w JUL 14 1922 - C345 F.3 # — i ! w OREIGN-BOR A Bulletin of International Service *- ... …< *** August–September | “f a C Twenty Cents a Copy $1.50 a Year Contents Foreign Holidays, Festivals and International Migration News. . . . 205 Saints' Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I94 o ſº º The Foreign Folk Festival and the Continental Emigration and Its Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I95 - By Louis Varlez, Head Emigration Recent Legislation Affecting the and Unemployment Section, Inter- ion- national Labor Office, Geneva, Foreign Born 2 IO Switzerland º “º g tº Witzer an Legislative Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II The Migration Office of the Ger- man Empire (Reichs w a n - Educational Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I 2 derungsamt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2OO By Walter L. Reinhardt, German For an International Labor Ex- Vice-Consul, N. Y. C. change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I4 Mexican Immigration: An Inter- national Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2OI Press Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I5 By Mary E. Hurlbutt, Immigration e Secretary, National Board, Y. W. International Contacts . . . . . . . . . . 2I9 C. A., N. Y. C. - Announcements of Interest to the Another Border Problem ........ 2O2 Foreign-Born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 I World Migration Items. . . . . . . . . . 2O3 Magazine Rack and Book Shelf .. 222 Siberia as a Country of Colgº tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 A New Book—What Every Emigrant By Elisabeth Yatzovitch Should Know. By Cecilia Razovsky. 223 Omens Christian Associations of the United States of America, New York FOREIGN HOLIDAYS, FESTIVALS AND SAINTS’ DAYS NOTE: For more detailed information regarding July, August and September holidays, the reader is referred to FOREIGN-BoRN, June–July and August-September, 1921. Only those festivals are here mentioned which are cele- brated by the foreign-born in this country or are of particular value to those interested in dramatizing the folk cus- toms of other countries. JULY July 6. Martyrdom of Jan Hus. Czecho-Slovakia: The day is commemorated throughout the country by spe- cial exercises. America's independence is often observed on the same day. St. John's Eve. Greek Orthodox Church. Russia: Eve of Ivana Kupala. A superstititon exists that anyone find- ing the miraculous red flower of the fern which blossoms only on this night, will be able to discover hidden treasures and to obtain his heart's desire. Tiny flames, burning over the spot where the riches are buried, may be observed by those standing on the roof of a thrice moved house. The fern flower furnishes a special protection to treasure Seekers, but it may be found only at great peril, for those seeking the blossom must go alone at midnight to the depths of the forest. Ukraine: The boys and girls fashion flower wreaths and fasten lighted candles to them. The garlands are then set afloat upon the water and are carefully observed, for the meeting of two wreaths indicates marriage, while the extinction of a candle foretells death. - July 7. St. John's Day. Russia: Ivana Kupala. A day of fasting and merrymaking among the peasants. Some- times the family cleans house, lays the table and then goes out of doors, so the “domovoy’’ (house fairy) may go about unhindered in his duties. Roumania: Offerings of new fruits must be made to the dead. Sliced cucumbers, bread and apples are distributed. Cyprus: The boys of every town and village make huge bonfires through which they must jump. July 12. SS. Peter and Paul. Greek Orthodox Church. Serbia: Since the saints are patrons of many rural churches, a fair is held each year on the name of the church. Dancing and drinking in the churchyard, exchange of cakes among relatives, bartering and selling of yellow, black or white cakes are features of the event. July 14. Bastile Day. France: The national holiday in memory of the fall of the Bastile in 1789. Concerts, balls and fireworks, as well as the military review by the president, are the principal events of the day. United States (New York City) : Celebrated by patriotic exercises, military drills and entertainment by the French consul general. July 16. Madonna del Carmine. Italy: The festival is celebrated with great pomp especially in Southern Italy. United States. (New York City): The upper Italian quarter (East 115th and adjoining streets) is gaily lighted by festoons of green, white and red electric lights. Push carts, loaded with strings of Spanish chestnuts, piles of pink and white cakes, “torrone” (Italian nougat) and watermelons line the streets, which are thronged with worship- pers, fortune tellers, and sightseers. Brightly decorated wax replicas of different parts of the human body are sold from booths near the Church of the Madonna del Carmine, where they are presented as votive offerings. July 17. Memorial services for Czar Nicholas. Russia: The Holy Synod of Russia has set this date for the celebration of requiem masses for the repose of the soul of Nicholas II. United States (New York City): Services are annually held at ten o'clock in the Holy Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas. Special prayers are said for “The Little Father of Us All,” as the Czar was called by his people. July 21. Independence Day (1830) Belgium: Celebrated by parades, speeches and patriotic demonstrations. July 26. St. Anne. France (Brittany, Auray): Pardon of St. Anne d'Auray. The peasants believe that house- hold, crops and cattle will prosper only if candles are burned yearly at St. Anne's shrine. The golden image of St. Anne, carried on a litter by four widows, is followed by that of the Virgin, borne by four maidens. The procession ascends the Scala Sacra, on which pilgrims are climbing all day, to obtain the nine months' indulgence granted for every step. Offerings of corn, candles and household articles are made at the shrine. At night, William of Orange is burned in effigy outside the church. Canada (Beaupré): Thousands of pilgrims from all over the United States go to Beaupré to worship at the saint's shrine. United States (New York City): The wrist of St. Anne, preserved in a casket in the church of St. Jeane Baptiste, is kissed by those wishing to be healed. Another small relic is kept in the church of St. Anne. AUGUST August 2. St. Elijah. Greek Orthodox Church. Roumania: While the prophet is hunting devils in his chariot on this day, the superstitious shun plane trees, goats, cats, dogs, and avoid walking in valleys. The peasants believe that a thunderstorm may be made to cease or that its disastrous effects may be prevented by lighting an Easter candle or planting a hatchet in the middle of the yard and pouring salt over the spot. Thorrablot. Iceland: First day of summer. Celebrated in Icelandic settlements in the United States. August 19. Transfiguration. Greek Orthodox Church : The blessing of the new grapes by the village priest takes place in many Eastern Orthodox countries. SEPTEMBER September 14. Seven hundredth anniversary of the death of Dante. Celebrated in Italy and the United States by appropriate exercises, musical events and pageants. September 16. Independence Day. Mexico: Commemoration of the reconquest of the state by De Vargas in 1693. United States (New Mewico- Santa Fe): Elaborate pageants, cock fights, games and processions are the prin- cipal features of the celebration. The pageants represent scenes from the lives of the Pueblo Indians, the coming of the Spaniards and the triumphal entry of De Vargas as well as other historical events. Indians from neighboring towns perform ceremonial dances and sing folk songs, while cavalry and foot soldiers represent the splendor of Ancient Spain. - September 24. Holy Cross Day. Armenian Apostolic Church : One of the five principal church holidays in Armenia. The day commemorates the discovery of the Holy Cross, which, according to the Armenian tradition, was for many years buried in Armenia under a mountain of sand and dirt. A fragrant evergreen plant called “rahan" grew on the mountain. The Armenians, noting a column of light descending nightly on the hill and suspecting, the presence of a holy object began to excavate and at length came upon three crosses. The true cross, finally identified through its power to resuscitate a dead body, was consequently named “Genatz Paid,” the Cross of Life. At the annual church ceremony a cross is buried under sprays of the evergº tº rahan " and each member of the congrega- tion carries home a twig to insure blessings to his household and suffering and disease. The day following Holy Cross Day is dedicated to the dead and the decoration of * September 27. Holy Cross Day. Greek Orthodox Church is chanted by the priest, as he lowers and raises the cross to s its discovery by St. Helena. Roumania: a day of fasting w beginning of the vintage is celebrated by special festivities in September 28. St. Václav, Czecho-Slovakia: , A holi ing to tradition, Václav and his warriors sleep in Mt. Bl est need. The feast of harvests. he famous litany, “Lord, Have Mercy” Neated elevation of the holy object after nkles the houses wi water. The Foreign-Born A Bulletin of International Service DR. ERLA RODAKIEwicz. . . . . . . . . . . . . Editor ALPHA BUSE. . . . . . . . . . . Circulation Manager Vol III. No. 7 N E W YORK August-September, 1922 FoEEIGN-BoEN: 20 cents a copy, $1.50 for a year's subscription of ten issues, foreign postage 50 cents additional. Published monthly October to May; bi-monthly June to September, for The Committee on Work for Foreign-Born Women, by The Womans Press, National Board of Young Womens Christian Associations, 600 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Entered as second-class matter, December 3, 1920, at the post office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized May 25, 1921. *_ CONTINENTAL, EMIGRATION AND ITS REGULATION * By Louis Varlez Trans-oceanic and Continental Emigration HERE are three successive phases in migration—emigration, immigration and repatriation; and each of these phases may assume two distinct forms. The majority of emigrants cross the sea in order to take up per- manent residence in a fresh country, but a large minority travel to no great distance from their Original home and settle in neighboring coun- tries without crossing the ocean. This division according to destination may appear, and in Some cases certainly is, somewhat arbitrary, but in general it corresponds to two quite different types of migration. In the case of transoceanic emigration, the resolve to cross the ocean and to settle in a dis- tant country is a serious one, and is only taken after much deliberation in cases where the emi- grant finds economic conditions utterly inade- quate to assure him the conditions of life which he has a right to expect. Such migration con- stitutes in almost every case a complete break in nationality, ways of life, and spiritual outlook. Even in cases where, on setting out, the emigrant intends to return and leaves behind him his wife and children, it often happens that he sends for them later on, and among the large numbers of returning emigrants there are many whose sole reason for returning is to make arrangements for permanent departure, or to take back their wives and families to settle for good in the new coun- try. Even among those emigrants who seem to have returned permanently to their home country a considerable number end by re-emigrating with their dependents, having found it impossible to adapt themselves again to conditions in their native land. t 4. The case of the continental emigrant is quite different. His economic reasons for emigration are less serious. He does not attempt to strike Out a new way of life for himself so much as to add temporarily to his resources and to return home with his gains, with a view to marrying or settling down; he is doing little more than devot- ing several years of youth or bachelorhood to a journey round Europe. In the majority of such cases the emigrant returns at the end of the Sea- son, and these periodical departures, which cease after a certain age has been reached, are few enough in number. The emigrant is not moving his family abroad, but taking temporary employ- ment in a foreign country. In the one case the emigration is generally per- manent, in the other it is temporary; and the attitude of governments in countries which re- ceive immigrants, as well as in those from which they emigrate, is entirely shaped by this dis- tinction. Relative Importance of the Two Types of Emigration Emigration statistics have always been regret- tably inadequate. With a view to collecting more adequate and reliable information concerning a problem which bulks so large in modern social and economic life, the International Emigration Commission, set up by the International Labour Office, on which six of the principal countries concerned with the despatch and reception of emigrants are represented, gave first place upon the list of resolutions which it requested the International Labour Conference to discuss one demanding improved information on the subject: (I) The Governing Body of the International Labour Office, with a view to obtaining such an improvement, has placed the question of infor- mation concerning, emigration and immigration on the Agenda of the International Labour Con- ference for the present year (1922), considering it to be of the greatest importance. At present, in spite of the quantity of statistics published in various countries on this Subject (2), it is still necessary to be content with esti. *International Labour Office. Report of the Internati Emigration Commission, Geneva, Attgust, 1921. iOntal * Since the opening of the present year a monthl has been published in the International Laboº. #ºf International Migration, in which most of these national Statistics are analysed. But the procedure adopted varies so much from country to country and most of the informa- tion Stºpplied is so incomplete that it has higherº, been im- possible to take a general view of the 8tubject based on ade- quate Statisties. 195 mates, especially in so far as concerns statistics of continental emigration, which have hitherto been studied in very few countries. Political disorganization, the intensity of eco- nomic and political crises, the disturbance in international relations, the instability of the exchanges, the frontier regulations and frequent changes in national legislation have So much impeded migratory movements and have so fre- quently held up or suspended the currents of migration that it is exceedingly difficult to esti- mate their actual force. Before the war, conditions were a great deal more favorable for the observation of the phe- nomenon of migration, and statistics dating from that period may possibly give a more exact idea of the permanent force of the various streams of migration than any which are available at the present time. In any case, they may be taken as a starting point in the study of the problem. Before the war the average figures for a normal year were estimated at: Transoceanic emigrants. . . . ... I,750,000 Continental emigrants. . . . . . . . I,500,000 3,250,000 The number of returning emigrants was: Continental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I,350,000 Transoceanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750,000 2, IOO,OOO The three largest items in the figures for con- tinental emigration were: Russians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636,000 Austro-Hungarians . . . . . . . . . 480,000 Italians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25O,OOO I,366,OOO The fears which were often expressed some years ago of a post-war invasion of countries in the new world by swarms of emigrants have proved groundless. In 1922 transoceanic emigra- tion will probably not reach one-half and perhaps not even one-third of the pre-war figures. As for continental emigration, it has declined to an even greater extent. Not counting as emigrants the Russian refugees, who have fled from the Soviet régime and are wandering homeless in Eastern Europe, or the numerous officials and others whom altered conditions in the Balkan Peninsula and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire have driven from their homes in order to share the life of men of their own race, it may roundly be said that of the continental streams of migra- tion only the Italian has survived, and even this is directed at present for the most part toward France, and has lost a great deal of its pre-war importance. According to statistics issued by the Italian government (probably somewhat incomplete) the number of continental emigrants in 1920 was 153,717 (as against 211,227 transoceanic). The effect of the crisis in 1921 was to reduce this number to 60,846 (as against I94,326 trans- A Oceanic). Of these 36,179 are given as emigrat- ing to France. French statistics, probably still more incom- plete than the Italian, give the number of regis- tered immigrants for 1921 (for all classes and countries) as 24,490, including 7,160 Italians, as against 62,536 returning emigrants. These figures, whatever their statistical value, are in- teresting inasmuch as they show the way in which continental streams of migrants may be suddenly reversed and the immigrants return to their own country at the first sign of crisis. In 1920 France had registered 73,526 Italians as entering the country and 781 as leaving it; whereas in 1921 these figures had become respectively 7,160 and 23,197. This reversal shows plainly the extreme sensitiveness of emigration statistics to external conditions. The other great continental immigrant receiv- ing country before the war was Germany, but in this case also immigration figures have greatly fallen. According to statistics published by the “Deutsche Arbeiter Zentrale’’ (German Central Office for Workers), which, like those published in France and Italy, are rather defective and incomplete, the number of seasonal immigrants in Germany was: I913–German speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,523 Non-German speakers. ... . . . . . . . 681,989 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770,5I2 1918–German speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 7,944 Non-German speakers... . . . . . . . . 591,946 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . § - - 709,890 I919—German speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,187 Non-German speakers..... . . . . . . I77,962 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . • * is e º e º s e e º a 260,149 I920–German speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,312 Non-German speakers. . . . . . . . . . . 2O5,507 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * * * * * * * 294,819 Continental immigrants of whom many had been settled in Germany for some time. The above figures show the heavy fall in con- tinental migration figures. The Regulation of Emigration To meet post-war conditions, almost every country has modified or is modifying its policy toward emigration. Legislation has recently been passed on this subject in the U.S.A., Brazil, Italy, Greece, Serbia, and Czecho-Slovakia; and bilís have been under consideration in England, Ger- many, France, the Netherlands, India, Uruguay and several other countries. Special treaties dealing with the matter have also been signed between various countries. There is no need here to examine textually any of these laws, bills or treaties. Almost all of them aim at abolishing the absolute freedom of the individual which used to prevail in these matters, and at substitut- ing a policy of consideration for the general welfare, so that national interests, real or Sup- 196 posed, may frequently be preferred to the ex- clusive and selfish interests of the emigrant himself. This novel and interesting tendency is particularly plain where transoceanic emigration is concerned; but so many important works have been published on the subject of immigration in the U.S.A. that it would be mere presumption on the part of an European to attempt to speak on this matter for a country where the supply of information on the legislative and social aspects of its own immigration problem is so admirably complete. Sometimes, possibly, one might wish to see a study of the problem from a more inter- national viewpoint, in which the needs of the European emigrant should receive as much attention as those of the American States, but even on this aspect of the question there exists a number of notable works which will certainly be still further extended, in the common interest, thanks to the presence in Europe of so many American enquirers of both sexes. Nor is this the place to speak of the resolutions passed by the International Emigration Commis- sion held at Geneva in August, 1921, when repre- sentatives of sixteen governments endeavoured, without prejudice to the sovereign rights of their respective States, to find out what general measures might be taken with a view to the regu- lation of the migration of workers and to the protection of the interests of foreign wage- earners”. Their special concern was to dis- cover the fundamental principles for a series of great international agreements, without for- getting the importance of Safeguarding national requirements, and the varying interests of emi- grant supplying and receiving countries. Their conclusions are at the present moment being attentively studied by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, which will always be most interested to receive any communications which American experts may address to it on the subject. The question has, moreover, already been studied in FOREIGN-BoRN and the present article can hardly be extended to cover it. Citizens of the United States may, however, be interested to note that, in addition to the method of national legislation (carried out in America with special thoroughness), and that of general agreements between a number of States, which has hitherto Scarcely been studied at all, a half-way method exists. This half-way method is that of separate national treaties, and its ad- vantage is that it allows regulations to be adapted to the requirements of different nations in their relations with each other, and agreements