GC c as" us week- tºureau-
- q83 - Invorabºy of Our WWater Cúvate
14O4-

ºn tº or cºlour ºurº.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
|\\ \{ \}|| || || 0 || 0 || R. W. NTER (LIMATE
WM. B. STOCKMAN.
- ºn-
ºn under the direction of Willis L. MºRº Chief U. S. Weather Bureau.
------
-

W. B. No. 312.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
| “. . wr. ATHER BURE AU.
g’
INVARIABILITY OF OUR WINTER CLIMATE
BY
WM. B. STOCKMAN,
District For ECASTER, IN chiARGE of 151vision of METEORoi.ogic Ai, R EcoR ps.
Prepared under the direction of WILLIS L. MOORE, Chief U. S. Weather Bureau.
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WASHINGTON:
W. E. A. T H E R B U R E A U .
1904.



QC
4 & 3
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of
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50 winters.
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| | +-+ | | | + | | | + | +++ | | + | +++ | + | + | + | + | | +-+-+-+ | + | +++ | + | | |
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& Sºsiſſäśșišșigiºșișišsgäsisäºsiſääș&#șișºšșiși șișišsēš§§§§§§§§§§§§
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& . & _ę . & . &
Chicago, Ill.
� ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، _ ， ， , ∈ {， § § & & & . & è œ º √≠ ≤ ∞, ∞; ∞, ∞; ∞, ∞; ∞, ∞; ∞ & & & & ***
§§sëģ$5&35&& ！!！!！$$$$$$$$£§§§§zšķ$$$$£§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§
∞ √≠ ≤ ≤ . _ � � ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، _ � ， ， ， ， ， ș «» «» _º & � L � �
TABLE 1.
eº quo mae eº qo • CN ºº → → √ GNU <！-- < < ， do º cº º eº <ſ> <）， cº • • • • • • • © ® °N， Q Gº <> QNQ ©• © º se ao go tº ºs • cº so Gº <>
« » ، ، ، ، ، ، ، _ � � � � � � __， ）
##################################################
cò • c=> ac w） ee → ∞， ∞， ∞; ∞， ∞ s-a v） ∈ &º ºu © &ND • • • • • ºo ao • < p <■ dº eo <> © ® eº ao • • €Œ œ </c < > sº • CNN oo < n <■ ■< ∞ →
«» «» ， «» «» ， q ≤ ≥ ≡ ≈ ≠ ≤ ∞ √≠ √≠ ≤ ∞, ∞; ∞ «» § © ® ° ∂ º . & . & . & . & . & . _， _ � � _ � � � � � l � � _， _º & § … • • ، __， _， _ ）;
Reprinted from the Monthly Weather Review for May, 1904.
INWARIABILITY OF OUR WINTER CLIMATE.
In order to comply with the request of a correspondent

asking whether the winters are becoming less rigorous than
formerly, it was recently necessary to compile temperature
data covering a considerable period of years at a number of
selected stations, so distributed as to show the general con-
#£&###>$$$$±！š
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£ €ģ
§ » §§
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§ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
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553.335 ± 5 ° §
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In this section only could records of the
Valley.
necessary length be obtained.
&
I believe these data and tables will be of interest to our of
ficials and perhaps of value in enabling them to readily answer
the various questions bearing on that subject so often asked
by newspaper men and others.
ditions obtaining over the country generally east of the Mis-
sissippi
«» «» º «» ， è ∞, ∞; ∞, ∞, ∞ & � � � _* _ � ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، & _ � l � � � l � �. . . ， _* _ � �. . _ � L � L � L � L � ~ _® _ __， _， _， _* _ � � � � L �
St. Louis, Mo.
�» «» ） è � � � � • • «» «» ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، � � ، ، ، ، ، • • • __ e _ ^ _ � ~ * •
• • • • & § © ® ° ， ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، «» «» «» «» & & & & æ æ & _ ！ ！ ، ، ، ، ،_&
& & & & & & & ©
New Orleans, La.
††############################################### !
• • • • • • • : : : : : : : : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~~~~ • • • • • • • • •
$a$$$$$$$ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;$$$$$$$$$$$ää$3$$$$$$$$$$$$2$$$$3$$2， $ $
ÆFFFFFFFFFFFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFF5F5�
§§§§§§§ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$##$$$$$äggsės
• • • • • • • : : : : : : : : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
####### : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;x&#ężżsäsäääsäässä jääggggggsisſäägsſägsſä
• • • • • • • : : : : : : : : • oo • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • oo • • • oo • oo oo se e «o so se e <> º
§§§§§§§ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; :şș33$żë$3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
�, � l � � � � & * & _， _º & _ � _ � � l � l � ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، € & _ � � L � _ ！ & _º $ $ ） & __.'，
+ ' ' ++ | | | ++ | | | | +++ ' ' + |+ |+ |+ |+ | | | | | | ++++ | + | +++ ſ ++ | + |
Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. | Feb. Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept.
