 5); the same
feelings of hostility would be entertained towvards the Lacednemonians, if they took the
dominion, especially as their customns were so different from those of the other states (~ 6).
1. Kal is to be referred  to the Kal below, yap being here the general connective.   -   eXaXcr-oVE4Coto, = although (see N. on I. 7. ~ 1) woe




320                           NOTES.                           rBooK L
lose our suits = are cast in suits.  This interpretation seems to accord
better with the meaning of the word, and with the context, than
Arnold's interpretation, not standing upon our right, i. e. condescending to let our disputes with them  be fairly tried, instead of deciding,
as we might, by our sovereign power.  For the purpose is not here to
show the condescension of the Athenians in suffering matters of dispute to be adjusted by civil tribunals, when they might settle them
by an act of their sovereign will, inasmuch as that was asserted in ~ 3
of the preceding chapter.  The design now is to illustrate and confirm
the remark, made at the close of the foregoing chapter, that the moderation of the Athenians seemed to bring upon them an increase of
odium. This is shown by the fact here asserted, that even in suits at
law, in which the Athenians are worsted, and that too before their
own tribunals, the only return they receive from this impartial administration of justice, is to be called litigious.     yhap (illustrantis.
See N. on I. 53. ~ 2).  See the preceding remarks on eXactromVemvot.
eV-   ram4.... 8KaLat  in  actions brought against ourS allies for
br'eaches of contract.  Cf. Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 918.
7- rap' 7/Lov aVTOLE, before ourselves, is introduced to show their regard for justice, that even in their own courts at Athens, decisions
were given in favor of their allies.  Bceckh (Pub. Econ. Ath. p. 404)
denies that all the small suits at law were tried at Athens, as no person living at Rhodes or Byzantium would come to Athens to bring a
suit for 50 or 100 drachmeo.  The simple fact was, that the supreme
jurisdiction belonged to Athens, and cases could be carried there by
appeal from the inferior courts.-    ev, rin conformity to, according to.
-   /doiotgs in respect to the parties to the suit.  ~- /tnXomaKEel BOKOUev is the apodosis of eXacrrot4ervo  (S. ~ 225. 6).
2. avrf'v refers to the persons, who charged the Athenians with
oppression and injustice in their treatment of the allies. -To SeXOV(oL depends on VELBt[erTat. The Schol. says that reference is had
to the Persians and Scythians. --      W&rt, why, for what reason. -
roiro refers back to i7rooov...ovc. xo -      yip in this place has furnished some difficulty to interpreters. Poppo calls it yaip declarativum
(Lat. scilicet).  Haack refers it to ro,-ro OVK ovet&LeTraL quae sine BLoTt,
tamquam peculiaris sententia, cogitatione repetenda sunt: o5 yap auroL 0VPELtSie7atL ou-ro' C3EaoatL yap, etc.  Goel. supplies the ellipsis
oVK ovELt8&ETaL, Ort 3ta'ovra' i3taSETo-aL yatp) etc., which I think is the
correct explanation, inasmuch as it best meets the demands of the
context. --   mpooSovract, sc. ovroT, the antecedent of oks in the preceding clause.
3. Poppo correctly disjoins ol 86 from  EstLoLeVOL, and interprets,




CHAP. LXXVII.]                NO TES.                            32
illi vero (socii nostri) quum sint assueti.  The usual interpretation is,
but they who are accustomed.  But if this were the meaning, we
should suppose that a/XXovs, or some other general word, would have
oeen employed instead of.a —E. -   C7ro  o'To    ov, on etqal footing,
on terms of ezqality. - — r-  accompanies o'co-TaL, because rraph  has
a negative sense (see N. on I. 10. ~ 1), beyoncd what (-otherwise than)
they think is right.  With Xpyvac supply from  the main clause EXacrw2r*vnat.  Goel. constructs: 7rapa ro o'eo-,tat /c  Xpvat.   -      YTvc iV r
refers to a judicial decision, VvavdleL to power exercised irrespective of
a legal trial. --    Kat 65rrooonv, even in the least- in ever so slight a
degree.  With this meaning, which is easily derived from the more
common signification of the word, in any way whatever (cf. Liddell
and Scott sub voce), 6rroo-odv may be connected with I'v r1.  Its position after  --  is no serious objection to this, inasmuch as it is
placed beside the verb whose meaning is limited by ri.  Its connection with the words immediately preceding would have been expressed by` 6&rododv, or in any other way whatever.  But what
other way was there to effect the thing complained of, than the two
modes spoken of in,s YVr)L71' 8VatLeL rT'il rlJ, apxrjv?- -& iXao0oaOt,,o are worsted.  This meaning, which is inevitable here, shows
that Arnold is mistaken in the sense, which he assigns to EdXaCao-o(T eVo
in ~ 1 supra.-    ov....;Xovotv, they feel no gratitude that they are
not deprived of the greateqr part.  For the use of the article with
7rrX0osor, cf. K. ~ 246. 8. c.  oTrepLtrKO/IevoL denotes the cause.  See N.
on I. 9. ~ 4.     ro- oU  veodS (= rod EX(ao-ovoc), the part lacking, in
opposition to the part which remained.  For the article, see the reference on rov 7rX;oroS  supra.  -   XaXeFroTrePor fpovoT,) they care
smore indignant. In this combination, the signification of the adjective predominates, and hence takes the genitive.  Cf. Mt. ~ 368. 5. a..-.-.roalgvot rTOV rdouov, pzutting aside the law = paying no regard
to law. -  eKELVor), "illo m0odo." Betant. ~-     =-yap. --  aVTrXETov implies negation, and hence is followed by cor ov with Xpcsov (sc.
ErcTL). See N. on I. 10. ~ 1. Cf. also S. ~ 230. 3; SIt. ~ 534. Obs. 4
2; K. ~ 318. 9. Render the passage, not even they theumselves (i. e. the.
persons aggrieved) can deny that the weaker mnust yield to the stroncger.
4. aaLmtOV/tEVoL, when treated  itjnustly.  See N. on I. 13. ~ 6.TO 1Ev referring to aB3Ko[EtcvoL, and rb 8' to /alc6tpVnot, are bothl the
subjects of the propositi(ons in which they stand, the other -words
composing the predicates. -     drbo ro'to-ov Bloomf. regards as a
neuter, and translates, on a footing of equal justice.  Otllhers interpret it, pro equali conditione.  I prefer, as the most natural amode of
interpretation, to take a7rrb in the sense of vror (K. ~ 288. 3. c), and




322                            NOTES.                           [Boogx'o-ov as a masculine, by one who is an equal.  In this way, it harmo
nizes with V7ro roy M80ov, which is varied from  alr5 iToo.  In respect
to the sentiment, commentators cite many kindred examples.  Among
others, the one quoted by Goel. from Plunt. Vit. Tirnol., is very much
in point: oVrcor WM7r Xdoywv taXkXov 1j wrpaEoowv 7rovqpn)v avtaro-at 7re0vKCaoLv O  roXXotlo XaXFOTrrepov  yap  pfptv y  Xa3dqv f;Epovat.  See also
oV8eIr yap opy/~Erat rovs 7     viOXv VrEp avrYv r7/ vvYUet, Aristot. Rhet. I.
11, cited by Arnold.
5. youv introduces an example confirmatory of the assertion just
made. --    7rxaoovre?7yveXovro, they endured suffering.  S. ~ 225. 8.
l —   EK6O,S as might be expected, naturally enough.  The next clause
illustrates this, and is therefore introduced by yadp.   - ro 7rapo&, the
present, i. e. their present lot.  Supply 8oKe2 from the preceding context.  Bloomf. aptly remarks on the misery of those who live under a
system  of unequal confederation, cheated as they often are by the
shadow of liberty, while the substance ever eludes their grasp.
6. yi in Ljltr y' gives emphasis to the pronoun, as though it were
spoken in an elevated tone of voice, or written in italics.  S. ~ 68. n.
3.   o}v' is here a particle of reference, as to this matter. -- KajE.
XovrEsE.  The Schol. adds rrpotzavrEJETrat. Ka.emXoV yap acrnov ra TelX)?
ot AaKEaatlv, to.  --   qwrn7epov 8bfor, your fear of us.  See N. on at ye
vT[repat XE7r/leS, I. 69. ~ 5.-        ota KaL roTre-qluoa Kta vv,, such as
then-now also.  The, Kat before ro're serves to connect more closely,
but is unsusceptible of translation into English. --    7yr7oardtevol, Wohen
(see N. on I. 13. ~ 6) you had the lead, defines rore. ----  7re8[elare,
you gave indications of.  This reading, adopted by all the recent coinnmentators for OaretElaTre,   gives a better sense, since, as Arnold remarks, the Lacedmmonians had not fully manifested (dra;Setav) their
tyrannical spirit, but had shown symptoms (urie8etLamv) of it, during
the command of Pausanias.            6moita —yvco-reo-E - 6p-oliat yvc pats
-p7uo-Eeae. -'- v, amongst.  rotos aiXXots (Greeks) limits a'/tt.ra,
which adjective forcibly expresses the unsocial (or as Bloolmf. says,
the anti-social) spirit of the Lacedtmonian institutions, in permitting
no foreigners to reside among them, and in adopting custonms, unique,
and in many respects quite offensive to the neighboring states.  Cf.
Muill. Dor. II. p. 194.   -e Ecwv, sC. s 7rrdoXeov.  The moore general
sense of going into foreign parts on business of any sort, is perhlaps
the true one. -        ols: E-KElVOtS' oLr, of which the antecedent depends
on voatl[(t -Xplorsa,   VottC'et (Kr. ~ 55. 4. N. 11), is in the habit of
using.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 591. Obs.; K. ~ 285. 1. (2).  -- i'  Xr,'EXXas, the rest of Greece.




CHAP LXXVIII.]                  NOTES.                               323
CHAPTER LXXVIII.
rheLacedimonians are exhorted, finally, not to engage precipitously in war, on the charges
brought by others against the Athenians (~ 1), and are admonished of the uncertainty
and the calamities of war (~ 2), in which men oftentimes engage thoughtlessly, and are
only brought to reason by some calamity (~ 3); and in conclusion, they are solemnly
charged not to violate the treaty, but to submit the differences to a judicial investigation,
and are reminded, that if they resort to arms, the Athenians will repel their attacks with
the utmost vigor and resolution (~ 4).
1. fpaS;eos —3paXfv.  There is here a slight paronomasia= deliberate long (i. e. come to no hasty decision) since you are not deliberating (sc. 3ovXevdoEvot from  lovXeveo-Zre) about short matters (i. e.
matters of trifling importance). o6 belongs to the omitted participle,
and hence is placed before 7rept. --   aXXorplatr refers to the Corinthians. o- r5v -,rapkXoyov, the uncertainty.  This word literally signifies that which is beyond calculation, and is here applied to the issue
of the war, which was eminently involved in uncertainty.
2. [AKwvvoFeVors.... 7repLoTrao-2aL, for when protracted, it usually
(])jAei, is wont) brings most things to depend upon, chance; or as
Arnold interprets, brings in  the end to hazard = ends by bringing to
hazard.  Most of the commentators explain  r-xas, as referring to
uncertain events which are adverse.  But it is better to take it in a
more unlimited sense, as referring to fortune either good or bad, and
continuing the idea expressed in rov TrapkXoyov.  The sentiment is,
that in a long-continued war, no one is so far-sighted as to be able to
see how things will take place, or what will be the issue of the contest.  This is true of all wars, and a most fearful realization did it
have in the long and desolating contest, which is the subject of this
history.      ey, i. e. rvxXv(.-   i d7rExoItev refers to both the Athenians and Lacedtemonians.  These states were equally removed from
the elevation or prostration of power, which hung upon the uncertain
issue of the war. ---  E' d& iXw KtvSvvV'EvEraLt is exposed to great uncertainty; literally, is periled in the dark.
3. rTSv'pycov —ExovraCL  (engage in).  S. ~ 192. 1.  Steph. supplies
-rCv oX6yvw after 7rpo'repov.  But perhaps this is unnecessary, as it evidently stands opposed to v'orepov, and may therefore be taken absolutely.      a' refers to f'pyov. -      KacKorrabowvrme  denotes time (see
N. on I. 13. ~ 6), and contains the protasis of r-sv Xo'ycov arrovrat, they
betake themselves to counsels (literally, to words).  For the genitive, of.
S. ~ 192. 1.  The variety of uses in which the Attics employed &Trrw




324                             N  TES.                           [BooK L
especially in the middle voice, may be seen in almost any good lexi
con. ~-  #A'  belongs to KaKmora.oZ vrev.
4.'V.... airroi, who (see N. on I. 8. ~ 1) are not yet ourselves ia
such an error, as to engage in war without due deliberation.  So the
Schol. explains datapria by Ti  SrpoXkeXeol'r7 dajovXIa ro-  7roXkCov. ---
OpCovre, sc. Ev roLoav'r  a/iaprla ovras. e- ese, while. -c-atalperos,
in the power of, depending on the will, is in the predicate. -            X'eLP
depends on XEyogxevY iVLv.  There is a play  on X)ELvt-XveoaL, the
former being taken in the sense of to break%, iolate, the latter, to be
terminated, adjusted.  Cf. Xen. Anab. III. 1. ~ 21.              gKaTa rv
VV'Kp77qV, according to compact -  in conformity with the terms of the
treaty.  "Etenim  in fcederibus tricennalibus (I. 115. ~ 1) scriptum
erat, iorXa ur E7rLME;pELv,?Iv  &Kars  icXcoor tBBdort, VII. 18. ~ 2." Poppo.
I., or otherwise.  -    bEOST rOVb' OpKloVS.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 5.  The
oaths here referred to, were those with which the treaty was ratified.
-    apXovsrar (sc. ai/5s) follows ad!ve-Sat.        Travr i..... viqy a-e,
the way in which you may lead us = according to the example wohich
you may set us.  ";Svryi e-fe idem  quod 7rpoqy7o-rlte."  Goel.  "They
both express the same idea, but not exactly the same part of it: 7rpoq1yeio-rat expresses the precedence, jUr"jyecrb3at the nearness of the leader."  Arnold.
CHAPTER LXXIX.
Having heard the speeches on both sides, the Laced.rmonians deliberate by themselves on
the present state of things (~ 1); the majority are for immediate war, when Archidamus
their king addresses them in opposition to such precipitous measures (~ 2).
1. i-ov'AIqvaoIwv depends on'lcovc-rv (S. ~ 192), and not as some
think on a  XEoeFav (= —ro7v  Xyovr).  -    tLETraoTlc-aevoL rwavrav, having caused all (i. e. both their allies and the Athenians) to withdraw.
S. ~ 209. 2.  Cf. Xen. Anab. II. 3. ~ 8.-    KTa a (or-as  avTrovs, among
themselves.
2.' rr....ebEpov, the opinions inclined  to the same point.   The
metaphor is taken  from  roads meeting  in a common centre. --
adLKeLv...... raxe  explains rO avrdo. -    7roXetqrEa etsat, they should go
to car'.  See N. on 7replTrcTa, I. 72. ~ 1. --'ApXtagoors.  Archidamun
II. succeeded his grandfather (A. c. 469), his father Zeuxidamus having
died some time previous.   A  brief but judicious estimate  of his
moral worth, and the eminent services which he rendered to his state,




CHAP. LXXX.]                    NOTES.                                  325
may be found in Smith's Diet. Gr. and Roml. Biog. and Mythol. I. p.
267.  The Peloponnesian war for the first ten years, is frequently
called the Archidamian war. -    8oK&5av etLat does not imply doubt,
but that which was a matter of general repute.
CHAPTERS LXXX.-LXXXV.
The speech of king Archidamus, comprised in these chapters, has for its
main object, the postponement of hostilities until negotiation has been tried,
and the Lacednemonians have increased their resources.  He urges the
wealth, the high state of preparation for war, and the naval supremacy of
the Athenians, as a reason why, with their present resources, the Lacednmonians could not hope to be victorious (chaps. 80, 81). He does not oppose
the war, if the Athenians refuse to listen to theiir terms, but advises that
they should first set forth calmly and with firmness their grounds of complaint, at the same time making all preparations for war (chap. 82). He
cautions his auditors against regarding this advice as pusillanimous, or being
influenced by the charges of tardiness and dilatoriness which may be
brought against them, for to such a wise and deliberate policy the Lacedaemonians had been indebted for their glory and independence (chaps. 82, 83).
In conclusion, he urges them not to hazard their institutions by a precipitous
declaration of war, which must cost many lives, much treasure, and much
honor, but to submit the matter, as the Athenians profess their willingness
to do, to a judicial investigation (chap. 85).  The speech is grave, dignified,
full of sound wisdom and statesman-like views, and worthy of the man who
pronounced it, and the occasion which called it forth.
CHAPTER LXXX.'The speaker commences with a modest reference to his military experience, and tlat of
many around him, which rendered them free from the desire of war entertained by the
Inexperienced (~ 1); as to the war in respect to which they were consulting, it would be
very momentous (~ 2), for against the Peloponnesians war could be waged on equal
terms, and with dispatch, but should not lightly be declared against a people of such
power, resources, and naval experience as the Athenians (~ 3), especially as the Laced emonians in wealth and maritime resources were so much inferior (~ 4).
1.. roXcv 7'8a7 7rokVXtcov.  Archidamus must have been at this time
quite an old mal, as he is supposed to have died in the fifth year of
15




326                         NO T E S                        [Boos 1.
the war, in the forty-second year of his reign (see N. on III. 89. ~ 1).
-    ros', SC. 4dreipouv from the preceding context. --   tje-t-E-tVo'aL — t7re —nvopo'avra.  The change to the participial construction
is somewhat harsh. Cf. Mt. ~ 397. 3. Both clauses denote the end or
effect of the skill and experience, which the speaker claims for himself
and many of his auditors.
2. Tdrv8e SC.'V 7WoX~EO.  ---- OvK-E-Xa'XTor is a litotes for greatest, most mnomentous.  The Schol. refers  XdaXtorov to time, but that,
as Bloomf. remarks, is judging by the event. Archidamus might
easily predict the severity of the struggle between two such states as
Sparta and Athens, and yet be profoundly ignorant of the length of
time, in which it would be carried on.-     El rtL-IKXoyloLro-  El
eKXoy[LoWLrte. So we fiequently use one, some one, etc. for the personal
pronouns.  Cf. S. ~ 165. b; Mt. ~ 487. 3; K. ~ 303. R. 6.
3. yap introduces an explanation of oVK iXcixlc-rov.  -  Kal before
aCorvyelrovav is epexegetical, especially, even. Poppo refers co-rvytl-,rovav to the Argives, and some of the Arcadians with whom  the
Lacedmomonians waged frequent and bloody wars.        -rapdoLtos-, oqf
the same description, i. e. military rather than naval.  So Arnold
explains with the Schol.  Didot takes aCXK71 in the sense of fpo), or"
the ground that the common explanation (viries, strength) conflicts
with the beginning of the next chapter, where superiority in strength
and numbers over the Athenians is claimed. But if rrapo`loLos refers
to the kind rather than the degree of power, that objection will be of
no force. -    i odov re refers to EXkeiv, and is therefore in the neuter.
Literally, to proceed against each one is possible.  When spoken of
persons, O o'E re means able.   q- e' eKao-ra.  Duk. supplies r& Xopta
with the Schol.  — bK  Peloponnesus. --  18[y Kal 8o~otp,[ p?'isate and public. Notice the distinctness and emphasis given to the
nouns in this sentence by the frequent use of the conjunction. --    ev
yt XOPt~1, at least in any one place.  Athens, in the height of her
prosperity, contained at least 200,000 inhabitants. Cf. Leake's Athens,
I. p. 440; Appendix XXIII.-    qhOpo  V7 TrorTEXs. See N. on I. 19
~ 1. -     rposr rohrovs refers to iJvSpas, which is repeated by the pro.
noun, in consequence of the words which intervene between it and
the verb a'pao-2at. S. ~ 160. N. 5. -- 7rtor-Fc-amrar agrees with`Luas
the omitted subject of'6retXlXJvat. Repeat XP1 from  the preceding
clause.
4. avro-v depends on rrLO-revo-ravrTa to be mentally supplied from
the preceding context.-  q'-,ovs  in ships. -     Xpovo  EveoraL, time
will intervene, i. e. before the thing spoken of can be done, time will
b.3 required. -     Xp'LaoLV is joined in construction with vavlv. -




CHAP. LXXX.]                     N  OTES.                                27
7roXXq.... EXeX- 7ropr v, in this (i. e. wealth) we are stiZl more deficient.
The comparative is here strengthened by 7roXX3 e'rL. Cf. K. ~ 239. R.
1; S. ~ 159. 4. For the construction of TroVTOV, f. S. ~ 200. 3. The
singular is emnlployed although referring to a plural noun-because the
noun is regarded in the abstract as a thing.  Cf. Mt. ~ 439.-   E
Kotuv  (se. rapcte[t. Cf. Bos. Gr. Ellip. p. 127), in the common treasury.
-     EK r-Gv l8Irov, from  our private resources.  The Lacedmmonians
were poor, as is remarked by the Schol. on this passage. - -   EpotEv
is empioyed here in the sense to contribute.
CHAPTER LXXXI.
It would be of little avail to invade and plunder the Athenian territory, since from other
states they could import whatever was wanted (~~ 1, 2); any attempt also to induce
their allies to revolt would require a fleet, on account of their insular position (~ 8);
unless they overcame the Athenians by sea, or cut off the revenues by which their navy
was supported, they themselves would sustain the greatest injury in the war (~ 4); and.to
abandon the contest at such a time, would be dishonorable to them, especially if they
should be regarded as the authors of the war (~ 5); no one should think that the war
would be brought to a speedy close, by an inroad into the enemy's country, for the Athenians were not the men to succumb, merely because their territory was invaded (~ 6).
1. rois on'7Xotg = roiE  0irXLrats.  But Bloomf. thinks that the word
refers to the use of arms, in which the Lacedeemonians particularly
excelled. --   aTr<ov depends on?Wrepqpooetv.  S. ~ 189.-    Tr   wX';3eL
is spoken with reference to o'XXos in I. 80. ~ 3, and signifies able-bodied
men, who are fit to be soldiers.  Bloomf. understands by it what we
call pop2ulation, in which the Peloponnesians exceeded the Athenians.
2. roLs = rorots.  S. ~ 166.  -   aXXqr yi'.  Cf. I. 143. ~ 4, where
Pericles says the same thing. The following note from Goeller's
edition, will give the reader some view of the extent of the Athenian
dominion, and the number of their allies.  "; aXXlv yry Schol. interpretatur Thraciam et Ioniam.  Adde Eubce   magnam  partein, Cycladas
pane omnnes et ceteras insulas inter Peloponnesum, Cretam  et Asiam,
Dores maritimos, Samios, multos ex Hellespontiis, multas urbes Grmcas
in oris Thraciae et Macedonira, Oropum  in confiniis in Bceotise.  Adde
Atheniensium  colonias, Scyruln, Lemnum, Imbrum, ZEginetas, qui tuin
IEginam  tenebant, -Iestimenses in Eubcea; Naxios, Andrios, fortasse
etiam  Tenios et Ceos, partin Amphipolitanos, itenqlue partime Thurinos.  Adde fcederatos cuin Atheniensibus Barbaros, Sitalcen, regem
Odrysarum, Odomantos, populum  ThraciT,' Philippumn  et Derdaln,
principes Macedonum, Pelasgos ad Athon habitantes. Edones, in Italia




828                            NOTES.                            [BooK L
Messapios, in Sicilia Segestanos, Siculos, etc." --       =  &La.    0— KFLva fOv.  ~  &r7ofrao t.  Kriig. conjectures io-rdovrat.
3. aq)LoraiGtla, to cautse to revolt.  -   8eiqcEc.... v7rtoratLTs  it will be
necessary to assist these with a fleet, because (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) for
the most part they are islanders.
4. r....  6  7roXE/or, what sort of a war then woill this be of ours?
_ how disastrous will be this war of ours  i rIs oviv Eo-rat -  Kara 7roLOV
Tpoirov. Schol.  yhp illustrantis follows in the next sentence.- -      do
cv, from  wohich.  adro here denotes the material (cf. K. ~ 288. 3. e).
Perhaps it is better, however, to regard it as designating the mediate
instrulnent. -     P3Xaidoe~2a has here the passive signification.  Cf.
Soph. Gr. Verbs, p. 106.
5. roro,) in this situation.       KaraX)Teo-at, to come to terms, to
treat for peace, is the subject of the sentence. -       /'XvXso re Kal eti
especially if also, introduces a circumstance, which  heightens the
dishonor of treating for peace, at a time when the party making the
overtures is worsted in the war.
6. ti-'7iraLpCieEl2a, let us not be excited (see N. on I. 42. ~ 2).  Cf.
S. ~ 218. 2.       EV7 yKE   r    7-j eXrrl8t, zowith that hope at least, i. e. whatever other hopes we may entertain, let us not expect that so formidable a power as Athens will be crushed by merely laying waste her
territories.  yE is therefore highly restrictive here. --   hO (how that)
TraXV 7mviaerTat K. r. X. is epexegetical of'Xrrlt. -    Se8oLKa..... V7roXlrrwtoev (S. ~ 214. b).  An ahlost prophetic foreboding, upon which
the Schol. remarks, that Thucydides seems to have had in mind uPW'
tl1V TEKEle0r0I r' 0rrlo-oro 7rwpa Xlrronro. Hem. Il. 3. 160.  8E is here
strongly adversative =  but (so far from  the war being speedily ternlinated) Ifear rather, etc. --   ov'rco  ELK0o-L177re, so unlikely is it. -
The dative qpovr'saL (with their high spirit) may be ranked with
datives designating the mode or manner, and so Jelf in his Indlex of
Authors (Gram. Vol. I. p. 452) regards it.  Steph. makes it stand for
viro rpovi1pa oS. -- rm 3/(7 (oVXEtff c,  i. e. ris yies Eiveka 8ovXeuo-at,
metu ne ab hostibus vastetur, se subjicere cuilibet conditioni." Hanck.
This expression is similar to those which we so often use: he is a slave
to money, to anmbition, to pleasure, etc., by which we mean, an attachment to these things so inordinate, that every thing else is sacrificed
ior their attainment.  Thus if the Athenians yielded as soon as they
saw their country plundered, they would evince a spirit of slavery to
their soil, by the preference given to that, over the enjoyment of true
liberty.      KarTaayyvat.  In the simple verb it is x77y7VcL.  Soph,
Gr. Verbs, p. 223.




CHAP. LXXXII.]                   N OTES.                                  329
CHAPTER LXXXII.
The Lacedemonians should not overlook the wrongs of their allies, tut make them the
ground of expostulation, in the meantime raising auxiliary forces both of Greeks and
Barbarians, and getting their affairs in a state of readiness for war (~ 1); if the Athenians
listened to their expostulations, the result would be most happy, but if they did not,
then after due preparations, it would be advisable to march against them (~ 2); perhaps,
in view of the preparations of the Lacedsemonians, they would prefer coming to terms,
ill order to preserve their territory fiom devastation (~ 3); which territory -the LacedLemonians held as a surety, and it should therefore be spared as long as possible (~ 4); as
things now are, its devastation would bring disgrace and difliculty upon the Peloponlesians, since accusations may be cleared away, but a war undertaken to redress private
grievances cannot easily be brought with honor to a close (~~ 5, 6).
1. OVb;m   OV8E —KExEvo, but yet I do not bid you.  The two negatives in this formula serve to strengthen the negation, and are to be
taken together, and not separately, as Hoog. (Gr. Part. p. 152. XII.)
supposes, the former denying simply and generally, the other particularly.  Cf. S. 230. 1.        rmavaLo-e5rcov, as if without perception =  as
though you'were indifferent.  Reference is had to the expression, Tr
avaIrto-77rov, uttered by the Corinthians (I. 69. ~ 3).   -  Cl4rrco,  not yet,
i. e. not- immediately. -         Ketv, 7refTEret  and the other infinitives
which follow, depend  on  KEXEVo.               7rTE......   rppeotFw.    (' The
sense is, neither to threaten war too plainly, and yet to let them  see,
that we shall not allow  them  to go on as they are going on."  Arnold.
&5A E7TLrpEYO/LEv= Kat (rT  in yjsre)     B) 8aXoverar), l  E7rLTptIEoye[V,
or KaL 8?7XovvOras rs o0K E7rt*rrpE+o/tEv, where for  ss 7'*rtrpE;ofeEY some
such word as de'/tav should stand. -           h- aV in KaCv (i. e. Kcal ao) belongs
to EraoprveToat. --     roao-p (SC. Xpdo'v),  in the meantime.  -    7rpoo —
ayceyf, by a bringing over, by an accession. --         Et,roSer, if from any
quarter, from  wohatever quarter. --          In respect to the punctuation of
this passage, I am inclined to follow that which is adopted by Haack,
and partially-by Arnold, i. e. to place a comma after *rporrX dl* e1aza
and  EIKcropctCrE.ta, inclosing  arvenrbo30Yoov....8 t(o-orevat in the marks
of a parenthesis.  In this way Kal in Kal....& K7ropLcrC/LeSa responds to
r; before mrpoo-a ycy., the  two  propositions containing  the mnode of
effecting the object, expressed in rah r7treTpa avrTv E'OaprvrcoaL -.
avemrS6ovov (see N. on I. 75. ~ 5) belongs to 8tao-co.rvat, which is the
subject of the  sentence.  S. ~ 153. -           ~ -  yap. -       (o-ot  bcsr7rep....  rF3ovXcv0oFeEa =- EKEtovo (the subject of Btac-cobSrLat) O'ot EOrt/3ovXEvoorat oCsrEp K. T. X. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~~ 817. 4; 895. 3.  See N. on
III. 67. ~ 7.  -   rTa arer =  Tr  Fyv avrvcv.  The reflexive pronouns
of the third person are often used as general reflexives without refer



330                            NOTES.                           [BooK 1
ence to person. -    EKrroptLC/Ie2;a to have corresponded with 7rpoCrayooy.7, should have been, as Poppo remarks, [iK] 7ropLto-ct. This clause
refers to the second mode of obtaining supplies, viz. from their own
resources.
2. ram ra  aplottra (sc. E) = this will be the best issue of the affacir.
A truly noble sentiment, worthy of the experience and high station of
the speaker.         ALEXZroVTWv.....rptav, wheln (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6) two
or three years have elapsed; literally, two and three years.  Cf. ToloVroOv Kat 7rapaXralcToo&v, I. 22. ~ 4.   4- atlEtvov is to be constructed with
7reqpay/LEvot (perf. part. pass. of  paiauco), being better prepared for
defence.      i v BoKIj is to be taken with'tlevY ETr' avroVr.
3. airs (referring to 7raparlrKevePv) 65[oia vrrooprIatLrovTras, signifying
the same things as our actions. Bloomf. says that V7roao/7atvco signifies,
to give a private a-i/,a or intimation of any thing, subindico, to intimnate. -   / aXXov belongs to a'v E'KOLEV. -    XOvrev and dpcovrer (supra) denote time.  See N. on I. 13. ~ 6. --   E'i(aptpLvcov by a hostile
irruption.  Archidamus afterwards acted on the principle which he
here recommended.  Cf. II. 18.
4. O'irpov, pledge, surety.  Suidas explains it, iv;X'vpov, r- el  dlpriVV  MtobJEVOV &rTL uv5vCrZ',Kate.  Bauer takes E'XEtv in the sense of
rrap;XEtv, they furnish to you.  Bloomf. makes it stand for KarEXfEv.
Livy, V. 42, is cited in illustration of this passage: "non omnia concremare tecta ut pignus, ad flectendos hostium animos haberent." -
oX ao-roov  o- = roaoirpr XaXov. -     Ias  i. e. their territory.
For the genitive, cf. S. ~ 197. 2.-  ies irovotav KaLTajra 7r'T(raLs, by
bringing them into desperation.
5. E'YKXraoCLtY e;TreLXXEvrES)  being incited by the accusations.  Some
translate: hastening on account of the accusations (Mt. ~ 398. b), but
this is less suited to the context, for here Archidamus refers not so
much to haste, as to an excited state of mind which begets hasty and
ill-concerted measures. -        av'rTiv refers to Trv?yIv supra.  -   Opare
rwoaSr PR, beware lest, or more literally, see to it that —not. a-   a'lxiov
and dTropfcrepov are here used for the positive with aiaXXov. The other
member of the comparison umay be mentally supplied thus: more of
disgrace (than of honor), which is better'than with Gail. to attach the
notion of ninmis to the comparative.-          rpd'Co/Lev.  The canon of
Dawes, that the subjunctive of the first aorist (except in the passive
voice) cannot follow 07rows hu, is now beginning to be doubted by many
)f the best scholars and critics. Cf. Jelf's K6hn. ~ 821. 1. See. N. on
1. 73. ~ 1.  The reading of Dindorf is that of Bekker, to whose tact in
respect to the use or rejection of the indicative, Arnold expresses himself disposed to defer and therefore follows him  here in the employ



CHAP. LXXXIII.]                  NOTES.                                 331
ment of the indicative. Poppo, Goeller, Haack, and Bloomf. edit nrpadO/EV, to which reading I am inclined.
6. otov re.  See N. on  I. 80. ~ 3.  r- &v  i8ov.  The Schol.
refers this to the Corinthians, but there were others who complained
of the Athenians, as the Megareans (I. 67. ~ 4), and in ~ 5 supra, we
have Troti  rvi  $vptaXco;yKXs/(TsotV   ETrELXErYTES.  There is no doubt,
however, that the Corinthians are more especially referred to. —
o0X v7rapXEI, it is not plossible. -     KaY' or, Xoop 1Gre, "what issue i
will have." Bloomf.
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
It should not be deemed the result of cowardice, that so many states did not immediately
attack a single state (~ 1), for the Athenians have many allies and much tribute, and
war demands treasures no less than arms (~ 2); means therefore for carrying on the war
should be provided, and as the greatest share of responsibility would fall to the Lacedwmonians in the war, they ought to deliberate well as to what would be its most probable
issue (~ 3).
1. ahavpavpa is the predicate, and 7roXXoi..... e7TXs Lv the subject
of the proposition.
2. yap introduces a reason why pusillanimity should not be charged
upon the allies for not declaring war immediately. -            Kal, also. -
Xaro-o-ovs  refers only to  vFcaxolt: allies not less in number (than our
own), and who bring them  tribute.  The allies of the Lacedaemonians
were exempt from  paying  tribute.-.'rLv.... aaravds'T, literally,
war is not of arms the more but of treasures = war does not require
arms so much as treasure.  The full construction would be ro 7rXeov
(sc.  ~ b8ararcis), adXXha  ardivqs  (sc. ro 7rXkEov     o&rkcov).  Cf. Jelf's
Kuihn. ~ 774. Obs. 5.  The genitives may be referred to Mt. ~ 316; S.
~ 190. A —    &''v, by mneans of which (i. e. of treasure), not on account
of which.   - AXXcos....aXao-orovr, especially in the case of inlanders at war woith a maritime power.  This use of the dative is quite
unusual. Bloomf. finds another example in Troi 7TpC )Tro-XELpoTEXvaLrt,
VI. 72. ~ 2.
3. 7ropoC&)je3a.  S. ~ 218. 2.   -  oae-Fp d  K   K. K. X.  The order
is: oIrep bE EOLEJv 7T  7rXeov Trr aortas Tcov anrof3aLvJo',Tov irr' rtdorepa
(i. e. whether the result be prosperous or the contrary). The words
ro rX;eov r76E artIaS may be rendered, the greater share of responsibility.
Betant classes airtas with I. 39. ~ 3; II. 18. ~ 3; 60. ~ 7; III. 13. ~ 7,
in which places it must be rendered blame.  But as TrOv a7ro3alvo'vY




332                              N OTES.                              [BooK I1
T6Yov Er CtzOrepa looks to the alternative of a successful as well as a
disastrous issue, in which case no blame would accrue to the Lacedtemonians, it is better to take anrtas  in the more general sense of cautse
whether of good or evil. -          ov'ro  is the antecedent of o'lrep.
aorsov, sC. rCiv J7rof3aLvrovv.  --  Notice the change of person in 7spo'&opEv, by which an application of the general sentiment is made to
the case in hand.
CHAPTER LXXXIV.
It should causeeno shame to be reproached with delay, since haste would in the end procrastinate the war (~ 1); their moderation was prudence, which neither prosperity nor
adversity, praise or reproach could disturb (~ 2); this rendered them both brave and
wise, because a sedate and orderly temper inspired them with a keen sense of shame, and
also a due regard to the laws, and they had been so educated as not to be sagacious in
useless matters, nor to utter eloquent censures on the measures of the enemy, to which
their deeds did not correspond; but to regard the plans of others as very similar to their
own, and beyond the power of eloquence to unfold (~ 3); presuming the measures of the
enemy to be wisely taken, they should place no dependence upon their blunders, but
upon their own courage and wisdom, not imagining any great difference to be among
men, but that he is best, who has been trained up in what is most needful (~ 4).
1. 7T t3paSa  Kal,usXXoY.  See N. on To 7rLTiOv, I. 68. ~ 1.  Respecting the charge of tardiness and dilatoriness to which Archidamlus here
replies, cf. I. 69. ~ 4; 70. ~~ 2-4.  Indeed no small portion of the Corinthian speech consisted in upbraiding the Lacedaemonians for their
slow  and procrastinating  temper...... t&ev, wvhich most es2ecially they blame in us.  tiXMcora is to be taken with   =-  which mnore
than any other thing.  In respect to mmdsv, which Kiihner (~ 273. 5. f)
ranks with the genitive of material, I prefer with Crosby  (~ 391. /)
to regard it as a possessive genitive, in dependence  mupon the neuter
pronoun, which in connection with verbs of praise, blame, or wonder.
takes such a genitive.  Cf. Mft. ~ 317.           7rove8vr8 tse, if you were to
hasten  (to  the  war).  S. ~ 225. 6.  The  apodosiE  is ha  7ranvatao-se.
Bloomf. regards this as a sort of adage like our'to  make more haste
than good speed,' and'the  furthest way  round  is the surest way
home.'  Compare the  Latin  proverb, festina lentr.   ~  Kau [i'a introduces another  reason  why  the  Lacedellonians should  not be
ashamed of the charge here responded  to.  There is no  need with
Bloomf. of supplying 8ta TovTo, since, as Haack observes, the speaker
employs the argumenturnm ab effects.  The fact that the Lacedimonians had always enjoyed a free city, is adduced as proof that their
habits were not deemed worthy of reprehension.




CnAP. LXXXIV.]                  NOTES.                                338
2. avvaraL-To- r' Eval, "in this consists."  Bloomf.  Perhaps the
expression = can be regacrded as.  ro-ro refers to ro j3paSv Khal tAkXov
(~ 1 supra), as does also avr- in the next clause. —  e7rwpayluaL, on
account of success (Mt. ~ 398. b), or in prosperity (K. ~ 283. 3).  ft is
well remarked by Bloomf., that Arcllidamnus now proceeds to give a
sort of sketch of the Lacediemonian  character, in opposition to that
given of the Athenians.y the Corinthians.             rv- Tv-Eorpvvdvo'ro
depends on Ijovrj, in the sense of  8ovip qv 7rapExovoutv oi E;orpvovres.
-   ovv belongs to both the participle and the verb.  Cf. I. 12. ~ 1;
8a. ~ 1.-   Betant interprets aZerereto-21JFev, we wouZd be persuaded,
as though it were the simple  Tret-ci1l/erv.  Poppo also (Proleg. I. p.
203) considers ava- as pleonastic.  But B1loomfield more correctly
makes it stand for jereFre(rFl0-ev toVe Would7 be persuaded to change
(our determination).  The aorist here denotes customary action.  See
N. on I. 70. ~ 6.
3. rT EdvKOOclJov  (good or1der)   T rv coo0poo-trvv, which for the sake
of variety is substituted for it in the next sentence.  6- rA m....
eir~vXla, the one, because a sense of shame is the  naisn element ofC can
orderly temper, and from  a sense of sheame arises a smanly spirit. The
reasoning is syllogistical: a sense of shame is always attendant upon
moderation  and discretion; but a sense of shame begets a manly
spirit; therefore a manly spirit is the result of moderation and discretion.  ro p/v refers to  IroLFe/tKol, which  is repeated  in elvrvxta as
ah8iUs  is in aLo'XVYrs.  The difficulty in interpreting this passage, has
resulted from  overlooking the synonymous words.               4eoqCopoo-vrqi
rXEioT-roYv LereTXet, shares most largely in moderation  of temper.  S.
~ 191. N. --      edvovXotL  E responds to ro /Ev (cf. Vig. p. 2. IV.) and
refers back to ev/ovXoL —ytyvodte.a. --  damSEo-repov.... 7raLtevtLievot
(a varied construction for ort damCLIETEpov 7ratbeoL4LE3a), because we are
too unlearned (spoken sarcastically) to despise the laws.  dcaiuErepov
is taken  adverbially with rwatBEv6EvoL.  The genitive fs17 bTEpotlas
depends on uta~Ero-rEpov (S. ~ 195. 1) in the sense of 11  7rfTTE Trov  V04LOVS
Wrepopac.  Cf. Mt. ~ 451; S. 223. 1.  This passage refers to the reproaches cast upon the Lacedemonians in the speech of the Corinthians (I. 68). O —   coopovE'repov.  Repeat 7ratlevdoLEvoL.  -- ra aXpEta
limits $Vverol as the accusative synecdochical, and refers to the eloquence studied and practised by the Athenians, but deemed by the
Lacedoemonians of trifling importance and therefore neglected by
them.  -   The words XoyO KaXogs /LE/lly(o[LEvot are opposed to advooloitc
g'py7o erEtLevac, and hence 8eFdM0elEvotL may be rendered into English
by an infinitive, in order to correspond to'rFEStvlat, or by the indica.
tive with an adverb of time, while we blame (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6). —
1.5*




334                             NOTES.                              [BooK I.
dvopoi'rA to our harangues. -         E7rrELEvac depends grammatically on
7rratSauo1Fvot, although in a manner epexegetical of the clause immediately preceding. --    IvoptlCv.  Supply again 7rat8evo(lfivot -        raparrX/criovc, sc. raL'FleTEpatL.  So Haack  and  Poppo.  Arnold  after
Goel. gives as the sense of 7rapa7rrXqlovs....r'xas,  like to the chances
of war, which cannot be distinctly made out in words beforehand (ov
Xoyp  atplpera').  This may be tile true sense of this obscure passage,
and yet the objection made by Goel. to Haack's interpretation, that
Thucydides could not have been ignorant of the almost infinite diversity of the thoughts of men, is not very weighty, since &8avouisn  refers
here to purpose or intention in respect to the carrying on of war,
which a skilful general will oftentimes divine, by considering what he
himself would do, if placed in the situation of his enemy.
4. ael  E —E'pyp is opposed to o  Xo'yc 8talperads, the construction
being changed from the infinitive to the finite verb 7rapaon-KevUrncuiea.
- oE.. avavrlovs  is put for rrpoe rodve evavrrovg s  vrpos eVfi ovXcvo-!e;vovs.  The preposition, when it should stand twice with  two different nouns, is often put only once, and then not with the principal
noun, but with the substantive in apposition, if that precedes.  Cf.
Mt. ~ 595. 4. --    cs'ae apzqrl-o'ovEov  on the strpposition that they will
commit blunders.  K. ~ 312. 6; S. ~ 226. a. -         c- 0o.c&,v.... 7rpovnovpfecov.  Tle construction is, akXX' (E'Xetv &eL ras E'X7rGeas E') sfwtv avr&T
co  do-maXAc    rpovooveL;vcov. -  -roXv re.... advpdrov.  The sentiment
is similar to that contained in voytg(ev..... elva (~ 3 supra), as given by
laack and Poppo, only more general.  avrpcoorov is the subject of
ata;)Epefv upon  which cdvJpcm7rov depends (S. ~ 198. 2). -           v ros
avayKalorarotL, in things that are necessary, opposed to ra axpeta in
~ 3 supra.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
In short, since they had been prosperous under the institutions handed down by their fore.
fatllers, they should not cast them aside, and act with precipitation ill an affair of such
moment (~ 1); but should send an embassy to Athens on the affairs complained ofn and
meanwhile make preparations for war (~ 2). Archidamus having closed his speech, Sthe
nelaidas, one of the ephors, rises to reply (~ 8).
1. tEXETras, institutions, referring more particularly to the educa
tion of children and youth, according to the laws of Lycurgus. -
0eXokt  evoL'EXO0EV), woe have rused with advantage.  See N. on I. 67
~ 1.   -  ljO 7rap FoY    (S. ~ 218. 2).  The object is teX;rar. ---- /L3'




CHAP.I LXXXVI.]                    NOTES.                                   33,
This negative belongs to the whole proposition with which  it is connected.  See N. on  I. 12. ~ 1;  84. ~ 2. --    repl roXX&Gv co)tcarov
K. r. X., involving many lives, much wealth, etc.  In respect to the repetition of Kal, see N. on I. 80. ~ 3. e —    E rrt, SC. Ka' 7o-v-xiav f3ovXEueLt  friom  the  preceding  context.   -    /iakkov  ErTpoJv= Fa XXov i7
erefpotL.    t. ~ 454. Obs. 2.  The Corinthians are referred to in  rfpcov.
Cf. I. 69. ~ 5; 7 1. ~ 1. --  &t  lrXv,  on account of our power, which
would deter any one from  attacking us rashly.
2. 7rept ov  -r -Ep EpKetVGwv a, of which the relative is constructed
with adtKe~io-,at, according to the formula d8tKEV rtav rTt.  In respect
to oe vfiaxolt facy ar&LKE(G-at, cf. I. 67. ~ 4. -                 akkXoS  rE  Kal.
See N. on I. 83. ~ 2.   o- e-olzov.....o3vat, since they are ready to
submit to trial.  The participle here  denotes cause.  See N. on I. 9.
~ 4 (end).  On &IKc   a3ooval, see N. on I. 28. ~ 2. --             = - r-yp.
atKovovra, by its antithesis with rov  tvaorra (sc. arKas), signifies one
who is convicted of wrong-doing, or who refuses to submit to  a judicial investigation.  The subject of this sentence is irvna, with which
the predicate voz'tov is put in  agreement, and which is qualified  by
o0  7rporepor. --    yap.  The ellipsis may  be supplied, for (by  thus
doing) you will coCnsult, etc.
3. 2beeXa['lae.  Cf. Panusan. III. 7. ~ 10 (cited by Poppo):  neveXat8as,'g re' i'XXa  ovP ovK advaroS  ev AaK:Eagnovt, Kal efopEVrov 5r 70
ToTre roo  7rokXf.cov FaXkLtTrTa  y7VeTro atrtos.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
Sthenelaidas commences his speech, which is truly Spartan in its brevity and bluntness,
by professing his inability to comprehend the speech of the Athenians, who had said
many things in their own praise, but had passed over the charges made against them by
the allies in perfect silence. If they had done well in the Persian war and were now conducting badly, they ought to receive a double punishment for ceasing to be good and
for becoming bad (~ 1); as the Lacedsemonians had not changed, they should delay not
to revenge the injuries done to their allies (~ 2); whatever might be the resources of
the Athenians, yet they had allies, whose wrongs should not be redressed by words but
by actions (~ 3); not the avengers but the doers of an injury should consume time in
deliberation (~ 4); the dignity of Sparta, and a regard for their allies, demanded that a
check should be put upon the rising power of the Athenians (~ 5).
1.  VTreLrov 0     Ok')< a1&tKOOOt.  See N. on Co  o0i after avrEXeyov, I.
77. ~ 3.  K- aTrot ed, and yet if=   granting  that.  A- vra(ras  7qglas. Cf. III. 67. ~ 2.




336                              NOTES.                               [BooR L
2. 6wo7ot, the same, i. e. liberators of Greece (as the Schol. remarks).
o           a- ol'....7&arXELv.  There  are  two  modes of interpreting  this
passage, according as LEAXXovo-L rro-XetL  is taken in the sense of to be
about to suffer, or to delay suffering, both of which tend to the same
thing, viz. that the allies are now  actually suffering  injuries.  The
latter signification is preferred by Haack, as more consentaneous with
LeXato-ohesv which precedes.  Thus there would be a play on these
words, which are here strongly opposed: let us not delay to take vengeance-for our allies do not delay to suffer injuries. -           ol 8' is employed for the demonstrative pronoun.
3. "XXotrs  i. e. the Athenians. --     or.v... E' -vi, whom  we must
sot betray  to the Athenians.  The verbal 7rapa&oria is followed by
the same case as its verb.  "The use of the plural for the s:ngular,
appears to have arisen from  the want of a noun  or definite object of
sense, to give strict unity to  the conception."   Crosby ~ 451. N. -
~/0  yodyp is to be taken with  3XaTrroCpvovr, and so I have pointed the
passage. --    7razrt o-2 EVfL, with all our omight.
4. aStKovnvvovs, when we are injured  (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6), is to be
constructed  with /3ovXeveor-2aL.           kXXs —I&XXov  7rpe7ret, but it is
rather becomirng.  The general sentiment is, that men ought to consult long before they commit an act of injustice, but in punishing evildoers, there was no need  of deliberation.  rroXvV KpdOvo  is spoken in
reference to the words of Archidamus, 1. 85. ~ 5.
5. aliovr r7i-g:rradprr, i. e. as is suitable to the dignity of Sparta.
Karamrpot&ACeV = 7rpo8t3O i/zLE v, only stronger. --      $v rots 2Eois,ith the aid of the gods.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
Sthenelaidas, in virtue of his office as ephor, puts the question to vote in the Lacedemonian assembly (~ 1); pretending that he could not determine, by the shout, on which
side was the majority, he proceeds to take the question by a division of the assembly,
by which it appeared that by a large majority the treaty was declared to be broke?
(~~ 2, 8); the allies having been called in and informed of the vote, it was resolved to cal
a general meeting of the allies, and submit to them the question of war, in order the
if it was resolved upon, it might be waged in concert (~ 4); after this decision of the as
sembly, which took place the fourteenth year of the thirty years' truce, the allies anm.
Athenians return home (~~ 5, 6).
1. irNZtiv —-  E     Ts,V EKKXSlaV  (_-  v qr iK'X;Ao(Ia), put the questiosn to vote in the assembly.  ErWE-t7S Etv_ =  4Arq/ ov 7rpoServal.  Cf. Mt.




CHAP. LXXXVII.]               NO  T ES. 
~ 402. Obs. ---'bopov cv. On the powers and duties of the ephors,
cf. Mill. Dorians, II. pp. 114-132.
2. oil +770cp.  " Sed ne ipsi quidem Athenienses in ecclesia calculis
utebantur, sed XetpovovLa."  Haack.  This however was not always
the case.-    eo-rlv is to be supplied with 6r7rorEpa [LEl[oV), and has
properly for its subject T71v 3o07v, which is transferred into the principal
clause as its object.  See N. on  Or-dXLv, I. 72. ~ 1. --   a'roos depends
on Opfo7a-aL.     a7ro8ELtKVVtLvovs denotes the means.  See N. on I. 9.
~ 1.  This device of Sthenelaidas caused many to vote for the war,
who dared not openly to go against what seemed to be the popular
side of the question.;-To refers for its antecedent to the omitted
subject of cYaaTrTco, and limits 6oKoVouL. -       ol'Arqvatot.  Repeat
mentally 6OKOaL-.       e4lasv is to be referred to "'Xeerv, as though
written AXEev 6egLaS TL Xoplov a0rTO;l.  The sentence, as it now stands,
is parenthetical.  ~-  rpT —P,,  3oKOeo-CV.  See N. on 5ortg, I. 40. ~ 2.
--       ES Ta E7rtl i(TEpa.  Repeat avaorr-ro.
3. ravarTarT;E.  tIaack thinks that it may be inferred from  this,
that the Lacednamonians, after the custom of the heroic age, sat upon
the ground while they were deliberating.  "Sed cur dvao-rrqvat minus
recte ad eos, qui de sedibus surrexerint, spectare posse crediderit, nos
praeterit."  Poppo. -        ol =- EKEro   oLs, the antecedent being the
subject of eye;orro.
4. or-b[l,eov 8OKOlEV = they had determined = it was their opinion.
----- -ovb rdvraS   vJIuaXov.s.  Cf. I. 119.
5. ot u;ev, i. e. the Corinthians and the other Lacedaemonian allies.;- e+' ~trep hjX2o0, having transacted the business for which they?id come (see N. on 7MrtcrrrT, I. 62. ~ 1).
6. rov —XeXvo'raL is the attributive genitive in dependence on ala7Yvloy   with which  it is properly in apposition.  Cf. the Homeric'IXLov rTroXtezpoV, and the Latin urbs Romw.-    r'v r.... 8eKarT9.
" Mense hujus anni quinto vel medio vel exeunte."  Poppo. ---  /rE
r5 EvfoiK'C, after the Euboic war.




38g8N 0 T E S.                                                 [BooK I.
CHAPTERS LXXXVIII.-CXVII.
Having related the ostensible causes of the war in chaps. 24-87, the his
torian now recurs to a remark made in chap. 23. ~ 6, that the real ground of
the war was the fear, with which the Lacedaemonians regarded the great and
rapid increase of the Athenian power. In order to make this evident, he
now proceeds to give in detail a history of the affairs of Greece, from the
close of the Persian war down to the commencement of the Peloponnesian
war. In this narrative, he shows in what way the Athenians had augmented
their power, the policy which governed their treatment of their allies, and
their steady purpose to promote the aggrandizement of their own state, the
gradual withdrawal of the Lacednmonians from the public affairs of Grleece,
and their virtual surrender of the general guidance and control to the Athenians. It is one of the most valuable summaries of history which has been
handed down to us, and is justly celebrated for its perspicuity, conciseness,
and evident truthfulness and impartiality.  The reader, who would understand well the position and relative strength of the two leading states of
Greece, when the Peloponnesian war broke out, should make himself very
familiar with the events of these preceding years, which the ancient grammarians distinguished by the common name of the fifty years.  Arnold
remarks, that "to follow the history in chronological order, a reader, after
finishing Herodotus, should take up Thucydides at the 89th chapter, and
read to the 117th inclusive: he should then go back to the 24th, and read
from thence to the 88th inclusive, after which he should proceed directly to
the 118th."
This summary of Greek history may be divided into, (1) the manner in
which the Athenians attained to their power (chaps. 89-96); (2) the causes
and events which led to their subjugation of the allies (chaps. 97-118).  I
would venture here to suggest, that these chapters (i. e. 88-111), in consequence of their comparative freedom from involved constructions and other
perplexing difficulties, which embarrass the reader in other portions of our
author; might advantageously be read first, as a kind of introduction to the
style, and a gradual preparation for reading the more difficult partsq.
CHAPTER LXXXVIII.
This chapter serves to introduce the digression contained in chaps. 85 TiT.
1. o  ro-oe-rov......vvrlZo-tv, not so zmuch because they believed (see
N. on I. 9. ~ 4) the statements of their allies, as because they feared




CuAP. LXXXIX.]                  N OTES.                                 339
Zest the Athenians should become more and more powerful.  The construction is as though it had been written,  ol3ooiv/LEvoL /~) o6'AtrYvaioL
— avr7v3 l.  See N. on 7ro'Xv, I. 72. ~ 1. -  op&PvrsE is related to
boOfOV'EIvoL as denoting the cause why they feared.  The extent of
dominion attributed to the Athenians by the Lacedmmonians is doubtless exaggerated, unless, as Bloomf. thinks, the Athenian allies, subjects, and colonies, both in Greece, Asia, and elsewhere, are included
in the general expression here made use of. See N. on I. 81. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
The design of this summary of Grecian history, which extends from the siege of Sestos to
the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, is to show the origin and progress of the Athenian power in Greece (~ 1); the Persians having been driven from Europe and conquered
at Mycale, Leotychides the Spartan king, with the Peloponnesian allies, returns home,
but the Athenians and their confederates remaining lay siege to Sestos and succeed in
taking it, after which they return to their respective homes (~ 2); the Athenians then
bring back their wives and children, and prepare to rebuild the city and its walls (~ 3).
1.Xov..... 7s937joav, " ad res gerendas venerunt, per quas creverynt."   Portus.
2. I prefer with HTaack to construct es MvKaciX?7 with os KaraTvTdyovTre, those of them who had fled away in their ships to Jifykcale.  There
is, however, no serious objection to constructing it with Ltezdpoepav,
were defeated at MlIycale.        AFC7rvXIsr, Leotychides the grandfather
of Archidamus II. (see N. on I. 79. ~ 2), after the battle of IMycale,
was sent into Thessaly, where, after several successes obtained over
those who had joined the Barbarians in the Persian war, he yielded
to the bribes of the Aleuada3, for which he was brought to trial on his
return home, and went into exile to Tegea, A. c. 469, where he died.
Cf. Smith's Diet. Gr. and RIom. Biog. and AMythol.  ~-  g77cTOv, Sestos,
lay on the Thracian side of the Hellespont.  Its possession was deemed
of importance, because it commanded in a great measure the channel.
Here Xerxes crossed the Hellespont on bridges of boats. —-- ErrLXELPrao-oreg, having remained through the winter. --  eKXtrdsrov,, having
aba-,ndoned.        S E Kcrroot - = r EK (asrroo'rvXor.
3. rb voeroi, the coK,,:l.   7weat1,th, contains the idea of plurality, and
hence takes a plural verl1) (3LKotltxo/(ro), and has aorots referring to
it in the plural (cf. Mt. ~ 302).' The pronoun avrosr follows darxXtov,
as showing to whom  the action expressed in the verb has reference




340                               NOTES.                              [BooK I.
(cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 600. 2), or it may depend on X'pas, in the sense of
the adnominal genitive.  Cf. S. ~ 201. 5.             ev --   er-v ev oh (ubi).
For the attraction of relative adverbs, cf. K. ~ 332. R. 7; S. ~ 175. 1.
--     v7r1e$Evro, had removed them for safety.  Notice the force of v7ro
and EK in this verb, the latter communicating the idea, out of danger,
and  the former, removal to a  secret or retired  situation. -              r
7ro6Xtv as distinguished from  sa rretXrq, is to be taken in the sense of
houses. -      alt tv 7roXXal and oXy'aL hi are in  partitive  apposition
with olKlatL which  should properly be put in the genitive denoting
the whole (cf. K. ~ 206. 3; S. ~ 156. 3).  Render:  the greater eLart
of the houses had fallen, and but few remained standing.
CHAPTER XC.
The Lacedemonians, when they hear that the Athenians are about to rebuild their walls,
partly of their own accord, and partly instigated by their allies, send an embassy to
Athens (~ 1), and under pretence that the enemy, if they should return, should have no
fortified place whence to, sally forth, desire the Athenians to desist from their erection
(~ 2); but Themistocles advises his fellow-citizens to dismiss the Lacedwmonian embassy,
with the promise that they would send envoys to Sparta concerning tile matter in hand,
of whom he being one would repair immediately to Sparta, while they, remaining at
Athens his associates in the embassy, should apply themselves to the A orki of fortifying
the city with all their energies and resources (~ 8); after the giving of which advice, he
takes his departure (~ 4); having arrived at Sparta he defers his attendance on the
authorities, under the pretence that he is waiting for his colleagues (~ 5).
1. 7o- EcIXXov (see N. on 1. 68. ~ 1), what was about to be done, i. e.
that the city was about to be fortified. --  sXnov 7rpefrfer, wcent by
embassy - sent an  embassy. -            rd  tev.... 6psvries, par~tly  becautse
(see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) they would (hav) have been mnore glad to see.'ro h  responds to rh tu~Ev, the singular being emlployed for the sake
of enmphasis. --       2eorpvvdrrooy denotes cause. --     O 7-rpil  oVX VrrqpXe,
which formerly did not exist.  5i refers to 7rX)Vnovs, and therefore it
is not denied that there was any shipping, but only that the fleet was
not numerous, which was true, for previous to the Persian war the
Athenians had comparatively no navy.  Cf. I. 14. ~ 3.
2. avroush, i. e. the Athenians. --        aXX& Kai bhI t r'ather.  -   o'-oLs
cOrrtjKet (so. reiX71 cognate to roub  7reptf3SXovs, the enclosures,  acals),
as many as had walls standing.  0ro-or refers to rro'v e'so IleXorroVoo-v
(of those cities withozct Peloponnesus), and limits etrroT7KeL.  Arnold
prefers  vreo'-rl'Ke,) stood or held together, i. e. existed unruined. --




CaUP. XC.J, ui JL   S.                         341
6vyKaTreXeLv depends on I7jf0ovv.         (ra&v, i. e. the Lacedminonians.
--    f3orvX0oMEvov =  Trqv foSXTIALv, their wish, desire.  See N. on I.
68. ~ 1. -    s  rovs'A2i7valovs  depends on v'rorrov.     Jcr SE —OVK
av eXovros -=   i-rKovrTE  8;, ort (El' p  reLXLIotLEY) oSK &o''XOL.  For this
use of rkO, see N. on I. 73. ~ 5.  In respect to the employment of the
participle instead of the substantive sentence (i. e. cob followed by a
finite verb), cf. K. ~ 329. 6. R. 5.  The difference between the two
modes of construction is only in form. -'7ro EXvpof 7rocrc, from
any fortified place whatever. v —    daXcprar-rv, place of retreat. -
aqiopNrv,   a sallying place; "locus unde fit imp2etus." Betant.  It is
like our military phrase, base of operations.  The duplicity and meanness of the Lacedemonians in this affair, was effectually counteracted
by the firmness and sagacity of Themistocles, as we shall see in the
sequel.
3. yyvdo,   by the advice, suggestion.  -   rovs AaKeaaLaqovovg depends on darihXXakav.  The natural order of construction would have
placed aro0KPLyL Evot.... XE-YovarLV immediately  after -yvC'4.      C or
avrovs. See N. on I. 34. ~ 2.   -  replt ov -=  repl EiKELico a'.    - nrpos
EaurVo,  besides him?2self.    EK7r/ElretLV.  Repeat EfKXEVfe.      XPp.... pcoo-rL, utntil they should have raised the wall (to a height) sufficient.  In respect to the subjunctive, see N. on KOXCOVT(1at I. 26. ~ 2.
Wr7e a-,rotiaXeEo'-at explains Kavodv. -— K K.... V+tov, the height
which was barely necessary, i. e. to a height, less than which would be
useless for purposes of defence. -         7ravSrtlei is rendered still more
emphatic, by Kal aiVroVr.....ra7.as which follows.  Cor. Nep. includes
also the servants in the number of those who engaged in raising the
walls and repairing the fortifications. -  - rls;of;eXa, any thing of
service for the work.
4. vrreLr'ojv r'XXa Svrt is put by attraction for V7retrc\v orLT ra'XXa.
Haack places a comma after vreb7rre.  --   r8aKEL i. e. at Sparta.
5.  rvs acPXar, the magistrates.  Goel. says that the ephors are
meant. -       tLTIe, so. To' Xpuovov.    7rpov)ao-ierTo, made excuses.
Frontinus says that he feigned sickness.-    rov er rEXEt oSv rcv, of
those who were in office.  The same persons are here referred to as in
ras apXas. -    oT is here put for  lto't.  Cf. Mt. ~ 488. 8.  Bloomf.
supplies rt;E-rtl. -- rO KOtrov refers to the conmmon assembly, before
addressing which, as Bloomf. remarks, it was necessary to obtain the
permission of the dipXa. -- daaXoXlas SE rtvIOS  ovb'o7, on account of
somne engagement




842                              NOTES                                [Booi: i
CHAPTER XCI
[he confidence of the Lacedsemonians in the declarations of Themistocles, is somewhat
shaken by the counter-statement of others, who report that the walls are building (~ 1)
they are persuaded by him, however, to send persons to Athens to ascertain the truth of
his assertions (~'); while at the same time he gives private instructions to the Atheriians, to detain the Spartan messengers until he and his colleagues (who had then arrived)
should return home (~ 8); this they do, after which Themistocles announces to the Lacediemonians, that the city is fortified sufficiently for purposes of defence, and that the
Athenians know what is for their own and the common good (~ 4); that their prudenee
had been manifested, both when through necessity they abandoned their city and
embarked on board of their ships, and when they were consulted on matters of common
moment (~ 5); that it would be for their own interest, and that of the allies in general, to
have their city in such a state of defence, that they would not be deterred fltom offering
free and impartial counsel in the common assembly (~~ 6, 7).
1. o  ae  UKovovrES.... &ErEdlovro)  biut owhen  they heard  this, they
believed Themistocles; not those who  heard, etc.                 aTro   is the
objective genitive, for? or towards him.  In respect to the high repute
in which  the Laced,-nmonians held  Themistocles, cf. I. 74.   1.
rav 8E a';Xcov does not refer to the Lacedlxmonian arnbassadors, as
they had returned to Sparta before the arrival of Themistocles (cf. I.
90. ~ 3), nor to the colleagues of Themistocles, since their arrival is
particularly mentioned in ~ 3 infra, but to those who had come fiom
Athens in the way of common business.  Haack conjectures, that the
article is employed to denote all who came, and that the following Kal
may be taken in the sense of vel or adeo.  In his German translation
of the passage he seems, however, to have given to Kat the signification, which it has before AdXa and  ardvv, which Poppo (Suppl. Adnot.
p. 136) says is approved by Sintenis in Ephem. Scholast. 1831. p. 1140.
In the place of aXXwov (which is suspected by Dobree), Poppo conjectures fiom the words of Plutarch, that Aiytvqr'sp   should be substituted.
In view of all that has been said, I am disposed to retain the article
and give the passage the translation, the others (as we would say every
other arrival, aXXcov being employed in contradistinction to Themistocles) who came, declaring very openly.   As it is probable that Themistocles had denied that the construction of the walls was going forward
the declaration of these comers from  Athens was a contradiction of
his assertions, yet the verb in itself has not the signification given it
by Bloomfield, contradicting his rejpresentations.  -'os'+   Xamf3aveL,
so. rO TrEXOv elicited from  reLXr'erat.  -   OVK etXo  (mentally) orres
ypq d7roarrioac, they did not know how they were to discredit the thing.




CHAP. XCI.]                    NOTES.                               343
XP7I is a gloss, but cf. OVK  Tlr[ralro rp'S ~ r7t Xp5 X~opo-ac, VII. 44.
~ 3. See also Xen. Cyr. I. 4. ~ 24; IV. 5. ~ 19.
2. fIr.... 7re4[txa, not to be led awcay by reports, but to send rather;
literally, not r'ather to be led away-than to send.  "Ex nostra dicecldi ratione pro /t ttiaXoXov —' magis /,s  roo-orov —-o-ov sen ~uaXXa  pfiXXov exspectes." Poppo.        craJ   avrncv shows that the re
presentations, adverse to the declarations of Thenmistocles, had not
been made by the Lacedmmonians. --    Xpqrrol, respectable, of good
stand ing.
3. (dtrorEXXovortv ovv.  According to Cor. Nep., they sent three
men fJunctos suznnnis honoribus.  Dioed. calls them -rois E'rtlaveo-radrov,
but does not state their number. --   cs'riKtor-a  ir/avfs4 =f as secretly
as possible. --    rplv (always accompanied by av) is followed by the
subjunctive or optative when a negative clause precedes, and when
reference is had to future time, i. e. when its translation is before.
When it refers to time past (its translation being until), it takes the
indicative. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 848; K. ~ 337. 9. a; S. ~ 220. 2. The
subjunctive, KOJtLO-ldO-W, is here employed according to the general
rule, that it depends on a primary tense, KEXeVIOV taking the time of
7rE7reL.  S. ~ 212. 2.       avrot refers to Themistocles and his colleagues. ~- rq.... reiXov is a parenthesis, thrown in to explain
why the plural aLrol was used.  ~'Ap3pcovtXo, Abronyehus.  It was
he who commanded the ship stationed at Thermopylhe, to communicate between Leonidas and the fleet at Artimesium.  -'ApLo-reiLq,
Aristides, surnamed the Just, the rival of Themistocles. 7For an interesting sketch of his life, see Smith's Dict. Gr. and Romn. Biog. and
Mythol. -- yap after Je5ooetro introduces the reason why Themnistocles gave the direction  contained in Or 77K-Tra..... KO0/o-&o-v.  It
resumes the narration which was interrupted by the parenthesis i'3r/.... reTXos.    r- asr, them.  Cf. Butt. ~ 127. 3.           T 607rE ore ocar
UKovretav, qohen they should perchance (cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 844. a) obtain
cegrtain intelligence that the walls were erected.
4. hdr rp.O..... lvat.  The order is: r7  Xotwrv i'vat [or vrpbo  &ayLyVc-Kovrrasr.  The infinitive;Evat depends on e7tErv, to be repeated
from the preceding member, where it was followed by Ort with the
indicaetive. -- -rai'/.;opa  and r(' KOLtv  (se.  t1jIopa taken  as a
substantive) depend on &atyvvyec.co'vrar.  These remarks of Themistocles arel very spirited and patriotic.
5. (dev  EJCELVOV- yv), Ecr,  h avizng determined (on this thing) zoithout
them (i. e. without aLsk!ing advice of them). --       o-aa....,Sovevero-aL,
as to any planTs vwhich qere determzined on in conjunction with them
(i. e. in joint council with the Lacedmlnonians).  For the construction




344                            N OTES.                           [BOOK I.
of the accusative with the infinitive in the oratio obliqua, and depend.
ing on a verb of saying, declaring, etc., expressed or implied (here
~4ao'av), cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 889. a; Mt. ~ 538.- -  oIePvOs  v-7rfepoe.
inferior to no one. S. ~ 198. 1.
6. aoKE'V is constructed the same as leatl, ~ 4 supra. -          Kal evv,
now also. -       The subject of e'vat is the proposition r;v....T Xetv
which is also the subject of'ocr  atl. -       Es rov  7ravras  6v/tx,4cXovE is
a varied construction for rio-Lt rTOS  vtiUaXoLsr, which would regularly
have followed TOtE 7roXtTatr.
7. ob yapp.... 3ovXEveao-at, for it is impossible for any one, without
(1j drro) Preparation for defence equal [to that of the other Iembers
of the confederacy], to give similar and equal (i. e. independent and
impartial) advice in respect to the common weal, to that which is given
by the more powerful confederates.  Arnold paraphrases, for no one
could enter heartily into the counsels of a confederacy, unless he rad as
ranmuch at stake as the other nmembers of it.  But he appears not to have
caught the idea, which is not equality of interests at stake, but of the
means of defence, such equalities being necessary to give each menber of a confederacy freedom of deliberation in the commnon council.
In  respect to  the general construction, ctvat depends on  oLo' r'
(S. ~ 222. 6), and  3ov;XevEa-Zat is the subject of the proposition
(S. ~ g22. 1).     i....X,   or to consider that this thing (i. e. the
construction of the walls at Athens) was just and proper.  rie'
Tode.
CHAPTER XCII.
The Lacedremonians exhibit no appearance of resentment at the speech of Themistu,ules,
but nevertheless hold a secret grudge against the Athenians. The ambassadors on both
sides return home unblamed (~ 1).
1. ipy7v..... erosovrovro,   anifested no resentment.   r- KeOXit
KcoXvL-art. b- 3ev, forsooth, indeed, expresses irony, and therefore
= they pretended.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 726. 2. a.        T r  Kotv' is rendered by Portus, ad eorum  (i. e. the Athenians) rempublicanm.  So
Haack takes the dative for es with the accusative.  Valla (cited approvingly  by  Goeller) makes r7  KOLtWl  depend  on 7rapatosro-s, the
verbal being followed by the case of its verb, Jor the giving counsel
to the state.  I am  inclined, although with some hesitation, to follow
the explanation  of the Schol. Tr Kotv- = V7TEp 7ro  K0olOU.  Cf. Mt




CIHAP. XCIII.]                       N O TES.                             345
~ 387.       ay- [la Ne Kat.,..ErTyXavov    I take to be a continuation of the
avowed sentiments of the Lacedemonians, r7s  AE'vrot j3ovXso-eo being
the  resumption  of the  subject from   7roLogxvro robi'Arwvalots.     The
participle o'Trre  is to be constructed with E'ryXavov.  S. 225. 8.Ev ro rore,  at that time.  S. ~ 228. 1. -- a7rois limits 7rpooqSOLX6e
and refers to the Athenians.
CHAPTER XCIII.
The Athenians thus surround their city with walls, the hasty construction of which was
manifest even in the times of Thucydides (~~ 1, 2); at the advice of Thelnistocles, they
fortify the Pirueus, on account of its fine situation for a naval station (~ 3); he also excites
and directs their aimi to be masters of the sea (~ 4), and to this end, the Pirmus was enclosed with a wall of great thickness, although its height was much less than Themistocles intended (~ 5); this was done with the view that it might be defended by a few
persons, and the rest spared to man the fleet (~ 6); for the navy occupied his chief attention, as being the most efficient means of defence against the Persian king, and he therefore
judged the Pirceus to be of snore utility than the upper city, and rather to be defended
(~ 7); thus the city was rebuilt and fortified (~ 8).
1. Poppo thinks that this and the following section should constitute a chapter by themselves, as with ~ 3 commences the account of
the fortification, and the incipient steps of the Athenians to obtain the
naval ascentlency.
2. 8'X9-7 o-rtv.  The impersonal is changed into the personal construction, and oKoaogxla is transferred  from  the substantive sentence
into the principal one.  The impersonal construction would have been
Kan 8XoV EMrt Kl 1t VUV E-TyV or  j o7 Ko8o0t[a Kara o-rrovaSv  EyevTro.  Cf.
K. ~ 529. R. 4; Mt. ~ 297; S'. ~ 225. 7.   -  ot —eEFtXLO L (sc. Xlo),
the foundation-stones,  obundations.  Cf. Mit.  ~ 95. -               -r(avrolowv.
There is some difference of opinion wlether thlis refers to stones of all
sorts, or of all shapes and sizes.  Perhaps, however, both ideas are included.  In their haste, they laid stones of all sorts and shal)es proMiscuonsly together. -- Kal.....,   and in  some places (see N. on I.
65. ~ 2) not wrought and made to fit together.  Sonie may prefer to
takle ov-eOrMV    in the sense, in  no mranner whcatever (cf. K. ~ 381.
P. 5).  But it is hardly to be supposed  that the thing spoken  of was
true of the whole foundation, and hence I think it better to take j in
the sense of place, than of manner or way.  -              ro (rs7mtracov, froim
sepulchral mnonuments.  In the northern wall, which was called tlhe
Pelasgian, and which was probably rebuilt about the same time with




846                          N OTES.                       [Booa L
the peribolus of the Asty, Leake says (Topog. of Athens, I. p. 312),
" entire courses of masonry are formed of pieces of Doric columns,
which were almost as large as those of the Parthenon, and there are
other courses consisting of the comnpo.ite blocks of Doric entablature
of corresponding dimensions.  The ruins of former buildings were
much employed for this purpose, the devastations of the Persians
having left an abundance of materials of this kind."' — yap introduces the reason why monumental and other wrought stones were
worked into the wall, viz. because of its increased extension and the
consequent deficiency of materials.  -   7rcivra both common and
sacred (Kal KOLZa Kal iepa'. Schol.).
3. ro  lIetLpatmis.  Their former port was Phalerus, which  Cor.
Nep. (Vit. Themist. VI.) says, was neither a large nor a good one.
-- -- rripKro 8' avrov, for a beginning had been nmade of it (= they
had begun it).  "If an active or middle, which has no object, is
changed to a passive, it becomes of course impersonal, and it may become so with an indirect object."  Crosby, ~ 564. 3. vriVpKro.... p7e
is a parenthesis, explanatory of rm XotLra in the preceding context, and
hence 8' =y-dp. -     E'ir rs EKEIVOV (i. e. Themistocles) apxQg. This
was A. 0. 493. Olymnp. 74. 4. ----, in which. S. ~ 196. --'Ar
vraovs is made by some to depend on'p$E (cf. Mt. ~ 360. a), but Poppo more correctly makes'AqvYalotr (IPXeLV simply written for'ApXovra'Ar.vaotLs Etiva. --- avro(dvet, natural opposed to that which is alrtificial. For the termination ctr instead of as, cf. Butt. ~ 53. N. 4.
The three ports here spoken of, were named Cantharus, Aphrodisins,
and Zea.  l- Kal..... va/tlv.  There are various ways in which this
passage is translated, of which I shall specify but two; (1) their having become a naval people would be a gr'eat help towards their acquiring power; literally, by having become a naval people they, etc.  This
is Arnold's interpretation, to which he adds, " the adjective and participle form a more important part of the subject than the pronoun substantive; as in those Latin expressions, where the passive participle
precedes the substantive with which it agrees, to show that it is the
more important word of the two, as' captum oppidumn multum  rebus
nostris profuit,' the taking of the town was of much use."  The objection to this is that it leaves out ro Xrpclov, which is evidently to be
continued as the subject fiom the preceding clause, and thus limakes
what is compact and harmonious, disjointed and feeble. It is also
unsafe to reason against the obvious construction of a sentence, by authorities drawn from  the Latin mode of construction.  (2) et illuzalocumt (ro Xaopiov supplied from the preceding context) se nauticos face
ros valde promoturum  esse ad potentiam  consequendamr, (and that the




CnAP. XCIII.]                 NOTES.                             347
place would advance them to the attaining of pow6er, when they should
become a nautical people).  This is the interpretation of Osiand. (Observ. in Thucyd. fasc. II. p. 9), which Poppo and Goeller adopt.  In
order to make ro6 Xcopov the subject of 7rpoep'wtv, Poppo supposes a
transposition of re in the former member, so that it should be ro6 XO.
Xgov KaXdV rE devaL.  The only objection which I would make to this
interpretation, which in its Inain features is correct, is noticed by
Bloomfield.  It supposes that the Athenians had not yet becomne a
naval people, whereas the very opposite was the case.  If then the
participle be translated, icasmuch as they had become (see N. on I. 9.
~ 4), this objection would be removed, and the true interpretation
would I think be reached. The transposition of re is not harsh or
unusual, and that 7rpoofpetv (used without av for the future infinitive,
cf. S.-~ 222. 4. b) may have the signification here given it, every good
lexicon will show.
4. For a long time I was inclined, by the use of ya'p in this section,
to adopt Arnold's interpretation of the preceding sentence Kal.... 8V
vera/. But much examination and reflection has satisfied nme, that
yap does not serve to confirm  the idea that their naval supremacy
would help to augment their power, but is rather to be taken wvith
ctve S....6 0 0c1troK0X, as strengthening the idea intended to be
conveyed, that Thernistocles was the sole projector of the plan to
make Athens a maritime power.  yhp may therefore be rendered
indeed. -     areKcria (from advrexc) J;rl.  See N. on I. 72. ~ 1. It is
followed by the genitive ~aXado-orrs (S. ~ 192. 1). --   Ev3v  after the
Persian war. Goeller interprets it: statimn  postiuam archon fuit.  It
is probable that at this time, if ever, Themistocles made the proposal
niarrated by Plutarch (ro vepeptov;Efrpjro-aL rSov'EkXXjoWv).
5.;Ke'vov refers to Themistocles.  -      e&rmCp vvv Elrt b8Wov ferT.
The walls were destroyed by the Lacedaemonians, at the close of the
Peloponnesian war, yet enough of the foundations were left to enable
some judgment to be formed of their thickness.  Arnold argues from
Xen. Hellen. II. 4. ~ 11, that the destruction could only have been
partial, affecting chiefly the fortifications on the side of the sea. -
hao yap.... E 17ryov, i. e. the wall was so broad, that two heavy wagons
or wains could mleet and pass one another, as they were conveying
stones for its construction. -     XaXt,  small stone gravel, with which
the ancients filled up the interior of very thick walls, and which was
made adhesive and solid by clay (7rXo'0s). This whole passage is illustrated by the following extract from Leake's Topog. of Athens, I. p.
411.  "On the side of Mlunychia, towards the open sea, the renains
are best preserved.  Here three or four courses of masonry, both of




348                           N OTES.                         [Boo. L
walls and square towers, are in many places to be seen; and there are
some situations, where we still find the wall built in the manner described by Thucydides; that is to say, not filled up in the middle with
a mixture of broken stones and mortar in the usual manner of the
Greeks, but constructed throughout the whole thickness, of large
stones, either quadrangular or irregularly-sided, but fitted together
without cement, and the exterior stones cramped together with metal.
This we may suppose to have belonged to the original work of Themistocles, which has thus survived the lapse of twenty-three centuries."  This helps to decide the meaning of E'v ro7j  iEyyovtoLo, CUt
square; literally, made sguare in cutting; "cut into an angular'form,
made angular in cutting." Arnold.  Cv ro/iy is interpreted by Goel.
" locis quibus inecisi sunt," which Poppo (Snppl. Adnot. p. 136) seemns
to cite approvingly. -- r  vvcpKoao/i6'PooL, built up close, i. e. having
no interstices between them  to be filled up with gravel and clay.
7o-av is to be supplied firon the preceding fv.        7rpbrs OXX/Xovs
follows leaE/IvoL. L -ra EZaWev, on the outside.-'7ltorv —o~ o evOEcio, (only) the half of that which he intended (ou = ZKeiYov  v).
6. /iey'cEL  here  signifies height. &-ivrovXdr, hostile plans,
" vel a consilio porturnm  oppugnandi." HTaack.  The reading irt/3oXCar,
hostile attacks, is adopted by Bloomf; and Didot.  See N. on IIT. 45.
~ 5.  ~-  Kal r&ov dXpetordrcov, and that too the most useless, i. e. those
who were disabled so as not to perform  active service, or were excused on account of their age. -     dpKifc tv to defend the place.
The subject is r7zr jvXaKv.
7. rpoO-eKFtro, devoted his attention to.  - i ive-igobov-o do-av,
because he saw (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) thaet an invasion was more easy
(EZrropcorepav).;roabov is linited by mrpatrttsr, and r.rs (sc.'dSbov)
follows the comparative.  In this appears the sagacity of Thenm-istocles, for no Persian king, with the lesson of Thcrmnopylhe  before hiMm,
would ever think of attacking Greece by a land expedition.         ris;d[o mr-Xrodr, the upper city. "De sola acropoli noli cogitare." Poppo.
-- e i abrv, i. e. into the Pirmus. v —     avat is the dative of means.
— OVI OUrTL)r, so then, i. e. in accordance with the advice of Themlistocles.      racXXa KaTEO-KEvacoVTro, restored the other edifceAs. T.le
theme of KaraCrrKeviacO is Kara'acrKev, whiclh has amiong other significa -
tions that of a bZuilding, ed/ifce, and hence it lmeets the (emandls of tle
context, which evidently refers it to the private and public edificee,
temples, etc., some of which were whol-lly destroyed? and others Iore
or less injured.  a'XXa in Xra'ka is employed to dlistinguishl these ediices from the walls and fortifications imh-plied in iretXLo-Jqlo-av.




CHP. XOV.]                         N  T E S.                                  349
CHAPTER XCIV.
Pausanias, accompanied by the Athenians and other allied forces, is sent out from Lacedsae
mon (~ 1); he reduces the greatel part of Cyprus, and takes Byzantium (~ 2).!. llavo-avtnas  h.   There is a resumptiofi  here of the  historical
surnnlary commenced at I. 87. ~ 3, and interrupted  by the somewhat
extended  account of the fortification  of Athens.  The events here
spoken of took place. the year subsequent to the battles of Platea and
MIIycale, and  the  same year in which the walls of Athens and  the
Pirceus were built. -         eKoot.  Gottl. cites Diodorus as giving the
number at fifty, which  diversity Bloomfield would remove by reading
87' (scilicet) for 8e.
2. KEirpov, Cyyprus, was a large island in the Mediterranean, S. of
Cilicia, and W. of Syria, not far from   the coast.  The luxurious and
effeminate character of its inhabitants is well known. -                  avr7r ra,roWXk, the greaeter pycrt of it. -        Mr8sov EiXOYvr,  the Afedes possessing
it =  it being in the possession of the Mlfedes.,- iEv T          r~E 77 lJyEgyolia
is considered by Steph., Haack, and Goel., as belonging to the following chapter, hi after'87s being omitted.  But may not its use, in the
present connexion, have  been  to show  that Byzantium  was  taken
in the time of Pausanias's command, although  near its close?  So
Arnold thinks, and with good reason.  It was not until the capture of
that place, and the release of the Persian captives taken in it, that the
proposal to  betray  Greece was made by Pausanias.  This proposal
being favorably received, and an answer friom  the king at Susa having
been  returned, Pausanias became  arrogant to  such a degree, as to
excite the ill-will of the Asiatic Greeks, anid cause them  to put themzselves under the protection of Athens.
CHAPTER XCV.
The insolence of Pausanias having become intolerable, the Asiatic Greeks request tshe
Athenians to become their leaders, which request is complied with (~~ 1, 2); the Lacedalmonians, in the meantime, had recalled Pausanias to answer to the charges of a tyrannical
and arlbitrary command preferred against him (~ 3); and at this time the allies thlroug:h
hatred of hins passed over to the Athenians (~ 4); Pausanias on his return home is fuimed
guilty of the private chargles, but is acquitted of the most serious of the public accusations
~ 5); I)orcis is sent out inl lhi lplace, to whom the allies refuse obedience (~ 6); ulposn
which hle and the leadlers associated with him withdlraw, and the Lacedcsmonians, fearing
that their genlerals will hbe corrsuited, and thinlkinlg that the Athenians are better adapted
to carry on the war than themselves, send out no more commanders into Asia (~ 7).
1. 3tatov, tyracnrical in the exercise of his command. --  1XkXo
thia  the  Peloponnesians, especially  the  Lacedamemon ians. -                 oly
16




350                          NOT ES.                         [BooK 1
eKltrra most especially.   -  YOcTrl~ lately.  Reference is had in this
place to the Greeks, who had been liberated from the Persian yoke by
the battles of Platiea and Mycale. --- Karh  ro vyyEevsr, by virtue of:,he relationship betwcen themn.  These words aLre to be constructed
with tjlouvv (- thought it fit, beconming).  The Ionians, having been
driven out of Peloponnesus by the Achaians (who'had been dispossessed of Argolis and Laconia by the Dorians and the Heraclidna),
came to Athens and there for a tilne resided, not as citizens, or those
who could possess land, but enjoying the protection of the laws, and
supporting themselves by nleclhanical arts.  After a while, under the
protection of Athens, they migrated to Asia Minor, from which state a
number of citizens was sent as leaders (1-y4Loves) of the colony. These
carried with them  the sacred fire for the new settlement, taken fiomn
the prytaneum of Athens, and thus were entitled to the appellation
of tu1rp'OroXtn (qnother-city) to the lonians. See Arnold's note on tllis
passage.      t..... 3Lfi7rat (= fn E&rtrptEretv 3tcSa,,at).  The subjunctive is employed, because the condition is assumed as something
probable but not certain. Of. Jelf's Kiillhn. ~ 854. 1; S. ~ 215. 1.
2. oi 86'WArvaiot;ieWavro K. r. X. If Plutarch is to be believed, the
Athenians did not grant their request, until after the allies had offended
Pausanias by their movements.-  7rpouE7Xov -5n  yvd1tup, directed
their attention = attended to their request. anbro; (i. e. rots XdyoLt)
nmay be mentally supplied after these words. -- -Js (= with the purpose) ov,reptO+dflJlnEro.  See Notes on (r, I. 73. ~ 4, and on 7rEptop5,V
I. 24. ~ 6.-  rtaXXa. Their affairs had now reached so important
and delicate a crisis, that many other things, besides a redress of the
immediate wrongs complained of, were to be attended to, and hence I
am inclined to refer ciVroi in this clause to both the Athenians and
the Asiatic allies, rather than to either party taken separately.  A
union, like the one here proposed, was to be effected with great prudence and precaution, in order not to draw upon the parties the enmity of the Lacedmlmonians and the rest of the Peloponnesians, whose
acquiescence in such an accession of strength to the Athenians, could
hardly at that time have been hoped for.  Hence it was important to
look at the subject in all its aspects, and to establish matters on a
good basis in reference to the alliance about to be formed.
3. avaKpLvoerrSe, in order to examine into. S. ~ 225. 5. --  ev 7fEpt
EKELYva 7rept Ov.  See N. on I. 75. ~ 5 (end). t- ataKla.... a(rov,
mzuch injustice was charged upon hinb = he was accused of nmuch injustice. In the active voice (t&LKta would have been the accusative, after
the formula Karayopetv r- revos.  Cf. S. ~ 194. 4; Mt. ~ 378. p. 608.
-    r&v Tlq) voLKvtOE1ov into Lacedemon. -     rvpavtlaos —ltgtqsotv, an




CHrA. XCV.]                   N OTES.                            351
imitation of tyranny. ---  i crpaa'yla, rather than, a military command (cf. I. 94. ~ 1, where Pausanias is called a o-rpaTryrs).  Haack
and Poppo read   t cr-parrylta, and make it the subject of the verb.
Haack gives as a reason, " quia aloqui subjectum huic loco aptumr  desideratur.' But the subject can readily be supplied from the context.
4. Kacoe(oat.... TFera-ritacr.at, at the same time in which he was
recalled, the allies throulgh enmity of him  (objective genitive) went
over to the Athenians.  Notice how atf/a unites these propositions in
respect to time.
5.                 h Ev.... VErv~Va  he was found guilty of the injuries privately
committed against individuals (wrpd  rva.)  For the construction, cf.
S. ~ 194. 4. - Ehv2v'q-daroXvEcrat.  This interchange of the aorist
and the historic present, imparts beauty and force to the passage, by
keeping before us the continued action of the verb of acquittal, and
suffering the momentary one designating the conviction of Pausanias's
guilt to pass rapidly by in the aorist.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 401. 5; Mt.
~ 504. 1. -    rh 8E  e;ytcra, in respect to the greatest charges (Mt.
~ 421. Obs. 2), is to be referred to MrhLStqorL, MAedisen.  See N. on I.
135. ~ 1.- -;1,tLKEiV. See N. on I. 10. ~ 1.- EhdKEt oan crrarov
ECtat (se. roh rpa7yMa), and the matter seemed to be mnost mnanifest (to
the other Greeks), i. e. public opinion pronounced him  guilty of this
charge.  Had his treason been as manifest to the Lacedeamonians as
to others, there is no reason to believe that he would have escaped
immlediate punishment, since no leniency was shown him, when subsequently convicted of the same crime.
6. E'KEVOV.... apXovra shows that the term  of his command had
not expired, when he was recalled by the Lacedelmonians.  He returned afterwards of his own accord to the Hellespont, but not by
public authority.  Cf. I. 128. ~ 2.-   AOpKlV 86 Kal;aXXovr.  These
persons appear to have constituted a board, the members of which
were jointly intrusted with the command.  See N. on III. 100. ~ 2.
It was not wonderful that the allies refused obedience to them, since
no authority can be more inefficient or liable to abuse than that which
is jointly shared by many.
7. oi b;, i. e. Dorcis and his colleagues. -. —-darwX2;ov into Lacedremon. -----  XXovr.... AaKeatldvtlo.  Miiller (Dorians, I. p. 204) thinks
that the motive of the Lacedmmonians, in determining to send no
more commanders into Asia, lay deeper than the defection of the Ionians from Pausanias, or their refusal to obey Doreis and his associates;
for without the Greeks of Asia Minor, they could, by the assistance
Df the naval powers of Peloponnesus, viz. Corinth, zEgina, etc., have;ontinued a war, which promised more of gain and plunder than of




852                            NOTES.                             [Boorr 1.
trouble or danger. They probably deemed it inexpedient to aim at the
mastery of the sea, or run the hazard of marring and breaking up the
Spartan institutions by foreign expeditions and foreign conquests. Nor
was it true, that the supremacy over the Greeks passed wholly into
the hands of the Athenians, since Sparta still continued to hold the
pre-eminence in Peloponnesus; and most of the states of the mother
country joined themselves to her, while none but the Asiatic Greeks
and those who inhabited the islands, put themselves under the command of Athens. -    oq)lltv is the dat. incommodi after XElpovr
yLyvSoorata.  Cf. Jelf's Kiuhn. (~ 602. 2). --    Xelpovs, badly affected
(false and unfaithfal. Bloomf.), as we say spoiled, i. e. rendered unfit
for public service.  The comparative is here used for the positive.
K. ~ 323. R. 7; Mt.. ~. 457. p. 576. -       drraXXatelovrre  8E Kal[ but also
thgrouyh a desire to get 1rid of.  S. ~ 143 (-cElo). 7- roX;cov.  S.
~ 197. 2. --  rvozoTresr  KaVOVr;e7yElroat.  The Athenians boasted
(I. 76. ~ 2) that by the Lacedeemonians themselves, they were deemed
worthy of the command intrusted to them. q- o —CLo-  limits E'rrLTrbELOVE (a / Xovs).
CHAPTER XCVI.
She Athenians having thus attained the command, proceed to determine what states shall
furnish ships, and what states money for the prosecution of the war against the Barbarians (~ 1); they appoint hellenotamim to receive the tribute which is first deposited at
Delos (~ 2).
1. 7rapaXaodvrers  H  o['Aa77vanot.  This took place A. c. 457. Olymp.
75. 4.  Arnold calls it the beginning of the Athenian empire. -         Lt
ro Ilavrravlov  ~limoS.  It is probable that admiration of the character
of Aristides, had some influence also in inducing the allies to take this
step. --    s.... Xpr tara7, which of the states should fiurnish montey.
7rpos, against. ---        vars.  The ellipsis can easily be supplied
fromn as.... X.psfara. -     rv.  The subject is adLvaco-at and the pres
dicate is rp:lgan,  2pretence, s7h:ow.  -               (V --   Ve,, i(, of whliChl the
antecedent is put in the genitive after advvcLao-,at, to denote that on
account of which the feeling of revenge arose.  K. ~ 2 74. 2; S. ~ 194.
1. -- — 8ovV'-ar, by laying waste (see N. on I. 9. ~ 1),  glrees witih
asrovsg, the omitted subject of dvctrvaorrte.  Somue erroneously regard it
as an accusative absolute.
2.'EXXqvora/tiatl, receivers of taxes, trertsurers appointed to receive
Q.he-moneys collected fraous the allied states, and to take  charge of them




CHAP. XCVII.]                   N O T ES.                 "353
when deposited in the treasury at Delos, and afterwards at Athens,
Boeckh  concludes from  certain inscriptions, that their number was
ten, and that, like the treasurers of the gods, they were chosen by lot,
out of the pentacosiomedimni (i. e. the first class of citizens, who
possessed land producing 500 medimni yearly), and that they did not
enter upon their office at the beginning of the year, but after the Panathennea (i. e. the festival in honor of Minerva), and the first prytanea,
i. e. periods of thirty-five or thirty-six days, in which the prytanes
(rrprrvrets) of each ~vXl\  in turn presided in the 3fovoX   and E',<KXrlrK  a
Cf. Boeclkh's Pub. Econ. Athens, pp. 176-180; Smith's Diet. Gr. and
Rom. Antiq. p. 469.'EXXkrvoraAtat is in apposition with dpKs5; literally, and hellenotamice, the office ( — the office of hellenotamice) owas
then.first established.  Cf. S. ~ 156. N. 2. --   o' iXovro, uwho ireceived.  These officers did not collect the tribute.  After the funds
were removed from Delos, they acted only as treasurers, the apodectm
(receivers) being a distinct office.  Cf. Boeckh, i. c. c.-     Spov.  On
account of the odium  which becamle attached to this word, it was
exchanged for oJVTraOts.  -   raXavra is in apposition with qSopor.
A\Xos was the place chosen for the treasury, because the temple of
Delos was greatly venerated, not only by the Greeks, but also by the
Barbarians, and the treasures would therefore be unmolested.                 (l
VpO8oL, i; "the returns, contributions."  Pickering.  I prefer with Poppo
and Bloomf. (in his latest edition) to affix to it the signification, the
common councils of the allies.  The presence of the article is no objection to this rendering, since the councils are referred to  as a well
known  fact (S. ~ 167), and no place would be more likely  to be
selected for holding these councils, than one so secure as Delos, where
also their treasures were deposited. Cf. Boeckh's Pub. Econ. Athens,
p. 397.
CHAPTER XCVII.
Bere commences the second division of the summary of Grecian history contained in chals.
8C-118 (see general remarks, p. 338). In this chapter Thucydides, after remarking that
the Athenians increased their dominion thus acquired, by carrying on war and by political management (~ 1), states the reasons why he digresses from the main history, viz. the
imperfection in which the history of the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian
wars had been left by his predecessors, and the immediate bearing which the increase of
Athenian power had on the declaration of war by the Lacedmemonians (~ 2).
1. avrov0ovzcv.  See N. on I. 67. ~ 2. -  ro 7rpcorov.  In process of
time, as the defection of the allies or political considerations gave oc



354                            NOTES.                           [BooK L
casion, the A thenians became more arbitrary, and exercised authority
over the allies as over vassal states. ---  air  KOLVo)jV $vvoBow, in coSmon assemblies.  6dro here denotes the Inediate instrument.  See N.
en I. 81. ~ 4.  o —   aorce refers to the rising power of the Athenians,
which is about to be the subject of the narration.            btayXctpl-ecb
7rpaytzdaTov, by the admzinistration of things.   h' refers to 7rpayMurwv
and not to ro(rCae as some imagine.  It also embraces as a prominent
idea the notion of war, fronm  roXEf? which precedes  LtaXEtp[orEL 7rpayyarwov, and hence 7rpos  which follows signifies against.         avrois
depends on E7yeIvro and refers to the Athenians.-    VEWTrepiovyraC,
attempting changes (in government), meditating a revolt. --         del, at
the tize. -   -E'KaoTr)o. The Scholiasts supply 7ro0XE   XOpo) 01p or c XpdV.
Haack would understand vcjireptLc-I  elicited fiom  veoorep[(ovras.  I
prefer with Poppo to supply fiom  a';EyveTro the words o E;YEVeTro, il,
each (war or transaction) sohich, too: p2)lace.
2. eypax4a, I have scritten.  The aorist is here used for the perfect.
S. ~ 211. N. 14.-    aTrc  refers to the events detailed in the digression
hlere spoken of. --     r;T eK[30oX7V Tro  Xdyov, digression fros m the subject.
0- Tde refers forward to OTt roigs rpo E;tov K. r. X. -   EKXLWtrE  TOVTrO
jv i-O xopIov, this passage (in history) has been overloolced. So we often
use p2lace in the sense of passage, when we say,'in such a pClace the
author remarks, etc.' --       roVrov does not refer to the historians, but
is a neuter depending on  r'+aro (S. ~ 192. 1), or upon eirev{7jo1 to
whllich it also belongs (S. 1. c.). -    Kai is employed because o5-Tep Kat
is almost equivalent to CE Kat) even though, although.  -   v r7y'ArrTTLK
$vyypaoLf.  Reference is had to the'ATr~[ or history of Attica, which
HIellanicus composed in four books at least.  This writer ('EXXavtKos)
was born in Mytilene in the island of Lesbos, and was one of the most
eminent of the Greek logographers (see N. on I. 21. ~ 1).  Respecting
tlhe date of his birth, among the diverse statements, that of Pamphila
is now most generally adopted, which makes him  a contemporary of
Ilerodotus, and to have been sixty-five years old at the beginning of
the Peloponnesian war (A. c. 431).  If he died, as Lucian (Macrob.
22) states, at the age of eighty-five, his birth would then have been
ablout A. c. 496, and. his death A. c. 411.  He was a very prolific
writer, but all his productions are lost except some fragments.  Cf.
Smitlh's Diet. Gr. and Roln. M/ythol. and Biog. II. p. 409. - - rols
Xp'Ovo0L, i. e. Klra v rovs  Xpoovor.    i- r     px..PXi.. KarTfrT?i.  For tlhe
sattraction of dpXjes frlom the subordinate clause (where it would have
been the svrbject of KarETcr77) into the principal one, see N. on I. 61. ~ 1.
- EX. Supply ra fom ro from ToVTOv, or from avTar at the beginning




CHAP. XCVIII]                   NOTES.                                 355
of the section, since this sentence contains a second reason for the digression, and is to be disjoined from the immediately preceding context (i. e. ro-row..... e/IV7Ojuus), which is parenthetical.
CHAPTER XCVIII.
In this digressive statement of the rise and progress of the Athenian power, the historian
begins by relating how under Cimon the son of Miltiades, they took Eion (~ 1), and Scyrus
(~ 2), and then compelled the Carystians to yield on conditions (~ 3); after which the
Naxians, who had revolted, were reduced by a siege and forced to submit (~ 4).
1.'Htova r7,v E~rLt ErpvLtvt is so called to distinguish it from Eion
in Pieria, and another in Thrace (ef. IV. 7. ~ 1).  It was situated  at
the mouth of the Strymon, nearly S. of Amphipolis, and is celebrated
for the desperate defence made by the Persian governor Boges, who,
when he found that he could no longer hold out against Cimon, killed
his wife, children, and family, and then set fire to the place and perished in the flames.  Dahl. fixes the chronology of this event at A. c.
476.  Cf. Class. Mus. I. p. 188. -        etov refers to the Athenians.
2.'Tretra is put for E'rucra 3e after rrpirov t'E1v, the omission taking place, because'rretra makes the contrast sufficiently Ianifest.  Cf.
K. ~ 322. R. 4.        EK-IUOpoV, ScyreUs  (now  Scyro), an island  in  the
LEgean sea, N. E. of Euboea.  The Schol. calls it one of the Cyclades.
)5Ktcrav avrol, they themselves colonized it, i. e. they sent out colonists who settled it.
3. Kapvorrtovs, the Ccarystians.  Carystus was a city of Eubcea, on
the south-eastern  extremity of the island, and W. of Germestus.
aurois refers to the Athenians. -           alvcv.cov afXXcow  EoE;Cov, i. e. no
other cities of Eubcea were subject to hostilities, the Carystians alone
refusing to become tributary to the Athenians. --     ovv'f3co-av KaY'
6/aoXoytav, came to terms of suzrrender, evidently refers to the Carys
tians. -
4. r7roXkermrjav refers to the Athenians.-   7rapeorrrcraoro,  reduced
them =forced   them  to sicbmrit.  This took place, A. c. 466.  Oly01mp.
78. 3, or about ten years after the reduction of Eion.  It will be seen
by this, how brief is the summary of events which Thucydides is here
giving.  It wvas while Naxos was besieged, that Tllelnistocles fled to
Persia in the way spoken of in I. 137. ~ 2. --    rpcorT're aurT7q  ro'Xt
-iEovXoBr- = atV'r7) re eTyeero  rprT  rrsrO XLS ) ) 8ovXjr/s (was reduced
to slavery = deprived of freedom).  -   trap&a ro Kaaeo'T)KlrsC, contrary




356                               NOTES.                              [BOOK 1,
to zohat was established by the terms of the  confederation. --                The
Schol. defines this by 7rapa roS vdaltLov KaL 7rpEi7rov for the Greeks were
then  free.  s- Ekrc cKcTSI )V'i/q  SC.  8ovXdls. Schol.   Stepll. explains its construction  as though  written:  irrera 8E Kalt rTo)v a'Xo)
EKaGrrr, coE  avr3 $vi/3q7.  A  learned  critic  in  Seebod. Bibl. Crit. a.
1828, no. 3. p. 18 (cited by Poppo, Adnot. ad  Schol.), would  omit
tvvF3q and take iKri(o-7r  in the nominative.  Of course iBovXqr would
have to be supplied from the preceding context.
CHAPTER XCIX.
f the causes of the revolt of the allies, the principal one was their failutre to pay the stipulated tribute, famish ships, and perform military service, which thilgs bore heavily
upon them, and which the Athenians rigoronsly exacted (~ 1); the government of the
Athenians was also no lonllger popular, and no expeditions were made on terms of equality (~ 2); which state of things had been brought upon the allies in part by their own
fault, inasmuclh as to avoid engaging in military expeditions they had compounded their
personal service by payment in money, which both increased the ability of the Athenians
to enlarge their naval power, and rendered the allies unable to offer effectual resistance whenever they dared to revolt (~ 3).
1. atlra.....e8eta, noW  tthe crause of the revolt among others  ocas
especially their being in, acrrears; literally,?now there were other causes
of the  rerolts, and  the greatest was their being in arrears (IKBetat).
Xe- tro(rrpurtov, failure  in  military  service, i. e. neglect to  send
tlheir contingents. --   KpI3oS Jr7rpaooav, dealt'igorously, i. e. exacted the full amount of tribute and service. - ~ OVK.... d Ciayar, because
(see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) they izmposed necessities tupon those, who were neither accutstomed nor willing to do hard wor7c.  raXat7rrsopev refers to
military service, and the labor necessary to provide the quota of ships
and the stipulated tribute.  In respect to the indolence and effeminacy
of the Asiatic Greeks, cf. Herod. VI. 12.  rais  av dyKa  is a term  denoting, as Arnold remarks, torture used to extort confession, and hence is
very forcible in this place.
2. 8e 7rcoe  eal ia'XXos, in  some  other r(spects  also.        6e1tols as
when  the confederacy was first formed. -'v s8'ovf is to  be collstructed with  no-av, wvere no longer (oVxiTt) popular in their comsnand
(apXovree), i. e. their government was no longer acceptable  to the
allies.  Krhg. (ad Dionys. p. 117) says that 7or-av —a'pXorvee is a circumlocution for the imperfect, woere governing.  But it is better to
translate the participle as a verbal noun  denoting  manner.  See N.




CHAP. C.]                       NOTES.                               35.
on I. 37. ~ 5. - -crb rov so-ov, on equal terms; "on a footing of
equality."  Bloosnf.  This is explained by Jacobs, i'o-  vo'/,u  KaL'o-y
bvdYieet.        -re responds to ov"re, and is therefore not unsuitable, as
Bloomf. supposes. -    7rpoo-cyecralEo   to bring under, to reduce to obedience.
3. 7aT0KvsqGvY-rev rTpaTreLtv, reluctance to engage in military expe
ditions. The genitive is here objective. S. ~ 188. N. 1.  -  ca'r' OtKOv.
away frjom home.-    dvr,, in lieu of. -         -— ETaravro-c,Epetv, agreed
to pay; literally, too/k upon themselves the payment.  Cf. III. 50. ~ 2.
-  -r r lc~KvoVe'vov dvckXooja (in  apposition  with XpIzarTa), schatever
the expenses  2iyght come to -  the proportionate expense (i. e. as it
might be rated to each state).  By this commutation of ships and men
for mnoney, the allies became devoted to trade, agriculture, and the
peaceful pursuits of life, and were proportionably unfitted for war.
The Athenians, on the other hand, employing the money thus furnished in fitting out their navy and in providing warlike munitions, increased their power, and soon became so formidable as to awe the
allies into any measure which they pleased to propose.  This plan of
allowing the allies to furnish money in lieu of men and ships, is ascribed by Plutarch to Cimnon. --    v-ovfiE;potev. The optative here
denotes indefinite frequency.  See N. on I. 49. ~ 3.           EKELvoL and
au7-l both refer to the allies.
CHAPTER C.
The Athenians under Cimon gain a great victory over the Persian land and sea-forces at the
Eurymedon (~ 1); the Thasians having revolted are defeated in a sea-fight, and the Athenians effect a landing on their island (~ 2); a colony being sent out to the Strymon to
settle in a place called the Nine-ways, are all cut off at Drabescus by the Thracians (~ 3).
1. Ier'h -raUra, after these events (viz. those related in I. 98).  The
victory at, the Eurymedon was probably achieved the samle year that
Naxos was reduced, i. e. A. c. 466. Olymp. 78. 3.  See N. on I. 98. ~ 4.
O- r' EvpvteiaoErL 7rora/l.  Beaufort (Caramania, pp. 135-137)
says that this river, inside of the curved bar which extends across its
mouth, is four hundred and twenty feet wide, and fi-oln twelve t;o
fifteen feet deep.  The bar is so slhallow as to be impassable to boats
drawing more than one foot of water.  Of coentse, as Arnold remarks,
the river must have underlgone great changes, a bar being now formed
where the vessels of the ancients proceeded without difficulty. ---
7rESoulaXla Kat YavaiaXat.  The sea-fight first took place, after whichl
16*




358                           NOTES.                          [Boox L
Cimon disembarking his men proceeded against the land-forces, and
thus gained two victories in one day. --    7 —- rrado-'as es rhs 8LtaKOlaus,
in all to the number of (E'&) two hundred.  The second ra- is omitted
by Goeller and Haack, and bracketed by Poppo.  Cf. Mt. ~ 268.
2. Xpo&co LE VTrepov.  This defection of the Thasians took place
the next year, i. e.. c. 465. Olyip. 78. 4.   avrdv (S. ~ 197. 2)
refers to the Athenians. --     /Tropliov. See N. on I. 13. ~ 5.   - rou
perT'XXov in Thrace.  Reference is probably had to the gold nine in
Scapte-Hyle, where Thucydides had an interest and resided during his
banishmlent. -       a refers to both Elrroplov and txerkXXov. -      EyElovro refers to the Tllasians. -         vavuiaXlqa  KparrT-av.  Plutarch
(Cimon, ch. 14) says that thirty-three of the Thasian ships were taken.
3. TrEfLavres —o)s   o 0lKoWvTe-aOVroL E2Kp(r7Jqoav-7rpoeXovrev. Haack
finds a difficulty in this passage, inasmuch as aVroL cannot refer to
zr7Eliavres ('Aqrqvaiot), but to the ten thousand colonists which had
been sent out. HI-e therefore thinks that 7reFt/darcov is demanded by
the construction.  There is no necessity, however, inasmnuch as Mattlhi  (~ 562. N.) has shown that the participle is put in the nominative,
when its subject is contained in part in the principal subject, or this
latter in the other.  Here anUol is the principal subject, and constitutes a part of the -whole contained in the subject of 7rE+rnvr~g (i. e.
o    q'A~r/vaiot).  See N. on I. 49. ~ 4.  Cf. also Xen. Anab. I. 8. ~ 27.
--—;ro 7or avrovv XpovovOU   about the sam7e time. --      ooaorresr
in order to colonize.  For the formI of the future, cf. S. ~ 109. N. 2.
-—'Evv'a 2o0os, Xine-ways, so called, probably, because there were
nine roads leading to it.'HowIvol.  The Edoni were a people of
Thrace occupying the left bank of the Stryrnon. --- rpoeXdvrTE —
LerdoyetLav. Mitford conjectures that this was done, in order, by one
bold and vigorous movement, to put an end to the hlostilities with
which they had long been harassed by the Edoni; but advancing incau.
tiously into the heart of the country, and drawn perhaps into amlnbush
by the art of the retreating enemy, they were attacked to disadvantage and cut off. --    iv Apan)o-K. "' With the namles of places, e' is
used when proximity only is inmplied."  Mt. ~ 577. 2. --    tfrrrov,
i. e. with all their forces united.  Poppo would read  u[Tmcravrer,  on the
ground that all the Thracians, so separated and so at enmity among
themselves, could hardly be expected to have united to inake war
upon the colony.  But it was very natural, that all the Thracians of
those parts shlould look with an unfavorable eye upon a colony planted in so cadvantageoius ca place as Amlphipolis, and wThic(h once before,
when attempted by Aristagoras of Mhiletus, had been defeated by the
natives.  Compare Arnold's note on this passage.




,HAr. C.L]                    NOTES.                              359
CHAPTER CI.
The Thasians in their extremity call upon the Lacednemonians to assist them by invading
Attica (~ 1); this they secretly promise to do, but are hindered by an earthquake, which
furnishes occasion for the Helots to revolt (~ 2); the Thasians therefore in the third year
of the siege capitulate on conditions (~ 3).
1. Ilaxats.  As only one battle has been spoken of (I. 101. ~ 2),
Poppo and Goeller after several MSS. are disposed to read tcaXi.  But
it is highly probable that several inconsiderable battles had been
fought, which Thucydides for the sake of brevity has omitted.
Bloomf. thinks that there was a land engagement, after the Athenians
disembarked to besiege the city. — 7rOXtOpKOVtevoL.  The name of
the capital thus besieged was the same as that of the island. -
EofraXo'raTt denotes the means.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1.
2. KpV{ra rTo'v'Arslvaiov, unbe7lcozon to the Athenians.  S. ~ 187. 4.
-~- fiLeXXov, sc. enruajvat or Eo-CaXcv.  -   ro- yvoFesou o  (EtLOo1V
the ec6athqztuake.  The article is added, because the o-etrpr was so
great and destructive, as to be well known to all those living in the
time of Thucydides (S. ~ 167).  It was said that there were only five
houses in Lacedermon which were not thrown down, and that twenty
thousand human beings perishled.  But this is doubtless an exaggeration. -     iV c, in wlhich timle, on wJhich. -       adrois =adnominal
genitive. q —r nEpolcwv.  When the Dorians invaded Laconia, a part
of the original inhabitants fled, while others placed themselves nunder
the conquerors in a relation very similar, as Arnold observes, to that
which the Saxons sustained to the Normans in the reign of William
the Conqueror. But being defeated in an attempt to regain their fireedom, they were deprived of many of the rights first granted to them,
and reduced to the condition of subjects.  In this abject state they
continued, until at their request Augustus C.esar restored them to the
fu-ll enjoyment of their civil rights.  Tile avod 7rplorlot  is a term
given to those old Achtean inhabitants of the soil, who dwelt in towns
about Sparta, of which in round numbers there were said to be one
hundred.  Cf. Miiller's Dorians, II. p. 17, et seq. —- oovptnram, the
Thleriians near Calame.  The towns of Thuria and AEthea (A3eecr,
Etheans) were situated inland, in what had fornerly been Messenia.
Col. Leake (Travels in Morea, I. p. 471) conjectures that these people
occupied the valleys, watered by the branches of the Bias to the southwestward of the modern Andrussa, which may possibly stand on the




360                              NOTES.                             [BOOK I.
site of ~Ethrum, this district being about the same distance from
Ithomne as Thuria is in the opposite direction.   --   rXketro  8O   rov
EiLXCrOV K. T. X.  After the Messenians had been reduced to servitude,
forming as they did a considerable portion of the Helots, they gave
their name to these bondinen, so that they were all called at times
Messenians.  --  TorE BovXco.evrcov, at that time being  subjugated.
rdre refers emphatically to the well-known time, when the thing
spoken of took place.  Steph. and Miller conjecture 7i-dre as the true
reading, but this is rejected by the best of the recent editors.  Didot
would construct:  ov  rTore GovXeOru-cov EkCXrcov.  But such a transposition is wholly unauthorized and unnecessary.
3. ev'IVojpy.  Cf. es'ISjbtv l riCrrro'av, ~ 2 supra. -- Odetot (;.
The story is here resumed fi-om ~ 1, the intermediate passage being
parenthetically  introduced, to show why the Lacedoemonians could
furnish the Thasians no aid.-    TEX7-EX' re KaZEXOVreS  K. T. X. are the
conditions on which the Thasians were obliged to surrender.  The
capitulation took place A. C. 463. Olymp. 79. 2.-    XpyIaTra.... raae/LeVot = XXp7/ara rE tiTroaovvat ar[T'Ka TaCeLvlJOt (agreeing to pay inmnediately) oro-a Eget aTroUoivat.  The Schol. explains oo-a gdEt as embracing the expenses incurred in the war.  This is not probable, inasmuch as the money was paid immediately, which  could hardly have
been done, if any thing besides the arrears had been demanded.
CHAPTER CII.
The siege of Ithome being protracted, the Lacedmmonians call to their aid their allies ana
the Athenians (~ 1), the latter, on account of their skill in attacking fortified places (~ 2);
but becoming jealous of them the Lacedcenlonians dismiss theml (~ 8), at which the
Athenians are greatly irritated and enter into an alliance with the Argives, vwho are at
enmity with the Lacedt monians (~ 4).
1. The events in this chapter took place A. c. 461. Olymp. 79. 4.
kXXovs -vptFiXovr, i. e. the 2Eginette, PlatTenses, Mantinenses, etc.
-   o', i. e. the Athlenians. -    W7r~EL OvK OXLYT) are datives of
accompaniment.  S. ~ 206. 5; K. ~ 283. 2. b.
2. r-etXopaCXet-GavvaroI, skilled in conducting sieges.  S. ~ 222. 6., —       UTOS  3.... EQOalvero, of this they seemed to stand in need on account of the long continuance of the siege.  ToLs EI is edited rgs N6
by Haack and Poppo: on the ground that 7roXtopxtar  needs the article,
But is not -ror NB  necessa, y to denote a change of the subject, which




CnAP. CII.]                   NOTES.                              361
in the preceding clause was the Athenians? ---- roro  i. e. roo ratXOC(aXrV . --- Supply rrpuaytara ewith  Ev3e.   -    3       )ia... xopov,     for
(otherwise) they could have taken the place by force.  Haack most
strangely refers ecXov to the Athenians, and places 01a in antithesis
with dwropla or X Tq,, denoting the other mode of taking a city.
3. qavepa iyevero, becamze open, tundisguised. -   3tia oVX 71XlKETO.
The unsuccessful attempt to take the place by assault, no doubt contributed to bring to an open rupture two states of such different habits
and tastes, that they could not come in contact without being displeased if not disgusted with each other. -        vecorepo7rodav, fondness
for innovcations, revolutionary spirit.  See N. on I. 70. ~ 2.  Bloomf.
tlinks that a plan is here alluded to, of taking part with the Helots,
and restoring RMessenia to its independence.      dXXooSvXovr (see N.
on 1. 2. ~ 4).  The Athenians were of the Ionic, the Lacedamonians
of the Doric race.  "The ties of race were, in that unsettled state of
society in Greece, stronger than those of alliance."  Bloomf.
iYovov  r&iv ~vpa~Xwcov. It increased the indignation of the Athenians,
that they alone of the allies were sent away.-    ov3Ev-l-ert, no
longerv.  The position of frt gives it great emphasis. -     nar-v.  S.
~ 200. 3. The conduct of the Lacedemrnonians in this affair, does not
Ippl)ear in a very favorable light. They seized the occasion of a failure
to carry the place by storm, to turn the siege into a blockade, and
thus gave a color to their dismissal of the Athenians, by announcing
that they had no further need of them.
4.'yvoCoav-adrorrl7rroIFevo,l, they perceived that they werse sent away
(see N. on I. 25. ~ 1).  The participle takes the nominative form, because its subject is the same as that of the principal verb. Cf. S. ~ 225.
7... O3K.....Xdy, not for any good reason, as we say, not wPith the
best intention. Arnold, however, takes the expression in a less playful
sense, and renders it: not qp,)on the more creditable reason that was
assigned. So Haack and Goeller also interpret. e7rr here denotes
counsel or purpose. K. ~ 296. II. 3. c. For the use of the comparative,
cf. Mt. ~ 457; S. ~ 159. 3. -     rowb  vr7ro7-Tv yevoizEVov denotes the
cause. S. ~ 226. -- 8eELV  7r0ottaLcEVot, esteeming it bad usage, taking
it as an affront. --    roro 7raTGEiv  to receive such treatment. ----  r
in ermr r6 M'ac is used in a hostile sense, against.  K. ~ 296. II. 3. d.
Cf. III. 63. ~ 2.  -  7rpOMs avTroV  depends on &v/taXtiav. --   EKELtVJV
refers to the Lacedmmonians. -         og avro[, the same (S. ~ 160. 5) as
the oaths with which the treaty with the Argives had been ratified.




362                             N  o TES.                           [BooK 1
CHAPTER CIII.
In the tenth year of the siege Ithome is surrendered on the condition that its defenders
shall leave Lacedaemon and never set foot in it again (~ 1); the Lacedtemonianls are
inclined to this leniency from a response, which they had received aforetime from thle
Pythian oracle (~ 2); the vanquished Helots are received by the Athenians, and settled
at Naupactus (~ 3); the Megareans forsake the Lacedremonian alliance, and come over
to the Athenians by whom tlieir city is fortified and garrisoned (~ 4).
1. &eKcar'  Ert, i. e. A. c. 455. Olymp. 81. 2.  The order of events
is not strictly pursued in this sunlmary, otherwise this termination of
the siege would have been related  at the beginning of chap. 111.
This anticipation nmakes. the narration clearer, by grouping togetler
all the events and incidents pertaining to the siege and capture of
Ithomne.  The lengtlh of the siege shows, that either the Laceltemonians were very unskilful in conducting it (see I. 102. ~ 2), or that tlhe
place was by nature quite impregnable. -            2E' &i re (generally followed by the infinitive.  Cf. Jelf's Killn. ~ 865. 2; Mt. ~ 479. a), on,
condition that.  The antecedent is E;nt rovr  implied in the preceding
clause.  Cf. K. ~ 341. R. 5. --;ELacrtv has the future signification
(S. ~ 211. N. 4).  The Sehol. calls this use of tthe future after cQ',
an idiom of Thucydides.  But cf. Jelf's Kiihn. 1. c., where examples
of the same usage are cited from Herodotus.  r- il(roovr   avri7r.
This genitive may be referred to S. ~ 192. 1.
2. Knt, also, implies that there were other reasons, to which that
derived from  the Pythian oracle was added, why the Helots were
suffered to depart on these terms. --   rrp5 roi.  See N. on I. 32. ~ 4.
--  -0o  AtLeS roO'ISuo!ra.  The mountain-fortress in  which  the
Messenians made their last stand for freedom, is said to have derived
its name from Ithome, one of the nymphs who nourished Jupiter.  On
the summit of the mountain was a temple dedicated to Jupiter Ithomnatas. --   (atEvat, to dismiss, to let go.  I cannot find any instance
where this word is used in the sense of to?manumit, which Bloomf.
affixes to it.
3. Kac-'`X'oS  t'~ Tr  AacKEratLOViov, through  hatred  now  to  the
Lacedcemonians.  The genitive is here objective, as in  ta rO IlauvoavNov,[Ios  (I. 96. ~ 1), and  ta& ro- E'xoS'ArSpvatov (II. 11. ~ 2).  Cf.
III. 101. ~ 2; IV. 1. ~ 2; VII,.57. ~ 7. --  NaaKrov,  NMaupactus, now
Lepanto, was situated on the Sinus Corinthiacus, north-east of Antirrhiurn.  Its commanding position  showed with  what sagacity the
Athenians selected places for their colonies and those of their allies.