based On mutual good-will to be substituted for the method of attempting to impose on citizens of other countries legislative provisions enacted at home, a method which can never be entirely free from irritating reactions. - Some light may be thrown on this aspect of the question by experience of the regulation of continental emigration in Europe. I. L. O. 8 I. L. International Emigration Commission, Geneva, A ugust, 1921. Report of the Commission 1921. Reciprocal Treaties on Continental Emigration In earlier days the attempt was made to regu- late continental emigration, as well as trans- oceanic, by means of national laws and regula- tions. But in the case of migration between neighbouring countries the disadvantages of this system were particularly apparent and were 1ecognized much sooner than in the case of over- Seas migration. The laws of a country may be perfectly efficient for the regulation of home affairs, but when a matter affecting citizens of other nationalities arises (and emigration is such a matter) and whose effects are not limited to the territory within the national frontiers, na- tional legislation turns out to be inadequate. The immigrant receiving country is as incapable of organizing by means of its own legislation its supply of new citizens as the emigrant despatch- ing country is of ensuring the protection of its citizens abroad. It is doubtless easy to enunciate principles, but the moment an attempt is made to apply these principles in foreign countries prac- tical difficulties arise and, if no special agree- ments exist, it is sometimes necessary to employ methods which are fatal to international good feeling in order to make up for the deficiencies of the national legislation method. The gravity of these difficulties is increased by the fact that they concern very delicate questions of national sovereignty and a long list of disputes has already arisen out of the question of emigration, both continental and overseas. Thus, the necessity for permanent agreements has gradually become clear. Special Treaties The necessity for reciprocal agreements con- cerning particular points in the protection of workers was recognized long ago. Since 1882, over one hundred treaties and agreements of a reciprocal nature have been made in Europe between countries which receive and supply con- tinental emigrants; in particular, between Ger- many, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and Switzerland; and within quite recent times between Danzig, Lichtenstein, Monaco, Poland, San Marino and Czecho-Slovakia. These agreements cover every conceivable question arising out of the legal protection of workers. Particular attention has been devoted to questions of insurance—general insurance, accident insurance (round which diplomacy has been specially active), old age and invalidity insurance, insurance against unemployment— and to other special questions, as for instance relief, transfer of savings accounts, repatriation, and a number of others. As compared with these active measures, diplomacy has achieved little for overseas emigrants in spite of the fact that they are far more numerous. Practically the only treaties regarding them which can be quoted are two dealing with accident insurance between the Argentine and Italy and Spain. Until quite recent years, however, these treaties 197 covered only particular points, which fell strictly within the limits of legal protection. Their object was to ensure by means of reciprocal treaties a more or less complete equality of economic treat- ment for workers of one country settled in another. They attempted nothing further. General Treaties During the war it has been possible to go further and to conclude “emigration treaties” properly so-called covering in the course of one general agreement all the problems of the recruit- ment, settlement, and protection of workers in foreign countries. One result of the war which divided Europe so profoundly was to bring the Allied nations much closer to each other in economic matters. The military authorities, faced with urgent prob- lems, were ready, in order to procure the work- ers who were necessary for producing the Sup- plies which were essential if victory was to be secured, to accept conclusions which professional diplomats would probably have rejected. When peace was declared the liberated nations were ready in their enthusiasm to enter into close re- lation with the older peoples who had assisted their rebirth. The people of Europe were eager to solve social problems in the most generous way and to increase and intensify production by means of agreements between the various coun- tries. Consequently a wholesome breath of al- truism seemed to run through Europe. More- over, numbers of young workers had perished, whole districts had been ruined and deserted, normal streams of migration had been inter- rupted and it was natural that as soon as the war was over the treaties of peace were accom- panied by a whole series of regular treaties which set up methods of regulating continental emigra- tion such as had hitherto been unknown. Five general Emigration and Labor Treaties were thus concluded in a short period. These were: France-Poland (16 articles) signed 7 Septem- ber, 1919. France-Italy (26 articles) signed 30 Septem- ber, 1919. France-Czecho-Slovakia (I5 articles) signed 2O March, 1920. Italy-Luxembourg (16 articles) signed II November, 1920. Austria-Poland (7 articles) signed 24 January, , I92I. Several other treaties are at the moment under discussion, and France and Italy in particular, the former as an immigrant receiving country and the latter as an emigrant despatching one, have both been so well satisfied by the working of their other treaties that they are making ef- forts to conclude similar treaties with other countries. A proper study of these treaties would entail a detailed analysis of each one, for every clause in them corresponds to some particular require- ment, and not one is without its importance. Such a study, however, cannot be undertaken within the limits of the present article, and an indication of general tendencies must suffice“. All the treaties have certain fundamental prin- ciples in common, and their tendency is to rescue emigrants in and from the signatory countries from the despotic regulations to which the old system of national legislation used to subject them, substituting agreed regulations drawn up to meet the particular requirements of each in- stance. One of their results is also to give special privileges to the individual immigrant, generally of a very generous nature. With the exception of the last treaty on the list, which concerns Polish emigration into Aus- tria exclusively, all of the treaties are based on the principle of reciprocity—in theory at least, for in point of fact the numbers of Italian, Polish, and Czecho-Slovak emigrants are much larger than those of emigrants from France and Luxembourg into the corresponding countries. Some of the treaties contain also a most favored nation clause, whose effect is automati- cally to extend any favorable treatment which may be granted in later Conventions to the original contracting parties. Treaties are, of course, not all identical with each other; some of them touch questions of re- cruitment of labour only, whereas others go fur- ther, and cover all the problems which may affect the foreign-born settler. - A study of the particular clauses shows that the principles adopted are generally the follow- ing: (I) Emigration and immigration are to be free, but only under supervision and subject to certain regulations, and to a periodical census taken with a view to making it possible to accel- erate the flow of emigrants or to retard it, as may appear necessary at any given time. In- stead of recruiting workers haphazard, an at- tempt is made to determine beforehand the strength, direction and character of the streams of emigrants according to the varying require- ments of the receiving country and the resources of the country from which they come, and so to prevent a form of competition which must have unfortunate results both for the workers in the receiving country and for industry in the supply- 1ng country. (2) Collective recruitment is only allowed on condition that labour contracts are duly signed. These contracts generally conform to a type agreed upon by both Governments. They also indicate any special conditions attaching to the engagement of the worker. Wages are some- times fixed in advance, and sometimes calculated according to local standard rates, but in no case must they be lower than those generally in force in the district to which the worker is going. The same applies to hours of labour, housing condi- tions, insurance, relief, etc., which must all be clearly provided for in advance. The contracts must be written out and one copy drawn up in * Both the treaties and the various laws in the countries which &upply and receive emigrants are being thoroughly analyzed in a volume which the I. L. O. hopes to publish shortly, entitled “Laws and treaties governing emigration and immigration, Geneva 1922.” 198 the language of the worker who is being engaged must be given to him. They often contain clauses guaranteeing the payment of the worker's fare back to his native country at the expiration of the contract. (3) A number of the reciprocal agreements make a distinction between collective recruiting, which is subjected to strict supervision on the part of the Governments, and individual recruit- ment, for which rather greater freedom is al- lowed, though always within the limits imposed by the terms of the treaty. (4) Employers and workers may, and in some cases must, have recourse for finding labour and employment respectively to the existing national institutions, and especially to official labour ex- changes or authorized recruiting agents. (5) The emigrants are allowed to take full advantage of all national institutions catering for the welfare of the workers, e.g. friendly Socie- ties, trade unions, savings banks, and relief funds. They have the same rights of acquiring property as citizens of the receiving country, and also the same right to take part in strikes and meetings. (6) The complete equality of the emigrant and the native citizen is declared in regard to the laws concerning insurance, protection, welfare and relief. Compensation is paid directly by the receiving country. - (7) Special arbitration courts are set up un- der the treaties to deal with disputes which may arise out of emigration. Representation is secured to the immigrants by means of special representatives, interpreters, official delegates, etC. (8) Local employers' committees and mixed national committees are set up with a view to the organization of recruitment and the discus- sion of the terms of the contracts. Special agree- ments are made with regard to the functions of Consuls and of special representatives of the native country of the emigrant. The above are the principal terms contained in these treaties. It is easy to see how greatly they extend and standardise the official protec- tion to which immigrants are entitled, and how much better off the worker who enters a foreign country under these conditions is than one who has no protection other than the ordinary laws of the country. The increasing number of these treaties by which conditions for emigrants of certain na- tionalities are completely changed, and which already in some countries cover the great ma- jority of emigrant or immigrant workers, is already bringing into existence a new legal code, and the time is drawing near when general in- ternational treaties will be signed, by means of which the system will be applied to all nations. The legislation covering Continental emigrants may further cover trans-oceanic emigrants as well, and Italy has already (8 October, 1921) signed an agreement in eight articles with Brazil under which a new emigration system is set up. This treaty contains some very interesting clauses dealing with the signing of labour con- tracts previous to the departure of the emigrant, the application of legislation concerning acci. dents at work, the finding of employment, and the protection of workers and the encourage- ment of associations amongst Italian emigrants. Nor have the U. S. A. remained outside the scope of this tendency to form reciprocal agree- ments, and a convention which is of great in- terest, though of a rather special character, has been concluded with Canada for the mutual ex- amination of immigrants. Conclusions It is becoming more and more clear that Con- tinental emigration is not a matter for laws en- acted by one country in its own interests, but an affair for reciprocal agreement. This natural necessary development, by which each form of emigration obtains regulations designed to meet special requirements, and which is leading to the establishment under the control of the Governments concerned of an equitable system of protection for emigrants, represents a con- siderable progress beyond the old practice. Thanks to it, the danger of disputes between one country and another on questions of emigration is considerably diminished, recruitment can be organized on practical lines, and both workers and employers are given effective protection. It would be difficult to say which of these three re- sults is the most important. The new system is still, of course, restricted in extent, and governs the relations of only a few countries with each other, but it none the less represents a considerable progress as compared with the old system. It may be asked, is it possible to adapt this extension of the system of reciprocal agreements to trans-oceanic emigration? It is worth while to examine this question rather closely. Two measures may be quoted which indicate that an affirmative answer may be given. The first is the “Rogers” Bill in the U. S. A. This bill dif- fers from many other proposals which have been made, providing for the despatch of American officials to Europe for the purpose of carrying out the American immigration law and of exam- ining prospective emigrants on the spot—a course which has been bitterly resented by some Euro- pean Governments as an invasion of their na- tional Sovereignty—in that its ultimate aim is to bring about negotiations between the American Government and the other Governments con- cerned, with a view to insuring an effective ex- amination of immigrants desirous of entering the United States before their departure, by means of treaties and international agreements. Another very similar proposal is the resolution of the International Emigration Conference, which runs as follows: “It would seem to be desirable that special Conven- tions made between the States concerned should stipu- late the conditions under which examinations of emigrants shall take place; the manner in which coun- tries of emigration and immigration shall provide for such examinations in their respective ports or at their frontiers: the conditions under which admission to the countries shall be secured; the form to be given to certificates and other necessary documents; and any 199 other provisions concerning emigration, immigration, and repatriation.” The above resolution was unanimously voted by the Commission on the motion of the Italian Commissary General for Emigration, after the Canadian representative had demonstrated the excellent results obtained by the agreement men- tioned above between Canada and the U. S. A. for the examination of emigrants, and after the Brazilian Delegate had pointed out the serious difficulties necessarily attaching to any system of inspection which has to be carried out in one country by officials of another. The separate reciprocal agreements which have been concluded hitherto should lead to gen- eral consent among all peoples to the drawing up of one universal code on emigration, and to opening the way by this means to the adoption of genuine international conventions such as have been agreed upon in principle by the Interna- tional Emigration Commission, to cover a cer- tain number of other points which do not involve the sovereign rights of the various countries, This latter development would complete the evolutionary cycle which it appears the regula- tion of a matter so essentially international as emigration ought to follow. The cycle com- prises three successive phases, (I) regulation by Separate national laws, (2) the adoption of re- ciprocal treaties between countries which are friendly to, each other, and which have similar legal systems, (3) the adoption of general inter- national conventions, by means of which the common rights of emigrants will finally be es- tablished through the general consent of Govern- ments and peoples, THE MIGRATION OFFICE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE (Reichswanderungsamt) By Walther L. Reinhardt T a time when a favorable issue of the war was still considered possible in Germany, the German Government authorities came to realize the great importance of an extensive repatriation of Germans living abroad as a com- pensation for the great losses which the popula- tion had suffered through the war and its con- Sequences. During the war, 2,OOO,OOO men were killed on the German side. About 3–4,000,000 men have become cripples or suffered serious in- jury to their health; and 6-7,000,000 children, women and people of advanced age have died of diseases and undernourishment in consequence of the blockade of the German coast. Under these circumstances, it seemed of the utmost impor- tance to facilitate a general reflux of people of German descent from abroad, and more espe- cially from Poland, Volhynia, the countries bor- dering on the Black Sea, Bessarabia, Roumania and the Baltic provinces. When, in 1918, the German armies in the South-East of Europe came in contact with hundreds of thousands of people belonging to the German race, a powerful impetus made itself felt among the latter to re- turn to the country of their fathers, in order to Secure themselves against hostile oppression. Under these circumstances, it became imperative to regulate the re-migration by official measures, in order to forestall serious impairment of the economic and sanitary conditions in the German Empire through hap-hazard mass immigration from abroad. It is principally owing to social and economic considerations of this character that the “Reichs- wanderungsamt '' was established on May 29, 1918, by a rescript of the Imperial Chancellor. In consequence of the disastrous issue of the war, however, the principal purpose of the activities of this Office has undergone an essential trans- formation. Whereas, in the case of a favorable termination of the war, a considerable increase of re-immigration was to be expected, the eco- nomic decline and the harsh conditions of peace forced upon the German Empire constituted, on the contrary, a powerful impulse to emigration among all classes. At present, the activities of the Migration Office, which afterwards developed into an extensive Government Department, com- prise, above all, the provision of expert advice and information for all those who intend to emigrate from Germany, the care for the welfare of these emigrants, and the preservation of their relations to the old country and the cultural ties connecting them with the latter. At the same time, the Migration Office exercises supervision and inspection over all organizations which are in any way connected with German migration. Untrustworthy organizations whose only object is the exploitation of emigrants for business pur- poses are rendered innocuous as far as possible. The seat of the Migration Office is in Berlin; it is closely connected with the Foreign Office and the Ministry of the Interior. º For purposes of information, the Migration Office has established a network of (at present) twenty-five branches, which is in progress of fur- ther development. These branches are under the management of persons familiar with foreign - conditions, who also cooperate with the Central Office in collecting materials. In addition, a great number of private offices, generously placed at the disposal of the authorities, have been au- thorized as public information bureaus for emi- grants, and continuous efforts are being made to exert an influence on the numerous associations interested in migratory movements, the trade- unions and the shipping companies in the in- terests of a consistent policy of emigration. The purpose of all this is, in the first place, to provide intending emigrants, even before they leave their own country, with an opportunity for work or settlement in the country of their destination and to assist them in obtaining a suitable living, a home and other possibilities of prosperity. Close 200 contact has therefore been established with the organizations dealing with those persons whose early emigration is to be desired in the interests of a gradual reconstruction of Europe: with the Association of Germans Living Abroad (Bund der Auslanddeutschen) and with all those asso- ciations whose purpose it is to see to it that the German co-nationals living abroad are not lost to German ideals, to the German language and civilization, such as the “Verein für das Deutschtum in Auslande” and the religious-de- nominational welfare organizations, especially the Evangelical Central Association for Emi- grants (Evangelischer Hauptverein für Aus- wanderer) and the Roman Catholic St. Raphael Society. For the purpose of advising female emigrants, the Migration Office has secured the cooperation of all women's organizations in Germany. The purpose of rendering the materials col- lected and digested by the Migration Office gen- erally accessible as a source of public informa- tion is served principally by the “Nachrichten- blatt,” a semi-monthly journal published by the Office, subscriptions to which may be opened through the Post Office. Notwithstanding the changed conditions, how- ever, the activities of the Migration Office are not restricted exclusively to the regulation of emigra- tion, but have also still to deal with considerable and important problems of immigration and re- migration. Successful efforts have been made to keep the immigration of Germans and of people of German descent from the former Russian territories within bounds and to forestall the danger of a general flight of huge masses into