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A.B. AUTHOR of “OUR FRUIT AND NUT-BEARING TREEs”, “OUR Con E BEARING TREEs” “OUR OAKs AND MAPLEs”, Etc. § No. 1 Fruit Studies “A tree's mere firewood, unless humanized.”—E. B. Browning SY R A C U S E , N. Y. THE C. VV. EARDEEN CO., PUELISHERS Copyright, 1913, by C. W. BARDEEN ,’ __” 1cº, ſº AU ...? - tº 3° if | 5 || St g sº 5 U , # * A § ty i. 3. * * * $ Fº * * & §§ 'Nº. º. *: “”. - .. •,” * , , , . ... • & o g t * * 2 º ſe"...," * * * % * g- º Fº º .* Aº g • ** º **** bºrrºw Wº:Yºs tº: "4e & & em.*** ***, *, *. * §§§ §: & sº. 4 * . 2' t *...: •J º g .33%. sº. ... tº , , ; ; *...: tºº: "...ºr Żºłºś. "Sº Fa ºv, 2s., . . ...º.º.º.º.A: ºw Sº - :: *% º, ''}º- ... * * * * * * = - - * * * → in w! - * * * * * * *...* * > 2,” “..." * ... w • *...8ſt. ** e g .** -- * &A" ......:” ...º.º.º.”: āº § ºft A ...:”. ... ºf $ºº, y & Jºrºſ... e *, * ... g. " * : *. * g • *, * .*:4 tº .*.**) t *** 3.3 º' * ** “tº ***, *, *NSA. - š, tºº?. * •". & " : "... ...w.. ." . .'' -*. * - sº .* *...*.*.3%. ‘s ~ ‘…. . . .” '. <--.” “ºr tº: g *..., tº º 2. ‘. . . º. ºf sº º: ...º.º.º. Z. §ºf. * ...,' tº " " t º Xe K. :--> **.*, 2*.* º * .*, * - * * * * gºº. p * , W §%. • * * " * - ". . • g : rvº. .* > s.. .s". ::::: - * . sº. " ' ". . º; *.*.*.*,'...yº. ...º.º." ' Rºº.: ," ". . .'; - *...* s & ae - * - ve • *". * .* '... *... * * * •' tº sº mas' '. * * *- 2 -- & * * * * * * - • * • *. º w *º-ºº: e . . . . " Š º, ºf ...jºr .. ::::::: º: º !, “ ...,’s • A', 'º'; sº.” '4.3×....”.º.º.º. ‘...": ... ** * - - - §§ §§ Kº, - *F * ~ **** * ** £º - Sºść§ •s §É§ º: Sº º # • . "*.; , ** *º,, * - *.. w ; t º ‘. }- f .." % 3. º X. : 2 º. º . : § ! - } * sº3.& :3. * A. ; s- % § t : i ; & : 2. . g- Apple (Pyrus malus) Sp. innumerable. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. One of the most widely cultivated and best known and appreciated of the fruits belonging to the temperate zone. Leaves, – simple, alternate, on stout petioles, oval, acute, irregularly serrate. Pinnate. Flowers, – fragrant, in close clusters, large and showy, white or light rose, on short woody stems; calyx 5-lobed and persistent upon the top of the young fruit; petals 5; stamens 20 or more; pistils 2 to 5. * Fruit, — various under cultivation. * * **, • e. e. Ae: *~ - "...~ * łºwº. w & - - - - *..v ~ * . v . . * - : "... N.-":v\s, 'Y. ** > ~. *, #. - re .*. *:::: º'--- * * !. - *** * ** ‘‘N’ ***, . ‘...." . .” - a 1 - - - - . .” - * *s W. t ... • * ..,xº~ º . . º. * A • + sº & * , ... ““’s N. : - *gº ... • * • ** . . . . * *** * v- ', - º * º º ..?. - º “’s * * *.*.*.*. º - - • -- ;: *... º. , * t \} - .* tº : * - - * - - - •'. • *.*.** o - Sºº- - * • * ºf . º. º? - - - - - - - - - : - - - 3. *.*. Gº. " { ... s * . § º' --Tº . º A. **:::: ... ſº * a . e ;V - º §§º. A. :Y.". lxı 0\; X Jº "a • - ..Y.: . tº sº. º.º. º *...* W.; ; § * * * ... º. s ºf *_*,\" - - - § ; : AYNY: 'l Flºy * & J ‘º.X * * * * * * ** $º §§ - ... ', § : º. . : *: s, A, -'." .º: * * * r * r * > . . . " *. *.*.*... • - e A 2: PA, ºf, *, r*.*.*.** ^w f..."? * * ...:*-f.º. •vs. 5.N. § .** . . . . . . . ºxº~~". hºw *.35:*: '13 W. *:::, cº-ºxy .1% <^* !'; ... " * ºf ... ." i; .-.. e t y: • 2\\ ºr " w w º • & w. :/ º § §§§ º •. .* .. §5. * * * * * * .*, * * - • * * . . awa- - 2.5.x Sºf * º ** a 2. f : *5. tº º & & it: - •. - '...º “... º. º ºt ... " ----. . •. § - is *.*, * * • . ." - - “Cºx. • * * .*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*, - - * ...Y., Jº A-,'º';.º.º. jº, ºr . . . :* **śl . . . º. ºf " - ºś § §§ &4, 3...º.º. Nº. § ºś'', 'rº.º.º.º.º.º.º. §§ * §§§3. Sºś §§ º ...'... : :"...ºu, º, ºr ºxº º Sºč Yº.....?' S r - A*.*.*.*, Sº ſº sº. Aº : sº; E sºvº ź. º: 'º), º&#ººk: ºr ºt E §§ º, ºn tº º ..", N.' ...”.” Yº...?? -º-º: ºv;ºt º'º.': N 42. º §§ºść *::::: § º: t Pºłº s: º º *, * * * *N** * 2 y.º.”.” * º - §§§§º § § * - §§§ * E:º: § tºº." º Sº º: §§ Jºſ: §§§ § § tº: §§ - ** §§ - * º t 3. s - - .* º Ö Nº. 3. 3. ..º. sº § * §. º sº X § $2. §: “viſ & § *& ſº º § § ºf: } º §§§§ Xº: º § § «N §§ º C 2% º * seq $ºº. º § Cº-li jº". ź dº e ſº Nº §§ Nº º º º º C º §: § § º p. Arººr-º- ºs ºrrºº º - Szetº o ºr . . º - º º º º tº s Pear (Pyrus communis) 95 Sp. and varieties. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 20-30 feet. Hab., northern and central United States. Leaves, – simple, alternate, long petiole when young, oval, acuminate, serrate. Pinnate. Flowers, – fragrant in clusters, on slender stems, white; calyx 5-lobed, persistent upon the top of the fruit; petals 5; stamens 20 or more; pistils 2 to 5. Fruit, — very various under cultivation, usually tapering to the stem, greenish-yellow, sometimes reddish. Asºr ºs at Yºve … -- …:.v., 2.42ſſ-zºº- -∞m.∞,∞, ∞, ∞|- §©®°¶√∞,∞): : · ? » «f«,|----a) sa :, , ∞ √∞ √∞ √∞ √° * º ** , ,Ź, ≡%%%%%;?), * … ►§§º 2,2%:ºrºl!!!?!!! º = ∞, ∞№wºſº),*ae№te- • aerºſºpºſſºſº, №ſſº:Zaeſſae (Saeſº• aerººr, º.$();çºğºs:šº:ſae!* — • >');„… ... • .• • …º.. :-)!--' . (*TĪ,• • • • • • -23 - ), * º * *. … • <----.±3,±,±,±,±,±,±,±), - -. , !-----º ae- -§* 2. ***ź…“ º.2,39ĶĒģ𠺺gººººº!! №v-- * 。、、。 ķģ∞ ----¿ žģ -w، ، ، ،№ : ~ !. $ſ:s;§§Œ→ ،ſºlº, №ſººf, º.ſ.ſaecae ! · » =~.?ſ&žģī£ - -, ()、、。(.*)',,,,,,。. :, :, ’:’, :, :,:.,,,,,*)??…````,,,*º, , , º !”, <;.§§§s',5) · ׺- ***¿?ź%;£$3§3% *、、、、、、。、。。§§ ~~ ~~~•,,,*º:::- N * § lº 2 & º s & sº {{!!! .*?§§§§§№ £.ĢģĞğ * ..as ***** ºr : .'-|-ģ-23%∞): - _ • •. 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(b) fruiting branch. (a) flowering branch. le, alternate, stout petiole, oval, serrate or ent Quince (Cydonia vulgaris) 6 sp. Cultivated in United States. te Pinna 11te , – simp Leaves ls 2 to 5. pisti stamens 20 or more; petals 5; calyx 5-lobed; short stout stem; itary or in few flowered clusters, rather large, white or red Flowers, – fragrant, sol Fruit, — yellowish-green. ***** º**** ł ** º Wººyº “k, º §§ * *. • x, *ść. Yº... } - ‘,--.º. º. º. ..º. - ** ...axiº & *...*& • *º- º §§ § - &a *. ... • *ś *: ..º.º. $ºſº, *. 22:...” - *…, _^. & tº sº .***, ſº - º & & º AºA's. º lºº re'... . Wºº **crºss Sºº Ş. - *r. [] º “ºfº”.5%/k $º §§ £º * -, * *...au.' ' “w # § ... - ... zºº ** - - *** * - §: º, usks” wº"rºvºc º a * r". * sº g”“ ****, w” 2% ºº. ". . 4 i. * - *A.: - t J.,’”. " . Rºss º < *-*-ºn-Swiss . . *. *... ". * º: -- ***A*t, • * ...:***...*. wº :*** *. º { * * *s .x” sº º %2,... * * º ºfrºnt?” ſ": - *.*ſ-, *, *... . . ...~$º:**, *. ºx:::::: *. • - '.". - • & * t? & irº . 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(b) fruiting branch. Tree 15-20 feet. Widely cultivated in United States. Leaves, – simple, alternate, petioled, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, accuminate. Pinnate. Flowers, – fragrant, solitary, pink, sessile; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens numerous, pistil single. Fruit, — greenish-yellow with red cheeks. Cherry (prunus cerasus) 80 varieties. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 15-30 feet. Hab., common in temperate zone. Leaves, – simple, alternate, petioled, oval, abruptly acute, serrate. Pinnate. Flowers, – sweetish, in small clusters from lateral buds, white, slender stem; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 Fruit, — red, in clusters on slender stems. ; stamens numerous; pistil single. º N § N º ſ º R Ş. } tºº #s ºººK. ºW. C%& §º *:ſº- .we º* t g *s-, 'º' . . . ... • - - * * * * - -- • ***. . . . . * P-3 ..::::: *: .. • '...Tº “. . e. - •' º º & - . . . . ." ſº *. . ." * * "... s t *... . ." • #º. - * ... 4 ... ... . . . . . ;-, *: ..." * - * - - ºr . . . - ." 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P petals usually 5, 1 te, entire. 1118, calyx 3 to 5 toothed acute or acumi y 1O d pet winge Leaves, – alternate with more or less pistil Solitary. StamenS numerous; y ick blong, th 11163.1°-O y ; short stem; ish white i p Flowers, – solitary or in a few flowered clusters, Fruit, — clear, even orange color, with thick skin «№peº; *... :~); r*..* •-, -, }}№ſſºſ• • • 5--• •ſ. --. . • • • -sºº-,-...lae * •******::-:::•«*§§§ •* -> x^* --,?"::…“.(*7.), • ’ ,,^,.T.'...º.º.№ſ;* „. “,+ •. - - -.|-• • • Lae -- A. • :º&{;ºſy!---- *(, , ∈+){|- ~ -. »… •-: -· :: “.**** |-. …· ·«.•****.,** · · ·,≤)&(-32, y sº; ·');* ·2:2*·•’¿??: >^ ^,.º. (...º… "· § → · §:№1-->';&#éſ, : • • •x}~~~ .. 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(3): ,:. £& ſ. № 2). • aer.ºr:•ş, -: •w wº * • Hab., tropical and subtropical regions. Straggling bush or small tree, 10-12 feet. (b) fruiting branch. (a) flowering branch. with slightly winged petioles, broadly oval, thick, acute, crenate or serrate. usually 5, white, purplish underside, linear-oblong, thick 3 to 5 toothed petals Sp. (; Lemon (Citrus lemonum) 3 º calvy. few flowered clusters, short stem, clear, even yellow, with thick skin. K. * tary or 1n Flowers, – soli Fruit, — pistils solitary. e y Pinnate. Stamens n11merous º ) } Leaves, – alternate GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS Acuminate, tapering at the end, - drawn out to a point. Acute, forming a sharp angle. Alternate, one side and then the other. Apex, that part of a fruit or leaf farthest from the stem. Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen. Blade, the expanded portion of the leaf. Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower. Compound, a leaf having many blades, each blade is then called a leaflet. Corolla, the inner floral envelope; it is usually colored; its separate leaflets are the petals. Crenate, having the margin cut into rounded scallops. Filament, the stalk of an anther. Habitat, the geographical range of a plant. Lanceolate, applied to leaves which are slender, broadest near the base and narrowing to the apex. - Linear, narrow and flat. Oblong, considerably longer than broad. Obtuse, blunt, rouñded. Orbicular, nearly circular in outline. Oval, broadly elliptical. Ovary, the part of the pistil that contains the ovules, or seeds. Ovule, the part of the flower which becomes the seed. Perfect, applied to a flower which has both pistil and stamens. Persistent, said of leaves remaining on the branches over the winter, or of a calyx remaining under or on the fruit. Petal, flower leaves, one leaf of the corolla, usually colored. Petiole, stem of a leaf. Pinnate, or featherveined, with midrib and lateral branching veins. Pistil, the organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed. Pistillate, flowers with pistils but without stamens. Pollen, the fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx. Serrate, saw-toothed. Sessile, without a petiole or pedicel, without a stem. Simple, said of leaves with only one blade, opposite of compound. Stamen, the pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Staminate, applied to flowers which have stamens but not pistils. Pyrus Malus (apple) Pyrus | Pyrus Pyrus Communis (pear) The Rose Family º tº © e (Rosaceae) { Cydonia Cydonia vulgaris (quince) Prunus cerasus (cherry) Prunus Prunus persica (peach) Orange Family Citrus { Citrus aurantium (orange) (Aurantiaceae) Citrus lemonum (lemon) • * * * * - -- a † - * •r-º-º-º-... a s : - - ,-º'-'. . . . . . 5****s-à-g ..,’ s s fix. - - - - - , \ ..... ... ? - ar” . • * * * • *** - - - - - - , " . * * * , MA-" " - - : …re-º-º: * w & $ º:". *t* , :-f h} 2---: -º --i. -- --.: .. •*: -º .: sº-.. d.. w -. -•- -- Mr. t Red Maple. Scarlet Maple. (Acer Rubrum) (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 80-120 ft. Broadly distributed over the eastern U. S. Leaves, simple, opposite, 3 to 5 lobes separated by acute sinuses, lobes irregularly and doubly serrate, each lobe tapers to a point. ". "... Unfold pale green; at maturity bright green above and whitish below; in autumn brilliant shades of Scarlet. F lowers, before the leaves, with minute petals, on short stems. ...:...: Staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on same or different trees. Pistillate, bright scarlet. Staminate, dull yellowish-red. Fruit, with thin wings broadening more as ‘. . samaras mature; on long stems; scarlet, dark red or brown. Ripens in spring or early summer before the leaves appear. * * * * ...: '''' * * ****** sº saxº~~...~~~~~ “. . . . • *. **** * - - *} *~. **.. ****~s. *~.. ... tº **2. ...”. *...*&^* Sºº-º- w 's. ' ~~~~95---4---- . . . ... ." .*.*.*. • Jus e-º-º: " . §§: º, § - -, ...” . - *... -g sº • ‘. . * * ** * * *-3 *...*.*.*A* *- : sº tºº º Bºta, - - $ººk §º. ſº ga Cº. ſº tº º ** *... • w [. º Nº. º º * * #24, . * * ar º . §§ &º & § ºs lº 2-. C º, . !; .* tº ''' º º: gº º SX Nºv. 5 Nº ºl. (s’ “ §§ º: 'Nº'-'. º * \ ~. NS Nº {A,\ . sº *ś ºº º .' º e ºa jº º As àº. º & •º t? & - º * 'h. -: \ § Silver Maple. Soft Maple. (Acer Saccharinum) (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 30-40 ft. Distributed over the eastern U. S. Leaves, simple, opposite, deeply 5 lobed divided by narrow sinuses, each lobe tapers to a point and each has a conspicuous primary vein; irregu- larly toothed; petiole long, slender, drooping. Unfold pale green; at maturity bright pale green above and silvery white below; autumn turning pale yellow. Flowers before the leaves, without petals, on very short stems. Staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different trees. Staminate yellowish. Pistillate reddish. Fruit, with thin almost straight divergent wings; on short stems; prominently veined; chestnut-brown. Ripens in spring or early summer before the leaves appear. For autumn leaves of the Red Maple: they are brilliant shades of Scarlet. • *. ... 2: …, f * . ſº - ." g atºes." ** º i. º ';: Ş.2 2-4-‘p ~. :**: * , •,• ‘ D - º - - *** ** º - - º •. " *Ryº.º.º. ºº'. ..º.º.º.º.º.º.º. -* 3.2% *:::::… *::::::::::: 2.4% g º * --> º * *...s.º.º. 3. '', 2 º' tº ...º. º • * * * [- º º • * * *...**** “Yº j'. - ſº ºf '2 Jºº. *2. §º º,...º.º." 3. * * ***"...rºtºº §ºss gº.º.º. Tºº' '. :*, *. i. º.º.º. :* - * ******** * - ** -- ~~ - ... ." * * * * . . * -: ºgº*... .º. f '...". tº $º • . . . . . * * * * º * tº tº.º. º ‘...'s.'... ." ...Yº **A* * * * * * : *"...w. § 2 º’’’’: ...?" ºf 4. £, Kºº, Wºº J. : :" c.º.º. * - ‘. . . . * º *& Jº zº º 2'; º - º Bºss a • f" * §§§ - §§ y w - lº §§ º §§ N. , ,”..." "H. § "Yºta.” * . * * **... 0. º.” **_º N § *s, * *f; 33% •- *** Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. (Acer Saccharum) (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 100-120 ft. Distributed over the entire eastern U. S. Leaves, simple, opposite, 5 diverging lobes which are separated by rounding sinuses, each lobe tapers to a slender point and each con- tains a primary vein; sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes. Unfold tawny; at maturity dark green above and paler below; autumn, brilliant shades of deep red, Scarlet, orange and yellow. Flowers, with or after the leaves, without petals, on long slender hairy stems. Staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on same or different trees; greenish-yellow, or greenish. Fruit, thin and usually divergent wings; light yellowish-brown; ripens in autumn. For autumn leaves of the Sugar Maple: they are brilliant and varied – deep red, Orange, Scarlet and yellow, several colors often being on the same leaf. For design of autumn leaves of the Sugar Maple. º ***** .*. rt" & 3. -: *** * • º, - . * s l i \º ... j .*, * ..? § Fº § §) &E ... & - Å; º, y” R * - - ** * º - §§ tº . ; - º X ". - - - - 2 º .. y • - . .*.*...* Sºrº... . . . . . . . ." ...’’ .*** . . . (S. - -*.*.*...** ... : * 2::::::::Y >gº. --->> ** . . .** 1 -- - - - -, -, -. - - - icºs ‘. . ." ", , . . . . . . . . r’ ... • tºº?" . . ... /*: - :**** ." ... . . . . . . .”-. • *. **** • Cº- " ..." sº ºf ." º- *. *ex: gº º . •T Pº ğºlº º ºf...tº º Hººtº & º § º * : * h A\ - f s | W § ; : £y f * * * º º § ; - %; • * * ...: - Moosewood or striped Maple. (Acer Pennsylvanicum) (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 30-40 ft. Distributed over the mountainous portions of eastern U. S. Leaves, simple, opposite, 3-lobed at the apex, each lobe tapers to a slender point and each contains a primary vein; finely and sharply doubly serrate, petiole grooved. Unfold pale rose color; at maturity pale green above and rather lighter below; autumn clear light yellow. Flowers, appear after the leaves are nearly full grown, with petals. Staminate and pistillate usually on different branches on the same tree. Color bright yellow. Fruit, in long drooping racimes with thin wide spreading pale green wings; ripens in autumn. es tº... . * A º wºrs º º - --~~-fºº ºf 8 º' Sºº, 3 ~! ... • * *…*&^\\sºs * * * , , --- ºº:: . • -. - N.” **: * * "> .” “ , • * * * * , ºr * ... w :* - " ". . " * . . - * º . . & - r * -S ºf ºxº~ Wºº-º-º: ...Sººº-ºº:Sº?: **.e. w .: Swº-, . . 3 g * - - *s Ash-leaved Maple or Box Elder (Acer Negundo) (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 50-70 ft. Distributed over the entire area from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains. Leaves, compound, opposite, 3 to 5 leaflets, ovate or oval, acute, coarsely and irregularly Serrated; petiole enlarged at base. Unfold delicately tinted light green; at maturity bright green and paler below; autumn yellowish. Flowers, open before the leaves, without petals. Staminate and pistillate on separate trees. Staminate in clusters on long slender stems. Pistillate in slender drooping racimes. Color greenish. Fruit, wings diverge at an acute angle; light yellowish-brown; ripens in autumn; clings to the twigs well into the winter, and the curved stems persist until summer. GLOSSARY OF Acuminate, tapering at the end, - drawn out to a point. Acute, forming a sharp angle. - Alternate, one side and then the other. Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen. Apex, that part of a fruit or leaf farthest from the stem. Axis, the stem, the central part. Blade, the expanded portion of the leaf. Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower. Compound, a leaf having many blades, each blade is then called a leaflet. Corolla, the inner floral envelope; it is usually colored; its separate leaflets are the petals. Cremate, having the margin cut into rounded scallops. Eliptical, oblong, with rounded ends. Filament, the stalk of an anther. Habitat, the geographical range of a plant. Lanceolate, applied to leaves which are slender, broadest near the base and narrowing to the apex. Linear, narrow and flat. Lobe, a rounded division of a leaf. Oblong, considerably longer than broad. Obtuse, blunt, rounded. Orbicular, nearly circular in outline. Oval, broadly elliptical. Ovary, the part of the pistil that contains the ovules, or seeds. Ovate, egg-shaped, largest toward the stem. Ovule, the part of the flower which becomes the seed. Palmately, applied to a leaf having veins radiating from a common point. Perfect, applied to a flower which has both pistil and stamens. Persistent, said of leaves remaining on the branches over the winter, - or of a calyx remaining under or on the fruit. Petal, flower leaves, one leaf of the corolla, usually colored. Petiole, stem of a leaf. Pinnate, or featherweined, with midrib and lateral branching veins. Pistil, the organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed. Pistillate, flowers with pistils but without stamens. Pollen, the fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Racime, a simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis, as the currant and wild cherry. BOTANICAL TERMS Samara, a winged fruit as that of the ash, maple and elm. Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx. - Serrate, saw-toothed. Sessile, without a petiole or pedicel, without a stem. Simple, said of leaves with only one blade, opposite of compound. Sinuate, wavy. Sinus, a curve between adjoining lobes of a leaf. A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute as in that of the red maple. Stamen, the pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Staminate, applied to flowers which have stamens but not pistils. Facts Regarding Maples Maples (Acers) are characterized by opposite buds and leaves, and the key fruits. No other tree has both leaves and fruit likely to be confused with the maple. The leaves are usually simple, single- bladed leaves palmately veined, with lobes separated by rounded sinuses; each lobe tapers into a slender point and each contains a primary vein. There is one exception in the Box Elder or Ash-leaved Maple, which has a compound leaf with from 3 to 5 leaflets. Staminate and pistillate flowers are borne either on the same or on different trees, and in different parts of the same tree or sometimes on the same branch. The flowers are minute, some with and some without petals. Those of some maples are borne in long conspicuous many flowered clusters while those of others appear in small few- flowered bunches. The flowers of some maples appear before the leaves, of others at the same time with the leaves, and of others not until the leaves are fully developed. The fruit is readily recognized. It is composed of a pair of one- winged seeds, or keys (called Samaras) joined together but more or less easily separable when mature. The wings spread differently in different species and sometimes diverge more at maturity. The colors of the key fruits change as the “keys” develop, — that given in the page notes being most characteristic and the color usually recognized. Some of the maples are large trees growing to a height of seventy or eighty feet, others are only small shrubs. Of approximately 70 maples known in the world, 13 occur in the United States, Forestry Q K for Supplementary Use º | a\ſ. Constructive Tree-Study Lessons BY EDITH R. MOSHER, A.B. AUTHOR of “OUR FRUIT AND NUT-BEARING TREEs”, “OUR Cone BEARING TREEs” “OUR OAKs AND MAPLEs”, etc. No. 3 Our Kingly Oaks “A tree's mere firewood, unless humanized.”—E. B. Browning SY R A C U S E , N. Y. THE : C. VV. BARDEEN CO., PUBLISHERs Copyright, 1913, by C. W. BARDEEN White Oak (Quercus Alba) (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 80-100 ft. : .* Rs : sº º S. º. ". * y º ... ; : ºp',' V- sº º ** - $f º, º *, t - 2. - - º º },\ &: ... tº c … ſº º Nº ºff. ºf . , ſº º A*- : * º, # º ...: º 2 ſº ** tº *::: . * ... .Y. º' * $ 'º. 3 t; * * * º: '... • { - - ; :...'; * k, #: **. - § § Wº , Wº. º M º º *S ºf J. " º ** - - º º: a *. $º º ** . A. " tº º º 4:2:38: §§ i ſ § fººt -- W. ! º ºjºsº | - [. '. aſſº º $.” ſlº." º º .’’. ſº \ *. $. º:*ś-re º º - ." &ºº-ºº:::::::sº nº’sº jº º Nº. ... •ºwt: “s. *. Fº º' - - & • **, *. sº Žtº: D º 4. • {: se º º ſº º - ... • sº § : ºº ºr fººd * * * * ºr a ºr. ºº: § º gº '. g “Tº º º º ". - º º Jºse | sº • Distributed over almost all of the eastern U. S. Leaves, – divided usually into 7 rounded lobes. Unfold pink or bright red with silvery lining; at maturity thin and firm, bright green above and paler below; in late autumn turning mostly to blended shades of deep, rich red; they gradually wither and sometimes remain on the branches nearly through the winter. The characteristic arrangement of the leaves is a tuft of them at the end of a twig. Flower, — staminate in slender yellowish catkins; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. Fruit, — acorn, green until fully grown, then changing to light chestnut-brown; inclosed about $ its length in a cup covered with scales, thick at base and thinner toward the rim. Matures in 1 season. w *...*.*. 3. * * y £4.9'vº .* ..lt tº } } j/ . * c - ; ; -** - * = • ‘T.’ & ºf f sº # *, *; j & } * * º * * ...”. - • *. tº * * . . . .” Fºx'sſº- * * • * * •.º.º. …i. -> “. . º & v at . . * ~ * ** -- - gº º - y 1, 1 p º & 2. ºf ſ º g i. %2.5-$º *…*. + º º gº i. º :**** g . & .” & 4 .; :ºs -: ; * § : 2 º gº - se Cº- f \ A A. * * * s- -“Y.% % g º ſ:% % * º º * g ..'• * 2”:& t º ex • fººt ºf º sº * : .. * : ... . ** s . . . * * * * * * * • * * * - . . . º.º. . . . . 4: ... . **'. º * * * * ... • ,” 2.67. " Y. : * ..e. 'Yº...” $º _º.” Fiº..., 4. w - ca_s^* e’ .” ..". - ..º.º.º. ºf ...” … 3- vºº,” “: * º ºº:: * & g & * -ºt. Jºy". R* º i. ğ º * ...?' ºſº.º.º.º. º sº º, ºt “, * * t - *.*.* *::: º .* ,- - - * * * * * . . . .” • *g, ** , & §r º’’ ºr ...', º. ... . . ." . . . & 3:...; s^ º * ... • * ...';* * * * g g • * w " . s: º, º ... ','º';. . • *;. tº: º § - ... . • * * • 4 & §§ ºf .* * * §º. §§§ ». . . . ºr , * Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus) (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 60-70 ft. Distributed mainly over the middle Atlantic States. Leaves, – mostly oblong to lanceolate, margin coarsely scalloped. Unfold orange-green or bronze-red; at maturity thick and firm, yellow-green above and paler below; in autumn turning a warm buff- yellow or orange-brown. Flowers, – staminate in slender yellowish catkins; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. Fruit, — acorn, bright chest- nut-brown; inclosed at base to # its length in a cup covered by small thin scales. Matures in 1 season. - - a . . .''.ºr -------- w ***** -a -" - * º §ºf :**. º: * *.*.*, * *: * *.*:::, A. :".. º. ** .. 4 º' * • . • * sº .' Sº ‘...as "... ? * Jº...e.” ‘’ "... . . . . . ... 2”. & wº -*** * *- : - ºve . . '• * & * : * * : * ~ * . w v.”.” ". "…'" A. - w • , - * - - Black Oak (Quercus Velutina) (a) flowering branch. (b) leaf, full grown. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 70-80, occasionally 100 ft. Distributed over almost all of the eastern U. S. Leaves, – mostly 7-lobed, bristle-tipped, divided by wide rounded sinuses. Unfold bright crimson; at maturity leathery, coarse, thick and firm, dark green above and yellow- green, or brown below; late in autumn turning to dull red, dark orange color, or brown and falling gradually during the winter. Flowers, – staminate in yellowish catkins, some- times tinged with red; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. Fruit, — acorn, light red-brown; inclosed about $ its length in a thin cup covered with thin overlapping scales. Matures in 2 seasons. *** º * º as:----->~~~ º §2 - sº º i.; º, “. . . . ººº-ºº: §ºelºgº. * . & º § * Egir sº .s ... “ §: º 㺠, ". . - * * 0. * .** **** - * * * * •' '. -->irds ºr *-* º ºf....:: *, **ś3 - * * * : ; &: sistaſ.” .*.* º: 2.Twº :/..nz '*'. • g w" • tº - º: r; * . . . Scarlet Oak (Quercus Coccinea) (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 70-80 ft. Distributed over the eastern U. S. Leaves, – 7-9 lobed, bristle-tipped, cut nearly to the midrib by wide sinuses; petiole long and slender. Unfold bright pink or red; at maturity delicate, thin and firm, bright shining green; in autumn turning brilliant Scarlet. Flowers, – staminate in slender catkins, reddish before opening, then turning yellow; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. Fruit, — acorn light reddish-brown; inclosed # to # its length in a thin cup covered by overlapping scales. Matures in 2 seasons. --• •■■■ ȘJºğș**,№ }。4.¿;:?!!?!.. * *$';**^■ ■ ■ ■ ... �•••••~~~~); • • • •’. ‘ º‘ ...“. ſººSº <---- & ſå…? *).*? ¿?*+,-,-,-,- * · * 5.$< ∞…- … • • • ¿¿.*æ } e^^* ^ L. • • • №.222 § → 、、、。、、。 -r;{· , " ... • …º...’>2,çºğ ->•• ~~~~ |Ķsą... w: *: ... --№ſſae|-· ·:·º·:·}----" - - ~~~~<■■>.■ •· ·...·:: | (_º:* ș%|- →� sº:-(• • •* ** …, .*… • ••';º|-3* º *ae'… •’’ :-’ * * · · • ¶¿№ſſº ** * · * ..--.*?--: --~~~· · · Leaves, – broadly ovate, usually 3 or rarely Distributed over the eastern U. S. Tree 20–40 ft. (b) fruiting branch. Unfold pinkish Flowers, – staminate in yellowish catkins tinged with red (a) flowering branch. losed for # or nearly petiole short and stout. Black Jack (Quercus Marlandica) 111 Fruit, — y e and yellow, Orange color, or brown below k and firm, dark yellow-green abov 1C at maturity leathery, th e y 9 5-lobed, bristle-tipped the axils of the leaves. lose rim about the acorn. 16S 111 bud-like bod , inconspicuous tillate p1S thick cup covered by large overlapp te y autumn turning brown or yellow. acorn, light yellow-brown Matures les, the upper scales forming a c 1ng Sca * 111 a. ts length i # i inc y * 2 seasons. 11] }ſº : . -| - .- ; º . * e º . g s ºntº, ... • ',\\ : ***** & - - * §.” ~ ***śa, **.. º N , . Yºs ** Nº - * * - - - * * - . - •; 3 * * •º, • w * Yº *... s º, sº * º - - Ç & * * & . . Tº º 6 * . . - . . . ...Yºs. *. *... “ ºr aſ ſº *_e +* . . :: ... : " - . • * º º . * -j-.” - **** * * - - -- * >w. . * * *, *. - - * * ºr - 8 º: …”. * ...º.º.º.e.' Tº SS .*, tº gº ^^ ---. . . - • *-evrºs' & º = *... º. **satºrs 3. 3 - 9. zºº - - - ºr." º **- º - - º - Lº . ºr º - 㺠w & º G . º "Nº E. º -- ſ sº Cº.; - º “8 º . . . . .* º - * : º: º º #5 § º º f º : º ". º Sº, ºr ºf ºſ- sº º ſº .* ºr " º º, º& © . "Tº - **. * *.* ºf - %. S e º Aººs - ſº º º C ſº º Willow-Oak (Quercus Phellos) (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 70-80 ft. sharply acute; petiole short and stout. Unfold light yellow-green; at maturity light green above and paler below; in autumn pale yellow. Flowers, – staminate in slender yellowish catkins; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. covered by thin scales. Matures in 2 seasons. Distributed over the eastern U. S. Leaves, – usually lanceolate margin entire, apex Fruit, — acorn, light yellow-brown; inclosed only at base in a thin saucer-shaped cup ***** --> w- ºv, * *: * r,” •. - 4. e • º sº-ºº: * * * - ... * @ * Nº. * *, *, *, *."º . . t * §§§ &’, ‘ v & 1 \, , ; }\\\ º 4. *... tº . . 4 : ‘. . '','!'}; \ - * , i. ‘. . . . ‘. ... ', ºiºſ: '...; . . ." . . . **.*.