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A Chapter in the History
of Drug-Grinding,
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A 2n,
Oil-Distilling, and Oil–Pressing,
Apropos of the Foundation and Progress of
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Stafford Allen & Sons' Business.
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N the first decades of this century sophistication of
drugs was the rule and not the exception. It is a
matter of history that the Society of Apothecaries
came into existence and obtained their powers of
inspecting Apothecaries' shops within the radius of
London City, because the impurity of medicines
had become a public scandal. Yet abuses did not cease with
the establishment of the Society, and few articles were more
commonly sophisticated than powdered drugs. One of the
most terse references to the matter in those days, when
Drug Journals did not exist and Adulteration of Drugs Acts
were unknown, is contained in “A Treatise on Adulterations
of Food and Culinary Poisons,” written by Frederick Accum,
F.L.S., &c., and published in London in 1820. Writing
of the adulteration of drugs and medicines therein he
remarks:—
“Every chemist knows that there are mills constantly
at work in this metropolis, which furnish (Peruvian)
bark powder at a much cheaper rate than the substance
The price of the
best genuine bark, upon an average, is not lower than
twelve shillings the pound; but immense quantities of
powder bark are supplied to the apothecaries at three or
four shillings a pound. . . . It is also notorious that there
can be procured for in its natural state.
are manufacturers of spurious rhubarb powder, ipecac-
uanha powder . . . and other medicines of great potency.”
In a footnote it is mentioned that several varieties of
ipecacuanha are imported, and the following most significant
remarks are made :-
“The white sort, which has no wrinkles, and no per-
ceptible bitterness in taste, and which, though taken in
a large dose, has scarcely any effect at all, after being
pulverised by fraudulent druggists, and mixed with a
portion of emetic tartar, is sold at a low price for the
powder of genuine ipecacuanha.”
There is abundance of corroboration to these strong alle-
gations; and not long ago a prominent London wholesale
druggist published a paper in which he showed from
manuscript trading-books that it was the common practice
at the end of last century and the beginning of this one to
Sophisticate all kinds of drugs.
The Dawn of Better
Things.
T was in these circumstances that several historic phar-
macies were founded in London, and amongst them the
one in Plough Court, of which William Allen, F.R.S.
the first President of the Pharmaceutical Society, was the
head. These pharmacists were particularly desirous of
having pure drugs, and owing to the difficulty of getting
pure powdered drugs, even when they supplied the genuine
raw materials, they were in the habit of grindit g with pestle
and mortar as the requirements arose. But this was a
laborious task to many, and William Allen feeling it to be
so, had many a chat about the matter with his nephew,
Stafford Allen, a miller at Amersham. This was in the
twenties, and the conversations ripened in 1830 into a
definite scheme for establishing in London a mill where
drugs could be ground for the trade under conditions which
guaranteed non-sophistication of the materials supplied.
At that time, and indeed for years after, as will be shown
later, the custom of the trade was to allow a fixed percentage
for loss in grinding drugs, and although the actual loss
might be double or treble the accepted percentage, the
grinder was compelled to return 108 lbs. of powder for every
1 cwt. of raw drug he obtained, and no objection was taken
to his adding anything he liked to make up the 108 lbs.
This custom was what William Allen particularly grieved
about. The 4 lbs. loss was so deeply rooted in the grinding
trade that nothing, except a fresh start along a new
a. *
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line, could disestablish the custom ; and William Allen's
perspicuity and concern for purity made him turn for help
to the miller of Amersham.
Stafford Allen's qualifications for the venture were his
knowledge of grinding and an abhorrence of fraud equal to
his uncle's. William Allen could not join him in the venture.
Already his hands were full of business, public service, and
philanthropy; and as Stafford Allen's technical skill had to
be supplemented by knowledge of the materials which he
was to deal with, he communicated with his friend Charles
May, a druggist in the little town of Ampthill, near Bedford.
The proposal led to an interview in London, and ultimately
to the formation of the firm which is to-day known to the
Anglo-Saxon race as Stafford Allen & Sons.
May & Allen.
SMALL memorandum still treasured by the firm
A sets forth that in August, 1830, a message was sent
from Bedford to Charles May at Ampthill, in the
following terms:—
(6. %22r. 22-, 2-, 4 22.7%.< c4%–44–
22, a 4--…. & 4 ºf ~/~~
a-2 3 & 2 vecz, zzcº &z.c2 .2%. , cé,
&..…? ©, c- 6.222224, 22% (a co-
/* zº-º- 42. ~~~~ (2-2 2/ 2 a.
