WILLIAM L.CLEMENTS
LIBRARY OF
AMERICAN HISTORY
UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN

18752 میمیره >
Sabun 6 3360






A DISCOVERY OF
SUBTERRANEAN TRÈ A SURE:
CONTAINING
USEFUL EXPLORATIONS,
Concerning all manner of Mines and Minerals, from the Gold to the
Coal; with plain Directions and Rules for the finding of them in
all Kingdoms and Countriesa
IN WHICH
The Art of Melting, Refining, and Affaying of them is plainly
Declared, ſo that every ordinary man, that is moderately ingenie
ous, may with ſmall charge preſently try the value of ſuch Ores,
as ſhall be found either by Rule or by Accident.
Whereunto is added
A Real Experiment whereby every ignorant man may preſently try
whether any piece of Gold that ſhall come to his hands be True
or Counterfeit, without defacing or altering the form thereof,
and more certainly than any Goldſmith or Refiner could formerly
Diſcern.
ALSO A
Perfe&t way to try what colour any Berry, Leaf, Flower, Stalk,
Root, Fruit, Seed, Bark, or Wood will give: With a perfe&
way to make Colours that they ſhall not ſtain nor fade like
ordinary Colours.
Very neceſſary for every one to know, whether he be a Traveller by
Land or by Sea, in what Country, Dominion, or Plantation Soeveri
be fhail either fojourn or Inbabit.
By Mr. GABRIEL PLA T T E S.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED and SOLD BY ROBERT BELL, IN Third Street,
M, DCC, L X X X I V.


To the Reader.
When
bereas divers Reasons have joined together to move me to
take in hand this Talk : I will declare ſome few of those
that may give the beſt ſatisfaction to the reader, in this manner fóla
lowing. Firſt, when I conſidered the great number of Treaſure and
Riches which lieth hidden in the belly of the Earth, and doth no good
at all: and alſo the great benefit which might accrue to divers King-
doms and Countries, by ſetting people to work ; not only in the dis-
covering of them, but alſo in the ſeveral operations about the digging
melting and refining of them : alſo when I conſidered that the moſt
part of the Mines hitherto diſcovered have come mere accident ; 1
thought that I could not be better employed than to give Rules and di-
rections for the fame : for though it is not impoſſible, that if two
men be ſent to ſeek a thing that is boft, and one of them be hoodwinked,
and the other have the uſe and benefit of his eyes, yet the perfon
hoodwinked, may caſually ſtumble upon it ; nevertheleſs it is twenty to
one that the other ſould have found it before him : ſo in this caſe, I
dare hazard a Wager of twenty to one, that there will be more
good Mines diſcovered within ſeven years after the divulging of
iheſe Rules and dire&tions, than hath been in twenty ſeven years be-
fore: Alſo when I conſidered that many Minerals found out by acci-
dent, hath come to no good by reaſon of the diſtance of place
from Refiners,
and men of Judgment and experience : for that the finders thereof
were loath to come ſo far, and spend ſo much money upon an uncer-
tainty as the trial thereof would require : I thought I could not do a
better deed, than to sew the manner of ſuch trials in ſuch plain man-
ner that every man may try the jame in his travels, or Chimney
Corner with little coſt and labour.
And the truth of this I can witneſs by experience ; for when I was
a youth, and had no ſkill in theſe affairs ; l happened upon a Mia
neral fair to look at and could find no
than an
bundred miles which could inform me of the true value thereof: where-
upon rather than to be ar ſuch charges as the trial required, I ſuffe-
red the ſame to be neglected.
And though that the Rules and directions given in this Book be exqui-
file, and give frong ſigns of Metals and Minerals; yet I would be
loath that any man should be thereby animated to take in hand great
Voyages, and conſume bis Efate in the purſuit of this deſign deeming
them to be impoſſible ever to fail: but rather to make this a part of his
buſineſs, when he ſhall come to ſuch places as yield ſtrong probabilities.,
And so far I am from envying ibe former ways in finding them by
accident, that I have partly taken this pains ; that those, which ſhall
hereafter he found by accident may not be neglected, as I conjecture,
that many have been.
For I could wiſh that many men bad the like fortune that one had,
zbo in the climbing up of the great Mountain called Potoſi, in the
Kingdom of Peru in the Weft-Indies, rook bold of a young Tree to
ftay bimſelf withall; and thereby plucked it up by the roots, where
unto there did adbere good Silver Ore ; which being tried and found
rich, hath ever ſince been wrought upon : and innumerable treaſure
and
man nearer

TO THE READER.
and riches have from hence been digged, to the value of many hundred
Millions of pounds Sterling,
And to the end I may no longer play the Reader with Preambles, I
will divide my Book into twelve Chapters.
Your hearty Well-wiſher GABRIEL PLATTES.
New publications, now ſelling, at BELL'S BOOK-STORE,
in Third Street, Philadelphia.
3 Life and Adventures of Ambrofe Gwinett, Apprentice to an
Attorney at Law, Who for a Murder which he never committed,
was tried, condemned, executed and hung in Chains, in Old
England ; yer lived many years afterwards, and in his Travels
found the Man in the Weft-Indies, actually alive ; for the ſup-
poſed Murder of whom he had been really executed. With the
Life of John Matthieſon, an ingenious Scotchman, lately
executed in London, for forging the Notes of the Bank of
England, Alo, A Narrative of the extraordinary Adven-
tures of four Ruffian Sailors who were caſt away, and lived
fix Years, on the Deſert Iſland of Eaft-Spitzbergen, As
related by themſelves, one quarter of a dollar.
2 Memoirs of the Life Travels and Adventures of Edward
Wortley Montague, Eſquire; Son to the moſt famous Tra-
veiler, Lady Mary Wortley Montague ; Exibiting his very
eccentric Tranſactions in England, France, Spain, Italy,
Turkey, Arabia, Egypt, and the Holy Land, With Remarks
on the Manners and Cuſtoms of the Oriental World, compiled
from his original Papers, 2 vols, two thirds of a dollar.
3 The Sorrows and Sympathetic Attachments of Werter a Gere
man Story, in 75 Letters, 2 vols, two thirds of a dollar.
4 Elliot's Medical Pocket-Book; for thoſe who are, and for all
who wiſh to be Phyſicians. Containing a fhort but plain
Account of the Symptoms, Cauſes, and Methods of Cure of
the Diſeaſes incident to the Human Body : Including ſuch as
require Surgical Treatment: together with the Virtues, and
Doſes of Medicinal Compoſitions, and fimples Extracted from
che beſt authors, and digefted into alphabetical Order, one dol.
5 Buchan's Family Phyſician, with great Additions, iwo dollars.
6 Dodfley's New and Original Fables, alſo the Fables of Eſop,
with Oriental Stories, two dollars.
7 Moore's View of Society and Manners, in France, Switzer-
land, Germany, and Italy, during his four Years Travels
with his Grace the preſent Duke of Hamilton, 4 volumes
neatly bound in two, Price four dollars.
8 Captain Cook's Laſt Voyage, the voyage in which he was
killed, 2 volumes neatly bound in one, Price two dollars..
9 Prieſtley's Appeal to the Serious and Candid Profeſſors of Chrif
tianity. With the Triumph of Truth; being an Account of
the Trial of Mr. E. Elwall, for Herefy and Blaſphemy, at
Stafford Aflizes. Price one third of a dollar.

USEFUL
EXPLORATIONS,
CONCERNING
THE DISCOVERY OF ALL SORTS
0 F
MINES, AND MINERALS.
S
CHAPTER. I. Wbercin is Mewed by a plain Demonfiration
the natural cauſe of the generation and production of Mountains
and Metals : whereby the Seekers may obtain a competent
meafure of knowledge to guide them where to ſeek for the other
External figns.
OLOMON faith, that Hope deferred breaks the heart ;
but the defire obtained, is a Tree of Life : If Hope only de-
ferred break the Heart; then Hope fruftrated muſt needs break it
a great deal more.
To tre end therefore that our Hope may not be too frequently
fruſtrated, I will firſt declare the places where there is no probabi-
lity to find out Metals, and afterwards I will fhew where there is
ftrong probability : and then in the next Chapter I will thew how
to go about the work, to find out the ſtrong figas which may
rightly guide the Seekers to obtain their defire.
And firſt, there is no probability that any Metals can be gene.
Tated near unto the North and South Poles of the Globe, for thoſe
can by no means have any conveniens Matrix for ſuch a generatie
on, being by all probabilities nothing but two Illands of Ice, for
if they were any thing elſe, the courſe of Nature mot needs alter,
and change, and run preſently out of order.
For as there is in the burning Zones a continual exhalation of
Water, and rarefying of the fame into Air: ſo there muſt needs
be in the North and South a contioual condenſation of Air into
Water to fupply the ſame again, elſe the motion cannot be per-
petually circular.
Now whereas the North and South parts, by reaſon of their
coldneſs, cannot fuffer the ſaid condenſed Meteors to deſcend in the
form of Water, but in the form of Snow, Hail, or ſome fubftance

6
Ο F
DISCOVERY
of like nature, which cannot melt in the ſuperficies for want
of heat, it is very probable that the new. Accretion this way pro.
duced, doth preſs down ſtill with its weight the ſaid Iſlands of Ice
towards the Center, where the central heat melteth it off continus
ally, by which means the ſpherical form of both Earth and Water
are perpetually preſerved.
And if any man be of a contrary opinion, I will not envy him ;
but as for my own part, I will ſell my Intereſt and hope of Metals
in thoſe places for a Farthing, although I had a device that the
cold there could not prevent my ſeeking for them.
Alfo in Vallies and plain Level Countries, there is no hope
to proſper in this deſign, for the womb of ſuch earth is not apt
for ſuch a generation, the Reaſons whereof will preſently follow.
Now that we have left us no other places to ſeek in but the
rocky Mountains, I will ſpend the reſt of this Chapter in demon-
ftrating the natural cauſe of the generation of Rocks, Mountains,
and Metals, and ſo proceed forward.
And first I will ſet down the Opinions of others with their Con-
futation, and ladly, the confirmation of mine own Opinion by
irrefragable Demonftration.
Some have thought that the mighty Creator made the vaft, de-
formed, and craggy Rocks and Mountains in the beginning, but
this appeareth to be an Opinion, whereby great diſhonour may
reflect upon the Creator, who beſides his Omnipotent power, doth
continually make uſe of his admirable Wiſdom, and exquiſite
Artifice in all his works, and made nothing deformed or unfit for
the uſe for which it was created : Now the Earth being ordained
to bear Fruits for the uſe of Men, and Rocks are not fit for that
purpoſe, it plainly appeareth that they came not by accident.
Some others have thought that they came by accident, but yet
that they were produced by accretion in length of time, even as
Warts, Tomours; Wenns, and Excreſcences are engendred in the
Superficies, of mens bodies: and of this Opinion I myſelf was in
my minority, till ſuch time as by practical experience I found out
a more probable opinion.
Now for a plain demonſtration, let this Experiment following
be tryed, and I make no queſtion, but that it will ſatisfy every
one that hath an inquifitive diſpoſition.
Let there be had a great retort of Glaſs, and let the ſame be halffill-
ed with Brimſtone, Sea-coal, and as many bituminous and fulphure-
vus fubterraneal ſubſtances as can be gotten:then fill the neck thereof
half full with the moft free earth from itones that can be found, but
thruſt it not in too hard, then let it be luted, and ſet in an open
Furnace to dillill with a temperate Fire, which may only kindle the
faid ſubſtances, and if you work exquiſitely, you thall find the ſaid
larch perrified, and turned into a Stone : you ſhall alſo find cracks
and chinks in it, filled with the moſt tenacious, clammys and
viſccus parts of the ſaid vapours, which aſcended froin the ſubterra-
acal combudible fabitantes,
Whereby

