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ĶĒĒĖĖĘĘĢĢ3;{{#if:{{{Æg:::::::::::::：::::::::::::::：EſaeĶĒ№.§§§§§§@₪ğĒĖĘĘĢĒĶī£§§§§§§§§§§ĒĢĒĒĒĒĒĒĖĖĘĘĢſ. §##################################ĒĒĒĖĖĘĘĢ#########################№。#################Ë##############§§§§########ī£??;#################ģ!; ，∞==， ，•·-，-，-,-，-:ää≡:*----ae***！taeraeae:2，º:::：:::+-•••••••-→∞，∞ √≠√≠√∞:（*…！！!！！！！！!！！！！ ¿############################################################Ēģī£§############################3 #3----§§§§§§§§§§§####################*（??? Crémical LIBRARY Tº S 5.5 JB 2.3" A. J., -- -: -- Students' Guide for the original investigation of Pharmacopoeial Latin Nomenclature By wº \- CHARLES A. B.ARRY Professor of Modern Languages, Washington State Agricultural College and School of Science, Pullman ſº Examined and Approved by GEORGE H. WATT, Ph. G. Professor of Pharmacy. ; : O – ? ExCHANCE LIBRARY STATE COLLECE OF WASHINCTO N Šºk. 3 & *33 PREFACE. This little book, a series of lectures given to my classes, is designed to assist the pharmacy studentin examining, thoroughly, the Latin nomenclature as found in Remington and Caspari. It gives rules, illustrations and references, citing authorities; but the Stövdent is to apply the rules to his pharmacy, page by page, section by section, and Swbnvit, (ts his les- son, a report of his original investigation; he is to give other illustrations and seek exceptions. The semester's class-room lesson is then one of discussion rather than recitation. This language laboratory hour, in which the pages of the great Pharmacy are turned carefully, one by one, and examined by instructor and class together, both from a linguistic and from a pharmacopoeial point of view, is perhaps more profitable than a recitation hour. The professional student, as a rule, needs no in centive other than the Vista of his life-work; he is anxious to acquire, and to equip himself well. **. Though, with the professional students, the utilitarian often seems to be the Mentor, there are no students more appreciative of the literary adjuncts to their work, if such adjuncts are seen through practical discussion rather than set recitation. - A thorough knowledge of the Latin grammar, always ad- vantageous, is not necessary. Only a few of the noun, verb and adjective forms are used,—ſewer in this country than abroad. Pharmacy Latin is studied mainly for its application to pre- scription nomenclature. Bank papers and legal documents are usually worded and written carefully. The bank teller scrutinizes the check or deposit and often pencils the amount clearer, fearing that the bookkeeper may misread. Yet, physicians and pharmacists speak of the frequent carelessness in prescription nomenclature. If abbreviations be desirable, they should certainly be correct abbreviations, or, at least, not “dangerous abbreviations” Though the full Latin forms are not commonly used, yet ab- breviations cannot be made intelligently without a thorough knowledge of the full forms. A pharmacy class could learn easily in one semester all the necessary abbreviations in prescription nomenclature. + - In beginning these lectures I invited my classes to offer . criticisms and suggestions. This they did; and I have made many alterations in the text in accordance with results of their investiga- tions; I shall be glad if my students continue to help me in the revision of these lessons. CHARLEs A. BARRY, Pullman, Washington, Department, Modern Languages. Zumpt. S. 423, I CHAPTER I. Y ºr The Genitive. “When two substantives are united with each other so as to form the expression of one idea, one of them is in the genitive. The Swbjective genitive (liber pueri, the book of the boy) indicates that to which something belongs. The objective genitive (expugnatis urbis, the storming of the city) indicates that which is affected by the action spoken of. Let the student recall the English examples: — 1. Subj. Gen.—God's love. 2. Obj. Gen.—The love of (toward} God. There are some cases also in which one substantive, intended merely as an explanation of another, without the further idea of possession, is put in the genitive. Arbor fici (ficus). Tree of-fig (ſig-tree). Flos violae (viola), Flower of violet (the flower, violet). When the genitive explains the SOLU7'ce or material, we may call it the genitive of Sowrce or material. Sometimes this genitive means nearly the same as the nominative, and we may call it the apposińional genitive:- Oleum Limonis—oil of lemon. The commercial term: “Extractum Liebig” affords a good illustration of a word that may be considered nominative or genitive with different sense, viz.:-- 1. Extractum, Liebig (nom.)—ext. known as “Liebig.” 2. Extractum, Liebig (gen.)– of Liebig—ext. of Liebig’s invention (not the material, but the maker, the source). STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. A and G 2I3 art. A and G p. 208 f. Madvig art. 286. A and G Harkness (Let the student bear in mind that this is a common construction, AND YET AN Exceptron To DEFINITION of “APPositroN”). 1. A noun defining another and meaning the same person or thing is in the same case (apposition). - 2. A noun used to limit or define another, and not meaning the same person or thing, is put in the genitive. (Libri Ciceronis, the books of Cicero). 3. A limiting genitive is sometimes used instead of a nown in apposition. . Nomen insaniae, the name of madness, - instead of nomen, insania, the name, (called) madness. Madvig explains this so carefully in detail that we Quote art. 286 verbatilm :— “Sometimes a substantive containing a more general idea is followed by a nother in the genitive, by which the former is denoted more specifically (genitivws definitivws); l] O II) 63 l] regis, the kingly name, the name of king.” (Obs. 2.) “In this way the genitive sometimes supplies the place of apposition.” Perhaps a good term then for pharmacopoeial and chemic genitives in general would be well devised in:— “Appositional Genitive of material or source.” Our authority for this compound name is based on A and G. p. 208, e. f. Other grammars speak of an appositional genitive; we . find no other genitive so appropriate to pharmacopoeial nomenclature; this name, however, is placed before the class merely as a tentative basis for discussion of the genitive. Let the class discuss the appropriateness of this name. The German Latin Grammars Zumpt and Madvig will be found more satisfactory as to detailed explanations in all subjects. The class has access to their English translations. * P. 205-215 especially p. 208, e. f. P. 206-217 especially art. 396, VI. (Merely mentions, does not explain). STUDENT'S TiëMORANDA of ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. Madvig (V index) and especially article 286 and 1, 2. Zumpt (V index). Oleum, limo—the oil, lemon, (called lemon, a name) limo (nom.) is appositive to Oleum (nom). i. e. in Same Ca,S62. Oleum limonis —the oil of lemon; limonis (gen.) indicates Source (as well as name) and is appositive to Oleum (nom.), i. e. in different case. - Let the student now seek the application of the “Appositional Genitive of Material” in each pharmacopoeial division. Study the subject carefully, making note of apparent exceptions, and thus you may be able to form your own rules; only thus will the nomenclature study become pleasant and satisfactory. - B|NOMIALS, Aqueous Solutions :— Remington 300 Syrupus Acaciae U. S. Syrup of Acacia. so, Syrupus Allii U. S. Syrup of Garlic. 3I4. Mucilago Acaciae U, S. Mucilage of Acacia. 316 Emulsum Amygdalae U. S. Emulsion Of Almond. Note Only 4 (class observation).” 3I7 Mistura, Cretae U. S. Chalk Mixture. Only 1 (class observation). *As these lessons are corrected and supplemented, any discoveries. Or suggestions of the class could be incorporated in the revision. 3I9 Glyceritum Amyli U. S. Glycerite of Starch. Alcoholic Solutions :— Spiritus Aetheris U. S. Spirit of Ether. Etc., Etc. 327 Persue the entire lists, omitting none of them. IF YOU TURN EAch PAGE, the mind contemplates each longer than when you see all together in the schedule, and glance from one to the other, These lessons are not designed to teach Latin, but the application of Latin to Pharmacy. Each rule should be: APPLIED to the entire pharmacy. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. - 334 Class Observation 335 338 339 LeSSon 507 508 The . 528 Potassium 531 Salts 536 The Sodium 556 Salts 557 Lithium Salts 558 Ammonium . 597 Salts 612 7oo Note Elixir Aromaticum U. S. Aromatic Elixir. “There are but two offloial Elixiria, and both are binomials.” Elixir Phosphori U. S. (E. of Phosphorus.). Ethereal Solutions : — Collodium Flexile U. S. Flexible Collodion. Oleaginous Solutions :— Linimentum Ammoniae U. S. Ammonia, Liniment How many binomial “linimenta” are there? - —Aqueous Liquids 2 - —Alcoholic Liquids 2 —Ethereal Liquids 2 —A cetous Liquids 2 —Solid Preparations 2 CHEM |C TERMS, Sulphuris Iodidum U. S. Sulphur Iodide. - Carbonei Disulphidum U. S. Carbon Disulphide. Potassii Acetas U. S. Potassium A cetate. Potassii Bicromas U. S. Potassium Bichromate. Potassii Citras U. S. Potassium Citrate. Etc., etc. Sodii Acetas U. S. Sodium Acetate. Sodi Arsenas U. S. Sodium Arsenate. Etc., otc. g - Lithii Carbona's U. S. Lithium Carbonate. Etc., etc. - Ammonii Benzoas U. S. Ammonium Benzate. Magnesii Sulpha's U. S. Magnesium Sulphate. Plumbi Acetas U. S. Lead Acetate. - See under Liquor. Liquor Plumbi Solution of Lead. For different positions of “Plumbi” V. Desson II. STUDENT’S TiEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. CHAPTERS II AND III. Position of the Genitive==nouns and adjectives. Zumpl. S. 791, 5 Zumpt S 508. Compare:— Caution:— ‘‘It is commonly laid down as a general rule that depend- ent cases, and therefore the genitive, precede the governing nouns. This rule may easily lead to mistakes, for it is arbi- trary and all depends on the idea to be expressed.’’ ‘‘The adjective (like the genitive) may be placed before or after its SubStal) tive, 1. Before:-When it is is declarative of an essential difference of the substantive from others. 2. After:—When it merely expresses, an accessory or incidental qwality. 3 y Libri Naturalis Historiae (Nature—essential idea). Libri Historiae Naturalis (Nature—accessory idea). Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis:—Dulcis—accessory idea. Tincture of Sweet Orange: Tincture of—Orange (sweet): Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata: Tincture of-Valerian ammoniated: Tincture of Ammoniated Valerian: Tinctura—Nom. (position 1st)—essential idea. Valerianae—Gen. (position 2nd)—accessory idea. Ammoniata—Nom. (position 3. d)—accessory idea. Valerianae is accessory to Tinctura. Ammoniata is accessory to Tinctura Valeria, nae This accessory idea is characteristic of nomenclature other than pharmacopoeia), An illustration from botanical nomenclature will explain the pharmacopoeial arrangement. Though the botanical may Seem more justifiable, the pharmacopoeial arrangement is the Same grammatical conception, and is based on the same grammatical rules. * 1. Order, Rosaceae 2. Genus, Potentilla, (accessory to 1) 3. Species, Norvegica, (accessory to 2) Rosaceae Potentilla, Norvegica. Pharmacopoeial terms are nominative and genitive constructions. Botanical are nominative construction. student's riemorandA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. Ex:—Rosaceae—Nom. Pl, (agreeing with plantae under- stood.) Potentilla—Nom. Sing. (agreeing with planta, under- stood.) Norvegica—Nom. Sing. Adj. (agreeing with poten- tilla.) Botanical construction is appositional. Pharmacopoeial construction is genitive. A better idea of the ‘‘Accessory idea,” is given by Lindley. 1. Generic names are Sometimes from the name of some distinguished botanist. 2. Specific names are also sonvetimes given in com- memoration of distinguished persons. Observe the following peculiar bo',anical convention de- vised to accommodate both these honors:– Wood says the rule given by Lindley for the construction Alphonso tº Wood's of such terms is:— Class-book of - & * tº ºf s Botany p. I74. 