CHAP. CIV.]                   NOTES.                               363
In the Peloponnesian war, this iMessenian colony repaid with interest
the wrongs which they had suffered at the hands of the Lacedalmonians.  Cf. II. 90. ~~ 4-6. -    AoKpcwV  yfOV'Oo.X&a, the Ozelian Locrians, one of the divisions of the Locrians in Greece, or perhaps a
colony of the eastern Locrians, since Homer makes no mention of the
Ozolm.  In the Peloponnesian war they sided with the Athenians,
partly through hatred of the  Etolians, and partly because the Athenians had possession of their principal town and harbor.
4. 7rpooEXcoprcToav 8E Kal Mey/apjr.  Thucydides now returns to the
narrative of events in their proper series (see N. on ~ 1 supra). AMegara united with  the Athenian confederacy, according to hMiller
(Chron. Tab. Dorians, II. p. 464), A. c. 461, or six years before the
reduction of Ithome. Another chronologist fixes the date at A. c. 464,
which is undoubtedly too early..-   repl.... KaTELXO.  The Megareans and Corinthians were engaged almost continually in border hostilities. -     7h ta aKpa TEtX7) — a,T o r   7rOXkEHo  e' Ntoatav.  These walls
connected Megara with the port of Ni'fea on the Sinus Saronicus, and
were eight stadia in length (cf. IV. 66. ~ 4), or eighteen stadia according to Strabo (391).       MeyapvcLot, for the lMegareans, is the dat.
commnodi.-    obX..... j'pTro, from  which in no small degree thlat
violent hatred began.  The Corinthians -avowed their displeasure at
this transaction, in their speech to the Athenians (I. 42. ~ 2), and the
war spoken of in I. 105, owed its origin to the same cause.
CHAPTER CIV.
[narus having revolted from the king of Persia calls to his aid the Athenians, who happe,
at that time to be laying siege to Cyprus; these sailing up the Nile to Memphis, posses
themselves of two parts of the town and besiege the third (~~ 1, 2).
1. r&v rrpos Atyutrrr), those bordering on Egyp2t.  These Libyai.
tribes occupied the district of country west of Egypt, probably what
was afterwards called Libya  iarrnorica. ----- 6pplcoeo   EK Mapedar.
See N. on I. 64. ~ 2.  Marea was situated on the western part of the
narrow strip of land, separating Lake Mareotis from  the sea.  I find
that it is lplaced by Kiepert on the inland shore of the south-western
part of that lake.  Thus commencing hostilities at the western extremity of the Delta, Inarus extended them eastward until all Egypt
was engaged in the revolt.  According to Diodorus (XI. 71), this




364                               NOT E S.                            [Boo1 L
defection of Inarus took place A. c. 461, and it was one year afterwards that he called in the Athenians. -            vrrEp Sapov, over against
Phcaros.  This was a small island in front of Alexandria, on which
stood the celebrated lighthouse. --'Apra$IpEov, i. e. Artaxerxes
Longimanus.  Bekker reads'Apro4;ptov. -              i'pxXov of the Egyptians.
-    7rayeYro, called in as allies.
2.'rvXov.... -.lviXcov is a parenthesis (and so marked  in some
editions), thrown in to show the proximity of the Athenian ships to
the scene of operations in Egypt. --   -/Xov to Egypt.              raroXor'vrES r/v KIv7rpov.  Raleigh  censures them  for leaving  Cyprus, while
Mitford justifies them  for the act.  -   alva7;XEoarre —se   ro'v NeiXov,
sailing uqp the Nile.-       roD  re 7rora/to,) i. e. the parts bordering on
the river, viz. the Delta. --- Kal rvs.... /aepav.  This was probably
preceded  by the great battle recorded by Ctesias and Diodorus, in
which the Persians were defeated, and Achmnenes the brother of
king Artaxerxes fell by the hand of Inarus. -                AEuKv relXo, the
White Fortress.  The Schol. says that it was so called, to distinguish
it from the other two fortified places which were built of brick. It
was probably the head-quarters of the Persian army in Egypt, which
amounted in the time of IHerodotus to 120,000 men.  -   IITepor-   Kat
M/8cov.  This distinction is rather singular, as these people had long
before become one.  By the Greek writers, as Poppo observes, they
are very frequently called Medes alone, as in M78LKo  rrdX/okorS, /ri8aFl-v, ua7&,1ot'S  etc.
CHAPTER CV.
In a sea-fight with the Corinthians and Epidamnians, the Athenians are defeated, but in
a subsequent one fought near Cecryphaleia are victorious (~ 1); they also conquer the.Alginetm in a great naval engagement, and having landed upon the island lay siege to the
city (~ 2); in order to make a diversion in favor of the city, the Corinthians take possession of the heights of Geranea and invade the Megarean territory, supposing that no
assistance could be furnished by the Athenians, unless they raised the siege of hEgina,
since all their forces were employed in that place and in Egypt (~~ 3, 4); the Athenians,
however, send from Athens a force composed of the old and yolng, who come to an
indecisive engagement with the Corinthians (~~ 5, 6); being reproached by those at home,
the Corinthians return to erect a trophy, and in a second engagement are completely
routed by the Athenians (~ 7i.
1.'AXt(S.  This is the reading of Bekker; but Poppo, Goelles,
Haack, Bloomf., and  Arnold  edit'AXLas, contracted  for'AXtEis, a
people who lived on the co'ast of Argolis, and who were, as Arnold




CHAP. CV.]                   NOTES.                              365
supposes, the replOlKot of the Dorian Argives, the remnant of the old
inhabitants who occupied the extreme point of Argolis, and lived by
fishing (whence their name arose) and perhaps by piracy. The reading of Dindorf is preferable, which refers it to the territory or chief
town of this people. --  apo.... Koplvrtot.  Neither Thucydides nor
Diodorus gives the origin of this war, but it most likely arose from
the ill-will, wh-ich the Corinthians bore to the Megareans for their
defection to the Athenians. The battles here spoken of took place
A. c. 457.        EKpVEKP XEcL.  According to the Schol. this was an
island, lying off the western coast of Peloponnesus. Pape says that it
was a small island in the Laconic gulf, and Col. Leake (Travels in the
Morea, II. p. 455) identifies it with Kyrda, one of the small islands
which lie between Epidaurus and reTgina.  This is its true situation,
and the one. assigned it by Kiepert. -     HIeXo7roxvBTrlowv.  "Qui ii
Peloponnesii?  Corinthii puto, Epidaurii, Spartani, zEginetm."  Od.
Mull. _Egin. p. 176.
2. 7ronX'Eov 8E KaTravrrr nroq.  This war doubtless resulted fiom  the
preceding one, as the 2Eginetma  were allies of the Peloponnesians.'Ar1vaaotis depends on KaraT-ravTros. -     ie ra Tavra, i. e. after the
transactions just mentioned.  Poppo and Haack place a comma after'A'r/valolst and thus connect /'ETa  STaca with the following words. 
amvr&-v, i. e.'r&v AtyVO7Triv.  e7ro  opKtrKOv, sc. riv Alytvav. -     AEcoKpdrovr. This general was a colleague of Aristides in the battle at
Plateaa, as was also Myronides, who gained the victory spoken of in
~ 7 infra.
3. 7rpOTrpov must not be taken with 8t&elacar-v, but with EirtKoVpovs, fo-rmerly the auxiliaries.  T- 8Erh 3a  pa -v rPepanlas, the heights
of Geranea.  This mountain stretched across the isthmus between
Corinth and Megara, belonging probably to the territory of the latter.
4. adrovor7q o'rpaTtaS 7rokXXr, as ca large portion of their army tvas
absent. -       anr' ATylvqtg dcvaor'cTI-rEat anrosv'. It was the object of
this inroad into the Miegarean territory, to create a diversion in favor
of the zEginetpe, who were at this time besieged by the Athenian
rmny under Leocrates.
5. rov.... veobrarot, those left in the city (viz.) the oldest and the
youngest.  " The genitive 7rwv V7uoXotroov  is put for the nominative,
ot being understood.  Cf. Mt. ~ 297. 3." Bloomf.  But this, as Poppo
remarks, is contrary to the laws of the language, and does not remlove
the difficulty which it was intended to do.  The construction, which
makes the genitive depend on oi 7rpeo'3vTrarot and o[ ve;Trarot, is in
accordance with the obvious sense: of those remaining in the city
_ of the citizens) tihe aged and the young, who had been on that




866                            NOTES.                            [Book 1
account left behind (roeXotltcov), when the more able-bodied set out
on the expeditions previously referred to.
6. iro-odrrov, egctally balanced, indecisive. -~   vdo~Loav.... gpyp,
each thought that they had got the better (obK E'Xaorav, not ivjerior,
by litotes =  superior) in the action (Epy) =  M/X-a).
7. EKpaTro-av yap tco' y!akXxov, for [although neither party came
off decidedly victorious] yet they (i. e. the Athenians) had rather the
advantage.  The evidence of this is furnished in adTreX2dvTrov rov Koptvsiwov, inasmuch as the Corinthians retired after the battle was over. It
was on this account that the Athenians erected a trophy. -            KaKLtCfievotl being reproached because they had suffered themselves to be
driven from  the field by old ilen and boys (see N. on ~ 5 supra).
Aristid. narrates that they were upbraided &rr rov   OLKEL&. --   1jpLpae —Uc58Ka  ukato-Tra (see N. on I. 54. ~ 2), for about twelce days.
EXovTrer to the place of the engagement.-   (dvlaTraav Tpo7racov,
began to erect a tro2phy in op2)osition, (dvr-).  The imperfect tense is
used of an action not brought to a successful conclusion.  See N. on I.
57. ~ 4.      e [K[3orsro-avres, sallying forth.     rois i'Xkotsr who had
come to the aid of those who were erecting the trophy.  Diod. says:
t)VXLv yEyvoPe lvrs  i' Xvpas IIX7]S Ev) T, XeyoA;EVY Ktl/coiLka, 7raXLtyv evlKroap'AiqvyLotl, KaLI 7roXXoVS aveXkov 7rcy 7rFoXeL[otv.
CHAPTER CVI.
On the retreat of the Corinthians, a part lose their way, and are driven into a place from
which escape is impossible (~ 1); the Athenians surround them and stone them to
death (~ 2).
1. Poppo  thinks that this chapter should be included in the
preceding one, or if two chapters are to be formed, that the second
should begin at I. 105. ~ 4..-  rL....oXlyov, some considerable portion of them.  The student will notice the litotes in obK o;Xyov. -
sataIapTor rT5) 630bo, missed entirely (8La-) the woay. S. ~ 197. 2.'
rov (= rLvoS) Xopiov  lcorov, i. e. es rov ltcTrov Xcoptov. Cf. At. ~ 279.
Obs. 4.  Xcoplov here signifies a spot, enclosure, to which, as was often
the practice in ancient times, a local name was given.  Perhaps the
battle, to which Diod. refers as fought iv v7i Xeyo/oe'v, Kqeykiq (see
N. on I. 105. ~ 7), was the one here spoken of. --            c depends on
ErVXEev =   vyXEv olv.  Jelf constructs it as a locall dative, and refers it
to ~ 605 of his edition of Kalhner. -    TrepteiL yov (sc. avr7o referring to
Koplov, enclosed it all around.




CHAP. CVII.]                      NOTES.                                  367
2. Kara rrpo'rr7rov, in front, i. e. at the entrance of the field.  The
hoplites were stationed here, because it was the only place where
those hemmed in could escape. --  KarEXevo-avj stoned to death.  This
was done by the slingers, who constituted a considerable portion of
the light-armed.   Bloolmf. remarks that the Athenians afterwards
tasted the bitter fruits of this unsparing cruelty... avTrois stands for
the adnominal genitive.  Kiihner (Jelf's edit. ~ 597) ranks this with
the dat. commnodi, the thing possessed being conceived of as being for
the owner's benefit.
CHAPTER CVII.
_~he Athenians begin to build tile Long Walls (~ 1); the Laeed, monians and their allies
having gone to assist the Dorians against the Phocians, their return home is impeded by
the Athenians (~~ 2, 3); whsereupon they resolve to remain in Boeotia and watch their
opportunity to return homre, being privately iimportuned also by certainl Athenians, to
assist in abolishing democracy in their city, and to put a stop to tile erection of the
Long Walls (~ 4); the Athenians and their allies sally forth against them, partly on the
supposition that they would be embarrassed in effecting a return home, and partly
through apprehension of their intrigues to put down dernocracy (~~ 5, 6); some Thessalian horse join the Athenians, who, however, desert them in the time of action (~ 7).
1.  Tptnaro-To Koaoto fv.  The infinitive follows a"pxeo-ULa   when the
notion of the dependent verb is only in intention not in act; but the
participle, when  it is actually  begun.  Cf. Jelf's IKiihn. ~ 688. Obs.
-         - -Kar& rov  XPdovrO rnoroVS, in  these times, i. e. in  the time of
these occurrences which have just been related. ~-   rd  e F  DaXtpos&e.
See N. on II. 13. ~ 7.
2.  U)Trpo7roXtv is in apposition with Acoptas  (= Acopla.  MLt. ~ 429.
2), as arle also Boto'v, Kvrtvov, and'Eptveo', showing its parts or divisions (Mt. ~ 432. 3).-    NtKom30ovs is to be constructed with s7yovIcvov.  Niconedles is supposed to  have been the uncle of Pleistoanax
and brotller of Pausanias, for Cleombrottus is often mentioned  as the
father of Pauusanias.  Dukas makes Leonidas to  have been a brother
to Nicomnedes and Pausanias.  But hle was a son of Anaxandrides and
brother (some say twein-brother) to Cleombrotus. -            irep  -IXFtoroavaKTOS, in the stead of' Pleistoanax.  Nicomedes was tutor of the young
king, and acted as regent. -  -[3ao-rAek&   is referred by most commentators to Pleistoanax,, since Pausanias was only regent, although called
king (as leo  virtually was) by Demuosthenes, Aristotle, Plutarch, etc.
It is written in  I. 114. ~ 2 with equal ambiguity, IXetcrroivmaKros  rov
Hiavcravdov ao-rtXetcS  AacE8aaqtmooov sjyov[fEVov. ---- cov O dror ETLt being yet za youth..-  E'.3as nroav rov AcoppteDovt.  Miiller fixes the dato




368                           N OTES.                        [BooK I
of this expedition at A. c. 457. Olymp. 80. 4, and very correctly supposes that they returned the following year. -   JavnriJv, of their own.
I- 7Xtramt is the dative of accompaniment (S. ~ 206. 5).
/tLoXoytq, on terms of surrender.
3. Karta 2Xaraocav, by sea.,- El /3oVXowt7-o-eeXXovz.  There is an
ellipsis of ah in the apodosis, that particle being seldom  added to the
verlb  mXXco. -     Kptoalov cKX7rov, the (risacan gulf.  This bay was
southl of Phocis, and belonged to the Sinus Corinthiacus to which it
sometimes gave its name.  -  7repaLovoaLt on their way home. -
7repLTrXEVcraVTEs,   having sailed around Peloponnesus.  This they would
be under the necessity of doing, in order to enter the Corinthian gulf.
-     MEyapa KaL Iqyys. Cf. 1. 103. ~ 4.-  Uasohos, transitu difticilis.
-     ap introduces as the reason why it would be unsafe to go by
Geranea, that the Athenians had possession of Megara and Pegre.
-    r- ore i. e. at the time when they were wishing to return.
Ijo(TLivoo-J-tO  AXovr'aS.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3. --    ramr7y, there, i. e. in
the defiles of Geranea, through which lay tile road to Lacedaemon by
the way of the Isthmus.
4. O0e —UTr  Tp67r0-&awropev'o-orrat.  Notice the change from the
oblique to the direct discourse, the action belonging to the past being
transferred to the present timne,of the speaker.  Cf. K. ~ 345. 5. ---
Botcoro4L.  Bceotia lay west of Phocis, and in this state the Lacedemmonians took up their quarters and spent the winter.          ro ae rb
KUa,  pcartirm etiam."1 Bauer. --    EXrTrlravre.... oKcoaotiomtxeva, 7o2ping
to put dozon democracy and put a stop to building the Long Walls.
The student will notice the dilogia in KaTalramtareLY.  See N. on I. 26.
~ 3. The popular leaders, who were aiming to secure for Athens tlle
sovereignty of the sea, urged the erection of the Long Walls as a
neasure most beneficial to the state.  As a project, therefore, of tle
democratical party, and as rendering Athens independent of the Lacedlmnonians, the building of these walls was opposed by the aristocracy.
5. 7ravrL&ELt.'"Haud dubie qui militari erant otate; hos enim
paulo post tredecim  millia Athenis effecisse'II. 13. cognoscemus.1"
Poppo. -'ApyFhov  XXtot, Cf. I. 102. ~ 4. /-   s cEawroL (sc'Xsov),'"singuli pro rata parte." Poppo.  See N. on I. 3. ~ 5.
vx/lravres, i. e. the Athenians and their allies. Mitfqrd says that with
the cavalry and the attending slaves, the Whole number could be
scarcely less than 30,000 men.
6. vo/llravTre, because they thought.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 4. ----  X.oc-tv in their return home. ---  Kat' t Ka, and partly.  Didot reads
aL70ro  Kaa. -     t  tov brLOV  KaTraXVoEc)S, of the subversion of the detmotracy (cf. ~ 4 supra).  Notice the change of construction from  vopl



CHAP. CVIII.]                      NOTES.                             369
oavres, withl which  Poppo  compares   o-Tre p1!trL'7retplpc-vo-loavra,
1. 80. ~1.
7. iTwrrs.  Attic for 7TrretL. --    Kaca ra   cvanXLdv, according   to
the treaty of alliance.  Cf. I. 102. ~ 4.  - -erTn7i7-ioa-ay =-/LETETT avrO,
changed  sides (see N. on  II. 67. ~ 1).  Bloomlf ----  EY Tq EpyO (at
Tanagra).  See N. on I. 105. ~ 6.
CHAPTER CVIII.
The Athenians and Lacedoemonians come to an engagement at Tanagra, in which the latter
come off victorious (~ 1), after which they return home by the way of Geranca and the
Isthmus,  The Athenians afterwardls invade and conquer Boeotia, and throw down the
walls of Tanagra (~~ 2, 3); the AEginetse surrender to the Athenians on conditions (~ 4),
after which the Athenians cruise around the Peloponnesian coast, burn the dock of the
Lacedsemonians, take Chalcis, and defeat the Sicyonians (~ 5).
1. /1(XxSr.  According to Diod. this battle lasted two days, no decided advantage being gained by either party.  It is evident, however,
that the fiuit of victory was enjoyed by the Lacedmmonians, inasmuch
as they returned unimpeded to their home. —-'v- in the vicinity
of.  The city of Tanagra was situated on a lofty and rugged eminence,
on the north bank of the Asopus near the junction of the Thermodon
(cf. Kiepert's Map of Bceotia), and was remarkable for the thrift and
orderly character of its inhabitants.  Cf. Cramer's Greece, II. pp.
267-269.
2. 3evaporo5oavrce.  This was a common  method  of inflicting
injury upon a hostile territory.  Cf. Xen. Anab. i. 4. ~ 10.  The trees
selected to be cut down or girdled, wtere doubtless such as bore friuit,
or served for shade or ornament. ---  7rdc'Xtv  d7rXov Er' o'LKov (see N.
on I. 30. ~ 2).  Diod. says that a truce of four months was entered
upon after the battle, which is highly probable, as in no other way
can we account for the unimpeded passage of the Lacedsemonians
over Geraneae
3. OIYOqSUroLS, Tnophyta, "was not a town but a plot of ground
forming one farm, planted with  olive-trees." Bloomf.  The reason
why the Boeotians were thus invaded, was the assistance which they
had rendered the Lacedenmonians in the battle at Tan-rlag  (cf. Kal ol
up/taXotL, ~ 1 supra). rs-  r-  Botlorl-a  except Thebes.  Cf. III. 62.
--  7rrTpLEXov, demolished all around, or rather, deasolis/ced the wall
which oeas around the city.  Cf. Liddell and Scott sub voce.  Bloomf.
renders the word, dismantled, viz. by removing the battlements of the
wall, and lowering it to a height practicable to be s;caled by an invad



~370  NOTES.                                                          [BooK 1,
ing force. -       Ao:Kpo v-f-'?ai3ov.  Afterwards Afyronides, according to
Diodorus, penetrated into Thessaly to punish tthat people for their desertion in the battle of Tanagrna, but failing in Iis attenlpt upon the
town  of PhaLsalia. he returned  to Atliens.  But coimpare 1. 111. ~ 1
(on which see Note), -where it appears that the Thessalian expedition
was later, probably A.. 454. -          ra re.... E7rETrXEtoav.  " When two
or more attributives are joined to a substantive, each  of which has a
peculiar force, the article is used -with each.  This is  lore rare when
the attributives follow the substantive."  Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 459. 5.  As
the foundations of these walls were laid by Ciinon, when the spoils of
the victory of the Eurymedon were applied by the Athenians to the improvement of the city, and as Cimon, after a banishment of five years,
was recalled (A. c. 456) the same year in whlich  the two walls were
finished, Col. Leake (Athens, I. p. 425) thinks that the year 462 is the
latest to which the commencement of the walls can be ascribed.  If
so, thle words KaTr' rovb  XpdYvovS  rorovr  (I. 107. ~ 1) lllust be received
with some latitude.
4. Co/okXydrac v N&  Kal AlyulIran  after.they  had stood  a siege of
nine months.  Milller fixes the date of this event,.. C. 457, but I prefer with other chronologists to assign to it the date of A. c. 45 0. ---
7repteXO'VreS  (see N. on  repteiXov, ~ 3 supra), prapatzvrer, and raadseyvo denote the conditions on whllich the capitulation was made.
5. 7repLtrrXevorav.  This cruise took  place the next year after the
surrender of Egina, i. e. A. c. 455. Olyrap. 81. 2.  -.    ro VECptLOv
refers to the naval arsenal or docks at Gytheunm. -    XaXKLGa, Clagcis
in IEtolia which was a Corinthian colony. -               daroljtio-el Tr7s y —airo3aciedr  &c l rie y/E, the genitive being objective and supplying the
place of the preposition and its case.
CHAPTER CIX.'lThe Persians having been vanquished in Egypt by the Athenians and their allies, Artaxerxes sends Megabazus to Lacedsemon inviting that people to create a diversion by invading Attica (~~ 1, 2); but being unsuccessfifl in his mission lhe returns to Asia, whereupon the king despatches a large blrce to Memphis, by which the Egyptians and their
allies are defeated, and the Greeks shut up in the island of Prosopis, whlere after hold.
ing out for one aRnd a half years, they are finally overcome by the Persians (~~ 3, 4).
1.'lte lnar:iation of the Egyptianl  war is here resumed fromnl I. 104.
-       aroi'S..'.   KaT.rTro-av - ccarriecd on the woar with variocus incidclets,
i. e. various and diverse fortunes befell thlem in the prosecution of the
war.  These nlre narrated by Dio,]. Sic. XI. 77.




CHAP. CI.]                   N O T ES.                          371
2.,6 Iplv yahp 7rp&r7ov, for in the first place.  yap is epexegetical,
i. e. it serves to explain 7roWXlk 1WEaL roXe/cov in the preceding section.
-    KpaTovv refers to the victory spoken of in I. 104. ~ 2.-.3actLXEfV, i. e. Artaxerxes Longimanus.  e- Msy/3uaov.  Smith thinks
that this may be the saime person with the one of that name, who
held a command in the fleet of Xerxes.  Cf. Herod. VII. 97.Ivapa IIpo0v. This is not to be considered as an appellation of rank
or dignity, but rather as serving to distinguish the person here spoken
of, fiom Megabyzus the son of Zopyrus, a Persian, who was sent as
commander of the army in Egypt (cf. ~ 3 infira).  This is rendered
probable by the fact that Meydf3anos and Meyal3vos  are so intermingled in Herodotus, Ctesias, and other writers, that it is quite certain
they are only different forms of the same name.  The use of this appellation may be seen in a form  of expression like the following: ca
Persian by the naime of Mtfegabazus —another Persian also of the ~name
of Jliegabyzus (the sanme name as the preceding although slightly
varied in form) the son of Zopyrus (cf. ~ 3). --   rcos is used here in
it.s telic sense. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1.-   7retcrEvrTov rl v Ie Xonrovvqlcowv denotes the means.
3...... 7TrpOVxOpet but when he mnet with no success; literally,
wthen things (7rpadyLara supplied from the context.  K. ~ 238. R. 3. c)
(didC not tuvrn out well fbr him.. --    aXXaw, otherwise (than to advant-lge) = itn vain. --    dvaXo-ro. For the omission of the augmnent, see
K. ~ 122. 1. --  MEyat3viov. As this general was one of the commanders of the land forces of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, and
also commanded the army which was defeated by Cimon on the Eurvmledon, he must have been at this time somewhat advanced in years
and have had mnuch military experience. -    ZWorTpov, Zopyrus.  He
wlas the one through whose self-devotion Babylon was taken by Darius.
Cf. IHerod. III. 160. -   orparltar roXXsr. Diodorus says that the number was 300,000; Ctesias, 200,000.  The latter author, however, adds
the troops which remained in Egypt, thus making a total of 500,000
nen.  According to Diodorus, a fleet of 300 ships accompanied them.
4. roTnv'  $vta'XovS, i. e. the Athenians.   - Ilpoo007Trlt8a.  The
island Prosopis was formed probably by two branches of the Nile, or
perhaps as Bloonlf. thinks, by the Nile and a wide and deep canal.
The Schol. says that it is the same as that called Nicion. -   St lvav
~, i. e. e  t1Yvas.  t- e'xp, ov) until. --   r7jV B3pvXa in which lay
the Athenian triremes. --    aXXy, another way, in another direction.
a —-....' ErotLe, he caused the ships to ground. --  2rm  is to
ne constructed with 8ta3a.R:




372                           NOTES                            [Boo i
CHAPTER CX.
A small remnant only of the Greeks escape from Egypt, which country again passes unde!
the dominio' of the Persians (~~ 1, 2); Inarus is treacherously taken and crucified (~ 3);
fifty Athenian triremes having come to the relief of the fleet in Egypt, are attacked by
the Persians and most of them destroyed (~ 4), and thus terminates the Egyptian expedition (~ 5).
1. 7roXeF/o-'avra belongs in sense to'EXX7vewv, but in gra-nmatical
form to 7rpaypsara, which is the principal word in the periphrasis -ta'r(v'EXXrvcov 7rpadyaLnra. 3- -Xtyo..... eo'&r7'Cav.  Diod. says that
the Persians, through admiration of the valor of the Athenians, allowed them to evacuate Egypt and return home unmolested.  But
this is hardly reconcilable with the closing words of the preceding
chapter (Jle r,' v o-ov), and then, as Bloonf. inquires, why did they
not leave Egypt by the way of the Nile, if they were suffered to depart in peace? l-   Kvp7vrqv,  Cyrcne.  This was a flourishing city of
Libya Cyrenaica, situated a few miles from  the Mediterranean coast,
directly opposite Greece.  In snaking this retreat (which was a kind
of archetype of the Anabasis), the Greeks unquestionably took the
route by Parmtonium, and so along the sea-coast, where were numerous Greek settlements.
2.'AlavpTraov.  This A.myyrtus must not be confounded with the
Saite of the same name, who revolted from the Persians in the reign
of Darius Nothus, as that event took place A. c. 414, or upwards of
forty years after the termination of the revolt here spoken of. This
AinyrtUeus, according to Herodotus, was reduced to submission by the
Persians, and his son Pausiris suffered to reign over the fen district of
the Delta, by their favor; whereas the Amyrtsus who revolted from
Darius Nothus, was succeeded by four successive kings, nor did the
Persians recover their ascendency over the country, until the reign of
Ochus, nearly sixty years afterwards. Cf. Arnold's note on this passage, to which I am indebted for the substance of these remarks.  In
Smith's Diet. Gr. and Roin. Biog. and Mlythol., there is mention made
of only one Amyrtteus who revolted, and he is said to have reigned in
the marshy districts from the time of hlis revolt from Artaxerxes, until
about A. c. 414, when the Egyptians clcpelled the Persians, and AmyrtTus reigned over Egypt six years, be.i:. g the only king of the twentyeighth dynasty.       XE- E'XeLt, low g'ozounds, iZarshes, lying between the
Canopic and the Tanitic, moutls of the Nile, and comprising the most
of what was called the Delta. a —-     ata'....E'..,et, ot is a varied construction for Kacl!ixa al&  7o',aXt/qrdaroou   oaent'To  A iyvmrrtov, rovs
E1XetovS demanded by the precediing 1m3ember.




CHAP. CXI.]                      NOTES.                                 373
3. srpoooala X7r7q/,E. According to Ctesias (c. 84), he made an
agreement with Megabyzus io surrender Eq5' c ki7v KaKOV rr7apd fatlXAecov Xras3ev.  But after five years' residence at the court, whither he
was carried a prisoner, at the instigation of Amytis, the mother of the
king and of Acht-eenes, he was put to death by Artaxerxes, who
thus broke the promise given by Megabyzus and confirmed by his
own word. --- dvcrzavpCd71j.  IHerodotus and  Ctesias say that he
was crucified  rrl rptcr  cTravpoti, which Bloomf. says might be more
properly termed impalement.
4. eK 8E r-v'A rSqvICv.  Poppo, Haack, and Goeller read'ArjqvalRov
and refer to Mt. ~ 429. 2, where it is said that'ASlvcwv, the reading of
Bekker, is without MS. authority. --   carh   rob MEPe8ri-Lov       Kcpas, at
the   endesican nmouth (of the Nile), i. e. the arm  or branch of the river
on which was situated Mendes, and which was the fifth mouth of the
stream reckoning froml the west. There are so Imany aspects in which
the word Kpars might be applied to the disemboguing branches of a
river, that it appears to me unnecessary and useless to inquire why it
is here applied to this branch of the Nile. -o  o'c eL;0TreS-  o5vvi
bein.g woholly ignorant of.  etB3-re  refers grammatically to  rpitpe6s1,
but in sense to the persons who navigated them. - ---- rv /yEye7yErorV
i. e. the defeat of the Greeks and Egyptians. ~-   7rrol of the Persians.     r- rakX   to Greece.
5. Ta  Itv  Ka7' 7-q v  emyiXjqv'o-rparEiaov =    /s, yayX?7 o-pareIa.  Mt.
~ 583.. --   ov'rcos ErTEXev'r77-e.  The position of these words at the
close of the story of this disastrous expedition, is highly emphatic. No
one knew better than Thucydides where to place important words, so
that they should stand out with prominence and emphasis.  In this,
as well as in other respects, he is a model worthy of repeated study.
CHAPTER CXI.
T'h3. Athenians, undertaking at his solicitation to restore the Thessalian prince Orestes t6
his country from which he had been exiled, advance for that purpose as far as Pharsalus,
but are obliged to retire without accomplishing their object (~ 1); after tlis a fleet undes
Pericles sail to Sicyon, and disembarking, defeat the Sicyonians who assemble to opposa
them (~ 2); anli then taking some Achaeans on board cross over and lay siege to CEniadwe,
but being unsuccessful return home (~ 8).
1. -ou 0 eo-oraXCfv f3ac-LXos.  It does not appear that Echecratides
was king of the whole of Thessaly, but only of the region about Pharsa!us.  There were three of these noble families in Thessaly, thle geng
17




374                           NOTES.                         [BooK 1
Antiochi at Pharsalus, the gens Aleuadm at Larissa, and the gens
Scopadve at Cranno.  To the former of these families Echecratides
belonged, being the son of Antiochus, and grandson of Echecratides
Major who was celebrated by Simonides.  But little is known of
these personages. u- qS. )cov, being an exile.  The reason of this is
unknown, as the history of the Thessalians is very obscure. --   7rapaXka3ovrEs.... cr-paTry(o-av. Diod. connects this expedition with those
which were made against the Phocians and Locrians, after the battle
of (Enophyta (I. 108. ~ 3), A. c. 456, or as Poppo prefers, 467. It is
evident that the historian here resumes the regular series of events,
which had been interrupted by the account of the is~ne of the Egyptian expedition, but I prefer with Arnold to assign to the invasion of
Thessaly the date, A. c. 454. Olymp. 81. 3.    rSg OeosaXiaa dependson cipacaXov.  Cf. Mt. ~ 321. 6.-   r7s  Eyv yrv.... o'rXov, they took
possession of as mucch of the country as extended but a short distance
fri'om  the encampment; literally, they conquered as much of the country as they could conquzer (oo-a /7 O- oa KparTEv rjr yij  EbUvavl o yi),
not advancing far from  their cam2). --    7r(;Ot, i. o. Pharlsalus..o8'....  rTrpmrEvEawv, nor did they succeed (see N. on I. 109. ~ 3) in any
one of the other objects of their expedition; literally, in any other qf',those things on account of which (v _   eitoVaV cov) they made the
expedition.
2. /era..... rroXXo, not long afteribards.  This expedition of Pericles took place most likely the next year, i. e. A. c. 453. --  IIyais.
Cf. I. 103. ~ 4.    2LLv&4ua, Sicyon, was a part of Sicyonia on the
Sinus Corinthiacus, north-west of Corinth. --   -avt7rVrov.  He commanded the Athenian forces at the battle of AMycale. ~-    o7rpamrryoyv-'roS belongs to IleptKXfOVS.  -   LtKVVLWo  roV' 7rpoo7Iitavrar, those of
the Sicyonians who engaged with them.  The genitive here denotes the'whole,' rous 7rpocrF-[avras  being put partitively.  Cf. Mt. ~ 318. 2.
Diod. says that an attack was subsequently made upon Sicyon, but
the Lacedsemonians coming to the aid of the Sicyonians, Pericles
retreated.
3. 7rapaXaf3o'vrev (having taken on0 board), ELT $v/qxaxarv (as the
Schol. says), or rather cEl (apaTrlav. Cf. 7rapaXaf3SodvrE   BotmcrovS K. r. X.
~ 1 supra. -'AXatov.  These persons were doubtless such as favored the democratical party.  Achaia lay west of Sicyonia.      8tarXEvcrarvTrE  rEpav the Corinthian gulf, probably to Naupactus, as this
port was a convenient base for the operations which they had in view.
-  Otvuiaas, WEniadce.  This city lay in the extreme southern part
of Acarnania, on the right bank of the Achelous (cf. Kiepert's map),
near its mouth and opposite the promontory of Araxum.  Col. Leake




CAP. CXI.]                       NOTES.                                 375
(North. Greece, III. p. 556) identifies it with the ruins of a large city, to
which is given the name Trikardho, or Trigardh6lkastro.  The reason
iwhy Pericles assaulted this city, was because it was the only one in
Acarnania, which was opposed  to the alliance then  contemplated,
and soon  afterwards formed, between Athens and Acarnania.  It
was not until the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war that, cormpelled by a superior force, it joined the Athenian alliance. -        /;EVro
-ye, yet indeed. Between these particles Thucydides often interposes
another word.
CHAPTER CXII.
In the third year after this, a five years' truce is concluded between the Peloponnesians and
Athenians (~ 1), during lwhich time a fleet of two hundred ships under the command
of Cimon is fitted out by the Athenians against Cyprus (~ 2); of these ships sixty are
detached to be sent to Egypt at the instance of Amyrtueus, and the rest blockade Citinm
(~ 3); but CGimon dying and a famine having arisen, they leave Cititun, and sailing away
defeat the P'lhcenicians and Cilicians both by sea and by land, after which being joined by
the ships sent into Egypt they return home (~ 4); the sacred OVas' follow s (~ 5).
1. SC'J reptrr.  This fixes the date of the commencement of the
five years' truce at A. c. 450. Olymp. 82. 3. ---  orros8al.  This truce
was effected chiefly through the agency of Cimnon.
2g. rro1Xcov u,'Xov, desisted foom wcair.  Cf. K. ~~ 249. 1; 271. 2; S.
~197. 2.  -  es Kchtrpov iorparceovro.  The object of this expedition
is given in Plut. Cimon, c. 18 (init.).
3.'Atvpralov.  Cf. I. 110. ~ 2. —--    Klr Lov, Citium.  This town
lay in the south-eastern part of Cyprus, and was celebrated for being
the birthplace of Zeno, Apollodorus, Apollonius, and other distinguished persons.
4. KIleotvors  8  aroTavorvro  (A. c. 449) through illness or the effects
of a wound.  To this circumstance, together with the scarcity of provisions, must be attributed the failure of the expedition, since a place
so small could scarcely have resisted the attack of so large a force and
led by so able a commander. --- irrEp YaXa/zvos, off Salamis; literally, above Salamis, because, as Arnold says, the horizon line of the
sea appears to be elevated above the shore.  Salamis lay north-east
of Citium, in the middle part of the eastern side of the island. --
l(/a refers to the verbs which precede it = they conquered in a sea
and lacnd engagement, i. e. they fought the one battle after thle other
(deinceps).  Some may prefer to constrlct a/ua with  oltvtlt and KIXttLv, both weith the Phoenicians and Cilicians.  Diod. says that Arta



376                             NOTFES.                             [Boox L
bazus commanded the naval, and Megabyzus the land forces of the
Persians.-  et  AMyTirrov vlo    es — XMoO=at e —   Ev Aiitn'rTTr  vl'E  E a
Aly 7rrov e'Xhooaal.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 1 (init.).
5. rov..... rdXeo ov, ccalled the (= the so-called) sacired wear.  TroXd'iovs follows E'crrpaTrevwav, as denoting its abstract idea.  See N. on'ravra, 1. 70. ~ 7. -     Lepov. S. ~ 189. --  7rapEcr'aav AeDX\oir.    " Because the noble families of the Delphians, in whose hands was the
sole management of the temple and oracle, were of Dorian origin."
Arnold.   ~- zvTrepov.  " Tertio demrum anno factunm  dicit Schol. Aristoph., quem  refutat Clinton."  Poppo. -—'At~ivaiot.  According to
Plutarch, Pericles was their leader. --            7rapfEoo-av  cowcero-t.  The
Phocians were always putting in claims for the custody of this temple,
and hence as allies they were  assisted  by the Athenians.  Miiller
(Dorians, I1 p. 112) says that the management of this temple was
given to the Phocians against all ancient right.  So 3Boeckh (Pub.
Econ. Athens, p. 600. N.) says that the temple, according  to the
agreement of the Greeks, was an independent sacred possession, the
oversight of which  was vested  exclusively in the  council of the
Amphictyons and the sacred assembly at Delphi.  Cf. Grote's I-st;
Greece, IV. p. 85.
CHAPTER CXIII...
The Athenians take Cheronea from the Bacotian exiles who had got possession of it, and
having placed a garrison in it, return homewards (~ 1); on their way they are attacked at
Coronea by the Orchom.enian exiles and others, and many are slain or made prisoners
(~ 2); the Athenians evacuate thile whole of Bceotia (~ 3), on which the Baeotians recover
their independence, and their exiles return home (~ 4).
1. Kral..  Ta., ra  is transposed for kal 1serh'rabra Xpo'vov fyyelvotyrov, some time after these things.  The events here spoken of took
place A. c. 447. Olymp. 83. 2. o —    sBotorav ryv qwbvy4vrov refers to
those who had been driven fiom  their country, after the battle of
(Enoph yta.  Cf. I. 108. ~ 3. --  Xatpu0vrtav  was afterwards celebrated
for the victory gained by Philip of Macedon over the Athenian forces.
-  -a[nrra  fo0r ilrva.  We should  have expected  ir-ra (cf. K. ~ 93),
nd indeed in two of the best MISS. it. is so written. -           rrXtrats is
lthe dative of accompanimlent. -        cos E;ao-roSr (se. e'frparc-vreav).  See
N. on I. 107. ~ 5.  Cf. also I. 3. ~ 5.          rl.... o..ra, i1. e. against the
places taken possession of by the Bceotian exiles. -.  ToXft[8ov roi
raoX,uiov.   Cf. I. 108. ~ 5. -- Ka. a5l aparro8LrravTre.  These  words,




CHAP. CXIV.]                    NOTES.                                  377
which Haack and Arnold bracket with Bekker and Dindorf, are cancelled by Poppo and Goeller, but received as genuine by Bloomf. -
KaTacrorJoavres,    after having left, ~when they had left.  See N. on i.
13. ~ 6.
2. a5Tots, i. e. the Athenians. -.   Kopcoveta.  This Bcotian city
lay S. E. of Chaeronea, and directly in the homeward route of the
Athenians.   - T —-    TL7rmEJTaL o' Te....BosorV. o. Ductu  et auspiciis
Spartonis.  Vid. Plut. in Ages. t. III. 657."  Gottl. -        AoKpoI Opuntii, as the Schol. rightly understands it, for these had doubtless rebelled
with the Bcotians, as they had been subjugated at the same time.
Cf. I. 108. ~ 3.       u Efj3oEcv-Oqvyci8es. Pausanias says, that Tolmides
had previously led Athenian settlers into Eubcea, at which time probably these exiles left their country. --    avr7-rs  yvAls  o'(n,,elere of the
same mi:Znd (cf K. ~ 273. 2; S. ~ 190).  yvCO1/14S   refers to the feeling ot
hostility towatrds the Athenians.          Tos ro;sEv 8t~);estpav.  Among
the slain were Tolmides the leader of the expedition, and Clinias the
father of Alcibiades.-    -rovs  8E  avras   eaXof3ov.  The desire to redeem  these prisoners, may have had some influence in disposing the
Athenians to withdraw from. Bceotia, and make no further attempts
to subjugate it.
3. l0' r.  8ee N. on I. 103. ~ 1.            roes Wivapav refers to the
Attlenians, who had been taken captive as above related.
4. ot i/XXOL 7radrre refers to the Locrians and Eubcean. exiles.
CHAPTER CXIV.
~he Eubceans having revolted, Pericles comes over to their island, where he receives intelligence of the revolt of the Megareans, and of an invasion with which the Peloponnesians
were threatening Attica, whereupon he returns with his army (~ 1); the Peloponnesians
make an irruption into Attica and dervastate the country, but having proceeded as far as
Eleusis retulrn homeward (~ 2); Pericles with his army then returns to Eubcea, which he
soon reduces to submission (~ 3),
1. yeh....'A~ 1valaov.  This took place A. c. 445. Olymp. 83. 3..-     -afe/3f7Koros'3rh7 (having already 2passed  over) IIeptLKXovS —Jy-'vXl a-rc5 (i. e. Pericles).  The genitive absolute is here employed,
as being more emplhatic than the more usual construction  IIept<Xei
8taLet7rKcorTL  with avr,.  Cf. K.   313. 2.  M- MEynpc.  Cf. I. 103. ~ 4.
-    Err7lKe.  Cf. Miill. Dorians, II. p. 172, where this revolt is
attributed to the return of the nobles. who had been banished and




378                           N OTE S.                        [BooK 1.
their property confiscated, at the time when the democratic party
gained the ascendancy and formed the alliance with the Athenians.
-     fpovpol'A'valov.  Cf. I. 103. ~ 4. 4    e- btLEap;EvoL EltlV.  The
Athenians were so highly incensed at this revolt and massacre, that
they excluded the Megareans from the Attic ports and markets (cf. I.
139. ~ 1), whlich caused thein great distress, as their country was
mountainous and barren, and incapable of giving support to a large
population.      e;s Nlaatnv.  In this place also the Athenians had
stationed a garrison.  Cf. I. 103. ~ 4.    iTirayayodevoL, by calling in
to their aid. --  IKopLv'tovs....'E7r8Lavpiovs.  These were the nearest
states of the Peloponnesian confederacy.
2. ris'Arrtrg..... E'o-OXiVTES, invading Attica Cas far as Eleutsis
and:7Thria.  "Where place is designated by mentioning both the
country and the town, the folrmer as the whole may be put in the genitive and lay Tprecede the latter."  Crosby, ~ 361. R. Cf. Mt. ~ 321. 6.
It wasm on the Thrian plain tlhat thle Athenians proposed to the Lacedrlmonians to fight the Persians, when, under Miardonius, they had
possession of Athens the second time.  Cf. Herod. IX. 7.  Leake
(Topog. Athens, II. p). 150) thinks that the site of Thria is indicated
I)y somle vestiges of antiquity on a height called Magrila, on the SandAforo or Eleosinianc CUepIhissus, about three miles above Eleusis.
Iheto-rol'aKTroVo.... /3acrkLsco. See N. on I. 107. ~ 2. —    ro 7rOv OvKE'Tt
7rpoEX30dvTE,  advancing no further.  In II. 21. ~ 1, it is E' r7- nrXeLop
OSVKL'rt vrpoeXFcV,, which seems the more preferable, since as Poppo
remarks, valet Tro po'r)po non paXXov.  -  aE7rpEX6P Cav being bribed,
as Plutarch says, by Pericles.
3.'Ajqvaio.....8&mawrEg, as Plutarch says, with 50 ships and 5000
hoplites. i —;XX71v, i. e. other than the town inhabited by the Hestitans.-,ok,ukoyaq KaTEo'rTrcalro, they settled by treaty, i. e. they
adjusted the difficulties on terms of mutual agreement. -'EorTatlis....'raXov. Plutarch says that the reason of this severity was, that
the HIestimans had captured an Athenian ship and put the crew to
deatl.  But perhaps it resulted, in part at least, fiom  motives of
policy, a twofold object being had in view, viz. to deter by a.n example of one towin, the rest of the Eubceans from  any attempt to gain
Qheir independence; and by placing colonists of their own in the
town selected for punishment, to secure a footing on the island in case
of another rebellion.  For the form  of the accusative'ErTtalas, cf. Mt.
~ 83. Obs. I. --     aro'l, i. e. the Athenians.




CHAP. CXV.]                      NOTES.                                 379
CHAPTER CXV.
Thirty years' peace is concluded between the Athenians and( Peloponnesians (~ 1); a war
breaks out between the Samians and Milesians, in which the latter being worsted call
upon the Athenians for aid (~ 2); in obedience to which call the Athenians proceed to
Salnos, establish democracy, and having taken hostages sail away (~ 3); some of the
Samians belonging to the aristocracy cross over to the continent, and having concerted
measures with their fiiends on the island, and with Pissuthnes the governor of Sardis,
return to Samos by night (~ 4), and having overcome the democratical party, and got
possession of their hostages in Lemnos, openly revolt from the Athenians (~ 5).
1. ro7rovais.  The thirty 5-ears' truce was made A. c. 445.        Trov
$toaivXovE   of the Lacedtlinoaonians.  &- rn1o8vreS, restoriing   to independence, or more probably, to the Peloponnesian confederacy. -'AXai.a'v.  There is some doubt whether this refeirs to the country of
Achaia, or to some town of the saume nalie.  Goeller adopts the latter
of thlese opinions, ona the ground that it stands connected with the
names of towns, and that Cleon could never have asked as he did (IV.
21), that the Lacedlnonians should give back to Atllens thle country
of Achlaia, over which tile Lacedanmonians had no control. He therefore thinks that it was some town of wh1ich the Athenians had taken
possession, and which they now stipulated to give back.  This opinion
of Goel. is cited approvingly by Poppo (Suppl. Adnot. p. 142).  M[iiller is cited by Goel. as understanding by it some small town of AMegara.
But I find nothing in Miiller's Hist. of the Dorians, on this point, except the following note (I. p. 212): "Achaia is the district on thle
north  of Peloponnesus, which indeed did not belong to Athens, but
was enumerated in the lists of the contending parties as belonging to
the Athenian side, and at this time passed over to that of the LacedT -
monians."  Arnold says that there can be no reasonable doubt, that
Thucydides refers here to the country of Achaia in Peloponnesus.
Such also is the opinion of Haack and Bloolnf., and seems to be the
true one. -        IleXorovvqcLovm depends on rai'ra.
2. c'Kro      E'ret of the thirty years' truce, i. e. A. c. 440. Olymp. 85.
Somne chronologists fix the date of the event here mentioned at A. o.
441. Olyamp. 84. 4, and this computation Poppo follows, whlo affixes
the date A. c. 440 (i. e. the year following the revolt) to the expedition
of Pericles narrated in I. 116. -         Ilpto'vgs, Priene, a town of Ionia,
nearly east of Sam-nos and not far from Miletus.  It was in the vicinity;f the Pan-Ionic temple, the sacred rites of which  it administered,




380                            NOTES.                           [BooK 1
and hence acquired considerable importance. -             KaTreF'Ocv riv EaTlcov, inveighed  against the Samians. -            tvve7rEXati/a/vovTro  tout/
2Jart with the Milesians. -         AZv3pes LhTLrat, 1private persons, i. e. individuals of the Samians, who had no hand in the government which
was aristocratical.  This will account for their intrigues in favor of
the Milesians, whose governml ent was democratical. --            vewroreptlat
O3OvXWEVOt  T7rZv TrOXLoretav, wishing to revolutionize the government, i. e.
to introduce the democratical form  of government.  Cf. 8exoKpariar
KtrTE-r1ro-avC in tlhe next section.
3. 7rXevr'avreg ovY'Ar/qvaiol e9s  azov.  Plutarch says that the Samians, being commanded by the Athenians to cease fiom  hostilities,
refused to obey, whereupon a descent was made upon their island by
Pericles.  There is no need of attributing this war in behalf of the
Milesians to the influence of Aspasia, inasmuclh as it wNas the policy of
Athens to side with demnocratical governments in their contests with
such as were aristocratical. --       61povg......vSpar.  Diold. says that
eighty talents were also exacted from  the Sarnians.-             ers A~/kvov.
This island was subject to the Athenians.-    qpovpiav EyKaramaXtTvYrer
in Samos.  Cf. ~ 6 infra.
4. Trv BE E&altdvO, lOcav yap rTve= — o0   E  aLutot, Yi1av yap TtVEE
EKEI:Vov, the principal word (almcov) of the main prIoposition being
attracted  and governed by rtvEs in the dependent clause.  Cf: M3t.
~ 630. h; K. ~ 324. R. 2.  See N. on I. 72. ~ 1.  Render ra-yj ah  EaMroo, the Samnicn exiles, inaslnuch as they were those o' e'bvyov ES rljv
/rraEpov. -    Y   rrV    7roXEL of the Samlians. -   Toir  vvarcordcrotr, i. e.
the aristocratical party. --    OS EtXE  ap8eL rTre.. Pissuthnes is called satrap by Diod. --       E'rtKopovr. iBloomf. thinks that these were
mercenaries sent by Pissuthnes, but paid by the Samian exiles.
h3terlo-av refers to the subject contained in 2rv h8 (~atCov.      V& UrhO
v'K7Ta  in order to conceal their movements.
5. -'c ahpp;rTavEi-r7Co-av, they rose  qp~  against the deomocratical
party.    2- Kpadr-cranv  7rv  rXelarooUT.  Diod. says pqhAroa  GKpdrqoav
rS ECla ov, Katl rovrs dvrttrpCarroTrrag avrosr iE'3aXov ie T7] 7rsXEcor.
fKKXELaavres, brilging away: by stratagem, removing by stealth.
a;weTrcr'Wav,  Sc. jcov'Arlvalov.   vrot.... TLJtv, i. e. the officers
having cornlhand of the garrison.         nr-.... orpuarTlv inl order to
put down democracy in that city also. --  BvdVrtot.  Byzantium fell
undcer tlhe Athenian control, after the Lacedcl ononians retired from
thle command of the allies (cf. 1. 96. ~ 1), but still retained its Doric
customs and la-v-ws, and hence its readiness to unite in the support of
the aristocratical form of government.




CtAP. CXVI.]                     NOTES.                                 381
CHAPTER CXVI.
The Athenians sail to Samos with 60 ships, sixteen of which being detached from the fleet,
with the remainder they obtain a victory over the Samian fleet consisting of 70 ships
(~ 1); afterwards being reinforced by 40 ships from Athens, and 25 from Lesbos an
Chios, they make a descent upon Samnos, and invest the city with a triple wall and blockade it by sea (~ 2): Pericles talking 60 ships firom the blockading fleet sails for the Carian
coast, hlaving received intelligence of the approach of the Phoenician fleet (~ 3).
1. e2:t 2ataov.  See N. on I. 30. ~ 2.  -       --   E po 7PO-ojv, for a recofnnoiterit.y.       reptaoyyeXkovo-at.  Repeat'rvXov oxmdeIvnl friom the
preceding clause. The present participle instead of the future is sometimes put aftei verbs of motion, when the action of the participle is
contemporaneotls with thaat of the finite verb.  Cf. vMt. ~ 566. 6; S.
~ 225. 5.  7repTlyyXXovo-at corresponds to  E's rrpo(oTrVrx in the first
nerberl.     -!HeptEKX;ovEs  exKaol, a crparnyomTros  (see N. on I. 46. ~ 2).
Among these was Sophlocles the tragic poet.  Cf. MiNll. Lit. Ainc.
Greece, p. 338. -         Tpay~a, Tragia, an island near Lesbos, and probably so called frlom having once abounded in goats.   -( rpartct8erE,militalry transCL)orts, employed solely for the purpose of conveying
troops fi'om  one place to anotherl, and firom  their inefficiency never
used in battle, except in emergencies.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom.
Antiq. Tp. 878.
2. X...... fLKOL.  See at 8..../3orev, ~ 1 supra.             reLXect.
I am disposed to explain this, fortifications, forts, since it is hardly
conceivable that the Athenians threw up these walls all around the
city, when two would have answered all the purposes of circulnvallation and contravallation.  So the Schol. explains reIXeo(- by retXO'!Lao-m.
3. d7ro rmv NEoppovov~)v, from thle blockading sguadron.  The partitive genitive is here defined more distinctly by arr;'.  Cf. AMt. ~ 322.
Obs. 1.  This use of the preposition is however quite rare. --   rl.... Kapans, towards Cannus and Caria,"' towards Caunus as the spot
where he especially expected to fall in with the enemy; but also towards Caria generally, because he could not be certain at what particular place he might find them."  Arnold. -               E'Tayy7eXZi'vrov  (sc.
r-&v 7rpanyl-rov), iforrmation being received. See N. on I. 74. ~ 1 (init.).
--    rao-ayospan.  This was a Samnian, which  fact furnishes a key lo
the sentence. ---        r SoYv(Poio-(Tas, for tfhe Planeician fleet, i. e. to
bring it to the assistance of the Samnians.  The preposition here denotes purpose, design.  Cf. K. ~ 296. III. 3. a.
17*




182                          NO T 4S.                         [BOOK 1
CHAPTER CXVII.
In the absence of this part of the blockading fleet, the Samians make a successful sally, and
remain masters of their own seas for fourteen days (~ 1); but Pericles returning and a
fresh reinforcement arriving from Athens, they again suffer a blockade (~ 2), and in tb
ninth msonth are forced to surrender and give up their fleet to the Athenians (~ 3).
1. EV TOVTz, at this tine, i. e. during the absence of Pericles (I. 116.
3). --   E'KrXovv from  their port.  -  capiKTr) rcj r-parowri8(, the
ungtuarded camp, refers to the naval camp pitched on the shore in
front of the ships which were drawn up on the land. This camp was
usually fortified, but seems here to have been left unguarded.  The
consequence was, as Arnold justly remarks, that when the look-out
ships were taken, the enemy landed and attacked the ships drawn up
on the shore, without being opposed by any artificial defence.
ras T'e rpof5vXaKl8ag vavr, the guard-shilps, i. e. vessels moored at a
distance from the main fleet, and ready inanned to check any sudden
attack, until the other ships could be launched and prepared for
action.  Arnold remarks that " when the look-out ships were taken,
the Athenians had no other resource but to launch their ships in haste,
and endeavor to meet them before they could land; and this being
done in confusion, and the ships being launched and brought into
action separately and in small parties, they were successively overpowered and defeated." --    rr KaY' EaVTOVV, that which soas near to
thenms =neighboring. -        EoFKOtIo-tavro Kail JEEKoIaOVTro,    i. e. they had
in respect to their port, free ingress and egress.
2. E;X;dVroE  8 I HFepKXfovr.  Cf. I. 116. ~ 3. -     OOVKV;8Lov. Not
Thucydides the historian, but the son of Milesias and rival of Pericles.
3. vnvaLataXav tLEv rtva  3paxecav.  "Perhaps that in which Aristot.
ap. Plut. says Pericles was defeated." Bloomf. --     E'wEroXmopKc"qo(nav,
were taken.  It is said by Diod. that Pericles reduced this place by
means of battering rams and other warlike machines, which he first
invented and used. It is generally conceded, however, that Artemon
of Clazomense was the inventor of these warlike machines.  Bloomf.
thinks that the city was taken by famine, and that Pericles employed
his leisure time in making experiments upon' military machines, and
that thus the story of his invention of these, and his taking the city by
means of them, took its rise. -    p Xptlara -ra dvaXoSVTra, amounting,
according to Diodorus, to 200 talents. But this estimate must have
been far too small, since the greater part of the time, there were em




CHAP. CXVIII.]                  NOTES.                               383
tjloyecd accordilg to this account of Thucydides not less than 199 triremes; and Isocrates (de Antidosi, p. 69) and Nepos (Timoth. 1) say
that 1200 talents were expended on this war. -          KaT  XpKvovi,  at
stated times.  The plural is used with certain abstracts considered in
the plurality of their parts.  K. ~ 243. 3 (3).  Kar-a is here used distributively.  K. ~ 292. II. 3. d.
CHAPTER CXVIII.
The rising power of the Athenians relained unchecked by the Lacedemonians, partly on
account of their natural slowness of action, an(d partly on account of their domestic dissellsions (~~ 1, 2); after they decide that the treaty is broken, they consult the Delphic
oracle from which they receive a favorable response (~ 3).
1. The thread of the history is now resumed from I. 88.  ov0 rokXoTs ETeoLv (S. ~ 204).  The thirty years' truce was entered upon A. c.
445; and the dispute between the Corinthians and Corcyreans arose
A. c. 436.  Tlis would make it about four years after the reduction of
Samos that the events (ra 7re KepKvpa'Kia) narrated in chaps. 24-55,
took place, and eight years before the Potidean war (chaps. 56-66).
--     oaa 7rp;oqbaas.  The Schol. says that reference is had to the profanity of Cylon (1. 126), and the treason of Pausanias (I. 128 et seq.).
2. ra7ra...."EXqr~v7s —;yieTo,  bUt all these  things which the
Greeks did —took place. --;v os, i. e. in the fifty years. -- 
kLao-a.  See N. on I. 54. ~ 2.    -y cp'/epaoep   Km-rTar oaTe avro, had established snore firmly.  -    alvrol.... b3oitecos, they themselves had
reached a high degree of powe'r = had becomne very poweSfuil.  For the
construction of Ersi  E'-yn —3vva1eS, see N. on es rovmro d(VrIYKss, I. 49.
~ 7.-   ao- ev atlthough they perceived (see N. on I. 7. ~ 1) the
increase of Athenian power. -- oVTrE-re, neque —et, not-and.  K.
~ 321. 2. d. ~- e- ftd  inrl 3pax, except J'/ba short time, "for short
intervals." Bloomf. T-  Te 7r;iov ~rod Xpvov.  "iMagis Thucydideurm
videtur 7TOY wrkova sen 7rkieco TOV Xpdvov. Nostrum  talnen non falsum."
Poppo.  Cf. MSt. ~ 442. 3. r —     rp5 Toy.  See N. on I. 32. ~ 4. -
Ft' rTXE!i (cf. Mt. ~ 608. 5. e) is defined by livat es rov's  oroXovs, not
hasty to go, etc. -       -OvreE taKes the time of 7~a;xaCov (S. ~ 211. 1)!
and hlence is followed by dvayKamotvro in the optative (S. ~ 212. 3),
which here denotes indefinite firequency (see N. on I. 49. ~ 3), except
when they welre compelled by necessity. ---   r....,eFtpyurEoVt, and in




384                              NOTES.                             [BooK I
some measure being preveented by wars at home.  One of these domestic wars was the Messenian (I. 101-103), and that carried on with the
Arcadians.  Cf. Miil]. Dorians, I. p. 212. --  rptv a?,, until at length
(Jelf's Kuhiilln. ~ 720. 2. d), is to be constructed after  1o-VXabov....Xpdrov, the words O;Vres....E.eLpy6eIvot being parenthetic. --        rs - vtA(aXa-vT =-v TvliMLXeOaw  tlhe abstract being put for the concrete. Cf. Mt.
~ 429. 1.  - avrevi =-  bijS-o&iM V. -   OvKETL ava-xer0ov erotoOvro, they
thought it nzo longer endurable.-;rE'7LXFetp7rTEa.  We should have ex
pected the singular, but cf. Mt. ~ 443. 1. -After 7-rXrLXELp7rEa ELvaL supply
aVroTs referring to the Athenians, that they should be taken in hand -
should go  to war with them.            Kal KaiatpeTra' I(orXs:, and that
their power must be put doewn.  i- pafEotgs depends on a'rots understood, which pronoun depends on E80'KEL and refers to the Lacedmmonians.
3. Bst'yYo(ro (it was decided)... asrovcrs.  Cf. 1. 87. ~~ 2, 4.
fl (SC. aciro?) TroXc/fOU-SLv atjLvoV f'ral,) whether it would be for their
advantage to go to war.  The participle is used as a complement after
certain expressions (mostly impersonal), e. g. it is fit, useful, profitable, good, etc., although the infinitive might be employed with equal
correctness. Cf. K. ~ 310. 4. i; Mt. ~ 555. Obs. 2.  lerlEvtov has the force
of the positive.  See N. on X6EpovL, I. 95. ~ 7.   -  sara KppdroS, with
all their might. --        cal ar7be.... aKXS7ros.  How  in their judgment
the god fulfilled his promise appears in II. 54.
CHAPTER CXIX.
The Lacedsemonians refer to the assembled allies the question, whether there shall be an
immediate declaration of war against the Athenians, to which a majority reply in the
affirmative, after which the Corinthians address the assembly in favor of that measure (~ 1).
1. av's.... 7r1apavc-aoXiovre.  Cf. I. 87. ~ 4. r —   r       v[jtyiaXtas.
See N. on I. 118. ~ 2.   r   orov  a  /3o(Xovro - -  spoke  their  ninzds;
literally, spoke what they chose. -     ol rXEciovs, the majority, is in partitive apposition with o' re a'XXot (see N. on 1. 89. ~ 3).  Notice that
it is here accompanied by a participle.  Cf. Xen. Cyr. III. 1. ~ 25..-     frq;hEvre —aso're 4'l qioao..   See N. on 1. 34. ~ 3. --            KTar
rdoXEtS, city after city.  Reference is had of course to the deputies of
these cities. ~-..li, apart from. --          Kal Trre Kal rTXEvraiot, thesd
also last at this time as before.  Cf. 1. 67. ~ 5.




CHAF. CXX.]                       NOT ES.                                 385 
CHAPTERS CXX.-CXXIV.
The oration of the Corinthians, which is given to us in these chapters,
has four general divisions; 1, the justice of the proposed war (chaps. 120,
121. ~ 1); 2, the probability of a successful issue (chaps. 121. ~ 2-122. ~ 1);
3, its utility and consentaneousness with the previous customs and habits
of the Peloponnesians (chap. 122. ~~ 2-4); 4, the necessity of speedy and
vigorous action (chaps. 123, 124). In the manner of the Greek rhetoricians,
it may be said that the T-b  ijaieov, rb  uvarov, and.b o-vuOE pov are proved,
and then is added the 7raparveoELs.  The oration has strong points of resemblance to the preceding one spoken by the Corinthians (I. 68-71), being
vehement, exciting, full of hostility to the Athenians, and breathing the
spirit of war.
CHAPTER CXX.
The Corinthians praise the Lacediemonians for their determination to go to war, and thus
acting as became the ruling state in the confederacy (~ 1); the necessity of going to war,
which presses upon the maritime states, bears with equal force upon the inland districts,
because the interchange of commodities will stffer interruption, and the war itself will
soon reach those states (~ 2); wherefore war ought to be declared, since it is the part of
prudent men to remain at peace, unless when wronged, and of brave men suffering
wrong to go to war (~ 3); indolence in repelling injury and insolence on account of success are alike injurious (~ 4); for many things turn out different from what was expected, inasmuch as the confidence and energy with which plans are formed, are not equalled
in their execution (~ 5).
1. ovK av Ert atretaao-n'alea.  This they had done in their first oration (cf. I. 68, et seq.). --     s;.....  vv7'yayov, as if (= as we should
censure them  if) they had not decreed the war, and convened usfor this
very purpose (viz. that we should  declare war).  This use of In o',
although unusual, is quite natural, and disencumbers the sentence of
all difficulty. -     XPO yap.  The ellipsis may be supplied: had they
done otherwise we could rightly have blamed them, for it is the
duty, etc.  r-    h vmoovra-,  conducting  their private affairs or  an
equality (with their inferiors), i. e. in the administration of their private affairs, being on an equal footing with others, and showing their
pre-eminence by providing for the public welfare (ra Ktvoa 7rpoor-Korezv).
c- o7ep... 7rporLtc)Orat.   In  addition  to the parallel sentiment,
which Abresch  finds in the words of Sarpedon  (Eom. I1. 12. 315),
Bloomf. very kaptly cites Xen. Anab. III. 1. ~ 37.- eiv A'XXots., ill




Si6i                           N O TE S.                         [BooK I
other things.  The Schol. says Ev rpoeapla Kal rotv ToorotT.     e —--
ravroov =-,jrEp vavras.  Schol.
2. tzYW.... avrois', now sutch of us as have had ilntercourse with
(i. e. have trafficked with) the Athenians, have no need of instruction
to be on our guard against them.  oot-= 7oro7roTL noot.  The verb
EvrqXXdayyrcrav has the middle signification.  -   r71V IlE~oyeacv depends
on KarUpKi7 EoV's = KaTrc77KoTar, those who inhabit (Mft. ~ 496. 6).  In'v rOdp  KaroTCK?rlEvov  the passive signlification is to be resumed, those
who are settled in, who dwell in.  Trjv  EwdoyELav is opposed to roig
Karcw) and refers to those states in the interior of Peloponnesus. --
/iaXXov KaL /1?).  See N. on Kal.... 7rXiov, I. 74. ~ 3. -     Ev 7rpo, in
the passage-way, i. e. on the sea- coast (evy 7t- rrapaXp.  Schol.)  So we
call the sea, the high way of commerce. The orator has especial reference to Corinth.  Cf. I. 7   13. ~.     -  v, unless. -. -        xcrarTaoLL8ajV, the conveying down to the sea-shore for the purpose of exportation.  It is opposed to avrlrfrqLv.  - r- Tal'opaLov, SC. Tr)v Kap7rrOv..-.. hrj  = CKEWCoY e)' of which the relative depends on c&&oo-. --    r,
prrEIpc refers here to the inland  region as opposed to the mnaritilnme
coast.  The word has a similar use in I. 142. ~ 5; IV. 102. ~ 4.
KaKoUs KpLTcS,  careless judges, as are those who feel no personal interest in the object of consideration. --   -   0 /) 7irpot,<orrzwv = cos aXxoTplcOV, /t7hEYv Edl ro av!LqepEov avr v r TEWLvdvr. Poppo.-      etan. Repeat XP7 firom  the preceding context.  -   cl ra  LaTrc 7rpovpYro, if
they desert (leave in the lurch. Liddell and Scott) the 7maiitilme states.
Bekker reads 7rpoe gio, in which he is followed by Arnold. -    &v in
Kav belongs to 7rpoEXJePv.  S. ~ 215. 5.       ovX icocrov, se. 7cVxv.
3. &L7rep, wherefore, i. e. in  consequence of the danger which
threatens them in common with the maritime states.          avroivr refers
to the inland states. -.......ETraXat3azveLv, to take in exchange
war for peace.  The verb depends on /LuJ OKVeiV (not to hesitate).  Cf.
1K. ~ 306. 1. a.       av pcv —-Eo-riv.  S. ~ 190.  -   el /0 daC8KOvrTO.
The more usual form would have been El f0L aclKovKratL. ~- i}oVXadeLe
is the subject of Eirrl. ---- dyanov.  Supply dvbpcwv and repeat ETrrI.
v —a -dtov1dvEvo   stands for d38&ov1iA'ov, it being made to conform
grammatically with the omitted subject of roXemEv.  Cf. K.  ~ 307.
R. 2. e- EdK /V Elp/VI'7roXE/LELV., to exchange peace for wa~r; literally, to enter %yon rwar fromn a state of peace, iEK being here used to
denote the immediate consequence or proceeding of one thing from
another.  Cf. K. ~ 288. 2 (2); Mt. ~ 574.,-   e  N  7,rapaorXdv, but
whean a  opportunity offers, " qgutnm o2p2tunum est." Mt. ~ 564.  See
N. on rraparvXdv, I. 76. ~ 2. --  E' rroXEieov.  See N. on eK /1Ev CEpl/IqS supra. -   evm,/vat, to come to terms, to become friends, —




CRAP. CXX.]                     NOTES.                            887
c7ratpeoract and CdLKeZi0-aL have the same construction as 7r0o?,Fte  and
$vltu,3vat, the subject, however, as it appears from  Ij/deuvov, being
changed to the singular. --  7-c  ro-vX[q denotes the ground or reason
of the mental state expressed in?j801evov (by being pleased.  See N. on
1. 9. ~ 1).  Cf. K. ~ 285. 1 (1). --  ad&KeieoaL, " i. e. se offendi pati."
Poppo.
4. 0o TrE-KVOV- EKELVOS   S OKYV6.      raXt(r' &v d atpeti[S, woill
quickly be deprived.  For the use of the optative, see N. on I. 71. ~ 5.
The protasis may be found in el VoXCc0ot.       /aot-  -r0vv7r,' otii, inertice." Poppo. -    r0 repprrvbv depends on (l/aLpee~El7  which in the
active voice is followed by two ac;cusatives (S. ~ 184. 1), and sometimes by the accusative and genitive. --        o 7..... 7XEovci v in consequence of its opposition to 0 re......')Vc, Poppo translates, qui in
bello felici successu frequentius utitur.  But the sense, required by
the context (cf. yLr..... E'raipeo-at, ~ 3 supra) as well as by the antithesis, is best preserved in the translation, he who is overbea~ring on account of his success in war, or he who presumes on his good fortune in,war. This translation harmonizes also with E'ratpi1evor, which is
evidently a varied repetition of the idea contained in rXEodovao0v.
Haack without any good reason constructs Xrkeova'.ov with 2v 7roXVle.
-— E Evretrrat (present in signification)-Eirmap6jusevo  (Mt. ~ 549. 3)
= EVTev7jL7ra  o'Tt E7ratperat.. ~ 310. 3. 4. a.
5. yap introduces a reason why no one should be elated by that
which may prove disastrous in the end.  The success which attends
an enterprise is no certain evidence that it was well planned, nor want;
of success, that the plans were not well laid, since these plans often
are affected favorably or otherwise by the counter operations of the
enemy.  To rely, therefore, on past successes is to be buoyed up by
a false confidence. -     KaiKs   yvrorrEvrTa, badly planned. -- d3ovoXor-E
pCv... KarmopqcoT, have turned Out successful by being formed against
(literally, meeting with) enemies nmore illradvised.   Iaanck, Botlle,
aind Goeller retain the vulgar reading rvXdvra, hut Bekker, Poppo,
Arnoldl, and Bloomf. (in his last edition) adopt rvXorrvor as the genuine reading.  The MS. authority is divided equally, but the Schol.
reads rvXo'vra.  With rvUXovrPo    as the reading, it, will be necessary to
supply ovrcov. See N. on I. 32. ~ 3. --    Kai.... /., and there are still
more which.  Supply E'arl after 7rX;o.  "Si a' abesset, concinnior
esset orsatio," Haack.,- Es roVvavrrTov-7-rEptEcr7  "in  contrariam,
partesa  eonversa sunt."  Gottl. cited by Poppo.- e —- vpEira....
E7re$EPXeratL for the activity with which plans are ccarried into execuo
tion, is not equal to the confidence with which they are formed =for
t,he confidece  in one's plans acnd their actual execution are very diq



388                               NOTES.                               [BooK L
similar; literally, for no one plans with  vdktence in  12ke manner as
he in fact executes.  The antithesis of thin difi.cult and much discussed
clause, lies evidently  in EVvtELTraOt r,  7rl lrTE  and'p7y cTErePXErCEL,
and not as Poppo and Goeller suppose, in EvpvgeLrat and e'py? &ehre;ipXEraL, the words rt  rrl-reL pertaining  to both  members.  The order
of the words hardly admits of this, nor is any argument furnished, as
they suppose, from  the following context, aXX't....  XXerlro/Ev, but the
very contrary. The comparison lies between the confidence of sue
cess with which plans are formed, and their realization.  dAXX... X
Xe1uropev denotes the reason or ground of the dissimilarity spoken of,
viz. that plans are devised in a state of security (MET' adaketlar), but
in a measure fail in their execution through the influence of fear (eTra
eovrs).       6o- oa (= —/ bohos) and Kal are to be joined in construction
= pcariter ac. Poppo and Goel. read 6/Odoi  on the authority of Reiske,
but there is no substantial reason for this. -- ao$acioEcv is a varied
repetition of IevsveiTatm.   -   tLEra'&ovr stands opposed to MfEr' da(aelasr, and as the latter signifies a state of security, I am  inclined
with Bloomf. to take METa  OvrS in the general sense of, in a situation
calculated to inspire terror. --       XAEXIrOMEv, s. &ov  VeVv/xtVoLEOuIa from
the context.
CHAPTER CXXI.
The Corinthians express their readiness to lay down their arms, after having avenged their
wrongs (~ 1); the prospects of success on the part of the allies are highly encouraging
(~ 2); a navy can be raised from their private resources, and the public treasures deposited at Delphi and Olympia, and this they can man with seamen hired from abroad after
the manner of the Athenians (~ 3); practice in nautical affairs will enable them in time
to rival the Athenians in this respect, while in natural courage they will always remain
their superiors, and this will ensure them the victory (~ 4); their resources must be
provided by contributions, which no one will refuse to furnish in so just a cause, especially, when it is remembered that contributions are made by the states confederated
with the Athenians for their own enslavement (~ 5).
1. Having laid down some general principles, which should regu
late the redrless of grievances, the Corinthians now proceed to show
their readiness to act in accordance with these principles.  They take
up arms because they have suffered injury (adctofic5Vos.  See:N. on I.
9. ~ 4), but when their wrongs are duly avenged, they are ready to
cease from  war.  -     iOv 7rodXeov  eyetipotev, we engage in war; literally, we excite war.  The expression  is poetical, being borrowed, as
some think, from  Hom. I. 11. 213. - ie  IcLmpO), at the proper time.
2. Poppo well remarks, that with this section the chapter should
have commenced, since the first section  belongs to the  preceding




CHAP. CXXI.]                 NOTES.                             389
chapter, which  o. lt ins the ro 8[KaLov. See remarks on the general
plan and divisions of the oration.  Kar& nroXXd, for many reasons, on
mrany accounts.  Somiv of these reasons are given in what follows.
7 —,XaEl.....7rOEtlLAKi.  VWe are told by Archidamus (I. 81. ~ 1)
that the Peloponnesians relied upon these things.  rrpogiXovras, because
we excel (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4), conforms in case with  as. --     6oIOS
v.... 9ras, because ust ehall all alike render obedience to orders.  Cf.
II. 11. ~ 9. The translations of this passage are very diverse, and some
commentators have taken no notice of it. The translation here given
seems to satisfy the verbal demands, and how characteristic in the
Doric armies was the obedience spoken of, is known to all.
3. vavrtLov depends on iupTrvo'-eda, and constitutes the third
ground of success advanced by' the speaker.  The order is 7rp&rov!eiv
-erELTa-re. --   oTXovoLv rlefers to the Athenians. --- EKaoros
depends on  yrapXor-is. S. ~ 201. 3. In respect to the resources
(o'r-las) here spoken of, cf. I. 80. ~ 4, where Archidamnus asserts that
the Peloponnesians were even mere deficient in treasures than in ships.
-         E-) AEXqOoS.  Bloomf. thinls that in consequence of the thirty
years' truce, Delphi was again brmught under the Lacedemonian influence. --- 8vem'-La.  Money omuld be borrowed from these sacred
treasuries, but only in cases of urgency, and on condition of their
being faithfully repaid. -   fLlovI, than was paid by the Athenians..-     ro.. $vovgs-vav3aU rav refers nceo, as Bloomfield thinks, to seamen
enlisted from  the Euxine, Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Africa,
and Italy, as no mention is made of these barbarians in the Athenian
fleet, but to those drawn by superior pay from  the maritime states
and islands fiiendly to the Athenians. -     yap implies an ellipsis:
and this is practicable, for the Athe.ziian (naval) forces are mercenary
rather than native. --. 8~.... wraoc, but ours woutld be subject in a
less degree to this, i. e. the Peloponnesians having comparatively few
mercenaries in their service, would be less liable to the mischiefs resulting from the employment of such forces, such as defection in the
time of battle, treacherous intercourse wi:h the enemy, and desertion
to the highest bidder.  This appears from the next sentence, where it
is said, that the Peloponnesian strength consisted in perso>ns (rolT
cot/ac-L) rather than in money (rois Xp'77ua-t), i. e. in native troops
rather than in the wealth which would enable them to employ Coraign
mercenaries.  avaa/ts is to be supplied with /jp;i-,oa.
4. Having thus shown how a naval force could be  related, the
speaker proceeds to show the comparative effect on the parties of the
loss of engagement. -,. u....k4XlKovrat, in a sirtqh?ictitry garie ed
over them by sea, they most likely will be eonqueead,  {o. nnable to




390                           NOTES.                           [Boo: Il
prosecute the war any further. The Schol. assigns as the reason for
this, that the Athenians had no land forces adequate to repair a defeat
by sea, while the Peloponnesian forces, if conquered in a naval engagement, were still strong on land.  AlXloKovraL is used. for the future
to designate certainty of event.  S. ~ 211. N. 4; K. ~ 255. R. 4. ---
avrt-XoLev, should they hold out against us, i. e. be able to carry on
the war after a defeat.  There is such a marked antithesis, that I am
almost inclined to regard dvrio-xoLv,) as euphemistically used for should
they defeat us.  This would give more point and energy to the algument.  Notice that the indicative in the apodosis (LEXera(ro/oEv) follows el with the optative in the protasis.  Emphasis is thereby given
to the certainty designated in the apodosis.  Cf. K. ~ 339. 3. b; S.
~ 215. 1.  -    eXE-rtoo0/ev...1.  aUrLKua.  Their ability to prolong the
war, would give time to the Peloponnesians to attain  by practice a
skill in nautical affairs equal to that of the Athenians.  " Hoc ipso
argumento deterrere suos a bello studuit Archidamus, I. 80. ~ 4, et
spem Corinthiorumn vanam esse arguit Pericles, I. 142. ~~ 6-8." Poppo.
----- orav.... KaraTrrro EV,  when we havehave attained to equal skill (with
the enemy); literally, when toe shall have placed our skill on an
equality. --    Ecv/vXta.  "In every action in the open field, up to the
battle of Leuctra, Sparta had nearly a certainty of success, since the
consciousness of skill in the use of arms was added to the national
feeling of the Doric race, that victory over the Ionians was not a matter of doubt."  Muiill. Dorians, II. p. 260.  The remarks of Miiller,
however, must receive some abatement frot his evident partiality to
the Dorians. --  ayaobv refers to 7  e+/UvXla employed in the sense
of the abstract (see N. on I. 68. ~ 1), and properly the antecedent of
O, and the subject of yrvomro (see N. on I. 33. ~ 2). -   The protasis
of yievotro (see N. on I. 71. ~ 5) lies in BLaaX~,, by teaching =even if
they are instructed,  -    For the construction of 8          (  iEl:vo 6) —
7rpovxovo-m,  cf. S. ~ 182; of i/Lmv, cf. S. ~ 206. 4.
5. ES av3Ta, for these purposes, i. e. for equipping a fleet, hiring
mercenaries, etc. -    O0'taoEV.  Cf. ov're.... /;Epo!ev at the close of
the speech of Archidamus (I. 80. ~ 4), and also the assertion of Pericles Kai oTre,.... arois, I. 141. ~ 3. -  1', otherwise.  -   KEL'vwy refers
to the Athenians. ---- E'rt.... avrmv, to promote their own servitude
to rivet their own chains.  See N, on I. 116. ~ 3 (end). --- qpovre
3vK a7erepovOtv do not refuse tb contribute.  S. ~ 225. 8. --   Of the
propositions el o01 LeV-J-/eTv 8', the latter only is to be taken with betLOlp
v EL,?) since it was not the contribution of the Athenian confederates
which was Berd'v, but the refusal of the Peloponnesians to do the same?or a r.obler purpose.  Cf. Butt. ~ 149. p. 44-6; Mt. ~ 622. 4. --   7tLcopoe.




CHAP. CXXII.]                     NO T ES.                                 391
izEvot by attraction with Gje7lE  is put for rTtLOYovLEVovs.  The same is
true of aVTro. --       Ka...., r& Crxel  and in order'that we may not, by
being deprived of this very property (aorh) by then, sffer by mneans of
t, i. e. that our possessions being wrested from  us by the enemy, may
not become the means and instrument of our ruin. After repeated
examinations of this passage, I am  quite satisfied that this is the true
meaning.  Arnold translates a;-ror TroVsTOt KaKs  7rao-XELV  to stffer in
that part in which we are the most sensitive, namely, in our property.
But this seems to me to be less forcible, as well as less harmonious
with the scope of the argument. The allies of the Athenians are said
in the previous context, to be forward in making contributions even
rrt  oosXeta rj,  aiaovJ.   TOW the orator says, that it would be 8ELVOd,
if the Peloponnesians should grudge to contribute in order to save
themselves from  snffering-not the loss of property  (for then  the
antithesis would be destroyed) —but the same catastrophe for which
the Athenian allies were said to be laboring, viz. slavery, and which
would be effected by the means which the possession of their property,
wrested froml  them  in war, would give their victorious enemy. &rn
ro  uw, therefore, belongs to  rctrXetv, and v7r EKELvco) avTa LrfatpeEIv~-cS is a participial clause denoting the means (see N. on I. 9. ~ 1).
CHAPTER CXXII.
The orator proceeds to show other ways of annoying and reducing the power of the enemy,
to which will be suggested many expedients in the prosecution of the war (~ 1); if the
controversy was between equally matched states about territorial limits, that were to be
borne, but the Athenians were a match for their united forces,.and unless they wished to
become slaves, they must engage in the war with all their strength (~ 2); that so many
states should be oppressed by one was highly disgracefull, since evidence was thus
furnished that they suffered deservedly, or that their spirit was degenerated from that of
their ancestors, who gave liberty to Greece (~ 3); such conduct in suffering a single state
to play the tyrant among them, was referable to stupidity, cowardice, or indifference,
three most pernicious faults (~ 4).
1. aXXaL than the ways just mentioned.             68o;, ways, e.pedients... roXeuov Z for carrying on war. —-  da7ro-rTacro   is in apposition
with  68os,  and is to be taken actively = rTo Acdlco-rTa,    the exciting to
revolt.  In respect to the feasibility of causing the Athenian allies to
revolt, Archidamus thought otherwise. Cf. I. G      I. ~ 8. o —- ovsa, which
is.  See N. on  I. 8. ~ 1.   o —  Xsovo-c refers to the Athenians. -
ErtLtLXtlor 7'-  Xo-pq.  Some think that this is put into the mouth of
the Corinthian orator by the historian, since Alcibiades suggested it
to the Laced-Tmonians when he revolted from  his country.  But the




392                           NOTES.                           [Boux 1
declaration of Thucydides (I. 22. ~ 1) forbids any such supposition, and
there is nothing wonderful that the suggestion should have been made,
and yet overlooked, until proposed in a subsequent stage of the wvar,
from another source.  For the construction of rT  XLcpq (of the Athenians), cf. Mt. ~ 390. --    aXXa.... 7rpoiBot, and rmany other devices such
as one cannot now foresee. - ~- erl troi, on set terms, fJxed plans. -
arros.... *raparvyXavov, but this of itseyf contains many things to suit
the emergency, i. e. in the process of war many things will be suggested
by the occasion, which cannot possibly be foreknown or predetermined.  7rpbo  denotes fitness or conformity. K. ~ 298. III. 3. b. -
Ev   - = 8LZ (wherefore). Schol.  The interpretation of Haack is preferable, qua in ee, unter diesen Umsteinden, in these circumnstances.evopyrjror, literally, in good temper.  Here as opposed to JpywLoelsr,
coolly, with deliberate resolution.  The speaker takes great pains to
avoid the imputation of uttering these vehement appeals for immediate war, in a state of undue excitement.  He therefore disclaims here,
as in the former part of his oration (I. 120. ~~ 4, 5), that he acts under
the influence of passion. --  7ept abrov belongs to opyLo-~ets, and thus
the expression responds to  Evopy,7ros r avr   rpooo/ltX7o'ar..-       obK
dcX roo- =uAiXXov.  Bioomf. constructs 7repl abrivO  with xrralet, cand
with Bekker (2d edit.) edits ardov.
2.'[t6v'Kdo-rotr, i. e. to individual states of our confederacy. -
o-r5v by a  v,  it would be endurable, might be borne, i. e. the contest
would be such, that the individual state engaged in it could endure
the struggle, and perhaps maintain it successfully. ~- 7rpob v'pcrrav'rai,re'P/5g depends on Savol (a match). -,ara\ 7rodXt (= eKa77rr T 7TrOXEe
in dependence on  wvvarC&repot) is opposed to   /raiarrards re Orjs.
awspoOtL...yvCdy.  This grouping of terms, expressive of united and
vigorous action, is exceedingly forcible, and seems to have been suggested by the previous antithesis between the states taken collectively
and individually. --  la y7v&/  is to be constructed with duvrovole2a.
T —?7OCra V-L-.Tro OVK (/iXXO 7t ( paoveoav. Construct r trrco  rnv oaaroefpovcrav OvK a'XXo ri. For the construction of'oaro  with the participle, see N. on I. 69. ~ 5. --  EI Kal 8eurs TrT dKOa(T, though thms
may be hard for any one even to hear.  The idea is that defeat, so
unwelcome a word to one's ears, is still more to be deplored, when its
effects are taken into account.  -   i'vrpvs, right on, direct, and
hence, certain, open,:" aperte.9" Betant.
3.   Kcal Xo'7y  E'ProLa(roSvat.  Poppo and Goel. approve of Haack's
explanation; " sensus igitur est: turpe est Peloponnesiis de servitute
tamquam de re, quin possit ex clade ipsis accidere, vel oratione ambigere, i. e. dubitanter loqui."  This explanation refers b not to aovAdavl,




CHAP. CXXII.]                 NO TES.                              392
but to ri>v rjO-av cE'povrav  AovXetav.  Arnold paraphrases: it is as?
affront to Peloponnesus, that the very name of slavery should be pro.
nounced as within possibility applicable to it; much more, when it is
not only the name but the actual evil itself, which is directly falling
on us."  Bloomf. refers O to  -o-rav.  It appears to me that Arnold has
reached more truly the idea in his explanation. -  iKal 7rXodet....
KaKowra~EEv is added as an aggravating circumstance, and is therefore
to be connected with aio-Xpo'v.  -  boKo/lv  as —kativeo-'aL. Goel. says
that we should expect BOKO4LEP av —KaIl QaltvotLEa. A similar conjunction of these verbs is found, I believe, nowhere else in Thucydides,
yet Born. (ad Xen. ~Mem. II. 1. ~ 22), taking qbaiveoaL in the sense ot
esse, does not regard it as an unusual construction. --- Ijkevfpoa'av,
"_Maxime Lacedcemonii. Vide supra, c. 18." Haack. --  avro in gender refers ad sensum  to rIv EkEvepLav implied in irXeviEpoo-av.  Cf
Jeff's Kuiihn. ~ 373. Obs. 1. --- irpavvov is employed as an adjective,
-   EyKaeErrdYvaLL, to be constituted, to establish itself (amongst us).
V-'Y tal, SC. trodel.   /         LOVpXOVE - Sv paVroVS. -~   toLV LEY Ka7aXVELv.  From  the former conduct of Sparta in ridding the Grecian
states of tyrants (cf. I. 18. ~ 1), is shown the inconsistency of now
suffering a single state to lord it over the rest, as did the Athenians.
4. The consequences of such an abject submission to a single state,
are still further descanted upon in this section.  ov.....l(7rMXcaKraL,
we do not know how such conduct can, be cleared of thre'e of the greatest
faults. For the construction of the genitive, cf. S. ~ 197. 2.-      ov....
KeXcop1KaTre, for you have not avoided these faults when you have come
(literally, for not having avoided these faults you have come) to a contempt (of the enemy), which has already (i>) proved injurious to many.
Poppo refers yap to r-ow  leylatr&ov nv~tJopiv as introducing the proof
of their being the greatest evils, viz. because they beget a contempt of
the enemy, which is productive of the most fatal consequences.  But
why not make yhp explicative of the general thought in the preceding
sentence?  The argument would then be: our conduct shows that we
have fallen into three very great faults-and fiom this imputation we
cannot be screened by the contempt for the enemy into which we
have come, since that, by its ruinous tendency, is itself folly.    imfK...c. craXXarL, fromn its having ruined mcany. --  caiporJrmivl.  In the
quotation of a name the nominative is used with'vowu,, although
sometimes the accusative is found in apposition. Cf. K. ~ 269. R. 3; Mt.
~ 424. 1 (end).  There is a sort of play on the words Kara qporV77-tv and
dmjpo-vql, which Arnold has hit in a measure in his paraphrase:  "'A
sense of your adversary's inferiority is so fatal a feeling to those who
entertain it, that it more fitly deserves to be called nonsenseo"




894                               NOTES                                LBooc I
CHAPTER CXXIII.
Regret for the past is of no avail, only as it lends assistance to the affairs in hand; the mairn
business is to take care of the present, provide for the future, and forsake not Lsreditary
customs; the oracle promises success, and the sympathies of Greece are with'hem, fox
they are not violators -f the treaty, but the avengers of its infraction (~~ 1, 2).
1. /aKpreporp.... 6vpErpet, fur'ther than, (literally, further thCan so
far as) it nzay conduce to the service of present affairs. ---   rIpofJPo7m72ouvLra,   by a  vccatclfusl defence of (literally, by bringing aid to) the
present.  "Cuon  e priiesentibus futura gignantur, illis opelamn  dare
oportet, ut bene comparata sint."   Haack. -             rrrarptov &yap m71Uv, for
it is hereditary zoiteh us.  7rdrptov qualifies,cTaor at the subject of the
sentence.  yap is explicative of XP  ESrL7raXaL7rcopevv since it introduces
the reason why the labor spoken of was not to be shunned.                     s ras
aperaS, the reputation for glory. --            eUraj3iXXetL.  Repeat Xp/i.
r6 gos refers to E'.....crata-. a —   rpo)ErPErE  sC. rcoV  arTEpcoV. -
a _  EKEde/a a'. --      EKT1rq7J has the passive signification, were acquired.
K. ~ 252. R.   -- I'E(tl has the same construction as  xerafiXXesv.
Ka-ha  rokXa, o7n n2any accounts, refers to Sanpoovvris.          -o rov  re TEo5
Xpoavror.  Cf. 1. 118. ~ 3 (end).             meKal irs  6IXXrus'EXXdaos  is an
oratorical exaggeration, unless, as Blooinf. suggests, the supposition
was indulged that the allies of the Athenians would speedily desert
them.   q- boP  of being enslaved by the Athenians.
2.  nirros3bs  reT  o  Xvo-ETE  TrpSrepot.  Cf. I. 6T. ~ 1, where the Corin.
thians KarEF30ov rOV'AAr qvaclowv 0or  Ctrroar3Va XseXUvoTreS  ElrE.       s at ye.... 7rapqafi comat.  The idea is, that the god would not have recollmended the war, unless he regarded  the treaty as broken.  56 2eS
KEXerVo)v iroXEtpEiv Vorulet is therefore equivalent to, the god  by  comnzancling to go to warl showed that he considered.  7rapae8f3o-stzt is the
infin. perf. pa'ss. of 7ranpanalvI.  Cf. K. ~ 252. R. 6; AIt. ~ 226. 1. -
OL  rpdrepot c7rtnvres. om [[pacareLs J S  oc,  Xetp~W.  Schol.
CHAPTER CXXIV.
In conclusion, they ought not to delay to render assistance to the Potidm&ans, and to vindicate the liberty of the other Grecian states (~ 1); despising present danger, and lookimng
for a more lasting peace as the result of it, they should decree war (~ 2), and break down
the power of that state, which is aiming to subjugate all the rest (~ 3).
1. 7ravraxmSieJ,   on all sides, i. e. in every respect. --         KaXC o....
~foXeYs,  inasmuch as y1out can go to  vear honorably.  LirapXov, qgun




CHAP. CXXIV.]                  NOTES.                               395
liceat.  See N. on 7raparvXdv, I. 76. ~ 2. ~-?ae refers to 7rTOXe/IELv
after the analogy of adjectives in the neuter plural, although referring
only to one thing.   f. MRt. ~ 482. 5.   to — - O,, in common, unitedly.
--'ELep.... eLvat, if indeed (as is the fact).  Cf. Hoog. Gr. Part. p.
56. II.) that cities acnd individuals should be alike proi ted by these
things, is the most stable of all grounds of reliance.  Eo(rl is to be
supplied as the copula (S. ~ 150. 4), the subject of which is ro —Eivat.
Tile pronoun ra-ra may be referred to 7roXkefvE as was raBe, or with
Goel., we may perhaps better refer it prospectively to mrotncr-at TL7tlcoplav and /IerekXafEV r/v JXEvkepEpLav.  The clause e'l-nep....etnIVat denotes
the reason why the speaker exhorts to these things.  For the construction of vrokXroa  and Z8t;Irat), cf. S. ~ 201. 1. -     /Ii)   kerT (S.
~ 218. 2).  The protasis is contained in   radpXova.....rapaetvorvwOV. —
ovaL AcoptVeotS because they were a Corinthian colony (cf. I. 56. ~ 2).
-    -v-b v'Idveo  to which race the Athenians belonged.  Nothing
was more common than for the Dorians to reproach the Ionians with
effeminacy.  Cf. VI. 77. ~ 1; VII. 5. ~ 3; VIII. 25. ~ 5. --  roXtopwovp'evoas.  Cf. I. 64. ~ 1. r —  v n'iXXov states. --     IerEMa ELv, to seek
Jbr, " vindicate."  Bloomf.
2. so..... O3Xarrne-rac, for (cos) it is not befitting (ev'exerac, it nzay
he, it is lawful), that while waiting (for our aid) some should be sutffertig injury at the presen t time (q1'aqi). 7repF'e'Yoara  denotes time (see
N. on 1. 13. ~ 6) and refers to the whole, rovbs AEv and ro-ab  62 being
p)ut in partitive apposition.  See N. on I. 80. ~ 3 end. -          rovs  IeV
refers to the Potidmans, and rovs hE to the Peloponnesians and their
other allies.-?yvooUrtI7O  e"a  vvEeX1'vres   (cf. I. 69. ~ 3, end), shall
be kznown to h]ave come together.  See N. on I. 25. ~ 1 (init.). --  r
ai-r  as that which the Potidmans were suffering. -~   kXXa stands
opposed to   y / pEXXre, ~ 1, and introduces the course which the
speaker advises the assembly to adopt.-          i-' adVayK?7v.  The only'edition wlhich thus reads besides Dindorf's is Haack's.  All the rest
which are before me have E'. ---- t_ X~aM, so. rT  vrpdypmra. --  KaL
ibc/a raabe (se. I t Irolger) aiptara X7,nye-at,) and that the counsel we have
qriven is the best; more literally,  zchat uwe have said is spoken as the
best.  See N. on 1. 42. ~ 1.       rO arltKa c   ELro'vd  the invrediate evil,
which is of short duration.  With this is contrasted ht,7rXelovos in
the following sentence, wlich serves to heighten the valie of the
peace -esulting from bold and vigorous measures. d —' icavxas, on
account of ease, or perhaps for the sake of peace, to correspond with
EpiVi) in the preceding member. ---  oblX KboI    aLVeVOVa  is not in
like manner remon ed fronl  danger, i. e. is more dangerous than to
obtain peace by a vigorous and well condictgd war.




396                            NOTES.                            [Boox I
S. 7ro'Xtlv Tpavrov.  Notice the repetition of this odious epithet
(cf. I. 122. ~ 3), which must have tingled in the ears of all, especially
of the Lacedeamonians who were the avowed enemies of tyrants. —
77yqrjaerlot refers to ItEiis  the omitted subject of 7rapaoroTW'feFxua.
rCAL raciLv, i. e. to the injury of all. See N. on E'rl Tr  M'sc, I. 102. ~ 4.
- 7(rre....aJpXFev defines fErl.... KcaSeraTvat. —- 7-v We 8tavoeo-~late
sc. ro a'pXEtv from the preceding context. -- 7rapa7Tcr) elfea iTrekXSOlTEE, let us go forth and overcome it. There is great energy in these
words. --       Kai, and thus.
CHAPTER CXXV.
After this speech of the Corinthians, the Lacedremonians put the question, and the majority
vote for war (~ 1); whereupon they commence preparations for its prosecution (~ 2).
1.  a+' drarvTCov —yvc )v, can opinion from all =  the opinions of all.
Cf. Mt. ~ 373. 3.  -   /ir +ov e'r7rya-yov, put the question, called on the
assembly to give its vote.  This was done by the presiding officer.  Cf.
Smith's Diet. Gr. and Roein. Antiq. p. 804. - Kal.... 7ro'Xet. It appears from  this that the states voted in order, according to the rank
of each.-   Tr  7rXiloso, the mnajority.  Cf. Mill. Dorians, I. p. 200.
N. e. See also V. 30. ~ 1, where it is written rT 7        TrAXos    r $v ILadXOrv.
2. 8eboyCez'ov 3i, but although (see N. on I. 7. ~ 1) it was decreed.
See N. on 7raparvXo'v, I. 76. ~ 2.  -   abrois is to be constructed with.bseoy/evonv.  S. ~ 206. 4. -    a7rapaK:eFvotV oO-cv, inasmuch as (see N.
on I. 9. ~ 4, end) they were unprepared.  The dative depends on aWvvaTya.  a = — KeLVa a', of which the antecedent is the subject of Kerop'cresat. -     b'coS Ue refers back to ev'SbS 1ev, and is employed because
the time consumled in preparing for so great a war, was much less
than might have been anticipated. ----- KanSL(Taralot   v'Bet, for the
arranging of those things which were necessary.
CHAPTERS CXXV. -CXXXIX.
The mutual recriminations of the belligerent parties, and the pretexts
Fo~ engaging in the war 4re coirprised ip these chapters.  First in order rm




CHAP  CXXVI.]                     NOTES.                                  397
lution of Cylon (chaps. 126, 127); then follow the affair of Twnarus and
Chalcicecus (128. ~X 1, 2), the treason and death of Pausanias (128. ~ 3135. ~ 1), the flight, exile, and death of Themistocles (135. ~ 2-chap. 138).
and in conclusion, other charges and demands of the Lacedamonians (chap).
139).  These stories and sketches should by no means be regarded as unmeaning digressions, inasmuch as they show the ostensible ground of the
commencement of the hostilities.  They are drawn with great life and spirit,
and are deservedly celebrated as models of their kind.  The story of Cylon
nas such an air of playfulness, that it was said by the ancients that here tihe
lion laughed, referring to the departure of Thucydides from his usually severe and sober mood. But it might better have been said that the lion
grimly smiled, as there is only a gleam of pleasantry now and then discernible in the story, a slight relaxation of the rigid and sober features, which
every where else in the history look sternly upon us.
The account of the closing fortunes of Pausanias and Themistocles, is to
the highest degree graphic and interesting.  No superfluity remains to be
pruned off-no incident wanting to give completeness to the narration.  In
the most concise and artless manner the story proceeds, nor are we conscious,
until its close, of the mighty power which it hans to stir up the deepest emotions of the soul.  We rise from its perusal with a feeling of sadness at the
avarice and ambition, which brought one of these heroes to die the miserable death of a traitor; and at the envy and ingratitude, which drove the;,her into exile, far away from the land he had so nobly defended.
CHAPTER CXXVI.
Ihe Lacedsemonians make various charges against the Athenians, in order to obtain the
strongest pretext for going to war (~ 1); they demand that the Athenians shall drive
away "the pollution of the goddess," which had happened after this sort (~ 2); Cylon, a
noble Athenian of former days, at the advice of the oracle at Delphi to seize upon the
citadel on the greatest festival of Jupiter (~~ 6, 4), did this by the aid of his friends, on
the day when the Olympic games commenced (~ 5), not thinking to what great festival of
Jupiter the oracle had reference (~ 6); the Athenians run together and besiege him in
the citadel (~ 7); but the siege being protracted, the most of them depart and leave the
business of guarding the place to the nine archons (~ 8); the besieged suffering from the
want of water and food, Cylon and his brother secretly escape, and the rest dying with hunger seat themselves as suppliants by the altar of the citadel (~~ 9, 10); by false promises
the Athenians on guard induce them to come forth, after which they slay them, some
even at the altars of the goddesses where they had seated themselves (~ 11); for which
impiety they are expelled from their country (~ 12).
1. EV romre-re) Xpovo, i. e. A. a. 432. Olymp. 87. 1.             oz ros is
here employed rTEMSKr.  See N. on  I. 65. ~ 1.-  ---               ir E yi'rql as
great as possible.
IS'




398                           NOTES.                           [BooK T
2. Kal rrp&rov t Ev.  Their next demand is given in 1. 139, et seq.
r6-;o (yoKs  XaGuvLev  rT1?  _sov, to drive away  the pollutzon of the
goddess  to expel those (i. e. the descendants of those) who had polluted the temple of  ifinerva.  f(yovs  a'Lvetv    ady77XareiV, to drive out
acn,"yo, i. e. one who is guilty of polluting a sacred place, or of sacrilege.  What this;ayos was is told in the sequel.
3.'OXvlrlovlc-r, a conqueror in the Olympic gamles.  lie won the
prize for the double course (iavXov. Cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 895)
A. C. 640. ---  rx) cXat depends upon cdrvq'p.
4. XPaWuvJc  8EI r6 ILCov  K. 1. X.  His ambitious designs were engendered most likely by his success in the Olymipic game', his advantages of birth and fortune, and his alliance with Theatgerles; and he,onsulted the oracle to ascertain his probabilities of success and the
way to secure it.      l v r7....oppr iS put for iv rr7 1o5 AtI  EopryT
r-T /euylT-.  For the repetition of the article, cf. K. ~ 245. E. 7; Mt.
~ 277. a.
5. 6 8h rrapa rT  K. r. X.  This took place, as Corsini conjectures,
A. c. 612. Cf. Miiller's Chron. Tab. (Hist. Dorians, II. p. 453). Others
fix the date at A. c. 620.  T- eretFt8  e7Ts'X2Ev'OXVktnrsu, when the
Olympvic games came on.  Kiihln. (Jelf's edit. ~ 385. b) reads ~ErbX2ov,
and cites this passage as illustrative of his rule, that tlhe idea of plurality is signified by plural verbs.  The saumte reading is adopted by
Poppo and Goeller.  But Arnold has pretty conclusively shown that
adiX3iev is tile best readling.  -  ev IlkXorovvro-p is added, says the
Schol., because there were other gaines of the samne nalne both in
Attica and in Macedonia. -       os E'7r rvpavv3a =- in order to become a'rpavvor.  A preposition and its case following /s is often put for a
participle, as hr 7lrt vavltaxlav =- -o savutax7ro-cov.  See N. on I. 48.
~ 1. E —   cal.... VreVtLKrJKOr  and that it had something to do with hivm,
inasmuch as he had been victor in the Olympic games.  For the construction of'OXbrkrta, cf. S. ~ 181. 2.  See N. on I. 70. ~ 7.
6. el Ni —0' but whether —or. -         Poppo expresses great doubt
whether E'rt signifies, ad illud usque tenmpus (= prins quain rein ag
grederetur), or jam.  In his Suppl. Adnot. he adds, " fort. re. An est
proceterea, i.. ad oraculum?" It may be translated yet.  Cylon afterwards learned by bitter experience the true inmport of the oracle,
which, as usual, was couched in'ambiguous language.  -    Atdro-a.
This was a great festival celebrated at Athens in honor of Jupiter, in
which  all the people took part.  Cf. Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom.
Antiq. p. 333.  It took place without the walls of the city, a circumstance favorable to Cylon, as those who would have opposed him were
thus drawn out of the city. ---  MEEtXXlOV (ptXieLXtoS, mnild, gracious)




CHAP. CXXVI.]                 NO  T E S.                          399
was an epithet given to Jupiter, because he proteacted those who involked him with propitiatory sacrifices.  Hence uiElXlta epa, prolpitiatory qtferings. -- 7roXXo.... ErtLpXCopa, nnany [offered] not victims butt
sccriflces peculiar to the country.  This passage has caused Imluch
trouble to the commentators.  rroXkol evidently refers to the poorer
class, who were unable to offer Lepeza (i. e. bloody sacrifices).  IHence,
with the best editors, I have placed a comma after Swovo-t.  It is also
evident by the antithesis, that  m!actra f7rtXacopta denotes a less costly
kind of sacrifices than Fepela, viz. such as were bloodless, i. e. the
fruits of the earth.  Arnold and Bloolmf. concur with the Schol., who
explains it, cakes 9made in, the shape of animals.  Schmitz (Smith's
Diet. Antiq. p. 333) says that this explanation of the Schol. is erroneous, and refers it to the incense which the poorer class furnished. But
I am unable to see on what argument he bases this idea, and certainly
it would be very natural for those, whose means did not enable them
to bring an animal, to bring of the fiuits of the earth, either in a raw
or unprepared state, such as cakes, fruit, wine, etc.  Arnold cites Herodot. II. 47, where it is said, that on a certain festival in Egypt, in
which swine were necessarily sacrificed, the poorer people offered
little figures of dough or paste, made into the shape of swine and
baked.      7myLVWO-rKetL the oracle. r —'7'pyp, i. e. the taking possession of the acropolis.
8. XpdYov  i 8E crwytWyotE/vov, butt after some time had, elapsed=in
process of' time. --  TPVXoiEVot 7r1 mrpooEcpElq, being worn down by
the siege. 7rpoo-vpet'a refers to the labors, watchings, and anxieties of
those who were conducting the siege. -            aVroKcparopo, with full
powers.  Cf. V. 27. ~ 2; 45. ~ 1; VI. 8. ~ 2, where this word is used
in a similar sense. -- rTore;, for then.  The power of the archons
was much abridged after the time of Solon.
9. ol 8E /Lerab ro  KvXcovos, i. e. Cylon and his party. -   tXarpoos
CtXov, were in a bad condition.
10. EdKBLpa6LKO0VTL,V escaped by stealth. Cf. VI. 7. ~ 2. See N. on
1. 128. 5 (end). -   Katl'rlVE Kat, and some even. --     ri rO Sv oiuotv,
at the altar of Minerva. ---  iKEraL, as stppliants.
11.  yaororoavras 8e  avrors, " having raised them, i. e. induced
them to rise."  Bloomf. --      of rT v....6vXaKrv, those of the Athenians (partitive genitive) who hadc-been intrusted with the guard.  7'r
vXnaiK' is the accusative of the thing after CrTrerpamtdevot, according
to tle formula rpErco rtvt rt.  Cf. K. ~ 281. 3; S. ~ 184. 3. —--....a  p.  They thought the sacred ground would be polluted by the
bodies of the dead, and hence, by false promises of protection, they
prevailed on the suppliants to quit the place. -    Eqs' -   (on condition




400                            NOTES.                           [BooK 1.
that) tasev Katicov rrotlo-ovotv (SC. aVroVS) is to be constructed with
avaorr7oavlr5E  b  aTrovas.  -    rErKTELvav.   The subject is contained in
oi-E7treETpaLIEV/otL. E - - El.... f.OSoT, "' cd arcs in consl)ectu Euvzenidzen."  Abresch. whom Goel. follows in his last edition.  -  rTv5
GvCIvv O   esEvw is euphemistically put for the Erinn-yes.  The temple of
these goddesses was between the citadel and the Areopagus, which
illustrates the use of E'v 7r~ rrapdSo.  --  EvayEiS-rrE 3Eov) accursed of
the goddess. r-    r  y'vor of the Alcmw6nidm.
12. o-ratlanvdreov,  divided into factions.  This was when Isagoras
was leader of the oligarchy in Athens, in opposition to Cleisthenes.
Between Isagoras and Cleomenes there had been previously formed a
connection of friendship and hospitality, and hence the Spartan king
came to the aid of his fiiend.  Cf. Herodot. V. 70, et seq. --    KarT7X.
3ov refers to those who had been driven out.-    etl, i. e. in tile
time of Thucydides.
CHAPTER CXXVII.
T'he object of the LacedTemonians in requiring the Athenians to remove the pollution, waa
to excite odium against Pericles, who belonged to the family of the Alcmmeonids, and
who was the most powerful man at Athens, and opposed in all respects to the Lacedwemonians (~~ 1-3).
1. EXawvetv EKEXEvoV' era rov KXteof~eE'v.  Schol. -~  bEV, forsooth (see N. on I. 92. ~ 1), belongs to TrtFcopovrvee.   -  rpriov - before  all things else.  -   ELrOTE  a  IlepEPKXea-rrpooeXo/leVoov avrTo,
khnowing that Pericles was implicated in it (see N. on eib6val, I. 69.
~ 5). -t  pyrEpa, i. e. Agariste, the granlddaughter of Megacles the
son of Alcmeeon, a direct descendant of Alcmneon the founder of the
family, who flourished A. c. 1100.-    EKrreovEro;  aurov, if he were
exiled.   r- poXocpe&-.   See N. on I. 109. ~ 3 (init.).
2. roaoorovo —0ov, so?snuzch-as. 7- TroTro  i. e. banishment. --
oLra-Ev refers to the subject of 7'X/nTLov. ---....6  rodX eos, as though
tlhe ewar were in part occasioned by his mlisfortune.  The Lacedemonians knew well that the Athenians would refuse to banish Pericles, and
by making this one of the grounds of the war, they hoped to place
him in the odious position of being, in a manner, the author of all the
calamities which would result from  it.  The article in ro pEpos, as
Arnold remarks, is employed in reference to the relative term,'ri oXov,
or ro qras, the part being opposed to the whole.
3. rtwa Kda  EavrOv, of those in his time = of his contemporaries. K.
~ 292. 11 2. --    a'lycov, while conducting.  See N. on 1. 13. ~. --




CHAP. CXXVIII.]                   NOTES.                                  401
rcrra,  in all respects. --    op/a rove'AhqjvatovE.  This opposition of
Pericles to the Lacedmelnonians, is ascribed  by the Athenian  comic
writers to the influence of Aspasia.  But the bitterness of spirit with
wvllicl the charge was mnade, shows its falsehood, or at least its gross
exaggeration.   The reasons which Pericles himself assigns for persuading the Athenians to go to war with the Lacedwmmonians, may be
seen in his speech (I. 140 144).
CHAPTER CXXVIII.
The Athenians retort upon the Lacedernonians, that they shall put away the pollution of
which they had been guilty in profaning the sanctuary of Ttcnarts (g~ 1, 2), and also tha.
of Minerva, by the death of Pausanias. This leads the historian to narrate the circumstances of the treason and death of Paunsanias, who, when he had been recalled from
his command at the IIellespont and brought to trial, was acquitted, and returned to the
Hellespont in a private capacity (~ 3); the first step in his treasonable career had been
the sending back some of the king's relations who had been taken prisoners (~~ 4, 5),
which thing he had effected by the aid of Gongylus an Eretrian, who had also carlied a
letter of Pausanias to the king (~ 6), in which an offer was made to betray to Xerxes the
whole of Greece (~ 7).
1. dvacTrJoavrec. See N. on I. 126. ~ 11. --    rorq, formerly. -
K.... Tatvapov, from  the temple of Neptune at Tcenarus.  -     drrayayO~TreC  L;CeLctpav.  It was probably the memory of this outrage, which
occasioned in part the third  Messenian war. ---- Ka  before olto-lv
belongs to the whole sentence.  I(rg.  -    voLd[ovo-t refers to  the
Athenians. -        T7v pEeyav ortoiLov.  Cf. I. 101. ~ 2.  If the opinion
obtained  currency, that this earthquake was sent as a judgment for
the outrage here spoken of, it will readily be seen how  this apparent
interposition of the gods in their behalf, must have excited the IIelots
to strike once more for freedom.
2. XaXKLtotKoV dwoelling in a brazen house, was an epithet of Minerva at Sparta.
3.!era7relA]e4Lv......'EX:XErsoPrqT.  Cf. I. 95. ~ 3.  This event took
place A. c. 478. Olyrnp. 75. 3.   - -dreXq inq dac8tKei.'" Accuratius
res supra I. 95. ~ 5 relata." Poppo.   -  SLoo-lq, by public authority,
opposed  to  8/ia in  the  next member. -'Epploviaa.  Some with
Htudson regard this as the name of the ship, but it is better to refer it
to the place to which the trireme belonged. --'vcv, i. e. without
the authority of. -        rt6 pyv Xoyp,  in pretence, is opposed to re Se
Wpyw in the next clause. -          srpacr-oev (to transact) depends on aituv~Eral.  S. ~ 222. 5. -- Trb rpfrov ereXe/psrX ev) i. e. before hlis recall to




402                           NOTES.                          [BooK 1.
Sparta from his command at the Hellespont.  The historian now goes
back, and furnishes us with the reason of this recall.  This explanatory parentlhesis extends to the end of chap. 130, where the history is
resumed fiiom  his return to the Hellespont as a private person.
cE (/LEEi......JpyX7. S. ~  192. 1.,  /
4. EVEpyEo-Lav —tEg f3acXEua KaTEZrETO, he laid t1ie 7cing under oligy.tion; literally, he laid up) a favors with the king (see N. on I. 129. ~ 3),
the metaphor being taken from a deposit of money or any valuable, for
safe-keeping in the hands of another.  -  adrr  roh8e relates to the
circumstance about to be mentioned. -    rpiy7maror, i. e. the treason.
5. BvTivprov'yap iXrV K. 7. X. Cf. 1. 94. -     ri rrporepq wrapovo-la,
oz his first arsrival. IBloomf, renders, onz his fiyrst a apqroach, butl for
what reason it does not appear.  Thle dative denotes tithe -when (S.
~ 204).-   flaotXEor 7rpoo-TKov7rs,'elations of the kiIng.  The participle here lhas the fiorce of a substantive. Cf. Mt. ~ 570.-  - 6vyyvet's
refers to relationship by consanguinity, as opposed to rrpoo-rrKovTre,
which denotes relationship by affinity. Poppo suggests that the words
are placed together teore withl no difference of signification, in order
that the idea of relationship may be more forcibly expressed.
EudXcooav.  S. ~ 207. N. 2. -avTpr, i. e. 13yzantiuml. d-XXavo than
Gongylus to wholn Pausanias had confided his secret. -     $vutxdxov.
S.  195. 1. -    rc oW Xo'y. See N. on ~ 3 sulpra.          7riE;6pao'av
avri7v, had escapled fjrorm  him.  This verb signifies to escc)pe so as not
to be fiound (fT. Xen. Anab. I. 4. ~ 8), and in prose is often followed
by the accusative.
6. royy~Xov.  After the apprehension of Pausanias, Gongylus settled in SIysia, -where the king bestowed upon him several towns, as
the re-ward of his treachlery.  Xenophon, on his arrival in MAysia with
the Cyreai forcee (A. c. 399), found the widow of Gongylus still living
and in the vigtor of age. She must therefore have been much younger
than her lhusband.  His sons, Gorgion and Gongylus, on Thibron's
arrival with the Lacedxmonian forces, surrendered their towns to him
and joined the Greeks. -'rre/~E.....royyvXov.  It is probable that
Gongylus left Byzantium  soon after the pretended escape of the prisoners, although some think that he went in company with them.  As
ble was their keeper, he could better connive at their escape by remnainilg bellind and continuing in command, than though he had left
with them. He could easily overtake them, after they had got beyond;he reach of the Greeks. -      avrL, i. e. the Persian king.
7. vrov'8e refers to the captives as being present when the letter
was read to the king.  See N. on 1. 53. ~ 2.  According to Dahl. this
negotiation took place A. 0. 477.  Cf, Class, Ans. I. p. 188, -  aop'




(uAPr CXXIX.]                   NOTES.                              403
is a poetic form  for  oparTc, and is retained by the Attic prose writers
in tile phrase, 8opt EXelv, to take a 19risoner of woar.  Cf. K. ~ 68. 3;
S. ~ 56. -    7- yvC4Ov rotovLa ct, I have it in mind - it is my intention.
Notice the change friom the third to the first person. -  o' —dpfcze.
The dative construction is the more common.  Cf. I. ~ 279. 1.
r'tl Sa'Xao-aav est in Asicnam  linoream.  Goel.    rovs Xdyovs 7otqcr0feIEa, we mnay infatutre correspond.
CHAPTER CXXIX.
Xerxes joyfully receives the proposal of Pausanias, and sends Artabazus to him with a letter
(~ 1); in which the king expresses his obligations to him for the return of the captives,
accedes to his proposals, and exhorts him to spare no pains to bring the affair to a prosperous issue (~~ 2, 3).
1.'Apfrcl3atov, Artabaztus.  I-Ie was the son of Pharnaces, and one
of the most faithful and distinguished of the generals of Xerxes.  He
accotpanied tle kiing in his retreat, as far as the IH-ellespont, and then
returned to Pallene, took Olynthus, and laid siege to Potidsea.  Being
unsuccessful in hIis attempt to take the place, lhe joined Mardonius,
and after the battle at Plata, wlich was fought contrary to his
advice, he fled with 40,000 mnen across the Hellespont into Asia.  The
king could not have intrusted to better hands this important and delicate negotiation with Pausanias.       r,5v re AalKcvX   rLV o-arpagreuav, the
sc-t ctpy of' Dascyitis.  "' The satrapy of Daseyliumln collmprelsended the
cities of the Hellespont, Bithynia, and Paphlagonia, extending along
the southern shore. of the Hlellespont, the Propontis, and the Euxine.
It took its name from Dascylium, an inconsiderable town on the shore
of the Proponl;is, where the satrap resided and had a castle surrounded
by a park or chase, such as was commonly possessed by the Persian
governors.  This was the province of which Pharnabazus was afterwards satrap."  Arnold.  --.Meyak&'ral, 2dycgabates is thought by
many to be the sanme as the person of that name, belonging to the
royal family of the Achbamenidt,   and cousin of Darius and Artaphernes, and whose daughter Pausanias designed to marry.  Cf. Snitlls
Diet. Gr. and Roml. Biog. and Mythol. II. p, 1006. ---  t7aXTXakcnaTav
f.ap'g dismissed from the government.     e mrrsaroXpbv a'v- reres, gcave
cct etter in replJy.-  avrT, i. e. Artabazus. --    uawr'l/jvat depends on
J(vserer.Let whicl has in it the sense of Kzeeev.   We mright construct
erto-roeX, v in dependence on 8t7TarEtra, as it belongs in sense to both
verbs.      T7  o-r papyia is here taken in the sense of orpcpdryam the




404                            NOTES.                           [BooK L
igmpression of the signet, which was affixed to letters giving them  the
stamp of royal authority.  Of course the king would not intrust his
signet to be carried to snch a distance, and which might be used for
purposes prejudicial to his interests.  The Schol. says that the seal of
the Persian king had the image of the king, or of Cyrus the founder of
the empire, or of the horse of Darius by whose neighing he obtained
the kingdom.   - a7rrodiaL to Pausanias.           7rrapayy4efXXq is here
employed for the optative.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 2; 52. ~ 3. --  7rpaoreLv depends on dVrETrertlCL.
2. rd 7-e aXXa rt otro-aev i. e. he dismissed Megabates and assurmed
his government.
3. &8e.... Havoravla. In respect to the simplicity of this exordiurn,
Bloomf. remarks, that it is of the most remote antiquity, and such as
occurs not unfiequently in the Scriptures of the Old Testament.  Cf.
Herodot. III. 40.-'- n  alvrpSo  may depend on ovr (cf. Mt. 442. 1),
who/msoever of the men = the men whom?.  Perhaps it is better with
Poppo to regard it as the objective genitive after evepyoelOa. -- Kerat.... OM'K, your good deeds are laid 2up ijn our homse.  Those who had
done the king a service were called Orosangmu (i. e. evE'py'TaL), and
their names were recorded in a book (of. Esth. 6: 1), which IHIaack
thinks to have been the historical annals, whence Ctesias derived the
materials of his history. r- -i5Te v/t 7z3n'I' ~lpa K. r. X., i. e. labor
incessantly, making no distinction between day and night.  The expression is probably adagial, like our he labored day and night. -
coore tyVLyaL (from advbTL) rpda-o-ELv, so that you shall be remiss to perform, gives emphasis to the foregoing proposition, by showing its
effect.  Cf. K. ~ 341. 3.   L- ot TV — L EKeLVOv a'. -     a- raiv0 in almost all the editions before me is 8arradv, which seems to conforml
better to 7rX7J'ELt which follows.-   KcEKaVo-Xo.  The imperative 3
pers. perf. pass. (if the reading be  arrariv) is employed to denote the
complete termination of the action.  Cf. S. ~ 211. N. 7; Mt. ~ 500. p.
841.  Bloomf. with Poppo and K]ring. supplies 7re o v eIo2l V7rLrrXI,,
and Goel. directs us to understand ro 7rapayTyveo-cat.  The formerl of
these criticisms is based on the assumption, that bawrday is the true
reading.  Goel. follows the reading of Dindorf, and of course treats
the verb as,active. -     El 7rot, if any wchere.   a dyaTob, brave and
faithful. -,ry in 1  haolt way, howo, qualifies f4el.




CHAP. CXXX.]                  NOTES.                               405
CHAPTER CXXX.
On the receipt of the king's letter, Pausanias becomes vain and arrogant, and adopts the
Median dress (~ 1); his imitation of the Persian habits, and extreme haughtiness, betray
his ambitious purposes and alienate the allied forces (~ 2).
1. ra' ypa/claTa. This letter is said to have been accompanied with
500 talents of' gold. --    Wiv....'EXXivcov.  The noun da&tx'art, being
derived from the verb ad'to, is taken in a passive sense, and is therefore followed by uibrb with the genitive. The same construction occurs
in VI. 15.  Cf. Mt. ~ 496. 3.  See also Xen. Cyr. III. 3. ~ 2, with my
note; -    woXXU rTrE FWX Xopv 7pro shows that before this time Pausanias had begun to manifest his arrogance.         fev r6 KauEOT rKorT
rpo7rp, i. e. in the Lacedmnmonian manner. K- (TrcKEVa re MirKa.SV evvuo'/ervoS.  The Mledian robe was much more splendid than the Persian.
Allusion is hlere made to the Kdavevs.  Cf. Xen. Cyr. I. 3. ~ 2, with my
note.  See Also Xen. Anab. I. 5. ~ 8.  Perhaps he put on the dYvavplosr and other Median articles of dress, yet it is quite unlikely that he
should have so far outraged the feelings of the Greeks, as to have
adopted in this stage of the proceedings the entire Persian dress. To
have imitated the Persian manners in the least, at a time when he
ought to have appeared plain in his dress and affable in his deportmnent, shows him to have been a weak-minded man, wholly unequal to
the achievement of his ambitious designs. —'K roo Bv(avrrlov.  This
journey was probably undertaken to further his treasonable pla'ns.
- avro~v- e op:4pov   - opVOIpot?o(Tav avrou.  Cf. Mt. ~ 412. 2.
2. Vraperl-ero, he caused to be set for himn.  For the force of the
middle, cf. KI. 250. R. 2; S. ~ 209. 2.  Bloomf. thinks that Pausanias
adopted the Persian table as less luxurious than that of the Medes, and
holding a midway place between that and the Grecian.  In respect
to this, Poppo remarks, "temere conjecit. Bloomf." -     ri;7v 8taLioav
refers to his purpose to betray his country. -'pyotLr  paxEo-t, i~n
smzall matte~rs, such as his costume and mode of living. -           a....
7rpadeLv, what greater things he intended to accomplish hereafter.  tcetc6VCSo is an adverb formed from  the comparative adjective (S. ~ 134.
3), and qualifies vrpade't. ---  vrrwp6robov, difficult of access.  Nepos
thus translates, " aditum patentibus non dabat."  Pollux (1. 42) places
8vowrporobos  among the epithets of tyrants.-    ~pyl'7-XaXeGrri, bad
temper, violent passion. -  -— coo  responds to ovTro. --— Brep, on
awhich account. -     oiX jKtrora. The fiequency of the litotes in the
writings of Thucydides has been noticed in N. on I. 3. ~ 1.
vpytaxla tErecryt (see N. on I. 107. ~ 7).  Cf. I. 95. ~ 4.
1S8




406                           NOTES.                           [BooK L
CHAPTER CXXXI
In consequence of these things the Lacedclmonians had recalled Pansanias, and when, on
his return to Byzantium, he was found pursuing the same line of conduct, they again
summoned him to Sparta (~ 1); this mandate he obeys in order to shun suspicion, at tho
same time trusting that he could free himself from condemnation by bribery (~ 2).
1. iro -   7rpfirov.  Cf. I. 95. ~ 3.  Kal CE7reL3.  The narrative is
now resumed from I. 128. ~ 4.  The apodosis begins with ov'ro 83' infia.     roaurOa, i. e. the same misdemeanors which caused his first
recall. -    S[a-EK7rroXMopKisctc.  Bloomf. thinks it not improbable
that a scene took place, similar to that recorded between Charles XII.
and the Turks at Bender. --- Tpd&aas is put adjectively as'EXXas.
for'EXXqtLKOS.  Cf. Mt. ~ 429. 4; S. ~ 136. N. 3.         zrp(I ri-coY re;~CWyyeXXero, he zoas announced as plrcatisifg.  " yydXXetv with a participle is used of the annunciation of actual events; with an infinitive,
of the annunciation of things still uncertain."  K. ~ 311. 10; Cf. Mt.
~ 555. Obs. 2 (end). --     r' dyabc, for the pjublic good. ---  cKvrdaXqV,
scytale.  " When a king or a general left Sparta, the ephors gave hilll
a staff of a definite length and thickness, and retained for themselves
another of precisely the same size.  When they had any commlunication to make to him, they cut the material, upon which they intended
to write, into the shape of a narrow riband, wound it round the staff,
and then wrote upon it the message which they had -to send him.
When the strip of writing material was taken from  the staff, nothing
but single letters appeared, and in this state the strip was sent to the
general, who after having wound it around his staff, was able to read
the communication."  Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 845.TOr KJ7pvKo0 F7 XeITreo-at,) i. e. that he should return with the herald
to Sparta.  -  7ro'XFUov.,.zrpoayopemElt =_ that he should be judged
an enemy.
2. xpfIuaoL — = by bribery.  It was probably by this means, that he
escaped condemnation when recalled and tried before.  Had he been
possessed of the sagacity of Themistocles, he would never have adventured himself the second time in Sparta. --  E-cr7rrrrEL —V7rl   rTv OCd
powV. Intransitive verbs are used as passives, when they are combined with Turo and zrpos with the genitive. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 359. 8.
a- Lsrpa(IctnEvog (sc. 7- t6E ekiv) implies some underhand manages
ment in the transaction. --   repl avrlov e'XeyXetv.  " Usitatius quidem
est ifXCfYXe Lv rau quam  vrep1 Tvva." Haack,  Didot would either ex



CHAP. CXXXII.]                    NO T ES.                                  407
punge 7repl or read aSroS.  But the correctness of the text as it now
stanlds, is proved flrom  irept TIavo-artav EXEyXcov, I. 135. ~ 2.  In respect
to the construction of this sentence, rohs  IovXoLE'voLc limits Kat[crrlo-7rt
and is limited by e&yXeLv.
CHAPTER CXXXII.
The Lacedtemonians had not yet evidence sufficient to convict a person of such high dignity
(~1 ); but his imitation of the barbarian customs, and his arrogance, especially as evinced
in the inscription which he caused to be made upon the tripod at Delphi, excited suspicion that he would not remain quiet (~ 2); the Lacedcemonians had effaced the inscription, but yet it was rememnbered as a delinquency of Pausanias (~ 3); reports too were
in circulation, that he was tampering with the Helots (~ 4); but even thus, the ephors
thought it not proper to proceed to extreme severity against him, until one of his emissaries betrayed him, and presented to the ephors his last letter to the king (~ 5).
1.  rsfeelov, proof, evidence. -        I have followed  Kriig. in  constructing  3eahcos with  rtorrevo-avrre.       - yevovv re too 3aoaLXeIov, of
the royal jfmily. -         IIXE'iTrapXov — irErpdrEVEV, was guardian  to
Pleistarchus.  Cf. K. ~ 279. 1.  -'Tfr  belongs to  GOrra-r oev.
Uve+Lsh 4Cv.  For the following genealogical table I am  indebted to
Goeller.
Anaxandridas.
I
ex priori uxore                  ex posteriori uxore
-              -        -a                Cleonlenes.
Cleombrotus, Leonidas, Dorieus.
Pleistarchus.
iicomedes, Pausanias.
Pleistoanax.
2. tO ~.... 7rapourL, he was unwilling to be an equal (as lihe was) in
the present state of t7hings -  he wished to be superior to. all, i. e. to be
a king in his own right. --            sL'rit rov, if in any way wehatever. -
&       7sir1'ro... voptlIcov,  he had departed in his vmanner of living/Sra




408                            N OTES.                         [Book I.
the customs of his country.  The meaning of this verb will readily be
seen in its composition. --     aveo-av, consecrated, dedicated.  See N.
on I. 13. ~ 6.     a cKpolvtov, as the fist fruits. --- iia, of his own
authority.      i r  dXEyEi`ov rTdBE  this distich.  It contains an hexameter and a pentameter, which is the metre of elegy.
3. E;EKoXkatav, erased.  According to Demosthenes (Kara Neatpas,
1378), the Laced.emonians were compelled to do this, being cited
before the Amiphictyons by the Platacans.  In addition, they were
fined 1000 talents, and ordered to engrave in the place of the effaced
inscription, the names of the states taking part in the battle.
rore, i. e. immediately after it was written. -  -orat.... vdrtda,
as many as having united in the defeat of th7e barbaria2n presented
the offering.  reost' refers to the inscription of the distich by
Pausanias.-    Ev 7o)TO )- =  in the present situation.  r- apdpotov,
corresponding woith, is limited by 8tavola. -    The subject of E;qalero
is ro0ro.
4. Kal —E;, and also, and even.  Cf. Herm. ad Vig. p. 847.
OVrT6O, thus in reality. --   vXEvi3potv), enfranchisement.
5. rcov.... rLt-rev'o-avres, on any testimony of the Helots; literally,
by believing any informers of the Ilelots. --  vveGrepv r T  roLElv, to
take any new step in the prosecution.  For the comparative instead of
the positive, see N. on I. 95. ~      7. --   )1- raXEs ELtat K. r. X. explains
Tp rpo'7T  in the preceding member. --  3ovXEoala  (depending on,aXcEs) r  davrlKeoarov, " to tak7e such a step as cahnot be recalled, a
euphemism for capital punishment."  Bloomf. --  rrptlv ye, until
at last. -   avrois depends on /v.pvrTrs  ylyverat, becomes their informer.
E7- roroXaE, although in the plural, refers only to one letter. -
KO/tlEV: see N. on I. 100. ~ 3. —'ApylXtor, an Argilianc. Argilius was a
town in Macedonia. x —     attLLK  is here to be taken in its worst sense.
Cf. Nepos c. 4, " quem  puerumn  Pausanias amore venereo dilexerat."
Poppo and Goel., however, maintain that the term is to be taken in a
good sense (= fEpoLEYOE), but I am not satisfied with their reasons for
this. -- 7rLro'rraror0 Ex'KEv.  If 7rorE is to be repeated, then the idea,
is that the Argilian was faithful formerly to hin, but not at the time
here spoken of.  But if, as I suppose, it is not to be repeated, then no
impeachment is to be made of the fidelity of this man, but his betrayal
of his master is to be attributed to the danger, which threatened
him  if he conveyed the letter to Artabazus.  I disapprove therefore of Haack's explanation, "cui ille fidemn maximne habebat, quem
fidelissimuml   putabat." --   elrag.....' rt, uJpon r efection  beco ming
alarmeed beccause.    -raparror1to-ciFlevo, having coulte:feited. - -'va
(telie. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1)') ~7rtunyvi, in order tkhat he (Pausanias)




CHAP. CXXXIII.]                 NOTES.                                409
might not know that the letter had been opened.  For the subjunctive,
see N. on I. 20. ~ 2; 52. ~ 3. -         i v.... 8dit, if he was deceived in
his opinion respecting the reason, why none of the former messengers
to Artabazus had returned. --    eK1e6oV, i. e. Pausanias.  - r n rotoero rrpooerrercaXkbatL that some such thing had been enjoined. --        arroI.... KTreLVetv, he found himself written therein to be put to death. Mt
(~ 277. p. 511) says that the construction is'ApylXtos E'Vyeyparrro KreL
yrel for EveyEyparTro'ApyXLOV KTeLVEtV.  So Bloomf. explains the con
struction: evpeV eyyeypatieyvoY  (avrov, i. e.'Ap r[3a&ov) Ka avTrov Kret
veIV, that Artabazus should put to death him also.
CHAPTER CXXXIII.
In order that Pausanias may be convicted from his own mouth, the ephors contrive an
interview between the accuser and the accused at Toenarus, where the former had been
directed to take sanctuary. In this interview Pausanias acknowledges the truth of the
accusation in the hearing of the ephors, who had concealed themselves in an adjoining
apartment (~ 1).
1. av'r'Kooc  ear-witnesses.    e't, yet, in additioai.  Against so
great a man, nothing short of a confession made in the hearing of the
ephors seemed to justify them in proceeding. --          drs irapao-Kevr, by
an arr'angement, a contrivance. --       O-K7vc-a1;Eov.... KaXuilV v, having
formed for himself a hut double by a partitioTn wall.  Suppliants, instead of taking up their abode in the temple, oftentimes chose to constrnct for themselves a hut in the re'fEVOS or sacred precincts, which
surrounded the temple and which was included in the jus asyli. See
Bloomfield's note.  KaXV/3rv  is what Kiihn. (see Jelf's edit. ~~ 548. b;
569) calls'the accusative of cognate notion,' defining the particular
nature of the production. -       -E's 7i —e`KPvtke, into which he brought
vnd concealed.  For the constructio pregnans, see N. on I. 18. ~ 2.
The particle re in  riov re  q'odpwv has caused much  trouble.
Haack, Poppo, and Goeller have bracketed it, and Hart. (de part. I. p.
[52) would expunge it, but it is said to be found in every BMS.  The
tense certainly requires its omission, unless with Arnold we supposed
a confused construction, and that after Tr&o  re Ecf'OpoW TlVaLS EKPV+tE
there should be added the words, KaL HavIoavlas  4S arrowv 7Xev, Trp'
7rpodqbaViv T7r1 tKErELaS'peorvOcov, or else that re may be rendered, also,
mnoecover, and the clause be considered an interjectional one.  In that
case'crfoovro can be joined, as it should be, with aVr5Koot.... yevE-rat.     - rv rpd6oao-tv, occasion, cause. --   c re....  ypa~qbra.  Cf.