Germany across its Eastern border. With the collaboration of the Migration Office, a Bank for Colonists has been established on a coopera- tive basis, which serves to bring together the re- turning immigrants and refugees of German descent from the former Russian territories for the purpose of mutual economic assistance. The active cooperation of the Migration Office has also been instrumental in the establishment of the “Rückwandererhilfe,” an organization endeavor- ing to alleviate the distress among people of German nationality or descent returning from abroad by means of substantial private contribu- tions. The Director of the Migration Office is Dr. Jung, an administrative expert and organizer of proved efficiency. It is to be hoped that the Office may be of ever increasing services to a section of the European population which these hard times have uprooted and exposed to un- usual distress. MEXICAN IMMIGRATION: AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM By Mary E. Hurlbutt with its shabby immigration station, one looks across the Rio Grande toward the fringes of the little city of Juarez in Mexico. A few feathery trees, a scattering of squat adobe huts are visible against the desert land and on the horizon stand out the jagged purple mesas. On the American side the grimiest part of the city of El Paso sprawls along the river front. Conveniently near the bridge, to catch the incom- ing tide of immigrants, are several railroad em- ployment offices. Last winter the doors of these offices were frequently closed and plastered with Spanish signs proclaiming to the tired faced groups lounging outside that no more labor was needed. On a day in February one of the rail- road offices was open for business. Inside, the dingy hall, lined with narrow benches, was crowded with the lucky men who had found jobs. They were to be sent out next day. Meantime they slept on the benches and cooked their tor- tillas on the small iron stove in the center of the TOOIT1. Contracts? There are no contracts in these days where one is glad to get a job under any conditions. In good times every Mexican takes the wife and children he has brought across the border on the road with him and, of necessity, accommodations of Some sort are provided by employers for the family. Now the employer has the upper hand and wife and children are left behind. Perhaps with less loss of health and A. El Paso, from the international bridge J. educational opportunity for the children, but too frequently the family becomes a problem in the American border community. Except for the railroad labor agents, most em- ployers depend altogether on the labor they pick up on the street,_farmers, cotton planters, miners. Contractors come down to the border towns and gather up such Mexican labor as floats about. During the years when demand for labor was high, one hears that recruiting often became a physical struggle as to who should reach the in- coming alien first. But in these days the Supply is plentiful enough This unorganized method of securing labor has its advantages for the irresponsible type of em- ployer. A simple Mexican peasant asks few questions concerning the conditions he is to go to and, once isolated on a farm or distant cotton plantation, there is a chance that he can be kept to his job even under the most inhuman condi- tions by withholding his pay as long as his pres- ence is desired. During the war the clause of the immigra- tion law forbidding the importation of contract labor was not applied to Mexicans. The labor agents went into the interior of Mexico and hauled back their human booty by train-loads and in motor trucks. This immense emigration had serious results for the Mexican farm lands left deserted, but more serious was the problem which confronted the Mexican government when hun- 201 dreds of these Mexicans came drifting back to the American cities—many of them sick, most of them destitute, some having escaped intoler- able conditions, others having been turned off after the job was done instead of being returned to the border. Letters imploring intervention in cases of extreme hardship were received by Mexican consuls. There was, too, a large group whose difficulties originated in their own irre- sponsibility. When the bottom dropped out of the cotton and copper markets, in the summer of 1920, the situation became acute. Finally the Mexican government repatriated 30,000 of its nationals. Since that summer, Mexican immi- gration has not been so great. Still, all along the 2,000 miles of frontier, every season brings its inflow of casuals, bound for cotton plantations sugar beet fields, railroads, mines or simply for any job chance may throw their way, The three per cent restriction law is not ap- plicable to Mexicans. It is doubtful, indeed if such a law could be enforced when only a shallow twisting stream separates the two countries for I,500 miles and even this slight barrier is lacking for the last 500 miles towards the west. American immigration officials are averse to any relaxation of the contract labor prohibition, after the difficult experience of administering it. Most right-minded people are revolted by the conditions of peonage under which this labor was held. - Still many officials of the Mexican govern- ment have expressed belief that by education un- der effective government supervision and through international cooperation, labor contracts could be made to afford stability and protection for the migratory laborer. although now the evil is less conspicuous because of the smaller numbers, the conditions under They point out that, which Mexicans are employed in the United States are still in urgent need of regulation. American organized labor has been loudest in the protest against contract labor. Would their objections be met if such a law were drafted by an international commission in which the Fed- eration would have representation? There are many traditions concerning immi- gration which must be scrapped, particularly as regards immigration on the Mexican border. Among these are the fictions that immigration is still a matter of individual initiative, that the immigrant always comes as a permanent settler, that by process of economic selection only those will come who are able to safeguard their own interests, and finally that immigration can be considered as a purely domestic problem. Another suggestion deserving consideration would be the frequent compilation of information concerning the labor market, made available for distribution by the Mexican government in order to facilitate a more intelligent decision before the Mexican leaves his own village. The Ger- man Reichswanderungsamt publishes an excel- lent monthly bulletin giving facts concerning eco- nomic opportunities or lack of opportunities in foreign countries. At present our laws forbid the distribution of such information. We dis- trust our own ability to refrain from exploiting such information; we distrust the foreign gov- ernments’ use of such information. Yet sooner or later this dog-in-the-manger policy must give way to an intelligent international cooperation, which shall still leave the immigrant as much freedom as he will take to make his own decision, but will afford him accurate, practical informa- tion in simple form as well as protection against exploitation if he undertakes the adventure. ANOTHER BORDER PROBLEM HILE the United States Government for- bids the solicitation of emigration from other countries, or even the distribution of information concerning markets, resources and employment, it permits an extensive propa- ganda within its own borders, carried on by regularly appointed agents of another govern- ment. The character of this propaganda is clearly set forth in the report for 1921 of W. J. White, Commissioner of United States Emigra- tion to “His Excellency the Duke of Devonshire, K. G., P. C., G. C. M. G., G. C. V. O., etc., etc., Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada.” In states “selected for the purpose,” maps and pamphlets dealing with all sections of the Dominion are distributed gratuitously to teachers for use in their schools. A plea is made for the extension of this work to other states. The Exhibition Branch of the Department of Immigration and Colonization has installed about one hundred exhibits at various fairs held annually throughout the United States, showing what Canada can produce. Agents “able to im- part information on any of the resources in all parts of Canada were constantly in attendance.” Similar exhibits are installed in the United States offices of the Department. In addition to these activities, advertising “in the large influen- tial farm papers and country weeklies” was used to set forth the advantages possessed by each province of the Dominion, in order to attract the farm settlers “so much needed to occupy and till the vacant land of our country.” Inquiries were followed up by personal visits from a Canadian Government representative. The re- port further comments on the hardships endured by such an agent to fix his “prospect,” and on the effort required to secure the consent of a reluctant wife to make a “Canada start.” Pic- tures of children, of schools, churches, homes with comfortable surroundings” are part of this propaganda. & In spite of the fact that a large movement of people to Canada from the United States was expected, there was a slight falling-off in emi- gration last year—48,059 in 1920-1921, as against 49,656 in 1919-1920, or 3 per cent. However, rº- 202 the 48,000 who did enter took with them in stock and effects sixteen and a half million dollars and there was a great increase in the number of those desiring to buy land. The report concludes with the hope that the effort of the Canadian agents for the coming year may meet at least the same success as in 1921. E. R. HOUSANDS of young farmers in the mid- dle west of the United States are said to be turning their attention from Canada to Mexico. In the past, great numbers of young men in Kansas, Iowa and other farming states, seeking land and homes of their own, have gone every year to the great wheat-raising section of west. ern Canada, with capital to invest in farming ventures ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 and $10,- OOO. They have been a valuable acquisition to Canada, being young, enterprising and ambitious. But Canada in the winter is cold and Mexico has the alluding advantage of a mild and pleasant winter climate. That is one of the great attrac- tions. Others are the fertility of the soil, the advantageous terms upon which land may be obtained at present, and the prospect of swift increase in land values as Mexico advances in prosperity.—Mearican Review, Dec., 1921, p. 34. WORLD MIGRATION ITEMS DWARD BRUCKNER in his Klimasch- wankungen und Volkerwanderungen im XIX Jahrundert has shown that there is an unmistakable agreement between the emi- gration from Great Britain and Germany on the one hand and the rainfall of those countries on the other. Poor crops in wet years produce dis- content and consequent effort to get away to a new country.—Reference in Jour. Race Develop- ment, Vol. VI, pp. 167-185. A notable plea for foreign migrant labor as well as for settlers has been made by Professor Nogaro of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers in France. This plea is inspired by the lack of industrial workers and farm hands needed to re- build the country, which is inadequately popu- lated but capable of great industrial expansion owing to the fertility of its soil and rich mineral deposits. The protection of foreign workers is assured by reciprocal treaties. Many Italian laborers in France give up their work during the winter and return to Italy. Be- fore leaving they obtain a certificate from their employers stating that they will be re-employed by them when they return in the spring. Now the French authorities have ruled that the cer- tificates obtained by the Italian laborers from their employers will be held valid only for a period of six weeks. It is therefore necessary for all Italian laborers who intend to remain in Italy longer than six weeks to have their em- ployers renew their certificates at the end of the six weeks, otherwise they will not be allowed to enter France again in the spring.—Corrispon- denza Settimanale, Milan, Italy, I-14-22. Labor in France is still a puzzle to interna- tional visitors. Thousands of Chinese, Algerians and Poles are at work on French soil and in French factories, while 800,000 Frenchmen re- main under arms.-News Bureau, Boston, Mass., 3-7–22. The Department for Social Affairs and the Delegation for International Collaboration in Social-Politics has recommended that Sweden should accept the invitation of the Italian Government to begin negotiations with a view to concluding a labor convention providing for the amicable regulation of questions concerning workers from one of these countries employed in the other . . . . The Delegation recalls the reasons which make the regulation of foreign labor desirable, both in the interests of the foreign workers themselves, who are often exposed to injustice and arbitrary treatment, and in the in- terests of the native workers, who must be pro- tected against unrestricted competition of for- eign immigrants and also against the indirect in- fluence exercised by the presence of a separate class of workers living under inferior conditions. —Industrial and Labor Information, Interna- tional Labor Office, Geneva, Sw., 3-24-22. The “South Czech problem,” according to the Listy of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 2-16-22, is one of emigration, of the seasonal outpouring of Czechs from the huge Schwarzenberg estates into for- eign lands. This powerful family, a rival of the Hapsburgs, has resisted the land reform move- ment of the new Czecho-Slovak Republic with armed opposition. This year marks the hundredth anniversary of Cleng Peerson’s first journey to America. He was the pathfinder in America who acceler- ated those great movements of Norse stock to our shores before the Civil War. His first voyage was made in 1821 from Stavanger, Nor- way. Settling in the Hudson Valley, he was so impressed with its agricultural possibilities that he returned to Norway and recruited a band of his countrymen who returned with him in 1825. In 1833 Peerson decided to investigate the pos- sibilities of the N. W. territory. He found it So promising that he again returned to Norway to preach the glorious opportunities that awaited emigrants to America. By means of these migra- tion movements, set on foot by Peerson, the West was developed.—F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 4-27-22. Expert olive workers are to be brought from Italy to direct the production of olive oil in a new Italian colony recently established near Loomis, Placer County, California, by Francisco Fozano, said to be a former Italian government official. The oil will be produced by processes in use in Italy.—Times, Los Angeles, Cal., 2-IQ-22. 203 SIBERIA AS A COUNTRY OF COLONIZATION By ELISABETH. G. YATzovitch IBERIA received its name from the city Sibir, founded by the Tartars on the river Irtysh. When Siberia was conquered by the Russians, it was already peopled by various tribes of Mongolian origin, who, in all prob- ability, come from Altai. merchants traded with the peoples behind the Ural mountains and many Russian towns and villages arose even before Siberia officially be- came a part of the Russian Empire. The former Russian government encouraged the colonization of Siberia. Whole families of peasants were transplanted there, the govern- ment supplying them with money for their trip and for all the equipment necessary in the new country. Many peasants from the poorer prov- inces were emigrating on their own account to the fresh and fruitful lands of Siberia. Hunters from the northern provinces of Russia were traveling to Siberia to secure the famous furs, black Sable, fox, etc. Every year the number of emigrants increased. The tide of emigration rose considerably to- ward the end of the nineteenth century, especial- ly in the eighties. Statistics, though very in ade- quate, show that from 1846-1878, emigration from Russia numbered 43,753; in 1881, 36,000; in 1882, 38,000. For the period between 1897 and 1912, the figures are four and a half mil- lions. Of these, in 1907-1909 alone, one and half million emigrated; in 1909, 639,000; 1910, 323,000. The movement was suddenly halted in I910 by two successive years of poor crops in Siberia and of good harvests in Russia. At that time, many peasants (300,000-400,000) re-emi- grated to central Russia. They spread reports about poor crops and scarcity of land in Siberia. As a result, emigration speedily fell off. Up to 1894 emigration to Siberia was quite unorganized. As soon as the last snow disap- peared, in April or May, the peasants started on their long journey. Usually they sent one or two Scouts on ahead to find out the best places for settlement; these men were called Khodoki (from khodit—to walk). If the Khodoki re- ported that the country behind the Ural moun- tains was rich, a number of people left their home villages for “the new lands.” Most of them made the trip in the kibitka (tilt-cart), drawn by horses taken from home. The emi- grants traveled in groups formed by several families. The trip lasted from two to four months, during which time the emigrants were subject to all sorts of exploitation. Usually all of this time was spent under the open sky. Women and children were placed in the kibitka and the men walked along. Then an Emigration Committee was formed in the Department of Agriculture and an attempt was made to organize the movement. The Emi- gration Committee was to help the peasants in the selection of land, to supply them with the necessary equipment, etc. - At all times Russian, The Russian peasants, migrating to Siberia, made a break in to the mass of aboriginal tribes settled there. Some of these tribes still remain untouched by Russification, some have disap- peared, others have mixed with Russians. Though the Russians were on a higher level of development, nevertheless they could not as- similate the natives, without acquiring some of their characteristics. The mixture naturally occurred more frequently wherever the Russian population come into closer contact with them, which was chiefly in the far away districts. There were very few Russian women in Siberia, therefore intermarriage with women of the dif- ferent tribes was very frequent. Thereby they were drawn into the nucleus of the Russian population, by whom they were gradually assimi- lated and absorbed. This assimilation and amalgamation of the Russian population, brought to Siberia about three hundred years ago, and refreshed by con- stant immigration, has of course left its impres- sion on the Siberian population. Assimilation has progressed in two ways; througn Intermar- riage and through assimilation with Russians by accepting the Russian language and mode of life. As a result of the physiological mixture with the Siberian Asiatic tribes, the Russian type in some parts of Siberia has undergone various al- terations and has acquired the physical char- acteristics of these tribes. This change of type has occurred in the remoter districts. In the center the Russian population remain pure. But in some districts far north the Russians have become assimilated with the Samoeds, Os- tiaks and Tartars to such a degree that it is hard to distinguish them from the natives. Besides, climatic conditions, new surroundings, new food, all of these have had a bearing on the creation of a new Russian type. The life and customs of the Russian population were bound to acquire a distinctly different shade. The Si- berians or the Sibiriaki, are clever, independent, inquisitive and energetic, and have a sense of humor. The materialistic or practical side dom- inates over the idealistic side, they have common sense and they use it. They are less mystical, less religious and less superstitious than their brothers in central Russia. This transformation is also reflected in their language; it is cold and deliberate, without any frippery; every word carries weight. i The three dominant religions in Siberia were Shamanism (or paganism), Buddhism and Is- lam. Christianity penetrated there with diffi- culty. Missionaries were sent and many tribes accepted Christianity; but they accepted it in name only, remaining in their hearts true to the old beliefs. In the districts where there were no missionaries, but where the Russian colonists were numerous, the number of native tribes adopting the Greek Orthodox faith was steadily increasing. (Continued on page 209) 204 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION NEws U. S. Department of Labor BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION Washington AT THE IMMIGRATION OF ALIENS, INTO THE STA®, §IATES UNDER THE PERCENTUM LIMIT A. E MAY 19, 1921. ACT O TO JUNE 21, 1922. Total Number Number admis- admiš8i- admitted Total sible ble dur- - from 2 admitted fiscal #Hier Country Or place o June 15-21 0. gear # * p f 1922. ’ date.* 1921-22. Of year. Albania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • * * 280 287 7 Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4,640 7,444 2,804 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1,580 1,557 20 ºz Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . & g & 301 1. * A t Czechoslovakia. . . . . . . . . 21 14,204 14,269 65 anzig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 81 285 204 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3,258 5,644 2,386 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3,002 3,890 888 Fiume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gº tº tº 18 7 53 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4,276 5,692 1,416 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 18,572 68,039 49,467 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a s & ,44 3,28 zz ºr Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,035 5,635 *::: ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 42,142 42,021 * * , Luxemburg . . . . . . . . . . . tº º ſº 9 92 iſ: : Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . 65 2,387 3,602 1,215 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 5,895 12,116 6,221 Poland (including East- * ſº ern Galicia) . . . . . . . . . 