0
HRISTINNITHERM
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE.
7
Whereby it appeareth that the ſame thing is done by Nature, and
that the Rocks and craggy Mountains are cauſed by the vapours of
Bituminous and Sulphureous ſubſtances kindled in the bowels of the
Earth, of which there be divers ſo well known, that they need not
be here mentioned : Alſo it appeareth that the veins of Metals are
engendred in the cracks and crannies of the ſaid Mountains, out of
the moſt clammy and glutinous part of the ſaid vapours there
adhering, where the cold gave them leave to be congealed and
condenſed.
Now concerning the exaltation of the Mountains above the
Vallies, it appeareth to come to paſs by the water in former times,
whoſe property is to wear away by its motion the moſt looſe earth,
and to leave the more firm ground, and rocky places higheſt, but
whether this was done by Noahs Flood, or by the Sea in former
Ages, is doubted. As for my opinion, I refer the Reader to my
Book formerly mentioned, and if any man be in doubt of this, let
him take the ſtone formerly made by Art, and place it ſo, that the
motion of the water may work upon it, and you ſhall find it worn
moſt in the looſeſt places, and leaſt in the more firm compacted
places; thereby ſhewing the natural cauſe of Mountains and Valleys,
Alſo if a River ſhould be turned out of its courſe, and the bottom
thereof accurately conſidered upon, how the water by his motion
hath worn away the Earth moſt in the looſeſt Earth, and leaſt in
that which is more firm, it doth evidently demonſtrate the natural
cauſe of Hills and Vallies, and the unevenneſs of the Earth cauſed
by the motion of the Sea in former Ages.
NURULU
Mina
1
Vined
CHAPT E R. II. Wherein is fewed the ſigns of Mines and
Minerals, with the manner how to find, and work the ſame.
W
V HEN we come to the Rocky and Craggy Mountains, the
firſt thing we are to obſerve, is the barrenneſs of them for
the more barren they are, the greater probability there is that they
contain rich Mines and Minerals.
The Next work is to find out the Springs of Water iſſuing out of
the ſaid Mountains, and thoſe being found, a quantity of the ſaid wa-
ter is to be boiled in a new clean Pipkin, to the conſiſtency of thin
Oil, but not ſo thick as a Syrup, and when it is almoſt cold, thea
to put it into an Urinal, and to ſet it in the coldeſt place that can
be found for 3 days, then to play the Phyſician, and to obſerve it
exquiſitely what ſediment it yieldeth: if nothing ſettle but a black
earth or mud, it is a ſign of Coals: if ſome part thereof ſhoot into
Ice, or a ſubſtance like Ice or Vitriol, then to obſerve the colour
thereof; if it be green or blueiſh, it is an evident ſign of Copper ;
if whitiſh, then it may ſignify any other Metal without exception.
The next work is to go to the bare Rocks, and there to find out
the clifts, cracks, and crannies; this done, to go to the top:
till you find ſome Grals growing right upon the top of the ſaid
Crannies,
or

8
DISCOVERY OF
Derzald
Crannies, and then to obſerve diligently the kind of that Graſs,
and how it differeth from other Graſs ordinarily growing in the fame
Mountain ; not only in form, but alſo in colour, which colour
Theweth the greateſt difference in the heat of Summer, for the
fubterraneal vapours iffoing out of the Orifice of Mines; differ from
thoſe which iſſue out of the more folid places of the Mountains,
The next work is to ſee if there be any marcaſites to be found in
the ſuperficies of the faid Mountains : which though they are
uſually of divers colours, and ſeidom good for any thing, yet they
are ftrong ſigns of Minerals within, being themſelves the ſpume
and froth of the better Metals, breathed forth, even as Drink
breatheth up Yeft or Froth to the fuperficies.
And there if they be put in an ordinary fire, they will turn black,
and yield a ſmell of Brimfone, Arfenic, Antimony, or ſome other
thing, commonly called or know by the name of a middle Mineral.
The next work is to try the operation with the Virgula divina,
as beneath is declared and where it ſheweth the ſtrongeſt ſigns, as is
Jikewiſe beneath tanght: and alſo the place is moſt accompanied
with the other figns formerly mentioned: thereby digging or
boring to try your fortunes.
The operation with the Virgula divina is thus to be performed:
fome obſerve a fet day and hour with certain words and Ceremo-
nies at the cutting up of the ſame, which I have found to be little
to the purpoſe, thus I wrought about Mid-Cummer, in a calm
stwind morning: I cut up a rod of Hazle, all of the fame Springs growth,
almoſt a yard long : then I tied it to my ftaff, in the middle,
with a ſtrong thread, ſo that it did hang even, like the Beam of
a Ballance : thus I carried it up and down, the Mountains where
Lead growed, and before Noon it guided me to the Orifice of a
Lead mine : which I tried, having one with me with an hatchet
of Iron and a Spade ; and within two hours we found a vein of
Lead Ore, within leſs than a foot of the Graſs : the ſigns that it
fheweth is to bow down the root end towards the earth as though
it would grow there, near unto the Orifice of a Mine, when you
ſee it do ſo, you muſt carry it round about the place, to ſee that
it turneth in the ſtring ftill to the place, on which fide ſoever you
ftand.
The reaſon of this Attra&ion I conceived to be of Kin to the
Altrathin Load-fone, drawing Iron to it by a ſecret virtue, inbred by na-
ture, and not by any conjuration, as ſome have fondly imagined.
And the Reaſon of this my opinion was, becauſe that in divers
of my practical Experiments I have obſerved an Attraction be
twixt ſeveral things, like that of the Load-ſtone and Iron; and if
it were to good purpoſe, I ſuppoſe that I could ſhew more experience
of that kind chan any man in England.
Now in the new plantations, as New-England, Virginia, Beru
mudas &c. where it is like that few or none have ever tryed, that
had any ſkill in theſe affairs, it is very probable that the Orifice
of divers Mines may be diſcerned with the eye in the cliſts of the
Rocks
why I

0
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE. 9
Rocks in many places, as ſome have been in Eng!and at the firft,
before that men grew a little ſkilful, and theſe to be loſt and ne-
glected, were à ſhame to the Planters ; for theſe Mines if they
prove rich, would yield more gain in one year, than their Toa
bacco, and ſuch trifles would yield in their whole lives.
CHAPTER III. Now that we are come to the melting and
refining of Metals, I will begin firſt with the Ore of Lead, becauſe
that is one of the moſt common Metals found in theſe Northern
Countries.
T
H E firſt work therefore to be done, is to have a little grate
of Iron about a foot broad, like ſuch as are uſed in a Still
to make the fire upon : this is to be placed in your Chimneya How To
corner with looſe bricks, one thickneſs underneath, and empty in retina
the middle, to give air to the fire; then lay more Bricks above
four courſe high, round about, and if they be laid without mor-Leche
tar, the fire will burn the better': then fill it with Char-coals kin-
dled, in the midſt whereof ſet your melting pot, with one pound
of Lead Ore, and four ounces of filings of Iron mingled together,
and fo blow to it ſtrongly with a pair of good hand-bellows, till
it be well melted down; then let the pot be taken out with a pair
of Tongs, and ſet to cool: when it is cold, break it, and knock of
the brittle cinder lying upon the top of the Metal with an hammer,
till none be left but the malleable metal, which you may affay and
and refine in this manner following: Take a little Teſt made as
beneath, and place it in the middle of your Chimney ; lay aſhes
about it, about fix inches broad, and as high, or rather higher
than your Telt; lay Bricks about the aſhes to hold them up one
Brick thickneſs, and two Bricks broad, then lay about half a peck (zeliacf
these
of Char-coals upon the Teſt kindled, and when they are almoſt
confumed, and the Teft red-hot, put them by a little in the midt Silver
over the Teft, and lay over a piece of good Oak-wood about five
inches ſquare, and eighteen inches long; lay it fo upon two Tyle
fheards, that it may lye about an inch and a half above the Teſt,
then lay on more ordinary Billets and ſome Char-coals amongſt :
make the fire about ſo ſtrong as to roaſt a Pig, then blow to it a
little, till the fire bura clear, then put upon the Teſt two ounces of
your Lead, and blow to it gently, and in three quarters of an hour,
all the Lead will be conſumed, and the filver will lye in the middle
of the Telt like a little Bead or Pearl, then put aſide the fire, and
let all be cold.
Then you may weigh the Silver in a pair of Gold-ſcales, and ſo
cat it up how much there is in a Tun of Lead: I have thus tryed
many Ores, and have found them to differ in goodneſs of all ſorts,
from Forty thillings worth of ſilver in a Tan, to thirty five pounds
wurth of Silver in a Tun, and there is no Lead but it holded ſome
Silver, yet it is not worth the refining, unleſs it yield eight or ten
pound upon a Tun at the leaft.
The
B

10
OF
DISCOVERY
The Teſt may thus be made: firſt, let a Smith make a Ring of
Test Iron about four inches wide, and two inches deep, and a quarter
of an inch thick, and as wide above as beneath, and without a
bottom.
Then burn Mutton and Beef-bones in the Fire till they be white,
then beat them ſmall in Mortar, and ſearce them fine like meal:
then with a little beer or water temper a ſmall part thereof like
pap, then put to ſo much more of the dry powder by little and little,
as will make it fo ftiff that it will not be made into a ball, but re.
main clammiſh, betwixt powder and paſte : then with a Peſtle
famp it gently into your ring till it be top full, being ſet upon an
even board, then ftamp it a little lower in the middle than at the
edges, and ſmooth it with a flight ftone or ſome round glaſs, ſo
ſet it in the Chimney Corner to dry a day or two, and it is ready
for your work.
If you put a quarter of an ounce of Sandiver, and as much
Salt-Petre mingled together with your powder of Lead, and
filings of Iron at your firſt melting, it will melt ſomewhat ſooner,
and with leſs blowing, beſides that the Sinder will pare cleaner
from the malleable metal.
And if you want Char-coals, you may burn Wood in an Oven,
and when it is red, and hath done ſmoakiog, you may ſet up the
oven ftone, and damp it.
Or you may do the like in an open Chimney, and damp it in
an earthen Pot, or cover is with Athes, or damp is in an hole in
the ground, by covering it with a layer of fods or with alhes.
Any of thefe Coals will ſerve to make your aſſays and trials:
as for directions for great works here is nothing intended in this
little Book : but only to be ſure whether the work will quit the
coft; which if it will then proviſion for great works will eaſily be
brought to paſs.
And if you want pots, you may be at choice whether you will
buy the ſame at the Gold-ſmiths or Potters in London, which ſell
Flanders melting pots, or make them yourſelf by this direction
following.
How to
Take right Flanders Jugs, fuch as they uſually put Bottle-Beer
in, beat them to fine powder, and ſearce them fine as Meal: Take
make
of this meal four pound, of the fine powder of Tobacco pipe
Grusetta's Clay one pound, temper them together with the red fetiſh water
Hands that iffueth out of an Horſe Dunghill
, beat it ſtrongly upon a
Broad board with a Rowling-pin, till it be ftiff paſte, then faſhion
your pots upon a piece of wood, turned like a Top, only let the
Tharp end of the Top be thicker and flatter than an ordinary Top;
then ſet them to dry in your Cimney Corner a day or two ; when
you uſe them, ſet them in the fire at the firſt kindling: and ſo
let the Fire fteal upon them till they be red hot: then put in
your Metal and ingredients, and cover it with a tile fheard, or
cover of Iron, and ſo melt it down.
hellig flota
CHAPTER

0.
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE.
11
T
wot
CHAPTER. IV. Wherein is the wed the Operation of Tis.
HIS Metal may be melted down like the Lead, only
Tin
malleable, till it be compounded with certain proportions of other
Metals, which I will not declare, becauſe it is a ſecret of weight
belonging to the Pewterers Trade.
And as for refining of it, I am ſure it cannot be done by any
artifice ; for I ſuppoſe that I have tried more experiments about it,
than any to men in England, becauſe that I ſaw the Refiners could
not do it: therefore I took the more pains and induſtry to bring it
to paſs; which If I could have effected, I do verily believe it
would have proved a rich Metal : but the more I tried the worfe vtinto
I ſped, for at the laſt of all I melted Gold and Silver equal parts
with the Tin, thinking thereby to bring it down into the Lead,
and to make it to drive fair, and refine kindly, but all was vain,
for the Tin poiſoned and conſumed ſome of my rich Metals,
Now whereas there is no hope of any Royal metal ever to be
gotten out of this Mineral : to ſupply the ſhortneſs of this Chap-
ter, I will fhew a way how every one that hath a mind to meddle
with theſe affairs, may have the poſſibility to enrich themſelves
and their pofterity; and be out of danger to undo themſelves, or
to damnify themſelves in any manner of value that is conſiderable.
Parry meaning is nie the taking itabadafuntchristelike to do
good to all, and hurt to none; and that no man from henorth
In all need to be at a quarter of the charge, ftudy, or labour
which
I nyfelf have undergone.
Therefore ſeeing that if the moſt ingenious and excite ways
He taken in the delight that wit can attain unto: yo it is butan
adventure : for ſometimes all the labour may be lot, though fot
often, if good heed be taken ; and fometime Mines may be
found, which will not quit the charges to be wrought upon.
Therefore as wiſe Merchants will not hazed all in one Bottom,
so let this never be any mans deſign totally for now there is no
fuqh need but they may do all that be done at ſuch ſpare
times, as any Gentleman, or man of Awality, uſually ſpendetli in
Hawking, Hunting, Gaming, or other eafureswhereof the
neods but fet a part of that time for theſe purpoſes ; having the
molt
part of his work done to his hands in this ittle Book,
If the Refiners ſhall grudge at me, for diſclosing ſome of the
fectets of their Trade, I will anſwer them in this manner: Fire I
myſelf have ſpent the site of divers Apprenticeſhips in theſe affairs,
and therefore claims a priviledge to diſcloſe my experience for the
public benefit at my pleafare.
Secondly Laffirm, that there can be no damage to any refreer, by
the divulging of theſe ſecrets; bat on the contrary, a great opa-
bil ty of much gain to that trade: for that, here is nothing but
the fill to make the aſſays diſcloſed for the searchers fatisfaction,
bore he take in band crear working whiritu fine cauſe la lo
I adviſe