410                             NOTES.                            [BooR 1I
i. 132. ~ 5. --  ypaWYvra is the 2 aor. of ypraco.  Sophocles (Greek
Verbs, p. 47) says the 1 aor. pass. iypadqbPv does not occur, at least in
good Greek. ~- Ka' E'Kaor'ov, severally, one by one. -              oV8Ev —rapa/3XoLtro, had never endangered him, risked his safety.  This is the
interpretation of Poppo, Goel., and Arnold, and seems on the whole
preferable to the usual rendering, had never deceived him. ~-   3acrtXia
of Persia. -- rrporbtsrcellt, is spoken ironically. --     v'cn rots -rohXoLv TYv 8taKodvco, just like the mass of his servants. -          darooaveir
deplends on rypo-rmjpt71n    as denoting the manner in which he was about
to be honored.  S. ~ 222. 6.-    KaIKEtvov refers to Pausanias. —.rL(rrt..... avao-rdacov.  The order is: BtSdrror 7rIortrv (repl) -ijs alva-,rTaasci    EK ro7  LEPOV, having pledged his faith that no danger should
be incurred by his removal from  the altart. ----     s rpaao   eva  -- the
business in hand.
CHAPTER CXXXIV.
Having thus obtained ample evidence of his guilt, the ephors proceed to apprehend PFlaUseSas, but at the private intimation of one of them, he takes refuge in the temple of Millnerva (~ 1) where he is starved to death (~ 2); just as he is about to expire, they carry him
out of the sacred enclosure, after which he immediately dies (~ 3); at the command of
the oracle his body, which has been buried elsewhere, is interred in the place where he
died (~ 4).
1. d7rr\X.ov into the city. -     eotom-vro.  The imperfect is here
used de conatu, as in I. 57. ~ 4.  Bloomf. thinks that the reason why
they did not apprehend him at Tmnarus, was that he had many assist-,ants, who would be likely to make a desperate resistance. --          v'rr
6&8, in the street, or as some render it, on his wacy.  So Nepos translates, in itinere. -     ivhs....eE8E.  The order is:  E9 b e~    r rs rpd'o7Tov  gE  TOWJ d/OdpQl, Trpo-ldvros.- ---'cb',  for what purpose. -
PveaVrt dqfave, a secret sign made by nodding or beckoning.  -- brXAco'avros, sc. fTo epyov aurT. --   ro....  XaXKLto'Kov.   See N. on I. 128.
~2. O-plro, running, upon the rsun.  S. ~ 206. 1.   -   rpo- in
7rpoKaracvyeLv signifies before his pursuers could overtake him.T; r7telEvoS.  See N. on I. 133. ~ 1. -       o 77v ro-3 ipoV, wh.ich belonged
to the temtple.  See N. on II. 4. ~ 5. -'7ra-lplos, in  the open air,
has the sense of an adverb of place.  K. ~ 264. 3. a; S. ~ 158. 3.
2. To 7rapavrTKa, for the moment. -        vo-rEpqro-ar.  The Schol. explains this by E3pdaovav.  But Poppo says, "rectius verbo XEISreo-a&
vel inroXehrl -2at, quod a tergo relingui, non eadem celeritate qua alterumn  progredi, ideoque, assegui non posse significat, explicasset." -




CHAP. CXXXV.]                    NOTES.                Ed,;'pars depends on arKoro'pF(arav, they barricaded the doors. -'vao
the temple.      a dnroXaf3ovrre  eTioco, shutting him within.
3. /IEXXovros  avoTO droViXLv,, when he was about to expire.iorrep etxEV) as he was. i. e. "eo habitu, quo hoc in tempore erat.'
Poppo.  Perhaps it simply means, blocked up as he was in the temple,
-  EtL EYiTrvo  ovv  ra,  being just alive; literally, while yet breathing
4. rov Katac.av, the Cceadas.  Bloomnf. conjectures that this wa,
originally a huge fissure into which dead bodies were thrown, and
which was subsequently enlarged and converted into a subterranear
prison.  The Barathrumn at Athens, and the Lithotomim at Syracuse
may serve to illustrate its nature and use.-    ov'rep, where.
ELf/3aXXcev depends on  e'EXX7r/-av.  The context will readily  show
what words are to be supplied with rovs  KaKuOVpyovU.  Haack and
Bloomf., edit from what they conceive to be good MS. authority, Tovs
KaKcopyovs  EZte.aotV,  /3a'XXEtv.  Bloomf. however brackets it.
7XAr)lov. There is much difficulty in determining the limiting word.
The Schol. says, near to the' Ccadas.  With this, which appears to be
the true interpretation, Bloomf., Goel., and Poppo  accord.  If, as
Haack in his second edition supposes, we are to consider it as referring to the place where Pausanias died, then a new substantive musin
be introduced, since KasdSav was last mentioned.  Besides, if he was
buried near to the place of his death, why did the oracle give any direction for the removal of the body?;v rc wrporetevlo'-art, in
the precinct or entrance way to the r;teroS.  So Arnold. --         Blooif.
refers A 8aqXoV- to /IereVEyKcIE& ovrep dcirEave.  But it is better to refer
it to the words immediately preceding. --       o.... 7re7rpayle;vov, inas~much  as a pollution had been pespetrated by them = as they had been
guilty of a pollution. The participle in the accusative often follows or
instead of the genitive.  Cf. Mt. ~ 568. 3; S. ~ 226. a. -— cr davrr
HIav-avlov, in the stead of Pausanias.  Cf. K. ~ 290. R. 2.
CHAPTER CXXXV.
The Athenians request the Lacedmsmonians to put away this pollution (~ 1); the Lacedwmonians, on the Medism of Pausanias, criminate Themistocles in the same affair, and demand that he shall be punished in like manner (~ 2); to this the Athenians assent, and
take measures in concert with the Lacedemonians to apprehend Themistocles (~ 3).
1. This is a repetition of what was asserted in I. 128. ~ 2. -    JO.KpvauvroY.  S. ~ 226. a.




412                             NOTES.                            [Book a.
2. The account of the banishment of Themistocles, is not inserted
here, because it has any immediate connection with the Peloponnesian
war, but from its close relation to what has just been narrated of
Pausanias. The fate of so illustrious a personage as Themistocles, was
also worthy of a place in a history, which, though confined to the Peloponnesian war, had yet in its plan embraced the most prominent
events that had transpired from  the time of the Persian invasion
under Xerxes. -          rom —MS&to-/od (cf. I. 95. ~ 5), the Miedism.  This
term  was wused to designate a leaning towards the Median interest, or
a partiality for the manners, customs, and dress of the Medes.  The
charge made against Thernistocles followed immediately upon the conviction and death of Pausanias.  The Laceda3monians were stimulated
to this, most likely, by a remembrance of the successful manceuvre of
Themistocles in respect to the fortification of Athens (cf. 1. 90, 91);
or by a selfish desire to involve the Athenians in the disgrace, which
they had incurred in the defection of their most eminent citizen. -
Kat, also. K-      rfv..... EXEyXov.  "Ex epistolis apud Pausaniamn inventis." Poppo. --     rots av'roti, in the scame manner, i. e. by death.
3. E'rvXe yap   rrpaKtaLrFoEvo, for he happened to be su/ffering banishment by ostracism.         bcalraav, residence, abode. -    p/era, in connection with.  -   Erolrcw  Ow'"rcov ~VtLKeLV, who were (see N. on o'res,
I. 8. ~ 1) ready to join with them in the pursuit. --       rov as 7repLtvywolv, zwherever they might find him.  K. ~ 336.
CHAPTER CXXXVI.
Themistocles, being informed of his danger, takes refuge with the Corcyreans, by whom
he is conveyed to the continent (~ 1); thither being pursued by his enemies, he is forced
to throw himself upon the protection of Admetus king of the Molossi, who for certain
reasons was hostile to him (~ 2); at the direction of the king's wife, he takes her child
by the hand, and sitting upon the hearth awaits the coming in of Admetus, from whom
he successfully entreats protection in this time of peril (~ 3).
1. avrcov by constructio KaTar  (oveLv (cf. K. 241. 1; S. ~ 157. N.
1. b) refers to KEpKvpalowv implied in KEpKvpav which precedes.IfrTE —aTrex3erat, so as to incur the hatred of, become hateful to.
AaKe8autovtotm and'AS7valots follow as Dativi incommodi.  ao-re refers
to Z'Xefv, and not to the whole sentence 8E&;Eae Y.... aTdov  as then it
would have been bul-asr;exo3tvro. --           rlv sq`retpov, i. e. into Thesprotia. ----  KaarayLKpv, over against Corcyra.




CaJAr CXXXVL]                  NOTES.                             413
2. aGoK evoEV.... XOpo[l), being,pursued by those who were appointed (to follow him) for the purpose of inquiring where he mqight go, i. e.
being tracked thither by those who were sent to find out his place of
retreat. Bloomf. renders Kara 7rt rlortv' Xwpotr1,  " (directed) by inquiry
wohither he had gone."  Similar to this is the sense given by Bauer:
" simpliciter pro vrvUO6evote, quum audissent." Goel. renders it ex percunctatione, and this appears to be the sense which Haack by his
punctuation attaches to the words. Against such eminent authoritiec
I would be slow to adopt an opinion, yet I cannot but think that the
sense I have given is the true one. Cf. Liddell and Scott sub voct
-varrts.  The optative is explained in N. on I. 49. ~ 3. --- KarC 
i'rropov, in his great strait.  Jacobs explains it by Ev /I.Eya'X. dTopla
YEYvJFEV0r. -     Mokoao-v. Along the sea-coast of Epirus lay in order,
from  north to south, the Chaones, Thesproti, Cassopei, and IMolossi,
but the boundaries of these respective tribes cannot well be defined.
Scylax states that the sea-coast of the Molossi was 50 stadia in length,
but from this narrow basis their country widened far into the interior.
The boundaries of the state were greatly enlarged by its enterprising
kings, so that it was quite powerful at the time here spoken of. Cf.
Leake's North. Greece, IV. pp. 174-184. -            oerTa aCrW o0 (l)Xov.
Nepos by some oversight says, "cum quo ei hospitium  fuerat." -
KaraXkvoat, literally, to unloose or unbind the beasts of burden, i. e. to
unharness or unload them.  This verb is followed by wapa "AFRTUrov,
in the sense of to stop with Admetus.
3. OVK E'rvxev E',rtafciv, happened not to be at home. --    Tov rami8a.
Nepos writes, "filiam ejus parvulam  arripuit."  This deviation from
the text of Thucydides, would lead us to conjecture that he followed
some other writer, unless he was grossly careless. --    KalEo-TCaL EIri
Trv EorLaV. The domestic fireplace, as the shrine of the household
gods, was always regarded by the ancients with veneration and religious attachment.  Hience, to sit down by the hearth was regarded as
a posture making the strongest appeal for mercy and favor. Cf.
Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 427. --     &Xoir re O' EorL, he discloses his name; literally, he makes known who he is. For this use of the
relative, cf. Mt. ~ 485; S. ~ 174. 1.   - OVK ai'toi = a_ dva6v nqfftV elvaL
(cf. Mt. 608. 1).-    It 7r apa abr's a6reirvev, if peraps he had opposed.  The extenuating force of l —tapa is here beautifully seen. --
TLLtcOpeLtr3at referring to Admetus depends upon difot. -     Kal yap....
w7r aXev, for that he could be ill treated, at the present time, by one far
less powerful than him (i. e. Admetus).  Most of the editors and critics prefer the reading adoavEcrrepos (conforming to abrbs both before
and after), although against almost all MS. authority. This would




414                              NOTES.                             [Boox L
give the sense: for he would receive injury (from Admetus) now when
he was far his inferior in poower.   Both readings imply the same
general idea, viz. the abject condition of Themistocles.  -  yvvaiov belongs to rttpelobaLa the subject of rEvat.       ar- ar roO Loov- = rovs OyVaS
aTrO -ro0 If-ov, who are on efqual terms. -         Ka  iama, and at the same
time. -        avnr-s.... vavrtLovat, he had opposed him  (i. e. Admetus)
in a matter of interest (only), and not in that which pertained  to the
saving of his life.  Xpe'as  rLtvb  depends on EvavarTlo; vaL (-  e'Lpyetv) as
the. genitive of separation.  Cf.  K. ~ 271. 2.  Some commentators
supply 7repl or  EVEKa.  Cf. Mt. ~ 368. 5.  Bloomf. cites Xen. Anab.
VII. 6. ~ 5.  evavrLco-erat r7s da7raycoyq), will be opposed to the leading
away.   At o-4&a Bloomf. unnecessarily supplies Kara.   Poppo and
Goel. consider the article to be taken twice with o-/za and a(eo-at,
and refer to Vig. p. 720. 20. -    av in E'KEhvov 8' a, belongs to a7rocrepa-,ae, the second being a repetition in consequence of the parenthesis
emtroYv.... &LK erTa.  Cf. Mt. ~ 600. - - Je' co, for what reason. -
coryptas, "mneans of preserving."  Blooinf. --          6 Ni aKovo-as. Poppo
and some others make Reis the beginning of chap. 137. --'crrep.... rovro is enclosed by Poppo, Goeller, and Arnold, in the marks of
parenthesis, and thus they connect aCvlro-7rL-I re and Kal —ovK;EcKI8cootv.
W- trep.... IeKanie ro  " in the way that he had sat himself down,
i. e. with hands joined." Bloomf. " Nos sic intelligimus: ut puerumr
tenens sederat, ita curm  puero surgere eum jussit."  Poppo (Supple
Adnot. p. 151).-   gKal p6yeorov with the Molossians.
CHAPTER CXXXVII.
Admetus refuses to give up Themistocles to his pursuers and sends him to Pydna (I I);
thence embarking on board a merchant-ship bound for Ionia, on his passage he narrowly
escapes the Athenian fleet lying before Naxos, and finally lands at Ephesus (~ 2); having rewarded the shipmaster, he proceeds into the interior and sends a letter to Artaxerxes (~ 8); in which letter he excuses the necessity he was under of opposing the Persian invasion, refers to the benefits he has conferred upon Xerxes, and promises to render
to the king good service in return for his protection (~ 4).
1. VOWi EtiroX  V ro t- uttering many threats. --  3actrtXea of Persia.
r v ErEpav  tdXao-oarv, i. e. the  LEgean sea.-       nres,  by land.
IIs3vav.  See N. on I. 61. ~ 2. r-      j'AXeFaiCvpov, belonging to Ale<I
ander (I., the tenth king of Macedlonia).
2. iv Y', where, i. e. in Pydna. -        XaKciBoS, a ship of burden, a
merchant-ship.  These ships were oval with  broad  bottoms.   Cf.
Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 877. --- dvayop;svs.  See N.




CHAP. CXXXVII.]             NOTES.                             415
on I. 48. ~ 1. ---- roXtpKE  Naeov. Cf. I. 98. ~ 4. --- O- rLa  Erl.
See N. on gs'o-rt, I. 136. ~ 3, which would have been more in point for
Matthie to have cited than this passage. -    Xp-'7a-t rLffO3el = being
bribed. -     Trv.... (vaLi and that it would be for his safety, or his
only (-iv) safety would consist in. The subject of ELtva is ls&E'va....
E;ratL. -   FeXpt,rXes yivEPratr until there should be a fair wind for
sailing.  Cf. Xen. Anab. VI. 1. ~ 22. Some erroneously translate, as
long as the voyage should last.  The object of this direction was to
prevent any of the crew, who might happen to recognize him, from
communicating with his enemies. 8- 7reLo/,EVc 3' aivzr5, to him being
persuaded -- if he consented to the proposal. --    rolvu-Eo-a.at.  Repeat ppdtEL. ---     C roo-TaXevo-aL, having rode at anchor in the open sea.
- v7rEp = off, probably as far to the windward as possible, in order
that no one should board the vessel from the Athenian fleet. Nepos
translates b~rEp, procul.  In reading this account of the perilous position of Themistocles, in full sight of his enemies, we are reminded of
those beautiful lines of Sir Walter Scott, in his Lord of the Isles:
So bore they on with mirth and pride,
And if that laboring bark they spied,'Twas with such idle eye
As nobles cast on lowly boor,
When, toiling in his task obscure,
They pass him careless by.
Let them sweep on with heedless eyes!
But had they known what mighty prize
In that frail vessel lay,
The famished wolf that prowls the wold
Had scathless passed the unguarded fold,
Ere, drifting by these galleys bold,
Unchallenged were her way!
3. E3nEpa7revoeT, rewarded.  Port. renders liberaliter prosequi.
hyap explains how it was that Themistocles had money to reward the
shipmaster.-    a = 7- XprItala a, of which the antecedent is the
subject of t         ve.,rxEEKeTro, he had put safely away. Perhaps Viorimparts the idea of privately or secretly to the verb.  After his condemnation at Athens, his property to the amount of 100 talents was
seized and confiscated. -   ~e(I....'Ton, with one of the Persians
dwelling on the coast.  According to Diod. his name was Lysithides,
but Plutarch calls him Nicogenes. --    aco, i. e. into the interior. —
rwCEzTI7rEL YpaLa/elara. He probably sent the letter by Nicogenes.
4. 8rbt serves here as a mark of quotation. S. ~ 213. 1. " This brief




416                           NOTES                           [B'OK L
letter to Artaxerxes is as evidently the composition of Thucydides
himself, as the celebrated oration which he puts into the mouth of
Pericles.  Each has the hard, rigid, grasping style so peculiar to the
historian, and to which no other Greek writer bears the slightest resemblance. But the matter may be more genuine than the diction."
Bulwer (Athens, II. p. 167. N).-    OtlquLaroKXk~ is in apposition with
e;yco understood. --'EkXXvcov limits eS taken partitively. --- rov V/iLsepov oCKov, "in domun tuarn."  Nepos. -          4oi (= j r  ey, warptLt)
limits E'rtLOva, and  vadyKycq is to be taken with 7/1vrVo',1Jv. --- 7rXF[o
adyaad.  Repeat c'kpyao-jpal. -  v.... vpoi.  The Schol. supplies rta
rrpadyara or-av, but why may we not draw to this clause EyyvEyro froim
the next member, to be taken impersonally (- daraX  ZEAol E'yiyYVETo)?
-     Bothe refers &droKotLL0 to both members, giving it the sense of
return, when applied to Themistocles, and retreat as applicable to
Xerxes.  But this dilogia is harsh and unnecessary. --   ypparns....
LaXv(rtv is parenthetically introduced, being the words of the historian, who briefly adverts to the reasons urged by Themistocles in favor
of his being hospitably received by the king. ypaaas is to be referred
back to dE'sXov 8'  - ypaqi5- EyTpa+/E 86 6 E/ztsroToKXr.  Haack takes
~ypd'aE in an absolute sense for fypa+e -ycp. —-   vvs dvaxop 7reoo  of
the Greeks. Arnold thinks that this refers to the admonition given to
the king by Themistocles after the battle of Salamis, that he should
retreat without delay, and as to the statement of Herodotus, that this
warning was sent from  Andros instead of Salamis, Thucydides may
have had real grounds for his assertion, or it may have been an oversight. But I see no reason to suspect that Xerxes was ever acquainted
-with the real object of the message, informing him  of the intended
flight of the Greek fleet. If he had become aware of it, how could he
be induced to receive (as he did) the second message from  Themistocles as an act of kindness? And how could Themistocles at this time
urge the second message as a proof of his good will to the king, if
the treacherous design of his first message had not been misunderstood?  It may also be added, that the same person is said to have
conveyed both messages to the king, which appears to me to be conclusive that the latter was blind to the real design of the transaction.
I must think therefore that srqv... 7rpoCayyEXatv refers to the message
sent to the king before the battle of Salamis. -    r-jv r-&o yEqSvpiv —ova btXvo-tv (the not breaking down)= -ypafqar' (that) ai -yrEvpai o6
UEXV7Xyroa-a. Cf. K. ~ 318. 3; Mt. ~ 608. 1. Iaack so punctuates as to
connect rore with 7rpocreirotooaTo, but the best sense is yielded by the
order, ryV TOTr   OV &OXvwOLv rTjV ye/vpav. Poppo and Goel. read for
t' auirTv, through him  (i. e. by the instrumentality of Themistocles),




CHAr. CXXXVIIL.]                N   OTES.                              417
at' abro'v, on account of him (i. e. for the sake of Xerxes).  -         Kal Ynv'xcoW  (_ being able) recommences tile direct words of Themistocles.
evtavrTv  ErmX  V,7 having tarried a year.  S. ~ 186.. 2.-  repT
Wov    EKEtva Wrept i',v of which the antecedent is governed by b8X&oo-at.
CHAPTER CXXXVIII.
rThe king approving of what he said, Themistocles applies himself to the study of the
Persian language and customs (~ 1); after which, proceeding to the court he soon gains
an unbounded influence over the king (~ 2), which was the result of his talents (~ 3); his
death (~ 4); a monument is erected for him at Magnesia (~ 5), but his relations say that
his bones were privately conveyed to Athens (~ 6); thus ended the fortunes of Pausanias
and Themistocles (~ 7).
1. Triv,z1iotav, understanding, prudence.   Some render, spirit,
boldness, and others, plans, intentions. --  ot'rcos as he had said. See
1. 137. ~ 4 (end).  v- ii 7r'eoXe.  Cf. ivtavTrv ErtXcov supra. —--
yX/crls7.... KaTrevorde.  The order and  construction  is: KarvdEvrOce
ykcrr7s  Toro~o-ora orra  bvaro KaravoTKva, he lecrned.as  nzuch of the language as he could.  The proficiency in the Persian language attributed
to hil by Cor. Nepos, is highly exaggerated.
2. 7rap' a(r(,7 i. e. with Artaxerxes. -   oros....'EXXrvcov explains
and makes emphatic the preceding fiya's, and therefore Kal is even.
d- ltEcooLrv) dignity. Cf. II. 34. ~ 6.   - BovXOretv, se. aTro' (i. e. rT'EXXrVLK6V); which is wanting here because by attraction it has already
appeared in the previous proposition (ro9'EXX?)VLKO  E'Xrrw3a), to which:v.... 3ovXCeo-(r is added by way of explanation.  Cf. KI. ~ 347. 2; Mt.
~ 296. 3.  avro  limits v7rerieJEL and not BovXicorEv as Bloomf. asserts
Kraig. makes 8ovX&o)Etv depend on;Xrrl8a, as though it were written
1vrer[teL  arKa roE cEXXtrVKO  E'XmtrSa BovXCov.EL. -      aro roT  and  vrerTr
Fqa'ver-at are to be joined, and so Jacob  explains, Kal  caLto-ra o0r5
vvervs Eialvero, oi zreipav Eit/ov.  But &bogs is quun, daret and not
dedisset, as Poppo and Haack, after Kistem., rightly remark.
3. Thucydides in this section sketches with a masterly hand the
prominent characteristics of this eminent man, of whom  Bulwer says
(Athens, II. p. 170), "' after him the light of the heroic age seenms to
glimmer and to fade, and even Pericles himself appears dwarfed and
artificial beside that masculine and colossal intellect, which broke into
fragments the might of Persia, and baffled with a vigorous ease the
gloomy sagacity of Sparta." -'  8 —qX,(ras = weas ca nza, who showed.
---- 8  gives emphasis to  ae[ad/rara..  315. 2. ---  8ta0mepdvrOCr




1418                           NOTES.                           [BooK I.
rt, somewhat remnarkably.  Cf. Mt. ~ 487. 4. --         lV uTO r, i.e. de r7)v
LryXv rivs Sn-ecos. Schol.'"Accuratius Schol. es rvo qV51E-0S LoXav  37Xodv dixisset." Poppo. -   aLtoq Zoav(do-at, worthy to be adcmired. Cf.
K. ~ 306. R. 10; [Mt. ~ 535. b. Obs. -     oLKelt (= l8ta), his own, nzative.
-  Ovre  7poliatco -- ov'-Or'  Ltat v,  "woithout the aids of early cultur'e
or after study." Bloomf.  The idea is, that he he had no special training
for public life, nor did he, after he entered upon public duties, attempt
to fit himself by study for their proper discharge.  atSrqnv refers to the
preceding OLKELa vU e-Et. --— r 7   7TE  apaXp!pa% of present emzergencies, is opposed here to rTCv FeXXv'rrov, of future measures. Bloomfield
gives to rv rve 7rapaxp7!ia the idea of measures, which call for immediate action and admit of little time for deliberation.  So we say, on the
spur of then moment. ----  yvOeWv: =KpcLr,) judge. ---   rZsv LEXXdOVTrov.....ELKoaor.  There are four methods of constructing this sentence,
either to make rov YEv/eqo1oLEYvov depend on isr 7rrXLsTeov, and ry ~/LEXXdovrTov upon Et1Kao-rq'g; or roo 7YEVq7OO/LEOV  upon ELKao'rs', and r&iv peXXkvrotv upon roev yerVo;YuLVOv; or riov LeAXXOvrcov upon erst 7rXEtcarov and
T70  yerVro70Olvov upon eKao-T77' (Kruger's construction); or to place rov
evrcrot;levrov in epexegetical apposition with r-v tLEXXO'pvrv. The first of
these methods is adopted by the best critics, and is thus rendered by
Bloomfield,  a cand of the future even fcr forward he was the best conjecturer."  I was at first inclined to follow the fourth method of construction, which is adopted by Jacobs, but a more close examination of
the passage has satisfied me that the first is the true interpretation,
inasmuch as it accords with the natural order of the words, and
annexes nrl rreXaorrov rod ye747oolEvov to rCov /EXXkvrcov by way of
emphasis, which is far better than to suppose some subtle distinction
between riv LfXOdVrTov and rov yEvqo-oFELvov, or that the latter is epexegetical of the former, which is so plain a term  as to be beyond the
need of explanation. --.... EXOt, wohatever he mnight have in hand,
i. e. whatever business he might undertake.  Wyttenb. places /Lera
Xetpa.. e'XOL in oppositionl to tov 8E drwitpos E'l7) and therefore gives it
the sense of EkcraXELtplIotro   frequenti'asu tractare soleret. So Arnold:
-what things he Wlas practically versed in. ~-.E'rlyo-'ao-"at, to discuss
it, mzake it plain by discussion, is a better translation than Arnold's,
to conduct (matters) to their issue, since it is mlore consentaneous with
the oppositional clause Kpivat.... arriJXXaKTo  7e ovas not woithout tht
ability to judge woith suficient accur~acy (tKavCro).  In respect to this
latter clause, KpilvaO may be regarded as a genitive after ac7rhXXaKTo (S.
~ 197. 2), the article roe being omitted (S. ~ 222. 2). -    v r5 daqYav,7
e'rT (SC. Ov), being yet in uncertainty, i. e. the issue of which being yet
uncertainD. r- 7rnav fdLrEtlv, to sum up the wohole. Cf. K. ~ 841. R.




CHAP. CXXXIX.]                   N OTES.                                  419
3; S. ~ 223. 2. -     Kparrlrro's  /l.  See N. on  E3& ado'rara a' supra.,acurocXeStade5v, to l2an off-hand, " ex tempore age~re."  Betant.
4. vocr(-rag, by sickness, opposed to a violent death. This account
of Thucydides is far more rational and worthy of credit, than that
which attributes his death to poison administered by himself. < —    Ka
also) belongs to the whole sentence and not to;KO6OLOv alone. —--
EIrtrteXEcra  is the subject of eltvat.
5. OUvY, therefore, i. e. in consequence of his having died at Magnesia (Mayvrlao.X —r'Ao-Lai',  i. e. Afagnesia on the river Miander).
m- ayvjolav CiEv aipror (= edr a'prov.  Cf. etC cvr6v, Xen. Anab. I. 4.
~ 9) lagnesia for bread.  The last of these substantives shows tihe
design of the former.  Cf. Mft. ~ 433. Obs. 3.            w  rpoo-r;eepe to Thenistocles. --    Ada/AaXov.  Repeat mentally  o0vros  3aotX;co  aV7r.
-     T-  y rdOre, of the cities of that time.  S. ~ 169. 1.
6. ra  E.....o'a8e.   The order is: oi 1rpor7uKOVTrE'C  aor  r-a oura
7SroV KoILo-,rvaL ol'aSe.  ~  yap explains why his bones were conveyed to Attica unbeknown to the Athenians (Kpv'qa'Arl/valov).
7. Ta  5Ev Kara IlTvcraviav, "res Pausanice."   Mt. ~ 272. 4. b.
ovuarcr as has been described in chaps. 128-138.
CHAPTER CXXXIX.
This demand for the expulsion of the sacrilegious having been made, the Lacedemonians
require the Athenians to retire from Potidea, restore 2Egina to independence, and rescind
the decree concerning Megara (~ 1); to none of which demands the Athenians accede, but
recriminfate the Megareans (~ 2); the Lacedmmonians then send an embassy of three
persons to Athens, requiring the Athenians to permit every Greek state to be governed
by. its own laws (~ 3); an assembly of the Athenians having been convened on this
occasion, some give their opinion in favor of war, and others against it, upon which Pericles delivers a speech in which he strongly urges the necessity of war (~ 4).
1. AaKEaatdo'vwo  N  K. r. X.  The narration  is now  resumed from
i. 126. ~ 2. -  Sirl, by. -      ~rEpL....  EXa'C-eS,, concerning  the exzulE
sion of the accursed.  See N. on I. 126. ~~ 2, 11.  I- lloralaas re
tiravyIracrra{.   See N. on I. 61. ~ 3.  Cf. I. 64-67. ~ 1.-   A t'yav
avrdvoYov dqdlevat.  See N. on I. 67. ~ 2. -- -r.... _roqEuov, if  they
would revoke the decree concerning the Megareans (cf. I. 67. ~ 4), there
should be no war; literally, to them  revoking-there should be no war.
In respect to the protasis, see N. on I. 71. ~ 6 (init.).  /ui) as yevYea&ae
-=   /   v' yevarerSat.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 5.
2. ralXXa in respect to the decree against the Megareans especially




420                          N O T E S.                     [Boox. L
referred to in the next clause. -   irpyac'lav is the accusative of that
wherein the blame consists (cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 568; Mt. ~ 370. Obs. 2).
In respect to the charge here brought against the Megareans, land
that was cd'pLo-ro (without bounda'ies) might be used Ifr pasturage,
but could not be fenced off and applied to purposes of agriculture, as
in the case of private property.  On the boundaries of states and
nations, strips of land were thus left as a common, in order to prevent
disputes about boundary lines. That this common might remain such,
it was consecrated to the gods, and hence to enclose and till it was
regarded as a sacrilegious act.  The  ail before T7Ep dopI-rov is epexegetical, even. Goeller without reason, thinks that two kinds of land
are referred to, viz. the land dedicated to the Eleusinian goddesses
(Ceres and Proserpine), and that on the confines of the state. -
dvaparroacov. The slaves of Aspasia are supposed to be here meant.
Cf. Athen. 570, and Aristoph. Acharn. v. 525, cited by Wass.
3. XEyOrYov....  OELsoa,(A     repeating nothing else of the things which
they were wont to speak of, i. e. they waved all the other points of dispute, and confined themselves to one requisition, which indeed was so
broad as to cover the whole ground.  cor = E'KEvov a', of which the
antecedent depends on a'XXo oV8Ev taken partitively, and the relative
upon XEyetL to be supplied with EcLdo'E-av.  Some with Matthia (~ 366.
d) construct oA in dependence on a'XXo implying comparison, and render, nothing different from the demands formerly made.  But this is
less natural, and does not harmonize with avra 8E rdTB  (sc. XEyoV7rcwv)
which is adversative =- but saying these things only. --   o'TL. See N.
on I. 137. ~ 4 (init.). - - 7v Elpjvqv = the peace which now is. -E e'U
8' a'l, sc. ezpqv'7. The protasis is el.... daEhlre, with which the quotation
ends.  The general construction is rrpio-fwv a)LKolyEov —Katl'XEyO'VTr
— rOleavTreS —'A  vaiot —-rpob7-tIeoav.  The quotation Aate8aLtvtLO&....  b;stre is properly in apposition with arVTa aE rdae. --- yv/las...,rrpor[eelo-av, they freely exchanged their sentiments. -  -- rat,
once for all. --   a7rvrrOv the demands of the Lacedo-monians and the
points of dispute.  These words are to be taken with (17roKptrvarat.
4. er' JtA~o'repa.  Bloomf. supplies E-p7q, and remarks that the
phrase is a very rare one. -- ras yvjuatr.  S. ~ 202. 4. --  IKan Co
XP 7.....ElpqVqs contains the two conflicting opinions of the assembly,
and is to be constructed with ~'Xeyov. I have therefore followed Bekker, Poppo, Haack, and Arnold in placing a comma after yvY&uaat,
which Dindorf and Goel. omit. r-TO  + ot1r/ua concerning MIegara.
Cf. ~ 1 supra.. —--  EpVqS depends on IPso'8tov.  I tcaeXELV. Repeat
mentally r' +j'wta-,Sa.    XeyL../. U8vraro7OS  a mnost eloguent
epealker and able statesman.  S. ~ 222. 6.




OuP. CXL.]                        NOTE S.                                421
CHAPTERS CXL.-CXLIV.
These chapters contain the oration of Pericles, which has for:X leading idea, that war should be preferred to making any concessions to the
Peloponnesians. After a brief exordium (140. ~ 1), he enters upon his argument, which has two divisions: the cause of the war, or the ab bciralov
140. ~ 2-141. ~ 1), and the means of carrying it on, or the rb &cXEALUov
(141. ~ 2-chap. 143).  This second division is opposed to the words of the
Corinthians (chap. 121, et seq.), and is subdivided into two parts, in the
first of which (141. ~ 2-143. ~ 2) the resources of the Peloponnesians and
their method of carrying on war are considered' and in the second (143. ~~ 3
-5) are shown in advantageous contrast, the circumstances and condition of
the Athenians. Then follows the response which the orator would have them
give to the Lacediemonians (144. ~~ 1, 2), and to this is subjoined a short
peroration (144. ~~ 3-5).  This is one of the most finished and elaborate
speeches in the whole history, and in dignity and loftiness of sentiment, is
but little inferior to the celebrated funeral discourse'of the same orator and
statesman (II. 35-46). It seems to have carried all before it, and so bvoken down opposition, that a decree was forthwith made conformable to the
counsel given in the speech.
CHAPTER CXL.
The orator begins by advising the Athenians to make no concessions to the Peloponnesian,
premising at the same time, that the ardor with which a war is commenced, is abated
in proportion to the increase of difficulties which may attend its prosecation, and hence
those who resolve on war should vigorously support it even in the event of disastrous
occurrences (~ 1); the Lacedtemonians are charged with endeavoring to do the Athenia
ans harm, a proof of which is their refusal to submit the differences to fair arbitration,
according to the mode of adjusting difficulties stipulated in the treaty (~ 2); their desire
for war is evinced in their dictation concerning Potid.Ta, zEgina, and Megara, and especially in their last imperious demand (~ 8); no one should think that the rescinding of
the decree concerning Megara was a small matter (~ 4), for if they yielded to this, greater
demands would be made upon them (~ 5).
1. r,.... Jexo/a) I still adhere to the samze opinion.  For the genitive, see N. on yvCsor7, I. 22. ~ 1. --   U  6'wIKtvY IeXorroreoi0'Str explains rivS yYv.-s. --   KalrEp.... wrpaoro-ovrar, although I know  (see
N. on I. 7. ~ 1) that men ca'rry on warc not with the same ardor (Spy/r)
which they feel when persuaded to engage in it; literally, that men
are persuaded to go to wa~r with an ardor, not the sameacas (a= iucdh
greater than) that with which they carry it on:.  Cfo  viebuPrn...
19




422                           N OTES.                            Boo.
ere$epXerat, I. 120. ~ 5.  re and Kai respond to each other, and Ev rco
pyP  7vrptlo'rovrraC, like 7roXe/inF,  is modified by r~ aur.  Jpy~ dvavrtnlLot[ouvs.   -      7rpod, according  to. -   yvkads depends on Trperro/Evovs (mid. voice) the preceding Kal being also. -       - pfi-$tuvPBouXevTea Dtot t-ra. S. ~~ 225. 7; 206. 4.  The subjects of o'vra are toifa and
7rapav7Jr)tra. The Kal which connects these nouns has the sense of a', or.
a- tLKCa, I think it just = I wish as a matter of justice.  ~  roTs
-U6oaortv depends on o3oqEJiv which has for its subject rod's dvaret~oL;ecovE. 7- 1....zerarrotetcr2at or if toe are successful (KaropTolvras, a varied construction for )v Karop3ZOJfEr): not to lay claccinm to superior discernmeznt.  rie $vvi;ro-ee  has the same construction as y7,&/r/r
in ~ 1. --     yap after EvYaXEXcra introduces the reason for the exhortation contained in rove  va7rEoat2oyEvovs.... odfacrAX/iez)  as if the writer
had said: and reverses must be expected, for the issue of events is no
less uncertain than the counsels of men.  duaa2si  refers to events, the
issue of which is beyond the power of calculation, i. e. which take an
unforeseen and uncertain course. -- bdorep, i. e. on accounht of the
uncertainty of  human plans.       rs —    rxv —alrtao-at.  The genitive denoting the crime is roo-oVrwv the omitted antecedent of 8,ora.
ELC3a/thev, 2 perf. of F2co, with the signification of the present.
2. r7porepov. The Schol. refers this to the time when the Lacedmo
monians endeavored to hinder the Athenians from walling their city.
But that event is too remote to have been made use of by Pericles,
and reference must be had, in the expriession, to more recent instances
of Lacedaemonian interference. -- 87Xo1t  r-av.  See N. on I. 93. ~ 2
(init.).  -   Kal vv responds to 7rporepov re. --        tpqyevoy  yadp, for
although (see N. on I. 7. ~ 1) it had been agreed upon.(see N. on I. 76.
~ 2).  The apodosis begins with  o're aVrolt  KEas  K. r. X.    - eXELV....eouEV,  and that each shall remain in possession of qwhat we have,
until it is judicially decided that the possession is illegal. Bloomf.
remarks that this is one of the most ancient examples of the stipulation called the uti possidetis. -        abrot, i. e. the Lacedermonians.
--  clKas 7rco  7 r       Ecao  ovre.  Archidamus advised them to do this, bu
his advice was rejected.  Cf. I. 85. ~ 2.-  ac/'mv  LodvrTov (sc. &KaE),
when we offered to submit to trial. --       Xdyots =  ctaKao-lcate.  Schoi.
--  irracrdcovres,   issuing orders, dictating.
3. Ilortalas —tarav[rorarorat.  Cf. I. 139. ~ 1. --  yap introduces
the proof of what is charged upon the Lacedumonians in fEntrrciaoovre. ----- r  Mcyap&ov +'i turc a  KaTatpEiY.  Cf. I. 139. ~ 1.  The genitive denotes the relation in respect to.  Cf. Mt. ~ 342. 1; S. ~ 195. 1.
---- ot 6..... jO'rTEq. Cf. I. 139. ~ 3.  --  rpoayoprovacLv is a stronger
term than KEXEvovo-l. -   al;vatL has for its object TOVs'E XyCIvay.




CHAP. CXLL]                       NOTES.                                  425
4. 7rept /3paxeos, for a  trifing matter.  This is referred to in ro
3paXv rt rorao, this small something (Tt), this trfiing affair (i. e. what
some consider of small importance). -    0Irep belongs to wrpov'xovrat by
attraction, the natural construction being  Wrep EL KaSaLptpe[tE   yaXLo-ra
7rpovlxovrat (=  rpofd"XovraL.  Schol.) tq —OXE Lov. -             18'.....5eroXke;L-arF is an emphatic repetition of Uvjt....  7roXheELev the course of
thought being interrupted by the intermediate clauses.
5.  levuvr — eTEpav rir  /yY v )cC, a trial of your spirit, a test of your
resolution. -     ots.  Arnold says that this relative has no regular antecedent, and is to be resolved in English into the demonstrative pronoun.  But, as Bloomf. remarks, there is an  antecedent to  it in the
subject of 7rpoViXovTral, i. e. AaKe8attfovLo t found in ~ 2.  The remoteness of the antecedent, in such  sentences as Thucydides constructs,
should cause no one to stumble. ---    aXXo Trs SEeov depends on EilTaX nor-eere as the accusative of the thing, the dative of the person
having become the subject in the passive construction.  Cf. K. ~ 281.
3.  In respect to the sentiment we are  reminded of the remark of
James Otis, in his celebrated speech at the commencement of the
American revolution: "But the right to take ten pounds, implies the
right to take a thousand, and what must be the wealth, that avarice,
aided by power, cannot exhaust." --    al TroVro is referred by Poppo,
Haack, and Goeller, to ro5 3paXv Toc7ro, as if you yielded this even
(small as it is) througi  fear. --         a7rXLo-vpo-ateeooL, by giving a firm
denial. -       fiA. ou belongs to 7rpooerpeao-ta  instead of d7r ro tO'-ov:
rather to  treat y'ou on  terms of  equality  than  with  an  affected
superiority.
CHAPTER CXLI.
The Atbhe-ii.ne should make iup their minds to submit at once to the Lacedoemonians, ot
else make no concession whatever to them (~ 1); in respect to the means and mode of
carrying on the war, they are by no means inferior to the Peloponnesians (~ 2); for besides that the latter have no wealth, they have little experience in long continued or
transmarine wars (~ 3); they can neither man their fleets, nor be absent themselves friom
their domestic concerns on expeditions by land (~ 4); wars are sustained by wealth possessed in superabundance, and not by forced contributions (~ 5); the Peloponlnesian
government is not of a kind favorable to speedy or decided measures, the states having
equal suffrages and diverse interests (~ 6); for which reason but little attention to the
public weal will be given in their assemblies, called together at long intervals, and the
most of their time being spent in promoting each his own interest (~ 7).
1. a7ro'Sev 3,- =e  rovrov,) ex his igitur. -          vIraKovet  the Lacedmnlmonians. -- - rp;Lv rd  Xoa3vait, before you suffer any injsury.




424                            NOTS E S0. [BooK 
EL 7rOXEIOIEv —tIr ftovrYes.  Regularity of construction would have
required E'Il$,tv in dependence upbn &tavyoriqre.  After E'"ovrers Poppo
supplies the infinitive 7rOXEf/ELY from  rOXketL,70-tero.  But Arnold and
Goel. refer e'Yornre to 2ltavojol27re, in the sense of vrapao-KevarEo-2e Whr
/O ELt$oVTreS, which Poppo (Suppl. Adnot.) says that he would approve
of "si cogitandi verbum intelligi posset, et si OVK EI'OVTEV obv' —'fovTev legeretur." ----   el...7rpoadco-e should be constructed, I think,
with El rroXqFcL Cr/oev, if we determine to go to war for any cause great
or small (i. e. however it may be estimated). Pericles had just
affirrmed, that the demand of the Lacedamnonians in respect to the
Megarean decree was no trifling one, inasmuch as it involved a great
principle.  Others, however, might think differently.  But whatever
estimate Inight be placed upon the cause of their taking up arms, if
such a course was determined on, no concessions were to be Inade to
their enemies.  Some, however, may prefer the more usual method of
construction, by which these words are joined with  n7) EL$OVTrr9, to
m2aake no concession on any account great or small.  I am  free to acknowledge that this mode of construction harmonizes better with 7rv
yap...;LrtTaraotolEV.    -     a -- EKEva a. -,    rv..... eovwoo-Ltvw im2pies
the same subjection, signifies a like subjection.  8ovmXcotv is what
Kiihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 578) calls the accusative of valuation, or that
which defines the notion of value contained in the verb.  Cf. Jelf's
Kuiihn. ~ 548. c.  -      KcoaltrS, postulatio.     - cbr' r&Iv 6/loo0v, se0
adypcfrov. --- 7rp... J..r.trao'o-nolrr), made upon their neighbors before
a judicial decision.
2. Here the orator enters upon the consideration of the means and
resources of the two parties, and replies to what was brought forward
by the Corinthians in the second division of their oration (I. 121. ~ 2,
et seq.).  ra-... bVrapX /mor, now as to Zohat pertains to the wagr
and the means for carrying it on which each, party possesses. --— rov
EKacrpots  vurapXvr7v is a varied construction for r' E'KaTEpotLE v7rapXova. --  rs clepends on yoTre. ----- aKo0orres   by hearing.
3. avrovpyot, those who do their ow~n work; here, farmears who till
theirs own ground, for in I. 142. ~ 7, tlley are calledl yeopyo.  This
term refers principally to the other Peloponnesian states than Laceda1mon, and so far as it applies to themn, it does not mean that they did
all their work themselves (since much of it was performed by slave
labor), but refers to their personal supervision of their affairs, and
plersonal labor as occasion might demand.  There were more slaves in
Lacedemon than in all Peloponnesus besides. -           oTre......aroLs. Cf.
1. 80. ~ 4 (end). ---  E'retra   furtherlzore.  -   7roXk'lCov-awretpot.  S.
} 187. 2.  t- a&T rT..... ert e'peLv contains the reason why they were




CHAP. CXLLI.]                  NOTES.                               4A56
7rfoXEiLov treLpoL.  The adverb fpaEX;o- refers to time and qualifies
brtqwpelv. -       abviroi conforms in case to artepot.
4. vans depends on E'KfrT7reftv, and 7rWXpovTeD  belongs to the subject of Upvauvrat, are not able having mnanned shirps (=to man ships
and) to send them forth.-   d- a7ro' -Cv aiVr-&, from  their private resources, or at their own expense.  From the time of Pericles, the Athenians were paid for their military service (cf. Boeckh's Pub. Econ.
Athens, p. 291), but not so the Lacedaemonians, which circumstance,
in addition to the neglect of their own affairs, occasioned by absence
on military expeditions, made war a grievous burden to them. -
caXdaa-oro    EIpyo'evot does not refer, as Bloornf. supposes, to ov're vaIL
7rXqpOvTrES, but to the exclusion of the Peloponnesians froml  the sea
by the superior naval force of the Athenians.
5. 7reptova-at, su1Tplus treasures.    fi- iatao  E'a-opat, forced (and
therefore burdensome) contributions.  Boeckh  (Pub. Econ. Ath. p.
471) says that the property-tax (ei(q-oph) had not yet been imposed
at Athens, since it appears from our author (III. 19), that it was first
levied in consequence of the exhaustion of the public treasure at the
siege of Mitylene (A. c. 428).  But Tittmann thinks that all the passage cited by Boeckh means, is that the amount before collected had
never been so great as 200 talents, which was raised at the time referred to.  The latter writer cites the present passage in proof, that
the extraordinary property-taxes levied in war were general throughout Greece before the Peloponnesian war, particularly in Sparta and
probably at Athens also.  Cf. N. on Boeckh (1. c.) by the translator,
G. C. Lewis. -     p Xpmy'ao-Ct money contributed for the expenses of the
war, here opposed to  uyaoL = personca  services. -            r- Tmecv artgrav
i. r. X. contains the reasons why men prefer to expose their pelsons,
rather than expend their substance in warl. They hope to live through
the contest (rv.....7reptyevoe'a at), but have faint expectation that
their money will not be exhausted, especially if the war is protracted.
The words riO /uv and ro N' represent ad sensum, the two  things
comlpared, viz. their bodies and their treasures.  At ob;nj3Laov repeat
mentally fxaovree.'- XXOcS 7E Kail, especially if.   r- rEp etiCO) Ct,
is probable in the present case.
6. 8vvarao —acrLtrXeLc.  See N. on nvrYtlxoLev, I. 121. ~ 4. 4 -  by
-rpbs 6/tolav is put for 7rpbe Fu) 6poOlav (cf. I. 91. ~ 7;  Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 904. Obs. 3).  The disparity here spoken of consisted in the superior
advantages which Athens derived from  its ships, treasures, transmarine territories, etc.   - orav.... Er`LTEXeCoat, since (c'7-av.  Cf. Mt.
~ 624. 2) by not using one general council, they can do nothing on the
spuri of the moment (7rapaxp1/ta) with dispatch.  pf5re is to be referred




426                            NOTES.                           [BooK I1
to both the participle and the verb. Poppo translates f3ovXEvrrlpWi,
conciliwum lpeipetuum, Bundesrath.  Without such a council, which by
continued sittings could provide for any sudden emergency, of course
nothing efficient could be done, and no advantage taken of the
chances of war which in its progress might turn up. -- r7 responds
to.7LTE, and intro(luces another defect in the internal adml3inistration
of the Peloponnesian affairs, viz. that all the states were equal in
suffrage (toAlr7jqot), but not of the same race (6O~'qvXolt) and therefore self-interest would be the predominating principle of action in
their assemblies (Tr iq' E'avrbv EKaroroTrs orrEuy). The reader will notice
thle paronomasia in taod/+qot and 5/6qovXot.  In respect to the latter
word Poppo remarks: "prieter Dorienses plerosque etiam  nonnulli
populi iEolici, Acl-aici, Pelasgici fcederis Laconici consortes elrant."
EcK(aros is in partitive apposition with 7ravrEs.  In such a case the
verb as here sometimes follows in the singular. Cf. Mt. ~ 302. a. Obs.;
K. ~ 266. 3.     i......yiyve2Lat, for which?reason nothing is utsually
accomplished. qnXei yl7yveo3tt, is woont to happen. See N. on I. 78. ~1.
7. Kal yc'p shows why no efficient and decided measures are taken
by a council of states which are io'fr'd;- ot and not 61t6uvXot, viz. the
diversity of views and interests tending to distract and impede their
deliberations. --   cpTpat.   The  Schol. adds, ic rov  7roXXE/leTv 7r
arowv(fia.     xpdvtLO   E   VVvLd'reg,  "cunctabundi convenientes  in
$vvz;oos seau  vXXoyots.n"  Poppo. -   [Lopi',  sC. Troi Xpov elicited
from the preceding XpoLvto.  So Bothe translates v f3PCaXeL toptc, pa'rvo temnporis mnomento. -    rc 7rXErovt stands opposed to fipaXt Iscop[le,
and rh oZKEZl to rL rWV KO&,Vv.  The preposition Iv is to be mentally
repeated before -c5 rr7XEovi. It is quite rare that in the second of two
antithetical sentences, the omission of the preposition takes place.
Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 650. 4. -   7rapd, by means of, through.  Cf. K.
~ 297. III. 3. d.  See also Dunbar's remanrks on the use of rrapd, in
Clus. Mus. IV. p. 98.- /Xc/ra+tv the common weal. --   E;XwLv....
mrpoenilv, but thinks (OtETat repeated) that some one else will take care
to provide (for the public good) in his place. For the construction
of i~Xenv with the dative and genitive, cf. S. ~ 201. N. 4.  The genitive of the thing is rpo-i't8E.  -     r), SO that (EK3ar7TKLS.  See N.
on I. 65. ~ 1), denotes the result of the thing just before spoken of.
--     XavS'avetv-gfeptpo/Evov, is insensibly broutght to ruin, --    To
KOtvo' dtp60ov, the comnmon interest taken collectively, or the comrnZonwealth as a whole.




CHAP. CXLII.]                      NOTES.                                    427
CHAPTER CXLII.
The operations of the Peloponnesians will be retarded for the want of funds l~ 4); no
apprehension need be entertained of their occupying posts or building a navy, t.le former
of which they could hardly do in the time of peace (~~ 2, 3); and even if they succeeded
in constructing a fortress in Attica, it would not prevent the Athenians from retaliation
by ravaging their coasts with a fleet (~ 4); the Athenians are better fitted for land service
by their naval skill, than are the Lacedwemonians for naval warfare by their experience inll
land engagements (~ 5); nautical skill they will not easily acquire, since the Athenians,
although plractised in it from the time of the Persian war, are by no means perfect in it,
and how too can it be acquired by husbandmen, hindered from going to sea by a blockading
fleet (~~ 6, 7); a few of the blockading ships they may dare to encounter, yet will be held
in awe by a superior fleet (~ 8); thus they can acquire no skill in nautical affairs by practice, and will remain ignorant of that species of warfare, and to an equal degree without
courage in respect to it (~ 9).
1. ye'yl-rov  U, but what is greatest (cf. Xen. Anab. II. 5. ~ 7), is in
apposition with the proposition with which it is connected (cf. Mt. ~ 432.
5. p. 710). In such cases the article is rarely omitted. Cf. Jelf's Ktiiln.
~ 580. Ohs. 2. —          KocXVo-ovrat has a passive signification.  Cf. Soph.
Gr. Verbs, p. 37; K. ~ 251. R. 1. -    roXonX -=  3paesos. Sclhol.  Perhaps the signification aLgre which Portus gives would suit the passage
better, as the sense given it by the Schol. would require to be followed
by nothing but 7rop'o Pvrat.  Haack interprets roXoXb, in otio, which is
unsuitable to the context, since it is no argument against a liberal and
cheerful contribution of funds to carry on a popular war, that they
are furnished slowly and reluctantly in time of peace. -- avra rrop,~OJrvoL.  " Scil. ac'ro 7V 6rapoXov- sr'ir-e  cKEi(-ol. oro-tas (quTa  sunt at
iaLtot iEoropai, I. 141. ~ 5), Kal acdr-  rv  ev AeXqF oi KalI'OXvfrrla XPq-,a"rcov, I. 121. ~ 3."  Poppo. --     rov....LEYErol, ffor the opportunities
(i. e. the right points of time) of wacr will not wait, i. e. in war things
must be done in the very nick of time, or the favorable opportunity
will slip away and be lost for ever.  Cf. Xen. Cyr. VIII. 5. ~ 7.
2.   e'7irr.EXt(tvL (se. ear —i).  Compare the threat of, the Corinthians,
I. 122. ~ 1). -    oj3qiof  vat is to  be taken passively.  Cf. Mt. ~ 535.
b. Ohs.
3. 7ro'XLtv  vrrTraXov.  The following note of Arnold  (abridged  by
Bloonmf.) fully illustrates the use of this term  in connection with 77 eartiretIXytts.  "Our author is here distinguishing  between two  different
modes of fortifying  (ErtrreIXto-tr)-the one by founding a city (so C'orKCIELv, VII. 27) in the neighborhood of Athens, strong  enough'to be
a check upon her power (ro'Xt  davrtirakov, a city equal in power to
another.  Cf. III. 9)-the other by erecting forts in Attica, as strong



428                            NOTES.                            [Book 1.
holds for plundering parties to issue forth from and alarm or ravage
the country. Of the fornmer sort of E7rtrELrxt(LS) instances are found in
the case of Megyara, founded by the Dorians as a check on the Athenians, and of Heraclea in Trachinia built to curb the Thessalonians
(cf. III. 92; V. 31); of the latter, Decelea forms an example."  Arnold also remarks that 7roXtv adrirraXko  is the accusative after -rapaavtcavacao'arat, the construction being rv zy'v yap (ErrEIXLotw) xaXTroV
ral iv EtpJLvn   apaocKEvdo-ao-alt.   trov B8i, certainly, indeed, much
more.  Mt. ~ 604..- EKEIVOL is the dat. incommodi. --    yrErILrTeTLXtle'vov, "occutpying ground with forts in return." Liddell and Scott.
The perf. pass. has here a middle signification. Cf. Mt. ~ 493. d.
4. bpovptov  8'.  See Arnold's note on 7rXw  daYrlrlXov.  y-        q 
limits  Epon. 0 -KaTrapouaZs   Kal avro/voXolal, by inroads (made fr'om
the fort) and by desertions, i. e. by furnishing a refuge for fugitive
slaves and deserters.  This was fully verified in the case of Decelea
0-        o  fjEvrotL Kavov yE K. r. X.  Bloomlf. makes E7rLTreLXeLV  the subject of &cr-rat, by removing the following re (which he thinks was
interpolated by editors, who wished to make the sentence bimembris),
and by prefixing r7  to the infinitive.  But it is better to make i7rlrtLXLEtv depend on KooXVetv, and to supply OpoptLov as the subject of
E'OTat, notwtithstanding that fortress would not be suqicient to keelp us
fr'om  sailing to their territory and erecting forts there.  I see that
Bloomf. in his last edition translates the passage, as though he had
given up his previous criticism.  7rkevrc ras  belongs to Kcx.XVew as the
participle of the means (see N. on I. 9. ~ 1).
5.,rX.ov.... EIreLpmtas. The order is: rkXEov yap e;f7retpla roo;KcTar
Tyiv  tJELS EXOIeJV EcK TOV VavrtKOV, we have from our naval service more
skill in land-warfare.  This sentence illustrates the ability of the
Athenians to execute the act of retaliation just spoken of, and hence
is introduced by yap (illustrantis). -        icKEtLt, sc. fEXovt'v.
6. rbo —yEviorat is the subject of 7rpoo(TevPo-'erat. The subject of the
infinitive is EKEtLVOVS understood referring to the Peloponnesians, with
which  rtlo-1Ti.ovals  agrees.
7.  eEXEroovreS  avbrd, vwho have been in the practice of it.  For the
translation of the participle by the relative and verb, see N. on I. 8.
~ 1. -     lpyact     7rwco, have not (obiB) brought it yet to pefection.
--    -r'rs  8, how  then.     - ~ZaX(wItLotL.  See N\T. on 1. 7. ~:1.
IrpocrEr t.....iao ciVotL, in caddition 1not beilng sutfered tc practise and
thus acquire skill. The Corinthians said (I. 121. ~ 4): pEXE7'0-oroLev r.
Tr  VaQVrLKC.  Cf. also I. 80. ~ 4, where Archidamnus says: EG' Se LEXETr
ToALEv..... EVEmoTat. p- PE  refers to aivapeS as its subject.
8. uolxyars, s. vair from  vavo-lv eiopfeioZa1n   going before. —- Ktra




CHAP. CXLIII.]                     NOTES.                                   429....  paotvovores, they might perhaps adventure an engagement, taking
courage in  their ignorance fromn their number; literally, emboldening
their ignorance by number.  This is exceedingly beautiful as well as
forcible.  r —    roXXals ships. -     E- elpyfLEvoL (sc. rT  2taX(i(orrS), if they
are shut up f'rom  the sea --         v r6  Ao7  LtEXETrvL)t, by their want of
p1ractice; literally, in  their not practising.  See N. on rob  eBLos, I.
36. ~ 1, and on ro- 7ratrdTv, I. 68. ~ 1.-' av'ro', i. e. their want o[
skill resulting from  their want of practice.
9. WorwTrep Ka-l i'XXo rL, as much as any other thing.  Cf. Mt. ~ 117. e.
-  KaL o.K....  LEXE-aerr L atl and does not adtmit of  being practised
occaszionzaly (Sravy rX,77) as a subordinate acffair, "as a bye-job."  Pickering.  With O'7av TvXy supply froln the context LeX1ercTEvov or E' XEsraoisat.-     yLyVEoat depends on EviEXErat (in this place =-  be), and
has for its subject 7rapepyov.
CHAPTER CXLIII.
If the Peloponnesians should seize on the treasures at Delphi, and by outbidding attempt
to draw the foreign seamen from the Athenian service, it would be fruitless, since-Athens
has of herself more naval officers and seamen than all the rest of Greece put together
(~ 1); nor would seamen be induced by higher wages for a short period, to serve on a
side where they must incur the greatest peril (~ 2); thus it appears that the Athenians
are free from the disadvantages of the Peloponnesians, and possess advantages far above
them (~ 3); an invasion of the Peloponnesian territory (which could be made by sea)
would be far more disastrous to thle Peloponnesians, than an irruption into Attica would
be to the Athenians, for Peloponnesus constitutes the whole of their territory, rwhile the
Athenians have muchlt  territory besides Athens (~ 4); therefore as though they were
islanders, the Athenians should be regardless of their country-possessions, and hazarding
no engagement by land, be intent only on fortifying their city and maintaining their naval
supremacy (~ 5).
1.  KLtVoavrFe....Xpq7-Lroo  having removed (literally, having srzoved,
mneddled with) the treasures at Olympia and De2lphi.  The genitive is
employed on account of the partitive force of the verb.  ----- 0a3
teitCoVt. Pericles here replies to what the Corinthians said, I. 121. ~ 3.
- rovs  vYOvS refers to the mercenaries drawn fiom  other countries,
and are to be distinguished f'om  the;iTroLKo  (resident aliens), their
service being limited mostly to the fleet, although they were sometimes employed as garrison soldiers and in campaigns.  Cf. Boeckh's
Pub. Econ. Ath. p. 261.    -  i j.... ~v, if we ourselves and the resident
foreigners having embarked were not a match for them, it would be a
thing to be feared.  For the construction of o'vrov, see N. on I. 71. ~ 6.
ro-aE refers to what has just been said about being a match for
19*




430                           NOTES.                           [Booi 1.
the Peloponnesians. -   5r-ep is in apposition with the sentence Kvepvrjraec....'EXXahs which follows, iE'or  being understood.  ~-  a'XXq7
is here employed as in 7raiav Kal  yvvaiKar, Kal rTp [XXijv Ka-racoKerlv,  II.
14. ~ 1.  This use of a/XXqjv is merely distinctive.  Cf. Xen. Anab. I.
5. ~ 5; VII. 3. ~ 48; Odyss. 6. 84. -    V7rrqpeo-av (abstract for the
concrete) is used collectively, and therefore takes wrXEov9 and atIEWvov
in the plural. Cf. Mt. ~ 434. 2; S. ~ 157. 3.
2. Kat e7r; r-E KtLVBZV1o K. T. X. constitutes the second reason, why
the attempt of the Peloponnesians to draw away the Athenian mercenaries would prove abortive.  7r;t is here used TEXLK)JS (see N. on I.
65. ~ 1), for the sake of danger, and belongs to  EraLTro —rTv re abroi
eEVyetv.  Cf. K. ~ 296. II. 3. c.  The rendering on account of danger,
would make  Trha.... ikXrt8os   a needless repetition.-   fTv re avrov
keCvyeLv: The Schol. supplies KarotKlav, which Bloomf. pronounces to
be harsh, and understands y7v, not in the sense of country, but of the
French sejour (Engl. sojourn, temporary residence). -         Kal responds
to re, and is strengthened by ilma.          tfepLov depends on  crton-oQ
and 8'acEors (a giving) is governed by evEKa.  This succession of genitives is rather unusual in Thucydides.          EKELVOLS refers to the
Peloponnesians.
3. rotavra KaZt rapanrXatLa. See N. on I. 140. ~ 1.- ral  E ql7rvETpa
(sc. 8oKe;).... adrWXXdXaLt, but our affairs seem  to be free from  the
disadvantages (S. ~ 197. 2), with which I have charged them.  &mvrep
EKELVOrL EeFLJtaU'iqv.  Verbs of blaming are followed by the accusative
of the thing in which the reproof consists, and the dative of the person
who is blamed. covrrep is therefore put in the genitive by attraction
with its antecedent TooUWv.  Cf. K. ~ 284. 3 (6); Mt. ~ 384. 3.  Some
may prefer to regard  Jvwrep as the genitive denoting the cause of
blame (Mt. ~ 368. 5), and then there will be no occasion of constructing it as the genitive by attraction. The orator having discussed the
condition of the Peloponnesians in relation to the approaching war,
now proceeds to set forth, by way of contrast, the superior advantages
of the Athenians, which he proposed to do, I. 141. ~ 2.  -'/XXa
advantages. -        oK  ir' Troo tOov, "; non ex ceguo (sed longe magis)."
Poppo.
4. &r'l T/V E&KElvOY, sc. Xepav.-    E'K rTO  6/Olov, the same thing
(= equally disastrous), is a predicate adjective-phrase in agreement
with IIHeXorovvro-ov.... 6aracoav, the subject of f'ffrat.  Cf. Mt. ~ 574. p.
998. - (/XX77v territory. --       civaXi, without fighting =  unless acquired by arms. This word is written J'LaXEL in all the editions before
me except Dindorf's.  -./.v....rroXXi6.  Archidamus refers to this.
1. 81. ~ 2.    Kar' 7jretpov, i. e. in Thrace and Ionia. -   8/, for.




CIAr. CXLIV.]                   NO   E S                               431
5. rKvEaoase  bi. "A  formula requesting attention =- consider (what
I say)."  Bloomf. --        dX7rTroTepot, more impregnable than we.  a'rX7rros, not to be caught or laid hold of. --       ort eyyvrara roTrov 8tavo -.(vrag, forming our plans cas far as possible in reference to this (i. e.
to the state of islanders); " entertaining views and feelings as near as
possible to the state of actual islanders."  Arnold. -          ot'ida refers to
villas and country residences, as is evident from the next sentence,
which is parenthetical.         av'iCv, i. e. eris ye7 Kia  TrO-v  o0KLv.. —
oXXc   7XErklorr.  The Peloponnesians boasted of their numerical superiority, and to this Archidamus alluded, I. 81. ~ 1.        - u) belongs in
sense to opyLtFeivrag as well as to 8&ayaXEhrrat (see N. on I. 12. ~ 1), and
therefore Poppo remarks, that it properly should have been placed
immediately after Kat. --  KpaTrloravres, if we should be victorious. See
N. on I. 71. ~ 6.  The participle so often contains the protasis, that
except in special cases no allusion in these notes need be made to it.
O — voK;XdTv-o, not inferior to our own.-   ra....rporardo'XXvrat, the aid derived from  our aellies, in which our strength consists, is
(-=will be) lost also; or, our allies (-a rr)v vuyLdLXcov), whence we
derive our strength, will at the same time (7rpoo-) be lost to us, i. e. will
desert us. Compare what is said by the Corinthians, I. 122. ~ 1.  This
shows how little dependence Pericles placed upon the attachment of
the allies to the Athenian cause. The defection did not take place,
however, till after the disastrous Sicilian expedition, although previously the Athenians had been defeated in a land engagement at Delium  (IV. 96).-   qi'vXaco-ovo-t refers to the allies and not to the
Lacednemonians as the Schol. thinks. --....  OvrToY, unless we are
able. ---    o-pai-5evw depends on tKavJ)v. -    O- oKst&. S. ~ 194. 1.rFov (rO/LaTroTO, for the pei'sons, opposed to oiLKtv, and superior in value,
as being the possessors of these houses and villas.   - (aVrov S.... 8g, -
aat, I wozuld exhort you yourselves to go forth and lay thenm, waste.
CHAPTER CXLI V.
Other things might be mentioned which promise a successful termination of the war (~ 1)
the discussion of which things is promised at another time. The orator then dictates an
answer to the Lacedcemonians (~ 2); which answer he deems just and in accordance
with the dignity of the state (~ 3), and also worthy of their ancestors, who with far less
resources resisted the Median invasion, and advanced thc, prosperity of the state (~ 4);
thus they ought to resist the encroachments of their enemies, and hand down their
possessions unimpaired to posterity (~ 5).
1. InoXXa  E Kal aXka.  The Schol. says that Pericles hints here at
the acquisition of Sicily and Italy. But how is this consistent with ilv




432                           NO'  ES.                        [Booe  I.
p....orr-crrcera  which follows?        E.s....repLEc(rero-aL tending  to
inspire hope of victory.    adpXjv re 7 ElrurrlTaoZalt not to acquire additional dominion = to enlarge dominion by making fresh acquisitions.
This prudent advice was lost sight of in the ill-fated expedition to
Sicily.  Kai responds to re.     KLVBVOVC.... rrpoor[L 37Oeaatl not to add
self-incurred dangers (to those which are necessary).
2. EKe`va refers to 7roXXai (XXa, ~ 1 (init.). -    a!ta'rots Epyos =
" dum  res ipsce gerentur, i. e. in ipso bello."  Poppo.  --   oVrTOLS....
2aao/iev.  The order is, drror[w/o o/evs (a-rovs) roTroLs alroKpLtVaivo
oir- Meyapias /tev eacTO/lev.  The position of Mseyapeas before /IeV OrtL
gives it prominence =  as it respects Megarca, that we will permit it.
-  - ev-1Xa-lasoar-a-/v, an expulsion of us as strangers =  alien acts
by which we are expelled.  The Spartans took this course, in order
that the pure Doric character and customs, handed down by their
ancestors, might not be contaminated by the intioduction of foreign
novelties. The plural form ($erilXao-lat) is employed in reference to
the various regulations attending its practice.  Cf. Muiill. Dorians, II.
p. 4. N. g. --     eKlVO refers to the hMegarean decree, and ro6E to the
alien act of the Lacedamlonioans. -        KWOXVEL is taken by some in the
sense of KOoXETraL. Hermann governs the pronoun by Kara understood.
Haack takes ov KaXVfl in the sense of ovBEv KC)X;VEl. I prefer to take it
impersonally, and thus Arnold translates, it forbids neither the one notr
the other in the treaty. --    8  responds to the preceding  Edv, and introduces the second concession which the Athenians would be willing
to make, provided the Lacedoemonians would give independence to
their own states. -         El.... E&o-tFraL-alreIsa, if they were independent
when we mnade the treaty; literally, if we made the treaty having them.
independent. --   KaKE&lVOt, i. e. the Lacedamnonians. -  / it.... Errt718ElogE, not in a manner subservient to the Lacedenmonians (cf. I. 19.
~ 1; 76. ~ 1). Bloomf. remarks that instead of the more recondite /r
orlrtv E'7rtr78Etcos  avbrovoFeLuo-at, we should have expected adroaJo-lv
av;rovoiLav.  The subject of aurovoElio-at is omitted because it is the
same as the object of the preceding proposition. --   KLa N6  o'rE
introduces the third, and 8  oGvK iptolcr the fourth and last division of
the response, the words of which end with datvvovL'c3a. -        adroKpvacaat is the subject of the propositon in which it stands.  Some malke
the peroration to begin with this sentence.  But it evidently cornmnences with ~ 3.
3. 7roXE/LEv, sc.'pa/. -     OrTL-7rEpytyLyvovra (result, accrue to), depends on EtZB'at Ui Xp'.
4.  r7 ro oocoiBes O6plOIFlEVot = proceeding (to the war) with such
abundant resources (as v   possess).  0ptioLpFvot happily expresses tho




CHAP. CXLVI.]                    NOTES.                                  433
eagerness and ardor with which Pericles represents their Grecian ancestors as rushing to battle. -     yvc        and the following datives denote means. e- s-.... aura (so. Ta v7rrapXovra), advanced the state to
its present greatness.
5. hY  (i. e. rsv 7rarepcov) depends on Aeltreotal, to be inferior to.
--   rog El'rtYLYVo/.LEVosL', to our posterity. ----   Ad e'Xccr-o, not worse,
unimpaired.
CHAPTER CXLVo
The Athenians approving of the advice of Pericles, reply to the LacedTemonians that they
will do nothing at their command, hut are ready to submit their differences to a fair
arbitration (~ 1).
i. r  EKELtoV 17vyrp, in  conformity  with  his counsel.             ou83v
eAXEVO/evot woi ar-oev, that they would do nothing upon command.
Karb TaS iTVV?7KaaS   according  to treaty. -       o ItYv, i. e. the Lacedeemonian ambassadors.  Cf. I. 139. ~ 3.
CHAPTER CXLVI.
Such were the mutual criminations and grounds of complaint, which preceded the war,
and which commenced with the affair of Epidamnus and Corcyra (~ 1).
1. atrlat....E yEvovro.  Cf. 1. 23. ~ 4.  --  crro... K.KEpKVp a.  Cf. I,
24-55.  -        re7yyvvvro-E v a'ras =  they had intercourse 4with one
another.  -       d'KpiKrwES without a herald =  without aflag of truce.




BOOK IL
CHAPTER I.
After the return of the Lacedoemonian ambassadors, all intercourse is broken of na.d hos
tilities commence.
1. EV;YElV   i. e. from this time.  The Schol. explains it: arn   r(vTqs
rs  aLrTlas-, referring  it to  the Platxan  affair which was about to be
related.  Haack  approves of tlhis. -            ov"re —re.  As the second of
these connectives has its own verb, it has an affirmative meaning.  Cf.
Mt. ~ 609. p. 1080; S. ~ 229. N. 1.  -   (K7pVK7TI.  See N. on I. 146.
~ 1.  --  eKaar    aire9e,.... E7roXe'ovv is elliptitcally put for KaTa(o-rWires
(=KaTaor7C CE'vTerY.  Bloomf.) EIv nTXEqtoV TE $VVEXZOE   E)roXEeovZ.araT.... XetFztva.  "Nomine  Sepovs comprehendit ver  et Testatem,
XelIUIroC   autumnnum  et hiemem."   Petav. X. de Doctrin. Temp. 28,
cited by Arnold.
CHAPTER I.
In te fifteenth year of the thirty years' truce, some Tihebans make an entranrce by nigbht
into P]attea (~ 1); this was done by the connivance of certain Plateans, with a view to
their own aglrandizemelnt and the bringing over of the city to the Theban confederacy
(~ 2); is this mnovemlent the Thebans were inflllenced by a desilre to preoccupy Plattea,
before thle lhostilities (svhich now seelned inevitable) between the Athenlaills and Peloponnesians had actnally begun (~ 3); having entered the city they plrudently refirain from
deeds of violence, and seek to bring over the city by negotiation (~ 4).
1. y(rp- is emnlpoyed in reference to  lpXeTanE  in chap. I. -         E-; yetLrlv = BtcE/etLrvv.   -  Ev3olae.  Cf. I. 114, 115.   -    E.rl,... LFpOFLEV7Eq
(being priestess).  The Schol. remarlks that it was the Argive  custom
to reckon time by the years of their priestesses.  Cf. Smith's Dict.
Antiq. p. 471.  -    &oiv Uiovra.  So we say, fifty  wanting  two, or
wanting two of fifty, i. e. forty-eight.  Cf. C. ~ 140. 3.  -                V'r    o




CHAP. IL]                      NOTES.                              435
/IAvas, yet two months (accus. of time), i. e. two months remained before the time of his office expired.    -  er-a..... ZEKv.  Cf. I. 62. ~ 5.
----  ALa  pi apXoyevp, at the beginning of spring.  "To define more
clearly the notion of coincident time, c/jia is added to the dat. absolute."  Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 699. Ohs. 2.  The affair at Platita took place in
March or April (A. c. 431. 0lylnp. 87. 1). Cf. Dahlmann's Tab. Chron.
Class. Mus. I. p. 189. -  a'v~pers....rplaKoo'cov, 300 men and up2war'd.
Demosthenes briefly touches upon this affair, KATia NEapar(, p. 1578..- f3oorapXoivrEs.  There were eleven of these officers elected annually by the independent cities and states of Bceotia.  Some, however, so interpret IV. 91 as to make Thucydides speak of twelve, and
others, thirteen Bceotarchs.  If the'last mentioned number is the true
one, as Arnold thinks it is, there mnust have been twelve states, since
each state elected one Bceotarch, and Thebes two. According to Plut.
(Pelop. 13), after the return of the exiles with Pelopidas, there were
three of these officers at Thebes.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 151.
-         rept rpi&rov v'rvov, about the first sleep - the first watch. Thebes
was 70 stadia (cf II. 5. ~ 2), i. e. about two hours' march from Platiea.
Of. Leake's North. Greece, II. p). 359.-   s Ilkdratav Tr7r Botcortar,
into Plattea of Bceotia.  See N. on 1. 114. ~ 2.  Cf. I. 108. ~ 1; 1II.
105. --'AXrvacov  -'Ar/vat/ots.  C. ~ 389. R.
2. ErrIydayovro, called in. --  NavKXeISBr and ol Ier' avmro  are in
apposition with ailvpes. -        aivSpar depends on Ba   eipaL.. —--  r-ov
7rXLroTrov is the partitive genitive. --     alo-rw, i. e. Nauclides and his
faolion. --  7rpoorrotLat, to bring over (cf. Xen. Cyr. III. 3. ~ 26).
Platsea had formerly belonged to the Bceotian confederacy, and now
was to be reunited to it.
3. AeovrJLaov.  This was the Leontides who went over to Xerxes
with the Theban forces which he commanded at Thermopyl. -
ycio. indeed.  Cf. K. ~ 324. 2. c. -'r-t i'otro.  The optative is here
used in the dependent clause, because the statement is made not as by
the speaker himself, but as it passed in the mind of the Thebans.  Cf.
Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 885. Obs. 1;  S. ~ 213; C. ~ 587. 2.-? —-- 3oXovro.
This verb sometimes takes the temporal in addition to the syllabic
augmlent.  Cf. C. ~ 189. 1.-    aCle —oUcav, which had always been.
See N. on I. 8. ~ 1. - fr  ivY ZEp'vnh, while yet there was 2eace. -
7rpoKaTaXan3ev, to preoccupy. -—, on this account (cf. I. 11. ~ 1; 25.
~ 4), i. e. because hostilities had not yet actually commenced. --
paov fXa~ov Eo-EXtovrTs, they effected their secret entrance more easily
= it was more easy for them to enter uZnobserved. r- 7rpoKaeo'rrl7Kv arv,
tad yet been set. C. ~ 556. II.
4. zE'leVOLt.... Xa.,piling their arms in the mark7et-place.  Re



436                             NOTES.                           [BooK II
ference is had to the shields and spears, which were piled as soon as
the Greeks halted. Cf. Xen. Anab. II. 2. ~ 20; III. 1. ~ 3, et snipe al.
-     Fpyov Exeoroat =  to begin the fight, as the epexegetical clause scai.... XSp)v shows.  For the genitive, cf. S. ~ 192. 1; C. ~ 368. 2.
-;X-bpv of the Theban faction in Plattae.  -  yvco,7tv 81e e7rotoLVo.
See N. on I. 128. ~ 7. -    K17pvy/arLt (KqphacrO), proclamations. --
E=rLT778eLot, suitable to  conciliate.      Esr $vsj3aotv, to  terms, to a
treaty.  b- sXlav  is a noun. e- Ec' TLS  ovXeraT.  The oratio recta
is used to give emphasis to the expression.  Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. ~ 886. 3.
-- Kaa..... Bostcorv, according to the ancient institutions of all the
Beotians (= the Beotian confederacy).  To these ancient constitutional usages the Thebans appeal, in their reply to the Plattoans (cf.
III. 61. ~ 2; 65. ~ 2; 66. ~ 1). --    rlEoLat.....o7rXa.  " By inviting
the Platxans to pile their arls with them, the Thebans meant that
they should come in arms from their several houses to join them, and
thus naturally pile their spears and shields with those of their friends,
to be taken up together with theirs, whenever they should be required
either to march or to fight." Arnold. --    roVr?- rmT  rpdOmr, i. e. by
the proclamation just spoken of. --  -rpoo-Xoporp-tv,  would come over
to, would join,
CHAPTER III.
The P!atpeans, ignorant of the number who had entered, and fearing the consequences of
opposition, enter into a treaty with the Thebans (~ 1), but when they see how few have
entered, conceive the idea of attacking and overcoming them (~ 2); they concert measures
to effect this (~ 3), and when their plans are all arranged, at the beginning of dawn, they
sally forth from their abodes and commence an attack upon the enemy (~ 4).
1. r'o-ovro —oYras.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3.  -,rXeovs  than had
really entered. --    rrpbos  jg3aoltv.  See N. on II. 2. ~ 4.        aiXXcoe
rE KCaL, especially. -    Es.... E'veorEpltov, they (i. e. the Thebans) did
nobody any injury; more literally, made no change in any one's condition.
2. 7rpaorovres.... KtarTEvoTrav, but while doing  these things (i. e.
negotiating and carrying into effect the terms of the treaty), they
somehow perceived.  r- 6jyap p..... dlom-raro-at, for the mass of the
Platecans had no wish to revolt from  the Athenians.  The construction
will be seen by referring to K. ~ 284. 3. 10. c; S. 201. 3; C. ~ 408. See
II. 60. ~ 1.
3. 8top'oVTooree,  by breaking through; literally, digging through,
as the walls of the houses were built of clay, earth, or burnt brick
Cf. Matth. 6: 19, 20; Luke 12: 39. --- Kotvo  refers to common om




CHAP. IV.]                           NOTES.                               437
partition walls.  -- r&v VrnroCvylov, the draught-animals. -            v'....
~, in order that they (i. e. the wagons) mnight serve as a rampart.  The
singular verb is here used for the plural, by way of accommodation to
the appositional phrase avrt reLXovS  (= vreXoS), or roLro, referring to
KaLo —rdavat rars ad/das, may be supplied.  Mt. (303. 1) refers this construction to what grammarians call the schema Pindariecum  et Baootiunz, by wlhich, with plural subjects masculine and feminine, the verb
put in the singular as with neuters.
4. csb (sc. 13'avavro) eK rTCv 3vvarcv, according  to their ability, or
perhaps, according to their means would better suit this passage. -
Eroita is here employed in an absolute sense.   - -. uvk avreTE....7replop2pov, waiting for just the beginning of dawn; literally, waiting
for the time when it was yet night and  the day was just dawning.
This was a time most favorable for surprise. -- 7rpooE'povrrae (see
N. on I. 13. ~ 5, and Poppo's Proleg. I. p. 282) refers to the Plateans,
and ylyvowvrar  to  the  Thebans.  -     EK To'L'OoV =  L(TO.  C. 449. /3.
-,O/3epTrepoC, in  greater consternation.  The adjective  /oErpsr
may signify feeling fear as well as causing fear.  -   dt~rretplas  is the
genitive of cause denoting by reason of, on account of (K. ~ 272; b.
~ 194. 1), and does not depend upon the comparative i#croovs.
CHAPTER IV.
The Thebans seeing that they are deceived, form themselves in close order and at first
repel the enemy, but the Platseans with their women and servants, assisted by a sweeping tempest and the darkness of the night, rush upon them and kill many, as ignorant
of the streets of the city they attempt to flee from their pursuers (~~ 1, 2); at the same
time a Platwean contrives to fasten the gate through which they had entered, so that they
have no place of egress (~ 3); thus hunted up and down the city, some throw themselves over the wall, others by the compassion of a woman effect an escape through a
gate, and others wandering up and down the city are butchered (~ 4); of those who remained the major part throw themselves into a large edifice (~ 5), and there being inter
cepted, the Platsans debate whether they shall burn them in the building (~ 6); at last
the Thebans give themselves up (~ 7).
1. oi 8' refers to  the Thebans. --'ymo-v o rar?rarytEPo.  See N.
on 1. 25. ~ 1.   -  $vveo-rpiEovro.... avrosr, formed  themselves into  a
close body, as Bloomf. and Poppo  think, in the form  of the,rXtvhlov.
--- ra  7rporr3oXhr  of the Platoeans.  -    7rpoco7ri7rrToev refers to the
Platwtans. --       dare3oovro, attempted (see N. on I. 57. ~ 4) to repel,
2. datr  ill awr  r&sv OLKLOiV is employed in reference to the standpoint of the Thebans. -- - XoXvy,5 refers to the shouts of the women




438                          N OTES.                       [Book 1I.
and is imitative of the sound. -    Xi'ots as denoting the missile is put
in the dative.-    KpcaiLo/  is here used collectively for tiles. -     VETOv
— FroXXo, a violent tezmpest.  It was not the rain which had fallen
and by which they may be supposed to have been wet, which incomnuoded them, but the continuance of the storm  in all its fury.a7retpot iuev is opposed to E!rWElpovs 8& infra. -, where. -     rev
Btdoov depends on'retpot. -     yap explains why the night was dark.
---  reXEvrTvros   roil 51qVS, at the end of the month (i. e. the lunar
month, the year being reckoned in lunar time. Cf. Smith's Diet.
Antiq. p. 178) = when there was no moon. -     /lurelpovs —ro0!1q EKEVyELtv, "well acgquainted with the means of preventing their escapge;
literally, skilful in or for their not escaping." Crosby.  Bloomf. renders, those who _pursued them that they mnight not escape. But why
add Troi tt EdKEvyetLV, for who would suppose that the Plateans pursued them for any other purpose?  Such a tautology is not to be presumed in a writer like Thucydides. -     c- ore (ecbatic, see N. on I.
65. ~ 1) is here followed by the indicative, because the result or effect
is indicated as a fact.  Cf. K. ~~ 341. 2. 3; 306. R. 3.     7roXXol,
many. As the captives were 180 (cf. II. 5. ~ 7), and the whole number
300,rnot quite one-half perished.
3. ra vi7rXas is the object of KXetLre.  - crrvpacKc   "; the spike at the
lower end of the spear-shaft." Liddell and Scott. The OrTpa$ (whence
the diminutive TrvpaKLov) was a pointed cap of bronze, in which the
bottom of the spear was enclosed, and by forcing which into the
ground, the spear was made to stand erect (cf. Virg. JEn. 12. 130).
See Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 467. -     f3aXdvov-fe robv fioXXdv. The
gate was fastened on the inside by a bar (/oxXdsv), which was kept in
its proper position by a cylindrical piece of iron (a pin, bolt, 3caXavoe),
passing through the bar perpendicularly and entering a hole in the
gate, so that, unless it was taken out, the bar could not be removed
and the gate opened. To extract this bolt another piece of iron, fitted
to it and called 3akavcaypa (a thing to catch the bolt of a 3gaXavos), was
employed.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 776. Bloomf. finds an obscurity in Es rTov ioXXO'v, which he would remove by supplying Kal avrTO
f4aX6ov before these words. -    /     riSEar-T, no longer.
4. es r6 Ci- o, over the outside. -     oi 7rXelovS  of those who leaped
friom  the wall. ~-'ipmFov, i. e. unguarded. --    Xa.o'vreTI Kal ataK5.
CavLreS- =XaCov 8taBKOCdavrer Kal.  As the words now  stand Port.
renders, clam et effracto vecte. --    ob 7roXXot. The reason is given in
the next sentence introduced by yap (explicantis).  -   aXXo....
a&rcoXXvvro, but others scattered about in different parts of the city
perished.




VtP. V.]                     NOTESo                                 439
{5. r7  t  rrsT-'rov of those who were left. --   orov /uaLc ra, most
especially such as.  -   e,'arlrovolv  is put in the plural because rO
arXkea-rov is taken collectively.  Mt. ~ 302; C. ~ 548; S. ~ 151. 2. -
o  v ro  retXova (see N. on I. 134. ~ 1).  Bloomf. with Port. translates,
which was contiguous to the wall.  But''LXEro instead of'v would in
that case have been employed, and it seems unwarrantable to supply
exoIESOv. -o       ai 7ArXqrlov (to the Thebans) ZipaL.  For this inter
change of the relative and the demonstrative, in the continuation of a
proposition, cf. Mt. ~ 472. 3. p. 782.  In consequence of this change,
Haack encloses at.... avrTO  in a parenthesis.  The same  critic remarks: " at 7rXro-Iov,Spta  nihil amplius est, quam  propinquce januc
[qune] sane in  adversa sedifieii, quod ad  muruin  pertinebat, parte
erant." -      od6eLEVOL.....fea,, thinking that the doors of the edifice
were the city gates (r/vXav).'VrtKpvS, straight, plain.
6. ~E3ovXVE'oV7o ELTE KaraKacO(Tco-Lv  )o-Tep EXovo(LrVE tTE-XPJLcTOvrat.
The use of the indicative instead of the optative in the dependent
clause, gives life and energy to the narrative, and makes the subordinate proposition em)hatic.  Cf. K. ~ 327. R. 2.
7. Xprjrao-raet.... [ovXvwraL  to be treated as they (the Platatans)
might please, i. e. they surrendered at discretion.  For the passive
signification of Xp'o-aou3at cf. Mt. ~ 532. a.
CHAPTER V.
A Theban reinforcement which should have reached Platmea in the night, now arrives (~ 1),
but, in consequence of the rain and the difficulty of crossing the Asopus, too late to assist
their companions (~~ 2, 3); the Thebans meditate retaliation upon such of the Plattans
as lived in the country, but the Platteans in the city anticipating this, threaten to put the
Theban prisoners to death, in case any injury is done to those without, bat promrise to
restore the prisoners, if the Thebans will evacuate their territory (~~ 4, 5); which promise
the Platrans deny that they ever made (~ 6); the Thebans retire from the territory,
whereupon the Plataeans remove their friends from the country into the city, and put all
the prisoners to death (~ 7).
1. botE  aEct-l7rapayEvEro-Ta L who wer'e to come according to previous
arrangement.   -  T9 VVUKTOS is the genitive of time, and rravrrparta
is the dative of accompaniment.  -   E'rL aSpa tA,} rrpoxOzpotZq (sc. Tr
7rpiyyaTaa), if perchcdce sutccess shoukld not attend.  The apodosis takes
the indicative (ala) because the assertion is positive, but the protasis
is put in the optative to denote the possible occurrence of the thing
spoken of.  Cf. Mt. ~ 524. 3. - 4'rrfe,3oiovv, came to their aid.  The
imperfect is here employed de conatu (see N. on I. 57. ~ 4), as no aid




440                           NOTES.                          [BooK 11
was really furnished.  Poppo however remarks, that ioELiv frequently has the signification auxilio proficisci, &LI io'rov TLVi  being
sometimes added.
2. Trov e efi,&.  S. ~ 197. 2. - -3 {'&op, the rain.  Cf. II. 4. ~ 2..-         ~el /iyav,.flowed deep = was swollen.
3. 7ropevdFlevo.... 7rapeyEovro,  by their marching in the rain, and
the difficulty with which they crossed the river, they arrived too late.
-'-  lr, already.        a dvbp&v limits r-v pLv and  fiov te taken partitively.
4. 7ro0..... IlXaTaLv, against such qof the Platceans as were without
the city (i. e. living in the country).  rCov IlXarai&v depends on TOis
o'.  -   Troav yhp K. T. X. explains Trotis  ico, and E';3oXovro yIp i.
epexegetical of E7TEf3OVXEvov at the beginning of the section. -        oho....yEvoALEvoV, inasmuch as the evil cacme tupon them  utnexpectedly (it
being) in a time of peace.  Cf. S. ~ 226. a; C. ~ 662. ---- El Tva XaB3oLEv-v  apa  TVXoo(r U -ovEE  dSG)YPTrpOvot, "1 could they succeed in taking
any prisoner-should any happen to have been taken alive."  Arnold.
This translation is based on the distinction which he lays down in the
use of the moods, that the optative expresses uncertainty, with no
intimation on the part of the speaker or actor in respect to the probability or improbability of the event; whereas the subjunctive shows
that an impression is entertained of its probability, although the thing
is yet uncertain. See N. on I. 95. ~ 1 (end). But Mt. (~ 525. 6) seems
to regard the moods as used together here in an equivalent sense. ---
v-raPXELv depends on lf3ovXovro.
5. ol LEy is opposed to or 86 in the next sentence. ---- Cr....
aVTrJV, while they were yet deliberating. 7 —    repl troTs ee, i. e. for the
safety of those without the city. -         gtr..,.  pdceLav, that they had
acted unjustly in what they had done. ~s ra 7rerOLrotEva is the accusative
denoting the abstract of the verb. S. ~ 181. 2. For the optative, cf.
S. ~ 213. 2. --    repa2tcvre~s has an active signification. --   T e r o
is written as though  OrTL oh, and not ogrt ogre, had preceded. --
AEyov is to be connected with E'd$E`re/Jav. —- ar'rois refers to the
Thebans. -         EL,uE =  EL 8;, otherwise, inasmuch as it follows a
negative sentence (cf Jelf's. Kuhn. ~ 860. 5).  There is properly a
partial ellipsis in this phrase, to be mentally supplied: but if they did'
not abstain from doing injzury, they said, etc. --    os'Xovot Ovras =
whom  they held prisoners. -         dvaaXopoaivrrowv contains the protasis
(see N. on I. 71. ~ 6).    baro&c"o-etv.  Repeat'kaoav.
6. E'sropodatcc qalrv avrovs7 affirm  that they (the Platsans) swore to
(lrt-) the observance of this agreement (TrarTa). -        oZX  p/oXoyoiZc-tl
deny.  ob is used where a single word in the sentence is to be made




NAP. VI.]                        NOTES.                                 441
negative.  Cf. K. ~ 318. l.. —   evvsr, inmediately, qualifies arroeoL-tV,  and is opposed to the time designated in XCyeWov rpTrov yEYvo
vcoyr (se. diroalvat) which fllows. --  oi" qararv.  See N. on o'x
i/CoXoyoeov-t.
7. oiv serves here as a particle of reference - as for that mnatter,
(however the truth may have lain with either party) the Thebans
withdrew, etc. ---  E'o-eKol'av.ro refers to the Thebans. —  arr-KreLvav
rove av3pa S EvsiE. That this atrocious deed was performed in violation
of the stipulations expressed and implied in the treaty, is very manifest.  The perfidy as well as cruelty of the act so exasperated the
Thebans, that they could be satisfied with nothing short of the utter
destruction of the Platteans. --- Evpv;'laXo.  Cf. II. 2. ~ 3. --    7rpos
~or, with whom.  K. ~ 298. 3. b.  -   ot 7rpo&&6Yvres, proditores.
CHAPTER VI.
The Platrans having sent a messenger to Athens, put their affairs on as good a footing as
possible (~ 1); the Athenians on the receipt of the intelligence, apprehend such of the
Bceotians as were in Attica, and direct the Platscans to make no disposition of the prisonors until they blad consulted with them (~ 2), for they had learnt nothing of the state of
things subsequent to the defeat of the Thebans ( 83); the herald finds on his arrival that
the prisoners have been put to death. The Athenians place a garrison in Platsea, and
remove the women and children to Athens (~ 4).
1. rogvo refers to the slaughter of the captives, and the messenger
(4iyyyAov) was the third one sent to Athens on this occasion (cf. ~ 2
infra). Poppo is disposed to refer rovro to the whole transaction.vrro(orrdvoovs.  See N. on I. 63. ~ 3. -      r- 7rps   rrapdvrmc according to
the present state of things, belongs to D EWoKeL.
2. jyy Xkr/ has the force of the pluperfect. -- -  evSs-KaI, as soon
as.  So the Latins employ, statimn  atque-sinmul atque.- r-.....
yeyevrtueva =  the situation of the Platseans.  This refers to the news
brought to Athens by the first messenger, relating to the surprise of
the city by the Thebans (II. 2. ~ 1).  Upon this the Athenians apprehended all the Bcotians within their city. Before they had time, however, to reply to this first message, a second messenger reported the
defeat of the Thebans, whereupon an answer was returned respecting
the treatment of the prisoners, which did not reach Platnea until the
captives had been slain.  A  third messenger was then despatcl ed to
inquire of the Athenians the course to be pursued in the existing state
of things. I am indebted to Bloomf. for the substance of this note.
-- o-os =  7raocs ool,, of which the antecedent is followed by Bow-)




442                             NOTES.                           [BooK IL,rav as genitive of the whole. -     w7rpLv —3ovXstrcoos.  The subjunctive
is employed (as usual when substituted for the optative) for the sake
of vivacity and emphasis. It is referred by some however to the time
of 7rotLEv.  Cf. Jelf's Khhn. ~ 848. Obs. 3.  For 7rplv lav, see N. on I.
91.           a 3.  aTV i. e. the captured Thebans.
3. yazp shows -why the Athenians directed the captives to be saved,
viz. because they were ignbrant that they had already been put to
death; and the next yap explains why they had not received intelligonce of the death of the prisoners. --   /a....tyvoe)  as soon
as the entrance (of the Thebans) took place. --   o 6   Evrepor.  Repeat et$L. p- pTrL VeVrtKlevcOV   (so. Op3atcov), just after the Thebacns
had been conquered.  a/prT is often used to denote that which takes
place immediately after some other event. -    ry   ( tv-repov (S. ~ 169.
1), i. e. the parley with the Thebans (I. 5. ~ 5), and the massacre ot
the prisoners. -    o-w rcO 8j, thZus then,
4.,uera -rafra.  The interval could not have been very long, as it
was necessary to put Platea immediately in a posture of defence.;o-yayov from the country of the Platreans, and perhaps in part from
Attica.      rove' dapXELordrovy in respect to war.
CHAPTER VII.
After this affair at Platina, the Athenians and the Lacedoemonians make preparations for
the approaching war, both parties forming alliances as they were able with the king, the
Barbarians, and the surrounding states (~ 1); the Lacedilmnonians adopt vigorous measures
for increasing their navy (~ 2); the Athenians calefully examine their resources, and
send embassies to the places around Peloponnesus (~ 3).
1. Gs  7roXC/qrjo-vrES =Jfor tfe acpproaching twar (K. ~ 312. 6; S,
~ 225. 5).  I have placed a comma instead of a period (with Dindorf),
after 7roXeFrro-vres, inasmluch  as srpeo-r3eIaS   re /yLEXXoVrres — iapg3(1poll
refers alike to the Athenians and Lacedmeonians, as is clear from the
following words O'Xrtsolv   riTrepot. --  O'o-u.... GvVec/E CCeoS, as mnany as
were not subject to their power (literally, as were beyond their power).
Reference is had to the states spoken of in the following context.
2. AaKeasttoriots       -,L TrrpOs' K. r. X.  The grammatical obscurity of
this passage is such, as to baffle every attempt at a solution -which
shall be free from objections.  The conjectural readings and criticisms
are numerous, and for the most part make " confusion worse confounded."  The general idea is clear, and this circumstance is of no small
advantage in the verbal interpretation of the passage.  After reading
carefully and repeatedly the criticisms of Poppo, Coeller, Raack, Ar



CHAP. VII.]                   NOTES.                              443
nold, Bloomf. and others, and studying the passage itself, I haN e come
to the conclusion that this translation is the least liable to serious
objections: those states in fItly and Sicily, which had espoused their
(i. e. Peloponnesian) caz(se, were commanded by the Lacedcemonians to
build ships, in addition to those already on hand there, according to
the size of the states. In this translation AaKebatluovplot is put for the
dative of the agent (5_  io7r AaKebatqsovlaov), and a7roD = EV'IraMa Kal
tLKEXtl   elicited from  2f'IraXiar  Kal EtKeX1av, which words are to be
constructed with TOr TdKEIVOW oXOP'oVt.  Supply vanot with NrapXovaratE.  The pronoun E'KElVVW (in TrJKelvov)   avrc~v referring to the
Lacedmumonians, and ro4 —iX&opLE'ot (to those-who had espoused) limnits 7rercdX37o-av (cf. Jelf's Kiihner, ~ 589. 3). One of the most difficult
things in the grammatical analysis of the passage, is to determine the
subject of J7rer'XE toav.  Arnold supplies the subject from  ro7s CaKe/Yow  eXO/LVOL; Goed. from  Kara  /iy/eo:s   TBfa  T rdXEOWY.  Bloomf. with
Kistem. regards va~s as the subject (cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 898. Obs. 2).
Poppo finds the subject in o[ 6ittvaxot, supplied from  ol AUaKaeiacnlkvo
real o[ $ttaxol, or from srd'Xkect rE  vfaLaXSa (~ 1 supra), which on the
whole I prefer as the most natural and simple. --.rov ra',rH a Cptm5,1v
lrefers to the Italian and Sicilian ships, those on hand and those which
were to be built.  Bloomnf. unnecessarily adds those of the home alliance. In respect to the greatness of the number (rervraKoo-L'oV), Bloomf.
iwell explains it by the immnane quantum, the piyya Xcr-ta,  between
human plans and their execution. --       }pymyptov pr/ordv.  " The highest
amount (among the Peloponnesians) which each state could be called
on to supply, was fixed once for all, and it was only on particular
occasions to be determined what part was required.  In like manner,
the supplies in money and stores were regularly appointed, so that an
army, with all its equipments, could be collected by a single summons."
AMiill. Dor. I. p. 198. --   Erotavev,, sc. E7terdCaX7.  ra — t  r' a'XXa, in
other respects.  The participles'o-~vXadiorrae and aeXoZ4Evovs conform to
the infinitive ErotlaEw.:-.a. vit.. With more than one ship, it
might be presumed that they came with a hostile intention.
3. 8E in'AStqvaort &d responds to  pEl in the beginning of ~ 2. --
i&XXov = diligentius. Poppo. -     KIE'pvpav. It will be seen by those
who have read I. 24-55, why the Corcyroeans took part with the
Athenians. -        KelaXXtlvtav. Cf. I. 80. -     E-Eos.  This is not the
optative of the oractio obliqua, but is used to designate uncertainty as
opposed to the certainty of the indicative. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 885.
2 (end). -       arawrokeXc7aoares, is here equivalent to   OUXXevrSe with
the infinitive (Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 681. Obs.), and depends on 5pjWTreS (videntes, i. e. intelligentes. Bothe).




444                            NO T E S                          [BooHi IL
CHAPTER VIII.
Both sides prepare for war with the utmost ardor (~ 1); many predictions are nttereu Dy
oracle-mongers (~ 2), and the great earthquake which happened in Delos seemed to
prognosticate the coming events (~ 3); the generality of Greece take sides with the
Lacedmemonians, and, on account of their great animosity towards.the Athenians, assist
them to their utmost ability (~~ 4, 5).
1. OXlyov.... ao'repoL, both parties contemplated nothing small,
i. e. they anticipated a severe struggle. --'wvTro is the pluperf.
with the signification of the imperf.  Bloomnf. finds in this word an
agonistic metaphor, its signification being to string one's nerves to an
undertaking. -    apXXdOEVoL, in the beginning. --  -yp explains oVK
alrELKdroTc  (see N. on I. 73. ~ 1).   -  E - Kal, and also. 6- ro5 adretplas, from inexperience. The Schol. quotes the proverb: yXvKgUS adretlp.rrAe/os..- LErTEopoC YV, was aroused to the height of expectation.
--    srpcOro  in power and influence.
2. XdyLa, oracles.  X- Xpl-uoX6dyoL, fortune-tellers, oracle-bards,
who sang their prophecies composed in verse, " oracle-mongers." Liddell and Scott. Against this worthless class of impostors, who were
regarded as nuisances by the better portion of the community, Aristophanes directed the severest shafts of ridicule and satire. Cf. Aves.
960. —-v     roTE 7sOL /LEXXIovoL-7rodXtv.  The masculine form  is used
in the first member, reference being had to the inhabitants of the
cities. Cf. S. ~ 158. 3. b.
3. e'rT 8h AtXoS;EKLVtV3.  Herodotus says (VI. 98) that the earthquake which shook Delos a little before the battle at Marathon, had
never been repeated in his memory. As Herodotus lived to see at
least the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, it is singular that
he should have had no acquaintance with the earthquake to which
Thucydides here alludes. The historians are usually reconciled in this
apparent contradiction, by supposing that Thucydides refers to the
sarne earthquake as the one spoken of by Herodotus, and that aXiyoV
wrpo roVroov rrporepov  is to be taken with considerable latitude.  But
we cannot think that Thucydides would have expressed himself so
loosely, or that he would have referred to the event at all as being
prognostic of this war, if it took place some seventy years before.  I
think, therefore, that the event referred to by Herodotus either never
really took place (it resting solely on the authority of the Delians), or
that the one here spoken of happened after Herodotus had finished
his history.-   E1dKet seems to show  that Thucydides himself hald
little faith in these prognostics -    dae vreLTo, were inquired into.




CHAr. IX.J                     NOTES.                               445
4. 7'ape 7rroX, by far, belongs to /A&XXov. ---  rpoeFrLdvrwv  (sc.
AaKe8aLtovLov). The genitive  absolute is here put for the accusative
in agreement with AaKebaatovltovsg.  -  ort riv'EXXkdba EXeveepovo-tv.
In respect to this war, Miill. (Dor. I. p. 215) says that it iwas the union
of the free Greeks against the evil ambition of one state.  But see N.
on I. 121. ~ 4. --  ascrois refers to the Lacedellonians. --.....  rapir-rat, where any one himtself was not present. cX refers to Ev TroTC.
5. ov'rws 8py~ eJtxov, were so enraged.  Cf Mt. ~ 577. p. 1003.oel /sv and Ol &8  are in apposition with 7rXeovVs. -   f3ovXouevol. See
N. on I. 37. ~ 2. --  7rapao-KEvuj   denotes the manner.
CHAPTER IX.
This chapter contains a list of the confederates of the two great and powerful states, which
were about to engage in a struggle for the eupremacy.
1.'ApyEtov.  Next to the Lacedlumornialis the Argives were the
most powerful people in Peloponnesus  and through rivalry and difference in the form of government these states were at perpetual variance.  This will account for the neutrality of the Argives in the first
years of the war. -   rTOvrOL, i. e. the Argives and Achoeans. -
TraveTEs the Achlaans.  Cf. VIII. 34. ---  AoKpoi Opuntii, not the
Ozola3.  See N. on I. 103. ~ 3; 113. ~ 2.-    oKics.  "Anut erravit
scriptor, aut mox ad adversaries transierunt." Poppo: Proleg. I. 2. p.
297.
2, O1rTcov is the partitive genitive.
3. Xios, AiE3tot.  These were the only islanders in the Egan
sea not subject to the Athenians. Samos is not mentioned, because it
had surrendered its fleet and become a tributary (cf. I. 117. ~ 3). --'AKapmvuaov otl,retovr. The (Eniadw are the ones particularly excepted.
Cf. II. 102. ~ 2. It appears from this that the Arcarnanians were
not a people joined closely together, but composed of separate districts.  -'XXkal.... ocorat, some other states which were tributary;
not, somne other tributary states, which would imply that the states
previously mentioned were tributary.  The position of the article
would also forbid the latter translation. -     Kapla, AcoptriL, etc. are
nouns employed in specification, and hence are put in the nominative,
the dative being regularly demanded by lv E'Zo-L rooe-oioae.  Cf. C.
20




446                             NOTES.                           [Boox It
~ 344. 2. --- Kapl 7trpo o-LKot, adjacent to the Carians.  In its most
extensive signification Caria included Doris, which refers here, as the
Schol. remarks, to the islands of Rhodes, Cos, and the peninsula of
Cnidus. -     r-rpor i'Xov  vgeXovrra.  The Cyclades and Sporades were
not directly between Peloponnesus and Crete, but in an eastelly direction. --    n-crt a a' iXXa  KvKXad8Ee, i. e. besides those lying between
Peloponnesus and Crete, viz. Andros, Scyros, and the islands on the
Thessalian coast. -        MsXov KaZ Oepas.  These belonged to the Lacedamonian interest.
CHAPTER X.
The Lacedmemonlans send orders to the Peloponnesian states to get their forces in a state of
readiness, with a view to an expedition into Attica (~ 1); all thing.s being in order, the
troops assemble at the Isthmus, where the officers and commanders of the allies are addressed by king Archidamus (~~ 2, 3).
1. 7rrEptIyyeXov..... frtr3esta.   The order is:  7repst'YyeXXov rais
rd teo- Kar i 7rv  leXorurdvyrov Kai royv eoo (without Peloponnesus)
$vtcaxlav (abstract for concrete.  See N. on I. 118. ~ 2) Trapao-Krvd-.e(b-at o-rpartlsv ra re ErT1treta. -     --  o ea.... EXEtV.  The period for
which supplies were to be furnished was forty days. --    s Eo-3aXoVvres, in order to malce an irruption,.
2. E(Kr-TOLSt (= LtO' EKaCrnTCO) of the confederated states. -    otena.
See N. on II. 3. ~ 4 -     yIyvo-ro, sc. yrdrua. -  -— Eptvov by the
Lacedmmonians, who were the leading people in  the confederacy.
-     ra a~Uo  sL;'pq, the tqo thirds (cf. I. 74. ~ 1).  "'For expeditions
without Peloponnesus,  -a a&o /s;pps (i. e. two thirds of the whole) appears to have been the common proportion required from each state."
Mull. Dor. 1. 199. N. 5.
3.'ApXI[aaos.    The first ten years of this war was called'ApXa'c
uos 7rodXEtLo  after this king. -- -rovE-E'v riXE, those in command,
the commanders. See N. on 1. 10. ~ 4. -- -rapeovas depends on ~t,yscaXMaav.




CRAP. XI.                           NO TES.                                  447
CHAPTER XI.
This chapter contains the speech of king Archidamus to the officers of the allied forces assembled at the Isthmus. He begins by reminding them of the strength of their forces
now in the field, admonishing them at the same time, that they are advancing against a
powerful state (~ 1); their behavior should correspond therefore to their former glory,
especially as the eyes of all Greece were upon them (~ 2); they should by no means relax
their vigilance on account of their powerful and well-organized force, but be in a constant state of readiness to encounter danger (~ 3); for the events of war are doubtful, and
attacks are oftentimes suddenly made, and want of caution has resulted in the defeat of
forces far superior to those opposed to them (~ 4); in a hostile country, they should be
bold in their plans and cautious in action, for thus their seculity from any attack would
inspire themln with courage (~ 5); they ought to expect fiom so powerful a/state as Athens
the most determined resistance, especially when they see their country invaded and ravaged (~ 6); for all men are excited when they see themselves suffering injury, and especially will this be true of persons so impulsive as the Athenians (~ 7), who, while they
think it right for them to ravage the territory of others, will not wish to see their own
thus dealt with (~ 8); in a war with such a state, it behooves the invading army to be
obedient to orders, and conform to discipline as the surest ground of success (~ 9).
1. ol $5,4uaXot, sc. vLews.  Cf. Xen. Anab. II. 5. ~ 39.  - r7Jre
depends on tctEova. --     aXXa.... epXdELea, but [as we have a very
large force] so also we are now nzarching against a most potoerfuiz state.
---  rparTCVzOYvr.  Poppo says, "in participio  o-rpaTfvovr-E  singulare
quidcdam  teinere querit Matth. ~ 556. N. 1."   See N. on I. 7. ~ 1.
2. rc....    re.... seopovr, nor inferior to our own glory.  V- erpratL =  EIEreopdr ErTL  (IT. 8. ~ 1). -—'A9lvacov is the  objective genitive. -      vrpabcal tisr, that we may accomplish, depends upon ev'voLav
exovrra, to  be  mentally  repeated  in  the sense of wishing, desiring.
Such a dilogia is quite common in so compressed a style as that- of
Thucydides.
3. r6  (i. e. rtvl) belongs to  srXt~Et, and  supplies the place of our
indefinite article (S. ~ 165).  In such a use it generally follows its substantive. -----  ar-XESa   7roXXlj E atL =  to feel much certainty. --            a
EXbehLv'-8ta  iXaysX, will come to battle.  For ai' with the infinitive, cf.
S. ~ 215. 5; for the use of 8td, cf. K. ~ 291. I. 1. b. —- roVTro  refers
to the preceding clause  e' ro.... C Xr.. -.ateAX oTepov re, any the
less cautious.  Mt. ~ 457.'- r-  Kas' abrod, as far as pertains to
himzself for his part.  ]Matthice (~ 283) says that the article is redundant in these phrases, which must be rendered as if they were parenthetical.
4. et....yiyVOVra, oftentimes attacks are made suddenly (if X3Myov)
ancd through passion.   -  Be&oM - "sibi cavens, prospiciens."  Poppo.
-     fI'eCoo.  Supply mentally ~ o  7rXEsovE  r70'rXao- o         Xoo. 




448                            NOTES.                           [Boos  It
&...... yeveoo aL, on account of their being through contempt (of their
adversaries) unprepared.  For the use of the participle, see N. on I.
9. ~ 1.
5.  Yv 7r FroXeitq, in a hostile country. o     T-yvdt0fn by its antithesis with -rco f pyc (in the execution) must have the sense, in council,
in planning. --- 8Et'ras.  See N. on BELOSt, ~ 4. ----  rpoS   (in re
ference to, in)...E IvavrIot limits eAVtvXoTrarot.
6. ad'varov-ovSrco, thus unable. — rov 7trao-,v refers to the means
of resistance possessed by the enemy, and limits 7rapsErKevar-aIE'l.  S.
~ 206. 2.  In respect to the thing spoken of, cf. I. 80. ~ 3. -         a- Ka
7r-dvu (see N. on I. 3. ~ 1) eXqr(ivE, fully to expect. ---- &L,dXtrS i;va
See N. on ~ 3 supra.  -   Ev o' responds to vuv. -        rd- ria-pe(ev in the
Athenian country referred to in e'v Tr7  y7.  -  AXX' or'av, yet (they
will be in motion) when.
7. rao-t.... 7rpoo(T-rrrTE  for all are angry (literally, anger comes
upon all) to see themselves with their own eyes, and at the present moY
ment suffering some unusual injury.   For the construction of 7rdoxovrrar of. S. ~ 255. 7; C. ~ 633.-    Xoyteyuo:, reason, reflection. -
25vtL.... KaLoTaruratL  " are the  most hurried into action by passioa."
Bloomfield.
8. rXeov T71   laiiXov rt. Kriig. -       v ri' /iXXov depends on  rAMov,
----  CKO  is the predicate and'AIlqvalovs-roiiro  8pirat is the subject
of the sentence, E(rrTOL being understood (S. ~ 150. 4). -        /pXELv depends on atovac. ----  b7ofv depends on EI7rLoVre.   -- TrjyV  avrTVW  sCo
byovptEfv elicited from the preceding anofv.  Cf. K. ~ 346. 2. a.
9. hE osv, since then, introduces the conclusion of the speech. -
Er' UaLorepa = as they shall turn either way, i. e. be prosperous or
adverse.  This phrase is epexegetical of  6e5avr  which has in this place
the sense of good or evil report, according as the contest should terminate.  Eirl denotes'conformity to' (K. ~ 276. III. 3. b). --   o7 
cKeL oe &rq, into the place where.'-;'v rTs  (one)  7yr7-at.  For the
use of the subjunctive in adverbial sentences of place, cf. K. ~ 336;
~Mt. ~ 527. 1.       reppl 7ravrits rOLOVUievot, regarding it of the highest impzortance.  Matthim (~ 589. 5) s5i)s that the idea of advrl seems
herle to be implied in rrepi.  Cf. Vig. p. 253. III.  r-....    X6XdteCVO t.
13loomf. gives to 8EXd'EFOLt the double sense of hearing and obeying:
quiC7e  to hearc and prompt to obey your orders.  o-:d6e  refers forward
to 7roXXoV's.... qeaeePoaLZat.




oan, XlI.]                       NOTES.                                 449
CHAPTER XII.
Archidamus sends Melesippus to see whether the Athenians are disposed to give way (~ 1);
they refuse to admit him into the city, and order his immediate departure, affirming that
they will receive no message from the Laced.emonians, until they first retire to their own
country (~ 2); at the same time they take measures to prevent Melesippus from having
intercourse with any one (~ 3); upon his return, Archidamus breaks up his encampment,
and marches forward into the Athenian territory (~ 4); the Boeotians ravage the Platoean
territory (~ 5).
1. droorrerXemL-e'1 rt.  Supply  fJKet0dfrLEV ov, or some such word.
See N. on I. 58. ~ 1.  rt depends on eo'voev.  -- /aXXov than at the
time when the last embassy was sent (I. 139. ~ 3).    - iv3oiev, would
give in.  This is like our usage of the phrase. —-  eiv 02  0verar.  The
Peloponnesians were now  at the Isthmus, on their way to Attica.
Cf. II. 10. ~ 2.
2. ol;e, i. e. the Athenians. -         arrov refers to Melesippus. --
To KOLtOY.  See N. on 1. 90. ~ 5. --       pvKa....rpoo-3;Xeo-cat is epexegetical of yvc;ur/, or perhaps some would construct it as the subject
of 7v, in which case the sense would remain the same. -                 adKovcra
his mnessage. -      EKroS.... avrstep6v, to withdraw firom their bou'ndaries that very day (as Arist. I. 250 explains it, 7rpi?OXlov avYvovror, before sunset).  eKroS  oipov eLtaL is something like our brief expression,
be off  with yourself.  The order here given was by no means an uncommon one.-         dvaXcop6oavmrar refers to the Lacedfemonians.
av~rcv agrees with the genitive implied in o-(iErepa.  C. ~ 454. 8. -
dycoyovoe, as escort. --      owrro  has the telic sense. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1.
3. 70rOuroe refers to'e.... dIp9eE (is the beginning of).  The prediction in this passage (of which many imitations exist) was most
fearfully verified.  gre is here the sign of a direct quotation.
4. o,5e3 n-oe, not yet (although threatened by so powerful an inva,
sion). ---   ovTro 8, so then, then indeed.  These particles are often
found in the principal clause, when it is placed after the subordinate
one, to denote its result. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 839. 4.   -'pas rT oarpaT6, setting out with his army.  at'pco is used both of armies and fleets.
avrsicj refers to the Athenians.
5. /epos  tLo 7r' o' O-ETFpov their quota.  Cf. II. 10. ~ 2. -        aT
TrovC vVrrrEar is not epexegetical of jNpor, for the reason that tile Bceotians are said (II. 9. ~ 3) to have furnished cavalry, and because of the
presence of the article. For it is not said in the passage referred to,
that the Bceotians furnished only cavalry, a thing rendered very im.n




450                                 NOTES.                              [BooK II.
probable, when the extent and resources of that state are considered,
and in respect to the article it gives the sense which Goel. and Poppo
adopt, u1ive'Crsum  equitatuni suurn.  Roeder then: their quota of fbot
forces arnd all their cavalry. ~-   ro-   XELSrro uOVS     ( — Xotlroi.  Cf. V.
114. ~ 2) is the dative of accompaniment.
CHAPTER XIII.
Pericles suspecting that the Lacedaemonians, for the purpose of rendering him odious, will
spare his estates, gives notice that should this take place, he will surrender them up to
the public use (~ 1); he repeats his advice for them  to remove their effects from the
country, to hazard no general engagemrent, to give their attention to the navy in which
lay their strength, and to look well to the allies whence is their principal revenue (~ 2);
he bids thei:r take courage from the excellent state of their finances, and the ample treasures laid up in the citadel (~ 3); to which might be added the uncoined gold, the public and private offerings, and the sacred utensils (~ 4); money could be raised also from
other sacred gifts, even from the golden ornaments of the goddess (~ 5); thus cheering
them he finally expatiates on their military strength and resources, and their naval
power, all of which he shows to be fully adequate to meet tile approaching emergency
(~~ 6-9).
1. E'r....  vXXkeyoPEvvv,, but while the Peloponnesians were yet assemhbling. --     IeptLKXJ.... a rdS.  See N. on I. 46. ~ 2.   -    yvcroLdyefr1v ('was about to take place).  See N. on I. 25. ~ 1. -  to) 7roX-.aKLts)  lest perchance. -       ZELa is opposed to AaKe8atsovloW  KEXevrOavrWov.  So  3ovXOdevoD    XapteocSat is opposed  to  erl BmajoX~ -rj eav-roS
(- in order to r-ender him  an object of calumny).  The reflexive pronoun does not here refer to  the subject of the sentence in which it
stands, but to that of the principal sentence, and  must therefore be
rendeled  himzq, and not himself.  S. ~ 161. 1. --    TOVs  aypov's aOvoO,
his estates.         Torro  refers to rovs.... 7rapaXlT7r,.   -          rrep....
eKelOVO contains a reason why the Lacedmmonians might be expected
to do the thing just mentioned.  -   rTpo77ydpeve aro?-'ASqvalots  K. T. X.
"Simili prudentia Annibalis astutiam   elusit Fabius."   Huds. -                  ov... yEvoroLT  (SC.  ireoS), notwitlstanding he should not be his friend to
the injury of the state. -          rob, JCav-roS is not repeated with  o1lKxar,
because the  two  nouns daypobs- and oKL.as- form  but one conception,
and therefore the adjunct applies to both.  Cf. K. ~ 245. 2.   -  anccreoaL-.  For the use of the  subjunctive for the optative, see Ns. on I.
26. ~ 2; 52. ~ 3. --    (sir/(Ttv depends on 0art after JKKXq0-7C la, and is to
be repeated, as Goel. says, before ytyvEoTat, in  the sense of /3om;Xerql
or seXeE',e.  Kriig. makes it depend on 7rpos7y'peve.