2 26,124 25,800 × 0. Portugal (in c lu di ng Azores and Madeira Islands) . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 2,486 2,269 :::: Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 7,425 7,414 fºr tº: Russia (including Siberia) 1,069 27,564 34,247 6,683 pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 66 iſk ºr Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16() 8,710 19,956 11,246 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3,712 3,74 33 United Kingdom. . . . . . . 1,143 41,596 77,206 35,610 Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . g s tº 6,643 6,40 § 2; Other Europe (including Andorra, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Malta, Memel, Monaco, San Marino, and Iceland). tº º tº 144 86 :::: Armenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1,572 1,588 16 Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e is 212 56 x ºr Syria. . . . . . , * * * * * * * * * * * 1,005 905 :: ºr Turkey (Euro p e and Asia, including Smyrna District) . . . . . . . . . . . • * * 1,096 653 :: * Other . Asia, (including Persia, Rhodes, , Cy- prus, and ' territory other than Siberiá, which is not included in the Asiatic Barred Zone. Persons born in Siberia are included in the Russian quota) tº & # 528 78 10: 5s Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © gº & 194 120 * * * Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . s a s 279 271 ::::: New Zealand . . . . . . . . . tº gº tº 75 50 iſk & Atlantic Islands (other f than Azores, Madeira, and islands adjacent to the American conti- nents) - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 82 60 * * Pacific Islands (other than New Zealand and islands adjacent to the American continents) tº º º 13 22 9 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,812 240,536 355,825 118,323 of Hamburg, Bremerhaven and Emden, while 5,267, or 22.5 per cent, went by way of Amster- dam, Rotterdam and Antwerp. In 1920 the cor- responding numbers were 869, or IO.3 per cent., and 7,589, or 89.7 per cent. The growing use of the German ports shows the development of the German emigration. German Emigration in the Years TO 1913 1920 1921 European Countries . . . . . . . . 68 1 770 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20430 1429 9080 Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . * 231 992 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 131 6872 Argentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085 588 2056 South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3729 6078 3290 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 * 391 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 *ºmº- * Before the war, in 1913, the greater part of the German emigration was directed toward North America, about 79.1 per cent. Now the tide of German emigration is directed toward South America. In 1921 only 38.7 per cent. of the whole German emigration went to North America and 52.1 per cent. to South America (29.3 per cent. to Brazil) in comparison with I9.2 per cent. in I913. While in general the number of emigration men is larger than that of women, 4,134 women emigrated to North America and 3,939 men. Age of Those Who Left Through the German Ports 1-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3148 or 17.3 per cent. 14–21 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173 or 17.5 “ “ 21-30 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5713 or 31.4 “ “ over 50 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632 or 9.0 “ “ Besides there were 188 nursing babies, or I.O per cent. ; II,092 were single and 7,092 married; 7,556 emigrants traveled alone and Io,628 in 3,516 families. According to professions the German emigrants leaving from German ports were divided in : - Agriculturists or foresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7585 Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3190 Trades people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1688 Hotel workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238 Domestic servants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 Changing day workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Free profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . only 87 because they are needed in the home country. Without profession or profession not stated . . . . . 2360 A total of 19,422 foreigners (beside the Ger- mans) left from German ports. These emigrants came from the following countries: * Including aliens who were admitted in exces certain nationalities for the month of June, i. **ś against the, quota for the fiscal year 1921-22, as provided in House Joint. Resolution No. 153 ** Admissions in excess of the quota for the year appear- ing in the above table represent temporary admissi Czecho-Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6883 jº"######## $º.…... 3190 e gº sº German-Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2771 Emigration from Germany in 1921 Jugo-Slavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1824 CCORDING to the latest statistics a total #. e is e e º a s e º e º e º e º 'º e s e e e º e º e s a s e º e º e º e º e s & #; of 2 I * - Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - ...15 Germans emigrated from Ger- #. ................................ 1023 Y; I2,750 Were men, 9,399 were Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Women; 18,184, or 77.5 per cent., used the ports other countries ........................ . . . . . . . . . 444 Year Germans Emigrated via Out of every 100 via Ham- Amster- Rot- Ham- Amster- Rot- burg Bremen Emden dam terdam Total burg Bremen dam terdam 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 106 * 6456 1135 8458 * .3 6.3 4. 1921 I Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683 87 — 1347 243 3362 50.1 2.6 40.0 7.2 II Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516 141 9 1438 126 4230 59.5 3.3 34.0 3.0 III Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5911 633 23 990 188 7745 76.3 8.2 12.8 2.4 IV Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5771 1378 30 435 253 7917 72.9 17.4 6.1 3.2 I-IV Quarters . . . . . . . . . . . 15883 2239 , 62 4260 810 23254 68.3 9.6 18.3 3.5 sº 205 Of them, 18,012 went to North America, 702 to Brazil (among them 527 German-Austrians), 540 to Argentine; to British South Africa, IOS. Hamburg has been used as a embarkation port by 13,444 emigrants, Bremen by 6,003, Emden by 75. In the past year (1920) only nine foreign emigrants used the port of Hamburg.—Nachrich- tenblatt des Reichswanderungsamt, Berlin, Ger- many, 4-I-22. The Steuben Society, whose main office is at 50 Union Square, New York City, in face of the large increase of German immigration to this country, is making strenuous efforts to care for the new arrivals. The society plans to look after their protection at Ellis Island, and when enter- ing the United States. It will also endeavor to provide free schooling and the right kind of Americanization.—Deutsche-Amerika, N. Y. C., 2-25-22. Twenty thousand German girls have migrated this year to Holland in search of employment as domestic servants. The border is thronged with groups of women of all ages who are anxious to earn Dutch wages. Those who have more money are planning to proceed to America.--World, N. Y. C., 5-26-22. According to the figures published by the Polish Repatriation Committee, 30,000 Polish families are expected to return from Germany to Poland within the present year. An understand- ing has also been reached with France to the effect that Polish miners in the Western provinces of Germany who are out of work shall be per- mitted to migrate to France to help relieve the scarcity of labor. A National Bounty is being collected in Poland for the benefit of those Poles, principally aged people, widows and orphans, who of necessity must remain in Germany.—Der Auslanddeutsche, Stuttgart, Germany, 4-15-22. Reports are current in Saskatchewan that the 5,000 acres of land in the western part of the province, which were recently abandoned by the Mennonites, who migrated to Mexico, have been purchased by a colony of I,000 settlers of Polish descent, now living in Chicago.—Times, N. Y. C., 5–7-22. Canada, in forming a new immigration policy, is beset with the Asiatic question. N. H. Stevens, M. P. for South Vancouver, in a public address, pleaded for total Oriental exclusion, asserting that soon the Asiatics would be the dominating factor in the Dominion of Canada. He said that on the west coast of Canada they were confronted with a grave problem, facing 800,000,000 people, 60,000,000 in Japan, 400,000,000 in China and 340,000,000 in India. Mr. Stevens declared this was not a question of race prejudice, but an economic and social problem; that no person of the white race could live and compete on the same basis as the Oriental; that the Orientals who have entered Canada have driven the white men from the lumber camps and mills where cheap labor was welcomed. “In industrial com- petition of peoples,” Mr. Stevens remarked, “it is a fact that the lower strata always drag down the higher strata. The white man is being forced out in the west, and inroads are already being made in the east.”—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5–3 I-22. - r Canada, in her present campaign to win immi- grants, exclusive of the Oriental, is supported firmly by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Dominion has an area of 3,600,000 square miles with a population of IO,OOO,OOO, slightly under the population of the State of New York, with its 47,000 square miles. Edward Beatty, presi- dent of the Canadian Pacific, at a recent meeting in Montreal, urged systematic and intensive immigration activity, declaring that Canada's future prosperity depended upon successful encouragement of immigration more than upon almost any other factor. The Canadian Pacific’s Special interest in immigration is obvious: vast areas of sparsely settled territory, capable of great productivity stretch along its lines. . Its own direct interest in land is great. In land selling, in irrigation and in colonizing it has expended Some $68,000,000. Upon its own land alone it has placed 54,000 settlers. But hundreds of thou- sands more are needed if the productive possi- bilities of the unoccupied territory are to be fully utilized. While this latest appeal for immigrants is to be nominally cosmopolitan in scope, naturally there is a choice involved. Immigrants from Great Britain are especially desired, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Austrians, Hungarians, Germans are also urged to immigrate, as they have made good records as farmers, while the American farmer is the most desirable of all the newcomers, from the Canadian viewpoint.— Herald, N. Y. C., 5-II-22. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, 327 immigrants were admitted to Alaska—I from England, 3 from Russia and 323 from Canada; during 1920, 140 were admitted—3 from Asia, IO from Russia and 127 from Canada; dur- ing 1921, 162 were admitted—3 from Sweden, 5 from Norway, 22 from Russia and I32 from Canada, and during the ten months (July to April) of the present fiscal year 80 were admit- ted—2 from England, 2 from Norway, 6 from Russia and 70 from Canada. These immigrants are chiefly of the European races.—Official Com- munication, Bureau of Immigration, 6-10-22. Robert E. Todd, Commissioner of Immigra- tion at Ellis Island, has made public a new regu- lation designed to prevent the smuggling of Chinese into the United States as members of ships’ crews. Under this ruling no alien, inadmissible under the Chinese exclusion laws, will be allowed to land at a United States port unless the master of the ship files with the immigration officer in charge a bond of $500 to guarantee that the alien so landed will leave within sixty days. A com- plete personal description, with photograph 206 attached, must accompany the bond. No distinc- tion is made in the ruling between American and foreign ships, with the exception that Chinese seamen, shipped at United States ports for round voyages, may be permitted to land without the placing of a bond, provided they can prove their previous lawful residence.—The Nautical Ga- zette, N. Y. C., 6-3-22. One hundred and seven thousand three hun- dred Jewish immigrants came to the United States in 1921, of which, 490 were deported, 1,557 were educated people, engineers, lawyers, physicians, etc.; 21,402 skilled workmen, 64,6OI people without any definite profession, including wives and children joining their relatives in America.-Russian Golos Rusi, N. Y. C., 5-5-22. The American Consulate in Constantinople is now daily besieged by hundreds of would-be emigrants applying for passport visas to the United States under the July quota. The applica- tions represent nationalities from all parts of the Near East. Each applicant received a rigid medical examination and preference was given to those having relatives in the United States, sev- eral hundred of whom have been waiting in Con- stantinople for three months for the opening of the quota. The steamers leaving Constantinople are crowded to capacity, as the emigrants hope to arrive as soon as possible after July 1.-Times, N. Y. C., 6-3-22. The monthly bulletin of municipal statistics of the city of Buenos Aires shows that the immigra- tion figures for that city for the month of Feb- ruary, 1922, were as follows: Spaniards, 4,482; Italians, 4,317; English, 846; French, 466; North Americans, 461 ; Germans, 524; Russians, 325; Poles, 2Io.—Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Municipal, Buenos Aires, February, 22. THE FOREIGN FOLK FESTIVAL AND THE COMMUNITY GENERAL VALUE OF FOLK FESTIVALS HERE are some who believe that there is no greater drama than folk drama, no greater art than folk art and no greater music than folk music; for the drama, art and music of the peas- ant folk embody the impulses, conflicts and emo- tions of human nature—which go to form the basic elements of all great artistic production. The folk festival is perhaps the most primi- tive and the most sincere of all forms of drama- tic expression. It includes all the peasant arts and thus affords the greatest flexibility in subject and variety of interpretation to those seeking to pre- serve the picturesque customs, dances, folklore and songs of other lands. The folk festival is superior to the formal community pageant in that it gives an opportunity for spontaneous ex- pression on the part of the participants; it is a simple, natural and straightforward delineation of native rites and ceremonial customs and the joy and enthusiasm of those taking part reacts contagiously on the spectator. A certain emo- tional or religious impetus, moreover, belongs to the very nature of the folk festival, since its theme is generally woven about some great sea- . motive of deep significance to the peasant 11111101. THE McKEESPORT FOLK FESTIVAL OF EARLY SPRING In May the International Institute of McKees- port, Pennsylvania, made the interesting ex- periment of using an “Old World Folk Festival of Early Spring” as the means of welding to- gether, for the first time, the foreign and Amer- ican born of the city in a common community interest. The demonstration proved extremely successful and the method followed in organiz- ing and producing the Festival was so practical that it may hold suggestions for other foreign community workers. An outline of the Festival is therefore given below, as well as the story of how it was developed in the community. Stage Setting At the outset of the undertaking the hearty interest and cooperation of the McKeesport Na- tional Tube Company was secured, who gener- ously volunteered to furnish the material for the stage setting and to have it constructed by their expert workmen. The set was semicircular in form and measured forty feet across. A wooden lattice, twelve feet high, with five doors, two and Cne-half by nine feet, inserted at regular inter- vals, formed the background. Rain made it impossible to hold the festival out of doors, so the set had to be reduced on short notice to fit the indoor stage, which was only thirty-two feet across. The Tube company sent men and a truck to the hills to gather fragrant boughs and branches, which were woven through the wooden lattice and hung over the doors. Brilliant paper flowers were fastened carelessly among the green and the effect produced was that of a row of charming village cottages in early spring. The Festival After a preliminary program of splendidly executed exercises and drills by various local foreign athletic Societies and groups, the festival proper, consisting of European folk customs of early spring, was given. The first episode repre- sented “Carrying Death from the Village.” In the peasant mind, winter, the harbinger of plague, disease and misfortune, has become associated with death. Winter, or Death, represented by a black draped bier, was therefore carried from the village by a group of Slovak and Uhro-Rusin men, women and children marching with meas- ured tread to the strains of the Hungarian Gypsy Orchestra’s funeral march. An old peasant with long white beard and bent back followed the 207 villagers and at length sang the mournful Slovak melody, “Ja som baca, valmi Stary " (I am a very old man). ł - In the next scene, “Bringing in Summer,” 1ejoicing took the place of mourning. . The return of summer, heralded by the village folk with merrymaking and song, was symbolized by the May Queen, the bough of green, May gifts and the dance about the May pole. A group of stately Hungarian maidens in full white skirts and red velvet bodices trimmed with gold braid were led into the village by their lovely white- clad queen. After crowning her with a wreath of white roses, the girls danced the Magyar Solo Dance with characteristic grace and skill. Polish girls with primly braided hair and bright-colored bodices decked their May boughs with gay ribbons, singing meanwhile Gaiczek Zielony (The Green Grove). Then, with prettily decorated boughs, they went singing from door to door in the village and received cakes and flowers. Thus the children dramatized the words of their old spring folk song: “To their house if they came They’d greet you in Jesus' name; He in rich embroideries, She with cap and jangling keys; Both will surely have a gift for us; They are rich and kind and generous.” After making the rounds of the village, the children joined in a vigorous dance of folk origin. The Slovaks and Uhro-Rusins welcomed the return of summer with boisterous gaiety. Some of the women, carrying baskets of flowers and cookies, showered their favors on orchestra and audience and sang their jolly little Slovak folk- songs, Majalesova (Come On, Boys, May Is Here)* and Jahody, Cernice, Maliny (Straw- berries, Raspberries, Blackberries).” The welcome of summer was completed by a group of American children who performed the time-honored custom of weaving the May pole. The return of summer was not undisputed, however, for the ever-watchful Winter King, with his attendant sprites, was unwilling to give up his land without a struggle. Hence the “Con- flict of Summer and Winter ’’ took place. The lights on the stage were turned low and Summer and her flower attendants fell into a deep sleep. Then a tiny brownie bearing a lantern appeared and, peering into the faces of the drowsing blossoms, wakened them one by one. Summer waved her wand over the flowers and marshalled her forces to meet the white-clad Winter King, who was seen approaching with his frost sprites from the opposite side. A battle of rhyming couplets ensued: SUMMER “Green, green are meadows wherever we pass, And the mowers are busy among the grass.” WINTER “White, white are the meadows wherever we go, And the sledges glide hissing across the snow.” 2 Music of “Ritka, buza,” in Folk Songs of Many People. Compiled by Florence Hudson. Botsford, Womans Press, 600 Lezington Avenue, New York City. Vol. I, p. 172. * Same. Vol. I, p. 60. 