S ！ 8 8.Š # 'n \b/) !！! !！! : ? 5; 3 • №， ºſ E 5 3 + © q) £ € & e; • ！ TH | C K N ESS W DE inches & 4 4 & & 4 7% 738 9% H ! GH inches 6 46 & & 4 & 1525 9 15264. 934 1527 10% 1530 12 Other sizes are made to order Library supplies of all kinds 5 re: .:: © ~\~~} „Sº „£ ©- Œ & ©- **łą\! ſã„ž.!， , ） }; --ș*.*? s）; * * *ſ*.*ğ ... * * * * **- ¿?ºrgaſº;;;. *** 'ººſ. , ’:’， :， ：, :, ’:’, :, , ， ' ' . , §§§;&&&&****· · · * *--*}., . $-！{ ſºgaeg ººr:• „º. " º ;~ . , * · | }. » . . . .， … * （ ` ）*• ’ ”.· *·-•·• •+• • ’ .~+ +· · · · ···*|-· g } } .* 5 $ *:::: *3%iº.º.º. 2 ae W. 3. ß: & • * *** % -~* *ſ. çț¢**、。 #Š± Š|- |-& \; ，*§§ *•* •→*-x §§§§{};**<<,ķ §§&º?!«.{$$•,¿? §），ş---- §§§§§§*ș*4►'', {' * 53 g *¿¿,ț¢4-%• * .* *§§§§ ?}}ș -**4.;* s; š?！? &. & .} →|-ſº º' ）, -* &�,§. 3°:*...*..*# Ř�*）, * ...“.b• “, t wº /* & …” &: *- º: §: 4…" s . . . ‘a s’ s & -f. ** * * * 3. Jº * ...} sº < ,é § & | £º A.Y. > # rºad Aºtº. // Axº #! ! ” & “tº º- º cº- 2 * r º 3. * A *; ¿ §§ §§ g & 、 ** ~~~. _sº-* * *: rº... r: * * . . ." . . §º º ºść. § º º: ºf: & 3- “, sº: : * ***** * .# º &ą ~** ... * :??:?， ? „º � §§}}:（ |-ș* & ſae ff .， ， º，ſae * ķ;…??）;ſ',%ſ，%s，%ſ，% §§§§）;§§§º, ， ，§« * 。·¿ -ș %> + *\: *（?:#（...）? №, ºs ºſſ ºff， THE STATE PARK SYSTEM OF NORTH DAKOTA 2%,429, 23.4-k NORTH DAECOTA'S STATE PARK SYSTEM IBY O. G. LIBBY, SECRETARY North Dakota is peculiarly fortunate in having already made a beginning for what will soon be- come an unexcelled system of state parks. Al- ready there are seven of these parks well distrib- uted throughout the state and each of them located upon some well known historic spot. The State Historical Society is by law made cus- todian of these parks and its twenty-one directors have the general care and management of them. Each park has, however, a park board of three or five members appointed by the directors of the State Historical Society. Any community, town, or country can secure a state park by donating some desirable tract of land to the state for park pur- poses. As soon as this gift is accepted by the State Historical Society, its directors appoint a local park board who organize under the constitution and by- laws of the state parks. All such state parks are maintained and improved by state appropriations that are used by the local boards at their own dis- Cretion. The general policy which has been adopted is to consider the parks as community centers for the 214 North Dakota Collections special use and enjoyment of the residents of the whole region adjoining each park. The parks are to be utilized for the purpose of preserving and displaying the whole range of plants native to the state. In a lesser way some of the characteristic animals, which were formerly so numerous here, will be protected and allowed to multiply, such as the beaver, prairie dog, antelope, deer, elk, and buffalo. While, therefore, the park system will enable us to preserve our famous and historic sites, at the same time opportunity will be given for the building up of living museums in which can be studied not dried skins and mounted specimens but the live plants and animals in their natural environ- ment. That such parks will also come to be com- munity centers is the natural outcome of such a park policy, intelligently carried out through a series of years. Our state is to be congratulated on having an opportunity to work out so admirable and scientific an experiment at community better- ment. Every county in the state should as soon as practicable acquire land for park purposes and coöperate with the State Historical Society in fur- thering the general plan. The special committee in charge of the state parks consists of Professor C. B. Waldron, Fargo, Curator Melvin R. Gilmore, Bismarck, and Secretary O. G. Libby, Grand Forks, The seven state parks already established are described in the following pages. A list of mem- bers in each park board is also given and a full page plate accompanies each description. sºm º ºs º ºs º me sº sº ºne sº * * * * sºms sº sº ºne ims sº m * * * * * * * * = * * * * * = * * = * * * ºb | Çe # s s §§ §§ § 'Ks * $; sº & § § of & l &avy | | | | | | & | § Sº | s sº ſ !- º- | # | | | § & f § | c. | • É | É ſ Fº Yo | | { §§ ! § . % º § ls Š | És | # | ! Q5 § | s | |/ § S ºn Š § ſº Fº S. § | / | i W W sº% "lº!/ºIll/? § S W W % % \\ % 2. SS l, lllſ Wº% ultiliſii) %2, ºft S All W *% ||||||| 2. o ||||||| §§ à %, { §§ % & § f § % § N \ N Ø § & | º & | Y § º % Z% $ | sº º, 6 s. % sº %, ill | º %; 3. $ 53, | § <& ; | *s 3 || | § Š { § § | | | f ſ W § § *-- State Park System 215 WALHALLA STATE PARK At Walhalla the park is beautifully situated up- on the Pembina River, in the suburbs of the city of Walhalla and within a short distance from where Norman W. Kittson located his trading post as far back as 1844. The log house that Kittson occupied now stands in the park, as a memorial of the early fur-trade days. In one corner of the park may be seen the cellar of the old trading post established here by Alexander Henry, Jr., in 1801. The boundaries of the park are as follows: Commencing at a point three chains and thirty- five links (3 c. 35 l.) south 35° east and at 38.03 chains south 55° west of quarter section corner common to Sections 20 and 29, Township 163 north, Range 56 west of the Fifth P. M.; thence running south 35° east five chains; thence south 55° west ten chains, thence north 35° west five chains to the south side of Riverside Avenue ex- tended in the Town of Walhalla, N. D.; thence north 55° east along south side of Riverside Ave- nue extended ten chains to the place of beginning and containing five acres, and being a fractional portion of the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 29, Township 163 north, Range 56 West of the Fifth P. M. The present park board is composed of the fol- lowing members: George DeLisle, Walhalla, term expiring May 5, 1923; J. W. Harvey, Walhalla, term expiring May 5, 1923; Paul Johnson, Moun- tain, term expiring May 5, 1921; Chas. H. Lee, Wal- halla, term expiring May 5, 1922; Minnie May, Walhalla, term expiring May 5, 1922. 216 g North Dakota Collections IFORT ABERCROMBIE STATE PARK This park is located at Abercrombie and is on the bank of the Red River and contains a portion of the military reserve upon which was built in 1858 IFort Abercrombie, the first Federal fort within the limits of the state. During the Dakota Indian out- break of 1862 the garrison of this fort was subject to a fierce attack by the Indians. Fort Abercrombie served in early days as a defense for the first set- tlers of the Red River Valley and as the gateway into the new lands of the West and Northwest. Two deeds cover the transfer of the present site of the park to the state, as follows: Lots 1 and 2, containing according to Survey thereof made by W. A. Baker, civil engineer, six and twenty-five hundred twenty-eight (6.2528) acres and known as the Abercrombie State Park, being part of the north half of the southeast quar- ter of Section 4, Township 134 north, Range 48 west. A part of Lot 7 of Section 4, Township 134 north, Range 48 west, bounded as follows: Com- mencing at the quarter section corner between the northwest and southwest quarters of said Sec- tion 4 and the northeast and southeast quarters of Section 5, in said Township and Range, running thence east 2640 feet to the quarter section line running north and south through said Section 4; thence south along said quarter section line 578.50 feet; thence east at an angle of 89 degrees, 51 minutes, 15 seconds, 66 feet to the place of be- ginning; thence east at the same angle, along the south side of Broadway Street, projected 752.66 feet, thence southeast at an angle of 121 -< õTTY \ 2° „ſaexanº_y/a， 8 > ， o 3 • • • • • e «> • œ • © • O viųºo/ray º wºwo-ºg $（= c，~№， E， E № ©9/ •foo$ ∞/Q9 Yſgwd 3IVIS BIGWO808387 � ºſ «ſæ \; \ • • • • • • • • • • • • • o- o • o === Q • O • O • o - © � � � � � � & • F • 3 • • • • • • • osnoy/ • O • O • © • O • © ®» ç» º «» «» ç» &} & çr ø § ø & � �s «» «» o «» & & & & & {} {3 ç Ģ Ģ Ģ Ģ © «» & 'c o - o - o ~o ~ o ~ o → Q → o ~o ~- O− → Q → Q → O • O =•O• O • 4a2.45 Mawſobo/g, O�OO •© «» a «» o «» «» «» ø • <> o. & Q & � | \ Yı tip-/1 ∞//21 #7 – Aaa/S rR /O [I] | aſlºng } D7 **ew. 2||D5 II. D. Ull U3 |2 kºa = WWłof Swä, äs S. . à Sec/3T33 R3, s % SS % % Alſº § sº º W | |\\ \ º % ū & % % \\ ^2. *...* \\ 22 %2. \\ %2 *32: £2:2: --> **) £3 /Officers' Qworfers == 2Company’Q0arſers 5/ſ/ſchens S/awndry 4//osofal /2Arse/70/ 5Q/7 Deo? //Commissary 6 Ce/ſa/- /2 Ice House 780Aery /5 Auſcher Shop & Shore/House /4/rosf 7Paders A/o/ FT LINCOLN STATE PARK Sro/e O /OO 200 JOO 4OO/? drawn by ÆAſ Posfer | State Park System 217 degrees, 12 minutes, 30 seconds, 180.36 feet; thence east at an angle of 63 degrees, 50 minutes, 30 seconds, 145 feet to the Red River; thence south- easterly along said Red River to the intersection of the north line of Abercrombie Street, pro- jected thence west along" said north line of said Abercrombie Street 1108.27 feet; thence north at an angle of 90 degrees, 8 minutes, 50 seconds, 300 feet to place of beginning, containing 6.2528 acres and known as the Abercrombie State Park; reference being had, for the location of said Abercrombie and Broadway Streets to the plats of the Village of Abercrombie and Broadway Streets, to the plats of the village of Abercrombie and Barnaby’s Addition to said Village, on file in the office of the Register of Deeds in and for said County and State. The present board of directors of the park is as follows: Olaf Bjerke, Abercrombie, term expir- ing May 29, 1922; M. M. Borman, Abercrombie, term expiring May 29, 1921; A. G. Divet, Fargo, term expiring May 29, 1923; Dr. C. A. Durkee, Abercrombie, term expiring May 29, 1922; Christ Ness, Wahpeton, term expiring May 29, 1923. EORT ABRAHAM LINCOLN STATE PARK The Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park is located on a portion of the old Fort Abraham Lincoln Mili- tary Reserve, two miles south of Mandan. It in- cludes most of the old officers’ quarters of Fort Lincoln and occupies a sightly spot on a high bluff, offering a very beautiful view of the river valley. The park also includes the site of an old Mandan village at the foot of the bluff, called by the Indians, gº & * 218 . North Dakota Collections 2’ Slant Village,' This is the largest of the state parks and is described as follows: The Lots 3 and 4 and the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 13, Township 138 north, Range 81 west of the Fifth P. M., North Dakota, containing seventy-five and fifty one-hun- dredths acres. The present board of directors is as follows: E. J. Conrad, Mandan, term expiring May 12, 1921; J. M. Hanley, Mandan, term expiring May 12, 1922; J. H. Newton, Mandan, term expiring May 12, 1922; R. S. Towne, Bismarck, term expiring May 12, 1923; Geo. F. Will, Bismarck, term expiring May 12, 1921 FORT RICE STATE PARK The Fort Rice Park is located at the town of Fort Rice and stands upon the site of old Fort Rice, which was built in 1864 by General Sully as a mili- tary base during his Indian campaign of that year. It was the first Federal fort on the Missouri River within the present limits of North Dakota. M. C. Caddell, an old soldier at the fort in the early days, was for many years the resident member of the board. He died May 1, 1919. The description of the park is as follows: All lands included in the site of Fort Rice de- scribed by metes and bounds as follows: begin- ning where the north boundary line of Lot 3 of Section 14, Township 135, Range 79 intersects with right-of-way of the Northern Pacific Railway Com- pany, thence running south 396 feet along right-of- way; thence running east 325 feet, thence running & Gºzº （3，2Z， AZoº //aa-ºr -�--… •■■■■ ! ¡ ſºº·º º 2 &- ！|×| S || �\ų R\， Șè È Q \!yQ §N $- {|ș§ È|Ť § §||< .ŅŠ| –! Š š| .cz &&aºAz x^^»ºwº o§§§| . 2 Zºzvo2.x ~~~~eº | \\|！Q|«…» ș&| |ĞN||NOE &: SOE @?@avºaevava， pſ-º - - -N· $Š•z•••••7）/，è|- K u)\ĢQlae —kŲ 'è\，Qșří || —NaN–Ă-|| || § 1È|§È*'---- Ș$）+='<！--IF"- �. § ÈŅ 3 | | | |_）+=~~~~）;\Ķr ·*\!//Z/… • •*-}$ „ºf” și și~~ ~~~eº，→ F-|----<>Ķ •}w:|Šxa’%2/„ZººZºº，·VY|_____--~~~~ |Vö·LÈ-|-◄ | -- t_| | `--+Qý __------*----Œ œ • _...}}--~~~~_ __）~~ • __— º T L_|_）~~~~ ___----****_ __）~~- º.º. Z Z32/7Ø_ _|_|—T T—zā7777/vo _ _ —T __）~~ ~-vy-º | _ſ==----------|---- - - -*-r– – – – –）– – – –）– – – – – –r– – – – – –） _..---****|-! __）~~~fſŠKŲ}}N\， èNQQ\,ſą* ſúXQ8RSK§§X \§QNN$*(ų §\ð}§SșRÇR NŠ*ŠNSĶä èRNSÒ\,^ \\kų---- §&RRNŅNĮ QĢĶĞN• \\-| „(424/ -7，4/aſa/ …º ºutsº ~º "...awWºw ſº ~<\º & wº \ sº a ; § A///ſa/a, N & g * §: N NY. sº N 63 º gº /ºr -- N - aaz ºf * <> 25 N. * W///age. * § ºf .27&T, a' _6\\\\\\\ ^ 6/5.727c-4'-5 cºrºzyaz’ &Y & N Jºzzzz" // 57.2/e/cº-zz Jozo"/Z 7"Y <\s Sº ' & 3× º <\º. §§ STATE PARK & $\ * º º º §§ WX4a \\ W º, §§ f 2.2% NW 230" g º & * 3.5 §§Ş e 3.SW W. § sº \\ * Wº NW Š sº §§ §§ 2. 2 §§ 3 §§ & §§ %. §§ % sº %2% NW g * % N N % §§ t % §§§ 2. N3% §§ % Sº §§ lſº M N N N State Park System 219 north 509 feet; thence running west 360 feet to place of beginning, containing three and one-half (3%) acres, more or less, according to the Survey thereof. Attached to this park for administrative pur- poses is another small tract of land, purchased by the State Historical Society and preserving a por- tion of an old Arikara Indian village. The de- scription of this property is as follows: Beginning at a point on the section line between Sections 5 and 8 in Township 136, Range 79, where said section line is intersected by the present right of way of the Missouri River Railway Company, thence east along said section line for a distance of 12 and 84/100 chains; thence southeast on a line south 36° 30′ east for a distance of 2 and 66/100 chains; thence southwest on a line south 53° 53' west a distance of 9 and 34/100 chains; thence northwest on a line north 41° 10' west for a dis- tance of 10 and 25/100 chains to the point of begin- ning; said described land containing 6 and 15/100 acres and being part of Lot 3 in said Section 8. The present board of directors consists of the following members: W. E. Badger, Mandan, term expiring May 29, 1922; R. G. Gwyther, Fort Rice, term expiring May 29, 1923; Ray McKaig, Fort Rice, term expiring May 29, 1921. THE PEMBINA STATE PARK The Pembina State Park was donated by the city of Pembina and is located in the city of Pembina at the junction of the Red and Pembina Rivers, on the south side of the latter stream. It includes the 220 North Dakota Collections site of the first trading post in the state, built by Chaboillez in 1797. The site has been used almost continuously ever since that time and in the early history of fur-trade in the Northwest it is one of the most important points in this entire region. The area of the present park will be enlarged in the near future by the purchase of a few acres directly across the Pembina River, the site of the trading post and stockade built by Alexander Henry, Jr., in 1801, and also the spot where was built Fort Pem- bina in 1863, the first Federal military post in this portion of the state. The description of this park is as follows: All of Block B within and of the City of Pem- bina, North Dakota, according to the plat thereof on file and of record in the office of the Register of Deeds within and for said county, said Block B three and one-half acres, more or less, lying be- tween Stutsman Street in said city and the Pem- bina and Red Rivers and embracing the southerly point of land at the intersection of said rivers. The present board of directors consists of the fol- lowing members: Mrs. C. B. Harris, Pembina, term expiring December 8, 1921; Judson LaMoure, Pembina, term expiring December 8, 1922; Dr. J. F. McQueen, Pembina, term expiring December 8, 1921; C. W. Shumaker, Pembina, term expiring December 8, 1920; Walter Welford, Neche, term expiring December 8, 1922. FENABINA STATE PARK *::::::: No Dak. //H=/ce/andic Hall. Drawn by £6 foster. Plag Ao/e 8aseball Æeſoſ State Park System 221 *~, THE CAVALIER COUNTY STATE PARK The last one of state parks to be established is the Cavalier County State Park, situated on O'Brien's coulée. The original donation for this park was made by J. B. Beauchamp of Olga, but other gifts are expected to soon largely increase the area of the park. This park is unique in being the site of one of those numerous battles fought between the buffalo hunters from Canada, the Chippewas and French half-breeds, and their old enemies, the Da- kotas. The site was identified by an old Chippewa Indian resident on the Roseau Reservation in Can- ada and called Big Indian. He took part in this fight, which occurred about the year 1848, and helped to rescue a wounded comrade who had been left behind on the battlefield. The fortification which defended the camp of the buffalo hunters on this occasion is still to be seen in a field one mile west of Olga and about the same distance from the park. The present board of directors consists of the following members: John B. Beauchamp, Olga, term expiring December 8, 1922; Otto Dettler, Langdon, term expiring December 8, 1921; C. W. Blain, Milton, term expiring December 8, 1920; Magnus Snowfield, Hannah, term expiring Decem- ber 8, 1922; E. J. Fox, Langdon, term expiring De- cember 8, 1921. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS FOR THE STATE PARKS OF NORTH DAKOTA PREAMBLE It is the purpose of the state park system to secure the preservation of places of historic interest and to commemo- rate the events that occurred at these points by markers or by monuments with appropriate inscriptions. In the manage- ment of the state parks it shall be the policy of each com- mission to use only the native flora, the trees, flowers, and shrubs, that belong to the general region to which each park belongs. The general policy of using native plants to the exclusion of others shall be followed in each park in order that full oppor- tunity may be afforded for the scientific study of all indige- nous forms of vegetation within the state. It is extremely de- sirable that the public may come to know the economic and the esthetic uses of our own flora and that the plants known to the Indians and the early traders and trappers may be saved from extinction. To this end the park commissioners of the state shall all coöperate in taking measures to show the value of certain plants for food, for medicine, and for ceremonial and such other uses as may be possible in their locality. It is very desirable for these purposes that for a few months each year provision be made within the park for the residence there of an Indian family or some individual versed in Indian cus- toms, both from the point of view of care of the park and of the educational value to the public. As soon as practicable, also, the state parks shall be used State Park System 223 for the preservation and study of such wild animals as can be cared for within their limits. ARTICLE 1. ORGANIZATION SECTION 1.- Any county, municipality, or local organization may secure a state park by donating a tract of land to the state for public purposes. The deed should be made in favor of the State Historical Society as custodian for the state. After the land has been accepted by the directors of the State Historical Society as suitable for park purposes, the organiza- tion of a park commission shall at once be provided for. SECTION 2. Each state park shall be under the control of a commission of three or five members, appointed by the direc- tors of the State Historical Society for a term not to exceed three years. The curator of the State Historical Society shall be an eac-officio member of each park commission but he shall have no power of voting. SECTION 3. The park commissioners, upon being notified of their appointment, shall meet and choose a president, a vice president, and a secretary. SECTION 4. Upon notice from the secretary of the State Historical Society the state park commissions shall designate one of their number to represent them at the joint meeting of the commissioners and the directors of the State Historical Society. At these meetings details of the general policy shall be adopted and the estimates for the entire budget of the parks shall be fixed. ARTICLE 2. GOVERNMENT SECTION 1. The duties of the several officers of the park commissions shall be such as usually devolve upon these officers. SECTION 2. The president of each park commission shall audit all bills presented to the commission of which he is a member and upon unanimous vote of the commissioners he 224 North Dakota Collections shall authorize the expenditure of such part of the appro- priation as may be determined upon. SECTION 3. The secretary of the State Historical Society shall sign all vouchers calling for the expenditure of the state appropriations for park purposes. SECTION 4. It shall be the duty of the secretary of each park commission to make a biennial report of all expenditures of the commission of which he is a member. This report shall contain, also, all recommendations of the commission and shall be presented and read at the joint meeting of the park com- missioners and the directors of the State Historical Society, held to consider the biennial appropriations needed to carry on the work of the state parks. t SECTION 5. The secretary of the State Historical Society shall be empowered to call for such financial and other re- ports from each commission as may be needed in the prepara- tion of the biennial budget and for use in the publication of the current volume of Collections. ARTICLE 3. MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 1. All state parks shall be continuously open to the public under such regulations as may be imposed by the commissions for the preservation of the park property and for the furtherance of the general policy. The park commission- ers shall at their discretion allow the use of the parks under their control for such public gatherings and celebrations as shall contribute to foster community interest in the work of the state parks. SECTION 2. All vacancies shall be filled by the directors of the State Historical Society but the secretary of the society shall have power to make temporary appointments which shall be valid until the directors shall fill the vacancy at some regular meeting. SECTION 3. This constitution and by-laws may be amended State Park System 225 at any regular meeting of the directors of the State Historical Society or at any joint meeting of the park commissioners and directors. Three weeks notice of such amendment must be given to all directors of the Society and to each of the state park commissioners. STATE HISTORICAL PARKS OF NORTH DAKOTA BY MELVIN R. GILMORE, CURATOR One of the functions of the State Historical So- ciety is to promote the proper marking of historic sites within the state. Ordinarily the most suitable manner in which to mark such spots is to create them into public parks. Every community within whose limits lies a spot of public historic interest should take steps to preserve such spot before it has been marred by the plow or built over by resi- dence or shop buildings. In this way the local com- munity may definitely link itself up with the com- monwealth. The State Historical Society has been instru- mental in reserving a number of historic sites already. These historical parks are intended to serve several useful purposes. They are to stand in the relation of monuments of the times and events which they mark; but they are also to serve as community meeting places and community plea- sure grounds, as well as outdoor historical and scien- tific museums. The present curator of the museum has proposed a general plan for the planting of these sites, and others to be acquired in the future, State Historical Parks 227 which has had universal acceptance on the part of the local boards of these historical parks. The plan of improvement and planting which he has proposed is to employ only native trees, shrubs, vines, and flowering plants. This plan of planting the parks with natives of North Dakota and excluding exotics will serve a number of useful purposes. First of all it will help to preserve from total extermination some na- tive species which are in real danger of being en- tirely extirpated by the plow and by the excessively close grazing of cattle and sheep, or by wanton de- struction and rampant ravaging from ungoverned and senseless plucking by ruthless human beings. Preservation of native species by planting and fos- tering in the historical parks will also serve science by providing living herbariums for the scientific study of native species of plants in their native habitat. History in its broad sense will also be served, for here will be preserved in living books chapters of the material history of the state. The esthetic sense also would be served by this plan, for plants are most beautiful when placed in complete accord with their environment. So the native vegetation planted according to natural sit- uation will give an effect of harmony with its en- vironment, whereas exotics, however beautiful they may be in themselves and in their home surround- ings, would but appear out of place, homesick and lonely in an alien situation. They would but make 228 North Dakota Collections. manifest the disharmony of their unhappy environ- ment. This plan of planting native vegetation also has the advantage of better chance of survival. Native vegetation is already inured to climatic conditions. The rate of mortality of transplanted exotic stock is very high. Lach of the historical parks should be planted with the trees, shrubs, vines, flowering plants, and grasses pertaining to its own immediate region; that is to say, a park in the valley of the Red River of the North should not be planted with species which pertain to the region of the Bad-lands or the High Plains. On the other hand, a park on the bluffs of the Missouri River should not be planted with certain species found in the low altitude and more humid conditions of the Red River Valley and eastern woodlands. But there are many species which are found distributed very widely over the state. Such species are suitable for general plant- ing in all the parks. I shall give here a partial list and description of trees, shrubs, vines, flowering plants, and grasses suitable and desirable for planting within the state historical parks. Some of the species named are almost sure to be present even now, unless the site to be reserved has been denuded already by farming operations. For high, dry, rocky, or gravelly hills the native pine (Pinus scopulorum) and the red cedar (Juni- State Historical Parks 229 perus virginiana) are suitable and appropriate. For terraces and extremely exposed points the ground cedar (Juniperus horizontalis) makes a suitable and successful cover. For gullies in hill- sides and ravines the scrub cedar, or scrub juniper (Juniperus communis) should be used. On hills and hillsides next in altitude below those on which it is recommended to plant pines and cedars one should plant bur oaks (Quercus macrocarpa). Next below oaks should be planted green ash (Fraa:- £nus viridis), white elm (Ulmus americana), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). On lower ground, where soil moisture is sufficient- ly abundant there should be planted linden, other- wise called basswood (Tilia americana), cottonwood (Populus sargentii), boxelder (Acer negundo), and any of several different species of willow, as the peach-leaf willow (Salia: amygdaloides), river-bank willow (Salia, fluviatilis), slender willow (Salia, petiolaris), and diamond willow (Salia, cordata). In very cool situations, as in pockets on the north sides of hills there should be planted thick clumps of trembling aspens (Populus tremuloides), and in deep, cool ravines balsam poplars (Populus bal- samifera) may be planted. The paper birch (Be- tula papyrifera) also grows in cool, moist situa- tions. In planning the planting of parks the natural habitat and associations of species should be studied carefully and the artificial plantings should be 230 North Dakota Collections made to conform to the situations and groupings in nature. Thus the park, when developed, will pos- sess the charm and grace of natural growth. Grouping and situations of trees and plants con- trary to nature offend the esthetic sense in a man- ner comparable to the pain and displeasure occa- sioned by a congenital deformity or abnormality in a human body. For instance, rows of cottonwoods, willows, or boxelders marshaled in stiff lines stand- ing stark upon an exposed hilltop are as lacking in beauty as a clubfoot or a six-fingered hand. Cot- tonwoods, boxelders and willows find their natural situation on low, moist ground, in association with various species of shrubs and herbaceous plants which also love moisture. In such situation, and such natural association they are in harmonious setting and make a pleasing sight. In all cases the natural conditions must be studied and the imagi- nation must first truly depict what the future ap- pearance will be after the plantations shall have become established. Only thus can any really suc- cessful and pleasing result be obtained. Among the native shrubs which should be used conspicuously in the historical parks of North Da- kota the prairie rose (Rosa pratincola) should have prominent place, for it is this species which is the state flower by act of legislature. Three other species of rose are found in the state, namely, Rosa acicularis, Rosa blamda, and Rosa woodsii. These also deserve proper consideration in planning parks. State Historical Parks 231 A beautiful shrub for decorative planting is the leadplant (Amorpha canescens). Its natural hab- itat is upon high ground. It grows in clumps one to one and one-half feet high, with feathery foliage and racemes of dark purple flowers with golden anthers. On account of its bright green, hopeful leafage very early in spring the wild gooseberry (Ribes missouriensis) should surely find a place in the park planting. It is also prolific in fruit. For foliage, flower, and fruit the wild black currant (Ribes floridum) also deserves large use in the parks. IFor its very attractive beauty of foliage, flower, and fruit the Nebraska sandcherry (Prunus bes- seyi), which is found in sandy situations in this state should surely be planted in the parks wher- ever the situation is suitable. The bush is low- growing. In early spring the snow-white blossoms bourgeon before the foliage, making the bushes to appear like airy white clouds of delicate beauty and entrancingly fragrant with the delicious wild plum blossom fragrance. After the blossoms fall the bushes become banks of living green from the new foliage. Later in summer the rich purple- black masses of fruit shine among the dark green leaves. In autumn the foliage becomes a flame of reds and yellows of various tints and shades. For the name’s sake alone the pembina (Vibur- mum opulus) ought to be planted in every historical park in this state where the soil conditions are suit- 232 North Dakota Collections able to its growth. But besides the interest per- taining to this shrub because of its name having been attached to the river, mountain, county, and town in the northeastern part of the state, it well deserves a place for the beauty of its white flowers in springtime and its scarlet fruit in summer. A shrub which is very desirable to plant where a bit of color is wanted in winter is kinnikinnick (Cornus stolonifera). This dogwood is beautiful in summer with its light-green foliage, its clusters of starry white flowers, and later its white berries. But it is in the dead of winter that this shrub is most noticeable and attractive, for while all the landscape is covered with a white mantle of snow, or, in the absence of snow, when all is dreary and drab this shrub by the brilliant red coloring of its bark gives warmth and brightness and life to the view. The Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia) should be in all the parks because of its universal distribu- tion in the state and because of its beauty and gracefulness of form and foliage and blossoms, and for its desirable and very prolific fruit. The wild plum (Prunus americana) should be planted in every park for the beauty and charming- ly delightful fragrance of its bloom, and for its delicious fruit. For its beauty of foliage, flowers, and fruit the western chokecherry (Padus melano- carpa) should always have place. For certain situations and combinations the buf- State Historical Parks 233 falo berry (Lepargyraea argentea) is very desira- ble. It is also in the highest degree characteristic of the landscape of the western part of the state. For that region no landscape is complete without the buffalo berry. Of vines native to this state and suitable for park planting there are the following: virgin's bower (Clematis ligusticifolia), moonseed (Menispermum canadense), bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), the wild grape (Vitis vulpina), Virginia creeper (Par- thenocissus quinquefolia), hops (Humulus lupu- lus), and wild cucumber (Micrampelis lobata). A few of the native flowers of North Dakota have been brought into cultivation, and many others de- serve to be cultivated in our gardens and parks. Gaillardia is one flower common over all the dry prairies which has been brought into cultivation and has responded wonderfully. Our state has such a host of species of wild flowers which should be planted in our parks and also in private grounds and gardens that lack of space forbids any adequate description, or even a list of more than a small part of them. In another part of this paper is given a list of the most desirable of the native trees, shrubs, vines, flowering plants, and grasses for use in the parks. So, at this place we shall mention but