CIAP. XIII.]                  NOTES.                               451
2. halrep Kal 7rp0oepov, the same as before.  Cf. I. 143. ~ 5.-  ri
vaVTtKV Y.....EprvE3o-aL.  Cf. 1. 142. ~ 4 (end). --     tah XetpoS C'Xev =
i L'LtvaL, or (as it is expressed III. 46. ~ 5) ao0bpa qbvXiooELv.  " To
keep a watchful eye over thlem, and by no remissness encourage them
to revolt."  Arnold. -     Eywcov belongs to the subject of 7rapy'eL, i. e.
IIEPLKXS.-    riv o-yXbV aTrois, their (i. e. the Athenian) strength. -
arm rovrov refers to the allies, and is to be constructed after r.ov....
7rpo68ov. --- -rTr Xppdr-cov depends upon ris vrpoar6aov, the revenu
of money.  Krig. governs rs  vrpo-do'ov by ard'. -         KpcaEro-caL (obtineri. Poppo) has for its subject 7rpciypara understood to which 7roXkca
belongs.
3. 7rpocrtOvrov.... raXadvrov, because (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) there'was
accruing 600 talents. --  &s Erl  7Xb orokX. See N. on I. 12. ~ 2.(opov depends on TaXa6vrkr,  anld denotes the material.      aro, from.
--     7  rTOdke limits 7rpoo-dvror. -      ris a'XX7r. 7rpocd0ov from  the
public lands, mines, customs, alien taxes, fines, market tolls, etc.
Irtwlw uov, coined; literally, bearing an inscr2sptio n  stamped.-  r.....yErETro, for3 the gross sum'was 9700 talents; literally, 10,000 talents wanting 300.  See N. on II. 2. ~ 1.  The yhap in this sentence is
explanatory of E'rL rOdr  (yet at that time), which implies that some of
the funds had been drawn out. The difference between the two sums
here mentioned (viz. 3700 talents) had been expended upon the public
buildings and in the Potidean war..-        7i rpormXama, the 2ropyle.
Col. Leake (Athens, I. p. 465) says that tlp prominence given to this
public work, by thus designating it particularly, may have been in
consequence of its more recent construction and its comparative cost.
--     es Hori8bamn   (cf. I. 56, et seq.).  It appears from II. 70. ~ 2, that
the whole siege of Potidea cost 2000 talents, but a part only of this
sum  had been expended, when Pericles made his financial statement.
Leake (Athens, I. p. 470) estimates this portion to have been in round
numbers 750 talents, which leaves 2950 talents for the expense of the
buildings.-    ciaravqXc0pl is without a subject, as many transitive
verbs are without an object.  Krtig.
4. X~Optr, independent of. -   ~s 7'.  There is some obscurity in
the use of wv in this place.  Poppo with several other critics is disposed to omrit it altogether.  In that case, the construction might be
ar'cpXovror (from ~ 3) XpvTov —oK;'cXovos.  If 6v is the true reading, we should have expected Xpvnlo v —orK fkacr-ov?'v.  -- Trakcvrov.
S. ~ 198.
5. hrt 86, but mzoreover.  -   AXXwo than the temple of Minerva in
the Acropolis, " the Parthenon, which was the treasury of Athens."
Arnold. -K-    Kl before'r) connects ofs and Xpvaclot. -?V....  rawv



452                         NO TES.                        [BooK IL
r-ov, if they should be wholly debarred from  all, i. e. the sources of'
revenue and income which have been previously mentioned. Reference is not had to the sacred utensils and offerings, for it was lawful
to use these in emergencies, if their value was repaid (see N. on I. 121.
~ 3). The case supposed refers to a cutting off of revenue and tribute,
in the contingency of a revolt of the allies. --    rdXavTa is the predicate.   o-,ra(-nUOv, by weight. l- arE;%ov, refined; literally, boiled
down. ~- fr EXdo-oco = equal in vcalue.
6. xptxLaoL   ":0on the score of funds." Bloomf.  o- o'rv i. e. by
a recapitulation of the financial resources. --  -rptrxt)tovs Kal tvptovq.
The 3000 hoplites employed in the siege of Potidvea are inl;luded in.
this number. -     rcyv 7rap' E'aaXv,) Of those who lined t/he parapets.
So Arnold explains.  On account of the continuous position of these
parapets, the singular is used collectively for the plural.
7. o0 TroXEjuLOL, i. e. the Peloponnesians. -  -- Eo-,aiXoev.  See  it,
~ 521. --- IerooiKow (see N. on I. 143. ~ 1),oaw, i. e. the looreXE7s, composed of the richest and most respectable class of Jd;roLKot. --  yCp introduces the reason why so many men were employed in guarding the
fortifications, viz. their great extent.      abakXrnptKo T7EtXovS. There is
some difficulty in reconciling the statemen4; of Thucydides in this place,
by which it appears that besides this Phaleric wall, there were two
others called the Long Walls, with what vwias said I. 107. ~ 1, r  11nKpa.... Iiepala.  Col. Leake could find no vestiges of a third wall, although the foundation workl of two wallo, distant from each other 550
feet, could be distinctly traced.  The declaration, however, of Thucydides, that there were three walls, is so plain and direct that it must
be received with confidence of its truth.  The following seems to be
the true and only solution of this apparent confliction in our author's
statements.  The inner wall (i. e. To Earo0_ev) was called the southern
in reference to the northern, or when the Long Walls were spoken of
without any reference to the Phaleric wall. But when the Phaleric
and the Long Walls were referred to, this southern limb of the Long
Walls was called the middle wall.  The southern or middle wall
(either term being employed according as the speaker had in his mind
the Long Walls alone, or the Phaleric in connection with them) was
built A. c. 445, in the commencement of Pericles's administration, and
was designed, as Arnold thinks (see his note on this passage), to render secure the communication between Athens and Pireus, in case
the enemny should force the Phaleric, or turn it by a descent into the
old port Phalerum.  Those who wish to examine this subject more
extensively, are referred to Arnold's note (above cited); Col. Leake's
Topog. Athens (2d edit.), pp. 417-434; Poppo's Proleg. Vol. IT. 250,




CHAP. XIV.]                   NOTES.                               453
et seq.; Bloomfield's Hist. of Thucyd. I. p. 313; Goeller's note on this
passage, and Woolsey's Gorgias, p. 142.       Kv KXov. The wall around
Athens was circular in form.' frt 8U airoU  o6 =  a part of it;
literally, there is of it what.-  r, cewrav..... a   aXjprKoo  explains
aret.... o. This portion of the city walls lying between the two
walls, is said by the Schol. to have been in length seventeen stadia.
--  r0'Eozev, the outer one, so called in the relation in which both
the Long Walls stood to the Phaleric wall.  For the same reason,
Thucydides would have called the other wall ro' e'-coe)v, the inner one,
which would have responded to the ro  la&h bEl'oov 7JEXoS  of Plato.
The reason why the southern leg of the Long Walls (i. e. the inner
one in reference to the three walls) was not guarded will readily
appear, when it is borne in mind that it lay between the northern
limb of the Long Walls and the Phaleric wall, both of which were
guarded.  It appears from what has been said. that the whole line of
fortifications to be guarded was 148 stadia in length.
8. 7TrgrOTO$OTaLt, horse-archers, mounted bowmen. --- - aKooLtov9.... -odoTra. As the orators snake mention of only 1200 bowmen who
served on foot, Boeckh (Econ. Ath. p. 264) thinks that the difference
-nay be accounted for by the fact, that the mercenary (Scythian)
bowmen were at most 1200, but that the others were either citizens
of the poorer class, or resident aliens, who were light-armed, and
chiefly trained in archery.
9. ovb..... ro6roT, and not less in each particular, i. e. no one of the
estimates was overrated.-   Kaio-'ravro refers to the Athenians.......roX,cE)  to show that they would carry on the wcar successfully;
literally, for ca demonstration that they woould be superior in the war.
CHAPTER XIV.
The Athenians listen to the advice of Pericles, and bring their families and effects from the
country into the city (~ 1); not however without extreme reluctance (~ 2).
1. aiXXrv.  See N. on I. 143. ~ 1.       av'Tv..... vorXoovt,   taking
down the very wood-work of their houses (in order to remove them).
Some erroneously render K(aatporvYreS, pulling down in the way of
destroying. But why not set fire to their dwellings, if that was their
object?
2. XaXerr&r is equivalent to an adjective in agreement with 7 sva'racrTls.  Cf. Mt. ~ 309. c. --  Tos iroXXois, the most of them, is the
tubject of ctotE;vat.
20o




454                             NOTES.                             [Booa  II.
CHAPTER XV.
The design of this chapter is to show, that the Athenians from the earliest tines had been
accustomed to live in the country, for before the time of Theseus, Attica was composed
of towns, having each its own government and quite independent of the king (~ 1); bus
Theseus united these towns into one political confederacy having Athens as its capital,
and thus left the state to his successors (~ 2); before this period, the city consisted only
of the citadel and the space at the foot of it towards the south (~ 3); a proof of which is
the present situation of the principal temples and works of more ancient times, and the
name city which is still given to the Acropolis (~~ 4-6).
1 ETE;pCoz  (nations) faXXov.  See N. on I. 85. ~ 1.         roirro, i. e.
so ev aypotLs  {aLT'aS;eXLv. -'sri yp KiKponros for in the time of
Cecrops.  K. ~ 296. I. 2.   -  Kar'.  See N. on Kaira Kcofar, I. 10. ~ 2.
r,- rker.  There were twelve of these towns according to Strabo.
E-'xovo-a =  each having.  The singular naturally proceeds firomn
Karc 7rdoetr, which Bloomf. would repeat in the sense of se2papratiz   or
pagatim. -         CO is to be constructed befojre  iovXE(vdOlEVOL, in order
to consult. --       17roX ercuv   with  one another.  "' Male Bloomf. Tr
aarkXEL supplet." Poppo.
2. EfiaclXEvo-, became king.-       rd re T/XXa, in, many other respects.
E-.... rav.rasT  and having appointed one general council and prytanceumn, he caused all to come together (for public purposes) into the
present city (as into a metropolis). -          venopev`ovr....XpCZat, and
compelled each, enjoying his own (private) rights as before, to use this
as one city.      &7raavrov.... avrriv, since all were now reckoned a part
of it.  So Arnold, with whom Haack agrees in the main.  Others render belonged to it, and others still, contributed to it (i. e. paid taxes to
it). Bloomf. is disposed to unite these two meanings, or rather to consider the last as embracing the idea of politically belonging to it. —TOaL E'zrara, to those who came afterwards, his successors. --       vrvolta,
Syncecia, a public feast celebrated by the Athenians, in memory of
this union of all the towns under one government at Athens. It was
kept on the 17th Boedromion, the third Attic month, comprising the
time between the 23d of August and the 21st of September. Schmitz
says that the feast was celebrated on the 16th of Hecatombmon, the
first month of the Attic year.  Cf. Smith's Diet. of Antiq. p. 924.,votKla is in apposition with Eopnrrv.  -    7lFcorerFX, at the public cost.
3. "'We have now, to the end of the chapter, another minute
digression, suggested by the words  eya'X?7 yevoE;`Vq."  Bloomf.          To
&e npb ro0roV, before this.  Tr  is the accusative of time when, and
precedes rrpob roVoT  (sc. Xpo'vov) taken adverbially.  Cf. Mt. ~ 283; S.




CnAP. XV.]                    N OTES.                               455
~ 169. 1. --- -   diKpo'roAXs, with which D vry  ov'roa (see N. on rev vur
7TOXLY  ooav, ~ 2 supra) is to be taken, is the predicate.  Stanley well
remarks (Class. Mus. I. 51) that the original destination of the Greek
citadels -was not so much military as social and religious, and that
their character was not that of a fortress for the accommodation of
garrisons only, but in early times the seat of the infant city, and in all
times the home of the ancestral gods of the people.  Hence (the same
writer remarks) the traveller visiting Greece for the first time, and not
aware of this fact, would believe that the towering height of Lycabettus, and not the little square rock which nestles at its foot, was the
Acropolis of Athens. -          Kal r.... rerpaslIEEvov, and the part most
especially which lies under it (i. e. the Acropolis) tooards tile south.
4. TreKuptov  be is a proposition by itself.  The ellipsis may be supplied: TrovTov Eaorl rTOrT. Cf. Butt. ~ 151. 6.    s- Ev orti c, are situated
in. -- (/XXc0v than Minerva. -       -'fco the Acropolis. -   rpos roro
To fiLEpov - to the south, inaslmnuch as nrprs vdrov is referred to.-   rd
re....'OXAvo riov, (as for example) the temple of the Onlymnpian Juzpiter.
In respect to the situation of the temples here referred to, I must, for
brevity's sake, be content to refer the reader to Col. Leake's Topog.
Ath. I. pp. 513, 485-498. --, i. e. to Bacchus.  r-  T oyeKdr7
day.  ~'Av:So-'rptLGLt, Antheste'ion, the eighth month of the Attic
year, comprising the latter part of February and the former part of
March, during which time the Anthesteria or Feast of' Flotwers was
celebrated.      vfv, i. e. in the time of the historian. -    vod.lovmv.
See N. on voIkISEt, I. 77. ~ 6.
5. rairy, in this quarter, here.  ~-  Kpivy depends on ExpxYvro, and
is repeated in;KEtVl, in consequence of its having been separated from
its governing word by the intervening clauses.  S. ~ 163. N. 3.-,ri.... KaXovLEV,   that which is now called Ennzeacrunits (i. e. having
nine pipes), on account of the tyrants (i. e. the PisistratidT. Schol.)
having so const'ructed it. --- qbavep&v, visible to the eye.      caXXqtppq7, i. e. beautifully flowing. --  5tlc~, se. e'.  See is ('XXa infira. Cf.
Mt. ~ 409. 6; K. ~ 278. 4. Or if it is thought prefelrable, r-a —ita may
denote the result or purpose of the verb E'Xp)vro. Cf. C. ~ 432. 3.iXpoCro, so.'Aq7vaiot from'AXrvatcov in the preceding context. -
vo[E1raL — -Xp7 a2fat, it is customary to ruse.  See N. on I. 77. ~ 6.
6. aKpo-roXLs is the subject and rro'Xts is the predicate of this sentence.




156                              NOTES.                              [BooK II,
CHAPTER XVl.
this rural and unconstrainecd manner of living the Athenians are reluctant to give up, and
with much grief they abandon their dwellings, being as it were their ancestral temples,
and quit their cities (~~ 1, 2).
1. orv resumes the train of thought from  ~~ 1, 2 of the preceding
chapter, which was interrupted by the digression in ~~ 3-6.  The paragraph as far as $vvK1lsiolV is a repetition of the arguments of these
two sections.  The historian then shows that the union under one
political metropolis, did not win the affections of the Athenians from
their country residences.  At o  pa8Lobes.... Trotouvr'o,  he returns to
XaXErw&~.... e.ylyvro (II. 14. ~ 2), which words gave rise to the digression in chap. 15.        tEIEiTXOV - =used, "clung to."  Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 360.
For the dative after this verb instead of the more usual genitive, cf.
Jelf's Kuiihn. ~~ 636. II. a; 642. b. --   c'v roits aypois follows yevoyLcvoL
(degentes). --  7ravotK1Mr-a, with the whole facnily. --    aprt does not
refer to the times immediately preceding. Its force may be seen in
the translation, soon cafter the Persian war. --  avELXtk dOre, having
9recovered, with the additional idea of repairing and rebuilding, when
their habitations had been injured or destroyed by the enemy.
2. xaXErGs C-'EIepov — KaTaX Lt7rorTe, felt it hard to leave. K. ~ 310. 4. c.
----      ao 1   — r   rpap    o which welre theirs hereditary fanes.  Arnold
has an excellent note on this passage, in which he shows how local was
the religion of the ancients, the gods being supposed to have their own
homes, where only they could be worshipped with acceptance. In
contrast with this notion, he aptly cites John 4: 21, 23, 24.               ovae.... aUTro, nothing else than his own city (= his own city.  Mt. ~ 488.
11). The use of a'XXo is here prospective. C. ~ 541. 3. Bothe supplies
with Kay o3i&v a'XXo the verb;3aprvovro from the preceding context.
CHAPTER XVII.
Those who come in from the country, with few exceptions, are obliged to take up their abode
in the vacant places, temples, and chapels of the city, and even to occupy the place called
Pelasgicum, to inhabit which was laid under a curse (~ 1); the denunciation of the oracle,
however, was to be interpreted far otherwise than it was apprehended by the people, for
the calamity which it foretold resulted from the necessity of its being inhabited, rather
than its being sacrilegious to do so (~ 2); many constructed huts for themselves upon the
towers of the walls, and at last partitioned out and made huts adjacent to the Long Walls,
and in a great part of the Pirpeus (~ 3); at the same time they apply themselves vigorously to the war, draw together their auxiliaries, and equip a fleet of 100 sail (~ 4).
1. Ka-r'ac]vy7.  The verb is to  be supplied from  i,~7rlpXoi -s    ol
E....   Kroav.  Temporary dwellings were probably erected in this




CHAr XVII.]                    NOTES.                              457
nolithern and uninhabited portion of the city. -- — To re IEXaaytKOV.
Haack supplies TreXos, and says that it refers to a place adjacent to
the Pelasgic wall, and deserted froml  the time that the Pelasgians
there conspired against the Athenians. Col. Leake (Topog. Ath. I.
p. 313) says, " the word Pelasgicum was applied not only to a part ot
the wall of the Acropolis, but also to a space of ground below  the
rocks of the Acropolis."  He also refers to this passage in proof, that
it was an enclosed space and not merely a wall.  This is the opinion,
as far as I am  able to discover, of all the best commentators.  -....OLKELV  and which it was forbidden even (Kal) by a curse to inhabit;
literally, to inhabit which was laid even under' a curse.  For 1/j with
the infinitive, see N. on I. 10. ~ 1. ---- r aKporTXEJrttov roloZE, a
certain verse-ending after this sort; some such fag-end (Bloomf.) of a
verse as this.
2. Trovvavrlov.... wrpoce;Exovro,   to have been fulfilled in a different manner from  what they exlpected =- to  have had a different
meaning than the one usually supposed. -            o0  ymap ae& K. r. X.  In
this place Thucydides betrays his disbelief in the oracle.  Calanmities
did indeed result fiom  inhabiting the Pelasgicum, not however from
the curse pronounced upon it, but from  the great necessity, which
compelled the Athenians in face of such a prohibitory oracle to inhabit it, and which necessity, whenever it came, might be predicted
as disastrous without any great claim to foreknowledge.  The ambiguous replies of the oracle are referred to in I. 126. ~~ 4-6, in a way
which shows that our author had little confidence in them. --- at
$vtuzopal yEvE',-2aL. Supply 8oKoro-L from bOKE6 in the preceding proposition.  Mt. ~ 556. Obs. 1.  -   &v refers to 7rdXkeov, and airb to
IlEXaOytKo0v. --  TO avreTeovo with dvoidyaov has the sense of the oracle,
but with 7rpo8elt, the one who uttered the oracle.
3. KareoKEvaraTovTo  qnade themselves huts, "settled, qguartered, or
established themselves." Arnold. Cf. Xen. Cyr. VII. 5. ~ 37. --    KaravetIlutevoL dividing among themselves.  The huts are said by the
Schol. to have been built on the walls, but it is more natural to suppose with Bloomf., that they were built along the base of the walls so
as to be supported by them.       ro-   II epawsv, of the Pirceus, not of
the walls of the Pirceus, as Bloomf. supposes.
4. atma U, but at the same time with the removal of these persons
into the city. -- rO)v?rrro'Tro.  S. ~ 192. 1. --  ayelpovrev belongs
to  prmrrorro as the participle of manner.  See N. on I. 37. ~ 5. --   77
rleXorrovvj,,, against Peloponnesus. Dat. incommodi.
5. E'V roTVr)  7apaoKEvrsV, in this state of preparation.  See N. on
L. 49. ~ 6 (end).




.250                            NNOTEES.                           [Boos I.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Peloponnesian army reaches (Enoe, and making preparations to take it by storm are
for some time delayed (~~ 1, 2); which delay and his tardiness in other respects brilng
much censuite upon Archidamus, for during the siege of (E noe the Athenians effected'heir removal into the city (~~ 3, 4); the alleged reason for this slowness of movement,
was the expectation that the Athenians would make some concession ( 5).
1. daqtcKEro... 7rpcTo-v v    came upon  Attica first at C(6noe."  C.
~ 361. a.  See N. on I. 114. ~ 2.  (Enoe lay on the route from  the
Isthmus to Bceotia, under Cythweron, and on thle Eleusinian Cephissus.:-   7rape oKEvdaovro-7ro-'ro/Evot, prepared to n7ake.  co is generally
found in the construction before the participle.  Cf. Mt. ~ 555. Obs. 2.
p. 961; K. ~ 310. 4. h.  Archidanmusprobably assaulted this place, because he thought it unsafe to leave so strong a fortress in his rear or
on his flank; or he wishled to give some color to the delay, whicl's he
was making for the purpose referred to in ~ 5 infra.
2. avrc qPpovplp-eXp&vro, zv sed it for a fortress.  "With Xp;oas
a second dative often stands by means of attraction, so as to express
the aim or design."  K. ~ 285. 1. (2).  avr-  refers to Oifvo77, but conforms in gender to  /povplt.  Cf. Kr. ~ 61. 7. N. 1.           O Trorre —araXadfot.  The optative here denotes indefinite frequency.  See N. on I.
49. ~ 3.   - aXXcov,, otherwise (than it should have been) =  to no purpose.  -    Xp6ov, for a while, some time.
3. atriatv, censture, crimination. -    drr' aoro?, i. e. from  the consurmption of so much time at (Enoe.  -     0oK&v, appearing, seemingn.
-     yV....7roXa; ov (cf. I. 80, et seq.).  Bloomf. renders  ovpayoy~, the
assembly or congress (of the allies).  Kriig. translates it, Anregung,
the incitement, the rousing up, which, by referring  to the spirit and
object of the congress, seems to me to contrast more forcibly with
aXnaKo's, than though put for the congress itself. --         o  7rapatLrvv (becatuse he did not advise) vrpou'oLs  71roXqpE&l.  Cf. I. 80-85. ---    aXev, e.woseed him to censure.  See N. on j GKfV? KoarTEaXe, I. 6. ~ 3.
4. E;  rS Xpov  7To/vT, i. e. while the Lacedmemnonians were staying
at CEnoe.          do'K0vv..... KarXaa ev =- it seemed  probable  (cf. C.
~ 551) that if the Peloponnesians haa advanced with rapidity (8tal z -
XoVs —T-aXwos), they would have found every thing qwithout the city.
a-    v belongs to KaoraXai3v.  S. ~ 215. 5.'-  d 7....-.tE.XX 5 tV%
unless through (=-but for) his delay.  Cf. Mt. ~ 580. 2. b; Hoog. Gr,
Part. p. 55.
5. V = eMri  --- Ka~GSqp   halt, stoppage. ----  mv-ELtv rt. See N.
n IL. 12. ~ 1.




CHAP. XIX.]                    NOTES.                              459
CHAPTER XIX.
The Peloponnesians not succeeding in taking CEnoe, and receiving no proposals of peace
from the Athenians, break up the siege, and marching forward into Attica, lay waste the*
country (~ 1); after defeating a detachment of Athenian cavalry at Rheiti, they proceed
to Acharnse, and ravage the surrounding country (~ 2).
1. 7racav ih8'av depends on 7rfEL/paovres.  Poppo professes himself
in doubt between this construction, and that of the explanatory accusative (cf. Mt. ~ 425. 5; K. ~ 279. 7).  If the latter construction be
the true one, avrlsT  referring to CEnoe must be supplied witl 7retLpaoaJTrev. -      oUrco &' (then indeed) responds to e'7ret8a.    opFcro-avy
Te -= delparting. a- dr' a-}re, i. e. from  (Enloe.  -    eTr.....yEydLteva is to be construed after r'e'pa.  -y —eyfo'eLEva has the sense of a
substantive (= the event), and is therefore followed by the genitive
Oft3a[ov.  Cf. Mt. ~ 375. Obs. 1.    - e'v IIXuaTala depends upon 7ray-evdtevao,  and not upon rewv aEXbd3vrcov Oraoalotv. -- roL n epovs....
adKcdiovros, in midsummer and when the harvest was ripe; literally, in
the height of summer and of harvest. Arnold says that the commencement of this ravage of Attica could not be later than the end of June.
Goel. refers r-o  altTroV dKaCoVro7-  to the time when the corn is in
flower, and Leake says that the harvest in Peloponnesus begins about
June 10th, and does not end before July 20th, or the beginning of
August.
2.'EXevo'-va.... i7reLOV. Eleusis was situated on the bay of the
same name, about midway between Megara and Athens.  Its modern
name is Lepsina.  North of-kthe town was the Eleusinian plah, in
which was Thria, about three miles north-east from  Eleusis, which
gave its name to the greater part of the plain. ---  rpomrsv-E-rotLoav'ro, put to fight. --   rtva —1hrrTeov = a detachment of Athenian
horse.  It is not to be supposed that the whole of the invading army
marched to Rheiti, for this repulse of the Athenians was doubtless
effected by a detchlment of the Peloponnesian horse. -     7rept rovE'Pelrovs, at Rheiti.  These were two salt lakes on the eastern margin
of the bay of Eleusis, at the entrance of the plain, and forming the
boundary between the Athenians and Eleusinians. Cf. Leake's Topog.
Ath. II. pp. 138-141. -     7- AlyadXeov....'Axapva's.  From the Thriasian plain the invading army passed on until they came to the mountain ("summit of the mountain." Arnold) Corydallus, where  they
appear to have left the Sacred Way, and with the mountain on their
right, pursued their march to AcharnD, a town sixty stadia (cf. I. 31.
~ 2) north of Athens.  Dodwell, cited approvingly by Poppo (Proleg.




460                             NOTES.                             [BOOK IL
II. p. 259), thinks that Corydallus and ZEgaleos are one and the same
mountain. If so, the main difficulty in the passage is removed. The
reason why the Peloponnesians changed the direction of their march
vtppears in the next chapter.
CHAPTER XX.
Archidamus refrained from entering the Athenian plain, in the expectation that the Athenians would sally forth to prevent their country from being ravaged (~~ 1, 2); but when
they neither met him at Eleusis nor at the Thriasian plain, he marched to Acharnre (~ 5),
it being a place suitable for an army to encamp in, and his design being to provoke the
Acharnians to come forth and defend their lands from devastation; if however they
should not do this, the plain might then be ravaged and the city of Athens approached,
with the advantage, that the zeal of the Acharnians to defend Athens would be diminished
by the fact that their own lands were already ravaged (~~ 4, 5).
1.' w.... rao$t levov, with  his army arranged for battle.  os E's
/A'Xr7 _ -on the su pposition that there would be a battle.  Cf. K. ~ 2.90.
R. 2.  See N. on I. 73. ~ 5.        z rE8iov of Attica.  Col. Leake thinks
that the district of Acharna was so separate from  the plain of Athens,
or at least was such a distinct portion of it, as to afford a good defensive position for an invading army (Topog. Ath. II. p. 36).. --- E'KEIv
fri  ZeaoX: denotes time (S. ~ 204), or perhaps it may be regarded as
the dative of ineans (by that irrtption), which would account for the
omission of ev, which is usually joined with words not in thfecAeslves
expressive of time.  The plain was ravaged in the second expedition
of the Peloponnesians (II. 55. ~ 1).
2. yaip introduces the explanation of yvc$/z  roLtae in the previous
section. --    (iK'ovTa r.... 7roXXsi, abounding in young men. --          o
ov7rro  7rp6repov, as never before — better than  ever before.-    i'aro,
perhaps.  -    av E7rEEXTE-lV=  ordt 6rTEEXotev av,.  S. ~ 215. 5. -
rrepttllEv (see N. on 7reptopav, I. 24. ~ 6) is here followed by the infini
tive, because it refers to the permission of something which may ex
ist hereafter, and not of something already existing.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 687. Ohs.
3. Ed irrEh lao-v,, (to see) whether they would meet him  in battle.
See N. on Et r7ros, I. 58. ~ 1.
4. ie/a  c~iv yhp introduces another reason why Archidamus remained about Acharnme.-           6 Xpo.... e'varparovreac'-at (= -'rtr;78ELOyV  Joalvvero trrparoT reBE caL eTL   Ev r  XcobpP.  See N. on I. 40. 4 init.),
the place seemed conuvenzient to encaymp in.  For?4alverTo with the in



CHAP. XXI.]                       NO T ES.                                 461
finitive, see N. on I. 2. ~ 1). — / peya.... rodXecos, who constituted (see
N. on I. 8. ~ 1) a considerable portion of the state. -          yap in rpo —
X;Lot  yap illustrates the  size and importance  of this demus.  See
Leake's Topog. AtlI. II. p. 35. -    7rEpio1eo'Oat.  See N. on. srepLopiav
I. 24. ~ 6. --  BtLacapevra is put for the present participle, inasmuch
as it refers to an action coincident with the time designated by the
verb upon which it depends. -             Kal -oVS ravTias, the whole (of the
Athenians) also. --    daeEr-repov,  more Lfearlessly. --  reELEv, so.
EsoKEl from  the  preceding E&OKOV. --         rrpb....   -ordXtv, near  to  the
city itself, i. e. Athens.-   - yhp introduces the supposed  apathy of
the Acharnians, as a reason why the invading army could approach
Athens itself. -K-      KWtIVVEtveZ   depends on 7rpoatsovv. ----  ardv....
ryVon,) dissension would be in their councils.
CHAPTER XXI.
The Athenians entertained hopes that the Peloponnesians would proceed no farther than
Eleusis and the Thriasian plain, as was the case when. Pleistoanax made an incursion
into their country (~ 1); but when they see their invaders only sixty stadia from their
city, they manifest, especially the younger portion of the citizens, great discontent at
remaining inactive in the city (~ 2); prophecies and oracles are uttered which each interprets as suits his inclination; the Acharnians also are urgent in their desire to sally forth,
and thus the city is full of excitement and commotion, and all upbraid Pericles as the
author of their calamities (~ 3).
1.'ASwvaiot 8E K. r. X.  The apodosis of isXpt Pev o6 is commonly
supposed to begin with the words Kai -rva EX7ri8a, but the presence of
Kal seems to forbid this, and there can properly be no opposition found
between these words and ovKe;r  dvao-Xerov Eiroto7 vro (~ 2), the apodosis of E7rel)..... adrrxovra, which  is antithetic to  uLOeXpt... I orTpar-b
7?v.  I am inclined therefore to adopt the opinion of Poppo, that the
apodosis acva-xerTV eirotoLv1ro is to be supplied after 7rpoi'evat, from  the
antithetic apodosis OvK avao-Xeroiv irotowSro.  Goel. and Arnold, however, regard Kal rlva E';xrlaG   as forming the apodosis, Ka' correspond&
ing to pt;Xpc, and ovKE'rt, cavao-Xerbv erroto~vro having the sense non jam
sperabant.  1- IXe-rovanKTra.  See Notes on I. 107. ~ 2; 114. ~ 2.
-   ore - o'rs.  Kuihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 804. 7) says that this change of
the substantival for the adverbial clause results from  an ellipsis of rod
Xpovov: I remember the time when I did thus and so = I remember
that I did, etc. Cf. also Liddell and Scott, sub voce. -—'ArrTLKs....
oapoFe.  See N. on I. 114. ~ 2. -    rpars3.  S. ~ 206. 5.   - s —-,.




462                           NOTES.                          [BooK IL
7rpoeXfci)v, having advanced no further.  7Xrkeov is here used of space
by way of accommodation with 7rpoEXkciv.  -    0avrr dvaXop arL.'
because (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) he seemed to ha7ve been induced to this retreat by bribery.  VreLo-rvaL in the active is followed by two accusatives.  The more usual construction, however, would have been Es1
T-qv avexopr?7Ltv. Cf. K. ~ 278. 4.
2. aVTros  depends on fqh4avw7 as an adnominal genitive.  S. ~ 197.
N. 4.       og cElKbS refers not to -yq......e4avEw, but to 8bEvov 4Ealvero. o- 7rpeo-f3vrepot.  Repeat mentally ewopaKeo'av. -           rXrv ra'
Mri3Kd, except in the MIedian wars.  -  Kamra  vcrado-EL 7TE yyyVo/EV0ot.
See N. on III. 27. ~ 3. --   Eirres, sc. et;eVal.
3. XpqcrtioX6yol.  See N. on II. 8. ~ 2. -      ov.....lpyqro.  Most
of the critics supply the ellipsis which is evidently here, by repeating
the last verb.  So Arnold translates: "which they were eager to listen
to as each was eager; which they were severally eager to listen to." Cf.
K. ~ 344.  Prof. Crosby is disposed to govern  hgpoiicroat by $pyqro,
it being placed before  gr, in order to avoid the awkward collocation
cop co.  He would then supply  IKpotovro or'?Kpoaro and render:
which to listen to according as each one was eager, so they listened =
which they listened to, each according to the excitement of his feelings.
The correctness of this ingenious solution will of course depend much
on the validity of the assumption in respect to the position of Jse.  I
see no objection to this transposition, but unless it is made, must concur in the explanation of Poppo, Arnold, and Bloomf.  -  oIdevoL....'AAqvahl v, thinking that they formed no small part of the Athenians; literally, that no small part of the Athenians was with them.
Cf. II. 20. ~ 4.  In respect to irapa\ chlrtv, see N. on 7rap' V/dv, I. 33.
~ 1.  -    sr, when. -     Ev~yov, urged on.        $ —-v     Keivov a', of
which the antecedent depends on osViiv. -- 7rpoTrpov belongs to
7raplvreae. -    cKaKtOV.  Conspicuous among those who reviled him
was Cleonl.  -  Jr0Eayot.  The optative is employed because OrTL....
E7orEayOL is quoted as what was said or thought by the persons here
spoken of. Cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 885. Obs.; Mt. ~ 529. -   0v is put for
a by attraction with its antecedent. S. ~ 175. 1.




cr". XXU  NT ES.                                                       468
CHAPTER XXII.
Pericles seeing the Athenians so highly exasperated, and being satisfied of the wisdom of
his councils, convenes no public assembly, lest in such a state of excitement unwise
measures should be adopted, but contents himself with keeping the city as tranquil as
possible (~ 1); he sends oult detachments of horse, however, to check the enemy when
extending their ravages too near the city, on one of which oocasions an engagement takes
place between the Athenian and Thessalian cavalry, ald the Bwotian ihorse (~ 2); a list
is given of the Thessalian auxiliaries (~ 3).
1. rpd  rb rapopv, in reference to the lresent 1osture of things.
ov ra  p(iprra q5poyorvrav (by litotes) -judging  badly. -          Epl ToOV
plu  E7'redLvat, in not leading them jbfoth to battle.  -    EKXK[aK L  signifies a public neeting, XvsXXoyov, a gather~ing or an assembly of a more
private nature. --        ro.... E~altpreLv, lest coming together under the,nfleence of passion r1atfher tha~n reason, they should err in their resolves.  This genitive clause denotes the reason why Pericles did not
convene an assembly.  C. ~ 622. N.  A  similar use of roO with the
infinitive is found in I. 4.     re in r-v re responds to re after EKKCXqclav. -        /uXtLOTa7ra  o' ov JevTaro.  See N. on I. 17. ~ 1.
2. rot,jl..... aKovpyelV is constructed like roi... E'daaprETY in
~     1. --  rrpoSpdoov  =  4+oXohv  (III..1. ~ 1).  - rpartas of the Peloponnesians. --        3paxea -= -/tpa.  Cf. I. 78. ~ 1. --     c'~ q'pVyloSra, at
Phrygia.  This place was in Attica near the BcMotian line, but its
exact locality cannot now  be determined. -     rEXAc  limits Eveye;VTro.
A  rEXoS of cavalry was 2048 men. —.  er' avrJv, i. e. on their side.
--       rpos, against. o —     olK Xao-cov -  the better of it.  For the litotes, see N. on I. 3. ~ 1. --,e;Xpt ov (= ro9 Xpo'ovu OTE. C. ~ 530. a),
until. -        asirfiv refers to the Athenians and Thessalians.    dafro{vBovs.  See N. on I. 63. ~ 3 (init.).  It shows that the Athenians were
not conquered, that they were able (al'orovbot) to bring away the
bodies of their slain. r- Ts or-repala. Bloomrnf: thinks that they were
afraid to do this on the day of the fight, lest the same scene should
take place as is recorded in I. 105. ~ 7.
3. I7 3E..E. O —aXov this aid of  theirs furnished by the Thessca
itans.  ai',r-  is reflexive and refers to the Athenians.           KaTa....,utLvtaXLtgLO.  Cf. I. 107. ~ 7.      IIapitoto.  If this word should be
written  IIvpaior-o, Pyrasii, it refers to the inhabitants of Pyrasus a
sea-port of Pthiotis, otherwise it is not known what people aie referred to. --   (rr.... E'KdC epor: eachfromnz his own faction. The article
bhs th]e force of a possessive pronoun by the influence of  Kadrepor




464                           NOTES.               [BooK It
after the analogy of a substantive with the article followed by a verb
in the middle voice. It is unnecessary to suppose that the two parties
here spoken of were aristocratical and demnocratical, since the former
would not have helped the Athenians.  Reference is doubtless had to
family dissensions or local divisions.
CHAPTER XXIII.
The Peloponnesians being unable to bring the Athenians to a general engagement, break
up their encampment at Acharnre, and ravage other portions of Attica (~ 1); in the
meanwhile the Athenians send their fleet to cruise around Peloponnesus (~ 2); the Peloponnesians having remained in Attica until they had exhausted their provisions, return
home through Bceotia and disband their forces (~ 3).
1. a'palvres.  See N. on II. 12. ~ 4 (end).         Iadpm~oso, NMount
Parnes lay 60 stadia north of Acharnpa, and was the loftiest mountain
in Attica, being 4700 feet high.  Between this and Mount Brilessus
on the south-east, flowed the Athenian Cephissus.
2. yj% of Attica. T —   ras EKardv  vav —l7TrE p 7rapeC-Kevaovr~o, the
Aundred ships which they were getting ready (i. e. when the historian
last mentioned them, II. 17. ~ 4).  So Arnold explains the use of the
imperfect, which is preferable to making it stand for the pluperfect
(had got ready), a use quite questionable. ----  7rTprXE v, cruised
around Peloponnesus.
3. 0o-ov ELXO vh Era  7rlT8eLa, as long a time (literally, as mnuch) as
they had suppTies for. C. ~ 390. --   orX j+arep e'oij3aXo, not by the wcay
in which they came in.  Bloomf. attributes this to the fact, that they
had devastated the country and could find nothing to subsist on. But
he forgets that they had taken provisions with them for forty days. I
prefer therefore the reason given by the Schol. &7rcos feai ra'XXa lcroavTre  /aXoi Xevwrro)Vtrv. -- rrapldovrre  while vpassing by. -'~Qpcrdv.
Col. Leake (Topog. of Athens, II. p. 112) says that this name is now
given to a small village on the right bank of the Vourieni (,3ovpLrL),
anciently the Asopus. It was situated at the mouth of this river
nearly east of Tanagra (cf. Kiepert's map).  Cf. III. 91. ~ 3.  The
Peloponnesians might have crossed at Tanagra, but chose this more
northern and circuitous route, for the same reason that they returned
by a different way than that by which they entered Attica. —
IIelpaiKgOV seems to have been a district on the Oropian frontier of
Attica. Some editions have r'paZtiKs.o




cArP. XXV.]                        NOTE S.                                  465
CHAPTER XXIV.
After the departure of the Peloponnesians, the Athenians establish permanent guards both
by land and sea, and set apart out Of the treasures in the citadel 1000 talents, to be
expended in nothing else than the defence of the city, ir, ease it should be attacked bya
naval force (~ 1); 100 triremes are also decreed to be reserved yearly for the same emerl
gency (~ 2).
1. W.rep......  vXd$ELt,,  =just as they were to continue through the
whole war; literally, were to keep guard. --     e'alpera 7rolo-aFlkvotsr,
having taken out. -           Xcopls  rCo-~at, to set apart. --'s aXXo TL, for
any other pur7pose than what is mentioned in the following sentence.
es by constructio proegnans gives to KtVLg V the  sense of to aspply as
well as to remove.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2. 2 —  bdvarov is in apposition
with &/yciav.
2. ETr' aLrCoV&, with them, i. e. as being embraced in the same reservation for an emergency.  The idea is that from  the ships ready
for sea, they were yearly to select 100 of the best, which were to be
laid aside for the purpose here specified. -          7- &v depends on /Lz7e/zL5,
and /erTa rTov Xp7acTrcov is to be constructed after rrEp. Tov aorov KLVUvov.  With Xpio-Tfat  supply Z'oerv a'rois from  the preceding section.
CHAPTER XXV.
t'no Athenian feet, reinforced by 50 ships of the Corcylsans, ravage the Peloponnesian
cuast atnd attack Methone (~ 1); but Brasidas, who happens to be in that quarter, forces
his way into the place and prevents its capture (~ 2); the Athenians then sailing along
lay waste the country around Phia, and defeat a body of troops who come to relieve the
place (~ 3); a storm arising they embark in their ships and put in at the port of Phia,
which the Messenians and others proceeding across by land have taken (~ 4); these
troops are then taken on board, and the ships weigh anchor, a superior force having
assembled to succor the place (~ 5).
1. Ev'rTa   EKaTOS  vanot.  Cf. II. 23. ~ 2.  a"XXot rrtes, i. e. the
Messenians of Naupactus (cf. I. 103. ~ 3), Acarnanians, and  the Zar
cynthians (cf. II. 9. ~ 1).  -   iKE, i. e. in the parts arlound Corlcylra.
--    a tiXa re ErcKaKovS.  " Alias vastationesfaciebant." Portus.  (itXXo  re
gives to the following calt the sense of and particularly, and especially.
--   MeSC A'V), iMethone, a Lacedetnonian town on the soutil-sestern
zoast of ]Messenia. ----- cpp      con7ro     O fK EvOdrcov? no men (i. e. s-lli'-S)




466                         NOTES.                         [BooB ILu
being in it; i. e. it being mostly destitute of defenders, as some men
must have been in it.
2. BpaoiLas. We are here introduced to this noble Spartan, whose
qualities Diod. sums up in these words, young, strong, br1ave. Poppo
(Proleg. II. p. 114) says of himn  "(ille sane vir egregius fuit, strenuusI
et im'niger (3paornriptos), fortis, prudens, in socios justus, mioderatus,
mausuetus IV. 81, 108, non infacundus 84, omnino omnibus in rebus
bonus (Kaah rrd7rara dayak&s, 81).  Nullum insigne facinus a Lacedmloniis in tota prima belli parte sine illo patratum  est." --- -cov is to
be taken with`TrvXE. S. ~ 225. 8. —- IErL7 67Xrr-lv EKaTro. Bloomf.
says that he only wished to secure the place from a coup-de-main, for
the Athenians would not venture upon a siege, as the people of the
surrounding country would soon assemble in large numbers and overpower them.  a-  K-cara( 7-qv Xopav: r7rEpt TV  7ro'Xtv. -— rrpo rO reTE
Xos rerpali!EzVov. Not only were their faces turned towards the place,
but their minds were intent upon what was then going on.  Cf. Sal.
Jugur. LX. -- daroXioras, having lost. Diod. mistaking this word,
says that he even killed many of the enemy. -— errYnvdE ESv Traprr7/.
What this praise consisted in or by whom conferred, Arnold professes
himself unable to discover.
3. cXvZres, touching at. --'HXcta. See N. on I. 114. ~ 2.-,EiILtv, Phia.  This town appears to have been situated in the southernmost part of that division of Elis, called the Hollow (, KolX 7'HXts),
which was formed by the valley of the Peneus and its branches, and
which constituted Elis Proper (" vetus domicilium Epeorum."  Poppo
Proleg. II. p. 175). Arnold says that its inhabitants were descendants of the older people, who were conquered by the AEtolians, and
formed the subordinate class called 7rEptotKo.  The name Hollow was
given it, according to the Schol., to distinguish it from the mountainous portion on the east and inland, but Strabo says rather to distinguish it fiom  Pisatis and Triphylia, which belonged to Elis in its
most extensive sense. These names are not employed by Thucydides,
but he opposes to the inhabitants of the Hollow, TOVS aUrdoev Ec rr7s
T7eptcLOL8KOS'HXELovU, which doubtless refers to the Pisatme, as Triphylia lay farther south and more remote from  the scene of action.  Cf.
Poppo, 1. c. --    Xoytda8s, select troops. --   avrdsev (see N. on III. 7.
~ 5), i. e. at Phia, inasmuch as this place was situated in the territory
of the Pisatke, although in its most western extremity. So Poppo (1. c.)
interprets Ec r7S.....'HXIov by iE rrs llto-I r8OS.
4. avqeov....,LEcyXov, "a storm  coming down qupon themn, or surprising them.."  Arnold.  " Male Goel. ingruente a terra vento."
Poppo. -- reptcerXeov... a.Kpav, doubling the promontory called Ic.




CAP. XXV.]                    NOTES'.                             467
thys.  This cape is now called Gaticolo. -       Iv - r 4,Y ELt  at Phia.  Cf
I. 52. ~ i.    Mero-o-vLot, viz. those who had been colonized at Naupactus (I. 103. ~ 3). ---   Ev ropr  so. KatOpr.  V —     1 qELav alpol)L.
There is some obscurity in relation to the movements of the Athenians
at Phia.  For they appear to have been first at this place, after which
a storm  compels them  to embark, double the.cape, and put in to the
port of Phia.  This last circumstance indicates clearly, that they
were not at the port of Phia when the storm began.  This difficulty
in question has been overlooked or passed by without remark, by all
the commentators except Bloomf. and Poppo, the latter of whom
(Proleg. II. 177) supposes the port and the town of Phia to have
occupied different sides of the promontory.  But s rO'v E Tf'fELc
hts;rva clearly shows that the town and the harbor were in the same
place.  I know of no better way of clearing up the obscurity, than
to suppose E'E ELtav in ~ 3 to be taken in a general sense for neac
~Phia, in the vicinity of Phia, and to denote a position on the land on
the southern side of the promontory, where they landed and spent
two days in plundering the country.  But when the storm  came on,
they sailed around the cape to the port of Phia, the Messenians having crossed over by land and taken the town, which may have been
situated some distance from  the port, in the direction of the place
where the Athenians first landed (cf. Pape's Wort. Griech. Eigen.
p. 400).
HAP T ER XXV I-.
At the same time with the preceding expedition, the Athenians send out 30 ships to cruise
around Locris (~ 1); which squadron ravage the coast, storm Thronium) and at Alope
defeat the united forces of the Locrians (~ 2).
1. 7rept rTv Aoipaa-, i. e. to the country of the Locri (the Opuntil
and Epicnemidii). -  — t-  a a vXaKvcv  at the same time as a guard.
This noun is not dependent on  rept, nor is?s. to be supplied as some
say it is, but by a change of construction is put in apposition with.
vavs.  It will be remembered that the Athenians had conveyed their
cattle into Eubcea (cf. II. 14. ~ 1), which made them more solicitous
for its security. Cf. II. 32. ~ 1.
2. -s' 7rapa~aXao-o-Tov depends on E'rTLv a (-= Ela.  See N. on I.,
65. ~ 3. -       Opovtov, Thronium, was the chief town of the LoQP0




468                           NOTES.                          [Booa II.
Epicnemidii, on the Boagrius, a stream  flowing into the Sinus MaliVeus, now called the Gulf of Zituni. -—'AX&ry, Aloee, lay about 80
stadia east of Thronium on the coast about midway between Daphnus
and Cynus.
CHAPTER XXVII.
The Athenians expel the AEginetms from that island, and place colonists in their stead (~ 1);
Thyrea is given by the Lacedvemonians to the expatriated ~ginets to dwell in, partly
through enmity to the Athenians, and partly in return for services rendered them by the
BEginetre in the insurrection of the Helots (~ 2).
1. errtKaferavresr... e.   chargcing them  with being in no small
degree the authors (literally, cause) of the war (C. ~ 393. y).  In respect to the truth of this charge, cf. I. 67. ~ 2.-     A't'yvav depends
on EXELV, which is the subject of E'alvero. --   avrTv 7rErctavras- errorKOVS, by sending out their own colonists.  The Athenians were afraid
that the Lacedamonians would get possession of the island, and make
it a sallying point in the war, and therefore they determined to anticipate them in the thing. -    v crfTEpov the expatriation of the iEginetse.
2. f'KTrfcJoiV0l = having been driven out.  Cf. C. ~ 556.-    ~8ooav
_-OLKEV, gave to inhabit.  The infinitive here denotes design or purpose.  K. ~ 306. d.  -   ovpeav, Thyrea.  This place lay upon the
western shore of the Argolic Gulf.  Col. Leake identifies it with the
ruins of a city found near the monastery of Laku. -             r7jv y7v, i. e.
the land in the vicinity of Thyrea. Bloomf. thinks that the possession
of this town and region was only temporarily given them, until such
time as the Lacedeamonians might be able to restore them  to their
own country. This was not done, however, until after the battle of
2Egospotaimi, when Lysander collected them  together and reinstated
them  in iEgina. -'Arsvalwov is tie objective genitive.  gOrT....
E7radvcrTact.    Cf. I. 101, 102.  In respect to the earthquake, cf. I.
101. ~ 2. ---    Vrd, in the time of. R..  299. III. 2. b.  o~ /tuv....'oKe-rav.  Even here their implacable enemies did not suffer them to
remain in quiet, for we find that in the eighth year of the war, the
Athenians attacked them, burnt Thyrea, and slaughtered its citizens,
or carried them  to Athens, where they were put to death.  Cf. IT.




CHAP. XXIX.]                    NOTES.                                469,CHAPTER XXVIII.
The same summer an eclipse of the sun takes place.
1. VOVu7lLVa KaTrat o-eXvqv, the first day of the lunar month.  Kara
(TaEX7v1v is added, because the beginning of the natural lunar month
did not exactly correspond with the beginning of the civil month.
The vovi77vja was the day, on the evening of which the new moon
first appeared. The full moon was in the middle of the month, on
which account it was called  tX',ruivts,, the month-divider.  Cf. Smith's
Dict. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 175. This eclipse took place A. c. 431.
Aug. 3. --— OKEl e/Lat yLyVeo'LatL avvar'T v —- f8OKEL  3vvaurat ybyveo-zat.
Although the time of eclipses began to be noticed, yet their cause lay
concealed from the men of those days, for as Bred. remarks, they ale
numbered in I. 23. ~ 3, with such fortuitous calamities as earthquakes,
famnines, etc. The same thing is seen in the prominence here given
to the event; for what historian  of our times would mention, as a
thing worthy of note, an eclipse of the sunn? --          avewrX71pdSq, became
full again, i. e. resumed  its full-orbed brightness.      - yEsleJevo,7S
after having been.
CHAPTER XXIX.
The Athenians, in hopes of obtaining the alliance of Sitalces king of Odrysre, make his rel
ative Nymphodorus a public guest, and invite him to Athens (~ 1); Teres the father of
Sitalces, was the first who advanced the Odrysian kingdom to power (~ 2); and is not to
be confounded with Tereus, who espoused Procne the daughter of Pandion (~ 3); Nymphodorus coming to Athens, brings about the desired alliance with the Tllracian king,
whom he promises to persuade to send an army to the aid of the Athenians (~~ 4, 5): he
effects also a reconciliation between the Athenians and Perdiccas, and thus secures him
also as an ally of Athens (~ 6).
1. ro-v HIveco, the son of Pythos.  In some proper names the Attics retained the Ionic genitive.  Cf. K. ~ 44. R. 3; C. ~ 96. 7. j. -'A/387ptr77v.  See N. on II. 97. ~ 1.   -   rrap' atro.   See N. on I. 33.
~ 3.  This pronoun refers to Sitalces.   -  7rporepov.... v0oIovTrer, although (see N. on 1. 7. ~ 1) they had formerly regarded him as a p1ublic enemy.  -   rrpdoevov.  The office of a proxenus corresponded in
many respects to that of our consuls.  It was his duty to watch over
the interests of the citizens of the state whose proxenus he was,
21




470                           NOTES.                        [Boox IL
whenever they happened to visit the city in which lie dwelt.  When
any one performled this office of his own choice, without an appoint.
ment of the state whose interests he would serve, he was styled E'2E?osrpoEFor, but when authorized thus to do, he became a 7rp6~ovov
— E- LErTErEtalro, invited him  (to Athens); literally, sent for him.
--   TpcEo. See N. on I6Ewco. ~-   $/4taxov is limited by o-lot.
2. 6 N& Tq/pqg. Goeller has thus given the genealogy of this hoise:
Teres king of Odryss.
YI   I              I               i            a:O9('9' Sitalces.    Spardacus..  a daughter,'-   a dalugllter,
|? i      wife of      mother of
Sadocus.       Seuthes.    Nymphodor-us.    Octomasadas
-  king of the Scythe.
The third column I have taken from Bloclnf. -—'OpVTo-Cat is put for
the adnominal genitive after  ao-Xelav. ---- rljv /Ley7Cr7v.... o -ro-oES0'.
he made the kingdom  mutch greater (Eirt rkEtXov.  See N. on I; 9. ~ 3)
than the rest of Thrace, i. e. than the other Thracian states.' Goel. interprets, over a large portion of the rest of Threace. But then, as Poppo
remarks,  we should have expected Eir t rO r V. ----  yp.  liriig.
supplies the ellipsis: (but not the whole,) for a large portion remained free.  This appears to be based on the same interpretation whick
Goel. gives to E'mrt rXELOV. But yap seems to me to belong to rTrs
dXXr/V Opja'Kr-   (and there were Thracian states not subject to Odryst,) for a considerable portion (of the country) remained free.  In
respect to these independent states, cf. II. 96. ~ 2, et seq.
3. TqpeL limits 7rpoao5KELt and is defined by rc —Xo-X'rt, the one
who had (S. ~ 225. 1). Render 7rpoo0-'et-oi8iv, has no connection
with, has no relation, to. --   o'ei.... yvovro, nor did they belong to
the same opart of Thrace.  For the genitive, cf. S. ~ 190. ---   o /Eiv6 Trppev's  The noun soinetimes appears in this formula, to give emphasis to the distinction intended, or perhaps here to show the difference in the names of the two persons. Cf. Mt. ~ 288. Obs. 5.  Opposed to this is TrVpr/r & infra.   - AavXIl.  This was a town or fortress near Parnassus, which, according to Dodwell, still retains its
name and has about seventy houses. -     ro Epyov.... ati yvvai~KcE (i. e.
Procne and Philomela).  The story is, that, in revenge for the base
and inhuman conduct of Teres towards Philomcla, her sister Procne
killed and served up on his father's table Itys, who was about six
years of age. It is remarked by Smith, that this chapter contains the




dHAP. XXX.]                     NOTES.                               471
only story told by Thucydides in his whole history, but Haack finds
another in II. 102.  Poppo, Arnold, and some others enclose Kal 7ro
fp7ov....'ObpVcias  6oo  in the marks of a parenthesis. A- avXas
q Opvsr, the cDaClica   bird.      lKOC-  eg'    Kal K. T. X. is introduced to
confirmn the position, that the husband of Procne was not the Thracian prince who reigned over Odrysa. K-   K;0S. marriage connection, affinity by marriage. -'th rrocovsrov (with which iakXXov is
to be taken) = at so much nearer a distance, is opposed to  tha 7-roXX,&
qpepcov-O6bo   in the next member. -'xwov should have been a verb,
or re after /3ao-LXEv'g omitted to make the construction regular.
ev KpTreL = of any spowier.
4. ov-o'vra, being hiis son. --  -(Tc[-tL — vvEXEv, would help them
to subdue. ( —     VriV is the subject of  vureXev.
5. Kal....'Abiyavov, and caused (repeat irrol7o-Ce) that his son should
be made an AtheniaU n citizen (S. ~ 207. 2).  airoO refers to Sitalces.
-     KaaXvOELvo,, would bring to a close.  The next clause is confirnlatory of this, and is therefore introduced by ydap. --       7relaLv depends
on v7re8Eeero to be supplied fronm the preceding clause.
6. ab'r7  refers to Perdiccas.   -  r7roo~0vae.  The Athenians had
taken Therme.  Cf. I. 64. ~ 2. --- Eri XaXKLea.... qopUcovos.  Cf.
1. 65. ~ 3.
JHAPTER XXX.
The Athenian fleet continuing their cruise around Peloponnesus, take Solium and Astacus
(~ 1); they then sail to Cephallenia, which they bring over to the Athenian alliance without employing force, after which they return to Athens (~ 2).
1. 20'Xov.  Col. Leake (who adopts the orthography 2dXXlov, Solglum) fixes the situation of this town on the western coast of Acarnania, between Leucas and the CEniadoe. On the same coast further
north was also Palterus (cf. North. Greece, IV. p. 18). But Kiepert
puts Soliurn on his map opposite the northern extremity of Leucas,
and Palerus south of it.  It will be seen by this, that the Athenian
fleet coasted northward firom Phia (cf. II. 25. ~ 5 end). --    -rapas8Ldaot.... viE/Eoat.  See N. on CoO-Oav —oLKEtV, II. 27. ~ 2.'AoTrraKov.
1"Astacus was the chief maritime  city northward  of the (Eniada3
near the Echinades."  Leake's North. Greece, IV. p. 4.  As this
place lay south of Solium, the fleet was probably on its homeward
course when it was taken.  From this place they sailed directly across
to Cephallenia. ----  a'rdrv, i. e. Evarchus.




472                           NOTES.                           [BooK I1
2. Kare, over against, opposite to.  K. ~ 292. II. 1. c.  ~  Terpca7roXLs  oikra = having four cities.  In respect to the situation of these
towns, cf. Leake's North. Greece, III. pp. 56-68; K(iepert's Map of
Greece at the time of this war. --- I aXr  is in apposition with
7rdocXL implied in Terpa7roXts-.  Cf. C. ~ 332. 4.
CHAPTER XXXI.
In the autumn of this year, Pericles leads an army into the Megarean country, to which
expedition the homeward-bound fleet from the coasts of Peloponnesus join themselves
(~ 1); the army was then larger than any with which the Athenians had before taken the
field, for their power was then at its height, and the pestilence had not thinned their
numbers (~ 2); having laid waste much of the Megarean territory the army returns
home (~ 3).
1. Terrpt UTO 0 tLvo7rcopov, about the close of aututmn.  Gottl. fixes
the tile at the end of October. --  ol....'Ar;vaitoo, the Athenians
who had been cruising  around Peloponnesns (cf. II. 25. ~ 1).ETrvXo.... avaKoptILoFevoL, for they happened to be now at ~Tgina on
their voyage home (see N. on I. 30. ~ 2).  These words are enclosed
in a parenthesis by Bekker, Haack, Bothe, and Arnold.  In Poppo's
edition the parenthesis is erroneously made to close with "OGES. -
7crSov7ro —-ovras.  See N. on I. 36. ~ 3. --    $vvqelXtjqo-ap, more usually
6vviLtav.  Kr iig.
2. di2poov, collected together.  The assertion here made must refer
to the times preceding this expedition, as afterwards they appear to
have taken the field with more numerous forces.  In the battle at
Deliuni, the Athenian forces are said (IV. 94. ~ 1) not to be inferior
in number to the enemy, and these in the previous chapter are said to
have been 17,000. In the siege of Syracuse, the naval and land forces
combined must lave exceeded the number here referred to.  If therefore the assertion is not limited, as was said, to the times preceding
this expedition, the excess must have consisted in the light-armed
troops (Xop'Ls.... OXyo), the most of which  at Delium  had gone
horne.  In the enumeration here mnade, those engaged in the siege of
Potidae are included, to make the whole number correspond to that
given in II. 13. ~ 6. --'AS7rvalcov without their allies.
3. Kal aXoaLt.  Cf. IV. 66. ~ 1. --- KarTa Eros  EKaCorov, each year.' Ex decreto publico (Charini) jurabant Atheniensium  o-rparrlyo[l, OT
sal 81  a vai,rav -ros cs rev MeyaptiKsv pfakouo'l." Haack (2d edit).
A    Nb-atma idXco.  Cf. IV. 66 —69.




CHOP. XXXIII.]                    N OTES.                                 478
CHAPTER XXXII.
The island Atalante is fortified by the Athenians, as a post for the defence of Eubcea against
privateers from Opus and other Locrian ports (~~ 1, 2).
1.'AraXadvr s, Atalante was a small island near the Locrian coast,
off against Opus. ---    povpLov           -      a popto.  SteiEh
roS —KaKoVpyev.  See N. on roiv.... E'ateapreLv, II. 22. ~ 1.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
At the request of Evarchus, the Corinthians fit out a fleet of 40 sail with 1500 hoplites, and
reinstate him in the possession of Astacus (~ 1); tile expedition, however, ia unsuccessful in the attempt to reduce other maritime towns in Acarnania and sail homewvard (~ 2);
touching at Cephallenia, they disembark on the territory of the Cranians, and while in a
state of security from a truce, are suddenly attacked, lose some of their men, and are
compelled to retreat to their ships, after which they resume their voyage homewards (~ 3).
1. Ev"apXoS.  Cf. II. 30. ~ 1.  KOaL ars..... 7 rp- oeto;u.ca ro,
and he himself hired some auxiliaries.  In the active voice 7rpocr1Lo-2o0  signifies to let out for hire.
2. KarTyayov  Evarchus.  )- rie ~hA'Xsv'AKoapvaovL&   depends on
ErTw~ a (see N. on II. 26. ~ 2) Xcppa.
3. o-XdvTre.  See N. on II. 25. ~ 3. -    E' rqv Kpaviov yiqv.  Cf.
II. 30. ~ 2.-     avrdJ, i. e. the  Cranians.  ~-   -' dIoXoyoas, "per
compositionem  quum  se in  deditionem  venturos  e'e simnulassent."
Poppo. - ----       v avrTov (= -avevrcv.  S. ~ 69), thernselves, i. e. the
very persons who had assembled to arrange the terms of the pretended surrender.  These words are in apposition with  r&v Kpartolv. -
asrposo-oKrrotL  has an active sense, not expecting.  Of. II. 93. ~ 4; IV.
T2. ~ 2. ----  LCLotoFpov cdvayayo/Sevot, being forced  to put out to sea,
or perhaps better, embarkingin n great precipitation, j3tato'repov (comnparative of 3fiatao. Cf. Betant's Lex. Thucyd.) having the sense of in
a forced, compulsory manner.




474                               NOTES.                               [BOO IL
CHAPTER XXXIV.
In the following winter the Athenians perform funeral obsequies, in honor of those who
have first fallen in the war (~ 1t); three days the bones are exposed to view, and such
offerings are brought as each one chooses for his own dead (~ 2); the bones are then
placed in cars, one being left empty for such of the fallen as had not been found for removal (~ 3); the procession is then accompanied by those who please, and the female
relatives follow it with lamentations for the dead (~ 4); the bones. are then deposited in
the public sepulchre in the most beautiful suburb of the city, where lie all who fall in war,
except the heroes of Marathon, who are especially honored by a sepulchre in the place
where they fell (~ 5); when covered with earth, a person eminent for his abilities anll
station pronounces a funeral oration, which closes the ceremonies (~ 6); this order was
observed on the present occasion, and Pericles was chosen oratol; who advancing to an
elevated platform, pronounces the funeral oration which follows (~~ 7, 3).
1. 8/oorta rTaaps   e&roLrjo-avro,  solemnizzed  the funeral in  a public
manner.  The plural raca's is used, because the rites pertained to each
of the slain. -     rrpJrov, i. e. in the first year of the war.
2. r  /5EV  o(orT.  The flesh had been  previously removed by burning.  -   mrpoTrlevrTm, they exposed to view. --    rcov drroyEvoJIovew,  of
the departed.  This word is employed in the same sense, in II. 51. ~ 5.
7- rpoTptTa, the third day before. -         Crt)PEpaEt.... f3ovXsqrat, each
brings whatever (offerings) he pleases for his owun dead  (so. VeKp9).
Reference  is had  to  flowers, garlands, and costly ornaments, with
which the relics of the departed were honored.
3. PuVXg7 EJK(rOLT7'S  1tav, one (coffin) for each tribe. -      e'VEo-tn....
ViXV =  E've0rEt 8E rTa ofrTi  7vX~        E faoro   v.   On  the  attraction
of  /vXT7k, see N. on S6uvnat, I. 33. ~ 2.  4  depends on'v according
to S. ~ 190; C. ~ 390. --          errpotxevr,  "covered with7   a pall." Bloomf.
r —      r f aiQavC, the genitive of possession  after KXtv'q, is explained
by o..... valpeoLv.  For the subjunctive with  ar in this relative sentence, cf. S. ~ 217. 2; C. ~ 606.  For the omission of ar in the employment of the optative, see N. on I. 50. ~ 1.
4. ~vvemKqCEpeq, attends the funleral procession, accompanies the procession.  o- joqvpwverat, with lamentations.  Cf. S. ~ 225. 3.
5. ovmv, thelre.  e- &er....rpona-reov, in the most beautiful suburb,'iz. Ceramicus.   - robg S'K  TzV  7rokXeCYw  (SC. a7ro.umuhavraS) = those
woho fall in battle.  So rohv ev  Mapau3vL signifies those slain at Maratho -. --      7rrXv is usually followed by the genitive (K. ~ 271. 3), but
here rovS depends on  UrTrovOrl.   -'EKElJoOV refers to those who fell at
Marathon. --     aiTroZ, there, i. e. where they fell.  The Greeks regardId the battle at Marathon, as we regard that of Bunker HIill which




CHAP. XXXV.]                 NOTES.                               475
in its consequences as well as the desperate valor displayed by undisciplined militia, is by common consent looked upon as the battle of
the American revolution.
6. Kpv+col.  See N. on ebpe3fio-tv.  The accompanying av is found
in the connective E'raELAv.        zl advvEE-ro = of distinguished ability.
--   cat depends on 8oK~ (has the reputation of).-   Vrpo, K  is
superior, zs the first. -     XEEyL...  7rp.erovTra, ponounces a suitable
panegyric over them.  In respect to E'rl, cf. Mt. ~ 586. E.
8. ov'v.  See N. on ~ 5.  -  Katpov.  Poppo, HIaack, and Arnold
read Katpo', which I am  disposed to adopt: when the time (of speaking) came.  Kantpo  would require, when he obtained the time of
spleaking, which certainly, as putting Pericles in the attitude of one
desirous to speak, is not so well as to represent the occasion as offering itself to him.-   r~7XhV 7rTrEroLtyVEov)  having been made high.
7    1ro d o5Xov depends on errL 7rXeio-rov.
CHAPTERS XXXV..-XLVI.
These chapters contain the celebrated funeral oration of Pericles, which
has ever been considered a masterpiece of eloquence, whether regard be had
to the grandeur of the theme, the patriotic and liberal sentiments advanced,
or the simplicity and dignity of its style. The exordium is contained in
chap. 35; then having briefly announced the subject-matter of his discourse
(chap. 36), he ipases to a consideration of the internal policy, habits, customs, refinement, learning, liberality of the Athenians, for the existence
and perpetuity of which the departed worthies had fought and died (chaps.
37-41). He then eulogizes more directly the persons whose funeral rites
they are celebrating, and exhorts the Athenians to imitate their virtues,
bravery, and patriotism (chaps. 42, 43); the parents and relatives of the
deceased are thenl addressed in words of sympathy and encouragement,
after which the orator closes with a brief peroration (chaps. 44-46).
No adequate justice can be done in a brief abstract to this noble effort of
&ae of the greatest minds which Greece or any other country ever produced,
and it is commended, therefore, without further remark to the student, as
well worthy of his careful and frequent perusal. The more it is read and
studied the more prominent will be its grand and towering dimensions, the
more impressive the noble sentiments with which it abounds. Let no one
who would put himself under its full influence, cease his efforts to master
it, until he can read it fluently at a sitting without the aid of grammars,
lexicons, or annotations. Then as he reads, he will find his sympathies with




476                               NOTES.                              [BooK IL
the theme and the occasion awakened, his emotions enkindled, his soul
inspired with  high  and  generous sentiments, and he will rise from  its
perusal with a more ardent love of country, more liberal, enlightened, and
exalted viiews of what constitutes the true glory of a state, and better qualified to act the part of a good citizen in whatever sphere of action he may be
called to move.
CHAPTER XXXV.
The orator begins by remarking, that those who have preceded him on occasions like this,
have eulogized the legislator u ho appointed this service, but in his estimation the deeds
of the departed together with the public funeral are a sufficiefit honor to them, without
hazarding their praise by intrusting it to the keeping of a panegyrist, who may do well or
otherwise in the execution of his task (~ 1); for in an oration of this sort, it is difficult to
give general satisfaction, since different judgments wiil be formed on many points, by
those personally acquainted with the transactions alluded to, and those who are ignorant
of the affairs spoken of, will consider every thing beyond their own reach, an exaggeration (~ 2); yet as law and custom so demand, he will endeavor to the best of his ability
to perform the service assigned him (~ 3).
1. rov 7rpo;(Tvr(a.... rov3eE, the oze wzho added this oration  to tlea
(other) legal observaces.  The Schol. refers this to Solon, but the custoln is thought by many to be of an earlier date.               cos mcaX'v.  The
participle  5v is here  omitted.  Cf. Mt. ~ 568. Obs. -           i rl.   See N.
on I. 34. ~ 6. --  &it rWV T7rokeXEov.  See N. on I. 34. ~ 5.  Bloomnf,
however, finds a prmegnans constructio (see N. on I. 18. ~ 2) in lK. -
tamra7rofvos, removed from  the field of battle and brought hither.
avroY referring to X0oyov is in the accusative absolute after Cos. See N.
on I. 134. ~ 4.  Some perhaps will prefer to make asrobv the subject
of ayopeve('t-at, and KaXov the predicate.  The.sense will remain unchanged, as will be seen by th-e corresponding idiom of our own langnage, inasmuch as it is honorcable to be spo7cen, and inasmutlch, as jbr
this to be spooken is honorable.  -'y;cUKE), it would seem, is opposed
to  Emrrinb3,... x. ~v  (~ 3 infra).  Pericles modestly opposes his julgment to that of the supporters of the customs.  Ha-Iack and Goel. erroneously refer av to evyat, it seemns-that it woould be.-   cdvlpmv....
rL/tca, inasmuch as (S. ~ 225. 4) these mzen showed their vtalor (literally,
eaere br~ave) in  deeds, that their honor should be illust-rated by deeds.
anl, also, ibelotngs to fpyp,  and this noun is explained by o'la Kal VoV
such acis now, etc.-       i ol 171.... r7 o-ervSZvati, " acld not that the virtues of nmany should be periled up)onr one man, intrusted to him  alike
wehether he may speak well or ill; (literally, to have been intrlusted to




CIAP. XXXV.]                   NOTES.                               477
hinm, both if having spoiken well and if worse).  What could be finer
than this figure of the honor of so many brave men being hazarded
upon the chances of one man's oratory, as upon a single cast of a
die?"  Crosby.  7rtLTev't7vat is epexegetical of KLvvvuEVeor-at. C. ~ 624.
a.  Prof. Hadley (Bibliotheca Sacra, V. p. 782) prefers to take 7rrevZvat in the sense of believing, and would also treat it as the object of
KLVBVV,3veurcaa whichL meaning as it does to be endancl ered = made to
incur danger, may be followed by the danger as its object.
2. tLETrpioS ciev,, i. e. to observe in speaking the proper mean, and
neither to be too prodigal nor sparing of praise. -          e'v p....f3ef3atourat, (on a subject) wohere (ev co) the firm belie of of the truth (of what
the speaker says) even is hard to be established. This sentence is introduced by yi;p, because it shows why there is danger that one should
speak ill (KaiK6) on such an occasion.  The -yhp in o Ter yap illustrates
the idea advanced in ev co....Se3atorvTa.   -  raCx' aV —voular-ete,  woutld
pe'rhacls thin7. -' rt is the subject of ajXouro2rat. --   rpors  (=;Kerva
a), in co0qCarison of those things which.  foevXerat, se. 8q7Xoo-Zat.  -
o  ic aTretpOSr. The Schol. supplies wal;'v e'drove from thle preceding sentence. --       CrLv a.  See N. on I. 65. ~ 3. X —    7erovieo-~aat.  Repeat
Voeutcre of which 6,t'neltpoS is the subject. -— rp......    tv, above
his owz  nature, i. e. beyond the reach of his own attainments.
/IiXpt?yap roave, for' thus,/k'r.  The carping spirit of envy just spoken
of, is here referred to a very common principle in the human mind,
to endure the recital of deeds which one thinks himself able to perform, but to be filled with envy and unbelief at whatever appears
beyond the reach of his own powers. -    Xeydyoevlot, when spoken.
The commla, after this word, wwhich is wanting in Dindorf's edition,
appears to be demanded by the'long sentence. a-  =  KELVoo t a....-    v7. rre:p[fXXeort (see N. on rO rtrardTr, I. 68. ~ 1) depends on oSoVOVTres. --    aryrv is referred by Poppo, if taken as a neuter, to a ar
EKaoTrog K. T. X. (supplied from  the preceding context), but whatever'
exceeds that wohich each one thinks himself able to peiform.  If avr&cv
be regarded as a masculine, then it may be rendered whatever' exceeds
their owon poqwers. There is no conceivable difference in the sense, but
the latter mode of interpretation would seem to require a-rtuv, and so
Bloomf. has edited it.  I prefer to take avbr&, as a neuter.
3. EraEL8  8bE K. r. TX.  The extreme beauty and gracefulness with
which the peroration is closed cannot fail to strike the mind of every
observing reader. ----- j3ovXr-oC..... rvxFt.  S. ~ 191. 2.
21*




47-                             NOTES.                             [BooK U.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
The orator signifies his intention to commence, according to the obvious proprieties of the
occasion, with the commemoration of their ancestors (~ 1); especially are their immediate forefathers deserving of the meed of praise, who, having added to their dominion,
bequeathed it with ample resources for every exigency of war or peace (~~ 2, 3); of their
warlike deeds and the valor with which every invasion was repelled, he will not now
speak, but will proceed to consider the internal polity and institutions, by which such
renown and prosperity have been acqui[ld, such a theme being appropriate to the occasion and useful to the auditory (~ 4).
1. 7rpoyovov (to which  srp&r-ov gives emphasis).  In ~ 2 infra, oi
7ra'iEpes is employed to designate their immediate ancestors, and to
this is opposed (~ 3) the Athenians then living (avbToi.... O'TS).  Thus
three points of time in their history is referred to.  ~- Kal —U;. Poplpo
makes be the general connective and translates Kcat, also, but Kihlln.
(Andov. edit. ~ 322. R. 7) gives Be' an adverbial force, and tlranslates,
and on the other hand, and also.         iv 7-r rotbe, on sucl aCn occasion
as this.  C. ~ 480. y.   -  Vtt v....tzv4iLrV, " this honor of mention;
literally, the being so mnentioned."  Bloomf.-    t(el of arroi oitcovres.
Cf. 6'pOVV oi avrol iEc, I. 2. ~ 4.  On tile Athenian claim to the epithet
av 2oTXoves, see N. on I. 6. ~ 3.      3La- aoXp TbV elryyvo Eero, by successive generations (literally, by a succession of those who came after
them).  I prefer with Poppo to construct these words with 7rapeiooav,
rather than with Goel. to refer them to of abvor olZKOvreS, which would
be a flat annunciation of a truth which every body knew, for how
could they live otherwise than in successive generations?              u e ixpL
rove,) euntil the present timne.  See N. on II. 22. ~ 2.
2. iKEYVOL) i. e. o  7r;po'yovoL (~ 1). -     rwpoe o0  (= EKEiVOS i) AE) -
$avro, in addition to, what they received from their ancestors.-   bou5bq
-       pxrv- =- rooovTov CpX7jv oro-7r, of which the antecedent depends on
KTSRdeVOl, and the relative on E'xo/ev.-  oK eridvoe qualifies IKCT-Ctl-evot. --    stliv 7oi rbv), to us of the present time.
3. rT E' r7rXkel depends on esrrsTver1oa!ev (have enlarged). There is
no real contradiction between this and  ao-/yv E'xotev in the preceding
section, as the empire had not been essentially enlarged, but rather
strengthened and reduced to a settled policy of government by Pericles and those of his age. -          aTron gveils otea, we ourselves who are
here. S. ~ 163. 1.  Bloomnf. finds here a blending of two phrases, we
ourselves and those persons who are here present, but I can see no
necessity for this. There is great emphasis, however, in the sequence
of the pronouns. --    ol VVi.... ilXtKl, "who are yet for the most part




CHAP. XXXVI.]                  NOTES.                               479
in the vigor of life.  Literally, in the settled or set time of life, when
the system  has in a manner reached its perfection, and rests from the
work af growth."  Arnold.  -  rois  riatrL is to be constructed with
wrapecrTKevacoafveY,  although it may be mentally repeated with a;vrapKerfTrqZv (= so that it is indepezndent in its resources). ----  s 7r)deXov
and eis dpIvqv depend on 7rapcK'evo-aVa6 evr.
4.?or limits iEpya (the object of Edaro)), and refers grammatically to
avrotl LJtES  in the preceding section, although it virtually includes the
idea of their immediate forefathers (ot raTrpesv, ~ 2), to whom Athens
was principally indebted for the enlargement of its empire, and to
whom, therefore, ots EKarrra EiKTr?7 (used as a passive) is especially
al)plicable.  It cannot be referred, however, to the oi WpdyovoL (~ 1),
for they did not acquire territory, but only bequeathed to their posterity firee and independent what they already had.  There is no
opposition in $v and avro i   otl rar;pE9 )i&v, but oE EcKacrra eKTr?2?7 is
set over against r/ItvvabLEIea. -     facipapov'i "EXrXva - whether waged
by ba'rbarians or Greeks.  Arnold remarks that the use of "EXXrv, as
a masculine adjective, is very rare.  Cf. S. ~ 156. N. 4. - EdL'v,)
SC. VolA. 6Y -  U'.o 3  ae o'a I. T. X.  The subject is here announced upon
which the orator intends to enlarge. --  ierTLrr frEs   =  civil and
educational itstitutions. --    Er' avra& --;rt rTLv apXrv.  Cf. O'Jr/v "EXoFV (pIpXjv, ~ 2.    -Haack is doubtful whether /eE'  oaa r7roXLtelaE ii
to be constructed with 7'XoA/Ler oor  eydkXa E'yveLETro (=tLeydaXI/ JVeyro
aPX7'j  Goel.).  The sense is not materially changed by either construction, yet I prefer the latter.  -  rpwrcov is more emphatic than
though the collocation had been;  o'elvy rp7rwov. ~-   raUTa 4X&ras
7rpcaror.  As Poppo  remarks, the topics E'7LTr7'eE tLE,T 7lroXkLrla, and
rpolrot (to which words raTra refers) are neitlher discussed in order nor
separately, for the,roXtLela is briefly touched upon (I. 37. ~ 1), and
then the  frLrrlTrhea'ara (37. ~ 2), and soon with both these is blended
the rpor'ot.-    FCIL, I anm  going = I will proceed.  C. ~ 231. a; S.
~ 211. N. 1.-  Trv8e refers to the dead whose funeral was then
solehmnized, the orator probably pointing with his finger to thle place
where their bones were deposited.  Cf. S. ~ 163. 1. ~- XEXjvaL has
aurT for its subject.  " The construction may be represented tolerably
well by rendering, thinking that on the present occasion they would be
spoken without inttapproplriateness." Prof. Hadley. -  rov tr2Lvra K. r X.
The order is: ial u5toqopov  ELvaL, ror 7r, ara o/tlXo,-EraKoVlcoaL naurv.
The Schol. says that rov 7rdrra ol'tXoY iS constructed for 7ra-rl Tr
OX.  Cf.C. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 6T4.




480                                NOTES.                            [BooK IJ
CHAPTER XXXV1I.
The government of the Athenians is not modeled after other governments, but is itself a
model, and because established for the benefit of the mass, is called democracy; all enjoy
alike the protection of its laws, and in its administration all may share, the qualification
for office being personal inerit and not rank (~ 1); in regard to their social habits, they are
kind, courteous, not censuring others for diversity of taste, nor giving pain by manifestations of displeasure (~ 2); yet in all this fieedom from restraint, there is the most profound regard for established laws and customs, especially for those designed to benefit the
injured, and for such as being violated would bring disgrace on the offender (~ 3).
i. oV (XoVio7y, not imitating.  The following 7rapaeietyga (a pattern,
a model) shows that the rendering not envying is incorrect. --    aurol
dores (se. 1LcEiS).  The construction is carried on as though ov (?Xovv-,rE instead of ovu  (jXov7-y had preceded, which required 7rapaaely'Tai-'
oveo —,tA ovubn,. --  rtV. See N. on III. 46. ~ 5.  P- ooALa-KEK 7TXLraC
(= it is ncamed). See N. on I. 122. ~ 4. Cf. Mt. ~ 420. 2. b. -    6a,....
oIKELV does not seem to admit of any interpretation wholly free from objections.  The two which appear most plausible are, ], because the government is not administered for the benefit of the few but of the many
(oiCKev = oLKe(o-2a); 2, because the administration of government is not
in the hanzds of the few bitr of the many.  The former of these interpretations, which Arnold adopts after Steph. and Gail, seems to do the
least violence to the phraseology; but the latter harmonizes far better
with the following context, and is adopted by Poppo and Goel. (in his
2d edit.).  The former of these critics says: 7; oroXtrela OlKEt ~E  dXtyovr pro     7roXTrca Te oVrKOs OKeKEL (oUrTO  tLOLKLratL)  o7rre  [Xyovv cvat ros'
&toLKorvraS  arq'v positlln videtur."  This it must be confessed is rather
a violent extraction of the sense of the passage, and yet I am inclined
to adopt it, as transgressing no grammatical law, and answering so
well the demands of the context.  -;EreTCrt —rraiCt r foc,O  eqvuality
(of laws and privileges) is sharthed in by all.  Cf. Mt. ~ 325. Obs. 1.  8i
in duErecrt  Ni responds to oSvo/la;dv, not antithetically but connectively, i. e. it introduces facts to show, that after all there was an
aristocracy resulting from  the grade, to which his own merits miglht
raise an individual.-        rrpbo  ra vItaa aSciopa, i~n res]pect to (- for
the  settlement of) private differences, i. e. suits between  private
individuals.   This is an  adjective  clause belonging to  vdo'ovg. --
Km(a Si rv'v d[Io(rov, and according to the estimation in whlich a citizen
is held.  This clause follows in construction  7rportmai7-a  (is distinguished).         ovc drri Ieepovv, znot fromlw a. class, i. e. not fi'om  a privileged body, with nothling to recomnlend thena to office except that
they belonged to the higber caste.  This is evidently said in reference
to the Lacedminonians, am iong wl4ln the affairs of covelrnment were




CHAP. XXXVII.]                NOTESJ                              481
managed by a privileged few.  dar' dpt,- j is antithetic of Jdro5 dpovs.
J. Price in a brief criticism on this passage in the Class. Mus. III. p.
211, translates: not on the ground of Inere individuality but of (relative) merit. But I see no good reason to depart from the usual and
obvious interpretation. -     8b in E'xcov aE is employed as though ov3'
av 7revqrs 1Ev'v had preceded. --    E'Xv = being able. --    d&toLzaro
daavEla, by the obscurity of his condition or rank.  The student will
readily see how  adilwoa obtains this sense from its more usual one,
reputation, honor, the effect being put for the cause.      KEKC'OXvraT,
SC. TcOP KOtOV.
2. ZkXEv2;pors, liberally. -— es, in respect to.-    7rpo  akXXkrXovr
is opposed to rrpOb TO KOLVO'v as the speaker now passes from a consideration of the liberality and impartiality with which the governinent is admninistered, to the unrestrained and cheerful intercourse of
the citizens in their private capacity.-   Trov.... ErLtr78Evarcor, in
our daily intercourse.  This genitive depends on v7rofl~av-. --    ExoYr
and  rrpoorrteT;epvo  are erroneously translated  by some  as verbs.
Poppo suggests the repetition of 7ro)XLTEvo/Ev after iVroVljav, and
Arnold, some analogous verb as &aLartvueta.       obo'U is to be taken
with rpoort-iS evot, and dfq[lovv translated actively, not punishinzg,
inflicting no injury (= larmless).  Liddell and Scott give as its
meaning here, not amounting to punishment. q-     ot-7-rpor-tIEbEvot) disllaying in our looks, wearing a countenance of: Kriig.
refers  l o'+,EL to Xvrr7pas, acerbos visu.  But it is better to take
Xv7rrqpa in an absolute sense.  Reference is undoubtedly had to the
austerity, moroseness, and jealousy of the Spartans, in contrast with
the cheerfulness, good-nature, and affability of the Athenians.  This
will account for the apparent abruptness with which Kal  J e... 
ivroT+fav was introduced.  The drift of such keen side-thrusts at their
unrefined neighbors would be readily seen by the Athenians, and in
their present hostile attitude to the Lacedammonians must have been
highly grateful and inspiriting.
3. dvcEraX&s....rporoouXogvzrc, but while without molestation
(from  the source just mentioned) we mingle in private intercourse.'ra ata is opposed to ria arldo'ta.  a-     a'B os, through reverence =
customary respect for law and authority. --    dd, for the time being.
-     — E aPXh, in office. --    laXtora aVTrv o5raot (sc. TOVrTcV)= et ex
uis maxime earum. Cf. Mt. ~ 469. 8. -     aiypaqot, unwritten.  The
Schol. explains this by ra is//. These usages and customs, in every
well-regulated community, are scarcely less potent than the formal
enactments of government. -     aiotxtvirv....cpovoIC, bring acknowledged disgrace upon those who violate them.  Here lies the secret of
the power of custom and usage.




482                                NOTES                               [BooK I1
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
The Athenians recreate the public mind by games and social entertainments (i 1), and into
their city flow all the luxuries and delicacies of other regions (~ 2).
1. Kal /pdv, and furthermore.   -   7rrvwv depends on  uvarravX(ua,
recreations, reliefs. -       7T- yvrtry is to be taken  as a dat. commodi,
for the  zind (r7j~ 1jvX&, for the spirits. Schol.).              Lere7gott, ala
the year around, through  the whole year.  -- vobclovrer.  See N. on
I. 77. ~ 6.        a Ks'ct p t' pa j 0 reTp l     for 0 Kau' i;epauv;eptrs.  Prof.
Hadley well remarks, however, that " Kau' 7s pav standing as it does
in the text, is not a mere adjunct of the  noun, but qualifies  tile sentence, whereof day by day the enjoyment drives away vexation."
2. TrlELo-pXErat, "are imported." Bloomf. --    CEK rrrao-s  yri.  The
hyperbole results from  a very comrmon use of the words all, every, in
the  sense  of many. -          The subject of 4v1r3alvet is  a cayuac. ---
avFroS, here (in Athens), as is clearly shown  by the antithesis r7..
vbp Srrcow.  -  -}v follows the  comparative olKeLor7pa.  In respect to
the  abundance and  variety of foreign  commodities to  be found  at
Athens, cf. Boeckh's Pub. Econ. Ath. pp. 46-48.
CHAPT1ER XXXIX.
In war the Athenians differ from their enemies, in that they rely less on secrecy and stratagem to secure victory than on courage in action, and although their youth are not trained in the severe discipline of Spartan education, yet they are not less intrepid in time of
danger (~ 1); a proof of this is seen in the invasion of Attica by the united forces of the
enemy, whereas the Athenians singly and alone, usually conquer with little difficulty
those even who are fighting for their own soil (~ 2); at no tine have the united forces of.
the Athenians been arrayed against the enemy, and yet the defeat of a detachment is
given out as a defeat of the whole, and if on the contrary they sustain a reverse, the assertion is made that it was effected by the combined forces of the Athenians (~ 3); if
with much relaxation from care and toil, and by natural rather than acquired courage, the
Athenians promptly meet danger, they have in this an evident superiority, since they are
not rendered gloomy or despondent by the anticipation of calamities, and when they
come, meet them with a courage not inferior to that of those, who are wearing them
selves out with toil (~ 4).
1. TroWc-e, in these respects.  This dative denotes that wherein  the
difference consists, and is ranked  by KIihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 909. 1) as




CHAP XXXIX.]                  NOTES.                              4183
the instrumental dative, --- KoL)v to all persons. --      oVK EOrTV  0TE
never at any time. -- - ev- Xao-rtatrs d7relpFoLev K. r. X. Grote says
(Hist. Greece, IV. p. 94) that " Sparta seems to have formed an exception to the remaining states, in keeping her festivals for herself
alone, and in her general rudeness towards other Greeks, which was
not materially softened even at the Karneia, and iyakinthia, or Gymnopmdia."  --   a'i5tawror.  S. ~ 197. 2.     o 8 —Kpvq&EV depends on
iciY, and a'I is to be referred to cd4eXq3relq.  Cf. MIt. ~ 528. 2.    -r-o.... eVXp.  The genitive here takes drd, because the quality of
courage is considered as proceeding firom the one in whom it is found.
Cf. Mit. ~ 316. d. Obs. -     ol /I~v refers to the Lacedaemonians and is
opposed to   erpEs e'.  -  Evb riot ovTrer, as soon as they are youth
= in their earliest youth. --    dJvei/LEros B &tatr&lerot, notwithstanding
that we live without restraint.  See N. on I. 6. ~ 3. --    lroTrcIXF,
egual to dangers which the Lacedcmonians are ready to encounter.
2. rTKetFplov h. See N. on II. 15. ~ 4. -    yap introduces the
proof of what was asserted in oMEv 7o-oov (= -auXXov. Kriig.) Xowpov/LEV, ~ 1. -      Ka' EKa&rov)r, singly, i. e. by single states of the alliance, since AaKeaattovloto is here put as the leading state for the whole
Peloponnesian confederacy. -    a3rot, we alone (S. ~ 160. a) by ourselves.  -   o  XaXerrs qualifies KpaTrouvV. a-  -iaXodFevoyt although
we fight.  See N. on I. 7. ~ 1.    ra ErrXow, for the most part.
3. Ev r~ y7  is opposed to rod vavrKoe.  r- 7rv-E7rrL7re!+tLv depends on  lci. --- En  roXXd, u7pon many (enterprises).  The general
idea is that the Athenians could form no union of their forces like the
Lacedemonians, because some were detached to man the navy, and
the land forces were necessarily divided in the various expeditions
which were undertaken. ---  ioptl rtlL of the Athenian forces.  Cf.
rtvavs Ip&rv in the next clause. -   dre&ico-ra is to be taken actively,
the construction appearing to demand the same subject for ardeo-,raat
and'oworrraat.
4. KalrotL Et tpavlla K.. rX. The subject is resumed from  the
close of ~ 1, the two following sentences being parenthetic. -- u!era.... avtapet'as, "with a courage arising from  disposition and not
from  laws and institutions." Arnold. --      7eptylyveraLt qv,, there accrues to us (see N. on I. 44. ~ 3).  The subject is gO rrpoxKa'1,wl. -
/LXXovoLtv (future, in prospetd) dXyetvo4S is the dative of rme.-s and
belongs to TrpoKaCteLv. --    Er ar-), sc. aXyetvd'.      i;XSo0rot reftyc- to,7Cpi, and aToXuoriEpovv conforms in case to:lhe omitted subjecJ of
oaLvecTaat. -----   v dal tioXo'vrvco refers to the Lacedomonians.




484                               NOTES                               Booc I1
CHAPTER XL.
The Athenians combine elegance with frugality, cultivate philosophy without effeminacy,
apply wealth to purposes of utility rather than of ostentation, and esteem poverty no disgrace, provided that efforts are made to avoid it (~ 1); the same persons attend to private
and public affairs, and political knowledge is found in those engaged in the humblest pursuits of life, a free and full discussion of measures being in no wise prejudicial to their success
(~ 2); courage in the Athenians resulnits from a cautious prudence and foresight, whereas
others are made bold by ignorance, who upon reflection become cowards (~ 3); the Athenians make friends by conferring not by receiving benefits (~ 4); and their beneficence
is not the result of selfishness but of true liberality (~ 5)
I. Ei rTe rovroVS, i. e. in  the respects just mentioned.  So efIL E'
AXXosr, irn other respects also, refers to things about to be mentioned.
L-      tXoo-o]oVeEv acyvv!aXaKLar.  It has usually been the impression
of ignorant persons, that mental cultivation is attended with a corresponding effeminacy of body. -             7rXoir.... XpcjOe.a.  The true exposition seems to be that of Goeller after the Schol., r7 r nXovar? XP;i       Yeha [ev sc5] Katpp fpyov, Kaol oiV KOdiT0 XOdyov, divitiisque  tanquan
rerunm gerendarugn opportunitate potius  ctimqur, quan  tagucuam  verborusm jactatione.  So Haack and Poppo. -             T  7rerero-2aL is the object of 6iLoXooyeiv, and oix belongs to aitropo'v. -         a'ltoxLoY =_  miXXo
aio-Xpov.  So Arnold: that rather is disgraceful.  Cf. Poppo's Proleg.
I. p. 171.  A  most bitter and richly deserved taunt is here uttered
against the Lacedmmonians, with whom personal labor even to shun
want, was deemed disgraceful.
2. E'vt for E've-rt. -   rot-o   airo-r —Kai  &E'poLS.  Reference is had
in the first of these expressions to persons, who were so situated in
life as to be able to take part in the administration of public affairs;
in the latter, to persons whose living was obtained by manual labor,
and who are said to  have knowledge of political affairs, although not
able to give their personal attention to them. In the one case public
duties did not hinder fiom  an attention to humbler cares and employments; in the other, the toils and labors of life did not preclude from
an intelligent opinion of public measures.  In this also is seen a welldirected thrust at the opposite character of the Lacedmmnonian institutions.  -     wrposr  pya rErpaelEvoLts   who  are  engaged  in  labor, i. e.
agriculturists, mechanics, tradesmen, etc.  r- O..... Irexovra, he
who does not shacre in these things, i. e. in politics.  eysv, in no respect,
i. e. neither in attention to or knowledge of public affairs. -.  o....
XpeJov', "not so?much an  intersneddler in  nothing, as one good for




CHAP. XL.]                     NOTES.                               485
nothing." Bloomf. -       z- 2viov`oe2a is not so strong an expression as
KpLVoeLe, and hence we may render, or at least revolve rightly the measures proposed (by others).  Arnold seems to have hit the true meaning in his paraphrase: " if we, the people at large, cannot originate or
direct public measures, we can, at least judge of their merit or demerit." X- a'Xa Ft' srpo~BaXSIrvaL.  Supply /X3Cv  7oP   Y/OEVot from
the preceding clause. -M..... EXe'ET  =i~'Epyp  EXiLV E7rl a &ei Epyp
WisEiv.  This use of Z'py? in the sense of in truth, in very deed, is common.  Cf.I. 23.~3; 70.~2; 120.~5; 128. ~3; II. 8. ~4; 11.~5.
3. LaqEpdroPoTs....   XozEv,  for we are superior (to others) in this
respect also. --- ol arrol, we the same persons.  -   o -roS   XXoatS.
The only difficulty in this passage results from  the grammatical use
of o', which refers to roXkaiiv and eKXoyiEr-2atL i. e. the quality of daring combined with reflection.  Some regard it as the subject of W'X6L
&be understood, which in reference to others is thus; others make g =
&orov, whereas. Cf. C. ~ 438. y. Dunbar, in a brief criticism on this
passage (Class. Mmts. V. pp. 476 478), refers o to the preceding ro6e,
and derives its verb from  atLa0wpo'ros —rTo3e eXOIflEv thus: 08 roits a'XXo
(EXtL 8LacpqEpov0cJs), (rovroLs) a4a2yia  e'v Spao-ro, XoyLOy-lGS' bN  O'KVOV
EdpEt, which with others [is different; with them] ignorance produces
confidence, reflection, hesitation.  He also suggests another solution,
viz. to supply E'crl before 0, i. e. EarTLv  0 Troir  akXXols alFAala K. T. X.,
there is this in others, ignorance, etc.  Prof. Crosby once threw out to
me the idea, that g may be the subject of Earl understood, of which
alla%[a.... eEpat is the predicate, which with reference to others is as
follows, viz.  This is substantially the same as to supply eXet Aloe
(see supra), and if any thing is to be supplied is undoubtedly the best
solution. Matthim and Poppo consider the relative as repeated and
explained in Xoytp/o'S, the repetition resulting from the antithetical
and interrupting clause daSiala ierv Spaio-os, the sense being as though
it had been written & roTs  aXXol~s, a1atlas a  pcaroo  0epoVc-rS,'KYorO
epEl.' In that case the dative would refer only to EJKXoyeo-rat. -
T1-Y I  VX7V  limits Kpdrtorr-ot, as an accusative syneedochical. -  At
radra, i. e. by the fear of danger or the love of pleasure.
4. apeTriv, liberality, readiness. to serve others. --— 7rao-ovres e, by
receiving favors.  See N. on 1. 9. ~ 1. --      fEnlo'irEpos, surer (friend).
-— 0 r..... O; OELV, in order to keepl good (literally, to keep alive)
the obligation by his kindness to the person, benefited, i. e. by succes.
sive acts of kindness to render his friend able to repay the debt of
gratitude hereafter.  After much examination I have adopted this as
the best interpretation, though others may prefer to translate differently. ---  =  o_ urov 4. --  lasco.... &droa&o-ov,7 knowing that he




486                               NOTES.                             [BooK IIt
will repay the kindness not as a favor but as a debt.  This may serve
to explain many of the instances of ingratitude with which our world
abounds.
5. o —/iiXXov —-', not more-than = not so much —as - not-but.:-   TiS  EXevepiag rp 7 rTrLoTc, i.e.  EXE.vhEpLOrTLr  as it is explained by
&chneider.
CHAPTER XLI.
In short, Athens is the school of Greece, and there is no situation in life to which its citizens
cannot adapt themselves (~ 1); this, which is by no means an empty boast, is attested by
the power of the state and its superiority in trial over what has been reported of it, thus
causing no shame to the enemy at being defeated by such, nor chagrin to their tributaries
at being subject to a state so worthy to take the command (~~ 2, 3); such proofs of Athenian greatness exist, that no Homer is required to display their glory in verse, the monuments of their prowess being set up in every sea and land (~ 4); such is the state for
which the departed heroes fought and died, and for which all who survive should with
equal readiness sacrifice their lives (~ 5).
1.  ovvXckOv re XsEyoc.  See N. on I. 70. ~ 8.-   i ral/vcrv, school.
Cf. Liddell and Scott. -     IoKKELv.... rapexETo-S at.  In this sentence
rov arbov depends on 7rapexe',nat, and is to be taken with  e7rl 7rXdror'
E'nls (sorts of business, occupations).  rap''Shyv, of us (here  in  the
city). a&v before E't8r is the repetition of the preceding av (see N. on
I. 1836. ~ 3), and belongs to vrapeXEctrat.  Kal connects  ral 7rXeorr ET78/7
and,adXLa-r' EvrpawreXco  (elegantly, as opposed to that which is awkward and unbecoming).
2.;ios.... iX;rJscma is a substantive sentence denoting the object of
orC/LaLVEt.  K. ~ 329. 1. ---- pyo —daXseta, actual truth.  The preceding   dyoyv has also  the  force  of an adjective, wordy boast.  Cf.
Bloomf. on this passage.
3. t1,oV.... jpxeraL, for [this state] alone  of those now  existing
proves on trial (literally, comes to proof) to be better than report, i. e.
than it was by report represented to  be. --    oVre rt  VroXEtP[), K.. X.
See the argument of the chapter. --             ayavaTK7q-trV  XeL fur~nishes no
annoyance.  +-' oi'oe, because from  such men (i. e. men of such
renown).  ocov =  ogrt rolovroo.  Cf. K. ~ 329. R. 8; Mt. ~ 480. Obs. 83
C. ~ 531. b.
4. ob —lzy.dprvpov, not unattested. -     rot, in truth - you know. —
oUrtr = rTLYOS   ortv.  K. ~ 331. R. 3.          TOv 8'.....PfXa/et, but the
truth (i. e. the facts as they really are) will injure  the conception entertained of the actions. In this translation I have made'pyov depend




CHAP. XLII.                       NOTES.                                  487
upon  ro'rvotav.  Poppo  supplies avrro  from  the preceding  iohrts (cf.
Mt. ~ 472. 3), and translates:'sed cujus (i. e. sed a quo effectse) rerutm
i. e. de rebus) opinioni veritas (perspecta) noceat." --;'-rarTov, accessible. --    KaK&Wv in respect to the enemy.-         KdyakCs&  in respect to
the Athenians and their allies.
5. oiae is here used   EtKTLKiS9.  See N. on r7vSe, II. 36. ~ 4. -
yevvaeosf qualifies tzax0oevoe.   -      v......rLva, every one of the sur
vivors =  we the survivors, each one of us.
CHAPTER XLII.
These remarks are made to show that the Athenians have more at stake in this contest
than their enemies, and to establish the praises of the dead on the clearest evidence (~ 1);
for their valor has contributed to make the state worthy of praise, and it has been sealed
by their glorious death (~ 2); the meed of superior honor is due to them in this noble
devotion to their country, even though in other respects they may have been inferior,
inasmuch as their public services have overbalanced any private injury with which they
may have stood charged (~ 3); no private enjoyment or prospects induced them to shrink
from danger, but the desire of taking vengeance upon their enemies rendered considerations of private ease of secondary importance; thus with a noble self-confidence and
a manly preference of death to submission, they were foremost in battle, and yielded up
their lives in the height of glory (~ 4).
1. 7rotovLEVov denotes purpose.  -,u7....  oohoo, that the contest
is not for an eucal stake between us and those, who in  like manner
(= to an equal degree) enjoy none of these advantages. --    Ie' oh
(=  ro oroeev;' ot) vnv X;yco.  See N. on E'rl, IT. 34. ~ 6.
2. elpsyrat aOv'57  r7e tyLEtora  that which most especially establishes
this (i. e. their eulogy) has been said in the preceding remarks.a    E-KELva a', of which the antecedent depends on E'Kogstp av, and the
relative upon   tsvqo-a which is followed by two accusatives.  S. ~ 184.
1; C. ~ 435. -    ld o-rporos —r&v'pyowv, in equipoise with their deeds.
The general idea is that the panegyric in most cases exceeds the
actions, but in reference to those whose achievements are now celebrated, it will be found otherwise. --   r&vue. See N. on II. 36. ~ 4.
----- dvpoS   dpe,Y  manly courage.-   plvova and  3ef3atodo-a denote means.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 1.  The sense seems to be that which
is adopted by Goel. and Arnold: "it is a proof both where it is first to
give us information of their worth (i. e. where nothing had before been
known of them), and where it comes at the last to confirm  the testimony already borne by a life of virtue." --    Karaorporp) -=  deatr.
3. roits-XelpoTrr     has the force of the adnomlinal genitive  after
svYpayularo. -L - a -XXa, in other respects. --        bKatov belongs to  rrpo



488                           NOTEE.                         [BooK It
7[roSBaL (=- rpoU/t(rslarL. Schol.) the subject of the sentence. -- (ya6, i. e. by their useful and glorious death. --   Kaicbv of their private
life.  Some of those, over whom  he was pronouncing this eulogiumn,
may have been in bad repute as private citizens. The orator, however, with great skill removes every unfavorable impression to which
the recollection of this may have given rise, by referring to the last
and crowning act of their lives, the merit of which was sufficient to
efface all.previous delinquencies.
4. rXov'rov depends on (rrkXavzo-v.  Poppo, Goel., Haack, Krfig.,
and Arnold read lrXourp, and construct it with 4ELaXaKld  i7.-   Wrvelas
eX7rl&, hope in relation to his poverty, i. e. the hope of being freed
from poverty and becoming rich.  This is expressed in the dependent
clause  s......7Xov7ro-Lr v, in which avr7v refers to 7rerav attracted
into the principal clause.  K. ~ 347. 3.-    avrGr (the genitive after
the comparative), i. e. the present enjoyment of wealth, or the hope,
of its future possession. -   Xad3orr'vr  = vroXafd3vre.  Gottl. cited by
Poppo.,uEr' avrov, sc. KLV'BVOV.    Tr&v 8bE refers to the objects
expressed in avrT&v. -     r.....KarTopSo(etL =  the uncertainty of a
successful issue.-'pyc is taken by the Schol. in the sense of pugna.
avgrc in the next-sentence refers to this word.    rEp 7Epl reV  7'o 87 pWePov stands opposed to ro davasa. --  /IaXXov?7-cad/EvYOL has furnished
much trouble to commentators.  Arnold takes the participle in a
prmegnant sense = — thinking it good, and with a~iXXov, being minded
rather.  It is evident that the notion  egquum  censendi resides in this
verb, as may be seen in the examples cited by Mt. ~ 531. p. 914. -
To. Goel. and Kiihn. in his citation of this passage (Jelf's edit. ~ 678.
3. c) edit i r7, but Dindorf's reading, which is the same as Bekker's,
is supported by the best MS. authority. -- E'VSdorev stands for the
accusative, it being put in the nominative by attraction. Cf. Jelf's
Iiihn. ~ 678. 3. c. -     ro 8' Zpyov refers to ro vra~evY (= -Tronavyei), in
the sense of deadly contest.'- V.'.... r7Xr,7  in the briefest moment
offortune = in the critical point of the battle, i. e. when the fortune of
the battle was at its most critical point, their desperate valor to turn
it in favor of their state brought them to speedy death. In order to
get rid of this expression, which he terms unintelligible, Arnold connects TvX7,s with aila aKMl, when their fortune was at its height, and
makes  is  60od'.... bovs   depend on d7rnXX6a'yo-av, wtere taken away
from what was their glory rather than their fear.  But I am disposed
after much reflection to adopt as the sense of the passage: they were
taken away in the most critical moment of the fight, in the height of
their glory rather than of fear (. e. when they were farthest removed
from a feeling of cowardice).




CiA  XMLIII.]                     NOTES.                                  489
CHAPTERT XLIII.
Following the example of these worthies, those who survive should contemplate the greatness and glory of the state, until they are inspired with the love of it, remembering that
its prosperity was brought about by brave men, who freely surrendered their lives to the
public good (~ 1), and in doing thus have acquired a deathless renown and an illustrious
sepulchre, where their fame will ever be preserved (~ 2); for the whole earth is the sepulchre of brave men, and their memory is treasured in the breast of every one (~ S); in
imitation of such examples let all be prepared to meet the dangers of war (~ 4); for a
brave exposure of life is more honorable to those in prosperity, than to those whose
courage results from their wretched and hopeless condition (~ 5); misfortune in the
midst of prosperity is more afflictive than the momentary pang of death on the field of
battle (~ 6).
1. r7  7r6OXEL depends on wrpor1<6vrrso, "as becomes citizens of such a
state."  Bloomf.  --  ao-raXE-riEpav (Lvotaov), a safesr lot, career. —
Letorv —~XeXt  to desire to hacve, depends on XP'. -         So'y  is opposed
to'pypc infra.  -     r1)v r.qPeEtav, the ~utility of having a daring spirit.
The words'?v....'veaTrv     are parenthetic.-        7rpo.... ELda ra,
to yjou who yourselves know it as well (as he).-             beweovovs is to
be constructed in the same manner as 0rKooro0vras.  The same may be
said of EvbxoviEvovv, which Steph. thinks should be put in the dative
on account of 3/v. --  iparas-auras.  In respect to the splendid
outlines of Athens and its surpassing beauty, which had power to
inspire the passionate love with which its citizens loved it, some very
interesting remarks may be found in the Class. Mus. I. p. 56.TOXLOTres, wwho were daring.  The other participles in this connection,
may be rendered by the relative and finite verb.  See N. on I. 8. ~ 1.
In respect to the thing spoken of, cf. I. 70. --         v 7rotS  cpyotS  aitcXVVOevot, weere alive to shamne in the time of action; i. e. fearful of bringing disgrace upon themselves.  Poppo remarks that Thucydides himself explains this in the speech of Archidamus (I. 84. ~ 3). -   rToeT
-.... orFakerloav.  In I. 70. ~ 6, it is said of the Athenians,'}r 8' lpa
Kat rov 7reIpq o'-aXoo-Ltv. For the verbal explanation and construction,
see N. on that passage. -          oiKovv —dovrEs wcere sctnwillinig..This
participle has the same construction as roXAizvres. -     7SoXt follows
TreplOKELv. -      perqc.  S. ~ 200. 3.   -        opavov. This word properly
signifies an entertainment to which each partaker contributes a share,
something like our picknicks. Cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 398.  In this
place it refers to the joint contribution of their most valuable offering,
viz. their lives.
2. -yap introduces an explanation of KadXXWtrov E'ionov.    - tila is




490                            N O T E S.                        [BooK I1
opposed to K01V,. * —   OK-LaXXov, dXX'.  The force of these particles
in this connection is thus shown by iKthn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 773. Obs. 5),
o V K (i. e. ov rouroY) Ev co KEVirat L aX X o v (SC. l EKKEZvoZv, e;v  co'   ba
avrSwy KaraXelrerat, i. e. 0 7rtiorav rqjv yT7v), adX' iv'I 8'aa (nriovn ael/Lvr77oroY KaTaXeLwerat (sc. /e aXov 0 rorov) ev ) KEratUL). -a-  7  Br(a ~...
araXE7wrerat, their glo~ry is pr)eserved in, evelrlasting remembrcance foa
every occasion iohich m9ay offer itsef,; both of w'ord and deed, i. e. foi
every occasion in which their praise may be celebrated by words or
actions.  7rapa TrO KatpcO depends on KaraXe7reTrat.
3. Ev       Tq rpoC OrrKOVO   (sc. y,), in a foreign land; literally, in a
land  not belonging to them. -- ayparos   vr'l-Tr1-s  Tyv1LuJrs FaXXov 7
TroV'pyov, the unowritten mnemorial of the mind rather than of the
monument, i. e. that which is engraved upon the mind rather than
upon the monument.
4. reptopiapoe. See N. on I. 24. ~ 6.
5. ov yap.... 23tov, for not the unfortunate have the justest reason
to be lavish of thieir lives. Bloomf. well remarks that " this is a preoccupation by the speaker of an argument on the part of the rich, namely, that they, having the means for enjoyment, ought not to hazard
themselves in war but leave it to the poor, who have not such; and
who therefore, having nothing to lose, may and do run all hazards."
[lov is the separative genitive,.the idea being that of parting with life.
Cf. C. ~~ 347, 348. - i Evavpria /weraj3oXi, a change to the opposite,
i. e. from  prosperous to adverse fortune.  -   EL KLtvVUVEVeaLt is yet
at hazard = is yet to be feared. -          pEycTXa r7  8tar/.porra (ef. I. 70.
~ 1), the changes wouldt be great, inasmuch as they would pass from  a
state of affluence into one of privation and hardship.
6. e'v r.... KaKWcOOL, snisery connected zo with cowardice as its result.
Some take Iera in the sense of after, and refer uaXaKto-Z7vat to the
giving way in battle.  In all the editions before me except Dindorf's
and Kriiger's, the words e'V rx or tLera Tro  are marked as suspicious.
There seems to be no conceivable use for both these expressions, and
I must believe with Arnold, that e'v rco has crept in from the margin,
where it was placed to explain /teraT rov.?-       v......avaTor.  Construct: 7v  d6 avato-rrroq Zuvaror TtLydloevoE  a/ala LE7a per    r)S  Ka KotvKsr,
for 1a4a is to be taken with the preceding words, and not as though
written TyLyv0oEvos  Knal afa dvata'r-ror, and mzoreover almost unfelt,
which is Bloomfield's interpretation.




CHAP. XLIV.]                     NOTES.                                 4,91
CHAPTER XLIV.
The speaker would rather comfort the parents of the deceased than bewail their fate, fos
fortunate are those who die, as have the sons of these, the most glorious of deaths (~ 1);
it is difficult however to impart consolation to those, who will continually see others ia
the enjoyment of tile good fortune in which they once rejoiced (~ 2); some may hope to
forget their present sorrows in new duties and affections, and in the further increase of
their families assuage their own grief and benefit the state by preventing its depopulation
(~ 3); those, whose age forbids this hope, should solace themselves by the remembrance
of past enjoyment, and let the glory of their departed sons brighten the short space of
their existence which still remains (~ 4).
1. &8torEp, wherefore, introduces a general deduction from  the remnarks made in the preceding chapter.  -- ToKE'as is a poetic word,
although found in the Attic prose writers.. Cf. Xen. Mem. II. 3. ~ 33.
o0Ot 7rapeo'TE-E7orl'Taraa.  Notice the change fiom the second person
to the third. --   E'7rioa'avrat'paE'rE,S)  they know that they wetre born
(i. e. that such was the condition of their birth). See N. on I. 69. ~ 5.
T- 5o 8' EVTVXe (-= 7 8' ebrvXia. Mt. ~ 269. 1).  Supply 7ofro 3e, as
conforrming to  the  preceding  construction  in  6irtLoravTrat TpaC;YVrES.
Arnold says that the abstract term  rT  EUrVXEC is defined by the concrete ot av —XCXcoo-Yv, a confusion between two modes of expression
roTro7Tovv BE EVTVXE4L Eevat1, o ayJ —  aXOcLt, and TO 8' EVUX;ES, TO T    Ev7rpercEsTarrvs XtaXce. --  eu7rpe7reo-raT9r  is to be referred to Xvirqs as
well as to rEXEvrTsr.  Render then: (and know) that they are fortunate, whose lot it is likce these, to have the most glorious end, and likce
you, the most honorable grief.        ore refers to the same persons as oG;'v, and depends on a3los.  The sentence may be rendered literally,:whose life in like manner has been?measured out to be happy in and
to die in =- whose lot it is to enjoy the same happiness at the moment
of'death which belonged to them in life.  Death came to them  in the
full enjoyment of happiness, before they had endured the griefs and
afflictions to which a longer period of life might have exposed them.
So Arnold gives the sense: the duration of whose life has been conmnzensurate with that of their happiness.  Poppo in his Suppl. Adnot.
p. 169, cites the interpretation of Wex. (de difficilioribus aliquot Salustii
atque Thucydidis dictis, p. 15), "fquorum:vita ita aptata  est (quorum
vita ita congruit) ut, in quo felices essent (patrim defendendte munere)
in eodem vitamI2nirent.
2. XaXe~rbi  tvy  OOV, K. T. X.  I know  that it will be difficult (o~la
Dv. See N. on I. 76. ~ 1) to persuade [you to be happy] in respect to
those, the remembrance of whom, etc. --           Xrr.... adatpeZS,  and sor



492                             NO TES.                            [BooK 11
row arises not from  the loss of those things of whose value we have had
no experience, but from  that of which we are deprived after having
tested its worth; literally, sorrow arises not on account of those good
things of which, we may be deprived not having yet tried (their worth),
but frons that, etc.  dya~&yv is put in the relative clause by attraction.
See N. on I. 33. ~ 2.
3. XqrSit  depends on Kap7epeiV, through hope, or in hope, as denoting the ground or occasion of the state of mind expressed in the
verb. --— oL  refers to vu.s the omitted subject of Kaprepe.v. —
TEKyVoCLrt 7rOLEoaaL - =   eKVOTrOLeLv in dependence on?7XtKla.  S. ~ 222. 6.
-  r&i)v OVK ovrCOV, of the departed. --    X72sq (= cause offorgetfulness) oL sw7rtytyv61evot (sc. -raibev).  An abstract or concrete predicate
denoting a thing, often disagrees with the subject both in gender andcl
number.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 382. 1.-          dacaXel.a is a varied construction for eK 77S aT davaXegad.  The subject of ~vvoletL is ro rTfrVaLtI
7rotEiL(atal.  So Poppo, Bloomf., and others. -   o.... KLtv8vItevcoTL-v
who do not hazard equally with the others their children (= who have
no children as others to hazard) by exposing them  to danger.
4. 7rapqr3care, care past their prime, are growing old, perf. of Trap713co. --   STO  e.... ". Tye;rE, consider the greater' part of your life, in
which you have been fortunate (S. ~ 182), as gain. r- TrOPe, i. e. the
remainder of life.-'o-Eoaatl depends on  pyeLt9e.            KOV0qlea60E,
be relieved (literally be lightened) of your grief. -    E.....7X;Kla, in
the infirmity of age.   - Tr  Keppa'eLE..... Trtiza-aL =  ov rT  KfepBaLges,iaXXov, rEpre L, aXXa 7 rT& r7tIo'aL /a&XXov rEp7ret.
CHAPTER XLV.
The sons and brothers of the deceased should be emulous of the glory of their friends, and
remember how arduous is their task to equal the fame of those whom envy no longer
injures (~ 1); those who are reduced to widowhood should not be deficient in the peculiar excellence of their sex, and should avoid as much as possible notoriety either fox
good or for evil (~ 2).
1. rato-L....nrapeare.  "Usitatior ordo verborum  erat roTL  7ratla
8' av rTVS~eE  -ot  rarpe-Tre, ut c. 44. illit. rovs rTvse PVP ToEarS, o00ot
i-apcare.  Nunc ad rTov8e repetenduliln Tra;8e, et ad 7ratac- propter
articulum  omissum  supplendum  b/riv.  Itaque vulgari modo et, plene
ita scribendum  erat: ouaot 8' av TorvPSe rrapeorTE  raMsE i)7 aSXqbot, b;/tv
obp.."  Poppo.        rT.v ciya'a.  What this contest is the speaker
goes on to  explain, and hence the following sentence commences




CHAP. XLVI.1                   NOTES.                               493
with &yap (explicantis). --  7rv ovK g'vra.  See N. on II. 44. ~ 3. ---
KaY' V7repf3oX)'v aOpErs), by ca superabundance of virtue.  adpErrs is here
taken, says Bloomfield, in a general sense to denote whatever is praiseworthy or meritorious. -         aXX' 3Xgy? Xelpovr but (even) somewhat
inferior. --- rots C(o-t is the dat. incommodi.      7rpo  To adrtLrTaXov,
for (- exercised towards) an adversary.  The simple idea is that men
will envy their competitors as long as they live.          ip-    F  ro&v,   not
being in the way = when they are dead.
2. o(rat refers to yvvatKceav by what is called constructio Kar&a,rrveowv. See N. on I. 136. ~ 1. ---— r    7rapXo1rq  qvwoea. Arnold
and others refer this to the virtue of affectionateness, but Bloomfield,
in my judgment, more correctly understands by it chastity, the great
virtue of the female sex.- -— s refers to yvvaLKor implied in oalac.
The relative is used in an indefinite sense. Cf. Jelf's Kahn. ~ 819. 3.
Render then, of whom there may be as little as possible said among
men, either for good or for evil.  i- KXE;os  = qS.
CHAPTER XLVI.
Rlaving now performed the duty which custom has demanded, the speaker announces that
provision is made for the maintenance and education of the children of the deceased, and
elopes with a brief request, that all shall retire after this expression of their grief (~~ 1, 2).
1. IEol is the dative of the agent.  C. ~ 417. --  Xoyc is added
to ELp7,raT, on account of the antithetic'py? which follows. -           Tar
ev v-Tra b, partly-partly.  C. ~ 441.   p- Xpt'377,s, until manhood, i. e. according to the Schol., when they were eighteen years of
age. --   roo-&e refers to the deceased, and rois XEtrroEVotLS to their
surviving children.  So Dobr. cited by Poppo (Suppl. Adnot.).  -
dycvcov  depends  on  crhrrqavov. -      ots-rouo-Te - wherever-there.
oLs is a sort of dat. commodi after zKErat.
2. vv~.... a'rre, but now having ceased bewailing each hi# oelative
(orv rpoo-'cef'KacroS) depart.




494                             N O T E S.                        [Boo  II.
CHAPTERS XLVII -LIV.
The description of the plague at Athens, contained in these chapters, is
no less celebrated as a master-piece of its kind, than the funeral oration
which it so immediately follows. The subjects are diverse, yet the historian
shows himself a master of the tender and pathetic no less than of the energetic and sublime.  The origin, progress, and results of this dreadful scoulge,
are detailed in a style singularly clear, chaste, and simple. We seem to be
at once transported to the crowded city, to stand amidst the dead and
dying, to hear the groans of the sufferers, and to watch the sure progress
of the disease to its fatal termination. We turn away with disgust from
the selfishness and coward fear, which leave the nearest and dearest friends
to die alone; and we are horror-stricken at the excesses in which, with
death before their eyes, they so recklessly and wickedly indulge. So distinctly and impressively are these and other circumstances of the calamity
related, that no one who has once read it with care, will ever forget its soulhlarrowing and sickening details. Even to the man of gray hairs, the PLAGUE
OF ATHENS, as a college exercise unique and interesting, comes up wit. a
freshness and vividness, which is true of no other subject in his whole
course of study.  Something of this may be attributed to its extreme difficulty, but more, I apprehend, to its power to engrave indelibly upon the
youthful mind the horrors of the dreadful scourge, and the scenes of suffering which it produced.
CHAPTER XLVII.
The first year of the war closes with the funeral solemnities just related (~ 1); in the be
ginning of the spring, the Peloponnesians make another irruption into Attica and lay
waste the country (~ 2); not long afterwards the plague commences its ravages, against
which no human aid is efficacious, and supplications at the temples and other religious
observances prove alike vain and useless (~~ 8, 4).
1. IIeXorrovvflo-ot....@Ep?7 - rTOv   eX onorvvq L C10[v.... I -Epri.   As  it
now stands, Tra',o  p;pq7 (twoo thirds. - Cf. II. 10. ~ 2) is in apposition
with the preceding nominative.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 478; C. ~ 3r60. 3.
See N. also on 1. 89. ~ 3 (end).
3. Oyr. v.....'ArTtK, and wlhen they had not been Inany days yet in
Attica. --    -  vo'o-oS, the pestilence.  The article is added because this
plague was so well known. -            Xeyolcevov.  It is better (with Poppo
and Iriig. after Canlerarius) to take this in an absolute sense (as dprLEvov, I. 140. ~ 2), than to refer it with the older critics to vdo/cna con



(CHAP. XLVIII.]                  NOTES.                                495
tained in vo-osg (cf. C. ~ 453. a), or to the idea in general denoted by
the word thing. --- ov"rco  is to be constructed after yevfe uat, in the
sense of to such a degree, by the force of the preceding rorob'ros.
4. ovre.... (yvolq, for the physicians could furnish  no assistance
when first through ignorance (of the disease) they attempted to effect
a cure.  There are other ways of translating this sentence, the Imost
usual of which is to construct the participle with the verb (S. ~ 225. S),
for the physicians twere unable at first to furnish any remedy through
ignorance of the disease.  This implies that afterwards the physicians
so understood the disease, as to cure those who were afflicted with it,
which was not so.  But the explanation, which I have adopted after
Goel., implies that the physicians, when they became aware of the
unyielding malignity of the disease, gave up and did not pretend to
any ability to prescribe for it.  Indeed most of them, as appears firom
the following context, fell victims to their professional duty of attendance upon the sick. -- o —rGo =  0roo'Tor  oo-.  See N. on I. 68. ~ 2
(end). -        r;xvq (sc,. i'pKe).  The Schol. adds otomav avrtwLO,  Ewpq8, in
reference to which Poppo says, "hue fortasse ars musica referenda."
The explanation of the Schol. would suit better the words cavricEtatr
Kal  rosr rotovro7 t  which  follow.      - o'a re.... LtKerevoav, whatever
8supplications they offered at the temples.  ocra to which 7rarra refers
is properly an  accusative  synecdochical. -  ---     avreaLts (Poppo and
Kriig.  cavrTElots), prophesyings.  If  otE  rotoVirots (such  like things)
refers to incantations, as is generally supposed, the indefiniteness with
which it is referred to, shows that Thucydides had very little confidence in them.  Cf. N. on II. 8. ~ 3.   -  TrXevrTovrTe, at last, finally.
K. ~ 312. R. 3. 2. -       avronv  arEcrT5r(r7av, they abstained from  these
things.  The reason is contained in vrro Tro  KaKoV vLKrcLevot.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
The local origin of the plague is said to have been in,Ethiopia, whence it pervaded the
greater part of the Persian dominions, and suddenly appeared at Athens in the Pireulls
and afterwards in the upper city (~~ 1, 2); the historian, having himself been sick with
it and witnessed its effects on others, expresses his intention to relate merely the manner
of its attack, leaving it for others to investigate its origin, and the cause of its being able
to produce such an entire change in the human body (~~ 3, 4).
1. irgs {rIp Atiyvrrov, the part lying above Egypt, i. e. the region
of country now called Nubia, Sennaar, including a part of Abyssinia.
----   uar;q1 is here tropically used of an inanimate subject.  -- Oaves-m&E   of Persia. - -- riv vroXXs7v, the greatest part.  K. ~ 246. 8. c.




