THE
FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.








THE
FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND
AS PORTRAYED IN
MANUSCRIPTS, PROVINCIAL RECORDS AND
EARLY DOCUMENTS,
BY
REV. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B.,
AUTHOR OF "ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF AMERICA," "VIRGINIA COMPANY OF
LONDON," "TERRA MARLE," "FAIRFAXES OF ENGLAND AND AMERICA,"
"HISTORY OF MINNESOTA," ETC.
"Nec falsa dicere, nec vera reticere."
ALBANY:
JOEL MTTNSELL.
1876.








PREFACE.
Every year, the citizens of ancient Padua crowd
the costly church, dedicated to their townsman,
the Italian Saint Anthony, and hang upon its
walls, or around the shrine, sketches in oil, or
water colors, commemorative of important events
in their lives.
One of the many good results of the centennial
year of the American Republic, is the taking down
from the garrets, the neglected portraits of our
forefathers, the removal of the stains and dust,
the substitution of new frames, for those battered
and worm eaten, and in remembering their labors
for posterity.
With the aid of manuscripts, brought to light
during the last decade, and access to the papers of
the British Record Office, we can now portray
more accurately, and hang in a better light, the
FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
The object of this little book, is to state facts,
which had become obscured or forgotten, concern



6                 PREFACE.
ing the first European settlers on the shores of the
Potomac River, and Chesapeake Bay.
Bearing in mind, the sentiment of Hieronymus
in a letter to Epiphanius:'"Malem  aliena verecunde dicere, quam jura imprudenter ingerere,"
I have recorded facts, gleaned from the manuscript
Provincial Records at the capital of Maryland, and
other documents of the Provincial period, rather
than obtruded my own opinions.
EDWARD D. NEILL.
Macalester College,
near Falls of Saint Anthony,
Minnesota.




CONTENTS.
PAGE
HENRY FLEET, EARLY INDIAN TRADER, -   -   -    9
FLEET'S JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE IN SHIP WARWICK,    19
WILLIAM CLAIBORNE OF KENT ISLAND, -         - 38
EMBARCATION OF LORD BALTIMORE'S COLONY.  -       59
LEONARD CALVERT, FIRST GOVERNOR,  -   -   -   65
THOMAS CORNWALLIS, COMMISSIONER -   -            69
JEROME HAWLEY, COMMISSION R, -   -               83
EARLY RELIGIOUS HISTORY, -        -              87
CONDITION OF RELIGION DURING THE ASCENDANCY OF
PARLIAMENT,   -   -                           108
RELIGIOUS PARTIES FROM THE ACCESSION OF CHARLES
THE SECOND TO A.D. 1700,    -   -   -   -    141
ADDENDA,   -...   177








HENRY FLEET.
BEFORE the charter of Maryland was granted, English men, engaged in the beaver trade, had settled upon
the isles and shores of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. As one turns over the pages of the large
manuscript volumes in folio, prepared by the Secretary
of the London Company, he reads that on July 21st,
1621, a paper was read from Ensign Savage, relating
to the great trade of furs, by Frenchmen, in the Great
Bay. The letters of John Pory, Secretary of the Virginia Colony, also informed the Company of a discovery, by him and others, into the Great Bay northward,
where he left "6 settled, very happily, near an hundred
Englishmen, with hope of a good trade of furs."
Among the first points, occupied by traders, was the
island situated at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, near
the mouth of the Susquehanna River, which was called
Palmer's Island, after Edward Palmer, a nephew of
the unfortunate Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned by the
malicious arrangements of the wanton wife of the
Earl of Somerset. Camden speaks of Palmer as a
2




10        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
curious and diligent antiquary, and the quaint Fuller
writes:
"His plenteous estate afforded him opportunity to
put forward the ingenuity implanted by nature, for
the public good, resolving to erect an academy in
Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island,
called Palmer's Island unto this day, but in pursuance
thereof was at many thousand pounds expense, some
instruments employed therein, not discharging the
trust reposed in them with corresponding fidelity."1
Another point, occupied by the whites was the junction of Potomac Creek with Potomac River, in what
is now Strafford County, Virginia.  In the fall of 1621
the ship Warwick and pinnace Tiger, sailed from
the Thames with supplies, and thirty-eight young
women, selected with care, as wives for Virginia
planters. On the voyage, the Captain of the Tiger
fell in with a vessel of Turks, and was captured, but
at length, was rescued by the coming up of another
friendly ship, in company of which, he arrived with
the maids, at Jamestown.  The Tiger was then sent
under Spilman, an experienced trader, with twenty-six
men to trade for corn in the upper Potomac, and they
Palmer's Island, as marked upon Augustine Hermann's Map of Virginia and Maryland, published in 1673, which I have examined in the
British Museum, is the island now known as Watson's Island, a few
rods above the bridge of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore
Railway.




FIGHT WITH ANACOSTANS.            1I
erected a stockade at Potomac Creek. On this voyage,
with twenty-one men, Spilman landed among the
Anacostans, who lived on and near the site of the city
of Washington, and five men remained on board, who
were attacked by the savages, whom they repulsed, by
the discharge of cannon. Those on shore were either
killed or made prisoners, and among the latter was
Henry Fleet, who became one of the prominent associates of Governor Calvert, in establishing the Province
of Maryland.
After a capitivity of several years he returned to
England, and magnified the truth in the manner
of Hennepin and La Hontan. One of the letter writers
of that day says: " Here is one, whose name is Fleet,
newly come from Virginia, who being lately ransomed
from the Indians, with whom he hath long lived, till
he hath left his own language, reporteth that he hath
oftentimes been within sight of the South Seas, that
he hath seen Indians besprinkle their paintings with
powder of gold, that he had likewise seen rare precious stones among them, and plenty of black fox,
which of all others is the richest fur."'
By his rose-colored representations, he induced London merchants, to engage in the Potomac beaver trade.
In September, 1627, William Cloberry a prominent
London merchant, placed the Paramour, a vessel of
1 Mead, in Streeter's Early Maryland Papers.




12         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
one hundred tons, in charge of Fleet.1  Four years
later, Fleet is again in England, and on the 4th day
of July, 1631, the ship Warwick with John Dunton as
Master, and Henry Fleet factor, sailed for America.
After visiting New England, the vessel, on the 21st of
October, arrived  at the mouth of James River, in
Chesapeake Bay.  Five days later, he reached  the
town of Yowaccomoco, where he had lived with the
Indians for several years, and  found that they, by
reason of his absence, had burned the beaver skins, as
was their custom.  He then entered into an agreement that they should preserve the furs during the
winter, and promised that he would come in the spring,
and give them  merchandize in exchange.  Receiving
eight hundred bushels of Indian corn, he sailed on the
6th of December, but owing to a storm, was obliged
to anchor in James River.  Fleet writes to his partners
in London: " Divers that seemed to be my friends,
advised me to visit the Governor.2  I showed myself
1 Bruce's British State Papers.
2 Governor John Harvey was, in early life, a captain in the East
Indies. Late in the year 1629, he succeeded Pott, as Governor of
Virginia. On the 15th of September 1634 Lord Baltimore asked
Windebank, Secretary of State, to thank Harvey for assistance rendered
the Maryland Colony. Three days after the King's Secretary sent a
flattering note to the Governor. On the 16th of December Harvey
wrote " Desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the service he is able, but
his power is not great, being limited by his commission, to the greater
number of voices at the Council table, where almost all are against
him, especially when it concerns Maryland."
In May 1635 he was deposed as Governor and sent to England by




FLEET AT ACCOMAC.                      13
willing, yet watched an opportunity that might be
convenient for my  purpose, being  not minded  to
adventure my fortunes at the disposing of the Governor." On the 10th of January he slipped away from
Point Comfort, and on the 7th of February, was trading with the fishermen of the New England coast.
On the 6th of March, he stopped at the Isle of Shoals,
near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and procured provisions, for a return voyage, and from thence, went to
Massachusetts Bay.
On the 9th of April, 1632, in company with a pinnace of twenty tons, Fleet steered for Southern waters.
On the 13th of May, he arrived at the Accomac settlement, of which Captain William Clayborne was the
prominent man. After a visit of three days, Clayborne
in a small vessel accompanied him across the Chesapeake Bay. Eight days after this, he arrived again at
Yowaccomoco, and found that one Charles Harman 1
the Council, for the usurpation of power without respect to the vote of
the Council,and for upholding the Marylanders in attacking Clayborne's
pinnace, and for knocking out some of the teeth of a Capt. Stevens
with a cudgel.
The King on the 2d of April 1636 gave Harvey a new commission
as Governor, and on the 18th of January 1637 returned to Jamestown
and resumed his position. He was succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt in
November 1639, and died after much bodily suffering, leaving many
debts.
1 Charles Harman was a planter of Accomac and at this time thirtytwo years of age. He came to Virginia in 1622, in the Ship Furtherance. In 1625 his servants on his plantation were John Askume aged
twenty-two, and Robert Fennell who came in 1624 in the ship Charles,




14       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
an Indian trader had already secured most of the
beaver. Resting here, he immediately sent his brother
Edward toward the Falls of the Potomac, to secure
furs. On the 26th of May, he reached the town of
Potomac, in what is now Stratford County, Va., and on
the 1st of June, sent back the pinnace of twenty tons,
with a cargo of Indian corn, and proceeded to Piscattoway the residence of a powerful chief, and from
thence, visited the Anacostans, an adjoining band, who
traded with the Canada Indians, and by whom he had
been captured several years before.  On Tuesday, the
26th of June, he anchored two leagues below the Falls
of the Potomac, in the vicinity of what is now the city
of Washington. He writes, in his journal, which is
still preserved, in the library of Lambeth Palace:
" This place without all question is the most pleasant
and healthful place in all this country, and most convenient for habitation, the air temperate in summer,
and not violent in winter.  The 27th of June, I
manned my shallop, and went up with the flood, the
tide rising four feet, at this place. We had not rowed
above three miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar,
about six miles distant."
After trading with the Indians in the neighborhood,
he returned to Piscattoway, about fifteen miles below
and James Knott aged twenty-three who came in 1617 in the ship
George. Harman at one time represented Accomac in the Virginia
Assembly.




VISIT TO GOVERNOR HARVEY.             15
Washington, and on the 28th of August, met a boat,
containing John Utie a Virginia councillor, Charles
Harmon a trader, and six others who came to bring
him before Governor Harvey for illicit trading.
The Governor was grasping and unscrupulous and
seems to have winked at Fleet's irregularities. On
the 7th of September, thelatter anchoredat Jamestown,
and writes in his journal: " The Governor, bearing
himself like a noble gentleman, showed me very much
favor, and used me with unexpected courtesy. Captain
Utie did acquaint the Council with the success of the
voyage, and every man seemed to be desirous to be a
partner with me. * * * * * The Court was called the
14th of September, where an order was made, which I
have here enclosed, and I find that the Governor hath
favored me therein."
There is in the Public Record Office, at London, a
complaint of Griffith & Co., owners of the ship Warwick, in which they state that three years before, they
had sent the ship to Virginia, for trade and discovery,
of which Henry Fleet was factor, with commission to
return in a year, but, that by authority of Governor
Harvey, Fleet had retained the vessel and its profits to
their great loss.'
Other London merchants in that day found the Virginians slippery fellows, and were ready to endorse
1 Sainsbury's State Papers.




16       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the sentiments of the Dutch captain De Vries, who had
been a guest of Governor Harvey, and wrote as follows
in his book of voyages: " The English there are very
hospitable, but they are not proper persons to trade
with. You must look out when you trade with them,
Peter is always by Paul or you will be stuck in the
tail. If they can deceive any one, they account it
among themselves a Roman action. They say in their
language,'He played him an English trick.' "
The next mention of Fleet, is in connection with th
settlement of the Calvert colony. Governor Leonard
Calvert, before landing his company made a reconnoissance of the Potomac, as far as Piscattoway. The interpreter, Father White says, was Henry Fleet, and
" one of the Protestants of Virginia." The journal of
the Jesuit continued: "The Governor had taken with
him, as a companion on his voyage, Henry Fleet, a
Captain from the Virginia colony, a man especially
acceptable to the savages, well versed in their language,
and acquainted with the country. This man was at
first, very intimate with us, afterwards, being misled by
the evil counsels of one Clayborne, he became very
hostile to us, and excited the natives to anger against
us, by all the means in his power.
"In the meantime, however, while he was still on
friendly terms with us, he pointed out to the Governor,
a spot so charming in its situation, that Europe can
scarcely show one to surpass it." Thus Fleet's old




FLEET'S TRADING POST.                17
trading post, Yowaccomoco, was transformed into the
town of Saint Mary, and Leonard Calvert and his associates began there to build a rival commonwealth to
Virginia.
A few weeks after the Calvert colonists landed, on
May 9, 1634, there were assigned to Fleet, two thounsand
acres on St. George River, St. George's Hundred,
which was subsequently known as the Manor of West
Saint Mary.
In the legislature of 1638, the first Assembly in
Maryland, whose records have been preserved, were
Henry Fleet and his brothers Edward, John, and Reynold, and on the 21st of the next February another
legislature was called by the Governor, to assemble " at
the house, where Captain Fleets lately dwelt."
After the civil war in England began, Fleet identified himself with Virginia, and by its legislature on
April 5th, 1645, Captain Fleet was authorized " as a
fit person acquainted with the language of the Indians,
and accustomed to intercourse with them, to trade with
the Rappahannocks, or any Indians, not in amity with
Opechancanough."  The next year, he was appointed
to organize an expedition against the Indians, and build
a fort, in the valley of the Rappahannoc river. In December, 1652, he sat as a member of the Virginia
legislature, from Lancaster County, and with his old
rival William Clayborne was authorized " to discover
and enjoy such benefits and trades, for fourteen years,
3




18       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
as they shall find oun in places where no English have
ever been and discovered, nor have had particular
trade, and to take up such lands, by patents, proving
their rights, as they shall think good."
In 1654, he is last mentioned, as an interpreter to a
proposed expedition against the Indians. Upon the
Coast Survey Map of the Potomac, in the Report of
1860, Fleet's Point appears between the 37th and 38th
degrees of latitude, and here perhaps, the old and hardy
pioneer may have last lived.




A BRIEF JOURNAL
OF A VOYAGE MADE IN THE BARK VIRGINIA, TO VIRGINIA
AND OTHER PARTS OF THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA.
IN the library of the Archbishop of Canterbury, a
Lambeth, is a manuscript journal with the above title,
writen by Capt. Henry Fleet. In 1664 it belonged to
William Griffith A.M., who was, probably, the son of
Henry Griffith, one of the owners of the Warwick, and
may have been the Oxford graduate, who was Chancellor of dioceses of St. Asaph and Bangor. In presenting the journal to American readers, bad and
obsolete spellings have been corrected, with the exception of those of proper names.
JOURNAL.
" The 4th of July 1631, we weighed anchor from
the Downs, and sailed for New England, where we
arrived in the harbor of Pascattouaie, the 9th of
September, making some stay upon the coast of New
England. From thence, on Monday the 19th of September, we sailed directly for Virginia, where we came
to anchor in the bay there, the 21st of October, but
made little stay. From thence we set sail for the river
of Potomack, where we arrived the 26th of October at




20        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
an Indian town called Yowaccomoco, being at the
mouth of the river, where I found that, by reason of
my absence, the Indians had not preserved their beaver,
but burned it, as the custom is, whereupon I endeavoured by persuasion to alter that custom, and to preserve it for me against the next spring, promising to
come there with commodities in exchange by the first
of April. Here I was tempted to run up the river to
the heads, there to trade with a strange populous
nation, called Mowhaks, man-eaters, but after good
deliberation, I conceived many inconveniences that
might fall out. First, I considered that I was engaged
to pay a quantity of Indian corn in New England, the
neglect whereof might be prejudicial both to them
that should have it, and to me that promised payment.
And when I observed that winter was very forward,
and that if I should proceed and be frozen in, it might
be a great hindrance to my proceedings; therefore I
did forbear, and making all the convenient haste I
could, I took into the barque her lading of Indian corn
as I supposed, being persuaded and overruled by John
Dunton, whom I entertained as master.  But upon the
delivery of our lading found not above 800 bushels to
our great hindrance.
" The 6th of December we weighed anchor, shaping
our course directly for New England, but the wind
1The Maquas, Mawhawks, Mowhaks, or Mohawks were then a
fierce tribe west and south of Albany, N. Y., but Fleet exaggerates in
calling them, man-eaters.




CORN FOR NEW  ENGLAND.              21
being contrary, ending with a fearful storm, we were
forced into the inhabited river of James Town. There
were divers envious people, who would have executed
their malice upon us had it not been for a rumour of
a commission they supposed I had, which I took great
pains to procure, but (time being precious and my
charge great) I came away only with the copy. Divers
that seemed to be my friends advised me to visit the
Governor.  I showed myself willing, yet watched al
opportunity that might be convenient for my purpose,
being not minded to adventure my fortunes at the
disposing of the Governor.
"Then we did a little replenish our provisions. But
at this time I was much troubled with the seamen,
all of them resolving not to stir until the spring, alleging that it was impossible to gain a passage in winter,
and that the load being corn, was the more dangerous.
But the master and his mate, who were engaged for
the delivery of the corn, laboured to persuade and encourage them to proceed, showing that it would be
for their benefit; so that, with threats and fair persuasions, at last I prevailed.
" On Tuesday, the 10th of January, we set sail from
Point Comfort and arrived at Pascattoway, in New
England, on Tuesday the 7th of February, where we
delivered our corn, the quantity being 700 bushels.
" On Tuesday, the 16th of March, we weighed
anchor and sailed to the Isle of Shoals, where we fur



22        THIE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
nished ourselves with provisions of victual. Sunday,
the 11th-of March, we sailed for the Massachusetts
Bay, and arrived there on the 19th day. I wanted
commodities to trade with the Indians, and here I
endeavoured to fit myselfif I could. I did obtain some,
but it proved of little value, and was the overthrow of
my voyage.
"From the Massachusetts, was sent with me a small
pinnace of the burthen of twenty tons, the which I
was to freight with Indian corn for trucking stuff, which
proved to me like that I had before from the Bay, and
Pascattoway, from whence I had some likewise. Yet
this was not the greatest wrong I received by this
barque, as shall hereafter be related.
" On Monday, the 9th of April, 1632, we both weighed
anchor, and shaped our course for Virginia, but the
sixth day being stormy weather we lost our pinnace.
Contrary winds and gusty weather, with the insufficiency of the master, made our return to Virginia
tedious, to the overthrow of the voyage. But it so
pleased God that we anchored against the English
colony the 13th of May, when, for want of wind, being
a flat calm, we came to an anchor at Acomack. Having some English commodities I sold them for tobacco.
Wednesday, the 16th of May, we shaped our course
for the river of Patomack, with the company of Captain Claybourne, being in a small vessel. By the
relation of him and others of the plantation of Aco



CHARLES HARMAN, TRADER.            23
mack, the Governor of Virginia was much displeased
with me, unto whom complaints had been made by
divers of the country, and it had been discovered by
one of my company that was run away, how that I
had but the copy of my commission. Friday, the 17th
of May, we might discern a sail making toward us
about two o'clock in the afternoon. She came up to us,
and we found that it was the pinnace that came out
with us, which having had a short passage, had been
up the river of Patomack, at Yowocomaco, an Indian
town, where she had stayed three weeks, and then I
was certified, that he who had usually been in those
parts with me, after my last departure, came there and
went up the river to truck, where he found good store
of beaver, and being furnished with commodities such
as Virginia affords, did beat about from town to
town for beaver, but prevailed not. And in the end,
coming where my barque had been, that town having
300 weight of beaver, he then reported that I was
dead, they supposing his vessel to be the same that I
was to come in, desired them to bring me dead or
alive, and this report caused some distraction for the
present, who supposed that by reason of my long absence, past my appointed time, some mischance had
befallen me. And the Indians there disposed of their
beaver to Charles Harman, being 300 weight, who
departed but three days before I came there.
" This relation did much trouble me, fearing (having




24       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
contrary winds) that the Indians might be persuaded
to dispose of all their beaver before they could have
notice of my being in safety, they themselves having
no use at all for it, being not accustomed to take pains
to dress it and make coats of it. Monday, the 21st of
May, we came to an anchor at the nouth of the river,
where hastening ashore, I sent two Indians, in company
with my brother Edward, to the Emperor, being three
days' journey towards the Falls. And so sailing to
the other side of the river, I sent two Indians more,
giving express order to all of them not to miss an Indian town and to certify them of my arrival. But it
so happened that he (Harman) had cleared both sides
of the river, so far as the Emperor's where these Indians, when they came, certified him of my being well,
and of my brother's being there, so that afterwards he
could not get a skin, but he made a very hand of it,
and an unexpected trade for the time, at a small charge,
having gotten 1500 weight of beaver, and cleared
fourteen towns. There were yet three that were at
the disposing of the Emperor, so the barque and myself passing by divers towns, came to the town of Patomack on Saturday, the 26th of May.l There I gave
the pinnace her lading of Indian corn, and sent her
away the 1st of June, with letters from our company
to their friends in London, and elsewhere in England,
which were safely conveyed from[New England. The
Potomac town supposed to be at the mouth of Potomac Creek in
Virginia.




MASSOMACK INDIANS.                   25
same day, with a north-west wind (Charles Harman
staying no longer), we set sail, and the third we arrived
at the Emperor's, but before we could come to the town
he was paddled aboard, by a petty king, in a canoe.
When he came he used divers speeches, and alleged
many circumstances for the excuse of the beaver which
Charles Harman had of his men in that river, and after
compliments used, he presented me with one hundred
and fourteen beaver skins, which put me into a little
comfort after so much ill success.  Yet this was nothing, in regard to the great change at his town, and at
a little town by him called the Nacostines, where I had
almost 800 weight of beaver.  There is but little
friendship between the Emperor, and the Nacostines,'
he being fearful to punish them, because they are protected by the Massomacks or Cannyda Indians, who
have used to convey all such English truck as cometh
into the river to the Massomacks.
" The Nacostines before, here occasioned the killing of twenty men of our English, myself then being
taken prisoner and detained five years, which was in
the time of Sir Francis Wyatt, he being the Governor
of Virginia.2 The 13th of June I had some conference
with an interpreter of Massomack3 and of divers other
1 The Nacostines or Anacostans lived near the site of the city of
Washington. The suburb opposite the Navy Yard is now called
Anacostia, and Mason's Island is often called Analostan.
2 See page 11.
I Daniel Gookin, formerly of Virginia and a friend of the Massachu -
setts Indian missionary, John Eliot, in a History of the Indians in New
4




26         THE  FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Indians that had been lately with them, whose relation was very strange in regard of the abundance of
people there, compared to all the other poor number
of natives which are in Patomack and places adjacent,
where are not above five thousand persons, and also
of the infinite store of beaver they use in coats.
Divers were the imaginations that I did conceive about
this discovery, and understanding that the river was
not for shipping, where the people were, not yet for
boats to pass, but for canoes only.  I found all my
neighbor Indians to be against my design, the Pascattowies having had a great slaughter formerly by them
to the number of one thousand  persons in my time.
They coming in  their birchen  canoes did  seek to
withdraw  me from  having  any commerce with  the
other Indians, and the Nacostines were earnest in the
matter, because they knew that our trade might hinder
their benefit.  Yet I endeavored to prosecute my trade
with them   nevertheless, and therefore made choice
of two trusty Indians to be sent along with my brother,
who could travel well.
England, writes: " There is a numerous race of Indians that live upon
a great lake or sea. Some report it to be salt water, while others fresh.
* * * *- This people I conceive to be the same that Capt. Smith in his
History of Virginia doth in several places call Massawomeks.:* * 
Now the place where he met with and heard of this great people of
Massawomeks was at the head of the Chesapeake Bay or Gulf, which
lieth in the latitude of 40 degrees, nearest; and he saith, they had recourse thither from the lakes or seas where they lived, in canoes of
bark of trees."




FISH AND GAME.                   27
"'I find the Indians of that populous place are
governed by four kings, whose towns are of several
names, Tonhogao, Mosticum, Shaunetowa,2 and Usserahak,3 reported above thirty thousand persons, and that
they have palisades about the towns made with great
trees, and with scaffolds upon the walls. Unto these
four kings, I sent four presents in beads, bells, hatchets,
knives, and coats, to the value of ~8 sterling.
"- The 14th of June they set forth, and I entreated
them to bring these Indians down to the water to the
Falls, where they should find me with the ship.  On
Monday, the 25th of June, we set sail for the town of
Tohoga, when we came to an anchor two leagues
short of the Falls,4 being in the latitude of 41, on the
26th of June. This place without all question is the
most pleasant and healthful place in all this country,
and most convenient for habitation, the air temperate in summer and not violent in winter. It aboundeth
with all manner of fish.  The Indians in one night
commonly will catch thirty sturgeons in a place where
the river is not above twelve fathom  broad.  And as
for deer, buffaloes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm
with them, and the soil is exceedingly fertile, but
above this place the country is rocky and mountainous
like Cannida.
Tohooas or Tiogas?
2 Shawnees?
3 Outouacs or Ottowas?
4 Nine miles above Washington.




28        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
" The 27th of June I manned my shallop, and went
up with the flood, the tide rising about four feet in
height at this place. We had not rowed above three
miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar about six
miles distant, by which it appears that the river is
separated with rocks, but only in that one place, for
beyond is a fair river. The 8d of July, my brother,
with the two Indians, came thither, in which journey
they were seven days going, and five days coming back
to this place. They all did affirm that in one palisado,
and that being the last of thirty, there were three
hundred houses, and in every house forty skins at
least, in bundles and piles.  To this king was delivered
the four presents, who dispersed them to the rest. The
entertainment they had I omit as tedious to relate.
There came with them, oie-half of the way, one hundred and ten Indians, laden with beaver, which could
not be less than 4000 weight. These Indians were
made choice of by the whole nation, to see what we
were, what was our intent, and whether friends or
foes, and what commodities we had, but they were met
with by the way by the Nacostines, who told them we
purposed to destroy those that came in our way, in
revenge of the Pascattowaies, being hired to do so for
114 skins, which were delivered aforesaid, for a present,
as a preparative.
" But see the inventions of devils; the life of my
brother, by this tale of the Nacostines, was much en



FLEET'S BROTHER RETURNS.             29
dangered. The next morning I went to the Nacostines
to know the reason of this business, who answered,
they did know  no otherwise, but that if I would
make a firm league with them, and give their king a
a present, then they would undertake to bring those
other Indians down. The refusal of this offer, was the
greatest folly that I have ever committed, in mine
opinion.
" The 10th of July, about one o'clock we discerned
an Indian on the other side of the river, who with a
shrill sound, cried,  Quo! Quo! Quo!' holding up
a beaver skin upon a pole. I went ashore to him, who
then gave me the beaver skin, with his hatchet, and
laid down his head with a strange kind of behavior,
using some few words, which I learned, but to me it
was a foreign language. I cheered him, told him he
was a good man, and clapped him on the breast with
my hands. Whereupon he started up, and used some
complimental speech, leaving his things with me ran
up the hill.;"Within the space of half an hour, he returned,
with five more, one being a woman, and an interpreter,
at which I rejoiced, and so I expressed myself to them,
showing them  courtesies.  These were laden with
beaver, and came from a town called Usserahak, where
were seven thousand Indians. I carried these Indians
aboard, and traded with them for their skins.  They
drew a plot of their country, and told me there came




30       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
with them sixty canoes, but were interrupted by the
Nacostines, who always do wait for them, and were
hindered by them. Yet these, it would seem, were
resolute, not fearing death, and would adventure to
come down. These promised, if I would show them my
truck, to get great store of canoes to come down with
one thousand Indians that should trade with me. I
had but little, not worth above one hundred pound
sterling, and such as was not fit for these Indians to
trade with, who delight in hatchets, and knives of
large size, broad-cloth, and coats, shirts, and Scottish
stockings. The women desire bells, and some kind
of beads.' The 11th of July there came from another place
seven lusty men, with strange attire; they had red
fringe, and two of them had beaver coats, which they
gave me.  Their language was haughty, and they
seemed to ask me what I did there, and demanded to
see my truck, which, upon view, they scorned. They
had two axes, such as Captain Kirk traded in Cannida,
which he bought at Whits of Wapping, and there I
bought mine, and think I had as good as he. But
these Indians, after they came aboard, seemed to be
fair conditioned, and one of them, taking a piece of
chalk, made a plain demonstration of their country,
which was nothing different from the former plot drawn
by the other Indians. These called themselves Mostikums, but afterwards I found they were of a people




CANNIBALISM OF NATIVES.              31
three days' journey from these, and were called Hereckeenes,l who, with their own beaver, and what they get
of those that do adjoin upon them, do drive a trade in
Cannida, at the plantation, which is fifteen days' journey
from this place. These people delight not in toys, but
in useful commodities.
" There was one William Elderton very desirous to
go with them, but being cannibals I advised him rather
to go with the others, whither I had sent a present,
telling him they had no good intentions, yet upon his
earnest entreaty, though unwilling, I licensed him to
proceed, and sent a present with him to their king,
one of them affirming that they were a people of one
of the four aforenamed nations. But I advised my
man to carry no truck along, lest it might be a means
to endanger his life. Nevertheless, as I was afterwards informed, he carried a coat, and other things to
the value of ten shillings more, and on the 14th of
July departed.
c' The 15th of July the Indians were returned with
the interpreter, according to promise, and, being come,
looked about for William our interpreter, to whom I
made relation whither he was gone, and they seemed
to lament for him, as if he were lost, saying, that the
men with whom he went would eat him, that these
people were not their friends, but that they were Herecheenes. At the departure of these Indians, they told
Iroquois?




32        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
me that two hundred Indians were come to the place
from whence they came with store of English truck to
trade for beaver, and told us they had a purpose to
come down and visit us, and take a view of our commodities, and they inquired after divers kinds of commodities, of which I had some very good, part of
which I gave them, and sent them away, desiring them
to follow after the other Indians, and to get away my
man. All this time did my truck spend not so much
upon beaver as upon victuals, having nothing but
what we bought of the Indians, of whom we had fish,
beans, and boiled corn. The seamen, nevertheless.
hoped to sell away all their clothes for beaver.
" The 18th of July I went to the Pascattowaies, and
there excused myself for trading with those that were
enemies, and from thence I hired sixteen Indians, and
brought them to the ship, and made one of them my
merchant, and delivered to them, equally divided, the
best part of my truck, which they carried up for mel
to trade with their countrymen; and I gave charge to
the factor to find out my man, and to bring him along
with them when they came back.
" The 7th of August these Indians returned, and the
Tohogaes sent me eighty skins with the truck again,
who showed these Indians great packs of beaver, saying there were nine hundred of them coming down by
winter, after they had received assurance of our love
by the Usserahaks, although the Nacostines had much




BEAVER TRADE.                  33
labored the contrary. And yet they were all at a
stand for a time, by reason of two rumors that had
raised, the one, that I had no good truck, neither for
quantity, nor for quality; the other that one of our
men was slain by the Hirechenes, three days' journey
beyond them, and that they had beguiled us with the
name of Mosticums, one of their confederate nations.
Nevertheless, they being desirous to have some trial of
us, had sent us these skins, minding to have an answer
whether we would be so satisfied of this deceit or no,
and that they would come all four nations and trade
with us upon their guard.
6' I liked this motion very well, but was unwilling
to protract time, because I had but little victuals, and
small store of trucking stuff, and therefore I sailed
down to Pascattowie, and so to a town on this side of
it called Moyumpse.  Here came three cannibals of
Usserahak, Tohoga, and Mosticum; these used many
complimenting speeches and rude orations, showing
that they desired us to stay fifteen days, and they
would come with a great number of people that should
trade with us as formerly they had spoken. I gave
them all courteous entertainment, and so sent them
back again.
" At this time I had certain news of a small pinnace
with eight men, that made inquiry in all places for me,
with whom was Charles Harman.l  The Indians would
See page 13.
5




34       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
willingly have put them by from me, or I could have
shifted them in the night, or taken them, as I pleased;
but, knowing my designs to be fair and honest, I feared
nothing that might happen by this means. And now,
after much toil and some misery, I was desirous of
variety of company.
" The 28th of August, in the morning, I discerned
the barque, and having the shallop which I built
amongst the Indians, I manned her with ten men and
all manner of munition, with a full resolution to (discover) what they were, and what were their intentions.
Being come near them, I judged what they were and
went aboard, where I found Captain John Uty, one
of the Council of Virginia.' In which barque I stayed
with them by the space of two hours, and then invited
them aboard my ship, where, being entered into my
cabin, after a civil pause, this salutation was used:" Captain Fleet, I am sorry to bring ill news, and to
trouble you in these courses, being so good; but as I
am ain instrument, so I pray you to excuse me, for, in
the King's name I arrest you, your ship, and goods,
and likewise your company, to answer such things as
the Governor and Council shall object."
I obeyed; yet I conceived that I might use my own
discretion, and most of his company being servants,
and ill-used, were willing to have followed me, yea,
though it had been to have gone for England.'See notice of Utie on page 48.