12
OF
DISCOVERY
I adviſe him to chuſe the beſt Workman that he can get, and one
that hath been long experienced in theſe Works and in ſo doing he
fh all proſper the better in his deſign: Andi
organear
home of the indeleef
om
eftimamuborealedondolong hay mejejen alicia e
aalaa
to give me thanks for
rather than probiomas
പകരം
ܚܐ
there
CHAPTER. V. Wherein is ſhewed the Operation of Iron.
A
--
S for the melting hereof, feeing that it is no work to be done
in the Chimney corner, I will turn over the Reader to learn
the practiſe thereof in every Country almoft where he ſhall come.
As for the Refining thereof it may be done in this manner: Take
filings of Iron two parts, Antimony one part, it will melt down
refine pure
brittle than the Lead was, and melt it with four times as much Lead
ron as it weigheth, then refine it, as before is taught: if you know the
goodneſs of your Lead before, you may know the augmentation
out of the Iron, which will not quit the charges out of any Iron
made in theſe Northern Countries, nor yet out of Spaniſh Iron :
but what it may do out of Iron made in the burning Zone I know
not; but I conceive it may do well, if any ſuch Iron can be found
and made in that Climate.
It is true, that good gold may be extracted out of any Iron,
but not by any common way, but by a tedious, laborious, and
coftly way: and when all is done, there will be no gain, andets
buttofort of my
difpofities
grostagant on
carbo
CHAPTER. VI, Wherein is Jewed the Operation of
Copper. .
IRST, take your Ore, and break it into little pieces, about
Copper
coal an inch thick in your Chimney Corner: then lay on your
pieces of Ore, then lay on more Char-coals an inch and a half
thick upon the Ore, then kindle and let the fire burn out of
itſelf.
Then beat it into ſmall powder, and mingle it with your Sandiver,
and Salt-Petre, as you did your Lead, without any filings of Iron,
and fo melt it down as you did your lead Ore : only this difference
muſt be uſed, by reaſon that it is harder of fuſion than the Lead
Ore: therefore you muſt lay the bricks fomewhat wider than you
did for the Lead, that it may hold more Coals: beſides that, you
muſt take the choiceſt Coals that can be picked out, and no very
ſmall ones amongſt them: alſo you muſt have two pair of
hand Bellows, and two men to blow very frongly, and ſo melt
it down,
As

30
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE.
23
THRER
V
As for the refining it is needleſs to thew the manner; for no
Copper in cheſe Northern Countries holdeth any royal Metal, that
is conſiderable; neither Engliſh nor Danith Copper : yet in
regard that in fome Miues in Hungary, there is generated Gold,
Silver, and Copper, all in one maſs of Ore: and alſo in regard
that if any Mines of Copper ſhall be diſcovered in Virginia, or
other Southern Countries, there is fome probability that it
may contain royal Metal: therefore I will ſhew the manner how
to rehne it, and allo to part che Gold from the Silver, if it ſhall
contain both together.
Firſt, melt one ounce of Copper with four ounces of ſuch Lead,
as you know the goodneſs of before: then refine it, and by the
augmentation, you fall know the worth of the Royal metal con-
tained in the Copper.
If you would try whether the Copper contained any gold in it
put the affay, viz. the little Bead or Pearl of filver into good
Aqua-fortis well purified before, and if all diffolve then the Copper
held no gold; but if it leave a black powder undiſſolved, that is
gold: for Lead holdeth no filver that hath any gold in it at all:
therefore it is evident that the Gold came out of the Copper.
But if it happen, as often it doth in the refining of baſe
Metals, eſpecially Tin, Iron, and Copper, that the little Bead, or
Pearl remaining in the middle of the Teft, is not bright and
fhining, like the eye of a Bird, or Fiſh, but rough, black, and
full of fcurf; then if it be but a little in quantity, and that the
Telt be not cracked, nor full of clifts, then put to it ſome more
of the fame Lead, whereof you know the goodneſs, and drive it off
again as you did at the firſt; and re-iterate this work till the aſſay
be pure and clean like a little Pearl, or Bead, as it ought to be.
But if it happen that the Teſt is very foul, as often it cometh to
paſs in the Refining of frange Minerals, as Marcafites, and eſpe-
cially thoſe which the Mineralifts call by the name of Devils
Dirt: Then there is no way but to lett all cool ; and then to dig it
out, and with more Lead to melt it anew in a pot, and then to let
it cool, and then to break the pot, and to beat off the cinder with
an hammer, till you come to the malleable Metal, and you may
be affured that no Royal Metal will ſtay in the cinder, but fink
down into the Lead, through an attractive virtue betwixt them.
CHAPTER. VII. Wherein is foewed the Operation of
Silver,
۔
Silver
A la
S for the melting thereof, when it is found in the Mine of
but if it be found by itſelf, or mixed with Gold without Lead, as
many times it cometh to paſs, then it is to be beaten to powder,
and mixed with Sandiver and Salt-petre, without any filings of
Iron, and fo melted down like the Lead Ore; only the fire muit
be ſomewhat fronger.
Then

14
OF
DISCOVERY
Then it is to be melted with four times as much Lead, wheres
of you know the goodneſs : and ſo to be refined, as before is de-
clared.
But whereas fometimes this Ore is ſo ſtrongly mixt with Sparre,
and ftony ſubſtances, that it cannot be ſeparated therefrom, by
any common manner of work uſed by the Refiners ; then this
courſe is to be taken with it: Firſt, beat it into ſmall powder ;
then waſh away with water the greateſt part of the terreſtreity
and filth, then dry the powder, and uſe it in this manner.
Firſt, melt four ounces of Lead, and when it is melted put
to it four ounces of quickſilver, made hot in another melting pot :
but let the Lead be almoſt cold before you put in the Quick-filver :
but yet it muſt be done whilſt that the Lead is liquid.
This done, caft it into an Iron Mortar, ſet warm before upon
Embers, and it will be like Pap; then preſently with a peftle,
labour in one ouace of your powder, or two at the moſt, till it
be incorporated : or ſo much thereof as will incorporate : for the
ftrong and earthly ſubſtance will not incorporate with the Lead and
Quick-filver by any Artifice whatfoever ; but the filver, if any there
be, will forſake the Earthy and ftony fubftance, and join itſelf with
the Lead and Quick filver by an attractive virtue. This done, put it
all together into a melting pot, with a little Sandiver and Salt-
petre, and melt it down as you did the Lead Ore ; only this muſt
be obſerved, that the fire muſt be more mild at the firſt a great deal,
till the Quick-filver be evaporated, and more ftrong at the laſt, that
all may flow well together. Then take out the pot, and let it
cool; then break it, and with a hammer beat off all the Cinde:
and Scurf, till nothing be left but malleable metal.
Then Refine it according to the common manner, above declared,
and caft up with your Pen the augmentation that is more than the
Lead yielded of itſelf; and if there be no augmentation, then that Mi-
neral ſtone contained neither gold nor filver: for this is the moſt ex-
quiſite way in the world to reduce gold or filver, which is hard to
be reduced to a metallic body, through being ſtrongly mixed
with either corroſive ſubſtances, or any other filth which hindereth
his reduction : therefore if this way fail, you may ſet your heart at
reft for the ſeeking out of any other devices whatſoever, though the
gliftering fparks contained in the faid Minerals do never fo ftrongly
invite you; and you may conclude with the old faying, chat all is
is not gold that gliſtens.
But if it profper, and yields any augmentation that is confidera.
ble: then if you deſire to know whether there was any Gold mix-
ed with the Silver, as oftentimes there is, where ſilver is found
without lead, then put the little bead, or pearl of filver, which
remained on the Teft into Aquafortis, and if all diſolve, then
there is no gold in that Mineral; but if a black powder remain,
then that is gold, and the quantity may be found by further trial.
CHAPTER

SUBTERRANEAN
TREASURE. 15
A
Gold
CHAPTER, VIII. Wherein is ſhewed the Operation of gold
and real experiments whereby any man may preſently try whether
any piece of gold be true or counterfeit, without defacing or al
tering the form thereof.
S for the melting of it: if it be found mixed with filver Ore
as oftentimes it cometh to paſs then it is to be melted, re-
fined, and parted from the filver with Aqua-fortis, as is before
declared, and if there be not five times as much filver, as there is
gold in the compofition, then you muſt put in ſo much, or elſe the
Aqua-fortis will not diffolve it.
But if it be found in grains of powder, as oftentimes it is, then
you muſt put to it Borax inftead of Sandiver and Salt-Petre, and
ſo melt it down as you did the other Ores before mentioned.
Now for ſo much as this metal is the moft sich of all the reſt,
and moſt thirfted after, I will enlarge my Diſcourſe for the gaining
of means to find it out ; alſo I will ſhew the reaſon why this Roy-
al Metal is many times found pure of itſelf, with little or no mix-
ture of other baſe metal with it.
And firft, whereas it is often found in the ſand in Rivers, let
no man think that it could be generated there, but that the ſwift
motion of the water from the high Mountains, brought it thither,
with earth and all together, till ſuch time as the motion of the
water grew more flow; and fo according to its property, being
not able to carry forward fill both the ſubſtances, did fill carry
the earth with it, and let the heavier body fink.
Therefore I would have thoſe that have occafion to deal in the
hot Countries where gold is uſually generated, to make trial in
all ſuch Rivers which run from great Mountains with a ſwift
courſe in ſuch places, where the motion of the water beginneth
to grow flow.
And for this purpoſe he may have a little Bucket of Iron that
will not lye in the bottom, but on one ſide, which fide muſt have
a fhoe like a ſhovel ; ſo that being drawn a little forward, as it
Iyeth in the bottom it will fill itſelf with fand, which you may
try by grinding it with Quick-filver whether it contain any gold
it 25
filver willingly; then you may waſh away all the ſand, and train
the quick-filver through a kin of Leather, and if any gold be ga-
thered into it, there will remain a Ball in the Leather ; then you
may evaporate the quick-filver from the Ball in a melting pot,
and ſo melt down the gold with a little Borax.
Alſo ſometimes gold is found in Rivers in powder and grains,
far diftant from any mountains of ſwift motion of water; this
plainly demonſtrateth that the earth thereabout containeth gold;
a thing uſual in hot Countries, and that the water in that place
had a convenient motion to wear away the earth, and to leave the
gold behind ; and this is manifefly ſeen by experience where
they

16
OF
DISCOVERY
they waſh whole mountains of earth with water, thereby to
ſeparate the gold from it,
Now whereas I have formerly affirmed that all metals in genee
ral are generated of the clammy and glutinous part of the fubter-
raneal vapours, ariſing from Bituminous and Sulphureous ſubſtances,
kindled in the bowels of the earth, it behoveth me to fhew how
gold, fuch a fixed ſubſtance can be found pure of itſelf, and not
mixed with other baſe metals.
And the reaſon of this can be no other, but becauſe that all
other metals whatſoever will putrify in the earth in length of time,
and turn to earth again ; but gold will never putrify by reaſon of
its excellent compoktion, being made of a Balſamick Sulphur, or
fatneſs, which is incombuſtible, and differeth from the Sulphur or
fatneſs contained in the other metals even as natural Balſam differeth
from all other Oils, & fat fubfances ; ſo that though it be an Oil
in ſhew, yet it will fink in water, whereas all other Oils will Swim
upon the top of the water.
And this is the cauſe why Gold finketh ſo eagerly in water,
which may be proved by weighing a 20 Shilling piece of Gold,
againſt his Braſs weight, and then letting his Scales fink in a Ba-
ſon of water 3. or 4. inches deep, the Gold will there over-weigh
the Braſs about 9. or 10 grains by reaſon that the Braſs is more
inclined to ſwimming through the combuſtible fatneſs or ſulphur in
its compoſition ; and as for the 20 ſhilling piece, ſo for any other
piece of Gold whatſoever according to its ſeveral Braſs weight you
may in like manner try whether it be true or counterfeit,
Now whereas the ſubſtance of Gold is not ſubject to patrify in the
earth by any length of sime, it is probable enough that other metals
might be generated with it at the firſt, and afterward putrifed and
conſumed from it in length of time, leaving the Gold pure.
For I have drawn Iron, or a ſubftance much like to filings, or
atoms of Iron out of grain Gold that was brought from Guinea with
a Load-ftone, which ſeemed to be Iron not fully putrified and
turned into earth.
And the Reaſon why the hotter the Country is, the richer the
Minerals are, can be no other but the ſame, that roaſted meats are
ſweeter than boiled Meats, or raw meats: the reaſon whereof is
plain, for that the rawith and unſavory part is exhaled by the heat
of the fire, leaving the ſweeter part behind.
Even fo in hot Countries, all that part of the fubterraneal vapours,
which here is condenſed into Lead, and other baſe metals, can
there have no leave to congeal, by reaſon of the heat : but is all
or moſt part thereof exhaled out of the Mines, leaving behind the
royal metals, whoſe property is to coagulate with heat: whereas
the property of the baſe metals is to evaporate with heaf and to
congeal.
The contrary opinion to this; namely that the ſubſtance of the
beſt metals are convertible ioto Royal metals by heat and digeſtion,
hath filled the world with falſe Books and Receipts in Alchymy, and
hath