496                                NOTES.                              [BooK IIt
2. evi7rea-e is an expression of common use, to denote the sudden
breaking out or attack of malignant diseases.  -     qr+aro, it attacked.
S. ~ 192. 1.        - oTer refers back  to e;awrtval 9. e —    r  a  QpiEanr,
into the cisterns or water-tanks used for receiving  and containing the
rain-water, as appears from  the  explanatory sentence which follows.
-      air`tl, i. e. in the Pira3us. --- es r -v ivco 7rrXlV  into the tupper
city, so called in distinction from  71 Krar  Vrd sir, the lower city, or that
which was built upon  the plain. - - -ro'XX? y)XXov, in far greater
numbers than when it was confined to the Pirmeus.
3. avwroD  i. e. the  disease. -       -o  EfKa0Tros 7LtYV0KE1, each  as he
thinks.  See N. on II. 21. ~ 3. --        d-'....a. avrdo from  what cause it
most likely arose — what was its probable cause.  This is a substantive
clause depending upon XEyEro, as does also ras   alriar.  -    yteraf3oMXs
depends on   os-rtsvar in  the sense, which in so great ca change.  Poppo
says that the sentence written  in  full would be:  calt rar alrlar (sc.
XEyerTo) adrrtvag bKava a —   Ka s   rooav ravsr- t era/LoXfrsr VotL~EL ELvaL.   But
the government of /Ieral3oX5jr is less natural in this mode of construction. --- - vatv follows o-XELv which depends upon LtKavarr (S. ~ 222.
6).   -  ad'  eo depends in  construction  upon ravra (sc. -s aor-LEia)
a3Xhoo.           XtoLr' -  &V.....ayyoe  -nc may not be wholly ignorant of
the disease (in  consequence of) having some previous knowledge (rt
rpoet0L8) of it.  The optative here depends on a future verb (b8Xcao-e),
and denotes a conditional supposition or conjecture.  Cf. K. ~ 333. 6.
CHAPTER XLIX.
The season in which the plague broke out was in all respects healthy (~ 1); the disorder
first showed itself in the head, which became violently heated, the eyes being inflamed,
after which the gullet and tongue becamne affected and fetid to a great degree (~ 2); this
was followed by sneezing and hoarseness, and soon the disease descended into the breast
and stomach, and produced vomitings and bilious discharges with great suffering (~ 3);
hiccoughlls, convulsions, and spasms of longer or shorter duration then followed (~ 4); the
skin was not hot to the touch, but livid, and covered with small pimples and sores;
internally, however, the heat was so great that the slightest covering of the body could not
be endured, and many threw themselves into wells to quench their raging thirst (~ 5);
the patients were also restless and wakeful, yet retained their strength in a great degree,
until the crisis of the disease, which was in nine or seven days; if they escaped this,
the malady passing down to their bowels produced there ulcerations and diarrhcea which
carried them off (~ 6); for the disease beginning with the head passed through the
whole system, and left its marks in the very extremities of the body, and some who
survived it were. in a state of utter forgetfulness (~~ 7, 8).
1. yap often commences a narration, the subject of which has been
previously introduced to the reader's attention.  In such cases it may




CHAP. XLIX.]                   NOTES.                               497
be rendered now.  See N. on I. 4. ~ 1. --- E  7rdivr0v, above all. See
N. on I. 120. ~ 1.-  /avoorov, free from  sickness, healthly. -    E, in
respect to. -      -E'rvyXavev G'v. S. ~ 225. 8. -  E TOVT'     7ravTa arreKpiql, every illness determined.ipn this.  The English expression, "a determination of blood to the head," as Arnold remarks, appears very
nearly to correspond to this passage.
2. robs 8' S'XXovr, the others, i. e. those who were not ill of other
diseases, when they were seized with this malady. -.a. dr' o6V8EutaS
rrpoicn eoows, fromn  no apparent cause. -- rTa EPTvOS, within = the internal parts, referring, as is evident from what follows, to the nmouth.
-   TroY Kal 3vor&ves, disagreeable and fetid; or perhaps better,
strange and fetid, i. e. fetid to an unusual degree.  So Arnold.
3.!wr&a  3rXjbs  rIoXvpod, with a  violent cough.          67rdre....
orT7platl, when it had ft.xed itself (= settled) in the stomach.  See N.
on I. 49. ~ 3 (init.).    dv- dvirr-pei rt avrijv, it disturbed it (i. e. the
stomach); literally, t.utrned it tupside down.  r- aTroadpapreLa....'Er9erfrav, and that which (literally, all those which) is called by physicians, discharges of bile, s~upervened (by the vomiting).
4. XvY$-KEVYj, a hiccough.  This is not an unusual consequence of
the straining andl irritation produced by excessive vomitilgs.  Arnold
takes Xvby  in the sense of retching, and Xy$T Kevrj  of ineffectqual
retching, when nothing is brought off from  the stomach.             /erTa
ravira, immediately. So the Schol. Opposed to this is 7roXX6  vTrepov
in the next clause.
5. ra&,sI ZEooAe (externally) stands opposed to ra bN 6srrvs infia.
a- rro!;iEp (SC. avroO), to one touching it (- if any one touched
it.  Mdt. ~ 338. b) externally.  This of course refers to 2epon, alone,
since XXkopo  refers to the Sense of sight. -  —,8' (for /i7r') a'XXo ri
i (SC.  v-rev) yvotoi, nor any thing else than being naked (= nor being
otherwise than naked).  yvirsol is here put in the nominative imasculine because, as Arnold remarks, ra b  EvrTos OV'ros  EKaETro =ra Evror
oVroTr EKaOYrTO (SC. oi Ka:ivovrES), and the adjective is put in the case
in which the omitted subject of the infinitive has thus virtually appeared. -'lo-Ta..... rrrL, cand would nmost gladly have thrlown
(av-ptrret -E'ppaTrorv,       L se 7vavo. ro. ~ 341. R. 1) themselves
into cold water.  Instead of the protasis Ei rLv5aOTro,  Poppo would
supply El fLIeXobvro from the following context.   r- euro, se. SC'paoav
Irom  the following verb.  Cf. K. ~ 346. 2. d. a-     EiV....rrord,
and it was the same thing (i. e. equally unavailing), wohether thley
dranck zmuch or little; literally, nore copious or diminishled draughl7ts
tended to the same result.
6. ro   7 7o-XvXaCiELv is epexegetical of  cnrropla, the impossibility




498                            NOTES.                            [BooK II
of composing themselves; literally, the not knowing what to do on account of their inability to rest.  /z1A is not here to be referred to tho
/L7) after a word denoting a negative idea (see N. on I. 10. ~ 1), for the
reason that the clause is separate and explanatory.         8omOrep....
aK/5aot, as lonzg as the disease was at its height.  In adverbial sentences the temporal adverb is followed by the optative, when that
which is said is something merely imagihed or thought of. --  rapat
3ioav, beyond expectation.  -   8LceLpomro —vro Tov EVTO'S Kav/IaTOS,
died of the internal heat (i. e. the fever). -----'Tl'xovres rtL  vayecor,
while they yet had (see Notes on I. 13. ~ 6; 51. ~ 4) some strength.
This clause belongs to 8LeqSeipovro.          8aq5n~uyoLev that crisis.
aivrj  refers to rj  KOXlav.    - dKpdrov: excessive, violent. a-'
awrrlv, i. e. the diarrllcea.
7. yhp introduces the reason why the disorder was said to descend
(ErrLrr7TTOVO-s ~ 6) into the bowels. -        r —KaKbO' is the subject of
BLetiyet. -   Lapveir, being seated, an expression often employed when
a disease remains settled in some part of the body. -             ftey7LrTro
dangers. --      7.....e7rero-71iaLve, its seizure of the extremities left its
~zmark.  This refers avTro  to rov KaKou.  Kriiger, however, refers it to
r7r, and makes it depend  on dcTpoor7pJtov.-     y, i. e. however the
patient may have lived through the greatest dangers, the thing here
spoken of at least happened.
8. KaTE;K rr57re.  This  word happily  expresses the violence and
rapidity of the attack, it being  used  of the descent of lightning,
storms, etc. -     aBoMa(.  The parts of the body are often put without
the article.  Kriig.  -   EZo-I 3' o' Kal r,&v  /b3aXjow, and some were
deprived eveen of their eyes. -     drvaro-Tcvra, i. e. when they recovered
(literally, rose 2up) from the disease. ---- r&wv ard-rov limits XVr/.
CHAPTER L.
That this disease was different from all other maladies is seen in the fact, that neither
birds nor beasts preyed on the unburied corpses, or if they did they perished (~ 1), a
proof of which was the disappearance of the birds of prey, and especially of the dogs (~ 2).
1. Kpeotrov Xoyov, exceeding description, greater thanz caan be de
scribed.  K. ~ 323. 6; C. ~ 463. 1.          ro ei'os Trs vuOrov, the kindz
of the disease. -- r  re.... qSUo-w, and in other respects mnore griev
ous than humana nacture can endurne; literally, thaln is proportionate to
human nature.  -   v  rTe is explained  in ra yiap o'pvea K. r. X.
---   ENjXC-e-o-', showed itself to be.  See N. on I. 11. ~ 3. -
riv 6vvrodocov, the ordinary  (diseases). -    a7rrerat = devour, feed




CHAP. LI.]                        NOTES.                                    499'Zpon. -      rroXXciv drchbv y7~yvoiE'vov, although  (see N. cn I. 7. ~ 1)
there qwere many unburied corpses. -           i yeowadEva   E~rStp-ro,    or if
(see N. on I. 71. ~ 6) they tasted (of the dead bodies) they perished.
2. retK1pLoY0  is not, as some think, a predicate nominative, but is a
proposition by itself, as in II. 39. ~ 2, where Dindorf puts a colon after
it, as he should have done in this place.    -  rolOv1TOoV OpvuoV, i. e.
birds of prey referred to in the preceding section.  -    rreptl TOtOlJO
ovE -=  7Trepl r        ra  oa' ta ao."  Jacobs. -           aa2rloqotv.... adro3atY0VTOr, fturnished a full understanding of the affair, i. e. showed that
death was the result of eating the dead bodies.  Some render, made
the event observable, i. e. brought the thing more.to the attention of
men.
CHAPTER LI.
Such was the nature of the disease in which all other disorders terminated, and for which nc
certain or universal remedy could be found, and against which no constitution could bear
up (~~ 1-3); an excessive depression of spirits also attended the malady from its first
commencement, and caused the patient to give up without a struggle (~ 4); the infection
which resulted from attendance upon the sick increased the mortality, for either through
fear of this they were not visited, or if any ventured to approach them, they in turn
became the victims of the disease, which was the fate of the more virtuous and compassionate (~ 5); much care and attention was, however, bestowed upon the sick by those
who had recovered from the plague, since they knew by experience its dreadful nature,
and were not afraid of its recurrence, because it never attacked the same person twice
(~ 6).
1. 7rapaXLtrovrL = to pass by.  This dative may be constructed after
otLovrov 7v, as the dat. commodi.  C. 410. -            adorrlav, of an unusual
natu1re. -      rvyXav —7yyv6ljtevov,  happened  to  be. ~- -rpos  &e'rpov
belongs to  al(SEpovrcos, E(Ep  (= E't) being in apposition with EK;a-Tr.
-      Kal  kX. o.... TrEXE'vra.  This is an explanatory repetition of what
was said II. 49. ~ 1, although that seems to refer to the time immediately preceding the pestilence, and this to the time when it was raging.
2. Ws  lrriTv, so to s2jeak (S. ~ 223. 3), is to be constructed with'v rE  ov.eV.       r.....23Xarre, for that which relieved one injured
another.
3. craca.... vro', no body showzoed itself strong enough for it (i. e.
the disease).  This is explained still fiurther by tiXVO! 7reptc (i. e. rFept
o-rXvos);7 daro-Eet'as.  For thle construction cf  v v-8eq(;uvq, see N. on
I. 2. ~ 1. --  7ravra,  sc. ra rocoxLara.       f 7rd- 8bLatayr refers not only
to proper food, but to the care and attention proper to be bestowed
upon the sick.




500                            NOTES.                          [Boox II
4. aLvTrarov.  The subject being an inanimate thing, the adjective
in the predicate is put in the neuter.  S. ~ 157. c. -         a3vplJt, dejcction, anxiety.:- ao'iSotro Ka tVWV perceived that he was sick with it,
See N. on I. 26. ~ 3.  For the use of the optative, see N. on T. 49. ~ 1
(init.).  -  rrpotevro  a4s  aivrovs gave themselves  ~2 (to tie disease):
-     Trepo.... ~.?orrKov, filled  with infection one from, the care of
anothelr, they died li/ke sheep.  ava7Tt7rradEvYot.  " This a favorite term
of Plato to express defilement or pollution, from the notion of a body
overloaded or surfeited with food, and so becoming disordered or unsound.  Thus Thucydides seems to use it as signifying, becoming fully
charged with infection.."  Arnold.       roTro, i. e. the contagious nature of the disease.
5. Be8to-re, through fear.-   EproLt = —fojbr want of care.  The
subject is dvzpcorot understood, referring to the sick persons.  ~  og
aperJ  7Trt ITermarotovEfEvot, those who made any pretensions to virtue (C.
~ 373. 1).  I prefer with the Schol. to take apecr' here in the sense of
tXnavlporrta Kat aycir.  So Krtiger understands it, although Bauer
and Haack attach to it the sense of firmnzess. --        E'olOTrTe (= in attending utpon) denotes the manner in which?7~eiBovY uo4Gv aivriov. See
Ns. on I. 33. ~ 1; II. 34. ~ 4.-    ras  oXo0vpro-el Tr-)r dcroyryo/iro;ev
— EeKcayrov, grew wearcy of the mocans of the dying.  The naturalness
and exquisite pathos of this passage are such, that I cannot bring
myself to adopt the sense given by some, were tired out with lamenting for the dying.  Besides it seems strange, if this latter meaning is
the true one, that the dying rather than the dead should be the subject
of lamentation.  rhas  kXovpr-etL is what Kuiihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 549. c)
calls the accusative of equivalent notion. --  vroXkXo, vast, huge.
6. oe O'Lco  ot ea7rEev3r/yoT'e, but notwithstanding  [that the sick
were deserted by their relatives] yet those woho had escaped (death
from the disorder). Arnold supplies the ellipsis and paraphrases thus:
"Still, whatever were the particular instances of intrepid hmnanity,
visiting the sick and dying without any consideration of its own
safety, yet the sufferers met with the liveliest compassion and the
greatest attention, from  those who had themselves had the plague,
and had recovered fiom it." -      i- bYv mrovomerov.  So we speakr of one
laboring under a disease.         8ta....etvatL because they had experienced [the disease] and we re of good courage as to their safety.  These
persons had two essential qualifications for visiting and taking care of
the sick, viz. sympathy in their snfferings, and fieedom  firom  all fear
of personal exposure. The reason for the last is contained in the next
sentence beginning with yap (explicantis)., r-Yv aXXov, i. e. both
the well and sick. ~-  mr,  rapaxp;7ia 7reptxape7, in excessive joy of the




CHAP. LII.]                      N O T E S.                               501
present. f       - -— 78'....8taqsSaprvaL, that they would never hereifter be
destroyed by acny other disease. They supposed that as they had battled
successfully with this terrible malady, their bodies would yield to no
other disease to which they might be exposed.  They did not therefore suppose that they should never again be afflicted with any sickness, much less that they  should never die, but simply  that they
should outlive every disease and die of old age.
CHAPTER LII.
The accession of the country people added to the calamity, for having no place to lodge
except in crowded huts, they died one upon another, and were rolling about in the streets
and around tile fountains (~~ 1, 2); the temples also were full of corpses, the calamity
having reached to such a height, as to render all regardless alike of things sacred or profane
(~ 3); sepulchral laws,and usages were violated, the survivors burying where and in
whatever way they could, and oftentimes for want of necessaries in an indecorous manner, using funeral piles erected for others, or throwing their dead upon one on which a
corpse was already burning (~ 4).
1. irpos, in additiosn to. -       s i....dyplcv.  The article is omitted
before the attributive, where it is placed after a noun denoting action
in the abstract.  Cf. KI. ~ 245. R. 2. -         o'X'orov    m zost especially.
2. oKaY)V'yAp oVX bVrapXovcrcv.  Cf. II. 17. ~ 3.-    pa q erovs, i.-e.
in the midst of summer.-          ovAEvl iKoCo- -p =   radrv dKooriars.  Jacobs.
These words are constructed by Haack with  BLtatTO'O)y, bhut it is better to refer them  to 6.SOpos'yTiyve7ro, which gives a sense still further
explained by the following  context. -             VEKpol.... eKeLTro.  Jacobs,
with the approbation of the best critics, thus constructs this sentence:
"Ear'  aX~Xomr dvarno/lOrrrKOre E  EKELro ve EKLpo, ut vEKpot consequens sit
vocabulis e'ar' aXX7XoLt  (arobvKcovres.' -        iaKtm8oYvro, lay rolling
about, being too weak to walk  or stand.h -   m71/V~ rre, haCf dead.
-    oe UaroT    i3rt'v![la contains the reason why  they  lay  around
the fountains, and is not therefore to be constructed with 7t2Ly7Jr-ES.
3. atrod, i. e. in the temples. -        Eva7rolo-crKd'rovw  (sc. avpcrorwv)
is the genitive absolute.  o- oK..... yvovrat, "not knowing what to
have recourse to." Bloomf., whom  Arnold cites approvingly.  But not
knowing what was to become of them  appears to me a better rendering.  Cf. Mt. ~ 488. 5.-  iEp&',  Kal o-icTov. See N. on I. 71. ~ 6.
4. Zl;Kcar refers here to the disposal of the dead bodies, which from
the following context appears to have been by burning. Why the
epithet dasarcaTxvrovs  is added to 377Kas is seen in  rani arvpgs' yap K. T. A.
----  3...U..   (rTL), on account of so many previous deaths in their
22*




502                               NOTES.                             [BOOK II.
families (uo-[Lto-), or because so many of their friends had already
died. --      S'a-cavres  rovb  v)ouravrav, anticipating those who were raising the pile. --       6Y  /;poLEv, i"which they happened to be carrying."
Arnold. Cf. C. ~ 606.
CHAPTER LIII.
Many other acts of licentiousness resulted from the pestilence, men being desirous, from
the sudden changes of fortune which they saw, and the precarious tenure of their own
lives, to enjoy the present to the highest degree possible (~~ 1, 2); no labor or pursuit
for the attainment of any useful or honorable object was engaged in, pleasure being the
ruling principle of action (~ 3); neither the fear of the gods nor human laws had any
restraining influence, since it appeared that those who reverenced the gods were no safer
than others from the plague; and each expected death before he could be convicted of hL,
misdemeanors at a civil tribunal, such conviction too having little terror, while a moro
awful calamity was hanging over them (~ 4).
1.'p$e, gave rise to, is followed  by  davow;al.  C. ~ 350. R.
rbXXa, in other respects than the excesses spoken of at the close of the
preceding chapter. --    s'o'X/a by the force of the antithetic arreocpv7rTETO refers to open daring. A-  tl —7rotev. See N. on I. 10. ~ 1 (end).
Some critics erroneously construct KaY' s'8ov1rv (cf. II. 37. ~ 2) with;rikmXa.      d dyXro-rpoo ov, sudden.      6p&vres refers to ris taken collectively. -      rv r' FuatJouivcov depends on Tr7V  E7ra3oXv. ) -- v.   KEvow, i. e. the possessions of the rich.
2. babTE has here the ecbatic sense. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1.            7rpos,
having reference to.        sJ yoSvlevoL denotes the cause (see N. on I. 9.
~ 4) of their desire for immediate and unrestrained enjoyment.
3. rb IEv..... v, no one was zealous to labor after that zwhich was
esteemed honorable. 7rpo(rraXat7rcopeTv takes the article by way of emphasis, ro being used, although the infinitive regarded as a substantive
depending upon 7rpibvuor, should properly have taken  roO.  Cf. K.
~ 308. R. 1; Mt. ~ 543. Obs. 2.  r,-  8'avrrt KaXn   is the dat. commodi.
--   u8Xoov vorieyov eL, regarding it uncertain whether.  Cf. the Lat.
nescire an. -- o', r  refers forward to roeno,  and is the subject of  yv
understood. -       8- s7'1, the present moment.  This word has undergone
various readings, 8ELt or b'8q being found in all the older editions. -
To;E avro KfpSaXEo'v, whatever ministered to this (i. e. sb8v); or if with
Poppo (cf. Mt. ~ 283) we refer the article to e's arro, -profitable as far
its this (i. e. 77ab) was concerned.
4. Tb psiv is constructed by Poppo in dependence on;C/E7Lv, and
referring to  To 2eloV implied in  teaSujv 0o6os.  Some refer ir,Esiv toe




CmAr. LIV.]                      NOTES.                                 503
C(tiFV KaQi /7 (so. oC-etv). -  - KplVorrrE  is a nominative absolute, the
construction being carried on as though aEcv Q56             df v3Pc7reWv vyJ/
o8BEvL arEdpyovro had preceded.  Cf. Mt. ~ 562. 1. ---  vrv bi  cmapr7Urcoaiv   depends on 7rv  TrTLoptV' aVrt8Orvat, to be punished for his
offences; literally, to pay the penalty, to give satisfaction, the punishment being considered in the light of a debt due from the offender.
--   OV8EdLv AXrl-Ov has the same construction as Kptrvvores.  1-!EXpt..... tLOv.  The order is: 8tov!;Xptp ro7   aK17V YV3ev~Eat.    - avrtBovat depends on iXwrotv.   s- Elo,  sc. 7-tLopt'av. -- E —rptKp eIaovat
depends on Kplvoov or vod[lrov, to be supplied from  EXrrtl(ov upon whllich
the verb properly depends, but the sense of which without modification would be inappropriate here. -          v 7rphv E/rErEvY,   before it fell.
A similar effect upon the morals was witnessed in the great plague of
Milan in 1680.  Cf. Lond. Quart. Rev. Oct. 1844.
CHAPTER LIV.
The AthenianS in their affliction remember an old prediction, which had been quite obscure,
but now seeme(l to be made clear by the calamity (~~ 1-3); they also call to mind the
oracle given to the Laceedmonians, in which the god had promised to be on their side
(~ 4); the severity with which thepestilence fell on Athens, and the exemption of Peloponnesus from its ravages, seemed to be in keeping with the oracle (~ 5).
1. rOtocrwt;,EV  raetr —-reptireo-ovrES, having fallen in with such a
calamity =  such, a calamity having come upon them.-            yis.  Cf. II.
21. ~ 2.
2. rov& To ro   rovr, the following oracle.   5- q&arKoreE   Ot n rpeo/repoL.  See N. on 88LOSrTE OI crrpaT71yo[l I. 49. ~ 4.       AcoptacKOs rrdXepIOS.  In the Peloponnesian war the Dorians were opposed to the
Ionians.  The Schol. says that this verse is drawn fiom  Hom. I1. 1.
161.  In respect to the faith of Thucydides in such things, cf. N. on
II. 8. ~ 3.
3. f' Xolt —dtXXih XtCdv, not LOIAOS but LIm08. These words were
doubtless pronounced very much if not quite alike, and hence were
confounded.         E'ViIK9,E.  The subject is (rS) Fipioacat.  ~- Eir here
denotes the ground or occasion of the thing spoken of (cf. K. ~ 296. 8.
b), in their present condition, i. e. on account of the prevailing disease.
--   7rpos.  See N. on I. 140. ~ 1.  -   r7 v ti5tmpv irottVro, conrm
their recollection.  -  oiuro, i. e. XtLfo'o.  The keen sarcasm  of this
passage is obvious, and helps to show in what estimation such things
were held by Thucydides.
4. roS  clao'd-t, to those who knew it.    - gre -- = Or.  See N. on




504                              NOTES.                              [BooK IL.
II. 21. ~ 1. --    airro  refers to the Lacedaemonians, and limits c   \Xe.
Cf. I. 118. ~ 3.
5. rTa...... EFal  tlhey conjectured that the things which too/ place
(i. e. the pestilence) corresponded with it. -        U8, for, slightly introduces the clause in which it stands as confirmatory of what precedes.
oTL  ditoy  Ka' El7reTv =  in any respect worthy of being mentioned.  Araold cites as equivalent in signification, o'rL saial dtXoyov, IV. 48.  Ii
respect to the weakening force of Ka[t cf. Jelf's Kfihn. ~ 760. 2. b. ---
eTreevlEaLro.   KarLTEqaye. Schol.  A  most expressive term  to represent
dhe sudden and overwhelming calamity.
CHAPTER LV.
3k Peloponnesians, after ravaging the plain, pass into the territory of Paralus, and there
lay Waste the country (~ 1); but Pericles still adheres to his opinion, that the Athenians
shcald hazard no general engagement (~ 2).
1, E'reov To,reiov,. Cf. II. 47. ~ 2. - HapaXov. The invading
army took a circuit north of Athens, and passing between Hymettus
and the more northern mountains, marchled south through Mesogoea
into Paralia, as far as Laurium in its most southern extremity. It was
a bold movement thus to place Athens in the rear, and we have no
other instance recorded in which this was done.-             ov....'A37?vaots
shows the reason why this movement was made.  The Peloponnesians hoped to draw out the Athenians from  their city to defend these
mines.        r 7rprs, towards.' K. ~ 208. III. 1. a.
2. Ka  Todre, then also, as well as in the year of the first invasion
(bcrOre.... e..'3oXf). -       7rep.....'ArlYvatovr follows yvy\7/vy  in  construction.
CHAPTER LVI.
Previous to the advance of the Laced.Tmonians into the maritime district, Pericles fitted ont
100 ships to sail around Peloponnesus (~ 1); the fleet sets sail while the Laced emonians
are in Paralia (~~ 2, 3); with the armament the Athenians proceed to Epidaurus, and
ravage the territory but are unable to take the place (~ 4); thence departing they ravage
other towns on the Peloponnesian coast, and having taken and sacked Prasim, they return
to Athens (~~ 5-7).
1. Ert' anv'  i —ovrWoC', but while they were yet.  See N. on I. 13.
f 6. -      rplv —   e)STv.  S. ~ 223. 3.    e rapeaK;ewvCero refers to Peri.
dles. --     rToiua.  See N. on II. 3. ~ 4.




CHAP. LVII.]                    NOTES.                                505
2. ev ravflv  l7rrayoyoiL, izn cavalry-transpor ts. --    7rp7rov rore in
respect to the Athenians, for the Persians sent horsemen by sea.with
Dates and Artaphernes. --           vavo-lv is the dative of accompaniment.
S. ~ 206. 5.
3. OrT 8E adV7yETo K. T. X. The fleet must have been fitted out with
great dispatch, as the Peloponnesians were in all only forty days in
Attica.  Cf. II. 57. ~ 2.-  Ev r7- 7rapaXta, sc. yfj.  Cf. ~ 2, where it
is fully written.  Upon this r;-s'ATTLKvsv depends.  See N. on I. 114.
~ 2 (init.).
4.'Er18avpov refers to  the Argolie Epidaurus.  Another town
of the same name lay S. E. of Sparta, near the southern extremity of
the eastern peninsula of Laconia. -     r7  y1 v rwv 7roXXiv, the greater
part of the cozntry.  Cf. M[t. ~ 320. 3.  --          7rpoeXcP?-e.  Bloomf.
supplies sj 7rTepa or ro EXElv from the preceding context.  So Stephens
explains ov 7rpoXcpr?7crev aVro'T o  To Xke, r7'v 7rotXl. Cf. II. 58.K~ 2.ye is highly restrictive = notwithstanding in this respect at least they
did not succeed.
5. 7ranXao-o-ta, maritime places.
6. Ilpaorn-t, Prasice, was situated in the northern part of the Laconian coast, at the mouth of the river Kani (Tanus), which rises in
Mount Parnon, and flows north-easterly  into the Argolic gulf.  It
seems that the Athenians assaulted this town on their way home. —
y.S depends on f-'eov,) the action being confined to a part.  Cf. Mt.
~ 323. b; C. ~ 366; S. ~ 191. 1.
CHAPTER LVII.
Through fear of the pestilence, which carried off many both in the city and in the armament, the Peloponnesians leave Attica sooner than they otherwise would have done,
having remained, however, longer than they had ever before (~~ 1, 2).
1. 1f (rrpa'tLa which had gone to ravage the Peloponnesian coast.
Cf. II. 56. ~ 1. —-— rob  IekXozrovvr7aclovg is the subject of E:EXELYv.
- -Tov avroldeoXW.  S. ~ 192. N. 3.  The accusative of the thing
heard is or.... EJt7.  -    arrovras-7-,ra ivovro.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3.
Arnold understands Cai7rroyrav of the flame and smoke of the funeral
piles, the word being of general application to any manner of performing the last rites, whether by interment or burning. But if the
dead were buried, as some doubtless were, in the outer Ceramicus, the
interment could be seen by the scouts of the enemy if not by their
whole army.  This will illustrate the remark of the Schol. that the




506                               NO T E S                            [Booa II
Lacedtemonians did not attack them  (alrov, referring doubtless to the
persons engaged in the burial rites), because they deemed it iinpious
(do-efS3). -     - ao'Sovo, more speedily than  they would otherwise have
done.  Diod. XII. 45, says that Pericles effected their departure by
his expedition against Peloponnesus.
2.  AXEo'rTdv   re Xpdvov eVe/ELuvaV (in the land).  Of. II. 23. ~ 3o
CHAPTER LVIII.
The Athenians undertake an expedition against the Thracian Chaledians, which arriving at
Potidea makes great exertions to take it (~ 1), but in vain, for the pestilence breaking oul
in the portion of the army which had recently arrived, spread among the troops already
there and broke down their strength (~ 2); the newly arrived forces therefore return to
Athens, having lost one fourth of their number (~ 3).
1. eXPs'omaro, 7hcld  ev7ployed.    -'rs 7roAtLopKov0tsE?7v.  Cf. I. G-6
--       areKdIevoW to Potidea.
2. da[cos  qualifies 7rpoxyodpLt (see N. onl 1I. 56. ~ 4), and is followed
by  the  genitive 7rapac'rrvis.  Cf: S. ~ 200. N. 2; C. ~ 374. /i.  The
reason of the failure is contained in the next sentence introduced by
Tycp. --'oroI 7rpOErpovr arpartc7ac,   i. e. those who  had  gone o(it
with Callias (I. 61. ~ 1) and Archestratus (I. 57. ~ 6). —- arS, out of.
The reinforcement was probably drawn away from  the place, as soon
as it was found that the  other army was becoming infected with the
disease. --    IQopF v 86 K. r. X.  Cf. I. 65. ~ 3
CHAPTER LIX.
The Athenians oppressed by the double scourge of war and pestilence, change their miPda
and charge Pericles with being the cause of their misfortunes (~ 1); they even go so fa!
as: to send an embassy to the Lacedremonians offering to make concessions, but effect no
thing thereby, and in their perplexity inveigh bitterly against Pericles (~ 2); whereupop
he calls an assembly, and in order to, calm their irritated feelings and raise their courage
gddresses them in a speech (~ 3).
1.  jkXXolOVTo0 &ar  yv"aI, changed their rinds.
2. rb.... Exov = they blamed Pericles, cast the blame on Pericles
---     cC nreavrar,  as though he h)ad persuaded.  See N. on I. 54. ~ 1.
oE  a urovs.  See N. on I. 38: ~-2. ---   7rpaKro& e;Tyvovro  (SC. o,
7rpe~oetr) =  effected  nothing. --   7ravraxo2ev.... Ka0eEr0're5- =  being
wholly at loss swhat to do, being  in utter perplexity of mind in co



CHAP. LX.]                    NOTES.                            507
sequence of the difficulties which beset them  on every sine (7ravroa
3. 7rpos rh 7rapovra, at the present posture of cGfairs. -     XaXe7ralvovrar.  Cf. II. 22. ~ 1. -- 7rayaycv....yvY7)  by/ diTverting the
angry current of their feelings.  This is more fully expressed in armo
rwzv 7rapdoreov TGc v vY da7rayye' rv r yip  /v v, II. 65. ~ 1. For 7-i OpyLf.E
orv, see N. on rO /EXAXov, I. 42. ~ 2.
CHAPTERS LX.-LXIV.
The speech of Pericles, comprised in these chapters, is a bold and animated defence of the policy recommended by him in the prosecution of
the war. He triumphantly justifies himself from the accusations and reproaches, which his fellow-citizens, in their distress, were heaping upon
him, and arouses them to manly courage and endurance by showing the
trivial value of the houses, villas, and luxuries of which they were for a
time deprived, when compared with liberty, the most inestimable of all
blessings.  In its high-toned and generous sentiments, its profound and
statesman-like views, its appropriateness to the occasion, which demanded
something to arouse the courage and cheer the minds of the Athenians, depressed as they were by invasion without and pestilence within their walls,
this speech is every way worthy of the great man who pronounced it, and
who was soon to be removed by death from the government which he
had so long and ably administered. The excessive brevity of its style renders many places obscure, yet the general scope is so cleal, that it may be
readily apprehended, and thus aid is furnished by which the verbal difficulties may in general be satisfactorily elucidated.
The oration begins somewhat abruptly, and in the spirit of reproof.
This however will not appear strange or unsuitable, when the high standing and commanding talents of the speaker, and the dejection, timid counsels, and unworthy conduct of his audience are considered. It would do
in such a posture of things for him to speak with authority, while others
would be obliged to employ the language of deprecation. The position of
Pericles was not unlike that of the Earl of Chatham, wheny inspired with
patriotism and hatred of oppression, he hulled those terrible bolts of warning and reproof upon the heads of the ministry, who were forging the
chains of slavery for these American colonies. From no other man than
him, who had so long and ably held the reins of government, would such
language as he friequently used have been deemed endurable. There is
therefore nothing inappropriate or unbecoming in the bold and manly commencement of the speech before us, but is rather to be regarded as the cai..




608                               NOTES.                             [Boos IL
burst of generous indignation at the fickle, effeminate, and short-sighted
policy of the Athenians whom he rose to address.
The general divisions of the speech are not so strongly marked, as in his
more deliberate orations.  He first exculpates himself from the unjust censures under which he suffered (chap. 60); he then enters upon a defence
of his policy, by holding forth the encouraging prospects before them, by
showing the worthlessness of houses or lands when compared with freedom,
and by portraying  the degradation which would result from  submission
and defeat (chaps. 61-63); he then recurs to the pestilence as something
unforeseen, and respecting which no one could be justly blamed, and closes
with a stirring appeal to the courage, patriotism, and love of glory, which
should animate the breast of every true Athenian in this great and momentous struggle for liberty and dominion (chap. 64).
CHAPTER LX.
The speaker commences by frankly acknowledging, that his object in convening the assembly is to administer reproof for their fault-finding and pusillanimous spirit (~ 1); he lays
down a political axioim, that to the individual members of a state nothing can be more
advantageous, than to have the body politic in a prosperous condition (~ 2); every citizen
should aim, therefore, to promote the public welfare, unaffected by private calamities,
and casting no blame on the adviser of the measures which they have adopted (~ 4); in
the present instance, their anger is directed against one who is not inferior to them in
political sagacity, eloquence, patriotism, and incorruptible integrity (~ 4); in which qualifications and virtues whoever is deficient can never be useful to the state, and therefore
he ought not to be censured, who, possessing them in a moderate degree even, has induced his fellow-citizens to undertake the war (~~ 6, 7).
1. Ical- yes, indeed.  To this corresponds the Kat  before E'KKX]cT[av.
Cf. I. 80. ~ 1.        7rpo-8exot;drV..... yey;v-raL,   I have expected these
expressions of your wrath; literally, these expressions of your anger
(rh r-es OpyiTe'irv) have happened  to me expecting thenm.  See N. on
~-t yap... dqfcraoalt, II. 3. ~ 2.  Mt. (~ 285. 2) makes Tr T'7rs opyjs
--  s dpyO,  but the other rendering  is equally as grammnlatical and far
more pointed.    Teorov refers  forward to 0orrcoe Wroa/v71r0o K. r. A.
The verbs irrouv7o-wo and   k'lcouFatL are  put in  the  indicative  after
orrces, to represent the idea of the verbs as definitely occurring  and
abiding.  Cf. K. ~ 330. 6; AMt. ~ 519. 7 (end).  Arnold contends that
o7rcov (in order that) takes the aorist subjunctive, and thus he (with
Poppo, Goel., and Kriig.) edits the passage.
2. 7rXelw   belongs to  qa0XE7 v.  t- v     trrao'av  opSovotf'Viv,  being
prosperous as a zwhole -  enjoying 9public pr nosperity.  ~-   i.... o-/aXhXoltv1v, than one cwhich is flourishing in respect to its citizens individ.
ually considered, but collectively is in a ruined condition.




CHAP. LX.]                     NOTES.                               509
3. KaXog.... Javrogv, for a man who is prosperous in his private
affairs.  KaX&s  /fepdoLEvos   is analogous to KcaXs  7rpciCaocoY. -     ol8Ev
Yroov, than if his own affairs were in a bad condition.           ivr (in
~vvarorXXvTra) =     together with the state. -     ervxoOrx(T, sc. 7rarplaL.
- fiiXXov than a prosperous citizen in a state brought to ruin. The
political wisdom  of these remarks is worthy of being engraved on the
mind of every statesman.  No individual can hope to enjoy permanent prosperity, independent of the sound and healtllful condition of
the state in which he dwells; and he legislates badly who overlooks
the public good in his desire to benefit private interests, whether in
reference to individuals or to particular sections of the country.
4. arS  1tlatr avlqopar, i. e. Tras  Kau' EKaoTrovr av3pCr)ov.   - ota re,Epelv, able to szuplort. a-   sai /) 8 vv vlEc: ()Lpare for Kalt 11 apas
o vUv V/jLES   pare.  -    rasc KaT' oLKOv KaKaorpayltars  at domestic calamities. --      quaa-tee is accommodated to vL/Eirs, and is epexegetical
of apare.  The regular construction  would lhave been dloab-at (to
desert), in connection with aiiVvYet.   Cf. Mt. ~ 631. 4.  For the construction of this verb with the genitive, cf. S. ~ 197. 2. -     /CE-aL'
aorlas'XEre, you blame mne. -    o- ot v;yVo)rTF, who jointly (with me)
decreed it.
5. KaLTro7  and yet. --      0s refers to  e'uol, and therefore takes
o'o/Fat in the first person. --   7Yiat and EptLpe?(ratcL belong to /'co-v
as accusatives of specification: inferior in respect to hknowing, etc.
-     Xp?7rlTCOV KpELOcr —GO = superior to the influence of wealth, incapable of being bribed.
6. o' re.... i.vetv wi17n  for he who has knowledge and does not express it clearly is (sc. E',rlv) in the same condition (iv qio-), as if
he had given no thought on the subject in hand. -        o- dolosr as if he
was.tXOX7roXtg.       7-oE, se. o ro  e6v'ov r~ 7rdXet elicited from'r!,r6XEL Barovs which precedes.  Krug.   Reisk. supplies rov OlKELOc
EXELPy r7 7rd0Xet.  -   LKLEVOUv  SC. avrou. o- rovTou ivsr is the genitive of price and refers to XP7ia}ra. -     wroXoirT is passive.  The
qualities of a good statesman are here briefly given, viz. knowledge,
eloquence, patriotism, and integrity.  Cf. Aristot. Rhet. II. 1. ~ 3,
where a somewhat similar division of the qualifications of a statesman is mlade, viz. 0p6PrVL-tS, aperrT, and Evvota.
7.;/oOC — Lerplcos.  Schol. -       aiXXo  &rE;powv.  See N. on I. 85.
~ 1. -     alrda, these qualificctions. i. e. knowledge, eloquence, etc.
--   E7;reo-re-oTVE-ovK CtV —epo'ovY.  The actual denial of the consequent would have requiled the indicative, but the speaker employs
the optative as a more modest form of denial. Of. K. ~ 339. 3. a; Mt.
~ 524. 2.




5>10                              NOTES.                             [BooK I1..:HAPTER LXI.
When war can be declined without detriment, it is folly to undertake it, but when it ih
necessary for the defence of rights, he is blameworthy who refuses to meet danger with
boldness (~ 1); the speaker claims the merit of not having changed his sentiments, but
charges his auditors with want of firmness to persevere in their former resolves, as soon
as they feel the pressure of adversity (~ 2); the mind is easily weighed down with that
which is sudden and unexpected, and this was true of the Athenians in respect to the
pestilence (~ 3); but as citizens of so powerful and well-regulated a state, they cught to
bear afflictions with fortitude, and come to the aid of the state, for by falling short of their
previous glory they would incur censure (~ 4).
1. ya'p introduces the reason or proof  f    ovK axv-a'rtnav  epont/i,
at the close of the preceding chapter. -           a~'peort-, a choice between
peace and war. --          ra'-ha eVTrvXoo-t, "1 in  other respects fort'unately
circumstanced."  Bloomf.  7r-a'a except that for the attainment of
which war was necessary.  Goel. well explains this expression: dlum
ceterums  liberi manentes de suo jure nihil cedunt.  Namn evrvXe&,V
e'atcolova   eevat huic scriptori est liberums esse.  Kriig. expresses somne
doubt whether r-a'XXa e'vrvxoio-c may not be connected with the words
which follow. --    7rokeco-aL has for its subject e'KeoLtV the omitted
antecedent of otL.         c EvSbs  is to be taken with  rTraKoro-a  and not
with e'lamrar  as Reisk. supposes, for the participle denotes cause (by
submission), and is opposed to Ktv8vveevo-narar.  Pericles refers here to
the demands made by the Lacedaemonians (cf. I. 139), to  which he
said  (I. 141. ~ 1) a',odSEe 87 BtaveSoi'q-re    6V7raKoVeLe 7rplv TL PXa1evat
(i. e. vz7raKovee  evS;s).  Poppo.
2. 6 afrisc (so. 7j yvcoj z.- Cf. III. 38. ~ 1), of the same opinion
that I was formerly.  of K E;lToraLat (sc. r7-  yeTdIuSj) is added for the
sake of explanation and emphasis. --     &re780  introduces the proof of
the charge made in  /cE3E   I cErTafaX7Xer-e.        7resto-7vat to go to war.
daKepatots is opposed to Kamovlievotv, the general idea being, that
as soon as trials and dangers came, they changed their views in respect to the war which  they had decreed while in a state of security.
--  Kal ro  flOV Xo'yo. Repeat e7reL8q $vri/37.     2...../.yy7r contains the reason why the counsel of Pericles now  appeared wrong to
them, and 8Ldtr  rTo  eIp Xvrrov (=- -   XVrr7) K. -r. X. shows why  they
had changed their views (FeranMeitv). e-  EXFL =  KarEXe. ---    a'7re-'rtv,  is remote  - out of the reach of observation, it being opposed to
Excer-T)v afo- lo'-v in the preceding member. --  6' dtlyov.  See N.
on II. 11. ~ 4. -  rarvl-,qyKa-aprepeT,= too downcast to per~severe.
See N. on I. 50. ~ 5 (end).: -      (=  irorocrs   )'-yOre, in  wohat!you
have resolved =  in your resolution.




CHAP. LXII.]                      NOTES.                                    511
3. 8ovXo7, enslaves, renders abject. -          yap introduces an apologetic sentence, intended to soften the cutting reproof just given. Compare with thlis the apology made by Ulysses (I1. 2. 291-298), after he
had inveighed against the Greeks for wishing to return home before
the object of the war had been accomplished. --  popdvrpla, high spirit,
intrepidity of m?,ind,   Cf. II. 62. ~ 3. --     7TXrtTro     rapc Xo'yq), most especially beyond calculation. -         " g interpretamur ro BovXoro-UaL  p6ovjq/ia."  Poppo. --         aiXXoLs in respect to tle pestilence which is particularly mentioned. -  oVX s)'Ktrra belongs to the words which follow.
4. dvTL7ra"XoLs  arfry, corresl2onding to it. -     XpeWv, it is necessary.
KC. ~ 73. 1. c. ~- tvtzdopa's depends on  vqguorao-rt, to endure, to
sustain.  K. ~ 284. 3 (2).  This verb more frequently takes the accusative. Cf. MIt. ~ 401. 4. -- riv aleo-trv. See N. on I. 69. ~ 1. --
iv'I(r-, equally, belongs to  ablrLaotL. —         --— r 7 re ivrapXoC-q7S   aods,
"Ihis prolper and CL  natural character or r'eputcatiom." Arnold.  In support of this hie cites T7r iurupx oasjr qVU(eo  (II. 45. ~ 2).  But I prefer
the common rendering, glory alr~eady acquired, as better suited to the
context.  The genitive depends on  A;XE)XeTE.  S. ~ 197. 2.                rs —
rtpor7oo0vr0-s   follows 3peryderov (uwho reaches after, who arrogactes to
himself).  S. ~ 192. 1.  The words dv'tm  -..... peydieoVr are enclosed,
in most of thle editions before me, in the mlalks of a parenthesis.
nrakXylcraramsr N  ra  1a(t1, su2lpressing their grief oin account of private
calamities.  The construction  is here resumed from  oA'osC-XpeCiwEdehXtv   go-'rao.-at at the commencement of the section.
OHAPTER LXII.
One remark respecting the attainment of empire has been alluded to, nor would the speaker
now give utterance to it, but for the groundless alarm of his fellow-citizens (~ 1); the
Athenian dominion is not limited to their subject allies but extends over the whole
sea, one of the two parts in which the world is divided (~ 2); it is not therefore to bo
compared with tlse possession of towns or villas, and the loss of these should not be
lamented, but they sllould rather be regarded as the decorations of wealth and dolninion,
easily recovered if they remain free, but the enjoyment of which is hopeless if they
succumib to others; wherefore, showing themselves not inferior to their ancestors who
acquired this dominion, nor being insensible to the great disgrace, which would attend thle
loss of that in which they have been put- in possession, they should go against their  enemies
with disdain (~ 3), such as inspires those who feel their superiority to their foe in cou,:nsel
and prudence (~ 4); for this begets firmness of daring, and is a far surer groundl of confidence than hope, which is only exercised in times of extremity (~ 5).
1. Tre) 7hi sr&ov is the accusative of specification, but as to the labolr
(of:  C. 438. y), or perhaps it  nore properly depends on acre'tlu, the




512                           NOOTES.                          [Boox rl
pronoun avrov being repeated (see N. on I. 80. ~ 3). Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. 
Mt. ~ 472. 1.,u) ip'7rFyEpYe0VE3a depends upon 71Tro2TrEvO/evov.  For
the use of y/, see N. on II. 13. ~ 1.-        i7rebeLta.... V-srorrTe e0v/LEY Ov
I have shown that this is wrongly regarded with sutspicion.  KrUg.
remarks that we can say in the passive OT'rorTTESermTL 6 rOvo& 17, as well
as in the active vrroyrr7Eo rbOv Yrovoy /t. For the construction of a7r;86Eta with the participle, see N. on 1. 25. ~ 2. --        EXooroa (8E KCl a ro8E.
Render the expression, but I will bring forward a thought. The orator
shows soon (oeLro-re lev yb/p K. r. X., ~ 2) what this thought is, to which,
as he avers, utterance is now given for the first time in order to allay
their fears.  In the general construction of the very difficult sentence
which follows, it is evident that ovr-' E'iyc E  TO S  irplv XdyotL is to be
constructed with  0oKEre.... E'vnJv r, vat, which you yourselves seem
never to have thought of, nor have I made mention of it in'my forvenr
speeches. With ov"r' Ey6 repeat E'YvevfL/7Yv with a modified signification,
or supply EiXpaorOv from the following context.  The main difficulty
lies in the words,rsapXov.... dpXfrv.  Goel. constructs E'vvwr,, rjv;t
LEyZE1OVS 7rEpt ESP Tqr?  dpPXjV (i. e. r7,s ElpX}), V7raUPXOv VLYv (quamqua2
vobis suppeditat).  Bloomf. in his last edition adopts this order, and
translates efS Tr7vY apx7r, as to empyire, and vrrdpXor V/SLv, thoulg7  the
means for attaining it are in your power. I am disposed on the whole
to render it thus: which you seem never to have reflected upon although
belonging to you, i. e. so connected with your condition and policy as
a maritime state, that one cannot see how you could avoid thinking of
it.  The words leyEdoSV 7Epl Eps Ir v Y UPXj 1 may then be taken as explanatory of o'. -'XOrt refers to the subject about to be introduced,
and to which rdO'e referred. -- 7 rpo7ro        pretension, clacim.
2. yip introduces the explanation of rdOe in the previous section,
and may be rendered, namely, to wit. -     IEtpLov depends on roe0  Zr7pov, and is explained by y0SV Kal?jaXaieoo-rs  in apposition with it. --
T)LY.... Oavep&  =  evidently  given for man's euse. —  6/ais — ras
depends on daroqbalvo, I affirm that you care. --   iE' orov, as far as.
-     Kat.... 3ovkXqre, and more if you wish. -       Kal oVK....  KoXVcTreL,
Construct: Kat OVK E'Trl OVty ovre a3cLtXEVS-T o7ffrtL KcOXVoELt VaS 7rTX;ovYraS,7 VTrapXovrr 7 rsrapapcTevf,.  Properly speaking 3aLAEvs' (i. e. the Persian king) and'vosv are in apposition with r-l, the omitted antecedent
of'O-'Tg.V
3. ov Kara —fatet,     is manifestly not to be compared with -- not
to be put on a level of comparison with.  The idea is that the empire
of the sea is of immeasurably more value, than the objects of their
regard to which reference is here made. This gives great point to
&ov yAEyaXcuYv VOtL(re T arepoTp.-atL =  qf which being der vied you think




CHAP. LXIi.]                   NOTES.                               618
yourselves deprived of great things.  sryakXwr is here in the predicate,
and was probably uttered by the orator in a tone of irony.  For the
use of KarTl   to denote comparison, cf. K. K     292. II. 3. b.-     XaETr~s
SEpEtv awrcojv to be dcespodent on account of these things. Cf. it. ~ 368.
5. a. o-    v follows /ikXXov', which imlplies a negative idea.  The
general principle is referred to in N. on I. 10. ~ 1 (end).  Cf. K. ~ 318.
IR. 7; -Mt. ~ 455. d. Kruger explains / ov by advT roe aCXha. ---- K7rLo
Kat EyKcaXX7rL0/1a are used in a tropical sense, as they refer literally
to the pleasure-gardens surrounding Athens, or perhaps, as Poppo
suggests, to the ornamental gardens which pertained to the houses of
Athens. -        -rpbS rav'r7v (sc. riJv  Svcalyv), in comparison with this
po;wer (i. e. the eml)ire of the sea). K. ~ 298. III. 3. d. -    avrrj6  depends upon avhrttXf/3av4Lrvot, clinging to it, holding fast 2upon it. The
pronoun is to be mentally repeated after 8taor roeLEv.. -.  ravra refers
to KprwVLo.....7roXTrov, and dvakaX +opLh7v is constructed after yvcovat.
See N. on yvroves-ovouav, I. 25. ~ 1.-          v7raKovo'ao-(T     is the dat. incomnmodi after  Xaao-oooo-2at. -        -ra' rpo(reKrr!yeva (so. rfi;Xsvuepaq),
vhactever has been acquired in addition to freedom, i. e. not only is
freedom  gone, but every thing else, which may have been enjoyed in
addition to freedom. -       SLXEhv. See N. on I. 78. ~ 1. a- at aIdo'dTepa, i. e. Karao o KarEXEiv rE KalL 8taoc&o-avre 7rapa8t6ova. Haack. -
<Pavqjmat and Ievat, like?yvcva,, depend upon EIKod.     ov 7rap' ),XXcw
bE8dt(EVOLt not by inheritance; literally, not by hccaving  eceived them
frnom others. -- S rpoorE't, in addition.   - a'o-rtov.... darv~x -atl it is
more disgraceful jbr  those, zoho are in possession [of a thing], to be
deprived of it, than to fail in its acquisition.  This is a parenthetic
clause, and it is so marked in some editions. With the sentiment here
expressed, cf. Sallust, Jug. c. 31.  "Magis dedecus est parta amnittere
quanm omnino non paravisse." --          Notice the paronomasia in  5povrlsart (see N. on II. 61. ~ 3) and Ka-ra5povr'Lart.
4. acxtyza, boasting, vaunting, is here opposed to iKarabpodvqcots,
disdain that is dignified and well-founded. -         aro dtaiaus  evTVxo1v,
from lucky ignorance.  r- ts'v, wohoever. See N. on I. 70. ~ 6 (init.).
The relative refers to E'KEtv  understood, which depends on   yt7werL
to be repeated after Kcara/podrrtE.s --  yvy&y 4enotes the respect in
which 7rpoEXelv is taken.  A  discrimination is here made between
physical force and brute courage, and that which is guided and controlled by prudence.  Allusion seems indirectly to have been made to
the different character of the Spartan and Athenian valor.
5. Kat rqr.....rapExerat, and p~rudence arising from, a lonfty s2jirit
with (dro'. See N. on I. 91. ~ 7) equal fortune (i. e. if forltune be impartial), renders a daring courage more sure.  lMt. (~ 574) incorrectly




614                                 OT E S.                          [300oo  11
translates EK in  EK  -oU  wpr/EpqpOVOS, by means of, in  consequence of.
Arnold says that "iK here is wvith, as it expresses the circumstances
attending an action, or that state from or with which anl action setb
out." ------ EX rb 7s 5(TromoV  r0TreeL —yVCYCJ  3E da7ro rTov v7rapXodYrCv) and
tr'usts not in, hope (literally, less to hope), but in, counsel according to
(cf. Mt. ~ 573. p. 995) existinlg circu~mstances. -         r.....orxrs.  The
general idea of this sentence is that hope is only exercised in times of
extremity, or is, as Arnold expresses it, the conmfort of 7the desperacte,
Hence those whose  measures and actions result fiom  wisdom  and
good  counsel, will never trust to  the influence of hope to  excite
courage, since its existence presupposes a state of difficulty and embarrassment, tending to diminish rather thlan increase true boldness. -
srpo'voa, forethought, foJreca st.  What a prestige of success, resulting
fiom  confidence in the military wisdom  of their commander, alwa',s
inspired the armies of N-apoleon Bonaparte.
CHAPTER LXIII.
The honor of dominion they should either decline, or else sustain with all its attendant toils,
nor should they forget that freedom or servitude is not the only alternative for which they
are contending, but that they are threatened with danger fiom the odium, wvhich they
have incurred in the exercise of their power (~ 1), a power which they cannot decline,
even if tllrough fear they should affect to be very good men (~ 2); for even an unjust
assumption of power cannot be laid aside with safety, nor can inactivity be indulged in by
a dominant state (~ 3).
1. rrvs r    Xe rOecos depends on rc rtL;srotEv  (the honor.  See N. on 7-O
bdXXov, I. 42. ~ 2), which participle follows 3oseJTv, to sustain, to defend.
Cf. I. 123. ~~ 1, 2; 140. ~ 1. --  iro, resuilting from.  -   prep refers
to ro   aspXev.      7rdvovS  to obtain and secure emp)ire.-   Pola-ra
continues the construction commllenced in  iKs —OoStdu.                9eSs is
explained by the appositional clause  oVXeIlu  avrT' Xevobep/ s-,a   and as
referring to the thing therein contained is put in the neuter.  Cf. MIt.
~ 439. Obs. 1; S. ~ 157. 2. a. -        KLVOrVov  OV (= EKetVUac  oTs) iv vrj dpXr
CarrqXbe(-re = danger resultinzg from  tfle enunity of those wchose odium?
you hacve incurred in the exercise of your dominion.  Kri:g. maltkes cov
=  irorrv a, fros01    those enm?ities wthich youG hcave incurred.  Cf. Rost,
~ 104. N. 7.  Arnold adop:ts this interpretation, but it gives no better
sense, and is by no Ineans the construction which is usual to the verb.
2.'s refers to  ipX7k. -        cv  er-cev, it is inz your power. --    t
rt..... advpayna[Iera, if any one of you at the present, through fear




CH". LXIV.]                       NOTES.                                    51i,nd ac desire of ease, should in  this (r-dE, i. e. rO eKOTrrvaL Trir dpx(7s)
play the honest mnan.  rTo8  is to be constructed with advpayalC~eraL as
an accusative synecdochical.  Somne refer it to,lvSvvov, and govern it
by 8ECb;S or d&rEXwSfo-3, elicited fiom  drTXETFS-.  But 868ELS  is to be
taken  absolutely, and  arr7sXSie3-e is too  remote to have any direct
governing power in this sentence.  -    04.... au-rr v, for as a ty7ranny
you now hold this (government over your allies).  Less mildly was the
same sentiment expressed by Cleon, III. 37. ~ 2.               i)v....  rtKSivtrvrov.  The assumption of this dominion might be deemed unjust, yet
to relinquish it would be attended with peril, and hence the truth is
confirmed of what was said in i's o3'..... adpayacl emraat.
3. raXtcar'  aV.....O oKlE ltV, stch men as these (i. e. ol ra Tnotal'ra
UvSpayat4o1EivotL. Krtig.), if  they could persuade others, or lived any
tvhere by themselves in ca state of independence (" velut in coloniam  deducti." Poppo), would quickly destroy the state.  This is substantially
the interpretation  given to this passage  by Poppo, Goel., Arnold,
and  others.  ~7rELo'avres  and o0 &1emtav are connected  by Te —Kl,    and
contain the protasis.  The variation of construction in the use of the
participle and the verb, instead of two participles or two verbs, is
not uncomllmon in Thucydides.  For the use of irl, cf. MIt. ~ 584. h.
Some think that Pericles refers here to the peace party headed by
Nicias. -     r- 7r  trp(lnyov, otium.  Betant. --       canaXis  8ovXFVELS  denotes the respect in which quietness is beneficial to a subject state,
viz. that it may serve in sofety.
CHAPTER LXIV.
The speaker exhorts his fellow-citizens not to be influenced by sucn persons, nor be angry ast
hlim on account of the inroads of the enemy or the visitation of the pestilence (~ 1); for it
nas ever been their custom to regard afflictions divinely sent as unavoidable evils, and to
meet conurageonsly those brought upon them by the enemy (~ 2); this has given the state
the highest reputation, both in respect to its extensive sway in the Grecian confederacy,
and its great and wealthy metropolis (1 2); although the inactive may disapprove or thi,
yet it will be emulated by those who aim. at distinction, and envied, as is natural, by those
wvho attain not their object (~~ 4, 5); wherefore, nmindful of the future to gain renown, and
of the present to shun disgrace, they should zealously pursue both objects, and send no
more suppliant embassies to the Lacedemonians, nor be impatient under their calamities
(~ 6).
i. rTov rot&vvE  refers to those persons against w-Thom  he had directed
his relnarlcs in the preceding chllapter.  Cleon probably belonged to
the number. c-       o....7roX)eev.  Cf. Kat siS.... E. XET, II. c0. ~ 4.
- -- irep, sc., 3paV. ---.... v rs-o6wE~,~ in consequence of your un



516                          WNO T E S.                      [Boo3R It
willingness to subnmit. ----  rpa &v (=  aKelvo  y ) 7rpoore8EX6ETa, be
yond what we expected. -   rrpiyLa is in apposition with vo'os. ---
iXrrlIoE *KpeiLrroV, beyond expectation,  i. e. surpassing in malignancy
any thing which could have been expected.          E;po 9Ln int Some
mzeasure, may be ranked with the explanatory accusative referred to
in K. ~ 279. R. 10; S. ~ 182. -    laXXov quam  ob terra devastatioaem. Poppo. r —    rapa Xkoyov.  See N. on I. 65. ~ 1. -     E-toi advajOare, youz will attribute it to mne.  Cf. VIII. 51. ~ 3.
2. ra re-ra  Fre. In prose rTE —rT is rarely found, unless whole sentences or complete portions are to be connected. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 754. 3; Rost, ~ 134. 4. a. a —      atpo'vta, things divinely sent =
evils inflicted by the gods.     dvayKalovs, "necessario, i. e. velut necessaria nec evitandao!" Poppo. --  ra-raa... KcoXVI, these have been
heretofore the habitual feelings in this city, and let them not znow be
hindered through you.  Krufg. says that Eiv EEt is like E'V 70VT7r rT
TpO7rq —)vr TS  I. 8. ~ 4.  Some render ev ViLV, in your case.  But cf.
Mt. ~ 577. 7; K. ~ 289. 3. a. Kriig. supplies ev tELt euVaL with K6OXV~,J
3. yv,,TE —avT7v (i. e. 777 n6OX'v) fxovoav. See N. on I. 25. ~ 1.avaXoKEvyal is connected by bi to euKetv, and is therefore governed by
ald.  With  rtoCiLaTa it signifies to be prodigal of their life, to shed their
blood. --    E;'Xpt 7-ove, until the present time.-    KeKTJJ]EVr1J like'xovroav, depends on yv7-re.   -    follows  viyur. -     E- di8toV, in
perpetuunm.-    Iv.... 7rorTE even if we should now once succumb.KaTaXAXE+IeratL  will remain, is put in the 3 fut. to show the permanency of the thing spoken of.  Cf. Mt. ~ 498. a; S. ~ 211. 4. —-'EXXr voy....'pajFerv. The exercise of' supremacy over the Barbarians
was an honor enjoyed in common by many; but to be the leading
state of Greece was enough to confer everlasting renown. Bloomf.
thinks that reference is had to the period about twenty-seven years
previous, when the Athenians had attained to their greatest power and
dominion.  But I see no necessity for this conjecture, since the sway
of the Athenians was never greater or more extensive than at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war.  Nor is the reason which he gives
-for this, viz. the employment of the verb (4'p ayev) in the past tense,
of any weight, since the past tense is used in reference to the timo
expressed in KaraXeXetETraL. -   rpc-..... bEaGtrovv is epexegetical of.,roXe/oLs E Lylrots. The words tcacS' ECdo-rovg are to be taken as a
noun depending upon wrp&o.  Cf. Butt. Ind. ad Demosth. Miid. cited by
Poppo.      ro- To  7raroTY,  with all things, belongs to eblroporTarv. -.
ytl7rVp. Cf. Xen. Anab. VII. 3. ~ 19.  According to Xen. Meilorab.
III. 6. ~ 14, Athens contained 10,000 houses, but the estimate that
each house averaged twelve persons is doubtless too large.




CHAP. LXIV.]                    NOTES.                               517
4. KatToL, andl yet, i. e. the argument is not affected by the disapproval of the inactive, since that might be expected.  For this con.
cessive use of Kat-rot cf. Jerf's Iiihn. ~ 772. 1. --- rara refers to the
glory and power of the Athenian state, to which the speaker adverted
in the previous section. --- - 4+aLr' ltv.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 5.apatv r- = to do any thing worthy of note. -            KEKT77Tat, "possidet."
Poppo.
5. ro  OeCOfeto.atO..  l..Tv is the subject of azrrptc, which verb is
limited by  rao-ti the antecedent of ovoL. --  -epoL er&pcov, the one
the other, is sorrewhat similar to'EXX,/vcov re OrtL'EXX7/vE) as GrleeLks
over Greeks.  c'repot conforms grammatically to o'oot, and &repwv depends on IIPXetv. -     7- rL  seylTo-ot,'"ob summas r'es et uttilissimas
actiones." Haack. --  c-os.... dvrTXet (cf. N. on I. 7. ~ 1), i. e.
hatred ends with the life of the person who is the object of it. When
compared with the succeeding ages, in which justice will be done to
the one who was vilified and h'ated, it will be therefore of short duration (OV'K ETrl 7rOXV).
6. Es rE.... ~7pOyVOTrES, looking forward in your decision (literally,
knowing beforehand) to your. future glory. -     ro atvrlKa stands opposed to r- peiXXov.    - pt ani'rXpov.  Repeat irpoyv6rrsr in the Inodified sense of resolving, determining.  a- pt/odrepa refers to ro' L;XXov KaXoI and Tr  avrtcLa  ai aZXpot.   ~- -oTEre....3apvvrotevot, nor be
evidently burdened qoith youro presenzt calamities =nor let it a2ppear
that you are weighed dozwn, etc.  In respect to the use of the personal
instead of the impersonal construction, see N. on I. 40. ~ 4. —- O =
7rdl. Schol. -- oCr~svS- refers to oirot for its antecedent.
soi~




518                                NOTES.                                [Book I1
CHAPTER LXV.'hus did Pericles endeavor to allay the resentment of the Athenians towards him, and tura
away thleir thoughts from their calamities (~ 1); but thougll they adopted tile public measures which lle recommended, yet in private they grierod not the less over their afflictions
(~ 2); nor did they cease from their anger until they had imposed a fine on Pericles (~ 3);
yet it was not long afterwards that they conferred the supreme command upon him, as one
to whom the guidance of the state could be tile most safely intrusted (~ 4); fo)r during his
administration, while there was peace, he raised the state to the hig~hest power, aned whene
the war began, evincod his foresight in declaring its ability to sustain the contest (~ 5); this
was more fully seen after his death (~ 6); for in all things they acted contrary to llis advice
and pursued measures, which if successful benefitted private persons only, and if unsuccessful injured the whole state (~ 7); whereas such were his talents, station, and integrity,
that he was proof against corruption and popular dictation, and could even venture to contladict the Athenians (~ 8); when he saw them too confident, he played lupon their fears,
when too apprehensive, he aroused tiheir courage, there being a democracy only ill name
as he was tile cllief ruler (~ 9); but his successors being more on an equality, and striving
each to be first, became demagogues (~ 10); this gave rise, among many otlher ill-judged
measures, to the disastrous Sicilian expedition,  wihich was badly planned and conducted
with great remissness (~ 11); and yet after this great defeat, their resources were seen in
their ability for thlree years to maintain the war against overwhelming odds (~ 12); nor did
they yield until iiternal dissensions effected their ruii. TlsLes was manifested tile foresight
of Pericles, in reference to their ability to withstand the Peloponnesian confederacy (~ 13).
1. rovr'A2bqvajovo  ras-j-pyr rrapaXverv, to appease  the anger of the
Athenianss; literally, to reemove  the Athenicans fr'om  anger.   Of. AMt.
~ 355. 4; S. ~ 197. 2. - - I'rrITyaetv, to tcszs gf,
2. dveere~ovro,  "' i. e.  ererrTetb9ovro, ejus rcctionibus in aliam  sententiaa aodducelban'ter."  Gottl. cited  by Poppo. -                otre.... errerorp v.
See II. 59. ~ 2.   /- A&XXov - -.zore acrdently, with 9nore spirit and
energry.        /a- iq stands opposed to   7rIoo-igq.  It was by no means singular that, -while listening  to the eloquent and patriotic sentiments of
Pericles, they should be ready to  sacrifice every thing  to the welfare
of their country, but when  left to  the contemplation of their private
calamities, they should  relapse  into  a state of dejection, and  renew
their complaints against the supposed  author of their sufferings.
6  uAev 86/X.ov, the  common pjeople, and  oti &   avvaTot (sc. rT  7rXo0rIQ),
are in partitive apposition with  oi 86  at the beginning of the  section.
-- -TL.... TorTCov, because going forth (to the war) with less r'esou~rces
(than the rich) they wer'e deprived  even  of these.  acrr' iXauo'mcOV, literally, fS'oe  less resouzrces, the  preposition  conforming  to the  idea of
motion contained in O6p'o,uevor. -            TroXvreXE;a     Karaso-~Keva- expea siv e
futrniture, i. e. tlhe  general establishmnent of the houses, comprising
both the useful and ornamental.  Some of this furniture was removed
o Athens, but doubtless much was left behiA:d, which with  the fix



CeAr. LXV.]                     NOTES.                               519
tures of the dwellings, such as colonnades, ornamental shade-trees,
flower-gardens, fountains, statuary, etc., were destroyed by the enemy.
Gail and Kriig. construct these datives with KuXa, but it seems better
to refer them  to what Kiihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 604. 1) calls the accessory
dative, i. e. that whereby any thing is accomlpanied.         rd-   r  8' fLEYL0rov. See N. on I. 14:2. ~ 1.
3. ova /E;rot.  I agree with Poppo that these words should -lave
their usual signification, non tanen, as they respond to 875olaiq /iEv
roFS Xakoyots davEre-tovro (although 73[aa.... E'Xvroxvro is also opposed to
this member), they were Iersztacled by his words-notwoithstacding t]ey
did not cease, etc. --  oL,t4mravrESr, i. e. both the classes of citizens
referred to. -    Errar'oavro-exovrres. S. ~ 225. 7.  -  r7plv (E' looaav.
See N. on I. 91. ~ 3. --   Xp/aL(o'v, as denoting the punishment, is to
be referred to the dative of manner.  Cf. It. ~ 400. 5; K. ~ 285. 1.
(3). d.  Diod. says that the fine was 80 talents.  Plut. says tlat somne
reclkoned it as high as 50 talents, and others brought it down as low
as 15.  Bloomf. suggests that 80 talents was the fine imposed, and 15
the sum finally received afte  mnitigation.
4. or ep.....roaeTv    shows that the fine had been decreed by or with
the consent of the populace, and that Aristides (3. 300) ig not correct
in ascribing it to the judges.  o7rep refers to what is detailed in the
next sentence.  -  ao-rpar1yov et'Xovro.  He had been deprlived, doubtless, of his command wen lihe was fined, and so Plutarch relates. -
7raIra....  ET7-PEta.   Hle thus becamne in fact dictator (aVroaKpcirop).
Ta-   = roUrO~v a, of which the antecedent depends on afLtX'Trepol
(S. ~ 195. 1). KIiihn. (Jelf's edit. ~ 488) constructs'XyeL with  the
genitive, in which  case the equivalent would be rovr'cov CW. Botll
constructions are adlnissible.  Cf. Mt. ~~ 368. a; 414. p. 664.  c- oY
(in &v ai)-T-radra (i. 0. ri  Xplarca)  ev, the antecedent being the
syneccldochical accusative with 7rrXlrov;av aov referring to Pericles.
KIriiger unnecessarily supplies Kracd.
5. EV 7Tj Elpvny, i. e. the thirty years' truce.  Cf. I. 115. ~ 1. -
EtrpLOrs ic,7yeTro, he rduled with mnoderation.  a- aco-aXo(, safely,
cautiously.  Cf. II. 63. ~-3. -    o6 sr6XEor stands opposed to Ev -r,
Eip1n. -v. Taor,  i. e. the war. --     r7v Uvvanv, sc. SCjr rrE6XroE.
6. &5o frq Kal /varUS 6  from the commencement of the war.  He
died in the autumn of A. c. 429, after the plague had carried off his
nearest connections, including his two sons Xanthippus and Paralus.
The sickness of which lie died was probably a mitigated  form-  of the
tamne disease.  A brighter name has hardly ever adorned the pages of
Ilistory.  As a statesman, an orator, a general, and a patron of the
ine ar ts, he shines resplendent among the most gifted of his country



520                           NOTES.                         [BooK I11
men; yet his greatest glory is comprised in his dying declaration, that
no Athenian had through his means been made to put on mnourning.
7. orovxaiovrar and the participles which follow contain the protasis, (see N. on 1. 75. ~ 6), if they kept still, i. e. risked no general engagelnent on land.  The apodosis lies in rEpteio-(o-Sa... 2eparreVovra-s  if they gave attention to, is here used in a tropical sense.  In respect to this advice of Pelicles, cf. I. 143; II. 13. ----  pX7v /... 
7roXEc/x.   See N. on  Epx7v re /t7 E'7ruKrao-Cat, I. 144. ~ 1.-    ot 86
(opposed to o6 [ev)....'rpatav.  This line of policy, so different fi'or
that pursued by Pericles, may be attributed in part at least to Cleon,
who was violently opposed to his prudent measures, and took every
means to annoy him in the latter part of his administration. --- al
a/XXa is opposed to -rard r7, and depends on egroXlrevrrav, in other
respects they administered the state. --     f aroe vroXdEov, i. e. foreign
to the true object and interests of the war.  Reference is had to such
expeditions as that against Crete (II. 85), the attempt made on
Cydonia, the unjustifiable attack upon Melos, and above all the disastrous expedition into Sicily, preceded, as Arnold remarks, by petty
expeditions to that island before the great invasion, in which not
only were their forces wasted, but the Doric states were estranged
from Athens.  I have placed a comma after ei'va and KE;p87, to break
up the long sentence, which in Dindorf's edition is without these
punctuation-marks. -- Kar6a, on account of, through. K. ~ 292. II. 3.
b. Bloorinf thinks that there is an allusion in K-ara.... KEp677 to Cleon,
and Alcibiades, and partly to Demosthenes. --          refers to the measures alluded to in a'Xa f'co'ro  7roXueIov.  -   tBlcatr =-roXtramt,
inasmuch as it stands opposed to ro'Xet. ~- vaXXov than to the state.
-   (raXEvra,   if they miscarmried, as in the case of Cleon in Thrace
and Nicias in Sicily." Blooinf.
8. a'trlor 6' 7v, sc. rTOrov referring to thle difference between the
prudent measures of Pericles and the course purssued by his successors.
-     EKEIOSE refers to Pericles.  ~  Xp7rTCOV-dopdrarorao -- of incorruv'ptible integrity; more literally, proof against bribery.  -  KarTeXe
ro rrX77os  EXEvdpros,  i. e. he administered  the government with
energy, and yet not so as to encroach upon the liberty of any of its
citizens. -     oVK —LaXXov-r/-' not nmore-than = not so much as.
The negative ~P  belongs both to K'roJLEVos and to X;yetv.  See N. on
I. 12. ~ 1.  The participle KTcr6oeJOS  denotes cause, since he had not
acquired.  See N. on I. 9. ~ 4. --  Ei  ov rpo7-cK6vroT&), by means not
befitting. ---       ov E7r' d~toet, being able by his high reputation.
- rrpiS opyv,   S "sonmewhat carGvnly." Bloolmf.  I prefer Arnold's
interpretation, so as to excite their anger, inasnmuch as these words are




CHAP LXV.]                    NOTES.                              521
antithetic to 7rpb' M3ovYv rL, which evidently signifies, for their plea
subre, so as to please them.  Instead of this being a jejune interpretation as Bloomf. avers, it is much more pointed and forcible, inasmucnl
as it embraces the more extensive idea, viz. that he spoke so vehemently and plainly as to excite their anger.
9. 7rapc' Katpov Lv3pet Mapro-ovraS, puffed up ZOith unseasonable confidence, i. e. a boldness which was untimely and unsuitable.-    KarE'
X?7oo-Ev;r7T rTO qOf/3LoeaL; literally, he struck them  down to the stats
of being afraid, i. e. he inspired them with fear.  Perhaps  yrut may
be taken in the sense, in order that they might be in a state of fear
(cf. K. ~ 296. III. 8. a), which is not essentially different fiomn the
other interpretation.  e- 8tooras  av a4Xdyoos, on the other han2d itZnreasonably alarimed. -     Xo'yc-pyp, in name —in reality (see N. on
1I. 40. ~ 2).  So the Latins employ verbo et re. -    rao'.  See N. on
I. 130. ~ 1.
10. The historian now proceeds to contrast with these features of
the administration of Pericles, the policy and conduct of his successors.      7rpos aXXjXovs  follows'c-ot.  For the emphatic  tv-rol
before the reflexive aXX'iXovv (themselves with one another), cf. C.
~ 511. 3. p- opey6eVOL..... yyvEora,, striving after the pre-eminence
(literally, each to be first).  Cf. K. ~ 273. 3. b. 8; S. ~ 192.-  E:TpdrovTro.... EJBLboval has received a variety of interpretations, according
qs the words are connected in construction.  Bloomf. adopts the
order: ETrpJclrovro  r7  Urj;&   KUa?' 78ovCis, they tubrned to the people for
their gratification — they applied themselves to gratify the people.
At E8tLaoVat he supplies avrfi from   ipLp, and understands by Tr
7rpay/tara the administration of affairs.  Haacnk refers KaYt' 3ovas' to
vL8to'vat Lwhich depends on E~TparOVTO. From  rco 8&(Ai he supplies
avrov, and thus is given the sense: they turned to the people to
gratify them  with (literally, to give themn for their pleasuzre) even the
administrcation of public affaicrs, i. e. not only in their speeches but in
their public measures, they ]had principal reference to what would be
agreeable to the people. This I conceive to be the sense of the passage, and so it is understood by Arnold.  There is no necessity of
making the sentence bimembris, resulting from  ial, inasmuch as it
often has the signification even, the corresponding sentence being
easily supplied mentally from the context.  Cf. K. ~ 321. R. 5.
11. a'XXa Tre 7roXXha-papT7'j?3n, mnany other errors soere cormmnitted.
AXGa in reference to the Sicilian expedition, which is particularly
mentioned (o E'S LkEXWaV  rXoiSr, sc. ~tcapr6i5q).  Or relates to voXXad.
--    os 0.... ETapaX2rlccra.  This passage is in somne respects very
obscure and has received various interpretations.  With Haack, Goel.,




522                            NOTES.                            [BOOK IL
Poppo, and other eminent' critics, I am  disposed to refer ovg to the
Syracusians, supplying the ellipsis 7reppl EKELVoV 7rpo  ovas.  As the sentence is comimonly interpreted, ovs is referred to the Leontines, to
aid whoml  the Athenians were induced to engage in the expedition.
But as Pop)po remarks, E'rLEvatL 7rpos Trva is always taken in a hostile
sense for EimLEzmU rtnLV.  -  o0v... E7rty/YVCVoL-KOVTEr, noLt ICk2ooilng what
was requisite Jfr the armzament, i. e. through ignorance the expedition
was ill-furnished with the proper requisites, and hence proved unsuccessful.  This will be fully illustrated in the account of that unfortunate enterprise.  Dukas and Goeller say that on account of aXX&
which follows, ErrTyyvcctKovres  should have been e7reTyYVo&o-Ko.  But
Poppo constructs thus: &0rov 0 o EKr7rE1raTvrer ra Ev r  orTrparo7n;8T  /pLfAv'rEpa E7TOLovV 0 oV rTa Trpjo-opa rotS olXopeiot;  erLtytvco6-KovrTs,   ak
(iErtylytY(ao-rSovTr) Kara-7wrpoo-Tao-Cam.   Properly  o-ov ol EKTrrE+lTEaSr
Should have been  6'c-ov  rav EK71IrulYOVrcov (SC. dacprlpa), o't o o, in
order to conformn to the construction which precedes. a- taaoXas
refers to such calumnious charges as were brought against Alcibiades,
and wliclh caused his removal firom  the command of the Sicilian expedition.  -    Evroovv  and ErapcXtrXo-ajv are both to be referred to ov
EKrFEi/lavrTs, the connecttives being re-cKat. ~-   7TEpI Tqv TrrT6X  stands
opposed to' rfTt  o-TrpCTv07rEi.  p- 7rpcov.  Arnold says "Jir the
first tinme after the expulsion of the Pisistratidse;" but Bloolnf. interprets, " the? first during thle Peloponnesia.n war," which seenms to be
the true sense.       irapyrX2,jo-av is limited by ra' rE taken synecdochically, qwere in a stlte of disorder in respect to the affctcis.
12. octcaXeTErg i' —o[cog, but although they woere defeated-notwithstanlding. For the concessive use of the participle, see N. on I. 7. ~ 1.
7- Tov tvrtou lrefers to  the whole Athenian navy, the greatest
part of which wnas destroyed at Syracuse. --          rpta EV ETq aVTETXOV.
It is quite difficult to deteimline what particular period of the war is
here referred to.  -Iaack (in his second edition) and Goel. would read
8EKa for rpmt,  which would embrace the time, within a few months,
which intervened between the loss of the Sicilian armament and the
taking possession of Athens by Lysander.  But this seems to be an
unwiarrantable <alteration of the text.  Kriig. refers it to the time between the termination of the Sicilian war, and the first coming of
Cyrus into Asia Minor (A. c. 407).  Arnold adopts the opinion that
it was the three years, included in the time when CyruLs first came
into Asia?;::inor, and the spring of A. c. 404, when Athens surrendered to Lysander.  But the historian seems obviously to refer to the
three years immediately succeeding the close of the Sicilian expedition, during which, notwithstanding the seditions at home, a vigor



CHAP. LXV.]                     NOTES.                               528
resistance was made, but after which the war was protracted for several years with but few  operations on either side.  So Bloomfield
understands tile passage. -           roe re.... 7roXefaotr, bot7  (re) their'
for2,menr enegmies, i. e. the Lacedemon ians.  To thle same elemlies avracy refers.-    7rporEpov in reference to their more recent eneriies,
the Sicilians. -     Kal r&v.... aeTo-rrqiCo-t,( and szoreover against their,
allies the greatesr pelrt of wVho7? had revolted.    Kivpp depends upon
avretXov, and rrpooryevodLvo) =  conzing to the caid of their' enemnies. -
Kat ov vrporepov, and, not (then) before.  Kal refers to u'iv in rp'la tev E'r71.
For examples of the use of YE-v-Kat, and IetJv-re, cf. Poppo's Proleg. I.
pp. 276, 277. Ktihner (~ 322. R. 3. Andov. edit.) says that Kal and rT
in such a connection are used by a kind of anacoluthon without any
reference to  iErv.  Bloomf. says that Kal introduces the six years that
followed the severe struggle referred to in rpla Er'T. -        7 avrot Ev
o-hti rt-repuLredodre  is to be constructed 7 avrol 7repTrEraoTvres ev olo
the dative taking iv because dependent upon cfrnabXo-aav.
13.'rooreorov.... 7rpoiyvco, so abuzndaczt then (i. e. at the commencement of the wars) were the neacns of judging to Pericles, by which he
foretaw; or, perhaps, such abudantZ groutcnds had Pericles?for' prejudging.  Bloocnf. renders such qwas the sutperctabuttzdant sagacity of
Pericles reslecting those measzsures by which, etc.  But the sagacity
or penetration of Pericles into tile future is not the principal thing
intended to be brought to view, but the immense resources of the
Athenian state thoroughly tested in the long and arduous -war, and
firom which in the outset that great man knew well the ability of the
state to prosecute to a successful termination the approaching contest.
Solne make 7rEplyereo-Tal the subject of E'rplt'rovEVre.  But what is
then to be done with roo(rerov?  Didot takes e&replr-ocEvcr  e impersonally, aDn  makes the clause tantamount to'roao7rov 7FFPTrrTO  EyElvero or
Ltfracrl/ ITOE O Il ptEcKXr.  But this sheds no light on the passage.  In
respect to a)' ov, I am  inclined to construct it with srpoeiyvo, as I
have done in the translation.  Its equivalent would then be rOfroTv
Jcf' Cj, of which the antecedent would depend on roo-orov.  If, however, with Poppo and Goel., we take these words with vrepyeve'o-SaeL,
the equivalent will remain the same, but our translation must be:,suC7h Cabudace of resoturces-by the aid of which he forescaw that theyj
could easily get the better of the Peloponzesians (see N. on I. 55. ~ 1).
Two brief but spirited critiques on this passage may be found in the
Class Museum, Vol. V. pp. 350, 475. --         aurinv = ft6oY. This whole
clhapter is one of the noblest specimlens of composition to be found in
any language, althoughl froniom  its excessive brevity of style it is in
many places quite difficult of interpretation.




524                                NOTES.                            [BoOKI IL
CHAPTER LXVI.
The Piopon ~ Klaus under Cnemus, a Spartan, undertake an expedition against Zacynthus,?T-t rae foiled in their endeavors to take the island (~~ 1, 2).
1. ZIKVVCUoV,  Zacynthus, nlow Zante.  Its situation is so well known
as to  need  nli  cominent. --- -avrrepas,  over against. -             clorl, so.
ZaK;vPLot elicieA  l from,Kuvvbov. -'Alsnvalols   $vOeciLXovV.  Cf. I.
47. ~ 2.
2. 7-  7roXVh  of th, tirritory.-     fOvvEXCIpovv refers to the Zacynthians. -     Er' tl6,t tee N. on I. 30. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LXVII.
Aristeus with certain Lacedemroanians going on an embassy to the king in Asia, proceed first
to Sitalces, in order to indune hZm to desert the Athenian alliance and convey them over
the Hellespont to Pharnabazns (r I); but at the instigation of some Athenian ambassadors,
they are apprehended by Sitalces and sent to Atheno (~~ 2, 3); where by way of retaliation
upon the Lacedaemonians for crue!ties of the same kind begun by themn, they are put to
death without trial or even a heariDg (~ 4).
1. rov.... reXeVTcvrros, a3 the end of the same summner.           h iaS, in
a private capacity, not being sent by the state.  Poppo suggests as a
reason of his being associated with the emnbassy, that the Argives not
having engaged in the war with the Persians, an Argive ambassador,
who might falsely say that he was sent by his state, wounld have great
influence at the Persian court. --   e't  rcer reo-etav.  Seie N. on I. 58.
~ 1.   - -rLadXKTIv —rov T7peco.  Cf. II. 29. ~ 2. —    I T1arrT,   r(l,  having deserted (see N. on I. 107. ~ 7), takes the genitive according to S.
~ 197. 2. --        Era nrp Iorlaatav, i. e. for the relief of Potida.   -  o-;,
wohere.       Kal responds to aE in 7r-el Ta -e, and 7ropEVpvaL depends on
ioVX6tLEVOL. --  7rrep WpI7vro, whither they woere desirous to go. --
&' E'KUevov, by his aid. -- -eoEXXlev — tIttqJ.Eet, wootuld send thenm qlp,
i. e. into upper Asia, or the parts more remote from  the sea-board.
WoV.  See N. on I. 31. ~ 2.
2. 7r(paTrvXOvrTEs-rntpa ri:Etr1cXKs, happening to be woith Sitalces.
--  ar-v Ye evrHyimvo'Arlvamiov.  Cf. II. 29. ~ 5. --  riv    vov rKXEv,
i. e. Athens, of which lbe had been mlade a citizen, and -which was
therefore his city. --  rT j;ipos, as far cas they woere able, belongs to
3Xadoo-vP which refers to the Peloponnesian ambassadors.  Solme  ttlke
ro /Epor with  rXltv, ancl  render it, what was in a measure his citl..




ChAP. LXVIII.]                    N OTES.                                  525i
Bnt as lie was an adopted citizen, such a qual  vit-.  nould have
been improper and offensive.
3. eIEAXXov —7repatL0)o-etv,  ere to cross over.   -  i-AXX,os $vs  t ert'eas
K. r. X. shows how  they were arrested.  According to Dalllman this
event occurred  A. c. 430.  Cf. Class. Mus. I. p. 189. - -  EKelvovs reters to the Athenian ambassadors.
4. dao' ectEvov to Athens.           7-t reXelo), still mnore than, before.
--   bvycrv, if he should escape.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 6. -   rp  rov-,,-    bejqbre this time. -— rov T  rO a  9peKm 7   (se. XcopGcov) depends on ra
tne same -is Ilortcauavs.      Acab — ii    7rpdaraS.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 1.
E'TrtL ia, soinethineg.  See Ni. on fI 65. ~ 3. --  avbt lepov, on, the very
day, lest, as Blcomlf. remarics, t,'   public commiseration, as in thle
case of the Mitylenians (11t. ~(. ~4), should  be interested in their
favro.  -    Ai QcEipayyar, i;,to fits, i. e. into some place where there
were pits, the plnural forrm  rcing used to give indefiniteness to the
expression.  This disposit-r. of the bodies was even more contumelious than to cast thllel  on'r l.buried into the fields.  -- 8LKatovTres....
v;7rip)av, t7hinking'it ist to inflict the samye pu2nishment (upon theml),
schich the Zaced:asngunais had first emnployed.  rois' abro4s (dative of
means) alpveo~ha, z —'       7-av rTsecoptav Xa/3eTv.  With 1vripcav supply
a(M'v)JEreot to whiilJ 3:7o-rep is to  be referred, as roig avrolg is taken
with aeLzvveq-al. - -. -  vr'our  47Eropovr   ovs' EfX aor-a,roKtreltvares, by pyutting to deccat} the -?erlchants whoom  they took.  This belongs to Vr7T7Ipav
as denoting tlhe way or manner (see Ns. on I. 33. ~ 1; II. 34. ~ 4) in
which the L acedammonians set the example of cruelty. -               o- -o'roou Xcoev) 0, t0homsoerer they mnig7ht take (see N. on I. 50. ~ 1).  The optative
denotes indefinite frequency (see N. on I. 49. ~ 3), and hence the verb
of the principal clause is in the imperfect (&iE eLOV)... ~ 333. 4. —
Kal r     oV —Kal  Toy' are in apposition with o0'ovs'.  -   tUz8E /E' EEpco
(repeat 6vt=roXeiorravTs), allied with neither, i. e. remaining neutral.
CHAPTER LXVIII.
The Ambraciots undertake an expedition against Argos in Amphilochia (~ 1); their hostility
to the Argives arose from this: many generations after the country was settled by Amphilochus, they called in as joint colonists the Ambraciots, from whom they learned the Greekl
language, and by whom they were afterwards driven out (~~ 2-6); they then in conjunction with the Acarnanians, under whose protection they had put themselves, call in to
their aid the Athenians, who take Argos, and make slaves of the Ambraciots (~~ 7, 8); the
enmity thence conceived was the cause of the present expedition of the Ambraciots (~ 9).
1. Tro  Epovs reTEXEvTclTors.  See N. on II. 67. ~ 1. --'AstrpaKtorat.
The country of the Ambraciots lay north of the Ambracicus Sinus
23*




r526                          NOTES.                          [BooK II
and north-west of Amphilochia.  Its capital of the same name was
situated on the river Aracthus, a few stadia froln its mouth. -
roXXovs advariro-aurvrE- = with mnany whom they had raised. -     "Apycswas situated on the eastern extremity of thle Ambracian gulf, at the
lnouth of the Inachus, so called from a river in Argolis.  Col. Leake
(Nortll. Greece, IV. p. 238) identifies it with the ruins of an ancient
city at Neokhori, on the Ariadka. -           ro'AqtLXOXLKbv is added to
distilnguish this place from that of the same name in Argolis. Amphi
lochia lay along the eastern shore of the Ambracian gulf.
3. fLera ra  TPOLKdC, after the Trojan qwar. -   vaXwop7oarv.... Kara0rTaorert having returned honme and being dissatisfied with the condition
of' things in Argos.  The Schol. gives as the reason of his dissatisfaction, that he found his mother Eriphyle slain by his brother Alcmmolo.
The accounts of the doings of Amphilochus, after his return from the
Trojan war, are quite conflicting, on which  see Smith's Diet. Gr. and
Rom. lMythol. I. p. 149.  For the construction of apElo,-dievos —Karao-ra'oet, cf. Mt. ~ 411. 5. Obs. 2.
5. 7oXXalS yFveaEL  Vo-TrFpov, many generations after. S. ~ 204.
/o1pov....'A/l0Xo LK~,   bordecring (liteally, being borderers) upon
Amn2philochia.-    VolK0ovr is the, second accusative after fEryaiyovro,
called in as joint colonists. S. ~ 185.    EiXX?1vtTIro-avT roy v yv ycoo —
aav, woere taught the use of the Gree7 language which they now spealk;
literally, were made the Greeks they now arce in respect to language.
The original colonists from  Argos were so few in nunmber, that their
language in process of time became lost, and they now  learned it
again from  the Ambracians.  Perhaps the conjecture of Arnold is
correct, that the HIellenian language took the place of the language
spoken by the chiefs in the Trojan. expedition and their followers,
which as being Pelasgian bore a greater resemblance to the Latin.  In
respect to the construction, yX6oo-rav may be regarded as the accusative synecdochical, or as the equivalent accusative defining more fully
the notion contained in the verb.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~~ 548. c; 579. 1.
--   fi3apapoL in respect to their language.
6.'ApyElovr, i. e. the Anmphilochians who had invited them to
reside in Argos. --    Xp6v,) "rogressu temporis."  Port.
7. G&loao-av Javrovs, gave themselves up = put themselves under the
protection. -       Kal 7rpoo-7rapaKaXEo'arvTes K. T. X.  The common reading is Trpoc-EKaXEoaavro, but the IfS. authority vastly predominates in
favor of the participial form.  Critics are not agreed, however, as to
the construction.  Poppo and Goeller's method of punctuation and
construction seems on the whole to be preferable to any other.  They
place a comnma instead of a period after rpaiKorTra  and make a'pogri




CHAr. LXX.]                      N O TE S,.                               527
the  verb  to  which  7rpo-rrapaKcaXE'oavrTe   belongs, the  intermediate
WVOrd'CS oi tOvro S..... EetEtaav   rE = 7lETVTC0V  re rovrcv avyroit Dopdtevoa.
o(rx)Kjav.  See N. on I. 8. ~ 1.-'AptlXoxoL who  had  been
driven out by the Ainbraciots. --'AKapVaiSeE  whose protection had
been invoked by the Amphilochians.
8. 5 ~vfjuaXrta.  Cf. II. 9. ~ 4.
9.'r rovr =  K(1r- r7v.  Schol.        & rv 7-  rowXe,) i. e. the Pelopor,nesians. -      Xau'cov.  The Chaonians bordered on the Thesprotians
to the north-west, both countries lying on the sea-coast. -               copas
depends on iepdaiovv. --     rpoo-r3aXkdres, by storm.
CHAPTER LXIX.
An Athenian fleet under Phormio sails around Pcloponnesus, and takes its station at Nanpactus in order to guard the entance of the Crisman gulf; another fleet is sent to Lycia and
Caria, the forces of which disembarking are defeated and their commander slain (~~ 1, 2).
1. Popuhova.  Cf. II. 58. ~ 2.  When this commander left Chalcidia
he probably returned direct to Athens. --            EL7Tr' EKrrXeVY-YSIEva pusr'
corrXME, that no one might sail in or out.  These infinitives denote the
object or purpose of cpvXaKrv   EIXe.            r7rosr.... apyvpoXoTy&o(, in
order to Zay these places under contribution.  For the saime construction  of this verb with  the accusative of the thing, cf. III. 19. ~ 2;
VTIII. 3. ~ 1.
CHAPTER LXX.
The Potidoeans, fnding that they derived no benefit from the irruptions of the Peloponne
sians into Attica, and being sorely pressed with famine, make proposals of surrender to the
Athenian generals (~ 1); which being accepted, they are suffered to depart vwith their
families to Chalcidia and other places which they may choose (~~ 2, 3); the Athenians
blame their generals for concluding this treaty, and send out colonists of their own to
people Potidrea (~ 4); thus end the events of the second year (~ 5).
1. ToXtopKo'etVoL (tVrCXELV, to hold out being besieged =  to sustain
the siege. -      oME'v....'ASrvantovr, did not the qnore cause (S. ~ 207.
2) the Athenialcs to  raise the siege.   -   p6o-,Er  re;pt avaycatasr, iS
respect to obtaining their ntecessary food; perhaps, in respect to thre
things which they were forced to eat. -        dX-X- Xwov E'yE'Yvro.  S. ~ 192.




628                           NOTES.                         [Booi I1.
1. -   oVrTo b8i, so then, i. e. in these circumstances. -    7   6vni tE,ficeoos, cocernizg ca reaty. --     nrt, agcainst, in a hostile sense
2. ol 6e' i. e. tile Athenian generals. -- rTpor E3s;avro, sc. 7ro0
Xdyovr friom the preceding section.     Xelteptvp, wointry, bleak. ---
avaXwKvelag..... rokcwo, a:cnd because (see N. on I. 9. ~ 4) the city
(Athens) had already exlended. -         re responds to /E~yv after  p6cvrss,
two reasons being given why terms were granted to the Potidmans.
- 8tXiXlta riXacrTa.  Isocrates reckons the expense at 2400 talents,
a part of which Pericles took from the public treasure. Boeckh (Pub.
Econ. Athens, p. 290) pronounces the rending XIXta found in two
MSS. to be false. s-   rv roXtOpKlnav.  In many editions the article
is omitted.
3. robs ErtKopovr, i. e. the Corinthian auxiliaries.  Cf. I. 60.
vb eiI liLarlt.  "Sic smpe in pactis." Poppo.  As the women always
wore two garments (cf. Herodot. II. 36), they were permitted to take
two on this occasion, and yet it was but one suit. -       Kal —X ovras =
and with, the construction being varied from   bvv with the dative.
-     efrOlov, for the journey-exz2enses, is in apposition with apyivpov
to denote its purpose.
4. E'Koarosy e W~varo, each wherever h7e was able (to go), i. e. each
went to whatever place chance or inclination led him. --  Elvev.  See
N. on I. 128. ~ 3.  -       a  3ovXovro, in whatever way they pleased.
KaOl va-repov K. I. X. Diod. says that the Athenians sent out 1000
of their citizens as colonists, among whom the country was divided.
CHAPTERS LXXI. CIII.
These chapters comprise the events which took place in the third year
of the war. The operations of the summer are narrated in chaps. 71-92,
which Poppo subdivides into four divisions, in the first of which, comprised
in chaps. 71-78, negotiations are entered upon between Archidamus and
the Platoans (chaps. 71-74), which being fruitless the city is blesieged (chaps.
75-78, The second division is comprised in chap. 79; the third in chaps.
80-82; the fourth in chaps. 83-92. The history of the events of the winter
is contained in chaps. 93-103, the minor divisions of which are (1), chaps.
93, 94; (2), 95-101; (3), 102, 103. This portion of the history is highly
interesting, especially the brilliant achievements of Phormio (chaps. 83-92),
which are narrated in a singularly clear and graphic style.




CAp. LXXI. 1                     N OTES                                 529
COAPTER LXXI.
The Peloponnesians under Arehidamus make an expedition against Platmea and ravage its
territory (~ 1); upon this the Platreans send ambassadors to them, who set forth the injusfice of this war upon Platsea, since for their services in the Persian war, Pausanias and
the confederated Greeks had solemnly guaranteed to them their independence (~ 2); this
pledge the Peloponnesians at the instigation of the Thebans are now violating (~ 3); from
which injustice they are adjurcd by the gods to cease, and neither to injure the territory
of the Platteans nor to infringe upon their liberties (~ 4).
1. Kablgras  Tov o-rparov, having cansed his army to encamp.  From
this general encampment detachments could sally forth to ravage the
surrounding country. --   ij)EXXE.  He had not yet fairly commenced
ravaging, when the Platrans were sent to him.
2. i/ve, i. e. of your honor and dignity.  -    y icr-, from whom
youc are sprung.         o-rparcovreTs, in making an expedition, explains
ov b[atca.  See N. on I. 37. ~ 5.  -   ~vvdpapo-har     rov Klv8vvov, to share?in the danger.  The genitive is the more common construction with
this verb. -        7rap' suTv, i. e. in  our territory.   -   ro-ar     v rE
lXaratrv K. r. X.  Aristides in  an assembly of all the Greeks proCored the enactment of a decree, that this festival of liberty should
be annually celebrated, at Plattia, by delegates from  the whole of
Greece.  The town was also declared inviolable and sacred, as long as
its inhabitants offered  these sacrifices on behalf of Greece.  Cf.
Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 375.  The Platreans refer to  Pausanias by
name, eit~her because he was the leader of the confederated Greeks, or
to add force to the argument by attributing the thing spoken of to a
LacedEmionian. --          i7re8tbov is rendered by some, gave back, referring to its temporary occupation by the Persians.  But the main idea
of the grant is evidently lodged in a7rovd'oovr, and hence I prefer the
sense, granting, conferring as a favor.  The clause e'ovrrar  avroTvouovq
OtLKE; is epexegetical, denoting the result or effect of the verb arrea138ov.
Oftentimes Wocre is added to make the statement more definite. Cf.
K. ~ 306. R. 7. See N. on I. 34. ~ 3.-   crrparEcoral re 71mEfva.  Supply iEKEXEVo- elicited from  airel8lov. ---   &r  ovXEla, i. e. in order to
reduce them to servitude.
3. Er'l 8ovXetIa r,  1,LErTEpa directly  contrary to the grant of Pausanias.  See N. on Erit aovXelta, ~ 2.
4.  aprTvpau.....rosoSevoot, calling the gods to witness wTho were invoked as witnesses of the oaths then made.  With this may also be coin[bined the idea referred  to i: nr. (on 1. 71. ~ 5.  These gods would be




580                               NOTES.                             [BooK IL
particularly offended at a violation of the oaths which they had been
called upon to witness.  The tutelary deities also of Lacedasmoen and
Plattea would be offended, the former at the injustice of their worshippers in making war upon  a country which  they were sworn  to
defend; the latter in seeing the country, where their worship was established, overrun and devastated by an army of enemies.
CHAPTER LXXII.
Archidamus in reply admits the tltht of whiat the Platpeans had said, but avers that it was
to rescue them and others from bondage to the Athenians, that such an expedition as the
present was undertaken, and exhorts themn to remain free and assist in liberating others
from servitude, or if unwilling to do this, to pursue a strict neutrality (~ 1); the PlatrarnsJreply that they can do nothing without the concurrence of the Athenians, sn1d express
their fears that either that people will comnpel them to engage in %war, or that the Thebanll-s
taking advantage of their neutrality will seize upon tlleir city (~ 2); to which Arclhidainus
responds by pledging to preserve their territory, in case t:hey will retie somewhere else,
and to deliver it to them at the expiration of the war' (~ 8).
1. uraX,3rhve.  Bloomlf. supplies rOv Xoyov. -           yap, namely, tlha
is, explains the  idea contained  in the  imperative a7CVOefo/cr1.  ](.
~ 324. 2.        rV rTrTE (in  the  Persian  war) KtV8VViV.  Cf. KllVOVuV
rsr  /4aX7r, I. 71. ~ 2.-   ir7r''Aarqafotv, iin subjection to the Athenians.  -   l7-rapaO-KE1vJ re.... eXEutvepoo'-eooS.  This passage is ma(Te clear
by referring ansr&  to the persons included in   oot..... vv4Loo-av, and
7r-v a'XXAv to  other states which  had not united in  these oaths, but
were in like manner subject to the Athenians. --- -rrdXeoo, i. e. the
Peloponnesian  war. 7 —....  pKOtsL,   i~n which especially partcacing,
do you also abide by your oathls.  I concur with KrOg. in referring i7'
to  rrapao-evi as containing the leading idea.   a'rXltrra IEV — el 8E k15.
See N. on  I. 82. ~ 1. -  a7rrep refers forward  to 7crt, Xtav. -              ro
uipdoreov.  We are not informed  by Thucydides when this proposal
was previously made.  v- Esol4EVoc Ta VfLETrpa aurTv,  enjoying yous
owzn possessions.
2.'vevu.  See N. on I. 128. ~ 2. ---  -ap'  e,'voets, i. e. the Atheni
ans. -----'7av is put in the optative as though  ort or G9S had pre
ceded.  Cf. Mt. ~ 529. 3.  In respect to  the thing spoken of, cf. II. 6.
~ 4. -   eKFL VWv refers to the Laceda3l monians. ---            figo-   od  e'I
TrpEVror0L,, would not permit them  (sc. to receive both as friends).  Thle
ellipsis is supplied very naturally fromn 8d'XESlE 8E aJ4oriEpov  (pL'Xve,
at the close of the preceding  section. ---   e.....3xeo3 at, since the




CEAP. LXXIII.]                  NOTES.                                 531
men were bound by the agreement (i. e. embraced in the oath) to admit
both parties.  The idea is that if the Platraans were to admit both
parties as friends, they would be obliged to admit their enemies the
Thebans, since they were members of the Peloponnesian confederacy,
and thus their liberties might be endangered.
3. 6 8;, i. e. Archidamlus. --   rpb  Taraa,. i. e. in respect to the
grounds of fear entertained by the Plateans. -            s'vapa refers tc
fruit-trees, and such other trees as might be valuable for timber or
ornament. -----  ptL/, by  number.             ('tXXo..... EXbev, whateveOr
else can be numbered; literally, can come into number.  Reference is
probably had to houses, barns, sheds, and other immovable property.
-- of?asv 6 rr6k/Xeor,*h as long as the war may continue.  a;v imparts indefiniteness to the time spoken of --  s long as (however long
it mIay be).  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 847. 3. --     EXpL 8N  rove, i. e. until
the termination. —--  qzyadpF4 vot, sc. rmv y1iv.  Schol.-!Kav'o for
subsistence.
CHAPTER LXXIII.
The PlatTeans express their willingness to accede to these proposals, if the Athenians will
consent, and ask and obtain a truce to enable them to send to Athens (~ 1); the ambassadors being sent report, on their return, that the Athenians promise them assistance and
conjuTe them not to change their alliance (~~ 2, 3).
1. a = &'eiva a, of which the antecedent depends on Kotvro-nat, and
the relative  on 7rpoKCaXeirat..     aVrovs, i. e. the  Athenians.  The
subject of mroLeiv is. the Platteans, and'raira refers to the proposals of
the Lacedumonians. --'pepas -E'v ma, days in which = as mnany
days as. -     KoJto-rSva (to return) refers to the Plattean ambassadors.
2. ov"r' E'v T- mrpb Tro  Xpdom —, e  obev[, at no time whatever before
this.  Some take iv obe8ls' in the sense of in no respect.  -   d'  on
since. --     y, vrpoEcrtat ad8ovtIs'vo  vr, have they permitted us to be
injured.  Goel. edits  mjais, which Krig. says is inadmissible, inasmuch as the Platamans as well as the Athenians are referred to in
lysvd6e/a.. —   rreptLoqEr at (sc. d8tKovsfE'vovs).  See N. on  rEptopav,
I. 24. ~ 6.




532                              NOTES.                              [BooK It
CHAPTER LXXIV.
The Plataeans resolve to remain true to the Athenians, and announce this determination to
the Lacedsemonians (~ 1); Archidamus invokes the gods to be witnesses of the justice of
the invasion, and implores their aid in bringing the Platseans to punishment (~~ 2, 3).
i. &vexcr2aL.... p&ovras, would bear even to see their country ravaged, if' it must needs be.  -   yrv depends upon 6pfivcwsr, which properly should have been 6pfJvrer, but is put in the accusative to conform  to  the construction which Et'Ei  would  have demanded. -
a'XXo in respect to RYv re/Wvo/dEv`7v.
2. erTEVbEV, then. -;Es' ErttlpTrvpiav-becOv-KaTEoT7, called  the
gods to witness; literally, proceeded  to an  attestation  of the gods.
Poppo  explains the  words -by  7mreqaprvparo (conltestatus est) Zeo6s.
Cf. Xen. Cyr. III. 3. ~ 22; Livy, I. 22.
3. rT&ov  refers to  the Plateans. -           aVrl7v is put for y'v.
eotueve   Evaycovrao(bat, favorable to fight in (see N. on evro-TpaTroreerroat,
II. 20. ~ 4).  The words iv 1....'EXXs(otv are parenthetic. -            I-'v r
voCrEcv is euphemistically said for, if we shalt take and destroy the city.
--    rrpoKaXerrcutevot. See N. on Ovrec, I. 7. ~ 1. -    oV rvTyxa(voLevJ we
cannot gain our purpose, i. e. we cannot bring them  to accede to our
equitable proposals.          $vyyvCobovoer.... VrporEpots ) grant (literally,
be consenting) that those who first began  to act unjustly may be punished for, their iniquity.  rir d IKlac  belongs both to irdapXovorc   and
KoXaieo-cat (-= oXrao-re     rvyxdvetv), according to the formula KoXiaew
7vvw tvLor.  I1  respect  to  iroe srrdpXovocL with  the infinitive,  if the
leacding verb by itself governs another case than the accusative, either
that case or the accusative may accompany it, when the infinitive follows.  Cf. Mt. ~ 537; K. ~ 307. 1; S. ~ 224.  r-   T....VO/LltIoS
iroiS e be 6rLEpovcTL VooLL/Sr  ri-v rttccopta  rvIYXadvEL  avrTs.
CHAPTER LXXV.
&rchidamus commences the siege of Platrca by palisading it so as to prevent all egress (~ 1)
he then constructs a mound protected from falling away by timber brought from Cithberon,
the army working in relief-parties incessantly upon it for 70 days (~~ 2, 3); the Platseans
by counter works raise their wall to a height corresponding to that of the mound (~~ 4, 5);
they also devise a method to draw away the earth from the opposing mound (~ 6).
1.  oo-ravra ErcLELctaS, when he had thus invoked the gods, or called
thla   ods to witness.  l- iroiv Biape~o-.   There  were  trees in  the




CHAP. LXXV.]                 NOTES.                            53I
vicinity of the city, such as fruit-trees, and those left for ornament or
shade. It was for the construction of the mound that timber was
supplied from the heavy trees of Cithleron.    -roS f7erva Ert etvat;
in order that no one might afterwards go forth = that all further
egress might be cut off. -    xeLa "xom.  The object of raising a
mound, was to enable the besiegers, by filling up the interval between
the mound and the wall, or connecting them by a bridge, to ascend
the wall and thus get possession of the city. --   adrow refers to r-,v
lXearatcov implied in 7roXlv which precedes.  Kistem. refers it to b8vapcv, and translates a'tpeo-v, carrying or conveying them  from  the
place where they were felled to the city. But this is fiat and trifling.
2. o/v, therefore, i. e. in order to build the mound just spoken of.
---   -K rTO  KtTiatp&vo. Mount Cithmron, which was 3500 feet high,
lay to the south of Platiea, a distance of only three or four miles. Indeed the southern angle of an enclosure, which Leake thinks to be as
old as the Persian war, is only separated by a level of a few yards
from the great rocky slope of Cithmron.  Cf. Leake's North. Greece,
II. p. 325. -- f Karepconev, on both sides of the mound. The reason
is given in o7ros.... xca. --   /op377d&Ov, crosswise like mat-work, i. e.
at right angles, thus, I-.I  This timber framework was only on the
right and left side of the mound, the front being left sloping so that
an army could be marched up, when things were in a state of readiness to scale the walls of the enemy.  On the opposite side, the earth
and other materials were suffered to slide down unobstructed, except
by the wall against which the mound was raised. ----  rEt T-EXXO.
The oratio obliqua is used, because reference is had to the notion of
the verb as it passed in the mind, not of the writer, but of the actors
in the affair.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 885. Obs.
3. 8tz7pmvol  Knar' dz va raXasa, being divided into relief-2paties. —
o0  evaayol, i. e. Spartan officers placed over the quotas furnished by
the auxiliary states, and to whom the generals of the allies wore subordinate.  Cf. Smith's Dict. Antiq. p. 1065. ---  vveobeorr-TTfs, "una
prcapositi, i. e. una cum propriis ducibus prepositi."  Kistem.
4. y 7rpor-Exovro, where the mound was raised against (the wall).
The object of this wooden framework was to secure for the wall a
higher elevation than the mound raised by the enemy. -- Jao8o;    -
govv es avr-  rXt'v2ovs, i; they built tup into it (in the interstices of the
wood-work) bricks." Blooinf. -     EK.... OtKLGV is to be constructed
with 7rXvo0vsg. -     Ka- aspovrrF- = having pulled them down for this
purpose.
5. 7ro0.... o.1o SUclXa, in order that the structure, being high, might,not be weak. --   ElXe. Supply oLK8o0do'ja or retXos. --- - 8EppE  Kal




584                             NOTES                              [Boox I1
B&cEepav, hides and leather. -     rrvp6O'pols olo-ro7s.  Sometimes ar.
rows were so constructed as to carry fire (lighted tow and other comrn
bustibles being attached to them), and became very formidable when
thrown into a town or into ships.          Ev alo aXeia 7re etval is referred
by many critics to the workmen, andl  1T7TE —Of X eaeoat to the woodwork.  But I see no good reason for such an artificial arrangement of
the members of the sentence.
6. dvrav,7eL a'rc5, went up against it, i. e. the mound rose equally
with the wall, and thus the counter operations of the parties left them
in the same relative situation as when they commenced.-    ateXodrec
70o  TEIXOVS opening the part of the wall.  The genitive is partitive.
Cf. Mt. ~ 321. 5; Jelf's IKiihn. ~ 533. 3.
CHAPTER LXXVI.
The Peloponnesians by a counter device render the last mentioned contrivance of the Platmeans ineffectual (~ 1); the besieged then dig a trench to the bottom of the mound, and thus
draw away the earth from the bottom of it (~ 2); they also raise an inner wall as an additional defence in case the main wall is taken (~ 3); the Peloponnesians bring up their battering rams against the wall, but these are rendered useless by a device of the Platweans (~ 4).
1. E....;eveithXovreg, inclosing clay in wicker-baskets, "thrusting
in clay into large wattled cases made of reed." Arnold.  Buttmann
(Lexil. No. 44) by a long and labored criticism endeavors to prove,
that EtXeLv does not signify to turn round, as some suppose, but always has essentially the same sense, to press, to shut, etc., and that
here it is used with Ev, because the action described is that of pressing in firmly and tying up. -    1E T7  8t&ypliov, i. e. into the opens
ing made in the wall by the besieged. ---          ataXEcEpvov is put in the
neuter as being referable not only to rrqkbv but also to 7rapo-ohs.
2. ol Ui, i. e. the  Platreans.  r-     oro0 —ETre'rXor, desisted from
this.  This verb is followed by the accusative also in V. 46. ~ 1; 63.
~ 4. ---  rdvoov, a passage underground, a mine.-   $vvrTemKrpd
evooL Wtmr r7T   XGfioa.  Bloomf. remarks that this is a condensed form of
expression for, mnalcing their way by conjecture to the part under the
mound.  But may we not with Kriig. consider vrro ro Xopa, as belonging, rather to  pcvav-reS than  to $vvreKpu7P ero —V —t?-       qwEikKovo.... Xoiv, they secretly (brro-) drew the (earth of the) mzound to themselves, i. e. within  the wall.       ivra/yo;vov.... XwcIarTor, in  consequence of their  (avrois for the  adnominal genitive) mound being




CAPv. LXXVI.]                  N O TES.                           535
drawn away from below.  The genitive absolute here denotes cause.
S. ~ 226. - itlvovros is used intransitively.
3. ovrTou i e. by this contrivance.  The disparity of their numbers
convinced them, that they could not remove the earth from  beneath
as fast as it was heaped up above.  Hence they invented an additional
contrivance (qrpoo-wre-eepov rode). -'ELJeV Ni Kal'vZ/er,.  Cf. Xen.
Anab. IV. 3. ~ 28.-    avTod depends on E'vPev, and refers to oiK0o60
-tqza.     a -rso rov f3paX;oS retXovv, from  the lowe~r par t of the wcall,
i. e. at the point on each sile, where the wall which had been elevated
against the mound returned to its original elevation.  A construction
of the inner wall beyond these extremities would have been unnecessanry, since the breach or entrance would be made, if any where, from
the mound, and against this point only it would be necessary to build
counter works of defence.  clTO reo5 3paXos retlXoVs serves therefore to
designate at what points on either end (fve'v 3E Kal E'vZlEv) the inner
wall joined to the old town-wNall.  -   K......rd  V, on the inside in the
form of a, crescent towocards the city. A wall thus shaped would enable
the besieged to half inclose a force brought up against it. -—!cya,eLXog, i. e. the wall whose height had been increased to overtop the
mound. --  MtrXTo-av  re  rwvovn, a  twofold trouble, resulting friom
having another wall to pass. --  v.... ylyveo-rtL, be more ex.sosed to
mnissiles on both sides.  It will readily be seen that in aplproaching a
wall bending ilward and having two projecting angles, as this new
-wall would havey the besiegers woull be exposed to missiles discharged
on either side as well as in friont.
4. r7Xvais. The following context shows that battering-rams are
referred to in this word.' —-- rod IueyaXov oL Koov8j1aroq depends on
C7'r ftE-yal  a considerable parc,'t of the grect waall, i. e. the wall raised
against the mound.  Some translate, shook the large superstrtcture
very considerably.  It is evident that the battering-ramr  was directed
against that portion of the wall which had been recently built up to
overtop the mound, as the engine was worked from  the top of the
mound. ---  -ar  ro Xoa 7rpocax;E7o-a, bein6ig brought up9 qt2pon the
snound.      a'XXas ha responds to Mtlav iye, and is in partitive apposition with tjqXavhas at the commnencement of the section. ---'AXXy roV
rElXovs, in other pcarts of the wall.    a dvcKXcov, drew upwcards, i. e.
diverted them  from a direct blow against the wall. --  Kalt connects;vCiKXCro and  tq)leoaav.    oKor.....;y7apo-tlas, suspending huge beancs
by long ir'on chains at each eand, an.d drawing then qul2p in ca slanting
direction by ttoo crac6nes pl]aced obliquely and stretching ove'r the owall
rolu) refers to the end of the beam where it was cut off.  a(ri-  KfpEt)(P
ks to be joined with  v5EA<vriO-avres.  Nlotice the omission of the copull




536                              N O TES.                          [BOOK Ii
tive between the participles afprrj-qavres   and dveXKo'varye..  a- chec-av'T  V rKOKOVY-'lrEKaVXle.  Regularity of construction  would  have
required dqb;sreS  Sr'Y  3oKIv-dveeKaXvWV, since's, by the force of re..
refers also to the last member beginning with xal 8OKorSv.  On account
of the intervening words, and because the writer wished to explain
what sort of a machine it was, which they used to break off the head
of the battering engine, the construction was changed. --              XXapoTs....'xovreS, wvith slackened chain and not holding it in their hands,
i. e. letting it go through (&ta) their hands.
CHAPTER LXXVII.
Being baffled in all their efforts to take the city, the Peloponnesians make preparations to
completely invest it (~ 1); they determine to try, however, first to burn the city, being
unwilling to undergo the expense of a blockade (~ 2); for this purpose they heap up
combustibles between the mound and the wall, and from this elevation toss them into the
city (~ 3); with these they make a great fire, and are only kept from effecting their
purpose by the want of a sufficient breeze, and by a heavy rain which is reported to have
come on (~~ 4-6).
1. ro\ vrlrelxtatka refers to the crescent-shaped wall. Cf. II. 76. ~ 3.
Kriig. refers it also to the newly constructed portion of the old wall.
Cf. I. 75. ~ 4. --   bra... l3eLJv, ly tlhe _present means of terror.
Reference is had to the mound and to the battering-rams. --  rpo5s
r77v 7repLTreLXlLV in order to reduce the place by famine.
2. ei 7ros-7rpoc-aXOelr.  See N. on e 7rcov 7reloetav, I. 58. ~ 1. —
anzraYvqr tal zroXlopmlao is put by hendiadys for 8aravjvs T-v 7rroXLopKlnr
The expense of besieging a city is seen in the investment of Potidena.
See N. on II. 70. ~ 2.
3. rs.... rpoa   fo-ors, first into the space  between the mound and
the wall.  The mound on the side towards the wall sloped down, so
that while the base touched the wall, there would be quite a space
left open at the summit. The necessity of filling this will be obvious
to all.-    yevofEvov, se. ro  bfera6v. - -         E7Tr7rapEvo7av *...../eTrecopov.
The order is: farurapi aav (hecped up side by side) KaL To?7 /AXXIEs 7rod
eOSr OooDre 7ArXEtrov E'6vavro ErTO7LXETv (to r'each) aro ro TOOreTOpov (fromn
the height of the mound).  rrOXFaos  depends on  vrXemorov, and is employed as though the wall against which the fagots (PdKeXXOt) were
thrown was a part of the city. rTS /'XXs/ Ordo'Xewr refers to the space
between the old wall and the lunar-shaped one newly built, for it is
evident that beyond the last-mentioned one, fagots could  not bQ
thrown otherwise than by machines.




CHAP. LXXVIII.]                 N O T ES.                               637
4. $vv  ety ) Kact 7ro-rlo-  in order to make the fire take more readily
and burn more surely.   o- Xb.... eo  Ev, S  great a fire as no one
ever until that titme sawe kindled by men's hands.' SM, already,
heretofore. --'Xy irptELoa-srpob  aubriv, the branches of the forest
being rubbed one against the other. -           adr' al'roi, i. e. fiom this attrition of the branches.  Thlis allusion to fire upon the mountains is a
kind of reply to an anticipated objection, in respect to the greatness
of this fire in the city compared with other conflagrations.  The train
of thought is: the fire in. Plateia was greater than any which had
ever yet been kindled with hands, for the mountain-fires which have
burned so fiercely and extensively, were enkindled not by human
agency but by the mutual action of the forest branches agitated
by  high winds.  The words  7rob TCraTroaLIrov are therefore highly
emphatic.
5. Tr'XXa disasters and dangers. --   Xaxliorov ebreo-e c/tab2ELpat,
wCanted but little of destroying (-  well nigh destroyed).  EXaXio-rov is
the genitive of separation.  K. ~ 271. 2.  E'Ure, se. ro0ro, i. e. ro)
7rvp.-   e'rbos.... reXao-at for within a large space of the city it svas
impossible to c2approach on account of the flames.  Some without sufficient reason make Xcoplov to depend on  TreXhdIat, for it twas impossible
to approach a large part of the city within. -              7rvevcta.....Evarlot
furnishes the reason for the collection of such a mass of combustibles.
The besiegers hoped that the high wind would carry the flames and
burning materials such a distance as to reach the dwellings. —--
avr - i. e. r? /XoyX. 0 ----  irjlopor,, favorable.
6. - v'8p —3TE'ora is epexegetical of ro08E $vuFjvat.
CHAPTER LXXVIII.
Being disappointed in their attempt to leave the city, the Peloponnesians proceed to draw the
lines of investment (~ 1); after which, dividing the duty of watching the place between
a detachment of their own forces and the Bceotians, they depart to their respective cities
(~ 2); the Platemans who stand this siege number 400, besides 80 Athenian auxiliaries, and
some women who are left to prepare their food, all the rest having been sent to Athens
(~~ 3, 4).
1. 7r  ie XorFrorV arEVTES.  These words are regarded as spurious by
Poppo, and are bracketed in all the best editions. ---- &leX;t~oEv....
XOpiov, distributing the space among the several cities, i. e. <a portiorn
of the space to be circumvallated was assigned to each state (cf.
Nehem. chap. III., where the work of building the wall was divided




538                                 OTES.                             [BooR IL
off into portions). In respect to the use of this circumvallation, see
N. on II. 77. ~ 1. The previous wall (II. 71. ~ 1) was only a palisade.
EvroS  against the besieged, and e'fcoev against an invading enemy
of the besiegers.
2. 7repl dpirovpov e7rTroXcs, i. e. about the middle of September,
when this star rises a little before sunrise and is visible.  Bredow
has written a valuable note on this passage, which I amln  ompelled
to omit for the sake of brevity.
8. 7rXoS TTor  dXpovy, the, mntitude vseless for war.
4. KarrEKcvaTIrJ.  Cf. II. 85. ~ 1; VIII. 5. ~ 1.
CHAPTER LXXIX.
About the same time with the events just narrated, the Athenians make an expedition into
Chaleidia and attempt to take Spartolus (~ 1); auxiliary forces having been sent, however,
from Olynthns, the citizens make a sally but are compelled to retreat before the Athenians
into the city (~~ 2, 3); the horse and light-armed of the Chalcidians, however, defeat
those of the Athenians, and this gives rise to a change in the battle, so that the Athenians
become the retreating party and are compelled to fly for safety to Potidwaa, with the loss
of 430 men and all their commanders (~~ 4-T).
1. TiCov  lkartCos is the objective genitive.;- E'avrTv  in distinction from  their allies. I- aKita(orrosTO   roD  f'Tov.  See N. on II. 19.
~ 1. -  srptro  avbroC (see N. on I. 46. ~ 2).  The other leaders were
Pharnomachus and Calliades.  Cf. II. 70.  ~ 1.-               nrob ~TraproXov,
"sub  incenicba Slcar'toli."  Poppo.  So Bloomfield, who  supposes the
situation of Spartolus to Ihave been on a chain of hills whlich skirt
the coast.   Poppo (Proleg. II. p. 359) and Kiepert fix its situation
west of Olynthus; but Leake says (North. Greece, III. p. 456), that
it lay at no great distance to the northward of Olynthus. --               pao —
orVCoro, aiming or contt'ving to bring about a surrender.
2. Trov  oV raran  fovXolbzdeov, i. e. who  belonged  to the opposite
party. --   -Xbov frolm Olynthus.-   cbvXaKsV of Spartolus.-    Trp-         O
aory r    7roXcl, c7ose to the city.
4. eLXov refers to the Chalcidians, for c0  7roXXovs 7reXrmao-rc't  is responded to most clearly by a'XXot 7reXraorrat,   and  nmust therefore refer
to forces belonging to the same party.  So Poppo and Kriger understand it.
5. rots re 7rpoo-yyvOpOe'votg, by the reinforcement which their friends
had received.    -  rpdorepov this accession of force.             drvaXopoucr.
refers to the Athenians,




CHAP. LXXX.]                    NOTES.                                  639
6.  veh8toqravr i. e. the Chalcidians and Spartolians. -           roXcoovo, SC. oi'Asv(6tot.         EvEKEtWro and  Er0-7KovrToV refer to  the
Chalcidians and their party.    -, hoKoi (sc. Katpo'), wherever o)pportunity offered.
7. vr 7irepLdorr rod crpaerov  woith the armzy which  remained aftei
the slaughter.
CHAPTER LXXX.
At the urgent solicitation of the Ambraciots, the Lacedeemonians fit out an expedition against
Acarnania and the adjacent places, the Corinthians joining heartily in t1he enterprise and
preparing to furnish their quota of ships (~~ 1-3); having eluded the observation of
Phormio, they make preparation for the land expedition (~ 4), with the auxiliary forces
of the Ambraciots, Leucadians, Anactorians, Chaonians, Thesprotians and others; the
Spartan admiral without waiting for the Corinthian navy, ravages Limnma, and marches
against Stratus (~~ 5-7).
I.'AfLrpaK&corra  Kealt Xaodve.  These people were united in the Amphilochian war.  Cf. II. 68. ~ 9.  -   vavri.... oroir.  "Bene Portus,
clm, ncavibus simtul et peditacts  secuzn."  Poppo. -     $vtfo3le,  to
assem2ble for defence, to render joint caid. -          r7&v drrd  eaXrao-os
cAKaprvrvwv, i. e. r7r Eir'l  3aketrXC o'AKapvrivov adro' eaXcaior-s, the preposition'sr' being used by way of accommodation with $vjcosjreTr, as
denoting whence the assistance proceeded.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 1.Zvr belongs to Kcparo-ovue-, and denotes the existence of a condition on
which the verb may be supposed to depend. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 424. a.
Some may prefer to construct avr with oXOvreT  = 7)VX&o. — r-.   Kparqeovrc, —Zeotro.  Suchl an interchange of moods in dependence upon
the same verb is quite frequent, as the writer wishes to express certainty or probability only.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 802. 3. d; Mt. ~ 529. 5.
-      1- boior, the saome as before.  -   iXA7raa a' etvaL. The construction
is here varied fiom  o'rt with the indicative, and then with the optative, to the accusative with the infinitive.
2. E'r ovTra.  The office of admiral was with the Spartans limited
to a definite period.  Thus in VIII. 20. 85, it appears that the command was limited to one year.  In the beginning of the war' when
Spalta was ignorant of maritime affairs, there were obvious reasons
why the term  of command should have been somewhat longer.emrl vavr-lv.  " Rarius dictum  pro rit vedlv seu ir vavv(rl."  Poppo. ----
r5 ravortcc, the feet is here put for the sailors who manned it. -          4os
raXLtora belongs to 7rapaorKeV(to'araeat Te s raX(to-ra Kal WrXeiV.
3. drrolots  ovnco-, because they twere their colonists (see N. on I. 9.
~ 4). The Ambraciot colony was one of the earliest of the Corinthian




540                             NO T E S.                         [Booalr 1
colonies, being founded by the Heraclidm.  Cf. Milltr's Dorians, I. p
130. -        ev rrapacKE-Ve, sv = 7rapacKevaCeror ----- 7rpdrpov  WpLKo/'EEVOP
because they were nearer to the place of rendezvous.
4. is....;poopovv.  Cf. II. 69. ~ 1.
5. Xd'ovee.  See N. on II. 68. ~ 9.   - ai3aoriXevrot, not ruled over
by  kings.    - - K  -roeD JpXtEoV yI;vovs, of the family eligible to the
wragistQacey.
6. Mo)Xoraose —Ka''ArtPvavas.  The former of these people occupied the district north of Ambracia (see N. on I. 136. ~ 2), and the
latter bordered on the Molossians to the north-west, embracing the
npper streams of the south-eastern branch of the Aous (cf. Kiepert's
Map), and, according to Leake (North. Greece, p. 118), the mountainous country between the Apsus and the Aous.  -   IIapavalovs.
This people seem to have occupied a district north-east of Atintania,
on the upper streams of the north-eastern branch of the Aous. ---'OpEa'afft. The location of this tribe is involved in obscurity. Some
place them in the north-west part of Epirus, and others regard them
as occupying a more easterly position.
7. sKpsqa'riv'ArlvaOV.  Cf. II. 29. ~ 7, where it appears that
Perdiccas formed an alliance with the Athenians.  See N. on I. 56.
~ 2. --       io-repov (=  (oTrepoL), too late, i. e. after the fight was over.
8.'Apyelav of Anmphilochia. -         Atp lvaav, now according to Leake
(North. Gr. IV. p. 244) Kervasar&.  It was the nearest harbor to
Stratus, on the southern shore of the Ambracian gulf. -- -    rparov,
Stratus lay S. E. from  Limnsea, on the right bank of the Achelous,
and was a place of much importance, being situated where the valleys
of Lipuni and Achelous meet, and open into the great fEtolian plain.
--     &v gives to 7rpooO-Xop'aELtv the idea of probability.  Cf. S. ~ 215.
5; Mt. ~ 599. d.  See also Xen. Anab. II. 8. ~ 18.
CHAPTER LXXXI.
The Acarnanians act on the defensive, and send to Phormio for assistance (~ 1); the PeIoponnesians march towards Stratus in order, if necessary, to force it to submission (~ 2);
the order of march (~ 3); the Greeks proceed with due caution, but the Chaoniaus and
other Barbarians with foolhardy confidence 1pic:,t forwar'd in order to take the place and
bear off the honor (~ 4); the Stratians perceivir-g this, and forming ambuscades, attack the
Chaonians, slay many, and compel the rest to flee back to the Grecian camp (~~ 5-7);
where they still continue to annoy them with their slings (~ S).
1. atoro'/evotL-ffoE/3cXT7Kvult.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3. --     uvi,c3o'~ovv (see N. cn IlT 80S  ~ 1).  The suddenness of the invasion gava




cHAP. LXXXI.]                  NOTES.                              54i
them no time to concert measures of defence. --   Iopidcova.  Cf. II.
69. ~ 1.    - vvriKov.....KX7rELv.  Cf. II. 80. ~ 3.
2. rpla rTiX.  See N. on 1. 48. ~ 2.  These divisions had respect to
the breadth, not the length of the army. --  Xky.  All the editions
before me except Dindorf's have Xkdyot.  The singular corresponds
the best with e pyp.  In respect to the use of these two words, see N.
on II. 40. ~ 2.
3. IE;ov v    El'XoJTEr because they were the weakest portion of the
army.  The article is omitted with pdofov, because the expression in
military language is already sufficiently definite. ---    o ITa E TOVTeOV.
Haack thinks that these were the (Eniade, but it appears from  the
following chapter, that this people joined them after the retreat
from  Stratus.  Auxiliary forces of theirs is doubtless referred to,
unless with Arnold we consider them  the Periceci of the Leucadian
peninsula, which sort of inhabitants almost every town in Greece had
in greater or less numbers.  -  Eaorcl oTrE o8E &op&ciOro, sometimes
were out of one cinother's sight.  See N. on I. 65. 3 (end).
4. Lta uvXaKV "ExovrTE (sc. iavrovs) being on their guard. --     -
r7brEp.  See N. on II. 20. ~ 4.-  ad4covi~IEZotL —aXLtcoraroT  ecual, being esteemed the most warlike.  o- ov'r' E'rrEXo,  sc. E'avrov. -   r
o-rpaTrorebov which they had been directed, or were expected to
occupy. -  -— rP/,  with a rush, with headlong speed.  -  avroVoF[,'primo clamore atque irmpetu." Betant.  At the first onset. a-   a
-E-iv,. See N. on II. 80. ~ 8. --   r-b'pyov = the honor of the victory.
5. ErTL rpoc-LOTrav, yet advancing.  So Haack: antequam  cursum
absolvissent. ---   //FOVcOez'ro/v, wohile thus alone, i. e. separated from
the other forces. -- 6/jcolos, i. e. with as much alacrity and boldness
as before. --    7rpoXoXilovcl-Eve-pas, beset-with ambuscades. There
is a partial pleonasm in these words, in respect to which, cf. Mt. ~ 636.
p. 1144. -    c  rEKe Tr......rpoar-rrtrovrL, they joined battle with those
from the city, and fell upon them from  the ambuscades.
6. atrovg, i. e. the Chaonians.
7. r.v.... arparorrEacov, i. e. the right and left wings which were
encamped at this time. --—. 3Ero rS /aXs7.  S. ~ 192. 1.
%a&.....EELYeoaCt, because they (i. e. the Barbarians) woere far in advance, and they (i. e. the Greeks) thought that they had hurried on to
occupy some encampment.  The true reason for the disorderly advance
of the Chaonians was unknown to them.
8. EVEKELVTO 6EcyovrUE, pS)   essed upon them (i. e. the Greeks) in their
flight.  Ey'KELaaL is more usually employed of a pursuing army. -
aTrovs, i. e. the Chaonians. -     Es XEupaE —orcov, coming to an en24




542                               NOTES.                             [BooK  II
gagemnent. ---   z7ro, not yet, implies that efforts were making  to
rally the surrounding country to follow up the victory which the Stratians had gained over the Chaonians. ----- 0&orv.  Some take this
word in the sense of owrXLTrv (cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 353. 1).  I prefer,
however, with Poppo, Arnold, and Bloomfield  to take it in its usual
sense, armor, especially their shields and defensive armor. --- KvrSivat to obtain their necessary supplies.   ~- TroOo, i. e. 7r  o-ervaovav.
CHAPTER LXXXII.
Cnemus retreats by night to the river Anapus, and thence to CEniadae, from whence his allies
return to their respective homes (~ 1).
1. rov "Ava7rov 7roTafLov.  This was a small stream  flowing from the
north-west into  the  Achelous, soine  distance below  Stratus.  The
object of Cnemns, whose retreat Bloornf. pronounces to have been
very able, was to place this stream  between his army and the pursuing enemy. -    -  SrorEpaiq, the next day. -              Oivmau&v.  The retreat bad brought the Peloponnesilans near this people, who lived at
the mouth  of the Achelous, and who were at enmity with  the Athenians.  Cf. I. 111. ~ 3. -  rlv  vji43oeZavl (of the  Acarnanians).
See N. on II. 80. ~ 1.
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
At the same time with t]he battle at Stratus, the Corinthian fleet and that of their allies are
compelled to come to an engagement with Phormio, who has been watching their voyage
(~~ 1, 2); not supposing that the Athenians would hazard an engagement with a superior
force, they are not well prepared for a sea-fight, and therefore, when they perceive the
threatening demonstrations of the enemy, endeavor to cross over to the continent by night,
but are compelled about midway in the passage to come to an engagement (~ 8); the Peloponnesian order of battle (~~ 4, 5).
1. The narrative is here resumed from  II. 80. ~ 3. --- orrs.e....'AKapvaveS  by attraction  (see N. on II. 80. ~ 1) for 6rrsor fir, o~t rapa
baXaor,'Aa;icpvaves adirt  TaXricrsjrr   6 y eC v/L3broo-tv (see N. on II. 80.
~ 1).  The word a'vo refers to motion from  the coast up into the interior.  See N. on II. 67. ~ 1.
2. 6 ya6... er6'pEL   There is some obscurity in this passage resulting  from    co ro5 KodXrrov, - which, if connected  with  E'rqpetS, as
Haack  supposes, and which the natural order of the words seems to
justify, would  make Phormnio to  have left Naupactus, and to have




CHAr. LXXXIII.]              NOTES.                            543
sailed into the open sea, while the enemy was yet within the gulf,
which seems to me to be incredible.  Goel. gives to 7rapaTrdoveas —
EaO — ErT7peL the pregnant sense rraparXkeovrag Keal  rXkovras E'o roi
K6Xrrov ErfTpe), and supposes that it was the design of Phormio to prevent the egress of the enemy's fleet from  the Cris3an gulf, which
they were coasting along the southern shore to effect. But why then
did Phormio suffer them  to pass, as they did, through the straits into
the open sea?  Poppo would cut the Gordian knot by substituting
efco for f~co. It seems to me that the general sense is clear, and that
from this we may evolve the meaning of the parts which are obscure.
The Corinthian fleet coasted along the southern shore of the gulf,
sailed through the narrows, and still continued to hug (as the sailors
say) the same shore until they reached Patrto.  As they passed along
by Naupactus, the Athenians weighed anchor and sailed along the
north-western shore, opposite to them, in order to watch their motions and seize a favorable opportunity to attack them, when they
reached the open sea (i  ry EvpvXcoplC cirtiL3o'3at). Thus they passed
through the narrows, and were outside of the inner gulf, coasting
along opposite to each other, the Athenians keeping a close eye on
their adversaries.  Now instead of repeating all this, the historian
has given us the relative position of the two fleets in the outer gulf,
as descriptive of their movements and relative position from the time
the Athenians left Naupactus.  Eeco roy KoXrroV belongs then in sense
to both wraparX;eovrag and Eir7pet. The evidence that the Athenians
were coasting along the north-western shore is contained in ~ 3, oir'aSaov VVKTOE  d JopLTci-aevot, by which it appears that the object was
to conceal the place of their anchorage, and thus prevent the Athenians fromn knowing where to stop, so as to be opposite to them.
fovXOLEVOE.....  ELrt c3;aL. He desired sea-room on account of the numerical inferiority of his fleet. Cf. II. 89. ~ 8.
3. (C e'rli vaviaxiav, -owith the expectation of a sea-jight.
o-rpartcortLKrrepov0, "rather as troop-ships." Liddell and Scott. --- al
belongs to roXpaoat. --- a-robs refers to the Athenians. --   vo)v
KOLg0/oLYuev. Instead of this genitive absolute, we should have expected the nominative, inasmuch as it refers to the subject of E'pcov
(i. e. the Corinthians), but emphasis is promoted by the present construction (cf. KI. ~ 313. 2). Render, while they themselves were sailing
along the shore. -- Harp)v, Patrce, was an important port of Achaia,
at the south-eastern shore of the outer gulf, nearly opposite Chalcis.
It appears that the Corinthian fleet had coasted along as far as this
place, and were passing over (8t&aAnXXvro)v) to Acarnania, when they
descried the Athenian fleet approaching them from Chalcis and the




544                              NOTES.                            [BooK 0 10
river Evenus. A little reflection will enable any one to see how the
fleets came into this position.  While the Corinthians anchored at
Patrre, the Athenians, instead of proceeding further westward, and
thus leaving the sea open to the enemy for a passage across to Acar
nania, stopped at Chalcis, and thus were in readiness to oppose their
in the manner here described.  That the Corinthians expected the
Athenian fleet to have sailed further, is evident from the words, ovl....  f bopLscacaesvol.;- pcov acrovs  is repeated  in  KareLBov  roV
Ar~lvalovr on account of the intervening words.  -   OiTCrO 8', so then,
i. e. in consequence of the state of things just mentioned.  The protasis began with Erratb.  See N. on I. 131. ~ 1.
4. rrapeo-Keva(ovTo.   See N. on II. 23. ~ 2.
5.  asv.... roav, as large as they were able. d- -aeK7rXovv.  See N.
on accKrrXot, I. 49. ~ 3.  &-     a XE7a rr Xoia, the small craft. ---
OOVYlrat- = b?'ought, put.  Cf. III. 3. ~ 4. -         7rerrT  vaso.  Supply
Eradaro from the preceding E'raavro.  -    ta.f3paxeosr, from  a short
distance. It is difficult to see any sense in the translation adopted by
some, at intervals.  The design of these fast-sailing ships was to give
aid wherever and whenever required. We can readily see how their
being so stationed as to be near at hand would subserve this object.
CHAPTER LXXXIV.
The Athenians in a single line keep sailing around the enemy, and gradually hem them into
a smaller space (~ 1), being ordered by Phormio not to commence the attack until he gave
the signal, for he expected that the nautical manceuvre, which they were practising,
would soon throw them into disorder, especially when the usual wind sprung up from the
gulf (~ 2); it, happened as he expected, and the Colinthian ships being thrown into the
utmost confusion, he gives the signal for the attack, which is in every way successful (~ 3);
the Athenians having erected a trophy return to Naupactus (~ 4), and the Peloponnesians
sail to Cyllene, where they are joined by Cnemus and his force (~ 5).
1. Kar.....rera-y/Evot, dcrazow  up  iss a single lie, i. e. the ships
sailed  one after another, as appears from  rreptL'7Xeov arols' KVKX,.
Goel. adopts the notion of Haack, that the ships first approached the
enemy in a line abreast, and then changed into a line aheadc, and thus
sailed  around  the enemy.  Cf. II. 90. ~ 4. ---   0vvryov E'  OXyov,
crow;ded them  into a smaller space.  How this was done is contained
in Ev XP(  al rrapamrkXEor'rEs, saililng continually along by so as to graze
the enerny's vessels.  This bold Inanceuvre not only disturbed the
order of the enemy, but must have greatly depressed their courage
and ardor, while at the same time it inspirited the Athenians.