FLEET'S ARREST.                35
"The'9th of August we came to Patomack; here
was I tempted to take in corn, and then to proceed
for New  England; but wanting truck, and having
much tobacco due to me in Virginia, I was unwilling
to take any irregular course, especially in that I conceived all my hopes and future fortunes depended upon
the trade and traffic that was to be had out of this
river.
"I took in some provisions, and came down to a
town called Patobanosl where I found that all the Indians below the cannibals, which are in number five
thousand persons in the river of Patomack, will take
pains this winter in the killing of beavers and preserve
the furs for me now that they begin to find what benefit
may accrue to them thereby. By this means I shall
have in readiness at least five or six thousand weight
against my next coming to trade there. Thursday,
the 6th of September 1632, we came to the river of
James Town, and on the 7th day anchored at James
Town, and I went ashore the same night.
"The Governor, bearing himself like a noble gentleman, showed me very much favor, and used me with
unexpected courtesy. Captain Utye did acquaint the
Council with the success of the voyage, and every man
seemed to be desirous to be a partner with me in these
employments. I made as fair weather as might be
with them, to the end I might know what would be
Also called Potopaco and Potobatto, now Port Tobacco.




36       TlE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the business in question and what they would or could
object, that I might see what issue it would come to.
"The Court was called the 14th of September,
where an order was made, which I have here enclosed,
and I find that the Governor hath favored me therein.
After this day, I had free power to dispose of myself.
Whereupon I took into consideration my business,
and what course would be most for mine advantage,
and what was fittest for me to resolve upon. I conceived it would be prejudicial to my designs to lose
the advantage of the spring, because of the infancy of
this project, considering how needful it was to settle
this course of trade with the Indians so newly begun,
and now that I had gotten ~200 worth of (beaver) in
readiness, and some of it very good.
" And I having now built a new barque of sixteen
tons, and fitted myself with a partner that joineth with
me for a moiety in that vessel, which we have sent to
the Cannadies with provisions, and such merchandize,
are there good commodities, and so to the Medeiras
and Tenariffe. The loading is corn, meal, beef, pork,
and clapboards. For myself, I hope to be gone up the
river within the six days.
"And so, beloved friends, that shall have the perusal of this journal, I hope that you will hold me excused in the method of this relation, and bear with
my weakness in penning the same. And consider
that time would not permit me to use any rhetoric in




END OF JOURNAL.                  37
the form of this discourse, which, to say truly, I am
but a stranger unto as yet, considering that in my infancy and prime time of youth, which might have advantaged my study that way, and enabled me with
more learning, I was for many years together compelled to live amongst these people, whose prisoner I
was, and by that means am a better proficient in the
Indian language than mine own, and am made more
able that way.
The thing that I have endeavored herein is, in
plain phrase, to make such relation of my voyage as
may give some satisfaction to my good friends, whose
longing thoughts may hereby have a little content, by
perusing this discourse, wherein it will appear how I
proceeded, and what success I have had, and how I
am like to speed if God permit. All which particulars,
the whole ship's company are ready to testify on behalf of this Journal."




WILLIAM CLAYBORNE.
IN  the Relation of the Successful Beginnings of
Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland, written a
few weeks after the landing of Leonard Calvert and
associates, it is stated, that William Clayborne came
" from parts in Virginia where we intend to plant,"
and said that the Indians were alarmed, by reason of a
rumor that some one had raised, of six ships that were
come, with a power of Spaniards."
Clayborne was above the majority of the Virginia
colonists in birth and intellectual culture. He had a
very different training from Henry Fleet, his rival in
the Indian trade, who once wrote " that in my infancy
and prime time of youth, I was for years together compelled to live among these people whose prisoner I
was, and by that means am a better proficient in the
Indian language, than mine own."
He was the second son of Sir Edward Cleburne or
Clayborne of Westmoreland, and was one of the colonial officers appointed in 1621, by the London Company for Virginia,and for many years Secretary of the
Colony.
Among his early companions at Jamestown were




COMPANIONS OF CLAYBORNE.                  39
the estimable Governor, Sir Francis Wyatt and his
gentle wife, the niece of Sir Edwin Sandys, the head
of the London  Company.  The chaplain  was Rev.
Haut Wyatt, A.M., the Governor's  brother.  The
Treasurer of the Colony was George Sandys, poet and
translator of Ovid, and brother of Sir Edwin. The
Secretary was another poet, Christopher Davison, the
son of that Sir William, in whose employ William
Brewster of Plymouth Rock once was.  The surgeon
general John Pott, was also a Master of Arts.' In
1621 the London Company writes: " It is our express
will that the tenants belonging to every office, be fixed
to his certain place, on the lands set out, for which
Mr. Cleyburne 2 is chosen to be our Surveyor, who at
the Company's very great charge is set out."
In 1627 Clayborne commanded an expedition against
the Indians, and landing at the junction of the York
and Pamunkey River destroyed the village and cornOxford University in 1605 conferred the degree of A.M. on John
Pott and George Calvert afterwards the first Lord Baltimore. See
Wood's Athenac Oxonienses.
2 The name is variously spelt, Cleyburne, Cleburne, Clybourne,
Clibourne. The following pedigree is found in the Visitation of
Cumberland, published by the Harleian Society of London.
Robert Clyborne of Westmoreland.
Edward Clyborne his son.
Chilcren of Edward.
Richard Cliburne.
John Clibourne.
Thomas Clibourne.
William Clibourne.
Elizabeth married John Thwaits.




40         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
fields, and for his services received the land on which
the Indians had dwelt. In October of this year, one
arrived at Jamestown, who caused much dissension.
Lord Baltimore in early life was known as George
Calvert, the son of a worthy Yorkshire farmer.  A
graduate of Oxford, and an attache of Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, he attracted the attention of James the First,
and when about twenty-five years of age, was appointed
one of the Secretaries of State.
A good linguist, a ready writer, and possessing executive talent, he was soon recognized as a right hand
man of the King, and an antagonist of the people's
party in the House of Commons.  In 1624 he represented  Oxford in Parliament, opposed freedom  of
speech, and defended the royal prerogative. In 1625
he announced his conversion to the Church of Rome,'
and when Charles the First came to the throne, the
oath of allegiance being offered to him, as one of the
Privy Council, he hesitated and was relieved of duties
at Court, and went to his estate in Ireland.
While a member of the Church of England, in 1620,
he had planted a colony at Ferryland in New FoundGoodman formerly Bishop of Gloucester of the Church of England,
after he united with the Church of Rome, says that Calvert was converted by Gondoniar, the Spanish Ambassador, "and Count Arundel
whose daughter Secretary Calvert's son had married." This is a
strange error. Ann Arundel wife of Cecil Calvert died July 24, 1649,
at the age of thirty-four. When Gondomar was in England she was
about six years of age, and certainly not married to Secretary.alvert's
son.




FIRST LORD BALTIMORE.                 41
land, and on May 21st, 1627, he writes to his intimate
friend Sir Thomas Wentworth:'" I am heartily sorry, that I am farther from my
hopes of seeing you, before my leaving this town,
which will be now within these three or four days,
being bound for a long journey, to a place which I have
had a long desire to visit, and have now the opportunity and leave to do it.
" It is New Foundland I mean, which it imports me
more than in curiosity, only to see, for I must either
go and settle it in better order or else give it over, and
lose all the charges I have been at hitherto, for other
men to build their fortunes upon.  And I had rather
be esteemed a fool by some, for the hazard of one
month's journey, than  to prove myself one certainly
for six years by past, if the business be now lost for
the want of a little pains and care." 1
Arriving at Ferryland on the 23d of July bringing
two priests of the Church of Rome, he astonished the
minister of the Church of England in charge of the
colonists. After a brief visit, he went back to England
and in the summer of 1628 returned with a second
wife,2 and several children by his first wife, and a
Strafford's Letters, vol. 1, p. 39, Dublin, 1740.
2 There has been much confusion as to Lord Baltimore's family relations.
Davis and Hildreth erroneously intimate that Governor Leonard
Calvert was an illegitimate child, and bore the baton in his escutcheon.
Governor Stuyvesant of New York, who corresponded with Governor
6




42         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Roman  Catholic priest.   The Church  of England
clergyman was sent home, and in October complained
to the authorities of England, that contrary to law,
mass was publicly celebrated in New Foundland.  In
a few months Lord Baltimore found the country too
cold for a residence, and he wrote a letter dated August
19th, 1629, to his old friend King Charles, in which he
uses these words.
" Have met with grave difficulties and incumbrances
here, which in this place are no longer to be resisted,
but enforce me presently to quit my residence and to
shift to some other warmer climate of this new world
where the winter be shorter and less rigorous.
" For here your Majesty may please to understand
that I have found by too dear bought experience, which
other men for their private interests always concealed
from  me, that from  the middlest of October, to the
middlest of May there is a sad fare of winter upon all
this land, both sea and land so frozen for the greater
part of the time, as they are not penetrable; no plant
or vegetable thing appearing out of the earth until it
be about the beginning of May, nor fish in the sea;
Philip Calvert, does however state that Philip was the illegitimate
child of Leonard Calvert's father, the first Lord Baltimore.
Lodge, Burke and other writers on the peerage never allude to the
second wife of Lord Baltimore. It is possible that he was privately
married in Ireland, and not according to the laws of the Church of
England. There is a mystery about the second wife. In one of the
Ayscough MSS. of the British Museum it is stated that she was lost
at sea, and there the subject is dropped.




NEW  FOUNDLAND CLIMATE.              43
besides the air is so intolerable cold as it is hardly to
be endured.
"By means whereof, and of much salt meat, my house
hath been an hospital, all this winter, of 100 persons,
fifty sick at a time, myself being one, and nine or ten
of them died.
" Hereupon I have had strong temptations to leave
all proceedings in plantations, and being much decayed
in my strength to retire myself to my former quiet, but
my inclination carrying me naturally to these kind of
works, and not knowing how better to employ the poor
remainder of my days, than with other good subjects,
to further the best I may, the enlarging your Majesty's
empire in this part of the world, I am determined to
commit this place to fishermen that are able to encounter storms and hard weather, and to remove myself with some forty persons to your Majesty's domain,
Virginia, where if your Majesty will please to grant
me a precinct of land with such privileges as the King,
your father was pleased to grant me here, I shall endeavor to the utmost to deserve it." 1
Waiting for no reply he sailed away, and early in
October 1629, with his children and their step-mother
and attendants arrived at Jamestown.  lie expressed
a desire to John Pott the acting Governor, who probably received the degree of A.M. from Oxford on
1 Virginia State Papers.




44        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the same day as he obtained the honor, to settle in that
country, but was informed that it was the law that
every new-comer should take the oath of allegiance
and supremacy, but this he refused and the following
statement signed by Governor John Pott, Samuel
Matthews, Roger Smyth and William Clayborne prepared on November 30th, 1629, was forwarded to the
King's Privy Council. 1
"May it please your Lordships to understand, that
about the beginning of October last, there arrived in
the colony the Lord Baltimore, from  his plantation
at New Foundland, with an intention, as we are informed, rather to plant himself to the southward of
the settlement here, although he hath seemed well
affected to this place, and willing to make his residence therein with his whole family.
6 We were readily inclined to render to his Lordship all those respects which were  due unto the
honor of his person, which might testify with how
much gladness we desire to receive and to entertain
him, as being of that eminence and degree whose presence and affection might give great advancement to
the plantation.
" Thereupon, according to the instructions from
your Lordships, and the usual course held in this place,
we tendered the oaths of supremacy and allegiance to
Va. MSS. Library of Congress.




BALTIMORE TAKES THE OATHI            45
his Lordship and some of his followers, who, making
profession of the Romish religion, utterly refused to
take the same, a thing we could not have doubted in
him, whose former employments under his late Majesty might have endeared to us a persuasion he
would not have made a denial of that, in point whereof,
consists the loyalty and fidelity which every true subject oweth unto his Sovereign.'" His Lordship, therefore, offered to take the oath,
a copy whereof is included, but, in true discharge of
the trust imposed on us by his Majesty, we could not
imagine that so much latitude was left for us to decline from  the prescribed form  so strictly exacted,
and so well justified and defended by the pen of our
late Sovereign, King James of happy memory; and
among the blessings and favors for which we are
bound to bless God, and which this colony hath received from his Most Gracious Majesty, there is none
whereby it hath been made more happy than in the
freedom of our religion which we have enjoyed, and
that no Papists have been suffered to settle their abode
amongst us, the continuance whereof we now humbly
implore from his Most Sacred Majesty, and earnestly
beseech your Lordships, that by your mediations and
counsels, the same may be established and confirmed
unto us."
Not discouraged by his cold reception, leaving his
family, he went to England to sue for a grant of land.




46       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
In the British State Paper Office there is the following
petition preserved, addressed to Lord Dorchester, Secretary of State, in Baltimore's own hand.
" That your Lordship would be pleased to procure
me a letter from my Lords of the Council to the Governor of Virginia in favor of my wife now there, that
he would afford her his best assistance upon her return
into England in all things reasonable for her accommodation, in her passage and for recovery of any debts
due unto me in Virginia, or for disposing of her servants according to the custom of the country if she
shall think fit to leave any behind her or upon any
other occasion, wherein she may have use of his lawful favor.
"' Moreover that your Lordship would be pleased to
move his Majesty that whereas upon my humble suit
unto him from Newfoundland for a proportion to be
granted unto me in Virginia, he was graciously pleased
to signify by Sir Francis Cottington that I should have
any part not already granted, that his Majesty would
give me leave to choose such a part now, and to pass
it unto me, with the like power and privileges as the
King his father of happy memory did grant me that
precinct in Newfoundland, and I shall contribute my
best endeavors, with the rest of his loyal subjects, to
enlarge his Empire in that part of the world, by such
gentlemen and others, as will adventure to join with
me, though I go not myself in person."




BALTIMORE SECURES A TRACT.             47
Joseph Mead, Chaplain of Archbishop Laud, on
February 12, 1629-30, writes:  "Though his Lordship [Baltimore] is extolling that country to the skies,
yet he is preparing a bark to send to fetch his Lady
and servants from thence, because the King will not
permit him to go back again."
In October, 1629, Sir Robert Heath, the Attorney
General of England, obtained a grant of land in America,
between the degrees of 31 and 36 of north latitude,
under the name of the " Province of Carolana,' and
two days before Mead wrote, an association of gentlemen asked for two degrees of land, to be held under
Heath, as Lord Paramount, with liberty to appoint
all officers both civil and ecclesiastical. On April 30,
1630, the Privy Council ordered, that no aliens should
be settled in Carolana, without special direction, nor
any but Protestants.'
Lord Baltimore at length, in February, 1631, secured a tract of land south of James River, and a
charter was prepared; but Clayborne, Secretary of Virginia, and ex-Governor Francis West, a brother of late
Lord Delaware, then in London, made such representations that it was revoked.  Undaunted, hepersevered,
and on the ground that it was not occupied by English
subjects; obtained a grant for lands, north and east of
the Potomac.   The King said, " Let us name it after
Sainsbury's State Papers.
2 See Charter.




48        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the Queen.  What think you of Mariana?"  Baltimore objected, because, that was also the name of the
Spanish historian, who taught that the will of the people was higher than the law of tyrants. Charles then
modified the name and said, "' Let it be Terra Marite."'
At this time, Clayborne had a plantation on the east
side of the Chesapeake Bay, and trading posts at Kent
Island and Palmer's Island at the mouth of the Susquehanna, the latter of which he claims to have discovered.2
As soon as it was known that Lord Baltimore had
obtained a patent for the Chesapeake region, on the
ground that it had not been occupied, the London
partners of Clayborne and Virginia planters complained, that the grant was within their limits, covering the places of their traffic, and so near to their
habitations, as will give a general disheartening to the
planters if they be divided into several governments.
George Lord Baltimore died on April 9, 1632, and his
son Cecil succeeded to the title.  On the 28th of June,
1633, both parties were heard, and on the 3d of July
the Privy Council " for the preventing of further questions and differences did order that the planters on
each side shall have free traffic and commerce, each
with the other," also that Lord Baltimore should
be left to his patent, and the others to the course of
law according to their desire.
Upon the arrival of Leonard Calvert's expedition at'Ayscough MSS.
Annapolis MSS.




CALVERT AT JAMES RIVER.                   49
the James River, Calvert claimed that Clayborne and
the people of Kent Island  should  acknowledge his
jurisdiction.  As the inhabitants had  been  represented in the Virginia Legislature, Clayborne consulted
the Council of Virginia as to the proper course to pursue, and they replied " that they knew no reason why
they should render up the right of the Isle of Kent,
more than any other formerly given by his Majesty's
patent."  Governor Calvert forbade his trading in the
Chesapeake without his license, and under the influence of Fleet was made to believe that he was inciting
the Indians to resistance.
Clayborne on the 20th of June 1634, held a conference with the Chief of the Patuxents in the presence
of George Calvert the brother of the Governor, Frederick the brother of Sir John Winter' and others of
the Maryland Colony, and two prominent Virginians
John Utie2 and Samuel Mathews.3  After examining
the Chief, through a sworn interpreter, the whole was
written out and approved by both Marylanders and
Virginians.' Frederick Winter died before 1638; George Calvert lived and died
in Virginia.
2 John Utye or Utie came to Virginia in 1620 in the ship Francis
Bona Ventura and was followed in 1621, in the ship Sea Flower by
Ann his wife, and an infant son.
3 Samuel Matthews came to Virginia in 1622, in the ship Southampton, and lived at Blunt Point, a little distance above Newports
News. He was thrifty and intelligent. His wife was the daughter
of Sir Thomas Hinton. He was a type of the early planter, " lived
bravely, kept a good house, and was a true lover of Virginia."
7




50        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
The Chief, in his statement, denied that Clayborne
had prejudiced his tribe against the Marylanders, and
said that Fleet " was a liar and that if he were present
he would tell him so to his face."'
The explorer of the Delaware River Captain Thomas
Young, a friend of Lord Baltimore, who was at Jamestown in July, 1634, wrote for Secretary Windebank
an entirely different version and adds: " This, so far
as I can learn, is the true state, wherein my Lord of
Baltimore's Plantation stands with those of Virginia,
which perhaps may prove dangerous enough for them,
if there be not some present order taken in England
for suppressing the insolence of Clayborne and his accomplices, and for disjointing this faction, which is so
fast linked and united, as I am persuaded will not by
the Governor be easily dissevered or overruled, without some strong and powerful addition to his present
authority, by some new powers from England. And it
will be to little purpose, for my Lord to proceed in his
Colony, against which they have so exasperated and
incensed all the English Colony of Virginia; as here
it is accounted a crime almost as heinous as treason to
favor, nay, to speak well of that colony of my Lord's.
"And I have observed myself a palpable kind of
strangeness and distance between those of the best
sort in the country which have formerly been very
Streeter's Early Papers.




THE POCOMOKE CONFLICT.                51
familiar and loving to one another, only because the
one hath been suspected to have been a well wisher to
the Plantation of Maryland." I
Of the Council of Virginia but two were friendly to
the Maryland Colony.  Lord Baltimore upon receiving
intelligence of the position of affairs on the 4th of
September, instructed Leonard Calvert and his Commissioners in Maryland, that if Clayborne would not
acknowledge his patent, to seize and detain him close
prisoner at Saint Mary, and if they can, " take possession of his plantation on the Isle of Kent."
On October 8th however, the King wrote from Hampton Court, to the Virginia Council and all Lieutenants
of Provinces in America, requiring " them to be assisting the planters in Ketish Island, that they may peaceably enjoy the fruits of their labors, and forbids Lord
Baltimore or his agents to do them any violence."
It is not strange that orders so contradictory should
have induced bloodshed. In the spring of 1635, Cornwallis proceeded, as one of the Maryland Commissioners, to search in the waters of the Chesapeake, for
Virginians trading without a Maryland license.
The goods of a trader named Harmon were seized,
and a pinnace called the Long Tail belonging to Clayborne captured.2   Clayborne sent from Kent Island a
1 Young in Aspinwall Papers. Mass. Hist. Soc. Publications, 4th
Series, vol. ix.
2 Report of Parliament Committee of the Navy Dec. 31, 1652.




52        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
boat with Lt. Ratcliff Warren and thirteen others to
recover his property, and on the 23d of April, in the
Pocomoke met Commissioner Cornwallis with two
pilnaces the St. Margaret and St. Helen, when a conflict took place and William Ashmore of the Maryland
side, and Lt. Warren, John Bellson, and William
Dawson of the Virginians were killed.  Again on the
10th of May, in the harbor of Great Wighcomoco,
Cornwallis met Thomas Smith of Kent Island who was
arrested, tried for piracy by the Maryland Assembly,
and sentenced to be hung.
When the Virginians learned that their Governor,
John Harvey, approved of Governor Calvert's course
towards Clayborne, they were very indignant, and determined no longer to acknowledge his authority.
Four days after Warren was killed, a public meeting
was held at Yorktown at the house of William Warren,
perhaps a relative, Speaker of the Virginia Assembly,
to consider the conduct of Harvey.  The next day the
Governor called a meeting of his Council.  His friend
and Secretary of the Colony Richard Kemp writes:
" The Governor demanded if they had knowledge of
the people's grievances.  Mr. Minifiel answered that
George Minifie arrived in the year 1623, in the ship Samuel. His
plantation was between Blunt Point and Jamestown. De Vries visited
in 1633, the James River and in his journal writes " Arrived at Littletown where Menifit lives. He has a garden of two acres full of primroses, apple, pear and cheery trees, the various fruits of Holland, with
different kinds of sweet smelling herbs, rosemary, sage, marjoram,




GOVERNOR HARVEY ARRESTED.               53
their chiefest grievance was the not sending the answer
of the late Assembly.  The Governor rising fiom his
place replied,'Do you say so? I arrest you upon suspicion of treason to his Majesty.' Whereupon Captain
Uty and Captain Mathews both of the Council laid
hands upon the Governor using these words:'And
we, you, upon suspicion of treason to his Majesty.'
The Council then demanded that he should go to England, to which he reluctantly consented, and on the
7th of May John West a brother of Lord Delaware
was chosen acting Governor, and a Committee consisting of Uty and Peirce were sent to confer with the
Governor of Maryland.
A  correspondent of Thomas Wentworth, the Earl
of Strafford, on August 19th, 1635, alludes to this difficulty, in these words:
"' Sir John Harvey Governor of Virginia being invited on board of a ship, was suddenly carried away
and is now brought into England. The company allege
he was a Marylander, that is, one that favored too much
my Lord Baltimore's Plantation, to their prejudice;
but it is ill taken, that the Company of their own
authority, should hurry him away in that manner."'
thyme. Around the house were planted peach trees which were
hardly in bloom."
The Dutch Captain says that these were the first peach trees he
saw in North America.
1 Strafford Papers.




54         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
While the examination of Harvey was proceeding in
England, Clayborne remained in undisturbed possession  of Kent Island, until 1637, when  he went to
England leaving George Evelyn' in charge, who acknowledged the jurisdiction of Maryland, and  ClayThe Evelyns and Calverts were of Flemish extraction. Sir John
Evelyn had a son Robert of Goodstone Surrey who died before 1639,
whose wife was Susan daughter of Gregory Young of York. George
and Robert Evelyn were nephews of Capt. Thomas Young who was
authorized on Sept. 22, 1633, by the King to fit out ships, appoint
officers, and to make discoveries in America. Among the officers appointed were Robert Evelyn, a surgeon named Scott, and Alexander
Baker of St. Holborn's parish, Middlesex, described by Young as
"skillful in mines and trying of metals."
Stopping at Point Comfort for repairs and supplies, he left there on
the 20th'of July 1634, and on the 24th entered Delaware Bay. Slowly
ascending the Delaware on the 22d of August he reached the Schuylkill, and after stopping five days again sailed, and on the 29th came
to shoal water below the Falls.
Early in 1635 Lt. Robert Evelyn returned to England, and in 1637
appears again in America, and is appointed Surveyor of Virginia. His
brother George probably came to Maryland at this time. At Piney
Point on the Potomac George obtained a grant called the Manor of
Evelynton and on April 3, 1638, entered lands for the following persons.
Thomas Hebden,        Daniel Wickliff,      Randall Revell,
James Cloughton,      Hugh Howard,          John Walker,
Henry Lee,            John Wortley,         John Richardson,
John Hill,            Wm. Medcalf,          Philip West,
Edmund Parris,        Howell Morgan,        Matthew Roedlen,
Roger Baxter,         Thomas Orley,         Wi. Williamson,
Thomas Keane,         Andrew Baker,         John Hatch.
Samuel Scovell,
Through the Mynne family the Evelyns were related to the Calverts.
Elizabeth Mynne, daughter of George Mynne, a relative of the wife of
the first Lord Baltimore married a Richard Evelyn, and when she died
in 1692, left the Manor of Horton, to Charles, 4th Lord Baltimore.




CLAYBORNE'S ISLE  OF KENT,                     55
borne's goods were seized at Palmer's Island,' as well
as this point.   While the Maryland  Assembly  was
confiscating  his  estate, Clayborne  was not idle  in
London, and  on the 4th of April, 1638, the Commissioners of Plantations reported the right and title to
the Isle of Kent to be absolutely with  him, and  that
the violence complained of, by him, to be left to the
courts of justice."
The following note on the 14th of July was also sent
to  Cecil, Lord  Baltimore: " The King understands
that contrary to his pleasure, Lord Baltimore's agents
have slain three persons, possessed themselves of the
island by force, and seized the persons and estates of
I Among others, the following were taken by Lord Baltimore's
agents at Palmer's Island.
Servants.
Edward Griffin,                           William Jones,
Richard Roymont,                          William Freeman.
Books.
A Statute Book.
Five or Six Little Books.
One Great Book of Mr. Perkins.
The latter may have been one of the volumes sent out from London.
At a meeting of the Virginia Company on November 15, 1620, as the
reading of the minutes was finished, "a stranger stepped in" and
presented a map of Sir Walter Raleigh's, containing a description of
Guiana, and with the same, four Great Books, as the gift of one who
desired his name might not be known. Three of these folios were the
works of Perkins the distinguished divine of Cambridge University.
The donor desired these books might be sent to the college in Virginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators,
and not suffered at any time to be lent abroad. See History of Vir
ginia Company, published by Munsell, Albany, page 197.




56       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the planters. These disorders have been referred to
the Commissioners for Plantations. He is therefore
commanded to allow the planters and their agents to
have free enjoyment of their possessions without further
trouble, until the cause is decided."
In the year 1644, between October and Christmas,
with a party of men from Chicacoan in Virginia, Clayborne took possession of Kent Isle but did not remain,
and in 1646 came again with forty persons under a
commission from Governor Berkeley of Virginia, but
in the next year was compelled to retire.
During these troubles Sir Edmund Plowden, who
as early as July 1632, had obtained a patent for Long
Isle, and forty leagues between 39 and 40 degrees of
north latitude was visiting Virginia and Maryland, and
in the "Description of the Province of New Albion,"
published in 1648, speaks of " Captain Claiborne,
heretofore Secretary now Treasurer of Virginia," and
adds:
"Now  Kent Isle, was with many households of
English, by Captain Clayborn before seated, and because his Majesty by his privy signet shortly after
declared that it was not his intention to grant any
lands before seated and habited, and for that, it lyeth
by the Maryland printed card, clear northward, within
Albion and not in Maryland, and not only late Seamen, but old depositions in Clayborn's hand shows it
to be out of Maryland, and for that Albion's privy




BALTIMORE'S OFFICERS REMOVED.              57
signet is elder and before Maryland patent, Clayborn
by force entered and thrust Master Calvert out of
Kent."l
In 1640, we find that Clayborne had returned to
America, and on the 20th of June petitioned the Virginia authorities for 3000 acres of land at the town of
Patomack where in 1622 the English had built a fort,
which was on the Virginia side of the Potomac, a few
miles from Potopaco, Maryland.
The beheading of King Charles by the Parliament
of England led to a compromise with the Virginians.
In 1652 William  Clayborne and Richard Bennett as
Commissioners of Parliament removed  Lord  Baltimore's officers in Maryland and appointed others, in
the name of the keepers of the liberty of England.
For five years he performed the duties of Commissioner, and after this period lived at thejunction of the
York and Pamunkey on the site of the Indian village
Candayack, now  called West Point.  In Herrman's
Map prepared for Lord Baltimore, and published in
1673, the neck of land is called Clayborne.  After the
1 In 1632 Plowden and others petitioned for Long Isle or Isle Plowden, and other isles between 39th and 40th degree of north latitude,
with 40 leagues square of adjoining continent to be granted " a County
Palatine or body politic by the name of New Albion." The King, on
the 24th of July, ordered the letters patent to be granted. See AStrafford's Letters, vol. I, pp. 72, 73. In Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania
there is a deposition that Sir Edmund Plowden, residing in Virginia
in 1643, bought of Philip White of Kiquotan, the half of a bark. He
returned to England, was imprisoned for debt and died A.D. 1655.
8




58        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
restoration of Charles the Second, he was again honored with the Secretaryship of Virginia, which he had
first held about forty years before, and in 1666 was
chosen a member of' the legislature. The time of his
death has not been ascertained. His son Thomas was
killed by the Indians, and his tombstone a few years
ago was visible.  The Quaker preacher, Thomas
Story, speaks of visiting, in 1699, William Clayborne
of Pamunkey Neck, who was probably another son of
the old Virginia Secretary, and Parliament Cornmmissioner.