SUBTERRANEAN
TREASURE. 17
bath cauſed many men to ſpend much money, labour, Rudy and
charges to no purpoſe,
For I know by good and long experience, and by many accurate
trials that Quick-Gilver the moſt friendly mineral to the Royal metals,
can by no means or Artifice whatſover be fixed or coagulated into
either of the Royal Metals: alſo I have found ſince that no Authur
of Credit or Reputation teacheth any ſuch ching, but contrarily,
condenneth all ſuch operations to be falſe, vain, and frivolous.
For the matter of ſubſtance of the Royal metals is quite contrary
to that of the baſe metals, even as the fixed ſalt of any vegetable
is different from the Volatile or fugitive ſalt of the fame. Yet I
deny not but that by Art there may be drawn ſome ſmall fixed part
out of the baſe metals, and may be converted into Royal Metals,
though with much labour, charges, and lofs.
For as a Tree or other vegetable being burned, doth yield a
fixed ſalt or Alhes : ſo the baſe metals do contain in them ſome
ſmall quantity of matter of the ſame nature that the royal metals are
compounded of.
And for the further ſatisfaction to the Reader, I will ſhew in the
next Chapter a true receipt how to make real and true Gold abiding
all trials, and having all properties active and paflive which true
natural Gold harb: but inſtead of gain, loſs will be ready to follow
the work.
I
CHAPTER. IX. Wherein is howed how true and perfet
Gold may be made by Art with loſs to the Workman.
Thus 1 Wroughe.
Took eight ounces of Regulus of Iron and Copper, made as
beneath is declared, and 16. ounces of common Sublimate,
bought at the Apothecaries, and mede theſe ingredients into fine
powder: firſt, feverally and then I ground them well together upon
a Marble-ftone, and fo put them into a retort of Glaſs, and drew
from them forft an Oil, then a ſubflance like Butter, and laſtly
a yellow Sublimate, tincted with the tincture of Iron and Copper,
which yellow Sublimate I re&ified three or four times, till it was
very pure: then I mixed it with equal parts of an Amalgam of
filver, and quick-Glver, made as beneath is taught, and put it
into another retort of Glaſs, and forced away all but the ſilver,
which remained like yellow horn: thio yellow filver I amalgamed
again with new quick-filver, and fet ic in gentle heat about a week,
then in very ſtrong beat for fix hours; ſo that the quick-ſilver roſe
up, and fell down again upon the filver ; till fuch time as that it
had carried up all the filver ; from the bottom of the Glaſs into
branches like trees, then I melted down the filver ; and fined it,
and parted it with Aqua-fortis, and had divers grains of pure and
good gold abiding all trials : but the quantity would not pay for
half the charges and labour.
C
I made
to Po
price
ve

18
DISCOVERY OF
I made the Regulus thus : I took 4 ounces of Iron in fub nails,
and made them red hot in a crucible: and then I put to it 8 ounces
of crude antimony, and melted it down, and when it was well ao
thin melted, I let it cool in the pot, and fo knockt off the regulu
from the lop ng cinder, which lay upon the top of it, then I did
the like with 4 ounces of Copper in thin plaies: and then I mixer
equal parts of theſe two, and melted then three or four times, ever
time caſting into the pot half an ounce of Salt-petre, as it was i
melting to purify it, till it was pure and bright almost like
Silver, bu' yet brittle: ſo that I could beat it in a mortar to fine
powder.
The yellow flver that was like yellow horn, did Amalgam with
much difficulty and grinding, with ſalt and Vinegar, and fome of
it was loft do what I could: but the firſt filver was water Glver,
which I bought at the refiners, out of which they had taken all the
gold before : this did Amalgam very eaſiy, then I ttrained it to a
Ball through a Leather ſkin, and fo mixed it with the yellow
Sublimate chae was cincted yellow with the tin&ture of Iron and
Copper.
The proportion of the quick-ſilver to the filver was 5 or 6
parts to one.
If any one doubt the truth of Alchymy, he may be ſatisfied by
this trial; but inſtead of gain he fhall pay for bis learning, by
going away with loſs.
I do not deny but there are works of lefs lofs and charge,
yet none of them locrative by reaſon of the change of times.
For if any one will uphold me as good a leaſe ; or parchaſe of
Jand, as I can prove by credible records, hath been had in former
times for an ounce of gold, I will undertake to make an ounce of
gold by Art to pay for it, and yet have a good bargain.
But the difference of times hath confounded this Art, as may
appear more plainly beneath.
Firft in ancient times a man's work was not worth above a penny
a day, which now is worth two fhilings and fixpence a day, as may
appear by ancient records for buildings, and the like: ſo that
there is thiry to one loſs in the Workmanſhip.
Secondly, then coals veſſels and orher things neceſſary for theſe
affairs did coft little, in respect of the charge now
Thirdly, when the gold was made, it would thep have bought
thirty or forty times as much, either Lands, leaſes, victuals, or
workmanſhip as now.
So that I conclude, that then the owners of this Art might gain
30 or go for one, and yet now they ſhall looſe extremely.
The cauſe that moved me to ſearch fo much into theſe affairs,
was, becauſe I ſaw by the books, that ſo divers men in divers ages,
and in divers Countries did agree in one tale ; whereby I conceiv.
ed it impollible to be a lie, now I conceive it might be true, but
that the times have made an alteration.
CHAPTER

SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE. 19
CHAPTER X. Wberein is Shewed the
Operations for ſome of the inferior Minerals.
S for theſe bafe Minerals vis. Cinnabar natural, Antimony,
Sulphur, Auripigment,
and many other things of like nature, becauſe they are of ſmall
value, and nor worth the ſeeking for on ſet purpoſe, I will omit
further to diſcourſe of them; if any man fhall find them, or any
of them by accident, let him uſe his own pleaſure, kill, and in-
duftry in the proceeding with them.
Nevertheleſs becauſe Cinnabar natural may contain much quick
filver, which is very uſeful for many things, and may prove as bene.
icial as a good mine of metal, eſpecially if it Thall be found in great
plenty : I will therefore thew the refining feparation, and puritying
of the fame in ſmall proportion : ſo that if it ſhall be found a
profitable work, then the finder thereof may proceed to a greater
work. The firſt thing then to be done, is to conſider of the weight
thereof: if it be very ponderous reddiſh in colour, and full of
clear it reaks, fhioing almoſt like the ftreaks of Antimony, then it is
a good ſign of a rich mine.
The firſt trial to be made thereof is to weigh a piece thereof,
and fo put it into a gentle fire for an hour or two, in ſuch fore
that it may only be red hot; then to let it cool, and to weigh it as
gain, and ſo by the lightneſs thereof, being compared with the
former weight, you may judge fomewhat of the richneſs thereof.
Then take a pound thereof, and beat it into fine powder and
mingle it well with as much unflack'd Lime, put it into a retort of
Glafs, lored with Potters clay, and fome horſe-dung well beaten
and tempered together ; then ſet it in a little furnace in your
Chimney corner, and force it with fire 12 hours : let it be kept
red hoc the latt 4 hours, and let the nose of the glaſs enter into
another glaſs, hilled almott full of water, in ſuch manner that the
vapours of the Cinnabar mutt needs enter into the water, for the
better condenſation thereof into quick filver.
This done, ſepa.ate your quickſilver in the bottom of the water,
and dry it and weigh it ; if you find the quantity conſiderable,
then you may proceed in this manner.
Firit, make an hole in the earth with very good tempered clay
that will hold water, and let it be narrow in the bortom, and wider
and wider above to the top, to the breadth of two or three or
four yards; then fill the pit with water, and lay over it barrs of
iron of ſufficient ftrength and thickneſs so bear the burden that
mutt lye upon it; and let them lye fo near together that the
ftones and wood cannot fall through then lay thereupon a layer
of dry wood, and a layer of your red itone nos broken inall, and
ſo do again till it be a yard thick or more, then give fire to it on
the wind fide, and go away out of the danger of the fumes, till you
fee afar off that the fire is finiſhed and burned quite out.
Then repair to your work, and let out the water through a pipe
of

20
OF
DISCOVERY
of Lead, which ſhould be formerly Jaid almoſt at the bottom of
the Pii, into another pit near to it, made ſo deep that it may
receive the water, and in the bottom you thall find great ſtore of
quick-ſilver, if the Mine was good.
The water may be pumped up again to ſerve the next day for
the fame uſe; and you need but to take up but a few of the bars
of Iron every day to go down into the pit, to take out your quick-
filver, and to lay them down again.
CH A P T E R XI. Wherein is fewed the ways
to find out Pit coals: also the natural cauſe of the generation of
them, by a plain demonfiration.
TH
HOUGH this Mineral be of ſmall value, yet if a good
Mine thereof ſhall be diſcovered in ſome particular places
of this Land, the benefit thereof will far exceed the profit of any
metal Mine uſually found in theſe Northern Countries by reaſon
that wood is ſo greatly decayed of late years, that were it not for
this help many people would be in danger to be farved.
The irſt thing therefore which I would have to be diligently
obſerved is; that this Mineral is viually found in ground that is
prone to bear wood and chorns, and not in the very fertile grounds
nor yet in the extreme barren grounds, but of an indifferent fer-
tility, and in grounds that are ofually flower in their growth in
the Spring time, than the fertile Plain countries by a week
or a forinight.
Allo che faid grounds are prone to bring forth large Cattel, and
well horned : but not to feed the ſaid Cattel without a long time,
nor yet will they ever be very fat upon the ſame ground. Alſo the
Springs iſſuing out of the ſaid grounds, are apt to colour the earth
ruddy at their Orifice, like unto the ruſt of Iron.
Alſo the faid ſpring water being boiled as before is taught,
doth uſually yield a black ſediment.
Alſo if
you bury a new bowl of pure white wood in the ſaid
grounds from March till Mialummer, with the Mouth downward,
it will be coloured blackiſh, with the ſubrerrareal vapours.
Alſo I had a receipt given me for this purpoſe by one, that for
his great experience, and excellent ſkill in natural cauſes, ſeemed
to be one of Natures Darlings : which becauſe I have not tried, for
want of opportunity, I will commend it as a very probable fign,
and give ſuch Cautions, that any man may be ſure of it, before
he try his fortune by digging or boaring, or any chargeable way.
And this was his direction : about the middle of May, when the
ſub'erraneal vapours are ſtrong, which may be diſcerned by the Fern
which about that time will juddenly grow out of the earth in a night,
or two, almoſt an handfull in length, then take a pure white piece
of Tiffany, and wet it in the dew of the graſs, which is all of that
Springs growth, and not foiled with cartel, ner no other thing, then
wring