1st. If the person is the discoverer, the Specific name - is a substantive in the genitive case, in the singular, -Pinus Fraseri, Fraser’s pine, 2nd. If the name is merely conferred in honor of the person to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending, nus, na, nu m.” Rosa Lawrenciana, JMiss Lawrence’s rose. Note-— There is in Latin no rule that warrants this usuage. It is a mere con- vention. All ornithological nomenclature (class, order, suborder, family, Subfamily, genus and Species,) is intended as descrip- tion to aid in convenient and scientific classification. The species, however, possesses the especially descriptive nomenclature, in the sense of Specific, the other words being more general. Thus from Aves (most general term) class Carinata.e : subclass Passeres Order Acrolny Odi Suborder Turdidae family Turdinae Subfamily Turdus genus Migratorius Species #- each successive name becomes less general and more specific. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. |3, Hence, migratorius, the most Specific, makes use of an especial affix (ius) to specify. Very nearly all the Latin Suffixes are used in thus speci- fying, i. e. indicating the particular species. Note:— Observe these are all nominative appositives, and not genitive apposi- tives as in pharmacy. All are in apposition with “Aves” understood. The accessory idea may be illustrated in proper names :- Carolus Magnus—Charles, the great (Charles). - Duke of Wellington——Duke (called) Wellington. Oriental languages place the surname second, as it is explanatory of and accessory to the family name. In French, adjectives of color come after the noun:- Baton rouge (club-red). Compare:– Remington Cinchona Rubra. U. S. Red Cinchona. 98.I. (Cinchona red). Vestiges of the French , placement may be seen in . Pnglish: Notary Public. Attorney General. The student will perceive from these illustrations that in various nomenclature there is 1st—The principal idea . 2 rid—The accessory idea. and that 3rd–The principal idea corries first - (In Eng. the preferred position is the reverse.) Note:— Observe:— 1. In terms merely pharmacopoeia] the order seems to be: - Mistura (Nom.) Ferri (Gen.) Composita (Nom.) The-mixture Of-iron Principal A ccessory Apposition genitive of material. 3. In terms to be called chemic-pharmacopoeial, the Order Seems to be:– *- Potassii (Gen.) Sulphas (Nom.) Of potassium the Sulphate Principal Accessory Apposition genitive of material. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. |5. Note LSSSO11- * (Sulphate instead of sulfate is used in these lessons as authorities agree that the new spelling is a recommendation in chemic nomenclature and is used chiefly by certain chemists. It is not generally recognized by pharma- cies. This remark applies to cognate new spellings, and the subject will be treated hereafter. “Spelling”—Refer, Century Dict., Webster, etc. A good binomial illustration of this in chemic-pharmaco- poeial momenclature is:— Plumbi Acetas U. S. Acetate of Lead. Of-lead the acetate. “Of-lead”=the essential idea, coming first Liquor Plumbi U. S. Solution of lead. The solution of-lead. ‘‘Of-lead”=the accessory idea. RULE 1. THe Germitive, first, shows the p r is 1- cipal idea (esse ratia 1) . RULE 2. The Germitive, second, shows the secondary idea (accessory.) —1. Is this rule applicable to pharmacopoeia] terms 2 —2. Is this rule applicable to chemic terms in pharmacy? –3. Are there any exceptions to 1 and 2–? —4. Do purely pharmacopoeial terms always have genitive Second 2 —5. Do chemic-pharmacopoeia] terms always have genitive first,? —6. Is the rule for adjectives like the rule for nouns 2 –7. Discwss, in the following trinomials a. The essential quality. b. The accessory quality. - c. Whether accessory to 1 or 2 words, or 7%, O7°62. Aqueous Solutions:== Syrupus Acidi Citrici U. S. Syrup of Citric Acid. Syrupus Aurantii Florum U. S. S. of Orange Flowers. Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus U. S. Comp. S of Sarsaparilla. - - Mistura Ferri Composita, U. S. Comp. Iron Mixture. Mistura, Rhei et Sodale U. S. M of Rhubarb and Soda. Bring three other syrup trinomials. 6 & { % ‘‘ mixture { % Terms merely pharmacopoeia] have ACCESSORY idea after the nominative. Remington 300. 303. 309. 3I7. 3.18. LeSSon:— Observe:— º- STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. | 7, 360. 361. 36I 367. . 379. LeSSO11:— 383. 383. LeSSO11:— LeSSOrl:— Remington 327. 327. 329. 35O. 353. LeSSO11: A1 co holic Licquaiciss = Tinctura, Arnicae Radicis. U. S. Tincture of Arnica ‘Root. - - - Tinctura, Aurantii 1) ulcis U. S. T. of Sweet Orange Peel. Tinctura, Belladonnaie Foliorum U. S. T. of Belladonna Leaves. Tinctura Herbarum Recentium Tincture of Fresh Herbs. Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata Aum moniated T of Val- erian. - Bring in 4 other trinomials (in tinctures; there are many.) Vinum Ferri Amarum U. S. Bitter Wine of Irou. Vinum Ferri Citratis U. S. Wine of Ferric Citrate. Latin 3rd. declension nouns show a great Variety of nom- inative with genitive ending i-s. Let student review it in any good Latin grammar. Bring in 4 WIN E TRINOMIA LS. Alco Ha o 1 ic so 111tions: = Spiritus Aetheris Compositus U. S. Comp. Spirit of ' ether. Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi U. S. Spirit of Nitrous Ether. Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae U. S. Spirit of Bitter Almond. Act 11e outs Lic, maids: - Infusum Sennae Compositum U. S. Com. Infusion of Senna. Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum U. S. Comp Decoc- tion of Sarsaparilla. 1 Are there others under AQUEOUS LIQUIDS? 2 Bring in frinomial in OLEAGINOUS SOLUTIONS. a. Liniments. b. Oleates. (Are there any?) |8, STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 19. Chemists’ Manual Mott Ed. 1883. P. 591 Note:– Storer and Lindsay Manual. Remington 5O7. Apparent Exception Observed by class. Century Dict. CHAPTER IV. sequence---chemical Formulas. ELECTRO-POSITIVE RULE. “In chemical formulas the Electro-positive is placed first, the Electro-negative last.” ‘‘Oxygen being the Substance most electro-negative com- bines with the most electro-positive substance in the couple, and the force liberated by the oxidation, or that which kept the oxidated substance solid, forms the electricity. No elec- tricity can be formed without the consumption of some force Or substance.” There seems to be little reference to this by chemical books. If, how- ever, it be true, it can be used as a guide to students in composing nomen- clature. We find no exception. We have been informed that some chem- ists do not consider this particularly the reason for the sequence. “The property which one metal possesses of replacing another in its salts, is an exhibition of their electrical rela- tion. Metallic copper may be thrown down from a solution of its salts by the introduction of metallic iron or zinc. - In these cases the metal which goes in to the solution is said to be electro-positive to the metal which is precipitated, and the latter is electro-negative to the former.” Sulphuris Iodidum U. S. Sulphur Iodide Washed Sulphur 20 G m. Iodine 80 Gm. A compound of iodine with thus Sodium “Iodide [i-odid or i-o-dide]. an element more electro-positive than itself; iodide.” This definition would indicate that Sulphuris Iodidum is not a chemi- cal compound. This term cannot be considered an exception to the electro-positive rule, as Remington (508) states that there are some doubts as to its being a definite chemical compound. 2O, studeNt's neMoRANDA of origiNAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 2|, Remington 635. 635. 64I. 739. 647. 653. 66I. 702. 707. ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ORDER OF SIMPLE SUBSTANCEs. (Nystrom) Translated from German. Any element in the list is POSITIVE to elements above and NEGATIVE to elements below it. •3, 3° 3- Electro-Negative End. 1. Oxygen 24. Palladium 2. Sulphur 25. Mercury 3. Selenium 26. Silver 4. Nitrogen 27. Copper 5. Fluorine 28. Bismuth 6. Chlorine e 29. Tin 7. Bromine 30. Lead 8. Iodine 31. Cadmium 9. Phosphorus 32. Cobalt 10. Arsenicum 33. Nickel 11. Chromium 34. Iron 12. Venadium 35. Zinc 13. Molybdeum 36. Manganese 14. Tungsten 37. Uranium 15. Boron 38. Aluminium 16. Carbon 39. Magnesium 17. A ntimony 40. Calcium 18. Tellurium 41. Strontium 19. Titanium 42. Barium 20. Sillicon 43. Lithium 21. Hydrogen 44. Sodium 22. Gold 45. Potassium 23. Platinum Electro-Positive End. TEST CASES. Zinci Bromidum, U. S. Zinc 13romide. - Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus U. S. Precipitated Zinc Carbo- nate. Zinci Phosphidum, U. S. Zinc Phosphide. Zinci Iodidum, U. S. Zinc Iodide. Alumini Sulphas, U. S. Aluminum Sulphate. Mangami Dioxid tim, U. S. Manganese Dioxide. Ferri Chloridum, U. S. Ferric Chloride. Plumbi Carbonas, U. S. Lead Carbonate. Cupri Sulphas, U.S. Copper Sulphate. 22, STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 23 CHAPTER V. Names of Compounds taken from Names of Principal Remington 3O. 318 30. 353 37I 330 Ingredients. ‘‘I N THE CASE OF COMPOUND MEDICINES SUCH OFFICIAI, TITI, ES WERE SEI, ECTED AS WOU I,I) USU ALLY EXPRESS T LIE COMPOSITION OF THE MEDICINES AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE, INDI- CATING THE PRINCIPAI. INGREDIENTS, without Sacrificing the important consideration of brevity and convenience in abbreviation.” In the following formula, sodium bicarbonate and the fluid extract of rhubarb are the principal ingredients: Sodium bicarbonate 35 Gm Fluid Extract of IRhubarb 15 C. c. 1'luid Extract of Ipecac 3 C. c Glycerin 350 (), c Spirit of Peppermint 35 C. c. Water, a sufficient quantity 1000 C. c. ‘‘Where the number of invportant ingredients in a preparation is too great to admit of a selection, the participial adjective “Compositws’’ is w8ed.” This adjective compositus, a, um, (though it is translated into the English as “compound”) has lost here its simple meaning—“placed together,” “compounded”, and stands for “et cetera,” “and other things,” or “compounded with other things, i. e. a decoction of sarsaparilla (et cetera) compounded, or a “compound decoction of sarsaparilla (et cetera)” Decoct lim Sarsaparilla compositum Tinctura Lavandulae composita Spiritus Aurantii compositus 24. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 25 LeSSO11.— Remington's rule about the use of “compositus” has not been strictly applied in the formation of nonlenclature. The use of it is inconsistent in all pharmacies. It is interesting to note the difference in nomenclature (as well as in composition, strength of preparations of similar intent) to be found in foreign pharmacopoeias, especially concerning the use of “com- positus, a, um,”—compound. PAREGORIC ELIXIR Official Latin synonyms: - U. S. sº s * - Tinctura opii camphorata l?ritish India - *- Tinctura camphorae composita, Germany, Russia, Swiss e g Tinctura, opii benzoic Norwegian, Belgian, Greek | l] C opii b Cà, l)anish, Swede s e- Tinctura, the baica benzoica, Portuguese «E. e- Tinctura opii convposita, French - - Tinctura cum ox tracto opii camphoralta, Vernacular synonyms: U. S. & º º Camphorated tincture of opium Brit. Ind. º {- Compound tincture of camphor Ger. ~ * gº Benzoesæurehaltige Opiumtinctur. I'l', * - tºº Teinture d’opium camphrée Port. sº- {--> +--> tº Tinctura de Opio composita Examine names of compounds and the use of “compositus.” 26, STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 27. Remington 3O. Allen and Greenough 75–2. Example:— Remington 959. LeSSO11:— U. S. Pharm. 1850. CHAPTER VI. Latin Singular--English Plural. “The Latin names are generally used in the singular number, al- though the definition of the drug distinctly indicates plurality.” “Some nouns are ordinarily found in the singular number only (singularia tantum.)” Galla (Sing.)=Nutgalls (Plur.) Galla is the official name. Nutgalls is the commercial name. Galla plainly indicates the singular. (It is an excrescence on the Quercus Lusitan- ica.) “Nutgall, (Sing.) is also used for the drug.” W Hy is the Latin [official terrn) sing 111 a rº W Hy is the Ernglish [corrirriercial terrri.j p 1 in ra 17 (Your pharmacy does not explain.) The student should know the reasons for this nomenclature. Inves- tigation of this subject will cause him to discern with appreciation the power of the Latin in discriminating the “collective sense” from the strict- ly “plural sense” in nouns. It was a characteristic of the Greek and Latin to represent an idea as concisely as possible. Their ideal of CONCISENESS was the “SYNTHET- IC”, instead of the “ANALYTIC”,—the Mass, instead of the COMPONENT PARTS thereof. *: Much of the Latin called scientific Latin [the Latin of Materia Med- ica, Pharmacy, etc.) is of quite modern invention, and yet science stu- dents have endeavored to PRESERVE a LATIN NOMEN CLATURE. BASED as far as possible on the RULES OF CLASSIC LATIN usage. Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, who flourished in the first century, was perhaps the most famous medical writer. His was classic usage. Modern usage is largely based upon Celsus. . The question comes up in the preface: “WHY SHOULD THE LAT- IN SINGULAR BE USED IN SUCH CASES” And the authors suggest that it is in keeping with the usage of Celsus. - 28 STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. ºr Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 29. LeSSOn:— , Remington 363. 957. 45I. LeSSO11.— Century Dictionary:— Compare:— Webster:— Ince's Latin “NATIES OF THINGS NOT COUNTED BUT RECKONED IN MASS.” Aurum=Gold. Aer=Air. Triticum=Wheat. We believe this the best rule for pharmacopoeial Latin singulars. Triticum (wheat) a sort of collective noun — (Made up of EASILY CONCEIVABLE PARTS.) CONCEPTION.—individuality. Aurum (gold) “mass” noun. * (Made up of LESS EASILY CONCEIVABLE PARTS.) CONCEPTION.—entirety ANTHEMIs (nom. sing.) is the official name for the FLOWER-HEADs of “Chamomile” (Webster, “KAM-O-MIL”.) (Latins was camomilla=literally “earth apple.) Latin (official name) Anthemis (Greek, Anthos) Flower- mass (sing.) English, Flower-heads (plu.) Prepare a list of Latin singulars having English plural. [Model:—Tinctura Humili–Tinct. of Hops.] Examine:—Tinctura Cantharidis U. S. Tincture of Cantharides. Cantharidis is genitive SINGULAR of cantharis, a kind of beetle. Cantharides (English name of the tincture) is PLURAL. The plural is applied to the dried insects used in medicine. (See Webster). Examine:—Aloe Purificata, U. S. Purified Aloes. This English plural for the Latin singular is applied in medicine to the inspissated juice of several Species of aloe. (See Webster). The form ALOEs is sometimes a genitive, as in the official preparation—Extractum Aloes, Extract of Aloes. The word is declined aloe, aloes, (plural) aloes. Examine:—Extractum Juglandis, U. S. Extract of Jug- lans. (Both Latin and English as singulars), May there a1 ways be sorrie reason assigned for the Erig1 is 11 p 111 rai with Latin sing tº 1ar, as in the case of cANTH ARIDEs a rid of ALO EST In old chemistry, spirit is a liquor obtained by distillation; or TEN IN THE PLURAL * * * * in the plural, Very Strong dis- tilled liquor; * * * * spirit of turpentine, spirit of wine. German “Spirituosen”, Swedish, “Spirituosa”—plural, al- coholic liquors. Spirits or spirit of turpentine, of wine. The term “spirits” showld be confined to alco- Grammar, 1898 holic beverages. London. 3O. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 3|, Example of Misnomer Caspari 1895 17 Remington 1896 26 Webster CHAPTER VII. Misnomers and Unsystematic Nomenclature. Pharmacopoeial literature as compared with other literature in science is freer from erroneous nomenclature, such as misnomers, inconsistent terms etc. Though custom has demanded the retention of certain unsystematic names the student should learn to analyse discriminately the systematic and the unsystematic. The term “Pharmacopoeia” is from the Greek, pharmacon— medicine—poiein—to make, and once had a limited sense. - As medical and pharmacopoeial Societies have allowed, from time to time, more to come under this term, the definitions given now are very broad. Indeed no brief definition can be given, as will be seen from the following extracts. “Although the term Pharmacopoeia is defined by lexico- graphers as meaning a book of formulas or directions for the making of medicines, the word has now received a more liberal construction and is taken to include, besides the foregoing, also descriptions of vegetable as well as mineral, and animal drugs, together with appropriate tests for cstab- lishing the identity and quality of the same, THE W IIoI, E PREPAIRED BY SOME RECOGNIZED ALUTEIORITY. A pharmacopoeia, in the modern acceptation of the word, is a book containing a list of medicinal substances, with de- Scriptions, tests and formulas for preparing the same, SELECTED BY SOME RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY. ‘‘ Pharmacopoeia: A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc, used in medicine; especially one that is issued by OFFICIAL AUTHORITY AND CONSIDERED AU- THORITATIVE STANDARD.” “The whole prepared by some recognized authority” now an essen- tial element of the definition, shows an extreme and curious deviation from the Greek—“To make medicine”. 32. STUDENT'S ſiRMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 33 t Remington 3I Caspari 1895 2I Remington 3I Lesson:— Exarri pies of Irm consistent Narrming. Some preparations have three equivalent and synonymous designa- tions. 1. Official Latin name:—Magnesii Sulphas 2. Official English name:—Magnesium Sulphate. 3: “Common” English name:—Epsom Salts. Though all three are synonymous, the third name, the common English name—is called “THE SYNoNYM”. In the following, the synonym is wanting:— I. Spiritus Juniper, Compositus, U, S. 2. Compound Spirit of Juniper. 3. In the foilowing, the official English name is wanting:— 1. Spiritus Vini Gallici, U. S. 2. 3. Brandy. “In the Pharmacopoeia, the definition of the term ‘‘synonym” is restricted to an equivalent name in common use, which is usually antiquated and derived from u70– scientific sowrce, and which show.ld really be aban- doned, but which common custom and long usage demand shall not be entirely ignored.” “In a large number of instances, a second English name, which long custom, has demanded shall not be ignored, is given as a synonym in the title, although its origin. may be wrºscientific and its retention, not in strict accord with the systematic nomenclatwre of the Pharmacopoeia.” - “Common names, as Snakeroot, dock, Indian hemp, balm, etc., have varying and often opposite meanings in different localities, and confusion, and even loss of life have resulted from the wnfortwrvate use of these common - names.” Remington gives no illustration after this statement. Let the stu- - dent find some example. 34. STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 35. Caspari 2I Caspari 2I LeSSOn “The official English name need not necessarily be a literal translation of the official Latin name; in fact it seems Very desirable that a drug should have two distinct names, officially recognized, the one confined to the official Latin title, admirably adapted to abbreviation and use in prescrip- tion, while the other may be employed in the ordinary course of conversation, and is intended for use in commercial trans- actions, and the daily routine of business.” Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. - Compound Spirit of Juniper: Literal Translation. Spiritus Vini Gallici. Brandy: - No Life ral Translation. We may term this nomenclature “unscientific” (in exact) because there is No ConSISTENT METHOD. “JWeed not necessarily be a Literal Translation,” confesses at Once INCONSISTENT NOMENCLATURE, even if it be a satisfactory nomenclature. “In the case of chemical compounds, the official English name often indicates with greater precision the true com— position.” See illustrations for this last statement. In the following example, how does the Chemical Official English indicate, with greater precision than the pharmacopoeial official English, the true corra position? Remington 722 Hydrargyri Cyanidum, U. S. Mercuric Cyanide. Remington 718 Unguentum Hydrargyri, U. S. Mercurial Ointment. 36 STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 37. Remington 28 and Caspari I9 Official Latin Rule:— CHAPTER VIII. Official Titles. Besides the official Latin name, the official English name, and the common name (synonym), there is the symbolic chemical formula (official definition), the botanical name of the plant, the official definition, and the official description. I. Sinapis Alba official Latin name. 2. White Mustard official English name. 3. Synonym. 4. symbolic formula 5. The seed of Brassica alba official definition. 6. Brassica alba botanical name of plant. 7. [see] official description. I. Cantharis official Latin name 2. Cantharides official English name 3. [Spanish Flies] Synonym (common name) 4. Cantharis vesicatoria, DeGeer, 5. (class, Insecta, order Coleoptera official definition. 6. 7. About 25 Mm long etc. * * * official description. I. Plumbi Carbonas official Latin name. 2. Lead Carbonate official English name. 3. White Lead Synonym. 4. 2 PbCO3, Pb(OH)2—772.82 (symbolic formula, 5. which is equivalent to official definition. The official Latin name is thoroughly distinctive and is intended to be used in designating a drug where precision is required, as in writing prescriptions * * * Although the official names are usually abbreviated in practice, the prop- er terminations and full titles should be known and ob- served carefully * * * The generic or genus name (the first part of the botanical name) was generally chosen for the official title, as, PILOCARPUS, the OFFICIAL NAME for “the leaflets of PILOCARPUS SELLOANUS,” (BOTANI- CAL NAME) 38, STUDENT'S ſleMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 38%, Exception I R. 29 Exception 2 R. 29 Exception 3 R. 29 Caspari 2O Exception 4 Misnomers R. 29 Note:— Caspari 2I Official Fºnglish Name Synonym In the case of SOME OLD AND VERY WELL KNOWN DRUGS, this rule could not be adopted without causing confusion, and the SPECI- FIC or SPECIES NAME [the second part of the botanical name] was re- tained, as IPECACUANHA, the OFFICIAL, NAME for “the root of CEPH. AELIS IPECACUANIHA’’ + $ $ The official title obviously cannot retain the simplicity of a single word WHERE TWO PARTS OF THE SAME PLANT ARE OFFICIAL: thus, the root and seed of Colchicum must each be defined by AFFIXING THE I, ATIN NAME OF THE PARTICULAR PART OF THE PLANT IN- TENDED, as, Calchici Radix for CALCHICUM ROOT, and Calchici Semen for CALCHICUM SEED. * * * Nor can a single word be chosen for either official title where the species names of two plants [or more] of the same genus differ: to dis. tinguish them IT IS NECESSARY TO USE FULL BOTANICAL NAME FOR EACH, thus Mentha Piperita [Peppermint], Mentha Viridis [Spear- mint] [Mentha, the generic name for the two official mints.] As different species of the same genus often furnish different drugs, it becomes necessary in such cases EITHER TO EMPLOY THE FULL BOTANICAI, NAME of the plant to distinguish the official varieties, as ROSA CENTIFOLIA, and ROSA GALLICA, or to SELECT THE GENER- IC NAME ONLY FOR ONE OF THE DRUGS, and the full BOTANICAL 11ame for others, as in the case of the genus Rubus, (from, Rubus villosus) to designate the root of the blackberry, but the full name of the plant, Ru- bus idoeus, as the official name of the fruit of the raspberry. There are very few exceptions to the above principles of nomencla- ture, as in the case of Pareira and Prunus Virginiana, derived, according to the most recent and reliable authorities, respectively, from Chondoden- dron tomentosum and Prunus serotina; these drugs are largely used and the old names have become so well established that it would lead to con- fusion to change them now. See lessons V and VI for names of compounds and Latin singulars. The official English name need not necessarily be a literal transla- tion from the official Latin name. * * * In a large number of instances a second English name, which long custom has demanded shall not be ignored is given as a synonym (see lesson “Misuomers”) as, Calomel (Mild Mercurous Chloride), Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulphate] * * Several of the Official syn ornyrrus have been added for the p 1.1 rpose of expressing the tri-1e c Herrnical c Haracter of the compounds, more clearly than is possible with the official Latin or English names, as Phenylacetamide for Acetanilid. 