EMBARCATION OF MARYLAND COLONISTS.
W E are now prepared to notice the pioneers of Lord
Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. It has been al
ready stated, that the Privy Council, after hearing the
arguments of the Virginia planters, ordered, on July
3d, 1633, that Lord Baltimore should be left to his
patent, and the Virginians "' to the course of law, according to their desire." A number of friends joined
with Cecil Lord Baltimore, in fitting out an expedition
On the 31st of the same month, in which the decision
of the Council was announced, the following order
was issued by that body.
" Whereas the good ship called the Ark of Maryland
of the burthen of about 350 tons, whereof one Lowe
is Master, is set forth by our very good Lord, the Lord
Baltimore for his Lordship's plantation at Maryland in
America and manned with about 40 men. Forasmuch
as his Lordship hath desired, that the men belonging
to his said ship, may be free from press or interruption,
these are to will and require you, to forbear to take
up, or press any, the officers, seamen, mariners or
others belonging to his Lordship's said ship either in
her voyage to Maryland, or in her return for England,




60           THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
and that you permit and suffer her quietly to pass and
return without any letor hindrance, stay or interruption
whatsoever."'  A pinnace of twenty tons, commanded
by  Captain Winter, called  The Dove, accompanied
the Ark.
On the 19th of October, Coke the Secretary of State,2
informed Admiral Penington h  that the Ark, Richard
Lowe3 Master, carrying  men for Lord Baltimore to
his new plantation in or about New England, had sailed
from  Gravesend contrary to orders, the company in
charge of Capt. Winter4 not having taken the oath of
allegiance,"5 and directed him to have the expedition' Copied from original in British Public Record Office.
2 Sainsbury's State Papers.
I In the M'd Assembly of 1638 was Richard Loe probably the same
person. He died in 1639 and John Lewger, the first Secretary of the
Province, was his executor. He bequeathed to Lewger's wife, " a satin
petticoat."  See Annapolis MSS.
4 A Capt. Robert Winter was in the Assembly of 1638. On January 12, 1637-38, he transported the following servants, Richard Browne,
Arthur Webb, John Speed, Bartholomew Phillips, Thomas White,
Rowland Morgan, George Tailor, aged 15 years. Before September
1638 he died. See Annapolis MSS.
I Pope Pius the Fifth had freed English subjects, from allegiance
to the Sovereign of England. After the Gun Powder Plot the Oath
of Allegiance was required of all persons sailing to English colonies.
It begins as follows.
"I A-      B — do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess,
testify, and declare in my conscience before (God and the World, that
our Sovereign Lord King James is lawful and righteous King of this
realm, and all other his Majesty's dominions and countries, and that
the Pope, neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church or
See of Rome, or by any other means with any other, hath any power
or authority to depose the King, or to dispose of any of his Majesty's




OATH  OF ALLEGIANCE.                   61
brought back. After the vessels were again anchored,
near Gravesend. they were visited by Edward Watkins
the London  Searcher, who reported  to the Privy
Council as follows:  "According to your Lordship's
order of the 25th day of this instant month of October,
I have been at Tillbury Hope where I found a ship
and pinnace belonging to the Right Honorable Cecil
Lord Baltimore where I offered the oath of allegiance
to all and every the persons aboard, to the number of
about 128, who took the same, and inquiring of the
Master of the Ship whether any more persons were to
go the said voyage, he answered that some few others
were shipped who had forsaken the ship and given
over the voyage, by reason of the stay of said ships."'
The vessels after they left the Thames stopped at
the Isle of Wight, where the Jesuit Father White, and
others who had forsaken the ship, were probably received.  On the 22d of November they sailed from
this Isle.  Father White writes:'Yet we were not
without apprehension, for the sailors were murmuring
among themselves, saying that they were expecting a
kingdoms or dominions," etc. Another clause reads: "Also I do
swear fiom my heart, that notwithstanding any declaration or sentence
of excommunication, or deprivation made or granted by the Pope or
his successors  *      +'  *  I will bear faith and true allegiance to his
Majesty," etc. Again " And I do believe, and in conscience am resolved, that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath power to
absolve me of this oath," etc.
I Copy, from original, in British Public Record Office.




62        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
messenger with letters from London, and from this it
seemed as if they were ever contriving to delay us."
After the ships had been at sea several weeks, Cecil
Lord Baltimore wrote to his deceased father's intimate
friend, Wentworth, known  in history as Earl of
Strafford, the following account of the difficulties of
sending out the first ships to his Plantation:
" After many difficulties since. your Lordship's departure from hence, in the proceedings of my Plantation wherein I felt your Lordship's absence, I have at
last sent away my ships, and have deferred my going
till another time, and indeed my Lord, my ships are
gone; after having been so many ways troubled by
my adversaries, after they had endeavored to overthrow my business at the Council Board, after they
had informed by several means some of the Lords of
the Council that I intended to carry over nuns into
Spain, and soldiers to serve that King, which I believe
your Lordship will laugh at, as well they did, after
they had gotten Mr. Attorney General to make an information in the Star-Chamber that my ships were
departed from  Gravesend without any cockets from
the Custom House, and in contempt of all authority,
my people abusing the King's officers, and refusing to
take the oath of allegiance; whereupon their Lordships sent present order to several captains of the
King's ships who lay in the Downs, to sealch for my
ships in the river, and to follow them into the narrow




SECOND LORD BALTIMORE.              63
seas, if they were gone out, and to bring them back to
Gravesend, which they did, and all this done before I
knew anything of it, but imagined all the while that
my ships were well advanced on their voyage; but
not to trouble your Lordship with too many circumstances, I, as soon as I had notice of it, made it plainly
appear unto their Lordships, that Mr. Attorney was
abused and misinformed, and that there was not any
just cause of complaint in any of the former accusations, and that every one of them was most notoriously
and maliciously false, whereupon they were pleased to
restore my ships to their former liberty.
"' After they had likewise corrupted and seduced my
mariners, and defamed the business all they could by
their scandalous reports, I have as I said, at last, by
the help of some of your Lordship's good friends and
mine, overcome these difficulties, and sent a hopeful
colony into Maryland with a fair and probable expectation of good success, however without any danger of
any great prejudice unto myself, in respect that others
are joined with me in the adventure.  There are two
of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion, and three hundred laboring men well provided in all things."'
The following were the few persons above the condition of laboring men:' Strafford's Letters.




64        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Leonard Calvert, Governor.         Frederick Winter.
Thomas Cornwallis, Commissioner. John Saunders.
Jerome Hawley,                     Thomas Dorrell.
Andrew White, Priest.              Edward Cranfield.
John Altham,aliasGravener, Priest. Capt. John Hill.
George Calvert, Baltimore's brother. Henry Green.
Justinian Snow, Factor.            John Medcalf.
Henry Wiseman.                     Nicholas Fairfax.
Richard Gerard.                     William Saire.
Edward Winter.                     John Baxter.
Fairfax and others died before they reached their
destination, others survived but a little while after
landing, and some left the Plantation.
Saunders, the partner of Cornwallis in business, died
soon after arrival in Maryland, the brothers of Sir
John Winter lived but two or three years,l George
Calvert went to Virginia and was in sympathy with
Clayborne, and died before the year 1653,2 Richard
Gerard who was about twenty years of age when he
landed at St. Mary, remained in America about one
year.  During the civil war in England he adhered to
the King and was Governor of Denbigh Castle.  After
the restoration of monarchy, he was made one of the
cup bearers of Charles the Second.3
Annapolis MSS.
In the statement of Lord Baltimore's Case, published in London
in 1653, it is stated, that both of his brothers, Leonard and George
Calvert, had died in America.
s Foster's Lancashire.




GOVERNOR LEONARD CALVERT.
T HE Government of the P]antation was entrusted by
Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to his brother Leonard Calvert
as Deputy, with two commissioners, Thomas Cornwallis
and Jerome Hawley, as friends and advisers.
Leonard Calvert was the second son of George Calvert the first Lord Baltimore, born about A.D., 1606,
and thus twenty-eight years of age at the time of his
landing at Saint Mary. In early life he had lived in
Ireland, and in the spring of 1629 under a letter of
marque, sailed in the ship St. Claude for Newfoundland, and it was in this ship probably, that his father
and family went to Virginia, in the autumn of that
year. 1
His life as Governor of Maryland was not distinguished for boldness and originality, and his relative
George Evelyn the Commander of Kent Island once
sneeringly said, G" Who was his grandfather but a grazier? what was his father? what was Leonard Calvert himself at school but a dunce and a blockhead."2
He appears to have been greatly under the influence
of Margaret Brent, a strong-minded woman, who on'See Page 42.
2 Streeter's Evelyn.
9




66        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
November 22, 1638, arrived in Maryland with her sister
Mary, and brothers Fulk and Giles.
Cecil Lord Baltimore, in 1639 was so poor, that he
and his wife and children were obliged to live at the
house of his father-in-law, Earl Arundel,l and his
brother Leonard, when he died on the 9th of June
1647, was far from rich.
His successor as the head of the Province, Thomas
Green, has left on record an interesting statement of
the last events of his life.  About six hours before he
expired, in Green's presence he said to Margaret Brent,
" I make you my sole executor. Take all, and pay all."
After these words he desired all to leave the room,
but Margaret with whom he had private conference.
When Green was again invited to his bed-side, he
heard him say " I give my wearing clothes to James
Lindsay and Richard William my servants, specifying
his cloth suit to Richard William, and his black suit
to James Lindsay, and his wearing linen to be divided
between them.  I give my colt to my godson Leonard
Green," and also requested that the first mare colt that
should fall, be given to Mrs. Temperance Pypott of
Virginia." 2
Under this nuncupative will, Margaret Brent claimed
and held the house in which Governor Calvert resided.' Bruce's State Papers.
2Annapolis Manuscripts.




LEONARD CALVERT'S WILL.                67
Recognized by the Maryland Assembly of 1648, as
the attorney of Governor Calvert, she demanded a vote
in that body, against which Governor Green protested.
With masculine vigor, she then claimed to be the
representative of the Lord Proprietary, and, in turn,
protested against all the acts of the Assembly.
Lord Baltimore was displeased at her position and
wrote " bitter invectives," but the Assembly of 1649,
defended her, with a gallantry worthy of the courtiers
of Queen Elizabeth. They stated to the Proprietary
in England: " As for Mistress Brent's undertaking,
and meddling with your estate, we do verily believe,
and in conscience report, that it was better for the
colony's safety, at that time, in her hands, than in any
man's else,l in the whole Province, after your brother's
death; for the soldiers would never have treated any
other with that civility and respect, and though they
was ever ready at several times to run into mutiny,
yet she still pacified them, till at last things were
brought to that strait, that she must be admitted and
declared your Lordship's attorney, by order of Court."
In the early records, there is a notice of this lady
journeying, in May, 1643, to the Isle of Kent, accompanied by Anne a lame maid servant of Sir Edmund Plowden.  Until late in life, the Attorney of
1 The expression " any man's else " may be a slip of the pen, not a
pun.




68' THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Leonard Calvert retained her powers of fascination.
When fifty-seven years old, in 1658, she states to the
Provincial Court, " that Thomas White lately deceased
out of the tender love and affection he bore unto the
petitioner, intended if he had lived to have married
her, and did by his last will give unto the said peti
tioner his whole estate which he was possessed of in
his life time."' Three years after this, she was alive,
but the precise date of the death of Leonard Calvert's
best friend, has not been ascertained.
Annapolis Manuscripts.




THOMAS CORNWALLIS, COMMISSIONER.
COMMISSIONER Thomas Cornwallis was the
most prominent of the  founders of Maryland.  In
mental  endowments,  well  known   ancestry,  and
worldly goods, he had no superior.
His grandfather was Sir Charles Cornwallis,l distin1CORNWALLIS PEDIGREE.
Sir THOMAS CORNWALLIS, Kt. Comptroller of the Household
of Queen Mary. Married Anne daughter of Sir John Jerningham. Died 1604. Had two sons, and three daughters.
Sir WILLIAM.      Sir CHARLES. Knighted by King James and
Ambassador to Spain.Married Elizabeth dau.
of Thomas Fincham, Esq. Had two sons.
Sir WILLIAM, Kt., married    THOMAS, married Anne dau. of
Catharine daughter of Sir Philip    Samuel Bevercott of Ordsallnear
Parker of Erwarton, Suffolk. Had   Scrooby, and probably sister of
six sons and five daughters.       Sam'l the postmaster of Scrooby,
beforeSWilliam Brewster who became the head of the first PuriI ~~~~ ~          ~tan colony in America.
THOMAS, 2d son, Comn'r of
Maryland.
A brother of the Maryland Commissioner was Rector of a Suffolk
Parish, and on a brass tablet in the church is a Latin inscription which
translated reads:
" Here are placed the remains of the holy man Philip Cornwaleys,
former Rector of this Church, youngest son of William  Cornwaleys,
Knight. Died Dec. 30, 1688."
In the grave yard there is a stone in memory of " Frances wife of
Samuel Richardson, Clerk, daughter of Thomas Cornwallis Esq., died
June 24, 1684," who was probably the aunt of the Maryland Commissioner.




70        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
guished as the English Ambassador at the court of
Spain, and subsequently as the Treasurer of King
James' son, Henry, Prince of Wales. In 1614, he fell
under the displeasure of the King, because he sympathized with certain members of Parliament, who were
opposed to the marriage of Prince Charles with a
daughter of the King of France, and the suppression
of faithful Puritan ministers.
His father Sir William, K't, was noted for his literary
tastes, and printed essays. The Commissioner was
born in 1603, and was thirty-one years of age, when
he landed on the shores of the Potomac.
In 1635, he commanded the expedition against the
Virginians, trading in the Chesapeake.'
After Evelyn became Commander of Kent Island,
on Dec. 3d, 1637, he was licensed to trade with the
Indians, and shipped in the pinnace St. Thomas for
that island, axes, and other articles in the name of his
fellow commissioner Jerome Hawley.
The Charter of Maryland conferred monarchical
power upon the Proprietary. It authorized him to
prepare laws, and submit them to any legislature convened, and dissolved at his pleasure. In 1637, Lord
Baltimore instructed Governor Calvert to call a legislature, and present a code of laws sent out from England, for their acceptance. In January, 1638, the
Assembly convened pursuant to notice. The Governor,
See page 51.




MONARCHICAL POWERS.                       71
and Secretary Lewger,' although but few members
were present, desired that the laws prepared by the
Proprietary  should  be  assented  to  after a  single
read'ug, to which Cornwallis objected.  The Governor
continued  to press the question, but when the vote
was taken, a large majority refused, at that time, to
accept the laws.  After a brief adjournment, the assembly met in February, and the delegates then resolved that all laws should be read three times on three
several days, before a vote should be taken, and they
also  expressed  a wish that all bills might emanate
from their own committee.  Governor Calvert, restive
at the independence of the members, again proposed to
adjourn, which Cornwallis described in a pamphlet of
the day as " that noble, right valiant, and politic solWood in Athen  Oxoniensis states that John Lewger, the first
Secretary of the Province was born in London 1602 and took the degree
of A.B. in 1619 at Trinity College, Oxford, and in 1622 was made
A.M. Became a Bachelor of Divinity on the same day as Phil. Nye,
the prominent member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. In
1632 he was a Rector of the Church of England in Essex, but under
the influence of Chillingworth became a Roman Catholic, and soon
after, Chillingworth renounced the Church of Rome and wrote a book
in which he states: " The Bible, and that only, is the religion of Protestants, and every one by making use of the helps and assistances
that God has placed in his hands, must learn that, and understand it
for himself, as well as he can."
Lewger after joining the Roman Church was appointed by his
college classmate Cecil, Lord Baltimore, Secretary of Maryland and in
November 1637 arrived with his wife, and son John aged nine years,
Martha Williamson a maid servant, and several others.
The Annapolis Records mention Cicely and Elizabeth Lewger who
were probably born in the Province. The wife of the Secretary died




72          THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
dier" opposed, and  said " that they could not spend
their time in  any business  better than  this for the
country's good."
The Governor replied that he would be accountable
to no man, and adjourned the Assembly until the 5th
of March.  The freemen then convened and after passing such Acts as they approved, on the 19th, the Assembly was dissolved.
Lord Baltimore now  receded from  his arbitrary position, and told his brother that he would assent to all
laws enacted by the Provincial legislature, not contrary
to the laws of England, subject to the final approval
of the Proprietary.
The next legislature  convened  in  February  1639,
and enacted the law  of England " that Holy Church
shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties and franin a few years, and soon after the civil war broke out under Ingle he
went back to Englan andn never returned. Being a widower he entered
the priesthood and lived at Lord Baltimore's house in London. Benjamin Denham, the Earl of Winchester's Chaplain in 1667 writes:
" All that is treated of in the Privy Council about Roman Catholics is
discovered to Lord Brudenell, and Lord Baltimore, Governor of Maryland, whose Chaplain, an English recusant, now a Romish priest, was
one of the vice-gerents there in Charles the First's time."Green's State Papers. He died about this period.
John Lewger Jr. remained in the Province, and when twenty years
of age, acted as temporary clerk of the Assembly of 1647-48. By profession he was a Surveyor. On August 28th, 1650, he secured the house
which had been his Father's at Saint Mary. In his will dated Nov.
6, 1669, he alludes to his "loving wife Martha," his sons William and
John, and gives his daughter Elizabeth " his cow Muley." —  See
Annapolis Mzanuscripts.




THE CORNWALLIS MANSION.              73
chises wholly and without blemish" which Church
under the charter, was the Church of England.
Soon after Cornwallis had finished a substantial
brick house, the best in the colony, in 1640, he visited
England, and in December, 1641, returned to Maryland, in a ship, commanded by Captain Richard Ingle,
and took his seat in the legislature which in March,
1642, was convened.
The very first step of this Assembly was to declare
that it could not be adjourned without its consent,
another advance in the direction of republicanism.
The next year an order was issued to the Colonial
Surveyor "to lay out 4000 acres of land in any part of
Patowmack river upward of Port Tobacco creek, for
Capt. Cornwaleys."
Owing to an order for reorganization of the government received from Lord Baltimore, Governor Calvert
convened an Assembly on the 5th of September 1642.
Under the reconstruction, Cornwallis was designated
as a Councillor but "; he absolutely refused to take the
oath of a Councillor according to the requirements of
the last commission."
In the spring of 1643, Leonard Calvert sailed for
England and Giles Brent became acting Governor, who
commissioned Cornwallis to lead an expedition against
the Susquehanna Indians. The author of Nova Albion writes, that with fifty-three "raw  and tired
10




74       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Marylanders" he met two hundred and fifty Indians
and killed twenty-nine.
In November 1643, a London ship commanded by
Richard Ingle sailed for America. Upon its arrival
at Saint Mary, by virtue of a commission granted by
Charles the First, acting Governor Brent captured the
vessel, Ingle escaping, and tendered the crew an oath
against Parliament. In January 1644, he summoned
Ingle to yield his body to the Sheriff of Saint Mary
County to answer for treason against his Majesty, but
he did not appear, and left the Province.
When the war between the King and Parliament
commenced, Cornwallis was living with more comfort
and elegance than any one in Maryland. In his own
language: "By God's blessing upon his endeavors,
he had acquired a settled and comfortable subsistence
having a comfortable dwelling house furnished with
plate, linen hangings, bedding, brass, pewter, and all
manner of household stuff, worth at least a thousand
pounds, about twenty servants, at least a hundred
breed cattle, a great stock of swine and goats, some
sheep and horses, a new pinnace about twenty tons,
well rigged and fitted, besides a new shallop and other
small boats."
Appointing Cuthbert Fenwick his agent he sailed
for England in April, 1644, where he found his cousin
Sir Frederick  Cornwallis one of the best friends
of King Charles, and Governor Leonard Calvert who




INGLE'S PETITION.               75
did not return to Maryland until the following September.
Ingle, smarting under the seizure of his ship, was
commissioned by Parliament, to cruise in the waters of
the Chesapeake, against malignants as the friends of
the King were called, and in February 1645, appearep
in the ship Reformation, near St. Inigo creek, when
there was an uprising in favor of Parliament, in
which all the servants of Cornwallis participated, except some negroes and a tailor named Richard HerveyFenwick, his agent, was taken aboard Ingle's ship, and
a party led by John Sturman, his son Thomas, and
William  Hardwick took possession of the mansion,
burned the fences, killed the swine, took the cattle,
wrenched off the locks from the doors, and damaged
his estate to the amount of two or three thousand
pounds. When Ingle returned to England with Father
White the Jesuit as a prisoner, Cornwallis, who was
there, instituted a suit against him, which called forth
in February, 1646, the following memorial to the
Lords in Parliament assembled.
" The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing
That whereas the petitioner, having taken the covenant, and going out with letters of marque, as Captain of the ship the Reformation, of London, and
sailing to Maryland, where, finding the Governor of
that Province to have received a commission from
Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to London,




76       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, and such as adhered to the Parliament, and to
press wicked oaths upon them, and to endeavor their
extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving himself, not
only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the Parliament, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their
assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing
his men and assisting the said well affected Protestants against the said tyrannical government and the
Papists and malignants.  It pleased God to enable
him  to take divers places from  them, and to make
him a support to the said well affected. But since his
return to England, the said Papists and malignants,
conspiring  together, have  brought fictitious acts
against him, at the common law, in the name of
Thomas Cornwallis and others, for pretended trespass
in taking away their goods, in the parish of St. Christopher's, London, which are the very goods that were
by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these
wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with
which he relieved the poor distressed Protestants there,
who otherwise must have starved, and been rooted out.
"l Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament
of State, by the order annexed, were pleased to direct
an ordinance to be framed for the settlement of the
said province of Maryland, under the Committee of
Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it,
and for that such false and feigned actions for matters




CORNWALLIS SERVANTS.               77
of war acted in foreign parts, are not tryable at common
law, but, if at all, before the Court and Marshall; and
for that it would be a dangerous example to permit
Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or
otherwise against the well affected for fighting and
standing for the Parliament:
" The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lordships to be pleased to direct that this business may be
heard before your Lordships at the bar, or to refer it
to a committee to report the true state of the case, and
to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the
common law maybe staid, and no further proceeded in."
For eight years Cornwallis attended to business in
London, and in 1652 returned to Maryland, now under
the control of the friends of Parliament, to demand compensation for injuries done by certain persons to his
property, during the Ingle revolution. To secure the
amount of land due to him, for the transportation of
servants, the following memorandum was filed.
SERVANTS BROUGHT A.D. 1634,
Twelve in the Ark, besides five more received by
the death of his partner, John Saunders.
The same year brought from Virginia
Cuthbert Fenwick.l             John Norton, Sr.3
Christopher Martin.2           John Norton, Jr.
Member of Assembly 1638, and other years.
A tailorS; Assemblyman in 1638.
9 Assemblyman in 1638.




78        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
A.D. 1635.
Zachary Mottershead.l            Walter Waterling.2
John Gage,2                      Francis Van Eyden.
A.D. 1636.
John Cook.                        Richard Hill.
Tho. York, killed at Nantioke.  Restitutia Tue.3
Daniel Clocker.2
A.D. 1637.
Charles Maynard.                 Ann Wiggin.
Stephen Gray.                    Alice Moreman.4
Francis Shirley.
A. D. 1639.
Nicholas Gwyther.5               William Freak.
Edmund Jaques.                   Morris Freeman.
Richard Farmer.                  Jeremiah Coote,
Edmund Deering.                  Martha Jackson.
George, a tailor.
A.D. 1640.
William Durford.                 Edward Matthews.
Henry Brooke.                    Hannah Ford.
George, a Smith.
1 Assemblyman in 1638.
a Signer of Protestant Declaration in 1648.
8 Married in 1639 to John Hollis.
4Married in 1639 to Francis Gray, carpenter, who was in Assembly, of 1638.
Sheriff of St. Mary County.




CORNWALLIS SERVANTS.               79
A.D. 1641.
Francis Anthill.               Edward Ward.
Richard Harvey.l               Robert King.
Charles Rawlinson.             Mary Phillips.
Richard Harris.                John Wheatley.
Thomas Harrison.               Wheatley's wife.
A.D. 1642.
Thomas Rockwood.               Elizabeth Batte.
John Rockwood.
A.D. 1646.
Magdalene Wittle.
A.D. 1651.
Robert Curtis.                 John Maylande.
William Sinckleare.            John Eston.
Thomas Frisell.                Sarah Lindle.
William Wells.
In another memorandum  he mentions the following persons:
A.D. 1633-34.
John Hallowes.                 Roger Walter.
John IHolden.                  Roger Morgan.
Josias, drowned.
A.D. 1635.
William Penshoot.              Richard Brown.
Richard Cole.                  Richard Brock.
John Medley.2
In a memorial to the Assembly of Maryland Corn-'A tailor.
" In Legislature A.D., 1647.




80        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
wallis uses this language: " It is well known, he
hath at his great cost and charges, from the first planting of this Province for the space of twenty-eight years,
been one of the greatest propagators and increasers
thereof, by the yearly transportation of servants,
whereof divers have been of very good rank and
quality, towards whom and the rest he hath always
been so careful to discharge a good conscience, in the
true performance of his promise and obligations, that
he was never taxed with any breach thereof, though it
is also well known and he doth truly aver it, that the
charge of so great a family, as he hath always maintained was never defrayed by their labor."'
He appears now to be making arrangements for
building on the point of the Potomac, above Potopaco.
A  contract was made on November 23, 1652, with
Cornelius Canada brickmaker, and former servant of
Governor Green, to deliver thirty-six thousand sound,
well burned bricks, before a certain day in June,
1653, and another twenty-four thousand before the
24th of June, 1654.2
In 1654, he again visited England, and before he returned, was married to a young maiden, Penelope,
daughter of John Wiseman of Middle Temple, and
Tyrrels, in county Essex.3  The marriage probably
Annapolis Manuscripts.
2Private Correspondence of Jane, Lady Cornwallis, 1613-1664.
London, 1842.




C(ORNWALLIS POSTERITY.              81
took place in 1657, his wife at that time being twentyone years of age.
In 1658 he appears in Maryland with hisyoung wife,
and early in 1659, left, never to return.  His affairs in
the Province, were entrusted to an attorney, and he
began to be designated as a " merchant of London."
In Norfolk County, England, there is a place called
Maryland Point, named by a retired American merchant who built a house there, and that person is supposed to have been Thomas Cornwallis of Burnham
Thorpe, the best and wisest of the founders of Maryland.  He died in 1676 at the age of seventy-two,
leaving a widow forty years of age, by whom he had
four sons and six daughters.
His second son Thomas born in 1662, just after his
mother's return from Maryland, was a clergyman of
the Church of England, and died in 1731, Rector of a
parish in Suffolk.
A son of the Suffolk Reetor, William, born in 1708,
also became a clergyman and died in 1746, Rector of
Chelmondester, Suffolk.
William's son, William, born in 1751, followed in
the footsteps of his father and grandfather and became
Rector ofWittershamand Elam, Kent.  His wife Mary
was a woman of piety and culture, and published
" Observations on the canonical Scriptures," the last
edition of which was published in 1828, in four volumes.
His daughter Caroline Frances, was a Greek and
11'




82        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Hebrew scholar, poetess, brilliant writer, and friend of
Sismondi. She wrote the article on Wycliffe and his
Times, in the Westminster Review of July 1854, and
on the Capabilities and Disabilities of Woman, in January
1857, and was the authoress of Pericles, a tale of Athens,
a Prize Essay on Juvenile Delinquency, and a series of
valuable works on physiology, Greek philosophy, and
the development of Christian doctrine and practice,
published as Small Books on Great Subjects.l
She died unmarried in 1858, the last descendant of
Thomas, the second son of the prudent Commissioner
of Maryland.
1 Letters of Caroline Frances Cornwallis, London, 1864.




JEROME HAWLEY, COMMISSIONER.
JEROME Hawley was the joint commissioner
with Cornwallis, in settling the Province of Maryland.
He was the son of James Hawley of Brentford near
London, and seems when a young man to have had
some connection with the trial of the dissolute wife of
the Earl of Somerset, for conspiring to poison the poet
Sir Thomas Overbury, the nephew of the person after
whom Palmer's Island, in the Susquehanna, was named.
Among the British State Papers, there is an order to
the commissioners in the Overbury Case, from King
James, datedNovember 25,1615, directing that "Jerome
son of James Hawley now close prisoner in the Gate
House, be released, on condition of his not going
farther than his father's house at Brentford.l
About this time, Jerome Hawley reported that Sir
John Leeds and wife declared, that the King " was
unwieldy, could not unlock a door, but might jump
out of the window," and Lady Leeds further said, she
would speak treason, because the King said "most
women were atheists or papists."2
1 Green State Papers.' Green State Papers,




84        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
After the accession of Charles the First to the throne,
he was one of the sewers or superintendent of the banquets of Queen Henrietta Maria.
His brother Henry, by the influence of the Puritan
Earl of Warwick, became Governor of Barbadoes in
1636, and while he was visiting England in 1638
another brother, William, acted as Deputy.l
After Cornwallis killed some of the Virginians in
Maryland waters, Jerome IHawley immediately sailed
for England to defend the action of his fellow  commissioner, and in June 1635 arrived in London, and
appeared before the Privy Council. He remained there
for a long period, and on the 27th of June 1636, proposed to meet the King at Court, on the next Sunday,
to make some proposals relative to the tobacco trade,
and on the 4th of August, an order was issued to the
Govern or and Council ofVirginiathat all tobacco should
be consigned to London in English ships, and duly
inspected.  Early the next year, Jerome Hawley was
appointed to receive the annual rent of twelve pence,
upon every fifty acres of land granted in Virginia, and
was made Treasurer of the Colony.  Arriving at
Jamestown he took the oath of allegiance, and entered
upon his duties.
On February 26, 1638, one George Reade writes to
his brother, a clerk of Secretary Windebank: "Mr.
Sainsbury Papers.




JAMES HAWLEY'S LETTER.             85
Hawley has not proved the man he took him for, having neither given any satisfaction for money, received
of him, nor brought him any servants."
In the summer of 1638 Treasurer Hawley died, and
Thomas Cornwallis was the administrator of his estate.
From the account of administration rendered on April
20, 1639, it is evident that Hawley was poor. His
brother William, removed from  Barbadoes, and in
1650, was one of the signers of the Protestant Declaration. The following letter of James, another brother
of Jerome living at Brentford has been preserved,'
addressed to Captain William Hawley.
a Loving Brother: I received lately a letter from
you dated the 26th of February last, by which, to understand of your good health doth much gladden me.
As concerning your intent for Maryland I do like well
of it, and do herewith send you the copy of writings
betwixt my brother Jerome deceased, and myself from
which will appear a large sum of money to be due unto
me, from him, which by virtue of my power of attorney,
I do authorize you to receive in my behalf.
" Upon the decease of my brother Jerome, one Cornwallis did seize upon his estate, pretending that he was
indebted unto him, but I am informed it was only a
doubtful pretence, to defraud me.
"If by your means, anything may be gotten, I will
1 Annapolis Manuscripts.




86        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
assist you for the present.  My brother Henry, hath
promised to procure a letter from my Lord Baltimore,
in your behalf, which will be much to your advantage.
As concerning the Statute, I send you only a copy thereof
at present, but if it will be useful to you, you may have
the original sent unto you, when you require it. You
must pretend your own right as next heir to brother
Jerome, as well as my interest, for indeed there is only
one daughter of his, before you, which is at Brabant,
and mindeth not the same.
So with my hearty desire of your good prosperity
and welfare, at present cease, resting ever
Your loving brother,
JAMES HAWLEY.
Brentford, Co. Middlesex, 30th of July, 1649.