1 * * Slovak songs obtained through the courtesy of M. Paul Jamarik, Chief Elder of Young Folks’ Circle, National Slovak Society, Hooper Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. SUMMER º “We'll climb up the tree where the red cherries glow, And Winter can stand by himself down below.” WINTER “With you we will climb the cherry-tree tall, Its branches will kindle the fire in the hall.” SUMMER “We are the Summer in bright array, We're chasing the Winter far, far away.” WINTER “We are the Winter in mantles of furs, We're chasing the Summer o'er bushes and burrs.” SUMMER “Just say a word more, and we'll have you bann'd, At once and forever from Summer land.” WINTER § “O, Summer, for all your bluster and brag, You'd not dare to carry a hen in a bag.” SUMMER “O, Winter, your chatter no more can, we stay, We'll kick and we'll cuff you without delay.” After Summer and her followers had sung the last couplet, a fierce battle of flowers and snowballs (white rubber balloons) followed. Winter's mantle was captured and with his attendants he was chased far into the woods. Summer and her flowers danced triumphantly and the assembled nationalities expressed their joy over Winter's final departure by character- istic folksongs and dances. Italian girls in brilliant costumes danced the Tarantella and sang “O Sole mio" and “O Maria, mari.” The festival ended with two tiny Hungarian children's dancing “Comin' Through the Rye.” The real success of the festival lay not so much in the skill of the performers, the pic- turesqueness of the vivid peasant costumes, and the charm of the stage setting, as in the fact that all the participants had a good time and that each and every one of the actors was radiant with the spirit of youth and joy and eternal spring. By working together on a community festival, racial differences were forgotten, petty prejudices were wiped away, and many Ameri- cans came to understand, for the first time, per- haps, something of the beauty brought to their midst by the large foreign population dwelling among them. Costuming and the Community Workshop The budget of the McKeesport Institute left no margin for festival expenses, hence costum- ing, properties, advertising and other items had to be planned on the lowest possible scale. The problem of costuming was therefore a serious one for a cast numbering about a hundred and fifty. The following arrangements were finally made: The Hungarian group, consisting of eight girls, bought the material and made their own costumes under the supervision of the Hungarian Institute worker. These costumes represented hours of painstaking labor and were authentic in every detail. Italian, Polish and some Slovak costumes were borrowed from a distance. Other Slovak costumes were made with the help of beautiful old shawls, headdresses and aprons hunted out by the foreign women from trunks and chests at home. 208 The administrative office of the Institute was temporarily turned into a community workshop where women of many different nationalities, in: cluding Hungarians, Slovaks, Croatians and Americans, came to make the rest of the cos- tumes and the stage properties. This part of the work was largely under the direction of a French milliner of rare skill and artistic ability who volunteered her expert services. Old muslin underslips and shirts were loaned by the Croatian children as foundations for the frost and flower costumes in the “Conflict ’’ scene. Realistic frost sprite costumes with tall icicle caps were made for the boys, while the girls had exquisite dresses and caps of pastel shades representing roses, daffodils, forget-me-nots and other flowers. The material used was Dennison's crepe paper. The cost of the twelve costumes amounted to $3.84 and they were later bought back by the children at 35 cents each. The effect of these costumes was charming and called forth great admiration from all who saw them. Many foreign mothers came to the workshop and deftly made paper flowers, costumes and properties. Sometimes the work had to be explained by signs and smiles, for some of the women spoke little English. Unity of purpose and creative joy were characteristic of the workshop, however, and the hours spent there were filled with comradeship and good cheer. Music The music for the festival represented the finest talent of the local foreign musicians, who donated many dollars’ worth of time and services to the cause. The director of the Croatian Tam- bourica Orchestra, in spite of serious illness in his family, composed special music for the “Con- flict of Summer and Winter,” orchestrated sev- eral of the foreign folk songs and left his busi- ness for rehearsals and for the final festival. The leader of the Italian band came day after day to rehearse with the various groups and sat up the most of one night in order to arrange Some of the music. The Hungarian gypsy orchestra played with a fire and passion which made its listeners unconsciously sway to its rhythm. Although some of the foreign orchestras complained that “they had to play too much " even when paid for their music at entertainments, no lack of enthusiasm or unwillingness to play was noticeable in the unstinted service they volunteered to the community festival. Rehearsals Rehearsals were periods of good fellowship and sociability to the various foreign groups. Strict attention and keen interest was shown and one group often stimulated another to greater originality or dramatic action. For instance, the Polish children, after seeing the beautiful Hun- garian dance at dress rehearsal, whispered in the director's ear that they “knew a dance, too,” which they diligently practiced and gave at the final performance. The Crotian children So loved to rehearse that disappointment, and almost mutiny, were visible on their faces when they were .informed that further rehearsals were unnecessary. Some of the mothers and helpers came to rehearsals and assisted in many ways. Community Cooperation Besides making the stage set and giving the services of its men for that purpose, the National Tube Company gave the members of the Croatian Tambourica Orchestra employed by them on night shift their time for three evenings in order to rehearse for the festival, and promised to furnish ushers and lights for the performance if given out of doors, as originally planned. Local banks and merchants, at the solicitation of inter- ested Americans, gave forty dollars’ worth of advertisements to meet the cost of programs and other festival expenses. One of the moving pic- ture houses had slides made at a cost of 60 cents to advertise the festival and these slides were shown at each of the four local picture theatres. Foreign and American private individuals gave quantities of fresh flowers from their gardens, Selected costume materials and acted as dressers, assistants in the make-up room and general helpers at the time of the festival. The audi- torium where the entertainment was held was rented at a minimum fee. Thus the whole com- munity shared in making the festival a success. NOTE-For additional information on music and other de- tails of the Festival apply to Miss Edna Merrell, Executive, International Institute, corner Locust and Shaw Streets, Mc. Keesport, Pa.. Elisabeth Burchenal's folk dance books,’ pub- lished by Schirmer & Co., New York, will be found valuable in Working out the dances. D. G. S. (Continued from page 204) The aborigines are gradually diminishing in numbers; there was a time when they spread over the whole of Siberia; now they form only a small percentage of the whole population. In western Siberia for instance, the popula- tion is 5.600,000 of this number 120,000 are Bashkirs, I5,000 Siberian Tartars, 20,000 Kal- myks and about 2,500 are Mordva and Voguls. All the rest of the population is Russian, and even these tribes have become Russianized and have accepted the Greek Orthodox religion. In central Siberia the population is 1,600,000; of this number 140,000 are of the tribe called Buriats. Twenty per cent of them have become Russianized and have accepted Christianity. About 30,000 of the Turko-Finnish tribes, known under the name of Tartars, are to be found in central Siberia. Except for the 8,000 Yakuts and Tungus, living in the province of Enisey, the rest of the population is Russian. The proportion is different however in the part of Siberia called the Yakut province. Of a population of 326,000 only ten per cent are Rus- sians. The Yakuts are the greatest in number, then come the Tungus, Lamuts, Yukagirs, Chuk- chi. All of these tribes with the exception of the Yakuts are gradually dying out. (Concluded on page 218) 209 RECENT LEGISLATION AFFECTING THE FOREIGN-BORN PENDING FEDERAL Immigration I. To amend an Act entitled “An Act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States,” and to provide for the transportation of said aliens in vessels of the United States. - Introduced by Mr. Cable, May IO, Ig22. H. R. II604. To Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. By the terms of this bill, no aliens admissible . within the three per cent. Act who are trans- ported from foreign ports to the United States shall be admitted unless at least fifty per cent. of the number of any nationality shall be trans- ported in vessels documented under the laws of the United States. When a nation has no ade- quate vessels or when U. S. vessels have no adequate facilities the Secretary of Labor may raise or lower this percentage. The bill also provides that inspectors and matrons shall be detailed for duty on U. S. ves- sels carrying immigrants who may determine whether aliens are entitled to apply for admission and if so whether they are beyond doubt entitled to land. The Secretary of Labor is to prescribe rules necessary to carry the provisions of the Act into effect, to publish a statement for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1922, and statements during the time the Act is in force of the number of aliens of various nationalities who must be trans- ported in U. S. vessels and those who may be transported in foreign vessels. It is made un- lawful to bring to the United States an alien inadmissible under the terms of this Act and for each alien so brought there is to be imposed a fine of $200 plus the amount paid by the alien for his transportation. 2. To amend the Act entitled “An Act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States,” approved May 19, 1921. Introduced by Mr. Steenerson, May 22, 1922. H. R. II.730. To Committee on Immi- gration and Naturalization. This bill would add to the classes of aliens who are exempt from the three per cent. limit “aliens experienced in agriculture” who file with the American consul at the embarkation port a statement of such experience and a declaration of intention to settle on public land of the U. S. and farm it, or to purchase and cultivate other land. Such an alien must deposit $2OO for each adult and $50 for each minor child of the family, to be repaid upon proof that the declaration has been complied with, or to be applied to deporta- tion costs if the alien fails to comply with the declaration. * Naturalization and Citizenship 3. A bill relative to the naturalization and citizenship of married women. ; Introduced by Mr. Cable, May 24, 1922, H. R. I 1773. To Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. The bill provides that the right of any woman to become a naturalized citizen of the U. S. shall not be denied or abridged because of her sex or because she is a married woman. - A woman who is an eligible alien residing in the U. S. and who has lost her citizenship by marriage may upon passage of this Act be naturalized upon compliance with the naturaliza- tion laws, with the following exceptions and addi- tional requirements: (a) No declaration of in- tention is required; (b) she shall reside in the U. S. from the time of the passage of this Act to the making of order of naturalization and during such time shall be of good moral character; (c) no certificate of arrival need be filed with peti- tions; (d) if petitioner has filed her declaration of intention before the passage of this Act, a peti- tion for citizenship may be heard immediately upon being filed, whether or not it has been posted, and whether or not the hearing is held within 30 days before a general election. A woman who is an eligible alien but not resid- ing in the U. S. at the time of the passage of this Act may, unless the marital status cease more than one year before the passage of this Act, be naturalized upon full compliance with all the requirements of the naturalization laws, except that she shall not be required to make any declara- tion of intention. A woman who has lost her citizenship by mar- riage shall, upon her naturalization, have the same citizenship status she had immediately pre- ceding her marriage. A woman who marries a citizen shall not become a citizen by the fact of such marriage. A woman shall not become a citizen by the naturalization of her husband after the passage of this Act. A woman citizen who is a resident and who marries an alien who may be naturalized shall remain a citizen So long as she resides in the U. S., unless she makes formal renunciation of her citizenship. If at the termination of the marital status she is a citizen she shall retain her citizenship regardless of her residence. If dur- ing the marital status she resides continuously for two years in a foreign state of which her hus- band is a citizen or subject, or for five years con- tinuously outside the U. S., she shall be subject to the same presumption às is a naturalized citizen under section 2 (par. 2) of the Act of March 2, 1907, in reference to the expatriation of citizens and their protection abroad. A woman citizen who is a non-resident and marries an alien, or a woman citizen, resident or not, who marries an alien who may not be law- fully naturalized, shall cease to be a citizen. Section 1994 of the Revised Statutes and sec- 210 tions 3 and 4 of the Expatriation. Act of 1907 are repealed. This repeal shall not terminate citizenship acquired or retained or resumed under such sections, nor restore citizenship lost thereby. The Act is to be known as the Women's Naturalization and Citizenship Act of 1922. STATE, Georgia * A bill to prohibit aliens and non-residents from taking certain fish from the salt waters of the State. Introduced by Mr. Vocelle, H. 185. From unfinished business of 1921. Reported un- favorably by the committee. Massachusetts S. 466. (See FoREIGN-BoRN, June, p. 178.) Passed Senate May 19 and sent to Governor. Recalled from Governor May 23, reconsidered and postponed to next session. LEGISLATIVE NOTES Alien Land Law California's alien land law violates no pro- vision of the Federal Constitution, nor does it conflict with the treaty between the U. S. and Japan, according to the unanimous opinion ren- dered by Judge W. W. Morrow of the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals and Judges M. T. Dooling and W. H. Sawtelle of the U. S. District Court.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-25-22. Attorney-General Webb has asked for a rehear- ing of the case in which that part of the Cali- fornia alien land law making it illegal for in- eligible aliens to act as guardians of their Ameri- can-born children was declared unconstitutional. (See Foreign-BORN, June, p. 179).-C. S. Moni- for, Boston, Mass., 6-2-22. Aliens ineligible to citizenship in the U. S. cannot purchase stock in any American corpora- tion in California according to federal judges in a recent ruling holding the alien land law con- stitutional. The decision is viewed as important because it will also prevent Japanese from Secur- ing control of any of the cooperative farming and fruit-growing associations in California.- C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 6-1-22. A resolution declaring that Japanese farmers in the West are gaining a strangle-hold on agri- cultural industry, and underselling American farmers, and asking Congress to enact legisla- tion to “alleviate these conditions” was adopted at Sacramento by the Western State Agricul- tural Conference representing directors and commissioners of agriculture of eleven states.— C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 6-1-22. Education The state supreme court of Nebraska has de- cided that the Reed-Norval language law is con- stitutional. The law provides that children in public, private and parochial schools shall not receive instructions in foreign languages before they have passed the eighth grade. The adoption of this law engendered much ill feeling in the state. The case has been appealed to the United States Supreme Court where it is to be hoped it will receive sober and impartial consideration.— Reform (Norwegian-Prohibition), Eau Claire, Wis., 5-IO-22. F. L. I. S. Immigration The provision of the Ship Subsidy Bill requir- ing 50% or more of the annual number of im- migrants to travel in American ships will be made law in some other form, according to shipping men in touch with the Washington situation. The action of Italy in restricting all the emigration from that country to vessels flying the Italian flag, and a reported contract with the Polish Government for the carrying of Polish emigrants exclusively in Italian ships has won to the support of the immigration feature of the bill many who are opposed to the direct aids.- Herald, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. The provision in the Administration Ship Sub- sidy Bill requiring 50% of the immigrants to this country to take passage on American ships was eliminated today by the Republican mem- bers of the House Merchant Marine Committee. There was no intimation as to when the bill would be ready for submission to the full committee.— Times, N. Y. C., 6–7-22. Testifying before the Senate Committee on Labor, Harry Baldwin, the new Hawaiian Dele- gate to Congress, said that American control of the Hawaiian Islands was menaced as a result of the increasing Japanese population. He urged the passage of a resolution giving the President power to suspend for five years the Chinese Im- migration Restriction Law in order to permit the admission of Chinese laborers into the Hawaiian Islands.--Times, N. Y. C., 6-8-22. Naturalization If the Johnson bill is enacted America will be- come for the foreign-born what Czaristic Russia was for everybody who did not approve of the Russian bureaucrats. The immigrant is already Overburdened with difficulties and expenses and they now want to load on him a yearly tax for Americanization. This is unnecessary and un- fair inasmuch as he has now the opportunity to go to school to learn English and everything else that a citizen ought to know.—Jugoslovenski Svijet, F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 6–7-22. Miscellaneous Senator McCormick urged the Senate Rules Committee to take early action to bar foreigners from the floor of the Senate. He says that dur- ing his recent visit to Europe he found that the American Senate is the only important legislative body in the world that confers floor privilege upon foreigners.-Sun, Baltimore, Md., 5-13-22. The return of several hundred million dollars' worth of alien property to nationals of Germany and Austria-Hungary is being sought by Repre- sentative Sabath of Illinois. The property be- longed to aliens resident in the U. S. who, by 211 reason in some cases of having been here ten years, have expatriated themselves from their native land.—Times, N. Y. C., 5–27-22. Naturalized foreigners engaged in bootlegging will lose their citizenship papers and be deported and aliens will be deported forthwith when appre- hended, both as undesirables, Samuel T. Rutter, Federal prohibition director, declared yesterday, He declares over ninety-five per cent of boot- leggers in California to be foreigners and urges Federal legislation to make it possible to send alien bootleggers out of the country for violation of the Volstead Act.—Examiner, San Francisco, Cal., 5-16-22. All kinds of measures are introduced to fight various imaginary immigrant evils. At first it was decided to deport all the “red” immigrants, Then the three per cent law was introduced. Now more repressive measures are under con- sideration. — Free Russia (Russian-Radical), Chicago, Ill., 5-IO-22, in F. L. I. S. The directors of the American Manufacturers’ Export Association adopted a resolution con- demning the interpretation of the Federal income tax law that imposes tax on the income earned abroad of aliens temporarily in this country on business.--Times, N. Y. C., 5-IO-22. When a child is born in a foreign country, he takes the nationality of his father. However, there are certain European countries in which every one born there is accorded citizenship in that country. In this way, what are known as dual citizenships are often caused. All persons born in America of foreign parents are regarded as Americans. At the age of 21, they have the right to choose either the nationality of their parents or that of their natal country. When a child is born abroad with his parents holding a diplomatic position, the child does not come under the jurisdiction of his natal country. — Herald, Washington, D. C., 6-2-22. The Polish Parliament recently passed a law abolishing the discriminations against women contained in the civil code of the eastern prov- inces of Poland and, since Wilno has now been incorporated in Poland this also applies to this region. Though headway is being made in the unifying of the civil code of Poland, there are still four civil codes in use in the Republic. These are the Code Napoleon in former Congress Poland, the Austrian code in former Austrian Poland, the German Code in former Prussian Poland, and the Russian code in the eastern provinces. It was in the interests of the women of the regions in which the Russian code is still in use that the special law was passed. Heretofore the Russian restrictions which affected inheritance and other rights of women were in force. Ac- cording to the new law women in these provinces, as in the remainder of Poland, enjoy the same legal rights as do men.—Release, Polish Bureau of Information, N. Y. C., 6-14-22. M. H., Legislative Service. EDUCATION NOTES INTERNATIONAL ITEMS AFRICA—The foremost living authority on African languages is a woman—Miss Werner, a Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, and also Professor of Swahili at the School of Orien- tal Studies in London. She is acquainted with three hundred African dialects—Union Record, Seattle, Washington, 3-22-22. Native education has been started again by the British govern- ment in East Africa in territory formerly under the German government.—C. S. Monitor, Bos- ton, Mass., 2-I I-22. ABYSSINIA—Three lads who are wards of the Regent of Abyssinia will enter Muskingum Col- lege, New Concord, Ohio. This is the successor to Ohio Central College attended by President Harding. The boys therefore called at the White House.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-20-22. ALBANIA—L. M. Heron, engaged by the Junior American Red Cross to take charge of the vocational school they have set up in Albania, sent out the first message from the New Repub- lic to other European capitals by wireless. The Prime Minister and members of Parliament were present—Red Cross Courier, Washington, D. C., 2-II-22. BELGIUM-The Belgian Red Cross is trans- porting two hundred Russian refugee children from Constantinople to be educated in Belgium. —Red Cross Courier, 4-15-22. There will be an increase of Belgian scholarship students to America this year and a decrease of Americans to Belgium. This has been arranged by the Commission for Relief in the Belgium Educa- tional Foundation.—World, N. Y. C., 3-12-22. President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University has cabled for work to begin on the reconstruction of Louvain library.—Times, N. Y. C., 4-9-22. The first book to be printed on the restored presses of the University of Louvain is “The Cancer Problem” by Dr. William S. Bainbridge of the United States.—Post, N. Y. C., 3-25-22. BULGARIA—A letter from S. P. Petroff of Pittsburgh states that the order of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church regarding it an offense upon the part of parents to send their children to non- Orthodox foreign schools has been erased by the delegates to the National Church Congress. – Bulgarian Naroden Glas, Granite City, Ill., 4–5–22. CHINA—Chinese residents of New York have a Chinese School which children attend outside of public school hours.--Times, N. Y. C., 5-29-22. Dr. Sage, Chinese Minister to the United States, in lecturing for the Bryn Mawr Chinese Scholar. ship Committee, stated that in education is China's hope.