WILLIAM L. CLEMENTS
LIBRARY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN






A SYLLABUS
OF A COURSE OF
EXPERIMENTAL LECTURES
ON
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
AND
CHEMISTRY,
1
WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE LATTER TO SEVERAL OF THE ARTS.
BY PATRICK KERR ROGERS, M. D.
LECTURER ON CHEMISTRY.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED BY BROWN & MERRITT,
NO. 24, CHURCH ALLEY.
1810.


ADVERTISEMENT.
THESE Lectures will be given as a series of Philo-
sophical Recreations; and are intended to be delivered
to a popular class of both sexes, every spring. Experi-
mental lectures afford the easiest and perhaps the most
agreeable means of commencing an acquaintance with
the physical sciences.
It is not merely to men who intend to devote their
lives to philosophy, that experimental illustrations of
the constitution of nature are important. Such illustra-
tions are valuable to every young person, of either
sex, who aims at a respectable education. It is only
by proper experiments that the more interesting views
of the beautiful disposition of things in the frame
of nature can be fairly presented to the understanding.
All the useful arts must have originated in experi-
ments, first instituted to facilitate the supply of the pri-
mary wants of man; and we owe the present improved
state of the arts to the same means. We may hence
urge the utility of a plan like this now offered, to per-
sons about to engage in arts or manufactures, and to all
who expect to be concerned in the great business of edu-
cation, either as parents or teachers.

4
The popular method will be adopted, in this course,
with a view to the accommodation of families. Indi-
viduals of different ages and sexes, associated in the
same family, and perhaps possessing a similarity of taste,
may experience some satisfaction, if not some solid ad-
vantage, from an equality of opportunity. Natural
Philosophy and Chemistry, beside the ordinary benefits
they dispense to society, display so much of the omni-
present care and the wisdom of providence, that they
ought to be made, as far as possible, a common fare to
all.
These sciences, in their present state, are rendered
easy of attainment, by experimental illustrations. They
have, in consequence, become subjects of popular atten-
tion, in most of the civilized portions of the earth. It is
even esteemed, in some measure, a cause of shame, for
persons of respectable education to be ignorant of their
general principles : this is particularly the case among
people of rank and fashion in the larger cities of Europe.
A gentleman, who recently attended the lectures of Mr.
Davy of London, states, that the chemical class of
that professor amounted to about one thousand, of
both sexes; and he estimates the number of ladies to
exceed one third of the whole.

CONDITIONS.
1. In the present season, the course will commence
about the first day of April, and will terminate before
the last day of June. There will be, at least, three lec-
tures every week.
Families or individuals who may wish to attend, are
requested to subscribe soon, so that the degree of patron-
age may be ascertained at an early period in the spring.
2. Unless there be considerable encouragement, the
course will be suspended, and consequently no tickets
will be delivered.
3. If the encouragement be sufficient, tickets will be
delivered before the opening of the course ; and in this
case only, are subscribers to be accountable for the price
of tickets.
4. The price of tickets will be, to gentlemen TEN
DOLLARS; and to ladies SIX DOLLARS. The tickets
to families, however numerous, will not exceed TWENTY
DOLLARS.
5. Tickets purchased for a second course are to be
perpetual. That is, a gentleman who shall have pur-
chased a second ticket will be entitled, without farther
expense, to attend every future course to which gentle-
men shall be admitted: and the same rule will be ob-
served with regard to ladies.
No. 13, south Ninth-street, opposite the University,
March 5th, 1810.


SYLLABUS.
I.
INTRODUCTION.
I. GENERAL VIEWS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF NATURE.
1. Of matter.
2. Of physical powers, peculiar to organized and per-
cipient bodies. Organic causes of sensation; faculties
of sense.
3. Of physical powers external to the organs of sense.
Inorganic causes of sensation ; caloric, light, sound, aro-
ma, solidity, &c.
4. Of physical powers which do not proximately affect
the
organs
of sense.
Planetary attraction; gravitation,
cohesion, affinity.
II. DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL KNOWLEDGE.
1. Physical knowledge is either historical or scientific.
Of natural history. Of natural science. Both are ne-
cessarily blended in physical inquiries.
2. Natural science reduced to three general divisions.
Of natural philosophy. Of chemistry. Of physiology.
The two former are the subjects of this course.

II.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
I. OF THIS SCIENCE IN GENERAL.
1. Its objects and limits.
2. Of motion and action.
3. Of the causes of the physical changes, which are
referred to this science.
II. OF ETHERIAL FLUIDS.
1. Of caloric or heat.
Of its free state. Of expansion ; temperature; ther-
mometers.
Of the conducting of caloric; attraction of permea-
tion; capacities of bodies for heat.
Of the transporting of caloric; its effects on the tem-
perature of the earth.
Of the radiation and reflection of caloric. Differential
thermometer. Radiating surfaces.
Transmission. Refrangibility. Of the nature and
energies of caloric.
Of the radiation and reflection of cold. Remarks.
2. Of light and vision. Optics.
Of the radiation and transmission of light. Photome-
ter. Reflection. Refraction. Refrangibility of the rays ;
colours; prism. The eye; spectacles; microscopes, &c.