*.if ** * w =v Live Oak (Quercus Virginiana) (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. (c) leaf, full grown. Tree 40-50 ft. Distributed over the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Leaves, – oblong, lanceolate, margin usually entire, rounded at apex; petiole short and stout. Unfold light green tinged with red; at maturity leathery, thick dark green above, pale and silvery-white below, gradually turning yellow or brown at the end of the winter and falling when the new leaves appear in the spring. Flowers, – staminate in slender yellow- ish catkins; pistillate, inconspicuous bud-like bodies in the axils of the leaves. Fruit, acorn, dark chestnut-brown; inclosed about ; its length in a cup covered by thin scales. Matures in 1 season. GLOSSARY OF Acuminate, tapering at the end, - drawn out to a point. Acute, forming a sharp angle. Alternate, one side and then the other. Ament, a scaley spike or catkin, in which the flowers are incomplete. Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen. Apex, that part of a fruit or leaf farthest from the stem. Axil, the angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it Springs. Axis, the stem, the central part. Blade, the expanded portion of the leaf. Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower. Catkin, cat-kin from its resemblance to a cat's tail; a form of in- florescence in which the flowers are incomplete; an ament. Compound, a leaf having many blades, each blade is then called a leaflet. Corolla, the inner floral envelope; it is usually colored; its separate leaflets are the petals. Cremate, having the margin cut into rounded scallops. Eliptical, oblong, with rounded ends. Filament, the stalk of an anther. Habitat, the geographical range of a plant. Inflorescence, a flower cluster. Involucre, a collection of bracts at the base of a flower or flower cluster. Lanceolate, applied to leaves which are slender, broadest near the base and narrowing to the apex. Linear, narrow and flat. Lobe, a rounded division of a leaf. Oblong, considerably longer than broad. Obtuse, blunt, rounded. Orbicular, nearly circular in outline. Oval, broadly elliptical. Ovary, the part of the pistil that contains the ovules, or seeds. Ovate, egg-shaped, largest toward the stem. Ovule, the part of the flower which becomes the seed. Perfect, applied to a flower which has both pistil and stamens. Persistent, said of leaves remaining on the branches over the winter, or of a calyx remaining under or on the fruit. Petal, flower leaves, one leaf of the corolla, usually colored. Petiole, stem of a leaf. Pinnate, or featherveined, with midrib and lateral branching veins. Pistil, the Organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed. Pistillate, flowers with pistils but without stamens. Pollen, the fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Racime, a simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis, as the currant and wild cherry. Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx. Serrate, saw-toothed. Sessile, without a petiole or pedicel, without a stem. BOTANICAL TERMS Simple, said of leaves with only one blade, opposite of compound. Sinuate, wavy. Sinus, a curve between adjoining lobes of a leaf. A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute as in that of the red maple. Stamen, the pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Staminate, applied to flowers which have stamens but not pistils. Stigma, the part of the pistil (usually terminal) which receives the pollen. Facts Regarding Oaks It must be remembered in studying this subject that in the vast world of trees as elsewhere there are occasional exceptions. Volumi- nous scientific works have been published giving all possible minu- tiae which are purposely omitted here, as it is believed that the excep- tions when occasionally found need not lead to confusion if the main facts have become firmly fixed. It is thought best in an elementary work of limited space to give emphasis only to a few clearly defined facts important in recognizing the different trees. -- In addition to the more specific information given in the page notes, some general facts may be stated. The two broad classes of our oaks — the white oak and the black oak — are popularly distinguished by the color of the wood and bark. Technically they are based upon the different habits of producing acorns. The white oaks mature their acorns in one season; the black oaks require two seasons, and as a rule show half-formed acorns on their terminal twigs in winter. The white oaks have only curved lines on their leaf margins and the black oaks have bristle-tipped leaves. The trees rarely bear acorns under 20 years of age and sometimes not until they are 60 years old, and then have intervals of several years without fruit. Most oaks shed their leaves each autumn, but on some the leaves remain all winter and do not fall until the new ones appear in the spring. The flowers of the oak are separate but near together on the same tree. The staminate flowers are arranged singly on thread-like stems and hang down in slender pale green, brownish or yellowish catkins, 1ater becoming yellow as the pollen matures. The pistillate flowers are inconspicuous bud-like bodies, with frequently prominent red stigmas; they grow from the axils of the leaves and develop into the acorn. The flowers of the oak appear with or soon after the leaves and so combine in exquisite daintiness and coloring with the opening foliage that one easily fails to distinguish which of the mass of soft pink, gray, yellow and green is bloom and which is leafage. There are 53 recognized species of the oak in the United States. Constructive Tree-Study Lessons Forestry & K for Supplementary Use jº \a \? BY EDITH R. MOSHER, A.B. AUTHOR OF “OUR FRUIT AND NUT-BEARING TREEs”, “OUR Cone BEARING TREES.” “OUR OAKS AND MAPLEs”, etc. NO. 4 Studies of Nut Bearing Trees “A tree's mere firewood, unless humanized.”—E. B. Browning 'S Y R A C U S E , N. Y. THE C. VV. EARDEEN CO., PUELISHERS Copyright, 1913, by C. W. BARDEEN ~///aſay // - 3 & ºf 4 f | 5. & % */ p & * * ...! \. 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'. * ah e-,-\ f * , * 3.3° * :*ºne- - \,\ . . ; • * ..w " *...* • . * * * * * *Yºrº, º 'º.º. • . . 4. º: • **Rºx,’sº •º § ºf * % * ** .§! Y. º t § º * f: º \ 3. § º s s : ; : * * . -:s’ *. * t- '.W. : $, # § # : ºAE- º: *. &% & ! (i. § %. *e * t i }', ; ; \ }- : . * t º, - g $ $. - •. •, - A. ¥º:::::::::::...,' sº § wr * R., (" "...º. .** ºº:::...º. ...º.º. º: $ : * { f ****.....º. nº.5: ...; & & 3 * \ . . : 3 * * *s º *ºsº, “... ... ::::::::: * fº $3, $s tº º •'. Yºkº. 2.; º:3'-." - g ſº sº • # ºf * : * : "AN. J. 3 : “...º.º. t . . $, 3 e w º K fi } § ; : § ſº ÇG °. G f& ſ * tº © .." tº •. sº . - Ş º s § § * ". º ". º, { Ž § * § '. d (i. ; & º: à *. 1. ^ º {} §§ 3. , "y." ...tº, ºy) Nº. ºº .& {#3 y ; : *** ' ' . . ; • *. ,, . RS Y. S. º Shellbark Hickory (Hicoria Ovata) 8 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. (c) nut without shell. Tree 70-100 ft. Hab. northeastern U. S. Leaves — dark yellow-green above and paler below turning to rusty brownish-yellow in autumn; compound, alternate on stout petiole swollen at base; 5-7 ovate or obovate leaflets, sessile or short-petioled, acuminate, finely D. owers – staminate in slender, delicate light greenish catkins, conspicuously large bracts; pistillate in b rownish-green flowered terminal spikes. Fruit — dark reddish- º - º: *-*-ī-, - Lººk fº tº & C Cº º an e Cººl ºf ſºlº £-21) prleſ **... * : ** & ****** ...sº--$º.9. & . . *: . . .xv, , , , . *. ... • tº: A **, *- - i | ; º s # • * * ~.: * --> * * . *.*.*.* •. • * …ºf - - . . .” -...- . :: ; Ž ... -- . º: • º º, $-4 §§ *. º**. . : : •.- º : (b) fruiting branch. (c) nut without bur. Tree, rarely shrub to tree 80-100 ft. Hab., eastern U. S. Leaves, — pale green, later dull dark bluish-green turning to clear even golden-yellow in autumn, and later to lightest fawn, a few remaining on the tree until spring; silky, thin and firm; simple, Flowers, – staminate in yellow-green pendant balls on slender stems; pistillate greenish in Fruit, — dark Orange-green and covered by slender prickles; two ºuts in each bur. Beech (Fagus Americana 1 Sp. (a) flowering branch. alternate, petioled, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, acute or acuminate. Pinnate. clusters on short stems from the axils of the upper leaf, surrounded by numerous bractlets. Nut without bur pale brown; triangular, thin shelled. - \ W .* s s .* 4. X 3:: § ** #Ž*. &eg :•.t .* § { ; ! s§ * . ....º : * :e t* . .s' * * cº; * - * * * ". - *Nº. .' te - * º • , • * * e-erº ^º -----------. *~\}. w * * * ... " • . ." - e * ... . . . .” . . . . . '...' " s”,” . . *...* * * & s & & * * *... • ". . . . . . . .” --- " " " Alsº, : º, . ." -> *** * * § .* s&assºſ.” : i ** * * * º ; : « * \'...'. ...: • *. . . .”y: * * *, *, *, *, **** * * * * *. •. *** 'A *'''.iº. $ 2”. * tº t - & * * “... • §º ºut ...?' . . . . . . . ºp., "s' * * *s. • * * * & se 3. sº S.U.’syº, ſº ( " ", & e e "Nº & Y". * * ** º. * *s º-- : ** tº 'il ' . . º *... ." Nº ºi, *A*.*** autº . .” - "... Tºº, , , We’, * º .* 2T, ºr A * %:...} : ' '...'...'. tº º e * * * * • A*s º i º .." * . •' .*, sº - ‘. * 14' : 4 wº is is | *...* § i...,' ' §. • * ...,’’. : $ * , a. 8. ſe ." "... ". . *Y*w, º: :::::: g .*.*. -- º - * ...e. t - * g - \{} g º, ºh”... . . & *N: \ !,' ' ', º.º.) . . . . . #' * *.** § *.*.*, '': . . . .83% \;... tº A tº * º “...f. ..." *, *: * * * * , , , , ","st, 7 C. . . \, & lº, iß **s- * , a 㺠- º & tº § º * ºº: A. Nys 4) "ſº Đ Nº. §§§ tº §§ r.; º zºº.º Ç [. :*::.. "… §§§ * & *ś §§ & º § Y. º sº ºº rigº sº º º: sº *** * . §§ *:::: * - - - -- ºr :* eit *n Jºw-rºº. 2; *Nº. *"... ... ." .. 