39 STUDENT's riemoraNDA of origiNAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 39% Caspari 22 Official Definition Chemical formula equal to Official definition Official Description For Chemicals THE OFFICIAL DEFINITION DETERMINES THE SOURCE AND CHARAcTER oF THE DRUG or chemical as recognized by the Pharmacopoeia. In the case of the vegetable drugs the botanical name of the plant yielding the drug is composed of two parts, the generic name and the specific name, always written in the same order of sequence; THE GENERIC NAME IS INVARIABLY BEGUN witH A cAPITAL LETTER, and is usually employed as the official Latin name of the drug, while the SPECIFIC NAME is ONLY BE- GUN WITH A CAPITAL LETTER WEIEN DERIVED FROM A GENER1C NAME, as in Cytisus Scoparius, or FROM A PROPER NAME, as in Garcinia Hanburii, oR WHEN IT IS INDECLINABLE, as in Aspidosperma Quebracho-blanco. * * * The necessity for using the full botanical name of the plant to indicate the source or the official drug is clearly shown in the case of the genus Lobelia, of which the Pharmacopoeia recognizes only the species inflata, although two others, syphilitica and cardinalis, are well known. Accompanying the botanical name is the name of the author, printed in Roman type; and in parenthesis, the natural order to which the plant belongs—thus, Veronica virginica, Lilune'—Nat. ord. Scrophulariaceoe. :k :k >k In the case of official chemicals it becomes necessary to establish the identity of the compound by expressing its exact composition by means of symbolic formulas. Thus, in the case of sodium phosphate the formula Naa HPO, plus 12 H2 O specifies clearly the kind officially recognized by that name; other varieties of sodium phosphate, as Naa HPO, plus 6 H, O can therefore not be used in prescriptions, or official preparations. The official description amplifies the definition by adding the physi- cal characteristics of the drugs, such as shape, size, odor, taste, together with a statement of possible impurities and adulterations, and means for their detection. For chemicals are added a clear account of their physical properties, their behavior toward different solvents, and such tests as shall enable the pharmacist to detect impurities and establish the fulfilment of pharmaco- poeial requirements. The official description is always printed in small type, and forms a most valuable part of the Pharmacopoeia. 40. r STUDENT’S THEMORANDA OF ORIGINAL RESEARCH. Submit, at each recitation, a report of your research. 4. CHAPTERS IX AND X. Suffixes. Remington “The official nomenclature adopted for Alkaloids requires that the 97I last syllable shall terminate in ‘‘ine” (Latin ‘‘ina”). Quinine, quinina. Morphine, morphina. Strychnine, Strychnina. “The names of Neutral Principles and Glucosides end in ‘in.” (Remington does not state the Latin for “in”). A further explanation of ina (ine) and “in” may be found in Cas- pari:— Caspari “The ending “ine” (ina) is applied to all basic plant products 619 while the ending “in” (inum) is given to all neutral principles.” LeSSOn I. But why ina and inum, and not some other suffix? -º-f 2. Does “ina” refer to “planta” (as in botanical nomenclature)? 3. Does “inum” refer to “neutrum”? ALKALOIDS. Remington 975 Morphina, U. S. Morphine. Called “Morphium” by discoverer Sertuerner in 1817. When was Lesson name changed? 977 Morphinae Acetas U. S. Morphine Acetate. 978 Morphinae Sulphas U. S. Morphine Sulphate. [“ina” becomes “inae" in genitive.] 979 Codeina, U. S. Codeine. Drug 981 Cinchona, U. S. Cinchone. Lesson [Read interesting history in Webster.] 990 Cinchonina, U. S. Cinchonine. .992 Cinchonidinae SulphaS U. S. Sulphate of Cinchonidine. 984 Quininae Sulpha's U. S. Quinine Sulphate. 989 Quinidinae Sulphas U. S. Quinidine Sulphate. Drug 993 Nux Vomica. Nux Vomica. 993 Strychnina, U. S. Strychnine. [Obtained from Nux Vomica.] LeSSOIn The suffix = rw a 1.e. is not applicable to the draig containing the a 1 ka 1 oid, but to the narrie of the a11 . tº 3 III EXT, CASCAR. ŠAG. AROM AT, SS 3 FL D. EXT. TARAX 3 iss A QUAE q. S. ft. 3 TV-#w M. S G. TEAS POON FUL AFTER MEALS UNCONTRACTED. PEPSINI SACCHARATI EXTRACTI CASCARA SAGRADA AROMATICI ExTRACTI TARAXAcI FLUIDI AQUAE QUANTUM SUFFICIAT UT FIANT MISCE SIGNA TEASPOONFUL AFTER MEALS 1. Sach should be sacch or better saccht. drachmaš tres Semi-unciam unciam cum semisse uniciae quatuor (saccharati=saccharated) 2. Class ask whether CASCAR S.A.G. should be written or RHAM. PURSEI. Cascara Sagrada is the common name and Rhamnus Purshianus the botanical: yet both have Latin endings; Cascara sa- grada [= holy bark] is Spanish, [now used in English as the common name] and Rhamnus Purshianus [Californian Buck- thorn, the Latin name in Botany. Cascara Sagrada is the bark [cascara] of the California Buck-thorn. 3. Fluidi (Fld) should stand last, as it modifies both other words 4. Cascara Sagrada is Spanish and need not take the Latin genitive end- ing ae, as it is not Latinized. (See pronunciation in Vocabulary.) R POTASS CHLORAT TR, CU AIAC I AMMON MEL. DESPOM AQ, FONT, 3 I al al 3 II q. S. ut ft. 3 IV M. F.T. CARCLE. 73 Lessorl:— f UNCONTRACTED. RECIPE: POTASSII CHLORATIS drachmaru . TINCTURAE GUAIACI AMMONII MELLIS DESPUMATI ana drachmas duas AquaB FONTANAE QUANTUM suffICIAT ut fiant unciae quatuor MISCE FIAT GARGI, E. I. Desponn should be Despum [Despumati] 2. Q. S. is more frequent than q. S. ut ft. q. S. = quantum sufficiat = as much as may suffice; q. S. ut fiant = quantum sufficiat ut fiant MAY QUANTITY SUFFICE THAT MAY MAKE; These abbreviations all have the same meaning, QI. S. 3. q. S. ut ft ; 3 IV } viz:—Take so much, of this ingredient that the ad amount will bring the total amount UP TO 4 ounces. Ingredients are in genitive [Aquae Fontanae] Amounts are in accusative (Quantum etc., the whole quantitative expression,-See Vocabulary page 2a) 3. He uses gargle for Latin gargarisma. - The mixing of Latin and English nomenclature is allowed, through custom, in America. In England the observance of pure nomenclature is stricter. German physicians have such powerful command of Latin that mixed nomenclature and erroneous abbreviations are less frequent. 4. Ana = each of, each governs the accusative of amount, and of governs the genitive of ingredient; therefore ana should be between the ingredient and the amount. (See Vocabulary page I) INTERPRETED. Take of potassium of chlorate I dram Take of tincture of ammonium of guaiacum of each 2 drams Take of purfied honey Take of spring water a sufficient quantity to make 4 ounces Mix Make gargle. Directions (none) 74. Note:— Length — Weight:— CHAPTER XVIII. Prescriptions. Metric System. The student should bear in mind that these lessons are concerning the nomenclature only. The rules for writ- ing prescriptions are explicit in Remington, Caspari, and in Mann’s Prescription Writing. Unit — 1. Meter (Metrum, Metra) Divisions of unit are (by convention) indicated with Latin Prefixes, g Milli— = –1 (from Latin mille, 1000) milli-meter - 1 000 centi– = –1 (from Latin centum, 100) centi-meter 100 deci- = –1 (from Latin decem, 10) deci-meter 1 0 Multiplications of unit are (by convention) indicated by Greek Prefixes. Kilo– = 1000 times (from Greek chilios, 1000,) kilo-meter hecto— = 100 * ( * ” helčaton, 100,) hecto-meter deca— = 10 ” ( * ” deka, 10,) deca-meter Unit— 1 gram (French, gramme, sometimes used in Eng- lish; Greek, gramma, accusative, gramma; plural, grammata, accusative, grammata; Latin, gramma, grammam: grammae, grammas. Either the Latin or Greek word may be used. Instead of decigram, gram and centigram are commonly used. - Gm. is the adopted abbreviation of the Latin or Greek singular or plural accusative. C. C. (written variously, Cc, C. C. etc) is the abbreviation for Centimetrum (a) Cubicum (a). Gm, (weight) and C. C. (measure) are both used in the United States because usually Solids are weighed and 7.5 liquids are measured, (U. S. Pharm.) In countries where liquids as well as-Solids are weighed, neither Gm. nor C. C. is necessary, as Gm., is understood. As nom- enclature in the United States is in a state of transition from the old system to the metric system, writers on this subject advise great care in the use of abbrevia- tions. Some suggest writing gramma, in full, at the top of the column of figures. It is also advisable to rule the paper to avoid mistakes with the decimal point. R. Cocain. Hydrochl 0. 20 Gm Caspari P. 454:— Ac. Borac. O. 32 ° Aq. DeSt. 10. Co. LeSSon:— The student should continue the practice of writing out . in full both the Latin words and the English equiva- lents, viz.:- - Recipe Cocainae Hydrochloridi decigrammata duo Take of cocaine of hydrochloride, decigrams two (= 20 centigrams) Though the full Latin words are seldom written in actual practice, the full spelling is a good mnemonic assist- ance and enables one to write abbreviations without hesitation. vocaBULARIES VOCABULARY OF INGREDIENTS==NOUNS, ADJECTIVES. vocaBULARY OF Ariounts.--NOUNS, NUMERALs. VOCABULARY OF EXPRESSIONS IN DIRECTIONS TO PHARMACIST AND TO PATIENT. Rule 1. An Ingredient Must be in the Genitive. Rule 2. An Amount Must be in the Accusative. Rule 3. To Abbreviate an ingredient cut off the ending of the Genitive. Rule 4. Directions to Pharmacist and to Patient begin with an imperative (the few other words come under special rules.) - These vocabularies are designed as a basis for the stu- dent’s original investigation. Study carefully the vocabu- laries page by page. The vocabulary necessary is not large and can soon be learned. Obtain physician’s prescriptions and discuss the nomenclature; also write out prescriptions and submit them as a lesson. (See blanks at end of book.) VOCABULARY OF INGREDIENTS. Rules for Prescription Writing. Rule 1 An ingredient (each word—noun and adjective) must be in the genia tive [i. e. of something.] An amount [each word—noun and numeral adjective] must be in the accusative. Numerals over three are indeclinable i, e. they do not show a special form for the accusative, yet they must be regarded as in the accusative. Rule 2 1. 3b - 3C 3a. * 2 Recipe Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticae Drachmam (Unam) Take Of Spirit of ammonia of arounatic dram Oil 6 G e n i t i v e A c c u s a t i V e Take of—something SO—much Compare the English—“Partake of something,” and the French idiom——“Take of the coffee, of the bread.” Even the Greek preposition in prescriptions, ana (a a), though governing the accusative, i. e., the amount with the meaning each, reflects upon the ingredient, i. e., each of, (each amount) Of the (ingredient.) In English each of cousists of each (an indefinite pronominal ad- jective) and of (a preposition.) This “each of.” though two distinct Words in parsing, has come to express but one thought, like the German ‘‘jeder.” R Sodii Bicarbonatis Sodii Bromidi ana 5 IV See p. 67 (drachmas quatuor) OF -º a Tla £º- each genitive - accusative Ana - each of Thus We understand that not only are all words of all ingredients in the genitive, but also the preposition | A contains a genitive idea besides its accusative govern- l]] ell t. Pharmacy Latin in regard to prescriptions has a consist- ent nomen clature beautiful in its classic accuracy. Physicians and students understand and appreciate this genitive. The frequent errors then seem to indicate either ignorance of the genitive spelling or indifference and carelessness. Abbreviations are advisable perhaps, but we believe that abbreviations are sometimes made to avoid showing one’s ignorance of the genitive ending. But if one does not know the genitive of all prescription ingredients, sooner or later a bad mistake will occur even in his abbreviation. If one does not know What the ending is, how does he know what to cut off? What is the stem? What is the abbreviation? If he does not know bicarbonatis, he is safe in writing Bicar. or Bicarb. or Bicarbonat. etc. etc., as all are correct, and there is no rule as to what shall form the abbreviation; but he cannot take this liberty with all ingredients. Any letters that indicate the ingredient, and that can- not be confused with some other ingredient term are a correct abbreviation, but an infallible guide is:— Rule 3. Know the genitive, then cut off the genitive ending. Abbreviations In a Latin prescription many write nux. Vom. Evi- dently they do not know the genitive nucis. abbreviated nuc. They think they have cut off something for they have used the period “nux.” Of course mux wom, without the period could be the English nux vomica, because here the official English is like the official Latin. But are they not then inconsistent in writing one English ingredient in a prescription otherwise Latin? Caspari 456 “Although the abbreviation a a is extensively employed, it would seem more correct to use instead of the Latin adjective singulorum to indicate “of each” usually abbreviated sing, and this is done by some physicians, particularly in Germany.” ... We can not perceive