a few, with reference to their season and character. In the springtime, when the Snow has scarcely gone, we have the Pasque-flower (Pulsatilla pat- ens). It is popularly often called “Crocus.” This 234 North Dakota Collections is a very great error, for the crocus is not even native anywhere in North America. Besides, the Easque-flower does not resemble a crocus. A cro- cus is somewhat like a lily instructure, and is a mon- ocotyledon, while the Pasque-flower is a dicotyle- don, hence very different in its whole structure and anatomy. It does very closely resemble an anem- one, and is closely related to that flower. Among the Dakota nation there is a very pretty conceit connected with the Pasque-flower. The Dakotas call it the Twin-flower, because, they say, it is so frequently found putting up two flower stalks together at the same time. Indians generally are keenly observant of all things in nature, and rever- ent toward them. They feel reverence for all liv- ing creatures, the birds and beasts, the trees and shrubs and flowers. They have songs and stories about most of the plant and animal forms of life with which they are acquainted. They believe that each species has its own particular song which is the expression of its life or soul. The Song of the Twin-flower (which we call the Pasque-flower) when translated out of the Dakota language into the English is something like this: I wish to encourage the children of other flower Mations Which now are appearing over all the land; So, while they waken from sleep and rise from the bosom Of Mother Earth, I stand here old and gray- headed. State Historical Parks 235 “I wish to encourage the children of other flower nations” refers to the very early vernal blossoming of this flower while other species are just peeping through the ground. The entire plant is hairy, and when ripe the head is bushy and white, having a resemblance to a full and heavy growth of very white hair on the head of an old man. This ex- plains the allusion in “I am standing here old and gray-headed.” When in springtime an old man of the Dakota nation first finds one of these flowers it reminds him of his childhood, when he wandered over the hills at play, as free from sorrow and care as the birds and flowers. He sits down near the flower upon the lap of Mother Earth, takes out his pipe and fills it with tobacco. Then he reverently holds the pipe towards the earth, then towards the sky, then to- wards the north, the east, the south, and the west. After this act of silent invocation he smokes. While he smokes he meditates upon all the changing scenes of his lifetime, his joys and sorrows, his youthful hopes, his accomplishments, his disappointments, and the guidance of the Unseen Powers accorded to him thus far upon the journey of life, and he is encouraged to believe that he will be guided to the end. After finishing his pipe he rises and plucks the flower and carries it home to show his grand- children, singing as he goes “The Song of the Twin- flower” which he learned as a child and which he now teaches to his grandchildren. 236 North Dakota Collections The mention of “reverently holding the pipe” is an allusion to an act of religious worship. Tobac- CO Was mysterious and sacred, and was used cere- monially, and the pipe might be considered as a kind of censer. The Earth was poetically and mystically regarded as Mother of all living things, all plants, animals, and human beings. The Sky was likewise regarded as Father, and the Cardinal Points as the Paths of approach of the Powers which are all about us in the world. Man is not apart from nor above nature, but is a part of na- ture. All good things in nature are his friends and kindred, and he should be friendly with all. A little later than the Pasque-flower come throngs of violets of several different species; also the pure white ground phlox, the Star-of-Bethle- hem, the painted-cup, the heavenly blue Mertensia, the dainty oxalis, and the gladsome anemone. Among the more notable flowers of summertime we have the columbine, the white larkspur and the blue larkspur, several species of evening primroses, three species of blazing-star, the gorgeous flame lily, and the dainty campanula, otherwise called hare-bell and blue-bell of Scotland. And there is the lovely blue perennial wild flax. As autumn approaches we have the goldenrod in eight species, twenty species of asters, and last of all five species of gentian. The predominant col- ors of the prevernal, vernal, estival, and autumnal flowers constitute a kaleidoscope of progressive State Historical Parks 237 color changes from the earliest Pasque-flowers to the latest gentians. These species and numerous others native in our state are very desirable for use in planting for the sake of their own merit, but especially because, being native, they would give character and local distinctiveness. Wherever and whenever it may be practicable to do so it is hoped that native birds and mammals as well as native vegetation shall be established in the state historical parks. Thus the parks shall serve as Zoëlogical gardens as well as botanical gardens. In general, it is intended that the parks shall be useful for science, history, social service, and to conserve the beauty of nature and to promote the love and enjoyment of it. LIST OF TREES, SHRUBS, WINES, HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANT'S AND GRASSES NATIVE TO NORTH DAKOTA AND SUITABLE AND DESIR- ABLE FOR USE IN PLANTING OF PARKS CONIFERS Pinus scopulorum (Eng.) Lemmon. Bull Pine. Southwest part of the state as far north as Medora. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Red Cedar. Juniperus communis L. Scrub Juniper or Cedar. A small shrub. Juniperus horizontalis Moench. Ground Cedar. Forms dense mats upon buttes and rocky hillsides. Suitable for all terrace work. DECIDUOUS TREES Tilia americana L. Linden, Basswood. Along streams, usually near water. Salia: amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaf Willow. Along streams. Salia, interior Rowlee. Riverbank Willow. Probably most common species, forming dense thickets in moist ground. Salia, petiolaris Smith. Slender Willow. Along streams and in low ground. Salia, cordata Muhl. Diamond Willow. The favorite camp-fire wood of travelers, trappers, and cowboys. It is found to give the quickest, hottest, and cleanest fire of any native wood. It is also much used for walking sticks, being curious in the diamond-shaped scars left on the stem by the death of twigs. State Historical Parks 239 Populus balmamifera L. Balsam Poplar. * About lakes and in ravines, especially in the northern part of the state. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Along streams and about lakes. Populus tremuloides Michx. Trembling Aspen. In cool situations, as in pockets high up on the north slope of hills. Ulmus americana L. American Elm. Along stream valleys. Ulmus fulva L. Red Elm, Slippery Elm. Along streams; not common in this state. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Along stream valleys and in ravines. Fraasinus viridis Michx. Green Ash. Along 'stream valleys, lake shores, and far-up ravines. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. The only member of the Maple Family in North Dakota, and of peculiar interest because of its economic impor- tance to the tribes of this region, being the only source of Sugar here before the coming of white men, except by importation of the maple sugar made from the hard maple by the woodland tribes to the eastward. But a considerable domestic production of sugar from the sap of boxelder obtained among all the tribes of the up- per Missouri region. This tree grows naturally and properly only where moisture is comparatively abundant, as along streams and lake shores. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Ironwood. Said to be found along streams in the eastern part of the state and in Pembina Mountain ravines. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch. In cool situations in Pembina Mountains and Turtle Mountain. 240 North Dakota Collections Quercus macrocarpa L. Bur Oak. In the upper part of ravines and on knolls in the sand hills. - SHRUBS Xanthoacylum americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Said to be found along the Red River of the North. It is a desirable shrub for certain situations, and is of ethnological interest because of the use of its dry aro- matic fruits for perfume by all the tribes which had access to its range. Salia; hºw milis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Salia, tristis Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bear Berry. On rocky buttes and stony soil. In Pembina Mountains and some rocky ravines tributary to the Missouri River. A pretty little shrub of ethnological interest for its use by the native tribes. The dried leaves were used for wº kin Žok £3 #5% anterſtanas(ſêrs.)/3 yºff.) Also called Arctic Raspberry and Strawberry Raspberry. The name Eye Berry is the English translation of its name in the Chippewa language. The plant is scarcely a shrub, being no larger than a strawberry plant and not much more woody. In Turtle Mountains, Pembina Mountains, and Sully Hill. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. In streamside woods and in wooded ravines. Rosa pratincola Green. Prairie Rose. Very common over all the state. This species is the state flower. Rosa acicularis Lindl. In Turtle Mountains. Rosa blamda Ait. Eastern and north eastern parts of the state. State Historical Parks 241 Rosa woodsii Lindl. Along streams and in ravines. Amelanchier almifolia. Nutt. Saskatoon. This shrub and its fruit are in various parts of the country called by numerous different popular names, June-berry, Shad-berry, Service-or Sarvice-berry, Wild Pear, and so forth. Throughout western Canada it is called Saskatoon, which is the name of the berry in the Chippewa language. The adoption of this name by Eng- lish-speaking people has given it a distinctive name, and therefore this name would seem to strongly commend itself for universal adoption. Moreover it has been adopted by formal action in resolution of the Interna- tional Horticulturists’ Society of America and Canada in convention in August, 1919. This shrub or small tree is abundant over all parts of the state. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. Crataegus succulenta Schrad. The thornapple is abundant over all parts of the state. The species vary greatly, many forms being found inter- mediate between the two species named. In the first- named species the anthers are yellow, in the second they are pink. An interesting item in connection with this shrub is the fact that it is the source of the name of Apple Creek, a stream flowing into the Missouri River from the north- east near Bismarck. In the Dakota language the haw- thorn is called ‘‘taspan.” Because so many thickets of taspan grow along the course of this stream the Dako. tas call it Taspan Wakpala (Taspan Creek or Hawthorn Creek, or Thornapple Creek). Some white man with an imperfect knowledge of the Dakota language mistrans- lated Taspan Wakpala as “Apple’’ Creek instead of Thornapple Creek, which the name really means. Hawthorn, Thornapple, Red Haw 242 North Dakota Collections Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Along streams and in wooded ravines. Very desirable for its beauty of foliage, either estival or autumnal, and for its very fragrant and beautiful white prevernal blos- soms which appear like delicate snowy clouds, even before the cold, dull days of earliest spring are gone. Also de- sirable for its fruit. This native species is the ancestor of most of the cultivated varieties of plums grown in North America. Prunus pennsylvanica L. Pin Cherry. Along streams and on wooded slopes, in Turtle Moun- tains, Pembina Mountains, Sully Hill, and many other places. Prunus besseyi, Bailey. Nebraska Sand Cherry. This is a low-growing shrub of great beauty at all sea- sons. In early spring it is a mass of delicate white bloom of a most delicious wild plum blossom fragrance. The blossoms appear before the foliage. After the blos- soms are gone the brilliant glossy green foliage appears. Later, in the summer, the rich purple black fruit makes a contrast with the enfolding dark-green foliage. Then in autumn the foliage turns to colors of flame. Padus melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. Rocky Mountain Cherry. Along streams and cutbanks. A small tree or tall shrub, beautiful in foliage both in summer and autumn; also desirable for blossoms and fruit. Amorpha fruticosa L. The Pawnees call this shrub by a name meaning “water- rod” or “water-wand” because of its nature and habitat. It is a slender graceful shrub growing along banks of streams and lake shores in sandy soil at the margin of the water. Bradbury, the botanical explorer of the up- per Missouri in 1811 mentions that at one time when the boat lay to during a storm it was moored by tying up State Historical Parks 243 to shrubs of Amorpha fruticosa growing at the edge of the stream. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Lead Plant, Shoestring. Lead-colored, feathery bushes 1 foot to 1 and 1/2 feet high. It bears gray-green foliage and spikes of rich blue-purple flowers with golden anthers. It grows on hills and high, dry ground. Amorpha microphylla Pursh. Much smaller than Amorpha canescens, and grows in ex- ceedingly dry situations, as upon rocky buttes. Ribes rubrum L. Wild Red Currant. Said to be in Pembina Mountains and in Turtle Moun- t tains. Ribes floridum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. In woods along streams, widely distributed over the state. Ribes aureum Pursh. Buffalo Currant, Missouri Currant. Banks of streams, and in clefts and ravines of rocky buttes. Ribes missouriensis Pursh. Missouri Gooseberry. In woods along streams and about wooded lakes. Most desirable for its brightness of emerald green in early spring while all other shrubs are still bare. Also the foliage in autumn flames in brilliant reds. The fruit is desirable also. Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Buckthorn. In low or wet ground in woods. Reported from Pem- bina Mountains. Eleagnus argentea Pursh. Silver Berry. In cool situations mostly, along the north and northeast slopes of hills, sometimes on the northwest. More abun- dant in the northern part of the state where it occurs in almost any situation. The gray foliage and silvery ber- ries are attractive, and the flowers are very fragrant. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. Buffalo Berry. Effective for its gray foliage and its abundance of shin- 244 North Dakota Collections ing red berries. It is so prolific that the red masses of berries become almost more conspicuous than the gray foliage. The fruit is also very desirable for use in mak- ing jelly. Buffalo berry jelly has a distinctive taste all its own which creates a desire for more. As a fruit sauce the buffalo berry was of very high economic im- portance to all the tribes of the region of its range. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. On hillsides in Pembina Mountains, Turtle Mountains, Sully Hill, and in places along the Red River of the North. Six or eight feet high, beautiful for its glossy green foliage in summer and brilliant reds in autumn. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Aromatic Sumac. Grows in low and close clumps on rocky and dry buttes. Corylus americana Walt. Hazelnut. In ravines tributary to some of the streams and in Tur- tle Mountains, Pembina Mountains, and Sully Hill. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Turtle Mountains, Pembina Mountains, Sully Hill. Betula pumila L. Low Birch. In boggy places in woods of Pembina Mountains, prob- ably also in Turtle Mountains. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Speckled Alder. Red River of the North, Pembina Mountains, probably also Turtle Mountains. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Kinnikinnick. In stream valleys and in ravines and along cutbanks. Widely distributed over the state. Very desirable for its graceful form and beautiful foliage, and for its abun- dant clusters of white flowers as well as the later clus- ters of white berries. It has the habit of changing color of the bark to a deep, rich red in autumn. This red color persists through the winter and the vernal season until the full estival foliage has come. This property makes the shrub greatly to be desired for deco- State Historical Parks 245 -— rative planting where its bright color will be effect- ive in winter, whether in time of white landscape or dull days of bare ground and sombre, gray shrubs and trees. In either case Cornus gives the stimulus of a bit of brightness and color. It has another feature of interest, in the economic value it had for the aboriginal tribesmen; the inner bark being used for smoking in the same way as tobacco was used, or it was also mixed with tobacco, being de- sired for its aromatic flavor and odor. Viburnum opulus L. Pembina. The well-known snowball bush is simply the pembina bush with sterile, so-called double, flowers. It is de- sirable for its beauty of foliage and of flowers; also its scarlet fruits are attractive in autumn. A peculiar in- terest attaches to this shrub for the state of North Da- kota in that the name pembina, the name of the berry, has been given to a river, a mountain, a county, and a town in the northeastern part of the state. The name pembina is one of a number of corruptions of pronuncia- tion of “nepin minan,” which is the name of this berry in the Chippewa language. In the Chippewa language nepin means summer, minan means berry. They called this berry the “summer berry.” The Chippewa name of that river is Nepin-minan Sipi, Summer-berry River. Sipi is the Chippewa word for river. The white man’s tongue has corrupted the nepin-minan to “permbina,’’ hence the name. The pembina is rather abundant in the northern part of the state in wet places in the woods, and in cool ra- vines as far south as Bismarck at least. Viburnum lentago L. Sheep-berry, Nanny-berry. In woods along streams and in ravines throughout the state. Its habit is to grow in clumps. It is desirable for foliage, flowers, and fruit. The leaves are glossy and 246 North Dakota Collections bright green in summer and take glorious tints of reds and yellow in autumn. The fruit hangs on very late into the winter and is blue-black in color, and suffused with frosty bloom. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow- wood. In woods along streams in eastern and northeastern parts of the state. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolf Berry, Buck Brush. Very common everywhere in the state in depressions on the prairie and along the edges of ravines. It is related to the honeysuckle, and its dainty honeysuckle-like pink flowers are attractive. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snow Berry. Similar to S. occidentalis but smaller and more delicate. Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) C. R. B. Honey- suckle. In woods and thickets in eastern and northeastern part of state. VINES Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Virgin's Bower. In thickets among shrubs along streams. Succeeds very well in transplanting. It has white flowers in leafy pan- icles succeeded by silky white plumose heads. Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. In woods along streams and in ravines. Greenish-white flowers in loose panicles, succeeded by the blue-black fruits. The leaves are broadly ovate, light green. Humulus lupulus L. Hop Wine. A climber over shrubs along streams. Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet. Along the sides of wooded ravines, climbing upon shrubs and small trees. Attractive for its clean pale green foliage in Summer, which turns to pale gold in autumn. State Historical Parks 247 . Then the yellow persistent calyx lobes open, disclosing the orange-colored fruit within. sº. Vitis vulpina L. Wild Grape. * In woods along streams. Desirable for beauty and gracefulness of its twining vines and bright green leaves and for its tart fruit in autumn. The fruit is very desirable for making jelly. During the blossoming sea- son in springtime the flowers very delightfully perfume the air all about. • . Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. In woods along streams and about lakes. Beautiful in its green foliage and clusters of purple-black fruit borne on crimson pedicels. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Wild Cucumber. Grows over shrubs and bushes along streams and in low ground. The masses of bloom make a lovely sight in the evening when shadows grow long and dusk begins to soften the lines of the landscape. HERBACEOUs FLOWERING PLANTs, Iº ſò0T, Lºiſ C/Y & Agwilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine. In rich, well-drained moist soil where leaf-mold abounds on steep slopes of wooded ravines of some tributaries of the Missouri River and along the Red River of the North, in the Pembina Mountains, Turtle Mountains, and Sully Hill. Beautiful in form and color; it is interest- ing also from the esthetic economic value which it had to the aboriginal tribesmen as a source of perfume. For this purpose the ripe seeds were carefully gathered and stored in buckskin bags. When wanted for use the seeds were pulverised to a fine powder, dampened to a paste, and scattered among the clothing. Delphinium virescens Nutt. (D. albescens Rybd.) Prairie Larkspur. In moister parts of the prairie. Stem 2 - 3 - 4 feet tall 248 North Dakota Collections bearing a long spike of white flowers, or the flowers slightly tinged with bluish or brownish spots. Leaves deeply cleft into narrow linear segments. Anemone canadensis L. Anemone Widely distributed throughout the state in moister sit- uations as in valleys and along streams and around non- alkaline lakes. It is very hardy and takes well to culti- vation. Its profusion of large white flowers of delicate waxy appearance makes it very desirāble. A pe- culiar charm about this plant is an extremely delicate and evasive fragrance which it possesses. This is not a fragrance noticeable in the way the fragrance of the rose or of the sweet pea is noticeable. By most persons it would not be noticed at all, and probably would be denied; but it is indubitably there. It is rather an im- palpable quality and gives the plant a property of deli- cate mystery. Anemone hudsoniana Rich. Cut-leaved Anemone. Its range is from the far north into the northeastern part of the state, where it is found on dry prairie knolls. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Found throughout the state in dry situations among bushes and at the upper edge of woody growths on ravine sides. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Pasque Flower. Abounds throughout the state on dry prairies. It is the earliest flower to bloom in the springtime, and often ap- pears before all snow is gone. Its bluish-purple flowers gladden the bare brown bleak hillsides with great pro- fusion of bloom, an earnest of returning life. Later, when the flowers are succeeded by the ripened heads waving their white silky tufts in the breeze the aptness of the song ascribed to this flower by the people of the Dakota nation can be appreciated. The Song of the Pasque Flower has already been given in the forepart of this paper. State Historical Parks 249 Cleome serrulata Pursh. Bee Balm, Rocky Mountain Bee Plant. On high banks of streams and along water courses. About 2 to 3 feet high and has rather pretty pink flow- €I’S. Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray. False Red Mallow. Low, dusty-green plant, deeply incised leaves, salmon- pink flowers. Grows in very dry and hard ground on the prairie. The plant was used by the Indians to make a salve for all kinds of skin eruptions and rash. Viola papiliomacea Pursh. Blue Violet, Johnnie-jump-up. In woods, brush, and wet meadows. Viola sororia Willd. Similar in appearance and habit to V. papilionacea. Viola pedatifida G. Don. Large Blue Prairie Violet. Rather common on high rich ground. Large deep-blue flower. --- Viola muttalli, Pursh. Small Yellow Prairie Violet. On very dry soil, high plains, and stony or gravelly knolls. Viola rugulosa Greene. Large White Wood Violet. In woods and thickets. Oaxalis violacea L. Sheep Sorrel. In loose sandy soil on prairies. Pretty, delicate pink flowers. Oaxalis stricta Small. Yellow Sheep Sorrel. In woods, thickets, and fields. Smaller than O. violacea. Small yellow blossoms. Linum, lewisii, Pursh. Wild Blue Flax. On dry prairies and high dry buttes. Perennial. Very profuse bloomer, especially when planted in more fa- vorable soil. Blossoms are beautiful sky-blue. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Snow-on-the-mountain. On prairies. About 2 feet high. Notable for the white- margined bracts under the inflorescence. 250 North Dakota Collections Dodecatheon pauciflorum (Dur.) Greene. Shooting-star. In wet meadows or open grounds near woods in eastern and northern part of state. Gentiama procera Holm. Small Fringed Gentian. In low wet grounds and wet meadows. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian. On banks of streams, lake shores, and damp depressions of prairie. Gentiana affinis Griesb. Oblong-leaved Gentian. In moist meadows. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. In marshes and sloughs. Flowers red or rose-purple. Asclepias syriaca L. Big Milkweed. Two to three feet tall, leaves large, oblong or oval, flowers greenish-purple. A useful food plant and much used by the people of the various native tribes. The parts used are the tender young sprouts, the young leaves, the bud clusters, and the tender immature seed-pods. Physalis lancealata Michx. Prairie Ground-cherry. Grows in little clumps in sandy prairie soil. Flowers dull yellow. Fruits yellow, with persistent, enlarged calyx enclosing them. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Dull yellow flowers. Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Erect stalk, flowers red or yellow, root perennial. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Perennial from the root, stalk stout, 2 to 3 feet tall, leaves glabrous, pea-green, obovate, fleshy; flowers large, showy, lavender-blue. Flourishes in sandy soil. Re- sponds magnificently to cultivation. Penistemon gracilis Nutt. Stalk small, flowers purple. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh. Stalk small, glaucous; flowers blue. State Historical Parks 251 Gerardia aspera Dougl. In dry prairies. Flowers deep purple. Gerardia renifolia Wahl. Flowers light purple, spotted, rarely white. Castilleja sessiflora Pursh. Painted Cup. Stems stout, densely leafy, 8-10 inches high, flowers yellowish. Phloa pilosa L. Prairie Sweet William. In moist meadows. Stems 2 feet to 2% feet high. Flower cluster corymbed, variant in color, white, pink, rose, and white with flecks of pink. Phloa hoodi, Rich. P. douglasii Hook Ground Phlox. On dry knolls and buttes, growing in low tufts with pine-like sharp-pointed leaves, and snow-white flowers. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. In thickets and on open hillsides. Eight to ten inches high. Flowers deep blue. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Puccoon. In dry sandy loam on prairie. In little clumps of sev- eral stalks from one root. Tubular, orange-colored flowers in short leafy racemes. The root was used by Indians for staining articles red. Lithospermum linearfolium Goldie. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. Single stalks, tubular lemon-colored flowers. Similar habitat as the preceding species. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain or Blue Verbena. In moist meadows, 3 or 4 feet high, spike of blue flowers. Agastache amethiodora (Nutt.) Britton. Wild Anise. In open woods and among bushes in moist places, as in ravines. Stems rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high, leaves ovate or triangular, bright green above, tending to turn purplish in autumn, whitish on under side. Spikes of blue flowers. The entire plant is fragrant with an 252 North Dakota Collections anise-like odor. It was used by Indians as a perfume in a manner similar to the English use of lavender, to lay away among articles of clothing. onarda fistulosa L. Horse-mint. Wild Bergamot. Among bushes, in ravines, and in depressions in the prairie. Dusty-green leaves, purple-streaked stalks from 1 foot to 2% feet high. Flowers pinkish-purple. There is a sweet-scented variety (or sub-species?) recog- nized by the Indians but not recognized by taxonomic botanists. But this species, sub-species or variety nev- § i ertheless does exist and is not uncommon, being found in Y§ fewer individual numbers everywhere seemingly that < $3 ºthe strong-scented one is found. The leaves of the 3 3. & is sweet-scented form were gathered and dried to lay away * .# $ & i with clothing for perfume by all the tribes inhabiting the range of the species. Mentha canadensis L. Native Mint. Along banks of streams, about ponds and other wet places. Perennial, spreading by root-stocks as well as by seed. Leaves and stem bright green and fragrant and aromatic. Used by Indians for a drink like tea; also for flavoring meats in cooking, and for packing away with dried meat. - Fragaria virginama Duch. Scarlet or Meadow Strawberry. In moist meadows. Very handsome flower and fruit. Leaves dark green, clusters of white flowers followed by brilliant scarlet fruit, held well up from the ground, and of good size. Most delicious flavor. Fragraria americana (Porter) Britton. Wood Strawberry. In woody ravines. Plant small and delicate, fruit small and narrowly conical. Lupinus argenteus Pursh. Silvery Lupine. Rather bushy, silvery foliage, 9 to 18 inches high. Flowers purple. State Historical Parks 253 Lupinus pusillus Pursh. Low Lupine. Flowers blue. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. Buffalo Pea. Ground Plum. Prostrate stems green with mottling of red. Pinnately divided leaves, purple flowers in racemes, followed by large fleshy plump pea-pods, green in color mottled with red. Hosackia americana (Nutt) Piper. Ghost Beans. Annual, slender, brownish, branched stems, leaves tri- foliate, flowers small, white, profuse, followed by slender brown pods containing the small, hard, brown peas or beans. Called “Ghost Bean” by the Arikara tribe of Indians. Glycyrhiza lepidota Nutt. Wild Licorice. The native species of licorice. Used medicinally by In- dians before the coming of white men and white men's drugstores with the imported species of licorice. Bushy, half-woody plants, perennial root, white or yellowish white flowers, followed by a bur-like pod. Called by the Dakota nation winawizi (jealous woman) “because they stick to a man.” Psoralea esculenta Pursh. Tipsin. A low, bushy plant, perennial by the rather large stor- age root. Leaves trifoliate, hairy; flowers blue. The root was a very important item of the food supply of all of the prairie tribes. In the writings of the early voy- ageurs it is mentioned by the name “pomme blanche” or ‘‘pomme de prairie” by which the French trappers and traders called it. The roots were dug in June or early July, depending upon the latitude and consequent stage of maturity of the plant. They were peeled, and either cooked for present consumption, or dried for future use. The women gathered them by the use of their digging sticks. A very pretty fancy attached to the industry 254 North Dakota Collections of their harvesting. From the branching habit of the plant the women would say to their children, whom they had assisting them by looking for the plants upon the prairie, “See, they point to each other. Now here is one, notice the directions in which its arms point and you will find another one.” So the children would look for the plants, and of course, if they followed in any direction pointed by a branch of the plant, and kept close watch, they would find another. Psoralea argophylla Pursh. Perennial, gray, widely branching, bushy plants, small blue flowers. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. Ground Bean. Slender, winding, climbing, and spreading vine. Very bean-like in appearance. Racemes of pale purple blos- soms borne on the upper branches. It forms two kinds of branches, bearing two forms of flowers, producing two forms of fruits. Leafy branches climb up over the shrubbery, but under these, in the shade, prostrate on the earth, starting out from the base of the main stem, are leafless, colorless branches, forming a network on the surface of the ground. The tiny, inconspicuous blossoms borne on these prostrate branches are self-pol- linated and push into the leafmold and soft soil and there each produces a single large bean closely clothed by a thin, filmy pod or husk. These beans which are formed in the earth are about the size of Lima beans. Upon the upper leafy branches are borne showy, pur- plish flowers appearing like small bean blossoms. From these blossoms are produced small bean pods about a half inch in length. These pods contain each from three to four or five small, hard, mottled beans about an eighth of an inch long. The large beans produced in the ground are desirable for food. They are of good flavor when cooked. The State Historical Parks 255 Small beans of the upper branches are also good for food, but they are so small and difficult to harvest that not much use is made of them by the people. The large beans formed in the earth would also be hard to gather but for the help of certain little animals called wood mice, or bean mice. The bean mice dig the large beans and store them in considerable quantities in storage places which they hollow out in the ground and which they cover up with sticks and leaves and earth. In these places the little animals put away sometimes a peck or a half bushel of beans. Throughout all the extensive range of Falcata comosa, the ground-bean, it was sought by the people of the vari- ous Indian tribes to add to their food supply. The peo- ple said they did not take away all the beans from the bean mice as it would be wicked to loot the animal’s food stores and leave the animals to starve after they had worked to gather them. But they would take a part of the store, in a manner making themselves beggars to the little animals. The Omahas have a saying “The bean mouse is a very industrious fellow, he even helps human beings.” But in all accounts I have had from the people of the Dakota nation the women have always said that they never took away any beans from the bean mice, without making payment in kind. They said it would be wicked and unjust to take the beans from the animals and give nothing in return. So they said they always put back some corn, some suet, or some other food material in exchange for the beans they took out. In that way they said both they and the little animals obtained a variety in their food supply. They said they thought it very wrong to deprive the animals of their store without such payment, but that it was fair if they gave a fair ex- change. 