TABLE 2.—Mean monthly and winter temperatures.

eo < n eo <=> cº co mae eo cºn <ae eo <=> w-， oo <s> eN! <ſ， eo • qo （^<> <=> © © ®© © ®• GNQ © <=> © oo < < <> © & eº eNa oo ^• co º qò Gò Gº <> <！ № ~ ©
• § § © ® _º , º
§§§§§§§§§§§§§§zšş Şšș$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Feb.
• _» — «» « «» ） _ � � � L � L � ، ، ، ، ، ، ، ، _ � __ º _， _* _ _º __ º ___«» «» «» ） _* _ • • • § ___， _, _） & . & . & _* _ __） _ _< _ � ، ، ، __， __ º _ _* _ __， _, _， ___， ___?
****
Jan.
gŘs맧§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§
Fort Leavenworth, Kans.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ° • • • •
§§§ģäg###$$$$$$$$$$a$$$$$$$$$$$2$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ä
<！, co oo qo • CNQ © œŒ œŒ œ • © ®© © çò q > eN • <> tº tº tº <ſ> º № cº dº êxº º ºs eNQ © ® Sº w + qQ © ºs • w： CNQ q，Q tº º cº nº <ſ> e > © ®©
« < -3 & si išsisė - & + && essi < < < < < < < <！-- <--- « se os ºs º cº sº vsº « & s<！-- < < < < < < < -**
+ | | + | | | | +--+ | | + | +-+-+ | | + | +-+-+ | + | + | | | | | | +-+-+-+ | | +-+-+-+ | +-+-+-+ |
GO »）， → <=> &Q GNR, w， eo aº <∞ → w：=w tº <∞ → <nº eo eº sºn • • • 6，9 <■ ■< ∞ √∞ → ∞, º CNQ »， cº • № © ®se wae º © © © wae eº º cº dº <ſ， eº eº
së si ºſs: «№ séssé: ºsť:sséssé věž º ±±ş=is&ºșjºš º ºsłº ºsėşšsēşešsisësës së:ësësës sécó
șae«） ，•■！w=« »， QNQ • •��！%• QNQwae sae wae wae wae wae wae • w：
Feb. Mean Dept. Dec.
© ®s <： «o GN &NQ © <^ ^• © »） ca º © <！， º CNQ <■ &=> <> • №s ao ºs ºu «№ ºn © ca º eſº № <∞ a√∞ © © ® © • GNVQ ： • oo eº do º «№ eº aº e-> eNQ
§:sė ~ ！！！ +: gës së ſë së ºsgº:Hºëeſ: ģșºć gºgº od º: ºs sºłºgłº sisäșºg sºsissée
■șaew）， wae waewae wae ººr wae
wae， v， w，wae º， ę，wae,！ ！！ ！! ！！•■ ■ ■| –wae wae wae
Fort Snelling, Minn.
（5
w=4 w=4 mº cº oo qo tº • <ſ> <） tº CN ºn ©® & eo wae oo <;， º <ſº • oº • ºo «ae eº cº do tº ao mo wae eº aº cò qo qo en en e eo < n eº • •■ & № ex eo
s ºdsłºgºs ºs sisää ºsº º ºx{sisë së ºsi #$%&g:Şįvésésſ«， ſº jisſºsºs ºs së šešşisë së së së:ës
Dec. Jan.
to mº ao <ſ> <> Mº © © <;， o^ <， wº <> • № Mº © ® © ºn tº <ſº ee → <ſ， cº º， eº eo oo de eo eº • • • • • • oo <∞， ∞ • ºº <∞ → 6N ſº ao cò dà
����！»ę§����������§�
și ei º șºſes së së ſë ſë së ºs së:ësë ajº ºsſ; g < 3:e ººsg=is&ºşºséșigiggisisſ§§gišségęſėsės:
�■wae wae wae waewae w|—， q）， w） w：
Year.


• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
— 0.2
. . 26.2 .....
. . . . 25.0
. . . . 26. 5 ; + 0, 8
0.0 . . . . . . . .
0.0 & • * @ g º is g º º f * >
... 33.5 ! . . . . . . .
... 83. 5
. . . ; 33.5
. 55.5 +0. 1 . . . . . . . . .
..] 55.2 | –0.2 . . . . . . . . . .
— 0.5 !....
* * * * g º e
12.9
...ſ 13.8 + 0.4 .....
18.4
tº gº tº
gº º
e e º z º. º e
& © tº º gº tº e
e dº º f is tº de
tº é º gº
e sº º t e º
Mean?.....
Av'rage....
Mean *......
