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Tº …, x > t - - *"… &Złº, Azzºzºg <<, WAR DEPARTMENT ... OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF | a on. SECOND (MILITARY INFORMATION) Division - *- : , GENERAL STAFF No. 10 Drill Regulations for The Infantry, German Army - - 1906 Translated for the General Staff, U. S. Army By First Lieut. FRANCIS J. BEHR Coast Artillery Corps - JUNE 3O, 19C 7 sº º WASHINGTON Government PRINTING OFFICE 1907 W' A R L) EPA RTMENT ; Document NO. 239 () FFICE () F THE CHIEF OF STAFF § ~. : :º sº †: #. --- - - - - -- - - - ------- - - - - - - - - - ----- - - --- ------ - ------ - - ---- -- - -- - - --- ------------- - - ----- - - - --- - - º§On" | 4-Fº - *, *-* *r-r- ~ **wrw as * r— * “r 4. ** *T* k * & rº- f. PREFACE. “Drill Regulations for The Infantry, German Army, May 29, 1907,” translated from the German by Lieut. Francis J. Behr, Artillery Corps, U. S. Army, is published by consent of the German Government. The high state of efficiency of the infantry of the German army is recognized and the information contained in its regulations should prove of value to officers of the Army and National Guard, to whom copies of the trans- lation will be distributed. WILLIAM P. DUVALL, Brigadier-General, Acting Chief of Staff. WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF of St.AFF, Washington, May 18, 1907. 1958.23 * *... * ** f *…* - - - *…+xicº INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS MAY 29, 1906. [Berlin, 1906. Ernst Siegfried Mittler & sº Publishers to His Majesty, Koghstrasse 68–71. I approve the following drill regulations for the infantry in the expectation that, while fully maintaining our old tradi- tions of order and discipline, war training for which the new regulations afford further scope will be constantly promoted. It is prohibited to make any additions to the regulations, oral or written, for the attainment of greater regularity or other purposes. The scope permitted in the application of the regulations and in training must not suffer any limitation. I empower the war department, however, to make necessary changes in so far as they are not of a fundamental nature. DöBERITz, May 29, 1906. WILLIAM. To the WAR DEPARTMENT. 5 ! *x TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction ------------------------------------------ * - ſº- º 'º 4-8 tº º º 'º º - 9 PART I.—THE SCHOOI. 1. The company: (A) Close order— (a) School of the Soldier— In general-------------------------------------- • *-* -e º 'º º 13 Instruction without arms— Position------------------------------------------ 13 Marching - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 Double time-------------------------------------. 15 Facings and marching by the flank. - - - - - - - - - ------ 16 Instruction with arms— * Position------------------------------------------ 17 Manual of arms--------------------. -------------- 18 Fixing and unfixing bayonets. . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Loading, firing, unloading------------------------. 21 Marching and double-time with arms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 Attack ------------------------------------------- 25 Manual of the color------------------------------. 26 Manual of the Sword - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 (b) Company— In general - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 28 Formation ------------------------------------------- 28 Alignment, touch of elbows, covering - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 Facings and manual ---------------------------------- 36 Loading and firing---------------------------------- . . . 36 To stack and take arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Marching -------------------------------------------- 38 Turnings.--------------------------------------------- 42 The charge------------------------------------------- 44 (B) Extended order— - In general------------------------------------------------ 44 (a) Individual training as marksman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 (b) File and squad---------------------------------------- 47 (c) Platoon— The platoon commander -------------...-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Formation of a skirmish line- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Movements and taking position of a skirmish line. . . . . . . 51 Kinds of fire and commands- - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Effect of fire ----------------------------------------. 54 8 - TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1. The company—Continued. Page. (B) Extended order—Continued. (c) Platoon—Continued. Fire direction and control - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 Closing up; assembling; forming - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 (d) Company— - The company commander----------------------------- 58 The skirmish line----------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 The support ------------------------------------------ 59. Closing up; assembling; forming. - - - - - - - - - - * * * * * * * * * * * * * 61 2. The battalion-------------------------------------------------- 61 3. The regiment and the brigade -------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 PART II.--THE COMBAT. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - ºr * * * * * - - - - - * * * * * * * - - - - - - tº e º º ºs º º - - - - - 65 Leadership-------------------------------------- ----------------- 68 Utilization of ground---------------------------------------------- 74 Use of field works -----------------------------------------------. 75 Advance into action----------------------------------------------, 75 Conduct of the attack --------------------------------------------. 77 Rencounter -------------. ----------- - - - - • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 81 Attack on an enemy deployed for defense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 Attack of a fortified field position. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84 The flank attack. ----------------. ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87 The defense ------------------------------------------------------ 88 Delaying action--------------------------------------------------- 91 Pursuit --------------------------------------------------------- 92 Retreat; cessation of the combat. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93 Village and forest fighting-...--------------- - - - - -------------------- 94 Action in combination with the other arms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 Units in action --------------------------------------------------- 98 Concluding remarks----------------------------------------------- 101 PART III.-PARADE; ESCORT OF THE COLOR; SALUTES. (1) Parade: - In general---------------------------------------------------- 102 Parade formation -------------------------------------------- 104 The march past----------------------------------------------- 106 - Instructions for parades in the presence of His Majesty. . . . . . . . . . 109 (2) Escort of the Color-------------------------------------------- 110 (3) Salutes ------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 APPENDIX. Musicians and band: * Manner in which instruments are carried by the musicians...... 115 Manipulation of the baton------------------------------------- 116 Formation and duties of musicians and band - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 117 Supplement I: Calls -------- • * * * * * * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122 Supplement II: Marches for fife and drum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127 Supplement III: Other pieces for fife and drum. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140 INTRODUCTION. 1. The regulations furnish rules for instruction and consider matters relating to the infantry combat. Since, however, this principal arm almost always fights in combination with the other arms, their conduct is taken into account in so far as it is important for the infantry combat. .. 2. War demands stern discipline and the exertion of every effort. Especially does the combat require leaders trained to reflection and to self-reliance, and soldiers of initiative, who, from devotion to their Emperor and the Fatherland, manifest a firm purpose to conquer even when their leaders have fallen. 3. In war only simple methods can secure results. It is important, therefore, to learn and apply simple formations, which must be practiced until complete facility is attained. All unpractical work is prohibited. Parade exercises are added, which, on account of their great value for purposes of discipline, must be executed with the utmost exactitude. 4. Each commander of troops, from the company com- mander upward, is responsible for the development, according to regulations, of those placed under his charge, and is to be allowed freedom in the choice of the means. Superiors should interfere as soon as they notice errors and lack of progress. - 5. The school drills end with the company. In exercises involving the battalion and higher units, cooperation of the individual units for the common battle purpose must be acquired. 6. Continued drill of the same kind tires both body and mind. In the exercises, therefore, variations are introduced. Their duration and kind must also be gradually adapted to the powers of the men, since otherwise the unavoidable relaxation on account of overexertion is detrimental to military dis- cipline. 10 INTRODUCTION. 7. The more often the ground used is changed in exer- cises, the greater is the gain for the troops. For this reason every opportunity and every season of the year must be taken advantage of. - 8. Exercises by units at war strength are of particular value. Even within the company they are useful, serving to develop platoon leaders and numerous squad leaders, one or two pla- toons being at war strength, the rest skeletonized—merely the full number of platoon and squad leaders being retained. From the battalion upward, especially in large units, exercises are recommended as occasion offers, in which the marching depth [marschtiefe, distance between units on a march] of troops at war strength can be attained by increasing the dis- tance between companies. 9. In peace maneuvers, unless exceptional losses are ordered, more men are added to the firing line through reenforcement than can find room for the free use of the rifle. The men in excess follow immediately behind the firing line. They do not fire, but conform to each movement of the firing line. 10. The commands (printed in heavy type) are divided generally into preparatory commands and commands of execu- tion. The former are somewhat prolonged, the latter short. The pauses are indicated in the text by means of leaders (. . . . . .). Indifferently given commands lead to careless exe- cution. The commands are to be given in a sharp tone, but not louder than the purpose requires. 11. In addition to commands and orders, calls and signals are used. The whistle may be used to fix the attention before an order is given. & To advance the leader raises the arm. To indicate the direction, the leader designates with the raised arm the direction of march. To halt, the raised arm is lowered. To deploy, both arms extended are raised laterally to the height of the shoulders; when necessary one of the arms is then pointed in the direction the skirmishers are to move. To assemble, a circle is described above the head with the à l'Ill. INTRODUCTION. 1 1 These signals may also be given with the weapon. Addi- tional signals require mutual understanding in each individual C8,S62. - If a signal is given to a unit in close order, it is repeated by its leader. - 12. At great distances time and energy are economized in the transmission of orders and reports by means of signal flags. In the zone of effective fire regular signaling is but seldom possible. During a battle rapid communication may be had by signals made by wigwagging (arms, hats, etc.). The following signals, which can all be given in a lying position, are commonly to be used: a a a-‘‘Advance.” g g g—Given from the advanced firing line to the rear: “Advance our own artillery fire.” h h h-"Halt.” - m m m—Given from the advanced firing line to the rear: “Ammunition needed.” Given from the rear to the front: “Ammunition coming.” s s s—Given from the advanced firing line to the rear: “We wish to begin the attack.” Given from rear to the front: “The attack is about to begin.” If the signal is understood, V (verstanden–understood) is sent back. - Further signals require mutual agreement in each individ- ual case. * - - * - - - " - - - - - * { $ - • * - º - - • - • 4- - r - • - - * - - Part I.--THE SCHOOL. 1. THE COMPANY. A. CLOSE ORDER. a. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. In general. 13. Careful, rigid, individual training is the basis of all military education. It is only by the thorough training of the individual that the necessary cooperation of the many can be attained. Erroneous or incomplete training of the recruit impairs his effectiveness during his whole time of service. Errors which creep in during the first instruction can seldom be eradicated because of their detrimental consequences. Likewise it is impossible to compensate for lack of individual training by means of combined exercises. 14. In fencing exercises one should seek suppleness, ad- dress, and a good position rather than quickness and exactness. Instruction without arms. POSITION. 15. Attention. The man observes silence. He stands in place, with his heels as near each other as his conformation permits. The toes are turned out equally, the feet forming nearly a right angle. The weight of the body rests equally on the heels and balls of the feet. The knees are straight without stiffness. The upper part of the body is upright, the chest thrown out moderately; the shoulders are at the same height and slightly thrown back, but not raised. The arms hang without constraint; the elbows are slightly bent and carried somewhat forward. 13 14 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. The hands touch the thigh with the palms and points of the fingers. The fingers are joined and bent naturally, the little finger touching the seam of the trousers. The neck is held free and without restraint. - The head is erect, the chin slightly drawn in, and the eyes directed straight to the front. - 16. Should a preparatory command be given without AT- TENTION having preceded it, the man will observe silence of his own accord. 17. At ease. The left foot is advanced. The man is per- mitted to move, but is not allowed to speak without permission. MARCHING. 18. The march is divided into the drill march, the march in cadence (march at attention), and the march without cadence (route step). 19. The drill march furthers discipline and control of the troops. It is used at regular closed formations, when render- ing honors and at parades. Detachment------MARCH." The left leg is slightly bent, the toes depressed and pointing slightly outward, and the lower part of the leg so extended as to form a straight line with the thigh. At the same time the weight of the body is thrown forward. The foot is planted lightly and flat on the ground . at a distance of about 80 centimeters from the right foot. . The whole weight of the body now rests on the left foot. While the left foot is being planted the right heel leaves the ground. The right leg is advanced, the knee slightly bent, the toes being near the ground but not touching it. The leg is straightened. The foot is then planted in the same manner as the left. - In this manner the man continues the march. He moves straight forward in a line perpendicular to his shoulders. The a (Abteilung) This preparatory command is used for each detachment below that of a company, and for individuals. If only a part of a larger unit is to execute a movement, it is to be desig- nated particularly, e. g., Second Platoon. - - - -. March. (For the company, battalion, etc., the preparatory command is Company — - - - - - - , Bat- talion — - - - - - - , etc.) GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 15 arms swing without constraint. The cadence of the march is 114 steps per minute. - 20. For parade purposes: Mark time, Detachment - - - - - March (during the march: Mark time). The man alternately raises and plants each foot on line with the other, without raising the knee or lower leg too high or stamping on the ground. The cadence is maintained. Forward . . . . . . March. The command of execution is given as the left foot touches the ground. The man takes another step with the right foot in position and then steps off with the left foot to the usual distance. - 21. To change from the drill march to the march in cadence, the command. At ease is given. The rigidity of the drill march, viz, the pressing back of the knees, is relaxed, but good carriage, length of pace, and cadence are still maintained. At Attention, the drill march is resumed. 22. Route step - - - - - - March (if at the drill march or march in cadence, Route step). The character of the ground and the build of the individual determine the length of the step and the cadence. The march must not be retarded, and good carriage is to be preserved. To change from route step to the march in cadence, the command Take step is given, and to the drill march, Take step . . . . . . Attention is given. 23. Detachment ... -- - - Halt. Marching in step the command of execution is given as the right foot touches the ground. The march is completed with the left foot and the right brought by the side of the left. During the route step at the command Halt the man takes another step and brings the rear foot by the side of the other. DOUBLE TIME. 24, Double time _ _ _ _ _ _ March, March. At Double time the forearms are raised, so that when resting lightly against the body they form nearly a right angle with the upper arms which hang naturally. The hands are lightly closed, thumbs uppermost and nails toward the body. At the second March the double time is taken up naturally, beginning with the left foot. The feet are placed flat on the 16 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. ground, the knees being slightly bent. The arms are moved slightly backward and forward near the body. The length of the step is from 75 to 90 centimeters, according to the nature of the ground; the cadence is 170 to 180 steps per minute. If marching at route step the command Take step (attention) is to be given immediately before the command Double time. At Detachment - - - - - - Halt, the man comes to the halt after the third step. * * At Quick time ... -- - - March, the march in cadence is resumed after the third step. 25. March, March. The man runs as fast as he can, at the same time retaining his alignment. - The change to a halt or quick time takes place without further command as soon as the designated position is reached, or at Squad - - - - - Halt, or Quick time - - - - - - March. In the last case the route step is to be taken up. FACINGS AND MARCHING BY THE FLANK. BEIN ( : A T A H ALT. 26. Right (left) . . . . . . Face. Pressure is exerted on the ball of the right foot while the right heel is somewhat raised, and the body is turned about 90 degrees to the right. The left heel, upon which the weight of the body rests, turns in position, the left toe being somewhat raised. The right foot leaves the ground and after the facing is completed is placed smartly by the side of the left. Hips and shoulders take the new direction at the same time as the feet. 27. Detachment - - - - - - About face. The facing is executed by a turn of 180 degrees to the left on the heel of the left and ball of the right foot. When the turning is completed the right foot is placed smartly by the side of the left. BEING IN MARCH. 28. By the right (left) flank. - - - - - March or Right oblique (left oblique).----. March. The command of execution is given as the right (left) foot strikes the ground. The man executes the turning on the ball of the left (right) foot toward the designated side with the following step and continues the march in the new direction. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 1. 7 29. Detachment to the rear - - - - - - March. Marching in step the command of execution is given as the right foot strikes the ground. The turning about to the left is executed on the ball of the left foot and the right foot is placed by the side of the left. /ns/rucf/on ºth arms. Position. 30. Position at “the order.” The piece is vertical, the sling to the front, the butt close to the right foot, the heel of the butt being on line with the toes. The right arm is extended and both elbows are at the same height. The right hand grasps the piece, thumb in rear of the barrel or hand guard (depending on the size of the man), the other fingers being bent naturally but joined, index and middle fingers resting upon the gun sling. 31. Kneel. The man places the left foot about a pace in front of the right, at the same time turning on the ball of the right foot and kneels on the right knee. The piece is carried vertically forward to the right of the right knee and held with the right hand at the hand guard. The left hand is placed on the left knee. Rise. The man quickly rises, pressing the left hand against the knee in so doing, and places the right foot beside the left. The piece is replaced near the right toe. 32. Lie down. The man first kneels, at the same time grasp- ing the piece with the left hand at the balance, muzzle some- what elevated, and inclines the upper part of the body forward. . He then extends his right hand flat toward the front and lies forward flat upon the ground, the left knee being somewhat drawn in. To accomplish this first the left knee, then the right hand, and finally the left elbow are used as points of support for the body. All motions follow each other rapidly. The piece is placed on the left forearm, where it rests between the upper and lower rings, barrel to the left, the right hand grasping the hand guard. Rise. The man places the piece in the left hand, muzzle somewhat raised, supports himself on the right hand, and at 2719–07 * 4) 18 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. the same time draws the right leg as near to his body as possi- ble without raising thereby the upper part of the body from the ground. He then raises himself quickly by means of the right hand, places the left foot forward and brings the right by the side of the left. At the same time the right hand grasps the piece and replaces it near the right toe. 33. If the man is in the front rank he must take a long step forward before lying down, and if in the rear rank, a like step after rising. 34. After taking the position kneeling and lying down, the man is permitted to move only at command. MANUAL OF ARMs. 35. In the manual of arms the arms and hands only are allowed to move, the rest of the body remains in an erect and fixed position. Handling the piece so as to make the execution of the manual audible and striking the butt on the ground are prohibited. The individual motions of which each movement in the manual consist are executed in a quick and precise, yet easy manner, one following the other without undue haste. The piece is never grasped by both hands simultaneously; on the contrary, the movements of the hands are consecutive. 36. Shoulder - - - , Arms. The right hand raises the piece and brings it vertically, barrel to the right, in front of the center of the body, lower band at the height of the collar. The left hand grasps the piece immediately below the right. The right hand grasps the magazine about two finger breadths above the bolt handle. The thumb lies extended along the stock. While the right hand raises the piece, barrel turned to the front, as far as necessary to bring it to the left shoulder, the left hand grasps the butt in such a manner that the heel lies between the thumb and index finger, and the palm as well as the ends of the fingers are pressed against the flat part of the butt. The piece lies parallel with the row of buttons, the ball of the bolt about the height of the second button of the blouse, the butt immediately in front of the left cartridge box. The left forearm rests lightly against the cartridge box. The right arm resumes its position at the side. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 19 37. Order - - - - - Arms. The left hand carries the butt toward the left thigh, turning it slightly toward the body, the right hand grasps the piece at the height of the shoulders, the elbow pressed slightly downward. The right hand carries the piece in a vertical position across the body, turns it slightly outward, and permits the piece to slide through the hand if the height of the man requires it. The thumb lies behind the barrel or hand guard. The left arm resumes its position at the side. The butt is placed near the right toe. 38. Present . . . . . . Arms. The left hand carries the piece in front of the left half of the body, turning it slightly to the right, so that the man can still, with the left eye, look straight ahead on the right side of the piece. The right hand grasps the small of the stock at the same time, the thumb toward the body. The left hand grasps the piece so that the end of the thumb, which lies extended along the rear sight, coincides with the front end of the sight, and together with the right hand turns the barrel toward the body; the fingers of the right hand are placed extended immediately below the guard on the small of the stock, thumb below the lock. The piece is thus lowered so that the lower band is at the height of the collar, the stock touching the right forward edge of the left cartridge box. The left forearm forms almost a right angle with the upper arm. 39. For rendering honors the command, Attention, Pre- sent. - - - - -Arms is given. The inspecting officer must be looked at; when necessary, the command Eyes. - - - - Right (eyes left) must be added. The man follows the inspecting officer with his eyes, turning his head for the purpose, until the inspector is opposite the third man from him, when he turns his head straight to the front. 40. Shoulder - - - - - - Arms. The left hand turns the piece so the barrel is toward the right, the right hand grasps the magazine about two finger breadths above the ball of the bolt in such a manner that the thumb lies extended along the stock, and raises the piece as far as necessary to bring it to the left shoulder. Further procedure according to para- graph 36. 20 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 41. Grounding the piece. Sentries standing at the order with bayonets fixed salute by “grounding the piece” instead of by the “present.” 4- The right handgrasps the handle of the bayonet and muzzle of the piece beneath the front sight, so that the ring and little fingers lie beneath the knob of the bayonet handle. The piece is raised slightly, carried to the right to the full extent of the right arm, and then lowered vertically. After rendering the honor, the man resumes his position at “the order” in the inverse order. FIxING AND UNFIxING BAYonETs. 42. The fixing of the bayonet can be executed from all posi- tions of the piece and during movements; it is executed while “at ease” only on command or signal. After the fixing of the bayonet, the piece is returned to its former position. In order to save wear on the piece, the fixing of the bayonet is omitted while drilling. It suffices to instruct the man indi- vidually. But on each occasion when the fixing of the bayonet would actually take place it must be ordered either by com- mand or signal, and the soldier must go through the motions. 43. Fix. . . . . . Bayonet. If the man is standing at “the order” or is kneeling, he draws the bayonet with the left hand, back toward the body, from the scabbard, and fixes it in its support, during which the muzzle of the piece is inclined about two hand breadths to the front. The bayonet is pressed down until the click is heard as the catch enters its recess, and the spring is fully seated. To execute fix bayonet while marching at “shoulder arms,” the piece is carried as at “to the charge right,” paragraph 65. When lying down the bayonet is fixed in the manner most convenient to the individual. 44. Unfix - - - - - - Bayonet. The execution takes place “at ease” and usually at “the order.” The right hand grasps the piece at the height of the upper band, inclines it about two handbreadths toward the front, and presses back the catch with the thumb. The left hand raises the bayonet and places it in the scabbard, the man looking toward it while so doing. - GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 21 LOADING, FIRING, UNLOADING. 45. Loading must be frequently and thoroughly practiced in order that each man may be able to load quickly and safely in all positions of the body. When drilling at loading, the piece must be used carefully. Opening and closing the chamber, as well as locking the piece are executed only when using cartridges. Before beginning loading the cartridge box is opened on command, and closed without additional orders at the end of the exercise. LOAD IN (; . 46. If firing is to take place immediately after loading, the command For Firing - - - - - - Load, will be given. The man standing at “the order,” at the command Load makes a half face to the right by turning on the ball of the left foot and places the right foot half a pace to the right. The hips and shoulders turn at the same time as the feet. The knees are slightly bent, the weight of the body resting equally on the balls and heels of both feet. While turning, the right hand brings the piece to the front, muzzle at the height of the eye. The butt rests lightly on the right cartridge box and even with its rear edge. The left hand grasps the piece near the balance, the left thumb extending along the stock. The man inclines his head toward the breech, thumb and index finger grasping the bolt handle, so that the second joint of the thumb lies over the handle. The right hand turns the bolt to the left and with one motion draws it to the rear. The right hand then passes underneath the piece to the cartridge box and with the thumb and index finger brings out a loaded clip. The clip is inclined somewhat toward the rear as it is inserted in the magazine opening. The thumb presses along the clip on the upper car- tridge until it is completely beneath the right wall of the magazine. The right hand again grasps the bolt handle as on opening, thrusts the bolt home, and turns the handle to the right in one motion. The right hand then grasps the small of the stock so that the index finger is within the guard and in front of the trigger. The head is raised and directed straight to the front. 