6. e g ." & Hazel (Corylus Corylaceae) 30 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. (c) nut without husk. Shrub 2-12 ft. Hab. eastern U. S. Leaves, – thick, dark green above and paler below turning dark brownish-green in autumn; simple, alternate, petioled, ovate, serrate or double serrate, acute or acuminate. Pinnate. Flowers, – staminate in long pendulous light greenish-tan or yellow catkins; pistillate are star-like tufts of crimson stigmas projecting above a short greenish bud of many scales. Fruit, — in- volucre composed of two nearly distinct leaf-like bractlets fringed on their margins; light yellow-green becoming grayish-brown when mature; usually in clusters at the ends of short branches. Nut without husk golden-brown. Pecan (Hicoria Pecan) 8 Sp. * - •. * --- º-º-º-º- º ~. *: d *** Fº As **. |> Ç *: :§§rº-: .i sº & º (a) flowering branch. w º, 3. tº § 3 ; tº . . .9s. # 1. ! º f º* ** * . . . . • * >...º. Tº..., Y-->~~. Y. * . . - *. º: * -- •." - te **. - - k: ' ' ...º. . . . \, - - t º - . . " w tº a ~~! * (b) fruiting branch. (c) nut without husk. Tree 100-160 ft. *:S .* . §§§ “ . . ºg. º; ; ; * **###. §§ * : * , . }:\º: `". e. : % w \, - º #ſ; § * P. * . . . ,- ** *\º s .. q j. A ĺ. ** - % º iš y t; trººrººſ. §§ - .xfºſſ;, ºt. *****Nº,... ** :*: , ","...'" 34 * * *: - - ** * * * .** * w - . . . ; : *... - 2::" *~~...,' • * * ... Y. W.Gaº w y : t . - ... "." ~~l. ..., :-r-‘º *...*~~~~ g * *.*.* tº - -- | •J ... 6, • . tºº - ** º § \ * * - - - *** * : **.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. * : * > *. ..”. ... . ... ºr " w e - ' ' ...- :. 23:...' * > *::: - Yºu. t *****, ºve, : ń. . º ..~ I :- * - ;-; *i t-* ,g : ºº. * *- .f;ºº sºz: :* !.ººg iHº-º*\, :*sſºi-º -fiº-ºc §º g× . § .*& :*te, º/ *:: * * : ; # - *. - * , #. ºś. , , , •ºr'. . . . , s \,. - - - . . . ; 3& *.*. $.3% §§ ... : :"...is . . . ; ſº sº ſº * •. - ". • . aws 4 y . Y *...* > *…*. § Nºt a sº- ...U. ×3. A: ; º; * ...'...}.}...: 'ººzºº f !. Žišš 2: Aºxº º 4 M ºf sº-º-º: - Mººſ' 33% Nº. ...tº !--.” Wyºd * * ** Hab. central, eastern and Gulf states. Leaves, – dark yellow-green above and paler below turning to rusty brownish-yellow in autumn; compound, alternate 12-20 inches long on slender petiole; 9-17 lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate leaflets, sessile or short petioled, coarsely often doubly serrate, acuminate. small clustered greenish terminal spikes. Fruit, — dark brown, thin hard brittle husk which splits in 4 sections nearly to the base when mature; borne in clusters. withoui husk reddish-brown; smooth, thin shelled. Pinnate. Flowers, – staminate in slender yellowish-green catkins; pistillate in Nut . . . vººr . " ..." … "...', 'jº * *... • " ". . . " . ." .." * * *... " ... i**'. J.: • . t? ‘..., r" - 3:º * * * * t” e * sº º • * R’....... º; v. Sº, * ‘. . . - *::...” :-> yºv 2. Yºº...s.º.º.º. Pºi" .v., " ". . . ... - fººt 4"- º,..., • *, **** %: * *- : *, *.* • **: ... •".” e .* * **, *, *, *, **** • -* * * ... * * - * . . . . y r* - ... " . • 1... . ....sº sºjº. zºº - * * .." 4. 3. “.. * ..~/-. . . . . . . . ** ſ •- As - t * : s . - : - r •. w - " . * - . - a - # t 4. .* \ . . . . . . .e., XV & Wif 4. - - * * * * * 'º. * * * t - .. t - “, . "," • ...” S. A.'."ºf ºw • * - º *. º *** * p * * - * w & º º, º & • ** . wº • **** • *** .*.* -“N2-rºº lº *:::: * • " ºsa" * , ; sº … * ”, . ." p : : * "r, º;:- * & * - &º i Fº T ºº § º * ," § *3. { Ş \: ; Y. º ºº /; { * ; º º J sº j º *. 4- ', &2 . ! 3. § % ! i . iº /. § . * * * - ? & * y 2% . - - *: % . 4. º '' ...; º .. * #: - g £º * . º ºf 3 ſº , , S : "... : - as - … . . ; ; ; ; ; • * * § 2. § 3 ;, i. º. § gº * *. , º - ". : ; ! {{ • * .º. º ...'...}} *"… . . . . . . . . º - º . . ) * * * * * * f. . º º * ... ". . 3. * : , ; ; , ; } .*.*. º jºi ! . . 3’, ‘. * * * f.' . :** * !,'S § f : . º; 7. A '+', ', §§ & YA, ... } ºś 3. º,” } - ** > *:S * \- ". .* . * K. . . . . ºn,” ...º.º. * § ;... **** '*-- º yº.º. J. K. A. : . º § º sº '; w º’ \'; ; ; ; §º F: . s 3, . . ;: 4 § º # - ºf , “: 3', S.'...}}}º. º: † : ; . . . / ; , * , ...? ...º.º.º.º. !... ; . . . ; ; ; ** * * , ; ; ; ;4.5 °, ; º' wº - - w" ; r & - * ...!. 33.3% sºlº sº I : * º º * . " * * * §: '. ºf s *. ". . º * * . . * -- * ra §§§ º .' */ Æ - * . . . . . . º” S § º - * . . - * * ... . e” ... "...a * Cº-º: < * tº z s * -- t - t I A ** tº: 3. * * * § - 3. • * ºf. a & ‘. ; } º .# º ; • -% º; ; : * § | º'. . . º: *...*. : S. £ * s * *. §º ź. & \{ * * ; : -* § /# Black Walnut (Juglans Nigra) 4 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. (c) nut without husk. Tree 100-150 ft. Hab. eastern U. S. Leaves, – dark yellow-green above and paler below turning bright clear yellow in autumn; compound, alternate, with stout petiole 1-2 ft. long; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, sessile or short petioled, finely Serrate, acuminate. Pinnate. Flowers, – staminate many series of greenish flower clusters on a catkin; pistillate greenish with prominent red stigmas, borne in flowered terminal spikes. Fruit, — light yellow-green, spongy husk, becoming blackish when ripe, adheres in an unbroken coat; solitary or in pairs. Nut without husk blackish or dark brown tinged with red, sharply cut; thick rough hard shell, deeply sculptured. §3.4% * * * '. y } ...; → <.*? º:æ --*-|-- ... • •rº.→• -JET--->�+ |----→* →|-|-•* * .4 . . ~ ~~ ! 3• • • ’ ” | 2 ; $, º 2 *.* • • .*.*;::: : !!” „Zºſº* * * · ·:·º·:· ·•':')+(.** •„ .… :º)T° + .. ...«)*• • × º •. 4. ** ~ : * º, : - ^ t ! 3 * ** - w :::::::-__ ·º·:№ .*?>$)');$£§§§§ aº * * :*(.*?)( )- • • • 33,5‘. № Lºſ:7 . . . . .: _№_3^-} Na ( * - ... *<^*_-_aer . “. • →••,,,^• • • •-- -- - №.±;Caeſº:|- --|-• -¿é>',• • •< :*: *)<(cºl- .** • •• • •±(√(-), ±± -35), „..effºſ;§3;&?::::::::::ŠĖ�. .?“,3- № ^.º : »* ~~~);±,±,±^-,ººrſ(E_<!...:¿<!:§§№-rºſ: ** -.:::§ 2º^&**№… (z - ( )§:ſſ䧧|- §?-:#*)(>)|-¿?. <!--~~~. :=) …);„(s)“, ~~~~. 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' )№:№ſſè””- R$??(!)« -**, V^.,!!:\s)($*$) (Tºrºſ.: , ;ŹŃJTi),~~ 3, §§§§§§§§) – º *~*~3,... .∞ √≠√∞º »!|-• ... × ×§§§K ”.…..!“ „... (¿№w , !}}:-(.***...??!!?!!?!!?!!, º`S$)}(±√°√:5.-** -~ | ¡___Zºº,--! **|-!w **)(?:§., & că “º (fx&_':)?' “№ſº--,Sºšº. №vaerºſ,¿>{3}\;,§§“, „-ºšº *&^~--… À!ſ, .*ºſ ‘‘№:#;ě, \, ,§§§•ȘĂRAJ№Ț}^3} \!\!\!\,};&~&(?!(º, º 3-º----• •••• .*~~~~ -… ?!*,};$. :( ¿?x_2 . - ~~~~�■■>.■§§?ſ&&&&șĒiae𚺓… ~~~~);,, ºr,3’’. ,,Ģ.Š'¿?•!..?? -،* * * . : *…-...- -.***$ Y ’:’, :,:* 3e și* ,„~“ .-•’• • • • ×ſºſ§§§*¿¿ $I? TĂºſ, šºšº???,, ,,, ſº ºſ № № ſº à ſºß § § §“Ć ž, š. - ), * ©Tº. ...- ،º* ·,≤≥«às•- ſ • *(, ; : *)($7,”!*:)*<%!$_&'),..,^.*¿-?.?.?)*$', $ $ $ ;$ ſº ºffſ, § § §§ §§„№žį!...3' &&çº.ſ. ſiț¢§§§§§ "?ºffſ. Ķ;$§§§§§§§) žºš, №ž§<<"# ſºº-ſ);};§, №. 3's, ºſſ», ºº, **)ºŤ“™`S!::: ~~~~ ~~~~);~~**) + '~~';• •·țºș>- |-' +r. (*- - -•.!= ?- --· ---- \!**- : * · ·,K.S. §),Č •… . “TË - º!.--Aſſ; . $ - . ::::: “ + …??-7 TOE;: . . (-, ~ ~§ → · §§§-->-<~::::::::*№ №. !*,**)^_<.*|- ;~<!***.*x*….. . . •' +•; ----· -•|-- - ... - ~~-• • • .• .... ». * +§.g.,*,... - Tºº!!!!!-- ' ! …': '. — • • • • • • • , * * * * ·„“ * * ** - --... * * .. * ...-|--',„ “.-'. , ?-,- - *** ·-T” , !--.**· :*- Leaves — yellow-green Hab. northeastern and central U. S. Tree 100 ft. (c) nut without husk. (b) fruiting branch. ing branch. ring (a) flowe Butternut (Juglans Cineria) 6 Sp. above and paler below turning yellow or brown in autumn; compound, alternate with stout petiole 15-30 in. 1ong; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short petioled, finely serrate, 1gmaS. flight yellow-green; pistillate in flowered terminal spikes, green with rather strikingly colored red st Fruit — in drooping clusters, green at first and coated with rusty clammy matted hairs, later turning brown and blackish-brown; husk spongy, sticky, adheres in an unbroken 111S O thick catki 111 te i 1118, S — Stam Flower 1n 11ate. acute or acuminate. Nut without husk blackish or dark brown; sharply rough, thick hard shell, deeply sculptured. COat. •cº.º.º. - j º *l.º. ºº:: ** \ºtº tººs. f.\, . . º. t § º ; 4° º: Nº {{ $$.” ºß ºliº §§ºº fiº, -i- g ** * . . e. * **, *, * . . - . . * gº }*** * 9. § 3 - . § ...Nº tº Syºğ. :*::::::: jº * * : * *-x *** . . * it::::::::::::: º; . ... • * : " . . . . " . 2's...} . .'; º; 3. *s ...,...} * *, *.*.*** ... * *..., • ‘Nº, ** * * * , tº $'. . . ** .8. 2 ‘. Rºß a w ś - - * u, * 2 º' lºº - #: º * º ! ſ '. - & #. i. § $. * . . *T. --s’ f ... ºr • * - . * * *** º - -" :- º: . . . ſs. ºperº; * * * *, *, * ,7- - ... " • * * º * * - - -*.*.*.*::... sº,” “; • * : * : *. ****** *33 triº". ... ºr 28 jº r ‘. . . . . ;....:3. ... º. . . . . . . . . .- : * * tº: * 2 a. - - W3 f:: ;§º: -.--*sº . .º -ºº t 3. .-- f # # jść § §º. +. *: * - 3:4:: * * 1: ...,' •. • *. '. ** §§ .** 3. {j tº: .* *g *.s* .- :>*. § -- §§ . s º § # :N. !. Y Sº - . . . §§ W. S. “y, • *. *. * * * º tº: s” ſº * sº tº gº tº º: Mºº-ºº: " ". Wº, * §. º - §: ** .*.*.* * y-r; * • * * * - * * * - -22'º'; r. #. Fº :* *** - §: * §º, '• | # | " : * : * * = ‘. . . tº J t i. | , t → :* - 33tº::... . .”.” º º * -- * * * ºxy : 3× \}: ..º. Sº - * * º: :y' * 9.4| F. * tº: ‘.... • ºt, ºr a .. ". º'. §§§ § - ... § 1. $. **. º ſº • ** * * * >* º •. - :: º: - * g * * w * ? * •3; 37: :* \, §§§ º §§ tº: t -, *; , NY º - - & º :*, *, r_ ** * * **n. º - - a * * * * * *** * 8° §§ !. § g º §. ... ." §. º * , §§§º ºš - *3. .* § §§ º § * M, '*... **** * , º, exº º º *** {{rºs ºt; Kºłº!" ºf -'s..." ºe." & ". §§ # §§ * sº & Zºº & tºº *'s * *** § 2. ' * *- : * > . - a- - - - * * - .*** - tº v ºf :' '... • ; ******* ---> *::: ****...co. ºw....... § ºn '' •ºlº sº º' º • * 2 : * , * ". . .t - - “. .. * * * * * * * * * * * * * **.5%:y: vº. . . . " - º * "... • *...*. . . . . .'; * ** - * * * . . . . :- $ • * ... ** º {{ * , , yºsº" • tºº---, 'sº º, . . .''...}, . . . . . . *. º -c., a.….” “’.” tºº. " & gasef’s • * * * ; : \ ' ' ' - Tº . ... ". . . - ‘. :: *** S.R...:*: *...*, *.