The stations selected were Fort Snelling, Minn.; Fort
Leavenworth, Kans.; New Orleans, La.; St. Louis, Mo.; Chi-
cago, Ill.; Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio; New Bedford,
Mass.; Washington, D. C., and Charleston, S. C.
The data for Fort Snelling and Fort Leavenworth are not
as satisfactory as could be desired, for to fill breaks in the
continuity of these records it was found necessary to use the
figures from contiguous stations having the required data,
which in the case of Fort Snelling were Fort Ripley, Minn.,
from January, 1858, to December, 1865, inclusive, and St. Paul,
Minn., from December, 1892, to February, 1904, inclusive; and
for Fort Leavenworth, Kans., Leavenworth City, Kans., from
December, 1871, to February, 1893, inclusive, and Kansas City,
Mo., from December, 1893, to February, 1904, inclusive.
From January, 1860, to December, 1861, inclusive, the values
for Washington, D. C., are those of Georgetown (west Wash-
ington). No data were found for the winters of 1861-62 to
1868-69, inclusive, at New Orleans, La.; nor for 1854-55 at Cleve-
land, Ohio. The data for Forts Snelling and Ripley, Minn., were
taken from U. S. Army post hospital records, and St. Paul,
Minn., from Weather Bureau records; Fort Leavenworth,
Kans., from post hospital, and Leavenworth, Kans., and Kan-
sas City, Mo., from Weather Bureau records; New Bedford,
Mass., from voluntary records throughout the series. The
figures for the remaining stations were obtained from the
records of voluntary observers cooperating with the Smith-
sonian Institution until the beginning of Weather Bureau
data November 1, 1870, at New Orleans, La., Cincinnati and
Cleveland, Ohio, and Washington, D. C.; January, 1871, at St.
Louis, Mo., and Charleston, S. C.; and December, 1871, at Chi-
cago, Ill.
The kind of exposure given Weather Bureau thermometers
is set forth in Table 4. The character of exposure of ther-
mometers used by U. S. Army post surgeons, and by volun-
tary observers is not known, but it is assumed to be in the
open and a few feet above sod.
As overlapping data from voluntary and Weather Bureau
observers were not available for the majority of stations, it
was not deemed advisable to attempt to reduce and harmon-
ize the data from the several observers to a standard for each
station.
Table 3 gives all the overlapping data from the stations
considered on file at the Central Office. *
The means of the winter months, December, January, and
February, were added together and divided by three to estab-
lish a mean for each winter, and the average of the winters
for the 50-year period, 1854–55 to 1903–4, inclusive, deter-
mined. Each winter was then compared with the 50-year
average and the departure ascertained.
From a study of the departures given during the last past
fifty years it will be seen that the contention that the winters
of recent years are less rigorous than those of former years,