22 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. The right arm rests lightly against the outer side of the butt. At the command Firing, the rear-rank man steps promptly one pace to the right and front toward the front rank. 47. The man standing at the “shoulder arms” at the com- mand For Firing brings the piece down as “to the charge- right” (trail arms) (65), the man in the rear rank does so while moving over. Further procedure at Load according to para- graph 46. 48. When kneeling the man in the front rank at the com- mand For Firing rests the weight of the body on the right heel, the man in the rear rank moves straight up one-half pace toward his front-rank file. Further procedure at Load accord- ing to paragraph 46. FIRING. 49. At Cavalry straight ahead: At 900 [meters]: Aim - - - - - - Fire: Load. The instruction of the soldier in musketry, e. g., manipu- lation of the sight, position and aiming, delivery of fire, etc., is laid down in the Firing Regulations (Schiess Wooschrift). At “at 900 meters,” the man inclines his head toward the sight. The left hand, while carrying the piece back and some- what toward the face, sets the sight at the designated mark with the thumb and middle finger and then brings the piece back to its former position, the man at the same time raising his head. # The pause between Aim and Fire is longer when aiming in the kneeling position and at long ranges than while aiming in the standing position and at short ranges. The command Fire is somewhat prolonged. Load. The piece is brought from the aiming position to that designated in paragraph 46. When cartridges are still in the magazine the man loads by drawing back the bolt and pushing it home again; when the magazine is empty, loading is executed according to paragraph 46. 50. At Cavalry left oblique: At 700 [meters]: Fire at will: Cease firing : Load. At At Cavalry left oblique, the man faces in the direction of the designated object, the rear rank man at the same time moving forward a little to the opposite side. At Fire at will GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 23 the man fires and loads of his own accord, according to paragraph 193. Cease firing. Firing is immediately suspended, every move- ment of loading ceases, and any man in the aiming position brings his piece down. Load. Each motion of loading which was interrupted by the command Cease firing is completed, and the man holds himself ready for firing. 51. While in the kneeling position the front rank man fires with a support (elbow resting on knee and weight of body on heel), the rear rank man offhand (without support). RECOVER ARMS; LOCKING THE PIECE; COMING TO THE ORDER. 52. If the man in the position of aim is to take the position of load, the command Recover . . . . . . Arms is given. At Recover the left eye is opened and the index finger straightened. At Arms the head resumes the erect position and the piece is brought to the position as prescribed in paragraph 46. - 53. Lock. - - - - - Pieces. At the command Lock the man in- clines the head toward the breech. At ranges of 500 meters and upward the slide of the sight is run down with the thumb and middle finger of the left hand. The right hand is carried to the safety lock, grasping it below with the first joint of the thumb and above with the middle joint of the index finger. At Piece the safety lock is turned to the right, and the erect position of the head resumed. 54. Order . . . . . . Arms. While the man resumes his position by one movement on the left heel, the left hand brings the piece toward the right shoulder. The right hand grasps the piece above the left and places it near the toe of the right foot. The left hand is carried to the side. The man in the rear rank at the command Order - - - - - Arms first takes position while coming to the order and then steps back to his former position. - 55. When kneeling the man at the command Order.- ... -- Arms places his piece on the ground according to paragraph 31. At the same time the front rank man rises from his right heel to the upright position while the rear rank man steps back only after he has risen. 24 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. I.OAIDING AND LOCKING THE PIECE. 56. If firing is not to be executed immediately after loading, the piece is loaded at will. At Load and lock the man, whether standing or kneeling, carries the piece obliquely in front of the breast, muzzle high to the left, and loads and locks the piece as is most convenient to him. The man in the rear rank does not move up or over. º - After the piece is locked, it is brought to its former posi- tion. Loading and locking the piece are similarly executed while in motion. - - 57. Loading and locking of the piece while lying down are executed in the extended order only. The man lies somewhat on the left side, supports himself with the left elbow, and brings the piece forward. The right hand passes between the body and the piece to the cartridge box. After loading and locking the piece it is again laid on the left forearm, barrel to the left, as in paragraph 32. - HRING IN ( ; T H E LOAIDED AND LOCKED PIECE TO THE REAI).Y. 58. For firing - - - - - Ready. At Firing the last parts of para- graphs 46, 47, and 48 are executed. At Ready the man brings the piece forward according to paragraph 46, grasps the safety lock with the thumb and index finger of the right hand and turns it to the left. Then the right hand is carried to the small of the stock, index finger in the trigger guard. UNLOAD. 59. Unload. The execution takes place at will. The piece is brought into the position prescribed in paragraph 56. The man inclines the head toward the opening of the magazine. The left hand is slid back until the thumb lies on the left and the fingers on the right of the opening of the magazine. The unlocked bolt is slowly drawn back, the man taking the car- tridge that was in the chamber from the magazine with the right hand. The cartridges in the magazine are unloaded in the same manner, the bolt being pushed completely forward and back each time. After unloading, the trigger is pulled, the piece locked with the left hand and brought to its former position. - GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 25 MARCHING AND IDOUBLE TIME WITH ARMS. 60. While marching at “shoulder arms,” as well as when rendering honors and at the “march past,” the left elbow remains fixed, the right arm moves without constraint. To rest the men while marching in step the command Right shoulder arms may be given. 61. Double time. - - - - - March, March. At the command Double time the piece is placed on the right shoulder. The right hand grasps the small of the stock, the wrist resting lightly against the cartridge box. The left hand holds the bayonet and intrenching tools, the point of the bayonet pointing down- ward toward the front. The arms must not be permitted to make a noise. At Detachment - - - - - - Halt or Quick time the former position of the piece is resumed. - 62. Should the command March, March be given while at Double time, units in close order, carry the arm as prescribed for the march or for the assault; otherwise the piece is car- ried at will. 63. To halt and immediately kneel or lie down, the command Rneel or Lie down is given. The execution takes place accord- ing to paragraphs 31 and 32. 64. To accelerate the advance from the kneeling (lying) position the commands Detachment (route step)- - - - - - March or Double time - - - - - - March, March may be given. In the first case the man gets up at the preparatory command and takes the “shoulder arms.” In the second case he gets up at Double time and brings the piece to the right shoulder while rising. If the command March, March is given when kneeling or lying down, each man carries the piece as is most convenient to him for running. ATTACK. 65. To the charge, piece - - - - - - Right (trail arms). The left hand carries the butt, turning it inward, toward the left thigh. The right hand grasps the piece at the height of the shoulder, brings it to the right side, but slightly above the ground. The muzzle is about two hand breadths in front of the right shoulder. The left hand holds the bayonet scab- bard. The man marches at attention, the cadence being in- 26 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. creased to 120 steps per minute. The command March, March follows soon after the increase of cadence. 66. Charge. -- - - Bayonet. The command is executed by the men of the front rank only. Each man brings the piece forward with the right hand so that the small of the stock lies imme- diately in front of the right cartridge box, and the muzzle in front of the left shoulder and at the height of the eyes. The left hand grasps the piece at the hand guard and the right at the small of the stock. 67. If the command Detachment - - - - - - Halt is given after “trail arms” or “charge bayonets” is executed, the “ready * is resumed. - MANUAL OF THE COLOR. 68. If the manual consists of several motions, they follow one another without undue haste. At the “order arms” the color stands by the side of the right foot, the heel of the pike being on line with the toe. - 69. When coming to the “shoulder arms,” the color is brought to the right shoulder with the right hand. - In all movements at the route step and on marches the color may be carried on the right or left shoulder, at the will of the color bearer. When the color is unfurled, it must be carried so that the edge remains at least one-half a hand distant from the shoulder of the color bearer. 70. The color is carried at the “carry” at the march past in regimental columns (regiment in column of companies), at the receiving of the colors until the departure of the color company, and also at the removal of the color from the time “to the color” is sounded, on ceremonial occasions at which the colors are brought to the front. The pike rests in the socket of the sling, vertically against the right shoulder, the right hand grasping the heel, the left hand grasping the pike at the height of the shoulders. 71. In coming to the “order arms” the color is brought, with the right hand, to the position designated in paragraph 68. 72. When rendering honors, the color is brought to the carry according to paragraph 70, except that it does not rest in the socket of the sling. - - GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 27 The right hand grasps the heel of the pike, both hands bringing the color in front of the center of the body. The top of the pike is lowered to the front until the cloth almost touches the ground. The color is again raised and brought against the right shoulder. It is left in this position until the troops resume the “shoulder arms.” The right hand then grasps the pike immediately below the left and places the color on the right shoulder. The left hand is carried to the left side. MANUAL of THE Sword. 73. Officers and noncommissioned officers equipped with officers’ side arms usually draw the sword when drilling with detachments under arms if such detachments are as large as platoons, are in close order, and also in all cases when march- ing at attention through inhabited places. In battle the sword must, at the latest, be drawn when the troops advance to the charge. 74. At “order arms” the sword, without being turned, is lowered so that the point touches the ground. The grip is embraced with the whole hand. At “shoulder arms” the hilt lies against the thigh, the back of the blade at the right shoulder (seam of the sleeve). The thumb is passed through the bow (of the hilt); the sword rests in the palm of the hand, the pommel between the second and third fingers. While marching the right arm moves naturally, the left hand holding the scabbard vertically. 75. Before executing the salute the sword is grasped so that the index and middle fingers lie in front of the hilt, the thumb alongside it, and the rest of the fingers behind the pommel. In executing the salute, the sword is brought vertically in front of the middle of the breast, but turned flat toward the body, the pommel being at the height of the fifth button on the blouse. The blade is lowered flat to the ground, so that the right arm extended drops alongside the right thigh. The point of the sword remains at a distance of a hand breadth . from the ground. The first movement of the salute is executed quickly at the “present,” the next slowly. 28 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. The sword is kept lowered until the “shoulder arms” is resumed. Simultaneously with this motion the sword is brought in front of the breast, and with a second movement to the right side. - r 76. Officers mounted place the hilt of the sword on the right thigh two hand breadths from the hip joint so that the wrist and the third and fourth fingers, which lie closed behind the hilt, rest on the middle of the thigh. The back of the blade rests against the shoulder (seam of the sleeve), edge to the front. 77. Officers mounted in executing the salute bring the sword in front of the middle of the breast and lower it in such a way that the right hand hangs down behind the thigh, the blade vertical, with the edge turned toward the horse, being behind the right spur. 78. Adjutants do not draw the sword. They render honors at “the present” and at the march past by saluting with the right hand. 79. First sergeants, etc., carry the officers’ sword, but do not render honors with it. - - Noncommissioned officers without officers’ side-arms do not draw their own side arms when not carrying a rifle. At the “march past” they steady the side-arms with the left hand. b. COMPANY. In general. 80. Exercises in ranks, files, squads, and platoons are pre- liminary to company drills. The instructions specified for the company are applicable therein. 81. The company must be able to execute all the prescribed movements with certainty and precision, whichever rank is in front, whether the right or left wing leads, and when the squads have been faced about in deploying or turning. Formation. 82. The formation is in two ranks. Two men, one stand- ing behind the other, are called a file. The two tallest men form the first file on the right flank, the two next tallest the GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 29 second file, and so on to the left of the company. Slight devi- ations are allowable. In case there is an odd number of men, there remains a vacant place in the rear rank on the left of the company (blank file). The rear rank stands parallel with the front. The distance between ranks is 80 centimeters from the back of the front rank man to the breast of the rear rank man. In properly formed ranks, each soldier when at the order and without arms touches the man next to him lightly with the elbow. 83. Company in line (Pl. I). The company is divided into squads consisting of four files each, beginning at the right. In case a squad does not contain four files, the number should be increased to four by taking range finders from the line of file closers. The company is divided into three platoons. In case the number of the squads is not divisible by three, one of the platoons will be larger or smaller than the other two. Platoons consisting of more than three squads are divided into sections (half platoons). If there be an odd number of squads, the right section will be the larger. In order to render the division into sections possible for purposes of instruction, a larger number of files can be made during peace exercises by forming blank files in certain squads. 84. Platoons are numbered from the right of the company; sections, squads, and files from the right of the platoons. 85. The company commander assigns posts to the officers. The three seniors take posts as platoon leaders on the right flank of their respective platoons in the front rank, the fourth takes post on the left flank of the company. Additional offi- cers take posts behind the line of file closers, at a distance' equal to that between the ranks. - If there are no officers to act as platoon leaders, noncom- missioned officers are assigned to act as such. - The company commander goes wherever his presence may be necessary. - 86. Each squad contains one squad leader (noncommissioned officer or lance corporal). The leaders of the right and left squads of each platoon are at the same time the platoon guides 30 GERMIAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. A Company commander. First lieutenant. Second lieutenant. à First sergeant. G. Right guide (N. c. o.). K} Left guide (N. C. O.). PLATE I.—Company in line. KEY. To PLATEs I AND II. D& File closer (squad leaders). ſº Range finder. Z! Man in front rank. [...] Man in rear rank. º' Bugler. E. Drummer. 30" [TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTILITITUTILITIII) [ITTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTEJ KJ Cº [X] [3 × 3 × a r & & S. & cocº | - If the color is with the company, its place is to the right of and alongside the platoon commander of the right platoon, the two noncommissioned officers who form the color guard being in the line of file closers. & – GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 31 PLATE II. —Line of platooms in column of Squads. 20*. | | | w º 4*. 9x 9x 4× tººs à ſiząża [TITLED fºr ITD [TLI) 3222ſ2) XZ2422 EX2222, [TTI) ſt TTT fºr ITTh Expº 222, XZZZZ Dºzzº.22 [[TL} [III] [III] Exº~12) Exº~12:212 X22:22, [TTT) [III] LTTI) ºlº 3.2222 532222 [III] [TTI) [III] 3.222ſ2) 3.222ſ2) fºLZZZZ, [III] DITT) [III] Exº~222 Dºzz-Z2 3.222; [TTT) [TTTI [[III] ſºzzzz) 32222, EEZZZZ, [III] [TTT) [TITLE Ed JZZZ2 ſº [TIT] Dºº 1, The platoons can also be placed alongside of each other in column of twos; 2, the company commander regulates the position of the additional officers; 3, if the color is with the company, its place is two paces in front of the leading squad of the center platoon, one of the color guard being alongside and to the right, the other to the left. [TTTTTTTTTTT CITTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTH &Ocryº, & 2 (5 ti > r, 3 & 2 & 2 & 3 (5 tièd 32 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL BEGULATIONS. (noncommissioned officers). The squad leaders stand in rear of the left file of their squads at a distance equal to that be- tween the ranks, with the exception of the right guides (non- commissioned officers), who stand in rear of the right file of their squads, and who step into the place of their platoon leader as soon as he leaves his place. The left guide of the company places himself alongside the left flank man of the front rank if no officer is there. 87. Company column (Pl. II). 88. Platoon column (Pl. III). 89. Section column. Platoon column divided into sections, paragraph 127. Supernumerary officers and the leaders of the right flank squads take post on the right flank of the sections. Sections other than those with which the platoon leader is present are taken charge of by the senior squad leader if a supernumerary officer is not available for this purpose. 90. Column of squads (Pl. IV). 91. The march column (Pl. V). - At Order of march the march column, as shown in Plate V, is formed from the column of squads. The-squads within the section (within the platoon if the number of files is small) march at a distance equal to that between ranks. The section chiefs, musicians, and nurses form fours in the spaces left vacant in the formation. The depth of the column must not be increased unless ordered. For the conduct of the march see Field Service Regulations. At Column of squads the column of squads is formed as shown in Plate IV. 92. In column of twos (company in line faced to the right or left) the platoon leaders and the officer at the left of the company step on the left (right) side of their flank man along- side of whom they stood in line. The same positions are taken in the platoon in column of tWOS. - Alignment; Touch of Elbow; Covering, 93. When the alignmentis good each man whose position in the line is faultless, will see, by turning the head toward the dressing flank, only the man next to him on the right (left) GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 33 with the right (left) eye, and will catch only a glimpse of the whole line with the other eye. 94. Alignment and touch of elbow at a halt and on the march are toward the right, unless otherwise ordered. Exceptions: (a) When the company is in line and moving straight to the front, it is on the leader of the middle platoon; with two platoons, on the leader in the center. (b) While moving in company column as well as when the squads have turned to the right (left) in pla- toon column, on the middle platoon. (c) While marching obliquely, it is on the flank in the direction of the march. (d) In column of twos, on the side of the platoon leader. (e) When turning, the alignment is on the marching flank and touch toward the inner flank, as pre- scribed in paragraph 136. 95. In company column the platoon leaders indicate the guide for their platoons. Within the company, alignment of the leading squads only is required. 96. In column the leaders on the directing flank cover and maintain distance so far as the ground permits. Only in pla- toon column are all files required to cover. 97. As soon as the command At ease is given at a halt each man must correct touch, alignment, and cover. 98. If the alignment is to be made at a halt, the command, Dress (Eyes - - - - - Left, dress), will be given. The front rank dresses; the rear rank, the file closers, and musicians first cover and take distance, then dress. At Eyes straight - - - - - - Ahead (front) the heads are turned straight to the front. 99. For parade purposes the alignment can also be made at “the order” on posted guides. Guides (X) paces to the front. With the company in line, the right guides of platoons and the left guide of the company, and in the platoon column the right and left guides of the leading platoon, step the required number of paces, in front of their flank files, execute right (left) face and cover. 2719—07—3 34. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. º KEY. To PLATEs III, IV, AND V. Q Company commander. PK File closer (squad leader). L First lieutenant. [5 Range finder. Second lieutenant. * […] Man in front rank. à First sergeant. D Man in rear rank. D. Right guide (N. C. O.). F. Bugler. K] Left guide (N. C. O.). * Drummer. BB Hospital attendant (N. C. O.). PLATE IV.- # If the Color is with the company, it is to the right and alongside of the platoon commander of the leading platoon when in platoon formation, the color guard being in the line of file closers; when in column of squads two paces in front of the leading platoon, One of the color guard being alongside to the right and the other to the left; in the marching column formation, in the first rank. # The positions of the company and the platoon commanders are regulated by field-service regulation. The company com- mander regulates the positions of the additional officers. D. 20* ||||||| : ^ ## PLATE V.— tiſſiſſiſſiſſijäijäij} LZ 3. S-y GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 35 PLATE IJI. — Platoon column. & & & 5 tº Ca [3] [3] & LL I LLL LI LLL LI I ILL LI I I I I I I ITTTTTT) <4 -R &{ -R tº a 2 & & 2 & 5 (5 & DI-I-I-I I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-D-E-L-L-L-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I {TTT ſºlºſ I Lºſ Lºſ I L I I I I I I I I I I [...] I Lºſ LL fºom i8Ocºrt, 3, 3 & 5 G E & & Column of squads. tŤIII. ºs» ™S [×zſzczyzn - ? ^S Marching column. 80&ºrn 36 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. If the color is with the company the color bearer steps to the front in place of the right guide. - At Dress (Eyes- -- - - Left, dress) the company moves up, without regard to the step, to the line established by the guides, and dresses. In order to establish the line quickly the men are allowed to glance toward the flank opposite to that on which the alignment is made. - For the rear rank, the rear platoons, etc., see paragraphs 96 and 98. - At Eyes straight - - - - - - Ahead, the guides return to their places and all look straight to the front. The platoon leaders step out of ranks so that the guides can pass through. 100. The company must be able to align itself quickly and with certainty, “without command,” on any desired file, squad or neighboring detachment, and also on a new front. Facings, march by the flank and to the rear and manual of arms. 101. The facings and the manual are executed in unison; fixing and unfixing bayonet individually and as quickly as possible. 102. For purposes of drill in the facings, and marchings by the flank and to the rear, the preparatory command Face precedes the regular commands. If this preparatory command is omitted, the platoon leaders and the officer on the left flank of the company take the places indicated in paragraph 92. In facing and marching to the rear they and the men in the blank files step up into the line of the rear rank. In both cases they remain in these places until the original front is again resumed. At Change front, the front becomes the rear. Platoon lead- ers, file closers, and musicians take their new positions at route step and by the shortest line. * - - 103. Colors and officers salute only at Attention, present — — — — — — a TIIlS. Loading and Firing. 104. Loading is executed individually as quickly as possible. File closers and guides do not load. 105. When the company fires in close order, the company front must be approximately perpendicular to the line of fire. If necessary to attain this the company must be turned to the proper extent beforehand. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 37 106. Two kinds of fire are employed, volleys and fire at will. Volleys are delivered by companies or platoons. 107. While firing, and when not merely a matter of drill, the company commander goes wherever he can best observe the effect of the fire. - When firing volleys by platoons the platoon leaders take post behind their platoons. If file closers or musicians are in front of what is to be the firing line, they, at the preparatory command For . . . . . . Firing double time around the platoon flanks and take post in rear of the rear rank. If “the ready?” is taken from the “shoulder arms,” of— ficers, file closers, and guides come to “the order” at the preparatory command. 108. Not all the men of the company are always equally ready for firing. Some will have to take a clip from the car- tridge box while others will still have cartridges in the maga- zine. If the volleys follow each other rapidly, it may happen that the same men do not fire at all the volleys. 109. The command Cease firing is repeated by all platoon and squad leaders. All other details concerning Loading, Firing, and Unloading are regulated in accordance with paragraphs 45 to 59 inclusive. To stack and take arms. 110. At Stack, the odd numbered files face to the left, the even, to the right. Each man places his piece with his right hand at the heel of the outer foot, barrel to the right. At Arms, the two men of the front rank first, and afterwards the two files lay their pieces with the ramrods together and then face to the front. The front rank steps one-half pace in front of, and the rear rank one-half pace in rear of, the stacks. The file closers lay their pieces on the nearest stack. The company stands “at ease.” 111. To Arms. The front rank steps quietly to the front of the stacks, the rear rank to their rear, and stand “at ease.” Take. - - - - - (the odd numbered files face to the left, the even, to the right) Arms. The men grasp their pieces with the right hand, disengage them without unnecessary force, face to the front, and stand “at ease.” 38 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. Marching. 112. To march to the front. Company - - - - - - March. Com- pany . . . . . Halt. All march straight to the front. When marching in line, the leader of the guiding flank, and in com- pany column, the leader of the guiding platoon is responsible for the maintenance of the proper direction. In general the alignment must be maintained by means of uniform pace and proper touch of elbow. The man is per- mitted, however, from time to time to cast a glance toward the side of the guide. Pressure from the side of the guide must be yielded to, while from the opposite direction it must be resisted. 113. The company must be drilled in marching on directing points and in following the leader without command. 114. The company must also execute, without command, small turnings such as arise from slight shiftings of the direct- ing point. In case of more material changes in the direction of march, the command designating the new marching direc- tion precedes the command for the turn (paragraph 136). 115. If, while marching or after being halted, the command kneel or lie down be given, paragraphs 31–34 apply. The company being in line or in platoon column the file closers step back one pace at “lie down,” and at “rise” they step forward two paces. In company column, in column of squads, and in march column, the files, when lying down, take intervals of about half a pace from the center outward, the men of the rear rank placing themselves opposite the openings. After rising, touch of elbows is again resumed. 116. If the guide is to be shifted to the platoon leaders when marching in column to the rear (company column excepted), the command Guide left must be given. For “Change front” see paragraph 102. 117. Oblique march. Right oblique (left oblique). . . . . . March. The men march keeping the shoulder of the one be- hind that of the other. The original direction is again re- sumed at Left oblique (right oblique). . . . . March. The oblique march is to be made use of for short distances only. r 118. The march in column of twos (92) is executed at route GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 39 step, the distance being increased to 80 centimeters. This dis- tance is retained upon halting until further orders. For short distances this march may also be executed in step. Changes of Formations and Turnings. 