*: fº. . *_º sº r e-'A cºlºr ~ - . . ---tºº-º-º: i. ; : “. . . .” “..." . . . . ..., " . . :*::\, • '- ", , , , * -,N.), ºr ‘’’ ‘‘, ‘tº -5, - sº wº s ‘. ..., , , “ . . s . . º . § Trºº *:::::::::::::: • ***** **** *** - - - ‘. ... ... ***. * ... " " ... . . * a $ * * * *.*, *, '.' " & i." r :. “, ... v., ſ l' i * { * &# tº A dº ſº." • nº • C º **ś ~ ; : - . & * ", ,' ...: ' '. Yº... * bº.'s - - • . . ." * * P. ºº'ſ Mºs' ". . * ~ ; ; ; , ºº, , , ...º: ... . . . ." * ...," . ... º. º “. . . . .'' * . 33 wº #s § sº yº (; ; ; ; £º ... **ś,... 4 §º, , ... sº . $5,4-. § *-. 2. ..º.º.º. º * ! . .” - - - - º: g Sãº. . . . 2:...º ºr ~ * -- . . * - * 5 ** • 1 ° - *.x - º * r * ºr.” ". . . . . . . ‘. . . .A". " • * * ... f* * .. • - 4. . . tº . “. . . º *. • * ''', . . . . ! *...* . . . . . . . •. i: } `... . . . . º'S wº £3. s? f - Bºr ſº !. .) '' . . . . . - . .9. & §: . º ... . & * .* g ; : ºr A **i. g * §§ § * 22 ſ '*... ." . t & " a * y ‘J’ f { *... y”, §: º !” * ſ cº t ..] § º * •ºrº *. ſº." & f wº- J’. ‘’ - f * -º-º: ly & \ Chestnut (Castania Dentata) 3 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree about 100 ft. Hab. eastern U. S. Leaves – dark dull yellow-green above and paler below, turning bright-yellow late in autumn; decidedly rugged character, very distinctive forward long pointed teeth along the margin; simple, alternate, short stout petiole, oblong-oblan- ceolate, coarsely serrate, acute or acuminate. Pinnate. Flowers—staminate in erect creamy-tinted catkins, stout green stem with pale gold flower clusters; catkins which have both pistillate and staminate are slender with 2 to 3 scattered scaly green pistillate flowers near their base, above the pistillate flowers are a few scattered clusters of Small staminate flowers. Fruit — light rusty tinged bur or involucre with long dark green spines, later turning brown; opening bur shows pale velvety lining; nut without bur (usually 3 in each bur) bright chestnut-brown; smooth thin shell. - GLOSSARY OF Acuminate, tapering at the end, - drawn out to a point. Acute, forming a sharp angle. Alternate, one side and then the other. Ament, a scaley spike or catkin, in which the flowers are incomplete. Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen. Apex, that part of a fruit or leaf farthest from the stem. Axil, the angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Axis, the stem, the central part. Blade, the expanded portion of the leaf. Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower. Catkin, cat-kin from its resemblance to a cat's tail; a form of in- florescence in which the flowers are incomplete; an ament. Compound, a leaf having many blades, each blade is then called a leaflet. Corolla, the inner floral envelope; it is usually colored; its separate leaflets are the petals. * Cremate, having the margin cut into rounded scallops. Elliptical, oblong, with rounded ends. Filament, the stalk of an anther. Habitat, the geographical range of a plant. Inflorescence, a flower cluster. Involucre, a collection of bracts at the base of a flower or flower cluster. Lanceolate, applied to leaves which are slender, broadest near the base and narrowing to the apex. Linear, narrow and flat. Lobe, a rounded division of a leaf. Oblong, considerably longer than broad. Obtuse, blunt, rounded. Orbicular, nearly circular in outline. Oval, broadly elliptical. Ovary, the part of the pistil that contains the ovules, or seeds. Ovate, egg-shaped, largest toward the stem. Ovule, the part of the flower which becomes the seed. Perfect, applied to a flower which has both pistil and stamens. Persistent, said of leaves remaining on the branches over the winter, or of a calyx remaining under or on the fruit. - Petal, flower leaves, one leaf of the corolla, usually colored. Petiole, stem of a leaf. - Pinnate, or featherveined, with midrib and lateral branching veins. Pistil, the organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed. Pistillate, flowers with pistils but without stamens. Pollen, the fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Racime, a simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis, as the currant and wild cherry. Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx. BOTANICAL TERMS Serrate, saw-toothed. Sessile, without a petiole or pedicel, without a stem. Simple, said of leaves with only one blade, opposite of compound. Sinuate, wavy. Sinus, a curve between adjoining lobes of a leaf. A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute as in that of the red maple. Stamen, the pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Staminate, applied to flowers which have stamens but not pistils. Stigma, the part of the pistil (usually terminal) which receives the pollen. Scientific Namenclature r Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Juglans (species) (genera) U Juglans cineria (Butternut) Juglandaceae - º Walnut family Hicoria ovata (Shellbark Hickory) Hicoria l Hicoria Pecan (Pecan) Betulaceae Or Corylus Corylus corylaceae (Hazelnut) Birch family Fagaceae | Fagus Fagus americana (Beech) Or Beech family Castania Castania dentata (Chestnut) To Be Remembered The JUGLANDACEAE family have compound, alternate leaves, and opposite pinnate leaflets, with one terminal leaflet. The BETULACEAE and FAGACEAE have simple, alternate pin- nate leaves. The staminate and the pistillate flowers are borne on the same tree, and are without a corolla and sometimes without a calyx. In the JUGLANDACEAE the staminate flowers are in long catkins and the pistillate are in small terminal spikes or heads. In the FAGACEAE the staminate flowers are in either catkins or heads and the pistillate in terminal spikes or heads, and the invo- lucre becomes woody and partly or entirely encloses the fruit, as in the oak, chestnut, and beech. Constructive Tree-Study Lessons Forestry - Q K for Supplementary Use - - * * |a !? EDITH R. MOSHER. A.B. AUTHOR of “OUR FRUIT AND NUT-BEARING TREEs”, “OUR CoNE BEARING TREES.” “OUR OAKs AND MAPLEs”, Etc. No. 5 Studies of Evergreens “A tree's mere firewood, unless humanized.”—E. B. Browning SY R A C U S E , N. Y. THE C. VV. EARDEEN CO., PUELISHERS Copyright, 1913, by C. W. BARDEEN f # , º, t. 1 4-war, 49 al-v ! 3 & £14- „** ºnly- ----****** … . .- ***<>a:ſae<;: §§§§5?!*® #:;/))?? :º) №ſ:(“ • | ---- « ~~~~º: . - Hab. Tree 100–250 ft. (c) fruiting branch. the White Pine has clusters of five in each perfect sheath; bluish- Flowers, – staminate yellow or orange colored bodies clustered at the base of leafy shoots; pistillate greenish stillate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pi , set in scaly sheaths at the base; Fruit, — reddish-brown at maturity, drooping and slightly curved; matures the 2nd year. (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. Leaves, – delicate flexible, needle-shaped Widely distributed over the U. S. green, mostly turning yellow and falling in autumn of 2nd year or pinkish-purple bodies near the ends of young growing shoots White Pine (Pinus Strobus) 34 Sp. Larch or Tamarack (Larix Americana) 3 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) staminate flowers. (c) pistillate flowers. (d) fruiting branch. Tree 50-60 ft. Hab. widely dis- tributed over the northern and mountainous regions. Leaves, – soft, delicate, pointed, grown in little brush-like bundles; bright green growing darker, turning dull yellow and falling each autumn. Flowers, – staminate yellow-green bodies; pistillate variable, rose through shades of purple, green, and brown, are accompanied by a bundle of leaves. Fruit, — bright chestnut-brown at maturity; matures in 1 season, often persistent several years. Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) 4 Sp. (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 60-70, occasionally 100 ft. Hab. widely distributed over entire U. S. Leaves, – soft, flat, obtuse, grown on little petioles, spirally arranged but appearing mainly 2-ranked by a twisting of their stems; dark yellow-green; fall the 3rd season. Flowers, – staminate yellowish bodies borne singly at the base of the leaves near the ends of branchlets; pistillate greenish or purplish bodies growing solitary at the ends of sprays. Fruit, — reddish-brown at maturity; solitary and drooping at the ends of branches; matures in 1 season, usually fall- ing soon after. Red Spruce. (Picea Rubens) 7 Sp. (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 70-100 ft. Hab. widely distributed over the U. S. Leaves, stiff, quadrangular, mostly very sharp pointed; stand singly from all sides of the branch and point forward; dark green often slightly tinged with yellow; persistent 7-10 years. Flowers, – staminate usually rose-red bodies; pistillate variable, yellow-green, bright red, or purple. Fruit, — reddish-brown at maturity; pendant; matures in 1 season, sometimes persistent several years. Arborvitae or “White Cedar" (Thuya Occidentalis) 2 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 50-60 ft. Hab. indigenous to northern regions; extensively culti- vated as an Ornamental tree, 59 varieties recognized. Leaves, – scale-like, overlapping, minute, (leading shoots often needle-like and spreading); branches form flat sprays; yellow-green, in winter frequently becoming brown; persistent several years. Flowers, – minute and inconspicuous. Fruit, — pale cinnamon-brown at maturity; erect, matures in 1 Season, usually falling soon after. : . º - t º: § º º, º - • 1 at tº t ºn. Mºº º . Tº - Z º º gº ºg F º & : g ſº º § • * ºr º d - -- º " * = & § sº º gº º º, º §§§ §§ *º - vi º - † Juniper or Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) 11 Sp. (a) flowering branch. (b) fruiting branch. Tree 20-60 ft. Hab. widely scattered over the entire U. S. Leaves, – scale-like, overlapping, minute, (leading shoots often needle-like