256 North Dakota Collections The people of the Dakota nation speak of the wood- mice or bean mice by the designation of “hintunka people.” In the Dakota theory of the universe they personify the maternal power and spirit by the name Hunka. Hunka is the mystic All-Mother in nature, the mother of all living beings, plant and animal, which of course includes mankind. For they do not think of mankind as being apart from nature and the community of life in the world. The Dakota have a moral story which is told as follows: A certain woman went and plundered the store-house of some hintunka people. She robbed them of their entire food supply without even giving them anything at all in return. The next night this woman who had robbed the hintunka people of all their food supply heard a woman down in the woods crying and saying “Oh, what will my poor children do?” It was the voice of one of the hintunka women crying over her hungry children. The same night the woman who had done the wrong had a dream. In her dream Hunka appeared to her and said “You should not have taken the food from the hintunka people. Take back the food to them, or else your own children shall cry for food.” The next morning the woman told her husband what Hunka had said to her. Her husband said, “You had better do as Hunka tells you to do.” But the woman was hard-hearted and perverse and would not restore to the hintunka people the food of which she had robbed them, neither would she give them anything in ex- change. A short time after this a great prairie fire came, driven by a strong wind, and swept over the place where this unjust woman and her family were camping. The fire burned up her tipi and everything it contained, and State Historical Parks 257 * * they barely escaped with their lives. They had no food nor shelter and they had to wander on the prairie des- titute. The bean mouse and its works are regarded with re- spect, admiration, and reverence by the people of the various Indian tribes which benefit by its labor. They feel very resentful towards any seeming tendency to meddle unwarrantedly with the winter store-houses of the bean mouse. Upon hearing of the desire of a white man to make a photograph of such a store-house an old man of the Teton-Dakota on the Standing Rock Reserva- tion expressed bitter resentment and declared himself ready to fight to prevent such a thing from being done. He said “We have enough misfortune already, counting the war and the epidemic of influenza, without inviting further disaster by such sacrilege.” In the month of November, after the bean mice have harvested their beans and laid them up in their store- houses for the winter, the people often go out alone and sit near some such store-house in silent meditation on the ways of Providence. At that time of year mission- aries and priests are often pained and puzzled because of the absence of some of their church members from Sun- day service or from mass on Sunday morning. They do not know, and likely would not appreciate or understand the feeling which has caused these people to go out at such a time, not to the church but out to this quiet place under the open heaven where they sit upon the lap of Mother Earth reverently and thankfully to meditate upon the mysteries of nature and the wonderful provis- ions of God in nature. At such times they like to bring in to their homes or to their churches some object connected with the bean mouse and his marvelous ways and work. If they find some beans which the bean mouse has spilled in trans- * * {}. 258 North Dakota Collections portation to his store-house, or a tree-leaf which they fancy he has used as his sled for carrying his loads from field to store-house they lay them up reverently in the home or in the church with devout regard for prayerful meditation. Indians say that the bean mouse uses a leaf of the box elder tree, or sometimes another kind of a leaf of suitable shape, as a sled for gathering his stores. At one time an old blind man of the Teton-Dakota on the Standing Rock Reservation on the upper Mis- souri River went out to the vicinity of a bean mouse’s store-house to meditate and pray. A man saw him and quietly approached within hearing distance. As the old man was blind he did not perceive the approach of the observer. Thinking himself alone in the presence of the powers of nature, this devout old man, gave expression to his religious feeling in the following prayer: Thou who art holy, pity me and help me I pray. Thou art small, but thou art sufficiently large for thy place in the world. And thou are sufficiently strong also for thy work, for Holy Wakantanka con- stantly strengthens thee. Thou art wise, for the wisdom of holiness is with thee constantly. May I be wise in all my heart continually, for if an attitude of holy wisdom leads me on, then this shadow-troubled life shall come into constant light. Petalostemºum candidum. Michx. White Prairie Clover. Stems 12 to 18 inches high; erect, leaves finely divided. Cylindrical blossoms heads white, 1 to 2 inches long. Petalostemwm purpureum (Went.) Rydb. Purple Prairie Clover Similar to preceding, but a little larger, and the flowers purple. Oenthera rhombipetala Nutt. Evening Primrose. In sandy soil; erect stems, 18 inches to 3 feet high. The lemon yellow flowers appear before dawn and are glad- State Historical Parks 259 some in appearance and enchantingly fragrant with a haunting, most delicate fragrance. The flowers wither by midforenoon unless the day be cloudy, cool, and damp. Anogra pallida (Lind.) Britton. Diffusely branched, sparsely leaved, whitish, shreddy stems. Flowers similar to Oenothera but white, chang- ing to a pinkish color just before withering. Meriolia: serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. Tooth-leaved Evening Primrose. Deep green leaves, stems fine and half woody, growing in tufts. The flowers are comparatively large, lemon yellow, charming. Gaura coccinea Pursh. Stems much branched, 8 to 12 inches high, delicate pink flowers which turn to scarlet. Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose. Ball Cactus. (Mamillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw. ; Cactus viviparus Nutt.) In dry soil and on stony buttes on the prairie. Grooved spherical stems bearing several reddish-brown spines. Rose red flowers, followed by rosy-red fruits of pleasant tart flavor. Opwntia polyacantha Haw. Prickly Pear. In dry soil and on buttes. Spiny, flat, jointed stems, flowers large and delicate yellow in color. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh.) Urban & Gilg. (Nuttallia decapetala (Pursh.) Greene) In shaly soil on buttes. Erect, stiff stems about 2 feet high. Large, showy white flowers appearing at evening. Galium boreale L. In valleys, ravines, and depressions of the prairie. Dense panicles of white flowers. About 2 feet high. Galium triflorum Michx. Ladies’ Bouquet. Trailing, vine-like plant of delicate green. In moist, shady situations. Fragrant in withering. Used for per- fume by Indian women. 260 North Dakota Collections Campanula rotundfolia L. Bluebell. Hare-bell. On prairies, especially on northern aspect of hills. Slen- der, graceful stems, linear leaves, beautiful blue, bell- shaped flowers. Lobelia syphilitica L. Blue Lobelia. In wet ground along streams. Flowers mostly bright blue, sometimes pale. Vermonia fasciculata Michx. Ironweed. Stiff, erect stems 2 to 3 feet high. In marshy places. Close heads of deep purple flowers. Liatris scariosa (L.) Hill. Blazing Star. Stiff, erect stems, linear leaves, spikes of purple flowers. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.) Dumal. Bushy, much branched, stiff plant, resinous, glossy leaves, bright yellow flower heads. tº Solidago canadensia L. and a number of other species. Gol- denrod. Various types of goldenrod are well known; most of them graceful and splendid in their glowing golden color. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her. In low wet ground. Pure white flowers. Aster spp. Thirteen species are reported in the state, both purple and white, also blue. There is the small bushy white aster of the prairie, and the tall, grand, purple New England aster of the woods. The asters reported for the state of North Dakota are as follows: Aster sagittifolius Willd. Aster Noviae-angliae L. Aster multiflorus Ait. Aster commutatus (T. & G.) A. Gray. Aster salicifolius Lam. Aster paniculatus Lam. Aster ptarmicoidea (Nees.) T. & G. State Historical Parks 261 Erigeron multifides Rydb. On dry, stony knolls. Erigeron asper Nutt. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydb. | In dry prairie soil. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Erigeron philadelphicus L. In Woods and fields. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P. On prairie and waste places. Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. In moist places, about ponds or streams. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-plant. In moist places in välleys and depressions. Tall, strong stems, broad, clasping leaves which make a cup about the stem holding water. Large yellow flower heads. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Floral rays orange colored, or darker at the base, the disk velvety purple-brown. Rudbeckia laciniata, L. Wild Golden-glow. In moist thickets. Tall, branching stems pale green, leaves deeply divided, ray flowers yellow, disk flowers greenish-yellow. Echinacea angustifolia D. C. Purple Cone Flower. In dry soil on the prairie. One foot to one and one half feet tall. Stem and leaves rough ; ray flowers purple, the disk flowers forming a spiny brown cone. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. Annual, stems strong and tall, 3 feet to 6 or 8 feet. The ray flowers are brilliantly yellow, the disks brown. The seeds are rich in food value, and are used by Indians of various tribes. This species was brought into cultiva- tion ages ago by Indians, probably in the region of the Platte and Kansas Rivers. Cultivated sunflowers thence spread from tribe to tribe all the way to the At- 262 North Dakota Collections lantic Coast, so that when the first English, Dutch, and French settlers came they found that among other crops the Indians of those regions produced was the cultivated sunflower. From them the seed reached Europe. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. Similar to the preceding species, but smaller and more branching. Found especially in sandy situations. Helianthus twberosus L. “Jerusalem Artichoke.” This plant is not an artichoke and has no connection in any way with Jerusalem; aside from these strictures the common name is all right. It is an annual but tubers are formed which live over and start out new growth in spring just as do potatoes. The tubers were used for food by the Indian tribes. They were so im- portant an item that they figure in many legends and stories. Helianthus maacimiliani Schrad. Maximilian’s Sunflower. Perennial by thickened fleshy roots. Stems stout, tall, flowers abundant and brilliantly yellow. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Gaillardia. Perennial; stem simple, one to one, and one-half feet high. On dry prairies. Flowers variable, yellow and orange with reddish tints; showy. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Western Yarrow. Perennial, leaves finely bipinnatifid. From this char- acter of the leaf, and from its curvature, some Indian tribes name it “Squirrel-tail Plant.” Inflorescence white, in dense cymes. Artemisia spp. Wild Sage and Sage Brush. All species of Artemisia are of interest for their uses by the people of the various Indian tribes, and for the con- sequent folk-lore connected. All the smaller, herbaceous species of Artemisia were used by Indians medicinally and ceremonially. The stem of sage-brush was used for making pipe-picks for State Historical Parks 263 cleaning the pipe bowl. This may be connected with the idea pertaining to Artemisia that its spirit is inimical, to evil powers and will drive them away. It is with that idea that Artemisia was used in ceremonial in- CenSe. Cardwus flodmanii Rydb. Thistle. In dry soil on the prairie. Flowers rose or purplish. HERBACEOUs FLOWERING PLANTs. MonocotyleDoNs Sagittaria artfolitº-Nutt. Arrowleaf. Ş.latişolfe w!?!d • Glossy green leaves and snow-white waxy flowers. In low, wet places, sluggish streams and ponds. Tubers were used for food by Indians. Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. In margins of ponds and slow streams. Has a certain beauty in such situations, and also of interest for its use by Indians in surgical dressings and in caring for infants. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Tradescantia occidentalis Britton. Spiderwort. Flower-of-romance. In Sandy soil. This is a charmingly beautiful and deli- cate flower, deep blue in color, with a tender-bodied plant of graceful lines. There is no more appealingly beautiful flower on the western prairies than this one when it is sparkling with dewdrops in the first beams of the rising sun. There is about it a suggestion of purity, freshness, and daintiness. When a young man of the Dakota nation is in love, and walking alone on the prairie finds this flower blooming, he stops and sings to it a song in which he personifies it with the qualities of his sweetheart’s character as they are called to his mind by the characteristics figuratively displayed by the flower before him. In his mind the beauties of the flower and of the girl are mutually trans- muted and flow together into one image. 264 North Dakota Collections # The words of his song, translated from the Dakota language into the English, are something like this. ‘‘Tiny gladsome flower, So cheerful and modest, Thou art dear and sweet, And for love of thee I’d die.’’ Lilium wºmbellatum Pursh. Flame Lily. Fire Lily. In moist places in valleys and in depressions of the prairie. One of the early botanical explorers a hundred , years ago describes the valley of a small tributary of the Knife River, from the abundance of flame lilies, as ap- pearing like a scarlet ribbon winding between the hills, from one of which he viewed it. Fritillaria atropurppurea Pursh. Purple Fritillaria. In sandy soil on prairies. Calochortus nuttallii T. & G. Mariposa Lily. On buttes and plateaus in the Bad Lands. Yucca glauca Nutt. Yucca. Spanish Bayonet. Clumps of bayonet-like blades surround the tall flower stalk. The flowers are large and creamy-white. Desir- able for its beauty and interesting for several points of usefulness in aboriginal domestic economy. One use is that of the root for washing, in the manner of soap, es- pecially in shampooing the hair. Hypoacis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star-of-Bethlehem. Dainty golden star-like flowers among the grass in moist places, Sisyrinchium mucromatum Michx. Blue-eyed Grass. A beautiful little starry blue flower of the Iris family, growing with the grass in moist places. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin Flower. In wet woodsy places. Very desirable for its delicate beauty and rarity. State Historical Parks 265 ~4– Cypripedium candidum Willd. White Lady’s Slipper. What was said of the preceding species may also be said of this. GRASSES Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Big Blue-stem. Big Blue-joint. Tall, rich, beautiful grass, emerald green when young, taking purplish coloring in summer, and in later sum- mer becoming red as it matures. This chacteristic sug- gested the name of this grass in the Omaha language. The Omahas call it “Hade zhide,” which means “red hay.” It delights in rich moist soil. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little Blue-stem. Bunch Grass. * Has the habit of growing in bunches, slender, stiff stems. Like the previous species it turns reddish in color in maturity. Panicum virgatum L. Switch Grass. A tall, graceful grass. Grows in similar situation as Andropogon furcatus. It has a good green color, turn- ing yellow, or sometimes a little reddish in maturity. The heads are spreading, the seeds each inclosed in a glossy brown glume. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice. Five or six feet tall or more according to the depth of water in which it may be growing. Grows in ponds and streams of sweet water; will not grow in alkaline waters. This was an item of the utmost importance in the domes- tic economy of the native tribes. Savastama odoata (L.) Scribn. Sweet Grass. Low-growing, fine, delicate, bright green grass, aromatic. Used by Indians as incense in sacred ceremonies. Also used as a perfume in clothing, as English people use lavender. This grass likes a moist situation. Stipa spartea Trin. Needle Grass. Porcupine Grass. Grows in similar situations as Andropogon furcatus, in ~ 266 North Dakota Collections fact, is found in association with that grass. The long, stiff awns of this grass were used by Indians to make hair brushes. Spartina michauziana Hitch. Slough Grass. Cord Grass. Tall, erect stalks, leaves bright green, the seed spike of several spikelets. Grows in very wet ground. Bowteloua hirsuta Lag. Bowteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. In dry soil, especially dry, sandy loam. A short, fine grass, the stems rising about six or eight inches above the low mat of leaves, and bearing two spikelets shaded with purplish color. Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Buffalo Grass. This is the true Buffalo grass, found on dry prairies, but rather rare in North Dakota, though it is found in some places. Makes a close, low mat of curly leaves on the ground. The stems also creep very close to the ground and take root at intervals, thus increasing the area of a patch of this grass. Gramma Grass. COPYRIGHT OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TLibrary of Congregg—UKllagbington .2% º .2% CERTIFICATE OF COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION (Ibig ig to certify, in conformity with section 55 of the Act to Amend and Consolidate the Acts respecting Copyright approved March 4, 1909, as amended by the Act approved March 2, 1913, that TWO copies of the BOOK named herein have been deposited in this office under the provisions of the Act of 1909, together with the AFFIDAVIT prescribed in section 16 thereof; and that reg- istration of a claim to copyright for the first term of 28 years from the date of publication of said book has been duly made in the name of O | ovels } // * -- // *-C-KLA A-T_{_C-4C-6 2-2-C2C-42 (~4 / lateau & A_2 & 2 ~4 7 /…/ Fº 4 - Title of wº 0-4- 6 * * */r2//~ /~~~~ * laz44.4.4.4%aº...a4-724. . A 2..…/2.2.2.2.2 192/. Entry: Class A, XXc., No.2/4 /24 ſ' - - - - - . . . O Register of Copyrights. º VOL. V FEBRUARY 1921 No. 2 UNIVERSITY OF NORTHDAKOTA DEPARTMENTAL BULLETIN Plant Relations in North Dakota BY DR. MELVIN R. GILMORE Curator of State Historical Society EXTENSION DIVISION: BULLETIN NO. 28 Educational Pamphlet Series, No. . I Published Bi-Monthly by the University of North Dakota. Entered at University Post Office. Grand Forks, North Dakota, as second class matter under Act of Congress of August 29, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized May 5. 1920. 2 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS When we think of the physical conditions of North Dakota as they are at the present time we must remember that they have not always been the same. Even before man had produced the changes which he has produced in her landscape, there had been many and great changes in the land and water forms and in the resident forms of plant and animal life. These changes had been going on regu- larly through hundreds of thousands of years before man appeared, The vast region of the Great Plains was formerly a great sea. Into this sea flowed rivers from the lands on the east and the west carrying their loads of sand and silt. This deposit of silt and sand was, built into the sedimentary rock of the sea bottom. By suc- º: emergence and submergence the region was alternately land all C. S6 a. - Finally the land rose and was submerged no more. It was now a vast expanse of Swampy land and of lakes. Into this region vege- tation came, such as was suited to the natural conditions. So for long ages the vegetation flourished. In the great marshes the vege- tation year after year fell and was covered by the water of the marsh, which prevented its decay. In this way the great lignite coal beds were formed. - t But in time a strange age-long winter came over all the land. Arctic conditions prevailed; snow did not melt from year to year, but continued to accumulate. Finally a slowly moving mass of ice, a continental glacier, advanced from the north, coming as far as some distance beyond the present course of the Missouri river. As gradually as this glaciation had come on, so gradually it receded, just as autumn, winter and spring come now each year. But the coming, the continuance, and the recession of the ice of the age-long winter occupied many thousands or hundreds of thou- sands of years. And there was not only one but several of these age-long winters with consequent advance and intermittent recession of the great ice-cap over the land. - Most of what is now North Dakota was thus covered in those times with a mass of ice many thousands of feet in thickness. This slowly moving mass by its great weight crushed and broke away masses of rock which were left in the form of boulders strewn over the land when the ice finally retreated for the last time. As the great cold season drew to an end the ice cap gradually melted away along its front and so receded towards the north. After the ice thus receded vegetation began to move in and take posses– sion of the land once more, just as we may see vegetation now taking possession of the land close up to the edges of the continental glacier in Greenland and of the mountain glaciers in the Rocky Moun- tains of America and the Alps of Switzerland. In the coming in of vegetation there has been from the first a constant succession of species. Plant population has been, and is, a constant stream of life, ever changing. We may compare the move- ment of plant species over the lands and waters to the movements of human beings. They come and go. Certain species and asso- ciations of species are suited to primitive harsh conditions. They move in and settle in the land. By their growth throughout a period of time they bring about changes in the soil which make it suitable to the growth of various other plant species which now come in as later settlers. Thus the complex of plant associations is changed, NORTH DAKOTA PLANTs 3 never Suddenly, but gradually over longer or shorter periods of time. The coming of vegetation now makes possible the subsistence of çertain species of birds and mammals. These, in turn, bring about further changes in the vegetation. Thus the inweaving of the lines of floral and faunal life become ever more complex. Birds and mam- mals have helped in the dissemination and wide distribution of plant Species. Then in time came man upon the scene, and he, both pur- pºly and undesignedly made further changes in the plant distribu- 1OIR. Examples of the purposeful activity of man in plant distribution may be cited in the case of the crops cultivated by Indian tribes from prehistoric to immediately recent times over the larger part of the arable portions of North America. These activities included por- tions of what is now the state of North Dakota, notably the alluvial valleys of the Missouri River and of its tributaries. • The food crops here grown by the farmers of various Indian nations in the region of the upper Missouri River, notably the Arik- ara and the Mandan, were corn, beams, squashes and pumpkins, and Sunflowers. All these, except sunflowers are of tropical origin. The wild ancestors of corn, beans, squashes and pumpkins were native in Mexico and Central America. There they were brought into cul- tivation by the Indian tribes of that region ages ago. The advantages attaching to the cultivation of these crops were recognized by neigh- boring tribes and they obtained seed of them and still further ex- tended their cultivation. Thus they were carried from tribe to tribe, farther and farther from their place of origin, becoming grad- ually acclimatized during the time of many generations, until finally they were cultivated throughout all the country as far northwards as the region of the upper Missouri River and the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. This was the situation, then, in regard to cultivated crops, when white men first came to North America. Corn had been developed by the Indians throughout the long ages into five types, namely, flint corn, flour corn, sweet corn, pop corn and dent corn. Of these five types three, namely, flint corn, flour corn and sweet corn, were cultivated by the Arikaras, Mandans and Hidatsa on the upper Mis- souri River. And they cultivated numerous varieties of each of these types, especially of the flour corn type. They also cultivated numerous varieties of beans and of squashes. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is native of the western plains region of North America. It is probable that they were first brought into cultivation by the tribes of the region of the Kansas and Platte Rivers. From these the cultivated sunflower was dis- seminated throughout all the region from its place of origin on the western plains to the Atlantic coast and to the St. Lawrence. Among the gifts of the American Indian to the storehouse of the world we must count corn, beans, squashes and sunflowers, for none of these crops were known prior to the European discovery of America. Since corn, beans, and squashes all are of tropical origin, and have become acclimatized in regions of the temperate zone only by gradual adjustment to varying conditions of soil and climate through long periods of time, it stands to reason that those varieties which local tribes have been cultivating in any given region are likely to 4 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS be more successful in that region than other varieties which we bring in from regions of different climatic conditions. Therefore it would be the part of wisdom for farmers of North Dakota to obtain seed for their own planting from the stock of seed of these crops which have been cultivated here already for many hundreds of years. Such a course would assure perfect hardiness and fullest adaptation to local conditions. Besides these agricultural crops which were cultivated by the aboriginal tribes of this region, they also made use of many of the native plants. Among the economic uses in which they employed plants or plant products may be named food products, fibers and fabrics, perfumes, dyestuffs, articles for the requirements of reli- gious ceremonies, for domestic utensils and instruments, and many other uses. Most of the cultivated crops which are familiar to us, aside from the comparatively few which we have adopted from Indian culture, were reduced to cultivation in prehistoric times in the region sur- rounding the Mediterranean Sea from wild plants native there, which is the region where arose our form of civilization. Most of our cul- tivated grains and grasses, our fruits and vegetables, are derived by cultivation and selective breeding from ancestral forms which grew wild in Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. It would seem to be worth while to make experiments in the domestication of some of the fruits and vegetables native to our state. We do not know their possibilities. We do know that the wild ancestors of the cultivated fruits and vegetables which we have brought with us from the old world were no more promising in the beginning than many of the wild fruits and vegetables which are native to this country." As a matter of fact Prof. N. E. Hansen, horticulturist of the State Agricultural College of South Dakota has done some good work in selective breeding and hybridising of some of our native wild fruits. He has done some notable work with the native sand cherry (Prunus besseyi) and with the native plums. (Prunus americana) There are numerous wild fruits which might very well repay experimentation in cultivation and breeding. Besides the wild plum and the sand-cherry just mentioned there are also the native red raspberries, (Rubus strigosus) gooseberries, (Ribes gracile) red cur- rants (Ribes triste) and black currants, (Ribes americanum) buf- falo berries, (Lepargyraea argentea) choke cherries. (Padus melano- carpa) pin cherries, (Prunus pennsylvanica) June berries, (Amelan- chier alnifolia) permbinas, (Viburnum opulus) and eye-berries (Rubus triflorus) There are also two species of native strawberries (Fragaria virginiana) and (Fragaria americana) which might be useful for hybridisation work in producing desirable new varieties for cultiva- tion. The name of one of the berries mentioned above, the permbina, is of special interest because it originated in North Dakota and is fixed upon the map of North Dakota as a geographical name, the name of a river, a mountain, a county and a town. This berry is also called “high-bush cranberry;” but it is not at all like a cran- berry except that it is acidulous in taste and red in colour. And there are many other fruits, which in common with the cranberry are also red and sour, notably the buffalo berry. However, the NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS 5 pembina is not in any way related to the cranberry, and botanically the two have no resemblance. The name pembina results from the white man’s corruption of pronunciation of the name which this berry has in the Chippewa language, which is nepin minan, the word nepin meaning summer and the word minan meaning berry. So . minan has been corrupted to pembina on the white man’s Ongue. The hazel-nut is the only nut native to North Dakota. There are two species of hazel-nut (Corylus americana) and (Corylus rostrata) native in North America, and both these species are found in the Pembina Mountains and in the Turtle Mountains. One species is also found in some of the ravines among the hills along the course of the Missouri River. The filbert of commerce is a cultivated form of an Old World Species of the hazel-nut. It might be well for us to cultivate selec- tions from our native hazel-nuts. Our native wild grape (Vitis vulpina) might repay experiments in selective breeding and cultivation. The Concord grape is a de- velopment by selective breeding of native wild grapes at Concord, Massachusetts. All other varieties of grapes grown in the eastern part of the United States are also from native stock. No Old World grapes are grown in the United States except in California. There are also certain native plants having roots, tubers, or seeds useful for food, which might well repay selective breeding to add to our list of garden vegetables. One of these is tipsin. (Psor- alea esculenta) The name which I have given this plant, tipsin, is derived by adaptation from the name of this plant in the Dakota language. Mention of it may be found in the writings of the early explorers and traders under the name by which it was called by the French, which is “pomme blanche,” or “pomme de prairie.” Tipsin is an approximation to the name in the Dakota language, as near as an English speaking tongue would make it. This plant belongs to the Bean Family, the botanical family which has furnished so many useful plants. The part of the tipsin plant which is used is the root. The root contains a store of food materials, starch, sugar and proteid. The plant grows in a widely extended range over all the western plains in the United States and Canada. It was a very important item to the food supply of all the prairie tribes. It is possible it would be a very useful addition to our list of garden vegetables, and might be improved by cultivation. Tipsin is a low, bushy, herbaceous plant, perennial by the stor- age root, which is about the size of an egg. The plant is hairy, the leaves are trifoliate, the flowers are in close racemes, bluish in colour, and of the familiar bean-blossom form. The plant body is branched. Because of this characteristic the women when gath- ering them, and having their children with them to hunt for the plants, would say to the children, “Now, notice that they point to each other with their arms. Here is one, now notice the directions in which its arms are pointing and you will find others.” So the children