119. At changes of formations, officers, noncommissioned officers, and musicians take their prescribed places without delay as soon as practicable. (See also paragraphs 102 and exceptions, 138, and 139.) . If need be, the company commander gives orders therefor. 120. If a new formation is taken from the march in column of twos at route step, touch and distance are taken without command. - 121. Distances and intervals can be changed in all columns by order of the company commander. . When intervals are changed while in company column, the platoons follow their leaders without command. If the platoons become separated from each other by more than the width of the company in line, the command of the company commander ceases to affect the company as a whole. PLOYMENTS. 122. Ployments are executed from a halt as well as when marching at route step or double time. When executed on the march, the march is continued at route step without command after the ployment is completed. -- 123. To form company column from line. If marching, Company column. . . . . . Form (Form - - - - - - March, March). The squad on the right of the platoon continues the march. The platoons ploy to the right and then close on the middle platoon, which shortens step. If company column is to be formed on any other than the middle platoon, or if but two platoons are present, the command Company column right (left) - - - - - - Form (Form . . . . . . March, March) is given. Ploying and closing in are executed toward the designated side. 124. To form platoon column from line. Being at a halt or on the march: Platoon column . . . . . . Form (Form - - - - - - March, March). The center platoon stands fast and rectifies its align- ment (or continues the march). The flank platoons are formed in rear of it by the shortest route (at double time), 40 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. the platoon on the right being in the center, the one on the left at the rear of the column. If the platoon column is to be formed on any other than the center platoon or if but two platoons are present, the com- mand Platoon column right (left). - - - - - Form (Form - - - - - - March, March) is given. - - 125. To form company column from platoon column. Being on the march: Company, column right (left) Form... -- - - March, March. The right (left) squad of the leading platoon continues the march; the remaining squads of this platoon form behind it. The platoons in rear, while ploying on the right (left) squads, place themselves abreast of and to the right (left) of the leading platoon. 126. To form column of squads from company column. Being on the march: Column of squads . . . . . . Form. The center platoon continues the march. The outer platoons halt at the command of execution until disengaged, when they follow, the one on the right following first. - At Column of squads, right (left). - - - - - Form, the ploy is executed toward the platoon on the designated flank. 127. To form half-platoon column or column of squads from platoon-column and to form column of squads from the half-platoon column. Being on the march: Half-platoon column (column of squads) right (left) -- - - - - Form (Form - - - - - March, March). The half platoons (squads) on the designated flank continue the march; the others place themselves in rear. The rear platoons, during the formation of column of squads, halt until they become disengaged. - 128. To form column of squads from platoon or half- platoon column. Being at a halt: Column of squads, right (left); Route step . . . . . . March. At the command March, the squad on the designated flank of the platoon (half platoon) in front, marches straight to the front. The remaining squads of this platoon (half platoon) place themselves in rear of it. The platoons (half platoons) in rear proceed in like manner as soon as they become disengaged. DEPLOYMENTs. 129. Deployments take place either at route step or at double time. The subdivisions as they come up march GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 41 (double time) somewhat beyond the line of direction and take alignment and touch toward the one on which the deployment is made; the latter rectifies its alignment at a halt. In column of twos, deployment is made on the flanking men situated at the front and side toward which deployment is made; in all other columns, on the leading subdivisions per- taining thereto. 130. The formation and, when necessary, the side toward which the deployment is to be made, must be designated in the command: In squads In half-platoon column|Deploy - - - - - - - right (left). Deploy - - - - - In platoon column March. (March, March.) In company front 131. To form company front at a halt and on the march (a) from company column: In company front, deploy - - - - - - March (March, March). The platoons deploy to the left (exe- cute left front into line), the outer ones gaining their interval at the same time. If the preparatory command contains the addition Right (left), all the platoons deploy toward the desig- nated side; at the same time they take their interval from the platoon situated on the opposite flank. (b) From platoon column: In company front, deploy - - - - - - March (march, march). The center platoon marches to the right, the rear platoon to the left. If the preparatory, command contains the addition Right (left), deployment takes place to the designated side. (c) From column of twos, squads, and half platoons; as a rule, platoon column is first formed and from this company front. - - 132. To form company column from column of squads: Company column - - - - -. Form. The leading platoon stands fast (halts), the other two platoons place themselves alongside it by wheeling, the center platoon on the right and the one in the rear on the left (paragraph 137). At Company column, right (left). . . . . . Form, the formation takes place toward the designated side. If special haste is desired, the movement may be executed at double time. 42 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 133. To form platoon column from company column: In platoon column, left (right) deploy - - - - - - March (march, march). The platoon on the designated side deploys according to para- graph 129; the other two place themselves in rear of it. The deployment is executed in the same manner when the platoon column has been wheeled by squads, or the files faced to the right (left). - - 134. To deploy the company in a different direction it is the rule when the angle is large to assume the new direction by command and then deploy. The company commander may also, before giving the com- mand to deploy, designate the point of direction or the amount of the turn—e.g., Direction on the top of the church steeple, or one-eighth (one-sixteenth) Right (left) turn. In company front deploy - - - - - - March (march, march). The leading unit takes up the designated direction and the ones in rear take it while deploying. ForMING Colu MN of Twos. 135. Being on the march: Form column of twos, right (left). - - - - - Face. The man on the designated flank continues the march straight to the front, his rear-rank man places himself to his right (left), the rest of the files place them- selves in rear, executing by the right (left) flank. Half platoons and platoons in rear, halt until they become dis- engaged. TURNINGs. 136. Turnings by units exceeding the front of a platoon are executed at route step or in double time. Right (left) turn. - - - - - March (march, march). At March, the march is taken up if at a halt, and if already on the march, the turn is begun. The alignment is toward the marching flank, the touch toward the pivot. The rear-rank men keep their heads straight to the front and cover their file leaders in marching. The officer (noncommissioned officer) on the marching flank marches in the usual cadence and turns gradually toward the pivot. In case there is a large number of files, he first advances a few paces straight to the front before turning. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 43 He keeps his eye upon the space he has to cover and from time to time glances along the line. The man on the pivot gradually turns in his place at a halt, in proportion to the turn of the marching flank. If there is an officer or noncommissioned officer on the pivot flank, he dresses on the pivot file. The men shorten the step to accord with their distance from the pivot, without stamping their feet and without raising their knees unnecessarily. Touch must not be lost; the pres- sure from the pivot must be yielded to, but resisted from the marching flank. At Halt, each man takes another step and halts. The preparatory command Forward ends the turn; marching is continued in the new direction with the half step. With the company in line and in company column, alignment is taken toward the leader of the guiding platoon; otherwise toward the guiding flank. At March, the march is continued at the prescrib3d pace. - While turning at double time, alignment need not be pre- served. - 137. If a column turns, the individual units execute the turn in the same place one after the other (moving pivot). The pivot is cleared by the turning units so that the pivot flanks describe a small arc, the distance from the unit in advance being diminished temporarily. 138. Squads right (left) turn ... -- - - March. Halt or Forward - = ** * * * March. . Each squad executes a turn of 90 degrees, If when turning from the column of squads there are file closers on the side toward which the movement is to be exe- cuted, at the preparatory command they step behind the files (to the front when faced about) alongside of which they are. Platoon leaders remain in their places when a turn is execu- ted toward their side, unless ordered to the contrary. 139. When from platoon column “squads right (left) turn” has been executed, the officers, noncommissioned officers, and musicians at the command Company column take the places indicated in Plate II; when from company column “squads left (right) turn” has been executed, at the command Platoon column they take the places indicated in Plate III. If these commands are not given, the places previously occupied are retained. 44 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 140. From company in line: Right (left) squad forward, squads right (left) turn. ----. March. The designated squad moves straight to the front, shortening the step somewhat, all the other squads turning to the right (left). After the execution of the turn, the command Halt or Forward-- - - - - March is given. The Charge. 141. If the company is to advance to the charge in close order, the bayonet is fixed and at the command: To the charge 3.TIIlS - - - - - - Right, the piece is brought to “trail arms” and the charge step taken up (see paragraph 65). The drums beat to the charge. At the proper distance from the enemy the command March, March is given. The drums beat to the charge continuously, while the buglers blow the signal “advance quickly.” Immediately before the assault the command Charge- - - - - - Bayonet! Hurra! is given. The leading rank charges bayonet, everyone continually huzzaing, rushes on the enemy for the hand-to-hand encounter, until the command Company. - - - - Halt is given. The two front ranks bring their pieces to the “ready.” If the enemy is beaten, a pursuing fire is, by com- mand, opened as soon as possible, and if space is available, the troops are deployed. * B. ExTENDED ORDER. IN (; ENERAL. 142. The change from close to extended order is effected through the formation of skirmish lines. In these the interval between skirmishers may differ. If the interval be not desig- nated in the command, two paces are taken; if any other interval is desired it must be ordered. Loose skirmish lines result if the interval is greater than two paces, and compact ones if less. Very large intervals increase the difficulty of leading; the minimum interval must still permit the skirmisher the free use of his piece. - 143. At every deployment of skirmishers the unit which is to deploy must be named and, when necessary, the direction of march and the guide designated. It is better to have the GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 45 guide “center.” The unit on which direction is maintained is called the guiding or base unit. 144. In extended order the soldier is not bound rigorously to a definite place, nor to strict military carriage, nor is the handling of the piece to be strictly in accordance with the prescribed manual. On the contrary, he is required to be dex- terous in the use of his weapon and in utilizing the terrain, self-reliant, and unremitting in attention to his leaders and observation of the enemy. Judgment, self-reliance, and bold- ness must be awakened in the breast of the young soldier and in the course of his service be continually strengthened. 145. Of especial importance is the thorough training of the minor leaders. Their position on the firing line must be such as is rendered necessary by the enemy’s fire. All lance cor- porals and especially suitable men, are to be trained as squad leaders. - - 146. It is of fundamental importance to this training that the practical be placed above mere form. (ſ. INDIVIDUAL TRAINING AS MARFOSMEN. 147. Only careful individual training furnishes a sure foun- dation for good service of troops in battle. It is as necessary in extended order as in close order and the instruction must be continual during the entire service of the soldier. The rifle must be placed in the hands of the recruit a few days after his arrival, in order to make him familiar with the use of his weapon. He must be instructed as soon and as often as possible on varied ground. 148. The marksman must at the beginning learn: The fundamental principles of small-arms firing. To examine and utilize the ground. To see and recognize targets (training of the eye). To estimate distances and to set the sight. 149. The principles of fire on the skirmish line are first demonstrated to the recruit by means of small detachments of men proficient therein. - His knowledge should be increased by a few participations in simple battle maneuvers and on the conduct of attack and defense, while confronted with an opponent. 150. When the soldier has made some progress in loading 46 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. and aiming, exercises therein are given on varied ground against objects of a military nature. The soldier must be trained to load quickly, to adjust the sight rapidly and accurately, and to aim promptly and fire calmly against targets which are able to open fire quickly. 151. The accidents of the ground which afford cover from the enemy’s sight only and those which also afford cover from his fire should be pointed out to the soldier. The value of field works should also be taught. - 152. The soldier must be taught that the most important thing to be obtained is an effective fire, and that he must therefore subordinate all considerations of cover to this end and so place himself as to be able to keep the enemy con- stantly in view. It is only when he is actually aiming that the soldier is able to judge of the amount of cover he is able to utilize. If firing is not to take place, the marksman must make use of cover in such a way that he will be screened both from the sight of the enemy and from the effect of his fire as much as possible. - 153. In open country the marksman can not long remain exposed to the enemy’s fire except in the lying position. The power of observation and of recognizing objects while in the lying position must therefore be taught with particular C81 I’é. 154. Attention must be paid to the different degrees of visi- bility of troops, depending on the color of their clothing and the background and light. 155. The skirmisher must skillfully overcome obstacles of every description. He must be trained particularly in leap- ing over or clambering through ditches, climbing over walls and hedges. 156. He must be taught how to advance stealthily by utiliz- ing even the smallest depression of the ground and all cover. Even in the open country he must be able to advance by stooping and creeping, exposing himself as little as possible. 157. The marksman is trained in the use of the spade. He must learn to intrench himself quickly and, even when lying down, to provide cover rapidly. 158. It must be constantly borne in mind that the end and GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 47 object of all these exercises is to train the soldier to be a marksman who thinks for himself and acts with precision. A firm resolve to inflict damage on the enemy and loyal endeavor, though unobserved and undirected, to do one’s level best, are the foundations of superiority. b. FILE AND SQUAD. 159. Files and squads in their strength and composition are the same as in close order. Surplus files belong to the nearest squad to the right. Each squad has a leader. 160. Skirmishing must be taught in the file and squad. They must be trained in: - - The different ways of deploying; Assembling and forming; Movements of the line, with increased and diminished intervals; Advancing by rushes and by creeping; Occupying a position; Loading in all positions of the body and while marching; Aiming in all positions at different ranges and from behind cover; The different kinds of fire, cease firing, and the trans- mission of orders and signals. 161. As soon as precision in the simpler movements is attained, the squad must be trained on varied ground. The principles remain the same as for individual training, except that the squad must be considered as a whole and attention to the leader taught. 162. The training of the squad leader requires particular care. He is the assistant of the platoon leader and at the same time the leader of his squad. He must be trained in using field glasses for identifying the target and for observ- ing the effect of fire, in estimating distances quickly and reliably, and in giving commands. - e 163. He must be able to lead the skirmishers of his squad within the space allotted to them, keeping them under cover as much as possible, and rapidly and skillfully bringing them into position. He must constantly supervise the setting of 48 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. the sight, the distribution, careful delivery and rapidity of fire, and the expenditure of ammunition. 164. When the platoon is in extended order, the same con- ditions of cover and movement do not usually obtain along its entire front. The enemy’s fire will frequently make uni- form movement of the platoon impossible and fire control difficult. Therefore the squad leader must be able to con- duct the fire of his own squad, to utilize, without command, every opportunity which presents itself for approaching the enemy, and to support each movement of the neighboring squads by means of his fire. 165. The squad leaders themselves fire only when their other duties permit it; conditions will often allow this in a long-continued fight in the same position. c. PLATOON. * The platoon commander. . 166. In extended order the platoon forms, as a rule, the unit of command and fire control. 167. The platoon commander orders the formation of the skirmish line, the direction of march, and, when necessary, the guide. He determines the intervals according to the pur- pose of the battle, the space to be occupied, the distance from the enemy, and the nature of the ground. 168. In defense, he places his platoon in position and makes all preparations for opening fire. 169. In attack, he endeavors to advance, with as little loss as possible, to a position where he can successfully begin the action. With this purpose in view, he leads the skirmish line forward, without undue extension, as long as the nature of the ground allows and the fire of the enemy permits. Open stretches can be passed over by running. If such a method of advance is impossible at the outset on account of the character of the country, or if it must be abandoned because of the enemy’s fire, the platoon com- mander can form very open half-platoon or squad skirmish lines and permit them to follow each other at irregular dis- tances, always remembering that he must unite the platoon when under cover in order to control it when opening fire. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 49 170. After the platoon has opened fire, well prepared platoon rushes, supported by the fire of neighboring units, form the simplest and quickest means of advancing. When platoon rushes become difficult, subdivision of the front into smaller units advancing alternately will become necessary. The manner in which the half platoons or squads then advance will be irregular and varied. They can, while rushing forward, spread out as much as the fire of the neigh- boring detachments permits and again unite under cover. They can advance by file or even individually, and also gain ground by creeping. The platoon commander must continually bear in mind that the most effective aid to an advance lies in superiority of fire. He must therefore always keep his platoon in hand so as to control its fire and movements and so that his personal influence may be felt. sº 171. Attention to utilization of the ground must not divert the attention of the platoon commander from the enemy nor shift the designated direction of attack. Adjacent units must not be hindered in their movements or fire. In no case must the taking of cover by the individual inter- fere with the action of the unit as a whole. 172. When the platoon commander can gain an advantage or utilize an opening afforded by the enemy he is bound to act on his own initiative; but it must be perfectly clear to him, taking into consideration the whole command, how far he may properly operate independently. 173. The platoon commander is responsible for ascertaining the correct ranges. He keeps two range finders (men who estimate distances) close to him, and they, unasked, inform him of the result of their estimates. He also utilizes the esti- mates of squad leaders who are near to him. Special training is necessary in order to obtain uniform results in estimating distances. & - The range finders also aid the platoon commander by observ- ing the enemy and their own adjacent troops, as well as by maintaining communication with the company commander in so far as this is not done by the musicians (par. 221). The platoon commander permits the range finders to take 2719–07—4 50 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. part in the action only when their duties as range finders have become of secondary importance. FORMATION OF A SKIRMISH LINE. 174. The formation of the skirmish line must be executed quickly from any formation in close order, in any direction and with the utmost order and silence. It is executed when in line on the right squad of the second section, and when in column of squads on the leading squad. Otherwise the guid- ing or base squad must be designated in the command. - The platoon in column of squads can also be formed in skirmish line by deploying toward both flanks instead of one. The squads of the leading section then deploy to the right while those of the rear section deploy to the left on the leading squad of the platoon. 175. At the command to deploy the piece is carried as for the charge and then at will at the balance, muzzle elevated, or under the arm. The sling may also be lengthened. The piece may also be slung when it is important to have the hands free, e. g., in thickets, on steep slopes, or when creeping. 176. If a platoon is to deploy to the front from a halt or on the march, the command (X) Platoon - - - -. Deploy, or (X) Pla- toon, on (X) Squad - - - -. Deploy, is given. At Deploy, the squad leaders spring quickly to the front and form the skeleton of the skirmish line. The leader of the base Squad goes straight to the front or in the designated direction, shortening the step; the remaining squad leaders hasten to the front at a right or left oblique, depending on their position with reference to the base squad, and take their interval from the adjacent squad leader in accordance with the interval given in the command for the deployment. . The skirmishers follow their squad leader at a distance of 10 paces. The men of the rear rank step to the right of their file leaders, each man taking 2 paces interval. If a greater or less interval is to be taken, the platoon com- mander so commands, e. g., (X) Platoon with four paces interval (with half a pace interval) (without interval) . . . . . . Deploy. The platoon commander indicates to the leader of the base squad the direction of march and, accompanied by the range GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 51 finders and the musician, goes at least 10 paces in advance of the line of his squad leaders. As a rule he is in front of the center of his platoon, but may change his position at will. He must be quick witted if he desires to lead skillfully in the field, avoid collision with the adjacent platoons, and at the same time observe the enemy. 177. If the deployment is to be made obliquely to the front or toward the right or left flank, the new front is assumed before deployment. Designation of the direction can, how- ever, also be given in the command to deploy, e. g., (X) Pla- toon, direction right oblique on the windmill- - - - - . Deploy. The leader of the base squad immediately takes up the new direction. . 178. If a platoon is to deploy without advancing to the front, the command, (X) Platoon (on X Squad) on line - - - - - Deploy is given. The squad leaders form (according to para- graph 176) the skeleton line in advance of the front of the platoon in close order taking the position they are to occupy. The squads place themselves behind their squad leaders. They do not move up to the line of Squad leaders until the com- mand, Form (par. 186). 179. If the deployment is to be made rapidly, the command (X) Platoon - - - - - - March, March, deploy is given. 180. If a platoon marching to the rear is to deploy, it should, as a rule, be first faced to the front and then the command, (X) Platoon on line . . . . . . Deploy, given. MOVEMENTS ANI) TAKING POSITION OF A SKIR- MISH LINE. 181. An important object in the training of skirmish lines is the maintaining of systematic movements of the lines for long distances and in difficult country while retaining the direction of march. With perfectly trained troops verbal commands are frequently replaced by signals. No value is to be attached to the exact maintenance of equal intervals or the observance of dress. s 182. The skirmish line moves forward with a free, natural pace and at the usual cadence. On stepping off the pieces must be locked and the cartridge boxes closed without command. 52 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 183. Platoon and squad leaders are in front of the skir- mishers when moving to the front or by the flank, i.e., toward the enemy. When marching to the rear the squad leaders go to the side furthest from the enemy and take up the direction of march. The platoon commander, however, remains on the side toward the enemy. 184. The movements of the skirmish line consist of the march to the front, or to the rear, of the entire platoon or of individual units; (X) Platoon (half platoon).----- March (March, March) (to the rear, march); for small shiftings to the flank: right oblique (left oblique) . . . . . . March; in movements by the flank—behind cover and out of the enemy’s fire - - - - - - : By the right (left) flank . . . . . . March. 185. Small changes of direction of the march of a skirmish line requiring a turn are executed either by declaring a new direction of march, or are begun by a turn at a command which also designates the new direction of march, e. g., Right turn, march, direction, the tall poplar. Larger turns are executed by gradually deploying in the new front. With long lines échelons will result from this movement; rectification takes place gradually or at the next halt (par. 286). 186. When the opening of fire is not contemplated, the movement is stopped by Halt or Lie down (kneel). Platoon and squad leaders remain in advance of the line. The command Form is given when it is desired to commence firing from the march or at the halt. The skirmishers move forward until they arrive on a line with the platoon leaders. If possible, the sights should be set beforehand. 187. If, after the occupation of a position, fire is not opened immediately or a pause in the firing takes place, the platoon commander may allow complete cover to be taken. He directs who is to take charge of observing the enemy. At Form, the skirmishers come to the “ready.” 188. To advance by rushes, the command (X) platoon (half platoon) (squad) rush - - - - - Forward March, March is given. At Rush, the skirmishers complete the loading, lock pieces, close cartridge boxes, and prepare to rise. Skirmishers lying down take the piece in the left hand, lean on the right, and draw the right knee as close to the body as possible without thereby raising the upper part of the body from the ground. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 53 After a short pause, which serves to complete these prepa- rations, the platoon commander, while rising, gives the com- mand, Forward March, March. Hereupon the skirmishers jump up and rush forward. The length of the rush can seldom be more than 80 meters (paragraph 337). Even though rushes are, as a rule, to be made as long as possible, yet short rushes, made so as to afford no time for the enemy to fire, must also be practiced. The main points to be observed are a quick and simultaneous rising and a rapid rush forward. 189. The rush is completed according to paragraph 186, the sight, when necessary, is changed, and fire resumed without command. * Frequently the new firing position can be designated before the rush. - 190. If, upon arriving at the position selected by the platoon commander, it becomes apparent to him that many of the skirmishers must kneel or stand in order to fire on the enemy, he must try to continue the advance to a better position. If this is impossible, he can, if the circumstances of the battle permit, temporarily suspend the fire. 191. The attack by a skirmish line is executed according to paragraph 141. Kinds of fire and commands. 