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& 2. &ºzoo cº—- -
(2&7 2-z--~ &2-4 & 22, 22% º
26 #2.24 *2. Zezzzzz & e
Charles May had the new venture in his mind, for then
and after he used the back of the memorandum for figuring
up the “cost (estimated) of establishing a drug-mill,” as
suggested by his friend Stafford Allen.
values sterling the equipment of the proposed establishment.
There are given in
They hastened slowly in those days, but they built wisely.
Charles May had his good pharmacy at Ampthill, besides a
flourishing business in the cultivation of medicinal plants,
and these could not be abandoned, nor were they, for the
latter still remains an integral part of the business, under
the firm name, George Allen & Co., Ampthill. An agreement
between Charles May and Stafford Allen was eventually
made, and Stafford Allen left his quiet country home at
Amersham to enter the whirl of London life and business.
Under his direction a suitable building was erected at No. 7
Cowper Street, City Road, E.C. (then known as North Street),
and in May, 1833, business was commenced under the name
of May & Allen. The two friends had uphill work for two
years, but some of the leading wholesale druggists of London
were supporting them, and the sterling character of the men
and the high quality of the products of their drug-mills
became known and appreciated, and their business extended.
Reform of Grinding
Allowances.
E leave the history of the firm for a moment to note
W the influence which the new principle of drug-
grinding bad upon the trade. In a paper on “Drug-
grinding ” read to the Pharmaceutical Society on October
11, 1848, by Professor Theophilus Redwood, and published
in the Pharmaceutical Journal, we find the following
passage :—
“Much has often been said on the subject of the
adulteration of drugs, and especially of those drugs
That drugs are
That the
practice of adulteration has prevailed to an extent
which are in the form of powder.
sometimes adulterated is a notorious fact.
greatly prejudicial to the advancement of the science
of medicine, and discreditable to the medical legisla-
tion of the country, admits not of a doubt. But a great
and progressive improvement has certainly taken place
for many years past, and there is, at the present time,
an evident desire among wholesale and retail druggists
to discourage and suppress the sale of bad and adulte-
rated drugs. Statements with reference to the wholesale
substitution of fabricated powders relate to bygone
days. There is reason to believe, however, that absolute
identity between the powders used in medicine and the
drugs they represent is not maintained to the greatest
possible extent, even in the present day.”
Professor Redwood then proceeded to describe the practices
which were then in vogue amongst drug-grinders, especially
addressing himself to the 4 lbs. per cwt, loss already referred
to. He described in general terms the loss of weight in
drying drugs, and the loss through unpulverisable material
commonly called “gruffs,” and supplemented his observations.
by figures supplied by: George Allen, who by that time was
associated with his brother Stafford Allen in the drug-
grinding business. These figures showed the actual average
losses in the grinding of various kinds of drugs, the figures
being obtained from observation of the treatment of large
quantities spread over a period of Some months. A few Of
the more striking may be quoted in order to show how
prejudicial was the 4-per-cent. System (as it was called) to
the purity of drugs. The figures are the average losses,
but to them are added the highest losses per cwt. in
parentheses:—
Aloes, Socotrine ... lost 9 lbs. 4 oz. (12 lbs.) ... per CWt.
Canella Alba. , 9 lbs. (12.lbs.) • * * * 33
Cardamoms , 5 lbs. 12 oz (91bs, 8 oz.) ,
Cinchonalbark, Yellow, 61bs. 2 oz. (11 lbs. 8 oz.) ,
5 lbs. 12 oz. (13 lbs.)...
9 lbs. 4 oz. (16 lbs.) ...
Dragon's Blood ...