18
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE.
27
wring out the dew from it, and do fo five or ſix times, and if there
be coals the Tiffany will be a little blacked, and made foul with the
footy vapours ariſing through the Coals and condenſed among the
dew.
Now to be ſure not to be deceived, do thus : firſt try it where
there are coals, and if you fiod the figns abovementioned, yet
truſt not to the experiment, till you have tried where there is no
Coals in ſome other place, wherein is behoveth you to try in divers
places, till you find a place where the Tiffany is not foiled at all ;
then you may be ſure that the experiment is true and unfailable.
I admoniſh bim that ſhall try with the Tif any upon the dew, to
let his hands be waſhed before with Soap and hot water, and wi-
ped with a pure white cloth, till they will not foul the cloth at all;
elſe if they ſpend their money in digging, and find nothing, they
may thank their foul fingers for that misfortune.
As for the natural cause of the generation of Coals, this demon-
Aration following doth make it manifeſt.
Take a piece of the black fat earth, which is uſually digged up
in the Wett Country, where there are ſuch a multitude of Fire-
trees covered therewith, and which the people uſe to cut in the
form of Bricks, and to dry them, and fo to burn them inſtead of
coals ; uſe this fubitance as you did the other earth in the begin-
ning of the Book, to find out the natural cauſe of Rocks, Stones,
and Merals, and let it receive the vapours of the cumbuſtible fub-
kances, and you ſhall find this fat earth hardened into a plain
coal ; even as you found the other lean earth hardened into a
ftone,
Whereby it appeareth that nature doth the ſame thing in the
generation of Coals under the ground, by the indurating of a fat
earth with the ſubterraneal vapours which are apt to work various
effe&ts, according to the fubftance which they meet withal.
Now whereas fome of inquiſitive diſpoſitions will defire to
know the natural cauſe of that fat earth, generated in ſuch ſubter-
raneal Caverns, let them be pleaſed to conſider that ſuch places in
former times have been the ſuperficies of the earth, and afterwards
have been covered by the ſea with other earth, which may be de-
monftrated by two ways : firſt, it is evident that the Mines of
Coals do lay in ſome places, higher, and in other places lower,
lively reſembling the ſuperficies of the earth, which is never direct-
ly equal, but every where various.
Secondly, every one may fee in the Weſt Country, where ſuch a
multitude of Firr-frees do lay covered ſu deep in the earth, that
the ſuperficies of the earth was deeper than it is now in former
ages, when choſe trees were brought thither by the Sea: for it is
evident that they never grew there : firſt, for that there groweth
no Firr-trees in that Country: ſecondly, for that they do lay
croſs, and in ſuch uncouth manner, that no human Arength could
ever imitate nor paralell by any device whatſoever.
Alſo they may ſee the power of the Sea to alter the ſuperficies of
the

22
OF
DISCOVERY
the earth, by the multitude of earth there laid ſo many yards deep
upon
the
top
of the trees.
Alſo they may fee that the Sea doth make the difference of the
nature of earths by its various motion, as well as the unevenneſs
thereof by hills and vallies : for these they may ſee that ſome
earth will burn, and fome will not born, being both forts brought
thither by the Sea, as appeareth evidently by the former diſcourſe.
A ſo the Sea never refting, but perpetually winning and in one
place, and loſing it in another, doth ſhew what may be done in
length of time, by a continual operation, not ſubject unto ceaſing
or intermiffion.
m
H
CHAPTER. XII. Wherein is foewed a perfed way to
try what colour any Berry, Leaf, Flower, Stalk, Root, Fruit,
Seed, Bark, or wood will give : alfo a perfect way to make
colours fixed, which will not abide the ordinary way.
TERE I muſt confeſs a manifeſt digreffion from my ſubje&t:
yet in regard of the great benefit which this experiment may
bring to the Country out of the new Plantations, and other places,
where it is very probable that many of theſe things be hidden and
unknown, I will crave pardon, for chat my intent was chiefly to
prevent the loſs of thoſe things which may do much good, were is
not through ignorance or negligence.
Firſt then take half a pint of water, and half a pint of float,
made as beneath, 2, penny weight of Allum, 12, grains of Tartar
finely beaten, and put all into a Tin veffel, wbich is better than
Earth, Lead, or Copper ; fer it on a Trivet to diffolve the Allum
upon a gentle fire : as foon as it beginneth to boil, take a piece
of white woolen cloth, well ſcoured with Soap, fullers earn, or
Lye, or altogether, to take out the greaſe of it, being well waſhed
out with fair water, and then dryed in the air or Sun, not by the
the fire : the cloth muft weigh but halt an ounce; then tie a thread
to the end of the cloth, and when the liquor beginnerb to boil,
then put in the cloth, and let it boil an hour ; then take out the
cloth, let it cool, waſh it in two or three waters ; then take any
berry, leaf, Aower, ftalk, rooi, fruit, feed, bark, or wood, and
br ile them well ; put them in fair water, and boil them with a
gentle fire to extract the cincture ; then put in the cloth formerly
prepared, which will thew what Colour they will give.
To make the Float.
Boil an Hogſhead of water, theo cait in a Buſhel of wheat Bran,
then draw the fire, let it ftand three or four days, till it grow
fourih.
But for ſmall trials a little will ſerve, obſerving proportion
between the water and the Bran.
A proportion muſt be obſerved in the allowing of all tuffs be-
fore they receive their colours : Firit, the proportion of Allom to
the

381
SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE.
23
the water ; which is one of Allum to 16. of water, and float:
Secondly, the proportion of the Tartar to the Allum ; which is one
of Tartar to 4. of illum : Thirdly, the proportion of Allum to the
Cloth, which is one of Allum to five of the Cloth.
Note that all filks muſt be allumed cold, or elſe they will looſe
their luftre.
The way to find what tiniture is hidden in any vegetable, or in
any part thereof.
Take the vegetable, being cut green, and ſtamp and grind the
fame, as if it were to make juice thereof, then preſs out the ſuper-
fluous moiſture; the remainder make up in Balls, and lay them
up together, that they may gather a little heat, but let them noc
heat too much, for then they will turn to dung : theſe being ſuf-
ficiently fermented, muſt be dried, and afterwards uſed as Woad
is uſed.
Another way as Indigo is made.
Make a pit with Timber and boards, about a foot deep, and
as wide, and as long as you pleaſe, being well clayed in the bora
tom and ſides; then fill this pit with any vegetable cut green ;
then put as mucb water to it as will cover the herbs : let it ftand
expoſed to the Sun iwo or three days : then with a plug at the
bortom draw out all the water, and caſt it away; then fill
the pit again with freſh water, and when it hach ſtood the like
time, draw it away as the former: this do fo often, till you find
that the herb will be eaſily brought into a muffilage; then it muſt
be trod, and beaten with wooden inftruments, like rammers, till
it will come all to a muflage: then it muſt be taken and wrung
through hair Sives, like Callia Fiſtula extracted, to keep the talks
and great Fibres from pafing through: afterwards the Muſlilage or
pap that pafſeth through, muſt be dryed in the Sun, and ſo formed
into Cakes like to indigo.
Another way
can
Take the vegetable cut green, and famp and grind it: then
take an Hogſhead and fll it with half water, and half bruiſed herbs,
ſet it out of the Sun, with the bung hole open two or three inches,
till ic ferment and work like Wine or Beer: after it hath done
working the Herbs will apk, which at the first did ſwim, and the
liquor will grow a little lowriſh; then let it be fet abroad in the
Sun, and brought into Vinegar, as wine and beer is brought into
vinegar, and then that colour never be lained with other
Vinegar or Urine, becauſe it is ſufficiently impregnated, and his
appetite fatisfied with his own proper Vinegar: when his ſubſtance
is thus turned into Vinegar, the clear Vinegar mutt be drawn from
it, the remainder muſt be uſed as the former indigo, and ſome
water to that, to be fure to fetch out all his tatarous muiliiage,
muſt be put to the Vinegar, and dryed away in the Sun, and ſo
they become like Indigo: In tin&turam tartarizatam fixam de occulro
in Manifeftum -The hitherto, Unſeen Tin&ture of the fixed Tartar,
is by this operation now diſcovered.
And

24
DISCOVERY OF
And whereas Barks, Woods and Roots are of a dry compoſition,
and will not ferment of themſelves with water like green Herbs,
or vegetables : therefore they muſt be well ground, or thin thaven
and there muſt be added inſtead of Water, Juice of Grapes, Pears,
Apples or Wort made of Malt, or other grain, into which the
Wood Bark or Roots muft be put : let them ferment together, and
and afterwards be turned into Vinegar; then the clear Vinegar
muſt be extracted: the reſidue of the tin&ure muſt be extracted
with freſh water, and both of them molt be breathed away in the
Sun as before, and ſo brought into this perfect tincture.
By this which hath been declared in this chapter it may appear
to every one having an inquiſive diſpoſition, what is the true natur-
al cauſe why ſome colours are fixed, and will not ftaio with vinegar,
urine, nor yet fade with the Air ; which hath in it a certain
acetofity, or ſharp airy falt of the nature of Vinegar, which thoſe
tin&tures draw to them, which have not their Appetites fully ſatis-
fied before with ſuch ſpiritual or airy falts; and this is further
manifeſt for that all ſuch tinctures which are inoſt firm and fixed,
and are not fubje&t to ftaining of fading being tafted upon the
tongue, may be felt ſomewhat ſharpiſh or fouriſh.
And the cauſe of this appetitive and attractive virtue in colours is
Bo other but the very fame which is betwixt the Lead ftone and
Iron : for take the Load-ftone, and burn it till all his blew vapour
be exhaled, and then he will draw no more fron thereby ſhewing
plainly, that it was that airy falt tincted with the veneral, or vege-
table greenneſs, which the Iron thirfted after to ſatisfy his thirfly and
dry nature and conftitution, which he got by his calcination and
fuſion.
And the like attraction may be diſcerned by the intellectual
eyes in any thing that is ſtrongly burnt ſo that all his Spirits are
exhaled : as lime will draw the airy ſubſtance to him, and there-
by quench himſelf: Alſo Tartar burned, and laid in the Air,
will draw the ſharper part of the air to it, and thereby diffolve it.
felf: and in fum all corporeal fubftances, the more they have
loſt their ſpiritual parts by natural, or artificial operation, the
ſtronger is their attractive virtue.
Now inſtead of filling the Readers head with proclamations,
I will conclude my Book with giving eaſe to his memory, by pre-
fcribing what neceſſaries he is to provide for the accomplifhing of
his ſeveral deſigns in his Voyages or plantations whither his 08.
cafion ſhall draw him,
And firft for bim that will only try his fortunes in the ſearching for
Minerals.
He will need nothing but two or three Pipkins, two or three
Urinalls, an iron Pick-As, well fteeled, a Spade and a Crow of
Iron, if he will be at the charge thereof: but there is no great
neceflity : alſo if he be not acquainted with the ſeveral Ores of
Metals, it will be convenient that he take with him a little piece
of every ſort of Ores : or ſo many ſeveral kinds as he can get.
And

SUBTERRANEAN TREASURE. 25
And for him that would proceed further, to try the value of them
himſelf, he muſt provide theſe things following.
A Gare of Iron of a foot broad, ſome Bricks, two pair of good
Hand-Bellows, a pair of Tongs, fome Lead, Salt-Peter, Sandiver,
Borax, Flanders melting Pots, a ring of Iron for the Teft, an
Hatchet, or Hand-faw to cut wood: ſome good Aqua-forris,
Weights and Scales : and if any man be not active handed, he
may have a Man for a trifle to Mew him the Manual practice in a
day before he go bis Voyage,
And for him
that will ſearch for dying ſtuffs, he may ſee in the
laſt Chapter what things he ſhall ſtand in need of; Alſo the other
Chapters may be peruſed whereby every one may be the better
accommodated for their ſeveral enterpriſes.
Τ Η Ε
E N D.
Τ Η Ε Τ Α Β Ι Ε.
P. 12.
CHAPTER 1. Wherein is fewed by a plain demonſtration
the na'ural cauſe of the generation and production of Mountains and
Merals: whereby the Seekers may obtain a competent meaſure
of knowledge to guide them where to ſeek for the other external
figns,
Page, 6.
CHAPTER II. Wherein is shewed the ſigns of Mines and
Minerals, with the manner how to svork to find the fame. P. 7
CHAPTER III. Now that we are come to the melting
and refining of Metals, I will begin firt with the Ore of Lead,
becauſe that is one of the moſt common Metals found in theſe Northern
Countries.
p. 9
CHA P. IV. Wherein is ſewed the operations for Tin. p. 11.
CHA P. V. Wherein is ſewn the operations of Iron.
CHA P. VI. Wherein is ſhewed the operations of Copper. p. 12.
CHA P. VII. Wherein is ſhewed the operations of Silver. p. 13.
CHA P. VIII. Wherein is fbewed the operations of Gold, and
real experiments whereby any man may preſently try whether
any piece of gold be true or counterfeit, without defacing om alteriug
the form thereof.
p. 15
CHA P. IX.
IX. Wherein is ſhewed bow true and perfe& Gold may
be made by Art, with lots to the workman.
P. 17
СНА Р. x, Wberein is fewed the Operations for ſome of
the inferior Metals.
p. 199
C Η Α Ρ. ΧΙ, Wberein is hewed the ways to find out Pit
coals: allo the natural cauſe of the generation of them, by a plain
demonſtration.
P. 2C.
CH A P. XII. W'berein is bewed a perfe&t way to try what
colour any Berry, Leaf, Flower, Stalk, Root, Fruit, Seed, Bark,
om wood will give : alfo a perfect way to make colours fixed,
which zill not abide the ordinary way.
D
Appendix
P. 22.