192. Only a skirmish line actually in position fires. 193. As a rule fire is delivered at will. The use of volleys is restricted to exceptional conditions. They are useful when an enemy is surprised or for obtaining better control of one's own troops. 194. Commands for both classes of fire must be as brief as possible. They fix first the direction, then the object, range, and kind of fire. The object must be clearly designated. Detachments of the enemy must be designated just as they appear to the skirmishers, e. g., “The gun farthest to the right” and not “The gun on the left flank of the battery.” After the object is designated and the sights fixed, fire is com- menced by the command, Fire at will. Volleys are delivered by command. At Skirmishers straight ahead: At 800 [meters]: Fire at will. 54 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS, At Cavalry right oblique: At 900 [meters]: Fire at will -- - - - - At 700 [meters]. At Right oblique, columns on the green knoll: At 1,000 [me- ters]: Ready; Aim - - - - - - Fire: Load. - 195. If two ranges have been used and only one is to be changed, the designation of the range is discontinued in the command. If, for example, firing has taken place with ranges of 1,100 and 1,200, the command Change 1,200 to 1,000 is given. $ 196. The rapidity of fire is left to the choice of the skir- misher in fire at will. Good training and careful develop- ment will insure the proper use of this liberty. The skirmishers should be required to aim carefully at the designated object. The necessity for accuracy determines in a measure the rapidity of fire. - Adjacent skirmishers will assist each other in observing the enemy and the effect of fire. In rapid fire at will speed is attained by accelerating the loading and aiming movements, as well as by shortening the time used for observation. If the leader considers a decrease or increase in the rapidity of fire desirable, he commands, Slower (quicker) fire. 197. To stop the fire at will, the command: (X) Platoon, Cease Firing, is given. The command is repeated loudly by all the squad leaders, and if not then heard throughout the line it is repeated by all the men who have heard it. At Cease Firing, fire and loading are discontinued at once. Skirmishers who are in the act of aiming recover arms. Absolute silence and attention must be given to the commands that follow. If fire is to be resumed at the same object, it is not again designated, but the command is given: Continue firing. If an interruption of the firing takes place, this is relieved by Continue loading (paragraph 50). Effect of fire. 198. Fire effect depends on the number of pieces and their proper handling. Flanking fire is particularly effective at all distances and against all objects. The more concentrated the fire and the more it is in the nature of a surprise, the greater effect it produces. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 55 199. The effectiveness of the fire of skirmishers depends, apart from the degree of their training and practice, on their bodily fatigue and mental excitement. Fire direction and control. 200. Fire must be controlled as long as possible in order that the commander may be able to direct it. 201. On the firing line orders and commands are heard with difficulty on account of the noise of battle. Orders must, therefore, be repeated by each squad leader, and if this does not suffice, then they must be transmitted from man to man. For this the squad leaders are held responsible; they must indicate that they understand the order by raising their hand. 202. Accurate estimation of distances is the foundation for accurate fire. It can be supplemented, but not replaced by the aid of a range finder, by means of maps, and by informa- tion obtained from artillery or infantry actually engaged. 203. Opening of fire depends primarily on the tactical situa- tion. The determination of the time to open fire, as a rule, falls on the commander of the foremost line. It is a fundamental principle that fire is opened only when profitable effect can be expected from it, or when a further approach to the enemy without the support of fire requires too great a sacrifice. Opening fire too early betrays uneasi- ness and a lack of confidence. The expenditure of ammuni- tion without adequate effect is a useless and therefore detri- mental expenditure of one's own strength. An ineffective fire increases the confidence of the enemy. 204, Tactical considerations are paramount in the choice of a target. A frequent change of target dissipates strength. Reenforcements of the enemy which move up from the rear to the skirmish line under fire will, as a rule, cause no change of target, as they must pass through the zone where they are exposed to the scattering bullets. 205. The object must be so designated as to enable the skirmisher to find it quickly. If the object can be seen only with field glasses, a zone of the ground must be indicated as the target. It is also recommended that field glasses be passed among the men. 56 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 206. The division of fire along the front of the enemy is of special importance. To the subdivisions, therefore, the zones in which they are to distribute their fire are exactly specified. In order that no portion of the enemy’s line may escape fire, small overlaps are recommended. In general, each division and each skirmisher fires against that part of the enemy directly in front. However, cross fire must not be neglected. The fact that some parts of the enemy’s front are less visi- ble than others must not cause the skirmishers to neglect them and to fire exclusively at the more visible parts. This must not be held to prohibit taking advantage of particularly favorable circumstances for fire action, e. g., rushes of the enemy. - 207. The rapidity of the fire is regulated by the conditions and purpose of the battle, the available ammunition, and the nature of the target. Long range, unfavorable light, and difficulty in seeing the target must diminish the rapidity of fire. During the greater part of a long-continued action economy of ammunition is required. Generally considerable increase in the rapidity of fire decreases the accuracy of the individual shot and increases the depth of the sheaf. But the conditions and purpose of the battle and the movement of the enemy will often require increased rapidity of fire in order to attain greater effect in a shorter space of time, and thus justify a larger expenditure of ammunition. The skirmishers must be trained to recognize and take advantage of such situations of their own accord. 208. The utmost rapidity of fire is required: In the attack during the last preparation for the charge; in the defense to check the enemy; in repulsing cavalry, and in all phases of the battle in which a sudden and close encounter with the enemy takes place; in pursuit. - 209. The effect of fire must be continually observed by the use of field glasses. The leader must endeavor to ascertain if his dispositions are correct by observing the strike of the bullets and the conduct of the enemy. If direct observation from the firing line itself is inter- fered with, observers can be placed to the side or in rear, who will transmit their observations by concerted signal. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 57 210. Fire discipline supplements fire control. It comprises the conscientious execution of orders that are given in action, the precise observance of the prescribed instructions for the use of the piece, and for the conduct of the individual in battle. - - This embraces: Taking advantage of the ground; care in setting the sight and delivery of fire; constant attention to the orders of the leaders and careful observation of the enemy; an increase in the fire when the target becomes favorable, and a cessation of fire when the enemy disappears; economy of ammunition. If during the course of the battle, it becomes impracticable to exercise perfect fire control, or if fire control of any kind becomes impossible, each man must preserve presence of mind and act deliberately, choosing his own target and range. In order to insure independent action, the men must be accustomed to battle conditions in which fire control is want- ing and trained to act properly in such cases. Closing up; Assembling; Forming. 211. The most effective way to avoid the mixing of sub- divisions in battle is to cause each unit to close up the gaps toward its leader when losses take place. Squads which have suffered greatly unite with adjacent squads under a common leader. This closing up can, as a rule, be executed only while on the march. It must be done gradually and the prescribed intervals must be maintained. Crowding on the firing line increases the losses and causes dangerous gaps along the front. 212. If, in the course of a fight, it is no longer desirable to retain the extended order each leader, beginning with the squad leader, must assemble his detachment at once and place it under the control of the commander of the next higher unit. Without awaiting orders the leaders must promptly form their units in close order. 213. To pass from a skirmish line to close order the com- mand: (X) Platoon (squad) - - - - - - Assemble is given, or signals may be used (par. 11). If not otherwise specified, the platoon is assembled in line, the right flank opposite the platoon commander. While 58 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. being conducted to their places in line the squads close in behind their squad leaders at the “shoulder arms” and arrive at the platoon in close order, where the squad leaders cause them to take the “order arms.” - The assembly is executed in silence and if at the halt, with the front continually toward the enemy. If the assembly takes place on the march, the assembled squads close in behind the platoon commander at the “shoulder arms.” * g When marching to the rear, the platoon commander places himself on the side toward the enemy as soon as the march is begun. The new units created during the course of the battle remain as such until an opportunity offers which permits of “forming.” 214. If during or after assembling the original units are again to be formed, the command: (X) Platoon in line. - - - - - Form is given. The skirmishers, without first forming subdi- visions, resume their original places in line, behind the platoon commander. d. COMPANY. The Company Commander. 215. The company commander regulates the employment and the cooperation of the platoons. He decides which part of the company shall be deployed, and gives the necessary instructions to it and to the part remaining in close order, He selects the best position from which to direct the company. 216. If the company commander is on the firing line, he selects and designates the target and gives orders for opening fire. He announces the range found by the range finders and carefully watches the effect of fire. The fire control, however, he leaves to the platoon commanders, and only interferes when he desires to utilize the fire effect of several platoons or of the whole company, or when he believes that certain occurrences have escaped the observation of the platoon commanders. > The skirmish line. 217. The formation of a skirmish line, its movement and position, are regulated according to paragraphs 174 and 191. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 59 The platoon commander gives the command for the deploy- ments. (Exception, see paragraph 220.) 218. If several platoons deploy simultaneously, one of them must be designated as the base. As a rule the guide in each platoon is center. It is the duty of the commander to regu- late the march of his platoon on the base platoon. When this becomes impossible, the platoons adjacent to the base change their guide from the base platoon to the flank squads. 219. If the company commander sees beforehand that he will have to employ several platoons simultaneously, he first causes them to take the proper interval, so that on deploying they will be in rear of the places they are to occupy. 220. To deploy the entire company simultaneously, the company commander commands: The whole (X) company . . . . Deploy. If the company is in line or in company column, it deploys on the center platoon. If it is in platoon, or in half- platoon column, or in column of squads, the leading platoon deploys at once, the rear platoons marching out to the right and left and deploying from their outer flanks (paragraph 131). If the company commander desires to deploy the company to one flank only, he commands: The whole (X) company to the right (left). - - - - : Deploy. e 221. The musicians of the company are used during the battle to maintain communication between the company com- mander and the platoon commanders. One of the musicians accompanies the company commander; the other three are assigned to the platoons. (NOTE. –The musicians must be trained in signaling.) The support. 222. That part of the company which is held back is called the support. It serves either to extend the fighting front, to close up gaps to reenforce the firing line, or to cover the flanks. Its position is regulated in accordance with one or another of these requirements. - 223. The distance of the support from the firing line depends on the nature of the ground and the tactical situation. The timely reenforcement of the firing line is most essential. . On that account the support must keep as close to the firing line as possible, but it must also avoid unnecessary losses. *-** 60 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. Visual communication must be maintained between the sup- port and firing line. On this account, it may be necessary to establish intermediate posts from the support in broken or wooded country. 224. The support regulates its formation according to the nature of the ground and the effect of the enemy’s fire. In country affording cover it may be led forward at attention and in close order. Over open country, swept by the enemy’s fire, it will frequently have to advance in extended order and also by rushes. It may be divided into squads and may also utilize favorabie ground by moving temporarily to a flank. $ 225. The commander of the support must observe the movements of and conditions existing at the firing line in order that he may support it to the best advantage. If it has been necessary to subdivide the support during the advance, it must be reunited as soon as possible. 226. The reenforcement of the firing line takes place by extending it or by putting men in the intervals. The units designated for this purpose deploy and place themselves in prolongation of one of the flanks of the firing line or move up between the skirmishers. The men on the firing line call out the range to the reenforcement. . It may also be the purpose of a reenforcement to push forward a firing line that has been brought to a standstill. 227. The reenforcing of the firing line must be regulated from the beginning by designating to the support the extent of front which it is to reenforce and the gaps which it is to fill. Crowd- ing together of the skirmishers must not result from a reen- forcement. When the reenforcement reaches the firing line the skir- mishers thereon must not be compelled to move to make room for it. - 228. The company must be taught to form new units quickly. In doing this the platoon commanders and squad leaders dis- tribute themselves along the front. - The training must be so thorough that even when new units are formed control of the men and well regulated fire control will be quickly regained. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 61 Closing up; Assembling; Forming. 229. To close up, assemble, and form the company, the same principles apply as for the platoon (paragraphs 211—214). 230. As a rule the company commander orders the assem- bly on one of the platoons. The platoons then assemble in- dividually and form platoon column, but they may also com- bine the two movements. In executing these movements the shortest routes must always be taken. 231. If the company commander desires to assemble the whole company near himself, or on the march, behind him- self, he commands (X) company assemble, or Assemble, March, March. - At this command officers and men direct their march on the company commander and, while gradually closing up into squads and platoons, form platoon column (paragraph 213). If units could not be formed in close order while advancing, they are so formed upon being assembled. New units are formed after the assembly has been completed. The platoons are placed in their proper order after being assembled. 232. To restore the original units, the command (X) com- pany in platoon column . . . . . . Form is given. Any other formation may be chosen. 2. THE BATTALION. 233. The battalion commander leads his troops by means of orders to his subordinate commanders. If he desires, in spe- cial cases, that the order refer to the battalion as a whole, he must so specify. 234. The companies may form one behind the other in platoon or company column; column of companies in com- pany column (Pl. VI), or alongside of each other in line of companies, line of companies in company column (Pl. VII). The positions of the leaders, intervals, and distances be- tween companies can be changed as required. - Column of companies is used in assembling, and together with the column of squads, for the marching column. The line of companies is used (except at parades) at forma- tions in which it is of importance to lessen the depth. 235. Any other formation is permissible when the purpose and space require it. 62 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 236. The color takes the positions indicated in plates 6 and 7, even when the third company of the battalion is not in the position shown. Two color-guard sergeants stand behind the color bearer. - PLATE VI. Column of companies in Column of companies. company column. 120° f - 120° —k—- X: : y: Q ...? sº Q *— O 74° ! - L T *– e . . .9. — - 0 * Fi Fi Q A - e. 74.” U - +0 9: # * Q 74°, —J L- - *– e Q & © #a © KEY. To PLATEs VI AND VII. ſº Battalion commander. Q Company commander. & Battalion adjutant. • Platoon commander. NOTE.-Supernumerary staff officers join only at parade. , When deploying for battle, the color remains with the com- pany with which it happens to be. It goes on the firing line with the last platoon of that company. One squad must remain with the color under all circumstances. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 63 237. Guide and touch are toward the right when at a halt. When marching in column of companies, toward the right; in column of companies in company column, toward the center platoon; in line of companies and in line of companies in com- pany column toward the color. - 238. For parade purposes, the guide is taken on men posted as guides (noncommissioned officers). (Paragraph 99.) 239. The movements of the battalion in close and extended order, as well as of the company in forming extended order in the battalion, take place at route step. PLATE VII. Line of companies. al, * | lonx à Q %0° Q 3× | :40” <> → •PH • N. G ré → 3 * * © * —6- -> © 3% Line of companies in company Column. a", | Q Q *Q © 7, | ?,* : On the battlefield attention is to be taken up as soon as it is necessary for the maintenance of order and discipline. Cadence is required only within the company. 240. Movements and changes in the direction of march of the battalion in close order are executed according to the principles prescribed for the company. At the command of the company commander, turns, when changing direction in column of companies, are executed on a moving pivot. (Paragraph 137.) 64 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 241. The formation of the battalion determines the methods for its extension. - - The battalion commander determines the front, the base company upon which the extension is to be made, and its conduct. He then orders the additional arrangements. . If the deployment is made from a halt, the distances are to be gained as soon as the battalion is put in march. On the march the deployment is executed on the leading company, which then becomes the base. From the marching column the deployment is executed most easily by changing the direction of march of the head of each company. - The companies proceed by the shortest routes. Companies on halting come to “the order” and then stand “at ease.” 242. The movements of the battalion in extended order are regulated on the base company. - The character of the ground and the tactical situation may render it necessary for the company commanders to alter, temporarily, the intervals and distances. They select, on their own responsibility, the proper formations in executing the movements. As the troops enter the fight, the importance of guiding on the base company gives way more and more to the require- ments of the action. * 243. The change of direction of a battalion in extended order is executed by indicating to the base company the new direc- tion. The companies turn in the new direction and again resume their former relation to each other if the battalion commander does not order a new arrangement. This will generally require several changes. - 244. The assembling of the battalion on the company desig- nated by the battalion commander takes place by the shortest routes. 3. THE REGIMENT AND THE BRIGADE. 245. Regimental and brigade commanders lead their troops by means of orders transmitted to their subordinates. - 246. In the regiment the battalion is formed in one or more lines. In the brigade the regiment is formed in units placed side by side and in successive lines, and also when necessary in well separated groups. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 65 The formation, intervals and distances of the units, as well as the positions of the commanders, are regulated according to position, purpose, ground and space. - 247. When neither the enemy nor the country need be con- sidered, the battalions are arranged, as a rule, in column of companies with 30 paces interval and distance. The regimental commander is 25 paces in front of the cen- ter of his regiment, the brigade commander 50 paces in front of the center of his brigade. 248. In assembling regiments and brigades the movements must be executed without one organization interfering with another. The joint relationship must be maintained while skillfully taking advantage of the character of the ground. When necessary a base battalion must be designated. 249. The formation of regiments and brigades in extended order, the movements of the units, and the assembly take place according to the principles prescribed for the battalion. It is generally necessary to point out to the units of the regiment and brigade in extended order the direction of march. Part II. —THE COMEAT. INTRODUCTION. 250. The regulations take into account the simple tactical relations which form the rule in time of war. There are, however, cases for which general instructions can not be given. The leaders must therefore be trained to adapt their instructions quickly and without hesitation to individual cases. t 251. In collective training the purpose kept in view is to develop the self-reliance of the leader and of the individual skirmisher. Battle exercises approach the reality if the unit concerned has opposed to it a unit which conducts itself as in Wa, I’. - On this account exercises of troops against troops are most instructive. (For indicated troops, see Field Service Regulations.) 252. In minor exercises umpires, by frequent criticisms on the manner of solution, supply the impressions and 2719—07—5 66 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. influences of war which are wanting in peace, contribute to the development of independent action on the part of subordi- nates, and help to give these exercises a warlike character. (For the duties of umpires at exercises with larger units, see Field Service Regulations.) -- 253. Maneuvers can not be conducted as slowly as actual battles. Too quick a course develops peace tactics which would find no application in war. Commanders and umpires, when necessary, must prevent too great a rapidity of execution. 254. The inclination to simplify matters by a recourse to measures impossible in war must be always resisted. The greater the number of difficulties to overcome the better will be the instruction, and the more will the worth of independent action be recognized and prized. The practice of forming predetermined plans of battle is forbidden. - 255. The proper execution of maneuvers under service con- ditions depends on the choice of correct formations, while at the same time taking advantage of the nature of the ground. The greatest advantage must always be taken of conditions which favor the development of our fire while lessening that of the enemy. * 256. The infantry must fight over any ground which can be crossed by a vigorous man, and must be able to overcome obstacles when fully equipped. 257. At maneuvers all leaders must give their orders from the places and in the positions that they would have to take in actual battle. This also applies to mounted leaders. The commander may always personally deviate from this rule and may allow his subordinates to do so, if this should be required for the better training of the troops. 258. The principles governing the employment of infantry in battle are best taught by placing them in simple tactical situations. The most elementary exercise consists of a com- bat with one company on each side. It is the most frequent case in war and requires the most skillful use of ground. 259. Where the combat can not be carried out as a whole on account of too restricted a space it must be executed in phases. 260. Night exercises, with small or larger units, must be practiced. In this case the point is not so much to carry out GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 67 all the phases of a combat as it is to occupy a designated position in order and silence where there are no roads. 261. The use of fieldworks must be learned early. In case there is no suitable ground at the station of the troops to use intrenching tools, the maneuver grounds must be utilized for this purpose. - ! Where the peace-time conditions prohibit the building of fieldworks indicated by tactical conditions, the preparatory steps at least are to be taken and the work indicated. 262. At inspection the inspector sets the task; he tests the tactical training of the troops, particularly that of the leaders, and convinces himself that the subordinate officers properly apply the principles of fire direction and that the individual men act intelligently in the absence of fire direction. 263. All leaders must be specially trained to economize the strength of troops at every opportunity. This is essential in order that they may be able to exert themselves to the utmost when necessary, and at the same time to withstand great deprivations. Dissipation of strength lessens chance of victory; therefore each unnecessary step lessens the chance of success. . 264. Infantry is the principal arm. In unison with the artillery, it overcomes the enemy with its fire. Alone, it breaks down the last resistance; it bears the main burden of the battle and suffers the greatest losses. For these reasons it also wins the greatest glory. 265. The infantry must cherish its inherent desire to take the offensive; its actions must be guided by one thought, viz, forward upon the enemy, cost what it may. This requires a high moral standard in the troops. Firmly to establish and increase it is the essential purpose of peace training. A well-trained, well-led, and resolute infantry which is strong in determination has a good chance of success, even under difficult conditions and against an enemy superior in numbers. - - 266. The officer is the model for his men; his example draws them forward. He maintains the strictest discipline and leads his men to victory even after stupendous exertions and heavy losses. He must be a faithful helper to his men and share 68 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. with them joy, Sorrow, and deprivations, and thus gain their implicit confidence. In peace the officer must fit himself by thorough preparation for his important duty in war. 267. The noncommissioned officer assists his commander and must take his place when necessary. Upon his trustworthi- ness and loyalty rests the cohesion of the company. 268. The soldier must, after strenuous marches and pri- vations, preserve in battle his courage, energy, judgment, and rapidity of decision. By means of gymnastic training and fencing men should be taught to think little of themselves, and to be audacious. They should be hardened to bodily fatigue and be familiar with the simple formations for combat. They must be taught that there is nothing more dangerous than to turn the back upon the enemy. The soldier who, in the press of battle, feels that he is losing his determination and good judgment must look at his officers. If these have disappeared there will remain noncommissioned officers and brave soldiers whose example he can follow. 269. Each soldier must endeavor to remain with his detach- ment. An unwounded man who is found idle behind the fight- ing troops, or who, without express orders, carries wounded from the fight, or who leaves the battlefield under any pretext whatever, renders himself liable to be considered guilty of cowardice. . - 270. When a man becomes detached from his company he must join the nearest unit and obey the superior of that unit as he would his own. After the battle each soldier who has become detached from his unit must immediately search for it and give an account of his absence. 271. If, in battle, units have become mixed, order must be restored as soon as possible by the creation of new units. LEADERSHIP. 272. Fixed rules for leadership which are of universal ap- plication can not be given. In each individual case the leader must be clear in his own mind as to the proper manner of con- ducting the combat and form his plans accordingly. These plans he must not abandon without cogent reasons. 