why ‘‘singulorum” (sing.) would be more nearly correct. It is wholly a genitive (plural), with distributive force, referring only to the ingredients (of each). Ana, (a a on the contrary, as seen on the dia- gram above, refers to the genitive (reflectively) and governs the accusative of amount (grammatically). Both ana and singulorum seem equally appropriate, each having its own beautiful classic construction. LeSSon:— Query: Should we write Aquae ad or Aquam ad? - Query: Some physicians write Aquam ad. Are they wrong? Or, is aquam (accusative) an exception to rule 1. (that all ingredients are in the genitive)? Query: How can aquam (acc. of ingredient) be governed? Remington “Some authorities would put Decoct. (Decoctum) in the p. III.7 accusative governed by R (recipe). In the same way, where the student meets Aquae ad 3 in the different pre- scriptions and formulae throughout this work, he may substitute Aquam a.d., but the latter is by no means so idiomatic as Aquae ad 5” - Dr. Joseph Ince, British authority, seems to take a differ- Ince, Grammar ent View:—— London “Strictly speaking R aq. ad– should be aquam ad—, the 1898, p. 125. . accusative case governed by recipe. Medical men almost always write aquae (genitive case), the word quantitatem being understood. After q. S, aquae (genitive) must be used. An elegant construction is sometimes employed: Aquae quantum sufficiat ut fiant unciae octo. As much of water as may suffice so that 8 ounces may be made.” We can not perceive why Ince should not regard the ‘‘ad” expression as a 1, 0xtension of the elegant construction he mentions. We believe that aquae, the genitive, should always be used and aquam u ever. Ince does not show how he governs Ad. Remington and Caspari never use Aquam; however Remington permits his students to write Aquam . (See p. 1117 and his letter below). - 2A Take of water Our reasons for writing Aquae are as follows: The whole expression is:— so-much as may-suffice that may-be-made ounces up-to 8 ounces Recipe; Aquae tantum [quantum sufficiat ut fiant unciae (ad uncias octo)] 1. Shortened Aquae -- * - tº - - - ad 3 vin, Tantum is accusative object of Recipe; it is indefinite, (so much) and stands in place of some numeral. 2. Quantum sufficiat (and the rest of the words) explain tantum, and are parenthetical. Unciae is nominative subject of the verb fiant (which can not take an object) It is not “to make 8 ounces” but that “ounces be made up to 8 ounces.” If unciae is nominative and tantum accusative, Aquae can be only in genitive. Ad is a preposition governing the accusative, but with octo (or other numerals) it has also an adverbial force, so that logically ad Octo (up to 8) forms a new numeral nominative qualifying unciae. We sent the above explanations to Dr. Remington, and also asked him why he allowed “A quam.” His reply is as follows:– . Longport, N. J. May 22, 1902, Prof. Chas A. Barry, Dear Sir:-- - I think you are right about the Latin construction on page 1117 of the Practice of Pharmacy. I do not like A quam ad and never use it and I think that your reasoning is correct. Still. there are so many seeming inconsistencies in the use of Latin, which usage has sanctioned, that it is difficult always to give good reasons for the use of many common Latin phrases. - - Very truly yours, - Joseph P. Remington. 3. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. 2 Neu. A E US UM A E ES I I Tinctura Aloe Syrupus Extractum 36: ©S i i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \º-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. ab-i-es, a bi-etis 3 f fir tree abstractum 2 In abstract acacia, 1 f acacia, *a, ceta,S acetatis 3 m acetate *a, cetum 2 m Vinegar *acidum 2 ly acid aconitina, 1 f a conitine aconitum 2 ll aconite adepS adipis 3 In lard adipes (plural) 3 m) fat.S aether aetheris 3 m ether aether Oleum 2 m volatile Oil aga ricus - 2 m mushroom albumen albuminis 3 In albumen alcohol alcoholis 3 in alcohol aldehydum 2 t) aldehyde allium 2 ll garlic al-o-e al-o-es 1 f , aloe Aloe, aloes, is a Greek word but belongs to the Ist. declension in Latin. It is very often mispronounced and misspelled in prescriptions (see meloe, es.) These two are the only important Greek Ist declension nouns in pharmacy. alumet, *am monia. *ammoniacum *ammonium amygdala. amygdalum amygdalus Amygdalum was classical word. aluminis 3 In 1 f 2 in 2 In 1 f 2 In 2 m alum ammonia ammoniac amm Onium almond almond tree almond tree Only amygdalus appears in botany. 4. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indeci’ Various Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS IS ATIS ANOS US US; Nolend’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis u ris atis an OS 113 118 papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \º-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. *amylum 2 in amyl *amylum 2 In Starch Potter says that amyl is indeclinable, but that some authors write amylis. Amyl is not indeclinable and amylis is erroneous Latin. The Greek is amylon, the Latin amylum—starch— or amylum—amyl-both 2nd. de- clension neuter; then genitives are plainly amyli, amyli. We attempt to explain the erroneous amylis as follows: amyl, originally contraction of amyli—in prescriptions—became the English word amyl; then forgetting its origin, it was relatinized into amyl-is—because nouns in 1 are of the 3rd declension and take “is” in genitive— If physicians write amyl in a prescrip- tion it should be considered the abbreviation amyl, whose full form would be amyli—never amylis— Amyl does not come in the category of papoid, buchu. Compare the use of bismuth. Students are not accustomed to Lat- inize it—bismuthi like amyli is correct. anilinum 2n aniline animal animalis 3 in animal anisum - 2n anise anthemis anthemidis 3f chamomile antimonium 2n antimony apomorphina. 1f apomorphine aQUla, - 1f Water *arsenas arsenatiS 3 m arsenate *a, rSenia.S arseniatis 3m arseniate *arsenis arsenitis 3m arsenite *arsenium 2n arsenium atropa, 1f atropine aurantium (ii) 2n . Orange all l’Ul II) (i) 2n gold a ZOtaS aZOtatis 31n aZOtate, nitrate balsa, mum - 2 In balsam barium 2n barium beberina - jf beberine 5. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. 2 Neu. A - E US UM A E ES I I Tinctura Aloe Syrupus Extractunn 316. €S i - i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\Cº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. belladonna 1f belladonna Often written erroneously with one n. benzo—as benzo—atis 3m benzoate benzo-inum 2n benzoin The o-i does not form a diphthong in Latin, here, as in Eng- lish, ben-zo-i-num (ben-Zoin.) benzo] benzolis 31) benzol bicarbona's bicarbonatis 3 m . bicarbonate (See also pronunciation Of carbo carbonis, carbonas, car- bonatis etc.) bichloridum 2n bichloride bichromas bichromatis 3m bichromate bismuth um 2n bismuth A feeling of uncertainty seems to prevail among students in writing the genitive of this word. Perhaps this is because the Latin is usually abbreviated bismuth, which is the whole English word and we think of it as English and do not Latinize it. Its genitive is plainly-bismuthi (See explana- tions of amyl.) bisulphidum 2n bisulphide bOra,X boracis 3m borax bromid um 2n bromide Cal- Cº-O ca-ca-O-nis 3m Cà, C8,O Ol' C.O CO2, The Latin has three syllables ca-ca-o, though the English has but two co-coa (coh coh.) caf-fe-i-na - 1f caffeine Observe Latin; English in two syllables; Webster accents calf-fen: Webster accentS cocaine. calamina, 1 f calamine calcium - 2n calcium calomelas (see below) Indeclinable Neuter calomel or, calome- 6. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3.F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indeciſ Various Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS IS ATIS ANOS US US No end’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis u ris atis 811OS 11S tº S papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. wº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. las calomelanos 3m (Greek) calomel All 3rd decl. genitives are is excepting this Greek noun which has OS. - cal X calcis - 3f lime camphora 1f camphor (Often mispronounced “camphora”) cannabis (Indica) 3f (Indian) hemp cantharis cantharidis 3f blister fly capsicum - 2n capsicum carbo - carbonis 3m charcoal carbona,S carbonatiS 3m carbonate cardam On ulm 2n cardamoli carminum 2n carmine Call'O carnis 3f flesh caryophyllus 2 m clove caryophyllum 2 n dried flower bud cascara (sagrada) indeclinable * Ca,SCà l'ab Cascara Sagrada (bark sacred) is Spanish and has not been Latinized. Mispronounced cascara. Ca,Stanea, 1 f Chesnut causticum 21) a caustic CC l'ºl, 1 f W ºu X ceratullm 2 in Cera, te CGI’llSS8, 1 f white lead cetace ulm 2 In spermaceti chloral choralis 31) chloral chlora,S chloratis 3 m chlorate chloridum 2n chloride chlorodinum - 2n chlorodyne chloroform Ulm 21) chloroform chlorum 21) chlorine 7. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND Often mispronounced cyanidum. Compare iodidum etc. decoctum 2n decoction Remington (p. 1117) allows two words aquae and decocti (genitive of ingredient) to be used instead in the ac- Remington does not recommend this use, but says he will allow it. We believe that a quam and decoctum as ingredients of a prescription are entirely erroneous, (See Remington’s letter page 1.) cusative. ..” GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. . 2 Neu. A E US UM A E ES I | Tinctura Aloe Syrupus Extractum ae €S i i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\Cº-Black letters in vocabulary Show accented syllables. chrysarobinum 2n chry Sarobin *cinch Ona, 1 f cinchona, *cinchonidina, If cinchonidine *cinchonina, 1 f cinchonine cinnam Omum 21) cinnamon citras citratis 3m citrate coca-ina. 1 f co-caline coccus 2 m cochineal codeina, 1f codeine caffea, lf coffee Latin, three Syllables, as in case of cocoa, cocaina etc. . . colchicum * 2 in coichicum collodium 2n collodion confectio confectionis 3f confection conina. - lf colline conium 2n hemlock. cordiale cordialis 3.n a cordial . . Cl’e OSO Úll DO . 21) C1'00SO Ú0 creta 1f chalk cubeba (not cube ba) 1f cube bs cuprum 2)] copper cyanidum 2n cyanide 8. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indeci’ Various. Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS is ATIS ANOS US US No:end’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis u ris atis all OS IIS LIS papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. - \º-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. destillatio destillation is 3f distillation Often misspelled distillation, especially in abbreviation dist. for dest. dia, cetas . diacetatis 3 m diacetate diac Odium 2n Syrup of poppies. digitalis digitalis 3f fox glove disulphaS, disulphatis 3m disulphate disulphidum 2 In disulphide effervescentia, ] f effervescence elaterinum 2n elaterin elaterium - 2n elaterium elixir indeclina,ble 1) elixir Some prescriptions read elixiris, but this is erroneous Latin. The plural is elixiria. emplastrum 2n plaster emulsio emulsionis 3f emnlsion emulsum 21) emulsion Remington has emulsum (plural emulsa); National Formulary has emülsio (plural emulsiones) Ince, (London) has emulsio and accredits emulsum to U. S. P. ergotinum 2 in ergotin essentia, - 1 f essence ethylas ethylatis 3 In ethylate ethylum - 2n - ethyl An old form is aethylum (compare aether changing to |English ether.) eucalyptus 2 m eucalyptus eXtractum 2 in G Xt l’a, Ct faba, - - - If bean faex faecis 3f grounds, sediment farina 1.f flour 9. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. 2 Neu. A - E US - UM A E ES I I Tinctura . Aloe Syrupus Extractum A ae es i i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\Cº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. ferm entum 2n yeast ferrum 2n iron ficus 4f • fig floS floris 3 m flower folium 2 In - leaf formentum 2n formentation formylum 2n formyl fructuS 4m fruit, Observe, Spiritus 4m fructus 4 In ficus 4f frumentum 21) corn, grain galena, If galena (sulphide of lead.) galla, 1f gall, nutgalls See Caspari and Chapter VI of this book, - “Latin official names are generally used in the singular number, even though the idea of plurality may be essentially connected with the drug.” gelatina gelatinum gelatum gentiana, glucosum glusidum glycerinum glycerol glycyrrhiza (See liquiritia.) hamamelis hamamelidis humulus (lupulus) hydrargyrum not glusidum Often mispronounced glycerolis (not glycerolis) 1f jelly 2n gelatin 2n jelly (gelatin base) 1f gentian 2n glucose 2n glusiae (saccharin.) 