26
FROM
A PP E N D I X
Appendix from Smith's Laboratory; or School of Arts.
Of Mines and how to Diſcover them.
and ſatisfaction, were it not for the riches and lafire which
natore dazzles their eyes with, and makes them indefatigable
ſearchers into the innermost receffes of the earth, to her hidden
treaſures,
Thoſe fubterraneous riches are diſcovered ſeveral ways:
1. When after great foods of rain the current in the ſeveral
channels waſhes and diſcovers the veins of ore which pature had
concealed with earth, as happened formerly at Freyburg in
Saxony.
2. Sometimes metal ores are diſcovered after a great form,
when chereby trees are torn up by the roots that grew on the ſur-
face of gold and silver veins.
3. Juftin relates, chai Gallicia was very rich of copper and
lead, and Baramus of gold, and that it has often happened that
huſbandmen in ploughing their land, have ploughed up pieces
of geld ore, and thereby diſcovered the mines thereof. Nay, it
frequently happens that mines are diſcovered by digging of wells.
4. Diodorus Siculas mentions, that by the fire the ihepherds
made in the woods in Spain, the like mines were diſcovered.
5. It is reported for certain that the lead mines at Goſlar, a
city in Lower Saxony, were firſt diſcovered by a horſe beating his
hoof again it lead ore ; and the like has been done by ſwine, in
Tuuting up the ground, when they fearch for acorns.
But all theſe are merely accidental : it is better therefore to have
certain rules to direct one to the difcovery of ſuch mines ; which
indeed are beſt learned by long experience ; however, thoſe chas
have been obſerved are the following.
1. When on the furface of the earth, pieces of ore of ripe metal
are found, it is a certain ſign that veins of ore are there. By this
was the rich mine at kuitenberg in Bohemia diſcover'd ; a friar
walking there for pleaſure in a wood, found a little twig of Alver,
which ſprang out of the ground; he was ſo very careful as to co-
ver the place with his cloak, and carry the good news to his
convent.
2. When there is a white froſt all over the country, there will
be none over the mineral veins, becauſe they fend op fuch warm
fumes as diffolve the frott, and for this reaſon ſnow ſooner melts
in thoſe places than in others.
3. It is a certain fign thar minerals are found in ſuch places
where the hrobs and trees are obſerved to fade by the latter end
of the spring, become ſpotted and of a redil colour.
4 A hill, the foor whereof locks towards the north, and the
top towards the welt, holds for the moit part flver ore, the filver
vor inclining from weſt to north.
SSSbe
{{{{
5. By
3€

lazur
En
65
SMITH'S LABORATORY.
27
5. By carefully examining into the colour of the earth, one
may conjecture whether there are mineral ores there : and the cos
lour of the mineral earth will few what metal it carries : a green-
ith earth denotes conper, black gives good hopes of gold and fl.
ver; but the grey and white of none but iron or lead.
6. Dry, barren, and, as it were burnt up hills, contain ſome
metal, becauſe all the hurtful vapours that exhale out of the mi-
neral veins, dry up the plants.
7. When ones or earth are heavier than ordinary, it is a ſign
of mineral veins.
8. The ſprings at the bottom of hills often diſcover mines, ci-
ther by their colour, ſmell, or talie, or by carrying ſome ſmall
metallic fubftance, whereby one may perceive that there are mi-
neral veins.
9. Some, but not many, plants and trees which have ſympathy
with metals, grow commoniy over ore mines; and give thereby
notice for the diſcovery of them; as juniper, wild figs, and moſt
plants of a prickly growth. When hills are always covered with
vapours and ſmoak, it is a ſign that there are metallic veins.
Theſe are the directions which are followed by ſuch as are in
ſearch of mineral ore, as they are ſet down by Agricole, Cardan,
Glauber, and Kircher. This laſt author proceeds thus: “ Lally,
" we muſt allow, that all the ſigns for the diſcovery of mines here
mentioned, are founded on a weak bottom, and that there is
none of thoſe ſuppoſed marks, whereby one can be ſure and
66 certain, after you have diſcovered the place that contains ore,
" neither what quantity, or what kind it holds ; for theſe ſigas
* will direct as well to fulphur, antimony, falt, mercury, lead,
“ iron, copper, tin, as to fiver and gold. But by virtue of the
winchel-rud, one may with confidence diſtinguiſh the one from
66 the other, and know what kind of ore the mines contain ; for
by holding in each hand a piece of gold, the rod which thereby
"s attracts the ators of the gold, will beat or move to no other
€ meial; with silver it will do the ſame. As thoſe who profeſs theme
“ ſelves great profeſſors of that are affirm.
Of Cobalt, and the preparation of Smalt and arſenick.
WING to the establiſhment of the new fociety for encourag:
ing arts and diſcoveries by premiums, Colbalt has been found
out in our own mines, as excellent as any can be, and fufficient in
quantity for the fupply of all Europe. In our own conſumption,
tnis will be a national ſaving of 25,000 l. a year, beſides the ad-
vantages and profits that muſt ariſe from exportation,
The account lately pobliſhed in the poblic papers, concerning
the diſcovery here in England of a certain mineral, by the Germans
diſtinguiſhed under the name of cobalt, whereof they prepare the
finali, a blue colour, and likewiſe the arſenick, has induced me to
inſert the following particulars, concerning the method uſed by
the people there in the performance, and of bringing it to perfec-
sion. I have taken it from Mr. Baddam's abridgement of the men
moirs
66
O

28
FROM
Α Ρ Ρ Ε Ν DIX
6
moirs of the Royal Society, vol. IV. page 359, which is as
follows:
• The Cadmia nativa, or cobalt (of which is made the blue
• colour, called ſmaltum) is a maſly, heavy, grey, ſhining Itone,
• found in great quantities in the mines about Schneeberg, and in
• fome other places of Miſnia. It is very often mixt with marcaſite,
« add ſometimes with ſilver and copper ores. After they have
o pick'd out the cobalt, and ſeparated it from the common ftone,
• they beat it to powder with a poch-work or ſtamping machine,
« which is commonly uſed in mines. By that operation the water
º carries away the light ſtuff and fand, leaving the heavieſt parts
• behind. This powder is afterwards put into a low and broad
furnace, made on purpoſe to ſeparate the Sulphur and arſenic,
º where the powder is ſpread all over ; and the fire, which is
o beneath and behind it, is forced to paſs its flame along and over
« the powder, and ſo carry with it the arſenic in form of a ſmoak,
• which is afterwards received by a low chimney, and out of that
• conveyed into a clofe channel, made of brick-work, upwards of
50 paces, where the arſenic ſticks by the way, to the wall, in
• form of a white or yellowiſh powder, wbich is taken out every
• fix months, and melted into whole pieces. The cobalt being
& thus roafted, and ſmoaking a little, is taken out when red hot,
• cool'd again, and gathered for melting. Its colour, by that way
of roafting, becomes a little more whitiſh.
. When they have a mind to melt it, the powder of the cobalt,
& is mixt with poi-aſhes, and powder of white flist-ſtones; the
• proportion of which is according to the goodneſs of the cobalt,
or according to the ſmalt, to be made of a deeper or paler colour;
• for inſtance, they take one part of pot-aſhes, iwo parts of
$ cobalt, and these or four parts of flins. This mixture is put
• into large ſtrong pots, ftanding in a hot furnace, fix or eight
& pots in one furnace ; where it ftands meling for five or fix
5 hours, when it becomes blue glaſs, which is afterwards taken
s out with a large iron ladle, and put into a veſſel full of cold
water, where is cracks and becomes more tender, in order to be
• more eaſily powdered again; but the empty pot in the furnace
is filled up again with the aforeſaid mixoure, and thus they con:
• tinue night and day, fill maintaing the fire in the furnace.
• The blue glaſs taken out of the water is powdered again by
* the common engine. The fineſt part being ſeparated by a
fieve, is put into a mill, and ground in water inco a very fine
• powder, which by conitant waſhing is ſeparated from the coarſer
parts. The ſame is afterwards dried in little warm chambers,
then put into barrels, and thus it is exported into ſeveral
• countries. If one of the melting-pots happens to break, or to
be very much burnt, ſo as that it muſt be taken out, they always
$ find on the bottom thereof two cakes of different fuff, not
& mixed with each other, The undermoft is a fort of æs caldarium
3 or glocken-ſpeiſe, [ Bell metal. ] and the upermott a marcahte
• TW
6

S MIT H's L ABORATORY.
29
• The graſs and fruits growing thereabout, where ſuch a work-
• houſe ftands, are commonly poiſoned by the arſenic ſmoak ſo
¢ thas neither cattle nor men can feed upon them with ſafety.'
A fecret for Travellers.
ET ſuch as are obliged to travel, eſpecially in the Summer
L
of roach-allom, and when dry and bot, let them hold it for a imall
time in their mouth; it will not only quench their thirft, but
cool and refreſh them, to go on in their journey. Or,
TAK E any quantity of ſalt-petie and the eighth part of that
quantity of oriental and tranſparent ſulphur, melt it together, then
caſt it into belle-moulds, and it will be a Itone, anſwering in
every refpe&t the above purpoſe.
Some mountebanks etteen it much, and call it a celeſtial or
miraculous flone, and by adding of certain colours they make
ſome red, ſome blue and ſome ftraw.coloor, and attribute divers
virtues to it, as for curing the web in the eye, for inflammations
of the mouth and gums, and for curing the tooth-ach.
OF
ORES, from Macquer's Elements of the Theory
and Practice of Chymiſtry.
GO
Of Gold Ores.
OLD being conſtantly found in its metalline form, and ne-
ver combined with fulphur and arſenic, its matrices are not,
properly ſpeaking, cres; becauſe the metal contained in them is
pot mineralized. The gold is only lodged beiween particles of
ftone, earth, or ſand, from which it is eafily ſeparated by lotion,
and by amalgamation with quick-filver. The gold thus found
is ſeldom pure, bur is frequendy alloyed with more or leſs filver,
from which it is to be ſeparated by quartation,
It is alſo
very common to find gold in moſt ores of other metals
or ſemi-metals, and even in the Pyrites ; but the quantity containe
ed therein is generally ſo ſmall, that it would not pay the cost of
extracting it. However if any ſhould incline to attempt it, mere-
ly out of curioſity, it would be neceffary to begin with treating
theſe ores in the manner proper for ſeparating their metalline pari;
then to cupel the metalline regulas fo oblamed ; and, laitly, to
refine it by quartation.
Of Silver Ores.
IT is no rare thing to find filver, as well as gold, in its metal-
line form, only lodged in fundry earths and flony matters, from
which it may be ſeparated in the ſame manner as gold. Bat the
greateſt quantities of this metal are uſually dug out of the bowels
of the earth in a truly mineral state : that is, combined with
different fublances, and particularly with fulphur and arſenic.
Several

30
APPE N D I X FROM
سارا
Several filver ores are diftinguiſhed by peculiar characterifice,
and are ace rdingly denoted by particular names. Thar which is
called the Vitreous Silver Ore, is ſcarce any thing elſe but a com-
bination of filver and fulphur, Another is known by the name of
the Horny Silver Ore, becauſe when in this plates it is femi.tranf.
parent: in this cre the filver is mineralized by fulphur and a little
arſenic 'The Red Silwer Cre is of the colour of which its name
imports, fometimes more, fometimes leís vived , and is chiefly
compoſed of flver, arſenic, and fulphur ; it alſo contains a lit:le
Iron.
Theſe three ores are very rich in flver : the fil..contains nearly
Three fourths of iss weight, and the others about two thirds of
theirs.
There is a fourth called the Wbite Silver Ore, which, though
it be heavier, is not ſo rich in filver, becaule it contains much
copper. Many other minerals contain filver, yet are not properly
ſpeaking filver ores ; becauſe a iruch greater quantity of other
Inetals than of Glver is found in them.
When a ſilver ore is to be decompoſed in order to have the
filver pure, or when filver is to be extraced out of any one that
contains it, the first thing to be done is to roaſt the ore, in order
to clear ir of the volatile minerals : and as silver cannot be had pure
withouc the operation of the cupel, which requires more or leſs lead
to be joined with it, it is uſual io mix with the torrefied ſilver ore a
quaniny of lead, proportioned to that of the heterogeneous matters
combined with the filver, and to melt the whole together. Part
of the added lead vitrifies during the fuſion, and at the ſame time,
converts fome of the heterogeneous matters alſo into glaſs, with
which it forms a ſcoria that riſes to the ſurface of the matter,
The other parts of the lead, with which the filver is mixed,
falls to the bottom in the form of a regulus, which muft be cupele
led in order to have the ſilver pure.
Of Copper Ores.
COPPER is much feldomer found in a mecalline form
than gold or silver it is commonly in a mineral ftare it is minera-
lized by folphur and arſenic: almoſt all its ores contain alſo more
or leſs of Iron : fometimes a little filver, or even gold, together
with unmetallic earths and fiones, as all ores do.
Moſt copper ores are of a beautiful green or blue or elſe in
hades blended of theſe swo colours. The minerals called moun -
tain green
and mounta n blue, are true copper ores; not in the
form of hard ftones, like other ores but crumbly and friable like
earth. Nevertheleſs there are ſeveral copper ores of different
colours, as afh-coloured, whitih, and faded with yellow of
orange; which colors ariſe from the different proportions of
arſenic, fulphur, and iron, which theſe ores contain.
In order to decompoſe a copper ore, and to extract the copper
it contains, it is firſt of all to be freed from as many of its earthy,
Hony,
* Couter man found tonnuiche
pure metalline Form. I have seen a
Rinne of the pure Metal cut off from a large
large