at least so far as temperature is concerned, is not well founded,
for at Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Mo., the mean of the first
and second 25-year periods was the same as the 50-year aver-
age; at Cincinnati the second period averaged 0.8° lower than
TABLE 2.—Mean monthly and winter temperatures.—Continued.

Cincinnati, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio.
New Bedford, Mass.
Washington, D. C. Charleston, S. C.
Year. | 3. Year.
- i . |
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean | Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean Dept.
| |
1854-55. 84.6 | 84.9 || 29.0 82.8 — 1. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 3 82.0 28.5 27.9 || –1. 4 || 32.4 34.8 26.8 31. 3 —3.2 || 48.3 || 51.1 47. 0 || 48.8 – 2, 4 || 1854–55
1855–56. 86.0 20, 8 || 26. 7 || 27, 5 || – 6.9 29.6 ſ 15.2 18.4 || 21. 1 || – 7. 1 || 34.2 20.9 22.6 25.9 —8.4 86.8 21.8 26.8 28.3 –6.2 53.2 39.4 || 47.6 46.7 — 4.5 | 1855–56
isºlºſ. 29.7 21.3 | tº. 4 || 32.1 | – 23 24, 5 ii. 5 ||37 || || 25.5 – 2.7 ||37.6 | 18.6 33.1 26.4 –2.9 || $1.5 21.5 41.8 31.6 —3.9 || 491 || 41.7 58.4 43.7 | – 1.5 1856–57
1857–58. 89.7 | 40.8 29, 1 || 86.5 || 4-2. 1 || 86.1 85.4 22, 5 81.8 + 8.1 || 36.0 | 84.1 25.0 81.7 | +2.4 || 34.8 39.8 30.8 35.1 | +0.6 ſ 57.7 55.8 |47.9 53.8 + 2.6 1857–58
1858–59. 44.9 86, 1 || 40.6 | 40, 5 -i- 6, 1 || 84.9 29.8 31.2 81.8 + 3.6 || 32.5 29.0 | 81.6 81.0 | +1. 7 || 89.6 86.0 39.2 38.3 +3.8 ſ 57.8 50.8 55.7 54.8 + 3.6 1858-59
18:2-3). 23.6 36.3 $3.3 ||38.9 || - 0.5 |35.2 |38.9 39.4|37.3 || -- 0.7 |23.3 | *; #; ##| ###|$.5 #1 |: ; ; ; ; ; +2.3 |$2.3 5.7 || 35.2 3.; + #| | #:
1860–61. 32. 1 | 84.2 | 40.8 85.7 || -- 1.8 27.8 27.2 84.4 29.6 + 1.4 29.7 26.6 $3.8 80.0 +0. 7 || 84.3 : 33.7 36.8 34.8 +0.3 47.3 51.3 54.9 || 51.2 0.0 1860–61
1861-62. 40.4 85.2 | 84.6 || 36.7 4. 2.8 || 86.9 27.5 27.2 || 30.5 + 2.3 || 33.6 29.0 28.2 30.3 || +1. 0 || 41.5 85.0 35.8 37.4 +2.9 || 51.9 53.3 54.6 53.3 | + 2. 1 1861-62
i862–63. 40.0 38.4 38.6 | 89.6 || 4 || 6 || 35.5 3i. 8 29, 1 82.1 + 8, 9 || 32.7 | 86.4 || 31.2 88.4 +4.1 || 86.3 87.2 35.2 36.2 | +1.7 || 48.0 || 51.2 57.3 52.2 + 1.0 | 1882–83
1863–64. 88.6 80.4 86.0 85.0 4 0.6 || 84.8 27.6 31.0 || 31.1 : + 2.9 || 81.7 80.0 | 82.2 31.3 | +2.0 85.3 33.4 || 35.9 34.9 +0.4 || 48.3 54.0 56.3 52.9 | + 1.7 1863–64
1864-65, 88.6 26.9 87.0 82.5 -- i. 9 || 29.0 22.0 27.9 26.8 — 1.9 || 32.9 23, 1 || 3.0 23.3 |-1.9 |35. 1 27.8 || 32.7 81.9 —2.6 || 50.4 45.3 || 50.7 48.8 – 2.4 1884–85
1 | 88.1 38.6 || 34.2 35.3 || 4 0.9 || 32.4 26.8 27.6 28.8 + 0.6 || 85.7 25.9 29.3 80.3 +1.9 || 37.7 31.8 85.0 | 84.7 | +0.2 ſ 57.9 50.9 52.5 58.8 + 2.6 | 1865–66
1 | $2.8 25.6 41.8 || 38.2 || -- i. 2 27, 1 20.6 34, 7 || 27. 5 - 0.7 81.4 22.9 || 34.8 29.4 +0.1 || 33.3 24.4 39.0 32.2 || –2.8 || 48.9 || 46.3 58.0 || 51.1 || – Q. 1 1866–67
1867–68, $5.2 29, 7 || 38.2 32.7 — 1.7 28.4 21.3 23, 7 || 24.5 – 8.7 26.7 25.0 23.2 25.9 -4.8 || 31.8 29.3 27.2 29.4 –5. 1 || 54.0 50.2 || 48.4 50.7 – 0.5 | 1867–88