Gentian Root
9 3 33
92 $ 5
Ipecacuanha ,, 5 lbs. 3 oz. (7 lbs.) ... ,
Myrrh ... , 8 lbs. 6 oz. (16 lbs.) ... ,
Opium ... ... , 14 lbs. 14 oz. (181bs.)... ,
Rhubarb, Indian... , 6 lbs. (7 lbs.) ... 3 *
Squill ,, 12 lbs. 8 oz. (15 lbs.)... ,
Valerian Root ,, 81bs. 8 oz. (16 lbs, 8 oz.) ,
These figures probably show better than anything would
upon what slender grounds the trade custom in the matter
of powders was based, and it may especially be noted that
the practice was considered to be a perfectly fair and honest
one by many who regarded it merely as a system of
The fact that the “4 per cent. loss ''
was an entirely arbitrary thing, not based upon any fact nor
“standardisation”!
related to any circumstance, did not appear to “come home”
to the advocates of the system. Professor Redwood's
denunciation, coupled with George Allen's pertinent figures,
The trade awoke to the absurdity
of the practice; they saw how illogical it was to take, say,
1 cwt. of opium, dry and powder it, and, finding that only
caused a sensation.
94 lbs. of opium in powder remained, add 14 lbs. of some-
thing or anything which was not opium, in order to satisfy a
tradition. The trade had also come to know that some
amongst them had adopted William Allen's principle for
years, and it is interesting to note that the business books of
May & Allen show that in 1833 Allen, Hanburys & Barry
(now Allen & Hanburys, Limited), John Bell & Co., Hearon,
Bright & Co. (now Hearon, Squire & Francis), Horner & Fawkes
(now Horner & Sons), Hodgkinson, Brandram & Stead (now
Hodgkinsons, Clarke & Ward), James Curtis (now Wright,
Layman & Umney), Baiss Brothers & Co., Barrons & Harvey
(now Barron, Harveys & Co.), and Bewley & Evans (Dublin)
(now Hamilton, Long & Co., Limited) paid May & Allen the
following rates for grinding : —
Cream of Tartar tº tº e 8|– per cwt.
Glycyrrh. Decort. ... tº e e 6d. per lb.
Gum Acaciae ... tº e e tº º te 6d. ,
Hellebor. Alb.... 4d. ,
Rhei Ang. 6d. ,
These facts indicate two things—first, that the leading
houses of the day (as these undoubtedly were) endorsed
William Allen's principle of purity; and second, that there
was little grumbling then about grinding-rates. How pleased
grinders nowadays would be if they received the prices that
their forefathers did I
The Firm’s History
Resumed.
HARLES MAY'S direct interest in the drug-business
was not to be long maintained, and it actually ex-
tended only to the first decade of the business, for in
1843 he joined the well-known engineering firm of Ransomes,
Ipswich, the head of which at that time was the father-in-
law of Stafford Allen. Mr. May had retained the Ampthill
business in his own hands all these years, but on leaving
London for Ipswich he disposed of it as well as his interest
in May & Allen, George Allen, a younger brother of Stafford
Allen, coming into the concern, which was now carried on as
S. & G. Allen.
business, were thus brought directly into contact with
Galenical Pharmacy for the first time. George Allen brought
much energy to bear upon the business, and his brother was
The new firm, having acquired the Ampthill
glad to leave to a younger man the management of the
concern as well as its development along lines which seemed
Accordingly George Allen added to the
Grinding Department all the apparatus requisite for the
Mr. May had
brought oil-distilling with him from Ampthill, and had
carried on this work on more than a tentative scale, but
to invite pursuit.
expression of almond and other fixed oils.
George Allen greatly extended the department, increasing
the number and size of stills.
So the business progressed under the careful management
Stafford Allen, like all London druggists
of that day, lived on the premises during the earlier portion
of his married life, and there the present senior partner,
Edward Ransome Allen, was born.
of the partners.
It was under such con-
ditions that most of the leading wholesale drug-businesses
in London were established, the proximity of the master's
dwelling-house to the warehouse securing careful and con-
stant supervision of detail.
By 1854 Stafford and George Allen found their premises in
Cowper Street too small for their needs. Adjoining the
mills was the old Stone Yard, where some of the men
engaged in the mills-lived in neat-cottages. There, too, a
horse-dealer had his “Emporium,” and all these were swept
away to make room for extension, especially of the distilling
These important alterations had
not long been carried out when George Allen desired relief
from the strain of supervising two concerns so widely
section of the business.
situated (in those days, for distance has shrunk greatly since
1857) as Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, and London. He was
looking to Edward Ransome Allen, his brother's second
son, for assistance; and preparatory to joining the firm
E. R. Allen had obtained practical acquaintance with the
drug trade by serving his indentures as an apprentice
This
instruction he supplemented by a course of chemical study
under Dr. A W. von Hofmann, in the College of Chemistry,
Oxford Street. George Allen had now left London to take
Sole charge of the pharmaceutical factory at Ampthill, and,
with a firm of druggists in a large country town.
|- -
under the name George Allen & Co., he greatly developed
the business in medicinal extracts, juices, liquors, &c., while
his nephew, E. R. Allen, in 1861 took charge of the Cowper
Street Works until 1863, when his brother, William Clarkson
Allen, joined him in the conduct of the business.