would look for the plants, and of course, if they followed in any direction pointed by a branch of the plant, and kept close watch, they would find another. Another native plant of the Bean Family which was of much food value to the tribes over the most part of North America, in- 6 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTs cluding North Dakota, is the ground bean. (Falcata comosa) It is Rºle this might be a very useful plant if brought into culti- Valº] OI). * $ The native prairie sunflower has been mentioned already as the ancestor of our cultivated sunflower. Another plant of this same genus which was of use to the tribes as a food plant, is the tuberous sunflower, (Helianthus tuberosa) the so-called “Jerusalem artichoke.” The tubers were used for food and for this purpose it was cultivated by the eastern tribes. It is also cultivated to some extent at the present time in the east, and can be obtained in the vegetable markets of eastern cities. It grows wild in abundance in our state. One of the most useful of native food plants is wild rice. (Ziz- ania aquatica) This grows in some places in North Dakota, but still more in the lake regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Ontario. It ought to be disseminated in all the fresh water lakes of our state. It will not grow in alkaline waters. The common big milkweed, (Asclepias syriaca, ) is a useful food plant. It was commonly used by the people of all the tribes who lived in the range of this plant. The plant is useful for cooking in five stages of its growth, and is well liked, not only by Indians, but by white people who have learned its usefulness and good flavour. In springtime the young tender sprouts are cooked in manner like asparagus; later, the leaves are cooked for greens so long as they are young and tender, then the bud clusters are cooked and are as tender as the finest cauliflower. After the seedpods are . but before they have approached maturity, they are also COO Ke CI. The tribes inhabiting the regions where the maple tree grows made sugar from its sap, and the tribes of the region of North Da- kota obtained some sugar from them by intertribal trade. But they also made sugar themselves to some extent from the sap of the boxelder, (Acer negundo.) The boxelder tree was the only native source of sugar in North Dakota and all the region of the upper Missouri River. Acorns were used for food. To rid them of the tannin which gives them a bitter taste, the acorns were cooked with lye made from wood ashes. Then they were thoroughly washed free from the lye and so made a nutritious and palatable article of food. Several fungous plants were used for food by Indians. Morels, which grow about decaying stumps in the woods, are most delicious. The meadow mushroom also is good, and so is the elm-cap, a fungus which grows upon dead wood of elm trees and boxelders. Corn Smut, when it first appears, while white and solid, is good food, being cooked in a vegetable stew. Indians made a hot aqueous beverage like tea from the leaves of various species of plants. The young leaves of the raspberry were so used; they also made a hot drink from the leaves of native mint. (Mentha canadense,) and from the leaves of wild anise, (Ag- astache anethiodora.) Native mint was also used as a flavour in cooking meat, especially for the flesh of the deer. But it is not only of the utilization of our native food plants that we should think. Man does not live by bread alone. Beauty is a form of refreshment of the soul, and we should take heed NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS 7 to the conservation of the natural beauty of our state. There are many species of our native flowers of woodland and prairie which should be brought into cultivation in our gardens and parks. Many of our native shrubs and vines and also of the native grasses are very desirable for decorative planting. All the wild fruits already mentioned are suitable for domestic planting in certain situations for decorative purposes. Besides those there are numerous other species, including three species of wild roses, the thorn-apple or haw-thorn, (Crataegus chrysocarpa) the lead plant, (Amorpha canescens) kinnikinnick, (Cornus stolonifera) sheep-berry, (Viburnum lentago) wolf-berry or badger berry ( Sym- phoricarpos occidentalis) snow-berry (Symphoricarpos racemosus) and the honey-suckle. (Lonicera dioica) Of vines we have the clematis or virgin’s bower, (Clematis lig- usticifolia) bittersweet. (Celastrus scandens) Virginia creeper, (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) wild grape, (Vitis vulpina) wild cu- cumber (Micrampelis lobata) and hop vine. (Humulus lupulus) There are many beautiful wild flowers native on our prairies and in the woods which are readily grown in domestication. Among these may be named the wild columbine, (Aquilegia canadensis) which grows in some wooded ravines along the Missouri River, in the Turtle Mountains, the Pembina Mountains and about Sully’s Hill. The white larkspur (Delphinium virescens) of the prairie is found in the eastern part of the state. The beautiful white anemone (Anemone canadensis) is found in moist situations widely distributed . throughout the state. The pasque flower (Pulsatilla patens) abounds throughout the state on dry prairies. It is the earliest flower to bloom in spring- time, often appearing before all Snow is gone. Its bluish-purple flowers gladden the bare brown hillsides with great profusion of bloom, an earnest of returning life. For this reason it has a strong hold upon the affections of the people of all the native tribes throughout all its extended range. This plant is closely related to the anemone, which is sometimes called the wind flower. The peo- ple of the Dakota nation have a pretty little folk story concerning the pasque flower. The story is that in the long ago, whenever any of the people happened to pass by one of these flowers it tried to show the friendliness which it felt for human beings by nodding its head in the chilly wind, smiling and saying, “Good morning ! good morning !” But the people passed it by unheeding. It became abashed at this treatment, so nowadays, when people are going by it turns its head to one side as it nods its head and calls its kindly greeting in its sweet low voice. There are several species of native violets in woodland, meadow and dry upland prairie. ... The pink oxalis (Oxalis violacea) delights in sandy soil, and is delicately beautiful. On the dry prairies the beautiful heavenly blue wild flax (Linum perenne) abounds. This plant blossoms profusely and thrives wonderfully when cultivated. There are three species of gentian native in the northeastern part of the state. There are four native species of pentstemon, all showy and well suited to garden planting. The meadow phlox (Phlox pilosa) is a showy and profuse bloomer. The ground phlox (Phlox hoodii) and (Phlox douglasii) is pure white and suited for growing in low borders. The native meadow strawberries are beautiful as 8 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS flowering plants and the fruit is also beautiful and fragrant and very delicious in flavour. Blue lupines (Lupinus pusillus) and purple-flowered buffalo peas (Geoprumnon crassicarpum) may well be cultivated. There are several species of the evening primrose family, and all are suit- able for cultivation. Two species of cactus on the dry prairies have beautiful flowers, one, the prickly pear, (Opuntia polycantha) has large yellow flowers of delicate satiny texture; the other, the ball cactus, (Coryphantha vivipara) has flowers of rosy colour. In autumn we have several species of goldenrod and of asters. There is also the native golden-glow. (Rudbeckia laciniata) One of our common native prairie flowers, gaillardia, (Gail- lardia aristata) has been brought into cultivation and has re- sponded by greatly increased size and variation of colouring. A very beautiful flower is the spiderwort, (Tradescantia brac- teata) and (Tradescantia occidentalis) deep blue in colour, delicate and graceful in habit of growth. It thrives wonderfully in cultiva- tion. It likes sandy soil and is widely distributed in the prairies, wherever there is a sandy loam. The western prairies have no more enchantingly beautiful flower than this one when it is spark- ling with dewdrops in the beams of the rising sun. There is about it a suggestion of purity, freshness and daintiness. There is a pretty conceit in the folklore of the Dakota nation concerning this flower. When a young man of the Dakota nation is in love, and walking alone on the prairie finds the spiderwort bloom- ing, he stops and sings to it a song in which he personifies it with the qualities of his sweetheart’s character as they are called to his mind by the aspect of the flower. Its gracefulness of form, its dain- tiness and shyness and fresh beauty suggesting her personal grace and her mental charm. In his mind the beauties of the flower and of the girl are mutually transmuted, and flow together into one image. The words of his song, translated from the Dakota language into the English, are something like this: “Tiny, gladsome flower, So cheerful and modest, Thou are dear and sweet, And for love of thee I’d die.” In moist places in valleys and in depressions of the prairie the brilliant flame lily abounds over almost all of North Dakota. One of the early botanical explorers a hundred years ago tells of the abundance of flame lilies (Lilium umbellatum) in the valley of a small tributary of the Knife River. He said that the little valley, as seen from a hilltop, appeared like a scarlet ribbon winding be- tween the hills. - The yucca, (Yucca glauca) or Spanish bayonet, is a stately and beautiful flower which abounds on the Missouri River bluffs and on the hills of the western part of the state. The Mariposa lily (Calochortus nuttallii) is found on buttes and plateaus of the Bad- lands. The dainty little golden star-like flowers of hypoxis, (Hypoxis hirsuta) or Star-of-Bethlehem, may be found among the grass in moist places, as also the pretty little starry blue flowers of the so- called “blue-eyed grass,” (Sisyrhinchium mucronatum) and (Sisyrhin- NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS 9 chium campestre) which is not a grass but a plant belonging to the Iris family. . The cypripedium, also called lady's slipper, (Cypripedium re- ginae) or moccasin flower, is found in damp woods in the Turtle Mountains and in the Pembina Mountains. Lady's-slippers will not Succeed in cultivation unless great care is taken to provide condi- tions of shade, soil moisture and richness of leaf mold like the na- tural conditions where they are found growing wild. Warning should be given by all who love natural beauty, against the danger of extermination which menaces our native wild flowers. It will be observed that already none or very few of our native flowers, especially the most beautiful and most prized species, are to be found anywhere in walking distance of any town. And now the automobile has greatly extended the ravages of those who seem bent on the utter destruction and desolation of all our native flowers. They seem determined to let none escape alive, to perpetuate their kind, but seek and Snatch all they can find. To see such persons gather- ing the quantities which they do one might suppose they were gather- ing them not as flowers but as fodder for cows. We should remember that, while such flowers as roses, golden- rod and asters may be gathered with no danger of killing the plant, yet that with many species the plucking of the flower involves the destruction of the plant, certainly so when the roots are disturbed by pulling up the flower. And bulbous plants, such as the flame lily are inevitably destroyed if the flower is plucked. So if we wish to conserve the wealth we have in our native flowers we must have consideration and not waste them. • We must know that the complex of life forms, both plant and animal, in any given period of time and area of terrestrial space re- sults from the action of many causes and forces, physical and bio- logical, which converge at the given time and place. Some of these causes lie in climatological and topographic conditions of the given region, and in the biological complexes of neighboring regions. In the long passage of time occupied by the successive geo- logical ages since the final emergence from the sea of the land form- ing the Great Plains, of which North Dakota is a part, there have been many and great changes of physical conditions with conse- quent great changes of the flora. At the present time the Great Plains present from south to north a succession of floral regions through mild temperate, tem- perate, boreal to arctic. In Tertiary geological time a mild climate was enjoyed over nearly all of North America, so that a subtropical flora existed over all the Great Plains and to all the regions east and west of Hudson Bay. At that time the temperate, boreal and arctric floral zones were restricted between the limit just indicated and the north polar ice cap. Then came the climatic changes incident to the gradual south- ward extension of the polar ice cap, which we call the glacial age and the continental glaciation which pushed arctic conditions south- ward in the Great Plains to a line roughly fifty to sixty miles to the south of the Missouri River. As arctic conditions moved southward, naturally the arctic, boreal, temperate and subtropical floral vegeta- tions retreated southward before the advancing ice fields. While this wholesale compulsory movement of the vegetation population 10 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS produced very slight effect if any changes upon species as such, it did produce a tremendous reassortment of species with a consequently greatly extended area of many species. As the successive waves of vegetation, temperate, boreal and arctic, were driven southward by the slow, agelong but resistless and relentless southward march of the continental ice field they spread themselves over the lands to the southward. Then, when the ice field had made its farthest advance and halted, piling up the great terminal moraine, which in North Dakota forms the Plateau du Coteaux du Missouri and at last began its retreat, it left a great denuded area where its field of ice had been, and where, con- sequent to the melting of that ice there had resulted a turmoil of wild rushing waters, violent streams and great lakes. Finally the great volume of waters subsided. Small streams were left where great streams had flowed; and the lakes diminished in extent, leav- ing marshes where they had been. - - . After the great icefield had begun its final northward retreat the zones of vegetation again returned northward across North Da- kota, marching up to recover the ground from which they had been driven by the advancing ice thousands of years before. The arctic vegetational zone had doubtless covered the southwest part of our state, beyond the farthest advance of the glacier, and now it first followed after the retreat of the ice across the Missouri River, its plateau, and through the Turtle Mountains and the Pembina Moun- tains. As the ice still retreated the arctic vegetation followed after and the boreal vegetation closed in after it, followed by the more hardy species of the temperate vegetation zone. The advancing armies of the temperate vegetation zone routed the boreal species from almost all of North Dakota except throughout the northern part, as they had already driven before them the arctic species. At every slight elevation the boreal species were able to maintain them- selves for a time, but were finally driven from all but some of the more considerable elevations, where a few boreal species have es- tablished themselves. Notably the Killdeer Mountains, Turtle Moun- tains and Pembina Mountains are such strongholds from which out- posts of boreal species have not yet been dispossessed. Some of these boreal species remaining behind in situations whose altitude and climatic conditions permit them to maintain themselves are the trembling aspen, the balsam poplar, the silver berry, the paper birch, the beaked hazel-nut, the bear berry, the silver berry and the eye-berry. In the onrush of the host of species of the temperate vegeta- tional zone which crowded out most of the boreal species, the pasque flower, which is boreal in habitat, has been able to maintain itself upon the hills of the elevated prairies of the Great Plains throughout all the extent of North Dakota, and even in South Dakota, which state has chosen it for its state flower. There are two sets of factors concerned in the distribution of vegetation. One set of factors lies in the forms of plants, especial- ly in the forms of the parts by which dissemination is accomplished, the other set of factors lies in the topographic and