CHAr. LXXXIV.]               NOTE S.                            545
2.   mC'rF, he expected. -   a-  7  7rXoia, i. e. the small craft spoken
of in II. 83. ~ 5. --    oarep cdvaiYov, waiting for which, denotes another reason why he kept sailing around the enemy instead of immediately attacking them. --    obV;va....avrovs, they would remain still
(i. e. in their respective positions) no time at all.  These words and rhT
7rXoia —7rapE$ELv are connected by re in e'lr'. In respect to taking the
advantage of the wind, Bloomf. remarks that a similarly adroit manceuvre was practised by Themistocles at the battle of Salamis.  Cf.
Plunt. Themist. ch. 14. --- -rre, then, when the wind alose. -
KailoTr17v for the Athenians, because their ships being more skilfully
manned and better constructed, would be less affected by the waves.
3. co....  artyE   is well rendered by Arnold, when the wind came
down upon them and caught them. -    riv re,rXo0ov refers to the
transports and small craft which lay in the centre. --   Tros KovroL
3Lto~worvro, and were continually lpushing each other's vessels off with
poles. -        7 -ir  re XpeuevoL —ov8Ev Ka'rnKovov, by the noise of their*
shouting-they were unable to hear.       ri-ov rrapayyeXkoiE'vocov refers
to the orders of the officers, who had the general command of the
ships, while rov KEXEVoT&rv relates to the inferior officers, whose business
it was to superintend the rowers, mark the time by the beating of a
pole or hammer, and cheer them on by songs and words of exhortation.  Cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 778. -   opreE by being, denotes
the reason or cause. -a- -    va0petv depends on abUvarot. -      airtpcoI7OL taf'LpOL, being men of inexperience. --  arretEo-rEpas, less manageable. -     roTre....roTrov. See N. on I. 58. ~ 1.  ToTre 8' begins the
apodosis, the protasis having commenced with so Ni at the beginning
of the section.-    -rnlialvec refers to Phormio. -    Xcopealav, i. e.
the Athenians.      &r8/;gestepov.  See N. on I. 29. ~ 4. -  KacTEroTroay.... arVTV, effected that no one of them could turn to makce resistance.
-     Arluv, Dyme, which lay on the coast of the outer gulf, nearly
west of Patrw.
4. Et avrr.....  eXaEOLevot: having taken on board (their own ships)
the most of them.  Goel. remarks that the meaning having killed
(adopted by some interpreters) wonld have required  vEXVrreE. ---
MOXvKpeLOVr,  olycria, lay S. W. of Naupactns, and near Antirrhium.
belonged to Locris.  Cf. Leake's North. Greece, I. p. 111; Kiepert's
Map of Locris, etc. -  Tp Ilooretml. Probably there was a temple
of Neptune on this promontory.
5. Se Kant and also. -     KvhAXivr7vi  Cyllene, was situated on the
promoTtory, where commences the entrance into the outer Corinthian
gulf, nearly opposite to Zacynthus.-    Kvi/osg.  Cf. II. 82. ~ 1.as ECKJEEV v?1eR.  By a reference to II. 80. ~ 3, it will be seen that Leun




546                            NOTES.                           [Book II
cas was the place of rendezvous for the allied fleet, and that the quota
of part of the states had arrived  there, and were waiting for the
Corinthian fleet,  It is highly probable that Cnemnus, after his retreat
to CEniadas (II. 82. ~ 1), sailed to Leucas with the expectation of there
meeting with the Corinthian fleet, but hearing of their defeat, he
formed a junction with them at Cyllene.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
The Lacedanmonians send out three persons to act.as counsellors to Cnemus (~ 1); and being
angry and thinking it strange that their fleet had been vanquished by the Athenians, they
give orders to Cnemus to prepare for another battle (~ 2); Phormio also sends to Athens
for a reinforcement (~ 8); twenty ships are sent out, but, in obedience to orders, they first
stop at Crete, and ravage the territory of the Cydonians (~~ 4, 5).
i. ae Kat.  See N. on I. 81. ~ 5.        $vyfiouXovs.  This practice
of sending counsellol s along with tlhe general], became quite common
with the Lacedtcmmonianls and the other Greeks, and was also practised
by the Romans.  It mullst in many cases have proved highly prejudicial to success. --  Bpao-[sav.  See N. on II. 25. ~ 2. -- - zrparIKevaEor-tat.  Most of the editions have KararKev(rEo-Zat. -et'pyeo-a3(t T/r
SaXcioo-rrc/.  This was virtually the case, since the Athenians had
hindered them from making their intended descent upon the Acarnanian coast.
2. a'XXor..... rrerpa-ratcs'ots  especially as this was their first trial
in naval wacfyjre.  Reference is had to the Peloponnesian war, since
in the Persian wars the Spartans had engaged in naval fights.  From
that timle, however, their naval experience was on the decline, until they
were compelled in the present contest to resume that mode of warfare,
as the only means of successfully opposing the great maritime state of
Athens. --  Xl tearreo     in skill. Cf. II. 87. ~ 4. Their numerical superiority was not a matter of conjecture. Instead of Bi after roroar%,  we
should have expected the correlative'o-) in  yeyEYjq5atL 8  Tta rs akXala(. -— o.c.... eX&;rr/v, not opposing the skill of the Athenicans,
obtained from  long practice, to their brief experience.  Tsr LEXerT7'
depends onl drrtrtiEureg according to the formunla ravvrtrgSst   rw rtov.
With Sm' Xiyovo, cf. tr r7rXIEvor, I. 124. ~ 2.  -  ou, i.e. ir consequence of the erroneous views just spoken of.
3. I/eri, i. e. conjointly  with.       avS —  the serding of ships.
Cf. I. 116. ~ 1.
4. avTrov refers to the Peloponnesians. -      dy —-yEXoorra.  Cf. Xen.




CHA. LXXXVI.]                    NOTES.                                 547
Anab. I. 3. ~ 19. -- 7v e'vKr/-av), wohich he had gained.  S. ~ 184. N.
1. -— co...  v1Aaxqo-ELv, beccause he was in  continual ezxpectation
every day of being brought to c battle; literally, because there was expectation,  etc.
5. rv  BE KoIlt~ovrL refers to the Athenian commander of the reinforcements, and not to Nicias of Gortyn, as Dukas supposes.  ropTrfVtos.  Gortyn was situated in the central part of Crete, a short distance
S. E. of Mount Ida.  There were three principal cities of Crete, viz.
Gnossus, Gortyn, and Cyddnia.  This was a bad step, inasmuch as the
greatest haste was demanded by the perilous situation of Phorlnio.
--  rpo$evor.  See N. on II. 29. ~ 1. --- Kvawivav.  This place lay
on the northern coast of the western division of Crete. The Cydonians had not joined the Peloponnesian confederacy, but probably were
well disposed towards it, since the Cretans were allied to  the Doric
family  (cf. Miill. Dor. I. p. 34), by the original migration from  the
Doric settlement at the foot of Olympus, as well as by colonies from
Peloponnesus, which in subsequent times spread over all Crete.  Arnold well remarks, that mutual enmity would naturally exist between
the Atlhenians and Cydonians, as many of the latter were YEginetau
colonists who  had  settled  there, Olymp. 65. 2. -: 7rpo0-7roLt0-ev,
awould bring over to the Athenians.
6. Kal.... drrXotla, fromn winds and calms, or perhaps darXoiaV may
refer to the more general hindrances to navigation.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
While the events spoken of are taking place in Crete, the Peloponnesians coast along to Panormus, and Phormio taking his position at Antirrhinm, they come to anchor at the opposite Rhium of Achaia (~~ 1-4); for several days both sides makle preparations for battle,
yet fear to hazard an engagement unless in a favorable sea (~ 5); the Spartan commanders
wishing, however, to bring on a battle before any assistance could reach Phor-mio from
Athens, assemble their men and arouse their courage by an address (~ 6).
1. Tzrpeo-KEVao-tfEvoL iS  frlt vavjpaXtav, pLrelared for battle.- -
llvIoptov,, Pacnorm;us.  This port, on  a bay now  called Tekiah  (cf.
Leake's Morea, III. p. 195), lay about 15 stadia beyond the promontory of Rlsiuin as one sails into the inner gulf. It was nearly opposite to  Naupactus.  This Imovement of the Peloponnesian  fleet was
one of defiance, but Phormio, in no wise intimidated, coasted east



548                               NOTES.                             [Book I1
ward, and took his position  at Antirrhium  directly opposite to them.
- ovrep. See N. on I. 134. ~ 4.
4. Er-t ov' rT7 C5PI[  K. 7. X.  It appears fromn this that the Peloponnesians stopped a little short of Panormus, at Rhium.  es.l, Hopoov
may therefore be rendered  towards or near to Panoramus.   ~  rou
Atrlvatovg, se. 6pFuo-ax'ivovu.
5. fUeXerTvreS practising. ---  yvclorv exovzres, havving it in  their
mind, determining. -          ol peiv refers to the Peloponnesians, od 8&  to
the Athenians. The reason why it was fo~ the advantage of the former to fight in the gulf, and for the latter to come to an engagement
in the open sea, we learn from  the speech  of Phormio (II. 89. ~ 8).
---  -rpos  EKElov =for their advantage.
6. dro rTov'Abe.vaov =-from  Athens.  Cf. Mt. ~ 429.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
The speaker commences with remarking that the result of the late battle should excite no
alarm (~ 1); for it was the result of adverse circumstances combined with the inexperience of the party defeated (~ 2); this should not daunt men of courage, for whatever may
be their reverses and disappointments the brave are always the same (~ 3); the skill of thile
foe unaccompanied by bravery will be useless amidst the terrors and alarms of battle (~ 4);
to their skill must therefore be opposed valor (~ 5); moreover the Peloponnesians are superior in the number of their ships, are near a friendly coast where are their heavy-armed,
so that in no respect does there appear to be any danger of defeat (~~ 6, 7); every one should
therefore do his duty with alacrity and with full confidence that the commanders will plan
well the battle, and administer suitable rewards and punishments (~~ 8, 9).
1. OV'X'.... EKWo3jraL), furnishes no just ground to fear.  AIatthiie
(~ 541) makes ri E'Kfobor-rat the subject of fExe, of which Poppo says:
"recte set videtur." Herm. (ad Soph. Aj. 114) makes it stand for &oare
EKO0oI3p oaL.  This mode of construction  is adopted by Iiaack, Goel.,
and Arnold, and is probably the true one.  The infinitive is explanatory of'reiKqap(rtv, showing what it is in respect to which there is no
ground of fear. It  properly hlas the relation to rT;Keapo-Lt of a substantive in the genitive.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 670.
2. otXst-9,c^XXov  1, not-rather  than =not-but  rather, not so
much-Cs, ---     r.... E7rwXo/fer. oCf  rpartCortKcrFpor 7rapeov-KECvaolEvtot,
II. 83. ~ 3.   - --- A   roS r.r 7VXre s and therefore not the subject of
human  foresight or control.  Reference is had to the effect of the
wind upon the close and circular order of the ships, spoken of in II.




CHAP. LXXXVII.]                 NOTES.                               549
84. ~ 3.-    Kal,rov i-t, i. e. in some small degree.  It would have
been foreign to the ends of the speaker, to have admitted any great
inferiority in the naval skill of the Peloponnesians.
3. ov8e abKaLOV K. r. X.  This difficult passage has received many
different interpretations.  Poppo constructs rT95 Yv/qIAv with ad2kPXvve0a~t, and refers to II. 65. ~ 4.  But Goel. denies that these passages
are parallel, and says that the sense to be given here to a/3XvkrvEo-2aL
demands the construction with the dative.  Bloomf. thinks that 6-s
yv&)/ur7 is an error of the sgribes for r-j  yvco'y or'yvc y/7v. Arnold
makes r/s-  yYc5/Lrs  ro b /7-WKYrEev answer to 7r9r ~vlx4opasr -r  dTro3hivrl, nor shouldc our spirit's unvanguishedness and confidence be dulled
by the issue of the event.  In this interpretation Tr —rVLK,'V is taken
like -ro Be&brd  and ro 2apcrofv, I. 36. ~ 1.  But I prefer on the whole
to take r5 vrtKqtiE in the sense of ro-s VtLK?7Tvras  (cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 442. b), and to render it those  unbeaten in spirit, unvanquished in
mnind, the genitive denoting that in?respect of which the notion of rob
VLK72SeV  is affirmed.  Cf. S. ~ 195. 1.   -  drTXoyItav is taken  by
Arnold in the sense of defiance, but may it not be rendered plea,
ground of defence, in respect to their recent defeat by the enemy? -
~a {nSv' eo'at finds its subject in r- VLtKq`EV (i. e. -robs VLKIE'Trras). 
vo/~torat.  Repeat 8tKatov. x —     v8;X1eoaL is here employed impersonally (cf. I. 12-. ~ 2; 140. ~ 1; 142. ~ 9; IV. 18. ~ 5), and robvs  avYpco7rovs is the subject of oQdXXer-ast.  Render, that m9en are liable to be
disappointed.  r- Toiv  arovis, the same. --  opfi&s is opposed to
ELKoiros in the sense of G'o-rrep dp&S-'XtEL (as is right). -     tn in iai
p71 belongs to yet;o-.at which depends upon rvotIoaa. -   irpo/aXoeIvous., by pretending.
4. v&niv-ij aipreLtpa XElTWerat is put by a varied construction  for
k~vig Xe7rreMrE dareLpliq, you do not fiall so much (iroo-rorov) below them
in?  your'  want of skill. r-  ve, i. e. the Athenians. ---  v7v,
" presence of mind."  Bloonmf. --   7rtLreXEv depends on /pVl7'/  i4EL.
Kriig. compares /eivElWoGj o dvq'p tlyabs-r deat, Xen. Anab. III. 2. ~ 39.
5. Jvrivtaiao-de, set off, balance against.   - ro —rvXE&v (so. o0vres)
is the object of aYvrtLricao-ae to be repeated fiomn the preceding member.
6. &wvrk;rv 7rapodvrTo.  Cf. II. 86. ~ 1.  --  vavtaxetv (the article
being omitted.  Cf. Mt. ~ 542. p. 938) is the subject of 7rfpLtyyvvrat,
being connected to 7rA-Xos by re-Kal. -          a-   i  roXXd.  See N. on
I. 13. ~ 1.  -— rov-rapeOr KEvaocrzEoov-E-crrr t-.  S. ~ 190; C. ~ 390.
7.  i(-zre... OraXXoz;kt ovs, so that in no one pacrticular do we find
any probability that we can fail.  For a'  with the participle, cf. N.
on I. 73. ~ 4. -.   o'a is the accusative synedochical. -         adrh ra rav,
i.. e. the knowledge and correction of tlhese faults. -    7rpoo-Tyvo'vfva
24*




560                             NOTES.                           [BooK IL
being added, i. e. the defect being remedied.  Arnold quotes the proverb,  & ira2Sara iauaarsa,   as illustrative of the sentiment of this
passage.
8. Kvf3epvrrat and vavraL are in apposition with  /LEieS-, the omitted
subject of e'7rEoe. -        r5o Kay' Eavrov.  See N. on II. 11. ~ 3.
9. r7jv —' yey'vcv depends on xeipov. The words o' XELpov (- KpELi~o
fov) are used per mnodestiarn, or perhaps, as Dukas thinks, out of
regard to the feelings of the previous commanders.-    Kal before
BovX?3,7zy gives it emphasis, which as Arnold happily remarks, is like
the emphasis which we'lay upon the auxiliary verb: if any sEOULD
choose to behave so. - rtr/uio-ovral has the force of a passive. Cf.
Soph. Gr. Verbs, p. 38.
CHAPTER LXXXVIII.
Phormio seeing his men in danger of being dejected and losing their confidence in their superiority over the enemy, calls them together and encourages them with an address
(~~ 1-).
1. ogr.... eqo3oiovro.  The order is:  ogrt KaTa& o-aS ain-ro'S $vUar-TaLevot (see N. on Kara $vrraisTL  TE  ydyevoel II. 21. ~ 2) dQnofio~z
Tro O   rTkX og rTPv CveOW of the enemy. -    Cv r rE rapovrt, on the present occasion, or in the present circumstances, in reference to 7rpOTrpov
in the next section.
2. an depen'ds on Aecye, the words Kal.....yvdieae being in a manner parenthetic. -         ovhEv —TrrXos —ro7o-orov, no number so great.
Cf. Mt. ~ 483. p. 805.  -  o,7.... iEro, which (= whose attack) could
not be sustained by them.  O,,rt refers to  7Xi3or. For the construction
of the verbal, cf. S. ~ 178. N. ----  r7v adlowtv is explained by 1nI~va.... vroXoopeiv.  The verb V7roXoopCev here takes the accusative, fiom
its sense to shun, to avoid (see Jelf!s KIiihn. ~ 548. Obs. 2) derived froom
its original sense, to retirefrom, to give place to, which takes the genitive. -'Atslvalot ~vTerS, inasmuch as they were Athenians = as Athen.
ians. This sense of naval supremacy had been fostered and strengthened ever since the time of Themistocles.
3.'/Lv, aspect of things. -        ViOrr'cvo.....;apceiv, to remind
them  of being courageous, i. e. to excite their courage by reminding
tihen of the things whichl promise victory.




CHAP. LXXXIX.]                    NOTES.                                  551
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
The speaker begins by saying, that the Athenians have no just grounds of alarm neither on
account of the numerical superiority of the enemy, nor their reputed bravery, since in the
latter they are equal, and the Lacedmemonian allies are brought into battle, after so signal a
defeat, against their wills (~ 1-4); the confidence, which the Athenians exhibit in their
readiness to fight the enemy when so greatly superior in numbers, is adapted to inspire
them with fear (~~ 5, 6), and many armies have been defeated by an inferior force (~ 7);
the speaker gives his reasons for preferring a battle in the open sea (~ 8); and professing his
determination to take the most prudent measures, exhorts his men to maintain strict discipline, to stand firm, and charge bravely, inasmuch as the combat is one on which depends momentous results (~~ 10, 11).
1. OvK adL&v.  See N. on I. 36. ~ 3.   - E'v   Pco&'8qa'Xew, to be ina
dread.
2. ov'7rois here an expression of contempt. ----  -7rE —~-6ojots, 1nedual in skill and bravery.  -    ri5 7rXjoos depends upon  arpeocevui7avsro. -       ov  a7ruo  -ou't-ov refers to inequality of numbers. -      - 
roVfrO  co of which the antecedent is explained by os.... etvaL, it being
constructed  as though preceded  by hpaco-vrepoi EIo-LEv (cf. ~ 3 infra),
and the relative depends on 71rtTTE6VOrTE.  It is unnecessary with some
to suppose, that Phormio  had learned what lie here refers to  from
spies or deserters, since their superior bravery was a common boast in
all the Lacedcemonian speeches. ----'XXo ri is used synecdochically.
- KaUoph5ouvrec is connected with o'torraT  as though it was written
ort Kar-ophov( t KaU  o[tovlran   inasmuch  as in  these are contained  the
grounds of the Lacedeimonoian confidence. There is, as Goel. remarks,
a blending of two  constructions, since two verbs or two  participles
would have been the more natural construction.  In respect to Uqt-rs,
I prefer with Goel. and Arnold  to  make it depend on rro0l*etv, the
subject of which is either roUro S    fpaXtoTua rrt. reTvoVree  rrpoo-rpXovrat,
and  that their boasted courage zoill do th7e sacne for themn? (i. e. give
them  the same success) by sea; or.-7sv E'v r-  mreso  hEre7pgtav,  which is
Kriiger's solution. --  r- ari-o is to be referred to r- KaTrop.oSv elicited from KaropbovYTres.
3. KIriig. after Bloonmf. in his earlier edition refers r- 83' to ro Kcaropo9v in r-o aOrT, but Goel. with the approbation of Poppo, Arnold,
and Bloomf. in his later edition, refers it to.....7rpor-Epxoyra,  on
the ground that if it had referred to ro Karop2SoOv, it would have been
followed by ScK 70o  ELKftdoTC  and not EK iro   &~Katov. ~-   7rrpLecrrt.
See N. on I. 144. ~ 3. --         rouTOts refers to the Lacedmenonians, an:'
el EICKEyVC- =y EV,rE(co.  The verb 7repeo-rt'is to be supplied in  this




552                           NOTES.                         [BOOK IL
clause from  mtpio-vrat. T-..... EGO+EV   T   fBE, OnT EKLaryEpO  T E
plrepoTFpOl  E-cpfc,  paorVTrepo[  E)oLpev.  Goel.  E7IELpdrepot  is in the
nominative by attraction. See N. on II. 42. ~ 4. The argument of
this whole passage may be thus stated: we have juster grounds of
confidence now (i. e. on the eve of a naval battle) than they have, just
as they might be expected to excel us in confidence if the approaching battle was a land-engagement, inasmuch as they do not excel us
in natural bravery, and in whatever we both (i. e. Athenians and
Lacedoemonians) are the more skilful, in that we are the more brave.
As the Athenians were confessedly the more skilful and experienced
in naval warfare, it followed from  the reasoning here adopted, that
they would be the bravest in sea-fights.
4. aia... 68o'av is to be constructed with 7rpoodtayovt, and not
with iyovevot, which would be very fiat and inapposite.  The design
is to show that the Lacedoemonian allies could not be expected to fight
bravely, being cldragged into battle, as they were, to uphald the glory
of the leading power.-  &ErdT, since otherwise. In the idea of caivxs
thus residing in rs-El, lies the omitted protasis, E tL;aKovTra o AaKE&aa/to'vtot.rpoo-iyov.  -  wrapa 7roXdv is to be taken with lr)Or/7rErEs.
5. tdj —selI.    S. ~ 218. 3. -- IAv belongs to advct'rao-Tc. ---.L...7.rpadEtE, unless being about to do something very great (literally,
something equivalent to qwhat is very great).  This explanation regards'To  7srapah roXj  as a substantive, which seems to me better than with
Poppo to supply rrpaio(ewv, or with Goel. and Bloomf. 7rpovevtKmKEvat,
or to read thov rov.  Cf. K. ~ 244. 11; S. ~ 169. 1.
6. dvrliraXoL.... orot.  Goel. constructs oi 7rXelovs a(vTrraXot (ovTeS) iCor'Ep oTroL.  I prefer, however, with Poppo, to construct Co0repp
OVTOt with the following words, which gives this sense, for nost men,
when equally snatched (even), relying as these do (who are greatly our
superior in numbers) upon their physical power, rather than 2upon their
skill and prudence (r, /yvcoDty), come to an engagement.     ol 8', se.
eTEPXOdeVoI, but those who come. -          EK rowoXXC v7roBEc-TipoWv, with
greatly inferior forces (as we do now), is opposed to avrmiaXot. -
pi;ya....  f3aLov, some very great firmness of mind. --, i. e. rTt ol
EK 7roXXc  7t'o8 Eeo-rTp&wv-(tvrtrTO\X onlCtv. -   OVTOt refers to the Lacedaammonians. ~-  Tr  OVK ELKTt =on account of the im2ro0bability that
we should advance against them with such a force.        Kntara Xodyov
were in proportion to the present exigency.
7. 71/i. See N. on II. 77. ~ 4.-   ov.... t.er;cXoLeI.  Poppo remarks that the argument to hIave been in point, should have been
utrumque autem vitiumn in illos (Pe!ooponnesios) cadcit.  But, is not this
implie' in the words taken in their connection?




CHAP. XC.]                       N O TES.                               55
8. EK6WV Eoralt willingly, if I had my choice.  Cf. S. ~ 223. 9.vavr-lv limits $Vt//E'peL. -  av arkE7 ETrXeV EtEI could sail up.  Opposed to
this is &v adroXop7-ceLev.  The protasis is E'v ex oo, utnless he has.  S.
~ 225. 6.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 6.        e ErK 7roXXO  from  a distance. ---
EV eovrtL, at the necessary time, o2p2ortunely. ---  EKraoL.  See N. on
I. 49. ~ 3.-    cdvaaorpocaxl.  This word expresses the backward motion
of a ship, after having charged the opposing ship with its beak, in
order to gain space to give impetus to  another charge.                 re- yc
depends on iariv.
9. roerewv depends on forv srpovotav.        Kara Tro vvarT0v.  See N.
on I. 53. ~ 4. --     Tra  E...;xeEo-2e.  See N. on II. 11. ~ 9. -  t'.....ovos, "' as toe are watching one another's movements at so short a
distance."  Arnold.  I would prefer: as the enemy is watching us, etc.
--  Eiv rTL?Epyp in the action.
10. r-.v'Xrrd8a is here followed by two genitives, the hope of the
Peloponnesians of a navy; i. e. the hopes entertained by the Peloponnesians of raising a navy.  The clauses i KaraXvo-aL and ~ Ka'aoTrso'aL,
illustrate the magnitude of the contest by expressing its obvious
result. -     yyvripco Karaco-'rlat, to bring nearer.
11. advaLturvKco 8' av refers to 6 8 daycov 1teyas,.the contest is great
-but again (cf. ~ 2) I will remind you. --          dpvp&v limits at yvfiEsat.
-         OVK et'e OV Vey,  ar'e not accustomed =  cannot.-    /oioal in respect
to their former bravery and confidence.
CHAPTER XC.
The Peloponnesians sail towards their territory within the gulf, with their right wing in
advance in order to inclose Phormio (~~ 1, 2), who fearing that their design is to attack
Naupactus, coasts along his own shore (~ 8); the Peloponnesians suddenly turn upon the
Athenian fleet, hoping to inclose the whole (~ 4); eleven, however, make their escape, and
the rest are run ashore and their crews in part slaughtered (~ 5); some of their ships the
Peloponnesians succeed in drawing off (~ 6).
1. OVK.... eTreva.  In respect to the position of the Athenian fleet,
cf. II. 86. ~ 2; and of the Peloponnesian, of. II. 86. ~ 4.  ra orevia refers
to the straits between Rhium and Antirrhium, by which the Criseaan
gulf was connected with the sea, or rather the inner with the outer
gulf.  -   aKovrau.  See IT. 89. ~ 8. ---- dvaydtevoL.  See N. on dv'syovro, I. 48. ~ 1. 1 —  ieri revaidpov, with four ships abreast.  iMatthiea
(~ 584. Z) translates four deep, which is evidently incorrect. ---   re




554             0NOTES                                      [BooK Il
rqv Eavrcov jyv. The Peloponnesians sailed along the Achaian shore,
which, as Achoaa sided with the Peloponnesians and furnished with
the Corinthians many of the ships, might well be called rq'v EavrTOv
yT1v. Phormioe feared that when opposite Naupactus they would turn
suddenly, sail across, and take the place, and hence he coasted along,
to be in readiness to repel the attack.  There is therefore no need of
changing the reading eavrxov to avrrv, referring it to the Athenians or
to the Naupactians.  I prefer with Arnold to take this preposition in
the twofold sense of towards and along by, the former denoting that
the general direction was towards Corinth, Sicyon, and Pallene, where
the greater part of the fleet belonged, and the latter, that they lkept
along their own shore instead of sailing over to the opposite coast.
Their direction is still further defined by ecro rr; -o5 KoXrov, to with1i?
the gulf. E —   &E     Kepa iYyovpevp, the right wing leading the way, is
the circumstantial or nodal dative.  Had the direction been westward, the left wing would have taken the lead.         hX awozrep ihac [hs,
#ovv, i. e. in the same relative position in which they lay at anchor.
2. srt 8' avrT, i. e. upon the right wing.   - ravrT, i. e. in the
direction towards Naupactus. --- vorto-as....7TXeLv shows that the
Peloponnesians were not sailing directly towards Naupactus, as tlhen
their course and design would have been a matter of certain knowledge. See N. on ~ 1. - --.. v...rEpos, in order that the Athenians
might not escape their' charge [by sailing] beyond their~ wing.
A;Eovra rov E7rrtrXovv is not pleonastic, but an emphatic fulness of
expression, the charge made with full sail, the fierce onset.  Poppo
compares it with the belli impetus navigavit of Cic. pro Manil. ~ 34.
3. 6 a', i. e. Phormio. --- Xcopic, i. e. Naupactus.-   ip pAc. See
N. on II. 4. ~ 4.-  drvayopEYovr. See N. on ~ 1 supra.-    aK(ov...
erorovb8jv, unwillingly and with speed, i. e. Phormio was unwilling to
leave his advantageous position and sail into the gulf, but he was
obliged to do it, and that too in great haste. -     r&v Mec-o-rviwov of
Naupactus. Cf. I. 103. ~ 3.
4. Kamr.... KEgpO, in column o~ne by one, i. e. one ship sailing after
another in single line.  See N. on II. 84. ~ 1. -- 7rpo r   7,X7 y; near to
the land. --    tero7rn6v, in line, as opposed to erri K;pos, in column.
--... EcKacroS, as quick as each one could. For the construction,
cf. K. ~ 274. 3. b; Mt. ~ 337.
5. royv 8  refers to the Athenian ships. e-          rT, epvpuXcoptaV
(i. e. into a wider part of the gulf near Naupactus) depends upon
V7reKfqevyyovrot. t-   eorav-...?y Iv, drove them27$ upon the shore.
&at3eLpav. Cf. I. 29. ~ 4; II. 84. ~ 3.-  5ro.... ahrv-)&, as mnany of
them as did not swim away from the ships to the shore.




HAP. XCI.]                      NOTES.                                555
6. da.,aovuevol.  See N. on I. 50. ~ 1. --  KEvrO   of men, since avro  dvaspcor-tv is opposed to it. -    rahew 8 rnvas, but some. A part only
of the ships captured by the enemy were at this time recovered, as
appears from  I. 92. ~ 2.-    EXKo/pE'va9 "'87, when they woere already
being towed away by the Lacedemonians.  This brave and daring act
of the Messenians is worthy of all praise, as it was performed in
circumstances where the odds were entirely in favor of the enemy.
Their ancient wrongs fiom the hands of the Lacedemonians were no
doubt remembered, when they plunged into the water, boarded the
ships, and fought with such fury from the decks.
CHAPTER XCI.
The right wing of the Peloponnesians gives chase to the Athenian ships which had escaped,
but they all with one exception reach Naupactus, and form in line to resist the enemy
(~ 1); these coming up too late, sing notwithstanding the paean of victory, when the Athenian vessel which had fallen behind, by a bold and skilful manceuvre sinks tihe pursuing
vessel (~~ 2, 3); by which unexpected occurrence the Peloponnesians are thrown into a
state of consternation and consequent confusion (~ 4).
1. rav'r7, hae poarte.-    a....avrsv.  Cf. II. 90. ~ 2. -u          re~f.vyov....eSpvxcopiav (see N. on II. 90. ~ 5).  There is a pregnans
constructio in es (see N. on I. 18. ~ 2) = they escaped the wheel (of the
Lacedwmonian ships) and reached the wide part of the gulf (see N. on
II. 90. ~ 5). -  4bavovortv avrovs —po KaravTyovoaLc Es -r-v NavraKrov,
i. e. the Athenian ships outsailed their pursuers and reached Naupactus first. — /  tal  voes referred to in ~ 2 infra. --'c-Xovrat.... acwvVoVLuevol) lying at anchor under the temple of Apollo with their' prows
towards [the enemy], they made preparations to defend themselves.
The participle after 7rapaorKeviaso is frequently accompanied by  os.
2. u%-repov, too late to cut off the retreat of the Athenians to Naupactus, or to reach them before they came to anchor under the town.
---   raLcovLCv Te ayia SrXeore, began to sing the paan wohile they were
sailing.  How prematurely this was done will appear in the sequel.
-- — Tr5    da  spoken of in ~ 1. — -roXbv 7rpo', far before. -            rOv
tXXoov of the Lacedwemonian ships.
3. iser;copo,, in the sea, in the deep water just outside of the haven.
-esps 6V is to be taken with;/agdXXet, although some may prefer to
construct it with qbicacrut,  around which the Athenian ships sailing
first.  In some editions we find    aiccraaaa KaL 7rep~TrXevcracra, but the




556                         N OTE S.                       [BooK IL
reading of Dindorf seems preferable, as more accordant with the
brevity of Thaucydides, and the full idea may be elicited easily from
f/bdo-acra taken as a vox prcegnans. -     ~'ArrTK7) vaiS. According to
Polyaen. III. 4. ~ 3, this ship belonged to Phormio and was the Paralus.  The manceuvre was certainly executed by a master spirit. -
/3APaXXELt.... arKaTasvEt strikes in the midst (i. e. midship) and sinks it.
The position of the ships in relation to the merchantman is not easily
understood from this passage. It seems to me, however, that the
Leucadian ship was struck while in the act of doubling the merchantvessel in pursuit of the Athenian ship. The latter, instead of continuing to sweep in a circle around the stationary vessel, turned short,
and by the impetus obtained from the previous sweep, struck the Leucadian ship on the side, as it was turning in the wake of the retreating
ship. The following diagram will explain the manner in which the
manceuvre was executed:
1. Merchantman.  2. Peloponnesian ship.  3. Athenian ship.
4. drdKrco' BLroKOVrESc. Deeming their victory secure, the Peloponnesian ships were pursuing in a somewhat disorderly manner, when
this sudden reverse happened to them. ---  En-aTrElo-av ro0  rAXoD. S.
~ 197. 2; K. ~ 271. 2.    da$v/L/opoOV.... avTredoplr70-LV, thus doing a
very prejudicial thing, on account of (literally, in respect to) the attack
being about to be madcle upon them from so short a distance by the
Athenians. Such seems to be the sense, which I could not well express clearly in a less periphrastic translation. 6p5VrES and OovXOjevroL
conform to the gender implied in atc IFE'v, i. e. the ships.  It is quite
common to predicate of ships, actions which belong to the men who
navigate them. See N. on I. 49. ~ 3.      v r.s nrXELovS, the main body
of the Peloponnesian fleet.  ~- arelpla Xcoplov. The ships were navigated probably by foreigners (cf. I. 143. ~ 1), and therefore had very
few good pilots, or perhaps they were so panic-struck by the sudden
and awful fate of the Leucadian ship, as to run upon the shoals with.
out thought or consideration.




OJAP. XCIT.]                    N o T E.                                56
CHAPTER XCII.
The Athenians now rush forth with a shout upon the Peloponnesians, and pursuing them as
they attempt to escape to Panormus, take six ships and recover all their own (~~ 1, 2);
the captam of the ship which was sunk, kills himself (~ 3); both the Athenians and Peloponnesians erect trophies, after which the latter sail towards Corinth, and the former are
reinforced by twenty ships (~~ 4-7).
1. dr5o EfvS  KEievfaoror, with one shout, i. e. all at once.- oB1, i. e. the, Lacedwenionians.  -   6rpa&rosro e' sa, IIdvopwov, turned to
Panormus, by prTegnans constructio (see N. on I. 18. ~ 2) =  turned
and fled to Panormus.  It is probable that the left wing and centre
of the Peloponnesian fleet took no part in the engagement, not being
able to keep up with the twenty fast-sailing vessels stationed on the
right wing (cf. II. 90. ~ 2).  The rout of this right wing and the loss
of the six ships, must have followed speedily upon the destruction of
the Leucadian vessel.
2.  gKJeVOL) i. e. the Peloponnesians. -        rpos   Tf yj &taJeEpa cTrer.
Cf. II. 90. ~ 5. --      a7rrettvav refers to the Athenians.
3. TlAOWKpaTSV.  Cf. II. 85. ~ 1.-  - E-E7ErEV  was carried by the
wind and current.
4. o0Sev (-  EKEJ  O.EY) atVayLoEVOL fKpaTnCo-ev.  Cf. II. 91.  ~ 1.Gota....7v.  Cf. Ta KaTr  oqas&  avrovr, I. 54. ~ 2.-  rd EKELV&V refers
mainly to robv veKpobv (=  ra  -co'Xara).
5. rpora7ov..... tse)ltpae.  The order is according to the Schol.
rpowra7ov;os VEVLK7KOT6E  (E'VEKEV) T75S 7rpOr.S TO  V EoVv (see N. on I. 33.
~ 2) a.v rrposi ri  y/i~ &LEfetpav.  Kriig. makes Trs  TpOOrW!J to depend on
rporraorv, and so also Poppo, who puts rpo7raoov  rporr.r for /ur//ue7oY
rporirs.  This is the better construction, as it dispenses with the
necessity of supplying a preposition with Tpo7rrr. -           s'7vrep gEXapovl
vaiv.  Cf. II. 90. ~ 6.  d- areo-av.  See Ns. on I. 13. ~ 6; 182. ~ 2.
The dedication of the ship was made to Neptune, who had a tenmple
there.  Cf. II. 84. ~ 4.       rO'AxaYKo'v, i. e. on the Achaean side of
the straits.
6. crro rsv'AStrvalov.  See N. on II. 86. ~ 6.
7. o —-'AS7va7oc (cf. II. 85. ~~ 5-6) is the subject of  J3lqSvov7ras
----  ar'L.  The accusative was employed in II. 83. ~ 1.  Here
however we may supply avrosvr with 7rapayeveor-at, which is the more
natural construction.  Cf. M. ~ 391. 2.




558                            NOTES.                          [Boox IL
CHAPTER XCIII.
The Peloponnesians plan an attack upon Piraeus by proceeding from Corinth across to teo
Athenian sea, and with the ships lying at Nysaea, sailing to Pirseus which was unguarded,
there being no apprehension of any attack (~~ 1-3); the plan is in part carried into execution, but no attack is made upon Piraeus (~ 4).
1. &aX-cats is to be taken actively, the subject a'robc referring to
the commanders being supplied. ---   8La.... VavrTLK, on account of
their great naval superiority.  They had no apprehension of an attack
from those who could hardly keep the sea in their own parts.
2. Xaf3o'vra.... Kc07rqv.  Arnold cites this in proof that the oar was
worked only by one man, and not by several, as some imagine.
ro V7rrqpEtos0v  the cushion, or seat-cover, on which the rower sat, to
prevent himself from  sliding, as he would, on the bare seat made
smooth by long use.  Cf. Bloomf. ---- rO   porrcOTrpa, the leathern
loop, or thong, by which the oars were kept in their place in the sides
of the ship. —avrn   v refers to the Megareans.
3. aiv in /7 asv implies a condition not expressed, as tsj, EL ErL7rXEsvE:retavW,  -ctrLVa[l  O ocE7' rTL7rkXEvoeLav" als. Cf. Jelf's KIiihn. ~~ 810. 814.
c; Mt. ~ 520. p. 888. --      roXfIuraL depends on 7rpoo-'oi;a in the preceding member, fiom which it is easy to elicit 7rpoo-sEBKrv or rpo(o-rEXovro.  Cf. Mit. ~ 537. p. 932; Jelf's  (iihn. ~ 889. --    Ka' 7O(rvXlav,
deliberately. ~-   8Leovvro, sc. 7roXE/ltoL. Commentators generally feel
the want of ol're X)tdpa in the place of oVf;, as being opposed to ovs8'
a7ro To  rrpofavosr, and Dukas does not hesitate to supply with El AtE0oo0Tro, the words XadSpa Kalt f'TarlvalGs  ovrcos E'LrtrXETaL.  But this is
too harsh an ellipsis, and one which could not well be conceived from
the preceding context.  It seems to me that the difficulty may be
removed by conceiving the sense to be this: a sudden attack of the
enemy was not to be expected, since a force adequate to take such a
place could not be brought against it secretly or suddenly; and a
deliberate and concerted attack could not be made, without its being
known by the Athenians long enough beforehand to enable them  to
be ready to meet and repel it.  rpoatolo-Tata   I would then take in the
sense, to know  beforehand, so that adequate preparations for the
defence of the place might be made.
4. /,....eSvS  i. e. /o Kal f'3o 0ev aLroVs KXCpovv  EVtJSr, as soon as
they had determined on this they forthwith set out.  For this transposition of Kal, cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 761. 3. —--'rl  86 rE;aXatYvos. Repeat




CHAP. XCIV.]                     NOTES.                                 559
fArXCoz. ---  -ro  KparvplO...  o5pF, the promontory facing Megara.
It was called Budorus.-    -rov —'earelv denotes the object or purpose of the guard-ships. --     KEVaE of their crews. — a  d7rpoO-aoKjrotS
refers to roiZ aiXaaCuVios implied in Tr-1 EaXaptxva.
CHAPTER XCIV.
T'he Athenians being warned of the enemy's approach by fire-signals, are greatly alarmed, and
fit out a fleet with all haste for Salamis, leaving their land forces to defend Pirmus (~~ 1, 2);
but the Peloponnesians, on hearing of this, immediately set sail for Nissea, and thence proceed to Mlegara and so to Corinth!~ 3); the Athenians take precautionary measures for
the defence of Pirnus (~ 4).
1.;E.... rroFXptot, but,fire-signals of the enemy's approach woer
raised towards Athens.  7roX'/toe is an adjective belonging to  pVKwrol,
war-signals, alarsn-beacons.  Cf. III. 22. ~ 7.  In  like manner they
had  their /pvwroKl qt)tot. -----  ovb3tEU... EXaoroeW   (i. e. oVK 1XdioCOv Uais), less than no one (- greater than any) which happened in
the qwar.  See N. on I. 91. ~ 5 (end).  e         -oL'v yap K. r. X.  A similar fear is described in VIII. 92. -    to-ov o'Kc, almost, all but; literally, as far as not, i. e. just as much as not to do a thing.  ---.....
KCaroKYjrlat, if they had not been cfraid; literally,'"if they had been
disjposed not to have hesitated." Bloomf. -             For the repetition of
av before  ye'vero, see N. on I. 76. ~ 4. -   o0K fv adlEtLoa CKoCXv-e,
and the wZind would not have hindered  them (ef. II. 93. ~ 4).  This is
added to show that the adverse wind would have proved no hinderance, if their courage had been equal to the enterprise.
3. fos.....Poietlav, when  they perceived  the approaching  succor.
r'-oSovro = saw with their eyes, and is therefore followed by the accusative.  Cf. K. ~ 273. R. 18.  -  Ka-rapaoxrTes-, having overrun, laid
woaste. ---- -rE  rps-4.  Cf. II. 93. ~ 4. --       Kara raCXO), quickly.;'-rT —0 rt, somewhat (literally, there was in respect to which. See N.
on I. 65. ~ 3), qualifies dd30ovv. --- Kal before vires is also, anid gives
an additional reason why they set sail so speedily. ---  &    Xpo'ov, a
long timne. -    7refot, by land.
4. ovErt.....aXafcvyt, fnding  them  no  longer at Salamis.
kEVCovl depends upon KX7J,-eS.




560                             NOTES.                           [Book II
CHAPTER XCV.
Sitalces undertakes an expedition against Perdiccas, partly because the Macedonian prince
had broken his promise made to the Odrysian king, and partly because of the promise
made by the latter to the Athenians, to bring to a conclusion the Chalcidian war in Thrace
(~~ 1, 2); for these reasons he resolves upon the invasion in question, and takes with him
Amyntas the son of Philip to place upon the Macedonian throne'(~ 3).
1.  LraXsl7Kr  O Tpjpew.  See the  genealogical table of the royal
family of Odrysm, II. 29. ~ 2. -     flep8toKKav.  See N. on I. 57. ~ 3.
--  - v7o,7xroXE;0 LV conforms in case to Trv EY z-rOv~ 8  on the principle that the noun denoting the whole, is sometimes put in the sanme
case as its parts.  Cf. Mt. ~~ 289. Obs. 8; 319. Obs.; K. ~ 266. 3.
HIence there is no grammatical necessity of retaining &da, which is
found in some editions before  vo 6vroXcrEl.   -— dv arvrpaate, to exact,
enforce the fufiylment of.  This refers to the promise made to Sitalces,
and not to the one made by him.
2. yazp introduces an explanation of the two promises referred to
in the preceding section.   - vn7rorX'oevos.  We are not told what
this promise made by Perdiccas was, but the conjecture of the Schol.
is perhaps the true one, XPrtlara OVK o'Xt3a. ---- &aXXdeev eavrOv.
Cf. II. 29. ~ 6.  l- iNX1rmrroov —A,  Karayadyot.  See N. on I. 57. ~ 3.
- avro', i. e. Sitalces. -;;re....  KaraXVeltv (cf. Ii. 29. ~ 5).  This
is the promise which lie himself was now to fulfil.
3. 4tXl7rmrouv viv'Alvvrav.  It would seem  from  this, that Philip
was now dead, and that his son followed up his claims to the appanage of Upper Macedonia.  The following genealogical table will help
to explain the two branches of the royal family of'Macedonia.
Alexander I.
Perdiccas IIL               Philip.
Archelaus.                  Amyntas II.
Philip II.
Alexander the Great,
-— M g Erl 3aoela EI in order to ptace  him  uepon the throne. -
0aEL, i. e. it was so engaged on their part. &- 6s  AXdrL;t, a  la'rg#
as possible.




CHAP. XCVL]                       NOTES.                                  661
CHAPTER XCVI.
This chapter contains a list of the tribes, which were under the sway of Sitelces, and followed him on this expedition. It is an interesting geographical sketch, yet replete with
difficulties, inasmuch as the boundaries of these people were perpetually shifting, as conquest or defeat enlarged or diminished their respective territories. This will account in
part for the apparently conflicting statements of those who have undertaken to define the
limits of these states and countries. Some of these tribes too, were so migratory and unsettled in their places of abode, that it were as easy a task, to establish the exact locality
and boundaries of our most uncivilized Indian tribes. The most which can be done in
such cases is to give the general locality, and leave the specific boundaries to be determined, if ever, when the light of the splendid geographical researches, which are now
being mlade, shall shine back upon the dark points of ancient geography, and enable us to
discover in part at least what now lies hidden from our view.
1. Cvo-rqo7r v, he szummoned to the expedition. -            Evros....'Poadarqe, between Mount Hmenus and Mount Rhodope.  This valley was
drained by the Hebrus, now called Marissa. --  o'troyv -PXf, as many
as were subject to him.  -    EXPtL'aXacro-o-s is explained by ds....'EXX51rO1orrov.   -  rovs....  rrn6vrov.  The country  here spoken of is
what is now  called Bulgaria, lying between the Balkan (i. e. Mount
HUemus) and the Danube (i. e. the Ister).  irrep3advrt,  to one going over
= over.  The use of /aXXov will appear in the  translation, and  as
many other P2arts as are inhabited within the Ister (and Mount HWimus) and more (tfiXXov) towards the Euxine sea (than those parts in
the interior).  It seems from  this that the Getas did not touch upon
the Euxine.  They occupied the country north and south of the Ister,
the northern  division being by far the more uncivilized.  Although
they are particularized by another name, from  their having acquired a
character different from  the rest of the nation, yet they belonged to
the Thracian race.  Cf. Miill. Dor. I. p. 473. -             7rov ToU  E'$eIv V
7roCrov is annexed to ZbXaro-oav, because  rrdn-ros with Ed'etvo- is often
taken for the region bordering on the sea, and  the expression is here
=  the sea [viz.] that of the Pontus Eu.xinus countvry = the Euxine sea.
Bloomf. however, takes  cXkaro-oav in the sense of sea-coast, which is a
use of the expression quite common, even in  our language.  Still I
prefer the other explanation. -           KCarK7Tro.  See N. on I. 120. ~ 2.
- - oL TravrT  b/opot refers also to oka a'XXa A;ps. -            TO?' 1KVauLS.
The Scythians here referred to are those beyond the Ister, altholugh I
formerly thought that reference was had to a tribe of that people,
living in the region made by the great bend of that river, Ias it fows
northward and then eastward into the sea.
2. raow OpeLvao.... aroslcorv.  Poppo (Proleg. II. p. 406) gives as




562                           NOTES.                         [Boox 11.
the names of some of these independent mountaineers, the Dii, Bessre, Satra3, Odemanti, and Dersmi. ----   axatpoqbdpov (cf. VII. 27.
~ 1).  Bloomf. remarks that the long siord (= Highland lochmore)
was the usual weapon of the Asiatic mountaineers.  -    vobr 11v
/Lc0 C'7reLev. Like the Swiss of Europe, these mlountaineers seen
to have been ready to enter any one's service for pay.  In VII. 27.
~ 1, we find that 1300 of these mercenaries accompanied the army of
Demosthenes into Sicily.
3.'AypLtvas Kal Aalalovr.  The Agrianes were the most northerly
of all the Pmonian tribes, and dwelt in the country about Mount Rhodope and the sources of the Strymon.  The Lmeeans lived farther
down the Strymon, by which river their territory was divided. Those
on the east bank were subject to the Odrysian power, while those on
the west bank were independent.  Thus the Strymon here formed the
western boundary of Odllysia.  There is a difficulty, however, if by
~3&a rpaaL'ov is meant through the territoroies of the Graceans, for as
these people are declared to be independent (cf.'xar-Xro.... nlatodvco),
the Strymon could not have been the western boundary of Odrysia,
as Thucydides asserts in oiv apxq4.  But  at....pet may signify, fozos
between thie territory of the Graea'6ns and the Lceceans, and then all is
clear, the eastern bank being inhabited by the subjected L-evans, and
the western bank by the Leamans (not subject), and by the Graaeans.
If, however, ata is to be taken, as Poppo contends, in the sense of
through the territor'ies of' the Graceans and the Lceceans, then the only
way to reconcile the conflicting statemlents, is to regard the Strymnon
as forming the western boundary of Odrysia as far as pertains to thle
country of the former.  Arnold on the authority of certain MISS.
reads;eXPtL yap Ppaaitw,  Kal Atalwov Ilat c'v), but not to say that the
reading is quite conjectural, I cannot see that the difficulty is removed
thereby. --   ov is referred by some to. rorayou, but Poppo refers it
in the sense of utbi, to the Gramans and Lemans.  If sha is to be rendered betiween it is better to refer ov to nro-raovd, but if the preposition
signifies tharough, then Poppo's reference is the correct one.  -  ra
rpos, on the side towards. --    O'br/. See N. on III. 96. ~ 1.
4:. Tpl3aXXo6s.  According to Gatterer (who is cited largely by
Poppo in his Proleg.,,and to wholl I am  indebted for maly of the
views here given), the Tribelli formed a part of the western boundary
of the Odrysians, beginninng from) the river Oscius, and extending as
far west as Illyria, along thle right bank of the Ister.  This great territory was probably inllhabited, in part, by other nations subject to them
Dr else independent. —- Trfjpe-TThtaraiot.  These people formed the
aorth- vestern portion of the Odrysian elmpire, as appears from what




CHAP. XCVIL ]                  NOTES.                              563
follows.  It may here be remarked, that the Mount Scomius or Scombros (as some read EKo/eL3poV instead of 2Kolov) of Thucydides belongs to the great range of Ienlmus as one of its summits, and which
as Col. Leake says (North. Greece, III. p. 474) sends tributaries to all
the great rivers of the northern part of European Turkey, being the
most central part of the continent, and nearly equidistant from  the
Euxine, the 3Egman, the Adriatic, and the Danube.  It may be remarked also that here the four great Imountain-ranges meet in a centre, forming, as Arnold remarks, nearly a St. George's cross.  The
Oscius, now called Morava, flows from the south into the Danube a
little below Belgrade. -        Neroror.  This river, now called Karason,
is east of the Strymon, and rising in the Rhodope mountains, flows
into the sea nearly opposite Thasos. --  6 "Epos, the  Hebrus.  See
N. on ~ 1 supra. ---— K ro  6'pov, i. e. Scomius.
CHAPTER XOVII
in this chapter the historian proceeds to give an idea of the power of Sitalces, from the extent of his dominions, and the revenue and military resources at his command.
1. E;Trl...K.airKoVoa,  enxdncling along the sea-coast. —'A/34prov.
Abdera was on the Awestern boundary of Thrace, at the mouth of the
Nestus (cf. II. 96. ~ 4).  It was noted for the stupidity of its inhabitants, although it was the birth-place of some distinguished men.
rv.... 7roryag.eo.  The article gives the sense, as far along the sea as
the river Ister _ to where the Ister flows into the sea. --  7rEpl'TrX0ov
(adjective) eo-riv, can be sailed acround. ---     yr refers to the coast
from Abdera to the Ister.          & 7   vvroed-)rara, by the nearest way,
-.....7rvedpa, if the wind blows continually tupon the stern - if
the  wind is constantly fair. --- v7i rro-poyyvkr, by a ship of burthen
These ships had flat bottonms and were propelled mainly by sails.  Cf.
Smith's Dict. Gr. and RPon. Antiq. p. 877.  According to Herodot.
IV. 86, a day's voyage of one of these vessels was 700 stadia, and a
night's voyage was 600 stadia.  This would make the distance here
spoken of 5200 stadia, or about 566 English miles.  The distance firom
the mouth of the Ister to that of the Bosphorus is full three degrees
or 221 miles.  The length of the Bosphsorus is 16 miles, of the Propontis 120 miles, and of the Hellespont 60 miles, to which if 90 miles
be added, the distance from the mouth of the Ifellespont to Abdera, it




5664                         NOTES.                        [Boo IL
makes 286 miles, and this added to 210 gives the whole distance 496
miles. As no vessel could coast along in a direction entirely straighlt
this estimated distance may be safely increased by 50 miles, and as
much allowance must be made for the inaccuracy of a calculation
based on so uncertain a thing as the sailing of a ship, the estimate is
as near to that made by Thucydides as could be expected. For the
substance of this note, I -am  indebted to Arnold.  For the construction of reotrrapowv... vvUKTrv, f. S. ~ 196.   - -6&i, by land, is opposed to 7repTrXovs, and is the dative of manner. e-ivbEKaraiol  reXe.
The distance travelled in a day by a person on foot, is set down by
Herodot. IV. 1017 at 200 stadia, or 21.75 miles. This would make
the distance from  Abdera, across the country to the mouth of the
Ister, 239.25 miles.  The actual distance, howevei, is upwards of 280.
Some allowance, as Arnold remarks, is to be made for the epithet
ev'wovoE, which shows that something more than ordinary speed was
intended.
2. Ta /eLv 7rpo3 8aXacvrav.  See N. on;rl.... a25Kovrao  ~ 1. ---
r3ro....  TvErpvova, i. e. from  the eastern to the western extremity of
the country. - rarVT7,7 i. e. in the direction just mentioned. —avo'. See N. on II. 83. ~ 1.- Baa rXEtaorov. See N. on II, 29. ~ 2..-?/Lepav —rptlpov Kal 8&Ka. Why the number of days' journey
should be larger, when the distance was far less between the places
here mentioned, than between Abdera and the mouth of the Ister, is
not easily seen, unless they were shorter in consequence of the difficulties of the way.
3. onov 7rpoc7tr-av  r i Me vSov (cf. II. 29. ~ 2), as 9nuch as accrued
(literally, as they brought in) in the reign of Seuthes. The form 7rpoo —
i7'a is rare. Cf. Soph. Gr. Verbs, p. 76. ---   vater, worth, value,
is the predicate of EortL to be supplied with  odpor. --   a.... er 7, as
tmuch of it as might be gold or silver.  The optative is employed because the annual revenue is spoken of, and not that of any particular
year.  Cf. Mt. ~ 527; R. ~ 333. 4. --   op(a.... 7rpoo-eqp1ETro.  In the
oriental nations much of the revenue was made up of gifts.  Diodorus says that the revenue of Sitalces (he should have said Seuthes)
was 1000 talents. This harmonizes wvith the statement of Thuncydides,
that the revenue of Seuthes in golhi and silver was 400 talents, his
gifts in gold and silver as much morel( and the remaining 200 talents
Mlay be included in the   avra rTE Ka AexTa. --   TOt 7rapavvaU VTreoVtVL,
those who ruled withl (= held power under) the king, those who were in
authority.  I like this better than tile usual translation, those who had
influence with the king.
4. rovvaVr-ovy rV Ilepo-fv f3aorLXeas, the contrary to that of the




CHAP. XCVII ]                 NOTE S.                            55
Persian kingdom.  The contrariety consisted in the habit of giving
rather than receiving presents, the former being the custom of the Persian the latter of the Thracian kings.  /- ~opo.... eXptravro, but notwithstanding [that all the Thracians practise this] they (i. e. the Odrysians) practise it mzore on account of theisr poower (8,h rT  bv 8'Vtw,
Schol.  "Recte." Poppo). o;'lcos  N  responds to Gvra E(v. --    oa.... &~pa, for unltess one gave presents it was impossible to effect any
thing.  Cf. Xen. Anab. VII. 3. ~ 16.
5. Sorre, so that (ecbatic.  See N. on I. 65. ~ 1), denotes the result
of their extent of country and great revenue, and must not be limited
to what was said about the Thracian custom of receiving gifts, since
that could not have raised the kingdom to great power.       en1 rr;yna
-ItXvoS.  See N. on I. 118. ~ 2.        NiXoLe ab  X7r,  in, military
strength; literally, in strength of battle (i. e. pertaining to battle)..-  7roXbO...... IKUvcV "easily or decidedly second to the Scythianzs,
i. e. although inferior to the Scythians, yet far superior to all others."
Arnold; "longe inferior Seythis: qnamquam secunda ab iis." Poppo.
The latter I think to be the true interpretation.
6. ravrTy i. e. in military strength and number of forces. --- ovX
IOrt-dXX' o8b', not only-but not.  The ellipsis may be thus supplied,
not to say thcat the nations in Enrope cannot be compared-but not at
nation in Asia, etc.  Cf. K. ~ 321. 3. d; Butt. ~ 150. p. 433.-'v.rpobs', taken singly, i. e. stripped of all their dependencies, for although the Persian elpire, which the historian may have had in lis
eye, taken as a whole, was far greater than that of tle Scythians, yet
Persia by itself was far inferior to it.  " Sic Austria et Russia nmajores
sunt, quam  Francia, et non si spectes i;vov ev rrpsr i'v. Hoc sensu
Francim  populus in Europa maximus est." Goel. ---- ov /uO'v ob'.
Bloomf. in his later edition adopts the interpretation of this passage
given by Poppo, Goeller, and Arnold: but yet it cannot be said, either
7that in other respects in prudent management and utnderstanding —
they are eqfual, etc.  This I regard as the true sense, although at first
I was disposed to join obb' with  izotovyrat, and then to take oiv tr
olWb'-i-otorvrat in the sense of nor indeed are they inferior, and refer
ev/30ovXav.... 3Iov to the sagacity, which savages and barbarians manifest in providing themselves with the necessaries of life, by hunting,
fishing, predatory excursions, and the like, or to the skill with which
they form beautiful fabrics from rude materials, as is seen in the ingenous works of our North American Indians.
25




566                            NOTES.                          [Bo00    II.
CHAPTER XCVIII.
Sitalces sets out on his expedition, and passing over Mount Cercine marches between thie
territories of the Peonians and the Sinti and Mdrei to Doberus (~~ 1, 2); during the march
his army is greatly augmented, both by infantry and cavalry furnished by the surrounding
tribes (~~ 3, 4).
1. ouv is here resumptive, the thread of tile history being taken up
from II. 96. ~ 1, at which place colmmenced the digression respecting
the extent and resources of the Odrysian kingdom. --   -Croi/a.  See
N. on II. 3. ~ 4. -    ata r   (alVOV  dpXs,  through his owuz dominion.
Poppo (Proleg. II. p. 396) understands by this the country of the Lieans and the subjected Peonpians (see N. on I.. 9. ~ 4) on the Strymon
(see N. on II 96. ~ 3), and that the mountain Cercine lies between the
Sinti and the Pseonians (i. e. the free Graseans and the free Pmonians.
See N. 1. c.)  In passing over the mountain from the east (i. e. from
Odrysia) the Pseonians (i. e. the independent Lmans and Gramans)
would be upon the righlt, and the Sinti and Mmdi upon the left as is
here stated.  Doberus, to which place the army of Sitalces came after
crossing the mountain, was situated on a tributary  stream  of the
Axius, a little above its entrance into Macedonia (cf. Kiepert's Map),
Arnold says that Cercine divided the streams which fed the Strymon
from  those which ran into the Axius.  The same critic agrees with
Gatterer, that the country of the Aicli was on the western side of
the Strymon above Bisaltia.  We should be greatly assisted in the,,ography of these places, if we knew the place where Sitalces set
out on his march. -       -— rro,5voavo, had made.  See N. on I. 62. ~ 1.
T- - -reLV   rqv iXqv) by cutting down the wood in order to clear a
road through the forest.
2. 8etLt. As the march was westerly, the position of the Pmonians would be north of the mountain.
3. 7rpooEylyvero ai, but it was increased.  By the force of the antithesis rareytyvrro must be rendered was lost, suffered loss, i. e. the
army suffered no diminution. -           7roXXol.... OpaKOv) i. e. the Sinti,
Masdi, the independent Preonians, and some of the Dii (cf. II. 96. ~ 2).
4. rptr"pedptov.... IrrntcoV, but about one-third were cavalry.  This
kind  )f troops las always  formed a principal part of the Tartar
arlnies.  -    taXatpocJ)pot.  See N. on II. 96. ~ 2.-  o 0.... KaTr
2Svrer, i. e. tlte independent mountaineers who descended from Rho
Aop)e.




CHap, XCIX.]                      NOTES.                                   567
CHAPTER XCIX.
V'he historian proceeds to give a brief but highly valuable sketch of the kingdom of Macedonia, showing its origin, and how by conquest and otherwise it had reached its present
extent and power. The geographical difficulties noticed in the remarks on chap. 96, are to
some extent experienced here. The general divisions here given are Upper and Lower
Macedonia, the former comprising the Lyncestm and the Elimiots (called usually the Macedonians in Lyncus, or the Macedonian Lyncestm (cf. IV. 83), to which some add the
Orestsc. These tribes were governed by their own princes (cf. II. 80. ~ 6; IV. 79. ~ 2; 83.
~ 1). Besides these there were other tribes (&hAa  u3;7i), whose names have not reached
us. In Lower Macedonia, may be included the part called Maritime Macedonia, comprising the territory between the Strymon and Axius, and also that lying between the Axius
and the Cambunian mountains, besides part of Peonia, Eordwea, and Almopia (cf.
Bloomf.). Perdiccas reigned over this part, having seized upon the portion which belonged to Philip and after him to Amyntas.
1. The Thracian hosts having crdssed the Circene mountain, now
proceed downward (Kara KOpv0pv) into Macedonia.
3. r.v....Mae<8ovtav, i. e. Lower or Maritime  Macedonia. —---
_;NVavspog.  This was Alexander I. the son of Amyntas I. and the
seventh  king of Macedonia.  He figured in the time of the Persian
invasion, being ostensibly  on the side of the Persians, but secretly
inclined to  the Greeks, whom  he informed, on the night before the
battle of Platsea, of the intention of Mardonius to fight on the following  day. -        Iliepan.  Pieria  comprised  the western  coast of the
Thernmaicus Sinus, the chief town of which was Pydna.  It extended
on the south nearly to Tempe and the mouth of the Peneus (cf. Kiepert's alap), although sornme place its southern  boundary near Diurn.: —-   daypqlra, PPhagres, which Col. Leake (North. Greece, III. p. 177)
thinks occupied the site of some ruins, which he found on the height
overhanging  to  the  eastward  the village  of Orfana.  In  Kiepert's
[Map, it is placed a little S. E. of Amphipolis. --             IlfeptKds KrUX7rS
Pieric gulf.  This was an extensive hollow or vale N. E. of Phagres,
which Col. Leake (1. c.) says reached from  Orfand to Pr'vista, and is
included between Mount Pangsum  and a lower maritime ridge, which
at Prtdvista form  a junction with each other, and separate the head of
this valley from  the plain of Philippi.  Along this valley the army of
Xerxes p)assed, leaving Mount Pangsum  on the right.  Cf. Ilerodot. 7.
112.       Borrias.  Bottitcec lay north of Pieria and west of the Axius.
Its chief cities were Ichnve and Pella. --  oet..'..o'Kouo-t.  Reference
is had in this place to the more recent settlements of the B(ottieei,
11c:1i Olyntlus in Chalcidice.  Cf. 1. 65. ~ 3; II. 79. ~ 7; 101. ~ 5.




568                          NOTES.                        [1300K I 
4. lolatoyas, Pceonia, which was the name originally given to all
Macedonia, except that portion included in Thrace (cf. Leake's North.
Greece, III. p. 462).  As the MFacedonian empire increased, Pweonia
was curtailed of its dimensions.  A portion of it, however, remained
nominally independent of Macedonia, until some fifty years after the
death of Alexander the Great.  The banks of the Axius were the
chief centre of their power, although they extended eastward to the
Strymon (see N. on II. 98. ~ 1). — a arevv Tiva (limited by -~ts Hatoras), C narrow strip or tongue.  This strip of land was on the western bank of the Axius, as Pella was on that side. Perhaps, however,
it lay on both sides of the river.  Grote (Hist. Greece, IV. p. 17) discredits this geographical position of the Paonians, inasmuch as, if it
were true, so inconsiderable is the space between the rivers Axius and
Haliakmnon, that hardly any room  would be left for the BottiaEans,
who, it appears, occupied some portion of the coast. But this hardly
furnishes ground to impugn the accuracy of such a writer as Thucydi..
des.  I know of no place where'it is said that the Bottieans dwelt on
the coast, but on the contrary it appears from Herodot. VII. 127, that
they dwelt between the Lydias and the Haliakmon, which rivers unite
just before their communication with the sea.  And if they did occupy the coast, we know not how narrow may have been their maritime
district. --  7re'pav....rpvidovos.  See the remarks on this chapter.
-     Mvyaovtav, liygdonia.  Thucydides seems to have made the
Strymon the eastern boundary of this country, but Herodotus, whom
iiller pronounces to have possessed a very accurate knowledge of this
region, calls the maritime district west of the Strymon and the land
further in the interior, Bisaltia.  The boundaries of these countries
were perpetually changing, and it is no wonder that there should be a
slight confliction apparently in the statements of two such independent writers (see the remarks on chap. 95). Perhaps all that Thucydi-,des Ineans is, that Mygdonia lay between the Axius and the Strymon.
-'HIl&va?, LEdonians, a Thracian tribe on the left bank of the Stry1meon, who seem  from this passage to have had a previous footing on
tile right bank, whence they were expelled by the Macedonians.  Cf.
Polp)io's Pro)leg. II. p. 340.
5.'Eop1iias.  This name was given to the tract of country lying
bet.ween Lyne~ns and Edessec, in the upper valley of the Lydias, as appo,1em's fimln thle Egratian Io:lnan road firomn Dyvrrachiumn to Edessa and'ella, Nwhichl passed throulgh thle coulntryV of the Lyancesta alnd the
Elordians. Cf. Miill. I)o. I p. 459. -    3pPUXV Se; e, a small portion... o-Kav, Pkysca.  This ptlace is conjectured by Kiepert, to have
been on the Echedorus in the northern part of Mygdonia. --—'AX




CHAP. C.]                        NOTES.                                 569
/Iorrt-as, Almopia, now called M6glena (cf. Leake's North. Greece, III.
p. 445), lay north of Berrhcea and Edessa, on the sources of the Rhoidias, a tributary of the Lydias.  It was one of the earliest acquisitions
of the Temenidae.
6. rvi re.... BLTaXTLav.  These places were  all situated  in  the
more southern part of the region between the Axius and the Strymon,
Bisaltia being the most eastward, and Crestonia lying north of Anthemus -(cf. Kiepert's map). -    MaKE8vOov  avr'Tv noiv, a large part
of the Macedonians themselves.
CHAPTER C.
At the approach of the Odrysian forces, the MIacedonians betake thewselves to their fortresses and strongholds, of which they had at that time but very few (~~ 1, 2); the territory
belonging to Philip is first invaded, and several places are taken by storm or otherwise
(~ 3); after which Mygdonia and other places are ravaged (~ 4); the Macedonians make
no resistance with their infantry, but are very successful in their cavalry charges, although
they fight at great odds with such immense numbers (~~ 5, 6).
2. 7roXXa strongholds and fortified places.  By this it appears (as
Grote remarks, Iist. Greece, IV. p. 11) that the Macedonians were
chiefly village residents.  Cf. IV. 124. -'ApXEXaos.  This prince,
whose reign was so beneficial to Macedonia, was an illegitimate son of
Perdiccas II., and obtained the kingdom  by the murder of his uncle,
cousin, and half-brother.  He reigned  from  A. c. 413 to  399.68ovs evELOas a   TELe, he cut straight roads (cf. II. 98. ~ 1; Herodot. IV.
136).  This verb is usually employed to denote the construction  of
roads through a rough and woody country.  -   &LEKioL5re, So. s rv
xsopav. Cf. II. 15. ~ 2, where it is fully written. --       r- in rd -re connects Arrrowc Kat oirXots to r'Xka, the construction  being  varied, he
furnished the country in other things and in what pertains to war,
with horses, etc.  Poppo and Haack bracket Te. --            OKT'r  refers to ol
rrpo a-ron, the eight before him.  The words ol 7rpo aTrov) yeroL/erot
are epexegetical of oi AXXot 3aao-mXj.
3. Es.... dapX v i.'e. the northern part of ~Macedonia on the Axius,
wnich in the division (see N. on I. 57. ~ 3) fell to Philip. -- E- aoE;vv/, Idomene, was situated on the right bank of the Axius, and further down were Gortynia, Atalanta, and Europus.  It will be seen
chat Sitalces was descending the valley of the Axius.
4. e  ri-v a'Xkrlv MaKeoov'av, i. e. into the part belonging to Perdiccas. --  E'v apLo-Crep-p    1XXvjr, i. e. eastward of it, since the march




670                               NOTES.                             [BooK 11
was southward. --    e- riv BorrTalav.  See N. on II. 99. ~ 3.  No
reference is here had to their more recent place of settlement.
5. (?,r) Trov OIvo $vJl-adXov (i. e. aXXa?i/....     rzJKoa.  Cf. II. 99.
~ 2).  Miller (Dorians, I. p. 485. N. y) includes among these highland
allies,  the  Lyncestre  and  Eliiniotw.    -   or7r  BhOKOL, wherever  there
seenmed to be a Jfvorabole opportunity.  The expression is equivalent to
the vtbi videretdur of the Latins. --   oWdyot 7rpbos roXXovs, few against
mCqny, is an appositional clause with ol N  MaKEa&VES.
6. v'ro.... KcaLe-Trraav = but being shut in by superior numbers, they
exposed themselves to danger by encountering  a multittude so many
times more numerous than thezmselves.
CHAPTER CI.
The Athenians beingf tardy in furnishing their promised aid, Sitalces opens a correspondencee
with Perdiccas (~ 1); the countries south of IMacedonia as far as Thermopyln, are under
apprehension that he will invade the!-, and prepare to make resistance (~ 2); the Thracians beyond the Strymon and the Greeks who are enemies of the Athenians, have the
same apprehension (~~ 3, 4); but disappointed in the object of his expedition, and being
in wxant of provisions, Sitalces is induced by Seuthes to depart home, after which Perdiceas fulfils his promise made to Sitalces (~~ 5, 6).
1. X(Yovs  E7Tro(eLro, entered into  negotiation = began, to treat with.
o-...... v0v0l  according to their engagenment (cf. II. 95. ~ 3 end).
ri- irrrovres (causal. See N. on I. 37. ~ 2).   -IL' 7'jeLtv.  See
N. on I. 15. ~ 1; 29. ~ 3. -   re in Es re looks forward to Kai  before
eLtX7pEtr 7r-otra-a  (laving shut them up in the strongholds).
2. MlyvqTres, A3iagnesianSs.  Their country was a narrow  strip  of
land lying between  Mlount Ossa and the sea.  They formed  at one
time a part of the Amphictyonic body (cf. Cramer's Anc. Greece, I.
p. 420).  They appear at this time to have been subject to  the Thessalians.  -    pCozrlo-av-xcoOpmi'1.  For the subjunctive after an historical tense, see N. on I. 26. ~ 2. -      aorpurirs of Sitalces.
3. IIavalot Kal'OIdAavrot I. r.?X.  Little  is known  about these
people, except that they  lived  east of the  Strymon, in  the more
northern  parts of the champaign country, and that they were independent.
4. C7rl rovE't'EXXrvav.  The more usual construction after rrapEroXe,Xyor  would  have  been roTE  %EXXqot. --             vr' avrcv, i. e. by the
Athenians.  d- ay;odevoL refers to  the  Thracians, as oi epaKer is.siturally  suggested  by  rrapeoXe  referring  to  their  king  Sitalces,




CHAP. CII.]                      NOTES.                                 571
--       KToalr TO $vtLaxLKov is to be constructed with Xo)p'oLoov, and Kal
signifies even, also.
5. 6ala E7rrxcov, while staying there, or perhaps while having possessioln of it. --     avwr  is the dative of the agent. --    arpart-r-avri his
armly. S. ~ 201. 5. -.e' av'ro'v, next to himself.-   mTreX2ewv. See
N. on I. 119. ~ 1.: E7r' CaTSr, with her, i. e. as a dowry with her.
6. o I;v, i. e. Sitalces. -      rptiKora.... r'pepaE, thirty days in all.
"When Tra&rres stands between the article and the substantive, or after
both, the notion of the whole is expressed."  Jelf's Kuihn. ~ 454. 1. P.
-     roVrTr, i. e. of the thirty days. -       r7rv Lavr-oe  aweqvY,) his sister.
The pronoun here loses its exclusive power. Cf. K. ~ 302. R. 4. b.
CHAPTER CII.
The Athenians under Phormio make an expedition into the interior of Acarnania (~ 1), but
are hindered by the season from proceeding against Enliadwe (~ 2); the historian describes
the situation of that place and the formation of the Echinades from the deposit made by
the Acbelous (~~ 8, 4), and relates the story of Alemeon, who first inhabited these islands
(i~ 5, 6).
1. ot s....'ASpva lot.  Cf. II. 92. ~ 7. -       rwelhq.....LeUVh3s, i. e.
after the expedition against Salamis.  Cf. II. 93.'Ao'raKo.  Cf.
II. 30. ~ 1. --     es r-v 1eo'-ryetav I have constructed with EoTrparevo-ap
by adopting Arnold's punctuation, thus making 7rapa7TrXe'ctrvre....
a7ro8avrer  a sort of parenthesis.  This is the pointing also of Krtiger,
Goeller, and Blooinf.  Dindorf puts a period after'Ao-raKoe, in which
case Caoro3arreS  must be taken in the pregnant sense of disembarking
and proceeding. --        Ec re.  In some editions we find Kai tEK re, which
would be inadmissible if Dindorf's punctuation is retained.-             K'dpoera. Poppo (Proleg. II. p. 150) cites Poqueville, who identifies with
this place some ruins, shown  to him  in the way firom  Vustri to
Catuna. --        3ef3at'ovs to the Athenian interest.
2. es ya'p Ov1tauasa (see N. on I. 111. ~ 3) is to be constructed after
(arparectE.    a.  t 7rore =   Calways in cell times.  This is more emphatic than ael alone.        ol- OK Elo'KEt  vvmar-(v.  The reason is given in
the next sentence.   -  XE,,Co'oS gV6roT), while it was winter.  See N. on
1. 51. ~ 4.
3. 6 —' 4Xeksov 7rorados.  So we say, the H~udson river, the  f~err'rigmacci r'iver, as well as She river Hudson?, etc.  Cf. K. ~ 244. R. 6.
trluvov opovr.  Pindus is the range which separates Thessaly from
Epirus. -   t.r.co.Eev _   vo, " high up the rivaer."  Arnold. -  -';LELE




572                            NOTES.                          [Book I1.
is commonly edited  Etc$'ds. -.rTfl....EpXCAirdvow.  Col. Leake
(North. Greece, III. p. 570) says, that on the northern side of (Eniadme
there is a great expanse of lake or marsh, which has ao connection
with the Achelous, but is formed by subterranean springs, and by
superficial torrents from the hills, and has an outlet distinct from  the
Achelous.  There has not been that filling up of the mouth, which
Thucydides anticipated, the increase of soil being slower than at the
mouths of many other rivers of Greece. -     roiw 6K0oX30-derrXovo-aL.
S. ~ 197. 2.
4. at re.... ylyvovrat, and these islands are thickly set and connect
the depositions (of the river), so that they are not dispersed into the
sea.  srpoXcoo(earS depends on 05v&ae0"/olt, bindings together of the deposits. 7r- y/ (rKe&irZvvvoTaL.  I prefer with Poppo the reading troev  7
qKfaiVCoIatl and have translated it accordingly. With this too Arnold
substantially agrees.  Bloomf. however, constructs and explains: Kal
ylyvovYat dVV6E/o1lo aUXX9XUals (bia)?jC 71rpoo0Xc6o-EeoC ro irj oaKEBavuvTcr L,
SC. rt'v xrpofrXcoL, the rubbish. He also takes 7r-?/' for ta T& c- bt7.7rapahXXca, in quincuncial rows, thus.'.'.'. and not Kamr  crTOtXOx, i~n
rows, thnus:::::  It will readily be seen that in the alternate order,
the channels to the sea would suffer obstruction far more than in the
other order.
5.'AXKtaL'0ov —TrV'Aro'kX....oELKELv.  The order is, 7rov'A'rdXXo
Xp?7rraL'AXKaltcvt ravTr?7v r)i yiv Ov KEWV, that Apollo provided this land
to Alcsnceon to inhabit.-     5-e 873 aXarorat.  The accusative with the
infinitive is used after particles which begin a protasis. Cf. Mit. ~ 538;
Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 889. --    uETa.... y7 pos.  He did this in obedience to
the command of his father, who had been drawn into the Theban war
by Eriphyle, she having been bribed to this by Polynices, though she
knew from her husband (being possessed of the gift of divination),
that he would there lose his life.  Cf. Smith's Diet. IMythol. I. p. 104.
See also Odyss. 15. 247. -    rrpiv av.... KalotKlo-lr-aL, bqfore he should,find such a place to live in.  av belongs to the participle.  See N. on
I. 73. ~ 4.  The student will readily perceive the literal rendering of
the participle and thle verb. --  UarVp!El/tauOrIZeJv7S  woas defiled with
~respect to him."  lBloomf.
6. i80KE.... CO,Uart, there seemed to him to be a place of residence
(Btatra. See N. on I. 135. ~ 3) heaped up sufficient to furnish him sustenance; or the force of av may be seen perhaps better in the translation, it seemed to him that there mzight be heaped up a place slgicient,
etc. h —  d a' ov'7rep, from  the time when. --    7ratso-U   eavro.  See N.
on II. 101. ~ 5.




CHAP. CIII.]                    NOTES.                                673
CHAPTER CIII.
vn'o and his forces return to Naupactus, and thence in the spring to Athens, bringing
with them their prisoners and the ships taken from the enemy (~~ 1, 2).
-.'t9t.  They  wintered in  Naupactus. -         rous' re EXEcpovp.'lhe othl,r prisoners they had either sold, or put to death, or brought
to Atheils to retain in servitude. ---   dvqrp i-er' avapdrs  man for mnan.
The first, ilstance perhaps on record  of the  custom  of a mutual
exchange o- prisoners between belligerent powers. -               Tppl-rov  Eios.
The article is o aciated with ordinals.
2 5




n574                            N OTES.                           [Booa IIl
BOOK III.
CHAPTER I.
The Peloponnesians on the return of summer again make an expedition into Attica, and
devastate the country, but are restrained by the Athenian horse from extending their
ravages in the vicinity of the city (~~ 1, 2).
1. 7i/a rv   b-Tp aKtaCovrt.  See N. on II. 13. ~ 1.  This invasion
took place A. e. 428. Olymp. 87. 4.   - es, aygainst. K. ~ 290. 1. a. -
o73r7 7rapelKot, swherever opportunity offered.  See ON. on orJ  oeto7;, II.
100. ~ 5.  -   etpyov r-o b1A-KaKovpyeiv,   prevented them fromn reavcaging.
For 7-r-KaKovpyeTv, where we should have expected roe with  the
infinitive, see N. on II. 53. ~ 3. In respect to yta after eJpyov, see N.
on I. 10. ~ 1. -       rfv  rwXoov, the encampment.  So Poppo, Haack,
iKriiger, and Arnold translate.  Cf. I. 111. ~ 1.
2. o' depends on   a OLtrWa, in the same manner as 0/mepiv in I.
48. ~ 1.
CHAPTER II.
All Lesbos except Methymna revolts from the Athenians, a thing which they had been
desirous of doing before the war, but were deferring until their means of defence should
be completed (~~ 1, 2); the intelligence of their design being communicated, however, to
the Athenians, they are compelled to hasten their revolt (~ 3).
1. MslsV7zL',  Methymna, was situated on the northern part ol the
island, and in importance was next to Mytilene. Between these
places there was always a rivalry, and this accounts in part for the
different sides which they took in the politics of Greece.,-    fovX,1xIvrev belongs to AftE'o3o  by constructio Kamra a-crvetv.  See N. on I.
135. ~ 1.  In /3ovXr?7TEvrCe tEv-dara7yrca-tr;Y res  83  it is stated, (1) that
the Lesbians had contemplated a revolt but were obliged to defer it;
(2) that they were compelled by circumstances to make it sooner than
they had intended.  The yap in ~ 2, introduces the reason of the




CHAP. III.]                      NOTES.                                   575
delay, and the -yap in ~ 3,.he suddenness of the revolt which now took
place.  By attending to this the construction will be clear. -                 ov
-rpoco-e&avearo on account of the thirty years' truce between them  and
the Athenians, which was then in force.
2. o-ac.... acflKEoat =  arLKEo-alt, o-'a s'c 7-o0  (i. e. the countries of
the  Euxine)'8EL avtK~frhat.  The mental repetition of a verb from
the context is in such a construction quite frequent. --     uEraFrE[MoT'
LEVOI o'av -- =    Tfe7TrWEI7roVTo.
3. TevI;tOL.... MujhUvtcaZot.  Of. Arist. Pol. V. 4; Died. XII. 314,
cited by Wasse.  The island of Tenedos lay N. of Lesbos, and a short
distance to the S. W. of the ancient city of Troy.-               MvrTX77val'o
depends on tVr8pEr, and Kara orTacrlv (prolpter factionemn) is to be taken
with ytIvvralZ  tylYoVTrat. -     7rpdEVOLt.  See N. on II. 29. ~ 1. -     o;r.....SLa, that they were comnpelling the Lesbians (literally, Lesbos. See
N. on /ovXrjEwYvrew,  ~ 1) to resort to ilfytilene as the mnetrop2olis (see N.
on II. 15. ~ 2).  E'  gives to the verb a pregnant signification.  See N.
on. I. 18. ~ 2. -----  vyyevcv belongs only to Botcoroav.             7Treltyo Orat
is used transitively, the object being r'lv 7rapao-rtEvqv a7rurroav (every
k7ind of). Cf. IV. 5. ~ 2; VI. 100. ~ 1; VIII. 9. ~ 1. -  arepcjrrrL
( reprpro-Ecroba.  Notice the transition from  Sort with the indicative
to the infinitive. -        ahrroi, refers to the Athenians.
CHAPTER III.
The Athenians are unwilling at first to give credit to the reported defection of Lesbus, but
when they are made certain of, the fact by their ambassadors, they dispatch a fleet in great
haste, hoping to fall upon the Mlytilenians, while solemnizing the approaching feast of
Apollo out of the city (~~ 1-3); meantime they seize upon the Mytilenian triremes at
Athens, and put their crews in custody (~ 4); the Mlytilenians being apprised of the expedition preparing against them, omit the celebration of the festival and prepare to defend
themselves (f~ 5, 6)
1. (1prL Kahto'-rltErYov, being now on foot.        Ao-rf3ov 7rpoo-rroXet1&so-rto-trt, to bring on a  cwar with Lesbos in addition to the war already
upon their hands.  This infinitive is the subject and E'pyov the predicate of  (o'vat.  *- jL c        to....'L L, giving too much oweight to the wish
that they migh7t not be true.  Unpleasant truths are not easily believed.  At dkXr717  supply ra KaTi7yropprltova from  KarT7yootla.  ~- rTv  re
~vvoLK7t01v.  See N. on orS $VVOLKIOVOUt, III. 2. ~ 3. ---  rpOKaraoXafEt
to be beforehand with them, is taken in an absolute sense.




576                             NOTES.                          [BOOK  Il.
3. 7y&p introduces the reason why the expedition was put on foot
so suddenly, and is therefore explanatory of  =an-lrtrata.  The pronoun
avro4s refers to the Athenians and not to the commanders of the fleet.
-     (sr Eq —7-e'iAla EtvLa.  The construction is changed from the substantival clause to the infinitive, there being but little if any difference
between the constructions. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 804. 4.-    MaXo'vros'.
This epithet was given to the god because he was worshipped at
Malea. -    -7retEXbrTas, by making haste, refers to  the Athenians.
--   KaL.... 7repa.  Supply KaXO  E'XEtYV'IaoCav as the apodosis.
MvrtLXlvaloLE E7reL (sc. e'KXevo-av) they command them (i. e. the leaders
of the expedition) to order the Mytilenians. --   ur 7rveszodriwv,  if
they disobeyed.  See N. on I. 71. ~ 6.
4. TL —rptrLpetL.  The article refers forward to the relative a't and
is therefore -  those.  See N. on III. 22. ~ 7.-  e's  vXa,7Yv  e'7rol1aavro, put under guard.  See N. on II. 83. ~ 5.
5. 6XKc0dos JvayotE'vqs.  Cf. I. 137. ~ 2. —--  rXc. See N. on vrXoir,
T. 137. ~ 2.  Arnold I think erroneously translates by sea, as opposed
to W7E(~, for this is sufficiently manifest in 6XKd8or rvayotz'r/sr.
6. r7C  re aiXXa, in other things, i. e. not only did they keep within
the town, but took precautionary measures in other respects. Reference is had to the warlike preparations and works of defence spoken
of in III. 2. ~ 2.-    7rFep —SE'vXa(rovoo   they stationed guards' around.
*.- qpacaievoL.  With  - 7h 7LtTrEXEo-ra Bloomf. supplies auTah referring
to /Le'pm understood.
CHAPTER IV.
The Athenian commanders, receiving no satisfactory reply to the demands which they were
ordered to make upon the Mytilenians, commence hostilities; whereupon the Mytilenians
ask and obtain a suspension of arms, until they can send ambassadors to Athens (~~ 1-4);
meanwhile, they secretly send to Lacedaemon for aid (~~ 5, 6).
1. o'Asvaio& —b S  fE'pwv, i. e. ao  ol'ASjtaiot ispeov.  The apodosis
iS ar'-7ryyteXaY (so. -otr MvrTLXk7rvaloLtr) JEv oL or7par7yot. T. X.
2. EK7rXoVv  LE  TVta ~ErooT-avro3 —iXt7ov, sailed some little distance.
-     g-    E   rl YvavuaxLrq, for the purpose (see N. on I. 95. ~ 2) of a naval
engagement. --        ESreLra = E7reLTa 8;.  See. N. on I. 98. ~ 2. --  IovXOiEo t.... aon07rEt+a-at, wishing, if possible, to rid thevmselves of the
fleet for the present (i. e. until they were in a better state of readiness
to carry on war) on some moderate conditions.
3. acJrol Oot3Sogepvot, being themnselves afraid.




CrAP. V.]                       NOTES.                                577
4. riv ~re 8af3akXo'vrciov vea, one of the injbrmers.  Cf. III. 2. ~ 3.
---     -- Teri1EXEv fj'8r)  who had now repented that he gave information to the Athenians of the intentions of the IMytilenians. -'- EL 7Ts.... a7rEELV =   KOMrElV (see N. on I. 58. ~ 1) e't rros rlerEtav roi''AXtvalovs darayayeav r'ts  vavs.  Cf. Poppo's Proleg. I. p. 259, where are
cited numerous examples of this metonymy. -          o...... veCoreplovroVV,
how  that they were not going to engage in (i. e. had given up) revolutionary movements.  I agree with Bloomfield, that this individual did
not mean to retract his former statement, but only to say that the
Mytilenians had now abandoned their revolutionary designs.
5. EV TroT,)  at this same time. -      a- XaoYvre.... vavTLKov  escaping
the notice of the Athenian fleet. -          ot i;pWUovv.... ro6Xco), who lay
at anchor off lailea to the north of the city.  Strabo describes the
promontory of Malea (now  Uape Zeitoun), as lying in the southeastern part of the island, seventy stadia from  Mytilene.  But the
expression Hfo, r7is roXeros (~ 3) could hardly be used of a place seventy
stadia distant, nor can we well suppose that the Athenians would
have had their market in Malea (as we find they did, III. 6. ~ 2), while
laying siege to the city, if it was so far off.  I prefer, therefore, with
all the best modern commentators, to suppose the Mfalea of Thucydides
a different place from that of Strabo, lying much nearer to the city on
the north side of it.  ot refers ad sensum to vavLtKdv.  See N. on the
cunstrUCtio   Kia7ara r-Vve-LV, I. 136. ~ 1. -    ov yhp.... rpoxopboecv, "nnon
ebnim coJldebant, legatis Athenas missis ab Atheniensibus aliquid processurum." Poppo.  This translation is founded on the use of aio6, as
denoting, by a sort of proegnans constructio, previous motion to Athens.
Cf. Poppo's Proleg. I. p. 176.  This explanation seems to me to be
far-fetched, and I concur, therefore, in the one proposed by Goel., and
adopted by Bloomf., and in substance by Arnold, non enim fidebant
ils, (rotis neuter,) quce ab Atheniensibus expectabant, fore ut bene cedant.
The subject of 7rpoxop7'Jtretv (see N. on I. 109. ~ 3) is arha referring to
role (- rol rrpay~aor-). --   avrois, for themselves (dat. commodi).
CHAPTER V.
The embassy to Athens being unsuccessful, the Mytilenians prepare for war (~ 1); after
having made a vigorous but indecisive attack upon the Athenian camp, they shut themselves again within their walls, and wait for succor from Lacedsemon (~~ 2-4).
1. ot 3'.... 7rpadavrE =  0)os    0' o7 7rpEo/ELtS,Xov  EK ro)yv'AS71vo
84pbS  Tpav(vrer.       ovrot, i. e. the Mlethymnians.  The constructio




578                           NOTES.                          [Boon IIl.
KaTa ovveut (see N. on I. 136. ~ 1) is again employed here. --— "I
OptoL K al As'vtoL.  The islands Imnbros and Lemnos lay north  of
Lesbos, and were both subject to the Athenians.
2. OVK'Xa(o-Oov "ExoVreS, thdugh not worsted, i. e. the engagement
was ind3cisive. -        oVre srrqvXtravro, they did not pass the night on
the battle field, which they should have done to have claimed the
victory.  The next clause ovTre....aTroie is epexegetical of this.
3. EK.... KwV8VejetL. The order is: fc IlfEXOrrOVV'SOV EL 7rpo0iT7yOt76
7t, KaL LET a'XXs  2apaOrOevs  (El wrpooKyaosro)7 f3OvXT eevo  KWV8VEV,(E
intending to venture an engagement (again), if' any aid should come
fronm Peloponnesus, and with any other (auxiliary) force which might
arrive; i. e. with any aid which might come from  Peloponnesus or
any where else. There are other modes of constructing and translating this passage, which for brevity's sake I must omit.  On es' rpoo —
yevotro, cf. Jelf's Iiuhn. ~ 855.
4. ol Wrpoa7reorkT7aXOav by the Lacedaemonians and Thebans.
bda & aa.... ei7rXsovv, i. e. they were not able to reach the place before
the Athenian fleet. -- eETa rqzv /ILaXcIV.  Cf. ~ 2.-  PL splpq a'IXXkv.
Cf. III. 4. ~ 5.
CHAPTER VI.
rhe Athenians summon to their aid their allies, and proceed to blockade the city by sea, but
are unable to cut off its communication by land (~~ 1, 2).
1. abo-aov than if the Mlytilenians had been more powerful. -
opvoTree, when they saw (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6).    rTeptoptCma/evot...
WroIsCO, bringinzg round their ships to anchorage on the south side of
the city.  The fleet had hitherto had its station on the north of the
place (cf. III. 4. ~ 5). --  orpa7-rre8a, i. e. naval camps. One of these
was on the north side where the fleet was first moored; and the other,
on the south side, to which place the fleet had removed its anchorage.
2. -rw...o. MvrtXrvaovs, they ke pt the lldftilenians from the use of
the sea.  TaXacra-o-  properly depends on Xpio-rsat, but is attracted into
the principal sentence as the object of Ep'/yov (S. ~ 197. 2), p' Xpo'a~ct
being added epexegetically.  Cf. K. ~ 347. 3; Mt. ~ 532. d.  TLe use
of p5 is explained in N. on I. 10. ~ 1. --   tXk7qs in reference to rO N?
rept ra crrpaTorreca  ov 7roXv which the Athenians had possession of,
a- rvrartSuov..   MaXkEa, for (aE causal) A/falea was rather a road



CHAP. VIII.]                    NOTES.                                579
stead for their (S. ~ 201. 5) ships and a receptacle for their supplies.
It is evident, as Poppo observes (Proleg. I. pp. 210, 282), that a word
of more extensive signification is to be repeated from  vavo-'radpo,
before dyopas.
CHAPTER VII.
The Athenians fit out an expedition under Asopius, who ravages the Laconian coast and
proceeds to Naupactus, having previously sent all his ships home except twelve (~~ 1-3);
he makes an unsuccessful attempt on Eniadse and Leucas, in the retreat from the latter of
which places he is slain (~~ 4-6).
1. The scene now changes to Western Greece, from whence Phormio had sailed home (II. 103).   -  4oplda)vos....pXovra.  Phormio
had either died soon after his return with the captives in the spring
(cf. II. 103. ~ 1), or had become so enfeebled by age or disease, as to
be unable to endure the fatigue and hardship of another expedition.
The request here made by the Acarnanians shows the high estimation
in which he was held in Western Greece.
4. lvarrio-avs, having raised, or summoned.  See N. on II. 96. ~ 1.
--    r' OiZaciasv.  The repeated efforts to take this place show that
it occupied an important position in relation to the war.-    Kar~rvw'AXEX,3ov, " on the side of the Achelouts, opposed to Kaora ypv, on the
land side."  Arnold.
5. NspLKOV, Nericus, afterwards called Leucas.  Strabo says that
the name was changed by the Corinthian colony, and that Leucas was
built on a different site from that of Nericus.  But cf. Leake's North.
Greece, III. p. 16. N. 2. --    avros is repeated, the first being opposed
to 7rErov, the latter to dEpov. -     7rbo rowv avirodev, by the inhabitants
of the country, distinguished from  q/povp65v, the regular guards, stationed to repel any sudden attack.
CHIAPTER VIII.
The Mytilenian ambassadors repair to Olympia and there address the assembly of
Peloponnesians.
1.  srt r    p 7rperT7v veesr.  Cf. IIt. 2. ~ 5. -- &s, ahen. -—'-  &rro,
in order that. See N. on I. 65. ~ 1.  Mitford argues the little disposi



580                             NOTES.                         [Boon IIL
tion manifested by the Lacedeamonians to engage in their cause, that
instead of calling a congress of the confederacy, they directed the
Mytilenians to repair to Olympia, and there consult such prominent
persons as might happen to attend the festival which was at hand. I
see no reason, however, for such a surmise, as the course here recommended was more convenient and equally expeditious, and besides
there would be a larger and more general gathering at Olympia, than
would take place at the call of a special congress.  Whether it was
not, however, abusing this venerable institution, thus to use it for
party purposes, is justly questioned by Smith. -          V 8''OXv/1rlas
K. T. X.  Another instance in which Thucydides adopts the practice of
recording events by Olympiads is found in V. 49.
CHAPTERS IX.-XIV.
These chapters contain the speech of the Mytilernians, which in respect
to its general style is like all the speeches in Thucydides, concise, pointed,
serious, adapted to convince rather than to persuade, and full of pure and
lofty sentiment. A great portion of the oration, as Thirlwall observes, turns
on a question of political morality, whether the Mytilenians were guilty of a
breach of faith, in their defection from  the Athenian alliance.  To their
vindication fiom this charge, most of the oration is specially devoted, and
this its manifest design, if borne in mind, will assist greatly in evolving the
meaning of many obscure and difficult passages. The Schol. divides the oration into three heads; -rb &icar'ov, rb avvar —v, Trb ovmwppov.  But Poppo says,
that the -b Buva'rbV and'rb ov'ulEpov are joined in chap. 13, the former being
urged in {~ 3, 4, and the latter in ~~ 5-7, and that the Schol. has overlooked
the rb &va-yKcaov in chap. 12. The peroration is found in chap. 14.
CHAPTER IX.
The orator begins by remarking upon the odium which attends the desertion of former
friends and allies (~ 1); which odium is well deserved, if the seceders and those from whom
they separate are equally balanced in power and resources, and if there is no sufficient reason for the secession, which was not the case in respect to them and the Athenians (~ 2).
1. KaYs' daoy, as long as. --   iv  oSov~  Xxovcr, }regard them  with
favor; literally, have them  in pleasure. --  vo-i-oylres 86, but when




CHAP. X]                         NOTES.                                 581
(see N. on I. 13. ~ 6) they take into view. --     Xlpov9 7youvrat, they
regard them  with less favor = hold them  in low estimation for their
treachery.  Bloomf. aptly illustrates this by the adage, "they love the
treason, but they hate the traitor."  XeLpovv than formerly.
2. EoLOt El  TvXOLer.   ile apodosis is rendered doubtful and uncertain by the optative with El, if pebrchance, etc.  Cf. Mt. ~ 524. 3. —
adq' =iv =  oro-  dab'  vy.  -   Ovres is to be constructed with rTXOLE1,
should happen to be.  In the sentiment of this passage we easily
recognize the original of the' idein velle atque idem nolle, ea demum
firma amicitia' of Sallust. -         7rpdqacrs.  See N. on I. 23. ~ 6. 
-re connects v7rapXoL to vjXoLte. --       aroo-rao-,rFco depends on 7yrpdoacrr.
~-    refers to the things just mentioned as necessary to an equitable
and satisfactory alliance, viz. unanimity of sentiment, mutual friendship, and an equal balance of power. --- -,  on this account, refers
forward to EL.... Jcl-Tairdea.
CHAPTER X.
The orator now enters upon a defence of the rectitude of the Mytilenians in abjuring all
alliance with the Athenians (~ 1); the alliance was formed in order to rid Greece of the
Persians, and therefore for the liberation and not the subjugation of the states (~~ 2, 3);
but its having been the means or occasion of the enslavement of the smaller and weaker
members of the confederacy, furnishes the Lesbians just grounds of apprehension that
they in due time will suffer the same evil (~~ 4-6).
1. mrepl —roV  8LKlOV-TO'v X7    oyov  7ro7-dLe2a,  we will speak concerning the justice of our course. -   yap (now) is epexegetical, i. e.
it serves to explain more fully what was hinted at in the apology
(chap. 9. ~ 1). -     / a/'XXo....BeOieveo,  especially as we are seeking
your alliance. -       lZsloTratL.  See N. on II. 65. ~ 7. f-/3gaLov is anl
adjective of two as well as three terminations. Cf. Butt. ~ 59. 3.
tJer' apEr. 8aOKvoO5J- =   tira  OK'Eco (rO o) r7S apevrjS, "1 cum opinione
virtutis quadam."  Gottl.-   ylyVror70 sc. 0Q'Xot elicited from Q>LXlav,
unless, as Poppo suggests, Olfta  ail Kovwcovla be supplied. --    rc5 8LaXXracovrt =   taXXayjy (K. ~ 263. y).  See N. on I. 42. ~ 2.
2. raroXLtrovov..... roXFlov,  when you abandoned the ilfedian war
(cf. I. 89. ~ 2).  d7roXLrdvrcov is used intransitively, remaining behind,
withdrawing.  Cf. K. ~ 249. 1. -  wrapatEvivravTo.... epycov.  Cf. I,
75. ~ 2.
3.'EXX)5vcev depends on Kara8ovXciores, and'A2tvalolt limits 4th/%xaXot (S. ~ 202. 1). --- roll'EXX/Ct depends on.v44qaxot to be men



582                              NOTES.                              [BooK III
tally repeated from  the preceding proposition.  Kriig. constructs roos
EXX)iroL with  EXEV2JEpcoeLt, and  makes the  preceding'A,?IvatoOL  to
depend on Kara8ovXcOretL.
4. 1E&plxuEv.... fE'ayodtEvovs.   Cf. I. 98, et seq. - -- on  Mnjoov'xspav,  enml;ity to the iMede. ---   7rayoiEvovr, brisnging in.  Ross and
Bekker read 1rewLyof;'ovs, which Arnold and Bloomlf. prefer.
5. Kai' (Mv yEvJOLEJOtL by uniting together, is to be constructed with
il4tvao-That.  Cf. III. 11. ~ 3, where the Athenian policy of keeping the
states from  union, and of gradually breaking down their power, is
adverted to.  -   &La 7roXvrsqq1iav belongs to ad&varot de Ogre. -
7rX.v.... XltCo. Cf. I. 19. ~ 1.
6. Br', forsooth, is here used ironically, as is evident from the
corresponding use of rc,  ovouiart. -        7rotroc~S, trustwothy.-     rrapaelysaco-t is the wredicate, as examnples, lessons of Warning. --          roJs be
VuroXoLrrovs  refers to the Lesbians and Chians.-          bp-acat roiro, i. e.
to reduce to slavery.
CHAPTER XI.'1'e fate of the other states rendered it almost a matter of certainty that the Lesbians would
be dealt with in like manner, especially as the Athenians were becoming stronger and
they more destitute of help (~ 1); thus far they had been spared, because it was for the
interest of the Athenians to be able to hold them up as an example of their moderation
and justice, and because their policy was to subjugate the weaker states first (~~ 2, 8),
the Lesbian navy gave them also some apprehension, and to all this might be added tho
respectful beating of the Lesbians towards the Athenians (~~ 4, 5).
i.  SIatLdrepot.... VEWEppELY V     aefaaLtEpoV Ov fy ~   (it would  have
been more certain) avrovrs rL8 EY  VeCorEpLep. Bauer.  Supply oW'A2Srvaiom
with 7(rav. --      7rpos.... d.rvLovtgV0ov, and we alone in comvparison with
(7rpOr, K. ~ 298. III. 3. d) the greater part who have been subdued,
standing on equal terms with them.  Arnold says that Ka&  7rpbs....
AvrtLrov/Evov is a varied repetition of v6roxEtplovvs....      L tXoTvreV, and
should naturally have preceded LuAXXov  ol'taet. -           vvareorepot  aTrol
anrov), more powerful; literally, more powerful than themselves, the
comparison being between the same people at different periods.  Cf
K. ~ 323. 5.         - ro  e a T'vrsrraXov  beos, the fear which is equally balan'eced, i. e. which both parties equally feel in respect to each other.
-----.... anrorpEgreraet is deterr~ed (fiom  aggression) by his inability
to attempt it with a superior force.  7rpo0exoov is in the nominative by
attraction, its proper case being the accusative with avro'i the omitted




CHaAP. Xi.]                    NOTES                                583
subject of E'TrEXlEtV.  Cf. K. ~ 307. 4; S. ~ 224.  See Notes on I. 34~
~1; II. 74.~ 3.
2. ov'.. 0o-rov, for no other reason than because. --- avi-ois limits
ecqavEro, and  gs T7v dPXi"v is epexegetical of rrpcdylara, plans for domvinion. --- yvcjt  depends on Eob02p (by the means).
3. aia.... 6vorvpareveLt.   Poppo's interpretation of this difficult
passage, approved by Arnold, is: nobis enirn documento utebantur, dicentes (etiamsi alii coacti se adjuvare perhiberentur) eos certe, gui idem
jus suffragsii ferendi haberent (plena libertate fruerentur) invitos sibi
auxiliumz laturos non esse (neque omrnino id facturos), nisi, quos aggrederentur, aliquid deliquissent (i. e. nisi ipsa caus e mquitate permoverentur, ut participes bellorum fierent).  au/a 1Esv corresponds to Iv rv
avrc 8;, infra.  This passage may be regarded as explanatory of Ev7rpelr.Ea re Xdyov, and the next sentence (Ev rc6 aiir6 K. r. X.) of y/vcj-,.ls  ec'aq).      ra KpaTr-ra is put for a substantive in the abstract
with a concrete signification, having of course the sense of the masculine (ros' KpartTrrovJ) as have the neuters which follow.  -    roe
a'XXov 7repqyp?q7/EVov refers to GroVS tiroFeeo-ripoVr.  The passage may
then be rendered, and by this same policy thbey first led the stronger
against the woealcer powers, and thus reserving them  to the last, they
could not but find them the weaker, the other (i. e. the inferior) states
having been taken cway (literally, strip)ped as the foliage from, the tree)
fr~om them. -         E;Xvrr.ov.... crrvat, while we yet had the strength of
all these (weaker states), and something upon which we might ecan for
support.  Bloomf. says that the metaphor is taken from persons, who,
when attacked, fly to some wall, or other place at which they may
place their backs and stand on their defence.
4. Ka3' ev yevoytLevov.  See N. on III. 10. ~ 5.
5. 7r  8, partly.  The Schol. says that the fourth reason is hlere
given why the Athenians suffered the AMytilenians to remain unmolested.  These reasons in order are; 1, the color of justice which the
Athenian policy in respect to the other states received from the cooperation of the Lesbians; 2, the ease with which the greater states
might be brought under the yoke, after the smaller ones had been subjugated; 3, the fear of a union between the Lesbian and Peloponnesian navy; 4, the unblamable deportment of the Lesbians towards the
Athenian  state, which took away every pretext for their invasion.
5- a6  C.... v( IOv  by attendcance upon (- by paying court to) their
co2n1nonwealth.       de- E, for the time being. --- 7rrpteytyvdYew~a, we
remained free. -    ov tidvro  Err 7reoXS y' K. r. X. The order is, ol'
UivYrotl-XProbIevoL 7r ZpaBety/ta t —lv EbOKOoEv 8vvrl/vat (SC. 7repLylyveo-aL).




584                            NOTES.                           [Boor. IIL
CHAPTER XII.
Thus they lived in a state of mutual fear, a rupture being evident, as soon as either party
attained to sufficient confidence in respect to its issue (~ 1); no one should therefore blame
the Lesbians for anticipating the Athenians and revolting before they were in a situation
to be reduced to servitude (~~ 2, 3).
1. 7raps yvjt1,v -— other than was in our heart. -        r'  rotes O'XXOLS K.  X.  This sentence, which Arnold says has no grammar, benrs
a striking resemblance in its construction to' ros a/XXots.... qpft,
II. 40. ~ 3, and by referring to that passage we may obtain a key to
the solution of this.  After repeated examination of the passage, and
carefully weighing the criticisms which have been made upon it, I
have adopted the following, as that which appears to me the most satisfactory explanation.  o is evidently placed over against roOro, and
must therefore be in the accusative after ei3ato7.  Inasmuch as EV'OL(E
is opposed to 60oS), and &etanoZ to eXvpbzv,apeJXe, we may take
rOrrtlYv t3e3atoi as a circumlocution for a simple verb of the same signification (cf. Mt. ~ 421. Obs. 4), and followed by' in the accusative.
Or we may take 7rlTo7rl in apposition with o', and render it thus, and
what good-will most especially makes firm, to others (viz.) fidelity, this
(i. e. fidelity) fear secures to us. I prefer this construction as being
more simple and natural, and withal grammatical.  In Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 823. Obs. o is treated as a nominative, with which ev4rola (attracted
to the adjectival sentence) is put in epexegetical apposition thus: 4'
TOi ca dXXols /aXltocra, ev'vota, n7lru'tv dfeLor, si'iv rodro (rT)v 7rlrtv)
o  6d/3ov 2Xvpov nrapeixe.  Those who prefer this solution are referred
to S. ~ 172. 1. c.
2. ro, on this account, refers to  ta&..... e.   --—.    7rpoa7roo-ara're,
in revolting before (see N. on I. 37. ~ 35) aggression had been made
upon us. --      EKEIYOV is the subjective and  etvsl'v is the objective genitive in dependence on y/EXXmjrtv.  The words r7i7v lKevloWv A/EXXrl*-pv
form a sort of compound notion, and therefore take the attributive
genitive  ELVGov, their deferring these evils.
3. cE yap.....evat, for if swe were able egqually (as they) to forme
counterplots and wait our time (for carrying these plots into effect),
why would it be necessary for us to be in subjection to them as we nowte
are s' rod  tUoIov)?  Poppo  dispenses with  the interrogation point
after cleat, and thus renders the passage: si enim ague potentes essemus et ad insidias vicissim  struendas et ad vicissim cunctanduum in ro
Zuapiam, oportebat nos similes in agendo illis esse. But the argument




CHAP. XII.]                      NOTEES.                               685
seems to stand thus: some may be disposed to blame us for premature
action, on the ground that we ought to have waited until our rights
had  been  openly violated; but if our strength  so nearly equalled
theirs, that we could afford to wait until open aggression had been
made upon our liberties, we should be free from the necessity of being
subject to then.  Our being subject to them  therefore in itself furnishes a reason, why we could not safely wait until they attacked us.
7-er'.... TrtXEtpEv, the power to attackc us being always with them.
CHAPTER XIII.
This defection, which has thus been shown to be both Justifiable and necessary, would have
taken place before, had the Peloponnesians been willing to have received them (~ 1); the
precipitancy of the measure to which they have now been driven has rendered it ill-prepared, but this is an additional reason why they should be admitted into the alliance and
receive speedy assistance (~ 2); this reception of them will also be highly prejudicial to
the Athenians, whose resources, so far as revenue is concerned, are derived mainly from
their allies (~~ 8-7).
1. oae......    e'pci-acev, sqyiciently  wanifest for ou.r hearers to
know that we have acted sightly. -               7rpos adr'aXsdk v.rtLa = to find
some security.  E- TL belongs to Ev,r  Etpsv'y.  -   cos vi/as.  See N.
on 1. 31. ~ 2. E- retL  Bocorol wrpovoKaX;(ravro, when  the Baotians
summoned us.  Bloolnf. refers this to the mission of Hermsondas (III.
5. ~ 4),.but he reached Mytilene after the revolt. ---   roaoroeo-tata
(i. e. 8sv daror-7eso-oat) is followed by its cognate accusative a7rooraCILV.  S. ~ 181. 2.       ao s's-  re r'   v'EXXsvcov-dar6o 7e'ASvqvaorv.  The
usual mode of interpreting  this, is to take  dnroo-r;7o-eo-oa  &'7kV
d7rdo-rao-Lv in a twofold sense, viz. a secession or abstaining  from
the Greeks so as to no longer injure them, and a revolt from
the Athenians for the purpose of self-protection.   This is essentially the interpretation  which, after Reiske, has been  adopted by
Bauer, Haack, Goel., Arnold, and  Bloomf.  But Poppo  refers r&,v'EXXs'v,)v to the Greeks who were confederated on terms of equality
with the Athenians, such as the Platmans, Acarnanians, Chians, etc.
The revolt from  these states was not to do them injury, but to free
the Mytilenians from  the necessity, which their alliance with  the
Athenian  confederacy would impose upon them, of doing inijury to
the states above mentioned, and to assist in effecting their deliverance
from Athenian rule. I am disposed to adopt this interpretation, as it
frees dasrod'rao al  from  a double sense, which  Gottl. calls with  some




586                           NOTES.                        [BooK Ill
reason puerilem et frigidum lusum.'- %cv-7rotev.  This tmesis is
very rare in Attic prose, and seems to have been employed here to
increase the force of the antithesis between this and the following
clause.  Cf. K. ~ 300. RR.4. e-  v vro-p?  v'o-rrTepov, inl future, herecfter.  r- wpoooltu lat, sc. rob 8Lan tpat.
2. ~Siforov  yEy;vrqrTa.  Cf, III. 2. ~ 2. 2- -, on this account.  See
N. on I. 11. ~ 1. This sentence is a reply to an anticipated objection, that the Mytilenians revolted too precipitately. ----  eatEAeov9
agrees with bvpas the omitted subject of droo-reXXetlv.
3. The justice and wisdom  of their revolt from  the Athenians
having been vindicated, the Mytilenians now  proceed to show how
advantageous their reception would be to the Peloponnesians. ---
CSjdparat anld TETraX7aa  are Ionic and Doric forms for eb6appifvot
eloI, and reray.;vot cio-l.  Cf. Mt. ~ 204. 6. Obs. 1.  ~  ai tFEv and al
bE are in partitive apposition with v7es..  See N. on I. 89. ~ 3.
rc', against, in a hostile sense.
4. vrepLovo-'av, a surplous, Superabundance. --- rT  ETrepov.  The
Peloponnesians had alleady made one incursion into Attica during
this summer. -        a7' adp/orepowv, from both (you and us).  Reference
is had to the two fleets spoken of in ~ 3, as employed, the one in
cruising around Peloponnesus, the other in the blockade of Mlytilene.
5. dXXorpias y7is, for the sake of a foreign  land, i. e. a land with
which, on account of its distance, they had nothing to do.,-  iaKphv
is opposed to eyyv2ev. --- avTr is the dat. conzmodi. -     ov yap....
7roAX/osr, i. e, the war is not to be decided by an invasion of Attica.
The truth of this remark was made manifest in the progress of the
war. -     a'   v- Ev  rarl 8t i7v.
6.'-rrL.....rpo'o-o3ov. So Pericles also said, II. 13. ~ 2. --- a7roo'rTOrerat -rpoo'y]evlo'ercaL-WardSo L vt r' [iv.  The optative is employed
in the last clause to show the likelihood of the event, as opposed to
absolute certainty = and we shall probably suffer.  Cf. K. ~ 260. 4. a.
-      ra re tpLreTpa refers to all the possessions of the Mytilenians,
including of course their shipping. --    i 7rplyv  ovXEuovTrer, who were
slaves (see N. on I. 98. ~ 4) befor'e (they revolted from the Athenians).
In such a case there would hlave been some excuse for the revolt. TWe
find that Cleon urged this as a reason why exemplary punishmlent
should be inflicted on the Mlytilenians (cf. III. 39. ~ 1).
7. 3ortodcravrov b8 Lpiov-7rpoto-rXxr-ero-e.  See N. on II. 83. ~ 3.
--   caaLpp7ere y JoC wzill humble, liternlly, you will pull down. The
metaphor is derived firoln the takinlg or pulling down of an edifice.
The same reference to the demolition of a building is continued in the
ase of iOnatpovres?, by takingq away from  under, by undermining, a




CHAP. XV.]                       NOTES.                                 587
very  common  way, in  ancient times especially, of pulling  down
edifices. /- -   Io - 3OrSiv depends on aoriav. -    roit adc(Loraplvotv as
the Samians, Thasians, Eubceans, etc. Cf. I. 40. ~ 5 (end). It appears,
however, that the Lacedmmonians were on the point of making a diversion in favor of the Thasians (I. 101. ~ 1), but were prevented by
tile earthquake and the subsequent rebellion of the ITelots.  They did
this in the tiime of the Eubcean revolt, but without ultimate success
(I. 114. ~ 2).  There was probably such coldness and sluggishness in
their movements, as to beget the impression, that they were quite indifferent to the abject condition of the states and islands subject to
the Athenians.
CHAPTER XIV.
The orator closes by conjuring the Peloponnesians to grant aid to the Mytilenians, and thus
secure to Greece the benefits resulting from their deliverance from Athenian oppression
(~~ 1,2).
1. aicrXvv;sErevs.... XArigars, ~reviving  the hopes which'the  Greeks
repose in you.  XArl-as  may be referred to Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 550. b, as
the accusative of that wherein the feeling expressed in aio(XvsbedYre
consists, i. e. the accusative of equivalent notion. ---- Ir  iaS follows
X7r-/itSa  after the  analogy  of EXrtheLV  Es TWva.  - La KaL iKErat,
cquaccly as suppliaz ts - cas suppliants..-  r  7rporiro  icars, do not
cast uit off.'6ov..... 7rapa3aaXXope'vovs, having our ourn  lives at
stake; literally, exyosing ourselves (middle voice) to the personal risk
J' life.   K- Kov1v.... &ororsCar is a repetition of the sentiment of
ITI. 13. ~~ 3, 4.  Es' Tro  Karop~&o-at, by our success. -'r....quaXll-,~o-eca.  Cf. III. 13. ~~ 5, 6.
2. o'ovwrrrep.... daoao-t (sc. ylyyeoS a), such as the Greeks esteem
you to be.
CHAPTER XV.
The Peloponnesians receive the Mytilenians as allies, and prepare to invade Attica by sea
and by land. The Lacedmmonians are ardent and active in the enterprise, but are seconded quite tardily by their allies (~~ 1, 2).
1. o(-3oXs'v depends upon cr 7rotd0-C0l/vot, although it might perhaps with equal correctness be rendered by the formula quod attinet




588                            N OTES                         [Boon  HIlL
ad.  The collocation of,  7rwoL1r'levot is rathler in favor of the latter
mode of construction, yet such transpositions are by no means unusual
in Thucydides. --   rois U6o l;bpe(tv.  Cf. II. 10. ~ 2; 47. ~ 1. —
avrot, i. e. the Lacedaemonians.  -    ar      I yvey  Ev r7cp l obLc3.  Cf. Ild
92. ~ 6; 93. ~ 1. -     rs Vrrepolroovre', in order to convey over.  The
vessels of the ancients were so small that this was an undertaking of
no great difficulty, the isthmus being about 3.5 English miles in
breadth. Cf. Leake's Morea, III. p. 297. Cf. also III. 81. ~ 1; IV. 8,
~ 2; VIII. 7. ~ 2.  -  7rpbs'Abrvas, over against Athens, washing the
coast of Athens.?r- 1Vrresv is future in signification..
2. ol U  a'XXot  K. r. X.  Cf. Miill. Dor. I. p. 199, where in addition
to the labors of the harvest spoken of here, festivals, and the natural
slowness of the Doric race are represented as retarding the assembling
of the army.  -   dpporia -_ drpovtlia. Suidas.
CH APTER XVIa
the Athefians, by no means dismayed at the threatened invasion, fit out a hundred ship3
and sail to the Isthmus, where they display their force and make descents upon Peloponnesus (~ 1); upon which the Lacedemonians return home (~ 2), but afterwards send out a
fleet under Alcidas to Lesbos (~ 3).
1J, a.. al. o..(riw from  imtputing weakness to them.  This is Arnold's interpretation5 and is approved by Poppo and Bloomf.  oqrbv
depends on KaTi/yvcoo-Lv aS the object of the imputation.  Cf, VIII. 8.
~ 4.  The more usual interpretation, through contempt of their weakness, would have required the article. ---  aTol refers to the  evy-Tra&
andi the bsfrer, the other classes being  excepted.   -  iTrrow)v, the
knights, belong to the second of the four classes established by Solon.
Their income was fixed at 300 measures, out of which they kept a
war-horse (1'r7ros rroXetoaer ptor), and a horse for a servant.  They of
course served as cavalry.  Cf. Boeckh's Pub. Econ. Ath. p. 495. --
7revraKtoro/LCeatltotv.   The pentacosio;<2edi2nni belonged to the first
class of citizens, and, as their name i:nports, were such as lhad an income from  their lands of 500 measllies.  They seldom went out to
war except as commanders.  The (,iTv -tra were the third class, and
their valuation was 200 measures.  T'heir name was derived from
their keeping a yoke (aedyor) of oxen or working animals. The fourth
class was the thetes (bTrer), whose valuation was less than that of
Zeugitse.  See Boeckh 1. c. and als~  p. 500.  -     rapa r'  ior'lio;




CRAP. XVII.]                   NOTES.                               689
avayayoJtres, haing weighed anchor and sailed to the isthmus.  7rape
being a preposition of motion gives to dvayay0vrse a pregnant construction.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2.  Kriiger, however, constructs 7rap' ris
rScev with E2rLt8ELLY E&rotoVltro. --- TiJ IEXorov7i/oov depends on;'.
2. rov'rapiXoyov.  See N. on 1. 78. ~ 1. ---- Iropa vojlyovrE --
t       Lopo0  Elvnat',oLLoVTr.  Cf. II. 77. ~ 1... r (inasmuch as)....
7rop2oio-'aL contains the reason why the Lacedcemonians thought their
plans impracticable. -     -7yyEXXovro-7ropSeao-ra, were announced as
ravaging.  See N. on I. 131. ~ 1.  -  v-er.  Cf. III. 7. ~ 1.    - rv
rspLotLKLta.  Several cities of the Periceci lay on the coast, which accounts for the name rrEptotKiS (sc. yi or Xwpa) being given to the
whole coast. --- dveXopro-av is the apodosis, the protasis lying in
4. E'KEtVOVE EOV  E'Kl tvYovS aYvaxopo-pavrag  *ov.  Arnold.
CHAPTER XVII.
The Athenian navy was now in a state of the greatest perfection and power, but its mainteo
nance tended greatly to exhaust the treasury (~ 1); an illustration of the magnitude of
the sum necessary to carry on the war is furnished from the siege of Potidsea (~~ 2, 3).
1. gv depends here and in III 18. ~ 1 upon Karth repeated from the
previous context.  See N. on rrapi 7nroXeLtv ars, I. 28. ~ 2. --- Er rots
gives emphasis to 7rXEierrat by calling attention to it, and is to be
taken as a neuter demonstrative.  See N. on I. 6. ~ 3. Bloomf. doubts
its intensive force (as the superlative has 38' intensive after it), and
reg, ds it as qualifying the superlative = some of the most numerous.
The clause Ev.... Ey;vovro is very difficult of translation.  I am  disposed on the whole to construct KaXXeF in dependence on E'Vpyot, and
to take fa/a as denoting timne, making auroir depend on e'y;vovro. The
sense would then be, at this time the Athenians had the greatest number of ships in an effective state from  their beautiful (= good) condition.  There are other modes of construction, which I forbear to
bring forward, being continually admonished of the necessity of
brevity;
2. rlv -re ya'p'AKrtKV K. r. X.  There seems to be an incongruity
between this statement and the one made in II. 13. ~ 8; 24. ~ 2, where
the number of ships is put down at 300, one third of which were to
remain as a defence at home.  This would leave 200 sail to cruise
about, Now it is said that 250 ships were in active service. Perhaps1
as Arnold suggests, in the process of the war, more than two thirds
26




690                              NOTES.                           [BooK II1.
were in the service abroad, it being found unnecessary to reserve so
large a force for the home defence.  If, however, the one hundred
ships, spoken of as being on guard around Attica, Eubcea, and Salamis,
are the salme as the one hundred which were to be put aside for an
emergency (II. 24. ~ 2), then  the whole number would be only 250.
But this apparent contradiction of numbers mnight be removed by
bearing in mind that the ships here spoken of were Evepyol in a condition for active service. --      (orre —-yltyvovro.  See N. on I. 34. ~ 3.
3. rT  Xplinara.  Cf. II. 13. ~ 3. -       iVarciXa)oE, gradually exhausted. --    Sa`paXmoL d7rkrXrae, hoplites whose pay  was two drachmans.
The old Attic SpaXns = 17 cents 5-93 mills; the later 3paXpn -- 16
cents 5-22 mills.  IHussey  (Ancient Weights, etc. pp. 47, 48) makes
the drachma_- 9.72 pence or about 18 cents 0-55 mills. i-EXa4nvse,
so. 6 6a-Xl0TS. -- rpLXo-XlXto.  Cf. I. 61. ~ 4. -      VES'Er -c at 7raatL 
all the sailors. -        TSo  ararov Luo-rdv, i. e. one drachma, for as they
were not attended by servants, the drachlia allowed for these in the
land-service, was here omitted.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Mytilenians make an ineffectual effort to get possession of Methymna, after which they
proceed to put several smaller cities in a posture of defence (~ 1); one of these the Methymnians endeavor afterwards to take, but are defeated (~ 2); the Athenians send out
1000 hoplites under Paches, who arrive at Mytilene, and draw a line of circumvallation
around the place, and thus closely invest it by sea and by land (~~ 3-5).
1. or wrpo&88ome~'vmv, thinking (see N. on I. 73. ~ 5) that it would
be surrendered up to them.  The participle has here the signification
of the  future.  K. ~ 255. R. 3. --   of e'7i-iovpot, i. e. the  archers
summoned from  Pontus.  Cf. III. 2. ~ 2.-    mrpoSXcpeL.  See N. on
I. 109. ~ 3.-  Er''AvrlTow7r, for Antissa.  See Ns. on I. 30. ~ 2;
III. 28. ~ 3.
2. (VTrCov i. e. the Mytilenians.  ~-  mK3or0) elav, a sally. -    7rX
y~vreS, being beaten.
3. 7rvvybavodmvPot-Kpa-ro vrav.  See N. on I. 64. ~ 2.         Tah raira refers forward to romu..... edpyEtw, for which propositions it serves to
prepare the way.  Cf. Mt. ~ 472. c.  -   7repe To qbmtv6Ucopov.  See N.
on II. 31. ~ 1.
4. riov meomr depends on avrTp;rTat. See N. on I. 10. ~ 4. The examples cited by Poppo (Proleg. II. p. 61) show, that the troops frequently amsisted in rowing the ships. -          6r drXk  TeLXEL, with  a single




NsAP. XX.]                       NOTES.                                 591
wall.  Their forces were not adequate to the drawing of a line of contravallation.  Nor was it in this instance very necessary, as the  /po&pta (forts), which  they  erected  in  commanding  positions (eAtl Tvc
KcaprcpJv), answered every purpose. ---'yKarWoKoSdtraL has the signi-fication of the present with the general idea of completeness.
CHAPTER XIX.
The Athenians being in want of funds raise a contribution among themselves, and send an
expedition to levy money from their allies (~~ 1, 2).
1. av'roi is opposed to cirl robv ~vpt/aXovs which follows. --
EEwyKodvrTEs —Eo-copav, paying a tax, nmacking a contribution in order
to defray the expenses of the war.   -  Troe 7rpcrov.  As mention is
made at an earlier period (see authorities cited in Smith's Dict. Gr.
and Rem. Antiq. p. 370) of this property-tax, it may be that the present passage means, that never before this was so large an amount as
200 talents raised as Elo-opa; or perhaps the word vrpCroTo  is used in
reference to the present war. The practice of raising funds in this
way, was afterwards frequently adopted. —-- 6(rfopiv-T-raXavra.  See
N. on I. 96. ~ 2. --  apyvpoXoyovs  vase, money-collecting ships (see
N. on II. 69. ~ 1).  The Schol. on Aristoph. Equit. 1068 says, EXeyoVrro
Be IHIpaXot al m aXalvtoLot.
2. T'7T  Kaplas IK MvoerTOE, fr]om n   lyus in  Caria.   Here they
landed and proceeded up the country. --- aXX/s9 in reference to
CHAPTER XX.
rhe scene now changes to Platsea, where the little garrison, obtaining no relief from Athens
and in want of provisions, form the desperate resolution of breaking through the enemy's
lines of circumvallation (~ 1); a part of the number shrink back from the dangerous enterprise (~ 2), but the rest set about the preparation of ladders of the right length to scale
the surrounding walls of the enemy (~ 3).
1. LrtfLoplaS.  See N. on I. 25. ~1.   -'Abrvaiov ol  V. tvroAXop<KovDevon. Cf. II. 6. ~ 4.  -   c(T7yra;Evov rpv mrsepav aVTOLS, having proposed to them the attempt. ---- s   alt o-,,ar7-jyet, who was also the
commander of the place.
2. cI.rciqo'av... iyio-ar6erVOs, shr~unk back. fro    the danger think.