The junior partners are Edward WATLock ALLEN, who
was admitted into partnership in 1892, after some years of
working with the firm; he is the eldest son of E. R. Allen,
and is well known to most of the wholesale trade; and
MALcol M. W. ALLEN, the eldest son of W. C. Allen, who
was introduced in 1896, after a course of instruction in the
there were no such tests, and when sophistication was the
rule of the day. The writer, whose remarks regarding
adulterated powders have already been quoted, says in the
same book:-
“A great many of the essential oils obtained from the
more expensive spices are frequently so much adul-
terated that it is not easy to meet with such as are at
all fit for use; nor are these adulterations easily dis-
coverable.”
abuses" can be detected by insolubility of such oils in
Accum proceeds to show how “the grosser
7 Cowper Street, Finsbury.
Chemical Section of the Finsbury Technical College, followed
by several years of practical work in the internal manage-
ment of the business.
Essential Oil
Sophistication and Reform.
T the present time, when modern chemistry has
A enabled analysts to tell in the majority of cases
whether an essential oil is pure or not, it is difficult
to realise the condition of the essential-oil trade when
alcohol; and goes on to say that “as all volatile oils
agree in their general properties of solubility in spirit
of wine, and volatility in the test of boiling water,
&c., it is plain that they may be variously mixed with
each other, or the dearer sophisticated with the
cheaper, without any possibility of discovering the
abuse."
The integrity of the principal has always been the most
important factor in pharmacy. It was particularly so in the
early thirties, and in the Essential Oil trade it obtains to
this day, while to the large majority of buyers it is the

chief point of reliance for practical security. The drug trade
sixty years ago found it as difficult to get pure essential oils,
even when they supplied the raw materials, as it was to get
pure powders, and that fact was not lost sight of by May &
Allen when they were starting in business. Charles May
brought to bear upon essential-oil distilling his experience at
Ampthill in the distillation of essential oils of lavender,
peppermint, chamomile and other English herbs. In the
Cowper Street premises, this department has from the first
been an important one, and in association with it the pressing
of almond, croton, and other oils from the seeds has been
done for the trade.
An interesting point in essential-oil history is the fact that
the firm were the first in England to distil oil of sandalwood |
on a large scale. Although this oil was not introduced into
the British Pharmacopoeia until 1885, and was only used
medicinally in this country on a suggestion made by Dr.
Thos. B. Henderson, of Glasgow, in 1865, May & Allen began
to distil it in 1833, and their successors have continuously
been engaged in this branch up to the present time; indeed,
they are the only family remaining in London who have
continuously distilled sandalwood oil for 65 years. It is
not too much to claim for them that they have the credit of
having established the reputation of English Sandalwood
Oil, because at one time all the best-known brands of
the oil were distilled by Stafford Allen & Sons for the
“makers.”
It is also interesting to note that the production of
sandalwood oil has required periodical enlargement of
Stafford Allen & Sons' distilling-apparatus, so greatly has
the use of the oil increased. From the for egoing, it is
apparent that the appreciation of the trade is a sufficient
endorsement to the “integrity of the principal” so far as
Allens' essential oils are concerned, but modern science has
also demonstrated the purity of these products. Thus the
Jury of Experts at the World's Fair held at Chicago in 1893
made a close examination of the firm’s exhibit of essential
oils—which exhibit maintained the reputation which had
been acquired by years of consistent working—and gave the
exhibitors the diploma and medal, with the striking remark
that they were awarded--
** For Essential and Expressed Oils of
Exceptional Purity and Strength "
From the report on this Exhibition which appeared in
The Chemist and Druggist, August 26, 1893, the following
passage descriptive of the exhibit is quoted:—
“Amongst their Essential Oils are the somewhat rare
distillates from cardamoms, celery, and pepper, all of
which are water-white oils The same characteristic
obtains in the case of oils of cloves and pimento, which
is quite natural, but indicates remarkable care in dis-
tillation. These oils are shown in from 10 to 20 oz.
bottles, while larger quantities of Sandalwood, cubeb,
bitter-almond and peach oils are shown. Four 2-oz.
phials of the valuable orris oil, which is solid at the
prevailing shade temperature of 70° to 80°, attract
attention, and expressed almond and croton oils complete
the selection, although with these are some of the
Commoner essential oils which we have not named.