isgå-6s. 8.0 33.3 | 89.0 gº i ! -- i. 7 || 25.3 32.8 30.4 || 23.7 + 1.5 || 23.2 $2.2 | #; ; ; ; ++: $1.9 . . . $4 $5.8 +1.8 || 47.2 54.2 55.9 52.1 | + 0.3 ||
issº-To. 53, a sº. 5 $3.6 $4.6 i. 6.2 || 3:0 29, 1 26.2 29.1 | + 0.9 || 32.5 35. 1 || 3:2 . . . . 42.3 lºº. 1 $2.3 $4.6 87.0 +2.5 || 54.2 .53.7 || 51.3 53.1 + 1.2 º-29
igno-gi são. 5 gº. 3 | tº 3 || 5 || | | || 3 || 29.3 30.2 30.2 || 30, i. 1.9 || 81.7 26.3 ||37.3 #5 -0.2 ºf 9 $2.6 || 35.9 34.2 —0.3 || 48.8 °50.1 54.7 51.2 0.0 1870–71
isii-iº. 33.6 ºn 5 as a º? . . . . . . 25.3 2.7 25.6 || 25.2 – 3.0 |$0.1 ||25 || | #: : ; - ? |; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 5. —2.0 || 48.6 || 45.2 || 48.2 4.3 - #3 ||3:
1572–73. ro, I go. 5 || 35.5 | 1.3 | – 2.5 2.5 23, 2 25.5 28.7 — 4.5 || 23, 8 27.9 25.3 25, 7 || --8. § $9.8 $0.9 || $4.8 32.0 –2.5 || 45. 1 || 47.4 || 53.3 48.6 – 2: 6 1872–1;
išº. 40.4 º? | #7 || 3 || 1 , || 3:3 3.5 3i. 1 || 35.4 + 5.2 || 33.0 $2.3 ||37 || | | | | +!? I ºf 49.3 ||37.2 39.3 +4.8 || 50.7 |49.6 50.8 || 50.4 – 9. § º-º:
isºs. º. 7 || 36.5 37.1 || || || ". . . . . . ; 17. § 15.5 21.4 – 6.8 || 81.2 21.5 |}}} | *-* | -4.3 $3 º. 5 28.8 32.5 -2.0 52.2 || 46.8 || 49.1 49.4 | – || 3 | #-ſ:
isº. º. 6 ºf 3.7 i. 3 || 7 || #8 $5.0 30.2 33.7 + 5.5 |30.5 3, 4 #? : ; ; ++9 |}}} | . . . .7 38.1 | +3.6 || 53.4 55.4 54.2 54.3 | * * 1875–76
1876–77. 25.2 30.9 41.0 | 32.4 – 2 0 || 19.8 23.0 82.9 || 25.2 - 8.0 23 9 24.9 82.5 27. 1 || —2.2 26, 5 29.4 | 89.4 81.8 --2, 7 || 48. 4 || 50.7 50, 5 || 48.2 – 8.0 1876-77
isºs. º. º ºš iſ... T 7: I in 2.3 so. 3 || 333 + 5.3 ||34 || 3 || | #: ; ; ; ###| || 3 | #3 | *; $8.4 +3.9 || 53.5 43.7 || 51.5 ºl. 3 | * * * 1877–78
işş-; i.: ºf ºg | ºt.; " £º 2.3 23.0 23.6 |28.8 - 4.4 || 30.4 || 3:? #: ; ; ; -2.3 |}}} | 89.3 31.6 $1.9 —2.6 || 48.6 |49. § 49.3 49.2 |- 2.9 ºft-ſº
tº #: | tº ºš ºf I #|: ºš ºf sº | + 7.3 |& 4 |: ; ; ; ; ; } | {}}|#; ##| || 3 || 4:3 +5.8 |º ºš 55.4 || 5 || | ##| #:
i., § 3.8 || 3: . . . . . . . ." § {|## ºš ºš ºg - 8. § 27.5 ##| #3 ##| || 3 || #9 ##|: ; ; ; ; +4.7 || 48.6 45.8 || 51.3 |49. | | | | | };
iº ºf ºf ºf ºš + šiši ; ; ; ; ; ; ; + $#|; #: ####| +:#|#### #####| #;|: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; f : :::::
is㺗35. 54 B | 30, 9 || 38.5 34.7 4 o' 3 || 27.8 22.0 27.5 25, 8 - 3.5 º * i ºf Tºº l; 9 2. * * & º 2.6 | 1883–84
4. 23, 27.0 — 1.2 22.0 26.1 $ 1 37. -2. .9 29.4 40.9 35.7 +1.2 56.0 || 46.6 58.7 53.8 || --
####|##|##|##|##|######|##|=#|##|##|####|=#|####|###|+}}|##|##|####|##|##
isºs. ašo 2.3 |30.1 sº? | – || 3 ||3:5 ºi! 2:3 | #7 - ##|##|##| 3.4 . . . . L.;|...} | . . ; —1. 7 || 50. #|{#| ##|- ##|};
tº ºf º ºf ºf - i. 3 #5 24.9 $1.6 |27.3 - 0.9 |}}} #} 27, 9 26, 6 –2, 7 || 87.2 29.2 #? ; -: #: §§ #% 52.0 | + 0.8 ###
1887–88. 84.7 29, 8 84.9 83.0 1 4 || 31.6 22.8 27.8 27.2 – 1.0 82.2 | 19. 0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 0 || 54.