RELIGION  IN  THE PROVINCE, UNTIL THE
EXECUTION OF CHARLES THE FIRST.
ON the 29th of October, 1632, in consequence of a
rumor that persons were on board, who had scruples
of conscience against the oath of allegiance, Edward
Hawkins, a Searcher of London, visited the Ark and
the Dove, and administered the following Oath, to all
whom he found.
"I do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess,
testify, and declare in my conscience, before God and
the world;
" That our Sovereign Lord, King Charles, is lawful
and rightful King of this realm, and of all other his
Majesty's dominions and countrie, and that the Pope
neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church,
or See of Rome, or by any other means with any other,
hath any power or authority to depose the King, or to
dispose of any of his Majesty's Kingdoms or dominions;
or to authorize any foreign Prince, to invade or annoy
him or his countries; or to discharge any of his subjects
of their allegiance, and obedience to his Majesty; or
to give license or leave to any of them to bear arms,
raise tumults, or to offer any violence or hurt, to his




88        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Majesty's royal person, state, or government, or to any
of his Majesty's subjects within his Majesty's domains.
"And I do swear from my heart, that notwithstanding any declaration, or sentence of excommunication,
or deprivation, made or granted by the Pope, or his successors, or by any authority derived, or pretended to
be derived from him, or his See, against the said King,
his heir or successors, or any absolution of the said
subjects from  their obedience, I will bear faith and
true allegiance to his Majesty, his heirs and successors,
and him and them will defend to the uttermost of my
power, against all conspiracies and attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his or their persons,
their crown and dignity, by reason or color of any
such sentence, or declaration, or otherwise; and will
do my best endeavor to disclose and make known
unto his Majesty, his heirs and successors, all treasons,
or traitorous conspiracies, which I shall know or hear
of, to be against him or any of them.
" And I do further swear, that I do from my heart,
abhor, detest, and abjure, as impious and heretical,
this damnable doctrine and position; that, Princes
which be excommunicated or deprived by the Pope,
may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any
other whatsoever.
"And I do believe, and in conscience am resolved,
that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath
power to absolve me of this Oath, or any part thereof,




DEPARTURE FROM ENGLAND.                89
which I acknowledge by good and full authority to be
lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all pardons, and dispensations to the contrary. And all these
things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and
swear, according to these express words by me spoke,
and according to the plain, and common sense and
understanding of the same words, without any equivocation or mental evasion, or secret reservation
whatsoever.  And I do make this recognition and acknowledgment heartily, willingly, and truly upon the
true faith of a Christian: So help me God."
After this oath was taken, the vessels proceeded to
the Isle of Wight, when Father White and others
who had not taken the oath, had an opportunity to
c- me aboard.  White, in his Journal, published by the
Maryland Historical Society, thus describes the sailing of Lord Baltimore's colony, for America.
" On the twenty-second of November, in the year
1633, being St. Cecilia's day, we set sail firom Cowes,
in the Isle of Wight, with a gentle east wind blowing.
And after committing the principal parts of the ship to
the protection of God especially, and of His most Holy
Mother, and St. Ignatius, we sailed on a little way between the two shores, and the wind failing us, we
stopped opposite Yarmouth Castle, which is near the
southern end of the same island.
" Here we were received with a cheerful salute of
artillery. Yet we were not without apprehension, for
12




90        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the sailors were murmuring among themselves, saying
that they were expecting a messenger with letters from
London, and from this it seemed as if they were even
contriving to delay us. But God brought their plans
to confusion, for that very night a favorable but strong
wind arose, and a French cutter, which had put into
the same harbor with us, being forced to set sail, came
near running into our pinnace.  The latter, therefore,
to avoid being run down, having cut away and lost an
anchor, set sail without delay, and since it was dangerous to drift about in that place, made haste to get
further out to sea.  And so, that we might not lose
sight of our pinnace, we determined to follow.  Thus
the designs of the sailors who were plotting against us,
were frustrated.  This happened on the 23d of November, St. Clement's day."
Father White also states, that"  if you except the
usual sea-sickness, no one was attacked by any disease,
until the festival of the nativity of our Lord.'" In order that the day might be better kept, wine
was given out, and those who drank of it too freely
were seized the next day with a fever, and of these not
long afterwards, about twelve died, of whom  two
were Catholics."
Newport, the commander of the first expedition for
the settlement of Virginia, planted a cross' near the
1 Newport's Relation.




JESUIT  MISSIONARIES.                    91
Falls of James River, suitably inscribed, and took possession of the country in the name of Christ, and King
James.  The Maryland colonists claimed the region?
between  the Potomac and Atlantic, in  March  1634,
with similar ceremonies.
During  the  year 1635, the  Jesuit Mission near
Saint Mary, was composed of Father White, Altham
alias Gravener, Thomas Gervase, and John IKnowles,
lay-assistant.'  Like the Jesuits of Canada, engaging
in trade and  farmiing, as a means of support, they
employed many servants.2
On the 11th of December, 1635, the Privy Council
of England considered a charge, that Francis Rabnett
of Maryland, a servant of a brother of Sir John Winter, had declared " that it" was lawful and meritorious'In the catalogue of Clerkenwell College, 1627, in the Camden
Society Publications are the following names:
Johannes Gravenerius.
Thomas Gervasii.
Philippus Fisherus [alias Musket].
2 In the Annapolis Land Records there is the following list of servants of Mr. Andrew White and Altham for 1633-4:
Thos. Statham,    Robert Simpson,      Mary Jennings,
Matthias Sousa,    John Hilliard,      Robert Shirley,
M. Rogers,        John Hill,           Christopher Carnock,
John Bryant,      Wm. Ashmore,         Rich'd Lusthead,
Mich. Hervey,     Robt. Edwards,       Thos. Charinton,
Wm. Edwyn,        Thos. Grimston,      Rich'd Duke,
H'y Bishop,       Thos. Hatch,         John Thomson,
John Thornton,    Lewis Fremonds,    John Hollis,
Rich'd Cole,       John Elkin,         Thos. Hodges.
Rich'd Nevill or Nicholl,




92        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
to kill a heretic king."  Commissioner Hawley, who
was present at the discussion, was asked if he had
ever declared that "b he was come to plant in Maryland the Romish  religion."  He' utterly  denied"
that he had ever made that statement.l
Before or during the year 1637, came Fathers Ferdinand Pulton,' Thomas  Copley,3  and lay-brother
Walter Morley.
Copley was the grandson of Thomas Copley, who
fled to Paris during Queen Elizabeth's reign, and
was knighted  by the King of France.  His father,
William, married Margaretta Prideaux, who had been
educated  under her aunt, a Prioress at Louvain.
Among  the records of the Province of Maryland, at
Annapolis, is the following warrant of Charles the First.
"' Whereas Thomas Copley gentleman, an alien born,
is a recusant, and may be subject to be troubled for
his religion, and forasmuch we are well satisfied of the
conditions and qualities of the said Thomas Copley
and of his loyalty and obedience towards us we do
State Papers.
2 On Nov. 30, 1638, applied for land due by conditions of plantation,
for transporting
Walter Morley, Richard Disney, and Charles, the Welshman.
O3n August 8, 1637, Mr. Thomas Copley and Mr. John Knolls
transported.
Robert Kadger,       Luke Gardner,       Walter King,
Thos. Davison,       Thos. Motham,       George White,
Richard Cox,        John Martin,         John Tue.
Robert Sedgrave,     Jas. Compton,




FATHER COPLEY.                  93
hereby will and require you, and every of you whom
it may concern, to permit and further the said Thomas
Copley freely and quietly to attend in any place, and
to go about and follow his occupation, without molesting or troubling him, by any means whatsoever for
matters of religion, or the persons and places of those
unto whom  he shall resort, and this shall be your
warrant in his behalf.
" Give, under our signet, at our Palace at Westminster, the 10th day of December, in the 10th year of
our reign."
Among the Land Office memoranda is the following: "6 Thomas Copley Esq., demandeth 4000 acres of
land, due by conditions of plantations, for transporting
into this Province himself and twenty able men, at
his own charge to plant and inhabit, in the year 1637."
A few months later, it is recorded that there has
been'" shipped in the St. Margaret, for Thomas Copley Esq., cloth, hatchets, knives, hoes, to trade with
the Indians for beaver.
On November 30th of this year, also came John
Lewger the first Secretary of the Province, who had
been a fellow student of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, at
Oxford, and after graduation a clergyman of the
Church of England.  Becoming a member of the
Church of Rome, he was made Secretary of the Colony
and exercised great influence.l  Soon after his arrival
1 See page 69.




94        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
there was a revival of religion, which the Jesuit
Relation of 1638 alludes to, in these words:
" Four fathers gave their attention to this Mission,
with one assistant in temporal affairs; and he, indeed,
after enduring severe toils for the space of five years,
with the greatest patience, humility, and ardent love
chanced to be seized by the disease prevailing at the
time, and happily exchanged this wretched life, for an
immortal one.
" He was also shortly followed by one of the Fathers,
who was young indeed, but on account of his remarkable qualities of mind, evidently of great promise.  He
had scarcely spent two months in this mission, when
to the great grief of all of us, he was carried off by the
common sickness prevailing in the Colony, from which
no one of the three preceding priests had escaped unharmed, yet we have not ceased to labor to the best of
our ability among the neighboring people.
" And though the rulers of this Colony have not yet
allowed us to dwell among the savages, both on account
of the prevailing sickness and also because of the
hostile disposition    * * * *    yet we hope that one of
us will shortly secure a station among the barbarians.
"Meanwhile, we devote ourselves more zealously to
the English, and since there are Protestants as well as
Catholics in the Colony, we have labored for both and
God has blessed our labors.  For among the Protestants,
nearly all who have come from England in this year,




PROTESTANTS CONVERTED.                  95
1638, and many others have been converted to the faith,
together with four servants, and five mechanics whom
we hired for a month, and have in the meantime won
to God * * *  *  * * *  * * * * *
" The sick and the dying, who have been very numerous this year and who dwelt far apart we have
assisted in every way so that not even a single one has
died without the sacraments.  We have buried very
many and baptized various persons.  And although
there are not wanting frequent occasions of dissension,
yet none of any importance has arisen here in the last
nine months, which we have not immediately allayed."
It was in July of this year, that William Lewis  was
fined for his contemptuous speeches concerning the
clergy of the Church of England.  Robert Sedgrave,2
one of the servants transported by Father Copley, drew
up the following complaint, to be signed by the freemen and then presented to the Governor and Council.
"' This is to give you notice of the abuses and scandalous reproaches which God and his ministers do
daily suffer by William Lewis of St. Marie's, who saith
that our ministers, are ministers of the Divell, and
that our books are made by the instruments of the
Divell, and further saith, that those servants which are
1 William Lewis in Nov., 1638, married Ursula Gifford. He was in
the figlht against the friends of Parliament in the spring of 1655 and
executed for treason. His widow in 1657 married a George Guttridge.
2 Sedgrave, Duke, and others hired by the Jesuits were Protestants.




96        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
under his charge shall not keep nor read any book
which doth appertain to our religion, within the house
of the said William Lewis, to the great discomfort of
those poor bondmen which are under his subjection,
especially in this heathen  country, where no godly
minister is to teach and instruct ignorant people in the
grounds of religion. And as for people which cometh
unto the said Lewis, or otherwise to pass the week,
the said Lewis taketh occasion to call them  into his
chamber,  and there laboureth with all vehemency,
craft, and subtlety to delude ignorant persons.' Therefore we beseech you, brethren in our Lord
and Saviour Christ Jesus, that you who have power,
that you will do in what lieth in you, to have these
absurd abuses and the ridiculous crimes to be reclaimed, and that God and his ministers may not be
so heinously trodden  down by such  ignominious
speeches," etc.
It was in the year 1638, that the first Maryland
Assembly met, whose proceedings have been preserved.
The persons present, or voting by proxy, were ninety,
of whom twelve were Roman Catholics, including the
Jesuits White, Altham, and Copley. In 1639, the
Jesuit Mission consisted of Father John Brock, alias
Morgnn, Superior, Philip Fisher, alias Musket, Thomas
Copleyl and John Gravener, and in a letter one of
1 John (-ee, in Foot out of the Snare, published in 1624, mentions
Father Fisher alias Musket, and Copley and Poulton. He writes,




INDIAN CHIEF'S DREAM.                  97
them states: " This year twelve heretics in all, wearied
of former errors, have returned to favor with God and
the Church."
Missions were begun among the Indians, and Father
White visited Piscataway on the Potomac not many
miles below Washington, where the Chief Tayac united
with the Church of Rome.  The Jesuit Relation states
that the Chief had a wonderful vision:
"That his father, deceased some tirne before, appeared to be present before his eyes, accompanied by
a god of a black color, whom he worshipped beseeching him that he would not desert him.
"IAt a short distance a most hideous demon, with a
certain Snow, an obstinate heretic from England: and
at length in another part the Governor of the Colony
and Father White appeared, a god also being his companion, but much more beautiful, who excelled the
unstained snow in whiteness, seeming gently to beckon
the King to him.  From that time he treated both the
Governor and Father with the greatest affection."
Justinian Snow was one of the founders of Maryland,
"Father Musket a secular priest lodging over against St. Andrew's
church, Holborn, a frequent preacher and one that hath much concourse
of people to his chamber."
In Rushworth, vol. iv, pp. 44, 68, it is mentioned that Fisher for a
time was in Newgate Prison, but by the influence of Secretary Windebank was released and harbored until he found an opportunity to
go to America.
Gee alludes to " Father Copley Junior one that hath newly taken
orders, and come from beyond seas."
13




98        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
and Lord Baltimore's factor in the Indian trade.  A
brother Abel was clerk in the Chancery Office, London,
and Marmaduke, another, came afterwards to the Province, and both he and Justinian, in 1638, were members of the Assembly.
The latter died in 1639, and Marmaduke became
administrator, but in consequence of sickness returned
to England, and was living in 1659 in County Strafford, at Fenny Hill. In the absence of Marmaduke,
Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, who married his sister
Susanna, attended to the affairs of the brothers Snow.
On the 21st of August, 1638, Lord Baltimore relinquished the right to frame laws to be assented to by
the Provincial Assembly, and granted to them  the
privilege of making their own laws, subject to his approval. Under this privilege, a legislature convened,
on the 25th of February, 1639, and the first law
enacted was, "that Holy Church shall have and enjoy
all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and
without blemish."
This is the language of the English Statute Book,
since the days of Henry the Second, who ratified
Magna Charta.  It was enacted, A.D. 1225, that: " The
Church of England shall be free, and shall have all
her rights and liabilities inviolable." Fifty years later,
in the days of Edward the First, it was declared that
"the peace of the Holy Church shall be kept and
maintained in all points."  A  century later, in the




HOLY CHURCH OF ENGLAND.                99
reign of Edward the Third, the phraseology is, " Holy
Church shall have all her liberties and franchises in
quietness."
In A.D. 1377, at the commencement of the reign of
Richard the Second, it was declared that, " Holy
Church shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties
and franchises wholly and without blemish."
During the reign of Henry the Eighth, it was enacted
by Parliament, that the King of England should be
" Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England,"
any usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority,
prescription, or any thing or things to the contrary
notwithstanding.  After this period, the Holy Church
of the English Statute, was that Church, of which the
King was the supreme head.
By the charter of Maryland, the ecclesiastical law of
England, was made the law of the Province.l
In 1642 Father White and three other Jesuits were in
Maryland. Father Philip Fisher, the Superior, was
at Saint Mary, Roger Rigby on the Patuxent, and
Andrew White at Piscataway, on the Potomac, nearly
opposite Mount Vernon.
Notwithstanding there was no Church of England
minister in the Province, the Snow family, and other
Protestant Catholics, appear to have held religious
1 Sir Edward Northey, Attorney General of England, gave this
decision:
" As to the said clause in the grant of the province of Maryland, I
am of opinion the same doth not give him power to do anything
contrary to the ecclesiastical laws of England."- Chalmers's Opinions.




100      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
services.  Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, whose wife and
son-in-law were decided Protestant Catholics, had
legal difficulties in 1642, relative to the use of a chapel,
probably growing out of his position, as the acting
administrator of the estate of Justinian Snow.
David Wickliff;, in March, 1642, complained to the
Assembly, in behalf of the Protestant Catholics, that
Gerrard had taken away the key of their chapel, and
removed the books.  The case was heard, and he was
ordered to relinquish all title to the chapel, to restore
the books, and pay a fine of five hundred pounds of
tobacco, for the support of the first Protestant Catholic minister who should settle in the Province.
The news, that the only religious teachers in Maryland, were Jesuits, created great dissatisfaction in
England, and the House of Commons, on December 1,
1641, presented an address to Charles the First, at
Hampton Court, in which they complained that he
had permitted "s another State moulded within this
State, independent in government, contrary in interest
and affection, secretly corrupting the ignorant or negligent professors of religion."2  Lord Baltimore perceived that loyal English subjects would continue to
shun Maryland, if he continued to favor the Jesuits,
and his poverty was so great, that unless he received a
revenue from his Province, he must continue to depend
I Wickliffin 1638 was entered as one of the servants of George
Evelyn.
2 Rushworth, vol. Iv.




BALTIMORE OFFENDS JESUITS.             101
upon his father-in-law, Earl Arundel, for bread to support his family. Determining to attract Protestant
colonists, he offended the Jesuits.  Without his consent, they had received a present of land from the
converted Piscataway Chief, and he therefore sent over
certain instructions, for the obtaining of land.
When Governor Calvert and Secretary Lewger submitted these papers to the Jesuits, they objected.
A memorandum still preserved and supposed to be
in the handwriting of John Lewger says:
" The Governor and I went to the good men about
difficulties.
1. About putting the statute of mortmain on all
lands. Gov. Calvert construed it, so as that no man
could have an additional grant, except he would accept
the statute, for all his land.
" 2. One ofthegood men thought that publishing the
conditions of Plantation would not incur excommunication, but thought it might be a mortal sin, to propose
an act or obligations against good manners or piety,
or to assent to it.
"' 3. The oath in the instructions to be tendered to
such as were to take land, was decided to be against
conscience, and to incur excommunication bullc cenw'e
to publish or administer any such oath."' The Pope's Bull " In coena Domini" was read every year on the
day of the Lord's Supper or Maundy Thursday, and contained excommunications and anathemas against heretics and all who disturbed or
opposed the jurisdiction of the Holy See.




102       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
The Governor and Lewger shrank from  obeying
Lord Baltimore, as they not did wish to be excommunicated from  the Church of Rome. In September,
1642, two Jesuits in England desired to join the Maryland Mission, but Baltimore said, that he " could not
in prudence allow them to go, unless an agreement was
first made."  On the 5th of October Lord Baltimore's
sister wrote: " I have been with my brother, but he is
inexorable until all conditions be agreed upon between
you."
A few days after, the Jesuits assented to the following positions of the Proprietary.
" Considering the dependence of the Government
of Maryland on the state of England, unto which it
must, as near as may be, be comformable, no ecclesiastical person whatever inhabiting or being within the
said Province ought to pretend or expect, nor is Lord
Baltimore or any of his officers, although  they be
Roman  Catholics, obliged  in  conscience to allow
said ecclesiastics, in said Province, any more or other
privileges, exemptions or immunities for their persons, lands or goods, than is allowed by his Majesty
or his officers and magistrates to like persons in England."
" And any magistrates may proceed against the
person, goods, etc., of such ecclesiastic for the doing
of right and justice to another, or for maintaining his
Proprietary prerogatives, and jurisdictions, just as
against any other person, residing in said Province.




FATHER WHITE A PRISONER.             103
" These things to be done, without incurring the
censure  of bulle coenw, or committing a sin for so
doing.l
The Priests did not keep faith with Lord Baltimore,
as we discover from the Jesuit Relation of this period.
It says: " When our people declared it to be repugnant
to the laws of the Church, two priests were sent from
England, who might teach the contrary, but the reverse of what was expected, happened; for our reasons
being heard, and the thing itself being more clearly
understood, they easily fell in with our opinion."
The civil war in England growing out of resistance
of the Parliament to the arbitrary demands of the
King, induced strife in Maryland.
Under a letter of marque granted by Charles the
First to Governor Calvert, he seized the ship of Capt.
Richard Ingle of London in 1643. Ingle in retaliation
obtained a commission from Parliament, and appeared
with the ship Reformation, and attacked those who
would not acknowledge the "6 Keepers of the liberties
of England " as Parliament was styled.
During his stay Father Copley's house at Potopaco
was attacked as well as the Jesuit plantation of St.
Jingo. Fathers White and Fisher were taken prisoners, and brought to London.  White was tried and
found guilty of teaching doctrines contrary to the
laws of England, but on the 4th of July, 1646, judg1 Streeter's Early Maryland Papers.




104       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
ment was stayed.  Aftel remaining in Newgate prison for many months, in January 7, 1648, the House
of Commons a" did concur with the Lords in granting
the petition of Andrew  White, a Jesuit, who was
brought out of America, into the kingdom, by force,
upon an English ship," and he was ordered to be discharged provided he left the kingdom, within fifteen
days.' He never returned to America, but Father
Fisher appears to have resumed labor in 1649, with
one companion, probably Father Lawrence Starkey
who came at this time to Maryland.  A  letter of
Fisher is extant addressed to his Superior in which he
writes under date of March 1, 1648-9:
" Although my companion and myself reached Virginia on the 7th of January, after a tolerable journey
of seven weeks, there I left my companion, and availed
myself of the opportunity of proceeding to Maryland,
where I arrived in the course of February."
During the uprising of the friends of Parliament
under Ingle, Father Copley seems to have remained at
St. Inigo. In a relation, appended to Father White's
journal, there is narrated a very wonderful and indelicate story which proves that the Jesuit mission was not
entirely broken up. It is in these words:
"It has been established by custom and usage of the
Catholics who live in Maryland during the whole night
of the 31st of July, following the festival of St. Ignatius,
House of Common's Journal.




A  SOLDIER'S INDELICACY.          105
to honor with a salute of cannon, their tutelar guardian and patron saint.
" Wherefore in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn
custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended,
they wished the night also consecrated to the honor of
the same, by the continual discharge of artillery. At
this time there were in the neighborhood certain soldiers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth,
of the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before
with a fleet had invaded with arms almost the entire
colony, had plundered, burnt, and finally having abducted the priests and driven the Governor himself
into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude.
These had protection in a certain fortified citadel, built
for their own defence, situated about five miles from
the others; but now aroused by the nocturnal report
of the cannon, the day after, that is, on the first of
August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses
of the Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of
arms or powder.
" After a while, when at length they had made an end
of plundering, and had arranged their departure, one
of them, a fellow of a beastly disposition and a scoffer
both contemptible and blasphemous who dared to
assail St. Ignatius himself with filthy scurrility and a
more filthy act.' "Away to the wicked cross with you, Papists,' says
14




106      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
he'who take delight in saluting your poor saint, by
the firing of cannon, I have a cannon too, and I will
give him a salute more suitable and appropriate to so
miserable a saint.'
" This being said (let me not offend the delicacy of
your ears) he resounded with a loud report, and departed, while his companions deride with their insolent
laughter.
"But his impious and wicked scurrility cost the wretch
dear; for, scarcely had he proceeded two hundred
paces from the place, when he felt a commotion of the
bowels within, and that he was solicited to privacy;
and when he had gone about the same distance on
his way, he had to withdraw privately again, complaining of an unusual pain of his bowels, the like
of which he had never felt in his life before. The remaining part of his journey; to wit: four miles, was
accomplished in a boat, in which space, the severe
torture of his bowels and the looseness of his belly
frequently compelled him to land.  Having arrived at
the Fort, scarcely in possession of his mind, through
so great pain, he rolls himself at one time on the ground,
at another casts himself on a bench, again on a bed,
crying out all the time with a loud voice' I am burning
up! I am  burning up! There is a fire in my belly!
There is a fire in my bowels!'
"The officers, having pitied the deplorable fate of
their comrade, carry him at length, placed in a boat




A  WONDERFUL STORY.                107
to a certain Thomas Hebden a skilful surgeon,' but
the malady had proceeded further than could be cured
or alleviated by his art.  In the meantime you could
hear nothing else coming from his lips, but that well
known and mournful cry'I am  burning up! I am
burning up! Fire! Fire!'
" The day after, which was the 2d of August, his intolerable suffering growing worse every hour, his
bowels began to be voided, piecemeal. But on the
3d of August, furious and raging, he passed larger
portions of the intestines some of which were a foot,
some a foot and a half, others two feet long. At
length the fourth day drained the whole pump, so that
it left nothing remaining but the abdomen empty and
void. Still surviving, he saw the dawning of the fifth
day, when the unhappy wretch ceased to see and live,
an example to posterity of divine vengeance warning
mankind.
Discite justitiam, moniti et non contemnere divos.'
Innumerable persons still living, saw the intestines of
the dead man for many months hang upon the fence
posts; among whom was he who has added his testimony to these things, and with his hands handled the
bowels, blackened, and as if crisped up, by this fire, of
modern Judas."
1 Thomas Hebden was in the employ of George Evelyn of Evelynton Manor at Piney Point in 1638, and a member of the Assembly.
Streeter says he was a carpenter. In his will he requested Father
Copley to pray for his soul.




RELIGIOUS CONDITION DURING THE ASCENDENCY OF PARLIAMENT.
LORD Baltimore, finding that few colonists would
go to Maryland from England, undeterred by the threat
ofexcommunication, appealed to Massachusetts through
Major Edward Gibbons, described in an old chronicle
as the " younger brother of the house of an honorable
extraction, "  the owner of a windmill at St. Mary, a
trader in the Potomac, and a prominent citizen of
Boston. Gibbons once lost a vessel in the waters ofVirginia and Maryland, and perhaps the Jesuits' letter of
1642 alludes to him in these words: I" Father White
suffered no little inconvenience from a hard-hearted
and troublesome captain of New England, whom he
had engaged for the purpose of taking him and his
effects, from whom he was in fear a little while after,
not without cause, that he would be either cast into the
sea, or be carried with his property to New England,
which is full of Puritan Calvinists, that is of all Calvinist heresy.
"Silently committing the thing to God, at length in
1 Scottow.




INVITATION TO PURITANS.            109
safety reached Potomac, they vulgarly call it Patemeak,
in which harbor, when they had cast anchor, the ship
stuck so fast, bound by a great quantity of ice, that for
the space of seventeen days, it could not be moved.
Walking on the ice, as if on land, the Father departed
for the town; and when the ice was broken up, the
ship driven and jammed by the force and violence of
the ice, sunk, the cargo being in a great measure recovered."
The year after the Jesuits refused to yield to the
Proprietary, on the 13th of October, 1643, Governor
Winthrop of Massachusetts makes the following entry
in his Journal:
" The Lord Baltimore being owner of much land near
Virginia, being himself a Papist and his brother Mr.
Calvert, the Governor there a Papist also, but the
colony consisting of both Protestant and Papist, he
wrote a letter to Capt. Gibbons of Boston and sent him
a commission wherein he made a tender of land in
Maryland to any of ours that would transport themselves thither with free liberty of religion, and all other
privileges which the place affords, paying such annual
rent as should be agreed upon, but our Captain had no
mind to further his desire, nor had any of our people
temptation that way."
By an unexpected Providence, settlers at last came
from Virginia, and the fortunes of Lord Baltimore by
their advent were greatly improved. The Puritans of




110       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Nansemond County, Virginia, in 1643 had secured the
services of Rev. William  Tompson a graduate of Oxford, John Knowles of Immanuel College, Cambridge,
and Thomas James for their parishes.  They were
coldly received by Governor Berkeley, and his chaplain
Thomas Harrison, because they were non-conformists.
One month before the great massacre by the Indians,
Berkeley secured the passage of an act forbidding any
to officiate in churches who did not use the Book of
Common Prayer.  In a little while, the three ministers
retired, but soon the Governor of Virginia was surprised by his able chaplain, Harrison, becoming a nonconformist, leaving Jamestown, and preaching to the
Puritans of Nansemond and Elizabeth River.l
In 1644, Roger Williams of Rhode Island visited
England and published a treatise on religio us toleration,
of which, a Chaplain of the Archbishop of Canterbury
wrote: " Witness the book printed, 1644, called The
Bloody Tenet, which the author affirmeth he wrote in
milk; and if he did so, he hath put much rats-bane
into it, as namely: That it is the will and command
of God that since the coming of his Son, the Lord
Jesus, a permission of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turkish or Anti-Christian consciences, and worships, be
granted to all men in all nations and countries; that
Civil States with their officers of justice, are not GoCalamyand Winthrop.




LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE.                 111
vernors or defenders of the spiritual and Christian
state and worship."'
At the same period, it was urged by the friends of
Roger Williams " that the Parliament will provide that
particular and private congregations may have public
protection; that all statutes against the Separatists be
reviewed and repealed; that the Press may be free
for any man that writes nothing scandalous or dangerous to the State; that this Parliament prove themselves
loving fathers to all sorts of good men, bearing respect
unto all, and so inviting an equal assistance and affection from all."
On October 27th, 1645, the House of Commons ordered: " That the inhabitants of the Summer Islands,
and such others as shall join themselves to them, shall,
without any molestation or trouble, have and enjoy
the liberty of the conscience, in matters of God's worship, as well in those parts of America, where they are
now planted, as in all other parts of America where
they may hereafter plant."2
The Rev. Patrick Copland,3 Governor Sayle and
1 Featley's Dipper dipped.
2 Journal of House of Commons.
Patrick Copland was an earnest and useful clergyman of whom
too little has been known. In 1614 lie was Chaplain of one of the
ships of the East India Company. In 1616 returned to England accompanied by a talented native youth whom he had taught chiefly by
signs, " to speak, to read, and write the English tongue, both Roman
and Secretary, within less than the space of a year."  At his suggestion the lad was publicly baptized on Dec. 22, 1616, in St. Dennis
church, London, "as the first fruits of India."