2n glycerin 3.n glycerol 1 f liquorice 3f witch hazel 2m hop 9 2, Jºl mercury |O. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indeci’ Various Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS IS ATIS ANOS US US No:end’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis u ris atis - a Il OS 11S [IS papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\ – Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. hydras hydratis 3D) hydrate hydrochloras hydrochloratis 3.nl hydrochlorate hydrogenium 2n hydrogen hydrome; hydromellis 3 ll hydrome) hydroxid um 3 in hydroxide hyoscyamus 2nn' henbane hyoscina 1 f hyoscine hypophosphis hypophosphitis 3ln hypophosphite *i-O-di-dum 21) jodide Observe accent of this word. *i-O-dum 21) iodine ipecacuanha, 1 f ipecac jalapa, 1f jalap Very often mispronounced jalapa, probably through Sym- pathy with the English word jalap. (kalium) potassium (kali) potassium kalium (kah-lium) kali - (kah-li) Kali is not the genitive of kalium but kalium is derived from kali. Kali looks like a genitive but is a nominative and is indeclina,ble. Both these words are mispronounced; Datin kah-lee-Oom, English kay-lium, but never kal-ium. kino kin Onis 3rm kino Some authorities regard kino indeclinable, notably Rem- ington, Caspari, et al. Pronounce Latin kee-no, English ki-no. kreosotum (creosotum) 21) . creoSOte lac lactis 3 n milk lana, 1 f wool ||. ~sº PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. 2 Neu. A E - US UM A E ES I - I Tinctura Aloe Syrupus Extractunn 316. es i I *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\Cº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. lanolinum 2 In la nolin lauda in tum - 2 in laudanum Laudanum is a corruption of the original Latin ladanum. limetta H 1 f lime limon lim Onis 3f lemon }inimentum 2 in limiment linum 2 in flax, linSeed liquidum - 2 in liquid liquiritia If liquorice Spelled also a ſter the Greek glycyrrhiza, (See). - liquor liquoris 3In liquor Often mispronounced. lithargyrum - - 21) oxide of lead lupulus (See humulus) 2n hop magnesia, 1 f magnesia, magnesium 2 in magnesium Remember that magnesi—is the stem; then the ending i makes the genitive magnesii. Remember also that words of similar spelling should never be abbreviated. mal tum 2 ll malt medicamentum 21) medicine, drug medicina, 1 f , medicine mel melliS 31) honey (Note the double J.) - . melo-e melo-es 1f (Greek) blister fly Compare alo-e alo-es These are the only common nouns which are Greek nouns of the Latin 1st declension (instead of a, ae, we have e, e S.) men tha. 1f mint menthol mentholis 3 in menthol This word is an abbreviation of menthae alcohol: 12. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indecl” Various Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS IS ATIS ANOS US US] No end’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis uris atis all OS us us papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. Wºº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. mercurius (ii) 2 m mercury methylum - 2n methyl mistura, - 1 f mixture morphina 1f morphine See cocaina (co-caine) and caffeina (caffeine.) myristica, 1f nutmeg myrrha. 1 f myrrh napha, . 1 f orange flower naphtha - - 1f naphtha, nitias nitratis 3m nitrate nitroglycerinum 2n nitroglycerine nux nucis 3f nut If the prescription is in Latin, nu X. Vom. for nucis Vomicae is erroneous. The official English also being nux vomica, if the ingredient is to be in English nux wom. will represent it. (In this case there should be no period after nux as it is not an abbreviation.) If the rest of the prescription is in Latin, there is no reason for con- sidering this one in English. - octarius - 2m pint Olea,S - Oleatis - 3m Oleate Oleosaccharum 2n essential oil and sugar Oleum - 2n . Oil The prescription word then is O-le-i (not O-li-i) in octari-i the first i is in the stem; Students are inclined to form o-li-i as if the stem were oli (‘‘olium”) oliva 1f Olive Opium & 2n Opium Genitive op-i-i (because first i is in stem). Students hesi- tate with this word. - . Oxidum 2n - Oxide |3. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek) 2 Mas. 2 Neu. A E US UM A E ES I I } Tinctura Aloe Syrupus Extracturm 810: eS i i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \ Yº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. Oxygenium 2n OXygen Oxymel oxymellis 31) OXymel papa Ver papaveris 3th p0ppy paraffinum t 2n paraffin paraldehydum 2n paraldehyde pepsinum 2n pepsin peptOnum 2n peptOne perchloridum 2n perchloride permangana,S permanga natis 3m permanganate petrolatum - 2)n Vaseline petroleum 2n petroleum Students are frequently not mindful of stem and ending of nouns in eum and eus; e is in the Stem. pharmacopoeia lf pharmacopoeia pharmacopoea. 1f (European spelling) phenol phenolis 3.n phenol phosphals phosphatis 3 m phosphate phosphorus 2 m phosphorus physostigma physostigmatis 3.n Greek calabar bean physostigmina - 1f physostigmine pilocarpa, 1f pilocarpine piper piperis 3.n pepper piperita 1 f peppermint pix pices 3f pitch plumbum 2n lead podophyllinum 2n podophyllin podophyllum 2n podophyllum potassa, 1f potash praecipitatum - 2n precipitate pulver e pulveris 3m powder quinina. 1f quinine 14. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indeci’ Various Nominatives. A s AS ... . US US No end’g IS IS is • * ATIS ANOS US US; Novend’g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis uris atis 8tſ? OS LIS IIS papoid • , * * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. wº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. radix • * radicis 3f . r0Ot resina 1f resin rhamnus (catharticus) buckthorn rhamnus . . . .(purshianus) cascara Sagrada rheum . . . - 2 º'; ...; : 2n rhubarb rhizoma . . . rhizomatis. ... , 3n Greek rhizome rhus '' . .” rho-is " 3f . -- Sumach ribes ribis 3n currant I’OSa, If * rose rtimex . rt1micis 3f sorrel saccharinum 2n saccharin." saccharum 2n Sugar Students often mispronounce this word “saccharum.” It is often misspelled with one c, even in prescription, otherwise well written. The abbreviation is often erroneously written “saccht” which should stand for ... Saccharatum (i), saccharated. In over 150 prescriptions no abbreviation was misspelled more often than sacch. and saccht. (saccharum sugar; saccharatum sugared). . . . There is no rule as to what shall be the abbreviation; thus sugar may be sac. or sacc. or sacch, or sacchar. etc, etc, but the letter t can not be in the abbreviation' because it is not in “sacchari” (of sugar). Saccht with the t must stand for saccharati (of saccharated, sugared). Physicians know the correct abbreviation, yet carelessly write it wrong. sal Salis 3m Or n salt salicinum - • . º 2n , salicin salicylas Salicylatis 3m salicylate salix . * * . salicis 3f willow |5. PRESCRIPTION KEY TO DECLENSION AND GENDER. 1 Fem. 1 F. (Greek). 2 Mas. 2 Neu. . . . . A . E Us UM . . . . A E Es’ 1. I , ... Tinctura . Aloe - Syrupus - Extractum ãe eS . . . i. * i *Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. \\Cº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. Santoninum 2n - Santonin Sapo Saponis 3m) SOap Sarsaparilla . . . . 1ſ Sarsaparilla Scammonium - 2 ti Scammonly Semen Seminis 3 In Seed SC 1’ Ul II). - (lactis) f 2n whey Sinapis Sinapis 3f. mustard SOda, - 1f soda SOdium 2n Sodium (sodii chloridum - - common salt) Observe that were this term in a recipe or prescription, the word chloridum also must take genitive form—sodii chloridi, ie of chloride-of sodium. Every word of an ingredient must be in the genitive. Solutio solutionis 3f solution SOrghum - - 2n sorghum spiritus - . .4m . . . . . . spirit The only common word in pharmacy which is in the 4th . . . . declension. , à . . Strychnina, • w . . . 1 f : . . . . strychnine subchloridum º 2n subchloride Submurias Submuriabis 3m subchloride succus -- 2m. juice . SulphaS Sulphatis . 3m sulphate sulphis sulphitis 3m sulphite sulphur sulphuris 3n sulphur Sulphuretum - - 2n . sulphuret SyrupuS º - 2m syrup Very often erroneously called syrupus probably through sympathy with the English, accented on first syllable. The change in accent is strange, Greek syroupos, Latin syrupus, English syrup. |6. ALL INGREDIENTS ARE IN THE GENITIVE 3 F. 3 M. 3 N. 3Neu. (Greek) 4M. & 4 F. Indecl” Various Nominatives. A AS US US No end’g IS IS IS ATIS ANOS US US No-end'g Radix Carbonas Sulphur Physostigma Calomelas Spiritus Ficus Papoid icis atis u ris atis all OS 11S tº S papoid * Group words of the same stem to assist the memory. Wºº-Black letters in vocabulary show accented syllables. tal’ tºl’a,S tart ratis 3m tart rate terebinthina. 1f turpentine the-a, g - 1f tea, the-ina. 1f caffeine (theine) tinctura, 1f tincture unguentum 2n Ointment valeriana. 1 f Valerian vaselinum 2n - vaseline Vell CIn Ul In 2n poison Vera Gl’Ulm 2n hellebore vinum 2n wine vitriolum 2n vitriol zincum - 2n Zinc *@Yºº *A LIST OF INGREDIENT ADJECTIVES. Prescription Adjectives, like prescription nouns, when representing an ingredient, are in the Genitive. The student does not need the whole inflection of the Latin adjective. He needs to know but two cases— 1. The NOMINATIVE (because it is the Dictionary form ). The Pharmacy uses it simply to mention the ingre- dient. Acidum Aceticum — (the name) acetic acid. 2. The GENITIVE (because ingredients of a prescrip- tion are always in the Genitive ; i. e., so much of some= thing. Acidi Acetici—(not merely a name) of acetic acid. (Take so much of −) The principal adjectives are in the following list. There are different declensions in ſlatin. The Key gives a model of each, and the list indicates which model to follow. Pharmacy Latin is S0 simple and the expressions are so few that the student should try to master at Once the entire vocabulary. Analyze and memorize it. |9 ADJECTIVES. Prescription Key to Declension and Gender. (Mas.) (Fem.) (Neu.) 1–3 Aceticus Acetica Aceticum i aC i 1-3a, Liber— Libera Liberum i ae i 1-3b Ruber— Rub-ra Rub-rum (b-r) i alC i a Cer, 3-3 sharp aceticus, 1–3 acetic acidus, 1-3 acid adhaesivus, 1-3 adhesive aethereus, 1-3 ethereal albus, 1–3 white alternus, 1–3 alternate a marus, 1–3 bitter amplus, 1-3 full animalis, 3-2 animal aperiens, 3-1 aperient a quoSuS, 1–3 watery argenteus, 1–3 of silver aromaticus, 1–3 aromatic arsenicalis, 3–2 arsenical auratus, 1–3 golden benzoicus, 1-3 benzoic bOricus, 1–3 boric bulliens, 3-1 boiling calidus, 1-3 Wal’II). candidus, 1–3 white cardiacus, 1-3 (observe accent) cordial causticus, 1–3 caustic chloricus, 1–3 chloric chlorinatus, 1–3 chlorinated communis, - 3–2 COIOll]] OIl compositus, 1–3 compound COncussus, 1-3 shaken conditus. 1-3 pickled 2O. ADJECTIVES. Ingredient Adjectives are in the Gienitive.. [Mas.] [Fem.] [Neu.] 3–1 Recens Recens Recens - (recent) is t-is t-is 3-2 Glacialis Glacialis Glaciale is is is 3-3 Acer Acris º A cre (a,c-r) is is is contusus, 1-3 pounded deliquescens, 3-1 - deliquescing depuratus, 1-3 purified despumatus, 1-3 clarified dilutus, 1-3 diluted dulcis, 3-2 Sweet, durus, 1-3 hard exsiccatus, 1–3 e dried fervens, 3-1 boiling hot flexilis, 3-2 flexible fluidus, 1-3 fluid fontanus, 1-3 from a spring fortis, 3-2 - strong frigidus, - 1-3 . + º cold fulvus, 1–3 yellow fuscus, 1–3 brown fusus, 1-3 melted gallicus, 1–3 - gallic glacialis, 3-2 glacial granulatus, 1-3 granulated humescens, 3-1 deliquescent hydrocyanicus, 3-1 hydrocyanic lacticus, 1-3 lactic laxativus, 1–3 laxative lenis, 3-2 gradual, gentle levis, 3-2 light liber, 1-3 a. - free 1 inteus, 1–3 made of linen liquefactus, 1-3 liquefied 2|. ADJECTIVES. Prescription Key to Declension and Gender. (Mas.) (Fem.) - (Neu.) 1–3 Aceticus Acetica Aceticum i aC i 1-3a, Liber— Libera Liberum i aC i * - 1-3b Ruber— Rub-ra Rub-rum (b-r) i a € i longus, I-3 long luteus, º 1–3 yellow magnus, 1-3 large medius, - 1–3 intermediate minimus, 1–3 Smallest mitigatus, 1–3 . mitigated mitis, 3–2 - mild mollis, 3–2 soft multus, 1-3 much muriaticus, 1–3 lauriatic niger, 1-3 b * black nitrosus, 1-3 nitrous Octavus, 1-3 - eighth officialis, 3-2 (authoritative) official officinalis, 3–2 officinal oleicus, 1-3 oleic Optimus 1–3 best pancreaticus, 1–3 pancreatic par, 3–1 - - equal parandus, 1–3 to be prepared parvulus, 1-3 (quite) small paucus, 1-3 few peptomatus, 1–3 peptOnized percolatus, 1–3 percolated phosphoratus, 1-3 phosphorated phosphoricus, 1-3 phosphoric pomatus, 1–3 made from apple primus, 1–3 first 2| A. ADJECTIVES. Ingredient Adjectives are in the Genitive... . . [Masil [Fenn.] [Neu.] 3-1 Recens Recens Recens (recent) is t-is t-is 3–2 Glacialis Glacialis Glaciale is is is 3-3 Acer Acris A cre (a,c-r) is is is purificatus, 1–3 purified, refined purus, 1-3 pure quantus, 1-3 how much 2 quartus, 1-3 fourth quintus. 