The Exhibit is as good a one of the kind as we have
seen.”
This report is quoted in order to show what kind of oils
the Jury of Experts had to consider when they decided to
give the firm a medal and diploma. In 1887 the late Mr.
R. H. Davies, F.I.C., F.C.S., Chemist to the Society of
Apothecaries, made a lengthy investigation on “the iodine-
absorption equivalents of essential oils,” in the course of
which it became evident that indisputably genuine oils
were necessary before standards could be fixed, and ulti-
mately he selected the oils of Stafford Allen & Sons as
the standard of excellence and purity in English Essential
O.ls.
Developments.
BUSINESS started as an adjunct to the wholesale
A trade, and which has continued through sixty-five
years to work for wholesalers, must of necessity be
subject to great mutability. For example, a firm beginning
business may be content to buy such powders as they
require ; then they select their own raw material and have it
ground; and finally they may find it suit their purpose
better to lay down their own grinding machinery. The same
applies in another direction to Essential Oils. Stafford
Allen & Sons have had to meet such changes as they have
arisen. One of the most critical happened a dozen years
ago during the “Olive Stone Period” in pepper-grinding.
Some of the pepper merchants made the discovery that a
mixture of ground olive stones largely increased the
profits on the sale of their ground spice, and, further, that
a much more attractive form of white pepper could be
obtained by the decortication of black pepper corns, in
place of grinding the imported white pepper. This effected
a considerable change in the trade, and as S. A. & Sons were
| not disposed to allow their pepper machinery to stand idle,
they added the necessary decorticating plant and commenced
selling an absolutely genuine article of their own grinding,
for which they soon acquired a large connection. An
adjoining property in Cowper Street, with a fine water
supply, was acquired, and there a spice-preparing and
grinding factory was established. Without going into
the details of the new machinery, &c., which was
installed in 1888, it may be said—perhaps, too literally—that
the firm left no stone unturned in order to maintain their
reputation for purity and their lead in this particular branch
of business.
10
George Allen & Co.,
Ampthill.
parcel of the Cowper Street concern.
independently, and Stafford Allen & Sons were really and
truly the London agency for
G E O R G E A L L E N & C O.,
MEDICINAL HERB BROWERS & DISTILLERS,
Manufacturers of Vegetable Extracts and Pharmaceutical
Preparations
AMPTHILL, BED FORDSHIRE,
HE business at Ampthill was all this time, and until
George Allen's death in 1893, not actually part and
It was managed
--
by the introduction of fresh machinery; vacuum and other
pans and presses were erected, and the area of cultivation
of the medicinal plants was considerably increased. The
lavender cultivation (which, during the later years of George
Allen's life, was somewhat neglected) was extended, and
now during the summer many acres of the fragrant flowers
are to be seen, which perfume the air with their exquisite
flavour and delight the eye with the delicate pale-purple
beauty of the field.
this description give some idea of the nature of these
The illustrations which accompany
gardens of England.
During the past five years the Ampthill business has been
pushed ahead, the local management having devolved upon
Joseph Allen (also a nephew of the late George Allen), who
Field of Lavender, Ampthill.
When George Allen died, leaving all his property to his two
nephews, the Ampthill business once more came under the
control of the London firm, but it was thought advisable to
keep the concerns distinct in name, especially as they deal
in so widely different classes of goods. The firm's name in
this case sufficiently indicates the nature of the business.