112          THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
others for conscience sake left the Somers Islands, and
settled at Eleuthera, a small isle of the Bahamas
group, adjoining Guanahani or Cat Island, the first
land of the West, seen by Columbus.  Sayle visited
the Puritans of Virginia, and invited them to go to
the Patmos, which their fellow religionists had selected,
but they declined.
The Rev. Thomas IHarrison, in a letter dated November 2, 1646, and sent to  Governor Winthrop  of
Massachusetts, by Capt. Edward Gibbons, afterwards
appointed Admiral of Maryland, writes:' Hadl your
proposition found us risen up, in a posture of removal,
there is weight and force enough [in yours] to have
staked us down again."
Not long after, in 1617, Copland with his pupil, sailed for the Indian
Ocean in the Royal James, one of the fleet which Sir Thomas Dale,
late Governor of Virginia, assumed the command of on Sept. 19, 1618.
In the presence of Dale, in view of an impending naval conflict with
the Dutch on the 2d of December, Copland preached on the Royal
James. On the 9th of August, 1619, Dale died, and his old associate
Sir Thomas Gates died in the same service the next year.
On the 26th of April, 1620, Copland in the Royal James went to
Japan.
Leaving Java in February, 1621, the ship slowly returned to
England, and having become interested in Virginia by conversing
with Dale and Gates, on the homeward voyage he collected from
fellow passengers, ~70, for a church or school in Virginia.
Arriving in the Thames about the middle of September, the next
month John Ferrar, Deputy Governor of Virginia Company, announced
the collection, to the members. The next year Copland preached before the Company, and the sermon was published with the following
title:
Virginia's God be thanked I or I a Sermon of j Thanksgiuing I for




VIRGINIA  PURITANS.                        113
The steady persistence of Harrison, and the increase
of his congregations, irritated Governor Berkeley, and
the happie I Successe of the affayres in I Virginia this last I yeare I
preached by Patrick Copland at I Bow-Church, in Cheapside, before
the Honorable ] Virginia Company, on Thursday, the 18 I of Aprill
1622. And now published by ] the'ommnandement of the said hono I rable Company. [ Hereunto are adjoyned some Epistles, I written first in
Latine (and now Englished) in the East Indies by Peter Pope, an
Indian youth, I borne in the Bay of Bengale, who was first taught [
and converted by the said P. C. And after bap- I tized by Master John
Wood, Dr. in Divinitie [ in a famous Assembly, before the Right I
Worshipfull, the East India Company, I at S. Denis in Fan-Church
Streete I in London, December 22, 1 1616 I London I Printed by J. D.
for Wiliam? Sheffard and John Bellamie, and are to be soldlat his shop,
at the two Grey- I hounds in Come-hill, neere the Royall I Exchange
1622.1
In this sermon is an allusion to the motto of the Seal of the Virginia
Company, which was the motto of the Colony until the Revolution of
1776. He speaks of " This noble Plantation tending so highly to the
advancement of the Gospel, and to the honoring of our dread Sovereign, by inlarging of his kingdoms, and adding a fifth crown unto
his other four; for'En dat Virginia quintam,' is the motto of the
legal seal of Virginia."
On October 20, 1619, the Company appointed a Committee to meet
at Sir Edwin Sandys', " to take a cote for Virginia, and agree upon the
Seale." On the 15th of the next month the device was presented for
inspection.  When the seal was presented to King James, he looked
at the reverse with the figure of St. George slaying the Dragon, with
the motto, " Fas alium supe[^^t       t )f ~/rare draconem," referring to
hi / >tW>AX    /     ^the heathenism  of the In\-"' ~' X. /    dians, and ordered that the
motto should not be used.
1,                    SThe face of the legal seal
was an escutcheon, quartered with the arms of England, France, Scotland, and
Ireland; crested   with  a
- /':'i'    -      maiden Queen, with flowing
^h:,,   lg  ~ hair and eastern crown; supporters, two men in armor.
15




114         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
in the face of the action of Parliament, he influenced
the Assembly of Virginia, on the 3d of November, 1647,
to enact the following:
" Upon divers informations presented to this AssemSpenser, Sir Walter Raleigh's friend, dedicated his Fairy Queen
to Elizabeth " Queen of England, France, Ireland, and Virginia."
After James of Scotland became King of England, Virginia could
be called, in compliment, the fifth kingdom.
In the " Mask of Flowers," played by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn
upon 12th night, 1613-14 in honor of the nuptials of Somerset,
Kawasha, a God of the Virginians appears, and in the play occurs
the following:' But now is Britannie fit to be
A seat for a fifth Mionarchie.
Copland was elected Rector of the College at Henrico, but the mas.
sacre by the Indians in the spring of 1622 thwarted his design of residing in Virginia.
John Ferrar's brother Nicholas, who became a clergyman, sympathized with Copland in the desire to educate the Indian children of
North America, and aided in establishing a school at the Somers
Islands. When he became a non-conformist is unknown.
In December, 1638, the celebrated  divine Hugh Peters, then of
Salem, Mass., writes a letter " To my worthy and reverend Brother,
Mr. Copeland, Minister of the Gospel in Bermudas."
While residing in Pagets' tribe, Copland gave a tract of land for a free
school. In a letter from this settlement, dated 4th of December, 1639,
and addressed to Governor Winthrop of Boston, he thanks him for
twelve New England Indians sent to be educated, but were left at
Providence island. He adds: " If they had safely arrived here, I
would have had a care of them to have disposed of them to such honest men, as should have trained them up in the principles of religion,
and so when they had been fit for your plantation, have returned them
again to have done God some service, in being instruments to do some
good for their country."
He then tells Winthrop how the Dutch at Amboyna, East Indies,
copied the Jesuit method of training and educated their own children
and the native youth in the same school, each acquiring the other's
language. He continues: " Being at Naugasack, a famous city of
Japan, I saw with my own eyes, monuments of many fair churches




ACT OF UNIFORMITY.                        115
bly against several ministers for their neglect and refractory refusing, after warning given to them, to read
Common Prayer in Divine service upon the Sabbath
days, contrary to the canons of the Church, and the
Acts of Parliament therein  established: for future
remedy hereof,
" Be it enacted, by Governor, Council and Burgesses
of this Grand Assembly, That all ministers in their
and a University which sometimes they had there, but by their pragmatic intermeddling with State matters was banished from Japan."
He then stated that he had " a Papist catechism in my study, imprinted
at Naugasack, with the Italian letters, in Japan tongue."
The letter concludes by recommending for education George Stirke,
the son of a lately deceased scholar, poet, and minister of the Islands.
Young Stirke entered Cambridge, graduated in 1641, and became a
man of science.
Although the House of Commons in 1645, had ordered liberty of
conscience and worship in the Plantations, the Independents of Somers
Island and Virginia were oppressed by those in power.
In behalf of the Congregationalists of the former place, Captain
Sayle explored and selected one of the isles of the Bahamas, for the
use of all who desire entire freedom of worship. He then went to Virginia and extended an invitation to Rev. Mr. Harrison's congregation
to cast in their lot with them. In November, 1646, he and the Rev.
Mr. Golding came to Boston and from thence sailed to England,
where they obtained a patent from Parliament, for the settling of
Eleuthera, with provision for entire liberty of conscience.  Upon
Sayle's return, about seventy persons left Somers Island for Eleuthera,
among whom was the venerable Patrick Copland nearly eighty years
of age. The isle proved a dreary place, and they suffered for food.
The Boston churches hearing of their destitution in 1650 or 1651, sent
to them a ship filled with supplies, which arrived on Sunday, just as
their faithful pastor had finished an exposition of the 23d Psalm.
Authorities consulted in preparing of the above sketch: Calendar of
East India Co. Papers; Virginia Co. MSS.; Hubbard, Winslow,
Johnson, Winthrop, Nichols Progresses of King James.




116         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
several cures throughout the Colony  do  duly, upon
every Sabbath day, read such prayers as are appointed
and prescribed unto them, by the said Book of Common
Prayer.
" And be it further enacted, as a further penalty to
such  as have neglected, or shall neglect their duty
herein, that no parishioners shall be compelled, either
by distress or otherwise, to pay any manner of tithes or
duties, to any non-conformist aforesaid."
The next year Berkeley ordered Harrison, and Elder
William  Durand  to leave Virginia.1   Harrison went
1William  Durand of Upper Norfolk in Virginia had listened to
the preaching of Rev. John Davenport, first minister of New Haven,
Ct., when he was Vicar of St. Stephens, Coleman street, London.
There came with him to Maryland in 1648, his wife, his daughter
Elizabeth, and four other children.  Two freemen, William Pell and
-    Archer, and servants Thomas Mcwrsh, Margaret Marsh, William
Warren, William Hogg, and Ann Coles. The Commissioners who
in 1652, made a treaty with the Susquehannas, at the Severn
River were Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Leonard
Strong and Thomas  carslh.
In October 1651, Durand obtained a grant of land at the Cliffs of
the Chespeake in Calvert County, near the possessions of Leonard
Strong and William Fuller. In 1654, he was made Secretary of the
Province. When the Quakers arrived he was kind to them, and one
of the Society of Friends in 1658, writes " William  Fuller abides
unmoved: I know not but that William Durand doth the like."
Rev. Thomas Harrison received the degree of D.D., after he went to
England. On October 11th, 1649, the Council of State wrote to Governor Berkeley that they were informed, by petition of the congregation of Nansemond, that their minister Mr. Harrison, an able man, of
unblamable conversation had been banished the Colony because he
would not conform to the use of the Common Prayer Book, and as
he could not be ignorant, that the use of it was prohibited by Parliament, he was directed to allow Mr. Harrison to return to his ministry,"




PURITANS IN MARYLAND.                      117
to Boston, consulted with friends, and as a result sailed
for England, to  complain of Berkeley's tyranny, and
Durand  began to negotiate for a settlement in Maryland.
Upon the express assurance, that there would be a
modification of the oaths of office and fidelity, an enjoyment of liberty of conscience. and the privilege of
choice in officers, the Virginia non-conformists agreed
to remove to the banks of the Severn.t
Harrison never went back but became Chaplain of Cromwell's son
Henry, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was in Dublin at the
time of Oliver Cromwell's death, and preached a funeral sermon from
Lamentations 5 ch. 16 v. " The crown is fallen from our head; wo
unto us that we have sinned."  It was published with the following
title:" Threni Hybernici: or Ireland sympathizing with England and
Scotland, in a sad lamentation for the loss of their Josiah. Represented in a sermon at Christ Church in Dublin, before his Excellency
the Lord Deputy, with divers of the Nobility, Gentry, and Commonality
there assembled to celebrate a funeral solemnity, upon the death of
the Lord Protector; by Dr. Harrison, Chief Chaplain to his said Excellency."
Upon the accession of Charles the Second, unable to accept the
terms of conformity, he retired to Chester, England. An officer on
the 3d of July,'1665, reports: " A conventicle of one hundred persons
was appointed at the house of Dr. Thomas Harrison, late Chaplain of
Harry Cromwell; broke open the house, found some under the beds,
others in the closets, and thirty were taken before the Mayor."
Just before he left America, he married Dorothy, daughter of
Samuel Symonds formerly of Yeldham, Essex, who came to Ipswich,
Mlass., in 1637 and died in 1678, having beenjfor several years Deputy
Governor, and respected for his great worth. Mrs. Lucy Downing, sister
of Gov. Winthrop, of Mass., in a letter to her nephew, John Winthrop of
Ct., writes under date of Dec. 17, 1648. " You hear, I believe, our
cousin Dorothy Simonds, is now won and wedded to Mr. Harrison,
the Virginia minister."
I Hammond.




118          THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
William  Stone of Hungar's Neck, Eastern Shore of
Virginia, a nephew  of Thomas Stone, haberdasher of
London, and  brother-in-law  of Francis Doughty,' a
non-conformist minister, was on the 6th  of August,
1648, commissioned Governor, in the place of Thomas
Gre en.
In accordance with stipulations with the Puritans,
in his commission, is found for the first time, the
pledge, not to disturb any person professing to believe
in Jesus Christ merely for, or in respect of his or her
religion, or the free exercise thereof.2
1 In Governor Stone's will Francis Doughty is called his brother-inlaw. Donghty was the son of a Bristol alderman and probably the
same person who when Vicar of Sodbury, Gloucester, had been arraigned
before the High Commissioner, for contempt of his Sacred Majesty,
having spoken of him, in prayer, as " Charles by common election,
and general consent, King of England."
In 1639, he came to Massachusetts, and from thence went to Long
Island, and while there used to preach to the English-speaking members of the Reformed Church in Manhattan, now New York City.
His daughter Mary, there married Adrian Vander Donk, a Leyden
graduate and distinguished lawyer. After his decease, she became the
wife of Hugh O'Neal of Patuxent, Maryland, and her father appears
to have resided in the same vicinity. Herrman, one of the New
Netherlands Commissioners, says that while he was dining with
Philip Calvert, on Sunday, the 12th of October, 1659, " Mr. Doughty,
the minister accidentally called."
2 Streeter who made a thorough investigation says: " Mr. Chalmers
was in error, when he asserted, that in the oath taken by the Governor
and Council, between the years 1637 and 1657, there was a clause binding them not to molest any one, on account of his religion, who professed to believe in Jesus Christ. The oath of 1639 is the first on
record administered to the Governor and Council; and it most carefully
avoids all allusion to religion. The same form was certainly in use,
as late as April, 1643, when James Neal took the oath of Councillor,




PLOWDEN  ON  TOLERATION.               119
Plowden, who had lived in Virginia, at the time of
the controversy, between Berkeley and the non-conformists, in  the  description  of Nova  Albion, published in London, 1648, advocated the principle, insisted
upon by the Puritans, as a condition of residence in
Maryland. He writes of religion in these words: " I
conceive  the Holland  way, now  practiced, best to
content all parties.  By Act of Parliament or General
Assembly to settle and establish all the fundamentals
necessary to salvation, as the three creeds, the commandments, preaching on the Lord's Day, and  great
days, and catechism  in the afternoon, the sacraments
of the altar and baptism
"But no persecution to any dissenting, and to all such,
as to the Walloons, free chapels, and to punish all as
seditious and for contempt, as bitter, rail, and condemn
others of the contrary; for this argument or persuasion,
all religious ceremonies.r church discipline should be
acted in mildness, love, and charity, and gentle language, not to disturb the peace or quietness of the inhabitants."
as is distinctly stated, according to the form described in the act of
Assembly of March, 1639.
If Chalmers meant by the expression "between 1637," for 1637,
as many have contended, he was clearly mistaken; if he intended to
leave the date unfixed, he has given himself large scope, and afforded
ground for false inferences.
The prohibition in regard to molesting believers in Christ cannot
be found in any commission before that to Governor Stone in August,
1648. Streeter's Early Papers; M'd Hist. Soc. Publication, 1876,
pp. 243, 244.




120       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
The legislature of 1649 embodied the agreement,
and the principle recognized in Stone's commission, in
the " Act concerning Religion."
Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, but hostile
to the non-conformists, asserts, that the inhabitants were
composed of conformists, non-conformists, and a " few
Papists."
In a pamphlet published at London, in 1656, he
writes: " And there was in Virginia, a certain people
congregated into a church, calling themselves Independents, which daily increasing, several consultations
were held by the State of that Colony, how to suppress
them, which was duly put in execution, as first, the
pastor was banished, next other teachers, then many by
informations clapt up in prsion, then generally disarmed, which was very harsh. * * * * * * * *
"Maryland was counted by them  as a refuge, the
Lord Proprietor and his Governor solicited, and several
addresses made for their admittance and entertainment
into that Province." iThese conditions were presented;
"that they should have convenient portion of land
assigned, the liberty of conscience, and privilege
to choose their own officers."  He continues, "An
Assembly was called throughout the whole country,
after their coming over, consisting as well of themselves, as the rest, and because there were some
few Papists that first inhabited, these themselves, and
others, being of different judgments, an Act was passed




ACT CONCERNING RELIGION.                121
that all professing in Jesus Christ should have equal
justice."'  Hammond further states, that at the request
of the Virginia Puritans, " the oath of fidelity was
overhauled, and this clause added to it,' provided it
infringe not the liberty of conscience.''
The Act was not approved by Lord Baltimore for
many months.  In the Record Book, the following note
is appended, signed Philip Calvert.  "' An Act of Assembly, 21st April, 1649, confirmed by the Lord Proprietary by an instrument under his hand and seal
dated Aug. 26, 1650."2
Lord Baltimore's defence before Parliament, speaks
of this law originating in Maryland.  He writes in one
place: " Although those laws were assented unto by the
Lord Baltimore in August, 1650, yet it appears, that
some of them  were enacted in Maryland, by the Assembly there, in April 1649." In another place, speaking of a law of 1650, is the following statement:
"' It was one of those laws passed by the Assembly
in Maryland, in April 1650, when the people there
knew of the late King's death, a year after, the other
law above mentioned, with divers others, which were
enacted in April, 1649, as aforesaid, though in the in-'Leahi and Rachel. London, 1656.
2 Annapolis Manuscripts.
Blome in his Britannia published in 1673, at London, and to which
book Cecil, Lord Baltimore was a subscriber, asserts that " His Lordship, by advice of the General Assembly of the province, hath long
since established a model of good and wholesome laws, with toleration
of religion, to all sorts, that profess faith in Christ."
16




122       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
grossment of them all here, when the Lord Baltimore
gave his assent to them altogether, in August 1650, it
was written before it, because they were transposed
here, in such order, as the Lord Baltimore thought
fit, according to the nature, and more or less importance of them, placing the Act concerning Religion
first."l
This Act was contrary to the teachings of the Church
of Rome, since it was the recognition of Christians
who rejected the Pope, and when the Assembly of
1650 met, there was an expression of dissatisfaction.
The burgesses of the Assembly were as follows.
John Hatch,          St. George's Hundred.
Walter Beane,         "    " 
John Medley,         Newtown         "
William Brough,          c           a
Robert Robins,  
Francis Posey,       St. Clement's   "
Philip Land,         St. Mary's 
Francis Brooks,       "    6 
Thomas Mathews,    St. Inigo's 
Thomas Sterman,    St. Michael's   "
George Manners,       "    " 
James Cox,           Anne Arundel
George Puddington,    "       - 
When the delegates came to be sworn, all the Roman
Catholics, four in number, objected to the principles
of the Act concerning Religion, passed by the last
I The Lord Baltimore's Case. London, 1653.




WILKINSON THE CLERGYMAN.                     123
Assembly.   Medley, Manners, and Land  thought it
was not right to have a perpetual law upon the subject, but Thomas Mathews, who came from the precinct
in which the home of the Jesuits was situated, told the
Assembly, that he could not take the oath of toleration,
"as he wished to be guided, in matters of conscience,
by spiritual counsel."'
He was then  censured  and expelled, and Cuthbert
Fenwick was returned in his place.
It was not, until after the Act concerning Religion,
was  passed,  that  any  Protestant  clergyman   permanently settled in the Province.
About the year 1650, there arrived William  Wilkinson, Cl'k, about fifty years of age, with his wife,
daughters  Mary, Rebecca, Elizabeth, step-daughter
Margaret, and  servants Robert Cornish, and  Ann
Stevens.  Like  Father Thomas Copley, he engaged
in trade, to assist in his support.2
1 Annapolis Manuscripts.
I Early in 1654 Stringer, a carpenter, died at Wilkinson's house, and
left chests, locked up in the store. In rendering the account of this
man's estate, the Minister presents a curious mingling of charges, in
tobacco u eight.
For the use of his boat and a boy.                    lbs. 50
boarding at his house 7 or 8 days and 2 men.          400
funeral sermon.                                       100
dinner.                                        300
"a plank for his coffin.                                60
In his will made May 29, 1663, his daughter Rebecca is spoken of as
the wife of William Hatton, and Eliza as the wife of Thomas Dent.
Dent was among the first settlers in the District of Columbia.
In 1662 he entered a tract of land called Gisborough, on the east
side of Anacostan River, in a branch called Eastern Branch. The name




124      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
In 1652 Captain William Mitchell, one of the worst
men in the Province, was appointed a member of the
Council, by Lord Baltimore. He was suspected of
poisoning his wife on a voyage to America.  Ann,
daughter of Elizabeth Bolton, of St. Martins in the
Fields, Middlesex, was hired as a servant, to act as
governess, whom  he harshly used, and then sold to
Francis Brooke, for a wife.
At a Court, held on 22d of June, 1652, at Saint
Mary's, Thomas Cole, aged thirty-two years, deposed:'" That before coming out of England he was at Mr.
Edmond Plowden's chamber.  He asked  me with
whom I lived?  I replied Capt. Mitchell.  He persuading me not to go with him  to Virginia, asked me' Of
what religion he was, and whether I ever saw him go
to church?' I made answer' I never saw him  go to
church.' He replied,'that Captain Mitchell being
among a company of gentlemen, he wondered, that the
world had been, so many hundred years, deluded with
a man and a pigeon."'
Mr. Plowden then told Cole, that by the dove, was
meant "the Holy Ghost," and by the man, "our
Saviour, Christ."
The Province of Maryland, in 1652, by commissionis still retained, and the U. S. Government Asylum for the Insane is
on or near the tract.
The place was probably called from Gisborough a town on the flats
of the river Tees in North Yorkshire, where a Dent family lived.
In 1672 Rev. Mr. Nicholet of Salem, Mass., who had lived in Maryland, spoke of five Protestants whom he often met, Mr. Dent, Mr.
Hatton, Mr. Hill, Mr. Hanson, and Mr. Thoroughgood.




CONFLICT WITH PROPRIETARY.          125
ers from Parliament, was reduced and settled with the
authority of the Commonwealth of England, and Governor Stone was continued in office, having promised
to issue all writs and other processes in the name of
"the keepers of the liberty of England."
The next year, under directions from Lord Baltimore, Stone violated the compact, and began to issue
writs in the Lord Proprietary's name, to admit to the
Council only those appointed by Lord Baltimore, and
require the inhabitants to take an oath of fidelity,
which if refused by any colonist, after three months
his lands were to be confiscated for the use of the Proprietary.
At the request of Richard Preston, and over one
hundred other planters, the Parliamen t Commissioners
visited Maryland, and on the 20th of July, 1654,
Stone " laid down his power as Governor of this province under his Lordship, and did promise for the
future to submit to such government as shall be
selected by the Commissioners, in the name and under
the authority of His Highness, the Lord Protector."
In 1653 Lord Baltimore printed the statement of his
reasons, as presented to Parliament, why his charter
should not be abrogated. The last is as follows: "If
the Lord Baltimore should by this Commonwealth, be
prejudiced in any of the rights or privileges of his
patent of that Province; it would be a great discouragement, to others in foreign plantations, upon any
exigency to adhere to the interest of this Common



126        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
wealth; because it is notoriously known, that by his
express direction, his officers and the people there did
adhere to the interest of this Commonwealth, when
all other English plantations, except New Entgland,
declared against the Parliament, and at that time received their friends, in time of distress, for which, he
was like, divers times, to be deprived of his interest
there, by the colony of Virginia, and others, who had
commissions from the late King's eldest son, for that
purpose, as appears by a commission, granted by him
to Sir Wm. Davenant."'
In this pamphlet he also states that his opponents in
Maryland were " obscure and factious fellows."
1 Sir Wm. Davenant K't was Shakspeare's godson, and like his
godfather was given to poetry. On the 16th day of February, 1649-50,
Charles issued a commission from his exile in Jersey, the opening paragraphs of which were as follows:
" Whereas the Lord Baltimore, Proprietary of the Province and
plantations in Maryland, in America doth visibly adhere to the rebels
of England, and admit all kinds of schismatics and sectaries, and other
ill affected persons, with the said plantations of Maryland, so that we
have cause to apprehend very great prejudice to our service thereby,
and very great danger to our plantations in Virginia, who have carried themselves, with so much loyalty and fidelity to the King, our
Father of blessed memory, and to us, Know ye, therefore, that we
reposing special trust and confidence in the courage, conduct, loyalty,
and good affection of Sir Wm. Davenant, and for prevention of the
danger and inconveniences above mentioned, do by these presents,
nominate, constitute, and appoint you, our Lieutenant Governor of the
said province or plantations of Maryland."
With the aid of Queen Henrietta Maria, Davenant sailed from a port
in Normandy, with a company of weavers and mechanics, but on the
voyage, was captured, and brought to England. Lodged in the Tower,
he there finished his poem of Gondibert, and at length was released
"from durance vile," by the intercession of the great Puritan poet, John
Milton.




FATHERS COPLEY AND STARKEY.           127
A review of this publication was in 1655, printed in
London, which thus answers this allusion.
"The Lord Baltimore pretends, in print, his entertainment in Maryland, of the Parliament friends thrust
out of Virginia; but those very men whom  he so
styles, coming thither, being promised by Captain
Stone, he would decline urging the oath upon them,
complain of it, to the Parliament, are in answer there
unto vilified by Lord Baltimore, and publicly taxed
for obscure and factious fellows; and in his later letters,
termed the basest of men, and unworthy of the least
favor or forbearance.
" Such advantages doth he make on all sides, at such
a distance, and in such uncomposed times, that he
confidently takes the liberty, to aver such extreme
and contrary things, which amaze other men, that see
them. The place as himself confessed, had been deserted, if not peopled from Virginia."
In 1652, Father Thomas Copley died, and Father
Lawrence Starkey assumed the duties he performed.
Starkey was born in Lancashire in 1606, and at the
age of thirty joined the order of Jesuits. He came to
Maryland in 1649, and died in February, 1657, and
Ralph Crouch appears to have been his successor. Surgeon Henry Hooper, who died about the year 1650, left
a legacy to Ralph Crouch for such "' pious uses as he
thinks fit."
A  complaint was made to the Provincial Court in
the spring of 1654, that Luke Gardiner who had been




128        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
in the service of Father Copley did in " an uncivil, refractory, and  insolent manner, detain at his house
Eleanor Hatton, sister-in-law  of Lt. Richard Banks,
and niece of his Lordship's Secretary Thomas Hatton
endeavoring as was "probably reported to train her
up in the Roman Catholic religion, contrary  to the
mind and will of her mother and uncle."
Lt. Richard Banks was authorized to go and take
her from the custody of Gardiner.
This year Father Francis Fitzherbert, without any
companion, sailed for Maryland.  The vessel, in which
he was a passenger, was exposed to a series of gales.
The  Jesuit Relation  for  that year  says:  " The
tempest lasted, in all, two months, whence, the opinion arose, that it was not on account of the violence
of the ship, or atmosphere, but was occasioned by
the malevolence of witches.  Forthwith  they  seize
a little old woman suspected of sorcery, guilty  or
not guilty, they slay her, suspected of this and after
examining her with the strictest scrutiny, very heinous
sin."  The tragedy is more fully alluded to in  the
Provincial Records.  Mr. Henry Corbyn, a young
merchant from  London,l described the circumstance
1 Henry Corbyn or Corbin was twenty-five years of age in 1654, and
was the founder of the Virginia family of that name. He lived between
the Rappahannock and Potomac. In 1657 was the register of the
vestry of the Parish. The immigrants Washington came about the
same time.
His son Gawin was President of the Council of Virginia and had
four daughters, and three sons, one of whom, Richard, in 1754 used his
influence to procure young Washington a commission, which he enclosed with the following note:
" Dear George: I inclose you a commission. God prosper you with
it. Your friend, Richard Corbin."




MARY LEE HUNG.                  129
to the Governor and Council of Maryland.  He was a
passenger on the ship Charity, John Bosworth, Master.
Two or three weeks before they reached the Chesapeake,
it was rumored among the sailors, that Mary Lee, one
of the passengers, was a witch, and they asked the
Captain to have a trial, but he at first refused.  The
ship daily became more leaky, and the Captain consulted with Corbyn and Robert Chipsham  also a merchant, and to allay the fears of the seamen it was
decided to allow an examination.
Two of the seamen, without orders, searched her
body and declared she had witch marks. During the
night, she was fastened to the capstan, and the next
morning, the marks I" for the most part were shrunk
into her body."  The sailors then asked Corbyn to
examine her, and she confessed she was a witch.  The
Captain of the ship retired to his cabin, and the sailors,
notwithstanding his protest, took and hung her, and
then cast her body in the sea.
Francis Darby, Gent.,aged thirty-nineyears,deposed,
that this statement was correct, and he was probably
Father Francis Fitzherbert, as it was common for
Jesuits to take another name, when on a journey. 1
During the sway of the Parliament commissioners,
Thomas Mathews, William Boreman, John Pyle, and
John Dandy 2 acknowledged their belief in the supremacy of the Pope.
Annapolis manuscript record.
John Dandy had been in Clayborne's employ at Kent Island, and
was a violent blacksmith. In October, 1640, he was summoned by the
Assembly to answer for misdemeanors. In October, 1657, he was tried
17




130       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
On the 30th of November, 1657, Lord Baltimore
agreed to forget past controversies, to omit the clauses
in the oath of fidelity, to which the Protestants of the
Province objected, and did further promise "that he
would never give his assent to the repeal of a law established in Maryland, whereby all persons professing
to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of conscience
there," and then the Commissioners of Parliament surrendered their power, and once more he appointed his
own officers.
The next year Maryland linked herself with Massachusetts in the persecution of the Quakers.
Toward the latter part of 1657 a ship arrived at
Jamestown with Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole,
preachers of the Society of Friends. They were looked
upon as disturbers of the peace and imprisoned by the
Virginians. After their release they went to Maryland
and were kindly received by the Puritans William Durand and William Fuller, and hospitably entertained
by Richard Preston of Patuxent' and his son-in-law
William Berry. As they were conscientiously opposed
to swearing, they in the place of judicial oaths, simply
affirmed.  This fact, and the wearing of their hats, gave
offence to Lord Baltimore's officers.
At a court held at Patuxent July 8, 1658, a warrant
was issued for Cole and Thurston because they had
for cruelty to a servant causing his death, found guilty and hung on
an island at the mouth of Leonard's Creek.
R Kichard Preston in 1649 came with seven in his family, and entered
land for 73 persons.




QUAKERS WHIPPED.                 131
remained in the Province, above one month, without
taking the oath of fidelity. Two weeks later, " taking
into consideration the insolent behavior of some people
called Quakers, who at the Court, in contempt of an
order there made and proclaimed, would presumptuously stand covered," the authorities banished them
and they made their way to the Dutch settlement at
Manhattan through the Indian country.
Preston and others were fined for entertaining the
preachers, and one was whipped for refusing to assist
a Sheriff in arresting Thurston.
The council, in 1659, issued an "l order to seize and
whip them, from constable to constable," until they
be sent out of the Province.
Francis Howgill published at London, in 1660, a
pamphlet entitled " The Deceiver of the Nations discovered, and his cruelty made manifest, more especially his
cruel works of darkness in Mariland, and Virginia."
Alluding to the treatment of Cole and Thurston he
remarks:
" The Indians, whom  they judged to be heathen,
exceeded in kindness, in courtesies, in love, and
mercy, unto them, who were strangers, which is a shame
to the mad, rash rulers of Mariland that have acted
so barbarously to our people, and them that came to
visit them in the name of the Lord, that instead of
receiving them, rejected them, and made order after
order, and warrant after warrant, for pursuing, banishing and whipping of them, who came to them, in the
name of the Lord, in such haste, that I have seen fifteen




132       THI: FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
warrants out against one man, in a little time, and in
one province."
Josiah Cole, traveling in company with Jacob Lumbrozo, the Jew doctor, in July 1658, asked 6" whether
the Jews did look for a Messiah?"  Lumbrozo answered; "Yes."  Then Cole asked" Who he was that
was crucified at Jerusalem?"   The Jew  replied:
"He was a man."  Then the Quaker, asked' How
did he do all his miracles? " and the answer was:' He did them  by art magic."  Cole continued:
" How did his disciples do the same miracles, after he
was crucified? "  The Doctor replied " he taught them
his art."  Some months after Cole and Thurston were
banished, Lumbrozo was arraigned for blasphemy, when
he stated to the court, that he " said not any thing scoffingly, or in derogation of him Christians acknowledge
for their Messiah," but merely declared his belief as a
Jew.
The same year that the Quakers appeared, Father
Fitzherbert was arraigned.  Henry Coursey, described
by Lord Baltimore as " a person of good repute and
credit, and well esteemed by all the inhabitants of
Maryland, he being of the Church of England," wrote
to his Lordship as follows:
" Since I wrote my last to you, I have received a
message from  Mrs. Gerrard, which is, that Mr. Fitzherbert, hath threatened excommunication  to Mr.
Gerrard, because he doth not bring to church, his
wife and children. And further, Mr. Fitzherbert saith,




FATHER FITZHERBERT DISTRACTS.         133
that he hath written home, to the heads of the Church,
in England, and that if it be their judgments to have
it so, he will come with a party, and compel them.
My Lord, this I offer to your Lordship, as Mrs. Gerrard's relation, who, I think, would not offer to report any such thing, if it were not so. And, my
Lord, I thank God, the government of the country is
now in your officers' hand, but I think, and have good
reasons to think so, that it will not long continue
there, if such things be not remedied.
" I told Mr. Fitzherbert of it, about a year since, in
private, and also that such things were against the law
of the country.
" Yet, his answer was, that he must be directed by
his conscience, more than by the law of any country.
I do not my Lord, thrust myself upon any business of
quarrel, but it is peace and quietness I desire. And
I hope, your Lordship hath no other cause but to
wish the same, and so I refer the consideration of it to
you."
On the 5th of October, 1658, his Lordship's Attorney General, at a Court held at St. Leonard's Creek,
presented the following:
" An information of his Lordship's attorney against
Francis Fitzherbert, for practising of treason and sedition, and giving out rebellious and mutinous speeches,
in this his Lordship's Province of Maryland, and endeavouring, as far as in him lay, to raise distraction
and disturbances in this his Lordship's said Province.