1–3 - fifth rarus, - 1-3 Ta,]*C raSuS, 1-3 * * scraped recens, 3-1 recent, fresh rectificatus, 1–3 rectified redactus, 1–3 reduced rotundus, 1-3 round ruber, 1-3 b red saccharatus, 1-3 (see abbreviations) saccharated Secundus, 1-3 - second septimus, -3 seventh seriparus, 1–3 curdled similis, 3-2 d like simplex, 3–1 simple singulus, 1–3 Single solubilis, 3-2 - soluble Solus, 1–3 alone solutus, 1-3 dissolved subitus, 1–3 sudden sublimatus, 1-3 sublimed subtilis, 3–2 - fine sulphuratus, 1–3 sulphurated sulphuricus, 1-3 Sulphuric sulphurosus, 1-3 sulphurous 2| B. ADJECTIVES. Prescription Key to Declension and Gender. (Mas.) (Fem.) (Neu.) 1–3 AceticuS Acetica Aceticum i aC i 1-3a. Liber— Libera Liberum i ae i 1-3b Ruber— Rub-ra Rub-rum. (b-r) i aC i summus, 1-3 highest superus, 1–3 upper Supremus, 1–3 highest tantius, - 1–3 so much tener, 1-3 a. tender tepidus, 1–3 tepid tertius, 1-3 third ustus, 1–3 burnt, calcined vacuus, 1-3 empty vesicans, 3-1 blistering vinosus, 1–3 winous viridis, 3–2 green virosus, 1-3 fetid, wild vivus, 1-3 alive (quick) - argentum vivum—quicksilver vomicus, 1-3 producing sickness 22 * A MOUNTS (weights and measures) The Amount of each ingredient is in the Accusative, Object of R (recipe) Each noun and each numeral adjective is the Object, of the word Recipe. R must be understood before each line of a prescription. 1. Pharmacy names, i. e., Subject names, at the head of chapters &c. are in the Nominative (sing. or plur) Extractum, (plural, Extracta), or Nominative and Genitiye Extractum Hyoscyami—extract of- 2.—PRESCRIPTION NAMES (Of ingredien US) are in the Genitive. Extracti (of extract) 3. A mount names (weights and measures) are in the a C ( Il Silti Ve. gr. iij– grana tria – grains 3 - both accusative Extract runn (extracta) extract (just the name) Extracti (take) of extract (R (take) understood) Granh tria (take) grainS 3 (R. '' ( * ) Heavy letters below indicate the accisative case—— A mounts are accusative. Ignore other cases Drachma Uncia Gutta. Fº,II] . 20, IIT *, Ill Drachmae Uncia e Guttae 2,S 2,S aS 23 Drachma (drachm, dram) ) I)eclined alike - Uncia (ounce) IDrachmam (a s) -amount of ingredient Unciam (a s) - { { { % s gutu, (drop) Guttam (a S) – { * º medicine * Gramma (gram) i. e. in directions to patient *Gramma (gram) is sometimes declined like drachma. It is a Greek-Latin noun, and is better declined:– Gramma Ending in a causes the Student to think (at OS) it a feminine () f the 1st declension, and &l, ! to Write a CCuSatºl Ve ann. Grammata ! e- : Gramma is Greek. Latin neuter of the 3rd declension. With accusatiye like ata. tº- | n Ominati Ve. Granum Metru ſm D1 midium Ul IX.] e UT TOl WT Il Grana Metra Dimidia &l, &l, *l, Granum (grain) }. * Millime Urum Are based on metrum Centimetrum h (See page 74) Dimidium (#) &c. &c. Metru m) (meter) Dimidium (noun) is from adjective Dimidius, a, um. 24. Octarius (pint) Scrupulus (Scruple) UD III, Ul ITT Octarii Scrupuli OS OS (Tbese words are ObsoleSCent) Cochleare (spoonful) used in directions to patient º 25 AMOUNTS: Numaeral Adjectives. A mount nouns and amount adjectives are always in the accusative. Unus (one) - Una Unum III] a DQ - Ul Iml - --- This numeral is not needed in writing weights and measures, i. e., - One dram-drachmam (dram) Duo (two) Duae Duo OS 3US O *E* tº *=ms emºs *-* =º-º Tres (three) TreS Tria. Numeral adjectives above 3 to the hundreds are not, declined. Or, rather, One may say the Accusative is like the Nominative. Drachmas quatuor (4 drams): Quatuor has no acc. end- ing but is the acc. object of Recipe (take). 26 ORDINALS (Adjectives.) The ordinals are used in prescription amounts to show a fraction of Weight Or measure, viz.: - Morphinae Acetatis Gr. G. r. =grani (partem) Octavam Of-grain part One-eighth Octavam partem is Object of Recipe and governs gen itive grani— Observe: ( If it were a grain and not tº ) Granum (acc.) would be the object. w - The ordinals are used with partem (a part), accusa- tive. |Par(ti)s Partis Parti Parten) R - partem Octa, Va. In The student needs then to have in mind “partem” and, the feminine accusative Of the Ordinal, always *ann” . ... " . 1-10 = partem decimam &c. (See 1ist) Dimidius is declined like primus. - Instead of partem dimidiam ( ; part) the neuter noun may be used. Dimidium – the # part. Partem dimidiam = a half part. 27 DIRECTIONS TO P1LARM ACIST AND TO PATIENT, RECAPITULATION:— Rule 1. An Ingredient Must be in the Genitive. Rule 2. An Amount Must be in the Accusative. Rule 3. To Abbreviate Ingredients cut off Genitive Ending. Rule 4 Directions to Pharmacist and to Patient come under Special Rules. Since every word (noun or adjective) of a prescription iS in the genitive and since every word (except the frac- tions) Of Uhe amount (weight and measure) is in the ac- CuSati We, the Student must needs know the genitive of any an Ount. It is not necessary to know the full inflection of any Latin word in a prescription. The Latin Grammar applicable to Ingredients and Anaounts is very simple. The Latin Grammar applicable to the Directions to Pharmacist and to Patient is not so simple. There are Several verbs, prepositions, and cases Of the noun and adjective. There are Only a few expressions, however, in Common use, in this country. The tendency is to anglicize the directions. Frequently Latin and English words are used together, viz.: a teaspoonful ter in die; from the standpoint of “well established custom” we are forced to consider Such usage COrrect. Directions in SOme countries are written in variably in Latin. In America the Latin expressions are so few that all can be analyzed and memorized with little difficulty. 28 Dies (day) Hora t hour) | EXPRESSIONS OF TIME, IN DIRECTIONS The rules are precisely the same, as in classical Latin 1. A point of time is shown by the Ablative ter in die—thrice in a day. 2 A period of time is shown by the Accusative per diem—-through (by) the day. POINT OF TIM E–When 2 dies - *- * diej diei diem dies ter, in die (Ablative answers question—%When?”) thrice in a-day. bis in die = twice a day quater in die = 4 times a day. ter quaterve die = 3 or 4 times a day. biS V el ter = 2 OF 3 '' ‘‘ ‘' (l)is, quater, ter are adverbs: We (Wel) = Or) - h()ra h() rae horae h()ram tel' in lm Ol'a, thrice in an houl' Omni secunda hora (Ablative answers question—“When?”) every second hour (“In” is not used when an adjective is used, quaqua Secunda hora each second hour so—Omni tertia hOra ‘‘ quarta ‘‘ ‘‘ quinta. “ &c, &c. 29 PLURAL hOrae horarum horis horas horae horis secundis (Ablative) — every two hours, ·* •&* the word every omitted in Lat- in when plural is used. tertjiiS e» quartis quintis omni Secunda hora = every 2nd hour quaque Secunda hora — each '' { ί (or) hOriS Secundis • — every 2 hours These expressions are equivalent, amd all are used. 3O PERIOD OF TIME—How LoNG? Pep Per Diem (accusative ) Through the day. IJn – (In Die ) (Ablative) (In a day = a, day: ) - Per EIoram ( Accusative ) Through the hour. ( In Hora ) ( Ablative) Iu = at an hour. Dies Hora Diei Horae Diei Eorae PER Diem Horam (How long?) Through the day [hour. Dies E{Ora IN Die Hora (When?) Once, twice &c. in a day. Compare the following expressions:— Cibus Cibi CibO EOSt, Post, Cibum — After food, raeal. - Cibe CibO IPlura,l Cibi Ciborum CibiS IBOSt, Cibos — After meals. 31 P. r. n. Post with the accusative seems to combine the ques- tion—How long 2 and when ‘’, i. e. it shows a point of time after a period of time has elapsed.— . (Post pastu in (after eating ) or post prandium (after dinner), are sometimes used for post cibum, “after food, meal.” . - Per Diem = through the day. Per Noctem % '' night. a day (twice, three times &c.) Compare In Die (In Nocte – a night, at night t , f : (Im omitted with nocte.) The illustrations Of time above Suffice LO Show the general rules, Viz:— - Accusative for time duration and Ablative for point of time. There are a few other expressions which may be brought under these rules P. I’. In . = Pro re II &l, I a. For the-thing arising Or, AS is needed or, Occasionally. PRO RE NATA (p. r. n.) is of very common usage, with the indefinite sense, H “OCCASIONALLY.” Pro is a preposition (like “in”) governing the ablative. res ( = the thing, QCCaSiOn ) rei * - rei . P63 Oſ) TeS pro re nata (Ablative) Nata (from Natus. a. um) from nascor. 32 ft. ft. VERBS—USED IN DIRECTIONS. The following list comprises the verb forms and a b- breviations generally used in the United States. = recipe, imperative, take, directions to PHARMACIST recipio, ere recepi, receptum Compare: Recipe = take (Of) directions to pharmacist Capiat = “ (medicine) “ to patient. Surmat = ‘‘ (medicine) “ to patient. Habeat = '' (have) ‘‘ to patient. Recipe, Capiat, Habeat = take, in general sense. , Sumat = take, i. e. German, Zu Sich neh men = to drink, eat, (food or medicine). = misce, imperative, mix misceo, ere, ui, mist um Or mixtum. M. BENE mix well M. S. A - mix carefully. S. A. =Secundum Artem =according to art = Scien- tifically, care fully. ! . . This M. (Misce, mix ) begins all directions to pharma- cist (after the ingredien US are taken ). (Caution see prescription page 65) M. Sig is erro- neous. M. (Misce) is directions to pharmacist. Sig (signetºur, “let be followed”) is directions to patient Sig. should be written on line below. = fiat, subjunctive, let make, make(=let be made ) (this verb has active form but passive Sense.) =fiant (plural ) is sometimes used. The abbreviation FT. is the same as for flat f. is sometimes used for ft. fiat mistura, let a mixture make (= be made. Observe that fiat cannot take accusative misturam: mistura is subject of fiat. 33 ! |MFT SOl v Sig. fiat massa let a mass make, (be made ) fiat pilula let a pill make, * { { % fiant pilulae = let pills make, ; : , ; ; fiat pulvis = let a powder { % ( ! fiant chartae = let papers ( [ . . . . Sometimes M. (misce) and ft (fiat, fiant) are erroneously combined, viz: — MFT PILUL.A.E should be written, M. ft. pilulae FIAT is SOmetimes written in full SEE PRESCRIPTION, PAGE 61. fiat mist. S. A = fiat mistura Secundum Artem = to-be-made mixture &c. = Solve, imperative, dissolve Signa, imperative Sign signetur Subj. passive = let it be signed. signatura sit Subj. periphrastic = let it be about [to be signed. := (signo are avi atum.) But the original Latin meaning of SIGN was obsBRVE, SEE WITH THE EYES, hence Sig. means that the pa– tient should observe (the directions). Sig. is used only at the beginning of directions to patient, just as M. is used only at the beginning of directions to pharmacist. Sig. and M should not come together.— M. Sig.—but on separate lines. —M. (to pharmacist) Sig. ( to patient ) (Physicians know this discrimination. yet carelessly err in the nomenclature ) * M. (Misce) and ft (fiat) may come together as both rep- resent directions to pharmacist. - 34 iDiv Divid Cap. Cap. Sum. OI’, OH" = Divide imperative, divide e (divido ere divisi divisum.) (Iu pilulas iii divide = divide into 3 pills In pil iii div.) After div. we use in with accusative. Compare:—Fiant chartae (nominative) Let papers be made Divide in chartas (accusative) Divide into papers. In chart. Sex, Div. (prescription p. 66) = Capiat Subjunctive = let him take. (direction to patient.) •= capiatur, subj. passive = let it be taken. = Capian tºur, '' ‘‘ = ‘‘ them t (See prescription page 69.) Sig. Capiat unam (pilulam) Let-take One Caution R (Recipe) = take (of ingredients) DIRECTION TO Pharm a “is t . Cap. (CAPIAT) = take (medicine) to Hº a tie in t . 2. Sum. (SUMAT) = take (medicine) to Patient . Hab. (HABEAT) = (medicine) to Pat’ ent,. Hab. (HABEAT) is not frequent. See differences of meaning under R (recipe). = Sumat, Subjunctive let take (directions to patient). Sum0, ere, SumpSi, Sumptu m. sumatur, subj, passive let be taken. sumen dus, periphrastic, to be ( = must be) taken. sunaat partem – take a part (ACCUSATIVE). Sumat partem quartam = take 3 part. but-PARs quarta SUMATUR = let 3 part (nominative) be taken. PARs quarta su MENDA (sit) = the 3 part is to be - taken. 35 Note:. 