MACQUER'S CHYMISTRY. 31
fony, fulphureous, and arſenical parts, as is poflible, by roating
and waſhing : then what remains is to be mixed with a flux,
compounded of a fixed alkali and some inflammable matter : a
little ſea-ſalt is to be put over all, and the whole melted by a ſtrong
fire. The falis facilita'e the fufioa and fcorification of the ua-
metallic matters, and therewith form a flag, which being the light-
eft riſes to the ſurface. The metalline matters are collected below
in the form of a ſhining regulus of copper, which, however, is
not afually fine copper, but requires to be purified in the manner
to be thewn in our ſecond part.
In order to ſeparate the copper from the unmetallic matters, it is
abſolutely neceſſary to melt its ore along with inflammable fab-
ftances abounding ia phlogiſton. For as this metal is not poffeffed
of its metalline form while it is in a mineral ftate, as it is deftitute
of the rue quantity of phlogiſton, and though it were not,
would loſe it by the action of the fire, it would come to paſs,
that if its ore were melted without the addition of any infiam-
mable matter, the cupreous earth or calx would be ſcorified and con-
founded with the unmetallic maters; and as all metallic matters,
except gold and flver, are ſubject to this inconvenience as well
as copper, the addition of an inflammable ſubſtance, in faxing
all ores thai contain them, is a general rule that ought conltantly
to be obſerved.
Of Iron Ores.
IRON is ſeldom found pure and malleable in the earth; yet it
is much feldomer found in the Mineral ffate, properly ſo called,
than any of the other metals: for moſt iron ores are ſcarce any thing
more than a farruginous earth mixed in different proportions with
unmetallic earths and ſtones. Some of them however, contain allo
volatile minerals, ſuch as fulphur and arſenic; and therefore it is
neceffary to roatt the iron ores, like all others, before you attempt
to extract the metal out of them. That being done, they are to
be ſmelted with a flux conlling of fuſible and infiammable matters,
as the general rule directs.
Iron is the commoneft of all metals : nay, it is ſo univerſally
diffoſed through the earth, that it is difficult to find any fione,
earth, or fand, that does not contain fome of it; and therefore none
of theſe are oſoally conſidered and treated as iron ores, except
fuch as contain a great deal of that metal, and melt cagly. The
hematites, emery, yellow pyrites, calamine, all contain a pretty
conſiderable quantity of iron ; but no body attempts to extract it
from them, becauſe they are very hard to melt.
Ferruginous earth being naturally of an orange colour, a fone
or earth may be judged to contain iron, if either naturally, or after
roaſting, it appears to have one hade of yellow or red.
The fingolar property which iron has of being attracted by the
magnet, and of being the only body, excluſive of all others, that
is fo, likewife affords us an eaſy method of diſcovering the preſence
of

32 APPENDIX FROM
of this metal among other matters, where it often exiſts in ſuch a
Imall quantity that it could not otherwiſe be found out. Fot
this purpoſe the body in which iron is ſuſpected to lurk, muft be
pulveriſed and torrefied with ſome inflammable matter; aud then
the powder thus roaſted being touched with a magnet, or an
animated bar, if it contains any particles of iron they will infallibly
adhere to the magnet of bar.
Of Tin Ores.
TIN is never found in the earth pore and malleable, but
always in a mineral ftate, and always mineralized by arſenic. Tin
ores are not fulphureous ; whence it comes, that though Tin be the
lighteft of all metals, its ores are nevertheleſs heavier than thoſe of
other metals, as arſenic greatly exceeds fulphur in gravity. Some
tin ores contain alſo a little iron. The ores of tin are to be waſhed,
soafted, and ſmelted with a reducing flux, according to the general
rules.
Of Lead Ores.
LEAD, like tin, is never found but in a mineral ftate. It is
moſt commonly mineralized by falphor; yet there are ſome lead
ores which alſo contain arſenic,
Lead ores, as well as others, muſt be roafted and ſmelted with a
reducing flox: however, as it is difficult to free them from all their
Solphur by torrefaction only, the reducing Aux employed in their fu-
fion may be made up with a quantity of iron blings, which being
incapable of any onion with lead, and having a much greater affinity
than that metal with fulphur, will on this occaſion, be of great
ſervice by interpofing between them. .
Of Quickfilver Ores.
RUNNING Mercury is ſometimes found in certain earths,
or grey friable ftones ; but most commonly in a mineral fate. It
is always mineralized by fulphur, and by fulphur alone : fo that
cinabar is the only ore of quickſilver that we know of: and a very
rich one it is, feeing it contains fix or ſeven times as much mercury
as fulpbur.
Roalling can be of no uſe towards decompoſing the ore of mercery
and ſeparating its fulphur; becauſe mercury being itſelf very vola-
tile would be carried off by the fire together with the fulphur. In
order therefore, to pare the two ſubſtances of which cinabar con-
lifts, recourſe muſt neceffarily be had to ſome third body which
will unite with one of them, and by that means ſeparate it from the
other. Now all the metals, except gold, having a greater affinity than
mercury with ſulphur, fuch a body is eaſily found ; any metal but
gold may be employed with fucceſs in this decompoſition ; but as
iron hath a greater affinity with fulphur than any of the reſt, and
is moreover the only one that cannot unite with mercury, it muſt,
on account of theſe two qualities, be preferred to all the reft.
Fixed
This is a
Mistake, if we
we believe
writers (of a modern date too) who assent,
that pure Lead is found at some particular

ابن
MACQUER'S CHYMISTRY.
33
Fixed alkalis are alſo well qualified to abſorb the fulphur of}vm
cinabar,
Cinabar muſt be decompoſed in cloſe veſſels, and by the way
of diſtillation; otherwiſe the mercury, as ſoon as it ſeparates from
the fulphur, will be difipated in vapours and entirely loft.
In this operation it is needleſs to add either flux or phlogiſton ;
becauſe the cinabár is decompoſed without melting, and the
mercury, though in a mineral ftate, contains, like gold and filver,
all the phlogiſton requiſite to ſecure its meralline properties.
Of the Ores of Regulus of Antimony.
REGULUS of Antimony is always found in a mineral
ftate it is mineralized by ſulphur, but ſometimes, though rarely,
it is alſo combined with a little arſenic,
When the ore of regulus of antimony is to be decompoſed, the
firft thing to be done is to expoſe it to a degree of heat too weak to
melt its earthy and fony parts, bat ſtrong enough to fuſe its regu.
line, together with its ſulphureous parts, which by this means are
ſeparated from the earth, and united into one maſs, known by the
name of Antimony.
It is plain that this firſt operation, which is founded on the great
fuſibility of antimony, produces, with regard to the ore of regulus
of antimony, the fame effect that waſhing hath on other ores : fo
that after this firft fuſion nothing more is requiſite to the obtaining
of a pure regulus of antimony, but to ſeparate is from its fulphur
by roaſting, and to melt it with ſome matter abounding in
phlogiſton, in the ſame maoner as other metallic matters are
treated. The term Calcination is generally uſed to expreſs this
torrefaction of antimony by means whereof the metallic earth of the
regulus of antimony is ſeparated from its fulphur.
As regulus of antimony bath, like mercury, much leſs affinity
with fulphur than the other metals have, it follows that antimony
may be decompoſed by the ſame means as cinabar; but the regulus
ſo obtained, is adulterated with a portion of the additament made
uſe of, which combines therewich.
There is ſtill another proceſs en played for obtaining the regu-
lus of antimony. It conſiſts, in detonating the mineral with a
mixture of nitre and tartar, applied in ſuch a proportion that, af-
ter the detonation has conſumed the fulphur, there may remain ſo
much inflammable matter as will be ſufficient to furniſh the me-
talline earth of the antimony with the phlogiiton neceſſary to pre-
ferve its metallic properties. Bus by this method leſs regulus is
produced, than by calcining, or torrefying, and reducing as
uſoal.
Of the Ores of Biſmuth.
THE ore of Biſmuth conſiſts of the femi-metal mineralized by
arſenic, and of an unmetallic earth. It is very eaſy to decompoſe
E
Chis

34
A PP E N D I X FROM
this ore, and to extraet the Biſmuch it contains : for this purpoſe
it need only be expoſed to a moderate heat, whereby the arſenic
will be diſ pated in vapours, and the biſmuth melted, which will
then ſeparate from the unmetallic earth. This earth, at leaſt in
feveral ores of bifmuth poffeffes the property of tinging all vitrifiable
matters, with which it is melted, of a beautiful blue colour.
To decompoſe the ore of biſmuth no fax or inflammable mat.
ter is uſed; becauſe this ſemi-metal- is poffefred, even in its
mineral itate, of all the phlogiſton requiſite to maintain its meral-
line properties; and its great fuſibility makes it unneceffary to
melt the unmetallic earth contained in its ore.
Of the Ores of Zinc.
ZINC is not generally obtained from a particular ore of its
own ; but fublimes during the fulion of a mineral, or rather a
confuſed maſs of minerals, that contains this femi-metal together
with iron, copper, lead, ſulphur, arſenic, and, like all other
ores, an unmetallic earth.
Nevertheleſs, there is a ſubſtance which may be conſidered as
the proper ore of zinc, becauſe it contains a pretty large quantity
of that ſemi-metal, a little iron,, and an unmetallic earth. It is
called Calamine or Lapis Calaninaris, but hitherto the art of pro.
coring zinc directly from this mineral, hath no where been practi-
fed. Calamine is commonly employed only to convert copper
into braſs, or a yellow metal, by cementing it therewith. Indeed,
till lately, no eaſy or pra&icable method of obtaining pure zinc
from calamine was publicly known ; for that ſemi-metal being
volatile and and very inflammable, its ore cannot be fuſed like
others. Mr. Magraaf was the firſt who, by mixing powdered
charcoal with calamine in clofe veffels, obtained a perfect zinc
from it, by the means of diftillation or ſublimation.
Of Arfenical Minerals.
ARSENIC, as well as Sulphur, is naturally combined
with almoſt all ores, or minerals containing metallic ſubſtances.
As it is very volatile, while the master with which it is united
are fixed, at leaſt in comparifon therewith, it is eaſily ſeparated by
fublimation,
The minerals that contain moſt arſenic are the white pyrites, orpi-
ment, and cobalt As to orpiment, it confifts of fulphur and arſenic,
Both theſe fubitances being very volatile, it is difficult to feparate
them by fablimation ; yet, with proper management, and due
regulation of the fire, this ſeparation may be effected; becauſe
ſulphur fublimes a little more eaſily than arſenic. But it is more
convenient, as well as more expeditious, to make uſe of ſome
additameot that hath a greater affinity with one of thoſe ſubſtan-
ces than with the other. Fixed alkalis and mercury, both of
which have more affinity with fulphur than with arſenic may be
very properly employed on this occaſion.
Cobalt

MACQUER'S CHYMISTRY.
35
Cobalt is a mineral compoſed of arſenic, and unmetallic earth,
and frequently biſmuth: and as none of theſe are very volatile,
except the arſenic, this may be eaſily ſeparated from the relt by
fublimation. The unmetallic earth which remains bas, like that
of the ore of bifmuch, the property of giving a blue colour to any
vitihable matters melted with it; whence it is conje&tured, that
cobalt and the ore of biſmuth have a great reſemblance, or are
often blended with each other, nevertheleſs, Mr. Brant, an inge-
nious Swediſh Chymitt, infifts that they are very different: he
pretends that the metallic ſubftance contained in the true cobalt is
a ſemi-meral of a peculiar nature, which hath been erroneouſly
confounded with biſmuth: and indeed he proves by a great num-
ber of curious experiments, related in the Memoirs of the Academy
of Upfal, that theſe two metallic fubitances bave properties that are
effentially different; to that which is obsained from cobalt, he gives
the pame of Regulus of Cobalt.
Beſides the minerals already recited, there is found in the bowels
of the earth another ſpecies of compound body; but which is
fuppoſed, with ſome degree of probability, to belong as much to
the vegetable as to the mineral kingdoin I mean the Bitumens;
which the best obſervations oblige us to conſider as vegetable oils,
that by lying long in the earth have contracted an union with the
mineral acids and by that means acquired the thickneſs, confiftence
and other properties obſervable in them.
By diftillation they yield an oil, and an acid not unlike a mine-
ral acid, Mr. Bourdelin has even demonftrated, by a very artful
and ingenious proceſs, that amber contains a manifeſt acid of
ſea-falt. See the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
T.
Two Letters from Mr. Everard, F. S. M. containing an Adven-
ture, of which he was a Witneſs, at the Quick-Silver Mines
of Idra. Tranſlated from the Italian.
Dear Sir,
He pleaſure I always take in writing to you wherever I
am, and whatever doing, in ſome meaſure diſpels my prea
fent uneaſineſs; an uneaſineſs cauſed at once by the diſagreeable
afpect of every thing round me, and the more diſagreeable cir-
cumſtances of the count Alberti, with whom you were once ac-
quainted. You remember him one of the gayelt, molt agreeable
perſons at the court of Vienna ; at once the example of the men,
and the favourite of the fair ſex. I often heard you repeat his
name with eſteem, as one of the few that did honour to the preſent
age, as poffefſed of generofity and pity in the higheſt degree ; as
one who made no other uſe of fortune but to alleviate the diſtreſſes
of inankind. That gentlenan, Sir, I wih I could ſay, is now no
more ; yet, too unhappily for him, he exifts, but in a ſituation
more terrible than the molt gloomy imagination can conceive.
After