-Public . Ledger, Philadelphia, 3-17-22. The China Educational Mission made 212 up of Americans, British, and Chinese, to define policies for schools in China conducted under Christian auspices, has concluded its work. Dr. Ernest D. Burton of Chicago, was chairman.— Globe, N. Y. C., 4–19–22. The Anti-Christian Movement in China is rapidly gaining. Radical elements among the students think that under the name of Christianity foreigners pave the way for foreign capitalism.—Chinese Chung Sai Yat Po, San Francisco, Cal., 4-14-22. This move- ment issues messages from many colleges by wire which are collected by a central temporary news agency and transmitted to newspapers. It also publishes pamphlets-Same, 4-28-22. The World Students' Christian Federation is meeting in Peking. Dr. Mott, president, says that if those denouncing Christians have a constructive pro- gram the world will be quick to compare it with Christianity’s purposes.—Globe, N.Y.C. 4-14-22. JAPAN–A party of Japanese students will be sent by the Tokyo Y. M. C. A. to visit American summer schools and camps.-Japan Times and Mail, Tokyo, Japan, 5-6-22. The American Legion is voting funds for the American School in Japan and for the Yokohama Foreign School for children of foreign residents.--Same, 3-25- 22. PHILIPPINEs—Enforcement of compulsory education in the Philippines must be accom- plished with tact, says a letter from Governor Gen. Wood sent to provinces from the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes. Mohammedans have protested against sending their children to these schools.-Times-Picayune, New Orleans, La., 4- 17–22. Only a few pensionados will be sent to the United States this year owing to the state of finance of the Philippine government. The di- rector of the constabulary band is now Major Robert Loving, an American Negro, because there is no trained native. Therefore a Filipino will be sent to the United States to specialize in band organization and conducting. — Same. American Catholics are interesting themselves in Filipino students in the United States.—Catholic Bulletin, Cleveland, Ohio, 3-IO-22. TURKEY-American educational and philan- thropic interest in Turkey has been a determining factor in the relations between the United States and the Ottoman Empire for the last seventy- five years. Early missionary colleges were en- couraged by the Sultans and have not been greatly molested. European nations are using this as an argument for American investigation of situations in Asia Minor.—Herald, N. Y. C., 6-12-22. One hundred Turkish students will be received at Moscow University, the invitation having been sent the Nationalist government from M. Lunacharsky, Soviet Minister of Edu- cation.—Tribune, N. Y. C., 6-12-22. THE WoRLD–The National Education As- sociation will meet in Boston July 3 to 8, 1922. At that time the Association’s Committee on Foreign Relations will bring together educational leaders from the entire world to determine the agenda for the World's Conference in 1923. This conference will be held somewhere in America.-Globe, N. Y. C., 6-13-22. —The International University founded in Brussels in 1920 with the sanction of the League of Nations has as its chief aim at present the maintenance of a post-graduate vacation school for students of all nations.—C. S. Monitor, Bos- ton, Mass., 3-29-22. German and Korean dele- gates are being particularly well received at the World Students' Christian Federation meeting in Peking.—Japanese Commercial Weekly, N. Y. C., 5-27-22. Esperanto as a world language will undoubtedly be hastened by radio.—World, N. Y. C., 5–8–22. GENERAL ITEMS CITIZENSHIP-The National American Coun- cil held its second annual conference. Sixty-nine organizations were represented. Speakers were Hugh Frayne, John J. Mahoney, Judge Wallace McCamant, Dr. Edward A. Steiner, and others. It was agreed that the organization should pro- ceed cautiously.—Tribune, N. Y. C., 5-18-22. The Czecho-Slovak Taxpayer's Association of Cicero, Ill., has established a special School of instruction in citizenship.–Eve. Mail, N. Y. C., 5-16-22. Many foreign-born mothers fail to profit by the Mothers' Pension Laws because their husbands did not take out citizenship papers.-F. L. I. S., 5-II-22. On the advice of the United States Attorney-General, the Secre- tary of State of South Dakota will not send out “citizenship certificates” as planned. (See FoR- EIGN-BORN, June, I922).-S. C. Monitor, Bos- ton, Mass., 5-27-22. ‘. INDUSTRIAL–Eighty-seven young women in- dustrial workers will attend the summer School at Bryn Mawr. Many of these are of foreign- born parentage.—Herald, N. Y. C., 5-13-22. Prof. James C. Egbert, Director of University Extension, Columbia University, urges trade unions to negotiate with universities for workers' education.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. FoREIGN LAw—A gift has been made to the University of Michigan for promoting law edu- cation. This will make possible research in both American and foreign law.—C. S. Monitor, Bos- ton, Mass., 5-12-22. MENTAL TESTs—Prof. Darcy of Stanford University has examined a hundred and twenty- five American born Japanese children as to men- tal capacity. The average stood at 99 points. The average for American children in general was 97 points. Prof. Darcy will carry on his work among Japanese colonies in other localities. —New World, San Francisco, Cal., 4-25-22. LANGUAGE-Over six hundred students in the state University of California are now studying German. — Der Auslanddeutsche. Stuttgart, Germany, 4-I5-22. The revival of the summer French school at McGill University, Montreal, is the first step toward making that university the 213 leading center on this continent for the study of the French language and literature.—C. S. Mont- tor, Boston, Mass., 5-12-22. The Supreme Court of Nebraska has come to a decision that the law prohibiting foreign language instruction in all public, private, or parochial schools, is constitu- tional.—Staatszeitung, N. Y. C., 4-20-22. The Jugoslav Society for the Study of English has been formed in Jugoslavia. They expect to compile an Anglo-Slovene dictionary and other helps to the study of English. Unfortunately the excessive rate of exchange makes it practically impossible for the society to acquire English books by purchase. It therefore appeals to the people of the Anglo-Saxon world who are in- terested in the object of the society to help it by books or by contributions to its fund. Books should be sent to the librarian, Mrs. M. Puntar, Pojlanska, cesta, No. II—I. Ljubljana, Jugo- slavia. Mr. D. F. Andricevic, The Adriatic Bank, (American Department), Ljubljana, Jugoslavia. —Notice. NEw DEGREE–The degree of Master of For- eign Service was conferred upon ten students of Georgetown University. The degree is entirely new among the educational institutions of the world.—Weekly Republican, Springfield, Mass., 6-I5-22. POLITICS-The next annual session of the In- stitute of Politics will be held at Williams Col- lege, Williamstown, Mass., from July 27 to August 26. Public lecturers from at least five overseas countries will be present.—C. S. Moni- lor, Boston, Mass., 6-12-22. PAMPHILETS AND BOOKS RECEIVED Announcement of National Education As- sociation. Annual meeting to be held July 2–8, I922, in Boston. The Section on Immigrant Education convenes on four of these days. Université Internationale-Programme. Brus- sels. Third season. August 20-September 3. Explanation of courses and conferences and other general information. Bulletin Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Announces summer schools (See June FOREIGN-BORN), and gives other in- formation on the work of the League. Folder, International Summer School at Varese. Same Checks should be sent to the treasurer, organization. Gives particulars on attendance at this school in Northern Italy, August 18- September 2, 1922. & • Announcement of Examination for Diplomatic Service. Department of State, Washington, D. C. Tests to consist of international law, diplo- matic usage, a modern language, and other sub- jects. To be held July 10th. Apply to. Depart- ment of State for pamphlet. tº tº A Service Station in Americanization. Citi- zen's Bureau, Cleveland, Ohio. A report on the work accomplished by the Bureau. Cases are outlined. Pamphlet. - tº Report of the Commissioner, of Education. . The new commissioner has found it necessary to reorganize the activities of the Bureau under two general heads: First, the activities of a more or less routine character to be termed stated or con- tinuing activities; and, second, the activities of highly trained experts in various fields of educa: tion to be termed the activities of the technical staff. Under the latter falls foreign education. This department during the last year has devoted special attention to gathering material on the status of physical education in foreign countries; the educational expenditures; market for and use of scientific school supplies; opportunities for student, teacher, and university professor ex- change; evaluation of school credits from abroad in terms of similar credits from the schools of the United States.—Bureau of Education, De- partment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Immigrant Education. Summer Courses for Teachers in the State of New York. Leaflet announcing character of the courses. Also mimeographed sheet giving a list of the Summer courses in the State of New York and places where they are to be held. For further informa- tion address New York State Department of Education. The League of Rations. “Receipts garnered from Europe, and Asia, and America.” Pub- lished by the General Board of Promotion of the Northern Baptist Convention for the Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission Society, N. Y. Recipes are classified alphabetically by nation- ality, with quotations relating to Christian living interspersed. An example is: “If a man love not the immigrant whom he hath seen, how shall he love the foreigner in another land whom he hath not seen P” M. M. N. FOR AN INTERNATIONAL LABOR EXCHANGE As early as 1915 Mr. Van Nierop of Bussum, Holland, recognized the urgent necessity of international legislation of emigration and immigration. He foresaw a strong movement of peoples after the war, from devastated areas as a matter of course, from neutral countries, owing to demoralizing luxury of the profi- teers and the heavy taxes levied to offset government subventions. He had moreover been informed that Canada, the Cape and Australia sent army corps to Europe under promise from the Imperial British Govern- ment to inaugurate state-aided emigration. To meet this situation, Mr. Van Nierop proposed the establishment in Holland of an “International Institute,” on the principle of the International Red Cross, with membership open to all countries. According to his plan as outlined, this Institute would include an International Labor Exchange, whose task would be the better selection and distribution of emigrants. * Improved transportation should be devised, as well as methods to protect migratory labor against extortion and exploitation. º the labor markets of the world, an International Gazette would print reports on their findings. A staff of controllers, and inspectors would visit A separate department would handle the financial end. Philanthropists could invest in an international fund for the relief of emigrants. Mr. Van Nierop, was of the opinion that an intelligent regulation of migration would do much to relieve poverty and to stabilize labor conditions throughout the world.—Personal communication, Nov. 1915 214 PRESS COMMENTS This information is valuable only as a statement of press news. The readers will make their own comparisons and interpretations. NATIONALITIES IN THEIR HOME * COUNTRIES Austrians HE Austrian Parliament has passed a bill | establishing permanent child feeding in Austria, thus continuing under state control the program of the American Relief Adminis- tration.—Evening Post, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. The Catholic Women's League, with a membership of about five hundred thousand women, is very active in organizing social study classes which will counteract the spread and influence of Socialism and capitalism.—Catholic Bulletin, Cleveland, O., 5-25-22. Belgians a - About 200,000 acres of shell-choked land has been cleared out and are now available for culti- vation. Thousands of homes, schools, hospitals, and markets will be rebuilt this year. The prin- ciple adopted in this task of reconstruction is that any householder who can prove he had a building in a certain locality prior to the war is entitled to a new house of equal value as a gift from the government.—Herald, Washington, D.C., 6-4-22. Bulgarians The Bulgarian Prime Minister has proposed that the vote be given to those women only who work and earn their own living. He has also advocated the arrest and punishment of young women refusing to obey the new compulsory labor law which requires that all women between the ages of sixteen and twenty shall give four months free labor to the government, C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5–31–22. Chinese The opening of the Commercial Museum and Library of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce marks the beginning of stimulating interest among the Chinese to use native-made products. —China Review, N. Y. C., 4-1922. Czecho-Slovaks The Institute of Milan Stefanik in Turcansky Sv. Martin is to be built this year. The Institute, which comprises a school for social work and a boarding home, will be the centre of women's volunteer social work for Slovakia. It will work in cooperation with the Czecho-Slovak Red Cross and the Ministry of Social Welfare.— Youngstownske Noviny, Youngstown, O., 4-14- 22. A bill dealing with the separation of the Church and State will come up for discussion before Parliament in the course of this year.— Gazette de Prague, Prague. Cz-Sl., 3-4-22. Dutch Women in Holland have taken up the Ameri- can and English club idea. The first club house in The Hague was formerly owned by one of the old aristocratic families. It now has a restaurant, reading and writing rooms, a billiard room and a large hall for meetings and rooms to accommo- date transients.-C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-4-22. Esthonians The Government of Esthonia has introduced a bill under which all persons residing in Esthonia since Nov. 26, 1913, automatically acquire Esthonian citienship. The new measure affects a large number of the Jewish inhabitants of the country.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 6-5-22. Finns The Art Society of Finland has organized an Academy of Art which will have the highest authority in all matters concerning Finnish art. —Finska Amerikanaren, Brooklyn, N. Y., 4-6-22. French The Senate has decreed that a French woman who marries a foreigner keeps her own nation- ality, unless she declares at the time of her mar: riage that she wishes to adopt the nationality of her husband.—Le Droit des Femmes, Paris, France, 5-1922. The Federation of French Rail- road Men has started a campaign for funds which will be used in the building of a tubercu- losis hospital in France.—Times, N. Y. C., 5–28-22. Germans Fewer specialists and more craftsmen is the tendency in German schools today. Both high and technical schools show that more students than ever before are learning trades. There is a project on foot to reduce the number of hours applied to academic work, leaving more time for handicraft.—Herald, N. Y. C., 5-7-22. In view of the fact that seventy-five per cent. of the 50,000 persons who emigrated from Germany during last year are of Protestant faith, the German Evangelical Church Commission has recom- mended that a collection be made in all churches for the purpose of assisting those associations whose work includes providing for the welfare of emigrants.-Der Auslanddeutsche, Stuttgart, Germany, 4-I5-22. Greeks At the annual meeting of the Women’s Na- tional League it was emphasized that peaceful ties between the women of all nations have be- come very strong within the last few years. This organization edits the Hellenis, a serious quar- terly magazine entirely controlled by Greek women, and works along the lines of immigration, the care of young girls, the introduction of Anglo-Saxon sports and team-play into Greece, and the best use of the vote when suffrage is granted.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-18-22. 215 Hungarians According to a report of the Hungarian Bureau of Statistics, the total increase of the population in Hungary has been placed at 69,743 for the year of 1921, an improvement over past years of 9.2 per cent. During the same year I,469 persons left Hungary, of whom 1,232 went to the United States. The number of those returning to Hun- gary is I,908, all of whom, with the exception of 22, went from the United States.—Sgabadság, Cleveland, O., 5-18-22. Italians Total unemployment in Italy on March I fell to 576,284, a reduction of 30,535 during the month of February. This improvement is due largely to increased activity in agriculture and textiles. Business failures during March totaled 306, as compared with 252 during the previous month and IO3 during March of last year.— Trade Bulletin, N.Y. C., 5-1922. On May 14 the University of Padua celebrated the seven hun- dredth anniversary of its foundation. Appro- priate ceremonies were held, with His Majesty, the King of Italy, in attendance.—News Bulletin, Italy America Society, N. Y. C., 5-19-22. Japanese The profession of detective has become popu- lar with Japanese women. An average of twenty- five women apply at a certain local detective bureau each month seeking employment. The majority of girls, however, are in factories. About 66,500 of these are working in Tokio. Bus conductors, telephone girls, clerks in railway offices and workers in beauty parlors are found in great numbers. There are also teachers, doc- tors, dressmakers, nurses and professional musi- clans, as well as journalists, magazine writers and painters.-Republican, Springfield, Mass., 5-II-22. * Latin Americans BRAZIL-According to information received by the United States Children's Bureau, a Bureau of Child Hygiene has been recently created in the State Department of Health under the direction of Dr. Fernández Fijuerira, Presi- dent of the Brazilian Patriotic Society. The bureau is planning to establish child health cen- ters in different parts of the country. COLOMBIA.—The first public health station of the Colombia Red Cross was recently opened in Bogotá. Women, are instructed in the proper care of their children, patients are vaccinated against smallpox, and many other services to the general public are rendered free. The Red Cross is also conducting an anti-alcohol campaign.— Same. | MEXICO.-Señora Dolores Arriaga de Buck has been elected a member of the Supreme Court of the State of San Luis Potosí. She is the first woman to hold such an office in Mexico.—World, N. Y.C., 5-24-22. The legislature of the State of Chihuahua is considering a workman's com- pensation act. The bill provides for an eight- hour day, profit sharing on a small scale, com- pensation for injury or death resulting from accident, three months’ pay for any workman unjustly discharged.—Globe-Democrat, St. Louis, Mo., 5-7-22. & Poles The Polish Diet has passed a law giving every industrial worker a two weeks' vacation with pay every year.—F. L. I. S., 6-7-22. Another step in religious tolerance has been taken by the Polish Government in abolishing the legal disabilities formerly imposed upon Roman Catholics by Russia. This follows the abolition, a short time ago, of the anti-Jewish statutes of the former Russian régime, and clears the books of the new Polish Government of all religious proscriptions. —Times, N. Y. C., 5-9–22. Roumanians A group of several hundred students at Bucharest have founded a cultural society named Graiui Romanesc (The Roumanian Tongue), which will endeavor to disseminate Roumanian culture and traditions among Roumanians sepa- rated from the homeland, especially those living in America.-Tzbauda, Bucharest, Roumania, 4-28–22. Russians Soviet newspapers have been reduced during the past year from 863 to 382, with a total circu- lation of only 1,500,000 for all Russia. All of these are controlled by the Government.—Globe- Democrat, St. Louis, Mo., 5-I4-22. Scandinavians The Normands-Forbundst has established a social room in Christiania for the use of Nor- wegian-Americans who are visiting their native country. Norwegian newspapers published in America, as well as all publications printed in Norway, are on file there. This center may also be used as headquarters for all Norwegian- Americans. Passengers will be met at the pier upon request by the present secretary, Sigurd Folkestad, Strandgade I, Christiania.-Tidende, Minneapolis, Minn., 4-27-22. The Government has announced that a plebiscite on prohibition will be held on August 27.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-I3-22. Spaniards For the first time in history the question of the moral legitimacy of bullfighting has been brought up in the Spanish Parliament, and deputies have risen to condemn it in strong and bitter terms.- C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 6-1-22. C. R. J. NATIONALITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Armenians - HE Armenian Women's Association of Bos- ton is very active. It has given much material assistance to women and young Arme- nian girls coming to America, has adopted ten 216 orphans and made a contribution of $1,200 for the Armenian Union, within two years. It has also given $200 for the Boston Armenian Apos- tolic Church.-A2k Bahag, Boston, Mass., 4-8-22. Chinese The Chinese undergraduates of Columbia Uni- versity held a national night during April. More than eight hundred persons attended and about three hundred Chinese students took part in the performance, all appearing in native costume.— Tribune, N. Y. C., 4-23-22. Czecho-Slovaks A new Czech Free Thought organization, named the Ingersoll Nationalistic Society, has been founded in Chicago. The Czechs of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, celebrated the twenty-fifth anni- versary of the founding of the Western Czech Fraternal Union with a program of lectures, Songs and dances. The organization numbers over 20,000 adult members and in addition has started a junior Society. It has a fund of $1,2OO,OOO-Listy, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 5-18-22. The Czecho-Slovak National Alliance has been reorganized for the purpose of promoting the welfare of Czecho-Slovaks in the United States. The new board advocates the urging of Czecho- Slovaks to become citizens of this country, and to find all means possible for making themselves useful and well informed members in whatever community they reside. The headquarters of the Alliance in America is to be in Cleveland.