; : ##|##|##|##| || 3 |########|3.3 i.il: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ##|#####|}}}}}}} | ###| ##| || 3 | ##| | | | ##|;
issº-ºo: tº i. 5 ºil is † : 3.5 º 5.3 3s. 4 10.2 || 37.7 ºf §§ $3 | +3.9 || $$ $8 43.4 44.8 +9.8 || 60.0 59.8 60.6 ſº.9 † : }:
isogi, ºg | 85.3 | too $7.3 *; º; ) i.; ; 3.3 |$1.8 + ºf 13.3 ...; $2.6 80.2 +0.9 || $4.2 $7.4 41.4 || 37, 7 || 4-3.2 51.4 50.5 58.4 53.4 # * | #:
sº-º. ºº ºo sº | #3 + } | . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 ||3.3 . . . ; ; ; ; ; tº: :: i:;|3}} |&#| +3; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 9 º? | + $3|};
##. #: 21, 2 | 84.0 28, 9 + 1. ; ; ; 17. § 36.3 24.2 -- 4.0 28, 5 20.3 26.6 25.2 —4. 1 || 83.2 24.6 || 35. 1 i 81.0 - 3, 5 || 52.3 43.4 55.7 50.5 ! – 0.7 | 1 94
& ºf e w 9 7 — 5.5 §§ ; ; ; ; ; 2.5 i. i. i. 31.5 #; ; ; ; -ºº: 38.8 87.8 85.2 87.1 || 4-2.6 || 53.6 52.8 52.8 58.1 + 1.9 #:
::::::: #: #: ##|##|t ##|#######|##| || 3 ||3: º? |####| || |####|#####| Hº;|##| #3| | | | #: | L:#|}:
#: ##|##|##|##|T ##|##### #} | . . . . . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; +}}|: ; ; ; ; ; ###|}}}|...}}|##|##| | }}|{:};
#: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; }}|{{{#3 ##|*|| + |y|33 || || 3 | *; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Hº ; ; ; ; ; ;? | ##| | }}|};
iº. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;: ###|##|##|}} ;}|† #|#:
º iº e * . . . tºº 81.8 ; 29. - Us ºr & * * © g e • I | * * *
::::::: #: #: #; #! Ełł ;: ;: #: #: §§ §5, § 32.6 30.8 $3.1 +3.8 || 36.2 $5.2 $3.7 35.0 4-0.5 || 51.8 49.9 49.1 º. 1 || – || || ;
:::::::::: ##| ##| | | T :: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; – ſº sº; ºf #2 #| ###|##|##|##| ##| Hºlº ##| | | | ##|- ſº ;
łº!:$ ##|##|##| || 3 |######| ºil - šišš gº? | #; º? | ##|: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; I; ; ; ; ##| ##| | | | | | |#.
#: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; I ºf . . . . . . . . . . . i - d. 5 |≤ i |38.3 |: ; ; ; ; +??|: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; +ºğlº #;| ≤ || 3 | * * : ;
#j; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; – ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ##|## - ##|#6 is 2.0 28.6 |-5.7|32.2 27.5 28.4 29.4 –&i Hº.8 |45.2 |49.4|46.8 – 14 1908-9.
Av'rageſ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 l........l... . . . . . . . . . … 28, 2 ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jr., sº e º e º & e º e i & © e º e is ... 84.5 i...... tº e s e e e º e o e º 'º e i e º 'º e º e 51.2 . . . . . . . .
Mean 1.l...... ... 84.8 + 0.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 2 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * -0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 -0.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 — 0.1
Mean *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.0 | – 0.4 .......}...... ... 28, 2 0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * +0.2 l............l...... 84.9 +0.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 + 0.1
- !
* Beginning of Weather Bureau (Signal Service) record, * First twenty-five years. * Second twenty-five years.
the first period, while at the other stations the mean of the
second 25-year period was but a few tenths degree above the
50-year average.
TABLE 3.-Overlapping or simultaneous records.
Fort Snelling, Minn. Fort Ripley, Minn.
Year.
- Dec. Jan. Feb. Mean. Dec. Jan. | Feb. | Mean. º:
1854–55. . . . . . . . 20.6 17. 1 12. 6 16.8 18.2 8.4 8, 2 11. 6 —5.2
1855–56. . . . . . . . 9. 5 6. 1 11. 7 9, 1 5.0 | – 1.5 9. 0 4, 2 —4.9
1856–57........ 8.8 || – 2.5 16.4 7.6 5. 1 || – 6.5 11.2 8, 8 —4.8
Mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 —4.8
Fort Snelling, Minn. St. Paul, Minn.f
1867–68 16, 1 4.2 13.9 11.4 15.2 4.4 12, 7 10, 8 –0, 6
e º e º 'º e º ſº 15. 5 18, 2 19.4 17.7 16. 3 19. 0 18, 7 18.0 --0. 8
1869–70. . . . . . . . 19. 5 12. 6 17.0 16, 4 20.4 12.2 17. 1 16, 6 +0.2
1870–71 19. 6 13. 1 20, 2 17.6 19.4 13.4 20. 7 17.8 +0.2
1871-72. . . . . . . . 7.7 13.8 18.4 13. 8 8. 8 14.2 19. 6 14.2 +0. 9
1872–73. ....... 3.9 4.4 11.0 6, 4 5, 8 6, 0 13. 3 8.4 +2.0
Mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 ſ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l. . . . . . . . 14.8 +0. 5
1882–83. . . . . . . . 11. 6 || – 2.8 8.9 5, 9 16.0 1. 1 12. 1 9.7 +8.5
1883–84. . 15.8 8.7 8.0 9, 2 19. 8 7. 9 18. 3 13. 7 +4.5
1884–85. . . . . . . . 8, 9 || – 0.8 4. 6 4. 2 14.8 4, 6 9.9 9, 8 +5.6
1885–86. . . . . . . . 21. 3 8, 5 14.5 13. 1 21. 1 4. 1 15. 0 18.4 +0.3
1886–87. . 7.3 — 1. 1 8, 4 4.9 8.4 1. 0 9, 7 6. 4 +1.5
1887–88. . . . . . . . 16. 1 || – 2.8 10. 5 8. 1 17. 1 || – 0.9 13. 4 9. 5 + 1.4
1888–89. . . . . . . . 25.4 18, 8 5.9 16.5 24, 8 20, 2 10, 2 18, 4 +1.9
1889–90. . . . . . . . 29, 1 10. 9 19.9 20. 0 28.6 9. 9 18, 5 19.0 —1.0
1890–91. . . . . . . . 21.7 19, 6 8, 7 16. 7 24.0 21.2 11.2 18, 8 +2, 1
1891–92. . . . . . . . 29.4 10.8 23. 0 21, 1 27.8 10. 0 20, 8 19.4 —1.7
Mean.......I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 [........l... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 8 +1.8
Fort Leavenworth, Kans, Leavenworth, Kans.