134       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
" 1. Francis Fitzherbert did, on the 24th of August,
1658, traitorously and seditiously, at a general meeting, in arms, of the people of the upper part of Patuxent River, to muster, endeavor to seduce and draw
from their religion, the inhabitants there met together."
The second and third charges were of the same purport.
"4. That he hath rebelliously and mutinously said,
that if Thomas Gerrard Esq., of the Council, did not
come and bring his wife and children to his church,
he would come and force them to the Church, contrary to a known Act of Assembly for this Province."
For the prosecution there were several witnesses.
A son-in-law of Gerrard, Robert Slye the husband of
his daughter Susannah, deposed: That some time in
or about July or August in the year 1656, Mr. Fitzherbert being at his house, he asked him, who it was,
that raised the report that he had beaten his Irish servants, because they refused to be of the same religion
with him.  Mr. Fitzherbert replied, that he would not
and could not disclose the author, but he further said
that Mr. Gerrard had beaten an Irish servant of his,
because she refused to be a Protestant, or go to prayer
with the family that were so. To which Mr. Slye replied that the story-was unfounded.
Mr. Fitzherbert then said, that " Gerrard, although
he professed himself a Roman Catholic, yet his life
and conversation were not agreeable to his profession,
because he brought not his wife and children to the
church."




FITZHERBERT'S TRIAL.             135
* * * * * *  "Mr. Fitzherbert told the deponent
further, that if Mr. Gerrard brought not his children
freely to his church, nor educated them in the principles of the Romish religion, he would take such a
course, that he would undertake their education in Mr.
Gerrard's own house, whether Mr. Gerrard would give
way thereunto or no."
To the charges Fitzherbert demurred.
" 1. Neither denying or confessing the matter here
objected, since by the very first law of this country,
Holy Church, within this province, shall have, and
enjoy all her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly
and without blemish, amongst which that of preaching
and teaching is not the least.
Neither imports it what church is there meant; since
by the true intent of the Act concerning Religion,
every church professing to believe in God the Father,
Son, and Holy Ghost, is accounted Holy Church here.
2. Because, by the act entitled, An Act concerning
Religion, it is provided that no person whatsoever, professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall be molested, for
or in respect of his or her religion, or the free exercise
thereof. And undoubtedly preaching and teaching, is
the free exercise of every Churchman's religion. And
upon this I crave judgment."
The Court decided that the charges of mutiny and
sedition had not been proved. Gerrard, it was evident,
was not a Roman Catholic at heart.
After the compromise by Lord Baltimore with the




136          THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Parliament Commissioners, he appointed Josias Fendall, Governor.  On the 28th of February 1659, the
Assembly convened at Thomas Gerrard's house, and
on the first of March, the lower branch of the legislature adjourned to the residence of Robert Slye, his son
in-law, and declared itself the highest court of jurisdiction in the Province. Gerrard and his fellow councillor Utie, with the Governor, assented to this position,
and the upper house ceased to sit as a distinct body,
and the Assembly as the source of power issued commissions.
Soon after this republican movement, Gerrard seems
to have changed his residence to Virginia.l
The Provincial Records contain an account of the
hanging of a witch, in 1659, in the presence of John
Washington the first American  ancestor of George
Washington, as he was coming from  England.  Wash-' He lived at Masthotick Creek, the southern boundary of Westmoreland Co., Va. On March 3d 1670 he entered into a compact with
his neighbors John Lee, Henry Corbin and Isaac Allerton, to build a
banqueting house at or near their respective lands.
John Lee was a relative of Col. Richard Lee a friend of Parliament
during the civil war. Isaac Allerton graduated in 1650 at Harvard.
His mother, Fear Brewster, was the wife of Isaac Allerton Sr. who
came with her father, the leader of the Puritans, to Plymouth Rock in
the May Flower. Hancock, the son of Richard Lee, married the
daughter of Isaac Allerton, thus, on the banks of the Potomac, at an
early day, the families of those who were useful and faithful to the
interests of the commonwealth of England intermarried.
In the will of Thomas Gerrard dated Feb. 5, 1672, he expressed a
wish to be buried in Maryland, by the side of his first wife Susanna
Snow, and appointed Major Isaac Allerton, John Lee, and John Cooper
to settle his estate.
On Herrman's Map of Virginia and Maryland, engraved by
Faithorne, drawn in 1670, Allerton's plantation is marked.




WASHINGTON'S ANCESTORS.                   137
ington complained to the authorities of Maryland
against Edward Prescott for hanging a witch, and the
proceedings of the Court were as follows:
"Present October 5, 1659, at Mr. George Reade's
house Josias Fendall Esq., Governor Philip Calvert
Esq. Secretary, Capt. William   Stone, Mr. Thomas
Gerrard, Col. Nathaniel Utye, Mr. Baker Brooke, and
Mr. Edward Lloyd.' Whereas  John   Washington' of Westmoreland
County  hath  made  complt ag'st Edward  Prescott,
Merch't Accusing ye s'd Prescott of ffelony unto ye
Gouvernor of this Province, alleging how that hee ye
J. L. Chester, Esq., of London, a careful investigator, has pointed
out the mistake of Sparks, Irving and others in supposing that John
Washington was the son of Lawrence of Sulgrave.
General Washington in a letter to the Earl of Buchan states that
his ancestors were related to the Fairfaxes.
Henry Fairfax, Sheriff of Yorkshire, and Richard Washington
married sisters, Anna and Eleanora Harrison of South Cave, Yorkshire.
William, son of Henry Fairfax, became President of the Council of
Virginia, and his daughter married Lawrence, the brother of General
George Washington. Henry Washington had a son Richard, who
wasin Lincoln's Inn. (See Fairfaxes of America, Munsell, Albany,
1868, p. 58.)
Mr. Chester in a letter to me, writes of this Richard, as follows: " In
reply to your inquiries about Henry Washington of South Cave, I am
able to say that he did have a son Richard. Henry Washington was
married to Eleanor Harrison in 1689 and this Richard was their eldest
son, born the next year. His father died in 1718, and the widow
lived in St. Andrews' Holborn, London. She had seven children, two
were baptized at South Cave, and five at Doncaster or in London."
It is probable that John Washington was one of the sons of Richard
of Lincoln's Inn, and grandson of Henry, and that the Richard Washington of London, with whom General George Washington frequently
corresponded, was his cousin, and the son of another child of Richard
of Lincoln's Inn.
18




138      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
s'd Prescott hanged a witch, on his ship, as hee was
outward bound from England within the last yeare,
upon wich complaynt of ye s'd Washington the Gov'r
caused ye s'd Edward Prescott to bee arrested. Taking bond for his appearance att this Provincial Court
of 40,000 lbs. Tobacco. Gyving moreover notice to ye
s'd Washington, by letter of his proceedings therein,
a copie of wich l'tre, with the said Washington's answere thereto are as followeth:
" Mr. Washington, Upon yo'r complaynt to mee y't
Mr. Prescott did in his voyage from England hither
cause a woman to bee executed for a witch, I have
caused him be apprehended uppon suspition of ffelony
and I've intend to bind him over to ye Provincial
Court to answer it, where I doe allso expect you to bee
to make good ye charge. Hee will be called uppon
his Tryal ye 4th or 5th of October next, at ye Court,
to be held there at Patux't neare Mr Fenwick's
house, where I suppose you will not fayle to bee.
Witnesses examined in Virginia will bee of no value
here in this case, for they must be face to face, with
ye party accused, or they stand for nothing. I thought
good to acquaynt you with this, that you may not come
unprovided.
" This at present Sr is all from
Yo'r ffriend
JOSIAS FENDALL.
29th September.




A  WITCH  HUNG.                     139
" Hon'ble S'r.  Yors of this 29th instant, this day I
received.  I am  sorry y't my extraordinary occasions,
will not permit me to bee at ye next Provincial Court
to bee held at Mary Land ye 4th of this next month.
Because then, God willing, I intend to gett my
young sonne baptized.  All ye company and Gossips'
being already invited. Besides in this short time wit.
nesses cannot bee gott to come over. But if Mr. Prescott bee bound to answer at ye next Provinciall Court
after this, I shall doe what lyeth in my power, to get
them over. Sr I shall desire you for to acquaynt mee,
whether Mr. Prescott be bound over to ye next Court,
and when ye Court is, tlat I may have sometime for
to provide evidence.
Yo'r ffriend & Serv't,
30 Sept. 1659.                   JOHN WASHINGTON.
" To which complaint Edward Prescott submitting
himself to trial, denied not, that one Elizabeth Richardson was hanged on his ship, as he was outward
The Rev. Mr. Cole was the first clergyman on the Virginia side
of the Potomac and at this time lived at Matschotick, Westmoreland,
a near neighbor of the'pioneer settlers Lee, Gerrard, Washington,
and Isaac Allerton the grandson of William Brewster, the head of the
Puritans of Plymouth Rock.
2 Gossips, sponsors for an infant in baptism from the Anglo-Saxon
God and syb or sip kindred or affinity. Verstegan says, " Our Christian ancestors understanding a spiritual affinity to grow between the
parents, and such as undertook for the child at baptism, called each
other by the name of God-sib, which is as much to say, as that they
were sib together, that is of kin together through God."




140       TIlE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
bound, the last year, from England, and near the West
Isles by Master John Greene, and the company, hung."
No one appearing to deny this plea, that he was not
responsible for the acts of Greene and his crew, the
accused was discharged.




THE  CONDITION  OF RELIGION FROM  THE
ACCESSION OF CHARLES THE SECOND UNTIL A.D. 1700.
THE absence of towns, and the separation of plantations by numerous streams and dense forests were unfavorable to the upbuilding of churches. As there
were no centres of population, the accession of Charles
the Second found only one clergyman, who was more
than sixty years of age, employed in the duties of his
profession.
The Society of Friends with their migratory evangelists of both sexes, discovered a field in Maryland,
ripe for their labors. The non-conformists who came
from Virginia, as they were not able in their scattered
residences, to support a pastor, willingly listened to
preaching-of the Gospel, by the new sect developed by
the agitations of the Cromwellian era. Among the
earliest, to brave the discomforts of traveling in the
wilderness, to speak of the love of Jesus, for sinful
humanity, was Elizabeth Harris, the wife of a prosperous London merchant. After her return to England,
a convert named Robert Clarkson wrote as follows:
"Dear Heart: I salute thee in the tender love of the
Father, which moved thee, towards us, and do own




142         THE  FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
thee, to have been a minister by the good will of God,
to bear outward testimony to the inward truth on me
and others, even as many as the Lord in tender love
and mercy, did give an ear to hear. Praise be to his
name forever, of which and of life, God hath made my
wife partaker with me, and hath established our hearts
in his fear. And likewise, Ann Dorsey, in a more
large measure; her husband I hope abideth faithful;
likewise John Baldwin and Henry Carline.  Charles
Balye, the young man who was with us, at our parting,
abides convinced,and several others,in these parts,where
he dwells. Elizabeth Beaseley abides as she was,
when thou wasthere.  Thomas Cole and William  Cole1
have made open  confession  of the  truth, likewise
Henry  Woolchurch,  and  many  others, suffer  the
reproachful name.  William  Fuller abides unmoved.2
I know not but that William  Durand doth the like,
he frequents our meeting but seldom. * * * * * We
have disposed of the most part of the books which w ere
William Cole became a Quaker preacher and in 1662 was imprisoned at Jamestown for violating the statutes. Besse, vol. 2, p. 138.
2 William Fuller was appointed on July 22, 1654, by the Agents of
Parliament, with Richard Preston, William Durand, and others, Commissioners for the government of Maryland. When Stone and his
forces appeared on Sunday, March 25, 1655, Fuller at the head of one
hundred and twenty men marched around the peninsula in the
southern suburb of Annapolis, with the colors of the Commonwealth
of England flying. A skirmish took place and the color-bearer was
killed. This led to a short and sharp engagement in which the Baltimore party under Stone was completely routed, threw down their
arms, and begged for mercy.
In adopting the tenets of the Society of Friends, Fuller relinquished
military exercises.




QUAKER PREACHERS.               143
sent, so that all parts are furnished and every one that
desires it, may have benefit by them, at IIerring Creek,
Roade River, South River, all about Severn the Broad
Neck and thereabout, the Seven Mountains, and Kent.
With my dear love, I salute thy husband, and rest
with thee and the gathered ones, in the eternal word,
which abideth for ever."
Thus in 1657, before the arrival of Cole and Thurston, to which allusion has been made, the planting of
Quakerism had commenced, and Preston, Berry and
the more sober-minded citizens, listened gladly to the
tenets of the society.
In the autumn of 1663, Alice Ambrose' and Mary
Tomkins, were at the Cliffs of the Chesapeake, in Calvert County, having retreated from  New  England,
where, says Bishop, they " suffered thirty-two stripes
apiece, with a nine corded whip, three knots in each
cord, being drawn up to the pillory, in such an uncivil
manner, as is not to be rehearsed, with a rnnning knot
about their hands, the very first lash of which, drew
the blood, and made it run down, in abundance, from
their breasts."
From thence, they wrote to George Fox, in England,
telling him of their " good service and sufferings for
the Lord."
John Burnyeat of Cumberland, in 1665, was impelled to leave England, and visit Maryland, where he
I Alice Ambrose afterwards married John Gary, supposed to have
been the son of the wife of Dr. Peter Sharpe, who was a widow Gary.




144       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
held large meetings and " Friends were greatly comforted, and several were convinced." In 1671, he
made a second visit, accompanied by Daniel Gould of
Rhode Island. One day in 1672, as he was about to
sail for England, unexpectedly to all, a ship from Jamaica appeared in the Patuxent river, having on
board George Fox, whose name is so prominently
identified with the religious history of the seventeenth
century, and several other Quakers, one of whom was
William Edmundson, a native of Westmoreland, and
once a soldier in Cromwell's army.
Feeling that his stay must be brief, the feet of Fox
had scarcely touched the sands of the Patuxent before
he began to preach. For four days he expounded his
doctrines, with singular clearness, and with a voice
remarkable for mellowness, prayed from the depths of
his soul, and as a result, five or six justices of the
peace, and many "world's people," who came from
curiosity, went away from the meetings, much interested.
Partly by land, and partly by water, he hastened
to the Cliffs, in Calvert County, and addressed a large
assembly, and then, crossing the Chesapeake Bay,
crowds gathered to listen, and a judge's wife was frank
to say " she had rather hear him once, than the priests
a thousand times."
Returning to the western shore, he spoke at the
Severn, where the numbers were so great that no building was large enough to hold the congregation.




GEORGE Fox's LABORS.              145
The next day he was at Abraham Birkhead's, six or
seven miles distant, and there the Speaker of the Assembly was convinced; then mounting his horse he
rode to Dr. Peter Sharpe's at the Cliffs of Calvert.
Here was a " heavenly meeting," many of the upper
sort of people present, and a wife of one of the Governor's councillors was convinced.
Some Roman Catholics came to deride but they had
no heart to oppose.  From thence he rode eighteen
miles to James Preston's, on the Patuxent, where an
Indian chief and some of his tribe came to see the
strange man who was lifting up his voice, like John
the Baptist, in the wilderness.  After a tour to Virginia and Carolina he came back to Preston's on the
twenty-seventh of the eleventh month, 1672, and soon
began to travel amid snow storms, to declare the truth
in Christ, as he understood it.  Taking a boat at the
Cliffs, for the Eastern Shore, he was obliged to pass a
night without fire. In Somerset County, he held a
meeting at Anamessex, and then proceeded to Hunger's Creek, Little Choptank, Tredhaven, Wye, and
to John Taylor's on Kent Island.
His labors had been incessant; neither wintry sleet
nor the burning sun detained.  He forded streams,
slept in the woods, and in barns, with as much serenity,
as in the comfortable houses of his friends, and was
truly a wonder unto many.
Before he returned to England, he rested a few days
at the Cliffs, went up to Annapolis, attended the meet19




146        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
ing of the Provincial Assembly, and early in 1673,
sailed for his native land.'
Edmundson proceeded to North Carolina, while Fox
visited New  England.  In 1672 the former, upon his
return, visited the valley of the James River, called
upon Governor Berkeley and met with Major General
Richard Bennett, late Commissioner of Parliament
for Maryland.  He writes in his Journal:
" As I returned, it was laid upon me to visit the
Governor Sir William Barclay, and to speak with him
about Friend's sufferings.  I went about six miles out
of my way, to speak with him, accompanied by William
Garrett, an honest, ancient Friend.  I told the Governor, that I came from  Ireland, where his brother
was Lord Lieutenant, who was kind to our Friends;
and if he had any service for me to his brother, I would
willingly do it; and as his brother was kind to our
Friends in Ireland I hoped he would be so to our
Friends in Virginia.
"I He was very peevish, and brittle, and I could fasten
nothing on him, with all the soft arguments I could
use. * *  *  * 
" The next day, was the men's meeting at William
Wright's house, the justice [Taverner] went to the
meeting, about eight or nine miles, and several other
1 After Fox arrived in England he sent a copy of the Writings of
Edward Burroughs to several gentlemen, among others to Judge
Stevens and Justices Johnson and Coleman of Anamessex, Maryland,
and to Major General Bennett, Lt. Col. Waters, and Col. Thomas Dew
of Nansemond Co., Virginia. Bowden, vol. 1, p. 381.




MAJOR GENERAL BENNETT.              147
persons came to the meeting, particularly Richard
Bennett, alias Major General Bennett. Justice Taverner's wife came to me and told me that the Major General
and others were below staying to speak with me; so
I went down to them.  They were courteous, and said,
they only stayed to see me, and acknowledge what I
had spoken in the meeting, was truth.  I told them, the
reason of our Friends drawing apart from them, was
to lay down a method, to provide for our poor widows,
and fatherless children. * * * * * * * * * The
Major General replied, he was glad to hear, there was
such care and order among us. He further said, he
was a man of great estate, and many of our Friends
poor men; therefore, he desired to contribute with
them.  Ie likewise asked me, how I was treated by
the Governor? I told him, that he was brittle and
peevish, and I could get nothing fastened on him.
He asked me' If the Governor called me dog, rogue,'
etc? I said,' No.'' Then' said he'you took him in his
best humor, those being his usual terms, when he is
angry, for he is an enemy to every appearance of good.'
" They were tender and loving, and we parted so, the
Major General desiring to see me at his house, which
I was willing to do, and accordingly went.
" He was a solid, wise man, receiving the truth, and
died in the same, leaving two Friends executors."
Dr. Peter Sharpe of the Cliffs, whose name is perpetuated by Sharpe's Island, in the Chesapeake, in
his will, made in 1672, says: " I give to Friends, in ye




148       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
ministry, viz: Alice Gary, William Cole, and Sarah
Mash, if then in being; Winlock Christeson and his
wife, John Burnyeat, and Daniel Gould, in money or
goods, at the choice of my executors, forty shillings
worth apiece; also for a perpetual standing, a horse
for the use of Friends in ye Ministry, and to be placed
at a convenient place for their use."
The Wenlock Christeson of the will, or Christopherson, is the same person, who when sentenced to death
at Boston, uttered the memorable words: " For the last
man that was put to death here, are five come in his
room.  If you have power, take my life from me, God
can raise up the same principle in ten of his servants,
and send them among you, in my room."'
In 1674, Christeson, with others, ask the Provincial
Assembly for permission to affirm, instead of taking
the usual oaths prescribed by law.
The Rev. John Yeo of the Church of England appears in Maryland in 1675, and was disturbed by the
movements of the Quakers, Mennonite Baptists, Roman
Catholics and other non-conformists.  From the Patuxent, on the 25th of May, 1676, he wrote the following
letter of lamentations to Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury.
" Most Reverend Father: Be pleased to pardon this
presumption of mine, in presenting to yOr serious
notice these rude and undigested lines, wah (with humble submission) are to acquaint yor Grace, with ye
deplorable estate and condition of the Province of Maryland, for want of an established ministry.




REV. JOHN YEO.                  149
" Here are in this Province ten or twelve thousand
souls, and but three Protestant ministers of us, yt are
conformable to ye doctrine and discipline of ye Church
of England.
"Others there are (I must confess) yt runne before
they are sent, and pretend they are ministers of the
Gospell, yt never had a legall call or ordination to
such an holy office; neither indeed are they qualified
for it, being, for the most part, such as never understood anything of learning, and yet take upon them to
be dispensers of the Word, and to administer ye Sacrament of Baptism; and sow seeds of division amongst
ye people, and no law provided for ye suppression of
such in this Province.' Society here is in great necessitie of able and learned
men to comfort the gainsayers, especially having soe
many profest enemies as the Popish Priests and Jesuits
are who are incouraged and provided for.  And ye
Quaker takes care and provides for those yt are speakers
in their conventicles; but noe care is taken, or provision
made, for the building up Christians in the Protestant
Religion; by means whereof, not only many dayly
fall away, either to Popery, Quakerism, or Fanaticisme, but also the Lord's Day is prophaned, religion
despised, and all notorious vices committed; so that
it is become a Sodom of uncleanness, and a pest house
of iniquity.
" I doubt not, but yor Grace will take it into consideration, and do yor utmost for our eternall welfare; and




150       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
now is y time yt yor Grace may be an instrument of
universall reformation, with greatest facility. Cecilius,
Lord Barron Baltemore, and absolute Proprietor of
Maryland being dead, and Charles Lord Barreon Baltemore and our Governor being bound for England this
year, as I am informed, to receive a further confirmation of y Province from His Majestie, at wch time, I
doubt not, but yor Grace may soe prevaile with, as yt
a maintenance for a Protestant ministry may be established as well in this Province, as in Virginia, Barbados, and all other His Majesties plantations in West
Indies; and then there will be encouragement for able
men to come amongst us, and yt some person may
have power to examine all such ministers as shall be
admitted into any county or parish, in wt Diocis, and
by wt Bishop they were ordained, and to exhibit their
l'rs of Orders to testifie the same, as yt I think the generalitie of the people may be brought by degrees to a
uniformitie; provided we had more ministers yt were
truly conformable to our mother ye Church, and none
but such suffered to preach amongst us. As for my
own pt, God is my witness, I have done my utmost
indeavor in order thereunto, and shall (by God's assistance) whiles I have a being here, give manifest
proof of my faithful obedience to the Canons and Constitution of our sacred mother.
"Yet one thing cannot be obtained here, viz, Consecration of Churches and Church-yards, to ye end yt
Christians might be decently buried together, whereas




FEW  ROMAN  CATHOLICS.                 151
now, they bury in the severall plantations where they
lived: unless yor Grace thought it sufficient to give a
Dispensation to some pious ministers together with ye
manner and forme, to doe the same.  And confident
I am yt you will not be wanting in any thing yt may
tend most to God's glorie, and the good of the Church,
by wCh you will engage thousands of soules to pray for
yar Grace's everlasting happiness."
The Archbishop of Canterbury referred Yeo's letter to Compton, Bishop of London, who on the 17th
of July, 1677, wrote: " In Maryland, there is no settled
maintenance for the ministry at all, the want whereof
does occasion  a total want of ministers and divine
worship, except among those of the Romish belief,
who'tis conjectured do not amount to one of a hundred of the people."
Lord  Baltimore to the application  of the Bishop
replied, that the Act of 1649, confirmed in 1676, tolerated and protected every sect, and continued " Four
ministers of the Church of England are in possession
of plantations which offered them a decent subsistence.l That, from the various religious tenets of the
The Rev. Wm. Wilkinson died in 1663, and Francis Doughty
was probably dead. The four ministers referred to were perhaps Yeo;
Coode a political agitator; the minister sent out by Charles the Second
referred to in letter of Mary Taney, see page 160; and Matthew Hill.
The last was a native of Yorkshire, educated at Magdalene College
and Rector at Thirsk, but ejected by the Act of Uniformity. He came
about 1669 to Charles County, Maryland. His father-in-law Walter
Bayne had entered a tract of 5000 acres called Barbadoes, on the east
side of the main fresh run of Port Tobacco creek. Calamy says, after
he was settled and had bright hopes " new troubles arose. He was a
good scholar, a lively preacher, and of a free and generous spirit."




152          THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
members of the Assembly, it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to induce it to consent to a law,
that shall oblige any sect to maintain other ministers,
than its own."
Yeo does not appear to have been remarkable for
learning, or Christian charity.1 In December, 1677,
1 The following letter is preserved among the New York MS. Records at Albany, addressed " To Mr. Henry Smith at Capt. Greges his
house, present These at N. Yorke."
Whorekill, November the 14th, 1678.
Worthy Sir,
Yours of the 5th I Rec'd the 7th Instant in wch you desired me
to minde Capt. Avery, to swear the Evidences, that these depositions
might be sent to you; in order to your desire, I did the same day write
a warrant, and Carried it myselfe to Avery, and he signed it and Imediately I ride wth it to the Sherieffe who wtlh all expedition served
it upon most of the evidences, but the day before they were to appeare
to give in there Testimony, the s'd Avery came to your house, and did
abuse me at a very high Rate & Thretning to send me to Yorke to
answer wt I had cone, viz., written a warrant wch did, as he said,
properly belong to the clerke's office for bringing it to him to signe
when he was as he pretended Drunke (to his Creditt be it spoken) at
WCh time, he absolutely refused to examine any evidence, unless it
were by express order of the Governor, notwithstanding the warrant
was for them, to give in there Evidence, in the behalfe of our Sovraigne Lord, the king and Avery did then take away the warrant and
Toare his name out it, neither would he Returne it any more to the
sherife, but I wth much Intreaty and some thretning gott a Coppy of
it Attested, a Coppy of wch I have sent you.
Avery is very greate with Helms & there gauge: there is never a
Barrell the better Herring amongst severall of them, they are very
Briske againe now, since the sloop brought noe order for there coming
to Yorke; and now Helms saith, that all ye men in the Countrey shall
never gett him to Yorke. Avery sideing with them, you are daily
abused, and I am counted amongst them, the worst of men. Helms
cannot leave his Tricks yet, for when M1 Clark's Goods came down,
out of 1 doz. Reapehooks he Borrowed six, for he left not one; he
kept them severall dayes, till at last old Tom told Clarke's serv'ts that
his Mr had them, and went and fetched ye hooks to them.




YEo's CERTIFICATE.                   153
he moved from  the Patuxent to  Whorekill, what is
now called Lewes, in Delaware, and there became involved in local disputes. The following certificate
dated March 28, 1678, was given by the Court, on the
Delaware.
"John Yeo, minister, being  lately arrived  out of
Maryland, appeared in Court, and exhibited and produced  his letters of ordination  and  license to  read
divine service, administer the holy sacraments, and
preach the word of God according to the laws and constitution of the Church of England.
" The Court accepts said John Yeo, upon the approbation of his honor the Governor, to  be maintained
by the free willing gifts, whereunto, the said John
Yeo declared himself contented."
In 1680 he was arraigned for mutinous expressions
against the Duke of York, the town and the Court,
but was acquitted. After this he appears to have returned to Calvert County, Maryland, and from  thence,
He hath also lately bought hoggs ~ *   t " +  * * * he did one
the 14th of the last month declare before some people yt ye king did
allow dutch waights and measures to pass in this countrey, but the
Governor did cheate the countrey of it, wCh of ye Scurrolous speeches
ye 26th of 8 b"s. The day after our arrivall at ye Whorekill sold
Corns the Clark's place for one quart of wine, at Mr Vines his house
& one the Tuesday after he acted as clarke at ye Court. I heartily
long to see you home and then I doubt not but all will be well. Mrs
Smith presents her Affections to you, she is mightily troubled at your
absence. I have seen very few women Grieve more for the death of A
husband, than she grieves for your Long absence, Espetially in that
you came not with the sloops. Thus not doubting, but that you will
in a short time  ~~ all your Enimies and Returne victorious, I
am, Sir, Your Ready friend and Serv't,         JOHN YEO."
20




154        THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
in 1682, went to Baltimore County where, about the
year 1686, he died.
Another form  of Christian faith was planted  in
Maryland, in 1680, and the Province became the rival
of Holland, in varieties of religious belief, and to it
were applicable the lines of Andrew Marvell, written
concerning Amsterdam.
" Sure, when Religion, did itself embark
And from the East, would Westward steer its bark,
It struck; and splitting on this unknown ground,
Each one thence pillaged the first piece he found;
Hence, Amsterdam, Turk, Christian, Pagan, Jew,
Staple of sects, and mint of schism grew;
That bank of conscience, where not one, so strange
Opinion, but finds credit and exchange,
In vain for Catholics, ourselves we bear,
The Universal Church is only there."
The visionary but pure-minded priest Labadie, after
he withdrew from the Church of Rome, urged some
peculiar views, which were not acceptable to the Reformed Churches, and after much persecution, he and
his adherents were sheltered in Friesland, a province
of the Netherlands.
In 1679 Danker and Sluyter were sent by the Labadists to select a site for a colony in North America.  Arriving at Manhattan, now New York City,
on October the twentieth, they became acquainted with
Ephraim  Herrman, clerk of the Court of Newcastle
and Upland on the Delaware River, and son of Augustine Herrman, the proprietor of Bohemia Manor,
in Maryland.




LABADISTS ARRIVE.                155
With him, these delegates descended the Delaware,
passed Tacony, a Swedish settlement, now a suburb
of Philadelphia, and rested on Tinicum Island, a few
miles below that city.
While the Labadists were neat in dress, frugal in
living, and like the Quakers depended much upon
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, yet there was no
affinity between these religionists. Danker, in his
journal, says, that while he was at a Swede's house,
on the Island, " there arrived three Quakers, of whom
one was the great prophetess, who travels through
the whole country, in order to quake. She lives in
Maryland, and forsakes husband and children, plantation, and all, and goes off for this purpose.  She had
been to Boston,l and was there arrested by the authorities, in account of her quaking."
On the 1st of December, the Labadists arrived at
the plantation of Caspar, another son of Herrman,
situated between the Delaware River and Chesapeake
Bay.  From  thence they went to Augustine Herrman's,' the uppermost plantation of Maryland, that
is as high up as it is yet inhabited by Christians."2
Danker, on Sunday, the 30th of December, 1679,
writes in his journal:
"Augustine is a Bohemian and formerly lived in
the Manathans, and had possession of farms and planta1 Perhaps Alice Gary, see page 143.
2 Augustine Herrman a native of Prague came to Manhattan about
1649 as clerk or factor to the brothers G(abri. In 1650 he was one of
the selectmen of Manhattan.




156         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
tions, but for some reason, I know not what, disagreeing with the Dutch Governor Stuyvesant, he repaired
to this place, which is laid down  upon a complete
map which he has made of Maryland and Virginia,
where he is very well acquainted, which map he has
dedicated to the King.1
" In consequence of his having done the people a
great service, he has been presented with a tract of
land of ten hundred or twelve hundred acres, which
he knowing  where the best land is, has chosen up
here, and given it the name Bohemia."
He adds: "HIe was very miserable both in body
and soul.  His plantation was going much into decay,
as well as his body, for want of attention.  There was
not a Christian man to serve him, as the term is, but
only negroes."2
On  another page, speaking  of  the children, he
writes: " They are all of a Dutch mother, after whose
death, the father married an English woman, the most
willful and despicable creature that can be found.  He
1 The Map alluded to is called " Virginia and Maryland as it is
planted and inhabited this present year 1670; surveyed and exactly
drawne by the only labours and endeavours of Augustine Herrman,
Bohemiensis."
It was the only map engraved by Faithorne who was distinguished
for crayon portraits, and delicate copper plate engraving. The only
one I have ever seen, is in the British Museum. It is in four folio
sheets, and at the bottom, has a portrait of Herrman. Lately the state
of Virginia has had a reduced copy, printed by the litho-photographic
process.
2 Negroes were considered infidels, and not allowed to bebaptized,
as baptism was supposed to give freedom to slaves. The Assembly of
1715 enacted the following:




THE HERRMAN FAMILY.                        157
is a very godless person, and the wife by her wickedness has compelled all the children to leave the father's
house and live elsewhere.'
Several of the children embraced the tenets of Labadie.'  After Danker returned to Manhattan, he wrote
that Ephraim  Herrman was on a visit, and with his
wife rejoicing in their faith. Under date of the 4th of
June he writes: 6 Visited by Ephraim  and one Peter
Beyaert, a deacon of the Dutch Church, a very good
soul, whom  the Lord had  begun to trouble and  enlighten.'
Danker and Sluyter returned  to  Friesland and a
colony was organized to proceed to Maryland.  The
" Forasmuch as many people have neglected to baptize their negroes,
or to suffer them to be baptized, on a vague apprehension, that negroes
by receiving sacrament of baptism are manumitted or set free.
" Be it, hereby, further declared, and enacted, that no negro or negroes,
by receiving the holy sacrament of baptism, is thereby manumitted or
set free, nor hath any right or title to manumission, more than he or
they had before, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding."
1 He was married on Dec. 10, 1650, to a Dutch woman at Manhattan,
and she had the following children
Ephraim George baptized Sept. 1, 1652.
Caspar             "    July 2, 1656.
Anna Magaritta    "    March 2, 1658.
Judith             "    May 7, 1660.
Francina           "    March 12, 1662.
By an Act of the Maryland Assembly in 1666, these were all naturalized.
Anna Margaritta married Matthias Vanderhuyden, and her daughter
Anna Francina, became the second wife of Edward Shippen a wealthy
Quaker of Philadelphia, who in 1675, had been whipped on Boston
Common, for speaking against the established religion. A descendant
of this Edward Shippen was the wife of Benedict Arnold, the traitor
to the American cause during the war of the Revolution.