273. If the actions of the commander are not fixed by the situation, or by orders, he must determine whether he will GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 69 fight an offensive, defensive, delaying, or any other sort of combat; or whether he will refuse battle by marching away. His orders must clearly express his intentions. The commander must find ways and means to transmit his orders to his subordinate commanders even to those of the lowest rank. 274. In preparing Orders for a battle the commander must not let preconceived ideas influence him, since no exact plan can be prescribed for a conflict. Usually troops should be moved quickly in the desired direc- tion by verbal orders. The more detailed instructions will come later. For the brigade and higher, these will generally be given in writing. 275. Superior commanders must limit their orders to those necessary. They must avoid going into details and leave to subordinate commanders the choice of methods. Their orders and instructions are to be addressed principally to the com- manders immediately subordinate to them. This must not prevent the commander from giving his or- ders directly to subordinate units where the conditions require it, where there is a lack of time, or where the conduct of a subordinate commander threatens to endanger the purpose of the fight. Such interference must immediately be communi- cated to intermediate commanders. 276. The initiative of subordinates must not degenerate into independence. - Independence within proper limits is the foundation of great success in war. 277. If there is a prospect of contact with the enemy on the advance, the post of the commander is as far to the front as possible, and usually with the leading divisions of the advance guard. The commander moves to the front with the utmost dispatch, taking care to keep in communication with his troops. He dismounts at places which afford a good view and recon- noiters with the field glass. . He thus gains information at first hand concerning the conditions of the enemy, the neigh- boring troops, and the terrain, which can not be furnished by communications, reports, or maps. Thus he will be in a posi- tion to give his first instructions properly, to gain an advan- 70 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. tage over the enemy by his prompt dispositions, to avoid marching his own troops by circuitous routes, and to prevent faulty dispositions on the part of subordinate officers. The commanders of the subordinate units with whom he has to deal directly should be called to the front as opportunity offers. 278. To direct the fight the commander-in-chief should place himself far enough to the front to be able to see his troops and to be easily found himself. A view of the ground to the front and of the enemy, as well as good communication with the next higher command and with his subordinates, is desirable for a commander situated on the advanced line. Change of place deranges permanent communication and must not be undertaken without cause. If the commander leaves his place, care must be taken that orders and reports intended for him are directed to his new position. 279. Commanders at the front must dismount under effect- ive hostile fire and seek cover so far as is compatible with the requirements of observation. Even the higher commanders and their staffs who are situ- ated farther to the rear must conceal themselves from the enemy and will do well to dismount. 280. Definite distribution of the staff, assignment of differ- ent duties to individual officers, and the continued observation of the enemy, especially from elevated positions, are necessary. The commander's flag must not betray the position of the commander to the enemy, although it must be visible to his own troops whenever possible. It is most suitably placed on the main road of advance. From this point reports are for- warded to the commander. 281. Information as to the position of the enemy and as to the nature of the ground is a preliminary condition to the decisions of the commander. Often the more detailed knowledge necessary to carry through the combat is furnished only after it has begun. 282. For rapid communication between the higher com- manders, the telephone may be of great importance. In gen- eral, direct communication between the various commanders or their staffs will be established. (For delivery of orders and reports, see Field Service Regulations.) GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 71 283. The attention of all commanders must be directed to the maintenance of order, cohesion, and cooperation. The higher commanders must see to it that their troops do not get out of hand. Subordinate chiefs must endeavor to rejoin their commands quickly after accomplishing any mission. If this be impossible for want of time they should join the nearest higher commander and offer their services and that of their troops to attain the common end. 284. Commanders must be so sure of their troops that they can devote their whole attention to the combat. They should transmit important information to each other. 285. Although at the beginning of a battle care should be exercised not to put too many men in line, on the other hand there is no greater error than to employ too few and to sacri- fice them by driblets. One would continually have to fight against a Superior force, voluntarily foregoing the advantage of superiority in numbers. Not only does an unsuccessful undertaking entail unneces- sary losses, but it also injures the morale of the troops. 286. The difficulty of changing the front of the firing line increases with the size of the units engaged. Before the beginning of the battle, the front on which the fighting is to be done must be determined as exactly as pos- sible. If the advance shows that an error has been made, it is usually only possible, with large units, to develop new lines on the correct front. 287. Extension and arrangement of troops depend on the objective, the terrain, and on the troops acting in concert. They will be various, depending on whether a body of troops fights in conjunction with others or alone; whether they are to fight on the offensive or defensive or only to occupy the enemy for a definite time. 288. Apart from one's own strength and intention, the exten- sion of the enemy’s front also will have some bearing on the initial extension of front. Where a large front in battle must be occupied by a small force, fighting must be carried on by more or less detached groups. 72 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. That ground will, then, be taken advantage of which affords cover in the direction of the attack. - 289. If there is protection on both flanks, the available space in the direction of depth determines the formation. Troops retained in the rear are needed, in this case, only for carrying on the frontal attack. 290. Troops protected on one flank are, of course, less re- stricted in extending their front, but will have to make dis- positions in the direction of depth to protect the unsupported flank. This can be accomplished by pushing forward the units in rear in echelon. Distance and interval increase with the strength of the echelon. r 291. Troops fighting independently are least restricted in the extension of front and the formation in the direction of the depth. They must, however, under certain circumstances, protect both flanks to guard against being surrounded. 292. The artillery forms the skeleton of the battle. On its position the grouping of the remainder of the field forces will, in a great degree, depend. For that reason the commander must reserve for himself the choice of the artillery position and indicate to the artillery commander what cooperation he expects from him. 293. The commander most effectually insures his control over the activity of the units engaged on the firing line by assigning definite tasks to them. 294. The commander possesses, in the forces not yet used, the reserve, the chief power to influence the whole course of the fight. With it he can change the decisive point of the battle to a desired position, assist wherever he thinks it neces- sary to reenforce, and finally can decide the issue. The reserve must not be too weak; the splitting up of the units must be avoided as much as possible. In large com- mands even a part of the artillery may be placed in the reserve. 295. The position of the reserve depends on circumstances and ground. It will usually be where the decisive action is anticipated or desired. If at the beginning of the battle conditions are still so un- certain that it is better to retain the reserve in rear of the center, care must be taken that when moving up on the flank of the firing line, it is not unduly exposed to the enemy’s fire. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS, 73 296. If the commander sees that the battle will have a suc- cessful issue, he must take timely measures for the pursuit that is to follow it. Victory should find the commander in the front line. 297. If a retreat must be made, all commanders must ordi- narily remain with their troops in order to maintain cohesion and order. After the commander in chief has given the pre- liminary instructions and assured himself of their execution, he alone will ordinarily ride to the rear in order to prepare further measures for the retreat (par. 432). 298. Night fighting increases the difficulties of leadership, particularly with large units. It requires thorough prepara- tion and the employment of the simplest formations. Chance plays a far greater rôle here than by day, but the stricter the discipline the less is its influence (pars. 386–390, 415–416). 299. If for want of cover the rear lines can not be with- drawn from the enemy’s fire, the distance between them must be such that the sheaf of infantry fire or the shrapnel come shall not include two lines at the same time (generally 300 meters). If it becomes absolutely necessary that a detach- ment in the rear be immediately moved up to the firing line, this consideration becomes of secondary importance. 300. Volley fire which takes the enemy by surprise may have a very demoralizing effect. The closer the range the more demoralizing it is. 301. An effective means of increasing the fighting power of troops is to lay aside the pack. - As soon as it becomes doubtful whether the troops will be able to perform the task assigned them in battle without such relief, all commanders of detached units, and, when not de- tached, commanders of regiments and higher units, are justi- fied in ordering the removal of the pack. They, of course, realize the loss caused by leaving the pack behind. Ammunition and iron rations are to be taken from the knapsacks. Overcoats, cooking utensils, canteens, bread bags, and intrenching tools remain with the men. 302. When the conditions of the fight permit, troops rest with stacked arms. 303. For the replenishing of ammunition, see Field Service Regulations. . 74 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 304. The most valuable quality in a commander is the love of responsibility. This must not be held to mean that a com- mander should seek to accomplish personal projects indepen- dent of general considerations; that he should fail to obey orders scrupulously or that he should wish to do better than to obey. But in cases in which it becomes evident to the subordinate that the commander has not been able to see the actual condi- tions, or where it is evident that events have rendered previ- ous orders nonsensical, it becomes his duty to change or to disregard the orders received and to notify his superior accord- ingly. He will assume full responsibility for the nonexecu- tion of his order. - A commander who freely shoulders responsibility will not shrink from using troops without hesitation, even when the issue of the battle is doubtful. All commanders must continually realize and impress upon their subordinates the fact that omission and neglect are greater faults than blunders in the choice of means. UTILIZATION OF THE GROUND. 305. Timely reconnaissance is a necessary preliminary to taking advantage of the ground. This must be executed carefully, but must not be so detailed as to retard the battle unnecessarily and thus place the issue in jeopardy. Observation by the enemy must be rendered difficult on the advance and during the preparatory movements by a proper use of cover. 306. The desirability of adapting movements to the char- acter of the ground while under fire must not be allowed to check the advance or to cause certain units to hang back, so that the attack finally breaks down. 307. The terrain has an essential influence on formations. Open ground involves greater distances in order to lessen the loss. Close country permits decreasing the distances. The commander must not fail to profit by the advantage afforded by close country, since it will often become possible in such country to reinforce the firing line rapidly. Closed formations can be retained longer on ground favorable to cover. 308. Level ground is unfavorable for attack. The defense GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 75 seeks it in order to make use of the advantage of a good field of fire. 309. Even on difficult ground the order and cohesion of the units must not be lost. Every opportunity which the ground offers to restore order to the units must be utilized. USE OF FIELD Works. 310. Artificial cover, obstacles, sham constructions, and masks, erected at the proper time and place, may render important service to the commander of the troops. 311. If conditions prove other than expected, the works already finished must not influence the actions of the com- mander. On the other hand, the consideration of the fact that works might be built unnecessarily must not cause their construction to be omitted altogether. 312. Deep trenches afford the best protection. When time is wanting, one must be satisfied with less cover. 313. During the attack, intrenching tools may be advan- tageously used in positions where troops must hold fast to what has been gained. However, it must not be forgotten that time is more beneficial to the defense than to the attack. As it is difficult to again push forward a firing line which has intrenched itself with great labor under an effective fire, the intrenching tools must be used with care in the attack. Never must the desire for cover check the attack, nor pos- sibly end all thought of attack. 314. The infantry must be exercised in the building of field- works without the aid of pioneers. All officers must under- stand how to choose suitable positions and how to direct this work. ADVANCE INTO ACTION. 315. As the enemy is approached, the preparations for the battle must be completed. Marching up, (Aufmarsch) development, (Entfaltung) and deploying (Entwichlung) must now be considered. “Marching up” is the passage from the column of march into a broader formation of units in close order. It is used to shorten the depth of march and assemble. 76 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. “Development” is the establishment of a broader front by the breaking up of the column of march into several columns. The troops radiate out and can generally retain the marching formation. “Marching up” in long columns is only employed when there is no prospect of an immediate encounter. “Devel- opment” gives a better formation of troops in depth for use in battle. § - “Development” can also take place from the assembling for- mation. In case one can foresee the necessity for beginning an action the “marching up” will be avoided, since it will gen- erally involve loss of time and strength, and the “develop- ment” chosen instead. “Deploying” is the arrangement of troops for battle in fir- ing lines. As a rule it follows the “development,” but it can also take place immediately from the marching column or from the assembling formation. 316. On halting, the depth of march is reduced, either by forming close columns of companies (tief Kolonne) for the “marching up,” or if ‘‘development” is about to take place, by placing several marching columns side by side. 317. On roads of sufficient width it may be useful to shorten the marching column at the outset by the formation of double marching columns. (See Field Service Regulations.) 318. Whenever possible, when infantry halt, it must leave the road. If arms are stacked on the road, they are placed on one side; as wide a space as possible is left clear. Light baggage will generally be kept on the road. 319. When marching off the road, timely reconnoitering and the assignment of roads to the columns are necessary. 320. When the artillery goes forward, it must be ordered on which side it is to pass the infantry, in order to avoid the cross- ing of columns. If crossing can not be avoided, the infantry forms a broader front in masses, when it is obliged to halt; it then hastens while the artillery is taking position to pass through the gaps of the artillery column. 321. The position of the troops which are held in reserve is determined by the direction of advance and by the necessity for keeping them concealed from the enemy’s fire, and even from his sight, if possible. Large units are held in well-separated groups. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 77 322. For moving assembled masses, a deep column or several deep columns may be employed. 323. Each assembly must be covered according to necessity. CONDUCT OF THE ATTACK. 324. The attack consists in firing on the enemy until close range is reached, if this is necessary. Victory is made com- plete by charging with fixed bayonet. 325. Within the zone allotted a unit for the attack, level tracts devoid of cover must be avoided as much as possible, or only small and well-extended forces must be ordered to advance over them, while the main body must be placed so that approach under cover is possible. If this proves impossible, the decisive attack must be led across the open ground. - 326. Every attack begins with the deployment of skir- mishers. As a rule, the skirmish lines approach as close as possible to the enemy before opening fire, in order to be able to begin the battle with an effective fire. The point to which the advance can be made without opening fire is determined by the nature of the ground, the effectiveness of the fire of the enemy, and, above all, by the character of the troops. It is expected that well-trained infantry will not open fire, even on ground devoid of cover, until the mid-ranges are reached. 327. The desire to press forward continually and endeavor to surpass each other must animate all the units of the attack- ing force. Where further advance is impossible, the ground gained must be held at all hazards. Troops driven back form front again at the latest as soon as they reach cover. Reenforcements carry the wavering troops forward again with them. 328. Continued communication between the leading units of the attacking force and the commanders at the rear is necessary. The use of the telephone for this purpose is particularly . valuable. - When cover is available, reports and orders can, under cer- tain circumstances, be carried by mounted men. In other cases communication must be carried on by signaling. 329. During the infantry attack the artillery must, while 78 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. sufficiently engaging the opposing artillery, endeavor to con- centrate their fire with destructive effect upon that part of the enemy’s infantry position which is to be stormed. 330. The advance of infantry while the artillery duel is still in progress compels the enemy to show his troops and to expose them to effective artillery fire (paragraph 444). 331. Accompanying the infantry attack by single batteries up to short ranges increases the morale of the infantry and may prevent a repulse. g 332. If the ground permits skirmishers to advance under cover until they reach effective range, dense skirmish lines must be “deployed” there. 333. Very often the defense will have so selected his position that the attack will have to pass over broad tracts devoid of cover. If this is the case, it will seldom be possible to recon- noiter the enemy’s position sufficiently to warrant the employ- ment of large forces with any certainty. 334. Over such ground the enemy’s fire may compel the attack to advance in loose, unconnected firing units, which offer difficult targets. When these units have reached a suitable position, they usually await reenforcements before opening fire. Up to this time the skirmishers seek to conceal them selves from the view of the enemy. - 335. When from this first firing position a highly concen- trated fire has been delivered, then the advance toward the enemy begins, with mutual fire support, until storming dis- tance is reached. Methods can not be prescribed for indi- vidual cases, as the character of the ground and conditions vary so widely. The infantry combat exhibits varied forma- tions and scenes at the different points of the battlefield. 336. If any unit has an opportunity to advance—be it squad, section, platoon, or company—it is its duty to utilize it. This is generally indicated by the gaining of a temporary superi- ority of fire, which is shown by the abatement of the enemy’s fire or by his shots passing overhead. Regularity in the advance of units should be avoided. The only thing to be kept in view in advancing is to avoid inter- fering with the fire of neighboring units. 337. The length of the rushes depends on the enemy’s fire GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 79 and the nature of the soil and the configuration of the ground. Long rushes are desirable in order to approach the enemy as Quickly as possible. Generally small units must content themselves with short rushes, as otherwise they would hinder the fire of those left lying behind. Rushes in small groups, therefore, retard the advance and are only to be used where the conditions demand it. Rushes by units larger than the platoon make mutual fire support difficult. They are only to be used when the supe- riority of fire is plainly evident. 338. By the use of cover, some units will be able to advance more rapidly than others. It would, however, be a mistake to detain them. They must consider, however, whether their isolation will not ultimately compel them to retreat, and thus jeopardize the success of the attack. 339. The aim must be to seize quickly positions which may serve as points for continuing the attack. From these positions the advance of the adjacent units may be aided by active fire. - In such positions entrenchments may be useful. A part of the skirmishers cover those at work by their fire. 340. In very hilly country an opportunity will frequently occur to support the advance of the firing lines by firing over them from elevated positions in rear. 341. For carrying through the attack the firing line must be maintained at its full strength by reenforcements. The timely bringing up of supports, as well as the replenishment of ammunition, must be the continual care of the commander. The rear lines are kept back at the beginning in order that they may not suffer unnecessary losses. They must advance as soon as the conditions of the attack require it, and must be available for decisive action under all circumstances. 342. Breathing spells, division into small units, and the employment of extended order will often be necessary during the advance. It must be borne in mind that to give up close order is an evil which may often be avoided, especially when the firing line has approached close to the enemy and has sufficiently cut down his fire. Units in close order must not expose themselves to effective fire. 80 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 343. When the firing line has succeeded in approaching the enemy’s position and in sufficiently shaking him, the charge is begun." - 344. Whether the order to charge originates on the firing line or whether the command to do so is given from the rear, depends on circumstances. 345. If the front line is convinced that the opportune mo- ment has arrived, it must not hesitate to risk the charge. Notification of this determination is sent back by signals. The units in rear must immediately form and hasten for- ward by the shortest line without regard to losses. 346. If a part of the attacking forces, situated on a flank or on an elevated position, can deliver effective fire, while the charge is in progress, on the position to be taken, it continues to fire even during the assault. 347. If the determination to charge proceeds from the com- manders in rear, notice of this is given by ordering the signal “fix bayonet,” which must be executed by all the units which are to take part in the charge. At this signal the skirmishers increase their fire to the utmost. The units of the firing line which are still behind, work themselves forward as quickly as possible. All reen- forcements in the rear hasten to the front as rapidly as possible. - 348. When the front line is to form for the charge, all the buglers continuously sound the call “quick forward,” all the drums are beaten, and all the units throw themselves with the greatest determination upon the enemy. It is a point of honor with the skirmishers not to permit themselves to be caught up with by the supports until they are breaking into the position. When immediately in front of the enemy they charge bayonet, and with hurrahs dash into the position. 349. Though the charge is to be executed as a whole, yet it must not be understood that the enemy’s position is entered simultaneously by all the units. The latter is of secondary importance, and an attempt to accomplish it might result in delaying units that had a successful prospect of carrying & At maneuvers the distance from the enemy before charging is about 150 meters, provided the character of the ground or the umpire does not require some other distance. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 81 through the charge, because others were still in the rear. The power of the attack would thereby suffer. All units which have once started must continue to advance without stopping. 350. If the charge has been successful and the enemy over- thrown, it is an error to push more rifles into the captured position than can be brought into action. Units in the rear must be halted in time, in order to employ them for some other purpose. Their commanders must there- fore often act on their own initiative. 351. Preconcerted plans for attack are prohibited. RENCOUNTER. 352. Uncertainty and lack of information concerning the enemy is the normal condition in war. During the move- ments preliminary to an engagement the opponents will fre- quently receive detailed knowledge of each other only when they come into direct contact. Thus the combat is really developed from the columns on the march. 353. Since the advance guard may have to overcome unſore- seen resistance or to hold positions against a superior force, the assignment of artillery to the advance guard will often recommend itself. The senior commander with the advance guard may, when necessary, hold back the artillery at some designated point in order not to expose it to defeat by superior artillery. - 354. At the beginning of the battle that commander will have the advantage who is the more ready to fight, for he will thus preserve his freedom of action. 355. At this time information gained concerning the enemy and the country has the greatest influence on the choice of the time, manner, and place for the engagement. If contact takes place before sufficient information can be obtained the gen- eral situation must decide whether the attack is to be made. If attack is decided on, quick action is in order. The commander must then make his decisions without await- ing further information. He can assume that the enemy is no better prepared than himself. 356. To the advance guard falls the task of securing for the main body time and space to develop for battle. The com- 2719—07—6 82 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. mander in chief gives the commander of the advance guard the necessary orders on this subject. - - It is particularly important that the position selected for the artillery be made secure. Important points on the front and flanks, especially the commanding positions, must be Quickly seized, if need be, by fighting. 357. The advance guard must not hesitate to deploy on a front greater than that for which the same number of men would be required to fight a serious battle. The artillery hastening up will quickly bring it relief. 358. Although the nature of the rencounter requires quick action, the commander can not give orders for the deployment of the main body and for the attack until the advance guard fight has cleared up the situation. 359. While as a rule the main body should be used as a whole, still, cases may occur in which the commander must throw into the battle without delay units of the main body as they arrive, in order to retain or make the best use of an advantage gained by the advance guard. 360. If the enemy has gained the advantage by being the better prepared for battle, it is necessary to delay the develop. ment. In order not to become outflanked at the outset and continually to fight against a superior number, the commander will avoid the main battle until he succeeds in developing sufficient troops. It may even be advisable to cause the advance guard to fall back in order to save it from a destructive battle and in order to shorten the time to deploy. 361. It is desirable to begin the artillery battle approxi- mately at the same time as the deployment of the infantry, in order that the enemy may remain in doubt as long as possible. This rule is to be disregarded, however, if the advance guard requires the support of the artillery in the performance of its task, or if an attempt is to be made to gain information respecting the enemy by means of artillery fire. ATTACK ON AN ENEMY DEPLOYED FOR DEFENSE. 362. If the enemy resolves to act on the defensive, he prac- tically gives up the advantage of freedom of action. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 83 363. The assailant then has time to reconnoiter the enemy's position and to weigh all circumstances which favor the attack. He must not limit himself to reconnaissance by the cavalry and to observation through field glasses. Mounted officers and infantry officer's patrols, by a close approach to the enemy, must supplement and complete the information. 