1866–67... . . . . . 28, 1 21.0 82. 3 27. 1 27. 6 19. 5 81.8 26, 8 –0, 8
1867–68. . . . . . . . 84, 6 19. 6 82.2 28.8 88.8 17. 9 80. 0 27. 1 —1.7
1868–69. 26. 4 33. 8 32, 9 81.0 22.6 29.7 80.8 27. 5 –8.5
1869–70. 26.4 29, 1 85.1 30.2 28, 2 25, 6 32. 1 28, 6 —1.6
1870–71. . . . . . . . 28. 6 80. 4 88.1 82.4 28.0 27.5 83. 5 29.7 —2.7
Mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.8 –2. 1
Leavenworth, Kans. Kansas City, Mo.
1888–89. . . . . . . . 85.8 29, 8 27. 5 81.0 35.9 81.2 28, 5 81.9 +0. 9
1889–90. . 45.8 28, 1 32.3 85.2 46.4 30, 2 84. 0 86.9 +1.7
1890–91. . . . . . . . 87. 0 83. 2 29.8 83. 8 87.4 84. 0 80, 2 33.9 +0.6
1891–92. . . . . . . . 89.3 23.9 36.4 38.2 89. 6 25, 6 86. 8 84. 0 +0.8
1892–93 26. 0 21.8 26.6 24.8 27.2 22.0 26, 9 25.4 +0.6
Mean.......]... . . . . . . . . . . . . .l... . . . . . 81.5 |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 +0. 9
Washington, D. C. Georgetown, D.C.
1870–71. . . . . . . . 34.0 82.6 35.9 84.2 84.8 81. 7 86. 7 84.2 0.0
1871–72. . . . . . . . 82. 1 31.7 83.7 82. 5 80. 1 80. 4 82. 1 80. 9 —1.6
1872–73. . . 80.8 30. 9 34.8 82. 0 27.8 29.2 82. 1 29, 7 —2.8
1873–74. 40. 5 40. 8 87.2 89.3 88.0 87.8 35, 6 87. 0 —2.8
1874–75........ 89.2 29. 5 28.8 32.5 86. 0 27. 1 27.2 80. 1 —2.4
Mean ......l. . . . . . . . | • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 84. 1 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 —1.7
Cincinnati, Ohio (not W. B.). Cincinnati, Ohio (W. B.)
1870–71. . . . . . . . 80.8 34. 5 36. 6 84. 0 80. 9 86, 8 89, 8 85.7 +1.7
1871–72. . . . . 29.7 28.2 32.8 30. 1 82.6 80. 5 38. 6 32.2 +2. 1
1872–73 25.4 27. 1 81.8 27. 9 29.1 80.8 85. 5 81.8 +8.9
Mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. 7 |.... tº e º e º 'º e º e º e g g g tº ſº 38.2 +2.5
fWalues for series 1867–1878, inclusive, from voluntary records; for series 1882–1892 from
Weather Bureau records.
In this connection it should be borne in mind that the data
prior to the establishment of the Weather Bureau stations
e
were obtained from instruments believed to have been exposed
in shelters over sod, and in the open, and which, during the
winter time, would give lower temperatures than instruments
having exposures such as obtain at Weather Bureau stations.
This fact would modify, if not reverse, the slight apparent
higher average temperature during the second 25-year period
at the majority of stations; and this statement is, I think, fully
borne out, especially if the mixed data for Forts Snelling and
Leavenworth are omitted, by comparing the data given in
Table 2 for the two 25-year periods with each other, and with
the winter of 1903–4, which shows that the winter of 1903–4 at
Cleveland, Ohio, was by 0.4° the coldest, and at New Bedford
1.3° the coldest, in fifty years. Washington, D.C., had one win-
ter colder and one with the same mean, both in the first twenty-
five years; at Charleston one was colder in each period; Chi-
cago and Cincinnati, each, one colder, in the first period; St.