36
CO U N T A L BERTI's
And yet,
After pafling through ſeveral parts of the Alps, and having vi-
fited Germany, I thought I could not well return home without
viſiting the quick-ſilver mines at Idra. and ſeeing thoſe dreadful
Subterranean caverns, where thouſands are condemned to refide,
fut out from all hopes of ever ſeeing the chearful light of the fun,
and obliged to toil out a miſerable life under the whips of imperi-
ous taſk-maſters. Imagive to yourſelf, an hole in the ſide of a
mountain, of about five yards over, down this you are let, in a
kind of bucket, more than an hundred fathom, the proſpect grow-
ing fill more gloomy, yet ſtill widening, as you deſcend. At
length, after ſwinging in terrible ſuſpence for ſome time in this
precarious ſituation, you at length seach the bouton, and tread on
the ground, which by its hollow found under your feet, and the
reverberations of the ecbo, ſeems thundering at every flep you
take. In this gloomy and frightful folitude, you are enlightened
by the feeble gleam of lamps, here and there diſpoſed, ſo as that
the wretched inhabitants of theſe manſions can go from one part
to another without a guide.
let me affure you, that
though they by cuſtom could fee objects very diftinctly by theſe
lights, I could ſcarce diſcern, for ſome time, any thing, not even
the perſon who came with me to fhew me theſe ſcenes of horror.
From this deſcription, I ſuppoſe, you have but a diſagreeable
idea of the place ; yet let me aſſure you, that it is a palace, if we
compare the habitation with the inhabitants, Such wretches my
eyes never yet beheld. The blackneſs of their viſages only ſerves
to cover an horrid paleneſs, cauſed by the noxious qualities of the
mineral they are employed in procuring. As they, in general,
conſiſt of malefactors condemned for life to this taſk, they are fed
at the public expence; but they ſeldom conſume much proviſion,
as they loſe their appetites in a ſhort time; and commonly in about
two years expire, from a total contraction of all the joints of the
body.
In this horrid manſion I walked after my guide for ſome time,
pondering on the strange tyranny and avarice of mankind, when I
was acconted by a voice behind me, calling me by name, and
enquiring after my health with the moli cordial affection. I turned
and ſaw a creature all black and bideous, who approached me, and
with a moft piteous accent demanding, " Ab! Mr. Everard, don't
you know me!" Good God, what was my forpriſe, when
through the veil of his wretchedneſs, I diſcovered the features of
my old and dear friend Alberti. I flew to bim with affection :
and after a tear of condolence aſked how he came there? To this
he replied that having fought a duel with a general of the Auftrian,
infantry, againft the emperor's command, and having left him for
dead, he was obliged to fly into one of the foreits of Tiria,
where he was fioft taken, and afterwards theltered by ſome banditti,
who had long infefted that quarter.
With theſe he had lived for
nine months, till, by a cloſe inveftiture of the place in which they
were concealed, and after a very oblinate relittance, in which the
greater
&G

A D V E N T U RE S.
37
greater part of them were killed, he was taken and carried to
Vienna, in order to be broke alive upon the wheel. However, upon
arriving at the capital, he was quickly known, and ſeveral of
the affociates of his accuſation and danger witneſſing his innocence,
his puniſhment of the rack was changed into that of perpetual
confinement and labour in the mines of Idra; a fentence, in my
opinion, a thouſand times worſe chan death.
As Alberti was giving me this acconnt, a young woman came up
to him, who at once I ſaw to be born for better fortune ; the dreade
ful fituation of the place was not able to deſtroy her beauty, and
even in this ſcene of wretchedneſs, he ſeemed to have charms to
grace the moſt brilliane aſſembly. This lady was in fa& daughter to
one of the firſt families of Germany, and having tried every means
to procure her lover's pardon withouc effe&t, was at laſt reſolved to
ſhare his miſeries, as the could not relieve them. With him fne
accordingly deſcended into theſe manfions from whence few of the
living return ; and with him ſhe is contented to live, forgetting the
gaieties of life, with him to toil, deſpiſing the ſplendours of op-
pulence, and contented with the conſciouſneſs of her own conſtancy.
I am, dear Sir,
Your's Gc.
L E T T E R.
II.
M M
Dear Sir,
Y laſt to you was expreflive, and perhaps too much ro,
of the gloomy fituation of iny mind. I own the deplorable
fituation of the worthy man deſcribed in it, was enough to add
double ſeverity to the hideous mangon. At preſent, however,
I have the happineſs of informing you, that I was ſpectator of
the moſt affecting ſcene I ever yet bebeld. Nine days after I had
written my lat, a perſon came poit from Vienna to the little
village near the mouth of the greater ſhaft. He was ſoon after
followed by a ſecond, and he by a third. Their firit enquiry was
after the unfortunate count; and I happening to overhear che de.
mand, gave them the beit information. Two of theſe were the
brother and couſin of che lady, the third was an intimate friend
and fellow ſoldier to the count: they came with his pardon,
which had been procured by the general with whom the duel had
been fought, and who was perfectly recovered from his svounds.
I led them with all the expedition of joy down to his dreary abode,
and preſented to him his friends : and informed him of the happy
change in his circum ilances. It would be impoſible to deſcribe
the joy that brightened up on his grief worn countenance ; nor
was the young lady's emotion leſs vivid at feeing her friends,
and hearing of her huſband's freedom. Some hours were employ»
ed in mending the appearance of this faithful couple, nor could
I without a tear behold bim taking leave of the former wretched
companions of his soil. To one he left his mattock, to another his
working

NEW PUBLICATION S.
working cloaths, to a third his little houſehold utenſils, ſuch as were
neceffary for him in that fituation.
We foon emerged from the
mine, where he once again reviſited the light of the ſun, that he
had totally deſpaired of ever feeing. A poft-chaiſe and four were
ready the next morning to take them to Vienna where I am fince in-
formed by a le:ter from himſelf, they are returned. The empreſs
bas again taken him into favour; his fortune and rank are refored;
and he and his fair partner bow have the pleaſing ſatisfaction of
feeling happineſs with double reliſh, as they once knew what it
was to be miſerable.
I am, dear Sir,
Your's G C
Τ Η Ε Ε Ν D.
New Books and Pamphlets, lately publiſhed, and now Selling, at
BEL L’s Book Store, near St. Paul's Church, in Third Street,
Philadelpbia.
I
СА
APTAIN Carver's Three Years Travels, exhibiting
his uſeful explorations, for more than Five Thouſand
Miles. through the interior Parts of North America, Containing
an Account of the great Lakes, and all the Lakes, Illands and
Rivers, Cataracts, Mountains, Minerals, Soil and Vegetable
Productions of the North Weſt Regions of that vaft Continent;
With a Deſcription of the Birds, Bealls, Reptiles, Inſects, and
Fiſhes peculiar to the Country. Together with a conciſe Hiſtory
of the Genius, Manders, and Cuſtoms of the Indians inhabiting
the Laods that lie adjacent to the Heads and to the Weſtward of
the great River Miffi flippi ; with an Appendix, deſcribing the
uncultivated Parts of America that are the moſt proper for
forming Settlements, fewed one dollar.
2 The ſame Carver's Travels, Bound, one dollar and a half.
3 Memoirs of the Life Travels and Adventures of Edward Wortley
Montague, Eſquire; Son to the moſt famous Travelier, Lady
Mary Wortley Montague ; Exhibiting his very eccentric
Tranſactions in England, France, Spain, Italy, Turkey,
Arabia, Egypt, and the Holy Land, With Remarks on the
Manners and Coftoms of the Oriental World. Compiled from
original Papers, 2 vols. (wo thirds of a dollar,
4
Life and Adventures of Ambroſe Gwinett, Apprentice to an
Attorney at Law, Who for a murder which he never committed,
was fried, condemned, executed, and hung in Chains, in Old
England; yet lived many year afterwards, and in his Travels
found the Man in the Wef-Indies actually alive; for the ſupposed
Murder of whom he had been really executed. With the Life of
Matthielon the Scotchman, and she extraordinary Adventures
of

NE W PUBLICATIONS.
of four Rullian Sailors, who were Shipwrecked, and lived fix
Years on the deſert Iſland of Eaſt-Spitzbergen, as related by
themſelves, one quarter of a dollar.
$ The Sorrows and Sympathetic Attachments of Werter, a
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6 New Travels through North America In a Series of Letters
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Allied Armies, under his Excellency General WASHINGTON.
and the Count de RUCHAMBEAU, in the Year 1781. Interſperſed
with political, and philoſophical Obierations, upon the genius,
temper, and cultoms of the AMERICANS; Allo NAR-
RATIONS of the capture of General BURGOYNE and
LORD CORNWALLIS, with their ARMIES; and
a variety of intereſting particolars, which occurred, in the
courſe of the War in America, by Abbé ROBIN, two
thirds of a dollar.
BUCHAN's Family Phyfician, or Domeſtic Medicine;
Being a treatiſe on the prevention and cure of diſeaſes, by
regimen and fimple medicines: with a Diſpenſatory and com-
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contains great additions and improvements, by its original
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health, muſt be very evident to all who are willing to be their own
or their family phyſician, at the moderate price of two dollars.
% Elliot's Medical Pocket-Book; for thoſe who are, and for alt
who wish to be, Phyſicians. Containing a ſhort but plain
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the Diſeaſes incident to the Human Body: Including ſuch as
Jequire Surgical Treatment: together with the Virtues, and
Doſes, of Medicinal Compoſitions, and Simples. Extracted
from the beſt Authors, and digefted into alphabetical Order.
one dollar.
9 Captain Cook's Laſ Voyage, the Voyage in which he was
Killed, with an Account af all the Voyages round the World,
2 vols. Bound in one, two dollars.
30 Moore's View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland,
Germany, and Italy, during bis four years Travels with his
Grace the preſent Duke of Hamilton, 4 vols. Bound in two,
four dollars.
21 Sheridans Englih Grammar, one Dollar.
12 Sermons to Miniſters of State, with Benjamin Towne's
Recantation, half a dollar.
13 An Appeal to the Serious and Candid Profeffors of Chriftianity.
On the following Subjects I. The Uſe of Reaſon in Matters
of Religion. II. The power of man to do the will of God.
III. Original Sin. IV. ' Election and Reprobation. V, The
Divinity of Christ, and VI. Atonement for sin by the Death
of Chriſt. By Joſeph Prieteley, L. L. D. F. R. S. and a
Lover

NEW PUBLICATIONS:
Lover of the Goſpel. To which are added. A conciſe Hiſtory of
the riſe of thoſe Do&rines : and the Triumph of Truth; be-
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Blaſphemy, Ac Stafford Allizes. Alſo. A G neral View of the
Arguments for the Unity of God: from Reafoo, from the
Scriptures, and from Hiſtory. By Jofeph Priedley L. L. D.
F. R. S. containing I. Arguments from Reaſon againſt the
Trinitarian Hypothefis, II. Arguments from Reafon againſt the
Arian Hypotheſis. III. Arguments again the Trinitarian and
the Arian Hypothefis from the Scriptures. IV. Arguments from
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mary view of the evidence for the primitive Chriflians having
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be be a Traveller by Land or Sea, og in what Country,
Dominion, or piantation foever be ſhall either ſojourn or inbabit.
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Free Citizens of Pennſylvania, concerning, a Tyranoical
Embargo, now laid upon the Free Sale of Books by Au&tion,
by a monopolizing exertion, founded upon the ufurped pre-
rogative of the imaginary City AUCTIONIERS, by their
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Law of the Conftitution, and against all the inherent Rights
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TYRANTS of themrelves, and SLAVES of all the
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Plattes, Gabriel