— F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 3-16-22. Germans The people taking part in the excursion to Germany arranged by the Low German Associa- tion sailed on May 8. They bear messages to the German people from the Associated German Societies of New York and the Central Com- mittee for the Relief of Distress in Germany and Austria, as well as many gifts, including 301,106 marks contributed by the Sleswig-Hol- stein Association for the American Home for Children in Slesvig.—Staatsgeitung, N. Y. C., 5-8-22. Hungarians Three leading Hungarian organizations have consolidated under the name of the United Hun- garian Sick Benefit Society. This is the first step in the consolidation of many small Hungarian societies which are now struggling for existence in different parts of the country. It is hoped that Protestant, Jewish and Roman Catholic will in this way unite in their common efforts to be of service to one another.—Ujstig, N. Y. C., 4-2-22. The Joint Committee of Hungarian organizations of Buffalo, N. Y., is working to bring about the establishment of a Hungarian House which will serve as a meeting place for various Hungarian organizations in the city, housing all kinds of activities of a social and educational nature.—Hirado, Buffalo, N. Y., 5-6-22. & Italians New Britain, Conn., a city of 65,000 inhabit- ants, has a Mayor of Italian origin.—F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 5-11-22. A free music school for Italian children in Erie, Pa., has been opened under the leadership of Professor Cianfoni. Thirty-five children are already receiving instruc- tion in this school.-Gazetta di Erie, Erie, Pa., 4–29–22. The Bishop of the Northwestern Diocese of Pennsylvania has begun a campaign fo raise $400,000 for an asylum.—La Gazetta de Erie, Erie, Pa., 3-II-22. Japanese Frank C. Gordon, Secretary of State, an- nounces at Sacramento that 327 Japanese minors now own property in California.-Sun, San Diego, Cal., 2-23-22. Secretary Fall, replying to an inquiry from a Japanese association of Wapata, Wash., regard- ing the opportunity of its members leasing lands in the Yakima Indian reservation, declared all Indian agents had been notified that leases must be confined to American citizens, with veterans of the World War having preference.—Tribune, N. Y. C., 3-4-22. An all-Japanese moving picture company has been organized in California, under the name of the Pacific Film Exchange, Inc., of San Fran- cisco.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-23-22. Spring festivals have been held in New York by the women of the Japanese Christian Institute and the Ladies’ Society of the Japanese M. E. Church.-Japanese Times, N. Y. C., 4-12-22. Latin-Americans With appropriate ceremonies held at the City Hall, New York was presented with a beautiful Cuban flag in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the independence of the Cuban Republic.—La Prensa, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. The centennial of the independence of Ecuador was celebrated in Washington and New York on May 24.—Same, 5-25-22. Mexican members of the Junior Red Cross at the Olmos Mines School, Eagle Pass, Texas, were presented with Red Cross buttons as a reward for their work during Health Week Campaign, during which they got out posters and made scrap books for sick chil- dren.—Red Cross Courier, Washington, D. C., 6-3-22. The United Mexican Societies of Cali- fornia (Las Sociedades Mexicanas Coaligadas) plan to establish one or two schools for Mexican children in Los Angeles. These schools will carry the Government educational program in every respect. The principal reason for these schools is that so many Mexican children do not have access to public schools, while many of Mexican parentage attending the city schools have forgotten their native language.—La Epoca, San Antonio, Texas, 5-4-22. * 217 Lithuanians Although most Lithuanians were farmers in their home country, practically the only Lithu- anian farming colony in the United States is located in Michigan, in Mason and Lake Coun- ties, and part of Oceana County, an area forty miles long and twenty-five miles wide. The Lithuanians first settled here in 1906 and since then their numbers have increased until now there are 480 families living in this district. These Lithuanians are well organized, having three parishes and several benevolent societies. Almost every home receives Lithuanian news- papers and the farmers are particularly well in- formed about Lithuanian politics and affairs.- F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 5-II-22. Poles The Convention of the Polish Young People’s Alliance was held at Springfield, Mass., on April 2-5. Some of the resolutions are: (1) To en- courage the teaching of the Polish language to American children of Polish parents in order that they may learn the history and traditions of their ancestors; (2) to give financial aid in the form of scholarships to worthy members en- rolled as regular students in secondary schools; (3) to conduct classes for members and hold educational lectures for the general public; (4) to publish a newspaper to further the ideals of the organization.—F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 5-II-22. Portuguese A great patriotic mass meeting was held by the Portuguese of New Bedford, Mass., in cele- bration of the successful transatlantic flight of the Portuguese aviators, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho.—Alvorada Diaria, New Bed- ford, Mass., 6-7-22. Roumanians Mr. A. Nester, President of the Roumanian National League of America, has submitted sev- eral documents to prove that all gifts collected and sent to the Roumanian Red Cross by the League for the relief of war orphans and widows have been received in time and have been greatly appreciated.—America, Cleveland, O., 2-25-22. Russians The largest Russian organizations have started a campaign of education on hygiene and sanita- tion among their countrymen. Lectures on venereal diseases are given by reputable doctors. —F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 3-16-22. “The Light Hour” is the name of a new Rus- sian men's organization recently founded in New York. It is non-partisan and its main object is to organize young Russians for education. An employment bureau and loan association have been established to help the members who are affected by the present economic crisis.-F. L. I. S., N. Y. C., 5-II-22. A Russian school to teach the average Russian immigrant to report events correctly for his newspapers has been started in Chicago by the local branch of the Technical Aid Society.—Same. Thousands of members of the Russian Orthodox Church wel- comed on June 4 Metropolitan Platon as supreme ruler of the Russian Church in North America.-- Herald, N. Y. C., 6-5-22. Scandinavians Norwegians in Seattle celebrated, during May, the one hundred and eighth anniversary of the Signing of the Norwegian Constitution.—Union- Record, Seattle, Wash., 5-18-22. An immense chorus, including three hundred trained Scandi- navian voices, will be heard in Seattle June 29 to July 3 during the convention of the United Swedish Singers of the Pacific Coast.—Same, 5-6-22. Augustana College and Seminary, the most prominent Swedish educational institution in this country, celebrated its hundredth anni- versary on April 27.-Svenska Canada-Fidinn- gen, Winnipeg, Can., 4-27-22. Spaniards A new day nursery for Spanish children was opened in New York City by the Mothers of the Helpless, an order of Spanish nuns.—World, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. Ukrainians In protest against the Polish occupation of Galicia, Ukrainian men, women and children paraded and held a mass meeting in New York City, and called upon the Government of the United States to stop atrocities in their home country.—Call, N. Y. C., 5-28-22. - C. R. J. (Concluded from page 209) The Yakuts are the most capable of all the native tribes. They make good carpenters, lock- smiths, musicians, lately even physicians, lawyers and engineers. Russians often marry Yakut women and accept their customs and mode of living. This usually happens in the country while in the towns, on the other hand, the Yakuts become Russianized. BIBLIOGRAPHY Yadrintzeff. Siberia as a colony, Moscow 1892. A.N. Pypin. First news about Siberia and its coloniza- tion by Russians. - A. N. Pypin. Russians in Siberia. T. A. Hourwich. Migration of the peasants to Siberia, Moscow 1888. - P. A. Stolypin & Krivoshein, Die Kolonization Siberiens, St. Petersburg, 1912. - Brief notions about Siberia and its borders. Paris 1920. 218 INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS Art, Literature and Science HE “English Singers,” who specialize in old English madrigals of the Elizabethan period, have given three concerts in Prague. The Czech Philharmonic Society, under the leadership of Dr. Adrian Boult of London, has also given an orchestral concert of English music. —Gazette de Prague, Prague, 4-26-22. The new Swiss opera, “Venus,” was given at Zurich at the opening of the International Opera Festival on May Io. Curt Tancher of Dresden Sang the tenor role.—Herald, N. Y. C., 5-12-22. A number of noted American surgeons have lately been visiting the hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions in Mexico. Dr. William Mayo, as representative of the American College of Surgeons, invited the Mexican medical pro- fession to send delegates to the medical conven- tion which will be held in the United States in October.—Pan-American Bulletin, Washington, D. C., 6–22. The dedication of the Florence Nightingale School for Nurses at Bordeaux, France, was attended on May 12 by representatives of six nations.—Times, N. Y. C., 5–14–22. Barracks at Alexandroplo, formerly used for Russian troops, have recently been turned into the world’s largest hospital for children. It con- tains 6,000 beds, is under the administration of Dr. R. T. Wiely, and will be supported by the Near East Relief.-Armenian Hairenik, Boston, Mass., 4-5-22. The Poetry Society of America, through the American Committee for Devastated France, has recently given a new church bell to L'Audricourt- Sous-Concy in memory of Alan Seeger. Dedi- cation services were attended by the parents of the dead poet—Eve. Post, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. The first European statue to a living American has been erected at Budapest by Hungary for James A. Pedlow, American Red Cross Commis- sioner.—Same, 5-II-22. August Heckscher of New York has donated IO,OOO,OOO marks for the erection at Munich of a hospital for shell-shocked soldiers.-Same, 5-I4-22. Church THE Catholic Union for International Study recently held its third plenary session at Freiburg, Switzerland. Among things discussed was the amendment of the Pact of the League of Nations in regard to the protection of Catholic interests in countries which come under the inter- national control of the League.—Catholic Bul- letin, 5-26-22. The thirty-ninth conference of the Italian Methodist Episcopal Church opened in Rome on May 17 under the presidency of Bishop William Burt.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-18-22. Commerce and Trade PLAN S have been made by the American Ex- press Travel Department for a foreign trade tour to Europe. France, Belgium, England and Germany are to be visited.—Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pa., 5-18-22. The Department of Commerce is planning for a marked expansion of foreign trade activities during the coming year. Specialists in American export commodities will be assigned to leading European cities, trade commissioners will be kept at advantageous points in Europe and Asia to study commercial developments in Russia and new offices will be opened in the Far East.— Same, 5–9–22. An international court for hearing commercial disputes between nationals of various countries has been approved by the Executive Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce.— C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5–27-22. Efforts are being made by the Illinois Manu- facturers’ Association to bring about reciprocal trade relationship with Mexico.—Same, 5-12-22. As a means of furthering Brazil's trade with Central Europe, Dr. B. de Macido, general man- ager of the Lloyd Brasileiro, is contemplating sending a floating exhibition ship laden with Brazilian products to Danubian ports.-Naut. Gazette, N. Y. C., 6–IO-22. A “Franco-Czecho-Slovak Chamber of Com- merce” has been organized in Paris. M. André Libon, President of the “Federation of French Manufacturers,” has been elected president.— Czecho-Slovak Review, Chicago, Ill., 5-22. Operation of all Soviet clothing and textile factories in Russia will be turned over to an American Workers’ Society to be known as the American-Russian Trade Industrial Workers' Association.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-12-22. Dr. Ferrano, of the Mexican Ministry of Com- merce, has opened in Berlin a permanent model exhibition of Mexican home products.-Same, 5-30–22. Conferences and Congresses NVITATIONS have been sent through the State Department to 150 nations, colonies and commonwealths to send representatives to the World's Dairy Congress, to be held in one of the leading cities of the U. S. in October, I923. This will be the first meeting of its kind to be held in the U. S.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-19-22. The Sixth Assembly of the International In- stitute of Agriculture was opened in Rome on May 8 by King Victor Emmanuel. The U. S. was represented by Alfred B. Dennis.--Same, 5-8-22. - It is estimated that 300 American pilgrims have journeyed to Rome to attend the Inter- national Eucharistic Congress, which opened on May 24.—Times, N. Y. C., 5-22-22. 219 Fourteen countries were represented at the International Council of Nurses held at Copen- hagen in May. Finland has been chosen for the next meeting in 1924.—Same, 5-24-22. About 500 delegates from ninety religious, educational, social and civic organizations throughout the country met in Cleveland in May for the Congress on International Co-operation and Sixth Annual Convention of the World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches.—Eve. Post, N. Y. C., 5-16-22. A committee including leading intellectual representatives from many countries selected by the Council of the League of Nations will meet at Geneva this summer to study and suggest methods of intellectual co-operation throughout the world. The plan will be presented to the September meeting of the Assembly of the League.-Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pa., 5-16-22. It is announced that the 1925 quiennial meet- ing of the International Council of Women, meeting this year at The Hague, will be held in Washington, D. C.—Tribune, N. Y. C., 5-25-22. The Sixth Latin-American Medical Congress will be held in Havana, Nov. 19-26, 1922.-Pan- .4merican Bulletin, Washington, D. C., 6-22. The Third Pan-American Child Welfare Con- gress will be held in August in Rio de Janeiro.— Same, 6-22. The Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference, with representatives from nations bordering on the Pacific Ocean, will convene in October in Hono- lulu. The agenda include such important sub- jects as communication and transportation, de- velopment and conservation of natural resources, finance and investments and international rela- tions in the Pacific area.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-18-22. The International Sunshine Society has been holding a convention in New York City in May. This year the society will make the “bringing of sunshine” to the blind one of its chief labors.- Sun, Baltimore, Md., 5-17–22. - Consular and Diplomatic R. OTHON DE HURICKI, formerly Chargé d'Affaires of the Polish Legation at Tokyo, has now taken charge of the Consular Department of the Polish Legation at Tokyo.— Japan Times and Mail, Tokyo, 4-I-22. A Lithuanian legation has been opened in Prague, at the Palace Hotel. Mr. Domatas Malinankas is in charge.—Gazette de Prague, Prague, 4-8-22. The Secretary of State, on May 17, 1922, sent a note to the British Ambassador stating that the United States Government would be glad to take up with the Canadian Government the negotia- tion of a treaty looking to the deepening of the waterways which would enable transatlantic steamers to reach the Great Lakes. Secretary Hughes said that he was authorized to state that the President favors the negotiation of such a treaty and requested to be informed as to whether the appropriate British and Canadian authorities are disposed to undertake the negotiation of such a treaty. The Department of State understands that this note has been forwarded to the Cana- dian Government, but no answer has as yet been received.—Official, Department of State, 5-25-22. Labor CONFERENCE of the three Socialist Inter- nationals took place in Berlin on April 3, in accordance with the decision reached some weeks ago at Frankfort by delegates of the Sec- ond International and the Vienna International. In the discussion it was recommended that the Organizing Committee try to arrange oppor- tunity for the representatives of the three Inter- nationals, of the International Federation of Trade Unions of Amsterdam and the Red Trade Union International for the purpose of consider- ing how a united trade union front may be estab- lished nationally and internationally.—Bulletin, International Labour Office, Geneva, Sw., 4-2I-22. Hon. James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor, has appointed Charles W. Hanson, of New York, as commissioner of conciliation and industrial rep- resentative of the United States to Sweden, where Mr. Hanson will study labor conditions and the measures taken by the Swedish Govern- ment for relieving the unemployed. Housing conditions of the laborers will also be studied. Mr. Hanson will leave for his new post during the summer.—Nordstjernan, N. Y. C., 5-8-22. Relief Dºº 1921, Denmark cared for 5,584 children from Austria; since 1919 Denmark has cared for 16,456 Austrian and 5,428 German children. The sum of 40,000 francs was spent in the support of a children's home near Rheims. —Times, N. Y. C., 5–28-22. * . Pope Pius XI has sent a personal appeal t President Harding asking that American relief in Russia be continued.—Union Record, Seattle, Wash., 5-26-22. Special donations destined for professors of the universities in the Crimea who are suffering from famine will be received at the Pasteur Institute, Paris.-Herald, N. Y. C., 6-I-22. It is reported that the American Red Cross will leave Europe by June 30. Certain personnel will remain in an advisory capacity and the Junior Red Cross will continue in certain coun- tries, according to a statement made by Dr. Ross Hill, director.—Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pa., 5-I 5–22. It has been announced by Health Commis- sioner Copeland that public-spirited citizens of New York City have decided to raise $25,000 for the equipment of a sanitary relief expedition to Eastern Poland, where typhus is raging.— Tribune, N. Y. C., 5-13-22. - The United Students of all High Schools of Novotcherkask, Russia, have sent an appeal for help to high schools and professional and tech- nical organizations of America.-Globe, N. Y. C., 5-4-22. M. T. 220 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF INTEREST TO THE FOREIGN-BORN Diplomatic and Consular HE termination of office of the Russian | Ambassador, M. Boris Bakhmeteff, goes into effect June 30. M. Serge Ughet, Financial Attaché of the Embassy, remains as custodian of Russian property in this country. He will continue to enjoy the usual diplomatic privileges and immunities.—Official, Dept. of State, 6-4-22. Dr. Anton Tresic-Pavicic, a Croatian writer, playwright and poet, has been appointed Minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slo- venes in Washington, D. C. His “From the Atlantic to the Pacific * is the account of a jour- ney made about ten years ago through the United States.—F. L. I. S., 5-I I-22. The Brazilian State Department has officially announced the promotion of its legation in Mexico to the rank of embassy in order to recip- rocate the same step taken by Mexico with regard to her diplomatic representation in Rio de Janeiro.—Pan-American Bulletin, Washington, D. C., June, '22. Mr. Francis White assumed the duties of Act- ing Chief of the Division of Latin-American Affairs in the Department of State on June 5, I922.-Official, Dept. of State, 6-6-22. A Greek Consulate has been opened at 709 Gloyd Building, Kansas City, Mo., Dem. Colio- poulos, Vice-Consul.—Atlantis, N. Y. C., 5–24–22. Exploitation The “Külföldi Magyarsag” of Budapest, Hun- gary, a periodical devoted to the interests of Hungarians abroad, issues a warning against dealers in worthless securities, who are exploit- ing Hungarians in the United States by selling at par shares in corporations (for example, the Carlisle Tire Corporation) the stock of which has a very low market value, with no buyers.- Killföldi Magyarsag, Budapest, 5-I-22. Passports It is no longer necessary for applicants for passports to present documentary evidence as to the objects of their trips to foreign countries. Furthermore, passports are now freely granted to all parts of the world. Passports issued since Jan. 3, 1918, will be accepted as identification and prima facie evidence of the applicant's [United States] citizenship.–Official, Dept. of State, 6-13-22. The decree abolishing passport requirements between Mexico and the United States became effective on February 1, 1922. The issue of this decree is largely the result of efforts made by the American border Chambers of Commerce, which submitted to the Department of Commerce a petition signed by 32,000 American citizens rep- resenting all commercial organizations along the frontier from Brownsville to Santiago.