364. If the reconnaissance shows that an immediate attack promises no success, whether darkness can be utilized for getting up closer remains to be considered. * 365. If the commander has gained an insight into the situa- tion and thereupon decided upon the position his artillery is to occupy and what direction he will give his attack, he places his troops as close to the enemy’s position as possible. * 366. The approach to the preparatory position must take place under conditions of uncertainty. The unit leaders recon- noiter the roads of approach by riding ahead. As soon as the enemy’s dispositions are known as well as possible the front for deployment is divided between the units and the strength of the reserve is determined. 367. The preparatory position should be without the zone of the enemy’s effective fire and also concealed as much as pos- sible from his sight. In country generally devoid of cover, even when the enemy's artillery will be neutralized by our own, the infantry must be put in the preparatory position at 3 kilo- meters or more from the enemy. 368. The artillery begins the battle as soon as it is ready for action. It thereby makes easier the advance of the infantry and assists in obtaining a clear knowledge of the situation of the enemy. 369. In order to coordinate the march of the units toward the preparatory position it is advisable to have them move from one depression to another, especially when the view is limited. It will thus be possible to avoid the premature arrival to within dangerous proximity to the enemy of units whose march has been favored by the character of the coun- try, while others, who had farther to go or whose movement to the front was more difficult, are still a considerable dis- tance to the rear. The commander must so arrange the dis- position of the troops that no loss of time will ensue when they move up in this manner to the preparatory position. 84 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 370. Even when it is desirable that the whole line making the attack should open infantry fire as nearly simultaneously as possible, it is by no means necessary that all troops in the preparatory position should be at the same distance from the enemy. The units which have arrived nearest to the enemy’s position on account of favorable country can then by their fire help those in rear to cross over exposed ground. 371. After the troops are in position, the commander gives the order for the attack. This order, in so far as this has not already been done in the instructions for the preparation, must indicate to the larger units the ground on which to deploy and the part of the enemy's position which each is to attack (assignment of fighting front). A unit may also be des- ignated upon which the others are to regulate their move- ments, although they must not be fettered thereby in moving forward. (Guide of the battle.) 372. In proportioning the forces it must be borne in mind that one can scarcely be too strong for the attack. But the field of attack must not be overcrowded in such a way that after heavy losses have been made good, even considerable numbers can not find place for firing. 373. With regard to the space for deploying, it can be stated that the company on a war footing will occupy, while attack- ing, 150 meters at the most, and a brigade consisting of 6 battalions about 1,500 meters." 374. Although superiority of the artillery fire which pre- pares the infantry attack is to be striven for, still the carrying through of the infantry attack must not be made entirely dependent thereon. The paramount consideration is the sit- uation as a whole. ATTACK OF A ForTIFIED FIELD POSITION. 375. The attack of a position which is strengthened by all the resources of field fortification will frequently be possible only by night. 376. After the enemy’s advanced troops have been, as far as possible, driven back to the main position, systematic recon- noitering and sketching of the enemy's position, and the selec- a Atexercises with units on a peace footing the front required for deploy- ing these units on a war footing will be retained approximately. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 85 tion of methods of approach of artillery positions, should be done by daylight, 377. The attacking batteries, protected by troops in advance, begin the artillery combat as early in the day as possible. Heavy artillery is particularly effective. In order to attain uniformity in the artillery fire it will be advantageous to place the whole artillery under a single artillery commander. With sufficient support from the artillery the infantry will be able to approach nearer the enemy's position by day, and perhaps even be able to undertake the assault. Otherwise it is gener- ally expedient to advance infantry at night. 378. Night attacks require particularly thorough prepara- tion. Above all, the roads of approach and the line to be reached must be selected and wherever possible must be indi- cated by features of the terrain, such as bushes, clearly visible strips of bare ground, etc. Each unit must be exactly in- structed concerning its direction of march, and this must not be changed in advancing; the header must impress upon his mind the position of certain definite objects which are perceptible, even at night, and must, if necessary, use the compass. Trust- worthy guides, light-colored signals, bright distinctive marks, such as white flags, white bands around the arm for our own troops, lanterns shaded on the side toward the enemy, are used to prevent fatal errors. Generally loading should be prohibited. 379. Thus the advance can be noiselessly made in a compact firing line with the support close behind. Firing is to be avoided, and the effect of the enemy's fire (if he should use artificial illumination), is to be diminished by occasionally throwing one's self on the ground. For restoring order, short halts will be made, if necessary. 380. There is an advantage in selecting the position from which to open fire so close to the enemy that from it the assault can be made. The troops must intrench themselves quickly in the posi- tion, or in case the ground is hard, provide cover with sand bags carried with them, and must prepare everything for fire action. Machine guns will be particularly useful. 381. While constructing cover the workmen must be ready at all times to fight. To guard a prepared position by par- 86 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. ticular detachments pushed forward is not expedient. Secur- ity must be gained by patrols. 382. The pioneers must try to clear away by night obstacles to approach. 383. The artillery continues the fire during the night and increases it to its greatest intensity at daybreak. Under cover of darkness individual batteries are brought up into positions previously selected nearer the enemy and open an unexpected fire at dawn. They will endeavor to destroy ob- stacles and will support the attack as long as possible. 384. Beginning at daybreak, the fire of the infantry and machine guns, in unison with the artillery, must keep the enemy behind his cover, so that the removal of obstacles may be completed and the assault made, if need be, after a nearer approach to the enemy’s position. Reconnaissance must decide whether or not scaling ladders and similar implements must be carried. 385. When storming is attempted at early dawn from the storming position taken during the night, without previous fire action on the part of the infantry, the issue depends on surprise and rapidity of execution. 386. If sufficient information has been gained by recon- naissance concerning the enemy’s position, the kind and con- dition of the obstacles, and the roads to be taken by the storming parties, the assault may then be made, even at night. Whether the storming parties shall first be assembled in a particular position, or shall assault in combination with other units which under the cover of darkness have approached the enemy’s position, depends on circumstances. Feigned attacks against other parts of the position may divert the attention of the enemy from the main attack. 387. The greatest silence, unity of advance, observance of the proper direction of march, and maintenance of contact between individual units are indispensable up to the time for the assault. The hand-to-hand encounter will decide the battle. 388. There are no definite formations prescribed for the assault. As far as possible, simple formations are recom- mended since complicated ones tend to cause confusion. The rear lines follow at the shortest distance; the flanks are pro- GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 87 tected by troops in echelon. The reserve must be kept so far to the rear that it will not become involved in the night action unless the commander so wishes. 389. The night attack will cause great disorder among the attacking troops even if successful. To restore the units quickly and to steady them the commander should promptly bring up troops which are still in good order. 390. The captured position must be immediately prepared for defense. Every means for ascertaining the direction of the enemy’s counter attack in time and for resolutely repuls- ing it must be taken. Generally the pursuit will be begun only at daybreak. 391. Before attacking a fortified position, the knapsack is laid aside and the men well provided with ammunition and provisions, since it is possible that the attack may extend through several days. THE FLANK ATTACK. 392. The combination of the frontal and flank attack fur- nishes the best assurance of success. A preliminary condi- tion for flanking is to hold the enemy to his own front. For this purpose a determined frontal attack is most effectual. It must be borne in mind that the frontal attack may lead to a repulse if the flank can not be attacked in time. Therefore, if a frontal attack can not be undertaken with sufficient strength, or if for other reasons it must be omitted, a skillful delaying combat, or even a mere threat of attacking may render the flank attack feasible. & 393. Flanking is most readily effected by beginning the movement while still at a considerable distance from the enemy. It will be more difficult to execute with success if it is begun at the same time that the troops are deployed or when it is attempted by the reserves kept in rear. Flanking by the troops in the front line is possible only on particularly favor- able ground, and is then generally accomplished by an exten- sion of the firing line by the flank. In certain cases night can be utilized for such movements. 394. Since the flanking troops must advance at an angle with the main front, an interval must be maintained between 88 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS, them from the start. This interval must be so great that the two inner flanks shall not overlap during the attack. 395. If the flanking troops have penetrated into the enemy’s position, the greatest success is usually attained by rolling up the enemy’s front. 396. Simultaneous flanking of both of the enemy's wings presupposes great superiority. Otherwise it will be detri- mental to the attack because of the division of strength. DEFENSE. 397. On its front infantry on the defensive is very strong when making good use of its firearms and requires relatively few men as compared to the attack. Its weakness lies on its flanks, unless these are secured by the nature of the ground or by other troops. 398. A pure defensive confines itself to maintaining the occupied position. A defense which desires not only to repulse an attack but also to bring about a decisive victory, must be prepared to act offensively. 399. The only position which is of value is one which com- pels the enemy to attack, which gains time for the defense by compelling flank attacks, or makes conditions favorable for offensive action on the part of the defense. 400. A position advantageous in all respects seldom exists; especially is this the case if it covers a large front. Suitable distribution of troops must compensate for the deficiencies. The chief requirements are a free and broad field of fire, freedom of communication in and behind the position, and sure support for at least one flank. 401. The employment of artillery must be the consideration in the choice of the position. It must be able to concentrate its fire upon the probable direction of attack and to with- stand the enemy’s infantry attack until they reach close range. The infantry position must be at a suitable distance in advance of that of the artillery. It is desirable to have this distance about 600 meters (paragraph 444). A good field of fire for the infantry is also required up to close range. Where the nature of the ground does not permit of this, the frontal fire must be supplemented by flank fire. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 89 402. The commander divides the position into sections, which are assigned to the various units. The width of a section depends upon the nature of the ground. When the field is favorable for fire it can be increased. Few rifles but plenty of ammunition are then required. This is not the case where, on account of a poor field of fire, it is possible for the enemy to approach to close range under cover. In the latter case the width of the sections must be small and must be strongly occupied. Each occu- pied section has its own reserve. 403. In order that all parts of the foreground may be observed and no portion of the enemy unexposed to fire, a division of the foreground corresponding to the sectional divi- sion must be made when necessary. 404. The method of preparing the position for defense de- pends upon the time available. The commander must make complete plans for his defensive works and assign to each unit its part in the labor. Generally, each unit prepares the de- fenses for its own section. The troops which are not assigned to sections are employed in the sections where important works are to be constructed. 405. At the same time that the defensive works are con- structed of the field of fire is cleared and the ranges are de- termined. Provision for rapid communication must be made by the use of the telephone and by visual signaling. 406. Fieldworks lose a great deal of their value if they are so constructed that the enemy can easily discover their position by reconnaisance. The enemy must be prevented from reconnoitering as long as possible. Often patrols sent out to the front suffice for this. 407. As a rule, but one defensive position is selected and this strengthened by all the means available. Advanced positions may interfere with the fire of the main position and so frequently lead to partial defeats. Feigned positions may be prepared in advance of the main position when it is desirable to gain time. They are then to be occu- pied with but few men, who retire without fighting, if possi- ble, after the enemy has deployed. 90 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 408. Defenses are not as a rule to be constructed in a con- tinuous line, but in groups. Gaps between the individual groups are not detrimental, if the ground in front of them can be effectively swept by fire. When large units are em- ployed, the use of the battalion group is the rule. Machine guns on the flanks of the groups may be of value. 409. The greater the number of men saved by means of suitable fortification and by skillful distribution of troops, the greater will be the number available for the main reserve. The prospect of a decisive victory will therefore be increased. 410. The main reserve must be kept ready in the most fa- vorable position for meeting the enemy’s probable attack and for taking advantage of the ground. If fighting is not to take place on both flanks, the main reserve, as a rule, will be placed in echelon behind the pro- tected flank. If both flanks are unprotected, the only course is to place behind one flank a reserve sufficiently strong to pre- vent the enemy turning it and behind the other the strongest force possible in order that it may be used at the decisive stage of the action. The main reserve, in echelon, must have room for deploy- ing, in order to prevent outflanking by the enemy or for use in counter attack. - 411. Moving the troops into position too early discloses them prematurely; to do so too late may cause unnecessary losses. It is not always advisable to occupy the whole posi- tion at the same time. 412. Supports and section reserves must be ready at the proper time to repulse the enemy's attack. They are to be kept as near the firing line as the enemy’s fire permits. If the ground does not afford protection, cover and covered roads of approach must be constructed. 413. If the defense has an ample supply of ammunition, it will open infantry fire even at long ranges if suitable targets offer themselves. If the advance of the enemy takes place over broad tracts devoid of cover, in loose, irregular skirmish formation, the defense will cover with volley fire the ground over which the opponent must pass. If the place where the enemy is forming his firing lines can be ascertained, the GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 91 defense directs his fire upon that point in order to overwhelm the enemy by superiority of fire. It must always be borne in mind that an ample supply of ammunition is necessary during the entire fight. 414. The defense will only venture to make a counter attack in front of the position after an assault has been repulsed and full advantage has been taken of fire action, or to take an im- portant position which the enemy has seized. A premature counter attack may lead to the loss of the position. - If the main reserve has been placed in echelon for the pur- pose of attacking the enemy’s flank, it does so when the enemy’s frontal attack is in full swing. 415. If the defense apprehends a night attack, preparations must be made while it is still daylight by determining the number of rifles required to sweep the field of probable attack and by the construction of necessary obstacles. If possible, artificial illumination should be provided for. 416. After dark every precaution must be taken to discover the enemy’s approach and to provide against surprise. Reen- forced patrols, illumination of the foreground from time to time, the utmost silence in order to hear every noise from the enemy will be the usual means taken. With the exception of the commanders, the observers, and a small force on the firing line, the troops in the position may rest. If the enemy's approach is perceived, the firing position will be rapidly occupied in force. Fire is not opened except at close range. The units in rear must be close at hand in order to drive out with the bayonet any of the enemy who may possibly have forced an entrance into the position. DELAYING ACTION. 417. An action may be prolonged in order to gain time. Particularly is this the case in large units for the detachment opposing a turning movement. Similarly a delaying combat may be useful to engage the enemy until the attack of an ad- jacent column or flanking unit becomes effective. 418. In conducting a delaying combat the commander should employ strong artillery fire at long ranges. This is the best method of delaying the decision. 92 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 419. The infantry conducts the battle at long ranges with a widely extended firing line and holds far in rear the sup- port and reserves. The line must be heavily reenforced and the troops in rear brought up only in case the battle assumes a purely defensive character, or the commander decides to make an attack. 420. Feigned engagements are employed to deceive the enemy concerning one’s real intention. Such engagements may also be conducted offensively. The regulations do not prescribe particular rules for them nor for other still more unusual kinds of combat. The manner of conducting them will change according to circumstances. PURSUIT. 421. Merely to overthrow the enemy is to achieve but half a victory. It must be completed by the pursuit the aim of which is the destruction of the enemy. Without vigorous pursuit, the beaten enemy will soon be prepared for renewed resistance which will have to be broken down by another fight. 422. The defeat of the enemy must be turned into complete rout by fire action and the most vigorous pursuit. If the retreating foe offers a good target, he must be fired upon. If he withdraws himself from fire, every endeavor must be made to close in upon him again in order to renew the attack with artillery and infantry fire or with the bayonet. 423. At the outset cavalry and infantry units on the flanks must take up the pursuit in a direction parallel to the retreat- ing foe in order to reach the enemy's flank and rear. 424. Tireless pursuit calls for all the energies of the com- manders. Even among victorious troops exhaustion becomes noticeable, and nature demands her dues from both high and low. Only the possessor of a strong will can overcome his own exhaustion and carry his subordinates along. At such a time the commander must require almost impos- sibilities and must not be deterred from using rigorous measures even toward his own troops. Those who break down must be left behind. This sacrifice must no more lead to abating the pursuit, than losses in the previous fight would have caused giving up the purposes of the battle. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 93 425. If the pursuit follows a successful attack, timely meas- ures must be taken to secure what has been gained. The commander causes the troops who were most disorganized by the preceding combat to occupy the conquered position and reorganizes the units. RETREAT, CESSATION OF THE COMBAT. 426. When the battle takes an unfavorable course, the commander must make up his mind in time whether he will retreat or continue the struggle. 427. The preparation for the retreat will be facilitated if the troops still retain their formation in the direction of depth. It would be an error, however, to keep a reserve to cover the retreat instead of employing it to assure the victory. 428. The method of conducting the retreat is determined by the condition of one's own troops and by the attitude of the victorious enemy. Beaten infantry can retreat only in a direction practically perpendicular to the front and in the formation in which it finds itself. It now needs all the assist- ance which the other arms can give it. To this end the artil- lery, while disregarding the hostile guns, must direct its fire upon the enemy’s advancing infantry, even at the risk of the loss of its guns. The cavalry also, in order to enable the in- fantry to escape from the enemy, must sacrifice itself, even if the only result is a short gain of time. 429. Troops covering the retreat should occupy a defensible position, behind which the retreating forces may find time and space for reforming. It is most advantageous if they are sufficient for the purpose to employ only artillery and machine guns, protected by cavalry, while the infantry uninterruptedly continues its retreat. The mounted arms follow later at an accelerated pace. A defensive position on the flank a short distance from the line of retreat is often advantageous. 430. During the course of the retreat it must be the endeavor to increase the distance of our firing line from that of the enemy. It is therefore wrong for individual units to become seriously engaged without cogent reasons, because it will then be difficult for them to break off the action. 94 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 431. As the distance from the enemy increases, it will become possible for the retreating troops to take up the marching formation and to throw out a rear guard. The formation of several marching columns facilitates the retreat. Each column then supplies its own rear guard. Premature formation into a single column is to be avoided. 432. The commander in chief must conduct the retreat in accordance with a well-ordered plan. He must designate the position for defense and the troops to occupy it, and indicate to the individual columns their direction of march. Only after he has given these instructions and has made sure of their execution does he leave the battlefield in order that he may the better direct the progress of the retreat. The carry- ing out of the details is left to subordinate commanders (par. 297). 433. The cessation of the battle, whether it takes place by order of the commander or by direction of higher authority, is most easily accomplished after a success. The more successfully such intention is veiled the sooner will it be possible to carry it out, and it becomes more difficult, the farther the action of the battle has advanced. VILLAGE AND FOREST FIGHTING. 434. Whether a village shall be included in the line of de- fense or be used by the troops as a detached post depends on its position and character. Strongly built and well-defended towns may become the foci of the battle. Still, care must be taken not to place too strong a force in a town. - 435. The firing line will very often not coincide with the edge of the town. If time is available, defensive works are constructed. Fire from the upper stories of the houses may be useful. 436. If the enemy breaks into the town, every street and every inclosure must be defended. The reserve must drive out with the bayonetthe enemy who has forced his way into the town. 437. In the attack strong forces are sent along the sides of the village. The artillery preparation for storming a town must be thorough; a plunging fire is desirable. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 95 438. If the outskirts of the town have been taken, the detachments who entered endeavor to follow close on the heels of the enemy and with the bayonet clear the way to the farther side of the town. In doing this they must keep off the streets and work their way through the gardens and yards. Small detachments are detailed to capture those premises which are still held by the enemy. 439. As soon as the other side of the town is reached prep- arations for defense must be begun. Individual detachments desirous of pursuing the enemy must be prevented from going astray. 440. When fighting in the woods, particularly when they are extensive, it is difficult to maintain communication. Roads and fences facilitate the finding of one's way, and in thick woods offer units the only possible means of maintaining di- rection. 441. The defense must avoid deploying skirmishers as much as possible in the outskirts of the woods where they can be easily seen. In open woods the defense retires from the edge, but not so far that its fire is impeded by the trees. Skirmishers may be placed in advance of the front of the wood. If the attack succeeds in forcing an entrance into the woods, the defense must endeavor to expel him by counter attacks, especially against the flanks. These attacks against the flanks are to be made with energy when fighting in the interior of the woods. Large open spaces permit a stubborn defense, on successive lines of resistance. 442. The attack will turn his principal attention toward the salient points of the woods. If he succeeds in forcing an en- trance, immediate restoration of order and formation is indis- pensable. Further advance takes place in compact skirmish lines not having too great a front, whose supports follow close in rear in close order and whose flanks are protected by re- serves in echelon. In woods not having great depth the attack is pushed through to the farther side. 96 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. ACTION IN COMBINATION witH THE OTHER ARMs. 443. Infantry will seldom be so placed that it must carry on the combat alone. Generally it will fight in combination with the other arms. 444. In battle the activity of the infantry and of the artil- lery must be exercised conjointly. The artillery protects the infantry at the beginning of the battle, which is then continued by both arms. It is undesirable to have the infantry and artillery conduct the battle on the same line. The position of the infantry in battle must, as a rule, be so far in front of the artillery that the latter will be protected against the effective infantry fire of the enemy and that the infantry will not suffer losses from shots aimed at the artillery. - 445. In order not to unnecessarily impede the fire of the artillery, the infantry when advancing passes around its flanks or utilizes the intervals generally available in the long lines of artillery. But if passing through the artillery line can not be avoided, at least all artillery fire should not be prevented at the same time but only that of certain parts of the line. Therefore it is advisable to hasten through in extended order or in column of squads. About 300 meters in front of the artillery, infantry does not impede its fire, even in flat country. 446. The infantry must accustom itself to being fired over by artillery. In an attack on an enemy's position the infantry should recognize that it is the duty of the artillery to direct its fire upon the points to be attacked until just before the charge. 3. Under unfavorable conditions for observation, the artillery fire upon the enemy's infantry will have to be discontinued when our front line has approached to within about 300 meters of the enemy. The artillery then transfers its fire to the ground in rear of the enemy's firing line in order to impede the bringing up of the reserve. 447. Unbroken communication of the artillery with the firing line must be provided for. For this purpose the artil- lery usually sends officers to the front, who communicate GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 97 with it by signals. It is most important to ascertain how far our own firing lines are from the enemy, in order that the artillery may continue its fire as long as possible. 448. The infantry is obliged, without orders, to protect the artillery situated near it. The flanks and rear of artillery positions are most exposed to daring attacks by small detach- ments of the enemy. On ground affording good view the artillery protects its front by its own fire. In long artillery lines only a few infantry are necessary to protect the front from possible molestation by hostile patrols. For this purpose small detachments at considerable intervals suffice. 