158       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
company arrived in New York on the 27th of July,
1683. Deacon Peter Bayard the hatter and nephew
of Governor Stuyvesant, leaving his family, united
with them.
On the 11th of August, 1684, Augustus Herrman
makes a deed, conveying certain lands to Peter Sluyter,
Joseph Dankaerts, Petrus Bayard of New York, John
Moll and Arnold de la Grange of Delaware.
The Labadist colony, like all communist organizations, had a brief existence.  Bownas, as a Quaker
preacher, describes a visit to it, in 1702:
"When supper came in, it was placed upon a long
table, in a large room, where, when all things were
ready, about twenty men or upwards came in, at a
call, but no women.
" We all sat down, they placing me and my companion
near the head of the table, and having paused a short
space, one pulled off his hat, but not the rest till a
short space after; and then one after another they all
pulled their hats off, and as that occurred sat silent,
uttered no words that we could hear, for half or quarter
of an hour; and as they did not uncover at once, so
did not they cover again, at once, but, as they put on
their hats, fell to eating, not regarding those who were
still uncovered, so that it might be two minutes' time,
or more, between the first and last putting off their
hats.
"I, afterward, queried with my companion concerning
the reason of their conduct, and he gave, for this an



LABADIST SETTLEMENT.                 159
swer, that they held it unlawful to pray, till they felt
some inward motive for the purpose, and that secret
prayer was more acceptable than to utter words.
"I, likewise, queried,' If they had no women among
them?' He told me they had, but the women all by
themselves; having all things in common, respecting their household affairs, so that none could claim
any more right than another to any part of the stock.
All men, whether rich or poor, must put what they had
in the common stock, and likewise, if they had a mind
to leave, they must go out empty handed.'
"They frequently expound the Scriptures among
themselves; and being a very large family, in all upward of one hundred men, women, and children, they
carried on the manufacturing of linen, and had a very
large plantation of corn, tobacco, flax and hemp, together with cattle of several kinds."
In 1681, a sum of money was paid out of the secret
service fund of the king for the payment of the passage
of the Rev. Jonathan Sanders, to Maryland;1 and in
1683 the Rev. Duel Pead2 and William  Mullett were
designated for labor in the Province.
1 There is among the British Public Records a recommendation of
the Rev. Ambrose Sanderson by the Privy Council dated Oct. 8th, 1681,
as a suitable minister for Protestant subjects, addressed to the Proprietary of Maryland, but there is no evidence that he came to America
nor do we find any mention of Jonathan Saunders.
2 In Westminster Abbey on April 18, 1663, Paul Thorndyke, son of
John Thorndyke of New England, aged twenty, ancestor of the American family; and, Duell Pead, one of the King's scholars about sixteen
years of age, was baptized by the Dean, publicly, in the font, then




160         THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
In 1685, according to a letter of Mary Taney, wife
of the sheriff of Calvert County, the ancestor of the
late distinguished Chief Justice of the United States
of America, there was no Church of England minister
then residing in her vicinity. Under date of the 14th
of July she wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
" May it please your Grace; I am now to repeat my
request to your Grace, for a church in the place of
Maryland where I live; but first I humbly thank your
Grace, that you were pleased to hear so favorably,
and own my desires very reasonable, and to encourage
the inhabitants to make a petition to the King.
Our want of a minister, and the many blessings our
Saviour designed us by them, is a misery, which I and
a numerous family, and many  others in  Maryland,
have groaned  under.  We are seized  with  extreme
horror when we think, that for want of the Gospel
our children and posterity  are in  danger to be condemned to infidelity or to apostacy.  We do not question God's care of us, but think your Grace, and the
Right Reverend, your Bishops, the proper instruments
newly set up." In 1664 he was a member of Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1671 was Chaplain on board H. M. ship Rupert,
Among the entries in the Camden Society's volume entitled " Secret
Services of Chas. II and James II " under date of 14 June, 1683, is the
payment of ~20 to Duell Pead, Clerk, bounty to him for the charge of
his transportation to Maryland." If he ever came to America, he did
not long remain, for in 1691 he was licensed as Curate or Minister of
St. James, Clerkenwell. See Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers.
He had a son Deuel, who in 1712, received the degree of A.M. from
Cambridge University, and was probably the clergyman who was
settled at Annapolis, Maryland, and also preached in Virginia.




MARY TANEY'S PLEA.              161
of so great a blessing to us.  We are not, I hope, so
foreign to your jurisdiction, but we may be owned
your stray flock; however, the commission to go, and
baptize, and teach all nations, is large enough. But
I am  sure we are, by a late custom  upon tobacco,
sufficiently acknowledged subjects of the King of
England, and therefore by his protection, not only our
persons and estates, but of what is more dear to us,
our religion. I question not but that your Grace is
sensible, that without a temple it will be impracticable,
neither can we expect a minister to hold out, to ride
ten miles in a morning, and before he can dine, ten
more, and from house to house, in hot weather, will
dishearten a minister, if not kill him.
Your Grace is so sensible of our sad condition, and
for your place and piety's sake, have so great an influence on our most religious and gracious King, that
if I had not your Grace's promise to depend upon, I
could not question your Grace's intercession and prevailing.  ~500 or ~600 for a church, with some small
encouragement for a minister, will be extremely less
charge, than honor, to his Majesty.
One church settled according to the Church of England, which is the sum of our request, will prove a
nursery of religion and loyalty through the whole Province. But your Grace needs no arguments from me,
but only this, it is in your power to give us many happy
opportunities to praise God for this and innumerable
mercies, and to importune His goodness, to bless his
21




162       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Majesty, with a long and prosperous reign over us,
and long continue to your Grace, the great blessing of
being an instrument of good to his Church. And now
that I may be no more troublesome, I humbly entreat
your pardon to the well meant zeal of
Your Grace's most obedient servant,
MARY TANEY.
Accompanying this letter was the following Petition:
" To the Most Reverend the Archbishops, and the
rest of the Right Reverend the Bishops, the humble
petition of Mary Taney, on the behalf of herself and
others his Majesty's subjects inhabitants of the Province
of Maryland.
" Sheweth, That your petitioner in her petition to the
King's Majesty, setting forth That the said Province,
being without a church or any settled ministry, to the
great grief of all his Majesty's loyal subjects there, his
late Majesty, King Charles the Second of blessed
memory, was graciously pleased to send over thither,
a minister, and a parcel of Bibles, and other church
books of considerable value, in order to the settlement
of a church and ministry there.
"That the said minister dying, apd the inhabitants
who have no other trade but in tobacco, being so very
poor that they are not able to maintain a minister,
chiefly by reason of his Majesty's customs, here upon
tobacco, which causes the inhabitants to sell it there,
to the merchants, at their own rates. By means
whereof so good a work as was intended by his said




REV. PAUL BERTRAND.                163
late Majesty is like to miscarry, to the utter ruin of
many poor souls, unless supplied by his Majesty.
" Praying his Majesty, that a certain parcel of tobacco,
of one hundred hogsheads or thereabouts, of the growth
or product of the said Province, may be custom free,
for and towards the maintenance of an orthodox divine,
at Colvert Town, in the said Province, or otherwise
allow maintenance for a minister there.
"Yourpetitioner, therefore, most humbly prays, that
your Lordships will be pleased, not only to mediaIte
with his Majesty and in your petitioner's behalf request
him to grant her desire in such petition, but likewise,
that your Lordships will vouchsafe to contribute towards the building of a church at Colvert Town, as
your Lordships in charity and goodness shall think
meet."
A little while after this petition was received, on
the 29th of September, 1685, a sum of money was
given from the secret service fund of the King, to
defray the passage of the Rev. Paul Bertrand to Maryland.
There is preserved the report of this clergyman
dated the 12th of September, 1689, written in French,
addressed to the Bishop of London, which describes
the condition of religion in the province at that time.l
Year after year the members of the Society of
Friends increased, and were respected.  In a reply to
1See Stevens's Catalogue of Manuscripts presented by George
Peabody to Maryland Historical Society.




164       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
a petition, that Quakers might be allowed to affirm, in
the place of taking the usual oath, the Upper House
of the Assembly on the 6th of September, 1681, took
the following action:
"Upon reading the paper, delivered yesterday, by
William Berry and Richard Johns,' this House do say;
That if the rights and privileges of a free born Englishman, settled on him  by Mlagna Charta, so often confirmed by subsequent parliaments, can be preserved by
yea, and nay, in wills and testaments, and other occurrents, the Lower House may do well to prepare such a
law, and that the Upper House will consider of it."
Subsequently, the Quakers presented an. able and
logical argument for a change in the law concerning
oaths. It opened with the following dignified and
eloquent preamble:' We are Englishmen ourselves,
and free born, although in scorn commonly called
Quakers, and therefore, so far from desiring the least
breach of Magna Charta or of the least privilege belonging to a free-born Englishman, that we had rather
suffer many degrees more than we do, if it was possible,
than willingly admit of the least violation of those
ancient rights and liberties, which are indeed our
birth-right and so often confirmed to us, by subsequent
Parliaments. And had we not been full well assured
that our sufferings may be redressed, and our request
granted, without the violating of Magna Charta in the
least degree, we would not have desired it."
1 Richard Johns was a distant relative of the founder of Johns
Hopkins University at Baltimore.




WILLIAM  PENN'S ARRIVAL.              165
The argument had a good effect, and the Lower
House of the Assembly voted for a modification of the
statute, but Lord Baltimore did not give his approval.
The period was arriving when the cause of the
Quakers was to receive a powerful impulse.  As
William  Penn, the son of a British Admiral, in early
life a student at Oxford and Paris, heard of the
oppression of his fellow religionists, under the statutes
of Maryland and Virginia, he conceived the project of
" a free colony for all mankind," wherein entire liberty
of conscience should be allowed.
From the hour that Penn made his treaty under the
shade of the elm trees on the Delaware, Quakerism was
more respected.
The men that began to build on the rectangular
streets of the newly surveyed city of Philadelphia,
were industrious, and glad to welcome as sharers in
the municipal government, the Jew or the Turk, the
Calvinist or Roman Catholic.
Not long after he sailed up the Delaware he proceeded to visit the societies of Friends on the tributaries of the Chesapeake. Subsequently he made a
second visit and conducted Lord and Lady Baltimorel
to a religious meeting at Tred Haven.  Richardson,
who was one of the preachers, describes Lady Baltimore, as "a notable, wise, natural, and courteously
carriaged woman."
1 Lady Baltimore had been the widow of Henry Sewall of Patuxent,
one of the councillors of the Province.




166       THE  FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
After Penn's return to England, Quakerism  was
strengthened in America, by the arrival of Thomas
Story, another man of cultivated intellect. He had
received in England a complete education, and was
not only a proficient in Greek and mathematics, but
also skilled in the arts of music and fencing. His associations in youth were with an excessive ritualism.
The church he attended conformed to the "' new fangleism" that crept back again to the Chur;h of England
in the days of Archbishop Laud. For a time he was
very zealous in the observance of rubrics, but in time
they became a burden, and at length he bounded over
to that Society of Friends, which well nigh forgot that
man was a compound of flesh and spirit, and demanded
a few expressive rites.
Having studied law, Story came to Pennsylvania,
was made Master of the Rolls and Keeper of the Great
Seal, and subsequently Mayor of the city of Philadelphia.l
On the 27th of the 3d month, 1699 0. S., he attended
the yearly meeting of the Quakers at West River,
County, Maryland, in company with a distinguished
physician of Philadelphia, whom Penn called, "' tender
Griffith Owen."  On the 13th of the next month Story
says in his journal, " came one Henry Hall, a priest
of the Church of England, and with others of his motion
eaves-dropped the meeting, but came not in."  Richard
1 Story, in 1706, married a daughter of Edward Shippen of Philadelphia.




STORY, QUAKER PREACHER.            167
Johns, a prominent member of the meeting, then arose,
and made the following confession of faith.
" We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, who was
born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived by the promise and influence of the Holy Ghost, is the true Messiah or Saviour; that he died upon the cross at
Jerusalem, a propitiation and sacrifice for the sins of
all mankind; that he rose from the dead on the third
day, ascended, and seated on the right hand of the
Majesty on high, making intercession for us; and in
the fulness of time shall come to judge both the living
and the dead, and reward all according to their work. "
The next day the clergyman and his friends again
lurked near the meeting, and Story says:
" My companion in his testimony apprehending they
were within hearing, cried aloud to them to come forth
out of their holes, and appear openly like men, and if
they had anything to say, after meeting was over, they
should be heard."
Story next challenged them to prove their call to
the ministry," which they, taking upon them to do, only
told us that Christ called the apostles, and they ordained
others, and they again others in succession to that time."
Then Story demanded proof " who they were that
the apostles ordained, and who from age to age suecessors ordained, wherein if they justly failed they
were to be rejected as no ministers of Christ, since they
had rested the matter on such a succession."  " Many
people," continues the journal," called out to the clergy



168       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
man.'We will pay you the tobacco, being obliged
by law, that is forty pounds of tobacco for every negro
slave, but we will never hear you more.' While we
were yet in the gallery one climbed up into a window,
and cried out with a loud voice to Henry Hall,' Sir,
you have broken a canon of the Church; you have
baptized several negroes, who being infidels, baptism
ought not to have been administered to them.'
"At this the priest was enraged, but made no
answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted and
threatened the man to trounce him.
"Then I observed to the people that if these negroes
were made Christians in  this  sense, members of
Christ, children of God, inheritors of the kingdom of
heaven, received into the body of the Church of Christ,
as the language is at the time of sprinkling, how could
they now  detain them  longer as slaves?  Several
justices of the peace being ashamed of their priest,
slid out of the meeting as unobservable as might be,
and the people in general contemned them as such,
who behind the back of the Quakers had greatly reproached and belied them, but face to face were
utterly subdued by them. That night several of the
justices, lodging with our friend Samuel Chew,l expressed their sentiments altogether in our favor, and'Samuel Chew was the son of Samuel Chew of Chewton, Somersetshire, England. He was a physician and became Chief Justice of
Delaware. His son Benjamin, was born on West River in 1722, studied
law at the Inner Temple, London, and ultimately became the Chief
Justice of Pennsylvania.




SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.               169
the priests were really ignorant men in matters of
religion."
Sir Thomas Lawrence,' the Secretary of the colony,
wincing under the plain arguments of Story, complained of what he called the tart expressions of the
Quaker, to the Lords of Trade and  Plantations.
William  Penn being in England, his attention was
called to the subject, to which he alludes in a letter to
a friend:
"A silly knight! Though I hope it comes of officious weakness, the talent of the gentleman, with some
malice. Matters there are never attacked by Thomas
Story, nor in irreverent tones.
" I never heeded it, only said, that if the gentleman
had sense enough for his office, he might have known
this tale was no part of it, that Thomas Story was discreet and temperate, and did not exceed in his retorts
and returns.
" But'tis children's play to provoke a combat and
then cry out that such a one beats them; that I hoped
they were not a committee of conscience and religion,
and that it showed the shallowness of the gentleman
that played the busybody in it."
At the commencement of the eighteenth century
the Quakers exercised a powerful influence in the
colonies. Men were forced to admit, that they were
keepers at home, industrious, intelligent, not given to
1 Sir Thomas Lawrence, son of Sir John, B't, having spent all his
estate was made Secretary of Maryland in 1696 and in 1712, died
there.- Notes and Queries, Dec. 27, 1873.
22




170      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
wine or brawling, cleanly in their habits, and honest
in their commercial transactions.
The yearly meeting of the Society was eagerly looked
for by all classes. Edmundson well observed, " Yearly
meeting in Maryland, many people resort to it and
transact a deal of trade with one another, so that it is
a kind of market or change, where the captains of ships
and the planters meet and settle their affairs, and this
draws abundance of people." Occurring as it did near
the Whitsuntide holidays, the black slaves flocked
thither to enjoy rest for a few days from the exhausting labors of the tobacco field. Families from  the
different counties rolled there, in ponderous oldfashioned carriages for the purpose of social reunion,
young men came on fine horses, to compare them and
give a trial of their speed, and others went to confer
with the beautiful and pure minded maidens, who, in
their plain drab dresses and scooped bonnets, were to
them far more interesting than the angels, who seemed
cold and distant, because they had neither flesh nor
blood.
The accession of James the Second to the throne of
England, although he was in religious sympathy with
Charles Lord Baltimore, brought trouble to the Proprietary of Maryland.
The King, fond of arbitrary power, determined to
make all of his colonial governments directly dependent upon the Crown, and in April, 1687, ordered a
writ of quo warranto to be issued against the charter
of Maryland, but before there could be a hearing of




FIRST PRINTING PRESS.               171
the case, James was an exile, and William and Mary
by the revolution of 1688 ascended the throne.
Taking advantage of the new order of affairs in England, John Coode a clergyman, the Titus Oates of
Maryland, described as a " democratic Ferguson in
principles of government, an iobbist or worse in
principles of religion," became the leader of the party
in the Province in favor of abrogating the charter.
In April, 1689, was formed " an association in arms
for the defence of the Protestant religion, and for asserting the rights of King William  and Queen Mary
to the province of Maryland and all the English
dominion."
A statement was printed for them, by Richard Nuthead at Saint Mary, a copy of which is preserved in
the British Museum library, affording the first evidence
of a printing press in Maryland.
After the accession of William and Mary, the King
of England appointed the Governors of Maryland.
Lionel Copley was in 1691 commissioned as Governor,
and soon after his arrival an Act for the establishment
of the Protestant religion was passed, and the ten
counties divided into twenty parishes.
The opposition of the Quakers was so great that the
law was a dead letter. After the death of Copley, in
1694, Nicholson became Governor, and with him, there
came in the month of August, six clergymen,l making
1 Dickinson, a Quaker preacher, under date of 8th limo, 1695 0. S.,
writes at the Downs:
" Several priests were going over into Maryland having heard that




172        TI1E FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
the whole number in the Province, nine.  He succeeded in passing a law forbidding public worship to
Roman Catholics, but in 1695, under the influence of
Quakers and Romanists, the invidious legislation was
repealed, but the very next year it was enacted, that
the Church of England in the Province, should enjoy
all the rights, established by law, in the kingdom  of
England, and it was proposed that a Bishop should be
appointed, who should, as a representative of the clergy,
have a seat in the Upper House of the Assembly.
The Rev. Dr. Thomas Bray, who had in 1696 been appointed Commissary for the clergy, in company with
Sir Thomas Lawrence, Secretary of Maryland, waited
on Alnne, the Princess of Denmark, to request her acceptance ofthe respect shown her by naming the capital
of Maryland, Annapolis.  Bray having received a donation for libraries from the Princess, he presented books
to the amount of ~400 to the capital.  Some of these
books are still on the shelves of the library of St. John's
College in that eity, and on the covers is stamped " De
Bibliotheca  Annapolitana.1  In March, 1700, Bray
arrived and preached before the legislative Assemthe Government had laid a tax of forty pounds of tobacco on each inhabitant for the advancement of the priest's wages."
These were probably the clergymen recently ordained at Saint
Paul's Cathedral, London.
In 1698 a Rev. Mr. Gaddes was at Annapolis, and Rev. Chs. I'y
Hall at Herring Creek.
1 The following is from the book of St. James Parish: " 1698. Books
received ye Rev. Ch's H'y Hall -   May. A Catalogue of books belonging to ye library of St. James Parish in Ann Arundel Co., sent by
ye Rev. Dr. Bray, and marked thus " belonging to ye library of Herring Creeke, Ann Arundel County,"'




PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES.                                      173
bly at Annapolis. At this session, it was reenacted,
that the Church of England should be the established
church of Maryland.  As before, the Quakers used
their influence with the King, to prevent, while 1Pr.
Bray went back to England to secure, its approval.
The biographer of Bray writes: " Though the law,
with much solicitation and struggling, was preserved
The following parochial libraries were sent to Maryland by Dr.
Bray in the course of a few years.
Books
Annapolis,............................................. 1095
St. Mary's...........................................                       314
Herring Creek...................................  150
South River,.........................................  109
North Sassafras,.....................................                      42
King and Queen's Parish...............................  196
Christ Church, Calvert County,..........................    42
All Saints,.........................................    49
St. Paul's, Calvert County,..............................  106
Great Choptank, Dorchester Ccunty......................    76
St. Paul's, Baltimore                  ".....................   42
Stepney, Somerset                      "...................    60
Porto Batto, Charles                   "....................    30
St. Peter's, Talbot.....................    10
St. Michael's                          "....................    15
All Faith's, Calvert                   "......................         11
Nanjemoy, Charles                      "...................    10
Piscatoway,   "                        "....................    10
Broad Neck, Ann Arundel                ".....................    10
St. John's, Baltimore                  ".....................    10
St. George's,  "                       "....................            10
Kent Island,.................................    10
Dorchester,........................    10
Snow  Hill, Somerset                   ".....................    10
South Sassafras,.....................................                        10
St. Paul's, Kent County,...............................    35
William  and Mary, Charles County.......................    26
Somerset, Somerset                    ".......................  20
Coventry,        "                    ".....................            25
St. Paul's Talbot                      ".....................    2




174      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
from being totally disannulled, yet many of the exceptions which the Quakers made against it, sticking with
the Lords of Trade, all that could be obtained was, that
Dr. Bray might, with advice of Council, draw up
another bill, according to the instructions of that
Board, and sending the bill to Maryland, had the promise, that his Majesty, upon its return, would confirm
it."
The law drawn up by Dr. Bray was submitted to an
Assembly begun at Annapolis, the 16th day of March,
1701-2, and was approved by the King. It was styled
" An Act for the establishment of religious worship
in this Province, according to the Church of England:
and for the maintenance of ministers."
The Act provided, that " the dissenters, commonly
called Quakers " should have the privilege of making
a solemn affirmation or declaration instead of the usual
oath.
Although absent in body, the interests of the Episcopal church in Maryland were not forgotten by Dr.
Bray, and a Rev. Mr. Hewetson, of Ireland, was recommended as superintendent of the clergy. In a
letter, written at Chelsea, August 27, 1703, and
addressed to Mr. Smithson, Speaker of the Maryland
Assembly, he alludes to the rude treatment by the
Governor, of himself and the clergyman, whom he had
suggested for suffragan or commissary, and proposes
that the Maryland legislature shall set apart one of the
best parishes, as the cure of a suffragan, to be appointed




CONCLUSION.                 175
by the Bishop of London, and build a house for his
residence. He further suggests that the glebe should
be stocked with ten negroes, twenty cattle, and twenty
hogs. It had been proposed, that the suffragan should
have a seat at the Council Board of the Province, but
this did not receive his approval, and he thought that
this officer should not reside on the same side of the
Bay as the Governor of the province.
We enter not upon the eighteenth century. The
aim  of this little book has been attained, if it has
brought to light a few facts not hitherto published relative to the mode of life, the struggles, and principles
of those who were the founders of Maryland.








ADDENDA.
CLAYBORNE FAMILY AND ARMS.
THIS family from an early period, dwelt in Westmoreland, on the borders of Cumberland.
In the days of Richard the Second, there was a knight
of Westmoreland, Robert de Clyborne, who bore on
his arms the Saxon motto " Clibbor ne scearn " which
has been variously translated, "A burden shames not,'
" Untouched by shame," or " Adversity no Disgrace."
Over the door of Cleburne Hall erected in 1577, near
Westmoreland, not far from  Penreth, Cumberland, is
cut the same arms given to Robert Clyborne in the
Visitation of Cumberland, published  by the  I arleian Society; quartering of four.  First and fourth
argents: three cheverons interlaced in  base, chief
sable: second and third, argent saltier engrailed vert,
over all a mullet for difference.
The Visitation of Cumberland calls the father
of William Clayborne of Virginia, Edward; and his
grandfather Robert, but some writers state that his
father's name was Edmund, and his grandfather's
Raphe or Rich'd, the result perhaps of careless transcription.
23




178       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
Thomas, an elder brother of the Virginia Clayborn,
in 1580, married Agnes daughter of Sir John Lowther,
of the distinguished family of Lowther Hall, Westmoreland.
A  son of Thomas, named William, resided in Tipperary County, Ireland, and in the ancient church of
Iilbarron on the east side of Lough Derg near where
it flows into the Shannon, not far from Killaloe, is a
stone over a vault, in the chancel with the following
coat of arms, and inscription:
Crest.- A Dove and olive branch.
Arms.- Argent three chevronels braced in base sa.
A. chief and bordure of the last.
Motto. — Pax et copia.
INSCRIPTION.
Gulielmus Cleburne de Ballicultan, obiit vigesimo
secundo die, mensis Octobris, Anno Domini, 1684.
William  Clayborne on his return from England, as
Treasurer of Virginia, sought for 3000 acres of land,
near Potomac Creek, and perhaps it was through his
influence, that the Legislature of Virginia, in 1653,
designated the region from  Machodac Creek to the
Falls of the Potomac, Westmoreland County.




ADDENDA.                   179
SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN.
SIR Edmund Plowden was the great grandson of
Edmund Plowden the distinguished jurist whose commentaries on law, Chief Justice Coke called " exquisite
and elaborate."
Francis his grandfather born in 1562, married in
Oxfordshire, and died in 1652, at the age of ninety.
Edmund resided after his marriage, about A.D.,
1610, atWanstead, Hampshire. His wife, was Mabel,
daughter of Peter Mariner of that place.
Although he had been educated a Roman Catholic,
before he came to America he conformed to the
Church of England.
In 1632, he petitioned King Charles, for a tract of
land, to be " exempted from all appeal and subjection
to the Governor and Company of Virginia, and with
such other additions, privileges and dignities, like as
have been heretofore granted to Sir George Calvert
KE't, late Lord Calvert in New Foundland, together
with the usual grants and privileges that other colonies
have for governing, and ordering their planters and
subordinates, and for supplying of corn, cattle and
necessaries from your Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland,
with power to take artificers and laborers there."
In June, 1632, the great seal of State was affixed to
the charter of Maryland, and issued to Cecil, the
Second Lord Baltimore, and the next month Charles
the First, from his court at Oatlands, issued an order




180       THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
for a grant of land in answer to the petition of Sir John
Lawrence, Baronet, and Sir Edward Plowden Kn't.
The king writes:
"Our pleasure is, and we do hereby authorize and
require you, upon the receipt of these, our letters,
forthwith to cause a grant of the said Isle, called the
Isle Plowden, or Long Isle between 39 and 40 degrees
North Latitude, and of forty leagues square of the adjoining continent  *     * *   to be holden of us, as
of our crown of Ireland, by the name of New Albion,
with such privileges, additions and dignities to Sir
Edmund Plowden, his deputies and assigns, as first
Governor of the premises, etc."
Plowden appears to have been a choleric and eccentric person. In the year 1635, his wife Mabel complains, to the High Commission Court, that because
she refused to sell an estate, which she brought on her
marriage, twenty-five years before, worth ~3000 per
annum, her husband had treated her with extreme
cruelty. By the persuasion of friends, the complaint
was dropped, and the wife consented to return once
more to Plowden's house, but he soon began, as before,
ill treatment.
Another complaint on May 3, 1638, was lodged by the
Rev. Philip Rofield, for twenty-five years rector of the
parish of Lasham, Hampshire, for beating his wife,
about to become a mother, because Plowden and the
clergyman had disagreed upon the terms of a certain
lease.




ADDENDA.                  181
In the year 1634, Captain Young and his nephew
Robert Evelyn commenced the exploration of the
Delaware River, and other parts of the province of
New Albion. After this voyage Evelyn returned to
England and in 1637 received an appointment as Surveyor of the Virginia Colony. In 1641 there was published a small quarto with title "Direction for adventurers, and  true  description of the  healthiest,
pleasantest, and richest plantation of New Albion, in
North Virginia, in  a letter from  Mayster Robert
Eveline, who lived there many years."
At the time of its publication Plowden was still in
England. The first sentence of Evelyn's letter is as
follows:
"Sir Edmund, our noble Governor and Lord Earl
Palatine, persisting still, in his noble purpose, to go on
with his plantation, on Delaware or Charles River,
just midway between New  England and Virginia,
where, with my uncle, Young, I several years resided,
hath often informed himself both of me, and Master
Stratton, as I perceive by the hands subscribed of
Edward Monmouth, Tenis Palee, and as Master Buckham, Master White, and other ship masters and sailors
whose hands I know, and it to be true, that there lived
and tradedwith me. And I should verygladly according
to his desire have waited upon you in person, had I
not next week been passing to Virginia."
In concluding the letter, Evelyn remarks:' If my
Lord Palatine will bring with him three hundred men,




182      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
or more, there is no doubt, but he may grow rich. * *
And truly I believe my Lord of Baltimore will be glad
of my Lord Palatine's plantation and assistance, and
against any enemy or bad neighbor. *  * * *   I shall
entreat you to believe me, as a gentleman and Christian, I write to you nothing but the truth, and hope
there, to take opportunity, in due season, to visit you,
and do all the good offices in Virginia, my place and
friends can serve you in."
In 1642 Plowden was residing in Virginia, and in
1648 by way of Boston he returned to England, where
the same year he published a description of the Province of New Albion in which are the following statements:
" After seventeen years discovery there, and trial
made, is begun to be planted and stored by the Governor
and Company of New Albion, consisting of forty-four
lords, baronets, knights, and merchants; who for the
true informing of themselves, their friends, adventurers
and partners, by residents and traders there, four
several years, out of their journal books, namely,
Captain Browne, a shipmaster, and Master Strafford his
mate; and by Captain Claybourn fourteen years there
trading, and Constantine his Indian, there born and
bred; and by Master Robert Evelin four years there,
yet by eight of their hands subscribed and enrolled do
testify this to be the true state of the country and
Delaware Bayv or Charles' River."
Allusion has been made to the fact that in this book




ADDENDA.                   183
a year before the passage of Maryland Act on Religion
a scheme of toleration is presented.
The precise date of Plowden's death has not been
ascertained but his will was made 29th of July, 1651,
in which he styles himself " Sir Edmund Plowden,
Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain General
of New Albion in North America."
His sister Elizabeth, married Sir Arthur Lake the
son of Sir Thomas who, like Sir George Calvert, was
a Secretary of State, under King James and before
1634, she was a widow. The facts in this notice have
been obtained from  Visitation of Oxfordshire, Description of New Albion, Strafford's Letters, Bruce's
Calendars of State Papers and Burke's Landed Gentry.
THOMAS COPLEY, S. J.
1 HE warrant ofprotection, given by order of Charles
the First, to Father Copley, printed on the ninetysecond page of this volume, was obtained upon the
plea, that he was tarrying in England, attending to his
father's estate.
In the Calendar of State Papers for 1634, under date
of 1st of December, Thomas Copley, in a petition to
the King, states, that he is an alien born, and therefore
conceives he is not liable to trouble, for his religion,
by the laws of the realm, yet fearing he may be molested




184      THE FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND.
by some messengers, while following occasions which
concern his father's, and his own estate, prays his
Majesty to refer this petition to one of the principal
Secretaries.
The attention of Secretary Windebank was called to
the request, and on the 10th of the month, the warrant
was issued.
SHIP WARWICK.
HUBBARD in History of New England states that
Ferdinando Gorges with John Mason, George Griffith
and other associates, employed men for several years,
to search for a great lake, in province of Laconia, for
which, in 1629, they had received a patent.
The ship Warwick, in the summer of 1630, arrived
at Piscataquay, New Hampshire, bringing as passenger
Capt. Walter Neale to act as Governor of the infant
settlement in that region.