and spreading); dark blue-green, turning russet or yellow-brown in winter; persistent several years. Flowers, – minute and inconspicuous. Fruit, — variable, dark blue, red-brown, or copper colored; appear to be small berries but are botanically fleshy cones; matures in 1 season, often persistent 2 years. - - - ; ºº º y ºf * º - º * - 2 ºn . - - t" ºr • Nº. Sºxs ºf ºrº - Balsam (Abies Balsamea) 9 Sp. (a) flowering branch with staminate flowers. (b) flowering branch with pistillate flowers. (c) fruiting branch. Tree 50-60 ft. Hab. widely dis- tributed mainly through northern and mountainous regions. Leaves, – flattish, obtuse, appearing mainly 2-ranked by a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides; dark green above, paler below; persistent 8-10 years. Flowers, – staminate yellow tinged with red or reddish-purple, very abundant on lower sides of upper branches; pistillate variable, rose through shades of green, brown, and purple. Fruit, — dark purple at maturity; erect, which position is unique and distinctive of all firs; matures in 1 season, usually falling Soon after, sometimes by the gradual dropping of the scales the central axis is left standing. FACTS REGARDING EVER GREENS It must be remembered in studying this subject that in the vast world of trees as elsewhere there are occasional exceptions. Volumi- nous scientific works have been published giving all possible minutiae which are purposely omitted here as is it believed that the exceptions when occasionally found need not lead to confusion if the main facts have become firmly fixed. It is thought best in an elementary work of limited space to give emphasis only to a few clearly defined facts important in recognizing the different trees. In addition to the more specific information given in the page notes some general facts may be stated. These trees do not bear cones under the age of 10 years and some not until they are 20 or even 30 years old, and then have intervals of several years without bearing cones. The flowers of the cone-bearing trees are variable in color in the same species and even on the same tree. This is particularly true of the pistillate flower as it changes from its first dainty tints, pass- ing through shades of yellow-green, rose, red, purple, and brown, until it finally developes into the mature cone. Though these trees with the exception of the Larch are evergreen, the new leaves are easily distinguished, the sprays being daintily tipped with the spring's growth of lighter green. This gives to the tree that has kept its green throughout the winter an appearance of newness and freshness in harmony with other spring colors. The wood of the cone-bearing (Coniferae) family is resinous. The fruit is a woody cone, except in the Juniper, where it has the appear- ance of a small berry though it is botanically a fleshy cone. The leaves are small and scale-like or long and needle-like and remain on the trees several years (Larch excepted), which has given them the name of “evergreens.” The staminate and pistillate flowers are borne separately on the same tree (Junipers excepted). The staminate flower, which bears the pollen, consists of numerous stamens; the pistillate flower, which produces the seed, is composed of numerous scales and becomes at maturity a woody cone (Junipers excepted). FORESTRY (UK 5| N\O Q * Constructive Tree-Study Lessons for Supplementary Use BY EDITH R. MOSHER, A, B, Author of “OUR FRUIT AND NUT-BEARING TREEs”, “OUR Cone BearING TREes” “OUR OAKs AND MAPLes”, etc. No. 5 Studies of Evergreens “A tree's mere firewood, unless humanized.”—E. B. Browning SY R A C U S E , N. Y. THE C. VV. BARDEEN CO., PUELISHERS Copyright, 1913, by C. W. BARDEEN ** * , ; : *. * * * * 2.”- *- • º, º, . ‘. ** : *f . & **** 'º, _To Best tišE THE CONSTRUCTIVE TREE STUD, fBS, each part of the drawing is used as a städy'basis. JFirst, a single leaf may be taken, the easy, botanicai points observed, leaves brought in if the locality and season of the year permit, a Šketch made of the leaf, and drawn ‘ from memory, then colored perhaps, and a group of leaves, sketched. Each part of the drawing may be studied. in this way, continuing the constructive method. * t rº, * 3. .. $4 3. *** Having once become acquainted with a tree we find a genuine pleasure in sketching portraits of our friend. The infant seedſ time, the blushing buds, the beauties of the blossom in full bloom, and the mature fruits effer delightful and inspiring subjects for pencil and brush. . . . . . •º: § If the pupil is sufficiently advanced and the buds and blossoms can be obtained, it will be found most interesting to study their delicate loveliness under a magnifying glass. Expeditions to the Woodland school where Nature's treasures can be studied in all their freshness of life are a source of renewed interest and enthusiasm. Specimens from Nature's laboratory should be freely used and originality encouraged in making beauty designs, conventional designs, and border" and cover designs, In- teresting artistic effects can be obtained by studying group- *. ing and coloring. *r *- After each part of the plant has been used as a study basis so that the pupil is familiar with his subject, a complete drawing may be made on the blank page for the purpose. Through this use of the Constructive Tree Study Draw- ings the pupils become well acquainted with each plant figured in all of its developing stages of leaf, blossom and fruit, and learn to observe and to recognize the life principle. Each lesson fulfils its valuable mission as a study in drawing and in plant development. *. * 3, . > * & * - - A DRAWING Book OF NATURE STUDY requires no justification. The clamor for work of this kind is con- stant and imperative. Every possible means of bringing the pupil in closer touch with nature is welcomed with enthusiam. We have our schöol gardens, our window boxes, and our glass jars. We watch the seeds grow and the tad- . pole develop. And as we study the minute detail, the won- ders of nature increase. tº. w Perhaps the fascination of the leaves depends largely upon the fact that even op the same tree, no two are exactly alike as to size, form, and color, and yet each tree has its characteristic leaf. The teacher should have a knowledge of this leaf-a composite leaf as it were—with the individu- ality carefully worked out, and the unimportant details omitted in order to give leaf lessons of real and permanent value. Drawings are a regular part of leaf study, and here the aim should be to bring out the individuality of the leaf. The teacher wishes to fashion within the mind of the child 'a characteristic leaf. The decision of what such a leaf is, reaches, quite into the realm of "science,—far beyond the province of the regular teacher, and mūch valuable time is needlessly wastedin groping for these characteristics. What the teacher needs is a drawing at hand with the individuality of the leaf clearly shown, and a statement made as to what characterizes the leaf of this particular tree, and the lesson of a few minutes can then be made of lasting value. In giving color lessons from the leaves, the children get the idea that the leaves are pretty and attractive and that there are a great variety of beautiful leaves, and they be- Af A. Mosher's Fruit and Nut Trees - For Primary Grades . This sumptuous book, 12 x 16 inches, by Miss Edith R Mosher of the Bureau of Forestry, Washington, is the best study that has appeared of the Fruit and Nut Bearing Trees of America. The keen appreciation of just the needs of the School-room as evidenced on every page is the result of pedagogical training and experience as a teacher in Kinder- garten and Primary grades. Full page sketches of the leaves, buds, blossoms and fruit in their natural size are accom- panied by a botanical description and a photograph of Some typical tree. The sketches are without excessive detail, and are both accurate and artistic. A page of cor- related quotations from the poets, with references to song and story is given for each tree. º The fruits and nuts given are the following: apple hazel pear beech hickory pecan butternut lemon persimmon cherry mulberry plum chestnut orange quince crabapple peach walnut This work is to be followed by a series from the same pen, dealing with other groups of our friends of the forest. It gives me pleasure to say that I was much interested in this work, and hope that the volume on Forest Trees may soon follow.—Filibert Roth, professor of forestry, University of Michigan. The book is beautiful indeed, excellent in its arrangement, and the illustrations are as charming as helpful. I am sure every kindergartner will welcome so fine a combination of nature, art, and literature. ‘The drawings, and photographs as well, are fine, and the selection of poems and quotations a delight to both child and teacher.—Clara Wheeler, president kindergarten training school, Grand Rapids, Mich. Cloth, 4to, pp. 56. $2.00 *** ~ > ‘, © * *. #. C 4. 3. - 2 *', 4- Af Tree Studies for Primary Grades The time to awaken a love for trees is in the kindergarten and primary grades, when the natural enthusiasm of little children needs only to be directed. ' At this age the matter should be presented from its most attractive side, emphasizing *4-4* * ºp * -: # - $: l º *** º N º * 4. Cº. * “W Aſ - $º * \!. ! 