—Pan- American Bulletin, Washington, D. C., June, '22. According to the provisions of an order re- --- 221 cently issued by the Polish Ministry of the Interior, Polish citizens may obtain passports for an indefinite number of trips out of Poland on the condition that such trips are made within a period of six months from the time the pass- ports are issued.—Polish Bureau of Information, N. Y. C., 6-14-22. The French Consul-General in Beirut, Syria, announces that a French passport or visa is all that travelers now need to take them through Turkish lands. Syrians and Lebanese residents of Syria provided with French documents will not be molested.—C. S. Monitor, Boston, Mass., 5-22-22. • Postal Regulations In order to avoid misunderstandings which may result from using the two names “Latvia” and “Lettonia,” the Lettish Government has definitely adopted the name “Lettonia,” which is derived from the name of the people, “Lettish” or “Letts.”—United States Postal Guide, April, I922. The Royal Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has informed the United States Post Office Department that all matter written in the Hebrew language or in Hebrew characters has been excluded from the Hungarian mails by a cabinet order. This exclusion applies not only to articles mailed in Hungary but also to those received in Hungary from abroad.—United States Postal Guide, April, 22. The postal administration of Roumania has advised that there arrives from America for different places of Roumania ordinary and regis- tered letters containing paper money; that the domestic postal legislation of Roumania forbids the introduction of paper money in letters; that the Roumanian administration of posts declines all responsibility in regard to tamperings or rob- beries.—United States Postal Guide, April, '22. Relief German customs regulations governing admis- Sion of charitable gifts (Liebesgaben) from abroad: Liebesgaben sent gratis to relief organi- zations are duty free if declared to be for use exclusively in the households among whom they are distributed. The same holds good of eleven pound packages sent to individuals. Goods, pro- visions, etc., introduced into Germany by a traveler for his own use are liable to duty; those taken for others as Liebesgaben must be accom- panied by a notarial affidavit legalized by the German Consul-General.—Staatsgeitung, N. Y. C., 5–28-22. Plans are announced for admitting into Russia duty free packages from abroad for individuals and which contain only food or clothing intended exclusively for personal use. These parcels must not exceed twenty-one pounds in weight. By the Soviet customs regulations each person is en- titled to receive from foreign countries by post under this ruling not more than two packages each month. The contents of the parcels will be subject to duty if the food and personal effects are sent in the same bundle.—Herald, N. Y. C., 6-4-22. - Steamships and Travel According to information obtained from the steamship companies, immense numbers of Americans are going to visit Germany during the present summer, those of German descent alone numbering about 300,000. In consideration of the great scarcity of milk, flour and sugar in Germany and German-Austria, the “Staats- zeitung” suggests that travelers who do not wish to aggravate these conditions should procure drafts from the Central Relief Committee (247 East 41st St., N. Y. C.) on its Berlin or Vienna warehouses. In this way they could provide those commodities not only for their own use but also for their relatives and friends in the old country.—Staatszeitung, N. Y. C., 5–28-22. MAGAZINE RACK Americanization American-born. Verses by Sam. Cohen, of the Ameri- canization School, Washington, Atlantic Monthly, June 22, p. 769. America Overseas Turkey in Terms of Girls. By Marion Peabody, Asso- ciation Monthly, June 22, p. 301. The Hand of Uz (Russia). By Lydia L. Rickman and Florence M. Barrows, Survey, 5-27-22, p. 337. Immigration and Emigration Immigration and Naturalization. By James J. Davis, Outlook, 6–7–22, p. 256. Internationalism Literature and Internationalism. By Emile Cammaerts, Hibbert Journal, April 22, p. 461. International Relations The Colossus of the World (Germany-Russia). Current History, June 22, p. 452. The Baltic States’ Treaty of Warsaw. Current History, June 22, p. 470. Literary Yankeephobia in Hispanic America (con- cluded). By J. F. Rippy, Ph.D., Jour. Inter. Rel., April 22, p. 524. The Pan-American Women's Conference. Concha Romero James, Association Monthly, June 22, p. 309. International Relations Section, (Russia), Nation, 5-17, 6-14, and 6-21-22. Lloyd George's Russian Policy, New Republic, 6-7-22, 31 D. J. I. Premises of a Russian Policy, New Republic, 6-21-22, p. 88. $ * Will Germany Absorb Russia? By J. Ellis Barker, Forum, June 22, p. 467. Armenia, British Pledges and the Near East. By Aneu- rin Williams, M.P., Contemporary Review, April 22, . 418. TÉ. Monroe Doctrine. By Felix Perez Porta, Inter- America, June 22, p. 288. Alien Property Custodian Scandals. By John Drink- water, Searchlight, 5–31–22, p. 18. Nationalities in Their Home Countries Austrians Austria–May 1922. By Oswald Garrison Villard, Nation, 6-21-22, p. 740. Chinese Medical Education in China. By Roger S. Greene, Chinese Students’ Monthly, June 22, p. 653. *Christian Movement in China (Edit.), Same, p. 651. The Compania Naviera de los Estados de Mexico will operate a fleet of fourteen new fully equipped steel steamers between Salina Cruz, Mexico, and Vancouver, Canada, calling at fif- teen Mexican ports.-Pan-American Bulletin, Washington, D.C., June, '22. & The Navigazione Generale Italiana is soon to launch a 22,000-ton oil-burning passenger liner, the S.S. Giulio Cesare. Its first sailing from Genoa is scheduled for August II. The trip to New York will require ten days.-Trade Bulletin, Italy America Society, N. Y. C., May, 22. * The Czecho-Slovak Government has issued an order according to which foreign automobiles may not remain longer than forty-eight hours in Czecho-Slovakia except by special request of the owners. The inhabitants of the Czecho-Slovak Republic may not own automobiles manufactured outside of Czecho-Slovakia. Foreigners visiting Czecho-Slovakia may obtain permits for four weeks.-Dennik, N. Y. C., 4-27-22. AND BOOK SHELF The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Woman. By Rosalind Mei-Tsung Li, Same, p. 673. ‘. The Units of Chinese Civilization. Butterfield, Survey, 5–27–22, p. 330. Czecho-Slovaks The Slovaks, Past and Present. By Stephen J. Po- licker, Current History, June 22, p. 472 Germans * Youth Cuts Free from “Things.” By Carolena M. Wood, World Tomorrow, June 22, p. 180. Prison Reform in Europe—III, Germany. By San- ford Griffith, Survey, 5-20–22, p. 275. German Standards of Living. By Werner Sombart, New Republic, 5–24–22, p. 362. Indians (East) The Women of India. By an Indian Prince, Current History, June 22, p. 434. By Kenyon L. Italians Where Italy Stands. By Carleton Beals, Nation, 5–24–22, p. 617. Latin Americans Feminism in Spain and Latin America. By L. de Alberti, Internat. Woman Suffrage News, April 22, p. 95. - Mexicans Why Mexico Starves. By C. T. Crowell, Independent, 5–27–22, p. 480. Poles Poland's Hope in her Women. By Charlotte (Mrs. Vernon) Kellogg, Our World, May 22, p. 19. Russians : - See Russian number, World Agriculture, Winter and Spring, '22 (Vol. II, No. 3). Nationalities in the United States Koreans The First Koreans in America. Korea Review, May 22, p. 11. Scandinavians Pehr Kalms’ Journey to North America. By A. B. Benson, American Scandinavian Rev., June '22, p. 350. By W. E. Griffis, Miscellaneous Russia through Various Ages:—Reviews of seven re- cent books on Russia. New Republic, 6-7-22. Berlin as Babel (aristocratic Russian refugees). Liter- ary Digest, 6–3–22. Expressionism—German model. By Walter P. Eaton, Freeman, 6-21-22, p. 352. 222 w ive List of Periodicals in English Published by º Foreign-Born Groups ºnlan M'he New Armenia, Monthly 949 Broadway, New York City. Chinese - China Review, Monthly 2844 Woolworth Bldg., New York City. Chinese Students’ Monthly 2518 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, Md. Publ. Chinese Students’ Alliance. - Christian China, Monthly 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. Publ. Chinese Student Christian Assn. in U. S. A. Czecho-Slovak Czecho-Slovak Review, Monthly 2146 Blue Island Avenue, Chicago, Ill. Finnish Koti, (Home) Monthly 12 East Superior Street, Duluth, Minn. Italian Columbus, Monthly É Nº. Street, New York City. (Vanderbilt Bldg. Il Carroccio, Monthly 150 Nassau Street, New York City Italian American Review, Weekly 49–51 Chambers Street, New York City. News Bulletin, Monthly 23 West 43rd Street, New York City. Publ. Italy America Society. Trade Bulletin, Monthly 23 West 43rd Street, New York City. Japanese Publ. Italy America Society. Japanese American Commercial Weekly 414 8th Avenue, New York City. Japan Review, Monthly Ellis Hall, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Korea Korea Review, Monthly 825 Weightman Blog., Philadelphia, Pa. The Young Korean, Bi-Monthly 1306 Miller Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. Latin-American Bulletin Pan American Union. Monthly 17th and B. Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Inter-America, Monthly 407 West 117th Street, New York City. Latin American Student, Monthly * 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. Mexican Review, Monthly 631 South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Cal. Republic of Ecuador, Monthly Consulate of the Republic of Ecuador. Philippine Philippine Herald, Monthly 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. Publ. Philippine Student Federation of America. Polish Journal of the Polish American Chamber of Com- merce, Monthly 40 West 40th Street, New York City. Russian Siberian Opportunities, Monthly Russian Consulate, San Francisco, Cal. Soviet Russia, Monthly - 110 West 40th Street, New York City. Struggling Russia, Monthly Woolworth Bldg., New York City. Scandinavian American Scandinavian Review, Monthly 25 West 45th Street, New York City. Northman, Weekly 227%. Washington Street, Portland, Ore. North Star, Quarterly, 416 Eighth Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn. - UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Tºy |||||||||||||, al- Broz. Ten Art 3 9015 08026 2390 .ay 22. Publ. by iv. G. Lun, IN. Y. U. The Mexican Mind. By Wallace Thompson. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass. Near Eastern Affairs and Conditions. By the Hon. Stephen Panaretoff. Macmillan, N. Y. C. Will the Bolsheviks Maintain Power? By N. Lenin. Labor Publishing Co., London, England. Russian Foreign Relations during the Last Half º: By Baron Sergius A. Korff. Macmillian, Russia in the Far East. By Leo Pasvolsky. Mac- millan, N. Y. C. Twelve (Petrograd in the first days of the Revolu- tion). By Alexander Blok. The Nineteenth Century. Written by thirty-seven specialists—Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Edit. by Aage Friis. Publ. by Gyldendal. The Outcast. By Selma Lagerlof. Trans. from the Swedish by W. Worster. Doubleday, Page and Co., N. Y. C. Uruguayans of Today. Edit. by William Belmont Parker. Publ. by Hispanic Society of America. The International Protection of Labor. By Boutelle E. Lowe. Macmillan, N. Y. C. Adventures in Idealism. By Katharine Sabsovich. Privately printed, N. Y. C. Main Stages in Populating the World (nine small maps). Publ. by Geographical Society of N. Y. Kimono (Novel of life in Japan). By John Paris. Boni and Liveright, N. Y. C. For current bibliography on Japan, see Japan Review. A NEW BOOK What Every Emigrant Should Know, by CECILIA RAzovsky. Published by Council of Jewish Women, 799 Broadway, New York. This small pamphlet, printed and issued by the Department of Immigrant Aid, Council of Jewish Women, for the guidance and benefit of prospective immigrants to the United States, not only is valuable to emigrants, but has infor- mation that every social worker interested in foreign folk ought to know. Miss Razovsky has based her material on personal experience with emigrants and an intimate knowledge of the many difficulties emigrants face through their ignorance of the requirements for admission into the United States, through exploitation, wrong information, lack of funds and proper papers. She has made her advice short and clear-cut and has illustrated it by real stories. Her counsel to young girls traveling alone is particularly good and most essential to their welfare. This book will prove most helpful to those for whom it has been written and should be in the hands of every emigrant. E. G. We deeply regret the misplacement of the last two paragraphs of Professor Boas' article in FOREIGN BORN, June, p. 169, top. They should follow the paragraph at the foot of p. 171. * The womans PREss—so BOOKS Folk songs of MANY PEOPLES Compiled by FLORENCE HUDSON BOTSFORD. Vol. I. ($2.75), contains 145 songs of the Baltic, Slavic and Balkan Groups. Words in the original languages with poetical English versions by well-known poets, such as Angela Morgan, Margaret Sangster, Padraic Colum, Edwin Markham, Christopher Morley and Samuel Minturn Peck. Many of these songs were taken direct from the lips of peasants in Europe and from the foreign-born in the United States and have never before appeared in print. They will appeal to leaders of community singing, foreign community workers, settlement directors, music instructors in schools and all lovers of good music. * Vol. II, now ready for the press, contains songs of the following groups: Near Eastern, Central European, Scandinavian, North and South American and Oriental. NATIONAL COSTUMES OF THE SLAVIC PEOPLES Compiled by MARGARET Swain PRATT. Pictorial studies of Slavic life and costumes, text describing the materials for the inexpensive. reproduction of the costumes. Keyed references to the chart of true Slavic colors make the book as serviceable as a far more costly collection of colored plates. Map and suggestive account of the picturesque holidays, festivals and saints' days of the Slavic peoples. An indispensable and unique book for those interested in producing nationality entertainments, plays or pageants. $3.00 IS YOUR LATCH STRING OUT 2 By RUTH WALKINSHAw. A pamphlet outlining the survey of a city's foreign-born population with definite suggestions as to maps, sources of information and relationships with city officials. 35 cents TEACHING OF ENGLISH AND THE FOREIGN-BORN WOMAN By MINNIE M. NEWMAN. A pamphlet placing emphasis upon the foreign-born woman and study of her psychology, and setting forth the principle of selecting methods for teaching English out of that study. It argues for a consideration of basic human values rather than a blind application of ready- made methods. The material is derived from actual contacts with classes of thirty-six nationalities. The chapter headings are: The Pupil, The Teacher and Her Training, Methods and Materials, Matters of Administration and The Language. - 35 cents FOREIGN-BORN-A Bulletin of International Service Price $1.50 per year—20 cents per copy. Let's see—I’ve checked those I must have—now for my name and $. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘. . . . . . . . . . . THE wom ANs PREss 600 LEXINGTON AVE. NEW YORK CITY THE william's PRINTING coxſpany, NEw York MAGAZINE RACK Americanization Where Language Separates. By World Tomorrow, July 22, p. 203. America Overseas The American School of Classical Studies of Athens. º N. Fowler, Art and Archaeology, Oct. 22, D. o C. J. Bornman, Immigration and Emigration Exporting Italians. By C. T. Bridgeman, Survey, 11- 15-22, p. 251. The Bogy of Immigration. Freeman, 8-16-22, p. 536. Internationalism The Basis of Internationalism. By W. E. Orchard, World Tomorrow, Nov. 22, p. 329. International Relations International Aspects of the Chinese Crisis. By Charles Hodges, China Review, May–June, 22, p. 255. Conditions for Russia. New Republic, 6-28-22, p. 120. Nationalities in Their Home Countries Albanians Albania, Scribner's, Oct. 1922. Austrians Cooperative Movement in Austria. lich, Cooperation, Oct. 22, p. 169. Bulgarians Devotees of a New Religion. Freeman, 11–1–22. Chinese By E. Freund- By R. H. Markham, On the Open Road in the Chinese Autumn. By A. E. Grantham, Asia, Nov. 22, p. 866. What Are They Fighting About in China? By Ma Soo (Representative of Canton Gov't. in U. S. China Review, May–June, '22, p. 261. China and the World’s Peace. By H. T. Hodgkin, World Tomorrow, Nov. '22, p. 331. Hair Nets (made by Chinese Women). By R. Estelle Paddock, Survey, 9–1–22, p. 663. Czecho-Slovaks Impressions of a People. 10–11–22, p. 108. The Position of Czecho-Slovakia. Review, Oct. '22, p. 251. Impressions of Prague. 8-9-22, p. 510. Germans Is the New German Youth Pacifist? By P. Lam- brecht, World Tomorrow, Nov. 22, p. 333. The Birthday of the Republic. By Jerome Lachen- bruch, Freeman, 10–20–22, p. 39. Child-Care in Germany. By Alice Solomon, Survey, 8–15–22, p. 603. The Political Situation in Germany. By Prof. L. Schücking, The New Statesman, 10-28-22, p. 102. Hungarians Hungary's Reply to Her Accusers. By Henry Bar- acs (former president of the Hungarian-American Federation), Current History, July 22, p. 653. Italians Back to the Soil in Italy. rent History, July 22, p. 610. The Fascisti and the Class Struggle. zolini, New Republic, 11–1–22, p. 242. A Unique Horse Race (Palio of Siena), Independent, 11–4–22, p. 6. By Bruno Roselli, Outlook, 11-8-22, By Edwin Muir, Freeman, The Czechoslovak By Edwin Muir, Freeman, By Carleton Beals, Cur- By G. Prez- The , Fascisti. p. 428. Fascismo. p. 258. Japanese A Wayfarer in Japan. dependent, 10–14–22, p. 190. Some Aspects of Rural Japan. By Gino Speranza, Independent, 11-11- Latin Americans Impressions of Brazil. By Mrs. A. L. Livermore, Independent, 9-30–22, p. 159. w Through Rebate to Civic Rights. By Tam Deering, Survey, 9-15-22, p. 725. s A Longitudinal Journey Through Chile. By H. C. Adams, Nat. Geographic Magazine, Sept. 22. Modern Tendencies in Mexican Art. By Guillermo A. jewell Bull. Pan-American Union, Oct. 22, D. J4/. Latin-American Generalizations. Bull. Pan-American Union, Oct. '22, p. 384. * Neighbors. Survey Graphic, Oct. 22. Adventuring Down the West Coast of Mexico. By ºt Corey, Nat. Geographic Magazine, Nov. 22. D. - New Tendencies in Mexican Public Instruction. Bull. Pan-American Union, Nov. 22, p. 462. i- Poles The Art of Poland. By C. A. Manning (Columbia University), Poland, Amer. Pol. Chamber of Com- . merce, Nov. '22, p. 10. Portuguese Lisbo:í, the City of the Friendly Bay. By C. Tinker, Nat. Geographic Magazine, Nov. 22, p. 50 Russians Revivi..s Russia. 10–28–22, p. 226. Currents of Russian Thought. Trans. by Goldenweiser, Freeman, 10–4–22, p. 81. - Mutual Relief in Russia. By A. Epstein, Survey, 10- 15-22, p. 86. The Russian Universities. Freeman, 9–20–22, p. 32. The Russian Church. By Gerard T. Robinson, Free- man, 7–26–22, p. 464. The Culture of Old Russia. Freeman, 7-12-22, p. 416. Moscow : Spring 1922. By C. Recht, Free man, S-30- 22, p. 589. The Grey Mass. Sajne, 8–23–22, p. 565. The “Red” Church of Russia. Lit. Dig., 10–14-22, p. 39. Another p. 508. Scandinavians What We Can Learn from Denmark. Howe, World Tomorrow, July 22, p. 213. Danish Achievements in Greenland. By I. C. \\ater- bury, Current History, July 22, p. 637. Community Singing in Denmark. Survey, 10-15-22, p. 93. Denmark, Turks How the Turks Nov. 22, p. 857. Ukrainians What the Reds Did to the Ukraine. Current History, July 22, p 631. Nationalities in the United States Jugoslavs 5 By Jerome Landfield, Independe Alex: By A. Goldenweiser, Famine Year in Russia. Nation, 11-8-22, By Fred C. IVorld Agriculture, Summer issue. Feel. By Mufty-Zade Zia, Asia, By Philo M. Buck, Jr. By W. Nat. Geographic Magazine, Sept. 22. The Picturesque Side of Japanes illust.) Same. Upward Bound on Fuji (8 pla p. 877. From Immigrant, to Inventor. . By Michael Pupin. III. The End of the Apprenticeship of a Greenhorn. Russians - The Russian Immigrant. By Jerome Davis. Re- viewed by Ruth Crawford, Survey, 11-15–22, p. 258. al en Without a Country (Cable Act), Survey, 11- 231. Miscellaneous * Writers. i 106 Review. By C. {-22, p. 301. Trans, in Theatre, + T sº- - * * * New Publications from The Womans Press FOLK SONGS OF MANY PEOPLEs, vol. II (to appear in December) Compiled by Florence Hudson Botsford The nationalities represented are those of WESTERN EUROPE, the AMERICAS, the NEAR and FAR EAST and of the JEWISH people. As several interesting collections of the folk songs of Western Europe already exist, the compiler adopted the plan—peculiarly suited to the pur- pose of the book—of including folk songs of European origin as sung by the representatives of the different nations in North and South America. For example, the SPANISH songs are from South America, the FRENCH, from Canada, the ENGLISH appear in the versions of our mountain whites and American Negroes. \ The large group of ITALIAN folk songs from many provinces will have a particularly wide appeal, the characteristic groups of CHINESE, JAPANESE and rare AFRICAN songs a particularly novel appeal. Price to be announced. Vol. I, with songs of the Baltic, Slavic and Southeastern European groups, is meeting with growing enthusiasm among native and foreign- born. Price, $2.75 CHRISTMAS and NEW YEAR Songs, reprinted from both volumes. in a fifty-six page leaflet. Music and words in the original tongues with their poetical English version. Most useful for group singing. Price: 50 cents each. Special offer: Twenty-five copies, $11.00, fifty copies, $20.00, one hundred copies, $35.00. A HANDBOOK ON, RACIAL AND NATIONALITY BACKGROUNDS (Limited Number) In Six Sections - - By Minnie M. Newman Section I. The Peoples of the Near East (now ready) This section is appearing first because of its especial timeliness. Section II. Peoples of Central Europe Section III. Slavic Peoples Section IV. Peoples of the Far East Section V. Spanish-speaking Peoples—French-Canadians Section VI. People of Scandinavia and the Baltic States Each section in three parts; Background Topics, Self Expression, Program Helps. Covers Geography, History, F- oblems of Livelihood, Social Customs and Tendencies, Religion and Jºe Education and Its Significance, Position of Women, Literature ods, Dances and Games, References to works of fiction, ns a classification of races and a guide to the use of t - - o New York City