INDEX.
Accomack plantation, 13, 22.        Batte, Elizabeth, 79.
Act concerning  religion, 120;  Bayard, Deacon Peter, 157.
Hammond on, 121; not framed  Baxter, John, 64.
by Baltimore, 121; when con-  Baxter, Roger, 54.
firmed, 121; reasserted, 130.  Baltimore, The Lords, see Calvert.
Albion, New, 56,57; see Plowden.  Beane or Bayne, Waalter, 122, 151.
Allerton's plantation, 136.         Beasley, Elizabeth, 142.
Allerton, Isaac Sr., son-in-law of  Beaver trade, 9, 12, 23, 25, 28.
Win. Brewster, Puritan, 139.  Bellson, John, killed, 52.
Allerton, Isaac Jr., neighbor of  Bennett,  Richard,  Parliament
Thomas Gerrard in Va., 136;        Commissioner,  57;  treats
daughter marries son of Rich-       with Indians, 116; kind to
ard Lee, 136.                       Quakers, 147; his executors,
Altham, John, Jesuit, 64; see           147.
Gravener.                      Berkeley, Gov. of Va., expels
Ambrose, Alice, Quakeress, 143.         Puritans, 113, 116; censured
Anacostan Indians, 14, 24, 25,          by  Parliament, 116; very
28, 32; capture Henry Fleet,        peevish, 146, 147; visited by
11.                                 Quakers, 147.
Anacostia, 25.                      Berry, William, Quaker, 130, 164.
Analostan Island, 25.               Bertrand, Rev. Paul, 163.
Annapolis Library, 172.             Birkhead, Abraham, 145.
Anne, lame servant of Plowden,  Bishop, Henry, 91.
67; travels with  Margaret  Bohemia Manor, 155.
Brent, 67.                      Bolton, Ann, marries  Francis
Anthill, Francis, 79.                    Brooke, 124.
Archer, servt. of W. Durand,  Boreman, William, 129.
116.                            Bosworth, Capt. Richard, 129.
Ark, ship searched, 59, 60, 87.     Bownas, Quaker preacher, 158.
Arundel, Ann, wife of 3d Lord  Bray, Rev. Dr. Thos., CommisBaltimore, 40.                      sary, 17; at Annapolis, 17;
Arundel, Count, 40.                     establishes Church of EngAshmore, William, 52, 91.               land, 17.
Askume, John, 13.                   Brent, Margaret, executrix  of
Assembly of A.D. 1638,91; 1639,          Gov. Leonard Calvert, 66;
98; 1642, 73; 1649, 120, 150;       her brothers, 66; courted in
1650, 122; 1659,136.                old age, 68.
Brewster, William, Puritan, 139.
Baker, Alexander, 54.               Bricks made in Providence, 80.
Baker, Andrew, 54.                  Brock, John, Jesuit, 96.
Baldwin, John, 142.                 Brock, Richard, 79.
Balye, Charles, 142.                Brooke, Baker, 137.
Banks, Lt. Richard, 128.            Brooke, Francis, in Assembly of
Baptism of East Indian boy, 111;         1650, 122; his wife, 124.
negroes, 156.                   Brooke, Henry, 78.
24




186                           INDEX.
Brough, William, 122.               Canada, Cornelius, brickmaker,
Browne, Richard, Winter's ser-          80.
vant, 60.                      Canada Indians, 25.
Brown, Richard, 79.                Candayack or Pamunkey Point,
Bryant, John, 91.                       57.
Burnham Thorpe, 81.                Cannibalism alleged, 20, 31, 33.
Burnyeat, John,Quaker preacher,  Carline, Henry, 142.
143, 148.                      Carnock, Christopher, 91.
Burroughs,  Edward,  Quaker  Carolana granted to Heath, 47.
preacher, 146.                 Catholics, Roman, few  in Province, 96, 120, 151; oppose
Calvert, George, 1st Lord Balti-        toleration oath, 122; Protesmore, 40-48: early life, 40;       tant complaint of 94; abuse
joins Church of Rome, 40;           of, 96.
opposed freedom  of speecl,  Charillton, Thomas, 91.
40; in New Foundland, 41;  Chester, J. L., on Washington
sick, 42; second wife, 41, 46;     ancestry, 137; Westminster
visits Virginia, 43; refuses        Abbey, 160.
oath, 44, 45; asks for land,  Chew, Benjamin 168.
45; obtains Maryland, 48.      Chew, Samuel 168.
Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord  Balti-  Chipsham, Robert, 129.
more, 40; his wife Ann Arun-  Church of England established,
dcel, 40; opposes Clayborne,        73; Holy Church, 98.
48, 50; aided by Gov. Har-  Clarkson, Robert, letter of, 141.
vey, 53; letter from the King,  Clayborne, William, 13, 16, 17,
55; sends a colony, 59; de-        22; visited by Fleet, 14; anscribes embarcation, 62; his        cestry of, 38; surveyor of
ships searched, 61; reorgan-        Virginia, 39; at Pamunkey,
izes Province, 73; ceases to        39; Secretary of Virginia,
originate laws, 98; is poor,       44, 46; his trading posts, 48;
101; disputes with Jesuits,        resists Gov. Calvert. 49; sus101; invites Puritans, 108;         tained by Virginia, 49; conassents to Toleration Acts,         fers  with  Patuxents, 49;
121;  affiliates  with  New        described by Capt. Young,
England, 126; settles diffi-       50; his vessel seized, 51;
culties, 1'0: against a settled    holds Kent Island, 54, 56;
church establishment, 151.         goods of at Palmers Isle, 55;
Calvert, George, son of 1st Lord        servants of at Palmers Isle,
Baltimore, 49, 64; friendly to      55;  Parliament  CommisClayborne, 49; time of death,      sioner, 57; at Pamunkey, 57;
64.                                reappointed Secretary of Va.,
Calvert, Leonard, Governor, 16;         58; in Va. legislature, 58;
settles at Yowaccomoco, 17;         family and arms, 177, 178.
not an illegitimate, 41; de-  Clayborne, William Jr., 58.
mands on Clayborne, 48, 49;  Clayborne, Thomas, killed  by
his early life, 65; called a        Indian, 58.
dunce, 65; sails for England,  Clerkenwell College of Jesuits,
73; obtains letter of marque,      91.
73; seizes Parliament ship,  Cloberry, William, London mer75; interview with Margaret         chant, 11.
Brent, 66; his legacies, 66;  Clocker, Daniel, 78.
his godson Leonard Green,  Cloughton, James, 54.
66.                            Cole, Josiah, 130.
Calvert, Philip, 42, 118, 137.      Cole. Rev. Mr., 139.
Camden's notice of Edward Pal-  Cole, Richard, 79, 91.
mer, 9.                        Cole, Thomas, 129, 142.




INDEX.                            187
Cole, William, 142, 158.           Crouch, Ralph, 127.
Coles, Ann, 116.                   Curtis, Robert, 79.
Coleman of Anamessex, 146.
Compton, Bishop of London, 151.  Dale, Sir Thomas, death of, 112.
Compton, James, 92.                Dandy, John, hung, 129.
Coode, Rev. John, 151.             Danker or Dankaerts, a Labadist,
Cook, John, 78.                         154; at Manhattan,  154;
Copte, Jeremiah, 78.                    at Tinicum, 155; at Bohemia
Coplandc  Rev. Patrick, chaplain,       Manor, 155; visits Augustus
111; teaches East Indians,         Herrman,  156;  describes
111; with Sir Thos. Dale,          Hlerrnan family, 156; visited
112; in Java, 112; collection      by Peter Bayard, 157.
for Va., 112; sermon to Va.  Darby, Francis, 129.
Co., 113; letter from Hugh  Davenant, Will, poet, 126; apPeters, 114; to  Winthrop,         pointed Gov. of Md., 126.
114; at Eleuthera, 115.        Davenport, Rev. John, 116.
Copley, Thomas, Jesuit, 96, 97;  Davison, Christopher, poet, and
his petition, 184; letter from     Secretary of Va.,39.
king, 92; his ancestry, 92;  Davison, Thomas, 92.
land warrant, 93; trades in  Davison, Sir William, 39.
beaver, 93; his house seized,  Dawson, William, killed, 52.
103; at St. Inigo, 104.        Deering, Edward, 78.
Corbin, Henry, notice of, 128;  De-la-Grange, Arnold, 158.
sees a witch hung, 128.        Delaware River explored, 50, 54.
Corbin, Richard, friend of Wash-  Dent, Thomas, settles at  Gisington, 128.                       borough, 123.
Cornish, Robert, 123.              De Vries, describes Virginia, 16;
Corn sent to New England, 20, 24.       first peach orchard, 52.
Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 69.        Dew, Col. Thomas, 146.
Cornwallis, Win, K't, 70.          Dorchester, Lord, Secretary of
Cornwallis, Caroline Francis, 81;       State, 46.
her books, 83; her death, 82.  Dorrell, Thomas, 64.
Cornwallis, Mary, 81.              Dorsey, Ann, 142.
Cornwallis, Thomas, seizes Clay-  Doughty, Rev. Francis, notice of,
borne's vessels, 51; at Poco-      118; brother-in-law  of Gov.
moke, 52; ancestry of, 69;         Stone, 118; at Manhattan,
trades with Indians, 70; val-      118; his daughter, 118.
uable legislator, 73; his fair  Dove, ship searched, 61.
house, 73; returns from Eng-  Dream ot Indian Chief, 97.
land, 73; has lands at Poto-  Duke, Richard, 91, 95.
paco, 73; declines Councillor-  Dunton,John, Captain  of Warship, 73; fights Indians, 73;      wick, 12, 20.
goes to  England, 74; suit  Durand, William, of Va., 116;
against Ingle, 75; list of ser-    settles at Severn, 116; his
vants, 77; kindness to ser-        family, 116;  Secretary  of
vants, 80; purchases bricks,       Province,  116;  kind   to
80; marries, 80.                   Quakers,  116, 130; counCornwallis, Rev. Thomas, 81.            cillor, 142.
Cornwallis, William Sr., 81.
Cornwallis, William  Jr., 81.       Edmondson,  William,  Quaker
Coltington, Sir Francis, 46.            preacher, 144; visits Gov.
Coursey, Henry, complains of            Berkeley, 146.
Jesuit, 132.                   Edwards, Robert, 91.
Cox, James, 122.                    Edwyn, 91.
Cox, Richard, 92.                   Elderton, Wm., interpreter, 31.
Cranfield, Edward, 64.              Eleuthera, Isle of, 112.




188                          INDEX.
Elpin, John, 91.                   Fox, George, Quaker preacher,
Embarcation of Maryland Colo-           143; at Patuxent, 144; at
nisls, 59.                          Severn, 144; at Cliffs, 145;
Eston, John, 79.                        in Somerset, 145; in AnnapoEvelyn, George, at Kent. Island,        lis, 146.
54, 107; his ancestry, 54;  Freak, William, 78.
servants, 54; calls Gov. Cal-  Freeman, Morris, 78.
vert a dunce, 65.              Freeman, William, 55.
Evelyn, Richard, 54.                Fremonds, Lewis, 91.
Evelyn, Robert, 54.                 Frisell, Thomas, 79.
Evelynton Manor, 54.                Fuller, Thos.,notice of Palmer, 10.
Fuller, Capt. William, 116, 142;
Fairfax, Henry, 137.                    kind to Quakers, 130.
Fairfax, Nicholas, 64.             Fur trade in Chesapeake, 9.
Fairfax, William, 137.
Falls of Potomac, 24, 28.           Gage, John, 78.
Farmer, Richard, 78.                Gardner,  Luke,  92;   detains
Fendall, Josias, Governor, 137;         Eleanor Hatton, 128.
letter to John Washington,  Garrett, William,  an  ancient
138.                                Friend, 146.
Fennell, Robert, 13.                Gary, Alice, 142, 148, 155.
Fenwick, Cuthbert, 74, 77, 123,  Gary, John, 142.
138.                           Gates, Sir Thos., death of, 112.
Ferrar, John, 112, 114.             Gee, John, 96.
Ferrar, Nicholas, 114.             George, a smith, 78.
Fisher, Philip, Jesuit, 91, 97, 99,  Gerard, Richard, early colonist,
103, 104.                           64; cup-bearer Charles 2d, 64.
Fitzherbert, Francis, Jesuit, 128; Gerrard, Thomas, surgeon, 98;
sees a  witch  hung,  128;         wife a Protestant, 98; fined
threatens Thomas Gerrard,          for closing a chapel, 100; his
132; tried for sedition, 133;      wife complains ofFitzherbert,
on Act for Religion, 135;          Jesuit, 133; Assembly meets
Fleet, Edward, 14, 24, 28; in leg-      at his house, 136; removes to
islature, 17;                       Va., 136; death of, 136.
Fleet, Henry, visits England, 11;  Gervase, Thomas, Jesuit, 91.
taken by Anacostans, 4, 25;  Gibbons, Edward, of Boston, 108;
commands the Paramour, 11;         letter from  Baltimore, 109;
factor of ship Warwick, 12;        Admiral of Province, 112.
trades in New England, 12,  Gisborough, settled by Thomas
19; at Isle of Shoals, 13, 21;     Dent, 123.
visits Clayborne, 13, 22; visits  Gondomar, Spanish Ambassador,
Potomac Falls, 14,27; before       40.
Gov. Hawley, 15, 34, 35; un-  Goodman, Bp. of Gloucester, 40.
faithful to Griffith & Co., 15;  Gookin, Daniel, 25.
interprets for Gov. Calvert,  Gossip, derivation of, 139.
16; receives a land grant, 17;  Gould, Daniel, Quaker preacher,
in MIaryland legislature, 17;       144, 148.
in Rappahannock region, 17;  Gravener, Jesuit, 91.
in Virginia legislature, 17; his  Gray, Francis, 78.
Journal, 19-36; builds new   Gray, Stephen, 78.
pinnace, 36; illiterate, 37;  Green, Henry, 64.
called a liar, 50.             Green, Leonard, godson of Gov.
Fleet, John, in legislature, 17.        Calvert, 66.
Fleet, Reynold, in legislature, 17.  Green, Gov. Thomas, removed,
Fleet's Point, Va., 18.                 118; account of Gov. CalFord, Hannah, 78.                       vert's will, 66.




INDEX.                            189
Griffin, Edmund, 55.                Hervey, John, tailor, 75.
Griffith, George & Co., complaint  Hervey, Michael, 91.
of, 15; owners of Warwick, Hereckenes, Indians, 31, 33.
19.                             Herrman, Augustine, 155, 156;
Griffith, William, A.M., 19.            his map, 10, 57, 136, 156;
Guiana, Raleigh's map of, 55.           his wives, 157.
Guttridgc, George marries widow   Herrman, Anna Margaritta, 157.
of Lt. Lewis, 95.               Herrman, Caspar, 155, 157.
Gwyther, Nicholas, 78.              Herrman, Ephraim, 154, 157.
Herrman, Francina, 157.
Hall, Rev. Henry, 166; at Her-  Herrman, Judith, 157.
ring Creek, 172.                Hill, Capt., 64.
Hallowes, John, 79.                 Hill, John, 54,91.
Hainm ond,on Toleration Act 120.  Hill, Richard, 78.
Harrison, Anna, of South Cave,  Hill, Rev. Matthew, 151.
137.                            Hilliard, John, 91.
Harrison, Eleanor, of South Cave,  Hinton, Sir Thomas, 49.
137.                           Hodges, Thomas, 91.
Harrison, Thomas, 79.               Hogg, William, 116.
Harrison, Rev. Thomas, 110; be-  Holden, John0, 79.
comes non conformist, 110;  Hollis, John, 78, 91.
letter to Winthrop, 112; re-  Hooper, Hlenry, surgeon, 127.
ceives degree of D.D., 116;  Hopkins, John, 164.
marries cousin of Gov. Win-  Horton, Manor of, 54.
throp,117; chaplain of Henry  Howgill, Fr., Quaker preacher,
Cromwell, 117; sermon on            131.
Oliver Cromwell, 117.
HardwAick, William, 75.             Indians, Anacostan, 25, 28, 32;
Harman, Charles, 13, 15, 23, 25,        Canada, 25; Hereckenes, 31,
33; goods seized, 50.               33; Massomack, 25; MostiHarris, Elizabeth, Quakeress, 141.      cum, 27, 30, 33; Mohawk, 20;
Harris, Richard, 79.                     Pascattowies, 26, 28, 32; PaHarvey, John, Gov. of Virginia,         tuxent, 40; Rappahannock,
12; deposed, 13, 53; knocks         17; Shaunetowa,  27; Tonout teeth, 13; re-instated, 13;     hoga, 27, 32; Usserahak, 27,
dies pool, 13; favors Henry         29, 32.
Fleet, 36.                      Ingle, Capt. Richard, 73; ship
Harvey, Richard, 79.                     captured, 74; retaliates, 75,
Hatch, John, 54, 122.                    103; petitions  Parliament,
Hatch, Thomas, 91.                       75; takes Father White, 75,
Hatton,  Eleanor, detained  by           103.
Gardnier, 128.
Hatton, Thomas, Secretary  of  Jacques, Edward, 78.
Province, 128.                  Jackson, Martha, 78.
Hatton, William, 123.               James, Rev. Thos., 110.
Hawley, Henry, 84,86.               Jennings, Mary, 91.
Hawley, James, Sr.,83.              Jesuit, John  Altham, see GraHawley, James Jr., 85.                  vener;  John  Brock,  96;
Hawley, Jerome,Com'r, 83; early         Thomas Copley, 92, 96, 103,
life, 83; visits England, 84;       104, 107,127; Ralph Crouch,
Treasurer of Va., 84; com-          127;  Francis  Fitzherbert,
plaint against, 84; death, 85.      133;  Thomas Gervase, 91;
Hawley, William, 85.                    John   Gravener,  91,  96;
Heath, Sir Robert, 47.                  John  Knowles, 91; MorHebden, Thos, 54; surgeon, 107;         g;in, alias  Brock;  Walter
asks prayer for his soul, 107.      Morley, 92, 93; Ferdinand




190                           INDEX.
Pulton, 92, 96; Roger Rigby,  Lewger, John, son of Rev. John,
99; Lawrence Starkey, 104,          72; his will, 72.
127; Andrew  White, 75, 89,  Library at Annapolis, 172;at Her99, 103.                            ring Creek, 172.
Jesuits, Parliament complains of,  Libraries of Parishes, 173.
100; controversy with Balti-  Lindle, Sarah, 79.
more, 101; oppose  Balli-  Lindsay, James, servant, 66.
more's  oath,  101; violate  Lloyd, Edward, 137.
compact, 102; relation of 1st  London Company, see Virginia
voyage, 89; Protestant con-         Co.
versions, 94; Indian dream,  Lowe, Richard, Capt. of Ark, 60.
97; disputes with Proprietary  Lusthead, Richard, 91.
103; indelicate soldier, 105;
New  England captain, 108;  Malignants, 76.
witch hanging, 128.             Manners, George, 22.
Jew, Doctor Lumbrozo, 132.          Martin, Christopher, 77.
Johns, Richard, on oaths, 164; his  Martin, John, 92.
creed, 167.                     Marsh, Margaret, 116.
Jones, William, 55.                 Mlarsh, Sarah, 148.
Josias, a servant, 79.              Marsh, Thomas, 116.
Marvell, Andrew, poet, 154.
Kadger, Robert, 92.                 Maryland, origin of name, 48;
Keane, Thomas, 54.                      point in England, 81.
Kemp, Richard, Sec. of Va., 52.   Massacchusetts Bay, 21.
Kent Island, 47, 49, 51, 54.        Massomack Indians, 25.
King, Robert, 79.                   Mathews, Tlomas, expelled, 122.
King, Walter, 92.                   Matthews, Edward, 78.,
Kirk, Captain, of Canada, 30.       Matthews, Samuel, 44, 53; notice
Knott, James, 14..                      of, 48.
Knowles, Jesuit, 91.                Maylande, John, 79.
Knowles, Rev. John, Protestant,  Maynard, Charles, 78.
110.                           Mead, Joseph, on Lord Baltimore
47.
Labadie leaves Ch. of Rome, 154.  Medcalf, John, 64.
Labadists, mode of life, 155; in  Medcalft William, 54.
Maryland, 158; described by  Medley, John, 79, 122.
Bownas, 158.                    Minifie, George, 52; his peach
Lambeth Palace Library, 14, 19.         orchard, 52.
Lambrozo, Jew Doctor, 132.          Mitchell, Capt. W., skeptic, 124;
Land, Philip, 122.                      his Nife, 124; governess, 124.
Lawrence,  Sir Thomas,  169;  Moll, John, 158.
called silly knight, 169.      Moreman, Alice, 78.
Lee, John, 136.                     Morgan, Howell, 54.
Lee, Hancock, marries Miss Al-  Morgan, Roger, 79. -
lerton, 136.                    Morgan, Rowland, 54.
Lee, Henry, 54.                     Morley, Walter, lay-brother, 92.
Lee, Mary, hung as a witch, 129.  Mosticum Indians, 27, 30, 33.
Lee, Richard, 136.                  Motham, Thomas, 92.
Leeds, Sir John, 83.                Mottershead, Zachery, 78.
Lewis, William, abuses Protest-  Mowhak Indians, 20.
ants, 95.                       Moyumpse, Indian town, 33.
Lewger, Rev. John, Sec. of Md.,
60, 93; joins Ch. of Rome, 71;  Nacostines, 25, 28, 32.
arrival in Province, 71, 93;  Neal, Capt. Walter, atPiscataqua,
his servants, 71; legacy to         184.
wife, 60; wife's death, 72.     Nevill or Nicholl, Richard, 91.




INDEX.                            191
New Albion, 56, 57.                 Potomac  Creek  stockade,  11;
New  Foundland, Baltimore at,            Falls, 14, 28; Indian village,
41.                                 14, 24, 35.
Newport, Capt., plants the cross,  Pott, John, A.M., surgeon, 39;
91.                                 Governor of Va., 43.
Nicholet, Rev. Mr., 124.            Prescott,  Edward, accused  of
Northey, Sir Edward, 99.                 hanging a witch, 137.
Norton, John, Sr., 77.              Preston, James, Quaker, 145.
Norton, John, Jr., 77.              Preston, Richard, Quaker,125,130,
Nuthead, Richard, printer, 171.    Printing press at St. Mary, 171.
Protestant Catholics, 99; minisOath, ofallegiance, 60,87; tolera-      ters in Va., 111; ministers
tion, 118; fidelity, altered,       in Md., 149, 151.
121,127.                        Protestants abused, 96.
O'Neal, Hugh, 118.                  Puddington, Geo., 122.
Opechancanough, Indian chief,  Puritans in Maryland, 127; Vir17.                                 ginia, 110.
Orley, Thomas, 54.                  Pypott, Mrs. Temperance, 66.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 9, 83.
Owen,  Dr.  Griffith,  Quaker  Quakers, arrival of, 130; persepreacher, 166.                      cuted, 131; their preachers,
140; petition on oaths, 164.
Palmer, Edward, noticed, 9.
Palmer's Island, 9, 48, 55, 86.     Rabnet, Francis, servant, 91.
Parris, Edmund, 54.                 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 55.
Patobano, see Porto Batto.          Rappahannock Indians, 17.
Patuxent Indians, 49; chief friend  Rawlinson, Charles, 79.
of Clayborne, 49.               Reade, George, 137.
Peach orchard, early, 52.           Reformation, Capt. Ingle's ship,
Pead, Rev. Duell, Sr., 159; Jr.,        75.
159.                            Revell, Randall, 53.
Peirce, Capt. William, 52.          Richardson, Elizabeth, hung, 139.
Penington, Admiral, 60.             Robins, Robert, 122.
Penn, William, 165, 169.            Rockwood, John, 79.
Penshoot, William, 179.             Rockwood, Thomas, 79.
Perkins, Doctor, works of, 55.      Roedler, Matthew, 54.
Peters, Rev. Hugh, 114.             Rogers, M., 91.
Philips, Bartholomew, 60.           Roymont, Richard, 55.
Phillips, Mary, 79.
Piscattoway or Piscataqua, New   Saire, William, 64.
England, 19, 21; Maryland,  Sandys, Sir Edwin, 39, 113.
14, 15, 33, 36; Chief's dream,  Sandys, George, 39.
97.                             Saunders, John, 64.
Plowden, Sir Edmund, 56, 57;  Saunders, Rev.Jonathan, 155, 159.
land grant, 57: speaks  of  Saunderson, Rev. Ambrose, 155.
Clayborne, 56; time of death,  Savage, Ensign, 9.
57; accuses Mitchell of blas-  Sayle, Capt., explores Eleuthera,
phemy, 124; sketch of his           115.
life, 179-183.                  Scovell, Samuel, 54.
Pocomake River, fight at, 52.       Seal of Virginia described, 113.
Pope's Bull, In coena Domini,  Sedgrave, Robert, 92; in behalt
101.                                of Protestants, 95.
Porto Batto, 35, 57; Cornwallis  Servants, of Cornwallis, 77; Pulgrant at, 80.                       ton,  92;  Wilkinson, 123;
Pory, Jolin, Secretary of Va., 9.        White, 91; Copley, 92; EvePosey, Francis, 122.                     lyn, 54; Clayborne, 55.




192                          INDEX.
Sharpe, Dr. Peter, Quaker, 145;  Strong, Leonard, 116.
his will, 147.                 Stuyvesant, Governor, 156.
Shaunetowa Indians, 27.            Symonds, Dorothy, marries Rev.
Ship, Ark, 59, 60; Bona Ventura,        Thomas Harrison, 117.
49; Charles, 13: Charity, 129:
)ove, 60; Furtherance, 13;  Tailor, George, 60.
George, 14; Paramour, 11;  Taney, Mary, letter  to  ArchSamuel, 52; Sea Flower, 49;        bishop, 160; petitions for a
Southampton, 49; Tiger, 10;       church, 162.
Warwick, 10, 12, 15; Refor-  Tayac, Piscataway chief, 97.
lmation, 75.                   Terra Marire, origin of name, 48.
Shippen, Edward, 157, 166.         Thomson, John, 91.
Shirley, Francis, 78.              Thornton, John, 91.
Shirely, Robert, 91.               Thurston,  Thomas,   Quaker
Simpson, Robert, 91.                    preacher, 130.
Sinckleare, William, 79.           Tiger, ship ascends Potomac, 11.
Slye, Robert, son-in-law of Ger-  Toleration, The Act of, 120, 121,
rard, 134, 136.                    130; Jesuit view  of, 135; in
Sluyter, Peter, Labadist, 154,158.      Parliament, 111; Roger WilSmith, Roger, 44.                       liams on, 111; Plowcen on,
Smith, Thomas, sentenced  to            119; Oath, 118,123; verses on,
death, 52.                         154.
Snow, Justinian, Baltimore's fac-  Tompkins, Mary, Quakeress, 143.
tor, 64; a heretic, 97.        Tompson, Rev. W.,110.
Snow, Abel, 98.                    Tonhoga Indians, 27, 32.
Snow, Marmaduke, 98.               Tue, John, 92.
Snow, Susannah, wife of Surgeon  Tue, Restituta, 78.
Gerrard, 98; family Protest-  Turks, capture ship Tiger, 10.
ant, 99.
Soldier's indelicacy, 105.         Usserahak Indians, 27, 29, 31, 32.
Somerset, Earl of, 9.              Utie, or Uty, John, 15, 34,53; noSousa, Matthias, 91.                    tice of, 49.
Speed, John, 60.                   Utie, or Uty, Ann, wife of John,
Spilman, Henry, 11.                     49.
St. Mary, old Yowaccomoco, 17.  Urie, Nathaniel, 137.
Starkey, Lawrence, Jesuit, 104,
127.                           Van Eyden, Francis, 78.
Statham, Thomas, 9'.               Virginia Company's Journal, 9,
Sterman or Sturman, John, 75.           55; seal, 113; council, 49, 51;
Sterman or Sturman, Thomas,             Puritans, 113, 117; go  to
75, 122.                           Maryland, 117.
Stevens, Ann, 123.                 Virginians described, 16.
Stevens, Judge, of Anamessex,
146.                           Walker, John, 54.
Stirke, George, 115.               Walter, Roger, 79.
Stirkc, Rev. Mr., 115.             Ward, Edward, 79.
Stone,  Gov. Wm., notice  of,  Warren, Ratcliff, 52.
118; removed, 125; council-  Warren, William, 52
lor, 137; in battle, 142.      Warterlling, Walter, 78.
Stone, Thomas, of London, 118.   Warwick, ship, 12, 184.
Story, Thomas, Quaker preacher, Washington, ancestry, 136, 137.
166; controversy with Hall,  Washington, George, 128.
166.                           Washington, Henry, 137.
Streeter, S. F., on Toleration Oath,  Washington, Lawrence, 137.
118.                           Washington, Richard, 137.
Stringer, death of, 123.            Watkins, Edward, 61, 87.




INDEX.                           193
Watson's Island, see Palmer's.    Wickliffe, Daniel, 54, 100.
Webb, Arthur, 60.                  Wiogin, Ann, 75.
Wells, William, 79.                Wilkinson, Rev. William, 123,
Wentworth, Sir Thomas, letters          151; many  pursuits,  1238
to, 41, 52, 62.                    charge for sermon, 123.
West, Francis, Gov. of Va., 49.    Williams, Roger, his plea, 111.
West, John, his brother, 53.       Williamson, William, 54.
West, Philip, 54.                  Windebank, Sec. of State, 50.
West Point, or Pamunkey, 57.       Winter, Sir John, 49, 64, 91; his
Wheatley, John, 79.                     brother Edward, 64.
White, Andrew, Jesuit, 64; notice  Winter, Frederick, 64.
of Clayborne, 16; notice of  Wiseman, Henry, 64.
Fleet, 16; at Isle of Wight,  Wiseman, Penelope, 80.
61; prisoner, 75; pardoned,  Witch hanging, 128, 137, 139.
103, 104.                      Wortley, John, 54.
White, George, 92.                  Woolchurch, Henry, 142.
White, Thomas, 60.                  Wyatt, Gov. Francis, 13, 25, 39.
White, Philip, 57.                  Wyatt, Rev. Haut, 39.
25




CORRIGENDA.
Page 91, Caption.  Bark Virginia, should read Bark Warwick.
45, Running title.  Takes the oath, should read lefuses the oath.
66, Richard William, should read Richard Willand.
71, Oxoniensis, should read Oxonienses.
87, Edward Hawkins, should read Edward Watkins.
103, St. Jingo, should read St. Inigo.