592                              NOTES.                           [Boox IIt.
ing it too great.  Bloomf. supplies T-v TryEpaY  with adrhoeKvqpav, but of.
III. 30. ~ 3.  TTze noun KlvSvvov belongs equally to the verb and thle
participle. --  e,  to the number' of
3. rars Es7rLfoXai  by the Icayers.             a7 n... v.. av~, where the wall
opposite to them halppened to be not thoroughly whitewashed.  a- LC
belongs to  roWXoi. --      AXXov....adapTcoeo-rbatl some would be Zliely
to err in the computation.  Cf. Mt. ~ 498. d (end). -- -r & po630Xorro,
to which they wished (to go).  The infinitive of the verb of motion is
friequently omitted, when there is connected with the main verb a preposition of motion.  Cf. Mt. ~ 535. Obs. 2.    - roi reLXovs   depends
upon 4S o.
CHAPTER XXI.
This chapter contains a description of the lines drawn around the city by the Peloponneslans.
It will be seen that they were skilfully constructed, very strong, and well-guarded, which
serves to increase our admiration of the valor of the little band, who were about to undertake the perilous enterprise of scaling these entrenchments.
i. 7r  o aKo8BoI7-et denotes the sense in which  otozLOe is to be taken.
- rpo, in front of  on the side towards.  K. ~ 298. I. 1. -   fo
Sev rir''Asjvrv, 2from without (viz.) from  Athens.  a7r''Aqrvilv is explanatory of fYaGo3v. No external attack was to be feared by the besiegers, except from the Athenians.
2. ro o'v aera$V rToero (with which o[ E'KKaSeKa 7rd8er is in apposition.  Cf. Jelf's Kiiln. ~ 466. Obs. 2) is the subject of qKosao&7-ro.
The dative rolr qOViXawtv depends on  8avEveellslkt ea, and otK cqara is
the predicate, for huts, quarters.   Haack makes otesKcara and the
words in connection with it, an appositional clause   o o              a 77 OZt7ara'rolr 4vXatL &LavevetWyYE'va, to which explanation  Poppo seems to incline.
3. &th &eKa  e i ira'eXoYv, at every  tenth battlement.  bta is here
used of intervals of space.  Cf. Mt. M ~ 580. e; Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 627. I. 2.
See N. on II. 29. ~ 3.-  BLnKOVeI), re? aching  through. -            adrov7
c. the wall. -        oi t57rot lrefelrs to rrupyot.  7rapa, along by. -
V' avrriv [Ecrov,  through the midst of them  (i. e. the wrvpyot).
Meljcraav, SC, o0t    s.
4. XeLuC —v-rovepros,   rain-storm. --  acreXrrov) i. e. otC 0tAaKer,
which sublject may be easily supplied firon v71v  voXar,: e'roto3 ro. —
3t' OXlyov, a short distance from one anothler.




OHAP. XXIL]                     NOTES.                                593
CHAPTERS XXII.-XXIV.
Taking advantage of a dark and tempestuous sight, the Platseans proceed to put their design
into execution, and make their way undiscovered to the enemy's lines, which they begin
to ascend, and although in the passage over they alarm the besiegers, yet in the confusion
created by the darkness and the tempest, and by the false alarms of the Platreans who
remain behind, the little band escape with the loss of only one man, and. make their way
to Athens.
1. 7rnpeKEvacrrTo.  See N. on I. 46. ~ 1.  -         naS-t.  It appears
from  III. 23. ~ 5, that it was a rain-storm  accompanied with snow.
r- -TrV radpov employed as a defence of the city. -            rpoa-et4tav,
they approached to.  Compounds of jLtOyetv and Lsuyvvvat have, besides
a transitive signification, an intransitive or reflexive sense.  K. ~ 249.
i.  -   Xaovres  robes  uVXaKas, unperceived by  the guards. -           ava....aVrTcv, they (i. e. the guards) not being able to see before therm
(rrpo-) by reason of the darkness.  The genitive absolute is employed,
as being more lively and emphatic than the accusative in agreement
with robes /qXaKav. ---— x dqp depends on avrTlraTayovyros, making a
rattling noise against= drowning with its rattling noise.  7rarayon
denotes the rattling noise of a tempest of wind and rain.  The word
patter, which Bloomf. thinks comes the nearest to it in sound, is
rather used of a gentle rain-storm, in which the drops may be heard
falling upon the leaves of the forest, the roofs of buildings, etc. —rov avheCov, the storm.
2. ala.... e.eav,  at the scone time they went also far apart.  Cf.
Sal. Jug. chap. 94. ---     belongs to KpovO'deva as well as to rTapExoL.
See N. on I. 12. ~ 1.-    a'ttoS7rlv 7rapexot.  Cf. Xen. Anab. IV. 6.
~ 13.  -  rrioa is a synecdochical accusative. ---       tdvuov has a strong
emphasis inasmuch as the right foot was left bare.  The left foot was
shod in preference to the right, for the same reason, perhaps, that in
our times, the left foot is employed to mark the time in marching,
simply because custom has so established it. In time of action missiles are discharged to better advantage with the left foot somewhat
advanced before the other.  Indeed the left foot may be considered as
the main support of the body, in almost every encounter in which the
-ight hand is used.  Arnold aptly cites (what occurred to my own
mind in reading this passage) Sir Walter Scott's description of the
German mercenaries in the Lay of the Last Minstrel, Canto IV:
Each better knee was bared to aid
The warriors in the escalade.




594                            NOTES.                         [BooK II.
3. Ed8o'res by means of scouts sent out in the time of previous tempests, who had thus learnt the custom of the enemy.   E- fp7yot. See
N. on II. 4. ~ 4. --  E'reTra responds to  rp0rov / iEvi. -    v, i. e. the
twelve ligllt-armned.      avrdv, i e. Amll eas. -       ot eJrderoVL o, his
followers (viz.) siz.     - a6i/awvov, began to mount.   Notice the
change from the aorist to the imperfect, avl;377 referring merely to the
fact that Alnmeas mounted first, and iv;43aLvov describing the party as
in the act of following him. -        E'rElra, then. ---  erTa roTrov0, after
these, i. e. the twelve light-armed commanded by Ammeas. -                o
refers to robTroa, and is the dat. comnmodi after ras caorl-Sas?' Epov.
-    E- EXXov 8Ceo-Ev, which they were to deliver to those who owned
them.
4. EK (in EK rOIv  rvpyov) is used for e)v it being employed to denote the direction whence. See N. on I. 18. ~ 1.  ~- drTXaupL3av/ELevosr
laying hold of.
5. eIL 7-rT  TretXOS). e. to their respective stations upon the wall.
-    o.... e.EvoY, for they did not know what was time cause of the
alarm -=what the mcatter wcas. --   aCla refers to time. --        ot;v rT1
WrOXE  refers to those who remained in the place, their courage not
being equal to so desperate an adventure (of. III. 20. ~ 2).  These now
created a diversion in favor of their fiiends who were trying to escape.
-  lv iXarati&v depends on oi-bvroXEXket/ml~evol.  Cf. I. 126. ~ 11;
II. 65. ~ 3. -       EK roVraXtv..... vrrp EpEao, vo  on the side opposite to
that where their men were attempting (see N. on I. 57. ~ 4) to pass
over (the walls). -      T rov yvorv'xotev might turn  their attention.
Without the article vosv fXeWv signifies, to have intelligence, to be knowing or clever.
6. E'opvf3orvro... /levovreVO, therefore they were in confusion rezmaining in, the same place = they were so gonfused they knew  not
which way to turn themselves. -    qvXaaKr, i. e. the place where the
watch was kept. -       v-   I.....ytYdV/eov, they were at a loss to conjecture what had happened.  See N. on I. 25. ~ 1.
7. oL rptarKoaoo.  The article has reference to the relative ot.
which follows, and therefore retains its demonstrative force (S. ~ 166.
2. 1)), those three hundred who had been appointed, etc.  Cf. III. 3. ~ 4.
-;XcopovV.... 3o,  went outside of the wall (i. e. along the outside
and not upon the wall) towards the noise, i. e. towards the place
whence the noise proceeded.  --  pvKrot-wroXnteot.  See N. on II.
94. ~ 1. --  sr, towards, in the directionq oZ. --     x r-1r,roXecos.  See
N. on Ef rCov,rTmpyov, ~ 4, supra.  /- pVUKTrov, i. e. OLXt/oV, for the
object was to render the war-lights of the Peloponnesians useless by
this multiplication and diverse position of the signals. -        E avro




CP. XXIII.]                    NOTES.                               595
7oro7, for the same purpose. -            o'ros —, Kal t71 /o0irotev.  The
subjunctive is here employed to express high probability, the optative,
to express a mere possibility, and also to show  that the clause in
which it stands is the consequence of the subjunctive clause.  Cf.
Jelf's Kihn. ~ 809; Mt. ~ 518. 4 (end). a-XXo rt —   TO ro c, som2ething else than it really qcas. --      plv —ta~SyotLv.  The optative
here follows 7rptv, inasmuch as it is a continuation of the idea of the
optative clause (Kal /1z /Oo7iooltev) on which it depends. Cf. Jelf's Kiihn.
~848. 5. 3.
CHAPTER XXIII.
1. otl' VTrep3aalvovrTe  K. r. X.  The order is, ol 8' v7Trep3aLVOvre9Kat KXl[taKs  7rpooE;vTreS-Kal friavatf[1oaavrcsi aW[vpas  rXwovs, ol IyV —
ol B' (i. e. Try v rreplf3atvYovrcol'v-  O Lv-oci.  See N. on I. 89. ~ 3).
The words os ol rpSrot.... ErTLooorlTEv are parenthetic, inasmuch as
f/dpXaocrov must be referred to ol rpi-proL and not to ol 8' Virept3utvo0res,
since that would make all who were passing over to be keeping
guard, which was not true.        T ro  rvp/pyov EK(cTEpOV (cf. III. 22. ~ 3)
depends on EKfKparTKEo(aY. --  Tat Te 8tohdoV  r~Tjo  rvpycOY   Ta-rUE  Tv
7ripyonI rivXRkla.  AOYKAE.  Cf. XXa......altefav, III. 21. ~ 3. -
aVrol refers to ol rpprTOt, as distinguished from those who followed on
behind, and who are referred to here by ol tv — o1i'. 1-  rxva....
ErLi30oiEGv, that,no one (of the enemy) shoucld come through them  (i. e.
through the passages of the towers) to ftarlish aid (against the PlatmTatns). -      oi /lv is referred by Haack to otl rTpcTOL, and to those who
had afterwards mounted the towers, so that the missiles might be said
to be sent from  below and above (Kal KaiTroEV Klt a vooEv).  But we
have seen that the ol r-pCrot were placed as guards in the doorways
of the turrets, and must not therefore be confounded with the persons
referred to in ot lvo.  It is better to refer KaT' ev Ja KL T'vo0ev to rovr
E7rtLo77sovvrar, those (of the enemy) bringing aid froim  belowo (i. e. approaching on the ground below. Cf. III. 22. ~ 7 (init.) andfrogn above
(i. e. along upon the walls).  r- drib rO)v ri-pycov depends upon et1pyov.
-     ot 6'...7rXdeovs, but in the meanc himle ochers, the greater part.
---;ihyw belongs to both the participles between which it stands. —
icit ro) LeTrarivpytov, throuny] the space betioeen the toowers.
2. o6 3.... t'o-aro, eind ever as each one crossed orer he halted.
6rlL roZ XetXovr, upon, the ban7k. -   ris radrpov here refers to the outer
ditch (cf. III. 24. ~ 2). --  r   oapa  o rTEXos is to be taken with rrapaorq



596                           NOTES.                        [Book IIL
~v, and refers to the part of the wall adjacent to the towers, between
which (8t& rod  IErTaTrvpylov) the Platscans were passing along over.
--  KC)XVT1)s ytyvoLTo = KOXVOLt.  Cf. I. 35. ~ 4.
3. With Arnold and Bloomf. I have pointed off the words xakXEwrs
oL rEXEvTraLOL because the sense seems to refer the difficulty spoken of
to those who descended last.  The reason is obvious, as those in the
rear had to contend alone with the enemy, whose numnbers were continually increasing at this point, their view of the cause of the alarm
having now become more clear. ol TrEXvraToL is in partitive apposition
with oL daro rcv nrpyXov. --    o TpLaKoOrto.  Cf. III. 22. ~ 7.
4. takXXov in reference to hooov Ka.cEOropjvro infra. --     K TOV 0o.K0.
rovE belongs to &epcov, the preposition denoting the direction whllence
the action of tle verb proceeded. --   F; 7a yvvdci, i. c. upon the right
side, which was unprotected by the shield. --     aTro, i. e. the Peloponnesians.
5..cre....ra'dpov, so that even the last of the P'atceans anticipated (the enemy) in crossing the ditch, i. e. succeeded in crossing the
ditch before the enemny could hinder them.  That this, however, was
effected with extreme difficulty is seen in Xake7rioJ  3 Ka /3tiacoq (cf. II.
33. ~ 3).  It will be seen that the heroic persons (cf. III. 22. ~ 3) who
led the way in ascending the wall were the last to leave it, thus showing a noble devotion to the safety of their comrades.  The plan and
execution of this daring and difficult enterprise, shows that there were
master spirits among them  equal to any emergency. -    dC' F7re2e;Jy so as to be crossable; literally, so that one could cross over it. -
o.O 9.... opfov, "such as is usually found'when the wind is east instead of north." Arnold. -     v7rove0ovpErv7, sno'wy, or somewhat (Vrio-)
snowy, as Bloomf. prefers. --     v air7, i. e. the ditch. --  VrepEXovTem, so. abrod referring to the water.
CHAPTER XXIV.
1.?XC'povv —80v. S. ~ 181. 2. -       Epovc-av, leading. r —   7...;pqbov, the temiple of the hero Androcrates. He was an ancient Platmal
general of great fame.   - o(Tas refers to the Platscans, and airoVb
to the Peloponnesians.  The same may be said of the subjects oJ,uroroo7rv-at and rparrwo'aa. -     raarrv, sc. 26&v. -    rrpSb  KCaatp&va
towards Cithceron.  This mountain lay south of Platsea, and the Pelo
ponnesians supposed that as a matter of course, the fugitives woulc




CRAP. XXV.]                     NOTES.                               597
flee thither in order to reach by the nearest way the Eleusinian plain,
on their route to Athens, whereas they were pursuing for the time
being their course to the north towards Thebes.
2. riv rpbo.....'Yro-s, the road leading to the mountain towards
Erythrce and Hysice.  From  ErythrTs   a road passes between the Theban Ciths3ron and Mount Cithteron down into the Eleusinian plain,
and also into the plain of Megara.  Whether the Plateans took this
road, or passed along the more unfrequented mountain-paths, is of
course a matter of mere conjecture.  II Thucydides named the places
Erythran andl Hysie, in the order of their position to one going friom
Plattea, it is thought that their location on our maps should be reversed.  Their place on Kiepert's M}ap seems to be more consistent
with the account here given of the flight of the Platmeans, than that
which is assigned them on the other mnaps which I have seen.  For it
nust be remembered that their course was first, north, after which
they turned  off and took a south-easterly direction, which  would
bring them to these places in the order here mentioned. --           Xuof3dEYot, laving reached. --     dro 7rXet6dvoY.  Cf. III. 20. ~ 2. --   ET....
/XsAq71,. It is truly wonderful that only one man was lost in this
enterprise. Every thing appears to have been well planned, and executed also with great courage and self-possession.
3. Kacra Xcpav Eyevovro, came back to their station and there remcained. See N. on I. 18. ~ 2 (constructio prcegnans). --      -rrv N daro-pa7roavoov.  Cf. rLve  aofrhiv o  dirrerpdrrovro, ~ 2 supra...- -r o ov8ES
aEpier-, hoto that no one survived. -         r-oS VEKpOW is the dat. commnodi after dmvalpeo-rv.-   ewravoaVro  shows that Eo-7mE3ovro is used of
an action begun but not completed = they took measures to obtain a
truce,'pacisci in anirno habebant."  Gottl.
CHAPTER XXV.
Salethub a Lacedmmonian contrives to effect an entrance into Mytilene, and by the promise
of aid from the Peloponnesians, arouses the drooping spirits of the Mytilenians, and readers t. oem less inclined to listen to any proposals from the Athenians (~~ 1. 2).
I. KaTa( Xnappspav rvnai at a certain dry bed of a torrent, at a ravine.  -    lcXaSAv, eluding observation. ro   - 7r-oh   poE3pots, the magistracy, undoubtedly chosen from the aristocracy. So the Schol. roTr
PpXOVaL TOr)v MuTItXlval/ov. ---  IreL-Eorat —urapprovram t-L —rp oaT7rPre!7/~
van.  See N. on Ios E'm —iXsrrla elvat, III. 3. ~ 3. --  at reooapdKorrv
Cf. III. 16. ~ 3. --   Sr.... anrois, which wzoere to help them.'26*




598                             NOTES.                            [BooK IIL
2. 7rpoS wos.... y sr,, were less inclined to the Athenians; literally, had their minds less to the Athenians.  On the use of the article
in rqv y/vc7jv, see N. on III. 22. ~ 5.
CHAPTER XXVI.
The Peloponnesians despatch Alcidas with a fleet to the aid of the Mytilenians, and also
under the command of Cleomenes make an irruption into Attica (~~ 1, 2); the Athenian
territory is laid waste with unusual severity, until the failure of their provisions compels
the invading army to return home (~~ 3, 4).
1. Tro.... s;povr.  The events of this fifth year of the war are
detailed in chaps. 26-39, and the transactions of the summer arb conprised in chaps. 26-36.- -va....  vao. In ITI. 16. ~ 3; 25. ~ 1; 29.
~ 1; 69. ~ 1, the number of these ships is stated to be forty. Probably
in those places the round number is given; or forty was the designated
number, to which two more were added, and these last are overlooked
by the historian, who still continues to speak of the number originally
assigned to this enterprise.  -   vagrs....'AXK8av.  The construction
is, a7rTreLXtav'AXKt8av' xovraL rsa' va~s.  The existence of the two participles?'xovra and rrpooT-raavres   is somewhat troublesome to critics,
as one of them  appears to be redundant. Poppo compares Xen. Anab.
I. 2. ~ 21, ort TrpLpeLS.... K'pov) as an instance of a similar confusion
of construction.  Bloomf. however makes rrpo-ra~Eavres (sc. aur5v avraTs) explanatory  of E`xoraT  =  having in cha'rge forty-two ships as
commander.   -  rc-(ro.... JrrtLo307lov0v1, mZight the less send assistance against the fleet which had sailed to _iytilene.
2. KXkeoiLEveS Cleomenes, was the second  son of Pausanias, his:
elder brother being Pleistoanax the father of the young-king, who had
been exiled from  Sparta (II. 21. ~ 1).    - vewre;pov  rtc, being yet too
young to govern.  See N. on I. 107. ~ 2.
3. E' rt  f3qe3XaarTjKeL, whatever had sprouted out or sprung  up
again.  Reference is had to sprouts from  the stumps of trees, blades
of grain from seed accidentally scattered, and whatever else sprouted
out, or grew up spontaneously from  the soil. -             fzer-'7rv  evrm-ipav.
Cf. II. 55-57.
4.?rtLe'voOvreT.... 7re7repatcosEvcov, for waiting in continual expecta.
tion  of hearing something from  Lesbos, (viz.) that their feet had
achieved something.  del belongs to  reveo-rvat, and rt is explained by
ra.... 7re7pLepat(oLeve0L.o




chAP. XXVIII.]                  N O TE S.                               599
CHAPTER XXVII.
The Mytilenians are compelled to come to terms with the Athenians (~ 1); for Salethus
himself despairing of the arrival of the Peloponnesian fleet, armed the common people for
a sally, who on receiving their arms refused obedience to the magistracy (~~ 2, 3).
1. 8ta rabe, for the following reasons.
2. 7rporepov.tLXorv ovra, being before light-armed, not without arms,
as Hobbes strangely renders it.  The oligarcllical party in Mytilene
had withheld the heavy armor from the common people, in order the
more effectually to keel) them  in a state of subordination.  As soon,
however, as Salmthus distributed arms among them, with the design
of leading them against the enemy, they shook off the yoke of their
superiors, and assumed themselves the functions of government.
3.  KarT    kvXXoyovs re yLyvoLEvot, being collected in groups, as is
usual in seditious gatherings, where plans of action are discussed and
matured. Cf. Xen. Anab. V. 7. ~ 1. We find $vorrria-6Es instead of
~vXX6yovs in II. 21. ~ 2.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
The magistracy are therefore compelled in these circumstances to capitulate to the Athenians,
to be treated as it might be determined at Athens (~ 1); those who had been in correspondence with the Lacedvembnians flee to the temples, but being induced to come forth, are
sent to Tenedos to await the decision of the Athenians respecting them (~~ 2, 3).
1. oL Ev ros 7rpdyagm.taoLv, those in power =  the macgistrates. -
ovres depends on yvdrres.  See N. on I. 25. ~ 1.-    r 6Vi ~v  (iorsr, the
agreement, the terms, on which the commons were about to surrender
themselves up to the Athenians. - K- KtcvaVevooIreS is dependent upon
yvdvres.   -   Tre =  on condition that.  Cf. Mt. ~~ 479. a; 629. --
P.ov vcrat.... ovXcovraL, to determine as they please concerning the
iMyjtilenians. -- ai7robr-MvrtXj7vatov.   The  more  natural order
would have been MvrtXr7valovs-arov. --             v.... @..  Atcoot, but in the
meanwhile until they should return.  Reference is had to the 3Mytilenian embassy to Athens.
2. oi  e.... AKeSatumo ovtovsr but those who had held commnunication
with the Lacedcemonians. -    7rept6eeis, in great fear, principally ot
the Athenians, but in part, perhaps, of their own citizens, who would
be disposed to blame them  as the authors of the present calamity.
j —-;     zev the city. — o      K;'XVEOXOvTO, "they could not restrain




600                             NOTES.                            [BooK III,
themselves."  Bloomf.'- d1uCs, i. e. although assurances of safety
had been given to them  by Paches, yet they fled to the temples and
sat, etc. The preposition gives to the verb the idea of previous motion.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2.-   avamcrIo(ras  aSroos.  See N. on I. 126.
~ 11.   - fi ore  rl aL&Kcj-caa, on condition of doing them no injury.
3. "'Arvrtoarv.  Antissa lay on the west side of the island.7rporEKrr}o-aTo.  See N. on I. 114. ~ 3.         KairTo-aro D arcj EaUoKEL,
he adjusted in the way he thought best.
CHAPTER XXIX.
In consequence of their inaction, the Peloponnesians in the forty ships do not reach the
Asiatic coast until some days after the capitulation of Mytilene (~ 1); at which time they
hold a consultation in respect to their future movements (~ 2).
1. 7rXeovrE.... eva&Erp,+avJ, wasted time in sailing about Peloponnesus.  They ought to have crossed the 4E]gean without any delay.Tov a'XXov 7rXov, the rest of the voyage.        r r-XoXaoot is taken adverbially.  See N. on I. 134. ~ 1. --  E'K rr rrdkoXEo, i. e. in Athens.  For
the use of e'K (=  ev), see N. on III. 22. ~ 4. --      c'OXov (= rrpoo-E-Xov).
See N. on II. 25. ~ 3.- adr' avrrTr, i. e. from  Delos. -'IKapc  Kai
MVKOdr).  The relative position of these islands is inverted, since to
one sailing from  Peloponnesus to Lesbos, Myconus comes first.
EaXcOKe, was ta/ken, is the Att. perf. of 6XiOrKo/pat.
2. Tr  MvrLXjrv  EaXcOKVla, yfrom the time of the capture of Mytilene.
See N. on rTaVTr, I. 13. ~ 4. --- EK T&j   rapo'vrov, in the present circumstances.
CHAPTER XXX.
reutiaplus an Eleian urges upon Alcidas the attempt to retake Mytilene by a sudden assault
(~ 1), on the ground that the usual negligence with which a place just captured is guarded,
renders it easy to be retaken by a sudden attack, and such an achievement would exemplify what are called the unexpected turns of war (~~ 2, 3).
1. ardpeco-ev.  The first person is used here to include the speaker
himself in the number of those who are addressed. --    7rptv E'Kr&rroVr yevE(crat, before we are heard of, i. e. before it is known that we
are in this quarter.  -        rrep e'xoev,  just as we are, i. ce. without
any delay.  Cf. Xen. Anab. IV. 1. ~ 19.  These words belong to 7XAtZP
eas.  The speaker had doubtless in his eye the usual dilatoriness of




CUaP. XXXI.]                   NOTES.                                601
the Spartans, which rendered them incapable of making a rapid movement, such as would enable them to surprise an enemy.
2. Kar.... evplJrooY ev, for it is likely that we shallfind great want
of watchfulness (literally, muich u.nguadedness), such as is natural to
mnenl who have just takedn a city.  I have with Goel. and K(rg. made
davp&ov to depend on ro cifrvXaKrov.  Cf. Poppo, Suppl. Adnot. p. 190.
----   KaT  rv  dXaacrrav.  The corresponding sentence is  lK69s he Kal
T'o 7reOlv avrCov.
3. tETir rwv'V aov, with the aid of those within, i. e. of the iMytilenians, who espoused the Peloponnesian cause, as appears from  the next
clause, Et rt s.... evovo. - -L Ha a7roKYKu~jOl-Ev.  S. 218. ~ 2.-  vo/toavres.... roto-rov, thinking that (what is called) the unexjpected turn
of war is nothing else than some such thing as this.  g refers to ro KaLv6v, and is dependent on 4vXdoa —otro.  The various interpretations of
this passage I must pass over for the sake of brevity, having adopted
the one which on the whole seems to be least liable to objections.
-     rt.... av 3opoiro.  Cf. S. ~ 215. 1.-  roie 7roXkE/OLE  Evopnv)
= Ev rTOS rroXEloLE Opepoy.
CHAPTER XXXI.
This advice of Teutiaplus is rejected by Alcidas, whereupon others urge him to make a
descent upon Ionia, and to endeavor to bring about its revolt, or at least to diminish the
revenue and increase the expense of the Athenian state (~ 1); but this advice he also
rejects and determines to sail back to Peloponnesus (~ 2).
1. aXXot Nl rT7LVS  K. r. X.  Bloomf. rightly supposes that these refugees were favorers of the aristocracy, who had been driven out on
that account by the Athenians and the democratical party.  They
were evidently persons of rank, or they would not have been admitted
to this council of war.  The Lesbians here mentioned were most
likely the ambassadors spoken of in III. 5. ~ 4; 8. ~ 1, who were now
on their return from  Peloponnesus. -            Ec7rELr.... ofEraL = since
he feared this as too dangerous.  "There is something pointed, not to
say pungent, in the turn; it being almost tantamount to calling Alcidas coward."  Bloomf. -          E`K 7roXeWE   O 5pOPZlrot i. e. making a city
the base of operations.  See N. on I. 64. ~ 2.-          OvE&vl yap rlaKoVloE
dqaXZal Kf. T. X. This exceedingly obscure passage probably will never
be interpreted in a wayi free from  objections, since the MSS. differ
much, and the exceeding brevity renders it necessary to supply some
words, which cannot be elicited readily from the context. There is no
lifficulty with the construction of o3Evl e.... dtXZat, for his arrival




602                           NOTES.                       [Booa III
had bee~n unwelcome to no one, the yhp serving to introduce the clause
as a reason for eXTrlSa 8' enval  (sc. fEbaor-a), and they said that there,was hope (of success). In the words following, I am of the opinion,
(1) that the reading of Dindorf (avTobv  only being changed to avrogS)
is sustained by the best authority and makes the best sense, which is
no small evidence in its favor; and (2) that the apodosis commences
with  relroretv rE o'Eo-Tat) unless some words are lost from the passage,
which of course we can never know with certainty.  From this reading and construction we may derive the following translation: and if
they could deprive the Athenians of this revenue (viz. the revenue
derived from Ionia), which was the greatest they p3ossessed, and if at
the same time they (i. e. the Lacedaemonians, Lesbians, and Ionians)
could obtain (from Ionia) the means (literally, the expense) necessary
to carry on the war against them (i. e. the Athenians), they t/7o:ught
that they could persuade, etc.  JEqopWoueov  agrees with o(lo-t, and is
followed in the dative (S. ~ 202. 1) by av'rois referring to the Athenians. Some read r~opmoDaltv (participle of E'Oopheto) av7rols, and render7
if they (i. e. the Athenians) might be at expense while Dwatching tiiem;
(i. e. the Peloponnesians).  But this idea would be implied in the loss
of the revenue, which is referred to in the previous clause, and would
seem  therefore like a repetition of the same sentiment, whereas in
addition to the loss of their revenue, and the increase of expenditure
in maintaining the war in those parts, their enemies would be all tho
while deriving their resources from  the countries (which had beenl
tributary to Athens), and thus there would be a twofold inducement
for the Persian satrap to take part in the war.  It would be presnruption in me to suppose that this interpretation will receive the assent
of all.  Yet on the whole, I cannot but think that it is the least
objectionable of any which has yet been given to the passage. The
reading and pointing of Goel. and Kriig. is worth citing: /iv Efioptaatv, auro   &ma7rrarvr  [olro-tJ yltyvrrat. -    Illtaowovrv.  See N. on I.
l15.-~ 4.
3. roT  XEleTrov r   y7vcb1qrt ELXEv, felt most inclined.  In respect to
the construction, some govern ro' rXe7ino-V   by Karn understood, and
make rl 7yvc;o/lg depend on Elxev, he owas mostly of the mind.  But
there is no necessity for this, for ro 7rXEi-crk o  T7Jov     vV C/77/   =  7lJv Xrkel
OTr)v yivct1v.  ~- g       p..... rpOCo-tTat.  This Alcidas was evidently a
most inefficient commander.  Had he possessed the energy and tact
of Brasidas, a very different result might have been expected from
this expedition.




CHAP. XXXIII.]                   NOTES.                                 603
CHAPTER XXXII.
On his way home Alcidas touches at Myonnesus, and there puts to death the greater portion
of his prisoners (~ 1); putting in at Ephesus he is expostulated with by the Samian
ambassadors for this cruel and impolitic act, and is prevailed upon to liberate the rest of
the prisoners (~~ 2, 8).
1. 7rnp6ErXle, hIe sailed calong the Ionian coast. -    wrpo-rXo'v. See N.
on III. 29. ~ 1. o- 1vovvo-), fijonnesus, lay about midway between
Teios and Lebedos, on a small rocky peninsula, which would be very
easy to touch at in a coasting voyage fiomI ErythrT to Ephesus. -
7ovE altXaXorovdCr-areo(aeE 7Tor groXXnovsr, Ihe butcltered the captives,
the most (of them).  There is no need of constructing 7rovs aiXuaXc&rTov
according to the formula quod attinet ad, as -rons 7roXXovsr is in partitive apposition with it, and both are dependent upon the verb.  In
respect to this cruel massacre, cf. II. 67. ~ 4 (end).
2. oV K.aX..... arTdv.  The LacedTmonians had given themselves
out as the liberators of Greece.  Cf. II. 8. ~ 4.        or- Eov   XeLpaC avraLpopevovr, not lifting up their hands against, i. e. ]having performed no
hostile act.  They were not voluntary enemies of the Peloponnesians.
8. 6pCorrev yhp K. T. X.  The manner in which Alcidas came by
his prisoners is here explained.  The men had approached the ships
under the impression that it was an Athenian fleet, as nothing was
more remote from  their thought, than the idea that Lacedemonian
vessels would venture into those parts. ---- /rr ore —raap[3akXev. See
N. on I. 10. ~ 1 (end).
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Alcidas sails homeward with all speed for fear of being intercepted by the Athenian fleet
(~ 1); and this fear was not groundless, for intelligence having been received by Paches
the Athenian admiral, that the Ionian cities were in danger, he sailed forthwith in pursuit
of the Peloponnesian fleet, but did not succeed in overtaking it (~~ 2, 8).
1.  aXataktvLaV KaL IlnapaXov.  These ships seem  to have been employed in the collecting of tribute, in carrying ambassadors to and fro,
in conveying those who went to Delos or other places for religious
purposes, in watching the motions of the enemy, and in any stateservice where expedition was required.  They were manned by freeborn citizens of Athens, and when employed (as they sometimes were)
fin sea-fighlts, carried the admiral of the fleet.. -     Et....   6p/v w/hile?yet lying at Icarus.  On the conjecture of Poppo (Observ. in Thucyd,




604                             NOTES.                            [BooK IIL
c. 14. p. 229), arepl'IKapov has been adopted by all the leading editors
for 7repl KXcdpov, which Arnold and 1{riiger still retain as the true read.
ing.      8;coatv by Paches.         rreXacyovr, i.e. the AEgean sea. —&s....  IeXho7vvrov(,    with the intention  of touching  (Mt. ~ 568; S.
~ 225. t) at no other land thacn Peloonnesus.  EKOVrLOS  (= E-KO vLOE,
S. ~ 134. 1), of his own will, i. e. unless compelled by necessity.
2. Kal duro Tjr'Evp2paasr, even from Frythqrc. -          Ei Kal s, if even
thus.  us  has reference to dremXlrov....'Iovlas. --           rop&co'Ltv....
rFosEI., should assault and destroy the cities; literally, should destroy at
the same time that they attacked the cities. The rapidity and completeness of the destruction is expressed in this employment of the verb
and the participle preceded by alja.  Cf. S. ~ 225. N. 1.-           aurayyyeXoL
8' aurbov iSaoaaL, themselves who had seen him bringing the tidings.
3. 6 (8, i. e. Paches. -   67r orrovSj-s =  crrovrS.  E-    e KTarXak7ret,
within reach. --   E)atvEro refers to Alcidas, and ETraveXoJpet to Paches.
Poppo denies that fE'alvlEro can be referred to Alcidas, as his name has
not been mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and therefore would
employ the verb impersonally, or supply raL 7rpay/ara as being somewhat indistinctly in the mind of the writer.  But the pronoun avrdr,
which can refer to no one but the commander of the fleet, is found in
the preceding context, and if it had not been, the idea of an admiral
or commander is so inseparable from that of a fleet, that a reference to
him is perfectly natural and intelligible, even though his name has not
been mentioned in the context immediately preceding.-   irt....
7rapao'XELv, because being nowhere shut up, they were not compelled to
formz an encampment, and  thus impose upon them  (okrso-t, i. e. the
Athenians) the necessity of watching them  and maintaining a blockade. The negative in oubalzoO belongs also to the verb. The construction is harsh and obscure.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Paches coasting along touches at Notium, in which place the Colophonians had taken refuge
when the upper city was taken by Itamenes (~ 1); but they had fallen into dissensions,
and some having called in to their aid Arcadians and others, got possession of a part of the
place, on account of which the other faction call in Paches to their assistance (~ 2); he
treacherously seizes and confines Iippias the Arcadian commnander, and by a sudden and
unexpected assault gets possession of the place, and puts to death the Arcadians, Barbarians, and Ilippias (~ 3); after which he makes the place a colony (~ 4).
1. rS......eXcoKVaS, when the 2upp3er city was taken.  The city lay
about two miles from the sea, on a high situation, being connected
to Notium  its harbor by means of long walls. --     Kara urc'roav l1av,




CHAP. XXXV.]                   NOTES.                                605
6 introduced'without any public authority for the purposes of a party
Cuarrel." Arnold.  Kriiger and Arnold correctly read 3l[a.  -? bEvrC'pa-es  rev'ArrtLK'v.  Cf. II. 47. ~ 1.
2. ot Kcarafvyodvrr Kal KarotLKoavreVs, " qui eo confugesant et ibi
domicilia posuerant."  Poppo.-    audsr in reference to the previous
factions in the upper city (~ 1). -'ApKacov.  " The Arcadians were
the Swiss of Greece, and ready to take pay of any who would hire
them."  Bloomf. --       LarTEctXo-a Lt.  This refers to a place walled off,
and fortified by a castle or fortress. -    &f roXtreVr, took part in the
public affairs, engaged in the politics of the place. -       o aE', i. e. those
composing the other faction. -           v7rereXSvT-resr ro'r-ovs,'withdrawing
from  them.  The accusative is employed instead of the separative
gehitive, because the object of the verb denotes persons and not place.
3. 65  i 7rpoKakXeO-aFcvo  is repeated by 5 8' (opposed to 5  e'v), and
belongs therefore to EXerv.  This construction, which Kiihner (Jelf's
edit. ~ 708. 3) calls a rhetorical anacoluthon, is employed to denote
that the person designated by 65 tfev, is to be considered as the principal agent. -     co-rre.  See N. on III. 28. ~ 1. --    avrbv CKacTraolTOretv
to replace him, to restore him.      ~&- 0ov Kai dyta. So we say, scafe and
sound, uninjured in liJt or limb, meaning, in these expressions, freedom  from  all harm.  -    5 8'....eI'xev.  Mitford very properly denounces this act of treachery and cruelty, as marring with a blot of
eternal infamy a character otherwise of some glory.  The baseness of
the deed is enhanced by the miserable contrivance of appearing to
keep his word in bringing back Hippias, according to his promise, and.
then immediately putting himn to death.  r- 3 retLX'lyarts refers to
the same fortified place as aLareiXLtGa above. --    aipe Notium.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Paches returns again to Mytilene, and having reduced several places to submission, send.
Salkethus and such of the Mytilenians as appeared to be boncerned in the revolt, to Athens,
and also sends back the greater part of his army (~ 1); with the rest he remains to settle
the affairs of Lesbos (~ 2).
1. 7rapero-Troaro. Cf. 1. 29. ~ 5. T — rot.... Karero0. Cf. 111.'28.
~ 2.  Here again Paches broke his word, inasmuch as these Mlytilenians were to remain in Tenedos, until the pleasure of the Athenians
respecting them was known.  He did this, probably, in order that the
larger part of the Athenian forces might be relieved from duty at Lesbos.
2. Ka2to-rraro —?7 avrT6 EdOaKEL.  See N. on II. 28. ~ 3. --- aXXv in
reference to Mytilene.




606                              NOTES.                             [BooR III
CHAPTER XXXVI.
_alsethus is put to death immediately upon his arrival at Athens (~ 1), and afterwards the
Athenians decree, that all the male adults of the Mytilenians shall be put to death, and the
women and children sold into slavery (~ 2), which decree they forthwith despatch to
Paches (~ 3); remorse however seizes upon them for this bloody measure, and a second
assembly is held on the next day, at which, after the expression of various opinions on both
sides of the question, Cleon comes forward and addresses the assembly (~~ 4-6).
1.  OrTLv a arapex4teevov, promising certain things.  See N. on I. 65.
~ 3. --       rT akXXa Kai, and among other' things.  a'XXa refers to the
other promises made by Salsthus, and included in the phrase Eortv i'.
2. eoaeP avrois-e-rTLKaXovVTre.  The participle here refers to the
subject logically implied in Eotev av'rots    they thought. Cf. K. ~ 313.
1.  The reverse of this construction (i. e. a participle in the dative, to
conform  to  the construction E'8otev asr-C  implied in the leading expression) is found in I. 62. ~ 3.  In respect to the murderous decree
here spoken of, we might have supposed that Cleon was the chief
author of it, even had we not been so informed by Thucydides (cf. ~ 6
infra). --       rov  ar7ravrav MvrtLXskvaTovS.  The article with rrnvres shows
that the substantive to which it belongs, is to be considered as a whole
in distinction firom its parts.  Cf. K. ~ 246. 5. /.        E'rtKanXocvreTs...
ardorracrv, considering the revolt as heinous in other respects (a'XXqrv in
reference to the circumstance here about to be mentioned, viz. their
freedom  from  the galling subjection of the other allies). -           oVK....
E7ro7Jocravro, because they had mzade it, not being governed as the others,
i. e. being treated with less rigor by the Athenians than were the
other subject states. --   7rpoo-vvei3dXero..... o6per, contributed  besides not a little to their wrath.  The verb is in the singular because
the subject vrer.... 7rapaKtvovveo —al   is used as a single idea, the ships
daring to venture into Ionia, etc.  For the genitive  5dpui.s, cf. Jelf's
Kiihn. ~ 535; S. ~ 191. 1. -    oV....&avolas  =  wqoith  mnuch previous
deliberation.
4. /LerTdoa d r TLE  "a sort of comlpunction.'    Bloomf. -        / c y, sc.
elval. This ellipsis of the infinitive is rare. Cf. Jelf's Kuhn. ~ 376.
Obs. (end). -     Ae';ya seems to be joined to  toi/rv by a sort of hendiadys = cruel beyond measure, " enormously cruel." Bloomf. --   aLXXov
ovn. See N. on II. 62. ~ 3.
5. roVs s T rEXeC  may refer to the prytanes or to the ten generals
of the state, who -on extraordinary occasions pertaining especially to
war, had the power of convening an assembly.  -    r'vbrsXov 7v BovX'd.
evov ro 7rXEov =  ev3qXov'p Or To  7rXe'ov?0odXero.




onP". XXXVII.]                NOTES.                              607
6. c'b' &Kaorrcov, i. e. by each party, according as they took sides
with or against the Mytilenians. -       ooTrE adoKcr-TKvaL.  See N. on I.
34. ~ 3.       7- T e.  7rtLOaJTlaTO. and by.far the  most influential,
at that time, with the commnon people.
CHAPTERS XXXVIt.-XL.
In these chapters we have the speech of Cleon in the assembly, which
was convened to decide whether the murderous decree of the previous assembly, respecting the Mytilenians, should be carried into effect or rescinded. The speech is characterized by all the beauties and defects of the
Thucydidean style, being nervous, pointed, compressed, and as a natural
result of this last quality, in many places confused adlld obscure.  But in
its sentiment and moral features it is very unlike any speech, which has
yet been introduced to our notice in this history.  It is just what we
might expect from a violent, boastful, arrogant, shallow demagogue like
Cleon, and for all the qualities of fierce denunciation, malicious inuendoes,
biting sarcasim, and malignant cruelty, in my judgment, has no parallel
in this whole history. If I were to characterize its great and leading idea.,
I would name it a most bitter onset upon the enlightened and conservative
policy which marked the administration of Pericles, and which after his
death was advocated and defended by others. The mad schemes of such
turbulent and short-sighted politicians as Cleon had already been foisted
upon the body politic, in the time of the great orator and statesman just
mentioned, and had embittered his closing life, and now their ruinous influence began to be seen and felt in bad-planned expeditions, impolitic severity towards their allies, and a forfeiture of the honor of the state,
whenever it seemed necessary to promote its immediate and temporary
aggrandizement.  A policy so prejudicial to the real welfare of the state,
could not but awaken the most determined opposition from the wise and
patriotic, and hence Cleon seizes this occasion to inveigh in the coarsest
and most virulent terms against these political opponents, who were as far
above him in all statesmanlike qualities, as they were in real worth and
patriotismo
It is unnecessary to say more of the character of Cleon in tlhis place,
as the reader will be made well acquainted with it by the masterly delineation of our historian. Suffice it to say, that such bustling, noisy, and
selfish demagogues have been common in every republic, and may be regarded as the weeds, which spring up with rank spontaneous growth from
the soil of freedom, serving to show  its richness, and depth, and how
abundant a harvest of the chcscest productions may be expected from proper culture and attentionm




608                               NOTES.                             [BooK I1f
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Aleon begins his speech by repeating his conviction of the inefficiency of democracy to govern others (~ 1); he upbraids the easiness, freedbom front suspicion, and magnanimity of
the Athenians, as means adopted to secure the obedience of the allies, who, it should be
remembered, are only submissive so far as they are made to feel the superior power of the
governing state (~ 2); bad laws carried into effect are to be preferred to good ones which
are never put in force (~ 3); he blames the readiness with which they listen to their orators, who, arrogantly assuming to be wiser than the laws, seize upon every occasion to
show off their rhetorical powers, whereas those of modest worth, who bow to the supremacy of law, are the men whose judgment is to be relied on (~~ 4, 5).
1. eyV&.   adpXeav, i. e. E'YvcOv O'r aUdvarov 4EOti 8qlLOKparTav EIEpow
pXecv.  The subject of a'pXEL  is &8)oKparlav, which by a very comnmnon species of attraction  is made the object of eyYcwv.  See N. on I.
72. ~ 1.
2. ad.....Xe're, for on accorunt of your security in  your daily in.
tercourse, and freedom from  treachery tozwards one another, you thinnk
that the same disposition, exists in your allies (towards you).  r3 ar-o
refers to da8ES Kal daVErrL3OUXEVroV.  The same disposition is attributed
to the Athenians in II. 37. ~ 2, and to the Lacedvimonians in I. 68. ~ 1.
- -irE.  Regularity of construction would have been better preserved by Eivavres.  -   OVK E7rrKtvausVco  K T. T..  Construct, oVX   ydEtare  fAaXaK'teooat (v/iiS) E7rTKtVUpcosVO   Es VLa  Kat OVK  D s-Xdptv.   In
respect to Kagt OvK, cf. Mt. ~ 608 (end).,vumcoiXw  is the objective
genitive. --     OT;t rvpacwVtLa  K. T. X.  See N. on II. 63. ~ 2.  -     Kal
r         apbs....apXovoHV, and over those who are themselves plotting against
[you] and are governed reluctantly, i. e. submit with reluctance to
your dominion.  The o2 which follows is omitted in nmany MSS., but
how the sentence can then be constructed is beyond my knowledge.
co a  =   ~ EKEYvcov (= -8' CFidva) a'. -        The participle iXa7-rrdevrot (with which avrot is to be joined) is to be taken with Xapfti6-,re~ and not with adcpo&wraL,  as the Schol. teaches, for this clause is
responsive  to    rlK      vavS......1aXaK:;CEo-aL   supra. -       s T or= —e
EKEWOVV a", of which the relative limits WreptyEvSo-E as the accusative
synecdochical.
3. v —rr;ps, i. 0. T. epV.-  atvrPToes,  unditurbed,   i. e. suffered to remain in force.  The question  before the assembly had  no reference to a change of laws, but simply of a decree which  had been
passed without due deliberation. It was the reconsideration of a vote
which had been just taken, and therefore the remarks of Cleon about
the injurious consequence of a change of laws were wholly inapplicable. ---  rpos, in comparison w)ith.  See N. on II, 62.. 3.




CHAP. XXXVIII.]                   n OTES.                                  609
4. ol /ae'v (i. e. oi $vvercorepoc) yap  r7sov K. r. X.  In this fling upon
men of superior education and  ability, as though  they of all others
were  least observant of law, and  placed  their own  understanding
above it, the speaker betrays the real demagogue, paying homage to
ignorance, and pandering to the lowest classes of the community, by
attributing to them  alone love of country, and the impartiality necefr
sary to a right judgment in respect to public measures. --   T'v,...
7reptgycyerboat, and to surpass every thing that is at any tinme (dl) said
for the public good, i. e. to  get the upper hand in whatever is said,
and secure the adoption of their own  plans and counsels, however
wise and salutary may have been those advanced  and  defended by
others. --..... yvCErV0.1  Interpreters are divided in respect to the
meaning of hso, some taking it in the sense of arE-, qui2pe quod, inasmuch as they could not evince their talent in matters of greater consequence; others giving it the sense of quasi, as if they could not show
off in other weightier matters, i. e. displaying their abilities on every
occasion, as if they were never to have another and a better opportunity.  This comports better with  the tone of irony  (or I might
rather say the abusive slang), indulged by the speaker in reference to
his political opponents.  Cs —ovK a  bX(ko'avres  =   e El o0K  rav atXcdaemav.  Cf. Mt. ~ 596. b; S. ~~ 215. 5;. 225. ~ 4.-    Kptral-adro rov
taov, impartial judges.
5.  s =- ovros. -       $ —-  veoE' Jy&~v,  " a rivalry  or -prize-fighting
in talent."  Bloomf.  -    7rapt aod$av, contrary to our belief.
CHAPTER XXXVIII..
the speaker professes his adherence to his former opinion in respect to the Mytilenian decree,
and wonders at the proposal for a second debate, which cannot but be beneficial to the
Mytilenians rather than to themselves, and the advocates for which must either prove that
injuries brought upon the state are beneficial, or gain their ends by misleading and blinding the people (~~ 1, 2); of this state of things so injurious to the commonwealth the people are themselves the cause, who listen with eager pleasure to the haranges of their orators, and judge of things by their representations rather than in the light of facts and sober
reason (~~ 3, 4); each one is willing to be deceived, and if he cannot aspire to eratory himself, strives to show his high relish and appreciation of it by blindly assenting tc every thing
which is said, and thus sitting rather as a spectator of sophists than as a judge of what will
be the best for the state (~~ 5-7).
1. 6 aVrsr-  T  yrVJsr.  See N. on II. 61. ~ 2.  The construc tion is
varied frome that employed in I. 140. ~ 1. -- 3avufclco /Iel -V rTo    oeverrov, I wonder at those wtho have proposed.  S. R 193. N. 2.
rrpos rc, 7,8lLqKoroov,.  See N. on  II. 86. ~ 5 (end). -         y fUiXXo  than




610                            NOTES.                         [BooK III,
of us who are the injured party. This omnitted clause of the comparison would be implied in'the emphasis with which   3LKr Kodrcov was
spoken. --   6   p..... erreepyxerat, for he wt7ho sTffers (wrong) visits it
upon the doer with ca more blunted ~resenztment, i. e. a resentment mollihed by time. -         alcv~vaco-aL is the subject of avaXanpa'vec.  For the
omission of the article, see N. on II. 87. ~ 5. ---'rc 7rvasr v depends
onY E-y-yvradro KElEVov, which Arnold lmakes equivalent to iyyvr acKOXovSoav, just as in Homer, eyy1J ev EWX.Ev is followed by the dative,
because it is taken as one word e7yyilo.  v- arlvaXov, equ2ally balasnced (with the injury), belongs to atLvvaroaL.  Somne would erase ov
and join dvarrraXov to rtlopliav.        ra-.... KantoTrahievaK, that our
misfortunes are an i12jury to the allies, i. e. that the prosperity of the
allies is so bound up in ours, that no example of terror like the one
now decreed, is necessary to hold themn attached to our interest.  The
absurdity of such a view was manifest, as the interest of the Athenians and that of their allies were vastly dissimilar.  Hence this paradox, to be proved by the gainsayers of the decree which had just
been passed, is joined to the previous one, viz. that the injuries done
to the Athenians by the Mytilenians were beneficial to the party injured.  Kantrcratrncvan  depends on drwoqbaxlvc.  See N. on II. 20. ~ 4.
2. r) XEyEtv.... (17cov-aLTr' Iv, (relying upon his eloquence, he must
strive to show, that what has been positively decreed (referring to the
Mytilenian decree) has not in the least been deterinined on.  The argument here advances from  the proof of what is absurd to that of an absolute falsehood, as being necessary to the support of the views of the
opposite party.  The next clause,?.... 7retpaceraTL  contains the only
remaining way of nullifying the decree just made, viz. to lead the people astray by false and specious argumnents. --   1EK7ronvaS)  having
elaborated.  The object is ro EV'-pemris.
3. dycdovwv. Notice the agonistical terms made use of by the speaker.
In the previous section we had Clycovrio-Tro, and here we meet with
dycyc, v and CTIXa, while in tIe next section is ayWovoETrovTrE.
ErepoLs refers covertly to the orators.   a- cLrTq, i.. e     7 roXLts.
avmaepem)  carries of, as one bears away a prize.  Cf. Bloomlf.  The
word conforms to the metaphor contained in aycdvcov and LaXa.
4.  aKKaS CtYWV0oSoeroTVre, "qui mqClalos arbitros taliuin certaminuz?
yes prcestatis.   Poppo.  -       aral 1Ev rT  kXdyov-dKpoarat 8B rTv'pycwv, spectators of the words and hearers of the deeds, i. e. you place
such confidence in the orators, tlhat their assertions are to you as tlle
-ery sight of the deeds, while tlhe acts which come unlder your own
knowledge, you regard as the objects of mlele  hearsay.  This sense
wccords with iT-!ee.... ErTLLd77avracvnV, whiclh is epexegetical of the




CHAP. XXXVIII.]                NOTES.                               611
preceding proposition. --   rs  8vvra- ytyveorr-a, as to the possibility
of their taking place, is to be taken with rh.... fcpyla, to which -r 8b
Trevrpay/l;va  &'bq (depending on  rKoWrovvres.  Cf. Mt. ~ 427. Obs. 3) is
opposed.-         rTo Bpaco-.l.  In solne editions we find r-  -eane;v, and
so it is cited in Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 368. b. ---  gIAEL is to be taken with r5
apaoEv, in the sense of a fact which is witnessed by one's own eyes,
and Xaf3d'rreT (which belongs also to the second proposition) may
have the sense of broXaT30vrer.  Gottl. and some others construct O'VEt
with Xafd3vrer in the sense of perceivinzg, seeing with the nmind's eye.
But this seems to be a far-fetched explanation, and makes Ob'+e of
little use, whereas by constructing it with ro 8pura-E2v it has great elnphasis. O- Tb aKovO-ZEv is opposed to ro 8paaEZv.
5. wrawraor2aL a'ptorrot, easiest to be deceived.  8- CeboKeao-GEvov.
Supply Xo'yov, as the antithesis clearly teaches. -           e vvE7&reo-Sas'I;EXetv depends on apto-rrol, which with /z may be rendered mnost reluctaClnt, ve'ry backwc~ard. ---  rC  dEi  a6droC- =- of every paradox which
mCay be advanced.
6. etirev' —tavao'a t, to have the ability to speak (as an orator). —
lrvTaycovC)  geLoeLo...O. yvrby, contending with  those who speak, thuTs [so
far as] not to appear to be following in the rear of the sentimenzt (uttere(l by them).  The idea seems to be that, while they had not the faculty of giving utterance to their sentiments, yet they were unwiliing
to al)pear to have less quickness of parts to investigate and see the
bearings of the points of discussion than the speakers themselves.
Thus in their eagerness to avoid the appearance of receiving facts and
theories second-hand f'omn  their orators, they assented without any
consideration or reflection to every thing which was advanced.  By
roLaura Kriiger would understand aTrora from  iTr&roov, in ~ 5; but I
an inclined to refer it to the eloquence to which the persons here
spoken of could not attain.  The plural avrayovLoLEevLot follows fovXo/,Evos, because E'Kaoros is taken collectively.  These participles are
all to be referred back to al'reot bJ eiE or oroI'rtLes  eW3care,  ~ 4.aoKele   depends on divrayoyLd/levot, and 7,- yv7vi  follows aKoXovSuo-at.
--- no..... rpoe7raLtvI'aL, and to be quick to assert what is said, even
before the speaker has fully announced his position.  I fully agree with
BlooUmf., that 0i;oas is to be constructed with the infinitives, and that
AkyovroS (sc. rLVOS) depends on the  irpo- in composition.  This gives
an apt sense, and is certainly in accordance withll the extreme brevity
of the author.  Goel., Poppo, and Arnold, take O'coE  with XEyovros,
in the sense of cleverly, pointedly, as opposed to what is in accordance with  a sound judgment.    -  rpoato-froS-ac   follows  rpdaovptot
which depends on f3ovXo4evo to be supplied from the preceding con



612                               NOTES.                             [Boos IIT
text. ---- rpoojcaL 3paSaELs.  As the Athenians could not wish to be
slow in foreseeing the consequences of events, the participle A3ovXoIEVOLt, supplied in the preceding proposition, is to be displaced here for
one signifying apt or inclined  to fo2resee slowly.  This whole passage
is fraught with difficulties, and it would require more space than my
limits will allow, to bring forward the various interpretations which it
has received.
7.  7?rovYrnE.... C.,ev, seeking  after something  else, so  to spea~k
than what pertains to common life.       e'v ot- = S    EKELVO Ev CA.  Gottl.
Poppo refers to Mt. ~ 437. Ohs. 3, to which I would add Jelf's Kiihn.
~ 820. 2. /, as giving the best solution of the construction. Bloomf,
says that the plural is employedl, because the Athenian form  of government is often designated by the plural 7rpay[tara, to which  the relative is here  accommodated in number. -               r75v rraporWov refers to
the same things as e'v otS Kioev. X- ~X-j-o'rCoeevot, being absolutely overcome.  Betant gives to crrX&sr here the sense vet paucis com2pectce, but I doubt whether it is the true one in this passage. -
aootforTov,earars, spectators of sophists, i. e. auditors of those who
made it their business to teach rhetoric.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
The Mytilenians are charged with having injured the Athenians more than any other city,
and that too, when they had no occasion to revolt (~~ 1, 2); regardless of the example of
their neighbors, who had revolted and were punished for so doing, actuated by ambition
and presumption and inflated by their good fortune, they seized what appeared to them
the most favorable opportunity, and attacked the Athenians (~~ 8, 4); had they received,
as they ought, no better treatment than the other allies, they would never have become
so insolent, and therefore the most signal punishment should now be inficted upon them
all (~~ 5, 6); a discrimination ought to be msade between the allies who revolt from compulsion, and such as do so voluntarily, or al  will seek occasion to revolt (~ 7), and the Athenian interest in each city will be put in jeopardy, and an additional war will have to be
maintained with their allies (~ 8).
1. Rev depends upon a7rorp~ErELv, and refers to the habits against
which the speaker has just been inveighing. --    Fiav  rOdXLv, for one
city.  This idiom  is quite frequently found.  Bloomf. is erroneous, I
think, in attributing to eal, in such cases, a limitive rather than an inlensive force.
2. The position  of vo-rov before oirtves renders it highly emphatic,
and serves to fix as the chief reason  of their ill-desert of forgiveness,
that the Mytilenians were islanders out of the enemy's reach. --               -e
do refers to the omitted object of O3OUf7ievoe (viz. atu  rT;'pXoVw)ra.  Cf.




CHAP. XXXIX.]                   NOTiES.                             G613
Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 821. Obs.), and cannot be rendered dum, as scme assert,
for it introduces an additional reason why the Mytilenians were under
no necessity of revolting, viz. the adequate naval defence enjoyed by
their island. -~     r- 7rpoura, in the fiyrst (- highest) degree.   rolanTa iplyac-avro, hyave done us stch U mischief, or better t)erhaps, have,made us such trouble.    -  ii ahXXo ovro -tl E rieIo voXEvorav, "ohcat else
did they do but plot against us."  Bloomf. -    cerravrEo-rc-av.  See
IN. on 1. 115. ~ 5. -   ) 7 a7rEcT7crrav.  Cleon makes a distinction here
between a simple revolt in vindication of liberty, and a conspiracy
resulting fiom  deep hatred, and aiming at nothing short of the ruin
of the state against which it is made.  Bloomf. thinks it a subtle distinction, and so Poppo (Proleg. I. p. 238) intimates, but it is certainly
adapted to make a forcible impression upon the popular mind, and for
this it was doubtless intended. -        Ka2;' avrovs, by themselves.
3. rwv 7reXas.  See N. on I. 32. ~ 1. -        OKYOv contains a negative
idea, and hence t;/7 accompanies iX2etiv.  See N. on I. 10. ~ 1.,rpbs r6 jdXXov, in r'espect to the future. y- /maKpdrepa.... 3 eovX)7ccos,
beyond their power but less than their will, i. e. their wishes far exceeded their ability to do mischief.  An exceedingly bitter remark.
-       (rxvV....rpo'eeivat.  Bloomf. cites the common adage "to set
might above right."' --'v, when.
4. e'Lro2e..... rpgEreLt.  Goel. constructs and explains:  i'3sE 632 q
Ev7rpatLa EKEIvECtS tra',rOXtLS e' V3LptV TpE7retv ais, aiv  cXtora a&rpocr6Krl7ToE iXZy. Poppo regards V8' CiaXliorov (sc. Kalpov) as an additional
circumstance interposed, quibus?maxime, et quidemb minimo intervallo,
insperata, i. e. quibus mnaxime insperata, et quidem  nuperr)ime. --.a' 8   roXXk..... 8doav, it is often the case, that good fortune, whichb
happens to men in accordance with reasonable expectation, is m-ore su'e
than that which is beyond calculation.  I am disposed with Bloomuf.
to refer the ~r( before 7roXXb to evTrvXoirvra  and mnake 7roXXa refer to
ETVXOVrvra in the sense of many such evrvx'aL-  it often happens, etc.
Some may however prefer to construct ra 7roXXh as an accusative
firt l -0 voX.
5. Kal aXXmto =not only in this but in other cases, i. e. generally.
--  7i- IyEv neparrEvov Vrrepqpoveiv, to look down upon studiousness to
serve and oblige.  The use of the neuter participle as an abstract noun
has been referred to (N. on I. 41. ~ 2), and is much less offensive than
the masculine would have been.
6. Kalt fi  ro7o  K.. 7. X.  It shows the cruelty of Cleon, that he
would involve in his merciless decree all the citizens of  lytilene,
many of whom  he must have known had no hand in the revolt.
Notice the variation of construction in 7rpoTrEsj-d-oXl0rT. -     OL5s
27




614                               NOTES.                            [BooK III
refers to 83xtov which is a collective noun. --  Kvs8VVoV....f3aldTre —
pov, " thinking  the hazaelrd  of joining the oligarchy more to be depended utpon in its result." Bloomf.    nv O(XtyaoY — = TOv  vvaT)Vy.
7. r-dv 5vpdaXwov depends on rots rivyaKaohealtv (se. arroo-racrt) — rot
EKOVT    awroo(Tatl) and is therefore placed at t,he beginning of the sentence. -     riva o0eo-he o'vrtra is an instance of what is called inverse
attraction, Tlva which should properly be in the nominative, being
attracted  to  the case of its relative.  Cf. S. ~ 175. 2.-   {paxclct
7rpoacoret onb some slight psretence.       pr;v 7raoeiv a'vd E:reo'To is euphemistically spoken for death or slavery.
8. i-pv is the dat. incominodi after  7wo0KeKtvvoveVo'-erat (used as a
common fnture.  Cf Rost, ~ 113. 12. N. 8), or it may be considered
as standing  for the adnominal genitive after Xp/GAara.  S. ~ 201. 5.
r- rpooo'8ov depends on  OrTep;reSrEOe.   I know  not why Bloomf.
should regard the change from this verb to the first person l~oIelv, as
any more harsh than those of the same kind, which are so frequently
recurring in Thucydides.  The orator in his vehemence uses the second person, but recollecting himself, lie recurs to the first person, as
a softer form, especially as the thing supposed must have been very
ungrateful to the ears of an Athenian atdience (cf. Poppo's Proleg. I.
p. 276).  This change of person is quite conmmon in all harangues in
which invective and argument are mingled together.
CHAPTER XL.
No hope of freedom should therefore be held out to the Mytilenians, nor should the decree
be altered at the instigation of the orators (~~ 1, 2); for pity should be exercised towards
those who have kindred and friendly feelings, and not to most virulent enemies, and
the orators should choose some occasion, in which their rhetorical powers may be displayed
with less harm than in the present instance (~ 3); both justice and expediency demand
that signal punishment shall be inflicted on these offenders (~~ 4, 5); for the consciousness that the Athenians, as the injured party, canll never be other than their enemies, will
ever excite them to the most deadly hatred (~ 6); therefore the Athenians should be firm,
and by a timely severity furnish a salutary lesson to all the other allies (~ 7).
1. 7rpobebvat.  So Bekker, Blooinf., Arnold, and Kritiger read, on
the ground that to hold out a hope is a mrore natural expression than
to give a hope. -       Xdyp, oratory.  -,rrtorr7v — founded 2zpon. -
so....X +orat denotes the object of AXlrtla: hoee that they shall
eeceive,  etc.  -    aspwonrlvwos   belongs to 5auaprelv, and the clause is
well rendered  by Poppo, veniam  humanittus peccancdi accipi ent, i. e.




CHAP. XL.]                    NOTES.                               615
veniam peccandi ideo accipient, quica peccare humanum sit.  The same
critic refers to Xen. Cyr. VI. 1. ~ 37, which citation aptly illustrates
the present passage.-   -r  d KOVCRTOVt the involuntary, i. e. an error
committed involuntarily.
2. vrv 8&apaXoFant, still contend (in argument); literally, fight
throuyh, do not yield the contest. --  eracymva-Tri   rpoaeaoyzixvE,
through a change of mnind to repeal the decrees.  I see no reason why
rT 7rpo8ebEoyE'va is to be made dependent on a preposition understood,
as Bloomf. suggests, since the verb has evidently a transitive sense in
this place.  Cf. Liddell and Scott sub voce. -       Arnold discriminates
between OL'KT6 and 6erLeLKel, a the former being a feeling of the mind
exercised by such as are not possessed of the latter, which refers
rather to a habit of the mind, gentleness, mnildness.  Betant translates
E7rLetKEte[  clementia, which is doubtless its meaning here.
3. 7rpos roveo 6polovs, towards those who are of the samze mind (with
us) - who  symnpacthize with uts. -' l  cviyKqrs, necessarily. - 
iXXo  EiXaoC(T-ooV  in other mnatters of less moment.    l8paxia'orlco-a,
being pleased foro a short time.  Cf. Mt. ~ 414. 12. --    1eyaXa Ctudobueral, shall suffer great loss.  For the use of the middle voice, cf. K.
~ 251. R. 1; for the construction, cf. it. ~ 415. Ohs. 3. --   ro vra~civ
ev refers to bribes firom  the Mytilenians, which Cleon intimates as
influencing the orators.  Cf. ~ K'pEL e Eralpo/Evor, III. 38. ~ 2.  The
student will notice the pointed antithesis between EK rov EU eElnrev and
ro rraeIELv E,v which is rendered mnore piquant by their juxtaposition.
I- S7rLT73 elove --  lXoUS.  See N. on I. 60. ~ 2.-     rrphs rOVbs o6otovS.... V7ToXELrotEVEovg, towards those who will remain the same in
disposition (see N. on ~ 3), and be not the less our enemies than before
they were plardoned.
4. ev hi 5vvZJEXo XEiya.  See N. on I. 70. ~ 8.  ev depends on XEyco.
a- tb xvt opa to yourselves. --    a'XXcos   yvovres, but by deciding
otherwise, i. e. by exercising clemency towards the Mytilenians. —oV XapLELSoe, yJou will confer no favor 2upon them, lay them under rio
obligation, i. e. they will feel no obligations to yon for your clemency.
So the Schol. interprets it, oX fovortv',alv XapLv. 6-.aS......Kacero-Tce,  but you will rather condemn, yourselves on the score of justice.
How  this will be done, appears in the next sentence which begins
with yap ex plicantis.  Arnold thinks that there is something of a
contempt for the arguments drawn from justice, which is stated fully
in the Athenian's language to the Melians, V. 89. -          ov Xper)v,  se.
ipxe't.   Cf. Mt. ~ 564. o —,rpoUrOov (_ 7rpo'orrer. B100oo11nf.) is
3ynonymous witth rapa Tbo CEKOr. r      o —    TOrO bpa, i. e. tpXetv.-     roi
=_ yout X-nvow. -    vudposg (se. v/iv), for your oown interest. --




(61'6                          NOTES.                         [BOOK III
~aVecTaLt, sc. 8&L from  the preceding context.-     cvpayaeLo'nat,
See N. on II. 63. ~ 2.
5.  Tre avrE nbrj   1aq, with the same punishmLent which they would
have inflicted upon you. --  ol &btaqeUvyovre  (taken as a substantive)
refers to the Athenians, and 7'ov ErL3O0VXEVG-arOVT    (depending on ara-?r7TrOepoL, tardiores ad irascendum. Betant) refers to the Mytilenians.
atcoare is to be repeated in this clause.
6. JaaXLtrTa 8E oe,qu K. r. X. is a continuation of the sentiment contained in a'XXos..... aIKWa.. -- -!UVV  rpo(ja)r TEL with no pretext, i. e
being provoked by no injury. --   8todkvrat has a middle signification, effect his destruction.  Poppo and Goel. after Herm. construct it
with 4LopcolEvot, they perish by the dread of danger, i. e. they cannot
endure (tolerare neteutnt. Betant) the suspicion of danger.  Bloomf.
connects it to the preceding verb by hendiadys, they pursue him  to
utter destruction. --        o yap.... EXipoD, for he who has suffered without necessity (on the part of the injurer) is, if he escapes (see NI. on I.
71. ~ 6) a far bitterer eneqmy, than one who is so from  reciprocity (of
injury), i. e. where the parties have received, in fair and open contest,
equal injury. This sentence, which is exceedingly compressed, contains the reason of the preceding assertion, and is therefore introduced
by yap.  Cf..vFrv3uVreS.... adKiag, ~ 5.
7. Here coli'mences the peroration.  -  yFevPLEOL,.... ~7raltXcv, recalling as facc  as possible the feelings you experienced when suffering
(from  their defection); literally, being as near as possible in your
mind (i. e. in your thoughts) to the time of suffering.  7rod 7ran-Xftv,
depends on'yyvlrara.  S. ~ 187. 1.  The construction proceeds by KaL
ow — av Ertqruo'a3 e, because yEV01fEvo —rij yvdu)J may be mentally supplied in the modified sense of 8tavoq7;Yrev, which we find in I. 143.
~ 5, a passage very analogous to this.  -  nrp  7ravrtds, above every
thing. --    vrpir ro rrapi) aUv'rtKa, in reference to what is immediately
before you, i. e. the miserable condition of the Mytilenians.  This is
antithetic to the subject of thought recommended in yEVJdJEVOE....
rkTrXELti.  The speaker exhorts them to act under the influence of the
melnory of past injuries, and not to give place to the emotions of pity,
inspired by the present distress of the Mytilenians.  aVrl-Ka gives intensity to the idea contained in ro 7rapov.
8. lgcovs, sc. rT7s UlK[ls. -     rTos.... KaraT7r'are,  make  a conpicuous examq;p27e to the other confederates. -    Goeller says that'qprt1Lcoeyvov does not depend on,ropdEU/tl'  since thus it should
hlave been Cudol-l  en,'-:J,: or (quaco-erat, but is in apposition with it, as
ihough it had been Karatcrrc SarTe xrapdaettyua, fcarao-'rjo'are,     h a alq- a
wrE[rajt, 9CarTp'77laLcofoO'/liEoV.




CHAP. XL1.L]                     NOTES,                                  617
CHAPTERS XLII.-XLYIII.
Thucydides now gives us the speech of Diodotus, who in the first discussion had argued against the decree to slay the Mytilenians (cf. III. 41). This
oration is in grateful and beautiful contrast with the one which precedes'it,
being mild, conciliatory, liberal, humane, and eminently adapted to soothe
the angry feelings. excited by the speech of Cleon.  The truthfulness of its
statements, the candor and good sense which pervade it, and the slkilful
arrangement of the points to be illustrated and enforced, worked such a
change in the sentiments of the meeting, that the bloody decree was revoked
and the Mytilenians saved from  utter destruction.  One cannot but wish
to know more of the man, who so nobly vindicated wise and enlightened
principles of legislation, and the interests of humnanity.
It will be seen that this oration, like that of Cleon, has no exordium, yet
its conmmencement is well adapted to conciliate tile audience, and bespeak
for the orator their favorable attention.  After a few preliminary remarks,
he gradually and skilfully turns the mind of his hearers from the justice to
the expediency of the decree just passed. He shows that the extremest severity would not prevent the existence of revolts, while it would drive those
engaged in them to the most desperate and prolonged defence.  I-Ie speaks
of the bad policy of confounding in this decree the slaughter of both friends
and foes, since it would ever after drive the populace to take sides in every
revolt with the aristocracy.  Thus he argues almost solely the question of
expediency, being aware, probably, that the minds of the majority of those
present were disposed already to compassion, and only needed something
upon which they might repose, as a reasonable ground for the reversal of
the decree.
CHAPTER XLII.
The orator commences by disclaiming all intention to censure or praise any one in respect to
this second deliberation, and avows his belief that anger and haste are the two greatest
hinderances to wise counsel (~ 1); they are foolish or dishonest who deny the power of
words over actions, and still more those who impute such unworthy motives to the
speakers (~ 2); to wrongfully attribute ignorance to them might be accounted folly, but to
charge upon them bribery unsustained by proof, shows that the accuser is both a dunce
and a knave (~ 3); such conduct is injurious also to the state, for it drives from public life.
all who have the ability to counsel or direct (~ 4); no citizen should use his eloquence to
intimidate his opponent, but should fairly gain his point, and no state should detract fronm
bne honor of its counsellors or punish those who err (~ 5), for then they would have no
inducement to give other than an honest advice in respect to matters of deliberation (~ 6).
1. adstv is to be constructed with 7rpoerao.  Reference is had to
avJlca..... XEeYLv uttered  by Cleon  (III. 38. ~ 1).- -'aLyv'c v




618                            NOTES                           rBooK IIL
decree. ---  tLEFolvlov  implies a negative, and hence is followed b)
/Lv with the infinitive.  See N. on I. 10. ~ 1. --      voj/o    o K. o r. X.
refers to rKal Xpovrov 8tarpfL/3>v   07rotr7or-drov in Cleon's speech (III. 38.
~ i).     plpy-lv, pacssion, such as Cleon doubtless had manifested in
his speech. -    rob Ev refers to ra'Xog, and ro- Ui to 3pyjv.  O- fpavTr7Tros  yvcIpr, deficiency of judgment.
2.  tLacarKaXovr, teachers, directors. -    Wl  1'Ee artc  SEflepet, or
he has sone p)rivate interest involved.  See N. on I. 68. ~ 2.  This
must have been keenly felt by Cleon. --    The sentences commencing
with ad'vEnroS  1ev and  ntaEnpeL 8' abvrw0, are epexegetical of /7 adVvETro.... LtaJepE  in which lies the general assertion. -    -XXp than by
the use of words, i. e. by discussion.  -   e...vvao-(at, he thinks
thCat he could not peak vell in ca bad caulse.  4v belongs to M6vao-at.
ElI in ev 8' 8/35aX0)v is to be taken in the sense of cojpiose, vehemzenter.
It is employed to give point to thle antitllesis in ev FLEV EL reiv and el 8U
&8nmaXcov.  We emPloy the word good in a similar use, when we say,
he is good at slanderinl, good at sprecading falsehoods, and the like.
3. xatXETrorarot, the mhost dange~routs. --     al... A Ttvat, who  also
(cal) in' additionl (to opposi1ng the speech) imjpute to the speatkers a
disp'lay (= a showing off) for the sake of gaizn.  Such is essentially
the interpretation of Arnold, and seems to harmonize best with the
contexst   Reference is had to the charge made by Cleon, II. 38.
~ 2 (end).  Kal in t his interpretation belongs to 7rpoa-Kar?7yopofZwres.
Construct c2rr XpPtal-t with Er7T;ELtLV (so. TrCo pqropcov). — avverTepoS — &1k'LKcrrEpo, cta bloekheacd rather t7han c knave, i.e. foolish to a
higher degree than wicked.  See N. on I. 21. ~ 1.-  CrrEXiCpel refers
to the place  occupied by the speaker, and fiom which he retired at
the close of his speech.  Hence it signifies here, de2parts from  the
debate or co~2ntroversy. --    lroV7ros, suspected of acting fiom improper
1motives.  -       Kt responds to re.    /er&a aevvea la =- Kal a[ vveror.
- otKo.  RPepeat ylTverat.
4. Ev rc -ro  lIe. See N. on II. 36. ~ 1. Cf. III. 43. ~ 5. -— 06T,
through fear that their motives would be impeached, as had -been done
by Cleon on the present occasion.  This passage will be better understood by referring TrcJv  vplodXrowv to the persons accused in oe.... Er.t
aEt'LV  rtva, and rovs roloVTrovs  Tl)V 7iTOXLtr)V to the accusers.  From  Kat
7rrTXe-r'.....roXtlrv it seems fair to infer, that Cleon was admitted to
be eloquent, though as Bloomnf. remarks, the kind is not determined.
5. arr   ro lrr'ov, ccqua condition2e, on equtal footing, stands opposed
Lo ciKCopoovra, by intimidating.  r- rov hi (roYpova introduces the
dutly which a state owes to  good counsellors.            tn) 7rpoo'rtZEva&
Irv,  not to confer additional honor. -- AhXX  tvq8', but (on the other




CHAP. XLIII.]                     NOTES.                                   619
hand) not. --- rov,u  rvXo'v ra v   yvr       refers to  a counsellor whose
advice the state has not followed.  -    olsX o'rcos —aXXA  jx18', not only
not —but not even.  This is a formula which we meet with frequently
in the Greek authors.
6. o'-rwo yap introduces thle reason why the state should protect
the reputation  of its counsellors from  the aspersion  of demagogues.
----.... (LtovSaoat, by the esxpectation of gcreater honors. E — 
yor-o.  Repeat'tKLo-ra'ay from  the preceding context.:- 7r  avrp,
in  the same woay, i. e. by speaking  contrary to his judgment and to
acquire favor. ---  Xctpt(evoYdS   7- Kti a-rog is epexegetical of rh  aurcy.
CHAPTER XLIII.
Through such undue suspicion of venality even good counsel is rejected.(~ 1), and deceit becomes alike necessary to the success of ineasures proposed by the good and the bad (~ 2),
and the state becomes the only body which cannot be benefited without artifice (~ 3);
hence those wiho give advice in such -a state of things should be far more long-sighted than
those who follow it, as they are held so much more strictly accountable (~ 4); far better
would it be to make both responsible, than as now is the practice, to visit the ill-success of
a measure solely upon the adviser (~ 5).
1. cov depends on r7-avrlna. and refers to the things whlich have
just been  declared  as befitting a wise state to do.  (- bIovqaar reg.... KepUc v, refusing through envy [to  listen to him] on account of a
giroundless s uspicion of his venality; or perhaps, enzvying the gcain
which he is suspected of having obtained, although the groulzd of suspicion is very slight.  Cf. Mt. ~ 336. a.  Opposed  to ov /e/aLlov is
riv ravepdav.
2. a7ro roD evSeos.  See N. on I. 34. ~ 3.           dw- a7rrhry is opposed to
rEevav/eVo0V,, by falsehood, deception.   The general idea is that the
wretched policy here declaimed  against, renders it necessary for the
good and the bad alike to practise deceit in order to carry their measures.
3. crepuvolas, "over-wiseness."  Liddell and  Scott.  "Eztrenze surmises."  Bloomf.  -    Ev vroLro-ac   EK rTO   rpopavods   (see N. on  1. 35.
~ 4), to openly benefit.  The  object  is cdcev te  rkdXut, the state alone in
opposition to private individuals. ---    avTvU7ro7rrTrETrat.... EEtL,  is S'tuspected of hav2ying   secret view to his owns interest.  Abresch  explains
Cibv Tro7rreverat by dtv  rov 7- oe;vros   rlyauo  v7romrrVeorat.
4. The orator now begins to apply these general reflections on the
unwise course of the state, to the position into which  it places the




620                            NOTES.                          [BooR III
orators and counsellors. -   7rpo ra h Aytoyra, in reference to the highest interests. --     i   rc3 rotSe (see N. on III. 42. ~ 4) diltoivrt (: iv
TOlt86 a~LCOetL.  Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 436. a. y),'" while such notions prevail
on your0 part." Arnold.  In respect to dtlofvrt, see N. on /LEXT&rirt
I. 14.  142.  Kriig. edits Jdto~v rL, and constructs rL with Xyrtev   ISit/r,
i. e. the statesmen, political leaders.-    V6I&v depends on 7reprLTepco
rrpovoodvras, forecasting further than you.  Opposed to this is L'
oXtyov (se. Xpoov)  Km<o7rovrcov, referring to the ease and rapidity with
which the people could come to a conclusion, which the leaders had
to reach by a long and laborious process of reasoning and reflection.
-   rev'vvov.... xovras, being responsible for our advice. -  p
in comparison with.
5. 7rps opyqOv 7'vrtva K. r. X.  This passage has received various interpretations according to the manner of arranging and pointing the
words.  tlerrn., IHaack, and Poppo place a comma after rdx'-re, and
supply ~qltovvrer, which gives the sense, you p2unish according to the
passion which qnay chance to influence you at the time of the punishment.  This interpretation is disapproved of by Arnold, because the
speaker is not discoursing about punishment wvhich varies according
to the ebb and flow of the people's resentment, but of one which is
certain and severe.  He therefore follows the construction adopted by
Bekker and  Goeller, rrXETaerr   Eo'Tvre OrTE 7rpOS O3pyYv'vrtLa Trx71vr
(oq(XrreES)), meetinzg fronm  time to time with some disaster, according
to the various passions which may have lured you to incur disasters.
Both these constructions are pronounced by Bloonlf. to give a forced
and jejune sense.  This critic joins rrpos  3py'v —i7lttorre, and at
7yrtYa supplies,rapatvco-rv from  the preceding context, through anger
at whatsoever' cousel ye  azve proposed amiss, ye visit w ith pzunish7ment,
etc.  Of these modes of interpretation I am  disposed to adopt the
first, as being more in accordance with the order of the words in the
text, and yielding a good and appropriate sense. Kriiger, whose practical scholarship and sound judgment generally lead him to the right
sense, supplies  7flLOvtpreS  With  rv'XTre (after Hermann), and joins
ertJL  OTre with!7qlmovre.  It may be referred, however, to o(rqba;vres




CHAP. XLIV.]                     NOTES.                                 621
CHAPTER XLIV.
Diodotus, disclaiming all intention of accusing any one in relation to the affair in hand, pro.
ceeds to lay down the principle upon which the question before them is to be decided,
which is one of expediency and not of justice (~~ 1, 2); this being so, he maintains, in
opposition to the opinion of Cleon, that the proposed decree will be highly prejudicial to
the Athenian interests (~~ 3, 4).
1. Having now replied to the criminations which Cleon had heaped
upon the orators, and marked out the course which a well-regulated
state ought to pursue in reference to those at the head of public
at-iairs, the orator comes more directly to the consideration of the subject for which they had been summoned together. The opening
words of the section are similar to those in which the oration was
commenced, a disclaimer being made of all intention to blame any
one, as the question is not one concerning the desert of the Mytilenians, but the true policy of the Athenians in respect to them. —
KuTrryopjCov  the Mytilenians. -          6 dycv, the question.
2. el gnt  evpvn6pov (se. EirrT), unless it is conducive to ourt interest.
--       re Kcal.... batvotro.  The apodosis may be readily supplied
from the context, for of the alternatives, one with its consequence is
given, by which is known the consequence which  belongs to  the
other,,and which is suppressed for a rhetorical purpose. Translate
then the clause ~iv....e.LE, and even if they had somne claim7  to forgiveness [I would not advise to spc~re them].  Bloomf. prefers the reading Exovrus-E-av, which Dindorf with apparent approbation cites, in
his notes on the text, as the correction of G. Buiges.
3.,rept Tov? jAXXoVroS, concerning the future, i. e. what pertains
to our future welfare.        ro —   trapovros.  Supply 7rept from  the corresponding member.            roro..... Iocxvplteram, as  it respects that
which Cleon so positively affirms.  ro7ro depends upon advrtL-XvpLt7yevot, and refers forward  to ES-ro XotriwV.... pOtEfoLf  which explains
it. ---  rpd', with respect to, follows  vu;Epov, and  aiyvarov (o/lav
vrpoe1otL (if we hold out death as the penalty) is the protasis of $v/Lppoy &'0reOEraO, it will be expedient.  The dative rrpoe;ioc  linits $v/-;EpoY.
4. rcT EVrrpETre (=  la rTo ev7rpE7rer) is opposed to XP'ajtLov. Bloomf.
takes 7r  evSrpe7reJ as a dat. commodi, for the speciousness. -         rpos'
on accouen.t of. --     rdxa ~a E&rLc-rao-aTro,    may perhaps (Trxa) draw
you (to the adoption of Cleon's proposition). --           uKa(Jf[iea.  See N.
on I. 28. ~ 4.  Opposed to this is /ovoXEvdpeta, we are deliberating.
The idea is that the decision is to be made by a reference to utility
and not to strict justice. -         ruv &AKauov.  See N. on III. 54 ~ 1,
27*




622                               NOTES.                            [BooK IIL
CHAPTER XLV.
The death-penalty is no sure preventive to crime in civil communities (~~ 1, 2), for so prone
are men to err, that punishment has been inflicted with increased severity, until capital
punishment has been tried and found an unsuccessful remedy (~ 3); for the extremes of
poverty and wealth, and indeed all the middle stations furnish incitements to evil, which,
strengthened by hope and desire, hurry men on in defiance of all the terrors of penal enactments (~~ 4, 5); fortune also by her unexpected favors impels men and especially states
to deeds of daring and great hazard, so that it is impossible to restrain human nature from
following any object of its desire (~~ 6, 7).
1. ov..... aaprqsdaurwo, of offences not equal to this (of the Mytilenians), but of much less turpitude.  Punishment by death is here asserted to be no certain  prevention of even smaller crimes than  that
chargeable upon the Mytilenians, and hence, if inflicted upon that peopie, would serve to no purpose in deterring the other allies from revolting.  I see no necessity of taking with Bloomf. o0  in the sense of
O  IFOVO-V. ---  KarayvovS..... Ertfl3ovXetVFart, judging  of himself  that
he shall not pass through the enterprise qoith safety.  See N. on lI. 13.
~ 7.
2. 7'(cr-co than was absolutely necessary.-   r  BOKrqTEL =  Kara r v
86Ksq(Tlv.  v- tvFIaxla like  olKEClIa   belongs to rracpaGKFev'v, the  construction being varied. -        rore,  i. e. rCp Csao-T-ao-2at.
3. 7r~rvao-tc-alyaprdvetv, are naturally prone to err.-             romrov,
i.. e61aprTavetv. -                       ateeXrXvhSa ot, h~ave run  through, i. e. have had
recourse to.  -     rrpoorrt;Evres, adding  to  them, i. e. increasing  the
number of punishments and adding to their severity.   -  e't7rrOS  (see
N. on I. 58. ~ 1).... KaKov'pywco.  This shows that suppression of crime
was the pI)incipal if not the only object of punishment.               atKcqplfa-,cov depends on  na-rn-, i.. rae   sqplar.   --   IiaXamori;pas   than  the
punishments which  have since been added. -     7rapaGatvoi6vcov,  sc.
r-iv voyowv, the idea being readily suggested by av-rahs referring to the
punishments enjoined by the laws. -            (IVrov-LG G_  dvEpXoLrat.  Schol.
--  roUro, i. e. punishment by death.  The application of this argument of tlhe insufficiency of severe punishment to prevent crime, to
the case of the Mhytilenians, will be seen by, every reader.
4. rorov, i. e. — o; Zavadrov.    -  adayKy,   vf3pet,  povmnar,   and
opyy are datives of the instrument. ----  Iov-la.  Supply 7rapExovG-a
from the preceding clause. --           $vvrvX- at - situations of life in which
men  chance to be placed.    - EcKar-T71   (sc.  vTvrvXla) is put here for
the person occupying the situation.             Eadyov(-tv EC Trov  Ktv8VOVGV,
lead on into  dangers.  The  expression  is exceedingly forcible, the
-verb signifying to excite, rouse, hhurry on.




CHAP. XLVI.]                     NOTES.                                 623
5. X;Trls and g'pcr are the subjects of f3Mdrrovot. ---  6 tev refers to
6 c'ws, and' 8' to s/ &Xrrls. ---  7nL3oX/v,  "rationern rei aggrediendc'."
Betant.  See N. on I. 93. ~ 6.        K       8al.....  etvo;V, and although unseen
are more powerful (in tel-lir influence) than manifest dangers.  }How
graphic a description of the sway exercised by these master passions
over the houman soul!
6. Tr'  avroTS  (i. e. E'XrLr andl E'pco), in addition  to  these. -- 
rT'  v ro&eo-rEpcov, "with insufficient resources.'  13loomf.  --  vox
3rirov  rhrs ro'XesL.  The way is preparing, by this application  of the
argument to states as well as individuals, for the appeal which the
orator is soon to mnake in behalf of the ]Mytilenians. --    ow.  See
N. on I. 68. ~ 2. -    rrepl Tr)v  tey7Trrcov, s0. KLJ8VvEVeOVtO  elicited from
the context. --      ETLrh 7rvrcov, i. e. with the community at large. -
CrM T.... E6ao-dev, thinks of himself somewhat too highly —conceives
too high an idea of himself.  The hMS. reading is in favor of arWT^o,
whlich is preferred, though not so edited, by Arnold and Poppo.  In
that case we should supply mentally  kXEv.epICar KUal aS'Xp.
7. 0roXXs-  EV713etIW  (S. ~ 190), gorL-s o'srat, " a manner of speaking
confused  between e ~eLblS  Eo-rr  TO OlEo-OaL, and e          17rS t OsTS Or'lera.)"
Arnold. --  qbvoecos oGpocev   is a genitive absolute, or perhaps it
depends on drrorpowrsv. -— 7rpa6aL depends on 6pucoFeVqS.
CHAPTER XLVI.
The adoption of puni1hment by death as the penalty of revolt, would prevent those who
had defected from returning to their duty, while yet they could inalke reparation for their
fault, and give to theem the courage of despair (~~ 1-3); whereas the allies will be kept
from revolting far Inore effectually by previous care and wvatchfulness, than by the terror
of bloody decrees (~~ 4-6).
1. eo EXEyyv, as Ca security against the (defection of the allies.
----- avXrrc-rov "accusativus prmdicati  est, sicat so  oK go-rat ferayvhovat pro accusative objecti posita sunt, ut si t1XsTto-rov  KarcToLrLTra
(i. e. roo-oatl) riO /.erayvolvat legeretur."  Poppo.  The negative OVK in
CE  ouK EfTrrat is employed on account of the negation contained  in
avEiXrL-Tov.  See N. on i. 77. ~ 3.  ~.    L iv SpaXvrda-r? is put for iv'rt  /paxvrarirc.  See N. on 1. 63. ~ 1.        KaraXo-trat (see N. on I. 13.
~ 2), to makce an? end of, to efface.  Supply mentally rj Fperayvco-re.
2. The speaker now proceeds to show the advantage of a mild and
generous treatment of revolted states. ---  dv v/Ev =e - as things  now are,
i. e. under the lenient system now pursued.  -   Kat, even. -              yv % 
7replse0otvoV,   should fid that it could not succeed in its plans.          




624                               NOTES.                             [BooK I1.
vvaar' oro-a frl, while (see N. on I. 13. ~ 6) it was yet able. ---            a7rahrqv, i. e. the expenses incurred in putting  down the revolt. —
v'M.OTExElVZ  to pay tribute.  The verb is here taken absolutely. -
eKel60vs   (see N. on I. 77. ~ 3), i. e. in the manner now  proposed by
Cleon. ---   tcv —Tre here correspond like  2yv —Ai.   Cf. K. ~ 322. R. 3.
-  aparvevJEo2atL Es' rovoXaroV) hold out to the last.          ro avrT
bUavrat, is the same thing, nzakes no difference.  Cf. I. 141. ~ 1.
3. b3cravav KaSfqEvotrs, i. e. " in obsidione urbis."  Haack. --- Ka
7 v ie'Xoev 7ro'XLv K. T. X. This is spoken in opposition to what Cleon
said in III. 30. ~ 8.    T 7l e i. e. by the revenue.
4. coarr....o'rcos, so that we ought not, by being severejudges of the
off'enders, to sztffer injury (ourselves), but rather see how.  ob —akXXkov
—'.  See N. on II. 87. ~ 2.  Bloomf. supplies  o%-re before X3nirre-.oat. -       e s....  o-Xvodrrats, in a  good  condition  in  respfect to  (es
Xo'yov) the payment of money.  Arnold  renders  e's  Xpylarovw Xodyor
on the score of money, and refers the origin of the phrase to the expression, if we come to talk about money.  Cf. Liddell and Scott, sub
voce Xoyor. -        ov ie'p ycov, our proceedings.
5. oZ refers to the practice just recommended. --   ap6crer is to
be constructed with od6e.ta,,qand   figsr is to be supplied with Xpjvat.
-- — rta  some, any. -          In EXEVEpov  KaL 3ta dapXo'dtevov there is no
real contradiction, since the independence of these states was merely
nominal.  Cf. I//yesr....ovo.LarT, III. 10. ~ 6. ---  EiKfcoE   is to  be
taken with dnroradvra.
6. TroOv  EvXEvEpovr is the object of KoXa'.ELv.        (  dOpa — od'8pa,
excessively-very much.  Poppo refers this repetition to the figure of
speech  styled  rap-oorolst...- roTov, i. e. Tro  calo-arao-2at.  Schol.
0rt er' EkdaXnrTov, to  as few  as possible, which  interpretation
agrees better with what follows in the next chapter, than that which
refers it to the degree of punishment, as light as possible.  Reference
is had to the words of Cleon, /. roir....arroXau7Tre, III. 39. ~ 6.
CHAPTER XLVII.
fhe course recommended by Cleon will alienate the minds of the common people, who are
now favorable to the Athenian interests (~~ 1, 2); for inasmuch as they are certain of being punished, whether guilty or innocent, they will take sides with the leaders of the revolt (~ 3); whereas the true policy vwould be to take no apparent notice of their defection,
and -thus secure their continued good will (~~ 4, 5).
1. 0o'ov.... arapradvoste, how much you would err also in this thing.
T0ovo refers to what follows in vv-v t-'v yiuao  It Iv K...




CnAP. XLVIII.]                  NOTES.                                 625
2. Tro7S  Alyots, i. e. the aristocracy in these cities. -     Kal r....
E7rEpXEabe, and you enter into the war, having as your allies the populace of the city which is opposed to you (see N. on I. 71. ~ 1).  Duker
takes EWEPXEavE in  a future sense, which  Poppo  has successfully
refuted in his Proleg. I. p. 155.
3. 07rrxv......Kpad'rO.e.  Cf. III. 27. ~~ 2, 3. —-  KaracrqjrerE....
maXtlcrra, you will establish for the aristocracy that which they most
especially desire.    - Tro7i  vvarois  (=  -rois  kXlyots, ~ 2), Bloomf.
well interprets, the higher classes.  a- corrravres? having caused to
revolt.  Cf. I. 66. ~ 1; 81. ~ 3; II. 80. ~ 1. --    Kaa-Cat, is determined,
ordained.
4. 78tK?7oav refers to the commonality of the Mytilenians (6 87/,oO
o MvrtXrvaloWv, ~ 3). L —     7rpoo7rr0oLteoatL to nmake as if it were not
so, to appear not to be conscious of it.  Arnold illustrates the position
of the negative by the careless and common expression, you must not
seem to notice it, for you must seem not to notice it. Cf. Vig. p. 167. VI.
5. ror-o refers forward to E'Kovras......aeipal, that we should be
willing to suffer7 injury rather than to destroy, although justly, those
wehone it is for our interest to spare.  6E- =  $vP0iFpeL (7r,  7ro'Xke aa])jhELpat).  -    Kat ro KXkeovos K. 7. X., and  that which was said by
Cleon (cf. III. 40. ~ 4), that justice and interest in punishment are
the same. --'v avr6.  Goel. supplies Er rS 7rzcwp6ro-a-.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
Diodotus concludes by advising the Athenians to pass judgment, at their leisure, upon such
of the Mytilenians as had been instigators and abettors of the revolt, and suffer the rest to
dwell in peace in their country (~~ 1, 2).
1. This chapter contains the epilogun-.  -rdae refers to the items
of advice given by Diodotus in the body of his oration. --         o'K7.....
ErLELKEta is opposed to dr' abrf' 8Nn Ty 7rapatvovyoEV.-          o si iyco
any more than Cleon. This idea would be conveyed by pronouncing
4Eyo with a slight stress of voice. --    ovs = - KEIVOVS OVSo, of which the
antecedent depends on KpiLat. -          IHlaxrs   dagrEyre/lJE. Cf. III. 28. ~ 2.
-     Ka' 7s vVixav, at your leisure, perhaps euphemistically spoken for,
in a calsn and dispassionate manner.  -   OiKEV:, to dwell in their own
country. This is opposed to the decree which had just been passed,
that the male adults should all be put to death, and the women and
children sold for slaves (cf. III. 36. ~ 2).




626                             NOTES.                        [BooK I1L.
2. TOtv lroXl/oat, i. e. the Peloponnesians. —.   rp5 roE efvarTovs
(referring to the Peloponnesians) is to be constructed with ev'  ovXkevcrat, and not with Kpe0-cOWv ErT'V, as so0me suppose. -       irET' epywcs
aoXVoSv, oith deeds of strength, i. e. by mere force.
CHAPTER XLIX.
The Athenians by a small majority adopt the advice of Diodotus, and despatch with aIl
speed a second trireme to countermand the orders sent out by the first one (~~ 1, 2); the
sailors making the most intense and unremitted exertions, the ship reaches MIytilens
barely in time to save its inhabitants from destruction (~~ 3, 4).
1. cXiatra avrTrwkXov vpo a dkXXkAae, most cspecially 1matched agaisst
each other.  This is a predicate, the expression being as though written at' yTVF(t pp7'7noCav aplvTraXoL.  Arnold understands by this, that
the real contest was between the motion of Cleon and that of Diodotus, and that the modifications of either party were merged in the
views of these two leaders.  But, as Poppo remarks, we should have
then expected the article rov after rovrwv.  -    pOoi, i. e. notwithstanding the majority of the people had voted for a reconsideration of
the subject, yet when the main question was put, the vote to rescind
the decree was not carried without a struggle.  If this reference of
O/Loa to what is related in III. 39. ~~ 4, 5, be considered too far-fetched.
we may refer it to laXcatra.... dXXrXas, and thus paraphrase it:  otowithstanding the opinions and sentiments were so equally balanced.
yet the supporters of the new measure ventured to put the question tc
vote (QXhoEv;s dyTa —rTg &dors, came into a conflict of opinion).
i7 ro  AtoU3drov, so. yvc(r17.
2. 057rwice  uL-E'pca   in order that they might not flnd =  lest tlhe
should fiitd.-     baacras  Tr)s'  evr7Epas.  It is difficult to elicit any
sense from  this reading, and I therefore concur with the best of the
recent editors, such as Goel., Poppo, Krig., Arnold, and Bloomfield,
that we should read &r'par or nrpoTrpas.  Reference is had to the ship,
which had been despatched with the decree to put the Mytilenians
to death (cf. III. 36. ~ 3).  To this ship rrpoEXe in the next sentence
refers. It had the start of the second ship twenty-four hours, the two
ships having sailed on the evenings of the days in which the respective
decrees had been passed, or the mornings of the next days.
3. TC7Y MvrTIX7vaGcov 7rpEcT3Eov.  Cf. IIT. 28. ~ 1. --   2'roCv re aufs
EXavvOVTre, they ate while rowing.  From  this it appears that the
progress of ships, so far as it depended on the oarsmen, was suspended
during the meals. -- KaTr!;pos, by turns.




CanP. L]                      NOTES.                               627
4. Kalt       a  o.... KXX orov, and the first ship not sailing with haste
stpon so monstrous an affair, i. e. an errand of such unheard-of cruelty.
---   raUrq1, i. e. the last ship.  -  /;v refers to the first ship, and
is responded to by 7 8' in the following sentence.-    ro7ooorov....
4tcr/tLzya, so long a time as for Paches to read the decree = just enough
time for Paches, etc.  See N. on I. 2. ~ 2. - 7apa.... KLtVVYOV, into
such great danger did Myjtilene come.  7rapd, along, along by, shows
the proximity of the Mytilenians to the danger here spoken of.
Bloomf. unnecessarily supposes a blending of two modes of expression,
EV TOrOVOroV KLVBVVOYV and rrapc' rooov'rov okXEpov ovK dTrcrwXTo.
CHAPTER L.
The leaders in the Mytilenian revolt are put to death (~ 1); the walls of the city are demolished, the ships given up, and the land assigned to Athenian shareholders to whom the
Lesbians thenceforth pay rent (~ 2.); their continental towns are also made subject to the
Athenians (~ 3).
1. KXeCovos yvcoy,  by the decree of Cleon.  That decree had only
been rescinded, so far as it related to the inhabitants on the island.
Against those who had been removed by Paches to Tenedos it was
suffered to remain in full force. -     r'reXq. This word is found in this
connection without the article in I. 101. ~ 3, but takes it in I. 108. ~ 3.
2. vpLXo-tXovr.  Arrowsmith makes the area of Lesbos to have
been 566 square miles, which, on the supposition that Methymna
embraced one-fifth of the island, would leave for division 453 square
miles = 289,920 acres, which divided by 3000 would give 96.64 acres
for each lot or share.  Three hundred of these shares being dedicated
to the gods, there were left 2700 shares to be divided by lot (ro&v  Xaxdeorags among the Athenians. Arnold observes, that these shareholders went out to Lesbos only to see their land, for it is quite evident
from the subsequent history of the island, that no Athenian population
was residing there.  Bloomfield, however, thinks that quite a number
of them remained, most of whom may have died off before the subsequent revolt, which took place some fifteen years after. Cf. VIII. 22.
23. -   -raalievoL-t-/Epetl.  See N. on I. 99. ~ 3. -   roe KX?7pov eK(Trov, for each share.  S. ~ 200. 4.-   35o0 ivag, i. e. 200 drachmas,
or $35.18, according to the old Attic value of the apaxc4u (see N. on
III. 17. ~ 3), or 833.04, according to the later value.
3. ~e rT E7reItpc opposite to Lesbos. --     (roov MvrLtXkvaiot E'KpdroV,
as many as the  Mytilenians had comsna2cd of.




628                             NOTES.                           [Book III.
CHAPTER LI.
The Athenians send out an expedition under Nicias against Minoa, in order to prevent the
Peloponnesians from the use of Megara as a port for their shipping (~~ 1, 2); to this end he
constructs a wall on the side towards the continent, and having thus cut off all communi
cation with the main land, and left a garrison in the place, retires from the island (~~ 3, 4)
1. E;  be rc a5vrs 2;pEt.  The scene is now  shifted to the Saronic
gulf.  In the next chapter, the history of the siege of Platsaa is resumed from III. 24.  Great praise is due to the writer for the admirable order and clearness of these details of the war. -           NLtKov.  This
celebrated Athenian, whose name is henceforth found so often in the
pages of this history, is now first introduced to the reader. In his
public and private  character he was irreproachable, but was timid
and cautious to a fault.  Hence the play on his name in the verb
/LEXXoMKvaco.  A fine sketch of his character may be found in Smith's
Diet. Gr. and Romn. Biog. and Mythol. -               Mtvcav, 3linoa.  Col.
Leake (North. Gr. II. pp. 401-3) says that this could not have been the
nearest island opposite to lMegara, which is too small and too distant
from the shore, but the peninsula, a mile farther to the east, at the
entrance of the strait of Salamis.
2.'3o~veTo.... etvat.  The order of construction is to make ri-y
(vXaKv (i. e. the station for the ships which blockaded Nisea) the
subject of ELvat: and limit the verb by rois'A.rsvaiots.  With aro5 Teo
Bovaopov repeat 75-v  IvXaKsV from  the first member.  avrer-= d7Eor
Trys Mtvogas.  For the construction of &' eXdaoovos, cf. N. on II. 29.
~ 3. --    OS 7-  e.... EKTrXov = -J3ovXero (repeated from  the preceding
context) r'cors o[ IIsXomrovvcrjot' 7rot n-o scrar  ErrXovs.  Some prefer to
supply  uvXaioeo-onat, but as  /3ovXero is to be supplied at rots re....
Orr7rXEv, I see no reason why it may not be understood here. -
junB   EvO7rXElV, i" that nothing should be imported.  Neuter for passive,
as not unfrequently in this verb."  Bloornf.
3. awro r.r Nw-ralas  (on the side towards Niseac) follows 7rpoExorre,
jutting out.,- Il7Xavars denotes the instrument.            sc Ji< XaXrros'
belongs to EX~v =  taking by an assault from? the sea. So we speak of
assaulting a place by sea, as opposed to a land-attack. d- d7reretX1tE.... 7rrEtpov, he walled off that part which faced the continent.  See
N. on i. 64. ~ 1.  -,a Karc  7(yivpav, where by means of a bridge.




CHAP. LII]                     NOTES.                               6'29
CHAPTER LII.
The Platesans being pressed by famine surrender to the Lacedoemonians, stipulating that a
fair trial shall be granted them (~~ 1-3); the Lacedmmonians send five commissioners,
to whose question of their guilt or innocence, put without any formal accusation, the
Platseans reply as follows (~~ 4, 5).
i. 7roXLopKer3atL, to stand a siege; literally, to be besieged. Cf. III.
109. ~ i1.
2. 7rpoa43aXov refers to the Peloponnesians, and aivr&v to the Plateans.-    eip1cErvov /yap  vy av'r, for he had been commanded (not
to take the place by force).  So Goel. supplies from  the preceding
context,7 OiLa lEXEL..-     el crTrovral ytyYoLvro.  The apodosis is /t0
d'3boro eI'-EtJ. ---   ari  refers to the Platscans implied in  ) liX&rata
which precedes. -    el fo rXorraL.  The same mood is here used
which the speaker would have employed, the person however being
the same as though the indirect oration had been employed. -              re
corresponds with the following'8, and connects KoXad/ELV (SO. Trob
AaKEaLaqioviove) with XpO-cao-2aL.  Arnold remarks that the tense is
changed in KoXd4etv, probably to show  that the subject is changed.
HIaack finds the apodosis in rous rc aBtKoVs  KoXadELV, if they are willing
(El fodXovraL)-they (the Lacedwmonians) will Punish, etc.  This is
less natural than the construction, by which the infinitive KOXdaCEL is
made to depend on  3osvXovrat, whether they are willing —that the
Lacedcenonians may punish, etc.
3.  av..... amere3vEra'rw,  "namz ad ui6timum inopice jam venerant."
Poppo.      aBLKuarTa, judges, or rather comnnissioners, for the doom
of the Platteans had been already determined. ----  rrKaXeokeeroC.
" Recte, Port. accessitos explanat." Poppo.
4. e1 L —atyab6ov r, whether in any respect-any  good.  Arnold
says that rt is used twice here by the Lacedemonians to make the
question as strong as possible, and only once by the Platraans (III. 54.
~ 2), in order that the force of the interrogation may be diminished.
5. oi 8';Xeyov is repeated in;%eyov rotaBe, on account of the intermediate words altrqrcivevo.... aKe8alu/ovLov, which form  a sort of
parenthesis.  Render then, they spoke whern they had requested, etc.




6(30                          NOTES                          [BooK III.
CHAPTERS LIII.-LIX.
We come now to the speech of the Platreans, which has been regarded
by every critic, from Dionys. Hal. down to the present time, as one of the
ablest orations which can be found in any language. In logical acuteness
and vehement argumentation it is doubtless equalled, if not surpassed, by
other speeches in this history. But in the beauty and force of its diction, its
lofty and soul-stirring appeals to justice, patriotism, gratitude, the memory
of the past-the glorious past, when Plataena stood side by side with her
more powerful sisters in the confederacy, Athens and Sparta, and nobly
battled in the cause of freedom-and above all in the earnest, thrilling
pathos with which the speaker in the deep anguish of his heart pleads
for the life of himself and associates, it has no parallel. Well did Philip
Melanethon say of its peroration, "non est pulchrior nee illustrior epilogus
quam  hic est, neque apud omnes Graecos vel Latinos scriptores."  With
equal beauty and truth also has Heilmann closed his admirable criticism on
this oration, by reverting in words of praise to the great historian, who
shows himself to be such a master of eloquence: "quam preclarus orator
Thucydides esset, si haec facultas ei in suis causis, et in quarum  partem  et
societatem venisset, esset exercenda. Mehercle Demosthenes merito novies
ejus SClripta perlegit et edidicit."
The general divisions of this oration are so distinct as to be easily perceived. 1, The exordium, in which the speaker reverts to the summary
and illegal trial to which they were subjected, and declares his only hope
of safety from the foreshadowing doom which awaits them, to consist in
saying something to move the judges in their behalf (chap. 53); 2, an
examination of their former services, and a justification of their adherence
to the Athenian alliance (chaps. 54, 55); 3, a crimination of the Thebans
for their conduct in the Persian war, and their treacherous attempt upon
Platsea in the time of peace (chap. 56); 4, an appeal to the honor and magnanimity of the Lacedsemonians, which will be tarnished by dooming a city
to destruction, to which Greece is under such high and lasting obligations
(chap. 57); 5, earnest and passionate entreaties for life, drawn from all the
considerations which are calculated to influence the mind (chaps. 58, 59.
~ 2); 6, the peroration (chap. 59. 9~ 3, 4).