9
3. Of electricity. Theories. Attraction of permeation.
Attraction and repulsion. Action on atmospheric air
and on other gases. Influence of points. Leyden vial
and electrical shock. Battery. Atmospheric electricity.
Galvanic electricity, &c.
4. Of magnetism.
5. Of sound. Why considered in this place.
III. OF AERIFORM FLUIDS.
1. Of aerostatics. Of aeriform fluids in general.
Their condensation and expansion. Of the gravitation
of the atmosphere. Barometers. Tides in the atmos-
phere. Balloons.
2. Of pneumatics. Of bellows. The condenser. .
The air gun. The air pump.
IV. OF COHERENT FLUIDS.
1. Of hydrostatics. Of the specific gravity of coherent
fluids. Hydrometers. Sailing. Diving. Tides.
2. Of hydraulics. Of syphons. Of fountains. Of
pumps. Of the steam engine.
V. OF SOLID BODIES.
cause;
1. Of mechanical changes. Solidity the immediate
other powers
have a more remote agency. Gra-
vitation concerned in mechanical changes. Of estimating
and resisting the force of gravitation. Aggregation con-
cerned in mechanical changes. Of estimating and over-
coming the force of aggregation.
2. Of mechanical powers. The lever. The wheel
and axle. The pulley. The inclined plane. The wedge.
The screw
B

III.
CHEMISTRY;
AND
ITS APPLICATION TO VARIOUS ARTS AND MANUFACTURES,
1. GENERAL DOCTRINE'S.
1. The objects and limits of the science.
2. The causes of chemical changes.
Of aggregation. Varieties of aggregates. Chrystalli-
zation.
Of affinity. Electric attractions. Elementary and
resulting affinties. Quiescent and divellent affinities.
II. OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
1. Of caloric. Its sources; the solar
rays;
electri-
cal action; condensation of fluids ; mechanical actions of
solids ; combustion. Its combinations ; solids ; liquids;
gases ; evaporation, and vaporization. Ignition, or in-
candescence.
2. Of light. Its sources. Combinations. Deoxydi-
zing rays.
3. Of oxygen. Its sources. How obtained. Its nature
and properties; respiration; combinations of oxygen.
4. Of carbon. The diamond. Oxyds of carbon.
Carbonic acid.
5. Of sulphur. Oxyd. Sulphureous acid. Sulphu-
ric acid. How prepared.
6. Of phosphorus. Its sources. Phosphorous acid.
Phosphoric acid.

11
oxyet
7. Of nitrogen. Its sources. United with oxygen ;
constitution of the atmosphere. Eudiometers. Nitrous
oxyd. Nitric oxyd; applied to eudiometry. Nitric
acid ; its preparation; uses in the arts.
8. Of hydrogen. Sources. Combined with
gen; water. With oxygen and carbon; oxy-carbonat-
Led hydrogen gases ; sugar ; alcohol; ether ; oils, &c.
With carbon and a full dose of oxygen, vegetable acids.
9. Of acids, the real constitution of which remains
unknown.
Of muriatic acid. Combinations with oxygen. Uses
in the arts.
Of boracic acid. Combinations.
Of fluoric acid. Combinations.
10. Of hydrogen and nitrogen. Of ammonia ; how
obtained; of its combinations with acids.
11. Of potassium. With oxygen; pot-ash. Sources
of pot-ash. How obtained. Its combinations with oils;
soaps. Its combination with acids; salts.
12. Of sodium. With oxygen ; soda. Sources. How
obtained pure. Barilla. Kelp. Manufacture of soaps. .
Uses of soda in the arts. Union with acids ; salts.
13. Of gold. Its characters. Combinations. Uses
in the arts.
14. Of silver. Its characters. Combinations. Uses
in the arts.
15. Platinum. Iridium. Osmium. Rhodium.
Palladium.
16. Mercury or quicksilver. Its characters. Com-
binations. Uses in the arts.
17. Copper. Its characters. Combinations. Uses
in the arts.

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Their proper-
Its uses.
18. Of iron. Combinations. Uses in the arts.
19. Of lead. Combinations. Uses in the arts.
20. Of tin. Combinations. Uses in the arts.
21. Of zinc. Combinations. Uses in the arts.
22. Of nickel, cobalt, manganese. Their uses.
23. Of arsenic. Its combinations.
ties. Uses in the arts.
24. Of bismuth.
25. Of antimony. Its combinations. Uses in the arts.
26. Of tellurium. Chrome. Molybdena. Tung-
sten. Titanium. Uranium. Columbium. Tantalium.
Cerium.
27. Of silex. Combination with alkalis and metalic
oxyds; manufacture of glass. Union with acids; en-
graving on glass.
28. Of argil or alumina. Its union with other
earths. Pottery ; manufacture of Porcelain. Aluminous
salts; uses in dying.
29. Of magnesia. Combinations.
30. Of lime. Its combinations. Uses in agricul-
ture; in architecture ; in several chemical arts.
31. Of barytes. Strontites. Zircon. Glucine. Ittria.
III. OF VEGETABLE CHEMISTRY.
1. Of the ingredients of vegetables. How obtained
and prepared. Their properties. Their uses in diet,
and in the arts.
2. Of the decomposition of vegetables.
Of the panary fermentation. Principles of baking.
Of the vinous fermentation. Beer. Wash. Wine.
Spiris.
Of the acetous fermentation. Of Putrefaction.

POEMS BY LORD BYRON.

6412
CS
1810
Rogers, Patrick Ken





112
C2
Re
no Rogere, Patrick Ken