They grow or collect all those medicinal British plants
which are required for the preparation of green and other
extracts, juices, liquors, confections, and elaterium. The
new owners of the business made improvements upon it
directly. The processes of manufacture were modernised
had had more than 40 years' experience of the growth and
culture of medicinal herbs, &c., and the following extract
from The Chemist and Drugyist, July 11, 1896, shows the
position at this time:–
“Messrs. Geo. Allen & Co., of Ampthill, Beds, have
submitted to us samples of this year's pressing of
vegetable juices and green extracts, which suffice to
show that the quality of these important medicinal
agents is well maintained this year. We are par-
ticularly struck with the aroma and flavour of the


succi scoparii, conii, hyoscyami, and digitalis, and it is
noticeable that these are all pale juices (conium ex-
ceptionally so), thus indicating, we presume, that
excessive pressure has not been applied, and that they
have not been heated. The green extracts—Conii, Bellad.,
Hyos. Bienn, and Digitalis—are also excellent, as far as
can be judged by appearance, aroma, and taste, for
time has not permitted us to assay the samples. Of syr.
rhoeados of this year's make is also of excellent colour
and flavour. The elegance of the whole of these pre-
parations is a sufficient justification of the stricture of
the British Pharmacopoeia that they must be prepared
from plants grown in Britain, for we have never seen
Some Personal Reminiscences.
EREWITH are given portraits of the founders ºf
H both houses, and of their successors up to the present
day.
firms have almost from the beginning done business with
In 1869 Stafford Allen visited the
United States, and, besides meeting with a number of
business connections which had hitherto been only known
to him by correspondence, was associated with a number of
It may not be inappropriate to recall that the
the American drug trade.
well-known friends and philanthropists, whose names are
household words in all matters relating to emancipation and
Part of Plantation– Belladonna.
any ‘made in Germany ' equal to them in quality.
This is the proper time to arrange for the year's stock of
such preparations as the foregoing, and large buyers
should get samples from the firm or their London
agents, Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, 7 Cowper Street,
E.C., before placing their orders. We have also received
samples of this year's dried leaves of belladonna,
digitalis, hemlock, henbane, and stramonium, and flor.
rosae ang, all of which exhibit full care in harvesting
and drying.”
Fluid Extracts are also a speciality of the house.
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elevation of the coloured race in the American continent.
From the time of his return from America, and still more
after his visit to Egypt and Palestine in 1871, Stafford Allen
withdrew from the active conduct of the business, leaving
the entire control and management in the hands of his two
sons, under whose care the business extended until, in 1887,
Stafford Allen retired, and lived peacefully until the end
came in 1829, when nearly all who had started in the race
with him had gone to rest, and few remained of those who
had been engaged in the service of the firm.
In the course of the firm's existence, and the employment
of so many men, there must needs be some of whom special

mention may suitably be made, as illustrating the adage,
“Masters make men.”
Of these, George Giddins, the first office-boy and clerk
employed in 1833, remained in the service of the firm for
sixty-three years, having worked by diligence and praise-
George Giddins.
worthy attention to the interests of the firm from the
original position to that of general manager. This station
he filled for upwards of forty years with unswerving
faithfulness and loyalty; and, still living, has retired in a
peaceful old age on a well-deserved pension from the firm,
by whom he is regarded as an honoured friend. It is seldom
to be recorded that an employé has been in the service of
one firm at the birth of the whole of the partners, and
has seen the grandchildren of his first employer become
partners in the house before his release from the cares of
office. -
Joseph Atkinson, also, the second lad employed in 1833,
rose to be foreman of the works by his diligence and know-
ledge, and for forty-five years, until his death, filled the
position in a manner which was an example to all who worked
under him.
Two, also, of the older Ampthill generation of men are
still in the service of the firm—Thomas Peppitt, the head
distiller, who came up from Ampthill as a lad in 1849, and
Joseph Cooper, head pressman, whose faithful service has
greatly endeared him to the members of the firm. Beside
these there are some fifteen others whose service exceeds
twenty years, and a goodly crop of steady young ones are
qualifying for “long service” decoration. The success of
the firm has largely resulted from the confidence felt on the
part of the wholesale trade, with whom they have had so
close and confidential relations for more than sixty years.
It is almost unnecessary to emphasise the fact that absolute
integrity and personal supervision are the controlling influ-
ences in the conduct of the business; and it is and has been
the earnest desire of all the members of the firm so to uphold
the character of the house that the reputation they enjoy shall
be worthily maintained for all time. That is the spirit in
which the younger generation of the firm has been trained.
Those of them who have as sons of the present principals
come into the firm only look back upon the record of their
forefathers, and are content to let the future speak of
themselves,


English Aconite
(Aconitum Napelſus).
A Crop of Henbane.
(SEcond YEAR, BIENNIAL PLANT.)
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