COAP. LIII.]                      NOTES.                                   631
CHAPTER LIII.
The orator commences by complaining of the want of good faith, in thus bringing them to a
summary trial contrary to the terms of capitulation (~ 1); the informality and undue
haste of this trial fills them with apprehension that their doom is sealed, and that they can
expect no impartial justice at the hands of tlheir judges (~ 2); they feel, however, that
their only hope is to respond to the question -which has been proposed to them, and make
their plea (~ 3); but they fear that all they can say will be fruitless in averting their predetermined fate (~ 4).
1. TroLaV E 8LK7V, such Cc kIind of tr-ical.  Reference is had  to  the
brief and informal question proposed  to them  by the judges (TII. 52.
~ 4), which  showed  that a legal trial was not to  be expected by the
accused. -      KaL EV L&Ko-ratL  K. r. X.  The order is, Kal EV 8&Kao'TCra
legadieof yevPrGas, OvK iv AXXotv l; piv.  Tle preposition ev has here
the signification before, and is the usual one employed in such a connection.    7- Iyoi/siEvo, is connected  with oitjeLvoL, and Bea4e'Evot is
related  to sryov/evos as the cause.  The equivalent is ierel;eSc&         E2Eba
1-yo(u~EvoL K. r. X.
2. I71-,-apr KuaKaLv.  The use of the indicative shows that, in the
speaker's estimation, the idea expressed by the verb had an actual existence.  Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. 814. a.  i- aq5ori-pcov.  "Intellige  IKjVvopltorepag et rov i'rrov.."  Bothe. -         7rEqo  r~ V  8EtvoLarsov, about th/e
imost feaiful things - about life and death.  The speaker intimates a
suspicion of their dreadful situation as criminals already condemned.
-  ase, SC. V7rroTEvorEv..    In lk;/ ov, the first negative  umay be
rendered lest (the verb v6rorrrevooev implying fear or anxiety), and the
last belongs to KotLvoI aro37-E.  S. ~ 230. N. 2.              reKLatpodyevot introduces the reason why the Plataans indulged the suspicion to which
they liad just given utterance.  In  order to  avoid the pleonasm  in
pKpolCar7yopL'a  and 7rpo~yeyevZvE7wr, Bothe would read, rpos (prctersea)
Kar77yoptar.  But see N. on I. 23. ~ 4.-    6  depends on   ay-vr-a. 
h JiXqJr/  a7rOKpva(raLat is the subject of ylyvi raL, and Ivavrla refers to
Ar adXrls1, as though it had been written' c rrorKpvva ta'- ra!   Ev dXrSb,'rav'a Evavrin  ylyverat.
3. 7ravraxo3ev  i ilsOPOL KaeoTrore- = being  enclosed on  every side
soith inextlricable di2ffculties.  -   aay]Kaudloeba  se. 5thrroKpvacrat. --
d,l-b pIqer Xoyos, the not uttering the speech; liter.ally, the speech, rot
being slokenz. --       ro(3er' Fxouvov, to those in such a situation (as weN,
now  are).  Cf. [Co'rrep Kat Eio-i;v, ~ 1. -       atrav.  See N. I. 69. ~ 6.
C-,.... v, as though, if it had beens poken, it might have been, the
nmeans of their safety.  Some render  or4 eL dXEX'r5, how that if it had




632                             NOTES.                            [Book III
been spoken.  In such a ease airlav  v 7rrapaoXot should be rendered,
would furnish occasion for saying.
4. yap introduces the reason why persuasion was difficult, viz., because the speech was not addressed to those who were unacquainted
with the facts, but to such as knew them  well, and had already made
up their judgment respecting them. ---  7rpot(vayvrrvres, "prcejudicio
damnantes." Bothe.  --    sarj depends on dpErTa, benefits, services.
E'yK/,7/&a is the predicate, and avro refers to the idea contained in lj/Z&v.... VLerEpcorv. -     di.... b4povreS, but lest for the sake of conferring favor upon these (i. e. the Thebans).  Qi4povres  should have been,epovrcov vuv to have corresponded with Kahto-rrea a, or else that
verb should have been KcaitarTre.  See N. on III. 59.-.~ 5.
CHAPTER LIV.
Notwithstanding their fears that it will prove unavailing, the Platnsans will yet try to persuade
their judges (~ 1); and in reply to the question proposed to them they will say, that if
they were enemies to the Peloponnesians, no assistance could be expected from them, and
if friends, wrong was done them by those who made war upon them (~ 2); their good behavior in time of peace was manifested in their not being the first to break the peace, and
in war, by the service they did to Greece in the time of the Persian invasion, and to the
Lacedeemonians at the time when the lielots revolted (~~ 3-5).
1. 0iLoSr, i. e. notwithstanding these difficulties in the way of persuading  the judges.  8- tKaLa  (-t&Ka LtCa       ra), justificatory pleas.
7- rpos, in reference to.  Bloomf. remarks that i? is used in the
next clause, as expressing a milder shade of signification. --       e rv....
2roLqtOcd  E, a, we will make mention of our good services.  3pao makes
&3'papat and Bfapaarr-at.
2. Cs rroXeMiovE, as enemies, i. e. regarding us as enemies. ---   CvK.....7rnSarar, you have not been wronged in having received no good
from us, i. e. if the Plateeans were enemies to the Peloponnesians,
they could not be blamed for having done them no service. No one
can rationally expect acts of kindness from  an enemy. ---  iXovs 8e
voLtbrvray is a varied construction for E a' qliXovr vo/treT.- - -— aeros
=-you  yourselves. -      / acXXov than  we.  -     7IV EvrLErrparevo-ravrev,
in having ncade war upon us.  This participle denotes in what the
vrror spoken of in auapardvetv consists.  See N. on I. 37. ~ 5.
3. Ev r7 sEp  Vy, i. e. in the time of the peace before and after the
Persian war. -- oV.... 7rpOr'FpO  refers to the treacherous assault of
the Thebans narrated in II. 2.             rej 3i  veFtwELrEMEvoL, attacking




CHAP. LV.]                       NOTES.                                 633
him (i. e. the Mede) conjointly with you.  It will be seen in III. 62.
~ 2, how the Thebans reply to this claim of merit put forth by the
Platcrans. --   oSvot BoLTdv.  This boast is not altogether true, for
while the Bceotians in the main were guilty of mnedismn, yet besides
the Plattans, there were  found on the side of Greece the Thespians
(cf. Herodot. VIII. 50), and the Haliartians (Pausan. IX. 32). /o'vot
must therefore be considered as rhetorically put for chiefly, principally.  The Thebans must have keenly felt this allusion to their base
abandonment of the Grecian cause in those days of peril.
4. IvavlwaX  -raaev.  The Plataeans having no ships of their own
fought on board of the Athenian triremes at Artemisium. --             /aX.
denotes time (see N. on I. 128. 5), or it may be regarded as a sort of
dative absolute with ycrogtv7.  Cf. S. ~ 226. N. 3.
5. reptrr, eTnconlcoassed. -       OcEOloV. Cf. I. 101. ~ 2.  E-XlE
-row depends on ()/3orE.  i- piFvJ aVrS)j7, of ourselves (not our servants
or allies).  See N. on II. 39. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LV.
In respect to the subsequent hostility the Peloponnesians were themselves to blame, inasmuch as, when the Plateoans applied to them for aid against the Thebans, they were directed to have recourse to the Athenians as being in their vicinity (~ 1); they had done
the Peloponnesians no serious injury in the war, nor should they in its continuance, but
felt it to be dishonorable and unjust to abandon the Athenians, from whom they had received great favors (~~ 2, 3).
1. -'& iAev'raXta Ktalt FEjlatcra is the accusative synecdochical. ---
qolov-rosl?croayev  ievat,  s uch we capproved ourselves to be.  -   3EOAeLvow  (se.'pacV  from,/aco.  See N. on I. 74. ~ 1) is in the genitive absolute for 8eocE'vovs  (    a res)  rsoao-erae. V-   v.....aarronovroT, but
you dwelling far away (firom us).  Ni responds to /Ipv implied in hs
iyyvs.  The  idea of separation  imparted to  the  verb  by  adro- is
strengthened by yaKpciv.  Perhaps, however, that arrOLK& in this connection is nearly equivalent to OKibc.
2. oV8Ev EK7rpr(FTEpo upOV-EraTdere, you suffered no very monstrous
injury (-= you were scarcely injured at all).  Cf. I. 38. ~ 6.-  EfSeXXikorarc, sc. 7ranjeiv from the preceding verb.
3.'Vfo)  KteXevaTdVOr.  Cf. II. 72. --       ivavri' O7S/aloS  (S. ~ 202.
1).  Cf. N. on  1. 29.  1. --   aXXes, re Kal ovi  sXA'Ao  rCe  atl ore
avrous. Goel. ---......  O/Ecvorv.  Two things are here referred to
as nlaiming the gratitude of thle Platroans, (1) that they had received




6834                              NOTES.                             [BooR III
favors from  the Athenians; (2) that these favors had  been  conferred
at their solicitation.  In respect to the force of the latter consideration, cf. Xen. Anab. II. 3. ~ 22 (end).    - rts is here put for?P.etr 
So in English, one is often put (per mnodestiasm) for the speaker.  Cf.
N. on I. 80. ~ 2.-,oXLtre/las  /eT;EaeY.  V   We find the Thebans referring to this in III. 63. ~ 2. -- - ~ae U E E2 r7a 7raptnyeFXAo'eea.  See N.
on I. 121. ~ 2. --- 1h'at 3  is connected to Kal rrpo8ovrat tlhe words
IjXXso.... LE; aia3Sev being parenthetic.   a- i, as to what. —-- -       Karepot E4qyeLrOe.  The Platmtans appeal to the well-known relation subgisting between the leading states and their allies, by which it was made
obligatory on the latter to obey the former, and hence the use of the
2 pers. plural to include the Lacedremonians in the proposition. ---- o
~ayorrer, sc. roVS J7roLevovr.  Cf III. 65. ~ 2, where it will be seen
that the Thebans refer to this excuse of the Platseans.
CHAPTER LVI.
The gross injustice of seizing Platoea in the time of peace rendered the Thebans deserving
of the punishment they recoived (~~ 1, 2); and in deciding this point, the judges ought to
regard the claims of j ustice without any reference to their own interest (~ 3), and even in
this point of view, if the Thebans now appear to be of great use, there was a time when
the Platrans were so also (~ 4); and indeed it will be seen that the service rendered by
them far exceeds their present fault (if they have committed any), yet now they are in
danger from thle same just and independent course, which in former times secured for
them such high hlonor (~~ 5-7),
i. zroXXa... r)7a&Kqrav.  AMt. ~ 415. 3; K. ~ 280. 2. -    lloomf.
thinks that 8L' &arep is put in the plural after r- hi rekev-raiov, because
it refers not only to  the last and greatest injury which the Platseans
had received from  the Thlebans, but to all the previous ones.  Poppo
with more propriety places it after ro 83 reXev-aioPl in the same way
as 4 d,, o[r is put after a'XXo rt in III. 38. ~ 7.
2. iepo/Llq,q  on c festivalc; literally, on a holy-moon.  Sometimes
the term  is applied to a whole month (cf. Smith's Diet. Antiq. p. 662),
and at other times to particular days in the month.  It is sometimes
taken  in the sense of vov/jrvia, but not here, for the Thebans took
possession of PlatLa at the end of the month (TeXrevrv0roV ro0 /u7rvdo,
II. 4. ~ 2). -     --  rat limits KaSeoT7era. ----- TO.....a/vverT at, that it
is jtust to repel an invacding enemy, is in epexegetical apposition with'rov 7ra-ti vtov tao eorors a.
3. yhp introduces  the  proof of o0vK  av FLKOros  which  precedes.
- Repeat rc with   OXELGTcp, and translate it as a noun,;ioL  being




CHAP. LVI.]                    N O T E S.                           635
understood, by the enmity of them  to us: by the enmity which they
bearq to us.  Bothe reads 7roXqeH ov, and Kriig. roXE[IcoS.     rd- T81am
ov X5pE~tOrE, "if you understand or intespret justice."  Bloomf. --
pthfXoe, rather.
4. rOre (i. e. in thle Persian war), sc. (c;4XELot p1EV from  the preceding clause.  Cf. Kr. ~ 62. 4-. N. 1. --- Ev i erlov  KLVO8VV  than yonow are. ---  r....?oav enforces the assertion just made, in respect
to the comparative danger of the Lacedammonians in the Persian and
Peloponnesian wars.  In the former war they were in danger of receiving the yoke of slavery, while in this war they are themselves the
dreaded  foes of others.  The clause o'e (i. e. the B3motians),&r'
(Tro~ (i.e. the Meode) f/-av is thrown in by way of enhancing the
gnilt of thle Thebans, who in a time of such peril took sides with the
1lelnemy.
5. Tr7S PO)V a/lapTlas-dvrtl ivae rTiY rTrTs rpovlnacv.  For the construction, see N. on II. 85. ~ 2.  The subject of the sentence is OavrL-' tSvnl. ~- ALE(Ctl refers to their former services, and EiXdO-  to the
present dlelerits with which they are charged.         -    cravLoLv.... avrLricro-uat. Mhost of the Grecian states submitted to Xerxes.  Cf. Herodot. VII. 132. 138. -- rtva does not belong to daperY,, but is the
s,lltject of I1rr1TrdaoUatl and with that verb forms the subject of fv,
---....  rptio-oovres  refers to the course pursued by the Bceotians
nod (others.  Poppo, Goeller, and Bothe notice the antithetic structure
of this and the following sentence, rA  dypFopa being opposed to T(';XCrXo-ra, and do4X-elAFe   to per&T Kgtv&crOv. -  -'6oao  of the Persians
-     IvroiL (for thenmselves) depends on 7rpado'-rovre (practising -  mnr(?atvriing, intrigui;,g.   Arnold), and not on $dur/qopa.  Bothe and
Kriiuger after Didot edit avrosr, as lashing more severely the selfish
policy pursued by the Thebans in the Persian invasion.
6. oV 7fJLeLS  yevoJ'evotL of which number te being = we beingy of that
numarber, i. e. of the heroic defenders of Greece.  The partitive genitive denoting of the numbevr, is fiequently found in the predicate.  Cf.
Kr. ~ 47. 9. N. 2. -i E's Tdt rpara.  See N. on III. 39. ~ 2.  According to Plut. (Aristid. 20. 21) the highest honors (Ta dpo-rrTea) were
offered to them, but were nobly declined. --  e'r rolT aT roSr - on
account of their line of conduct, which had always governed them,
and which caused them at the present time to defend their liberty
against the Thebans. ---   KaLoE   is opposed to KepahaXosw, and illustrates the strength of principle which they aver to have regulated
their conduct.
7. This section is very obscure, but by a careful attention to tho
general scope of the argument, the grammatical analysis nmy be




636                             NOTES.                         [BooK liI
pretty conclusively made out. The general idea is that the fear, entertained by the Platteans for having adhered to what was just rather
than advantageous, would be groundless, if the Laced.emlonians estimated this line of conduct now as formerly, and considered that real
interest is inseparable from  the unchanging principles of rectitude,
which keep those who act on them from being swerved by self-interest and passion.  The section'may thus be translated, although menl
should show themselves to be of the same opinion in respect to the same
things, and to regard interest as nothing else than that they should
show (literally, when they show) lasting gratitude to good and faithful
(Tolv aiya-o4h) allies for their valor (rivs iperTvS), cand for the present
take care of what will be for our advantage.  Great pains is taken by
some to obtain the reading EXovro- for E'xco(t, making the participle
to agree with'plv and to contain the protasis.  This is the conjecture
of Heilmr. who explains, oportet utilitatemn  nihil aliud esse existimare,
guam si a nobis firmram  gratiam virtutis bonis sociis habentibus etiamn?
prcesentia ex usue nostro constituantur, i. e. quam si prtesentia ita ex
usu nostro constituamus, ut simul bonis sociis gratiam habeamus.  To
this view Poppo seems to incline.  Others wish to read'xcoIUv, but
the change of pelson in ZXeor-n/Llt is by no means abrupt or unnatural, and I see, therefore, no need of altering the text.  Bothe
changes 7rov Tv into  "r]taTrov (damnosum), but a too great liberty
in altering the text is a fault of that otherwise judicious critic.  Arnold remarks that the particle 7rov expresses a sort of doubt, whether
there could be any immediate interest opposed to the laws of duty.
CHAPTER LVII.
The Lacedoemonian reputation for justice will be tarnished by an unjust decision against the
Plataeans (~ 1), who were so highly honored in the Persian war, and were then brought to
ruin in behalf of Greece, and now are pressed down with calamities, an d stand friendless
and unaided by those upon whom they imposed such a debt of gratitude (~~ 2, 3).
1. )q rTa EtKora, SC. iXka Tr aCUreUr(l.  Cf Jelf's Kiilln. ~ 904. Obs.
3. Perhaps a better explanation is to t:ake ju- T-a eLKOTra as a litotes for
sAt tTLetKOTra.  See N. on I. 3. ~ 1. --     yip introduces an illustration of
wvhat is asserted in Pi-are OTroE  K. r. ),, which for rhetorical purposes
is placed after the explanatory clause.       ( lav,= -- orTe'riav, eVvat.
----,atYoEvoL e.... iLel7rrrTv,  according to Bloomf., is a brief form
of expression for  ov iE'rawov'pEvot be V/Leals  neplt 7   oSIP  OiE  lEbLTrjY
—,ya~awy.  See N. on I. 3. ~ 1). a —-/     OK droaivraL (sc. ol "EXwrE),E lest the (reeis disavprove.  S. S   230. N. 2. --    avap v —ip,,




CHAP. LYIII.]                     N    T E S.                              637
i. e.,rrep asapco,   S. ~ 231. N. 2.  --- avrovs  a/sevovs ovras, you your.
selves being braver.   A  compliment both  delicate  and  well-tilned.
aVrovs agrees with iiide the omitted subject of E'r/,yvc PaL (see N. on 1.
70. ~ 2).   -I obvb.  Repeat awobe'covraL.  -   7rpoS  iepots o70Ts  KOLV0
at Olympia and Delphi.  -   dro =  tacken from.
2. AaKebaatovlovs, the Lacedcemonians, the  well-known  defenders
of Grecian rights.  So 0q71atLovr (infra), Thebans, who have disgraced
themselves by deserting the Greeks in their great struggle for freedom.
There is much beauty and force in the juxtaposition of Idai-ramu  and
AalKe8atoovSovu, states which battled side by side in the cause of freedom, but now, the one being on the brink of ruin, and waiting to
receive the sentence of life or death at the hand of the other. -
rplrro3a.,Cf. I. 132. ~ 2. --  rravotKrcr4.  See N. on II. 16. ~ 1. -
e$OaXELaL.  This verb is used of the erasure of names from  a book, or
the striking off of a name from  a list, and is very expressive in this
place.
3. es ro70Uo —tvpuopai.  See N. on I. 49. ~ 7. ~      -  o'7l.tVE..... d7roXkXdLeLa, "gui, guumnJ Medi vicissent, periimus."  Poppo.  The Plataans were only saved from  absolute ruin by the battle at Platea. -
v vfiev —Os3alhov s7rseLaE      = — vobis judicibtus (Ev Vljv BtKaoCrats, cf.
III. 53. ~ 1) a Thebanis superamur, i. e. Thebanis viliores sumus, postponimtur."  Poppo. --  ro-re Kiev (=  a  little wohile ago).  See N. on
Tr6re  I. 101. ~ 2.-    Xtsu,  Bsaqapiva,.  Cf. III. 52. ~ 1.
4. Kait ~.repLewoptEa K. r. AX.  Nothing can be more pathetic than
this allusion to their fallen and friendless condition.-            radvrcov the
Greeks.
CHAPTER LVIII.
The speaker goes on in the most pathetic terms to entreat the Lacedemonians to spare the
Platseans, inasmuch as the work of destruction is easy and of quick accomplishment, but
the disgrace of the act cannot be easily or quickly effaced (~~ 1, 2); the Platueans voluntasily surrendered themselves, and this together with their former services should ensure
their safety (~ 3); wherefore they call upon their judges to look upon the tombs of their
ancestors, which are so highly honored by the Platmeans, and which will hereafter be abandoned to traitors, if Platmia is given up to the unjust demands of Thebes (~~ 4, 5).
1. rj  reE..... rpEret, and to askc this favor of them  (i. e. the Theians) in return, that you nmust not be obliged to destroy those Dwhomr it
is not becoming in you (to kill).  This appears to be the meaning of
this controverted sentence.  abrois  seems evidently to refer to the
Thebans, although Krifger, Bothe, and some others refer it to the
Lacedemonians, and make it the subject of K-CrrI(vv, supplying   os15t
28




638                             NOTES.                            [BooK II.
as the subject, and v/ias  as the obiect of vrmarraLsro-at (depending on
arlov/Lev) - and that 2we should ask in retGurn (for our services) this
boon that you should not kill us.  The change in the subject of the
infinitive is too abrupt to adrmit of this mode of interpretation, although the sense is preferable to the other, unless a shade of irony is
intended in the asking back of the Thebans the lives of the Platrans.
There is, howevelr, to balance against the abrupt change of subject in
Kruger's mode of construction, the more natural employment by him
of avrovr (referring to the Laceduemonians), as the subject of K:tJiceLO,,
than to refer avrovs to the Thebans, and supply V6ipl   as the subject of
the verb.  Arnold, who refers the subject of KreiVELt to the Thebans,
finds an allusion here to BaIeLtE.... )OpoTreq) III. 53. ~ 4.-    cl&/pova....  aXnpLt, and to receive an honorable insteacd of a ba-se return.
2.?y&p before'I/tas introduces the reason for the use of 7tO 8a'
G-KXetav.  So yp at the commencement of ~ 4 infra, introduces the
proof that the Platroans were deserving of the epithet eepyETras, the
thing being attested by the tombs of their forefathers, who fell and
were buried in the territory of the Plataans.
3. Xeipag srpoi'orXOtlEvovg, stretching forth our hands in the manner
of suppliants.
4. iaFrbi,aort.  Arnold says that no reference is had here to the
practice of wrapping bodies for burial in a rich and costly dress, but
to the annual offering of garments at the tombs of the dead, from
the same superstitious feeling which prompted offerings of meat and
drink, as if the dead were cold in their disembodied state, and still
required those reliefs to the necessities of human nature, which they
had needed when alive.
5. ror av`SE;yvraTc.  This is said because the Thebans took  part
with the Persians. -7-   7rpo w     Kal a    and in addition. -   io-ra/viov,
I aor. mid. part. of'ES, used transitively, having instituted.
CIHAPTER LIX.
It ill becomes the Lacedoemonians to sacrifice the Platraans to the implacable hatred of the
Thebans (~ 1); the speaker urges them by the common and mutual oaths of their fathers,
by the tombs and the spirits of the departed heroes who fell and were there busied, not
to yield them up to the Thebans, and closes the oration by referring to the fact, that the y
delivered themselves up to the Lacedoemonians, and would have died by famine sooner
than to ha-ve surrendered to the Thebans (~~ 2-4).
1. E's....,O/'Lli,   against the commzon institutions oq GCreece,
kXXo-rpias i. e. of the Thebans against the Platreains.   r- ErsKXa(crl-sat




%iHAr. LIX.]                  NOTE S                                639,r yvrbu, to be inclined, to be won over.  With this and the preceding
verb o'Wr?  oc4FpoIv  (by a discreet pity) is to be taken, although
properly it should be in the accusative with X)ufd'vras.  The full construction according to Goel. would be  Elo(rao-rat — oi'Kr, Xnadvrar (sc.
avrdv, i.. r.  v o0KTOI), to spare us in pity, having taken it Vupon YJou.
Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. ~ 898. 1. a. -      oot re..... 7ratot/Lev, and what sort
qf persons we are who would suffer, i. e. upon what worthy persons
the )punishment would fall. --- -..... ~v/rweolt, how uLncertain is the
nature (7r) of misfortune [it being uncertain] upon whom, it maay fall
even (Kal) without his deserving it  This last clause is epexegetical of
the former one.
2. is vrpirov'/iv  in our present danger. --    XpEla -   davayKr
(Schol.).  Cf. I. 32. ~ 3.-  atiroTv1 eta.... 7rapa&o3vat.  Goeller constructs and explains this passage as follows: alrove/Sia vilfiar 7re'(ra
aiSE-aTrovpe25a   tVa/s q7t pvYLoVeLV —-'K- eraL ytyvdlOlega Ka'l E7rTlKaXo/ltea
tk0'yEVna:at, /rlSU —-rapao3j vatL.  Culm priori alrov'te2a v&asr juncta est
per participium sententia EC'Ltoc&/EVOt  eoV rovs /Lof3oPILovE KOal KOtVOVEs
rv'EXXwcv, cum altero alro'iE4a {vas item  per participium  juncta
hsec sunt: TpO)EpOIeVOL OJgpKOVE, OVS Ot raTepe9E &iv  w.go-av.  Verba
anutem  LKEratL ytLyYdoIea vpv rowv TrarTpwOO  r 7a'v  Kal zerlKaXoup.eaa ToVS
KEKYtL)1jaE jungenda sunt curem /lpe yrEvic atL v0ror  O7qalots et sequentibus
vel propter ea) qum extreme capite proximo orator dixerat: (rKE+a-cae
6* Havo-arnls  K. T. X. This elucidates very well the general construction. Some verbal explanations, however, seem necessary to be added.
65poy Co/Iovs, having one altar, i. e. being worshipped at the same altar.
An association of this sort was founded upon some common characteristics, which gave fitness and propriety to the union, e. g. Ceres
and Proserpine, Jupiter and Hercules.  In such relations they were
called Dii comnnunes.  Cf. Smith's Dict. Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 68.
-  racbov is in the genitive with  cierat, on the general principle that
verbs of praying or vowing, are joined with a genitive of the person
or thing, by whom or by which the supplication is made, the person
who prays being considered as touching the knees of the divinity.
Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. ~ 536. Obs. 6.-.    rosr KeKEU7CLras, the dead, Tbli
word here is euphemistically ulsed.  Butt. (Lexil. No. 68. p. 373) contends that fKEKtrlKodra is the true reading.  It is found in one of the
Paris manuscripts, and is the only one acknowledged by the Scholinsts or Pollux in quoting the passage.
3. o5rep refers forward to Xdyov EXEVTrav. (S. ~ 197. 2.) 8 —      -tdr&
avnrod.  How natural and pathetic is this sentence!  The speaker
is reluctant to stop, although its necessity is acknowledged, because
wFith the termination of the speech end all the arguments and induce.




640                            N O T ES.                       [BOOK II1
ments, which they can bring forward to move the minds of their
judges, and there remains n.othing in the way of an immediate sentence which they are well persuaded will be pronounced against them.
ato-XarT) in comparison with death in battle.  -   ES  ra avr Tc, in
the same situation which we were in previous to surrendering ourselves. -- ov wvYrvx6ovra KiVvIIVOV depends on fXe'oiat.
4. EI7rtK7TroEloEv (cf. II. 73. ~ 3), we solemnly enjoin. -       7rapacovrZaL.  Regularity of construction would have required 7rapaS&o'vaL
zi/Sd.  See N. on III. 53. ~ 4.
CHAPTER LX.
The Thebans, fearing the effect of this speech of the Platseans, ask and obtain leave to bA
heard in reply.
1. rrpos rov XO'yov is taken by Bloomf. with &3Io-avrEv, being appre.
hensive at their speech, but it is better to construct it with E'visota
should  relent somewhat at this appeal. --- -'qacav.... el7refv, they
also said that they (-  they said that they also) wished to speak. -.COKpdTrpos.... d7roKplTreX a longer speech was granted than what was
necessarqy for a reply to the question.  daroKploewos  depends on [aKpoTEpog.
CHAPTERS LXI.-LXVII.
The speech of the Thebans, which is comprised in these chapters, is a
fine specimen of an attempt to support an unrighteous cause by misrepresentation, fallacious reasoning, and exaggerated statements.  Its fierce and
rancorous invective, and malignant denunciations of men who stood before
their unrelenting judges in atll the helplessness of predoomed criminals,
contrast finely -rwith the pathos and earnestness of appeal with which the
Platmneans had pleaded for their lives.  As that speech was pre eminent for
its power to excite the tender emoltions, so this is equally potent in arousing
the fiercer passions, and in steeling the mind to pity or forgivenessa  Both
are masterpieces of their Lind, and should be read consecutively, not only
because the second is a reply to the first, but in order to enjoy the contraet
vf sentiment and diction furnished by the two speeehes,




ClAP. LXII.]                      NOTES.                                   641
CHAPTER LXI.
The Thebans offer as the ground of their desire to speak, the long and criminating speech ot
the Platmeans (~ 1); they give as the cause of the enmity of the Platoeans, the compulsion
which was used to bring them into the Bceotian confederacy, to which from the first they
were averse, and to avoid which they had formed an alliance with the Athenians (~ 2).
1. el Ka[, if in like manner. j-   3paxeros.  Cf.!adKpOTrpos    X)yos —
alroKPLtoeoo, III. 60. ~ 1.  r-       pCorT71Ev adrriEKpLvaVTo, had anCzwered to
the question.  Cf. Mt. ~ 410. 6; Kr. ~ 46. 6. N. 3. --   rept aovriv is to
be constructed with 7roXXv Tjv     d roXoytav,  and,7/Tm(IvYOw depends on
arroXoylav.  Render, had made a long defence of  themselves, in respect
to things foreign  to the matter in hand, and of which they have not
been  accused.  Bloomf. refers  Jrta/L;vov to  a'Tr-cv, making it parenthetic, ald withal they being not.even accused (of any offence).  For
the passive signification of aertiir.sat, cf. M t. ~ 495. d; Soph. Gr. Verbs,
p. 81. -- p-,rpos  e'v Ta is for urpos 7Ta ev.  Cf. Aft. ~ 288. Obs. 3.
avvrEL7rev, to reply to, to make a counter-statement.-            kXeyXov'rouiaro-aot, to refate, to show the utter falsehood of.-  ayXov is limited
by  TOv  8;.  Cf. S. ~ 187. 1. -        KaKla, i. e. what the Plata3ans call
Ka#ra.  6With some such qualification 36oa is also to be taken.
2. atvTt-, i. e. Plattae.        t v &LoKTovs     arusbpirrovs, a heterogeneous,mass.  Arno(ld supposes them  to be the Hyantians, Thracians, Pelasgians, and other early inhabitants of Bceotia.  Cf. Strabo, IX. 2. ~ 3.
corep.... W orv.  The position of Thebes in the Becotian confederacy was at first merely that of a leading city, but in process of
time it exercised a sway no less despotic than that of the Athenians
over their allies.  See the note of Arnold on this passage, who notices
the use of  yesyeovevo-'bat instead of a5pXeo-bat.  Cf. Poppo's Proleg. IT.
p. 292, et seq. --       a;Xco.....7rcarpta.  See N. on II. 2. ~ 4.
CHAPTER LXII.
The speaker now proceeds to reply to the charge of defection in the Persian war, which was
made against them by the Platoeans. He charges upon the Plat1eans that they followed the
Athenians then in opposing the Medes, as they since have done in the efforts of that state
to enslave Greece (~~ 1, 2); whereas the Boeotians were on the side of the Medes, not
through fault of the people at large, but of a few individuals who ruled them with despotic
sway (~~ 3, 4); but since the departure of the Medes, by their opposition to the aulbitious
designs of Athens, the Bceotians had made ample amends for their former fault (~~ 5, 6).
1. ob accompanies  tltqbtcat, because the act spoken of is asslumed
as certainf.  S. ~ 229. 3.         rolrp —Y  cidXXovrat, in  this they  exutt.
S. ~ 203.




642                               NOTES.                            [BooK II1
2.'Aqvalovs  is put in the accusative by attraction, the regular
construction  being'Arqvalot, sC.'(SLao-av.  Cf. K. ~ 342. R. 3; Kr.
~ 62. 4. ~ 3. The sophistry and injustice of this attempt to defame the
Platmans, is so obvious as to need scarcely a passing remark. -
a7y-o v     arf,  in the sale way.         a drr-tKo-at.  There is a play on
this word as opposed to ytk7o-at=  if they alone of the Bcootians did
not Jliedise, they certainly are the only ones who have Atticised.
3. Iv oice ECZFte in what aform  of government = _under what political circumstances.          o 7io refers to the course pursued by the two
parties in the Persian war.  The Thebans now  endeavor to cast the
blame of their adherence to the ]Median interests, upon a few of their
leading men.-,roXLrEvovCoa ( —  8totKo%-a. Haack) is to  be taken
with  rTyXav TV. r-            5 ocopo eo-rcT(rT-  ro~t (roQ/poveoo-raTrotS, the
abstract being put for the concrete.  13othe says, "rLnalim  rc- orcoqpove'rrfp, i. e. fere Tr  o-c'dppovt, r  oTopOoUvnv.". —  8vvarctEia, a domivnation, a despotic swavy.  The term  refers here to such as were above
law  themselves, and could oppress and lord it over others at their
pleasure.
4. ovrot refers to the persons who composed the oligarchy.WKreXOYTe9 oXVTL -io wrX3or, coercing the people, compelling the  vultitude by Jbfoce. -       adivd, i. e. the Persian  king.  -     EavrTrs depends
on aVtOKpa'TCOp. -      XV =  EKELroV o, o: of which the antecedent depends
on  ovet(crat (.TJelf's Kiihn. ~ 495), and the relative, on r'laprEv.  S.
~ 194. 1.       p  ttE ra& rvocov (=  vdtovs oV  XpCoEvq. HaI-Iack), sc. ov'ra.
Cf. the use of A') (7r), I. 91. ~ 7.
5. rTOr.vLovrI a ia2e, "recovered  their laws, i. e. their legitimate
constitution whlich had been overturned by the oligarchs."  Bloomrf.
El E.X. LeXoievot-XEveFpoo'-aIuer depends on  o-Ki'facroaL Xpi}, you
ought to consider —whether we fighting-freed (= whether we by fighting did.not free).       iv Kopcveva.  Cf. I. 113. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LXIII.
rhe alliance of the Platreans with the Athenians, professedly made for protection against the
Bceotians, gave them no right to join that state in its attempt on the liberties of Greece, as
they voluntarily had done, and from which, had comrpulsory measures been employed by
At lans, they might have been protected by the confederacy entered into against the Medes
(~~ 1, 2); as to their plea that it would have been disgracefnl to betray their benefactors.,t was far more dishonorable and unjust to assist in enslaving Greece (~~ 3, 4).
1.  r9 8U LpEE K.g. X.  HSaving tllus replied to the charge of medism
rtought against them, the Bceotians proceed  to examine the policy




CIiAP. LXIII.]                 NOTES.                              643
and conduct of the Platsaans, and by detraction and misrepresentation
endeavor to make their recent offence preponderate over all their former services, just as they had magnified their own services since the
Persian war above their misconduct in that war.  In this way by unduly amplifying their own  merits and the Platman demerits, and
lightly passing over their respective conduct in the iMedian  war, they
reverse the position of the two states, and make the Platmcans worthy
of the highest censure, and themselves of unqualified  praise. -
dLtcorEpoL....  ~d[arv, you rather (than we) are worthy of all punishwent.  This expression by no means implies that tle Thebans thought
themselves worthy of punishment.  But as mutual accusations had
been made, the comparative is employed to give force to the charge of
guilt, which the Thebans were now hurling back at their accusers.
2. e'YEOVe.  Kriiger pronounces this to be a somewhat harsh
asyndeton. -        rh  ps rwp,v    as far as it r'espected us - agaicnst us.
aV- rovs, i. e. the Athenians. -     v- 7rapXov.  Repeat 7rO' w  UvvenrtEvat.  -  7rjs.... yey5EIv   vqrv shows, as Bloomf. remarks, how it was
in the power of the PlatT-ans not to have united with the Athenians
to the prejudice of others (~vvrrt'rvaL.... aXXotr), viz. by the confederacy of the Lacedmemonians against the Medes, upon the protection
of whichl they might have thrown themselves, when pressed by the
Athenians to the commission of deeds which were unjust. -          1rl rw 
1mI/S.  See N. on I. 102. ~ 4.  -  ro i pEytrov, Lo7hat is greatest. ---
rapeXetv, se. i/tiv. -      o[ jta4mEvot E'rt, being no lonzger coe7peleled by
necessity, as formerly when oppressed by the Thebans.  i- Xxov,
rather.
3. rovs LEv refers to the Athenians, and rove hi to the other
Greeks.
4. avroTs, i. e. the Athenians.  -   -rrtXhvE  di7rrqXXay,LEVv, ~free
fron disgrace.  S. ~ 197. 2.  How the re.am  which they made to the
Athenians was disgraceful is shown in v/Lets /Emv -yip K. 7. X.  The law
of reciprocity demanded that they should assist the Athenians when
suffering injury, but not when doing wrong to others. -          Katro.....
fLtX73,le[r-av.  The sense of this difficult passage becomes clear and
apposite by repeating, witl-l all the best recent commentators, /y (dIrT8'vat in both clauses of the sentence, and giving to aXo'piv tfiXWov the
sense which a'crxtov has in II. 40. ~ 1, this ratther is disgraceful acnd
not.  The general idea is, that it is base not to return honorable favors in an honorable way, but not so, to refuse to return a kindness
by the commission of acts of injustice.




644                               NOTES.                             [Book III
CHAPTER LXIV.
The course taken by the Platasans in the Persian war is again attributed to their desire to
act in concert with the Athenians (~ 1); wherefore their claim of merit on that score is
unreasonable (~ 2); and much more so is it by their voluntary adherence to the Athenians
intheir aggression upon the liberties of Greece (~ 3); by thus showing what are their real
principles, they have forfeited all the claims to which their services in the Persian war
might have entitled them (~ 4).
1. U/X0v rT  EroOttraTE-tl)a&rarEE,  you have made it plain that not
on account of the Greeks you alone (of the Bceotians) did not mzedise.
il8l[oaavrer depends on baXov e'rot7crare as though it were BsqXorv. See
N. on I. 11. ~ 3.'Arjvraiot, so. e;'8tLcrav.         flr 86i.  Supply
fromn the context o0K ELo7tloTaEF.         T  rolS  EV refers to the Athenians,
-OaiS h8  to the Greeks in general.  By this opposition, the Athenians
are invidiously regarded as not belonging to the Greeks.
2. acj'  ov.... coq/eXeCXETat,  to  receive benefits from   those things
wherein  you have been brave for others.  Jd' cov: -rb ror cov a', the
relative being taklen synecdochically with adynaol.  Bothe says that
a9' cov is put for iv oit (i. e. roiS  Mq8tKorS). -       eTEpovr refers to the
Athenians.          aqr r o V'ra0Y  is an  emphatic  repetition  of ca' cov.
There is a similar repetition  of the preposition with  the relative  in
Demosth. de Chers. ~ 23, (r)TE Kat rept   ovr  ao'ut /EXXELy avro'v rotelr,
Kai wep7rt roVTorV rrpoKar7qyopovrrOv caKpoanSe. -        &crrep.....vvayovt{E(oe.  This bitter and insulting taunt is like our homely phrase, as
you, hcave made your bed so lie down in it.
3. 3heK&oXsEre7 SC. Tr  Kara8ovXovo-catL avrovr.-       o crrep, sC. EXETE..
-      COrep  ravr, se. ol  Xyapxot e'tdo-azrro.  Cf. III. 62. ~~ 3, 4.
4. oirm-ves.... 7rpoiviear-Se, who have displayed bravery to theis injury.
ov 7rpoo-rKovra (so. rf7 Oio'eL bUpCv), not correspondent to your nature
or disposition.  The idea is that the subsequent conduct of the Platreans gave evidence, that the services which they rendered in the Pero
sian war were not in accordance with the natural impulse of their
inind, but quite foreign  to their true nature, which was inclined to
wrong-doing.  The virulence of this half-suppressed or rather partially
expressed sentiment, is still further manifested in what follows. -
q;.isr,           epa. 1 i4-eQyXqrep.      s 7- ybr5 iu ie "in verum probata
selnt, i. e. ita cornpelta suLnt, ut vera voluntatis vestrla ratio appareret."
Poppo (Proleg. I. p. 292).  E'  ro caXr/bes, according to Bloomfield, corresponds to our expression, of a  truth, or for a truth.  Bothe males
it equivalent to daXsqbms. -        a'8tKov 0bbv iorror, pur'suing an unjust
course.  Cf. Mkt. ~ 409. 4; S. ~ 181. 2.




CHAP. LXV.]                    NOTES.                               645
5. TrV?zp fETepO' TE adKOvTLov,  /SLt7LOV  is opposed to rov vLTeepo
EKOVrrLo  aTrrKtlO-/1yV, the antithesis being a condensed epitome of the
whole argument of the last two chapters.
CHAPTER LXV.
The attempt of the Thebans to enter Platsa was made at the express solicitation of some of
its best citizens (~~ 1, 2); and the design of it was nothing more than to restore the Platue.
an state to the Bceotian confederacy (~ 3).
1. The Thlebans having responded to the charge of,zedism, advanced against them  by the Plat.tans, now proceed to vindicate their
attempt to enter Platina. -         a....a d&K7l Yva. Cf. III. 56. ~ 2. -
yap serves to introduce an explanation of daLK3iVOat, and nmay be rendered, to owit, for' examnlple.-   1epotpvatrs.  Arnold says that the
plural form is used, because the festival was of several days' continuance. -    o-'8'te   v pXkeov, onot mzore than you — not so much as you.
2. atnro — of our owon accord.  Mt. ~ 468. 4. E —     Ef -enaXodtea Kae
-;rIobLLev, if toe had fought against-and ravagecd-toe  had been
guilty  of injutstice, literally, are guilty, etc.  Bloomf. explains this
sequence of tenses as not having reference to time at all, bnt only as
it regards the agents, and that hypothetically.  Of the thing thus hypotlletically put, the assertion is,'if that were the case, then we are
guilty.'  This is the true solution, althoulgh in strictness the idea of
tihe is not absent from, the expression, the apodosis taking the present
tense in order to show that the guilt of the transaction, if the protasis
was true, rested upon them  to the present time.  Cf. K. ~ 339. 3. d.
Kriig. attributes to adaLOotzeV the notion of the perfect, but this is
questionable.  It is the remark of P)oppo, that'&GKZoueV aiv was properly required, but that d8ciKOtoEV was employed for the sake of concinnity.  -    7s.... $vqaXlag depends on rarncar  (cause to cease).
S. ~ 197. 2. Reference is had to their alliance with the Athenians. -
ar KoLVa —7rTdrpLa.  See N. on II. 2. ~ 4. t —  r aLKovecEV.  Here the
tense, in Poppo's estimation, is rightly employed, because the protasis
contains a supposition which was the true one. -             oi yap ityorerE.... zrojziv~.  tAllusion is sneeringly made to what the Platwa.ans said,
IIL 55. ~ 3 (end).
3. 6;KevOL-KV ES7.  The verb is to be supplied from  the preceding
7rapavo/iovt. -      ErXEo 7rapaf3aXXosVeotL (of. II. 44. ~ 3), having greater
interests (in the country) at stake.  Cf. o rTrpOrTo& Kai Xpqa-uao' Kal yevel,
28*




646                              NOTES.                           [Booil IIIl
~ 2, supra. ---- eJ3oovTo....yveror-au, they woished that those of you
who mwere less worthy, should no longer have the lead  (in the management of political affairs).  The meaning of t5XaXov Tyeveo'at is quite
obscure in itself, but is satisfactorily unfolded by the antithetic clause
roV  Ire.... eXeLv)  and that the better portion (of citizens) should have
their deserts (i. e. the station and influence which of right belong to
them).  The sense elicited by Poppo, and  adopted by most of the
German  commentators, viz. should become worse (supplying XEtpovs
with l/aXXov), is very flat and inapposite.  Nor has Arnold mended
the matter by extending the ellipsis to Xelpovs 77 ayaoovs, should become worse rather than better.  bvanv  is the partitive genitive.  See
Ns. on I. 126. ~ 11; III. 22. ~ 5. -,-   -(opo,rvoral.... dkXorptorvres.
This is a very obscure sentence, but after repeated examinations of it,
I am  disposed to adopt the explanation of Goeller, who  constructs
roc/aTrcov with aXkorpLovree, and takes the clause in the sense of ab
urbe cives non abalienantes, not depriving the city of its citien7s (i. e.
not banishing them).  The general sense then would be, being correctors of your Gminds (i. e. teaching you better po)litics), but not interfering with your personal rights.  Arnold translates, or rather I)araphrases (according to his usual custom) thus: " and as for your lersons (or, your outward condition), not giving ulp your city to foreigners, but bringing it home to a natural union with men of your own
blood and race." In respect to the use of -croiuareov, see N. on I. 17.
1. --   e' rEv 6vyyerveav, refers to the Brotian confederacy
CHAPTER LXVI.
The PlatSeans are charged with having first acceded to these peaceful overtures, but afterwards with having treacherously butchered the Thebans (~~ 1, 2), thus perpetrating a
threefold crime, the violation of a covenant, the massacre of the Thebans, and the breaking
of their engagement not to kill these men, if their country possessions were left uninjured
by the Thebans (~ 3); for these atrocities they shall now receive their merited punishment (~ 4).
1. ret['Jlptov Be.  See N. on II. 39. ~ 2. --        Kara.... 7rarpta.  See
N. on II. 2. ~ 4. --   rOXLIreverV, to ivee under a form  of government.
--   lval.  The subject is rov /ovXop/evov.
2. XcopCraVTreg, sc. 7rpos  /iigs from  the preceding context.   - el
pa KaL (eve  though.  Cf. III. 67. ~ 2)....'o-(E OS rSE is a parenthetical sentence to be taken with the following context.  o.... V/L0=V
without the consent of a mnajority of your citizens.  It will be remembered, that the Bm3otians were called in by a few of the principal citi



CHAP. LXVII.]                     NOTES.                                   647
zels.  ov0  /nra is a varied  expression  for aIvev.  Cf. I. 91. ~ 5.  This
use of /Iera is of quite  frequent occurrence. --   d- ola, like in kind.
The BcMotians had offered no violence to the Platrans, but had only
attempted to persuade them  by words, whereas the return for this interfe-rence was made in deeds of blood.  -   vcoreeplorat (se. 6oTre) explains ra  /oita.  In  respect to the engagement referred to, cf. II. 3.
~ 1. -;seeXEGiv from the city of Plat-ea. -       iTrLteLEvoL is accommodated in case to drrEKwrEvare.  This clause, as Poppo remarks, is placed
before ob6 yev — ouis  eI, because it belongs alike to botl tllese relative
clauses.  r- rapa, cont'rary to.    e v XEPCroi, in combeat, hand  to
hand. 6- oiomro  as those who were butchered  after having surrendered themselves (ob U  Xepas  K. T. X.). r         -.....E l rpynaob,  how
have ye not done a dr'eadful deed?  This interrogation partakes of the
nature of an exclamation, and expresses a strong affirmative.
3. K(l1  araTci  especially.  Cf. Mt. ~ 470. 6.            r -7v re XvoeJlo-av
YcoXoylav and thle  accusatives connected w           ith, are in epexegetical
ap-position with ad&Klas.
4. ovK, "no! not if."  Bloomf. --  ovrot refers to  the  Lacediemonian judges.
CHAPTER LXVII
The speaker sums up by asserting that for all these things the Thebans rightly demand that
the Platreans shall be punished (~ 1); he urges upon the judges not to be moved by their
reference to their former virtues, for these, if they ever had any, only enhanced their present guilt; nor by their appeals to the sepulchres of their dead and to their own destitution
(~ 2); for the Thebans had suffered far more in those who were butcllered at Plataea and
-who fell at Coronea (~ 3); for their manifest and enormous crimes they should be punished,
and furnish to all other evil-doers a salutary -warning both of thetr doom, and the inflexible determination of the Laced.emonians to redress these and siumilar grievances (~~ 4-7).
1. rcavra de*pends on  s7rveiXbofev, and ro7urov refers forward  to
the sentence beginning with i'va vJEis tev Fi8TE r         l whiclh explains VriEp
— i/c)v.  The verb etb&J1gFv is to be supplied in the latter clause from
the preceding one, with the modified sense, that we may be fully confirJmed in our belief, for, as Bloomf. remarks, explanations were not
needed to commnlunicate to themselves knowledge, or the lawfulness of
tlheir revenge.  -      r- ertL/LopqtLvot =  KcoXtavrcTEE    arovs.  Schol.  The
construction of tlhis and the preceding participle is explained in N. on
I. 76. ~ 1.
2. EL rt  a'pa T Kai.  See N. on III. 66. ~ 2. -     ErtlKovpovr has the
force of an adjective. -          r- 8trXa'lavs Crltas (se. etvaL), ought (xpq repeated) to be double penalties.  Arnold thinks that the singular num



648                            NOTES.                          [Boon Il.
ber is required, and that EirrtE'peLv should be supplied, but the laws of
ellipsis are best met by the subaudition of etvat, and the sense is not
materially  cllhanged.  o- 0K  EK  rpOO(-9KVrTbv,  " modo  iis  (eorum
naturte) non, conveniente." Poppo.  Cf. III. 64. ~ 4.  Bloomf. justly
censures Arnold's translation, contrary to what we have a right to expect of them. - o- Xoqbvplp6  (their) —o'Krc  (your).  -'prFav.
Allusion is made to what the Platrans had said about their deserted
condition, III. 57. ~ 3.
3. v7r roTrwv is to be constructed after 8te2ap;AEvrqv.  The hyper
baton promotes emphasis by bringing in juxtaposition TroSrv and
XtKlav ~t Sv.  -  7jXtKltv, youth, i. e. young men.  Cf. Lat. juve7ntus
=juvenes.  -     ov 7rarEpev oel tvE-ot  i), the fathers of whom1, some
-others.  For this kind of partitive apposition, see N. on I. 89. ~ 3.
- ayovTreg, in bringing over.  -.rpeo-f3rat is the predicate, being
left old men (= in old age). -         oKlat iprlltoL (repeat hv),  whose be~reaved families.
4. oi —rc  dvpSpcorrov, those men.  The genitive is partitive. —o0i  b vKalcws.  Repeat 7raXouvTEs rLt.    - Ta;vavrla is to be taken
adverbially, on, the contrary.  Cf. Bernh. Synt. p. 130. - e7rtXaproL
ELTat5 sC. ad&corepol     erlt.
5. rv'v vlv ip'7iav. Reference is again made to the complaint of the
Platseans, III. 57. ~ 3. -----   ta in A' iavrovs denotes the means, through
their own agency.  K. ~ 291. II. 3. b. -           arc7aroSovres-7rreooovrat.
The aorist of the participle seems here to be used for the future by
way of anticipation, in order to show the confidence of the speaker
that the Platruans would be punished.  Cf. K. ~ 256. 4. f; Mt. ~ 506.
2; S. ~ 211. N. 3.  As it respects punishment by death not being an
07(T7 rTILuopla, Bloomf. aptly illustrates the idea by our familiar expression, death is too good for him.  yap in e'vvo/La( yap Wreloovrat seems
to be used for the purpose of answering an anticipated objection, that
the punishment of the Platscans would not be in accordance with law
or usage.-    mrpor-X6oevot and 7rapadovres  depend on wTdo(O  rat,  reference being had to what was said by the Platuans, III. 58. ~ 3, the
words E`K idaX7v being added by the Bmotian speaker.             Kal oSvXi
Repeat mentally 7reiroovrat. -   a.X'..... rapaB(vres.  Cf. III. 52. ~ 2.
The trial, however, which the Plattcans had in mind, was to be a legal
one.
6. roCV&e, i. e. the Platreans. -  -,VOCp a Tra OUv tV, who have sucffer.
ed unlawfully (see N. on I. 39. ~ 3).  There is an antithetical reference to the preceding e`vvojta 7reo-olrcat.  Bloomf. also finds the same
correspondence between adTra7ro0ore Xadpw tLKalav, and the words of
the Platroans  racOpoa-Ko1tldracraat XapLv, III. 58. ~ 1.           WV



CArP. LXVIII.]                   N O T ES.                              649
EKESvoW a', of which the antecedent depends on Xaptv, and the relative
limits 7rpgovuoc as a synecdochical accusative. --    duoapravoyevv....
ylyvovrat, but being evil, speeches embellished  with fine expressions
(literally, words) are a covering (for what is wrong).  An emphasis is
to be given to E'rVErt, as opposed to OVK EpyotL which may be mentally
supplied.
7. KE/aXaLatcooavrFv, having  summed up, stated briefly. -     rol,oar/TeE  conforms to VALEaE, although it properly belongs to oe s7yeo'dvEs.
This is done to give prominence to the application to the case in hand,
of what was intended to be advanced as a general principle. A verb
for el s/yqdovEs may be supplied from the dependent clause (cf. Jelf's
Kuiihn. ~ 895. 3), or it may be considered as merged into the new subject iVs1ir.  See N. on ErTq3ovXev0o',iea, I. 82. ~ 1.
CHAPTER LXVIII.
The Lacedeemonian judges adhering to the legality of their question, again propose it to each
of the Platseans, and upon receiving a negative answer, put all the men to death, and sell
the women as slaves (~~ 1, 2); the city and country are given up to the Thebans, who
soon confiscate and lease out the lands, and destroy the city to its very foundations, and
erect near the temple of Juno a large building for the entertainment of travellers ({ 3); and
tlus was Plattea destroyed for the sake of the Thebans (~ 4).
1. 8tKaoralt belongs to the verbs ahE'KTLtrov and &erotlioavro. —-cLrso-tv  belongs to r&EpWJTS7aQ in the sense of the subjective genitive,
their question.  Bloomfield, however, constructs it with dp25r EiEL@v,
would be right (i. e. advantageous) for them.  Poppo with Bauer,
thinks that fExetv is the true reading. --'l Tr.... re7rOvaco- explains
appositionally  ro i7rep;crqwa.- -  ro-e o   T aE ov Xpvov, i. e. the time
between the Median invasion and the Peloponnesian war. -    8is'ev
is employed to show that this was the ground assumed by the judges,
but not the historian's opinion or belief. --   Ka7a Ta's  raXalas Ilav(ravlov —rovSivs.  Cf. II. 71. ~ 2.-  T rov M3ovy refers to the second
Persian invasion.            To..E g;rr'repov.... abro;.  After repeated examinations of this passage, I am led to adopt, as the most simple and
natural explication, that which repeats 7rpoe[Xovro and constructs thus:;E o0K;8E;arvo (the second reason why the question proposed to the
Plataeans was proper,  rtd&L 7sjovv being the first) G-re VrTTEppov rpoflXOrTO, a 7rpo ro?  rEptr'eLXltEeC2atL irpoelXOvro aVTroE.  The conjecture of
Bloomfield is worthy of attention, viz. that the author, as often for
urevity's sake, and to prevent the repetition of the same phrase ovK




650                            NOTES.                        [BooK II1,
EadEavro, has written &Cs OUK e'IeavrTo, though by doing this he broke
up the parenthesis, and let it run into the portion extra parenthesin.
-   KaT' EKELVa refers to raeS 7raXatas IlavoTavlov o-irovSdas.        q7yoYevoI0.... 7reroveSPVa  is a virtual repetition of voilpiov-rev.... ietv at thle
beginning of the section, and may be rendered, thinking themselves
released fron all covencant obligations (EKCr-ro)8oL) by this just offer
(which had not been received), and that they had been evil-treated by
them. -        ro avTo (se. iirepcWr7tua) depends on Eporvres. -C.  C'r
EKac-Tov rrapayayodvres, having led them up (i. e. caused them to be led
up) one by one (to be interrogated). -    6rn7re /7r tai0ev, when, they
said NO (to the question).  -  Etalperov &olt avro onE3ra.  A coldblooded and savage deed, for which no palliation can be found, except
perhaps in the act of the Platteans spoken of in II. 5. ~ 7.  It appears
that the Athenians who  formed part of the garrison (cf. II. 6. ~ 4)
shared the same fate, as did also Laco, though a  9rp devroS of the Lacedeimonians (cf. III. 52. ~ 5).
2. ovK EXaCOOVS o LtaKOOtrv.  The garrison of PIataa consisted of
400 Platmans and 80 Athenians (cf. II. 78. ~ 3), making a total of 480.
There escaped by the successful attempt to scale the walls 212, and
one was lost (cf. III. 24. ~ 2), which diminished the garrison by 213.
Now we find that there were put to death by the Lacedmmonians 200
Platceans and 25 Athenians, making a total of 438.  The numnber 42
which -is required to make 480, may be set down as comprising, those
who perished in the siege by famine, exhaustion from labor, and other
casualties.
3. E0veav1r0vr  rr aTLZU, about a year.  Similar to this use of frE, is our
expression some, when it is applied to a number above one. -             r
r.iFrepa rbpovovvTres, " who had favored their pa;aty."  Bloomf.
araKOOLcoW rroiSv, two hundred feet square as it appears from nravTaXj
KVKXA, which simply means around, not in a circle as some translate
it.  This inn was built evidently for the accommodation of those who
might come to worship in the temple of Juno. -     iv r no TreXEL, in
the wcall, not intrs mnia (i. e. in urbe), as Poppo after Heilm. and
Hlaack translates it.     vd-  i &i z-' EKadTosr-roaov. Arnold says that this was
an additional vase or chapel, to the one already existing in the'Hpatov
or sacred precinct of Juno, and that it was built by the Thebans
to propitiate the Platrean goddess, whose natural worshippers they
had just exterminated.-   -dwreltcsowoav, they hired out, leased for*
hire.
4.. aprT r'de.  Cf. III. 3. ~ 1.
5. TEL Tpetrp? Kat EvyKpoZrocT.  According to this the alliance cornmenced A. C. 519, but Grote (Hist. of Greece, IV. p. 222), by a comn



CHAP. LXX.]                    NOTES.                               651
parison of the circumstances (as recounted by Herodotus) which
brought it about, reckons its commencement as late as A. c. 510, after
the expulsion of Hippias.
CHAPTER LXIX.
The Peloponnesian fleet, which had gone to the assistance of the Lesbians, returns in a
dispersed condition to Peloponnesus, and at Cyllene finds Brasidas, who is deputed by the
Lacedaemonians as counsellor to Alcidas, in an expedition against Corcyra which is no-w
on foot (~~ 1, 2).
1. The narrative is here resumed from III. 33.-   al...... VE  is
the subject of KaraXaN/drvov(rlv, the words WSV.... KaTrrveXtr7oav being
an adverbial clause denoting time.  The participles, feJiyovo-al, E7ratLOXiao'atL XtFa,.rS1eioat) and the adjective cnropcies' denote in graphic
order the adventures  of this unsuccessful and badly-commanded fleet...-,ciovXov.  See N. on II. 85. ~ 1.
2. There is some obscurity in this section, as to what &orws may
depend upon.  But a proper attention to   E'v —8a  will remove the
difficulty. There were two reasons why the Lacedvemonians wished
to sail to Corcyra, viz. the smallness of the Athenian fleet stationed at
Naupactus, and the desire to take the place before the Athenian fleet
could be reinforced. This last reason, which logically has reference
to speeding on the expedition, rather than whether it shall be set
on foot at all, is introduced by 07r&rs.
CHAPTERS LXX.-LXXXV.
These chapters contain what Bloomfield justly calls, one of the most
soul-harrowing narratives ever penned.  It is worthy of deep'attention, as
displaying in a most graphic style, the demoniacal lengths to which men
will go, when blinded and infuriated by passion, prejudice, and the fierceness of party spirit.  Especially are chaps. 82, 83 worthy of being read
again and again, as detailing the causes, progress, and dreadful results both
moral and physical, of this factious and seditious spirit, this terrific collision
bet-ween masses of the same community, which brought all Greece nearly to
ruin, and irom the effect of which it had not fully recovered at the time
when subjugated by Philip of Macedon.




652                               NOTES.                             [BooK IIL
CIIAPTER LXX.
The Corcyrseans who had been taken prisoners by the Corinthians, on their return home
endeavor to withdraw the state from the Athenian to the Corinthian interests (~ 1); but
the citizens in an assembly declare in favor of Athens (~ 2); whereupon those same persons proceed to impeach Peithias of attempting to enslave Corcyra to Athens (~ 8); but he
being acquitted charges them in turn with a violation of the sacred enclosure of Jupiter
and Alcinous (~ 4); they are found guilty but plead for a mitigation of the sentence, in
which they are successfully opposed by Peithias (~ 5); they determine, therefore, to get
rid of him, and bursting into the senate-house they kill him and sixty other senators and
private persons (~ 6).
1. oi atXciaXcoroT.  Cf. I. 54. ~ 2; 55. ~ 1. -    7repi, about, on act,-lunt of.  K. ~ 295. III. 3.      ro  IAEv  uSye-4Epyo 86.  See N. on II.
65. ~ 9.-   (KravKo-tl v rTaXcvTrov (S. ~ 200. 4).  Bloomf. thinks this
sum  too high, and would read with Valla 07rootKOvra.  But that number would be equally objectionable on account of its smallness. —-rOLS 7rpo;evoLS  Lt7YyvqyE'vot), being bailed by their proxeni.  -   E'Kao-rov....erTdVrrsE,   going to each one of the citizens.
2. dyovrov is in the plural, because it refers to both ships. -
KaTraYTaTrrv, sC. r7o  rrp;cr3EcoVr roTs KepKvpalots.  Some would supply
KEpPKvpaoLv, the genitive absolute being used for the nominative. Cf.
Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 710. a.  t- v4!aXot.  See N. on $vpq!axia, I. 44. ~ 1.
--- IekXo7rov7TrloTs.... rpdrepov.  This revival of the old system  of
neutrality, shows that the intrigues of the persons just spoken of were
successful in part at least.
3. 7, v yap (cf. I. 31. ~ 2) introduces the reason why Peithias was
impeached.  The clauses are inverted for the sake of emphasis, tlle
natural order being, as Goel. remarks, Kal HIeEttav v7raCyovo-Tv ovrot L 
a'vapes  es 8/Kfv,,v yap  ekEXo7rpodevdS   re rov'Astrvatov Kal ron  8q/Iov
TrpoetLrr7Ket. e —    eXorpodevors    a voluntary proxenos.  See N. on II.
29. ~ 1. --        rov 8qov rrpoEL-T7KCet.  Some render this, he was leader
of the democratical -party; but I think with Poppo that it means, he
twas a leading man among the people.  o- rot o   raopes-, i. e. o' darKop'vlov E7raYveX)0vYres oti 7rpo'8rat. Schol.
4. ad7ro/vycv, being acquitted. -— xapaKar, stakes, vine-props. —-'7u/la.....orr 7p.  As this was undoubtedly the silver stater of four
drachmas, there must have been a prodigious number of these stakes
cut, to have raiined rich persons like the ones here spoken of.  It is
not necessary to suppose that the trees were cut down in these sacred
inclosures, the young saplings and boughs of the trees being doubtless
referred to. In cutting these, the persons accused might not suppose
that they were violating any law, especially if, as Arnold thinks, they




CHAP. LXXI.]                    X O T E S.                              658
were tenants of the sacred grounds, and had inherited the possession
of it from their ancestors.
5.   Ao'drcov 8t' avrT&v, these being found guilty, and of course sentenced to pay the fine. --  orcow  raXdafLvot a7ro&OO-v, that they might
pay by instalbzents (sc. Ka-t  Xpodvovv. Cf. I. 117. ~ 3), depends on 7rpos.... KaIeuo;Yeov.
6. E6O  erL E   3ovXj  ieargt, wohile he belonged to the senate.  The subjunctive would have been as long as he'was, etc. Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. 847
Obs. —  rovs  avrovs....rotlEwv.  "Ad sententiam  recte Bloomf. to
form  an alliance offensive and defensive."  Poppo. -        rs avr?)s yr'C-!/pLs (SC. og'res). See IN. on I. 113. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LXXI.
After this deed of violence the aristocratical party assemble the people, endeavor to justify
their doings, and effect by compulsory measures the passage of a law, that only one ship of
either of the belligerents shall be admitted at a time into the harbor (~ 1); after which
they send ambassadors to Athens to justify their change of policy (~ 2).
1. raTra refers to the acts of violence which had just been perpetrated.-         Kat 77K'Tar'.....'A:rsvaiov, and (those by which) they would
least be enslaved (= escape the danger of being enslaved) by the Athenians. ---    &Xeat.  Repeat E7rov in the sense of E'Ki;Xvov.  Cf. Kr.
~ 55. 3. N. 13. - dXX' 71, except, otherwise than. Cf. K. ~ 322. R. 10.' —   ovxdovras   belongs to the subject of  [XEoata L (cf. II. 7. ~ 2),
although some construct it with  ula vqt[.  This seems to be unnecessary, for a single ship would hardly venture into such a harbor in any
other than a peaceful manner. The construction which I have given
is the one adopted by Poppo, Goeller, and KrUger.
2. CO =  0orTC0s.  -    eKCE  (i. e. at Athens).  Goel. says that the full
construction  is 7o0VS  EKEi  EKE(LTE KarTare~c/vyo'Tag. —       veYr-S&FLov to
Corcyra. ---   rturpo(rj, punishment.  "' Castigatio exulum, si novis
rebus studerent." Bothe.  Some render it) revolution, or counter-revo.
7,ution.




654                             N O TE S.                         [BooK IIL
CHAPTER LXXII.
The Corcyreean ambassadors are apprehended by the Athenians (~ 1); the arrival of a Corinthian trireme encourages the aristocratical party to attack the democratical, in which they
come off victorious (~ 2); the latter, however, in the night seize upon the citadel and
occupy the Hyllaic port, the other party taking possession of the market place and the
harbor contiguous to it (~ 3).
1. eoizgVrsov is put in the genitive because to ToVS  -e srpE[-3ELI to
which it properly belongs, there is added Kay orcovs. -    ErELo'av  to
unite with the aristocratical party at Corcyra.
2.  X0ov1o0-s  7-ptLpovS  Koptvlasq.  This shows the  hollowness of
the neutrality to which the aristocratical party pretended, and their
subsequent conduct renders them  less the object of our sympathy in
the horrible massacre, which thinned their numbers for seven successive days (cf. III. 81. ~ 4).
3. -rov'YXXai'K'Ov Xi,/Eva.  Col. Leake in a communication to Dr.
Bloomfield cited in his notes, gives it as his opinion that the Hyllaic
port here mentioned is the same as the port Kalikiopulo, in the front
of which is the rock of Ulysses.  On the other side of the peninsula,
on the north, is the harbor fronting Epirus (7rpo  T-v   b'retpov).  This
accords with the description XE7rTT7' ELE5'5t   K. r. X. given it in Odyss.
6. 264, from which it appears that ships were drawn up on each side
of this narrow strip of land. --         o 86, i. e. the aristocratical party.
CHAPTER LXXIII.
The slaves are invited to join the factions, whereupon the greater portion of them side with
the democrats, and the other party are reinforced by some barbarians from the continent
1.?rKppof3oXlavro, they skirmished. --           IcA ev...... /$I/caXov.  This
was to have been expected, as in the aristocratical party were doubtless many who had oppressed and maltreated the slaves, and now was
the time for revenge. -          r-l-lovpo&.  Supply 7rapeyevovTO from  the
preceding clause. These were auxiliaries. Cf. I. 47. ~ 3.




CHAP. LXXV.]                       NOTES.                                   655
CHAPTER LXXIV.
A, battle soon ensues, in which the democratical party are victorious (~ 1); the other party
in self-protection set fire to the houses around the market-place, by which much property
is consumed. The Corinthian slip sails away, and the barbarian auxiliaries secretly leave
for the continent (~ 2).
1. &lXeroVo-r   8' ipypar, a day having intervened,   -    rC Kepdaltc.
See N. on II.. ~ 2.
2. Wrepl EIXk77v 34Q'av  toweardcs the close of day.  Cf. Butt. Lexil.
No. 39. 4.  See also my note on Xen. Anab. I. 8. ~ 8.  -'r....
ayopasr, those around the market. r- rah  ~VOLKlas- the family-hotels,
family lodgZing-holses.  The word is used of a houlse occupied by two
or more families, opposed  to ra-s oiKsl(, houses inhabited by only one
family.  Hence the latter may be easily referred to the houses of the
rich, the former to the houses of the poor.  -    Fes(5acvot ovTre OtKEtCa
oure akXorpmar.  S. ~ 193.  u- EKLvabvEw, would have been in danger.
The particle avs is omnittedl because the verb itself denies the actual
existence of the thing spoken of, and only denotes that which threatened to have been in existence.  Cf. K. ~ 260. R. 6.               a8tca  apS vat
denotes that in which the danger expressed in  Eirt8sevo'ee consisted.
Cf. Mt. ~ 534. b.
3. ol  e'v refers to  the democratical party, and is the subject of
yoav.-          E J Karepot (cf. s  CKaTarot), each7   by  themselves = as the
night found each party.
CHAPTER LXXV.:qicosratus arrives at Corcyra with twelve Athenian ships, and endeavors to effect a reconciliation between the factions (~ i); in which having succeedec, he is about to take his
departure, when some of the aristocratical party fearing treachery take reflue in a temple
(~~ 2, S), where Nicostratus in vain attempts to encourage them and induce them to rise,
whereupou the desnocratical party take arms and are restrained from killing some of their
opponents only by the interference of Nicostratus (~ 4); they finally prevail on the suppliants rwho lhad now taken reftge in the temple of Juno, to rise, after which they are transported to the opposite is!and (~ 5).
1. Neo'Ucrrparor.  The hIonorable and  hulmane conduct of this general, in the affairs of Corcyra, as well as his skill and gallant bearing
in battle, reminds us much of Phormio.  We shall find that he figures:onsiderably in the subsequent history, until in the battle at Mantinea




656                           NOTES.                        [BooK III,
he is slain (cf. V. 61-74). V- 63aclv re &rpacrfe, endeavored (see
N. on I. 57. ~ 4) to effect an agreement = to make the parties friends.
r- rog 8' M'XXovu is the subject of OLKELV and depends on f'rpaoo-e....-  WOTre.... eYOlElv     refers to 7rp's'AZlvatove and not to 7TrpM  daXi5Xove.
2. o  a;, i. e. the democratical party.  -   roo 8rstov 7rpooTrarat.
See N. on III. 70. ~ 3. -       V- vl'rgE'Lew.  Supply'ao-cav from  the
preceding 7rEltOVOWv.
3. Kar;XeEyov, began to enroll.  It is not wonderful that the oligarchical party had their suspicions of foul play awakened, when they
found that an attempt was made to man the vessels about to leave the
port, with citizens of their body.  On the other hand, it must be confessed that the aristocratical portion was too suspicious, and this distrust brought on the very evils which they dreaded.  It was perfectly
just and proper, that a portion of the crews of the five vessels should
be composed of their party, and their jealousy, while as we have said.
it was natural in their peculiar circumstances, was improper and irtipolitic. -   e- e's 7h  va, for the ships, i. e. to serve on board the ships.
4. adirT7), endeavored to make them rise up.  Cf. I. 126. ~ 11. -
s....drtoLria explains E7rl....  ravrn. --    yLte, sound, right. -,:....  rcrla is put in the dative to denote that by which the judgment in the case in hand was formed. --     ~   v.LwrLEP drtrmoriqe. See
N. on I. 10. ~ 1.
5. eS Tr'HpaovY.  It appears that for some reason the refugees,
who had taken sanctuary in the temple of the Dioscuri, had now taken refuge in the temple of Juno.  Probably they thought the latter to
be the more inviolate place, or it afforded better accommodations for
so many as now had gathered into the sacred precincts.-  s ior.
The island here referred to is Ptychia (now Vido) mentioned in IV.
46. ~ 3. It lay a short distance north of the peninsula. --    &areaErTro is passive.
CHAPTER LXXVI.
Several days after the removal of these men to the island, the Peloponnesian fleet appears off
the city.
1. al.... ves.  Cf. III. 69. ~ 2.  f- opPoe ouo-a. et.      O piaI
ovo'at, iv KvXX/vp dpto7 oa'. Poppo.'.-  E.....?7rrEpov.  See N. on
L. 50. ~ 3. -- m- a e-,  Seldom unless compelled by necessity (lid the
ancients sail by night.




CHAP. LXXVIII.]                   NO TES.                                  65T
CHAPTER XXXVII.'The Corcyrwans in much confusion equip a fleet of 60 sail, but contrary to thie advice of the
Athenians send them out against the enemy as fast as they are manned (~ 1); of these
some desert, and in others the crews fight among themselves, and thus present so feeble a
front, that the Peloponnesians are enabled to direct their main force against the Athellian
ships (~~ 1, 2).
1. ot 86 refers to  the  Corcyrwans.  The  accusatives rT  and rov
7TrtlrXovv are properly speaking synecdochical. -            rrs ael 7rXpovcE1van, as they woere successively manmned   A more  unwise course could
hardly have been adopted, than thus to meet the enemy in detached
portions.  Indeed the whole conduct of the Corcyr-ans seems to have
been marked with  infatuation, and can  only be accounted for, in the
spirit of faction which distracted their counsels and impaired all their
energies.  7- aioratls atila, all together.
2. adXXXjkot.... E'adxoovro.  This quarrel undoubtedly arose between
the different factions, many being in the ships, who openly or secretly
belonged to the aristocratical party, as appears from  their desertion to
the enemy.
3.  o'v... IlapaXor, of vwhich number were the two (ships) the Salminia and the Paralus.  The article, according to  Blume, expresses
the idea, the two well-10nown ships.  It will be seen  that thirty-three
ships of the Peloponnesians were opposed to  the twelve Athenian
ships, and nothing shows more clearly the superior skill and  confidence of the latter, than  that with  such  a disparity  of force they
should engage with their adversaries.
CHAPTER LXXVIII
Whil3 the Corcyreans with difficulty maintain the combat, the Athenians by skilful manceuvring sink one of the enemy's ships, and endeavor to throw the rest into confusion,
but the ships opposed to the Corcyreans coming to their aid, the Athenians are obliged to
retreat before their united force, which they do in good order, covering at the same time
the retreat of the Corcyrxeans (~~ 1-4).
1. Kar' 3Xtya s  (so. van3), with a few  ships cat a time.  --  eraokXt
7rcepoPvro Kca' cauTovs, were in  ca bad condition of themselves, i, e. by
their own  mismanagement.  So Arnold explains the  passage. --
aspoatrs  the thickest part of the enemy's fleet.  To refer this, as some




658                               NO T E S.                         [BooK IIL
do, to the Athenian ships is perfectly absurd, for if ever they would
hold ships in compact order, and thus make their attack, it would be
on this occasion. ---- Kara /p;Oov, at the centre, is opposed  to KaTrh
Kpsar,  on the uoings.  Hence the interpretation  longo ordine given to
Kara KEpas  by Levesq. is evidently erroneous.  -   teraT raVra..a...       o
pvoefv.  This was the same imanceuvre which had  been practised  so
successfully by  Phormio  (II. 84. ~ 2), but probably  the enemy had
profited by the lesson taught them  on that occasion, and were not so
easily thrown into disorder.  Thlis appears from  what follows, in the
next section.  adrjvc refers to the Peloponnesians.
2. oi 7rrpo  roto  KepKupaloLs refers to the twenty ships opposed to
the Corcyrman fleet. ----   rep, sc. EyEvero.
3. oi 8', i. e. the Athenians.   ~- rrpuvav Kpovouevot.  See N. on I.
50. ~ 5. -    Kal at'a.  Cf. I. 110. ~ 2.  sa- EavrTov =  o-o  or aqb
avrewr.
CHAPTER LXXIX.
The Corcyraeans fearing an immediate attack put the city in a posture of defence (~ 1); but
the enemy did not attack them but sailed away to the continent (~ 2); nor did they afterwards follow up the victory, but contented themselves with devastating the country
around Leucimne (~ 3).
1. oqlto-v is the dat. incomnolodi. -      (-  J  Kparouvrr, as conquerors.O
- rob-   EK r r  vrrov.  Cf. IlL. 75. ~ 5 (end),
2. oi 8'....KparoOrresr rTj vavttaXtI,    (although  victors in  the seafight).  Mitford remarks that " the inability of the Spartan commander-in-chief, and apparently his cowardice, uncommnon as'that defect
was in a Spartan, were the best security of the Corcyrmans."'
3. oPvras refers ad sensum  to  rodXtv — 7rotras.  See N. on I. 136.
1 (init.). -      icrowqF fov, having an  equal vote =  being equal in au..
thority.
CHAPTER LXXX.
The democratical party, through apprehension of an attack by the flee, enter into tesm c
with the suppliants and others of the opposite party (~ 1); but the enemy being apprised
of the approach of an Athenian fleet, sail away (5 2).
1. rots  eXsos)  the test, i. e. the portion  of the oligarchical party
not included in the four hundred who had taken sanctuary. -                o'




CHAP. LXXXI.]                   NOTES.                               659
depends on E Xo'yovs, to a deliberation  how  the city may be saved,
--    o/uso.  The ellipsis is easily supplied: notwithstanding their disasters and the confusion of affairs.
2. efpvuKvrp1a  a-', -vp/eq-arpo rrXeov, ra  ships sailing towards them
were signaccld by the alarm-fires, i. e. the approach of ships was signaled, etc.  Cf. K. ~ 309. 3. a.  This mode of telegraphic communication appears to have been brought to considerable perfection, since, as
B1redow  remarks, not the appearance only of the enemy in those
parts was communicated, but the number of their ships, and the direction whence they were approaching.  -   aro AFVKd8ov, as Didot
well observes, is to be constructed with  E'qpvKrcopr;ro-Cav, and not
withl 7rpoo-rrXfovo-a, for in that case the Athenian fleet would have
reached Corcyra in season to have intercepted the  Peloponnesian
fleet.
CIHAPTER LXXXI.
The Peloponnesians hastily proceed homeward (~ 1); upon which the democratical party
being relieved froml danger and encouraged by the approach of the Athenian fleet, commence a most horrible butchery of their adversaries, which continues seven days, and is
attended with a total disregard of all laws both human and divine (~~ 2-6).
1. V-epeeyKOVTreS.... vvs.  Thle canal wlhich had been cut through
t!he isthmlus, or the natural chasgnel (if, as some think, there was such
a channel.  Cf. Leake's North. Greece, III. p. 19), which separates
eLeucas from the mainland, must have become in the time of this war
unserviceable, as the ships were several times dragged across.  Tro
eiorlo'v depends on iurep-, and Tris va5s upon  veyKovrer. -   7rept7rXEovres the promontory or island.
2. ado/'evo t-7rpo oTr- teomorag.  See N. on I. 26. ~ 3.-  Xai3adv7-e
— O'ya~yov, taking-they led = they took and led.  See N. on I. 53. ~ 2.
--'YXak'cKy XLtErva.  This port was a sort of head-quarters for the
democratic party. Cf. III. 72. ~ 3. -.rio..... arre6ervov.  This massacre took place in the city, while the ships were sailing around the
IIyllaic port.  After they had butchered all they met with, they went
forth to meet the fleet at the iHyllaic port, in order there to continue
thle work of death.  Bloomfield, to whom I am  nnder obligation for
munch light on this obscure passage, reads adrleXp&Cro for adrerxoorlora-,
arfe refers this and the preceding verb  freCc-a, to the o'l E  rT, O'Xet,
and not to the oi rEpLKotLo'pEvOt.  This construction is evident from




:660                          N OTE S.                       [Boox III,
the general scope and wants of the passage, which point to KepKvpatLo
as constituting the main subject of the sentence. I cannot see any
good sense in the reading dTrEXypu7ra aV,  and I am  therefore disposed to
adopt the reading of Bloomf., which is that of Poppo and Goeller.
The reading of Arnold is daveXpqoravrro  while that of Bekker, Haackl
and Kriiger is the same as that of Dindorf's.  The sense, if we read
d7rEXp&WoTro is, having caused them to embark, they made way with them
(= murdered them).  Bothe reads dvreXwptoaavv "secluserunt, abduxerunt in secretum locum custodiendos."
3. ov Jpowv,  when they learned, received intelligence.  The slaughter of the fifty, who had submitted to trial, could not have taken
place before the eyes of those who remained in the temple. --- arrow
Ev rT tcepc, there in the temple, in the very temple. -   -dXXiXotv, one
another.  Matthim (~ 489. III.) without reason puts the reciprocal
pronoun here for the reflexive  avro.s. --- EK Torv   vapcov.  These
trees seem to have been in the main court of the temple.  They probably surrounded it in rows.
4. 7d'paa  re Trrna is the time'how long.' -      rev LEv alrLav K. r. T.
The sense is that while they pretended to put to death only such as
had conspired against the democracy, private revenge and interest also
actuated many in the work of destruction. ----  Sv arTvcv.  See N.
on 1. 25. ~ 2. - --— r-  rv Xal3vrcov, SC. ra XPllara from the parenthetic words XPj1iRaTYv ap)lotLv;,ieEXoEVLCOv.
5. iracid re.... ava'rov, every sort of death took place, i. e. death
appeared in every form  and image.  Cf. Virg. _EAn. 2. 36. ---   Kal
OL..o...v VE — = K-al 7rav' Ol  tLXE  ES  rcT 7OlOVTlo'YEo-?at, at Kat ar
rEplTr;pt ro 7Tourv   vvYE3q. Goel. --- d- rri  v iepov, from  the altars.
So vrp.s aivro7s, by them, i. e. the altars.  If ep&)v signified temples, it
would have been EK rTv lEpOjV and E'v avrolS. -     7rEpLotKobo8t77EvrTE.
Cf. I. 134. ~ 2.
6. /iaXomv.  Repeat   m. --  ev rov-  (see N. on III. 17. ~ 1)
mrpcoT?, first of all.




ChAP. LXXXII.]                    NOTE S.                                  66]
CHAPTER LXXXII
These horrible excesses seemed the worse from their being the first which happened in the
war, for afterwards similar commotions raged throughout all Greece (~ 1); the war farnished favorable opportunities to the factions for mutual revenge (~ 2), and as the discordant state of things progressed and became general, excesses were committed each more
atrocious than the preceding (~ 3); rashness was esteemed valor, prudent delay cowardice,
every thing was reversed in respect to the estimation in which it was formerly held, and
the most glaring vices were regarded as cardinal virtues (~~ 4-T); the source of all these
disorders and excesses was the lust of power, each party pretending to be actuated by the
purest patriotism, but bending all their efforts to overpower each other, so that there was
no outrage which they hesitated to commit, no atrocity to which they did not freely abandon themselves, while the moderate and virtuous portion of the citizens were the victims
of both parties (~ 8).
1. The grammatical difficulties of this chapter are very numerous,
but I am  compelled  by the brevity of the limits to which I must
confine myself, to be contented  with  merely  stating what on  the
whole seems to be the best solution, without entering very extensively
into the reasons. --  E'rrcayeo'at denotes the consequence, or perhaps
the aim  (as Bloomf. thinks) of  iaqlopfv oU'o-'v. -~  rois  AXtyots has
the same construction as rots-r-poo-rarats. --- Kal before ev connects
t&a/opov ovr-ov with'xovr'ov and  r&o[/kov. --   OvK aIv Edvrov....;iropl'ovro.  The construction is irregular, inasmuch as it should have
been ovK Av ExodvrWov —riY    Eraycoy&v-r1ropColhosV0v, or oVb  av EtXoveiropitovro.  The genitive absolute is here employed to denote cause,
the proper case after Eroptlovro being the dative.  The samen remarks
apply to 7roXej/ov/LE'vv (se. aSrhlv), Woen they were pressed i7n wcar.  -.
~vimtaXlae is to be constructed with at e'rraycoynt, the opportunities for
bringing  in  an  alliance, unless, as Arnold  suggests, InrapXoVocr-rl  is
supplied from  7roXeq/ovAEmov, an alliance being at hand for the injztry
of either party. ---  KarepotE is used for the adnominal genitive after
Trot-/So vXo/LEVOt, and Ka<&rto-  and rpoosrrotmo~c are datives of'cause.'
EK rTO   aTroV, from   the same alliance. -           The dative ro;LgovXo/e'otmS  depends on  iroptovero.  There are other ways of constructing  this sentence, which  in  the  estimation  of some may be
preferable to the one which I have adopted.
2.  Os t)v, as long as. -:-   AXXov (=  xaXretrcor-pa. Goel.) refers to
y/LyvdevYa n:al ait  arod'va.  - t.....elcrrovrab, "prout singulce evenr
tuUwn, seu fortuzarum, mnutationes acciderint." Bothe. ---  vvrvXtaov.
See N. on III. 45. ~ 4. -  T rov Ka' s',hpav, of each day =  daily.  -
&L6doG-KcaXoE. Cf. Xen. Cyr. II. 3. ~ 13.
3. Tr   orC= rrOX  WV O= XoetS.  Cf. Mt. ~ 285. 2. --   7r' Vrep,2oX,},
29




662  NOTES.                   [BooK III...... alavola- = T KaY' vrwep3poXv KatLoo-r!al'ras  L( volaS. Arnold.
7reptrEXVcrEL denotes that in which the superiority just spoken ol
consisted.
4. Kal r'rv  zcovriav  K. T. X.  Goel. constructs thus: rqv aefoLrC
OYO^lTaroV (Trry) eOJviav aS ra h epya.  He also takes es rh e'pya for E'7r
roS Ep'yo- or rLjV fpycow, and with Eclo)vLav supplies ELVaL (rv'pyov)
or X;yeu2al (irl ro0  fpyonr). -    E'LrXVircoS,' dementer, ternere." Betant.  This section contains a most energetic and graphic description
of the frightful anarchy and discord, into which the Grecian states
had fallen during the time of this war.
5. KWt.... IEvIdrpos == and he who was quick in suspecting a ploZ
was deemed n more clever. --- anur, i. e. rov ETr0/ovXEVELV Kal V7rovoElv.
Kriig. -   -rrs....   &aXvrl, a dissolver of his 2party (for such I think
is the sense to be given Ercatppta  in this place).  We see that the
chains of party  have been the chains of liberty in every age anct
country. Indeed we can conceive of nothing more certainly disastrous
to a state, than a preference. of the interests of party to sound and
wholesolne principles.   - ro'v  [  8tavoopuivov, one who 7had no thought
(of doing it).  What this refers to depends upon the signification
given to tle preceding sentence.  Arnold paraphrases it thus: "it
was thought a worthy deed if any man could enlist into his party,
and fully inoculate with its unscrupulous spirit, any one 1who before
had abstained from joining it, and had no thought of entering into its
violences."  I prefer on the whole, as more consonant with the letter
and scope of the passage, the translation of Bloomfield: " in a word,
he that wouldbe beforehand with another, who was about to do him
wrong, was commended, as was also ho who set another on doing so,
that thought not of it."
6. &aa ro.... eroXaiv, because it (i. e. the party) was vmore ready to
perform unscrupuetlotus acts of daring (in behalf of their friends); literally, to darse without any hesitation.  Notice the varied construction,
rETh —&/EXElGas-aXXa-7rXEoveLa.  Goeller renders r7v.... 4EXfear7
utilitatis gquam  leges concedunt. T- rs..... rtlrres, the pledges of
faith towards each7 other. - -ov.... 7rapovoarLorat.  Arnold cites Mla
chiavelli, Istoria Fiorentina, lib. III.
7. &'pyowv  kvXa~Ky,  with a close watch u2pon their actions.  Opposed
to this is ov yevYaLtolTL, not with generosity of soul, magncanimity.
Ev.... iropov, for the present through want of all other resources. -
ExO'vrco  (so. avrwv) is in the plural because it refers to the two parties included in E'Karmpp. -   v......apo-oat, bu6t when an oplp9ortunity offered, he who first took cournage. -,'toV.... 7rpooeXdap/ave.
It'is difficult to concei'-e of a inore detestable state of affairs than is




CHAP. LXXXII.]                 N O T E,                                63
here described. ~-,ru eiv refers to clupa'e;i clya.ol, and N8 rco (i, e.
ri 81a) to KaKo pPyoL 7Yres 8eatoI.  The subject of both axpvrovrat and
dydkXXovrat is KKELVOL to be supplied from ol 7roWXol.
8. rrtio 7uV.... LtXOTt-q'av. In this clause adrc5v refers, as the Schol.
remarks, to the evils before mnentioned (rov eIp'qtE';ooV KaKJOC),) and apX71
is to be taken in the sense of lust of rulee (' IE7rLSvvta rTo  3ovhXEo-rtat
apxetv. Schol). -- s-  K'....r  pdOvptov.  The order and construction
is,;SK'     7-Cvd  (i. e. covetousness and ambition) 7/v iTo  rpovSOV -rzy
KaiLcoralVE;vv   f's rS 0LXOYELKEJV. ~-   yhp in ot yap introduces the reason
for what has just been said. --         EKcarepoL is in apposition with ot —
rpo0-rTvTree, and refers to the leaders of the two great parties. —
e'pEWpro1s, sp)ecious, plausible.  Kriig. compares this with honestis nominzibus. Sal. Cat. 38.  -   Zo-ovoplar  7roXtrw1s, political equality of
rights.  This is the theme, upon which ambitious and unprincipled
politicians have harped, from  the days of Thucydides down to the
present time.  -   7rpor.cipec.  Goel. says that we should have expected the genitive in dependence on 3P'1iaT-os,. r- 7r eL.... e rotOVvro, p2r'ofssing in words a great regard for the public, they (i. e. ol.....rpoo-rcT(Yre) made it the prize (of their struggles for pre-eminence),
-— a- dXXkXv depends on 7reptyiyvc-r2at. -          Dindorf places a comma
after 8etvor'tra   and /eLt'OVS, thus making ETro'XkqVriv rE Tia b8etvdrara and'ExEreyEoPi- roe TiS rtWplaaia e'rt tfLEovg opposed to each other.  But, as
Arnold remarks, we should then have expected;reE:Fcrav Trtsoplats. I
have therefore altered Dindorf's punctuation, so as to throw rttoop'as
in dependence upon  prpors;Yeres. This gives the translation, they dared
(to commit) the most horrible actrocities, and revenged them (when they
had suffered them from others) by a retaliation of still mnore horrible
atrocities.'it IEtUove in reference to rah  eLvoTrara is hyperbolical. -
ov....  Ovq dpo v shows that in doing thus, they paid no regard to
justice or the welfare of the state.   -  Es.... hp[oires, but always
limiting them (i. e. their acts of aggression and revenge) according (vs)
to what was anywise (rov) plea-sing to either party.  -    /SXoreVKtav,
desire of revenge.  -    rvojLLSov is put here for Xpe7O5aa, with the additional idea of what is habitually done (see N. on I. 77. ~ 6 end), and
is therefore followed by the dative. Cf. K. ~ 285. 1. (1). --- evrpS5rc5a is to be taken with 8ta7rpacaurat, and not with  leLZtor v'Kovov,
since Es7rperela —rl ata7rpadeaaoat  responds to the preceding evO-e3eLSa
EsLdLso'. -- - r,dm0s is here taken in a bad sense, nefariously
(invidiose. Betant), so as to excite odium. "-   i4'LEvov'fKOVOY, were in
greater estimation; literally, hear~d themselves called better. --    r-.....roXt'rcv   refers to those who occupied a middle position btetween
ktls, factions, the neutrals in politics, the conservatives.




664                             NO T E S.                         [Boo00  II
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
Thus was every species of wickedness prevalent in Greece, and all the qualities of a generous
nature disappeared (~~ 1, 2); in this contest, the men of inferior talents almost always had
the advantage, since they relied upon boldness and promptitude of action, and crushed
their adversaries while off their guard (~~ 3, 4).
1. ov'rco  i. e. in the manner mentioned in the previous chapter.
--    a r 7   arciaeLts, by thesefactions,  Bloomf. cites Schiller's remarks
on the thirty years' war in Germany, " that in the long confusion of
that war, all bonds of order were dissolved; all regard for human
right, or fear of the laws, all purity of morals, was lost.  Truth and
faith sunk powerless, while force alone ruled with an iron sceptre.
Vices of all kinds grew with a rank luxuriance under the shelter of
anarchy and impunity; and men fell into the same wildness as the
rapined countries they inhabited.  No condition was too venerable
for insult, no property sacred against want and rapine." o-   ov....
EcTEXELt, of wJhich a noble nature has so great a share. S. ~ 191. 2. --
Ka-raoyekao-Y, being ridiculed, scouted, as we say, laughed down. -
7-r ypvCly is to be constructed with ro avrTrLeraTXaL.  aLriLerToS, without confidence in one another.   ~- 8tlveyKev =  KpEOlYOrV EYEvEro.
2. ya'p implies an ellipsis: and with good reason for. ---   odre
XOyog-onvTe OpXors, " neither promise nor oath."'  Arnold. ---  KpElo —ovs
3  oaVTEr  K. V. X.  Arnold says of this passage, that if it is not corrupt,
it seems to be at least untranslatable.  The exposition of Dobree is
adopted by some eminent critics: sensus est, argumentis et jurejurando minime moti (Angl. steeled against), ut mnox, chap. 84. ~ 2.  He
would supply from  the preceding context too Xdyov Kal Tro   O'pKOV.
Arnold says that these genitives cannot be thus understood, nor can
Kp(l0a-oV,o simply signify Kpelt'rovV r iv Xo'yov.  Poppo approves of the
explanation of the Schol., pr'rov-res &e oL aVSPpo tro   oit Xoytyooia'v 7rpo'
rT  p1  EX7r[iLtv rtvwa 7rlr-rtl KMa' [3Oeatd7Olra, rpoEvooVvro &iaXXV),  Eva tro
nmicoo-tr avTrol K~aKt  (cf. Bekker's Sclol.).  For my part, I see no
better solution than that of Dobrce, Xoy),ro~ being translated, as a
mzatter of calculation, opposed to wihat is done under  a sudden im.
pulse. --       i...E'6avvro, they were p)rovident against suffering (any
t!iing) rather  than? disposed7 (literally, able) to  hcave conridence (in
promises or oaths).
3. yv)/,lv is the accusative synecdochical. ---       o  Tr r    ird0o, for,he most ypart. -       rg Te avrTowv EvaE, their own mental deficiency




CHAP. LXXXV.]                     NOTE  S.                                 66
To this /A....O-L responds, as Kal EK......rpoes',3bAeCV suevoL answers
to Kal -bo.... vverdov.  Construct ro EvbfES   as thei object of Trc  8E&E'vaL.
4. ol bi refers to the persons whose talents -' ere of a higher order.
— 7rpoaLT-;fE(r-az.  Supply OtdlOepvoL elicited frorm  Kamrapovodvrer.- -
Kail Epyc.... E&FTLrv, and  that there was no need of their taking  by,force what they could gain by management.
CHAPTER LXXXIV.
These excesses were for the most part first committed at Corcyra, where through desire of
plunder or revenge, or to promote party interests, men proceeded to the most horrible
atrocities, and the whole manner of life was confounded for a season (~~ 1, 2); the evil
also perpetuated itself, one act of violence preparing the way for another, and serving as a
pretext for further atrocities (~ 3).
1. Ev 8' OU'  K. T. X.  The historian now returns to a consideration
of these acts of violence as they took place in Corcyra.                 ar- noOv
refers to  ra  fEpya in III. 83. ~ 3 (end).-   7rpoeroXl-tq  tcal o7rod-a
K. r. X. The construction, according to Arnold, is rrpoEroX)Lryi-6r'o-a
— SpareaV —- LyvvcoKooLEv-E-rEXtoLev. Cf. Mt. ~ 527.  Krftg. connects KUal
07roo-a with vT-  roXXci. -     Construct  7ro5 r-v —7rapao-rXdvrcov with aipXdEvotL.    - l —    a 7rd0ovs, passionately. --   o tre- ao —r'ov 8E taXL-cra
E7rtovreSr, those who entered upon the contest on an equality with their
opponents.
2.  lov =  method or mnanner of life. -'-     Xvo-eP-ovo-a. See N.
on I. 11. ~ 3. --      Kpe[LTo-v U6  ros auraLov.  See N. on III. 83. ~ 2. ---
rou 7rpoi'Xovror is to be considered as a neuter, and corresponds to roD
bG&alov going before. --        -v o' refers to 7rv- Kepbaartvt.  As it respects!o? in;v o /5, see N. on Ocr-Ls, I. 40. ~ 3. --          Tr   (onvev =  Ov -6    dvor.
Of. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 678. 3. a. ~- oa-aXeLcr.  See Jelf's Kiuhn. ~ 675. b.
6vroXEL7rerto-sat. Repeat dato-o'L.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
The Athenian fleet departs from Corcyra (~ 1); a remnant of the aristocratical party seize
upon some forts on the opposite continent, whence they carry on a war of plunder with
those on the island, and so cut off their supplies as to produce a famine (~ 2); they also
qend ambassadors to Lacedaemon, but not receiving any assistance they cross over to the
island, take possession of Mount Istone, and thence make depredations upon the country
(~~3, 4).
1. oni Rev o'v K.. r..  The thread of the narration is here resumed
from  chap. 81. —  rp-ram   in reference to  the subsequent acts of




666                            NOTES.                          [BOOK IIL
violence, detailed in this chapter and in IV. 46-48.  -  6 E;vpv)lxofO.
The conduct of this commander was far different from that of Nicostratus, who with a small force acted the part of a mediator, and
prevented the excesses to which the Corcyreans afterwards abandoned
themselves.
2. r~...y. 7s, i. e. the mainland opposite to Corcyra.  Most of
these powerful islanders had continental possessions opposite to them.
3. 7repl Kab3Sdov, respecting their return (from exile), their restoration.      h7tioqro-av e' riV  viro-ov.  Mitford remarks upon this as an
ill-judged measure, since they could have founded a powerful city on
the continent.  But it should be remembered that this step was taken
for the recovery of what belonged to them, and of which they had
been unjustly deprived.
4. orrcos.....yijs, in  order that they mnight despair of doing any
thing  else than conquering the country.  The reader will be remlinded of the course pursued by Hernando Cortez, who destroyed his
fleet at Vera Cruz in order to compel his troops to conquer or die.
After;aXXo re supply rrpncs.  Cf. Mt. ~ 488. 11. r-         v'Ircsrsvyv.
Bloomfield thinks that this was a lofty eminence situated at the head
of the rivulet Santa Ba-rbara, directly in view of the Old Port, not
more than two miles froln the situation, which Col. Leake supposes to
be the one occupied by the ancient city.
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
The Athenians send.a fleet to Sicily, in consequence of a war which had sprung up between
the Syracusians and Leontines, the former of which people were considered as belonging
to the Peloponnesian confederacy (~~ 1, 2); the Leontines, on the ground that they were
lonians, ask aid of the Athenians, which is granted them (~~ 3-5).
1. es ELKeXkav. We have in this place the beginning of the inter
meddling of the Athenians in the Sicilian affairs, which in the end
proved so disastrous to them.
2. yiap inltroduces the origin of this expedition.-    [L&rrep-FraV o-aVs wchich had been reckoned in the calliance (Trpos rv —eV lcnlay lv).
3. ot -R;v Aeovrlvowv vctl/taxoL. "' He says the allies of the Leontines,
-ather than the Leontines and their' allies, because the argument of an
old alliance already subsisting could only, so far as we know, be used
by the Rhegians, and not by the Leontines themselves."  Arnold.




CHAP. LXXXVIII.]                  NOTES.                                   667
Gorgias Leontinus was said to have been the chief of the embassy here
sent to Athens.
4. 0fovX6pvot 8Ei uL5TE. "' Ita orditur, quasi postea sit dicturus rpo'7reLpav TE 7roLEcTSr aL, sed perinde pergit, ac si scripserit rT  8' adXrEr
orTe f3ovkXoevoL." PoppO.          ay- /erat, to be imported. ~-  -rpo'retpav,
a previous experiment. -          ei, whether.  r-.... yevETas is tle
subject of es77. -      - (go-tL depends on  Troxe[pLa -yEveo3Lat.
5. Ka7ao-ravTrrE-E-'Pj/yLov =  having arrived at Rhegium  and established their head-quarsters there.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2.
CHAPTER LXXXVII.
In the winter of this year the plague visits Athens a second time and sweeps off many of its
citizens (~~ 1-); at the same time there are many earthquakes (~ 4).
1. EK'XLroVSra....  raTrdwrarL, at no time it having altogether ceased.
3. v rTfy raecov (fr0om those that were enrolled) = 0o  EK KOaTXoyov
(VI. 43), those on the list for service.  These belonged to the class of
the zeugift. See N. on, III. 16. ~ 1.
4. ol oroXXol rOde o-rELto-,   those nsnmerous earth quakes whose frequency made them  so well known.  Such is the sense which Arnoldcl
affixes to the article.
CHAPTER LXXXVIII.
The Athenians in Sicily undertake an expedition against the _AEolian islands (~ 1); a description of which islands is briefly given (~~ 2, 3); these the Athenians ravage, after which
they sail away by Rhegium (~ 4).
1. ElY tLKEXLA'Asvanot.  Cf. III. 86. ~ 1.-     rafS  Ato'Xov vrWovr,
i. e. the Lipari islands.
2. r;etovrat, cultivate.  It is nearly equivalent to yseopyovo-t below.
4~. rpocreXcpovv  refers to  the  islanders, and adre'7rtevouav to  the
Athenians.




668                             NOTES.                            [BooK II1
CHAPTER LXXXIX.
The usual summer-incarsion of the Peloponnesians into Attica is prevented by the earth.
quakes (~ 1); the earthquakes and inundations of the sea, which occurred in Orobime, Atalante, and Peparethus, are noticed, and their physical causes considered (~~ 2-4).
1.'"AytLoS  Toi'ApXL~sCov.  Archidamus died about A. c. 427.  Cf.
Clint. Fast. Att. See N. on I. 80. ~ 1.
2. I have followed Poppo, Kriig., Blooruf., and Arnold, in putting
a comma after KaTreXJvrcov, because the author does not mean to say,
that the earthquakes were particularly prevalent at Orobiae, but that,
while they were prevalent elsewhere, the convulsion here spoken of
took place in Euboea. --   E'rreXbovla.  The best of our modern critics are unanimous in the belief that JrraveXovmo-a is the true reading.
Render then  rereFXo3oua.... V7rEV0To-rqo-E   having retired from what was
then land, and rising in, a towering wave, it camge ~upon a part of tlhe
city, and the one portion (of the invading flood) washed the land dway
(so as to form a permanent inundation), and the other portion subsided
(so that the land reappeared).  For the sense here given to Kar6KXV<Ow,
cf. Liddell and Scott.
4. KV0taros  E27ravaXOpo'ls   Tts,  a retiring  back of the sea. --- o.... ye, yet it did not overflow = there was no inundation.
5. aVEV o-FtLO-O  (=-,Ft /p5q oEtLOLE    ~V) contains the  protasis. -
OVK-YEVE;Sat, it does not seem to me that such a thing could happen.
For &v with the infinitive, cf. S. ~ 215. 5.
CHAPTER XC.
Amlong other operations of the Athenians in Sicily, they undertake an expedition against
MIylm (~~ 1, 2), which they soon compel to surrender and join the confederacy (~ 3); afterwards the -Messenians are also brought to terms and give hostages (~ 4).
1.  oxtXot than those in which the Athenians engaged. -            Kal aniroL ot ~2LKeXslnTat, even the Siciliots themselves.  The words are in apposition with amXXo. --         Xdyov, of notice.
2. MvXa'r.  Myhbe was situated on the neck of a peninsula on the




CHAP. XCI.]                      NOTES.                                 669
northern coast of Sicily, nearly west of Messene. --             cvXa[, compahnies. ~-   rrTerroLEvat, woho had made.  For this middle signification
of the verb, cf. Mlt. ~ 493. d.   -  rois  depends on JEVE'paC.  See N.
on   vrtLXoylav o ole VrTEpOL, I. 73. ~ 1.
4. Ta'XXa lrorra 7rapaxo6JLEvoL, furnishing  other pledges (of good
behavior); literally, the other (securities) as pledges, etc., inasmuch as
rlorar is thei. prricate, like EXvpd, I. I,. ~ 2.
HAPTER XCI.
The AtherjTis send a fleet under Demosthenes to cruise around Peloponnesus, and another
under Nicias against Melus (~ 1); this latter fleet failing in their attempt to subjugate the
Melians, proceed to Oropus, where the hoplites disembark, and marching to Tanagra ravage the territory, after which they return to the ships (~~ 2-5); Nicias then after ravaging
the maritime parts of Locris returns home (~ 6).
1. ATjmo  ero7/,  Demosthenes, was one of the most celebrated coinItlanders in the Peloponnesian war, and figures largely in the subsequent history.  His fortune, however, did not equal his abilities.
NtKlas.  See N. on III. 51.  ~1.
2. tyap  introduces the reason  why  the Melians were invaded.
They were islanders, and yet (Kal) were unwilling to render obedience
to the Athenians or join the confederacy.
3.'aprcorov.  See N. on II. 23. ~ 3.  It was not in reference to this
situation  of Oropus opposite the Eubcean coast, that re7 7re pav yis
(which some would change to r-se fetpa'niK:) is added.
4.'I7rr4oviKov.  He was the father-in-law of Alcibiades, and one of
the richest men in Greece.         E VpvLE'aovroS.  The same person who
commanded at Corcyra (cf. III. 80. ~ 2; 85. ~ 1), from  which Bloomf.
thinks his conduct there was not displeasing to the Athenians. —
arro (ro/ttov.  Cf. II. 90. ~ 4. -  r  a —ro'.  Cf. Xen. Anab. I. 8. ~ 14.
5. 6rrXa of those who had fallen in the engagement.
6. og Ni refers to those who bad sallied forth from the city (under
the command of Hipponicus), and o[ N' to the hoplites who belonged'o the ships.
29*




670                                NOTES.                             [Boon II1.
CHAPTER XCII
The Lacedremnonians, in order to render assistance to the Trachinians and Dorians, and ob.
tain a favorable base of naval operations against Athlens, set about founding the colony of
Heraclea in Trachinia (~~ 1-3); they first consult the Delphic oracle, and having received
a favorable response send out colonists, who rebuild the place and construct docks (~~ 4-6).
1. Oiraclov.  Miill. (Dorians, 1. p. 49) thinks that these were Unianes.  There is not, however, sufficient reason to  suppose this.  Cf.
Poppo's Proleg. II. p. 303; Leake's North. Greece, II. p. 27.
2. vrporrewvat o4Sas  adrovs, to join  themselves. -          EGlavrTE....
&Ot-,  i. e. they feared that they afterwards would  be deprived of the
liberty, which was secured to them by the terms of the alliance.
8. Aoplsiv.... AaKe.atmovldov (cf. I. 12. ~ 3).  See N. on 1. 107. ~ 2.
4. yversjv etXOV, took counsel.  See N. on IT. 86. ~ 5.    - Kal....
KuagLTra(rrat, and  at the same time the city seemed to be fio:orably situated in respect to the war with the Atlhenians.  For the construction
of croeiAov, see N. on KaXCor 7rapa7rXov Kegrat, I. 36. ~ 2.
5. Trov  lrepLOlK(OV.  It appears from  this that the Periceci took part
in the Spartan colonies, although  they were undoubtedly the o[ 7roXXol, and not tie leading men in the colonies.-                  T -'rtv  vv=evv.
See N. on I. 65. ~ 3. --—'AXKtSa.  "A  decent way of laying on the
shelf, an officer who  had  so evinced his unfitness for great affairs."
Il3loomf.
6. fE  KLatvg, de integro. --  arExovo-a eep/,orvX&Wv.  It lay nearly
west of Thermopylm.  3- ebtv/XaKra.  For the  neut. plur. of the
adjective in the predicate, instead of the neut. sing., cf. Mt. ~ 443. 1.
CHAPTER XCIII.
The Athenians, supposing that the colony was established for operations against Eubcea, at
first view it with alarm (~ 1), but without cause, for the Thessalians so harassed the colony that it gradually wasted away (~ 2); and the harsh and imperious conduct of the Lacedlelnonian directors, also impeded its prosperity (~ 3).
1..... VrVO....V KoLyrVS, when the city was thus jointly colonized.
7- irt, against (in a hostile sense). --- ro5 KsivaLov.  This was the
western extremity of Eubcma, and nearest to HIeraclea.




CrHP. XCIV.]                     NOTES.                                 671
2. Ualtor N   Uv' o0  Te eeo-aXol  K. T. X.  The construction, as it
was begun,  demanded pSJElpOVres  Kaal —roX~L/orvreS, since a'ltov is Ipro
perly the predicate.  The distance of the participles from  O' rTE OeooraXot, and the intervention of other participles, caused the writer to
change  the  construction  and  employ verbs.  Thus al'tLov bi 7v becolles a phrase like TfKptPLOV 8;, c0rrLELoV 86.  Cf. Mt. ~ 309. b. —
v  UVVl..et.... Xoplo)v 6" being in great power in those p2arts."'  Bloonmf.
---  Ka    o= KdKErVOLt Cov.  (l'iitg. --- E;n  in  -ti rq-j yj/ is not to be
taken in  the sense of against, to the injzury of (as Kriig. after the
Schol. interprets), but signifies locality, in the sense of by or near.
Cf. K. ~ 296. II. 1. a. --      lTX-t is the dative of manner.
3. ov  dEvroL'Ktlr-Ta-K. r. X.  Here we have another instance of the
want of tact and affability in the Lacediemonians, which was every
where so prejudicial to their interests.  An issue less disastrous also
could hardly have been expected in an enterprise, where Alcidas was
one of the leaders.
CHAPTER XCIV.
The Athenians nnder Denmosthenes, after some successfnul exploits, proceed to Leucadis
(~ 1); the Acarnanians fail in persuading Demtosthenes to attack the city (~ 2j), for at the
instance of the Messenians, he is induced to make an expedition against the _Etolians (~ 3);
the reasons for this enterprise, and the order in which the _Etolians are to be attacked
(~~ 4, 5).
1. ot.... vev.  Cf. III. 91. ~ 1. --'EXXo/;Ev  Ellomnenszs.  Col.
Leake (North. ()reece, III. p. 23) conjectures this to be the same as
the present port Klilnin6, which  seems to be a corruption of the ancient name. -         AEVKdia, i. e. Leucas the capital of the island.
2. r7vr 7E 9ios y;   refers to some territory out of the peninsula,
which the Leucadians possessed.
3. K5XOUV is the predicate and belongs to Erm-sCo-oatL  which is the subject of the sentence.   ~- Kal before'v connects nrpoo-7-roto-ew to frrLe'o-~nL.  Bloomf. with good reason conjectures that'ye should be substituted for re after NavdrKTi. -           rTo..... aTn7, "ceteros ibi incolas
con7tinentis."  B3the.
4. ro( -yap'hoS —eitvat.  Supply Aeyov, referring to the Messenlans.
--    Bah'roXom0, at a great distance (from each other).  See N. on II.
29. ~ 3. -        ov xaoeFrTv adrrnQatvov, sCY.By'.  Cf. Mt. ~ 549. Obs. 3.
5.'Aro38&Crots.  This tribe inhabited the upper sources of the Eve



672                              NOTES.                           [BOOK III.
nus, and being nearest to Naupactus, was doubtless the object of the
greatest enmity on the part of the Messenians. -'O/LoveIo-L.  The
Ophioneans lay farther inland, in a north-easterly direction  from the
Apodotians.  North  of these and still farther inland lay the Eurytanians.  See Kiepert's map  of ~Etolia. --  rpoaXcoproe-Wv.  Supply
&EEyov or eKEAEvov.
CHAPTER XCV.
Demosthenes being thus induced to make an expedition against the AEtolians, partly out of
good-will to the Messenians, and partly because he thought that he could thus penetrate the
Bceotian country, sets out from Leucas and coasts along to Sollium (~ 1); the Acamanians
being displeased at his rejection of their advice, refuse to unite in the enterprise (~ 2); but
Demosthenes sets out with the rest of his forces for the interior, where he expects to be
joined by the Ozolian Locrians (~ 3).
1. Trov Meo-ori7vs)v XapLL =  by his wish  to oblige the AlLessenians.
rot-'HreLpCranLt  $vtcULaxotr.  Reference is had especially to the
Acarnanians and the  Amphilochians.  -   er Kvrlvtov r5 AsptLKOdv.
Cytenium lay on or near the Pindlus, one of the upper streams of the
Cephissus, and was nearly south of Heraclea (IIT. 92. ~ 1).  Demosthenes chose the northern route, because the southern, which placed
Parnassus on his left, would have led him through the country of the
Delphians, who  always favored  the Lacedxmmonians. -- dKodrToW'AKapvhv'ov. It will be recollected that the Arcarnanians wished De-.
mosthenes to invest Leucas (cf. III. 94. ~ 2), and therefore they were
averse to this expedition against the _ZEtolians. -         -'b8s has here the
local signification of immediately after, from  this point.  Cf: Jelf's
Kitrln. ~ 720. 4. a.       ov' in a'par ov' is resumptive, the thread of
the narrative being interrupted by the parenthesis.  Cf. fit. ~ 625.
2. r7-v ob 7reptlrElxLtLv.  Cf. I. 137. ~ 3.   -  ro's rt3c1trats.  These
troops correspond  to our marines.  It appears fromn this and several
other passages, that ten marines were the usual complement to each
vessel.
3. Olvefivos.  Col. Leake (North. Greece, II. p. 616) thinks that,
their territory bordered  on Naupactus, from which it was separated
by the river Morno, i. e. the HIy-athus.




rITAP. XCVIL]                    NOTES.                                 673
CHAPTER XCVI.
Demosthenes passes the night in the precincts of the temple where Hesiod died (~ 1); he
marches into 2Etolia, and takes Potidania, Crocylium and Tichium, with the intention
afterwards of attacking the Ophioneans (~ 2); but the YEtolians in view of this expedition,
which had not escaped their notice, all unite in the common defence (~ 3).
1. ~EropeVero refers to Hesiod. His object appears to have been to
go as far as possible from Nemea.  Bloomf.
2. EvIradXtoV    Col. Leake (North. Greece, II. p. 618) fixes the location of this place a little inland firom Erythrm, which formed, as he
supposes, its harbor.  Inland and bordering upon this was Potidania,
although first reached in the march of Demnosthenes.  Still farther in
the samle direction and lying in the valley of the Morn6 (see N. on III.
95. ~ 3), were Crocylium  and Tichium.  In Kiepert's map of zEtolia,
Eupalion lies south of the line of the towns Potidania, Crocylium, and
Tichinn. ~ — Irt'OPLozfar (see N. on III. 94. ~ 3) depends upon
rrpareo-at.  -     Es  Nav'raKroey rravaXAcop oarv, after having retreated
Upon Natapactus,
CHAPTER XCVII.
At the advice of the Messenians, Demosthenes does not wait for the Locrians, but marches
against AEgitium and takes it by storm (~~ 1, 2); but the.tEtolians rally for its defence and
attack the Athenians from all quarters (~ 8).
1. orrep Kat rTo rpcorov.  Cf. III. 94. ~ 4. -     riv a' ev 7r ovO (sc.'E~iv), the town which lay in his way.
2. r,- rvXy.  Cf. Mt. ~ 399. C. --    EZeE 7rpovfo,  v-at.  Cf. III. 95.
3. -        Azytrlov.  LEgitium  is placed by Kiepert on the right bank
of the IMorn6, north of Potidania. --   r[,-lcvC is taken adjectively by
Kruger.   -  yuip  after LruE~evyov introduces the reason  why the
place was taken at the first attack. The men had deserted it for a
higher and stronger position.
3   LCtS tEL  and buraTyoyal are in apposition with rotavrq C izaXqo




0374                            NOTES.                            [BooK Ill
CHAPTER XCVIII.
The commander of the archers being slain, that body is dispersed, whereupon the hoplit*-s
wearied out and hard pressed, retreat (~ 1); being unacquainted with the way many to
them are slain, and those who survive with great difficulty reach (3neon whence they had
set out (~~ 2, 3); the Athenians bury their slain by treaty and return to Athens (~~ 4, 5).
1. arrow is regarded by Blooinf. as a dat. cormmodi, arrows for
their use.  But why not regard it as put for the adnomlinal genitive,
their a'rrows?  Cf. Kr. ~ 48. 12. N. 2. --     ol &8  refers to the Athenians, inasmuch as oW 7odOTrat is a subordinate subject. -            ovTro0  refers
to the archers, and abrol to the Attic hoplites. ----  xapdapas, qavines,
beds of torrents. -       ab'rorv.  See N. on aTrois  supra.
2. VroBSKELc, sOwift-footed, is a poetic word.
4.  XtKla i7 abri,) the very flower.  The men who fell constituted
the strength and flower of the army.
5. O E'rpor.  S. ~ 77. 2. ----  IlpoKXrwj.  Cf. III. 91. ~ 1. -    A yo~
oiZE7rs 86 7repi NarraKTroy K. -. X.  This is the first instance given in
this history, of a general fearing to return to Athens after an unsUccessful expedition.
CHAPTER XCIX.
The Athenians sail to Locris, and take a fort situated on the Halex.
1. oe Vrept  LKeXtIav'Arqvaiot.  Cf. III. 86. ~ 1; 88. ~ I; 90. ~ 2.
AoKpLba.  These Locrians were a people of Magna Gracia, being
a colony of the Locri Opuntii from Greece.  They were distinguished
by the appellation of Epizephyrii. -    7rpt7Xrdl'oy -=  podptov.  Schol.'AXKqc.  The Halex was a small stream  in the most southern part of
Magna Grwacia, a little west of the promontory of Heracleum.




CHAP. CI.]                      NOTES.                               675
CHAPTER 0.
J.t the request of the,Etolians, the Lacedoemonians fit out an expedition against Naupactus
(~~ 1, 2).
1. wrpporpo    the expedition of the Athenians against iEtolia, of
irhich the relation has just been given. -- -            t....  craycyy i. e.
propterea quod [Naupactii contra ipsos] adduxerant Athenienses."
daack.
2.'HpaiKeIas   rq:s ev TpaXirt.  Cf. III. 92. 1. -     of;rapTrLtraL.
Arnold suggests that the design of the appointment of two associate
oommanders, was that they might succeed to the command one after
die other, upon the death of their superior.  If so then o i 2rapTrtrat
~rould signify the other two Spartans, who together with Eurylochus,
mlade up the number of Spartan citizens usually employed in foreign
cu nmands.
CHAPTER CI.
Yhe army being collected at Delphi, the Spartan commander succeeds, through the terror of
his approach, in detaching most of the Ozolian Locrians from the Athenian interest (~~ 1, 2).
2. OIOE, fXnor, i. e. the hatred borne to them  by the Phocians.
As the Athenians were the powerful friends of the Phocians, so these
Amphisseans wished to secure the favor and protection of the Lacedwemonians.  It is to be remarked that between the Locrians and
Phocians there had existed an enmity from  the time of the Persian
war.        8v- avo-ec-oXcoraros, most difficult of approach.'- rVera'I7rEOas K. r. X.   The tribes whose names  follow  belonged to the
Ozolian Locrianso




676                               N OTES.                           [BooE III
CHAPTER CII.
All things being ready Eurylochus marches against Naupactus, and being joined by tho
Etolians, ravages the territory and takes Molycrium (~~ 1, 2); but Demosthenes with the
Acarnanians whom he had summoned to his aid, throws himself into NaLupactus and defends the place (~~ 3, 4); whereupon Eurylochus turns away and concerts with the Am
braciots a combined invasion of Acarnania and Argos Amphilochium (~~ 5-7).
1. avTr-v-   belonging to them  (i. e. the Locrians).  Cf. Kr. ~ 47. 5.
N. 5.
2. Kal ol is employed in reference to the subject, ot!Er&a EVpvXdo
Xov implied in yevou/eeot a'. -        MoX/vpetov.  See N. on II. 84. ~ 4.
3.!era.... Ar)XLar.  The preposition EKx by the construetio prtc,nans (see N. on I. 18. ~ 2), gives to this passage the sense, qfter the
events which happened in _z Ttolia, ancd  the 9retreat from  that country.
-      rpoaltoN'btEvoe  rov  o-rparod.  Cf.  oev....at.ordiOevot, I. 57. ~ 6.
4. rciv vede.  Cf. III. 94. ~ 1; 105. ~ 3.
5. E' rO7, AIoXABa.  Poppo  and Goel. think that this was the ancient name of the town  of Calydon.  Others think that it was the
name of the district, which afterwards took its name from  its chief
towns Calydon and Pleuroh.
CHAPTER CIII.
The Athenians in Sicily attack Inessa, but are unable to take it (~ 1); as they depart from
the place their rear-guard is attacked and suffers much loss (~ 2); Laches afterwards defeats the Locrians and despoils them of their arms (~ 3).
1. oL 8' Ev r7  2LKEXl9a.  The scene now  changes to  Sicily, where
some inconsiderable operations of the Athenians were described in
III. 99. ~ 1. --  Kam   KpdaroS dapXderoet =  being governed with  harshness and severity. --        avrols depends on   vrearoXLfovv.  e —-  E'r' eIv7o —
nav is to be constructed  after E7reXSdvTre.  Inessa lay north-west of
Catana about midway between that place and JEtna.
2.'ASqValov  depends upon  vroTEpos  =  the rear of the Athenians.
8. Aopl&aa., Cf. III. 99.




CHIAP. V.]                        NOTE S.                                  677
CHAPTER CIV.
The Athenians purify Delos, by digging up all the coffins, and forbidding that any persons
shall be suffered to die there, after which they institute the festival called Delia (~l 1, 2);
it is evident from the Hymn on Apollo, that anciently there were games and musical contests in the island (~~ 3-5); but the games had long been suspended, until they were at
this time restored by the Athenians (~ 6).
1. a' is employed  here in an ironical sense (forsooth), to  show
that this was a mere pretence on the part of the Athenians, and that
io such oracle was given. --- irroov depends on oo'ov.
3. rFPtKTrelroVa 0 vqL(oT)v refers to  the inhabitants of the circumjacent islands.
4.  ipooQtdoV  = V'vov. -       dXX' O'TE.   Arnold follows Haack  and
Poppo in editing ('XXoTe.  It will be seen that as Thucydides cites
thiese lines, there are many discrepancies between his text and that of
the existing MSS. of Homer.  The fact is all to which I have space to
call the attention of the reader.
6. iet' leprov E'7re/trov, "sent the  choral bands of dancers with
sacrifices."  Arnold.
CHAPTER CV.
Vhe Ambraciots make an expedition as they had agreed, against the Amphilochian Argos,
and lay siege to Olp, (~ 1); part of the Acarnanians go to the relief of Argos, and part
watch the motions of Eurymachus (~ 2); they confer the chief command on Demosthenes, and call in to their aid the Athenian fleet which was cruising around Peloponnesus
(~ 3); the Ambraciots also send to their city for aid (~ 4).
1.    rEp......Karcoxyov = a-c they had promzised to Eurylochzus cohen
they detained his aramy. -          "OXeras.  This place lay a short distance
north-west of Argos.  Cf. Kiepert's map. - g rre is to  be taken
with re-XsTaCisevot.
2. Kpiovat, C'encc (i. e. Wells), is placed by Kiepert a short distance south-west of Argos and south-east of Olpse.  Some, however,
suppose that it lay some distance inland, east of Argos Amphilochium.
But in this case, I do not see how it could be selected as a favorable




678                             NOTES.                            [BooK II1
place, to watch  the motions of Eurylochus and prevent his junction
with the Ambraciots.
3. 7rEr;rnovot.... nAu/oofTzEvv. This was honorable alike to the character and talents of Demosthenes, and gave him a fine opportunity to
retrieve his credit, which had suffered from the failure of his enterprise against the 24tolians.
CHAPTER CVI.
The Peloponnesians succeed by a rapid march in forming a junction with the Ambraciots at
eOlpe (~~ 1-S).
i. 6v in  pv'"OXratg following a verb of motion ('qKovrav) involves
the idea of rest, which followed the motion  of the troops to Olpta
Cf. K. ~300. 3. a.  -  IIpocrXov.  This town lay east of the Achelous,
on the route from Molycrion to Actium. It will be seen that the Peloponnesians turned  off from  this road, and  took a northern  route,
which led direct to Argos, through the towns Phytia (which Col.
Leake regards as the present Portca), Medeon,' and Liinnti.  They
probably passed along the eastern bolders of the territory belonging
to the two last-mentioned towns, as they turned to the right and
crossed Mount Thyamis, in order to enter the valley of a small stream
which flowed between Argos and Crene towards Olpe.
3. VVKTro  177.'  This march  seems to have been performed in one
day. If so, it must have been accomplished with the obstruction of
little or no baggage.
CHAPTER CVII.
HIaving thus united their forces, the Peloponnesians and their allies encamp at Metropolis,
soon after which the Athenian forces enter the o lf (~ 1); the ships blockade Olpe, and
Demosthenes, who is chosen general-in-chief,  nm.:kes preparation for an engagement with
the enemy (~ 2); the forces being drawn out at,:Einst each other, Demosthenes places in
ambuscade 400 men (~ 3), after which the battle commences (~ 4).
1. MIsjrporoXsr.  This place on Kiepert's map  is put N. W. of
Argos, and N. E. of Olpt, about equidistant from  thle- two places.
-    rats  eF'&OrS vauoty.  Cf. III. 105. ~ 3.




CHAP. CIX.]                       NOT ES.                                   679
2. V7TO.... KaTELXoOrO, "aut domi retinebantur ab hoste, qui fines
eorumn  transgressus erat, quo minus Argivis subsidio wenirent; aut
Ambracihe, tanquam  obsides." Haack.  Cf. III. 114.
3. Kal LeJlfov yap.  See N. on III. 70. ~ 3.  -   7TEPLEOXe (- v7rep;TreYEV. Schol.), sc. aurovs.
4. 7rapEFKEVfaoro.  See N. on I. 46. ~ 1. -   os EKaorTOL rerTETayLYo
"q'anged in sepcarate corps, i. e. each tribe or town by itself in contra.
distinction to a(varid just after." Bloomf.  See N. on I. 3. ~ 5.
CHAPTER CVIII.
The Peloponnesians falling into the ambuscade are thrown into confusion, and betake themn
selves to flight (~ 1); also the Anabraciots, after defeating those opposed to them, are
charged by the victorious division of the enemy and routed with great slaughter (~~ 2, 3).
1. r-p KEpq, i. e. with their left wing. -         rS —&3.  Cf. Kr.  ~ 43. 4.
N. 17. --  Meorr-7votL.  See N. on I. 103. ~ 4.
2. 7rpos ro "Apyos aireSltoav =  theyJ eursued then from  the  ield
of battle to Aryos.  The student should notice the force of the prepositions.
3. &teo-Cgrovro ES Tr'S'OXrraS, "reached O0lja  irn safety.  There is a
priegnans construectio in es.  See N. on I. 18. ~ 2.  Olpte here refers
to the hill of that name.  Cf. III. 107. ~ 2.            rrp —- rop   depends on.LXkoLrra.     E- os  (3r4.  A  brief expression for 7raperLtEv E s oi 0E KCal
o+E dreTEXEVra. Lobeek on Phryn. p. 47, cited by Kriiger.  Cf. ILyps
Trove'pIrWo, I. 71. ~ 4.
CHAPTER CIX.
Thle Spartan commander, on the following day, makes proposals to Demosthenes respecting
the departure of the Peloponnesians and the burial of the dead (~ 1); a private agreement
is entered into with the Peloponnesians, by which they are allowed to depart homue without msolestation, the design of Demosthenes being to leave the Ambraciots defenceless, and
also to bring the Lacedaemonians into discredit for thus deserting their allies (~~ 2, 3).
1. Mervealor.  Cf. III. 100. ~ 2. ---  rokEop crerat.  See N. on IlL.
52. ~ 1. -~  Xyov.  See N. on I. 57. ~ 5.




680                               NOTES.                            [Boo ITIL
2.  ovoi  ~EavrI-v-Jdroazav'vravs   "those of their own people who care
dead."  Bloomf. --  dvaXyp'T0 -cv-oVf     C edo7relroavro  n7raac, did not g~rant
by treaty a retreat to all.  See N. on III. 24. ~ 3. -    0ovXoae1vor —
XP.i ov, sc. Arjtoo-Sr7zqr, in reference to whom  as the chief commander
Thucydides here employs the singular.  -     rtXrmo-at, to lay bar'e (of
all support from  the Peloponnesians) =  to render defenceless. - 
eVtKbov ip reference to  the Peloponnesians.              ro -   avriTv =  their
interest. r —    povpytaalrepov =    prporqt/arepov. Schol.   According  to
Kriiger the other member of the comparison is  7 ro -fjV EIKELr'V'EXX-s
veO, elicited fiom  the preceding context.
3. ao-7rep VrmpXe = -as well as their circumstances would permvit
(&s Tv abroits  vvarorv. Bothe).
CHAPTER CX.
Demostheneq, hearing of the approach of a body of Ambraciots to reinforce Olpe, forms
ambuscades and preoccupies the strong positions in the line of their approach, and then
prepares to meet them with his army (~~ 1, 2).
1. dyyeXtav.  Cf. III. 105. ~ 4. -- rcv yeyesvqu oV,C   i. e. the defeat
of the Peloponnesians and the Ambraciots (III. 108).
2. rpoXoXLtovras   refers to EfipoS- r  by the constructio- ad sensum.
See N. on I. 136. ~ 1.  Cf. Xen. Anab. II.. ~ 6.
CHAPTER CXI.
The Peloponnesians, under pretence af going forth for-food and fuel, steal away, and having
gone some distance from Olpn quicken their pace (~ 1); the Ambraciots who were with
them follow on (~ 2); these the Acarnanians kill but permit the Peloponnesians to go away
(~ 3); such of the Ambraciots as escaped repair to Agrma, where they are kindly received
by king Salynthius (~ 4).
1. Kal o9 EO7irel(CT0o   and those with wohom  the covenant hcad been
made." Bloomf. ----   7rp4aotv is to be taken adverbially.
2. ol aXXot.  Cf. III. 109. ~ 2. ----            p eo'v /p5.  Cf. Xen. Ana). 8. ~ 17.




ChAP. CXIII.]                      NO rES.                                   681
3. rt =- a;XXos Kal aXXos. Schol.  This use Df rlt is approved by
Bothe, and results from  the repeated action implied in the aorist.
4.'Aypai`a. This country was probably situated inland from
Limnnea (cf. Leake's North. Greece, IV. p. 252), although  I do not
find it laid down on any of the maps before me.
CHAPTER CXII.
The Ambracian reinforcement advances to Idomene, and encamps on the lesser of two hills,
the other having been preoccupied secretly by Demosthenes (~ 1); at the first dawn this
general having disposed his forces with great skill, falls upon the Ambraciots and pults
them to flight (~ 2), but all the passes being seized beforehand, they are slaughtered in
great numbers and very few escape to their homes (~~ 3-8).
1.'I8oie'vr.  Kiepert places this eminence a short distance north
of Metropolis.  Col. Leake (North. Greece, IV. p. 250) regards it the
same as the mountain now  called Macrinoros, receiving its name from
its elevation by which it could be seen (ZSa;eat, iL80pEvos) distinctly
from  the sea.  The northern part of this mountain was called Idomene Minor, the southern part Idomene Major, whence  the  plural
form  Iao;/evae (III. 113. ~ 3).
5. rpierovcrl refers to the Athenians.
7. EI rrrarav  IEHa7v Xwpo'avreTs,'resorting to every mode of escaping
(firom  their foes)." -       ima,..... vr vXlaq =  at th]e very tinze when this
affair took place.  3- 2ap3dpcor is employed  as an  adjective with'ALqtkXXOv.
CHAPTER CXIII.
A. herald having been sent by the Ambraciots at Olpse to obtain leave to remove the dead
slain in the first battle, conveys the intelligence of this second defeat to those at OlpW
(~~ 1-5); some remarks are made by the historian on the greatness of this calamity (~ 6).
1.  g.c....'Al7rrpaKcorv,  i. e. those who had survived the first battle (rls  rpcrrise  CiaXrIs. Cf. III. 108), and were at Olpse. ----  ral 7&e
Kat 7-es TXco )     isry rv.




682                             NOTES.                           [BooK III
2. rojv daral  - rj r co9eXs, sc. vve~tovroov from the preceding wvvSe$7ecav. Bloomf.-          L;v, i. e. the Ambraciots in whose behalf the
herald had been sent. --   etval, sc. ra oirrXa. Schol.
3. aav/tcaLot-reTaPaoLv.  This change to the direct oration imparts
great vivacity to the narration. Cf. Xen. Anab. I. 9. ~ 28; II. 1. ~ 3.
Ev'Ibo/ivaltc i. e. those who had been defeated at Idomene. The
clause otZo'evoSO....'IotLE'ats is parenthetic.
4. ravrl =  these here. -    qalverat, sc. LtaKoo-ov E/lO.    -   EKeLvos refers to the herald. -       oVK.... ErTlv, then indeed they (i. e. the
arms) do not belong to those who fought with us (i. e. on our side).
a- XX' O7ts.9... airoXwop1ret are the words of the herald, and i<Ka
evY.... EcLaXdope2a is spoken by the interrogator.  -    Kalt /Ev 3, L aaye
but truly."  Bloomf.
5. aLowlcd'Oa.... eVKpovS.  We learn the greatness of this calamity
by its effect on the herald, who in his overwhelming grief thought no
longer of the commission upon which he was sent.  So we are told
that after the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, they were so oppressed
with their misfortunes, as to no longer think of asking permission to
bury their dead.
6.  o.... 7rdieXor, for the size of the city.  Cf. Jelf's Kuihn. ~ 869. 5,
where co~ with a substantive is said to have the sense of, as might be
expected, as is proper, etc.
CHAPTER CXIV.
Demosthenes returns to Athens with the spoils which had been selected for him, but the
spoils which fell to the other Athenians are captured on the voyage home (~ 1); the Acarnanians and Amphilochians conclude a peace and defensive alliance with the Ambraciots
(~~ 2-4).
1. rX;AovTra;iXce, "4 were cacptured wohile on their v~oyage." Bloomf.
Cf. III. 51. ~ 2. -  eiEp4Ercravy is put in the plural to conform  with
7ravorkXiat, which, although in apposition with ran Rev the subject, yet
stands nearest the verb.  Cf. Kr. ~ 63. 1. N. 3. - -- -ris ArioXlas =
il r77 AlntXlra.
2. ~aXch'vtov. Krtiger, Bloomfield, and several other critics and
editors read 2aX6votov.
3. ari Tois&  CrTOE.   Cf. Jelf's Kiihn. ~ 836. 4. Obs. S. c.




CEAP. CXVI.]                      N O TES.                                683
CHAPTER CXV.
The Athenians in Sicily having made a descent upon Himera sail to the LEolian islands, and
then to Rhegium, where Pythodorus, who had come out with a reinforcement, takes the
chief command (~~ 1, 2); the reasons are briefly given for the sending out of this reinforcement,~~ 3, 4); Pythodorus sails against the Locrians, and is defeated by them in
battle (~ 5).
1.  LKEMX LtoT&V.  Bloomfield contends strongly that 2uKEXcov is the
true reading.
3. vrXehVo-avres to Athens. -- 7replto+/ldevot. See N. on I. 24. ~ 6.
-  ri E BkaXcao'rs-eLpyocevoL.  Cf. II. 85. ~ 1.
4. d4Lca  8.....7roio-l aL..   There  was much  practical sense  and
sagacity in thus retaining their naval skill by practice.  Compare the
remarks of Pericles, I. 142. ~~ 7-9.  Cf. also II. 85. ~ 2.
5. KaL,tLK77SE.... dIVEXCdpsEV.  Bloomf. remarks on the delicate
way in which by relating this circumstance, Thucydides points out
the inferiority of Pythodorus to Laches.
repos.
CHAPTER CXVI.
The historian notices the eruption of Mount AEtna which took place at this time (~~ 1, 2).
1.  p3pivJ —  iP5a%   roe 7rvp'd, there burst forth a stream  of fire, i. e.
a stream  of lava.  Bloomfield says that the article refers (KaT' E'oXv3)
to the one as being well known. Cf. S. ~ 167.