3. * * '. \tº º ſº \ $º. *Cº . . * * * * * º \sº - gy }. º N S º Zºº. * º White Pine flowers, needles, and cones, 1-14 full size only a few details, but impressing them thoroughly. Miss Mosher's books will lead the children to make friends of and learn to recognize the pretty-colored, ever-changing leaves and dainty blossoms through their growth from seed to fruit. That they may awaken to the poetic beauty which gathers about all nature study, the verse in which it has been .sr charmingly expressed has been made a prominent feature, in order to instill in the children's, minds an appreciation of the subtle beauty that pervades the subject, which, once caught, makes an impression for life. In other words, it creates a sentiment; which will do much toward solving the problem of protecting our forests. sº While primarily intended for children, these books will be found an easy path to knowledge of trees for beginners at whatever age they become interested. *, * Commendations of Miss Mosher's Books In preparing books for children it is important that the facts presented, no matter how simple and elementary, should be scientifically accurate; what is once learned should never need to be unlearned. These testimonials from high authority are therefore of interest. From H. S. Graves, United States Forester “I was both surprised and pleased to see your books on the cone-nearing trees, the fruit and nut bearing trees, and our ºaks and maples. I knew that you had been doing some work in this direction, but I had no idea of the extent of it. I want to extend to you my congratulations and also my hearty compliments on your splendid illustrations. The illustrations furnish a º: picture of the leaves and fruit, and can not help but be most useful to the student in identifying the various species. “I am glad to hear that you are preparing a series of books for children. The plan is an admirable one. I have always felt that we should take forestry right into the schools so that the next generation will have a totally different feel- ing about the forest than is prevalent today. The only way to accomplish this is to lead the children to an-appreciation of the forest. You are going at it in the right way and you have my best wishes for success.”—Sept. 24, 1910 From Gifford Pinchot, former U. S. Forester “I have examined the books with great interest, and I aſſi *. in favor of your general plan to get the study of trees taught in the kindergartens I believe your books will help materially towards that end, and I am particularly glad to have seen them.”—March 16, 1910 From William L. Hall, Assistant Forester “I have examined with a great deal of interest the studies on our oaks and maples, cone-bearing trees, and fruit and nut-bearing trees, and want to give you my best congratula- tions on the complete success with which you have handled these subjects for the purpose intended. What impresses me most is the simplicity of the illustrations, together with their excellent representation of the specimens. They should be very easily copied for blackboard and drawing work. * * * Your work is certainly a credit not only to yourself but to the Forest Service, and I hope you may have a long line of successes ahead of you in this work.”—April 25° 1910 * * * Commendations of Miss Mosher's Books We have these books on our library table for constant reference and find them most helpful and suggestive to our students. The general arrangement and the appropriate bits of literature added to the clear-cut and artistic illus- trations make these books of value from three standpoints, for Art, Nature and Literature are blended in a delightfui and also in a practical manner.--Clara. Wheeler, principal kindergarten training School, Grand Rapids, Mich. No one has given little pºp; such delightful studies of trees as has Edith R. Mosher of the National Forest Service, Washington, D. C. The first of her series of “Tree Studies for Primary Grades” was “Fruit, and Nut Trees,” which was so sumptuous that it seemed impossible to continue that standard, but “Qur Oaks and Maples” and “Our Cone. Bearing Trees” have kept the pace, if, indeed, they have not accelerated it. A keen appreciation of the needs of the schoolroom is evinced on every page as the result of peda- gogical training and experience of the author as a teacher in kindergarten and primary grades. Full-page sketches of the parts of the tree in their natural size are accompanied by a botanical description and a photograph of somé typi- cal tree. The skétches are without excessive detail, and are both accurate and artistic. A page of correlated quota- tions from the poets, with references to song and story, is given for each tree.— New England Journal of Education Miss Mosher's “Tree Studies” and her “Nature, Study Drawing Books”, well deserve to be in the hands of every school child in the country. In plan and execution these unique little books are calculated, better than any books I know of, to stimulate an interest in trees, and a curiosity to know, more about their form and color, their beauty and their utility. The designs in the books simply make a child want to draw and learn of the many combinations of pattern and color which make the trees the greatest of all of nature's decorations. ... And we need education here, not by spasm and big head lines, but exactly as these books will do— educate by the millions and make us a nation of tree lovers who love through appreciation based on real knowledge. -Fulbert Roth, Prof. of Forestry, University of Michigan, May 15, 1912. I am always interested in anything that will make the study of nature interesting and vital to my classes, and I shall certainly be #. to avail myself of the help that your books may be.-- Harrette Melissa Mills, training school for kindergarten and Mºš teachers, affiliated with New York University, March 25, 1912 Mosher's Trée Studies 1. Our Fruit and Nut Bearing Trees contains full-page illus- ‘trations in which the fruits, nuts, and leaves appearin natural size in blºssom, in bud and in fruit, as shown in this picture. of the lemon, 1-16th size of the picture in the book. Opposite The Lemon blossom and fruit, 1-16 full size each page is a photographed contour study of the trée. Besides the botanical description there is a page of quota- tions from the poets, whose sensitive natures have so often caught the individuality that identifies the tree. . There are song and story references, and additional pages of quota- tions about trees in generai. 2. Our Cone-Bearing Trees leads the reader along similar pleasant paths to a friendly and charming acquaintance with these magnificent friends of the forest. 3. Our Oaks and Maples by the same delightful combina- tion of art and literature introduces the reader with new interest to these tree friends,--these royal specimens of Nature's handiwork. * Price of each, $2.00, postpaid Elementary Tree Studies FOR CONSTRUCTIVE WORK By Edith R. Mosher These drawings are for introductory studies. Hence the elaborate minutiae of a scientific work are omitted while the important detail is carefully preserved, that the individuality of each tree figured may be easily recognized and remem- bered. A study of these sketches teaches the pupil accuracy in observing the important and characteristic details of plant life; the lesson is at the same time a study in drawing and of plant development, Pupils are easily interested in the Nature Study drawings and will soon develop original artistic ability. The drawings will be found an inspiration for original designing and color work; the accuracy and care with which they have been worked out make them excel- lent studies for water color, crayon, and blackboard illustra- tions. Every drawing is of full natural size. * No. 1. Fruit Studies Apple Drawing studies of our fruits, accurate, sketchy, Cherry artistic, an excellent foundation for water color Lemon and crayon studies, giving ample opportunity Orange for originality. A careful study of these draw- Peach ings showing the leaf, bud, and fruit is the nec- Pear essary beginning of accurate original work. Quince No. 2. Our Queenly Maples Sugar Maple These make beautiful studies, espe- Red Maple cially in their autumn coloring. After Silver Maple carefully studying for the necessary Moosewood accuracy the imagination is allowed Ash-leaved Maple full play in arranging designs in form and color. The glorious autumn colors of the maples have been the inspiration of many a famous canvass. No. 3. Our Kingly Oaks White Oak These grand trees we should all know Chestnut Oak intimately. To simplify the study we Black Oak classify them into the two great groups Scarlet Oak of White Oaks and Black Oaks, thus BIäck Jack distinguishing the main characteristics. Willow Oak These drawings furnish an easy and exact Live Oak way to become acquainted with them. No. 4. Studies of Nut Bearing Trees Beech Accurate studies of our favorite nuts in Butternut leaf, bud and mature fruit. After careful Chestnut study of the plant figured the pupil should Hazelnut draw from memory, which makes the impres- Hickory sion more lasting. Accuracy is the first essen- Pecan tial and this combined with the sketchy artistic Walnut element produces a most attractive drawing. No. 5. Studies of Evergreens White Pine Our Cone-Bearing Trees make delightful Red Spruce and artistic studies for pencil and brush. Larch We first study their individuality and make Hemlock accurate copies, and then encourage all Fir possible originality in making designs and Arborvitae borders. The subject will be found most Red Cedar inspiring. Five numbers, price 20 cents each per copy Additional sheets for drawing, same paper and size as in the book, may be had at fifty cents per hundred. I have used the “Tree Studies for Primary Grades” by Miss Edith R. Mosher for several years in my nature-study classes. I find them valuable, both in method and in liter- ary excellence, and I can most sincerely recommend their use.—Mrs. Anne Botsford Comstock, lecturer in Nature Study, Cornell University. •- 16 1931 Univ. ºf Mich. lierARY - . . . . . . . . - * : * . & - * * } { -- . - • * | x- - ... 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