449. In the combat against artillery attention must be paid to the fact that the superiority of fire of this weapon is at long ranges. Only at about 1,000 meters are conditions equalized, and at nearer ranges the infantry gains the superiority. Fire upon artillery is particularly profitable when it is going into battery, bringing up its advance train when it is moving, or when it offers a large target in any other manner, as is also a flanking fire on the cannoneers who are without flank protection and on the elements in rear. But never must infantry regard it as their task to replace artillery fire at long ranges or to vie with it. Such a ten- dency leads to waste of ammunition. 450. Changing the manner and direction of moving, as well as the employment of loose, irregular firing lines, makes it difficult for the enemy’s artillery to get the range. 451. In fighting against cavalry, infantry, if prepared for fire action, must realize that it need not fear even a great superiority of numbers. For repulsing cavalry any formation is suitabie which permits of the employment of effective fire. Firing lines against which a cavalry attack is directed suffer scarcely any losses worth mentioning. The enemy’s cavalry will be satisfied, if it can cause the infantry to change its formation and delay its movements. Therefore only infan- try detachments immediately threatened by cavalry should engage it. 452. Small forces of infantry may direct their fire upon dismounted cavalry with a prospect of being successful. Firing upon the led horses is particularly effective. 2719–07—7 . 98 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 453. Machine guns, since they offer a difficult target and inflict losses upon the infantry even at long ranges, must be attacked at close ranges wherever possible. Narrow defiles, especially streets, which machine guns can sweep by their fire, must not be traversed by troops in close formations. UNITS IN ACTION. 454. The smaller the unit the more seldom will it be placed in circumstances which require it to carry on an independent action; even the brigade, will generally fight supported by other troops. Within prescribed limits, however, the inde- pendence of the individual unit down to and including the company is large. 455. Events will often render nonsensical orders coming from the rear. Timely action is frequently made possible only by the independent decisions of subordinate commanders. The chiefs of smaller units must bear in mind, however, that they are to perform their tasks in the combat in accordance with the plans of the commander in chief. 456. In battle uniformity of formation must not be insisted on. Each commander on his own responsibility chooses the most suitable formation. - COMPANY IN ACTION. 457. When preparing for the action the company commander rides ahead and selects the most suitable road for advance. This action supplements information concerning the country and the enemy. 458. When the company commander separates himself so far from his company that he can no longer personally command it, the senior officer present assumes command. The company commander must return to his company as soon as it is evident that there is danger of considerable loss. 459. While taking advantage of the ground, that formation must be chosen which will allow the commander to keep his company in hand. - Column of squads is the most suitable marching formation. It must be recollected, however, that deploying from column GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 99 of squads requires more time than from some other formations. The company column with variable intervals permits the pla- toon commanders to take full advantage of the ground, and is especially applicable when it becomes necessary to deploy rapidly on an extensive front. Platoon, column and line for- mations best secure the cohesion of the troops and require little depth for concealing their dispositions. 460. The company in close order must secure itself on the battlefield by throwing out a weak skirmish line, on an exposed flank, if the flank be not guarded by separate detachments. 461. The number and manner of deploying the skirmishers depend on the available space and the purpose of the combat. When attacking, compact firing lines must be deployed at the outset, if the firing position affords cover or can be reached by quickly passing over short distances. - If broad, fire-swept zones must be crossed before firing can be begun, if the conditions are not yet clear, or if a delaying combat is to be conducted, a deployment in loose skirmish lines must be adopted. 462. A company, entirely deployed at the outset, must be reenforced by men from other organizations to maintain its volume of fire. It is therefore committed to the undesirable mixing up of units from the beginning. However, the com- pany commander must not hesitate to employ the full strength of the company at the very beginning, if conditions demand it. 463. In the attack a company supported on both sides will seldom be able to deploy more than 1% to 2 platoons at the same time on the space allotted to it. Reenforcement of the firing line will therefore usually take place by filling up of gaps. 464. A company supported on one flank only, and espe- cially a company fighting alone, should avoid reenforcing by the above-mentioned method and thus prevent intermingling the platoons. The company acting alone must continually watch its flanks. - 465. If firing lines are to occupy a defensive position, it is usual to first outline the position by means of the platoon and squad leaders. Timely occupation of a position is guaranteed by a few observers left in the position. 100 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. BATTALION IN ACTION. 466. Generally from the marching column, before going into action, a development, suitable to the nature of the ground, will be made. This, on account of its greater extent of front, prepares the way for deploying, and, in case of an unexpected encounter with the enemy, secures a better preparation for the battle. . 467. If time is available, small stratagems may be resorted to, as, for example, in the extension of the companies on the main line, if by this means the enemy is prevented from ob- serving the preparations. º 468. Before going into action the battalion commander must communicate his orders to his company commanders, if possible, in the presence of all of them. 469. If the battalion is carrying on a decisive action within a larger unit, it is recommended to push forward several com- panies side by side at the same time in order to prevent, as far as possible, the mixing up of the companies. If a battalion is acting alone, it is advisable to employ en- tire companies one after the other in order to have at disposal complete fighting units for further duties. - THE REGIMENT AND BRIGADE IN ACTION. 470. The regiment, on account of its history, its uniformity of training, the esprit de corps of its officers, and its division into three battalions—thereby simplifying subdivision—is eminently suited to the purposes of battle. 471. Seldom has the brigade, at the outset, the advantage of being divided into three parts. When separating a reserve from it, therefore, the breaking up of a unit can frequently not be avoided. 472. As a rule, when a regiment or brigade is deployed a definite task should be assigned to each subordinate unit. What was stated in paragraph 467 also applies here. 473. The larger the command, the more must the inter- mingling of units be avoided. The intermingling of parts of different regiments is particularly detrimental. It is there- fore generally recommended to place regiments side by side. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 101 Still the time, which the marching up and development of a brigade on a war footing requires (half an hour from the marching column), may have a decisive influence on the man- ner of its use. FIGHT OF INFANTRY IN LARGER UNITS. 474. In an engagement the action of infantry should not become independent of the action of tactical units. 475. Unity of action is secured by the orders to the higher commanders, the sharp demarcation of the fields of action of the various commands, as well as by the combined action of adjacent tactical units. Undivided cooperation is, however, only possible when the subordinate officers never lose sight of the common purpose of the combat. CONCLUDING REMARKs. 476. Simplicity of formations and the principles of the regulations must form the basis for thoroughness in training. Careful observance of the principles of the regulations assures uniform training of the infantry of the whole army. Simplicity is a guaranty that the men called to the colors on mobilization will again accustom themselves to service in the shortest space of time. 477. The troops will be equal to all the tasks required in war if they have acquired a practical knowledge of the prin- ciples of the regulations. Their training will have been good if they can do what war requires of them, and if, in battle, they are called upon to reject nothing that they have learned in peace. 102 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. Part III.-PARADE, ESCORT OF THE COLOR, HONORS. 1. THE PARADE. IN GENERAL. 478. Alignment and dress at parade formation and review are to the right. In parade formation all the files of a column COWeI’. 479. If more than one company of a battalion is present at parade, the battalion commander takes command. If the companies are from different battalions, the senior battalion commander commands. In higher units special instructions are given by the commander. Large bodies of troops and troops of different arms of the service are arranged one behind the other (echelon) according to necessity, and the conditions of command are specially regulated. - 480. The commander of an independent division of troops acts in the same manner as a regimental commander. - 481. Officers who are on parade or in command draw the sword. - - 482. All the other superior officers stand on the right (left) flank of their troops, according as the reviewing officer ap- proaches from the right or left, but do not draw sword. They accompany the reviewing officer along the front of their troops on his outer side and are arranged according to seniority. - At the first march past they accompany, without staff, the troops, one pace to the right and on the side of the line of march, the senior being on a line with the front rank of the band, the others following according to rank. They salute by touching the headdress with the hand, and place themselves on the right of the reviewing officer, passing in rear of him. The commander of a division accompanies the troops under him on the march past if they are assigned to lines not com- manded by him. - 483. Adjutants and staff officers of higher commanders present at the parade (from brigade commander upward) stand behind their commanders. If the front is ridden from GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 103 the right, they follow their commanders. (Exception, para- graph 502.) If from the left they remain at the right. 484. Spectators stand at the right wing, to the right and alongside of the immediate commanders. They form several ranks according to rank and number, and may close on the suite of the reviewing officer. (Exception, paragraph 502.) 485. If the reviewing officer is on foot, all mounted officers must dismount in the parade formation and on the march past. 486. In parade formation the following intervals are taken: PaceS For a battalion ---------------------------------------------------- 20 For a regiment ---------------------------------------------- ------ 40 For a brigade------------------------------------------------------ 50 For a division ----------------------------------------------------- 60 For an army Corps------------------------------------------------- 90 If space is lacking the intervals may be lessened; provided, however, that the commanders and bands are allowed suffi- cient room. 487. As soon as the reviewing officer approaches, the com- mander gives the command for all to present arms. He then goes to the right, or if the superior approaches from the left, to the left wing, and reports. If the commander is mounted he lets his sword hang from the sword knot around his right wrist. While riding along the front he accompanies the reviewing officer on the outer side with sword lowered, places himself, according to his rank, among the commanders mentioned in paragraph 482, then goes in front of the troops and gives the signal to cease playing. 488. The reviewing officer causes the line of march to be marked by two adjutants (guide officers). 489. The commander salutes, in passing, when opposite the first guide (officer). In like manner all the generals, staff officers, and company commanders present at the parade salute, the latter, however, only when in front of their organi- zations. - 490. When marching past, the commander continues straight ahead—at a walk—up to the second guide (officer), then, with lowered sword, turns out to the right—at a gallop when mounted—and places himself to the right and somewhat to 104 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. the rear of the reviewing officer. Here he remains, with sword lowered, until all have marched by. (Plate X.) Similarly, all officers exercising command at the parade, from regimental commander (commander of independent unit) upward, turn out to the right. They take their places to the right of the reviewing officer, closing in according to rank. (Exception, paragraph 502.) The staff officers of the commanders leaving the column con- tinue straight ahead until beyond the second guide (officer). The platoon commanders on the right wing (color bearers or right guides) are directed on the guides (officers). They take exactly the direction designated by the guides. The platoon (company) situated alongside the color (colors) must move one file (two files) to the left at review. 491. At review the distance between units is, without re- gard to the number of files, as follows: Paces Between the platoons and companies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Between the battalions----------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Between the regiments- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 Between the columns of regiments. -- - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Between the brigades - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 Between the divisions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 Between the army corps - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150 The rear battalions (at review in regimental column, the regiments) move up, in mass formation, to the starting point, at the command of their leader. (Plate X.) 492. Colors and standards, as well as officers belonging to the noble Order of the Black Eagle, when marching past or accompanying the review, are saluted by the officers at the reviewing point and by the guides, by touching the headdress with the hand. t PARADE FORMATION, [Plate VIII.] 493. The company is in line, with its platoons numbered from the right flank. 494. The battalion is in line of companies according to Plate VII, unless a different formation is ordered. Supernumerary staff officers and the adjutant remain on the right flank even when the commander goes to the left flank at Eyes - - - - left. The company commanders, the adjutant, and the musicians take their places at Form for parade. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 105 PLATE VIII. First Company. First Platoon. Parade formation. —º - | 3. | # | 7. | P ſº Gá0 ‘ºº. Q. 00 º 7 7s IIITILITILITID & fl & & B &ra -3-CITILITITITITD === : Musicians. Band, - 3’ →- NOTES. 1. If the company is alone on parade the battalion staff is to the right and alongside of the musicians. 2. At parade formation the colors are on the right flank of the leading platoon in platoon Column and Column of companies, and at the middle of the battalion in line of companies. - 3. If the band is absent, there is an interval of 5 paces between the musicians and the right wing. O Regimental commander. à First sergeant. ſ] Lieutenant-Colonel with staff. 3. File closer. Q Battalion COmmander. D. Right guide (N. C. O.). à Supernumerary staff officers. K. Left guide (N. C. O.) LC -- - - - 1N . W. . . e - - Q Company commander. R Color bearer 6) Regimental adjutant. A Battalion adjutant. Ø Man in the front rank. D Man in the rear rank. ſº First lieutenant or second lieutenant. F. Bugler. * Bell-tree bearer (Schellenbaumträger). E Drummer. O Bandmaster. O Battalion drummer. 495. The battalions of the regiment stand alongside of one another in line of companies or column of companies, the platoons and companies in the latter case having 5 paces distance between them. If “eyes left” is given, only the regimental commander goes to the left flank. When the reviewing officer has passed one battalion and arrived at the head of the next, the commander of the first battalion rides in front of his command and gives the signal to his musicians (the band) to cease playing. He then brings the battalion to the “shoulder arms” and moves it up to the place provided for the review. 496. The regiments of the brigade stand alongside of one another, with their battalions in line of companies or in col- umn of companies. As soon as the reviewing officer has arrived at the right (left) flank of the parade formation, the commanders of the remaining regiments cause them to come to shoulder arms. When the reviewing officer approaches, they cause the present arms to be given the second time. . 106 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. THE MARCH PAST. 497. The march past is executed in platoons, company front, platoon columns, and with a regiment or brigade, also in reg- imental column. The battalion commander gives the com- PLATE IX. —Formation for march past in company front. F - - - - - - - - - - -Q- - - - - - - - - - - - Commanding general. e------------- Chief of the general staff. 10” 6 O C Q - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Staff. i % - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- Division commander. t © C- - - - - - - - - - - - Staff. t 10” t t } * * * * * * * * * * -e- - - - - - - - - - - - Brigade Commander. l O - - - - - - - - - - - - Brigade adjutant. ! 10° t { : fil § ! § | 20* i ! Q- - - - - - - - - - - - Battalion drummer. * 3× e= ſº----, & 5* O-4- - - - - - - - - - Bandmaster. º 3× * zºr & { ) * ſ ): tº – Abº--- ! 2, #" - I &x. t II." I. zººſ ººzºº; * First com- JC (LLCLººſ fººl fººl LLCL I Lil Li Ti Li Li LLL Lili Lil ill-Li LLL Lili Li Li J pany. […] ſº ſº ; tº tº c. sº tº º; º; & º & sºft, Second Conn- ITD pany. s = * * * * * * * * * * * * * º Third com- III, CDºrºt TTU ºr III ITTITILITITIII DEITILITILLITILITDULTTTTTTTTTTTT) pany. mand for marching past (when but one company is present, the company commander), and the regimental commander for the march past in regimental column. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 107 498. At March past in platoons (company front, platoon columns, regimental column), the places indicated in plates 9, 11, and 12 are taken. For march past in platoons, the company com- manders go 6 paces in front of the center of the leading PLATE X. —March past in company front. A - A ------> | ; , , N. : {i} rf, Guide (officer). - ! || | | \ | 9 : I | | l cº'. " j |-- Position of the reviewing officer %| | #–H e g | | s: ;II ii. x * : | | T : #! | | - | !-------------->4% †: Guide (officer). |— — — — — — — -3:... i*) -* -> ---> --ra | | \--------. -* gº! 5* ſ --- | + i | ii. | | * , ! | | : | | #! • | : || | ... " ; : i | * *)SI : ; | SC " ; { | : || ſ | # | | ! | | #|| | | ; : | | *: | | | | | § | | Q_S | | * ! | | KS ſ z}="=====rs | | | I | I | Se | ſ ; : a e H- - - - - - - - *--------- L L - Starting point. | I ! .. * *— Y. 2 *=°F * Eſ ! 3.05:0 O ep * At reviews in regiments the musicians of each battalion form one rank. * With a larger number of files the distance may be greater than 60 #. platoon of their company, the platoon commanders 2 paces in front of the center of their platoons, the left guide (officer) 1 pace in rear of the center of the file closers of the rear platoon. * 108 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. For march past in platoon columns, the company com- manders and the left guide (officer) take the same places, the platoon commanders remaining on their flanks. At Mark time, company (battalion, regiment)- - - - - - March, the musicians and band step off, the company marks time until a distance of 60 paces has intervened (with regimental column 100 paces). The platoon commander (company, regimental commander) then commands, Forward. . . . . . March. (Plate X.) PLATE XI.-Formation for march past in regimental column. Commanding general with C. A Chief of the General Staff and * O •ese 70s §l Staff. * ©º 3] Commander of the First Division with U -C © 6 A ‘E | Staff. - | Q) 70” *w-4 p Ov O | Commander of the First Brigade with à || * © a C)| Adjutant. - * 70x 8 -C “::::::::: 3 Staff officers' regimental and battalion adju- A (l) tants of First Brigade. º e 20° #! Arranged according to rank and length of zo. • - - - - P' service. Musicians." 3| *— — — — — go | 8 ! º & l e- - - r + | Commander of the First Regiment. | e e s e e 20° | The colors of the First Regiment (an officer | 7 ZO” | ... on the right and one on the left). | * 1.37 | 3. j ! * | ! 5 | | 6 | i –7–1. Regiment— ! 8 | | | ZO | ſ 77 | | 43- —l | zo, © e o O © C C C C Q O | The company commanders of the First Regi- i | ment. | | ſ | | | O- - -A- Commander of the Second Regiment. | - 20* | The colors of the Second Regiment (an officer | • * 23. t on the right and one on the left). k 7x,- 70 * 1 | Starting point for parade. — 2. Regiment- * For position of the musicians and band see Plate XII. 499. March past in regimental column. (Plates XI and XII.) The distance between the musicians of the first brigade and the leading regiment and between the individual regiments of the brigade is 100 paces. The musicians of the second brigade follow in rear of the last regiment of the preceding brigade at a similar distance. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 109 500. An independent battalion marches in the same forma- tion and with the same distances as a regiment. - 501. On marching past the troops look directly at the reviewing officer, except the officer, guides, the color bearers, and the noncommissioned officers who look straight ahead. PLATE XII. – Position of the musicians and band for march past in regimental column. ſ l 5’ e #" || ||2. E. *–C to 3 (D - #| |||. E. HHF's BAND. (D T-T p * I go É|*-C 3 •-º-º-º: MUSICIANS. \ LLA i © or 20*. | °3. O o: O °3. - 7 - - Af -º-, * Batt. II I T I J - - - - - - - - Batt; I J. 806-772. Junior. Senior, Junior, Senior, Regiment. Drums. Buglers. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAHADES IN THE PRESENCE OF HIS MAJESTY. 502. The bayonet is fixed. Only such officers are permitted to stand in front of the troops as belong to the infantry or are ordered by the Emperor for service with these troops. Only noncommissioned officers and reenlisted soldiers are in the line of file closers, who are to be distributed equally. Honors are executed first by all the troops and then by brigades. At the first salute three cheers are given. If the 110 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. review takes place on the occasion of an imperial maneuver, each band passes from the “present march” to the national hymn as soon as His Majesty has reached the band of a com- mand. - r - While riding along the front, only officers of the grade of brigade commander and upward, and foreign officers among the spectators, may follow the suite. - The regimental commanders (commanders of independent units), after marching out of column, place themselves on the left side of His Majesty and give, without being asked for them, the names of all the officers, down to and including the company commanders. If the honorary commander of a regiment, etc., or a super- numerary officer attached to a command by way of compli- ment, takes part in the review, he stands—without adju- tants—with sword drawn, to the right (left) of and alongside the commander. At review the honorary commander is in front of the super- numerary officer and the latter in front of the commander. They leave the column in the same order. If the supernumerary officer is junior to the commander in length of service, he stands to the left and rear of him at parade formation, and at review rides one-half the length of a horse in rear and to the left of the commander. In doubtful cases the commanding general obtains the deci- sion of the Emperor. If a change in the intended direction of the march past becomes necessary, on account of the direction of the wind, consent must be requested from His Majesty. 2. ESCORT OF THE COLOR. 503. The colors are received by a company, with the musi- cians of the battalion and the regimental band, when this is present. The junior officer of the company, the color bearers, and a noncommissioned officer for each color enter the build- ing in which the colors are kept and await the company. The company marches up to in front of the building, the right squad opposite the entrance, if room permits. The march may be executed thus: Squads right. The musicians and GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 111 the band execute squads right. On right into line. - - - - - March, Halt. The first squad wheels, then marches straight ahead, and at Halt, comes to the halt. The rest of the squads march about the width of a squad beyond the turning point of the preceding squad, wheel of their own accord, and then march straight ahead until on a line with the preceding squads. The men take up alignment and dress, and then look straight to the front. As soon as the company is halted, the colors are brought out, the officer being in front of and the noncommissioned officers in rear of them. The company commander presents arms. The colors are brought in front of the right wing, the officer stepping to the left, and a second officer, the next junior, to the right of them. The accompanying noncommissioned officers take their places in the company, going around the right flank. The company now marches off. For this pur- pose the command, Break from the right, right squad, squads left, may be given. Musicians and band, without playing, march by breaking from the right in front of the company and halt in such a manner that they are past the right squad of the company. At Company. . . . . . March, the musicians step off while beginning to play, the band, colors, and squads join- ing from the right flank. The colors, four to a rank, with both the accompanying officers, remain in front of the right squad and in rear of the band while marching. The company follows. The company commander alone rides in front of the colors." - The color company renders honors only in presence of His Majesty. The colors are drooped for the purpose. 504. When the company approaches the building when returning the colors, the drums beat to the color. As soon as the company halts, the colors move in front of the right flank. The company presents arms. At Attention, the accompanying noncommissioned officers step behind, and the junior officer in front, of the colors. The officer next to the junior takes his place in the company. Immediately after the present, the junior officer, who, as well as the color bearers and the color guard, does not execute the present, a These instructions also apply in marching past with escorts of honor. 112 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. commands Colors - - - - - - March, and brings the colors into the building. Then the signal is given to cease playing. The company marches off without waiting for the officer, color bearers, and the accompanying noncommissioned officers. 505. If there are several commands assembled on parade their colors are received and returned by one company. When the color company has arrived at the parade ground the com- pany commander causes it to halt and commands Colors, Posts. The colors march to the battalions, accompanied by an officer and noncommissioned officers. . The present is not given by the troops when the colors arrive. If the troops are formed directly in front of the building in which the colors are, the detailing of a particular color com- pany is omitted. The officers and the colors with the noncom- missioned officers come out of the house at the designated time and take their places by the shortest way. The troops present arms. 506. For receiving and returning the colors one officer with a squad, exclusive of the color bearers and color guards, suf- fices if (a) a long march is imminent or has taken place; (b), the color company would have to take a long circuitous route; (c), the colors are to be taken from the residence of one supe- rior to that of another. The escort of the colors to and from the residence of His Majesty or of foreign rulers is always performed, even in these cases, by a company. 3. SALUTEs. “ 507. Salutes paid by individuals without arms, consist in facing to the front, touching the head dress with the right hand, assuming an erect position, and standing facing the superior. Noncommissioned officers with officers’ side arms unhook the sword and carry it vertically in the left hand. The supe- rior must be looked at when saluted. If necessary, room must be made for him. Salutes are executed smartly. They begin 6 paces in front of and terminate 3 paces in rear of the superior. a Garrison regulations. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 113 Facing to the front. If the man meets a superior, he exe- cutes a half turn toward him during the last step before the halt, placing the heels together, and assumes the position of the soldier. He keeps his head turned toward the su- perior, and follows him with his eyes while turning his head. If the man crosses a superior's path, he remains stand- ing at a suitable distance, facing toward him. If the superior waives the facing to the front by beckoning, or desires a pre- mature ending of the salute, the man goes on and salutes by touching his cap with the right hand. - When touching the headdress with the right hand, the man walks with an easy step, and 6 paces in front of the superior raises the right hand smartly, fingers joined; index and middle fingers touching the lower edge of the headdress so that they are at about the outer angle of the right eye and so that he can see past the hand. The right elbow is raised to about the height of the shoulder. The left arm is kept still. When ending the salute, the man directs his head straight to the front, at the same time dropping the right hand smartly. When passing by at attention, the arms are not moved. When at a halt, the individual faces toward the superior to be saluted. 508. The salute by the individual armed with the piece, and at a halt, consists in assuming the “order arms” or, if the piece is slung, retaining it in that position. If in march, the salute is rendered by assuming the “shoulder arms” or, if the piece is slung, by retaining it in that position. When at a halt, the individual faces toward the superior. When passing by at “shoulder arms” the right arm is moved. When passing by with the piece slung, both arms are kept still. - 509. Salutes by units in close order are executed at the command of their leaders. When at a halt: Attention is given. The men look at the superior. If necessary, the command Eyes. . . . . . Right (Eyes------ Left) must be given. If the superior walks or rides along the front of the command, the men follow him with their heads until he is opposite the third man, and then of their own accord, direct their heads straight 2719–07—8 114 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. to the front. When marching: Attention, Eyes -- - - - -Right (Eyes -- - - - - Left), At ease is given. At Attention, the drill march is taken up. When marching without arms or with pieces slung, the arms are not moved. At At ease, the men direct their heads straight to the front and continue the march at attention (see paragraphs 18 and 21). The leaders of detachments below the strength of a platoon, march along- side the man on the flank while saluting, and the commanders of platoons and upward, in front of their units. APPENDIX. MUSICIANS AND BAND. MANNER IN WHICH INSTRUMENTS ARE CARRIED BY THE MUSICIANS. 510. The bugle is carried in a horizontal position by its cord over the right shoulder beneath the shoulder strap, the mouth- piece 2 cm. below the waist belt, pointing toward the front. It is supported by a device fastened to the waist belt by means of loops. - If the bugler is carrying a pack, the bugle is slung over the right shoulder after the knapsack has been fastened. In battle the bugle is carried in the hand or hanging in front of the breast. - - 511. The fife is carried in the right hand, mouthpiece down, and, if not used, it is in the case. This hangs at the left side of the waist belt, 5 cm. behind the side arms, the spring point- ing toward the front. To use the fife, it is brought to the mouth with the right hand at the signal of the battalion drum major and at the same time grasped with the left hand. The second, third, and fourth fingers of the left hand must im- mediately cover the three upper keyholes, the right hand. quickly following, the fingers taking the correct position. After the fifing is ended both arms are brought down smartly at the same time at the step following the last note. 512. At the “order arms” the drum is so secured that the catch engages in the holes of the hoop. The drum rests over the left leg, the snare head pointing outward and the left hand resting on the support. The lower edge of the bat- ter head rests firmly against the left leg. When marching in step, the drum is so tilted with the left hand that it does not impede the left leg in marching. 115 116 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. The drumsticks are carried in the right hand, which hangs naturally, and are so held that the stick for the right hand points head down, while that for the left points handle down. The shoulder arms. At Shoulder, the left hand takes hold to the right and alongside of the support. At Arms, the drum is turned with a short movement, batter head pointing up. The knee guard rests on the left thigh; both hands are imme- diately placed over the drum, the left hand grasping the stick at the handle. Both sticks are crossed on the center of the batter head, so that the head of the right stick lies immediately over that of the left. The left hand rests on the hoop. Order arms. At Order, the sticks are placed together in the right hand so that the left stick is held close to the batter head. The right arm returns to the extended position at the side; at the same time the left hand grasps the hoop of the snare head to the left of the knee guard. At Arms, the drum is raised from the thigh with the left hand and turned so that the hoop of the batter head rests against the leg, snare head pointing out- ward. The left hand returns to the support. When march- ing in step, the drum is carried as at “order arms.” Only when it is to be beaten is it carried as at “shoulder arms.” For short marches it is carried in either hand without unfastening the sling at the support. On longer marches the sling is un- hooked, hooked into one of the screws, and laid over the shoulder. MANIPULATION OF THE BATON. 513. At “order arms” the right hand grasps the stock be- neath the ball with the entire hand, little finger on top. The right elbow is somewhat raised. The staff rests with the point directly against the right of the left toe and is somewhat inclined to the right and front, left arm by the side. At “shoulder arms” the right hand is about 10 cm. in front of the buckle of the waist belt, the right elbow somewhat raised. The staff is inclined a little to the right, point up- ward. At present arms and at reviews the left hand rests upon the hip, the first joint of the thumb being fixed in the waist belt. - At Attention, the baton is quickly raised laterally to the GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 117 right, and at Shoulder, while giving the signal, brought down smartly until in front of the belt buckle. If His Majesty rides past, no movements are made with the baton. In the march past the right arm is kept still, moved freely. To signify that the march is to be begun, the right arm is raised high laterally, the baton in prolongation of the arm, at Company, etc. At March, the signal is given by lowering the baton. - For giving the signal to begin or cease playing, the baton is raised high, the left foot is planted, and lowered at the fifth step following. If in the march past the musicians are to execute left turn after the “prelude” “ has ended, the baton is extended hori- zontally to the left. The baton is brought back in front of the belt buckle, point upward, at the fifth step following the completion of the turn. The battalion drum major gives the signal for change of direction by turning the baton in a circle with the arm pressed toward the body and wrist loose. For halting and turning, the baton is raised as for the “prelude,” and lowered at the fifth step following. At the seventh step the battalion drum major again raises it and gives the signal for “right turn” at the eleventh step. He beats time for the music, while raising and lowering the baton smartly about a handbreadth. In no other case must the time be given. For the musicians (and the band) to step off, the battalion drum major, after the march past, raises the baton as for the “prelude” as soon as the rear detachment has passed him (the bandmaster raises his baton as for starting in the march past). Both give the signal at the same time for stepping off at the fifth step. The same signals are given for turning, marching straight ahead, and for cessation of playing. FORMATION AND DUTIES OF MUSICIANS AND BAND. 514. Formation and duties, paragraphs 141, 221. (Plates I and XII.) a Locken—“prelude,” played by the drums and fifes immediately befo the band begins.—Tr. - 118 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. The buglers take up the signals only at the order of an officer. See Field Service Regulations. When charging, the drums beat the charge without orders when the piece is brought to the charge, but the double time as soon as the command March, march, is given. 515. At Attention; Present- - - - - - arms the musicians proceed as in Supplement II. The battalion drum major gives the signal for beginning and ending the marches. - The band plays a march from Collection I of the military marches (slow marches for the infantry), unless a special ceremonial march has been conferred on the command. The playing of the marches is continued, even when cheers are given at parades in presence of His Majesty. 516. At the march past (par. 498) the drums begin to beat the military march (Supplement II, 5) at March, and when 20 paces before reaching the first guide pass over to the “pre- lude ’’ (Supplement II, 9). After the “prelude” the band . begins a march from Collection II of the military marches (quick marches for the infantry) unless special ceremonial marches have been conferred on the command. Specially conferred marches may not be played by any other commands who may be present at the parade with those having this privilege. At the signal from the battalion drum major and the band- master, given simultaneously with the ending of the “pre- lude,” the musicians and band execute left turn and march 7 paces past the left flank of the troops. The musicians here turn to the right, the band following them. Directly after turning on the moveable pivot the musicians at the planting of the left foot direct their heads to the right by files; up to that time they have directed their eyes upon their leaders. The battalion drum major and the bandmaster, during the turning, mark time for a few steps, turn in a small circle to the right, and place themselves 3 paces to the side and in front of the left flank. Musicians and band halt at the signal from their leaders, execute right face, and direct their heads straight to the front. At the same time the battalion drum major and the bandmaster GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 119 execute about face, march until in front of the center of the musicians and band, and face toward the reviewing officer. There is an interval of 3 paces between the musicians and band opposite the reviewing officer. After halting, the drums fill this interval. They march, at the signal for turn- ing, 3 paces farther ahead, execute by the right flank at the third step, mark time 1 step, and with 3 steps move up into the first rank. - During this movement and the march past of the battalion, the drummers accompany the band with the march No. 6 in Supplement II. This march begins after the “prelude " has ended and left face has been executed. After the last detach- ment has marched past, the musicians and band step off at the signal from the battalion drum major and the bandmaster, turn to the left, and follow the battalion. At the second guide the music ceases. If there is no band with the battalion, the musicians, after the “prelude '' is ended, again play the military march during the march past. - The musicians of the regiment (brigade) are consolidated only at reviews. The regimental drum major leads them and places himself 5 paces in front of the right flank of the drum- mers. (Plate XII.) Bandsmen do not move their arms when approaching and leaving the reviewing point. - 517. At the march past in larger commands the musicians at the head of the column mark time until the higher commanders are on the march. The musicians and band of the leading regiment march out toward the left. The musicians remain standing during the march past of the dismounted troops of their division and play through the “prelude’ at the arrival of each new regiment or independent battalion. The drummers of the regiment coming up join at the fifth step and play the rest of the “prelude.” Then, with the excep- tion of the right, guide, they turn their heads to the right and march past. The buglers do not move their arms before and after the “prelude.” The “prelude” must begin at 13 paces before reaching the first guide officer. As soon as its unit has passed, the band, at the signal from the bandmaster, marches straight to the front, still playing, until behind the center of the troops. Here it 120 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. turns to the left and follows the troops. At the same time that the regimental drum major gives the signal for the “finale” the bandmaster gives the signal for the band to cease playing. The band of the command following takes the place just vacated. If the newly arriving command has no band, the one be- longing to the troops just passed remains and plays for the march past of the newly arriving troops and then turns and follows. After the last dismounted troops of the division have marched by, the musicians follow the band. 518. For the march past in regimental column the bands of the brigades, marching by the left flank, arrive at their places under the guidance of the senior bandmaster. Even at the march past the bandmaster leading the bands retains his place 5 paces in front of the left flank of the bands. (Plates XI and XII.) The drummers assemble at the left wing and are ar- ranged as follows from right to left, viz, snare drums, cym- bals, and base drums. The drummers of the first brigade beat march No. 7, Supplement II, and conclude it at the signal from the senior drum major, which begins as he plants the right foot 8 paces before the reviewing officer. Immediately on planting the left foot the bands begin to play a military march at the signal from the senior bandmaster. The other bandmasters also beat time. The musicians march straight to the front, their eyes directed on the regimental drum major. He raises the baton after he has passed 7 paces beyond the player of the bass drum, and at the fourth step thereafter gives the signal to turn to the left. The drummers place themselves, while turning to the right at the beginning, at a distance of 5 paces to the left and along- side of the band and accompany it with No. 8 march, Supple- ment II. The buglers follow the drummers, march along be- hind them, and also station themselves on the left flank. The battalion drum major, who marches on the left flank of the buglers, gives the signal for turning and halting. At the approach of the second brigade, the drummers of the first are signaled to cease playing and pass to the “pre- lude,” while the drummers of the second brigade begin play- ing at the fifth step. (Supplement II, 9.) GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 121 The bands of the first brigade, as soon as those of the second have arrived at 10 paces from their right flank, move back 9 steps in time while playing, at the signal of the lead- ing bandmaster. The bands of the second brigade march into the position of the first, come to a halt at the signal from the leading band- master, execute a right face at the fifth pace, and at the same time prepare their instruments for playing. While the leading regimental drum major gives the signal for the “prelude,” the leading bandmaster of the first brigade gives the signal for the band to cease playing. The band immediately executes left face and marches at the fifth step thereafter, heads directed to the right. After the “prelude ’’ the bands of the second brigade begin playing and are accompanied by the drummers of the first brigade, who remain during the march past of the dismounted troops of the division. - After the march past of the last dismounted troops of the division, the musicians and the band execute left face at the signal from the leading regimental drum major and the band- master, and march at the fifth step, heads directed to the right. 519. If on the march in column of squads the musicians are at the head of the column, they form ranks of four men. The buglers are on the right, and the battalion drum major 3 paces in front of the center. The band follows the musicians, also in ranks of four men, the bandmaster in front. At Marching order, the musicians resume the places in their companies which are indicated in Plate IV. 122 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. Supplement I.-CALLS. Calls are principally used in garrisons, and for the routine duties of troops (barracks, billeting and bivouac). At ma- neuvers the commander makes use of calls terminating the fight, for carrying it on, or for assembling the commanders or adjutants, as well as for assembling and recalling troops. In battle, calls are prohibited, except: Fix bayonet, Quick forward, and Attention. I,IST OF CALLS. The entire unit. I. Battalion. II. Battalion. III. Battalion. IV. Battalion. 1st Company (also fifth, ninth, and thirteenth). 2d Company (also sixth, tenth, and fourteenth). 3d Company (also seventh, eleventh, and fifteenth). 9. 4th Company (also eighth, twelfth, and sixteenth). 10. March. Played in the usual cadence, used in advanc- ing; in rail journeys, the men disembark; when played rapidly, quick forward. 11. Halt. 12. Assembly. Formation in close order. When travel- ing by rail, the men embark. 13. Clear the road. See Field Service Regulations. 14. Attention. To signal the approach of cavalry; played slowly, prelude to tattoo. 15. For firing. (This call may only be used at target prac- tice and notifies those in the pit that firing is to begin.) 16. Fix bayonet. 17. Commanders’ call. 18. Adjutants call. 19. Recall. The troops march off at the conclusion of the exercise. 20. The alarm. The quickest formation, fully equipped, at the places for alarm or for occupying designated points. 21. Fire call. 22. Retreat. 23. Reveille. : i GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 123, THE ENTIRE UNIT. | = 60 A c /*:N TWT Tº - ſ Tºº? Tº •- 1.F(º-F2=f==E==#| J * T I. BATTALION. 2}=72. - ſº - -> > 2.ÉE::=#EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE|| el/ ºv I y —I II. BATTALION. - J = 104. 3. III. BATTALION. J. = 112. - – ſì > > 4f&#######E IV. BATTALION. J. = 92. *—r-r--r-21– *E&H = =#EEſºf EEEE * > •G- - 1. CoMPANY (also 5//, 97, and 13//). J= 88. --- 2. CoMPANY (also 6//, 10//, and 14//). J. = 112. | — ſh |f---si-º---N-I-Sf º-f-----N fig-º- 7.E&#EEEEEEEEEEEEE|| el/ —I J 3. CoMPANY (also 7/7, 11’’, and 15//). J– 112. 3 . 3 . 3 . 2- 8. 4. CoMPANY (also 8//, 1277, and 16’). J. = 112. - ###########:#| _ſ\. FNEC-Gº CTEC=C-4––NE cº-e a d-HE-2-3- e/TT-2 º' " ' " is sº * * *TT" 9. 124 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. MARCH. Played in the usual time J = 114, used in advancing; traveling by rail, the men get off; played very rapidly J- 120, “quick forward.” 10 IZº +---- H----—H- 10.BéHR############# := -º- e/ * fz º # fz' © * + ſ: *f; sº --- - H H| – ÉFEEEEEEEE tº º & -> -º- -c. > > > ASSEMBLY. Formation in closed order. When travel- ing by rail the men get aboard. J. = 100. A —— —-NH 12.ÉEEEEEEEEEEEE e/ •G- -º- '" rº. " -C. 24–25–s * H E(º-H-à–HF e/ —I ROADS CLEAR. J– 144. ſº A - - *- I Y. H– 13. #######E #EEEE HE tº- e/ i *s ATTENTION. On the approach of the enemy’s cavalry J– 132. Played slowly J=72 and with the continua- tion, prelude to tattoo. +---- I ( ) I wº-y | tº . L | L Nº I J ſº i r -C. tinuation /º | Ež---------EEE}} Hº-Hazz EEEE GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 125 FoR FIRING. This call can be used only at target prac- tice, and notifies those in the pit that firing is to begin. J = 112. 2—I-zº--T—aº—e. 5. F###EEEEE::==E IV. UTHE 2-t-t-i-o-H * III IT º -º-" T -> u •G-" FIX BAYONETS. J. = 160. 9– —r-º. —rº- 16. ÉÉE.EE:#EEEEEEEEEH e/ º w s -> Ly | | - CoMMANDER’s CALL. J. =84. ſy. - /º 17 ========HEg—f-H tº e –G–C–G–C–C–G–H–C–H–H–HF– ADJUTANT's CALL. (Also for delivering orders.) J= 104. 18.5%:#EFEHFº i– =#EEEEt .º.e. , —H-— g—H·6–69– *-*-i-º-º-º-º-º: e/ & , º, - \ * > © & Y iſ Fº º –H–H~|~2: I 7-)TCTIſ T . a N–E–F–F––E–F–F–B–E | T Tº I tº. F-m-L-I- I [-. | RECALL. The troops march off at the conclusion of the exercise. J. =84. h. | 1– m TV- yº -- N-TIL----|--|--|--|-2–––. G——H·e-d –3–C–G–C–H–C–2–H–C–C–H —I ſº º 19. Hº-É ſº a- /º EAE-EN- sº-H Hº-º-FCEG-E-H v Tºe" •º - 126 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. ALARM. The quickest formation, fully equipped, at the i places for alarm or for occupying designated points. J– 124. - sºmeºmº- \\\\ 20 re-EFEFFEFFEE ###| –C–C–C–H–C–C–H–C–H–C–C–H–C–C–H–C–? - GT ºf Tº CFTUTC) * + © (ſ/ 3 f\ -> --> -Nº-H-N-F-A-HE =####EEE E-9——===-T- *—S-P- —-I-II jºy. Lºſ |—|--|| –C–H–C–C–H–C–C–C–H–C–HF ey - TATTOO. J. =72. * - - - 22.É=}========HEE #E=E== —t-º: ſº * h l A t T ———-P----—————ſº –Pi—--—— ÉEEEEEEEEff== el/ - i -º- T-9– Ti II LA- CM –H I ſaw N. h. f J. # f*. T I ~- VVV. —i —Pi——— ū–1—-l–P _l e/ •º -º- -º- -º- *_> REVEILLE. d -: ſº —. i T - - -º-ºr- 2.É.-HEFEHE el/ —r t F w - -G--G--G- - GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONs. 127 Supplement II.-MARCHES FOR FIFE AND DRUM. All infantry regiments play, while presenting arms, first No. 1 march and then No. 1 and No. 3, alternately, “present” marches as written in this supplement, unless particular marches have been conferred upon them or orders exist to the contrary. As soon as one of the marches has been played through there is a pause of two steps before playing is resumed. The marches are at the rate of 80 steps per minute. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3 No. 4. No. 5. March past in platoons, company front, and platoon columns (army march). No. 6. For accompanying the band at march past in platoons, company front, and platoon columns (without fifes). No. 7. March past in regimental column. No. 8. For accompanying the band at march past in regi- mental column (without fifes). No. 9. Prelude with fifes and drums joining in at march past. e No. 10. March while advancing. No. 11. Salute to the color. No. 12. Dead march. “Present” marches. f F # U-z (og=P) ‘ū.).It IN Jeſpbu.9.14) ub(SSnud pLO ‘I 'ON ‘SNOILVTſhogſh. TTIAq KäINV.INI NVINATO 86 I GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 129 No. 2. 2– 80) Fife. an e 2 fr 9 # # # E #E # —I- == # f –-kee. § WAVA=#EEEAſ ſº *ÉH} • * E E:- EEE E- :- #—z E-se *Hºº-ºº: te a ſ E– — T # #| FTETE: * *** * : i ‘SNOILWTIſ)})^{{I TTIHCI XHLNVGINI NVIN?IGIS) - 0%;I GH .*. & Țzzz º S-2 3 Hz. A I | | -->. Mººi — - sº- ºis (A La .* 2_ • ** Lº LZZZ” e “mºmeº == Ty- Ēr |||| } | ## ſi ſo YW NY_ - VI | | ITYZ_1 \-> H 1 Hºº < | || H- NVIAI HGH:º) *SNOIJ.VTſlā)(HH TTISIOI XXII, NV HNI I9. I 132 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. > -º- - +- e ºf anº L § —a *TH =. L -- - • £º–2 E—e § .*. :-º-º- i-t-. | * —º -w- MARCH PAST IN PLATOONS, CoMPANY FRONT No. 5. AND PLATOON COLUMNS. ) Army march. ( ++- TVTº ©_L · ,|---- <！-) }=+==+==+==# • §|į,� &##į，:Ț <įį||;“Ne, į） |-+-+-+-+(|-|- }} | \!!!!!!§|| | *||||| zņ} 9 H+/-36: N >- F-ºf- WT wº N Tº lº # Re * Ex- TZURNI, I NVIAIAIGIO "SNOIJ.VTſlº)&Iłł TTIMOI X3[JLNVGINI 89 L 134 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. No. 6. For ACCOMPANYING THE BAND at march past in platoons, company front, and platoon columns. (Without fifes.) (J-114) -- N A. N.—z—-A Da Capo. E}{#EEEEEEEEEEEEE|| U- #4 ! *–H–F–A–H F-P-HE a. =H No. 7. MARCH PAST IN REGIMENTAL Column. J): . . . ff f * + 4* : g-> *~ ~~. ºf H* tūſº , , all F. : F. . BEEF=F-Hº-Hº-Hº-Hº-H |E_ F–2–F–A–F–F– 2–R-2–F–2–E–VE > - > > >- > tº ſ ) is a | f | e • | | | | |É sº #EłH== (E=======#EEE * – f ºr gºr ºr ur Lºr # f * GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 135 ... * ( ) L’ J >_ tº 2 e | º sº —v { * I - UPC –º-E-F-L|| | | No. 8. For ACCoMPANYING THE BAND at march past in regimental column. (Without fifes.) 2- —É F. . N. º * & SETET2 sº-º-º: ... Jº Tº T-37 E}#}= –H–ºf–H FF-F#–E–F–H–* := t ++-r r-I –– N N -, Da Capo. (#11 = 'f) ‘ºsed Uſolelu 18 uſ ºuſtiſoſ sun.ip pub sayſ unIAA “Idaiah, I 6 ox ‘SNOIJ.VTſ) 9CIA TTIHOI A&I.LNVGINI NVINHGH) 99 I GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 137 No. 10. MARCH WHILE ADVANCING. (J = 114 and 120.) A A A - ~ * * * * * *. EžF===#-F#-FHEH Taawº. Tº Tº L Lºſ I | | I LS p. * E w g- | L | Q,' - N N . N . N *—-P-- E-45–F– f P-E-HHHH-E-F- No. 11. SALUTE TO THE COLOR. (J-114) .” 138. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. ~ 2- - ~~ Da Capo. No. 12. DEAD MARCH. As soon as the coffin is carried from the house arms are pre- sented. The drummers beat the usual march with muffled drums, the fifers do not play, the band play's a dirge without muffling its instruments. As the procession moves off and during the march, the drummers beat the dead march, the bandsmen playing only dirges. = 80.) Aº G-#4– /*-N (2. Aſ ºf lſº {E - T. —HHE t VS L. |2 | |É zº e/ & \\ 3. N_N N A// * | Cº. ºf INTOTY) Nºll I IS-I *=~! sº | –E–F–F–4=={=HE * *—l † T \\ Roll of about) 2O steps. Prelude. Aº *:N fº-z-z-Ez==E=# *— W. {- ; ITT | [ H TH k w TI T : ==EE-Hºº-º-tº-H L” T E–F–H-Hº-EHE * | t . E- TI Prelude. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 139 fää | I ſº -I-T-- Hº- {* =# -I E2 #EEEEEEE /º | * \\\\ *N |#=H= UV - i l | | | || l a/ Aa Capo. EF=EHE |E + HH The drum-major gives the signal for the prelude after the roll of the drums as well as between the strophes of the dirge. If there is no band present at the funeral procession, the fifers play the dirge. Supplement III.-OTHER PIECES FOR FIFE AND DRUM. No . 1. Prelude to tattoo. No. 2. Old Prussian tattoo. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 2a. 3. : 9. Tattoo. Prelude to special tattoo. Special tattoo. Church call. Recall from church. Reveille. Assembly of guard details. Signal to leave the marching column (Field Service Regulations), or dismissal; e. g., a guard on being relieved. No. 10. Relieving the guard. No. 11. General, for the drums. No. 12. Fire call, for the drums. 140 * * *T -ºr ºr −− \，eſſ£

(Iºſz！ )\| fºjºIŤſe TTD's TTQ •~ļº W|\|\ſ*||||||tº „№țitti FTTH , , , ††\\ W|- †††††• W W|ſfie†††ę Tſe'e Ķ |N† № • W|\ſ*|||||rº. +++， W|- |-�\ W\}\，†† º. W №m||||| 6 ' ' ' 'N & Aï Tº ſº. Kº * *mº EFFFFFFFF —I # 6 #FFFFF i ++. T | || Es i —t y F .* us- 2^* Fºr —-º- - -º- * tº ºf * ‘Kſangula][8 tº ‘ON Keld OSIg upo Jayſ ou.L 2) ‘OOLLVI, NVISSnåd (ITO ‘Z ‘ON i ()S \\\'s ‘I “ON ‘OOLLVJ, O'L HCIſ)"IGIA.I NVIWIXIGH5) "SNOIJ.VTſ) {)GH3+ TTIºICI AMILNVGINI If I 142 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. | | 42. —tº –E–2– ſº ſº-º- 42. # E s-E E = : : |- ºuſſi· *Ť:Rī *||||||…} :\!� ;}|#|| ſi Qiji|ſv •�ļļļ†† . Āį||Ť aºſ| «.) • q || || || -4 (\#*N*{ �ļļļ|zºſy }© || & S=~~=? sº-º-H- © © tº ſº :-P --A. Ei Hà ĐĐ Tº. -----— #Ess: | Zºº S V. U.L.' YU NY_l === Tº EEs - º # -*- * Hæ I AD ź s={=4 I. I –H —º *> Lºs —t— -- *O- cº o ====H--------a frºz #### EE f ††） &T-º. * º: # ** TT RY_ H-H = º: —I == rºy º ––––– -º- AO F = f I > - -H =r. i–1 ;www. =F – -- ºr it –H # * * -> * Fºreſ ^- E--- .* w (s =# ; it v ### = *** #F º 1—1 —I- 3 H. NVIN HGH) XHLNV.INI -º-º-ºr-º- Ty *zarz E ==== T I- N- D-I-P-- ‘S NOIJ.VTſ) {}^{}{ TTIXIGI 3f. I 144 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. No. 3. PRELUDE TO SPECIAL TATToo. (r (r ! f * : * * : ; *. : ; t Hº-H |—|| F---|-- F-A-- #H#EEEEEEEE W. Tº H T I | e/ \\ All fifers and } One fifer Solo, - ~ drummers. ; One drummer with the right stick. N AZA/ © gº O * * tº ºr © E=#####Ef====E=== o --- *=s* Qºf © 1— t ºf k— # ºf – * 4 E––H–=EEE-H------- \\\\ - tr. . . . . . . . . . . . re- * ~e. , a # * *2. * fºe. E VI º ºſ ITU T | A PF ' ET" H-E-2––––. Hº- | H--— – ey Presto. © 3 gº tº 3 * , :--º-º-º-º-Eº-E2-EE – ===PEEEEEEEEE:-E ff rulant, - \\ All fifers and Z/// drummerS. ne o Twice from - mark. ar, ºl- One drummer \\ > 47/7 The regimental or battalion drum maj or gives the signal for be- ginning the roll as well as ending the same; the solo drummer and fifer continue the roll about one-half longer and play the last part alone, as is indicated. No. 4. SPECIAL TATToo. (J = 114) (If the band plays, the fifers do not). MARCH. ar * The neasures until Tutti are beaten at a halt. fº --> One drummer Solo. Gif I () —20—6L/Z O EFE:EEEEEEEEEE: ăl H=====E==G • S- © © tº W • Sº- - ſº H E + + {BF FHFHEFFHF : • S- zºw.” - * * * +: F----T— a I–––. * —- H––H–——-P-A-R-º-º-º: #EG FE:EEEEEF####### - ~~ º c e W : ~~ /o # -Tº- *=º — I I I 7||N ‘SNOIJ.V.T. l{)31&I TTI&ICI QII, NY, INI NVINXIGIF) “ITVO Hoàn HO ‘g ‘ON A. º ºf . a | ſº e W | ^e \ ‘SNOILWTſh OGIH TſIIHC. M. H.L.N.W.INI NVIWISIGIS) 9? I GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 147 fr /º 42. #" 42. I T—?—I––II ZAC H T TTL T_* T ſaw A. II" I || || VS L/ __ | e) *==I^*===?=it E=#EEEEEEg=# ^ - T LT +2 | framip The last roll begins very marked and concludes decrescendo to pianissimo. No. 6. RECALL FROM CHURCH. /*\ tr— f* f. N- as z t— +- A "ſº e F# -zY-T-I-L--R-T---- Y. I a TT A Lºſſ ºf , IA. Tº D. ſaw NITſ | AT I ºf TT sº | D.VII Tºº l l | ey /~\ Slovvly N - /º 2–-9-–2––––ſº H. C., I +–*—— TI }—Hº sſ-A HF - l [. a'. I LIT f º | T LT ºr | #==ºe==T-f *** * * fº-#-—Es-—º Us:-e i —H·2 ###$$$E= *E £ ſºlº, ſ-2.] Aſ 148. ; sº. GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. No. 8. AssFMBLY OF GUARD DETAILs. > -- . (J-114.) -------- `--- To save time the second part is not repeated. The prelude, No. 1, is played in this case. a fº F., f = ′ = ## ########### | I >- ==A.—-------|--|-}. a Tº Cº - Of 2.ºl ; ºr £4– O THTTTTTTI A ºl | | TI * O) T lº- I' v_1_T C 2- > -º- -N º wº £. fº º ſº. A tºte fºr e. e. t F : t H: I. }. º I T || | I a/ \\ # ey_* Eð.E-G-#f É- f -f : f f # E à f £, -º- § GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. 149 No. 10. RELIEV ING THE GUARI). (J– 114.) © tº g e *, Q ! *——º–. 40- a • \\ ===Hº-CEEE V Hºse-–24–4–3–H– J 47/7 ſº N. º __"- _*~ V\ HTºº-ºº-º-º-IºTº ſº-º-º-H *E=E. H U. tº-T I –ºf–l i ºf FTL: I T A/A/ \º No. 1 1. GENERAL, FOR THE DRUMs. (2 = 80.) _-- & cº-º-º-Tº-F#-A- ÉÉ=EH ==#EE:::=#EE -. ~. Fºrº, e - N 47/7 > --~ É)=############E \\\ 150 GERMAN INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. No. 12. FIRE CALL FOR THE DRUMs. * ._.' : * | |GAN | 669 1909 i M| | 3 9015 O7 UNIVERSITY OF | ）; ·ſ±======== |----- { |** --№s-}- |====· ; | ±E·l- t========== }- }*==）=）=）=）=）. 4£=№ ^~„” - ~--~~~~ .. .---- 'ſ ： <！\,！, |×· ~~--~ }-----·|-* . . g., ºs→ ， { {~ ！ -·ł -~！, º ~. -· ~ - \（~~~~· -{ §Ê№È• ،§Eēžā№ë ∞∞∞ º，|×：3ſae; ¿§§ſae ：·****&！|- ·55，5€.- ≡-gºșaeșaeſae§##### ， ，！！！！= № -Šº-， -.-.-.-.- *（（?！！?！！?！！！！！！！！ ¿?. } %”. },~:: - :：: ** **