Louis, three colder in the first and five colder in the second
period; New Orleans, eight winters colder in the first period
(17 years) and nine colder in the second; Fort Leavenworth,
fourteen colder in the first period and eleven colder in the
second; and Fort Snelling, six colder in the first and five
colder in the second period.
By reference to the article “The winter of 1903–4,” page
125 of the MonTHLY WEATHER REVIEw for March, 1904, it will
be found that the last winter was unusually cold over the
portion of the United States covered by the accompanying

data only.
TABLE 4.—Thermometer exposure.
Intervals.
Height te
Station and date of establishment. Kind of shelter. above |Date changed.
|ground. Years. Months.
Feet,
St. Paul, Minn., Nov. 1, 1870.....] Window ....... 82 Apr. 16, 1888 12 6
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Window . . . . . . . 44 Sept. 1, 1885 2 4.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 114 | Nov. —, 1908 8 2
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof .......... 102 nt . . . . . . 0 7
Leavenworth, Kans., May 26, 1871. Window ....... 84 Jan. 1, 1892 20 8
tº e º e º e º e s & e º e º e º 'º e º se e s is e & Roof. . . . . . . . . . . 95 || Nov. 10, 1898 1 10
Kansas City, Mo., July 1, 1888.... Roof........... 86 May 1, 1890 I 10
& e e º e º & © tº e º e s e e g º ºs e º g º g g tº Roof........... 78 || Present ... . . . 14 1.
New Orleans, La., Oct. 24, 1870...] Window ....... 7 | Nov. 18, 1871 I 1.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Window . . . . . . . 29 Mar. 8, 1880 8 8
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Window 45 Aug. 1, 1885 § 4
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof... . . . . . . . . 87 July 19, 1890 5 0
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 112 || Oct. 81, 1900 10 3.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof.... . . . . . . . 88 | Present ...... 8 §
St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 12, 1870...... Window . . . . . . . 70 July 15, 1871 0. 9
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . indow ....... 72 Mar. 8, 1878 1 9
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Window 84 Apr. 1, 1879 6 1.
Po. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof...... . . . . . 105 | Sept. 18, isºs 4 §
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 70 Sept. 1, 1887 4 0.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dome. . . . . . . . . . 107 || Oct. 1, 1892 5 1.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..! Dome.......... 110 || Aug. 16, 1908 10 10
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. . . . . . . . . . . 208 || Present . . . . . . 0 10
chies; Ill., Oct. 14, 1871. . . . . . . . Window 42 June 14, 1872 0. 8
O. : - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . Window . . . . . . . 74 June 8, 1878 1. 0.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Window . . . . . . . 70 Dec. 81, 1886 18 6
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. 144 | Feb. 1, 1890 3 1.
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 241 | Present ...... 14 0.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 12, 1870. ... Window ....... 68 Jan. 1, 1885 14 5
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e is s º is & q' e Roof........... 84 || Mar. 1, 1885 0 2
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 153 Aug. 16, 1898 18 6
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. . . . . . . . . . . 152 | Present . . . . . . § 10
Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 17, 1870..... Window 80 Apr. 80, 1878 2 6
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. . . . . . . . . . . 45 July 26, 1879 6 $
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. . . . . . . . . . . 78 || Nov. 14, 1864 5 3
Do...... tº e º 'º e g º & g g s ſº e º ºs º ºs e tº Roof. 82 July 1, 1888 8 7
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..] Roof. 69 || Oct. 14, 1889 1. 4
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof.... . . . . . . . 118 Jan. 1, 1891 1 2
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof........... 97 May 1, 1892 1. §
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof.... . . . . . . . 122 || Oct. 1, 1896 4. 6
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. 190 P t . . . . . . 7 9
Washington, D.C., Nov. 1, 1870. . Window ....... 44 Aug. 15, 1888 17 §
Do. . . . . . . . . . tº º e º 'º º gº & tº e º 'º e º ºs Roof.... . . . . . . . 58 ar. 29, 1889 0 §
O . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof. . . . . . . . . . . 59 nt. . . . . . . 15 $
Charleston, 8. C., Jan. 1, 1871..... Window . . . . . . . 41 Jan. 1, 1886 15 0
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. . . . . . . . . . . 60 Feb. 1, 1897 11 l
Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .] §od . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 | Present ...... 7 6


NoTE.—Additional copies of the foregoing may be obtained by applying to the Chief U. S. Weather Bureau.
UNIVERSITY OF MIC — , GAN