3 words meaniug TAKE. 1. R (RECIPE) take (of ingredients) Directions to - s pharmacist. 2. Cap. (CAPIAT) take (medicine) to patient. 3. Sum. (SUMAT) take (medicine) to patient. Query:—What is the difference between CAPIAT and SUMAT2 Capiat (= take) has a general meaning, take, take hold of, and secondly a special meaning as TAKE to one’s lips, eat, drink. * Sumat (= take) has the Special meaning take to one- self, eat, drink, take medicine. SUMAT IS LIKE THE GERMAN ZU S1 CH (ETWAS) NEHMEN = TO TAKE (SOMETHING) TO ONESELF (I. E. FOOD) = TO EAT. Ter. - tere, in) perati Ve = rub, tritu rate. s (terO, trivi, tritium,) tere bene = rub well. tere simul = rub together. Observe:--Ter. (abbreviation) = rub; ter = thrice (terindie). Trit = tritura, imperative, – triturate. (tritu ro, are, a Vi, a tum.) This word Should not be used when the idea rub is to be expressed, but when the intensive idea triturate is to be expressed. - Caution: If students place TRIT. for TER, one will suspect that they have taken the letters erro- neously from triturn. Trit. cannot come from tritium, but from tritu ra —a nOther verb. See prescription page 66— M. et trit. bene = Mix and triturate well. Trit. may stand for triturate or rub but ter must stand for rub only. Deaur = Deauren tur (subj. passive) let them be gilded. ft. ft. - (Deauro, are, avi, at um.) Deaur pil, - Deaurentur Pilulae – Let pills be gilded - r - - L (gilt). See prescription page 69. XX Deaurentur Pilulae = (Twenty) (Let be gilded) (the pills.) = sufficiat = lnay Suffice. present subjunctive (sufficio, ere, suffeci, suffectum.) = quantum sufficial – as-much-as may suffice. (See prescription page 72.) Aquae q. S. ft = Aquae quantum sufficiat (ut) fiant = Of water as-much-as may-suffice (that) are-made 4 ounces = fiant, Subjunctive, – may be made. fiſ) fieri fa Ct, Ulm Su m). (This verb has passive meaning.) q. S. ft (See S above). fiat – let (it) be Iliade or fiant let (them) be made; This word is used often, and generally in the combi- nation q. S. ft." Ft. S. A. = flat secundum artem – “let be made acccrd- ing to skill.” We have explained the EXPRESSIONS in common use as directions to pharmacist and to patient. here are only a few common expressions. 37 As these lessons are designed Only as a guide, let the Student investigate further the nomenclature, Of preScription directions. Account for every form, every abbreviation, every word. One does not need to know the entire Latin grammar. American prescription dir- ections have been simplified till only a few forms are in COmmon use, but these should be memorized. 38 Ad Ad lib. Add Applic. Ce Cap Deaur. DiV. Ft. ſłab. MI. p. fi, n. LIST OF MOST COMMON A B B Riº VIATIONS. Ana Greek preposition of each, it governs the accus- ative of 1,he amount and the genitive Of the in gre- dient (See page 1 Vocabulary). to, up to (an a mount). ad libitum = at pleasure. adde, add applicand us, a, um to be applied. Centum. Cubic Centimeter. capiat, let take (directions to patient). deaurentur, let be gilt. divide, divide. ! fiat, fiant let it (them) be made. habeat, let him have (to patient). Compare, SUMAT, CAPIAT and RECIPE. misce, mix. pro re nata, the occasion arising. post prand. post prandium, after dinnel. QI. S. SUl Iſl. Solv Ter. (See post cibuſm, cibos, pöstum). Quantum Sufficiat, as much as Suffices. recipe, take (Of the ingredient). direction to pharmacist, (See directions to pa- tient, Capiat, Sumat, habeat). Secundum artem, according to art, i. e. well. sufficiat, may suffice. Semisse (ablative) from Semis, the half— Signa Signetur = Observe! DIRECTIONS TO PATIENT. Signatura Sit Sumat, take (medicine) directions to patient. (See, capiat, habeat, recipe.) Solve, dissolve. tere, rub. Trit. tritura, triturate. —x * 1. Prescription as Written–Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsimile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription. Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of words. ... • Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies. (see page 7 O top.) 1. Prescription as Written–Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud. put it here in facsimile. (See page 69s) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) Wºº-sºº. 4 1: ...Prescription, as Written-Abbreviations; Errors &c. i. Obtain a physician's prescription aud put it.here in facsitille, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Q9nsult the vocabularies and, models in this book (see page 69). () º, i. ~ * - ... --r------ —ºr T-- 3. . The Prescription...Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. ...!...iſpiagram the grammatical construction (see:pāge 70). “ * :: *: . . . . . . . 2 . . • w 4. The Prescription Criticised as toºlse of Wörds ºf Orthography, abbreviations,”“inconsistencies"(see page 70*top.) 1. Prescription as Written—Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsimile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected, Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). .* 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the gram matical construction .(See page 7 O). t 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c., tº Obtainia physician’s prescription. and put it here in flagstulle, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription; Words in Full, Errors. Corrected. .. Cºnsult thºgeabularies and models in this book (seepage 69), { } f 3. The Prescription interprèted-Interlinear Translation. ... iii.5)iagram the grammatical construction' (see page 7.0). . . . º - | > . ~ : . ... • * 4. The Prescription. Criticised as toº use of Wörds: º Gºthograffliye) abbreviàidhs, 4 incohsisten&iès (see: page'ſ O. £65?) 1. Prescription as Written—Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsiru ile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). *** — === tº-E-F- =-mº 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the gram matical construction (See page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 7 O top.) l, “Prescriptionſ as Written-Abbreviations; Errors &g. º Obtain a physician's prescription:audſput it:here in façstiuile, - (See page 69.) * W ** ," & w * I - 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult, the vocabularies, and mºdels in this, book (see page 69). –A– * = --> -E 3. The Prescription interpreted-Interlinear", Translation. .*: "...piagram the grammatical (construction (see page 7.0). 3.” . • ) 2” (. 3 * * T. w" - { 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Wörds,” Oºthography abbreviations, “incónsistencies” (see page 7 Oºtóp.) 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician's prescription aud put it here in facsituile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the Vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). * *** **-r- -wrurºr -ºr-º- 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. ‘Diagram the gram matical construction (See page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) - Tº ~ *sº sºlº sº. wº-wr-wºr-º-º-º-ºx= --- ** * * → essa º ºs- - • * º 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. . . . . Obtain a physician's prescription,aud put it here in facsituile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the yocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). s ºv. - *s *-*- 3. The Prescription. Interpreted:#Interlinear Translation. “. . . Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. • *, *, ". - - * . . . " e - * Ai Ko y g * ;: tryin : Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies “(see page 17O top.) 1. Prescription as Writteſ—Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician's prescription and put it here in facsituile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s; prescription aud put it here in facsi ſuile, - (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the yocabularies, and models in this bqok (see page 69). 3. The Prescription. Interpreted-Interlinear . Translation. ... ‘Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). '' . J . . . . 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography; abbreviations, “inconsistêncies (see page. 7 O' top.) Twº- —-e 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription and put it here in facsituíle, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. . . Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription' Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). , 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies . (see page 70 top.) —r 1. Prescription as Written—Abbreviations, Errors: &c., v Obtain a physician's prescription aud, put it here;in facsin, ilé, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, 'Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vºcabularies and, models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription. Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. , Diagram' the gram matical construction (See page 7 O). - .*** 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. " 2- Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) ' 1. Prescriptioſi as Written—Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician's prescription and put it here in facsitujle, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription. Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies. (see page 70 top.) . . . . ls. Prescription as Writtenz-Abbreviations, Errors' &c.; ... Obtain a physician'szprescription and put it here in facsimile, (See page 69.) & 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected.…, , , , • J * * * * ºf • * * * g º & e * º C Consºlº the vºcabularies, and mºdels in this book.(see,pj gº. 69), (Tºi Y : *—f —f - —t * armºr- 3. The Prescriptidſtº Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. ... ', '..ſ)iagram, the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). t º * 4. The Prescription-Criticised as to Use of Words. " Orthography, abbreviations, incorisistencies" (šeê page-‘70 top.) wrº- -º 1. Prescription as Written—Abbreviations; Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsiru ile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult, the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 70 top.) ~-F-U-w is ~s wºr---ºw T-P-E-F-ºr-ºr- *r-ºre l, Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c.; Obtain a physician’sº prescription aud, put it here in facSituile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected... Consult, the, vocabularies and , models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription). Interpreted:*Interlineat, Translation. ... . . Diagramſ the grammatical construction (See page 76)), . f ):- f t ; -) 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words.” Orthography abbéviations, inconsistencies ' (see page "70 tºp.) 1. Prescription, as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsituile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. . Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the gram matical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 7O top.) 1:0:Prescription as Written-Abbreviations;(Errors: &c.; Obtain aſphysician's prescription aud, put it here in façsimile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. . . . . # - . . .", Consult, the Yocabularies, and models in this book (see page 69), , 3. The Prescriptioni; Interpréted:#Interlinear. Translation. ... [i].)íagram the grâmmatical"cónstruction (see page;7.O), . ‘. . • * * * 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words.” * ' ', , , * * *. . . . . . . . ...: . & “ ... ". . : • , a *.ſ. ' s si * * • *, is 3.64%iº f fif ; : if ** : T} Orthography?" abbréviations, inconsistencies" (šééºpâgé"WO {&#}} 1. Prescription as Written-Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician's prescription aud put it here in facsiInile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the grammatical construction (see page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 7 O top.) 1. Prescription as Written—Abbreviations, Errors &c. Obtain a physician’s prescription aud put it here in facsiIIJile, (See page 69.) 2. Prescription, Words in Full, Errors Corrected. Consult the vocabularies and models in this book (see page 69). —1 3. The Prescription Interpreted-Interlinear Translation. Diagram the gram matical construction (See page 7 O). 4. The Prescription Criticised as to Use of Words. Orthography, abbreviations, inconsistencies (see page 7O top.) 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