climatic condi- tions. It is by the interaction of these two sets of factors that the vegetational complex of any region is determined. Physiographical factors may be by nature either obstructive or conductive in their NORTH DAKOTA PLANTs 11 effect, or obstructive to certain vegetation forms and conductive to other forms. The lines of direction of movement in plant mi- gration may be called lines of stress. Barriers to plant migration, such as high mountain ranges, regions of aridity, or very wide rivers lying athwart the lines of stress constitute obstructive physiographic factors; while rivers flowing parallel with the line of stress con- stitute conductive factors. - In North Dakota the principal drainage systems are two; one to the northward into Hudson Bay by way of the Red River of the North, and the other to the southward by way of the Missouri River to the Gulf of Mexico. Besides these two open systems there is the closed drainage system into Devils Lake. This large body of water, Devils Lake, being without outlet is salt. The main tributaries of both the Red River of the North and the Missouri River flow into the master streams from the west. Thus the drainage systems of the state are mainly parallel with the line of stress of migration of the vegetation zones before mentioned, namely, the arctic, boreal and the temperate. The tributary streams of the two main drainage systems, flowing as they do from west to east, constitute secondary lines of plant migration in a west–east and an east-west direction. Reference will be made to the signi- ficance of this factor farther on. The line of the Missouri River deviates from the north-south line by being from northwest to south- east. - Some of the agents in the dissemination of plants are wind, wa- ber, animals and man. Of course the first two agents have been active for the longest time, while man’s agency in plant migration has been effective for but a comparatively short period of recent time in vegetation history. But man’s agency has been tremendous and far-reaching, and in some aspects onlinous. This point will be dis- cussed in another place. - Plants are fitted for migration by various organs of dissemina- tion. For our present purpose we may consider mainly the means of distribution by fruits and seeds. Some plants have winged seeds. by which they are carried down the wind, as the elm, ash, birch and boxelder, pasque flowers, thistles, asters, etc. Others, such as the tumble-weeds, are suited to bodily transportation by the wind, the entire plant body breaking loose from the root when ripe, and, driven by the wind shakes out its seeds all along its course. Other plants have hooked or spiny fruits, as the burs, which attach themselves to feathers of birds, wool, hair and fur of animals and clothing of men and so are transported to new localities. Nuts and various kinds of fruits and seeds are sought for food by animals and so are carried away, some escaping destruction and, happening to find places suitable for germination, perpetuate their species in new situtions. - The course of migration of plants from the original home is to some extent in all directions, but in large part will depend upon the agent of dissemination. If this agent be the wind the direction of migration may be definitely in one direction, the direction of sea- sonal winds at the season of seed maturing. If the disseminating agency be the movements of animals which carry the fruits or seeds the direction will be determined by their movements. Naturally an- imals are limited in their movements by the presence or absence of 12 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTs Water, hence they, and the plant species depending upon them for transportation, will move more freely along the course of streams. Thus, the natural drainage systems of North Dakota have determined the lines of stress in plant migration. The main physiographic regions of North Dakota are three; these are in order from east to west and increasing altitude from low to high, the valley of the Red River of the North, the Drift Prairie, and the High Plains. - The Red River valley is a plain resulting from the draining out of the waters of the glacial Lake Agassiz 'after the recession of the ice field to the north. The boundary between the Red River valley and the Drift Prairie on the west is a slope rising from three hundred to five hundred feet above the level of the valley. This difference in levels is greater at the north, for of course the valley is deeper at the north, the river flowing in that direction. The boun- dary between the Drift Prairie and the High Plains is another slope trending diagonally across the state from southeast to northwest. This is the Plateau du Coteaux du Missouri. These three plains lie at three general levels, the first at less than one thousand feet, the second at fifteen hundred to eighteen hundred and the third at eight- een hundred to twenty-seven hundred feet above sea level. These differences of altitude, together with differences of soil owing to different causes in the formation of the soils, and differences in amount of rainfall have brought about characteristic differences in vegetation formations in these three areas. Mainly because of more generous rainfall in the eastern and northeastern part of the state that region has more timbered areas than any other parts, though even there the timber is mainly restrict- ed to the stream valleys, lake shores and to the gorges of the Pembina Mountains and the immediate vicinity of these gorges and the mountain sides. The area of the Turtle Mountains is forested throughout. In the Drift Prairie region the timber is strictly con- fined to lake shores and stream beds. In the High Plains region timber growth is still more restricted and more stunted in growth where it does occur. In this region many streams are without tim- ber except in the protection of cutbanks. In the Bad Lands and upon many of the most exposed buttes a species of juniper, the creeping juniper, (Juniperus horizontalis) is found. This is a species of juniper tree which is reduced in habit, correlated with its very arid situation, to creeping closely recumbent upon the sur- face, forming close, firm mats upon the rocks and arid soil. In the Bad Lands cottonwoods, (Populus sargentii) willows, and boxelder (Acer negundo) are commonly found along streams near to the water. On the hills the bull pine, (Pinus scopulorum) red ce- dar, (Juniperus scopulorum) scrub cedar (Juniperus communis) and ground cedar or ground juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) are dom- inant. In some valleys of the Bad Lands sage brush of three species is the dominant growth. The prairies of North Dakota may be classified as of two kinds. In the more moist eastern portion of the state the dominant na- tive grasses are the big blue-stem or blue-joint (Andropogon fur- catus) and the tall coarse cordgrass or slough glass (Spartina mich- auxiana) the latter grass being dominant in all the swales. In some of the drier situations the little blue-stem grass (Andropogon NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS 13 scoparius) abounds. This grass is sometimes called broom blue- stem and sometimes bunch grass because of its habit of growth. On the High Plains the dominant grasses are grama grass (Bouteloua oligostachya) on the high levels and little blue-stem on the hillsides. Big blue-stem is found in the High Plains region only on the Missouri River flood plain and in the moister ravines. To one who travels from the middle prairie states or from the eastern part of this state westward to and across the High Plains region the most striking characteristic of the landscape will be the change in the appearance of the vegetation, especially with re- Spect to color. As he comes upon the High Plains he will note that the dominant color effect of the vegetation is no longer vividly green, but becomes more and more grayish, so that now in the height of the growing season here the sum of color tones from the native vegetation amounts to an effect of gray-green. This color effect results from the ecological correlation of the native plants to the physical conditions of their environment. The controlling condi- tions of the region are a low degree of humidity of the air; small amount of precipitation of moisture, together with prolonged sun- shine and prevalent high winds. To this set of conditions the na- tive plants have responded by morphological adaptation. The plant structures of the native species have been modified in ways conduc- ive to conservation of moisture. One modification to this end has been the thickening of the epidermis; another has been by producing a growth of hairs or down over all the respiratory parts of the plant. Both these devices tend to mask the green matter in the plant body, hence their whitish or grayish appearance. All plants of the semi-arid and arid regions of the High Plains manifest this characteristic, especially such species as the sage brush (Artemisia cana) and wild sage, (Artemisia gnaphalodes) and (Artemisia frigida) tipsin, (Psoralea esculenta) gaillardia, the psoralea which is some- times called prairie clover, (Psoralea lanceolata) the false red mal- low, (Malvastrum coccineum) and numerous other species. Even the grasses of this habitat are hairy and hence grayish in appear- ance. It is for this reason that one who has been accustomed to a region of more generous rainfall and of moisture content in the air, feels a sort of homesickness, after some time on the High Plains seeing day after day its comparatively dull prospect of grayness, for the bright-colored prairie flowers and the emerald green of the grasses of the big blue-stem prairies. Very many species of plants have migrated into the region of North Dakota from the east, moving northward and westward along the courses of streams, flowing down tributary streams rising on the Allegheny side of the Mississippi River drainage basin, and then following up tributaries rising in the Great Plains. Thus they have found their way into North Dakota and have migrated westward along the courses of tributaries of the Missouri River which come from the west. These same western tributaries of the Missouri have been also the routes of migration of other species of plants which had their origin in the western border of the Great Plains, in the region touching the Rocky Mountains. An example of one such species is the buffalo berry. This shrub has followed down the courses of all the eastward-flowing rivers from its original area in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. | 4 NORTH DAKOTA PLANTS The agency of man in plant migration is obvious in a number of ways, both in designed and undesigned effects. Migration of plants by man's design has been mentioned already in the case of the introduction of plants native to the tropics as crops grown by the aboriginal tribes of this region, namely, corn, beans, squashes and pumpkins and tobacco. Certain other species of plants were probably introduced by design and others probably undesignedly were widely distributed by the aboriginal tribes. Calamus, or sweet flag, (Acorus calamus) is very common in the eastern states but rare in the Great Plains re- gion, though it is found in some places, these places being few and far apart. The plant is highly valued by Indians of all tribes. Each place where it is found in the Great Plains is well known to all the tribes far around. There is a marshy place in the Mouse River valley west of Towner, North Dakota, in which there is a considerable tract of calamus growing. This tract is well known to Surrounding tribes. It appears probable that long ago Indian priests and doctors purposely introduced and set the plant in the locali- ties in the Great Plains where it is now found so far from its range. As was said before, the buffalo berry appears to be indigenous in the region of the foothills along the east slope of the Rock Moun- tains, and has migrated eastward along the courses of the tribu- taries of the Missouri River as far as to the master stream. The broad region of the Coteaux du Plateau du Missouri is a natural barrier to this shrub, and it is not found upon or beyond the Pla- teau except in a few places. These places are the locations of old camping sites of the tribes east of the Plateau on their way going to and returning from excursions for hunting and trading in the region of the Missouri River and beyond, where the buffalo berry abounds. It is . quite conceivable that parties returning brought with them supplies of this much prized fruit, and that it became disseminated at their camping places. The isolated places where it is thus found far outside of its range are on the south side of Devils Lake, at places in the Pembina Mountains, and on the Shey- enne River near Valley City. All these places are in the vicinity of old time camping sites along aboriginal routes of travel. Since the coming of white men many species of plants native in the Old World have been brought and planted in North Dakota by immigrants. All our field and garden crops except those here- tofore mentioned as having been derived from Indian cultivators, have been brought from the Old World. And almost all our trou- blesome weeds are also from the Old World, and are examples of the agency of man in the migration of plants even when not by his design. - The so-called Russian thistle (Salsola kali) which by the way is not at all related to thistles, and not at all like thistles, is one such weed, the time and place of whose first appearance in America is well known. In 1887, at Scotland, Bonhomme County, South Dakota, this weed first appeared in a crop of flax, the seed of which came from Russia. Since that time the weed has spread far and wide in all the arid and semi-arid regions. Other well known weeds which have accompanied the white man, and have settled with him in his new home in America and NORTH DAKOTA PLANTs 15 in our own state, are the dandelion, (Leontodon taraxacum) pigeon grass or foxtail grass, (Chaetochloa viridis) purslane, (Portulaca oleracea) catnip, (Nepeta cataria) curled dock, (Rumex crispus) lamb’s quarter, (Chenopodium alba) barnyard grass, (Echinochloa crus-galli) mallow, (Malva rotundifolia) pigweed, (Amaranthus sp.) chickweed, (Alsine sp.) Mayweed, (Authenis cotula) black mustard, (Brassica nigra) shepherd's purse, (Bursa bursa-pastoris) corn cockle (Agrostemma githago) corn flower, (Centaurea cyanus) burdock, (Arctium minus) mullein, (Verbascum thapsus) butter-and-eggs, (Linaria linaria) sweet clover, (Melilotus alba) and (Melilotus of— ficinalis) hop clover or shamrock, (Medicago lupulina) hedge mus- tard, (Sisymbrium officinale) tumbling mustard, (Sisymbrium, altis- simum) French weed, (Thlaspi arvense) sow-thistle, (Sonchus ar- vensis) and many others. These introduced weeds have come by seed in grain and grass seed and in the seed of other forage, field and garden crops, and in hay, and have traveled along the railways and other common routes of travel. After becoming established in any place they increase because of indifferent and slovenly methods of farming. It will be observed that the vegetation which Nature required thousands of years to establish may in a short time be changed or ruined by the acts of man, and Nature would require the lifetime measure of hundreds of generations of mankind to restore what one man by stupidity or carelessness or avariciousness may spoil in a little time. Thus by overgrazing a tract of good grazing land the grasses may be depleted and in their stead the land become infested with weeds. And especially harmful is the overgrazing of stream valleys with strips of trees and shrubs along the stream. In such case the cattle trample and destroy the growth of the trees and shrubs and it becomes merely a breeding place of foul weeds which are a menace to all the surrounding farming land. It should be the purpose of us all to refrain from overthrowing the balance of nature, and to do all we can to maintain that balance, which is so delicately adjusted that when destroyed we never can tell what unforeseen evils may follow in train. NORTH DAKOTA VEGETATION Of Statewide Distribution Trees: Willows, various species, cottonwoods, boxelder, ash, elm, bur oak. Shrubs: Wild red raspberry, prairie wild rose, Saskatoon or June-berry, haw-thorn or thorn-apple, wild plum, chokecherry or Rocky Mountain cherry, wild black currant, wild gooseberry, kinnik- innick, sheep-berry, wolf-berry or buck-brush, honey suckle. Vines: Clematis or virgin's bower, moonseed, bittersweet, hop, Wild grape. Virginia creeper. Herbaceous Flowering Plants: Anemone, pasque flower, violets, several species. Monarda, strawberry, buffalo pea, ground bean, prairie clover, gaura, g- gºr- Ē ē |- 5.2 ſā-g №！ #E +---- ø §. 7. E . 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